ENVIRONMENTAL
MEASUREMENTS, INC
215LBDESDORFFSTREET
SANFRANC!SCO,CA94111
415/398-7664
/
n
-Xfl-AU
Q.W
HAYDEN SMELTERS .. C,:. V
EMISSION SURVEY LIBRARY,
CL
FINAL REPORT - EMI PROJECT NO. 102
EPA PURCHASE ORDER NO. PP5090462B
Prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region IX, Air Programs Branch
San Francisco, California
Charlotte Hopper, Project Director
Prepared by:
Environmental Measurements, Inc.
San Francisco, California
Roger B Sperling, Project Manager
17 July 1975
EPA
909/R
75-010
-------
16602
SO2 MASS FLUX
Emission rates for the smelters have been estimated
from the moving remote sensor data. The S02 burden results
and information derived from the pibal measurements were
combined with traverse route geography to calculate S02
mass flux. A total of 23 Events were processed by computer;
the results are tabulated in Table IV. The mass flux values--
estimates for the amount of S02 in the overhead plumes--
are listed _in both kilograms per hour (kg/hr) and
pounds per hour_ (Ib/hr); averages for each day are
included.
The average S02 mass flux for all five days (23 cal-
culations) is 23,330 kg/hr (51,450 Ib/hr) S02J the standard
deviation (as a percent of the mean) is 771; this statistic
indicates a wide spread in the calculated flux values. Some
of this spread in the results is the expected error of the
remote sensor measurements (See" Section 3). However, the
smelters cannot be assumed to be constant emission sources;
thus, some of the spread is due to the true variation in
the combined S02 emissions.
The calculations in Table IV are the result of indi-
vidual passes of the AQML-mounted COSPEC under the dispersing
plumes. The remote sensor makes a near-instantaneous measure-
menta "snapshot" of the S02 in the overhead plume. Because
the plume shape is usually not constant with time, each measure-
ment produces a different result. As described in Section 3
4-85
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TABLE IV
SO2 MASS FLUX
Hayden Smelters Emission Survey
DATE
14 Apr
' 75
15 Apr
75
16 Apr
75
17 Apr
75
- 18 Apr
75
TIME(MST)
1036-1055
1451-1500
0900-0910
0910-0925
0925-0940
1122-1136
1136-1150
1630-1638
1645-1652
0859-0927
0927-0952
1609-1616
1616-1623
1623-1631
1631-1643
1203-1211
1534-1539
155.5-1603
0951-0959
1223-1228
1228-1232
1232-1235
1235-1238
EVENT
8
18
. 5
4
5-6
10
11
26
28
4
5
23
24
25
26
14
26
29
7
17
18
19
20
WIND
(M/S)
5.9,3.9
7.1
2.5
2.5
2.9
3.0
2.8
6.0
6.0
3.1
-4.0
6.8
6.6
6.3
6.1
6.0
5.5
11.0
2.4
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
SOo MASS FLUX*
(KG/HR) AVG
28,750
47,500 38,150
12,600
10,050
16,700
17,750 18,500
6,000
15,000
51,328
14,200
35,200
34,250 20,600
11,183
127416
16,500
31,000
21,100 45,500
84,250
10,800
15,25.0
10,400 14,200
9,700
24,750
(LB/HR) AVG
63,350
104,700 84,100
27,750
22,150
36,800
39,100 40,7SO
13,200
33,050
113,150
31,300
77,600
75,500 45,40.0
24,650.
27,350
36,350
68,300
46,500 100,300
185,700
23,800
33,600
22,900 31,300
21,400
54,550
-
* Combined S02 emission rates for the entire two-smelter complex,
751009
4-86
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a set of measurements (typically six) is required to obtain
a reliable flux figure. This is illustrated by the averages
for 15 and 16 April which are derived from six and seven
separate calculations. The averages for the two days (18,500 kg/hr:
and 20,600 kg/hr) agree within 121. The standard deviations
are 811 (15th) and 54% (16th). The daily averages are a
better measure of smelter S02 emissions than any one indi-
vidual calculation.
These emission rates are for the entire smelter complex.
All S02 plumes measured by the remote sensor--whether ema-
nating from stacks or as fugitive emissions--are included
in the calculations. For most measurements it was not prac-
tical to attempt to separate stack plumes from fugitive plumes;
nor was it usually possible to identify plume anomalies in the
data records as originating from the KCC or ASARCO stacks.
In general, there were too-little detailed wind data (even
with the 35 pibals) to be able to define precise plume
trajectories for a significant number of measurements. The
rugged terrain had a pronounced effect on the plume paths,
as well. Source separation would require additional field
studies with, hopefully, more favorable wind directions
than were experienced during this program.
The combined mass flux values can be expected to be
larger than other S02 emission rates for the two smelters
because essentially all of the S02 source points were being
751009 4.87
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tested simultaneously. There are other reasons why some
of the fluxes may be high. Traverse routes that are sharply
curved and terrain that is rough can cause positive errors
in the calculation of remotely measured mass flux.
Higher emission rates were calculated along the Globe
Highway (in the Gila River Canyon) than in the Montgomery
Ranch area. The average of the sixteen Globe Highway S02
mass flux calculations is 26,900 kg/hr (59,300 Ib/hr);
this is significantly higher (781) than the average for
the COSPEC measurements west of the smelters, 15,150 kg/hr
(33,400 Ib/hr). There are two reasons for this difference.
First, the only available traverse route northeast of Hayden
is a curved canyon road (the Globe Highway). The plumes
being measured were generally above the canyon. But the
canyon walls may have channelled portions of the plumes
along an irregular trajectory--unrelated to the straight-
line plume path assumed for analysis. The effect is to ,
distort the wind/road angle and plume width. The errors
which enter the flux calculations tend to be positive;
they increase the computed flux value. By comparison, the
Montgomery Ranch traverses would be less influenced by this
type of error because the topography is less rugged.
The second reason relates to the non-stack (fugitive)
emissions. A single wind speed and direction was selected
751009 4-88
-------
from the pibal results to be representative of the wind
conditions that existed within the elevated plume. In
the case of the Globe Highway these wind data were applied
to total burdens measured overhead in the plume--but also
to any SC>2 gas which may have originated at low elevation
points in the smelter complex. It is presumed that much
of the remote sensor data were a combination of elevated
plume and lower level fugitive emissions; this is supported
by the high ground level SC>2 concentrations measured on
this road. Because these low elevation emissions were prob-
ably being influenced by different "canyon winds" (both
in speed and direction) the winds aloft data were incorrectly
applied, causing an increase in the calculated mass flux.
Again, by comparison, data collected in the Montgomery Ranch
area would not suffer the same degree of error because of
the less severe topography and micrometeorological effects.
751009
4-89
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ENV1RONMENTAL
MEASUREMENTS.INC.
215 LEIDESDORFF STREET
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111
415/398-7664
HAYDEN SMELTERS
EMISSION SURVEY
FINAL REPORT - EMI PROJECT NO. 102
EPA PURCHASE ORDER NO. PP5090462B
Prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region IX, Air Programs Branch
San Francisco, California
Charlotte Hopper, Project Director
Prepared by:
Environmental Measurements, Inc.
San Francisco, California
Roger B Sperling, Project Manager
17 July 1975
-------
CONTENTS (Cont'd)
TABLES
I PIBAL SITES 2-9
II EVENT SUMMARY 3-2
III PLUME RISE SUMMARY 4-55
IV S07 MASS FLUX 4-86
-------
Section 1
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
Environmental Measurements, Inc. was contracted by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region IX, Office of Air
Programs to conduct a moving measurements survey of smelter
emissions in Hayden, Arizona (Purchase Order 2PP5090462B).
The field survey was conducted 14-18 April 1975; five data-
days were completed under the field direction of the EPA Pro-
ject Officer.
The purpose of this study was to monitor sulfur dioxide
(S02) smelter emissions overhead and at ground level in the
vicinity of the two copper smelters in Hayden. One smelter is
operated by Kennecott Copper Corporation (KCC) and the other
by American Smelting and Refinery Company (ASARCO). Their
main stacks are 800 meters apart. The KCC stack is 182 meters
(600 feet) above ground level; the ASARCO stack is 305 meters
(1000 feet) high. An Air Quality Moving Laboratory (AQML) was
used to study ambient S02 at this complex source.
SUMMARY
This report presents a description of field measurements,
data processing procedures and results and discussion for the
five data-day survey of smelter emissions. The survey was
conducted with a Barringer Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC II)
to measure overhead burdens and a Bendix total sulfur monitor
1-1
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to measure ground-level concentrations. The speed and direc-
tion of winds aloft were monitored by the periodic release of
pilot balloons.
Measurement activity consisted of moving measurements--
traversing the plumes downwind of the sources-- and plume rise
measurements-- measuring plume height and vertical plume geo-
metry downwind of the sources.
Results are presented in map form indicating ground-level
concentrations, S02 dispersion and plume rise profiles. S0£
emission rates were calculated from the remote sensing data.
CONCLUSIONS
The AQML traced smelter emissions to the west and north-
east of Hayden. The remote sensor located overhead plumes as
far away as 40 km (25 miles) downwind; the point monitor mea-
sured plume touchdown there, also. The variability of plume
behavior from one measurement to the next was documented by
both overhead and ground level S02 data.
Plume rise measurements revealed a complex plume structure
reflecting the irregular terrain and meteorological conditions
in the vicinity of the smelters. The centerline height of the
combined plume 0.5 - 2.0 kilometers downwind was 300 - 600
meters above ground level.
Mass flux calculations for the combined emissions from the
two stacks as well as fugitive emissions were made for twenty-three
1-2
-------
sets of remote sensor data. The combined average emission
rate for the entire two-smelter complex over the five day
period was 23,330 kg/hr (51,450 Ib/hr) S02.
1-3
751009
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Section 2
FIELD MEASUREMENTS
ACTIVITIES
EMI brought an Air Quality Moving Laboratory (AQML) to
Hayden, Arizona for the smelter emissions study, A crew
of three persons operated it during the daylight hours on
14-18 April 1975. A remote sensor and total sulfur analyzer
were used in a moving measurement mode near the smelters and
far downwind--to 40 kilometers--to measure overhead and ground-
level concentrations of S02. Meteorological forecasts were
used to select the most suitable days for moving measurements;
plume rise measurements were scheduled on other days. Pilot
balloon (pibal) measurements were made periodically to deter-
mine wind speeds within the plumes. The field measurements
were conducted under the direct supervision of the EPA
Project Officer.
A total of 57 activity hours were logged during the course
of this study. Figure 1 is a graphic summary of the activities
for the five days in the field. A total of 1210 km (755 mi)
were traveled in the moving laboratory; on the typical measure-
ment day 240 km (150 mi) were traversed.
A summary of activities for each data-day follows:
14 April 75; An initial survey was performed along
highway AZ-177 from Kearny to Hayden.
Measurements were made in the Montgomery
2-1
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Figure 1
RCTIVITY 5UMMRRY
IM-IB RPR1L I97S
DRTE
IH RPR
IS RPR
IB RPR
17 RPR
IS RPR
T 1 ME < M5T >
0 E 12 IB 2H
1 in nnm i M i
I yKMtSfc, WflMZMMMt. \
\ ^MMMMMK ^ lllllill .1
1 ^iss^^ mm i
I ^^ sis^ ^ 1
RHML MER5UREMENT5
^B PLUME RISE MER5UREMENT5
I \ CRLIBRRTIDN/ MRINTENRNCE
2-2
-------
15 April 75;
16 April 75:
17 April 75:
18 April 75;
Ranch area west of the smelters in the
morning. In the afternoon the plumes
shifted to the northeast; they were moni-
tored on the Globe Highway (AZ-77).
Early morning measurements were made west
of Hayden by traversiig on mine roads to
the west and north of the Montgomery
monitoring station. At noon the plumes
shifted again; an extensive three-hour
survey was performed on the Globe Highway.
The wind rotation occurred earlier in the
day and the wind speed increased; a long
distance survey on AZ-77 and US-70 success-
fully located the plumes 40 km (25 mi)
downwind. On return to Hayden a Globe
Highway survey was conducted.
Plume rise measurements were made from two
sites, alternating with moving measurements
of S02 on AZ-77.
Plume rise was measured from one site;
a moving survey was performed before and
after on the Globe Highway.
2-3
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EQUIPMENT
Air Sensors. Environmental Measurements, Inc, provided
an Air Quality Moving Laboratory CFigure 2) equipped to
measure overhead SC>2 and ground-level S02. The principal in-
strument was the Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC II) remote
sensor used to measure overhead burdens. The COSPEC viewed the
sky through a side window in the van, using a right angle
mirror to reflect overhead light. The natural radiation of
the solar electromagnetic spectrum is influenced by the absorp-
tion spectrum of the target gas, sulfur dioxide. The Correla-
tion Spectrometer, an electro-optical instrument, detects
portions of the molecular absorption bands specific for this
molecule. The optical unit includes a Cassegrain telescope,
an Ebert-Fastie quarter-meter dispersive element, a correla-
tion disc assembly, and a photomultiplier to detect light
energy levels. The electronics of the COSPEC contain signal
processing circuits to provide an analog output suitable for
strip chart recorders.
A Bendix Model 8300 flame photometric total sulfur
monitor measured ground-level concentrations. A teflon sampling
manifold (4 cm ID) gathered air into the van by means of a
squirrel cage fan; a 20 mm diameter teflon inlet tube, in
turn, sampled this air stream for analysis by the point monitor.
The analog signals were recorded on a Rikadenki strip chart
recorder. A rear-mounted propane-powered generator supplied
electrical power for all instrumentation.
7-4
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_ __ ,
- - - IBBCaBr-Jai
Figure 2. EMI's Air Quality Moving Laboratory, a completely
self-contained monitoring system, is shown at the
Joint Control Station in Hayden, Arizona.
2-5
-------
Calibration. Calibration of the COSPEC was carried out
at least hourly in the field by actuating a pair of knobs
to place two gas-filled quartz cells QLabeled "low" and "high")
into the instruments' internal light path. These cells contain
fixed amounts of SO- in a dry nitrogen atmosphere. They pro-
vide span offsets according to factory certified values:
65 ppmM(low) and 350 ppmM(high). The calibration was done in
regions of background SC^, away from plumes, just prior to
or following a traverse. Notations of the time and the cells
used during the calibration and the recorder sensitivities
were made on the chart record. The voltage for the automatic
gain control (AGC) circuit was also noted on the chart record
to provide an indication of the changing light intensity
during the day.
The Bendix monitor was calibrated daily with an EMI
permeation system, and on 14 April with a NERC-LV system at
Williams Air Force Base. The average error was ±2.141 for
eleven calibration points (excluding two calibrations on 17
April 75 when there was a leak in the test system).. The
range of errors was from +6.5% to -4.8%. Therefore, the
S02 data in this report are within ±10% accuracy. To verify
the calibrations the Metronics Dynacal Permeation Tube (No. 90-125)
was recertified following the field study. It was within 0.8%
of the previously certified value.
The electronic circuitry of the Bendix instrument establishes
an upper limit on the concentration of ambient SC^ that it can
2-6
-------
measure. The peak concentrations of SO^ at Hayden frequently
exceeded this limit. Therefore, the maximum ground-level con-
centration reported, 1390ppb (1.4ppm) S02, is a function of
instrument design; it was exceeded on many occasions, but
the true peak values are unknown.
The point monitor was calibrated for 862, the target gas
of this study. The Bendix instrument measured total sulfur
in actual application. No filter xvas used on the incoming
airstream to discriminate between SC^ and other gases. For
sources such as copper smelters it is assumed that the gas
detected by this unit is SO? and the data are reported as
"ground-level S09". This is a reasonable assumption; the
«
remote sensor datawhich are specific for SC^ corroborate
the presence of SOo in the measured plumes.
Pibals. Single-theodolite pilot balloon measurements
were made to measure winds aloft. The measurements were
used in the field to understand the changes in wind movement
occurring while the survey was in progress; also the data
were used in the calculation of S02 Mass Flux. The theodolite,
balloons and helium, were transported in the moving laboratory.
Pibals were released at different locations as the need for
wind information occurred (Figure 3). The locations of the
pibal measurements are given in Table I; they also are
shown on the Route Index Maps (Figures 6A and 6B).
2-7
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.' '-:. -"S^^^S'.fV -
.-.-"'' '-.'-'.'^-sf.-''!^ ^M^^r
!38l!l^- 5
~.~.--.
A'-Jf.i-^.''-1
---;^
A
I -J
'
Tr-rZT-^^f^ e
>- -c* - . .^- '
:
--:?:' -"'-^.,,:-.;,_r^iv-t-1^
M.seH* .-?
Figure 3. Pilot baloon measurement at Montgomery Ranch air
monitoring station while stationary AQML monitors
ambient and overhead SC>2.
2-8
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Table I
Pibal Sites
Site' No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Location
Joint Control Station
Montgomery Ranch Station
Plume Rise Site 1
Plume Rise Site 2
Highway U.S. 70 at A2 170
Kennecott Office
General Kearny Inn
Highway AZ 77 at Christmas
Mine Road
Dates Used
April 1975
14, 15
16,17,18
14
17
17, 18
16
14
18
16
A total of 35 pibals were tracked; the processed results appear
in Appendix B.
A supplementary data collection technique was provided by
EMI for the study. A time-lapse motion picture camera was lo-
cated on the roof of the Montgomery Ranch monitoring station,
approximately four -kilometers west of the smelters, to record
plume and cloud activity during the day. An edited film for
the five days has been provided to the EPA as a separate data
record for this study.
2-9
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METHODOLOGY
Movin g Me a s uremerit s. EMI employed unique methods to
make moving measurements of smelter plumes. To interpret the
results required that the moving laboratory data be related
to the geography of the study site. Prior to the actual field
work a set of U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Maps (7.5
minute) was annotated with numerical identifications of key
road intersections. By labeling the routes a systematic iden-
tification system was used. During a traverse, the identifi-
cation numbers from these maps were recorded on the chart re-
cord to locate where the total burdens and ground-level con-
centrations of the target gases were recorded,
The AQML was driven downwind of the Hayden smelters,
usually within a five kilometer radius, but as far away as
40 kilometers. The objective was to cross the plumes at as
many different downwind distances as possible, to map the dis-
persing S02. Two problems at Hayden made this difficult to
achieve. The rough terrain limited the available traverse
routes; and the juxtaposition of the two smelters with their
differing stack heights presented a complex source to study.
The limited traversing road problem was overcome by 1) using
the mine roads west of the smelters and 2) making repetitive
surveys on available highways, such" as the Globe Highway.
The complex source problem required wider ranging traverses
because the stack emissions originated from widely differing
2-10
-------
elevations. Furthermore, fugitive emissions created a third,
broad source of S02. To cross all of these "plumes" necessi-
tated long traverses, even close to the smelters.
Traversing speed varied with the distance from the
source. Close to the smelters the speed was kept low (below
30 km/hr) to allow the instruments to respond fully and to
provide clear definition of narrow plumes. As the AQML moved
further downwind from the plant it moved faster through the
plume. The speed of the vehicle increased to a maximum of
90 km/hr at the farthest radius. Because the plume is broader
at the greater distances, changes in overhead burdens and
ground-level concentrations were less abrupt, and the ins-tru-
ments responded to them easily.
Decisions were made in the, field based on the real-time
data: whether to repeat the plume-tracking measurement at the
present radius or to move to a second radius of measurement;
whether to turn right or left to recross the dispersing
plume at a different radius.
Plume Rise. To measure plume geometry in the vertical
plane the COSPEC remote sensor was placed on a stationary
tripod. The AQML was parked nearby to provide necessary
power and connection to the chart recorder (Figure 4). Two
plume rise .sites were used: Site 1 was 1,4 kilometeis north-
west of the smelters and Site 2 was 2,0 kilometers to the
southeast. On the days when fixed COSPEC measurements were
2-11
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Figure 4. Tripod-mounted COSPEC measures plume rise as pibal
is released to determine wind direction.
2-12
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made (17, 18 April) the plume vector was easterly.
The objectives of the plume rise tests were to measure
plume height downwind for the two-stack emissions, separating
them where possible, and to measure vertical plume geometry
as far downwind as possible. The basic procedure was to ro-
tate the COSPEC through an angular sweep from the horizon to
the zenith so that the spectrometer's field of view passed
through the dispersing plume. This "sweep" was repeated
several times so that a total of four or more measurements
were made. By changing the horizontal angle of the COSPEC
the next set of plume rise measurements was made at a different
downwind distance. Four to six sets of measurements were
made, as close as two degrees from the stacks and as far
away as 65 degrees.
The COSPEC was equipped with a narrow-angle telescope;
its angular field of view was 1 x 10 milleradians, (This com-
pares to the 1x1 degree telescope used for vertical-view
traversing). The narrow telescope was used for plume rise
to measure detailed plume structure close to the stack where
the diameter of the plumes were relatively small,. It was
used farther downwind also, even though the dispersing plume
presented a larger "target."
To relate the angular positions of the COSPEC to the
geometry of the stacks it was necessary to collect concurrent
data on the plume vector. This was done by tracking pibals
2-13
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at the plume rise sites to measure the wind direction (and
speed) at the time remote sensor measurements were made. Also,
the AQML was used in the moving mode; the COSPEC was put back
in the moving laboratory so that horizontal plume geometry
measurements could be made immediately after the vertical data
were collected. The moving data were used to convert the plume
rise vertical angles to downwind distances.
2-14
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Section 3
DATA PROCESSING
MOVING MEASUREMENTS
The AQML data collected in Harden were taken to the EMI office
in San Francisco for processing.
Events. The chart records were first annotated to define
Events. The continuous recordings were s-eparated into indivi-
dual measurements, whether single plume crossings or regional
surveys, to establish an orderly, chronological list, This Event
list formed the basis for selecting data to be processed. Key
Events were identified and evaluated for relevance to the pro-
ject goals and priorities were established. A summary of Events
is presented in Table II. Events are grouped by major measure-
ment activities; time periods are identified,
'Digitizing. The raw moving laboratory data were the analog
traces for SC>2 total burdens and ground-level concentrations. These
records also included hand-written annotations of time and positions
made by the data-logger, as well as instrument calibrations and
weather conditions. Figure 5 is a sample chart record of moving
measurements. The data were recorded on 15 April in the early
morning. Event 5 began (at the bottom of the record) at the
gate on the mine road behind the KCC smelter. The AQML moved
to the northwest until it reached the Chilito Mine Road and pro-
ceeded south toward highway 177; from there it turned left and
returned to the Joint Control Center at 0940 MST. The far right
3-1
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Table II
EVENT SUMMARY
DATE
14 April 75
15 April 75
16 April 75
17 April 75
18 April 75
TIME
'(MST)
1036-1055
1309-1514
0900-1223
1352-1713
0857-0952
1042-1323
1331-1351
1550-1643
0910-1111
1150-1217
1237-1405
1513-1645
0933-1000
1002-1138
1223-1242
EVENTS
8
15-19
3-13
16-33
4-5
7-11
13-16
21-26
4-10
12-15
17-22
24-32
4-7
9-15
17-20
DESCRIPTION
Plume tracking west
of Hayden
Globe highway survey
Plume tracking west
of Hayden
Globe highway surveys
Plume tracking west
of Hayden and on
Globe highway
Long distance (40 km)
plume tracking
Miami smelter survey
Globe highway survey
Plume Rise - Site 1
Globe highway survey
Plume Rise - Site 2
Globe highway survey
Globe highway survey
Plume Rise - Site 2
Globe highway survey
3-2
-------
Figure 5
SAMPLE CHART RECORD
MOVING MEASUREMENTS
15 April 1975 0936-0940 MST
Events 5,6
3-3
-------
trace is from the remote sensor and records the overhead
burdens of SO- monitored along this traverse route. The
left hand trace is the ground-level SC>2 monitored by the flame
photometric analyzer, (A third trace located at approximately
251 fullscale is the NO2 COSPEC signal.) Note that the S02
overhead and SC>2 ground-level traces tracked one another as
the moving laboratory traced a near-axial path through the
plume (Event 5) then moved away from the plume (Event 6).
Reference baselines were first drawn for the SC^ burden
records. The background was defined as the instrument output
on either side of well defined plume anomalies. Using hand
digitization methods each analog trace was sampled at inflec-
tion points and at geographic reference points. Major assump-
tions of this procedure are a constant velocity of the vehicle
between indicated landmarks, and straight line interpolation
between geographic points and inflection points. Therefore,
assuming straight line variations between each of the digitized
points, uhey may be joined by straight lines to recreate the
original record.
All of the geographic location points were digitized
from U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 minute topographic maps into
X and Y coordinates. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
system (in kilometers) provided a convenient reference grid.
Each of these coordinates was assigned an ID number. These
ID numbers were subsequently used to refer to the geographic
3-4
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500 METERS
H00 PPB
1036
a
n
Figure 9
SULFUR DIOXIDE ERDUND LEVa
HflYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
1H RPR 137S
103E-10K M5T EVENT B
ENVlRDNMENTflL MER5UREMENT5/ \1\C.
5BN FRPNC15CD/ CH 3HIII
-------
S00 METERS
H00 PPMM
SULFUR DIOXIDE TDTRL BURDEN
HRYDEN SHELTERS SURVEY
IH RPR 1975
103E-105SM5T EVENT B
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5/ INC.
5RN FRBNCI5CD/ CR 3HII I
-------
points for map making, Route Index Maps, Figures 6-A and 6-B ,
display all the routes (shown dotted) used during the survey
and the geographic references (monitoring stations, pibal sites,
smelter buildings and stacks, and the 3200-foot contour) used
on the computer drawn maps.
Data Listings. The two sets of data--pollutant and geo-
graphic- -were stored on a computer and merged into listings of
five parameters in engineering units (see Appendix A):
X Coordinate (km)
« Y Coordinate (km)
9 Geography point
S02 Total Burden (ppmM)
SC"2 Ground Level (ppb)
The data listings in Appendix A are for 28 selected Events
covering the five-day span of the study.
The density of the listed numbers varies between geogra-
phic points. Where the instrument readings were very low
and near background levels, only a few numbers were required
to describe the spatial variations that occurred; however,
where fluctuations occurred within the boundaries of the plume,
the density of numbers was increased to properly describe the
changes in the measured results. Where data were inserted
a zero was added between the geography points. In most cases
°ne additional point was added; in some instances two were
/
added.
3- 5
-------
O4
I
O
V
^ . MT
T
HJ
D.
A
N
PLUME
RISE
SITE I
T.KCC
2,
JC
oASARCO . '
P
PLUME
A RISE
SITE 2
AIR MONITORING STATIONS
JC = Joint Control
MT = Montgomery Ranch
HJ = Hayden Junction
GH = Globe Highway
WK = Wlnkleman
MD = Meadows
SCALE 1:50,000
I 1 500 METERS
PIBAL SITES
(See Table I)
Figure 6A
ROUTE INDEX MRP
HRYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
IH-IB RPRIL 1975
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5/ INC.
5RN FRRNCISCD/ CR SHI II
-------
GLOBE
LOWER
'PERIDOT
U4
I
-vl
(T) :
KEARNY
HAYDEN... C"
\- WINKLEMAN
SCALE 1:300,000
I 1 3 KILOMETERS
PIBAL SITES
(See Table I)
Figure 6B
ROUTE INDEX MRP
HRYDEN SHELTERS SURVEY
IH-1B RPR1L 1375
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5/ INC.
5RN FRnNClBCD/ CR 3HIU
-------
Total Burden Maps. The COSPEC data have been plotted in map
form to display the spatial distribution of the results.
Figure 7-A is a typical S02 total burden map. The total bur-
den map shows the remotely measured overhead S02 using "total
burden lines". The lines extend from the roadway in the direc-
tion of wind flow; the length of the lines is proportional to
the COSPEC readings, calibrated in parts per million-meters
(ppmM) S02- A plume anomaly recorded on the original data
appears on the map as a set of lines showing the "shape" of
the overhead gas.
The 15 total burden maps in this report (Figures 10, 12,
etc., Section 4) are drawn to a geographic scale of 1:50,000
(1 cm = 500 meters), with two exceptions. One map required
a scale of 1:100,000 (1 cm = 1 km), and another 1:300,000
(1 cm = 3 km), to display broader regional measurements. The
scale of the total burden is 400 ppmM per centimeter, the
same on all maps. The selected wind speed (from the pibal
results) labels the wind arrow.
On two maps there is a pair of wind arrows. In the first
case (Figure 10) there were two separate, distinct plumes. The
pibal results indicated a wind shear; different wind speeds
and directions were assigned to each plume, therefore. In
the second case (Figure 22), the survey extended over a half-
hour period when the wind was rotating from easterly to southerly;
the pibal results confirm the S02 measurements showing two
plume crossings.
3-8
-------
Figure 7-A
TYPICAL S02 TOTAL BURDEN MAP
r.rro?s
4ZZ PPNM
SJLFIK DIOXIDE TDTRL RRDEN
HRYDEN SKELTERS SURVEY
IB RPR IS7S
IZH-I238H3T EVENT 22
ENVIRDNMEMTRL ICfSUROIENTS/ INC
SHN FRHMC1SCD/
Figure 7-B
TYPICAL S02 GROUND-LEVEL MAP
see KCTERS
HZB PPB
SULflS DIOXIDE GROUND LEVEL
HRYDEN StELTERS SURVEY
IB FPfi I37S
IZE-IZ3B ffiT EVENT 20
ENVIRDMOTflL HD5URDCNT5/ INC.
SflN nWNCIBCD, CP9HIII
3-9
-------
Ground-Level Maps. A complementary set of 15 maps showing
ground-level S02 concentrations measured concurrently with the
overhead S02 is presented in Section 4 (Figures 9, 11, etc.).
The ground-level data are plotted as ladder rungs (See Figure 7-B),
lines normal to the traverse route; they are calibrated in
parts per billion (ppb) SC>2 (400 ppb per cm). No wind arrows
are shown. The ground-level maps are printed on vellum to
permit simultaneous viewing with each total burden map.
S02 Dispersion Maps. A third type of map has been prepared
for this study to document the dispersion of S02 over traverse
routes used repeatedly during the survey. These S02 disper-
sion maps (Figures 39-53) are smaller than the computer-drawn
total burden and ground-level maps and have hand written anno-
tations. They are drawn to a scale of 1:200,000; 1 centimeter =
2 kilometers.
These sketch maps summarize the time/topography variations
in S02 burdens and concentrations along the Globe Highway
(47 maps) and in the Montgomery Ranch area (12 maps). The
extent of the overhead (narrow line) and ground level (wide
line) S02 plumes are marked; the peak readings (in ppmM and
ppb S02) are located. Each individual map is identified
by date and time; the time is the approximate central time of
the moving measurements, as near the time of the peak readings
as practical.
3-10
-------
Figure 7-A
TYPICAL SO2 TOTAL BURDEN MAP
sea M-TTERS
HBZ ppnti
SULFUR DIDXIDE TDTRL BURDEN
KTYDEN SHELTERS SURVEY
18 RPR I37S
IZ5-l2a«5T D'D.7 20
EKVlRDNfCNTR. ttOSURDCNTS, INC
SHN FRHNCISCD/ CB 3HIII
Figure 7-B
TYPICAL S02 GROUND-LEVEL MAP
SEB HETER5
Hae PPB
5UJUR DIOXIDE EfiOUJD LEVa
HRYDEN 5JCLTER5 SlfiVETT
IB FPR I97S
IZX-1238 1ST EVENT 2B
5f»l
ttEFBJREfCNTS INC,
CFI SHI II
3-9
-------
Ground-Level Maps. A complementary set of 15 maps showing
ground-level S02 concentrations measured concurrently with the
overhead S02 is presented in Section 4 (Figures 9, 11, etc.).
The ground-level data are plotted as ladder rungs (See Figure 7-B),
lines normal to the traverse route; they are calibrated in
parts per billion (ppb) S02 (400 ppb per cm). No wind arrows
are shown. The ground-level maps are printed on vellum to
permit simultaneous viewing with each total burden map.
S02 Dispersion Maps. A third type of map has been prepared
for this study to document the dispersion of S02 over traverse
routes used repeatedly during the survey. These S02 disper-
sion maps (Figures 39-53) are smaller than the computer-drawn
total burden and ground-level maps and have hand written anno-
tations. They are drawn to a scale of 1:200,000; 1 centimeter =
2 kilometers.
These sketch maps summarize the time/topography variations
in S02 burdens and concentrations along the Globe Highway
(47 maps) and in the Montgomery Ranch area (12 maps). The
extent of the overhead (narrow line) and ground level (wide
line) S02 plumes are marked; the peak readings (in ppmM and
ppb S02) are located. Each individual map is identified
by date and time; the time is the approximate central time of
the moving measurements, as near the time of the peak readings
as practical.
3-10
-------
PLUME' RISE
The stationary COSPEC data--measurement of plume rise--
required a separate data processing procedure. The same type
of chart record was used as for moving measurements, but the
results had to be related to the geometry of the measurement
site relative to the stack heights and local topography.
A sample chart record of plume rise measurements is shown
in Figure 8. Two individual measurements are recorded; the
instrument field of view was rotated from 6° above the horizon
to 25°. The trace labeled E-l is the S02 analog signal for
the instrument moving upward to the highest angle; in E-2 the
instrument returns to the lowest angle. Number notations are
given for each angle of the plume rise measurements. Note
that the two traces are dissimilar even though the measure-
ments cover a time-span of only four minutes.
The records were digitized by taking chart readings for
each degree of angular movement. The readings were multiplied
by appropriate calibration factors and stored in a computer
memory. The results were plotted in sets. These plots (Fig-
ures 55, 56, etc., Section 4) indicate the horizon line to show
the lower limit of the remote sensor measurements. The verti-
cal scale is in degrees inclination~and elevation (meters).
The elevation scale is nonlinear because the height of
the plume varies with the tangent of the angle by the formula:
H = L tan a + (Ah) where H is the height of the plume,
3-11
-------
Figure 8
SAMPLE CHART RECORD
PLUME RISE MEASUREMENTS
17 April 1975 1325-1330 MST
Event 21
3-12
-------
above the bottom of the stacks, L is the horizontal distance
from the COSPEC to the plume centerline, a is the angle of
inclination, and Ah is the difference in elevation between
the plume rise site and the base of the stacks.
To calculate the distance L the plume vectors first had
to be determined. A review of the plume rise and AQML data
revealed that the plumes from the two main stacks almost always
were co-mingled (beyond 200 meters downwind). Therefore, it
was not possible to perform separate vector analyses on the
two plumes. Rather, a combined analysis was done.
The results of the plume vector analysis are shown on
Plume Rise Geometry Maps (Figures 54, 62, and 70). They dis-
play the COSPEC site and the horizontal angles used to measure
plume rise. The "effective plume centerline" is drawn as the
best estimate of the vector of the combined plumes during the
measurement period. These vectors are drawn as if originating
from a single "equivalent stack", between the two actual stacks
The constructed plume vectors and the angles of measurement
were used to determine the distance L, and hence the elevation
of the plume, in meters.
3-13
-------
PIBALS
All of the Pibal Results have been reduced into a graphic
format and are presented in Appendix B. The plotted results
show a "birds-eye" map view on the left and a vertical view on
the right. In the map view the plotted line shows the direc-
tion and the distance the balloon traveled, beginning at the
centerthe balloon's release point. The arrows in the verti-
cal view are plotted with the base of the arrow at the coor-
dinates of the wind speed and the altitude of each 30-second
pibal observation. The arrow is plotted in the direction of
wind flow (straight up is North); they are aligned with the
balloon trajectory shown in the map view.
Some of the pibal measurements were abbreviated by uncon-
trollable conditions at the site. Data were lost when the
balloon travelled toward the sun or v;hen the balloon was lost
behind a nearby hill. All computable balloon observations
have been plotted to provide the complete set of wind observations.
Selecting wind speeds and wind directions for analy-
sis of the remote sensor results required a detailed study of
the pibal results. First it was necessary to determine which
readings represented the wind speed at the top of the stacks
so that proper winds would be chosen for flux calculations.
Each hourly pibal was averaged for both direction and speed.
Each route and the burden data were reviewed to deter-
mine which of the pibals were appropriate and whether more
3-14
-------
than one wind direction or speed was necessary (because Of
wind changes during the traverse), A final adjustment in wind
directions was made by checking the burden data to determine
the compass angle of the line from the source (s) to the measured
plume peak(s). This figure usually was within five degrees of
the averaged pibal direction. On occasions there were differ-
ences caused by topographic influences on wind flow. In such
cases, the direction determined from the burden data was used
for map plotting.
3-15
-------
S02 MASS FLUX
Calculations. The computation of S02 -mass flux emission
rate of a source--were derived from the COSPEC total burdens,
the geography, and the wind speed according to the following
formula:
S02 Mass Flux = Cospec Cospec Trav. Wind Wind/Road Gas/Weight/Time
Read. x Calib. x Dist. x Speed x Angle x Conversions
kg/hr SO? = Div. x ppiaM x Meters x M/S x Sin a x 9.576 x 10"3
Defl. DivT
The COSPEC reading, COSPEC calibration and the traverse distance
were taken from the chart records and maps. The wind/road angle
was derived from the pibal results and by relating the peak of
the measured plume to the traverse route and the assumed center
of emissions for a given source. The conversions bring the
computations to a result in kilograms per hour (kg/hr) S0£;
equivalent pounds per hour (Ib/hr) values are reported, as well.
Error Estimate. The accuracy of the flux computations
can be estimated from the errors of individual parameters.
There are six identifiable sources for error in the data col-
lection and processing procedures: spectrometer precision,
spectrometer calibration, spectrometer record interpretation,
wind speed, wind direction and burden location. Each of
these errors is a random quantity which takes" on different
(and unpredictable) values from traverse to traverse. The
first three error sources are related to the operation of
3-16
-------
the spectrometer; the next two pertain to wind data used in
the flux calculations; the last occurs in transferring origi-
nal data records onto digitized maps.
COSPEC II non-linearity (above 500 ppmM) was treated as
part of the spectrometer calibration error. The calculated
instrument sensitivity was used to convert the digitized spec-
trometer outputs from millivolts to parts-per-million-meters.
Corrections for occasional readings greater than 500 ppmM were
made prior to the calculation of flux.
The RMS Error for the SC>2 mass flux results can be calcu-
lated by assigning individual values to each of the six com-
ponent errors (V^) and making a root-mean-square calculation.
The equation is:
RMS Error ^V-^ + V^ + - - + vn2/NN~
Where V^ is the RMS error of one of the contributing
sources of error, and N is the number of remote sensor
measurements.
The values of each error for SC>2 data gathered in this
study are:
Spectrometer precision ± 71 (average noise as a
percent of signal within
one kilometer of source)
Spectrometer calibration ± 5% (actual daily variation
in field calibrations)
Spectrometer interpretation ± ~5I (typical error in
determining reference
baselines on chart
records)
3-17
-------
Wind speed ± 151 Cexpected variation in
extrapolating fixed-
site wind data to plume
location)
Wind direction ' ± 31 (average error in de-
termining wind direc-
tion (a) when converted
to sine a)
Burden location ± 81 (combined field nota-
tion and data handling
errors of geographic lo-
cations)
The computed RMS Error for a S07 Mass Flux calculation is:
_ . _ I
RMS Error =\ (7) 2+ (5) 2+ (5)2 + (15) 2+ (3) 2+ (8) 2 / "\[~N~
/F
= ±
For N=l the RMS Error is ±201; where N=6 the RMS Error is re-
duced to ±8.2%.
This RMS Error incorporates the principal sources of error
in making remote sensor measurements and converting the results
to emission rates. If one of the component errors is reduced,
the RMS Error is reduced. For example, if the actual wind
speed error is ±51 (rather than ±151) the RMS Error is re-
duced to ±14% (where N=l) .
Conversely, for plume crossings 10 km from the source the
spectrometer precision can increase from ±71 to ±20%; the
resulting RMS Error is ±26% (with N=l) . To accurately deter-
mine a flux value, therefore, a number of separate measurements
(usually six but at least three) are made and the results
averaged; this averaging procedure cancels out random errors
3-18
-------
and reduces the probable error by the factor y.\JN~. Therefore,
while the RMS Error of a remote sensor flux value may be as
high as ±26% for one particular measurement, it is significant
ly less (e.g. ±8.21 for an average of six measurements).
3-19
-------
Section 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the Hayden Smelters Emission Survey are
presented in three sections:
e MOVING MEASUREMENTS - Total burden and ground-level
maps and SC>2 dispersion sketch
maps
e PLUME RISE - Individual profiles and plume
height to two kilometers down-
wind
e SO? MASS FLUX - Estimates of smelter emissions
from remote sensor and pibal
data
MOVING MEASUREMENTS
The moving measurements were successful in locating
overhead and ground-level SO- in the near vicinity of the
smelters and as far as 40 kilometers downwind. Significant
events and typical moving measurements results have been
plotted in map form.
Total Burden/Ground-Level Maps. Thirty computer drawn
maps are presented in chronological order. Each day's results
are summarized and interpreted on the page preceeding the
daily map set. This discussion and the maps are both pre-
sented in a horizontal format.
4-1
-------
14 APRIL 75/EVENTS 8, 18
The first pair of maps (Figures 9 and 10) shows a moving
survey from Hayden west to the Montgomery Ranch air monitoring
station. Two distinct plumes were measured: one was crossing
highway AZ-177, and the second was above the Chilito Mine Road.
The second plume had the most significant SC^ touchdown (550 ppb peak)
Two wind speeds and directions were observed; the slower winds were
at lower elevations.
Figures 11 and 12 show ground-level and total burden SO-
,data gathered on AZ-77 later the same day, after wind shifted di-
i
rection. The northeasterly plume trajectory was documented'by
both the remote and point monitors. The ground-level concentrations
were greatest (to 540 ppb) at the southern edge of the plume activity;
the total burden peak (405 ppmM) was five kilometers to the north.
-------
500 METERS
H00 PPMM
D
Figure 12
SULFUR DIOXIDE TDTflL BURDEN
HRYDEN 5MELTER5 SURVEY
IH BPR 137$-
M5T EVENT IB
ENV/RDNMENTflL HEFI5UREttENT5/ INC.
SRN FRflNC/SCD/ CfJ 34 / / /
-------
15 APRIL 75/EVENT5 4,5-6, 10, 28
Events 4, 5-6 and 10 are representative of a morning survey
conducted west of the smelters on 15 April. The first two total
burden maps (Figures 14 and 16) are similar; high SC^ burdens
(to 3400 ppmM) were measured on the mine road northwest of Hayden.
The corresponding ground-level maps (Figures 13 and 15) illustrate
the wide variations in plume touchdown. The maximum recorded SC>2
concentrations were 440 ppb for Event 4 and > 1390 ppb for Events
-u
.V, 5-6 (1390 ppb was the limit of detectability for the SC^ monitor; '
see Section 2). Two hours later (Event 10) plume activity was
again measured, but at a different location (Figures 17 and 18);
the peak S02 readings were 790 ppmM total burden and 1370ppb ground-
level concentrations.
One set of afternoon measurements on AZ-77, the Globe Highway
(Event 28), is plotted in Figure 19 and 20. The peak burden
(1820 ppmM) and peak concentration (760 ppb) nearly coincide at
a point two kilometers from the Globe Highway monitoring station.
-------
A
N
oo
S00 METERS
H00 PPB
a
a
P
Figure 13
SULFUR DIOXIDE GROUND LEVEL
HflYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
IS RPR 1975:
910 -BZS M5T EVENT 4
ENVIRDNMENTflL
Cfl
/ /
l-NC.
-------
A
N
VD
£00 METERS
H00 PPMM
a
D
Figure 14
SULFUR DIOXIDE TDTflL BURDEN
HRYDEN SHELTERS SURVEY
IE RPR 197S
910 -925: M5T EVENT 4
ENV/RDNMENTf?L VEH5UREt1ENT5/ INC.
en SHM i
-------
o
500 METERS
H00 PPB
SULFUR DIOXIDE GROUND LEVEL
HRYDEN SHELTERS SURVEY
IS RPR1L 1975:
525" -340 M5T EVENTS S -5
MEASUREMENTS, INC.
5RN FRFJNClSCDx C/1 HH/ / I
-------
500 METERS
M00 PPMM
SULFUR DIOXIDE: TDTFL BURDEN
HRYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
is: RPRIL lavs:
3H0 M5T EVENTS £ -5
ENVIRONMENTAL MCTOTEMEWTH/ INC.
SRN FRRNC/5CD/- CR SH// /
-------
A
N
500 METERS
H00 PPB
a
D
Figure 17
SULFUR DIOXIDE GROUND LEVEL
HF1YDEN SHELTERS SURVEY
IS RPR 1375:
II2Z-II3EM5T EVENT 10
HWIOTHENTflL
SFN FRHNCtSCn, Cf?
/ /
/JVC.
-------
500 METERS
H00 PPMM
D
D
Figure 18
SULFUR DIOXIDE TDTRL BURDEN
HRYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
IS RPR 1975:
1122-1 \3SH5T EVENT 10
M/RDNMENTflL
SRN Ff?f?NC / SCO.-
CF1 3HI I I
we.
-------
I I 1 1 1 1 1
0
S00 METERS
H00 PPB
1645
Figure 19
..... *_ _, »
SULFUR DIOXIDE GROUND LEVEL
HflYDEN SHELTERS SURVEY
IS RPR IH7S
JEHS-iEEZ MET EVENT 2B
EW1WNMENTRL HERSUREtlENTS/ INC.
5RN Ff?f7NC/SCO/ Cf7 £34 / / /
-------
500 METERS
H00 PPMM
SULFUR DIOXIDE TDTflL BURDEN
HRYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
IS flPR I97£
N5T EVENT ZB
ENV/ffOIWENTflL MER5UREMENT5, INC.,
FRFIMC.1SCCL, ^Cft 3H1 1J J
-------
16 APRIL 75/EVENTS 4, 7-8, 21,26
On the morning of 16 April the smelter plumes were detected
to the west of Hayden (Event 4). By the end of the 28-minute
traverse the wind had shifted; S0_ was again detected 11 kilometers
almost due north of the smelters. Figure 22 shows the two plume
crossings; Figure 21 shows that the plumes touched down to the
west (4 kilometers downwind) but not to the north.
Figures 23 and 24 are plots of a long distance traverse
(Events 7-8) north on AZ-77 (to Globe) and east on US 70. The SO i
45, t>
,ii ' plume from the smelters was crossed 10 kilometers to the northeast--
ON
and again 40 kilometers downwind. The burden plume (140 ppmM peak)
was about 15 kilometers'wide at this second crossing; the peak SO?
concentration at ground level was 65 ppb.
Two Globe Highway traverses (Events 21 and 26) are shown in
Figures 25-28. The magnitude and location of peak burdens and
concentrations varied widely, as shown on the maps. The peak S02
concentration near the Globe Highway station for Event 26 was 940 ppb.
-------
i i 1 i 1 r-
0927
000 METERS
H00 PPB
A
N
Figure 21
SULFUR DIOXIDE ERDUND LEVEL
HflYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
IB flPR 1975
-927 M5T EVENT *!
INC.
ENW/TOOTO.
-------
1 i r-
oo
1000 METERS
M00 PPMM
A
N
~ S/H 3'1
Figure 22
SULFUR DIDX1DE TDTRL BURDEN
HflYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
IE RPR I97S
OS'S -927 M5T EVENT 4
ENVIRHNMENTPL MEH5UREMENT5/ INC.
CR ay111 _
-------
3000 METERS
H00 PPB
?'/|042
A
N
Figure 23
SULFUR DIOXIDE: BRDUND LEVEL
HflYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
IE RPR 1375:
1042-1/5:1 N5T EVE/v'75 7 -B
[ENV/RONHEW7T7L NEH5Hf?EW£WI5/
1 sn/v rRFiNCiscps en ani 11
-------
3000 METERS
H00 PPMM
K)
O
A
N
Figure 24
SULFUR DIDXIDE TQTRL BURDEN
HflYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
IB RPR 137S
1042-IISI N5T EVENTS 7 -B
ENV/RDWffFWTRL WEHSURrWENTH/ INC.
SflN FRFtNClSCD, Cfl 3^1 I I
-------
I
ts)
Figure 25
500 METERS
H00 PPB
SULFUR DIOXIDE EROUND LEVEL
HRYDEN SHELTERS SURVEY
IB RPR 1375
I5E0-/E00 M5T EVENT 21
Sf7N FRHNC/SCD/- CH 3HI I I
-------
A
N
tsi
NJ
Figure 26
S00 METERS
H00 PPMM
SULFUR DIOXIDE TDTRL BURDEN
HflYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
IE RPR 1375;
I5E0-/E00 M5T EVENT 21
ENV/R0NMENTRL MEHSUREMENTS, INC.
5BN FRBNCLSCa, CfJ 3HI 1 1
-------
£00 METERS
HHH PPB
Figure 27
SULFUR DIOXIDE GROUND LEVEL
HflYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
IE RPR I37S
EVENT 25
ENV/RDWENTRL WBFEURENEW75/ /A/C.
SP?N FRnNCisca, en SHI 11
-------
500 METERS
H00 PPMM
SULFUR DIOXIDE TDTRL BURDEN
HflYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
IB HPR 1375"
IE3 i-JTO N5T EVENT 2G
NV/OTJMEN777L MER5UREHENT5, INC.
.,. SHN ETfieNC<5Cg^ . Cfl
-------
I
N>
cn
17 APRIL 75/EVENT5 14, 29
The two Globe Highway surveys, plotted in Figures 29-32,
were made between and following plume rise measurements. Good
correlation of overhead and ground-level S02 occurred during Event'14;
both peak values (1050 ppmM and 1000 ppb) were recorded 4 kilometers
from the smelters. In contrast, the correlation was poor for Event 29
The peak SCK concentration (930 ppb) was located 5 kilometers to
the northeast but there was relatively little SC>2 burden associated
with it (190 ppmM peak). However, near the Globe Highway station '
there was a total burden peak of 2340 ppmM S02*, there was also
a high ground-level reading (>1390 ppb) but it was located 500
meters to the south of the overhead plume.
-------
A
N
500 METERS
H00 PPH
5ULFUR DIOXIDE GROUND LEVEL
HRYDEM SMELTERS SURVEY
17 RPR IBIS
1203-1211 M5T EVENT m
I'ENVTRDNMENTFIL ttERSUREMENTS/ INC.
I 5HN rRFlNClSCD, CH 3<-l I I I
-------
-u
I
to
500 METERS
H00 PPMM
SULFUR DIOXIDE TDTflL BURDEN
HRYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
17 RPR I97S
1203-1211 M5T EVENT /4
\ENVIRONMENTHL HEHSUREHENTSs INC.
SFJN rnnNCisca,
-------
A
N
500 METERS
H00 PPB
Figure 31
I 6031
SULFUR DIOXIDE GROUND LEVEL
HBYDEN SHELTERS SURVEY
17 flPR I37S
M5T
ZB
ENVIRUNMENTFIL MEHSUREMENTS/ INC.i
C/7
-------
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N)
to
500 METER5
H00 PPMM
5ULFUR DIOXIDE TDTflL BURDEN
HRYDEN 5MELTER5 SURVEY
17 RPR I97K
M5T EVENT 23
ENVIRDNrtENTHL HEH5UREMENT5, INC
SHN TRRNC / SCO, CO 3<-1 1 I I
-------
18 APRIL 75/EVENTS 7, 17, 20
These three Events were Globe Highway traverses before
and after plume rise measurements. The variability in both the
burden and concentration data are apparent from these six maps
(Figures 33-38). Only the first pair of maps (Event 7) show
good correlation between the two sets of results. Events 17 and
20, which occurred after the wind had rotated and became some-
what stronger, show lack of agreement between the locations for
the integrated and point measurements. The wind shift separated
« the overhead plumes, especially for Event 20 (Figure 38). Two
o
plumes are more evident on this map because they were crossing
the road at approximately a right angle, in contrast to most
Globe Highway maps which show burden data along portions of the
road nearly parallel with the plume centerlines.
-------
i
Ol
ro
A
N
2.0 M/l
a
D
500 METERS
H00 PPMM
_i
Figure 34
SULFUR DIOXIDE TDTHL BURDEN
HRYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
IB BPR 1975
SSI -SS9 H5T EVENT 7
ENVIRDNMENTflL MEflSUREMENTS/ INC.
5RN FRRNCI5CD/ CR SMI I I
-------
A
N
a
n
500 METERS
H00 PPMM
1 L.
Figure 36
SULFUR DIOXIDE TDTRL BURDEN
HRYDEN SHELTERS SURVEY
IB RPR 1375
I2Z3-I22B N5T EVENT 17
ENVIRONMENTS. MER5UREMENT5/ INC.
5RN FRRNCI5CD/
-------
A
N
a
D
500 METERS
H00 PPMM
Figure 38
SULFUR DIOXIDE TDTRL BURDEN
HRYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
IB RPR 1975
I23S-123B M5T EVENT 20
ENVIRONMENTS MEASUREMENTS/ IN
5PN FRRNCI5CD/ CR 5HI I I
-------
SO? Dispersion. The influence of the rough terrain
north of the smelters was evident in the moving measure-
ment results. This \\ras especially true for the Globe Highway
where extreme fluctuations occurred from one traverse to the
next in both S02 burden and concentration data. Measurements
in the Montgomery Ranch area also exhibited variability. To
illustrate these variations two sets of sketch maps are pre-
sented: Figures 39-50 for Globe Highway and Figures 51-53
for Montgomery Ranch. There are maps for all five days of
the study for Globe Highway; Montgomery Ranch maps are for
14 and 15 April 75. The maps are 16 km x 16 km squares.
These maps show the extent of overhead and ground level
S02 as measured'by the AQML. They also give peak values for
both burdens (ppmM) and concentrations (ppb). The peaks are
the maximum S02 burdens and concentrations recorded on each
traverse; where multiple peaks were recorded only the highest
value is shown. While these hand drawn maps are not precise
plots they do show the geographic locations (within 500
meters) of data gathered in these two critical areas.
The S0£ dispersion maps depict the location of smelter
plumes and the correlation bet\veen the two sets of data.
Figure 39, for example, shows displacement of the ground-
level S02 along the Globe Highway relative to the SC>2 bur-
den; in contrast Figure 40 shows good correlation for four
traverses spanning a fifteen minute period.
4-37
-------
14 APR 75
Figure 39
S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Globe Highway
1315 MST 14 APR 75
«*«.
g round-I eve I
concentratI on(peak ppb)
1439 MST
total.burden (peak ppmM)
14 APR 75
1453 MST
4 APR 75
1500 MST
4-38
-------
15 APR 75
Figure 40
S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Globe Highway
1354 MST 15 APR 75
ground-I eve 1
concentration(peak ppb)
15 APR 75
1407 MST
1401 MST
total burden (peak ppmM)
5 APR 75
1413 MST
4-39
-------
15 APR 75
Figure 41
S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Globe Highway
1609 MST I 5 APR 75
1614 MST
ground-I eve I
concentration (peak ppb)
15 APR 75
total burden (peak ppmM)
1621 MST 15 APR 75
1626 MST
4-40
-------
15 APR 75
Figure 42
S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Globe Highway
1632 MST 15 Apr 75
1640 MST
ground-I eve I
concentration (peak ppb)
15 APR 75
total burden (peak ppmM)
1648 MST 15 APR 75
1659 MST
x, .-
_. ppmM..
\ V 3to
v_; ppb
4-41
-------
15 APR 75
Figure 43
S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Globe Highway
1703 MST .15 APR 75
1705 MST
V2030 ...
* PPmAV
ppb
ground-I eve I
concentration (peak ppb)
15 APR 75
"-. \/
- "
ppb
,V^3l ./
* ppmAA ..*
12.70
ppb
total burden (peak ppmM)
1707 MST I 5' APR 75
1710 MST
4-42
-------
16 APR 75
Figure 44
S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Globe Highway
I 100 MST 16 APR 75
1552 MST
ground-I eve I
concentration (peak ppb)
16 APR 75
total burden (peak ppmM)
1606 MST 16 APR 75
1613 MST
4-43
-------
16 APR 75
Figure 45
. S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Globe Highway
1618 MST 16 APR 75
ground-I eve!
concentration (peak ppb)
1627 MST
total burden (peak ppmM)
16 APR 75
1635 MST
4-44
-------
17 APR 75
Figure 46
S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Globe Highway
I 155 MST .17 APR 75
I 159 MST
ground-I eve I
concentration (peak ppb)
17 APR 75
1203 MST
total burden (peak ppmM)
17 APR 75
1212 MST
4-45
-------
17 APR 75
Figure 47
S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Globe Highway
1526 MST 17 APR 75
153! MST
ground-level
concentration (peak ppb)
17 APR 75
total burden (peak ppmM)
I 534 MST 17 APR 75
1540 MST
1170 :
\VppmM .-
x^
1440
ppb
4-46
-------
17 APR 75
Figure 48
S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Globe Highway
1546 MST 17 APR 75
1555 MST
ground-level
concentration (peak ppb)
17 APR 75
1628 MST
total burden(peak ppmM)
17 APR 75
1635 MST
4-47
-------
18 APR 75
Figure SO
S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Globe Highway
1225 MST 18 APR 75
1230 MST
.v, 1050 .
* pprnM/^.-'
200
ppb
ground- level
concentration (peak ppb)
18 APR 75
1233 MST
total burden (peak ppmM)
18 APR 75
1237 MST
4-49
-------
18 APR 75
Figure 49
S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Globe Highway
0934 MST 18 APR 75
0941 MST
ground-1 eve I
concentration (peak ppb)
total burden (peak ppmM)
18 APR 75
0948 MST .18 APR 75
0953 MST
4-48
-------
The Montgomery Ranch S02 dispersion maps show similar
patterns. The plume touchdown points (concentrations) have
relatively poor correlation with the overhead plumes (bur-
dens). For four of the twelve traverses the ground level
exceeded the detection limit of the SC>2 monitor (1390 ppb).
4-50
-------
14 APR 75
Figure SI
S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Montgomery Ranch
0915 MST 14 APR 75
ground-1 eve I
concentration (peak ppb)
14 APR 75
I
1046 MST
215
total burden (peak ppmM)
1118 MST 15 APR 75
0845 MST
4-51
-------
15 APR 75
Figure 52
S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Montgomery Ranch
0907 MST 15 APR 75
0920 MST
ground-1 eve I
concentration (peak ppb)
15 APR 75
total burden (peak ppmM)
0930 MST 15 APR 75
1055 MST
.f
4-52
-------
15 APR 75
Figure 53
S02 DISPERSION
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
Montgomery Ranch
1112 MST 15 APR 75
113! MST
ground-1 eve!
concentration (peak ppb)
15 APR 75
790
ppmA\
1 - . total burden (peak ppmM)
I 145 MST I 5 APR 75
1200 MST
4-53
-------
PLUME RISE
The Plume Rise measurements were made at two sites on two
days. A summary of the twenty sets of measurements is given
in Table III.
Individual Profiles. The eighty-five individual profiles,
single vertical sweeps through the plumes, are plotted in sets.
Each set contains two to eight profiles. The sets are grouped
by site and day; each group is presented separately with a
discussion and a Plume Rise Geometry Map. All pages are in
the horizontal page format.
4-54
-------
TABLE III
EPA/HAYDEN
Plume Rise Summary;
Date
17 APR 75
17 APR 75
18 APR 75
I
Site
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.
2
2
2
2
Time (MST)
0924
0947
0959
1033
1046
1055
1103
1254
1303
1314
1325
i 1337
2 I 1355
2 I 1401
2 I 1017
2 I 1027
E
2 1 1036
1
2
2
2
1049
1104
1120
Set
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
Location
Between Stacks
10° Left KCC Stack' '
25° Left KCC Stack
25° Left KCC Stack
Between Stacks
10° Left KCC Stack
25° Left KCC Stack
Between Stacks
2° Right ASARCO Stack
15° Right ASARCO Stack
42° Right ASARCO Stack
42° Right ASARCO Stack
65° Right ASARCO Stack
65° Right ASARCO Stack
Between Stacks
Between Stacks
5° Right ASARCO Stack
20° Right ASARCO Stack
45° Right ASARCO Stack
65° Right ASARCO Stack
4-55
-------
-C-
I
en
ON
17 APRIL 75/SITE 1 PLUME RISE
Site 1 was above and behind the smelters; it was selected
because it had the advantage of being elevated with good line-
of-sight to the distant horizon. However, it had the disadvan-
tage of presenting a view of the two stack tops at nearly the
same angle of inclination. Thus it was difficult to separate
the KCC and ASARCO plumes from Site I/ The KCC stack was used
as a zero degree reference. The 4°,10°, and 25° horizontal
angles used to measure plume rise are shown on Figure 54. The
plume vectors were almost due east, as represented by the "effec-
tive plume centerline" on the map.
A total of 42 plume profiles are plotted for Site 1 (Figures
55 - 61). The profiles between the stacks show only S02 emissions
from the KCC stack (Figures 55 and 59). Set 1 shows eight profiles
with good repeatability; Set 5 illustrates some low level emissions
near the horizon. The other Sets are downwind of both the ASARCO
and KCC stacks; some profiles have two distinct plumes but most do
not. Low level emissions (below 200 meters) were measured frequently,
-------
VI
V '
0.
EFFECTIVE PLUME CENTERL1NE
SETS 3,4 &7
SETS f & 5
IO°'aSETS 2 & 6
a *
Figure 54
-I 1 1 1
PLUME RISE GEOMETRY
HHYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
17 RPR1L 1375
31H -1200 M5T SITE I
ENVIRDNMENTRL MEflSUREMENTS/ INC,
5RN FRRNC15CD/ CR 9H11i
-------
FIGURE 55
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5 INC.
PLUME RISE STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
1500
1000 ..
ELEV
(METERS)
500 --
0
50T
H0-
30-
INCL
(DEE)
20-
10-
HORIZON
1
NDIVIDURL PROFILES
DRTE:
TIME:
70H7S
92H
C100 PPMM PER TIC)
SITE: i
SET: i
BETWEEN STACKS
CO
-------
FIGURE 56
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
1500 ..
H0-
1000 --
ELEV
(METERS)
30-
INCL
i
(DEE)
20-
500
INDIVIDURL PRDF1LE5
ITHHVS
TIME: 3H7
( 100 PPMM PER TIC)
SITE: i
SET: 2
185 METERS EAST
tn
-------
FIGURE 57
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5LJREMENT5 INC
PLUME RI5E STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
2000 ..
1500
1000 ..
ELEV
CMETERS)
500 --
I
O*
o
INDIVIDURL PROFILES (100 PPMM PER TIC)
DRTE: 170H7S
TIME:
BITE:
SET:
I
3
HORIZON
700 METERS EAST
-------
FIGURE 58
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY'- EPfl/HRYDEN
50r
2000 ..
1500 ..
1000 ..
ELEV
(METERS)
500 ..
INDIVIDURL PROFILES
I70H75
TIME: 1003
(100 PPMM PER TIC)
SITE: i
SET: H
700 METERS EAST
-------
FIGURE 59
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5LJREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
1500 --
Ha-
1000 --
30-
ELEV
(METERS)
INCL
i
(DEE)
20.
500 -
o
HORIZON
i h
INDIV1DURL PROFILES
I70H7S
TIME: I0HB
C100 PPMM PER TIC)
SITE-- i
SET: s
BETWEEN STACKS
t-O
-------
FIGURE 60
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
1500 ..
1000 --
ELEV
(METERS)
500 "
50T
H0-
3B-
INCL
i
(t>EE)
ZE--
IND1VIDURL PRDFILE5
DRTE:
TIME: 1055
C 100 PPMM PER TIC)
SITE: |
SET: E
185 METERS EAST
-------
FIGURE 61
ENVIRONMENTRL MEASUREMENTS INC.
PLUME RISE STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
2000 4-
1500 1
1000 4-
ELEV
(METERS)
500 4-
50r
H0f
30f
INCL
i
(DEE)
Z0f
I0f
H 1 1 1 1
IND1VIDURL PRDFILE5
DRTE'. I70H75
TIME: 1103
100 PPMM PER TIC)
SITE: I
SET: 7
700 METERS EAST
-------
17 APRIL 75/SITE 2 PLUME RISE
Site 2 was located in Winkleman southeast of the stacks; it
was superior to Site 1 because the two stack tops were separated
vertically. It had the disadvantage of having mountainous terrain
at the horizon; therefore, measurements of plume rise were limited
to a minimum angle of about 5 degrees. The ASARCO stack was used
as the zero degree reference. The 15°, 42°, and 65° measurement
angles are shown on Figure 62. The plume vector was east-southeast
to easterly.
For 17 April,21 plume profiles are plotted (Figures 63 - 69).
Because of the lower elevation of Site 2 the horizon line appears
above zero degrees (as noted on each plot). The Set 1 measurements
(between Stacks, Figure 63).shows ASARCO stack emissions (at 400
meters) and fugitive emissions at the horizon. Downwind profiles
are more complex; multiple peaks occur frequently as do low elevation
emissions. Except for Set 5 (Figure 67) the S02 plumes remained
below 20 degrees (600 meters) to nearly two kilometers downwind.
-------
to SETS 4 A
n.
ASARCO STACKS
C0°)
PLUME RISE
SITE 2
Figure 62
PLUME RISE GEOMETRY
HHYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
17 RPRIL 1975
I200-IH0? M5T SITE 2
ENVIRONMENTS MER5UREMENT5/ INC.
BRN FRRNCI5CD/ CR 9HI1 I
-------
FIGURE 63
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
2000 -
1500
1000 -
ELEV
(METERS)
500 --
H0-
30-
INCL
i
(DEE)
20-
10-
o -L
0
HORIZON
INDIVIDURL PROFILES
ITBHTS
TIME: 12SH
(100 PPMM PER TIC)
SITE: 2
SET: i
BETWEEN STACKS
c\
-------
\
-------
F!GURE
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
1500 ..
1000 ..
ELEV
(METERS)
500 --
0 -1-
INDIVIDURL PROFILES
C100 PPMM PER TIC)
170H75
TIME: 13 1H
SITE:
SET:
2
3
600 METERS EAST
cr*
-------
18 APRIL 75/SITE 2 PLUME RISE
Site 2 was used again on 18 April. The wind had a more
southerly component so the plume vector was east-southeast.
The 5°, 20°, 45°, and 65° horizontal measurement angles are
shown on Figure 70.
A total of 23 plume rise profiles are plotted (Figures
71-76). Compared to the previous day these profiles show S02
dispersing more vertically,up to 40 degrees (1000 meters) or
more. This was due partly to-the more southerly plume trajectory.
But the combination of meteorology and topography caused higher
burdens at the horizon; both stack and fugitive emissions could
have contributed to the near-ground SC^. Even though the stack
tops were visually separated (see Figure 4) the profiles do not
show individual plumes that can be attributed to either stack.
-------
tn
0.
.c^.-o
. <0.
SrAci<
0 <"o°; p
PLUME
RISE
SITE 2
Figure 70
PLUME RISE EEDMETRY
HRYDEN SMELTERS SURVEY
IB RPRIL I37S
333 -I2HZ M5T SITE 2
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5/ INC.
5RN FRF1NCI5CD/ CR 9HI I I
-------
FIGURE 71
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
2000
1500 "
50T
H0-
1000
ELEV
(METERS)
30-
INCL
CDEE)
500 --
20-
10-
o *
HORIZON
H 1 1 1 1 1 H
INOIVIDURL PROFILES
TIME: 1017
(100 PPMM PER TIC)
SITE: 2
SET: i
BETWEEN STACKS
-------
FIG!'RE 7?
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5 INC.
PLUME RISE STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
2000
1500 i
50T
H0f
10004.
ELEV
(METERS)
1NCL
(DEE)
500 I
20f
EH-
0
INDIVIDURL PRDFILE5
(100 PPMM PER TIC)
IBHHTS:
TIME: 1027
SITE:
SET:
2
2
HORIZON
BETWEEN STACKS
-------
FIGURE 75
ENVIRONMENTRL MER5UREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
2000
1500..
1000..
50r
HB-
30-
ELEV
(METERS)
INCL
(DEE)
500--
o..
20-
HORIZON
INDIVIDURL PROFILES
( 1130 PPMM PER TIC)
DRTE:
TIME:
03E
SITE;
SET:
2
3
160 METERS EAST
oo
-------
FIGURE 74
ENVIRONMENTRL MER5UREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
1500
50r
H0-
1000 --
ELEV
CMETERS)
30-
500 ..
INCL
(DEE)
20-
10-
o 1
H , 1 1 ( 1 1 h
H 1 1 h
INtMVIDURL PRDFILE5
(100 PPMM PER TIC)
TIME: I0H9
SITE:
SET;
2
H
HORIZON
H 1 1
700 METERS EAST
-------
FIGURE 75
ENVIRONMENTS MER5LJREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
1000-
ELEV
(METERS)
500
50r
H0-
NDIVIDURL PROFILES
C100 PPMM PER TIC)
DRTE:
TIME: i IBM
SITE:
SET:
2
s
1300 METERS EAST
I
oo
o
-------
FIGURE 76
ENVIRONMENTS MER5LJREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
1000 4-
ELEV
(METERS)
500 +
INCL
(DEE)
0 JL
INDIVIDURL PROFILES
ORTE'- 1B0H7S
TIME: 1120
( I
PPMM PER TIC)
SITE:
SET:
2
E
HORIZON
1700 METERS EAST
oo
-------
Plume Height. The individual plume rise profiles for
17 and 18 April illustrate a lack of uniformity in vertical
plume geometry for the meteorological conditions that existed
in Hayden. More measurements and extended study would be
required to better understand the plume behavior for this
tall stack/complex terrain situation. No detailed analyses
of the KCC and ASARCO plumes individually and as a combined
plume--were made. However, the plume height for each set
of profiles was analyzed.
The plume height was determined from the remote sensor
data and the site and stack geometry. Using the effective
plume centerlines the- height of the plume (in meters) was
calculated for each downwind distance (in meters, converted
from angles); the height was measured from the ground, midway
between the two stacks.
Three plots of plume height are shown in Figure 77.
They show the vertical location of averaged sets of plume
rise measurements. The plume center (the peak ppmM value)
of each set is a "dot" located at an elevation; the ver-
tical width of the average plume is drawn as a scale line.
The tops of the stacks are labeled KCC and ASR.
The two plots for 17 April show a rising plume center-
line in the morning (to 500 meters) and a flatter trajectory
(to 400 meters) later in the day. The plume (or plumes)
4-82
-------
Figure 77
PLUME HEIGHT
HAYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
500
lOOOi
500.
ASR.
KCC-
0
17 RPRIL 1375
9IM -I2BZ H5T SITE i
SET 4
SET 5I
SET
2
SET 6
SET
HORIZON
0 200 400 600 800- 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
DISTANCE (METERS)
isor
1000
500
ASR.
KCC.
n
17 RFRIL 1375 \
. I2Z3-IH5KH5T SITE 2
; ;
; SET 3T SET 4;
: HORIZON
SET 5
SET'
_T? '
SET el, !
. i i < * ' i 1 1 1 1 1 1 : 1 1
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
DISTANCE (METERS)
1000
500
ASR.
KCC.
0
' IB RPRIL 1575: T
: S33-IZH2H5T SITE 2 |
. i
r SET 3
1
- SET 4
HORIZON
SET 5
i
,,..,..,.......
SET 6
.
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 I BOO 2000
DISTANCE (METERS)
4-83
-------
were well defined (except for Set 5) with a vertical dimen-
sion of 400 meters or less.
The 18 April plume centerline reached nearly 600
meters elevation, 1700 meters downwind. The vertical plume
dimension was 750 meters or more; the top edge of the plume
was less well defined for Sets 5 and 6, as indicated by the
dashed lines.
4-84
-------
SO? MASS FLUX
Emission rates for the smelters have been estimated
from the moving remote sensor data. The SC>2 burden results
and information derived from the pibal measurements were
combined with traverse route geography to calculate SC>2
mass flux. A total of 23 Events were processed by computer;
the results are tabulated in Table IV. The mass flux values--
estimates for the amount of SC>2 in the overhead plumes--
are listed in both kilograms per hour (kg/hr) and _
pounds per hour (Ib/hr); averages for each day are
included.
The average S02 mass flux for all five days (23 cal-
culations) is 23,330 kg/hr (51,450 Ib/hr) S02; the standard
deviation (as a percent of the mean) is 77%; this statistic
indicates a wide spread in the calculated flux values. Some
of this spread in the results is the expected error of the
remote sensor measurements (See Section 3). However, the
smelters cannot be assumed to be constant emission sources;
thus, some of the spread is due to the true variation in
the combined S02 emissions.
The calculations in Table IV are the result of indi-
vidual passes of the AQML-mounted COSPEC under the dispersing
plumes. The remote sensor makes a near-instantaneous measure-
ment- -a "snapshot" of the S02 in the overhead plume. Because
the plume shape is usually not constant with time, each measure-
ment produces a different result. As described in Section 3
4-85
-------
TABLE IV
SO2 MASS FLUX
Hayden Smelters Emission Survey
DATE
14 Apr
' 75
15 Apr
75
16 Apr
75
17 Apr
75
18 Apr
75
TIME (MST)
1036-1055
1451-1500
0900-0910
0910-0925
0925-0940
1122-1136
1136-1150
1630-1638
1645-1652
0859-0927
0927-0952
1609-1616
1616-1623
1623-1631
1631-1643
1203-1211
1534-1539
1555-1603
0951-0959
1223-1228
1228-1232
1232-1235
1235-1238
EVENT
8
18
3
4
5-6
10
11
26
28
4
5
23
24
25
26
14
26
29
7
17
18
19
20
WIND
(M/s)
5.9,3.9
7.1
2.5
2.5
2.9
3.0
2.8
6.0
6.0
3.1
4.0
6.8
6.6
6.3
6.1
6.0
5.5
11.0
2.4
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
SOo MASS FLUX*
(KG/HR) AVG
28,750
47,500 38,150
12,600
10,050
16,700
17,750 18,500
6,000
15,000
51,328
14,200
35,200
34,250 20,600
11,183
12,"416
16,500
31,000
21,100 45,500
84,250
.
10,800
15,250
10,400 14,200
9,700
24,750
(LB/HR) AVG
63,350
104,700 84,100
27,750
22,150
36,800
39,100 40,750
13,200
33,050
113,150
31,300
77,600
75,500 45,40.0
24,650.
27,350
36,350
68,300
46,500 100,300
185,700
23,800
33,600
22,900 31,300
21,400
54,550
Combined S02 emission rates for the entire two-smelter complex.
751009
4-86
-------
a set of measurements (typically six) is required to obtain
a reliable flux figure. This is illustrated by the averages
for 15 and 16 April which are derived from six and seven
separate calculations. The averages for the two days (18,500
and 20,600 kg/hr) agree within 12%. The standard deviations
are 811 (15th) and 54% (16th). The daily averages are a
better measure of smelter 862 emissions than any one indi-
vidual calculation.
These emission rates are for the entire smelter complex.
All S02 plumes measured by the remote sensorwhether ema-
nating from stacks or as fugitive emissions--are included
in the calculations. For most measurements it was not prac-
tical to attempt to separate stack plumes from fugitive plumes;
nor was it usually possible to identify plume anomalies in the
data records as originating from the KCC or ASARCO stacks.
In general, there were too-little detailed wind data (even
with the 35 pibals) to be able to define precise plume
trajectories for a significant number of measurements. The
rugged terrain had a pronounced effect on the plume paths,
as well. Source separation would require additional field
studies with, hopefully, more favorable wind directions
than were experienced during this program.
The combined mass flux values can be expected to be
larger than other S02 emission rates for the two smelters
because essentially all of the S02 source points were being
751009 4_87
-------
tested simultaneously. There are other reasons why some
of the fluxes may be high. Traverse routes that are sharply
curved and terrain that is rough can cause positive errors
in the calculation of remotely measured mass flux.
Higher emission rates were calculated along the Globe
Highway (in the Gila River Canyon) than in the Montgomery
Ranch area. The average of the sixteen Globe Highway S02
mass flux calculations is 26,900 kg/hr (59,300 Ib/hr);
this is significantly higher (781) than the average for
the COSPEC measurements west of the smelters, 15,150 kg/hr
(33,400 Ib/hr). There are two reasons for this difference.
First, the only available traverse route northeast of Hayden
is a curved canyon road (the Globe Highway). The plumes
being measured were generally above the canyon. But the
canyon walls may have channelled portions of the plumes
along an irregular trajectory--unrelated to the straight-
line plume path assumed for analysis. The effect is to
distort the wind/road angle and plume width. The errors
which enter the flux calculations tend to be positive;
they increase the computed flux value. By comparison, the
Montgomery Ranch traverses would be less influenced by this
type of error because the topography is less rugged.
The second reason "relates to Jthe non-stack (fugitive)
emissions. A single wind speed and direction was selected
751009 4-88
-------
from the pibal results to be representative of the wind
conditions that existed within the elevated plume. In
the case of the Globe Highway these wind data were applied
to total burdens measured overhead in the plume--but also
to any S02 gas which may have originated at low elevation
points in the smelter complex. It is presumed that much
of the remote sensor data were a combination of elevated
plume and lower level fugitive emissions; this is supported
by the high ground level 862 concentrations measured on
this road. Because these low elevation emissions were prob-
ably being influenced by different "canyon winds" (both
in speed and direction) the winds aloft data were incorrectly
applied, causing an increase in the calculated mass flux.
Again, by comparison, data collected in the Montgomery Ranch
area would not suffer the same degree of error because of
the less severe topography and micrometeorological effects..
751009 4-89
-------
SO2 MASS FLUX
Emission rates-for the smelters have been estimated
from the moving remote sensor data. The SC>2 burden results
and information derived from the pibal measurements were
combined with traverse route geography to calculate SC>2
mass flux. A total of 23 Events were processed by computer;
the results are tabulated in Table IV. The mass flux values--
estimates for the amount of S02 in the overhead plumes--
are listed in both kilograms per hour (kg/hr) and
pounds per hour (Ib/hr);\ averages for each day are
\
included. \
\
The average S02 mass flux\ for all five days (23 cal-
\
culations) is 21,150 kg/hr (44,960 Ib/hr) S02J the standard
deviation (as a percent of the mean) is 50%; this statistic
indicates a wide spread in the calculated flux values. Some
\
of this spread in the results is the expected error of the
remote sensor measurements (See Section 3). However, the
smelters cannot be assumed to be constant emission sources;
thus, some of the spread is due to theVtrue variation in
the combined S02 emissions.
The calculations in Table IV are the\result of indi-
vidual passes of the AQML-mounted COSPEC under the dispersing
plumes. The remote sensor makes a near-instantaneous measure-
ment- -a "snapshot" of the SC>2 in the overhead\plume. Because
the plume shape is usually not constant with time, each measure
ment produces a different result. As described in Section 3
\
4-85
-------
TABLE IV
SO2 MASS FLUX
Hayden Smelters Emission Survey
DATE
14 Apr
' 75
15 Apr
75
16 Apr
75
17 Apr
75
18 Apr
75
TIME(MST)
1036-1055
1451-1500
0900-0910
0910-0925
0925-0940
1122-1136
1136-1150
1630-1638
1645-1652
0859-0927
0927-0952
1609-1616
1616-1623
1623-1631
1631-1643
1203-1211
1534-1539
1555-1603
0951-0959
1223-1228
1228-1232
1232-1235
1235-1238
EVENT
8
18
5
4
5-6
10
11
26
28
4
5
23
24
25
26
14
26
29
7
17
18
19
20
WIND
(M/S)
5.9,3.9
7.1
2.5
2.5
2.9
3.0
2.8
6.0
6.0
\ 3.1
4.0
\6 . 8
6.6
6.3
6.1
6.0
5.5
11.0
2.4
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
SO-, MASS FLUX*
(KG/HR)" AVG
34,000
34,600 34,300
9,900
16,600
33,800
16,100 18,800
3,500
20,000
31,800
10,200
33,000
33,200 18,800
8,100
8,500
20,100
11,200
23,500 23,300
35,300
32,500
21,300
13,X300 20,600
12,800
23,200
(LB/HR) AVG
75,000
76,200 75,600
21,700
36,600
74,600
35,400 41,500
7,700
44,100
70,100
22,400
72,800
73,200 41,500
17,800
18,500
44,100
25,900
51,800 51,900
77,900
32,500
47,000
29,400 37,600
28,200
51,100
Combined S02 emission rates for the entire two-smelter complex,
4-86
-------
a set of measurements (typically six) is required to obtain
a reliable flux figure. This is illustrated by the averages
for 15 and 16 April which are derived from six and seven
separate calculations. The average is the same for both
days, 18,800 kg/hr (41,500 Ib/hr). The standard deviations
are 581 (15th) and 631 (16th). The daily averages are a
better measure of smelter S02 emissions than any one indi-
vidual calculation.
These emission rates are for the entire smelter complex.
All S02 plumes measured by the remote sensor--whether ema-
nating from stacks or as fugitive emissions are included
in the calculations. For most measurements it was not prac-
tical to attempt to separate stack plumes from fugitive plumes;
nor was it usually possible to identify plume anomalies in the
data records as originating from the KCC or ASARCO stacks.
In general, there were too little detailed \vind data (even
with the 35 pibals) to be able to define precise plume
trajectories for a significant number of measurements. The
rugged terrain had a pronounced effect on the plume paths,
as well. Source separation would require additional field
studies with, hopefully, more favorable wind directions
\
than were experienced during this program.'-,
\
The combined mass flux values can be expected to be
larger than other S02 emission rates for the two smelters
because essentially all of the S02 source points were being
4-87
-------
tested simultaneously. There are other reasons why some
of the fluxes may be high. Traverse routes that are sharply
curved and terrain that is rough can cause positive errors
in the calculation of remotely measured mass flux.
Higher emission rates were calculated along the Globe
Highway (in the Gila River Canyon) than in the Montgomery
Ranch area. The average of the sixteen Globe Highway S02
mass flux calculations is 22,600 kg/hr (49,700 Ib/hr);
this is significantly higher (28%) than the average for
the COSPEC measurements west of the smelters, 17,700 kg/hr
(38,900 Ib/hr). There are two reasons for this difference.
First, the only available traverse route northeast of Hayden
is a curved canyon road (the Globe Highway). The plumes
being measured were generally above the canyon. But the
canyon walls may have channelled portions of the plumes
along an irregular trajectoryunrelated to the straight-
line plume path assumed for analysis. The effect is to
distort the wind/road angle and plume width. The errors
which enter the flux calculations tend to be positive;
they increase the computed flux value. By comparison, the
Montgomery Ranch traverses would be less influenced by this
\
type of error because the topography is 'less rugged.
The second reason relates to the non-stack (fugitive)
emissions. A single wind speed and direction was selected
4-88
-------
from the pibal results to be representative of the wind
conditions that existed within the elevated plume. In
the case of the Globe Highway these wind data were applied
to total burdens measured overhead in the plume--but also
to any S0£ gas \\?hich may have originated at low elevation
points in the smelter complex. It is presumed that much
of the remote sensor data were a combination of elevated
plume and lower level fugitive emissions; this is supported
by the high ground level S02 concentrations measured on
this road. Because these low elevation emissions were prob-
ably being influenced by different "canyon winds" (both
in speed and direction} the winds aloft data were incorrectly
applied, causing an increase in the calculated mass flux.
Again, by comparison, data collected in the Montgomery Ranch
area would not suffer the same degree of error because of
the less severe topography and micrometeorological effects.
Accounting for the influence of the Gila River Canyon
on flux calculations the five-day average S02 mass flux for
the smelter complex should be reduced approximately 201,
to 16,920 kg/hr (35,970 Ib/hr) S02.
4-89
-------
APPENDIX A
DATA LISTINGS
-------
Appendix A
Data Listings
Index
Date .
14 April '75
15 April '75
16 April '75
17 April '75
18 April '75
Time (MST)
1036-1055
1451-1500
0900-0910
0910-0925
0925-0940
1122-1136
1136-1150
1630-1638
1645-1652
0859-0927
0927-0952
1042-1131
1131-1151
1550-1600
1600-1609
1609-1616
1616-1623
1623-1631
1631-1643
1203-1211
1534-1539
1555-1603
0951-0959
1223-1228
1228-1232
1232-1235
1235-1238
Event
8
18
3
4
5-6
10
11
26
28
4
5
7
8
21
22
. 23
24
25
26
14
26
29
7
17
18
19
20
Page
A-l
A- 3
A- 5
A- 6
A- 8
A-10
A-12
A-13
A-14
A-15
A-17
A-19
A-21
A-22
A-23
A-25
A- 2 6
A-27
A-28
A-30
A-31
A-32
A-33
A-34
A- 3 5
A-36
A-57
-------
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-------
EWVIPlOHHENTflL MEHSUKEMENTS INC
SRH FRRNCISCto CRLlr OF.'HIR
HflVIO SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 102
EVENT NO. S
PlRP COORDS (KM)
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PT
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A-2
-------
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-------
i i
fc-H:v!;-:ONMENiHL MEfiSURENENTS INC
SriM FRfiNCISCO? CRLIFORiiiFi
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PROJECT 102
EVENT NO. 13
MRP COORDS (KM)
X Y
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A-4
-------
EHVlKONriENTFiL MLRSUREMENTS INC
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A-5
-------
LfiVlvQHMEHTFiL HEfiSUREHENTS IHC
SRN ! RflNCISCCb CfiLIFORNIFl
HRYHKH SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 182
EVENT NO. 4
15 FiPRIL 1975
918 - 925 MST
150
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152
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A-6
-------
i^
hrr, iRONP'EHTflL MEFiSUREflFHTS IMC
CHh :-KHNCISCO< LHi. I FORM IH
HHVIO SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 182 15 RPRIL 1975
EVENT HO. 4 916-925 MS
MHP COORDS (KM)
36o4.U8
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PT
8
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616
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320
330
320
END OF EVENT
A-7
-------
ENVjKUhnEirfflL plLfiSURhMEHTS INC
SHl-i FR.RNCISCO? CHLIFORNlH
HFiVDKN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 182 15 HPRIL 1975
Ev'EHT HO. 5-6 92^ -
- '_' _'
~34
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A-8
-------
LilYiRONi'iENTHL MtflS
Srlii FRfiHCiSCO? CRL
HfiYDEN SMELTERS EM
PROJECT 102
EVENT HO. 5-6'
UfcEfitHTS INC
IFOh'NIFi
ISSION SURVEY
15 HPRIL 1975
925 - 948 MST
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END OF EVENT 5-6
A-9
-------
ENviKUNMENTfiL MEASUREMENTS INC
'SCCiH CRIIFOPN1R
HiiYDtN SMELTERs EMISSION SURVEY
PROJhCi 102 15 RPRIL 1975
EVcHT HO. 10 1122-1136 MST
1
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A-10
-------
FIGURE 55
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY: EPR/HRYDEN
1500 ..
1000 .-
ELEV
(METERS)
50r
H0-
30-
500 ..
INCL
(DEE)
20-
0--
HORIZON
INDIVIDURL PROFILES
(100-PPMM PER TIC)
TIME: 1325
SITE:
SET:
2
H
1250 METERS EAST
-------
FIGURE 67
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY' EPR/HRYDEN
1500 4.
1000 J.
ELEV
CMETERS)
500 t
INCL
50r
H0f
30f
2EH-
IEH-
o J-
HORIZON
INDIVIDURL PROFILES
( 100 PPMM PER TIC)
I70H7S
TIME: 1337
5 I TE :
SET:
2
s
1250 METERS EAST
-------
FIGURE 68
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY' EPR/HRYDEN
1500-
1000.
ELEV
CMETERS)
500-
0.
*.&
H0
30
INCL
(DEE1)
20
10
&
s s
^ I
f ^r-
£_ £_ HORIZON
t i . | | | 1 | 1 - 1 I 1 1 f- _ 1 1 1 I 1 *
1NDIVIDURL PROFILES (100 PPMM PER TIC)
DRTE: ITHHTS BITE: 2
TIME: 1355 SET: E 1875 METERS EAST
-------
FIGURE 69
ENVIRDNMENTRL MER5UREMENT5 INC
PLUME RISE STUDY' EPR/HRYDEN
1500..
1000..
ELEV
(METERS)
500-.
50T
H0-
30--
INCL
(DEE)
20-
0-
HORIZON
H 1 ( ( 1 1 f-
H 1 1 1 ( 1 1 1 1 1 h
INDIVIDURL PRDF1LE5
(100 PPMM PER TIC)
I70H7S
TIME: iH0i
BITE:
SET;
2
7
1875 METERS EAST
-------
51
EHViKOMi'iENTFiL MtfiSURE.MENTS INC
;:fi;l FF:flHC13CO^ CriU POPNIH
HflVI'EH SHELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 182 15 FiPRIL 1975
EVENT HO. 18 112.2-1136 MST
MHP OOORIiS
_' i >' . i i.i
D 1 :' . --> C1
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3653.52
3 6 5 3*. 31
3653.28 1858
3653=09 8
S02 BURDEN
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v o
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f i'
118
143
i .-'- o
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3652
66
44
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PPB
48
58
48
78
38
68
188
158
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158
78
49
END OF EVENT 18
A-ll
-------
r.NV!KONMENTfiL HEfiSUREnEHTS IHC
Sfirl FRfiHCISCO? CfiLIFORNIfi
HRVIiE-N SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 102 15 HPRIL 1975
EVENT HO. 11 i136 - 1150 MST
b'2
60
64
65
66
67
63
69
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40
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45
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END OF EVENT li
A-12
-------
EHVIKOHMENTRL MErtSUREMENTS INC
HflVIiEN
PROJECT
EVENT N
SMELTERS
102
0. £6
MflP COORDS (KM)
i i^y
121
1 22
1 V ;-:
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3655.76
3655.37
3655.93
3656.04
3656. U9
f
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EMISSION SURVE
15 RPR
1630 -
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762
8
763
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0
764
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746
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A-13
Y
IL 1975
1633 MS
BURDEN
PFMM
8
8
0
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
0
8
8
8
8
8
8
24
368
138
483
192
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643
583
698
8 6 8
488
132
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60
4o
36
24
24
43
48
36
38
24
24
36
36
26
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PPB
0
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8
8
0
8
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8
8
0
fi
148
278
1273
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560
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28
18
18
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8
fi
-------
ilH'v'lF'UriMEN'iflL HEfiSliRFnf.HTS INC
SHN r-'RfiNCJSCGj CRL1FO;;:N1H
HfiYliQJ SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 182 15 flpRIL 1975
tVbHT HO, 28 " 1645 - 1652 MST
1 88
364
165
166
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196
197
398
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282
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C H V:
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X Y
521,74 3651.01
1i21.H.-;. 3651.17
521.V4 3651.33
521. 9 r 3651.47
522. Ul 3651.60
522.11 3651,68
':i22, 21 3651 . 76
822.33 3651,73
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522.72 3651.82
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0
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488
25
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75
288
300
325
480
348
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RPB
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18
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END OF EVENT
A-14
-------
EH'v'IROHMEHTfiL NEfiSURENLMTS INC
SRI-; KRflHCISCOj Cfll IFORHIFi
HflVDEH SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 162 16 fiPRIL 1975
59 - 927 HST
EVEi-
MRP
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20 390
40 . 380
50 405
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A-15
-------
EHVIROHMEHTHL MEflSUREi-IEHTS IHC
oflN FRHHCISCO) CflLIFORHIfl
HflYDEH SHELTERS EH I SSI OH SURVEY
PROJECT 162 16 fiPRIL 1975
EVENT HO. 4 859 - 927 MS"
2 j S
£5 6
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END OF EVENT 4
A-16
-------
FMViRONMEHTHL NEflSUREMEHTS INC
SHN FRRNCISUO, CRL.IFORNifi
HH'.'IIE:N SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 192 16 flPPIL 197=;
EVENT HO. 5 927 - 9=12 MsT
MRP COORDS (KM)
315
316
317
318
319
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321
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3661.27
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3561.09
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3660. 24
3659. 82
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3659,25
3659.^6
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3653. 48
3658. 14
3657.81
3657.54
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3655.29
3654.97
3654.61
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3652.81
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771
770
741
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768
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766
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765
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20
20
20
yy
160
20fi
160
220
160
100
70
50
60
70
45
50
60
40
50
50
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55
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60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
70
70
60
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60
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75
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70
75
70
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70
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66
60
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60
110
155
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40
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40
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40
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65
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70
70
SO
A-17
-------
EHVIRDHflEHTflL MEflSUREMEHTS IMC
3HH FRRNCISCO) CfiLIFOkHIri
HflYDhH SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 102 16 flPRIL 1975
EVENT HO. 5 927 - 952 MST
M
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60
70
70
65
60
60
50
50
55
50
50
50
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65
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PF
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100
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80
200
330
END OF EVENT
A-18
-------
hNVIkONMEHTfiL MEfiSUREiiEHTS INC
>::flri rRfih'ClSCO? CflLlFORNIR
HFiVHEH SMELTERS EM I SSI UN fillPVEY
PROJECT 182 IS fiPRIL 1975
tVEHT NO. 7 1842 - 1131 MST
MRP COORDS
,'" '",
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15
A-19
-------
ENVlRONMErJTfiL MEflSUREMEHTS INC
SRi-i FRfiHCISCO.' CfiLIFORNIFi
HflVIO SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PRuJECi 182 16 flpRIL 1975 '
EVENT HO. 7 1842 - 1131 MST
'-4^
93
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fi
END OF EVENT
A-20
-------
EHVIKONHEHTRL MERSUREH1ENTS INC
SflH F'RHNCISCGf CRLlFORHIrt
MYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PRGJECl 182 16 FiPRIL 1975
EVhHT HO. 8 1131 - 1151 MST
I'lfiP COORDS (KM)
lac
139
14U
141
142
143
144
145
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148
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3692,41
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3691.70
3691.36
3690.39
3690, 70
369U.51
3690. 31
3690. 11
3639, 90
3639.69
3639.53
3689. 36
3689.06
3688.76
3688.43
3688.20
3687. 83
3687. 46
3687. 14
3636, 81
3686. 54
3636.26
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350
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303
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860
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8
0
8
8
8
18
38
38
45
48
48
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58
75
85
98
146
125
148
148
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END OF EVENT
A-21
-------
ENVlKONHEHThL MEASUREMENTS IMC
3H?1 FRfiNCISCD* CHLIFORHlri
HrtVPEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PKL'UECT 162 16 RPRIL 1975
EVENT NO. 21 1556 - 1666 MST
I b .'
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L t' 9
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3649. 77
3658.26
3658.64
3651.61
3651.33
3651.66
3651.76
3651.79
3651.84
3652.11
3faT.'ii . 35
3652.58
3652.81
3653. 16
3653. 33
3653.61
w - O --= * -i> i!
3653.93
3654, 29
3654.61
3654.97
3655,29
3655.59
3655.76
3655.98
3656,89
3656.21
3656.34
3656= 8 7
I1 i- S "7 'i p
3657. 54
-.££-- 7 - . -j
3 b 5 U . 14
GEHG
PT
756
766
;'' ""T C'
761
762
763
747
764
74 1
765
r' 4-j
766
. 767
768
7 4 4
743
7 6 9
742
741
776
77 1
746
r' i'' .C
1" -' ^"
i' r -'
i OO
""' ""* ii
737
r -J!' o
j* i" -
r -i1 J
"** '"' ii-
i -J!' -J-
S02 BURDEN
PPMM
8
8
18
8
8
5
78
18
16
338
1818
1168
343
266
468
268
168
78
126
186
268
268
288
2 2 8
258
288
226
168
148
166
168
86
78
S02 GR
PP.
18
5
C"
._!
5
~
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:r
w'
5
ir
5
5
.^i
5
5
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5
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V lyj
1 39
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18
16
5
!^!
5
~
rr
5
r^i
5
£T
5
END OF tVENT 21
A-22
-------
EHVIRONHEKTfiL MEfiSUKEi'lEN IS INC
Sflii FRRNCISCO? Cfll IFORNIH
HHYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 182 16 flPRIL 1975
EVENT NO. 22 1688 - 1689 MST
HHP COORDS
280
201
282
fi. 'i> -'
204
285
286
207
288
269
2lu
j- 1 t
..: i '".
2 1 '.'-'
214
V 1 t-1
.-I -..
216
2 1 ''
- 1 > '
;:- 1 '_
^~ L 'J
220
~- il i
ii 2 2
^ ci!.^
224
225
226
-' ii r''
u."! 2 8
^ ^ s
23U
23 1
P :-;;"'
2 3 .:;
234
iZ. -."' '
236
237
L."! 3 y
23 9
240
241
2'iii
243
'--l il u~"
245
24b
2 4 /
il 4 3
X
525 , r y
525, 86
525 . ':'..-!
526, 13
526= 32
5 ~'/~ . ''-',('
~t !--'!-,. ' -; ~~'t
526= " ; 3
526. 42
526 , 42
526.41
5 2 6 a * 4
526 , 37
526.27
526,27
526 ^ i ij
525,94
525, ??'
5 2 5 . r 0
525 53
525 s 47
'.''.'-'. \-".^
~~. ;'. -! '.'
525. 23
525=30
525, 31
ET -~: C~ - _> *
CT -~:^.' ;. "
~i iC* 7!: . s^:" J
525, Id
525. '.1 tf
524, 85
524- 7H
"^ "_' .-i : ' ?
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524 . 25
524.^7
523= 46
523 . 86
. t ."* .^s. f :~i t-'l
C" " 'i "*» '
J ill _.' * i lr
t_ -71 _: . -i
.-' L, -' J -. 1
523. 39
j 2 3 r ii~' /
52'?. 38
fc~ "-''-' " L i
' -'_ _' s ','
522 5 49
522, 89
Y
3658. 14
3657.98
3657.31
3657.68
3657.5^
3657 . 36
3657. 18
3657. 08
3656.37
3656.61
3656. 34
3656.28
3656,21
3656,15
3656. 09
3656. 04
3655.93
3655,3?
3655.76'
3655=68
3655.59
3655, -14
3655, 29
3655.13
3654.9?
3654,79
3654.61
3654.45
3654.29
3654. 11
"~! f~ ^T "~! Cj ''-'
3653.38
3653.82
3653.72
3653.61
3653. 47
3653. 33
3653.25
3653.16
3652.99
3652.81
3652, i-'0
3652.58
3652. 4 ::'
Jj O U id. » -' D
~i .'~ ET -~i '~t -~i
3652. 11
3651,98
3651.84
GEOu
PT
7 3 3
y
'' O ~i~
6
"~" 'I1 C""
0
i l' _'
0
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6
"7 ~~' ~'
0
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0
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6
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S
!y4y
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771
U
770
8
:' '~r i
8
742
0
76y
y
r ""f o
8
744
8
768
8
767
6
766
0
745
0
765
y
746
S02 BURDEN
PPMM
84
185
84
185
63
63
185
95
84
i~i *
Ot
126
126
95
84
185
34
84
84
126
126
126
63
185
185
185
185
126
189
147
168
373
567
441
584
399
252
139
126
231
-!-;!-V'H
i^! r o
231
189
790-
483
428
638
441
168
S02 GROUND
PPB
18
18
18
18
16
18
16
1 8
18
18
18
18
18
16
16
1 fi
18
i y -
10
18
18
1 0
18
10
10
i C.'
10
18
16
166
409
540
6 0 6
1863
1118
386
l'' I'' 0
786
648
456
436
426
276
98
146
68
45
48
68
A-23
-------
EHVIRONHENTHi, MEfiSUREMEHTS INC
SflN F'RfiMCISCO? CFiLIFGRHJri
HfiYBEIN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 162 16 MPRIL 1975
EVENT HO. 22 1698 - 1669 MST
MftP COORDS GEOG S02 BURDEN S02 GROUND
X Y PT PPMM PPB
24'j 522,72 3651.82 H 126 98
250 522. :>5 3651.79 764 126 55
3551.78 U 185 188
3651.76 74F 116 180
522.11 3651.68 0 168 278
522.01 3651.68 763 63 158
521. i>7 3651,47 t! 84 75
521.-r4 3651.33 762 84 138
521.0- 3651.17 Ci 63 28
521,.'4 3651.81 761 84 18
END OF EVENT
A-24
-------
ENVJr'OHnENTHL MEflSUREMENTS INC
Sfii; FRfiNCISCCb CFiLlFQRHlR
HHVI'EN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 182 16 flPRIL 1975
EVENT NO. 23 1689 - 1616 MST
pifip COORDS fj ceuG sn2 BURDEN sn2 GROUND
?: v FT PPHM PPB
.259 51?I.?4 3651.81 761 88 16
268 521. ?4 3651.33 -762 132 16
26] 522,61 3651.66 763 289 48
262 522,21 3651.76 74? 132 95
26'j 522, "j5 3651,79 764 132 56
264 522.39 3651.84 746 118 29
266 52~5^27 3652! 35 745 638 20
26? 523- M 3652.58 P66 880 46
2t-8 523. -:'4 3652.81 7>f 228 66
269 023^06 3653.16 765 286 96
276 524,U/ 3653.33 744 338 45
271 524,^3 3653.61 743 418 136
3653.32 769 286 58
742 242 166
71" 1 228 76
3654.61 776 121 26
3654.97 771 66 15
525.2? 3655,29 746 66 16
525,47 3655.59 772 55 16
END OF EVENT
A-25
-------
64
hf-h'If-'ONMENTHL MERSUREKEHTS IMC
SfiN FRHNCISCO< CflLIFQRNIR
HfiYIiEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT ifi2 16 RPRIL 1975
EVENT NO. 24 1616 - 1623 MST
:>
MRP
X
v!1 c. ~. .
525 =
525,
525 =
525.
r^25
£'li''t :
V'tZS i
.J ll ' r -
523.
~*
523 .
523 .
r_; ^ . ~ k
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t:; J 7;
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521 =
D ii 1 .
521 .
COORD
Ji "!"
.;'. i
30
31
'".' i
UH
:'rj
--: '-;
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" ' 4
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39
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21
01
:r.i--r
7 4
60
S (KM
V
3655.
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3654.
3554 .
3654.
3653.
3653.
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3653.
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59
29
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61
29
93
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61
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16
81
53
35
^
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68
~: ^.i
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£ A
GEOG
PT
l" f ^1
740
:' 1'' i
770
74 1
742
769
743
744
768
767
766
745
765
.'46
754
7 4 r
763
7t>d
761
741-
S02 BURDEN
PPMM
24
0
0
0
48
48
-? ~i
! fcl
r' IL.
120
72
264
144
72
? O
0
0
24
24
24
0
48
S02 GROUND
PPB
10
10
10
10
20
60
340
40
90
90
70
170
60
30
40
F;;-i
70
350
100
i V'l
10
END OF EVENT
A-26
24
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL NERSUPEMEHTS INC
SFtti FRflNCISCQ.' CRLIFGRHlfl
HRVLEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECi 182 16 RPPTL 1^75
EVENT HO. 25 . 1623-1631 MST
:-;8H
301
-; Ci '"
3 0 3
304
385
386
30,'
~i jT,; O
309
318
311
J> 1 vl
313
314
315
~! 1, *~-
3 1 7
:-; ~- ;:;
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Mfi
tr -^
nr -_!
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cr -i
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52
c~ -~.
52
52
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c; ".
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52
Sv
!^i ..-
P COORDS (
1 . (.8
1 , 74
1 '";i
2.0i
2.21
2= 55
2 * c' ':'
":, IH
-" ^ ^! !'
'T' c !
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4. 07
4, 43
4= 78
5. 08
5, ,.i
5 - : 1
-, ;;;i'-j
5, 27
365
365
365
365
365
365
365
365
365
365
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61
82
93
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62
63
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64
46
65
45
66
67
68
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42
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78
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S02 BURDEN
PPMM
1
o
4
1
1
1
X
0
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44
0
1 '
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. . .-,
44
37
74
51
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99
66
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93
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66
0
302 GKOUHL
FPB
1
1
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0
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8
END OF EVENT
A-27
-------
ENVlKONilENTHL MEfiSUfiEMEHTS IHC
SHM FRflNCISCO? CFiLiFOF'HJH
MriYlO SHELTERS EH I SSI OH SURVEY
r-ROJECT 182 ' 16 HPRIL 1975
EVENT HO. 26 1631 - 1643 MST
1
£
;-!
;1
J
h.
.'
!-'
'?
10
i i
I 2
i '".-'
i 4
1 fc .
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1 f
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iJ 1
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£5
26
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30
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32
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35
36
~>~>
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40
41
42
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47
48
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I-1RP
l^i X Ci -
525;
I .; - j U'
1* ^1 O e
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525 ,
O sL, -' -
525 B
525 =
524,
5 2 4 r
5 iu"f -
524 .
5;:4 =
524 =
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^ 2 -' i.
ri -'3
^23.
523 =
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523 .
--;.-"-;
T -: j
523 =
^ y ""-"
* kl >--
cr -;; -~-
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* ti ;~i i
522.
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522 =
' i
52K
521.
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12
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12
0
12
0
0
ll- '-'
0
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PPB
10
10
10
10
3
1*3
t rr
j .^i
10
10
10
1 fi
10
1 0
100
60
70
6u
Vfi
. 120
90
160
50
25
20
20
20
15
25
£ ' Tf
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90
30
175
370
610
940
400
40
15
10
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10
10
10
10
10
5
A-28
-------
ENVih'ONMENTHL HERSUREMENTS INC
SfiN FrRflNCISCU! CRLIhUKNlti
i-iflVDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 182 16 RPRIL 1975
EVENT HO. 26
50
51
52
53
54
~ £-.
56
57
Ti !"'
~! :_j
b 8
61
MRP
X
528.
u- ""' £-
-~ *~: t~-
5 L'J li =
tT -~i f, >
S20S
520^
tr '7; M
r.: Jl i-j _.
51?!
519.
CO OR
75
6y
6 i
CT .;
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0 3
'35
6 7
DS (K
T
3649
3650
\
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:
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~"
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f, S Pi
650
650
650
650
LTC:M
650
650
658
651
M)
.95
.82
, 10
. i /
. 2 -"'
. 29
. 4 1
. 63
. 34
. 93
. 11
1631 - 1643 MST
GEOG S02 BURDEN
PT PPMM
0 23
1763 23
8 0
1783 0
8 8
1784 8
0 8
1762 0
8 8
1785 8
8 8
1786 0
GROUND
PPB
J
5
5
F,
8
8
8
0
0
c-
END OF EVENT
A-29
-------
ENVJRONliENTHL PliiHSUREHLilTS INC
3PM i-RRNClyCO j CHLIFORHIR
HhYIijlH SHELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT H32 17 flPRIL 1975
EVENT HO. 14 1203 - 1211 FIST
First-1 coo
r'*.
521,. 6H
521 . '67
521, :'' ''I
521.C-T
5 1."! I 1;.'4
521, 3 7
~'2i:'« X I
O ii i - i 1
-.'-_. ^_ , t_~ i
_ :.'. ~. .. -= "'
522. 55
:jt-; ;-.-':. 72
!-;-: ;"-.?
527 :J'J
523, 10
cr77 ' .;:~,
f . > '-: : = 4
5.-:"; 3 1
LT ' - ; _ . "'
523 , 74
523. cvi
5 '3 36
s^-.j =_;r~
^ : -' -'j ;. ':
524.43
52-1 'J":
5,:;5 1M
i . .( : . . ;
^--i::rir -'i-l
S --:f"; , :"; i
c: :: -~i »
: -. ' -. '* i
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tr - -. : r . t. ,
T' , ' 5 .-"' ''
11 ' 2 5 1 -'
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V.-: 5 j ':.'>.i
525 * 77
5:-: 5, 4-
Jj2t. IU
526. 7:7
526 . . -='
526. 4 1
RDS (KM) GEOG
Y RT
3650.64 ?4&
3650 . S3 n
3651.01 ?6 i
3651 ,17 H
3651.33 :?62
3651.47 d
3651.60 763
3651.63 U
3651.76 747
365'. .73 hj
3651 ; 79 .'64
3651 . H^ -i
::;; '!! , H4 74='-=
3651.,':'=:; H
-;lc:;^2' i j r c-':
3652 !35 .--H:'
.^;^52 . 47 ^
3652. 53 76-:
"' T!: ' i - i * ^ '
3652 . 3 1 76 7
-.'= c= v j 2 . r 3 '- .:
.:;65Mi. I 6 7=-!'-
3653,25 --
:; 653. : j J i ' 4 -=
3653,61 7*3
- "J; C1 D -- i I-; r" : "7
3654. i i y
365-T.29 741
3654.45 0
3654.61 776
3654 . 79 LI
3654.97 77 i
36~='j . \ ':\ H
26:j5.::'9 74U
3655.44 d
3655.5':.; 772
3655. tO 0
".' 6 ' i 5 . 7 6 7 3 4
3655137 "ii
3655.96 773
y t- 5 iL' . y ' r i j
3656.09 73:J
3656.22 0
3656.34 737
S02 BUI
PPM!
0
6
11
14
2-j
14
39
18
2 1
0
y
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70
175-
1 47
"- 4 -~.
399
4 9 7
a O 5 U
950
i~, !~: !'1
409
. . .. 2 y u
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1 30
1 kl "..
63
39
91
42
2 1
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£ O
i'
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0
18
0
i
f
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4
r'
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PPB
15
30
26
15
18
10
10
16
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
13
Oh LVKNl is
A-30
-------
b r
t~:-!
ENVIkOHMENTFiL MEflSUREMENTS INC
SfiN FRfiHCISCOj CfiLIFORiilH
HriVIiLH SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 1
EVENT HO.
26
fifiF COORDS
3650.64
3650.33
3651 . fii
3651.17
3651.33
3651.47
3651.79
3651.32
3651.8-
. 93
3652.58
3653.47
17 flF'RIL 1975
1534 - 1539 MST
'
7 6 1
7 6 3
764
S02 BURDEN
PPMM
O
8
28
68
68
140
68
lie
68
80
4y
1 2'fi
1158
1778
560
8 1 8
'-^
20
8
28
28
148
266
88
0
8 U LL Ls R U U r -i D
PF'B
10
10
10
ii5fei
840
1390
1390
1300
940
6^0
220
"7 £ £-
560
400
340
360
240
1 q.pj
O: :"~-
""".' T~J
ay
43
40
30
30
END OF EVENT
A-31
26
-------
E N V ] K 0 H M E H T R L M E h S U R E h L N T S IN r
Sfli-i F'RRNCISCO- CRLIFORfilH
HfiVDEH SHELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 102 17 RPR IL 1975
EVENT NO, 29 1555 - 1603 MS
SO
O 1
OiLl
Uo
£4
85
O ^ j
87
88
8C|
90
C| 1
92
93
C: ^
95
96
7 i'
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187
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3650.33
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3658.42
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3649.99
3649. 77
GhOG
PT
:' l' fcl
0
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74 1
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742
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769
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765
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76-^
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74 1'
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7 S'2
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761
«_
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y
750
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PPMM
0
10
40
SO
140
110
160
120
40
60
180
190
100
120
140
180
100
140
70
110
190
130
140
200
500
100
30
490
90
100
620
10
20
240
2340
1380
100
120
0
- -0
0
0
0
0
0
SC2 UROUNii
PPB
23
20
30
200
466
620
306
820
930
438
648
886
788
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3 6 0
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488
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308
268
248
288
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68
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58
38
68
88
148
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78
268
4 3 8
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128
38
28
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18
18
18
END OF EVENT
A-32
-------
EHViKONMEHTfiL HEfiSUfcEMEHTS INC
SfiH FRRHCISCOs CfiLIFORHlH
HflVLEH SHELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 182
EVENT HO.
18 fipRIL 1975
951 - 959 MST
MRP COORDS fKM>
j\
125 524.4:-:
-26 524,25
. iZ. f n.' i^,t~T .'-.'-:
- 171 =_; - _i j :_., / '
29 523,06
-30 522.W0
1 :' 1 5 2 3 . ~ 4
132 523 r 62
1 "- -: r:,V ": i; >
134 52-;:.. :';;4
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139 :;.:2i;. °J!:;
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: ~ i ._° .° /" ^r. i / i
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146 521.97
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146 521 = o4
] s-9 52 1 . :'-r
1 50 62 j , 67
15 i 52i.=:.ti
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15:':: 5>: - :°H
154 52i,'"!U
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3653.51
3653.47
3653.33
3653.25
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3652= 99
3652. HI
- f." ^ -' '/ r-i
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3652. 47
3652.35
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3651 , 98
3651 . 84
2 o D 1 i o 2
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365 1 . 7F;
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3651 .63
3651 = 60
365l". 47
3651.33
3651. 17
o "' '- 4. . u i
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2650 = 64
-' o _ y u 4 ^
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3 649, 99
3 6 4 9 ; 77
GhOG
PT
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458
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END OF EVENT
A-33
-------
1-NVifcGNMENlRL MEflSUREMENTS IHC
38H FRRHCISCO' CflLIFORHiH
HPYHEH 8MELTER3 EM!SSI OH SURVEY
PROJECT 102 is HFRTL i97n
EVENT HO. 17 1223 -1228 MST
iWv COORDS (KM) (
156
158
159
16G
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
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170
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A-34
-------
ENVIRONMEMTRL MEfiSUREMEHTS IHC
202
£03
204
285
266
207
208
209
210
2} (
212
2 I ':
214
215
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s'l. i C'
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521
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521
H hRHHUlbULij i.
VPEN SMELTERS
CUECT 102
LNT MO. 13
COORDS (KM)
Y
,48 3653.61
« 3 1 3653. 52
. 19 3553.42
,07 3653.33
.00 3653.27
«9:: 3653.22
i l.'lr"! 8r:5:-! . 1 r~i
;"-"! O -I; £ cj -j pi ^i
.78 3652.93
=74 3652.81
.bS 3652.73
. S'J HKFi2- 6h:
,5' 3652! 58
.43 3652.50
> ;r': .-i s~ rr ~: .n ;.
'2?' 3652.! 35
. 21 cib52. 2r'
N 3S4S2. t ^
= 1M 3652, 11
, 113 3652.82
,96 ' 3651.93
,39 3651.84
.78 3651.82
.6',' 3651.83.
. 55 3651 * 79
. 44 3651 . 78
,33 365 1- 4 .7?
.21 3651.76
.15 3651.71
. t>8 3651.65
. H i 8£51 , 6u
,99 3651.51
. 'r1 b 3 b O 1 . 4 2
o.i OfTc; i ".':'
-<. 7 : ^r c' | v :
. SH 3651.12
.74 3651.01
. 69 3650. 89
..64 3650.76
=60 3650,64
JHLirUf-'r
EMISSIi
GEOG
PT
743
y
0
*"? .-r ,-.
y
0
768
M
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767
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766
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y
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y
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761
M
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18 FiPRIL 1975
122S - 1232 MST
S02 BURDEN
PPMM
30
40
20
" 0
.0
20
30
20
20
40
40
60
70
50
60
50
60
140
110
170
230
350
- 510
688
540
300
120
46
46
116
SO
80
120
240
280
120
20
6
6
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PPB
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
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10
10
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10
ly
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10
10
10
END .OF EVENT 18
A-35
-------
ENVIKQHMENTRL MERSUREMEHTS INC
8RN FRRNCISCO? CRLIFOxNifi
HRVUEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJECT 102
EVENT NO. 19
18 RPRIL 1975
1232 -
- 12
i'.", 3
i 4 -t
1'iS
'- 4 6
'47
?43
i-!9
:'50
i C" 4
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f:65
i^66
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73
^74
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3653. 61
GEOG
PT
748
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PPMM
0
10
40
30
70
100
50
360
210
300
330
230
310
360
440
210
220
410
570
340
150
150
50
50
60
50
40
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20
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0
40
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10
10
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0
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802 GROUN
PPB
18
10
10
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18
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END OF EVENT 19
A-36
-------
Qi'v'iKONMEi-lTRL MtfiSUREMEUTS INC
Sfih FRflNCISCQ* CHLIFORNIfi
HflYDEN SMELTERS EMISSION SURVEY
PROJLCT 102 18 flFRIL 1975
EVENT NO. 20 1235 - 1238 MS"
MHP COORDS
£
3
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END OF EVENT 28
A-37
-------
APPENDIX B
PIBAL RESULTS
-------
Appendix B
Pibal Results
Index
Date
14 April '75
15 April '75
16 April '75
.17 April '75
18 April '75
Time
(MST)
0945
1202
1354
0955
1000
1012
1328
1337
1425
1533
1545
0800
0807
0828
0958
1200
1517
1650
0823
0920
0951
1021
1036
1045
1104
1246
1311
1348
1612
0755
0900
1020
1046
1125
1133
Site
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
8
1
1
3
5
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
7
1
4
" 4
4
4
Page
B-l
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
B-6
B-7
B-8
B-9
B-10
B-ll
B-12
B-13
B-14
B-15
B-16
B-17
B-18
B-19
B-20
B-21
B-22
B-23
B-24
B-25
B-26
B-27
B-28
B-29
B-30
B-31
B-32
B-33
B-34
B-35
-------
p
BRL RESULTS
MBT I H RPR 75
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GLOSSARY
AGC -
Automatic Gain Control,the light sensing cir-
cuit of the correlation spectrometer
AQML -
Air Quality Moving Laboratory, an array of in-
struments designed to monitor air pollutants
in a truly mobile mode
Burden -
Vertically integrated concentration-path length
measurements of pollutants as measured by the
Correlation Spectrometer, (also overhead burden,
total burden)
COSPEC -
Correlation Spectrometer, manufactured by
Barringer Research Ltd,, an electro-optical re-
mote sensor which monitors pollutants along
light paths originating from natural or artifi-
cial radiation
Data Day -
A measurement day when personnel and equipment
are mobilized to survey air quality; actual
hours of measurement may range from one to
twenty-four depending on conditions at the site
Event -
A single measurement by the moving laboratory;
a plume crossing or a regional survey; may
vary in length from one minute to one hour
Flux -
Ground Level
See Mass Flux
Ground-level concentrations of pollutants as
measured by point monitors
Km -
MT/D -
ppb -
ppmM -
Kilometers
Metric Tons per day, emission rate
Parts per billion, concentration measurement
Parts per million-meters, concentration-path
length measurement
G-l
-------
GLOSSARY
Mass Flux -
Emission rate of pollutant across a traverse
route calculated from remote sensing data
Calso mass flow rate]
Noise -
Spectrometer response due to spurious, unwanted
electronic signals; usually a few ppmM depend-
ing on gas measured and available light
Overhead Burden -See Burden
Pibal -
Pilot balloon, used to measure wind speed and
wind direction at the elevation of the plume
(stack emissions)
Plume -
Total Burden -
Dispersing stack emissions
See Burden
TB -
Ground -
GL
See Burden
See Ground-level
See Ground-level
RMS Error -
Traverse -
Root Mean Square Error
A moving measurement using a moving laboratory;
a traverse route is a highway or road travelled
during a survey
UTM -
Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates used
on U,S, Geological Survey Topographic Maps
G-2
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The field measurements reported in this volume were
made in Hayden, Arizona by Mr. Keith Kronmiller and Mr.
Phil Shug under the supervision of Mr. Roger Sperling.
The data analysis and report preparation were done in
EMI's San Francisco office and they were organized by Mr.
Roger Sperling and carried out by Mr. Micheal Peache, Ms.
Kathleen Kronmiller, Ms. Leslie Connolly and Ms. Judi
Kalinowski. The guidance provided by Ms. Charlotte
Hopper, the EPA Project Officer, for both the design of the
field experiments and the organization of the final report
is gratefully acknowledged.
------- |