MEMORANDUM
TO: Monica Chatmon-McEaddy cc: J. Strauss
S. Schwartz
FROM: Amanjit S. Paintal 5254 File
DATE: May 7, 1990
SUBJECT: Final Treatment Standards for K069 Nonwastewaters in the
Calcium Sulfate/Sodium Subcategory and Wastewater Forms of K069
This memorandum presents the technical support and rationale for the
development of treatment standards for K069 nonwastewaters in the Calcium
Sulfate Subcategory and wastewater forms of K069.
INTRODUCTION
According to 40 CFR Part'261.32 (hazardous wastes from specific
sources), waste code K069 is listed as emission control dust/sludge from
secondary lead smelting. In the First Third Final Rule (53 FR 31165,
August 17, 1988), EPA established a Calcium Sulfate Subcategory and a
Noncalcium Sulfate Subcategory for K069 nonwastewaters. A final BOAT
treatment standard of "norland disposal" based on total recycle for those
K069 nonwastewaters in the Noncalcium Sulfate Subcategory was promulgated
in 53 FR 31165 (Table 24). Treatment standards for K069 nonwastewaters
in the Calcium Sulfate Subcategory and wastewater forms of K069 were not
promulgated as part of the First Third rulemaking in order to allow the
Agency time for additional data collection and analysis.
INDUSTRY AFFECTED
The Calcium Sulfate Subcategory of K069 nonwastewaters was defined by
EPA in 53 FR 31165 to cover a single plane (Exide/GBC) which, to EPA's
knowledge, is the only plant generating a K069 nonwastewater stream that
3557g-l
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cannot be directly recycled to recover lead. (Lead recovery is the
treatment standard that was promulgated for the Noncalcium Sulfate
Subcategory for nonwastewaters.) This stream is a dewatered venturi
scrubber sludge resulting from the lime slurry scrubbing of residual
gases from fabric filtration of secondary lead smelter offgases. The
resulting wastewater after sludge dewatering is the "derived from"
wastewater form of K069. This wastewater can also be generated as
leachate from RCRA or CERCLA land disposal activities.
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
A. Wastewaters. The only known characterization data for K069
wastewaters are available in an Office of Water, Effluent Guidelines
Division, draft development document (USEPA 1977). These
characterization data describe venturi scrubber water generated at the
one secondary lead smelting plant. Table 1 presents the pertinent data
on BDAT list metal constituents from this source.
The Agency believes that KCf>9 wastewater represents a single
treatability group based on its expected physical and chemical
composition. Specifically, K069 wastewaters are expected to be similar
in physical and chemical composition regardless of how they are
produced. Hence, K069 wastewaters have not been subcategorized.
B. Nonwastewaters. Characterization data submitted by Exide/GBC
in response to the First Third Proposed rulemaking for K069 waste are
summarized in Table 2. These data cover the principal parameters
characterizing the Calcium Sulfate Subcategory of K069 nonwastewaters.
3557g-2
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Table 1 Venturi Scrubber Water Characterization Data at
the Single Calcium Sulfate Subcategory Plant
Constituent Scrubber water analyses (mg/1)
Arsenic 1.25
Cadmium 1.62
Lead 54
pH 1.5
Source: USEPA 1977.
3557g-3
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Table 2 Suimarized Characterization Data for the Calcium Sulfate
Subcategory of K069 Nonwastewaters
Parameter
Metals content (Total analysis
Arsfen ic
Bar mm
Cadmium
Total chromium
Mercury
Nickel
Se It'M ium
Si Ivtr
Copper
Molybdenum
Zinc
Lead
TCLP leachate, test
Cadmium
Lead
EP leachate. test
Value or
range 'TCLP EP mg/1 Comments
- wet basis) , ppm
494
56
13-130
10
515
8
23-130
3
22
2
16
650-3327 Too low to recycle to lead
smelter for recovery of lead
0.21-1.47
0.66-0.72
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Total chromium
Lead
Mercury
Se Ifnium
Silver
<0.1-3.08
<0.1-2.9
0.1-13.7
0.007-0.27
0.085-24.3
<0.02-0.11
0.002-0.36
0.01-0.07
Other Parameters
Percent solids 20-61
pH (solids in water) 6-12
Heat ing value N/A
Ignit ability N/A
Sulhite/sulfite content, % 31
Oi1 dnd grease, % <0.02
Orgariics, ppm <1
Typically around 40
Waste is not ignitable
Source- Morgan. Lewis, and Backius 1988.
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APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
A. Wastewaters. For K069 wastewaters, the Agency believes that
the applicable treatment technologies include chemical precipitation
followed by settling and/or filtration. The Agency has identified these
treatment technologies because they are designed to reduce the
concentration of metals in wastewaters. In addition, the treatment
system consisting of chemical precipitation followed by settling and/or
filtration is an applicable technology for removal of both dissolved and
suspended metals from K069 wastewaters. Other applicable technologies
include ion exchange and physical treatment methods that remove suspended
solids from wastewaters (such as clarification, flocculation, vacuum
filtration, sludge thickening, and other similar technologies). Chemical
precipitation, followed by settling, filtering, and dewatering of solids
are widely practiced metals treatment technologies (USEPA 1986a).
Physical separation methods such as clarification, flocculation,
filtration, and sludge thickening are also demonstrated treatment
technologies for removal of metals from wastewaters.
B. Nonwastewaters. Applicable treatment for the Calcium Sulfate
Subcategory of K069 nonwastewater is stabilization to reduce the
leachability of BOAT list metals.
All of the applicable wastewater and nonwastewater treatment
technologies are demonstrated because they are used on a full-scale
commercial basis for treatment of metal bearing wastes. Metals
precipitation, followed by settling, filtering, and dewatering of solids,
and stabilization are widely practiced metals treatment technologies.
Additional information on technologies identified as applicable for
K069 wastes can be found in the Treatment Technology Background Document
(USEPA 1989)
3557g-5
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PERFORMANCE DATA
This section discusses all available performance data associated with
K069 nonwastewaters in the Calcium Sulfate Subcategory and wastewater
forms of K069.
A. Wastewaters. The only treatability data relative to K069
wastewaters are from the Exide/GBC lead smelting plant. At this
facility, K069 wastewater is sent to an onsite industrial wastewater
treatment plant where it is lime-treated, clarified, and filtered in
combination with other plant wastewaters. The treatability data for the
combined wastewaters including waste code K069 have appeared in the
previously referred to ELG document, and are presented in Table 3.
Additional plant data (from the same ELG document) based on alkaline
treatment (chemical precipitation) for lead and arsenic are shown in
Table 4.
In addition, the Agency has 11 data sets for treatment of metal-
bearing wastewaters by hexavalent chromium reduction, chemical
precipitation, and dewatering of the precipitate. These data are
presented in Tables 5 through 15. The metal bearing wastewaters included
waste code K062, and these data were previously used in the development
of treatment standards for K062 in the First Third Final Rule (USEPA
1988b). The Agency believes that these K062 data can be used to assess
the performance of these technologies for K069 wastewaters, since the
untreated K062 wastewaters contain much higher concentrations for most
metals than K069 wastewaters are expected to contain. Accordingly, EPA
is using these performance data for treatment by hexavalent chromium
reduction, chemical precipitation, and dewatering of the precipitate to
promulgate treatment standards for cadmium in K069 wastewaters.
3557g-6
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Table 3 EPA-Collected Data on Alkaline Treatment (Chemical
Precipitation) of Secondary Lead Smelter Wastewaters
Influent Effluent
concentration concentration
Constituent (mg/1) (mg/1)
Pb
As
Cd
76
0.024
0.83
0.41
0.03
0.005
pH 1.3 8.85
Source: USEPA 1977, Table VII-15, p. 187. Analyses are on
composite samples of influent and effluent.
3557S-7
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Table 4 Monthly Plant-Collected Effluent Data Following
Alkaline Treatment (Chemical Precipitation)
on BDAT Constituents
Year 197S
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
Augus t
September
October
November
December
Selected Consti tuenr Ff fluent Level (me/1)
pH
Average
7.72
7.33
7.57
8.14
7.54
8.03
8.31
7.94
7.93
8.12
Pb
Average
0.39
0.37
0.57
0.35
0.36
0.104
<0.072
0.16
0.228
0.155
Maximum
2.24
1.63
1.43
0.88
2.30
0.32
0.17
0.74
2.65
0.81
As
Average
<0.004
<0.004
<0.009
<0.007
<0 . 004
0.003
<0.002
0.003
0.003
0.004
Maximum
0.037
0.015
0.033
0.027
0.026
0.008
0.002
0.019
0.007
0.027
Source: USEPA 1988.
3557g-8
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The Agency has data indicating that K069 wastewaters may contain
higher concentrations of lead than is typically found in K062 wastewaters.
Therefore, the Agency evaluated available wastewater data for treatment of
lead. The Agency evaluated the 15 data sets for treatment of D008 (lead)
wastewaters from the foundry industry (Tischler/Kocurek - LD12-00027).
These treatment performance data are presented in Tables 16 and 17. The
D008 wastewaters are generated from the emission control scrubbers from
the production of iron castings, and are treated by a system consisting
of chemical precipitation, flocculation, clarification, filtration, and
sludge thickening.
EPA evaluated the D008 data with respect to characteristics that
affect treatment performance. Specifically, the D008 data were
determined to be similar to K069 wastewaters in terms of the
concentration of lead. In fact, the D008 had higher untreated lead
concentrations than K069 wastewaters, (50-276 mg/1 compared to 76 mg/1).
Also, the D008 waste lead concentration was substantially reduced (from
as high as 276 mg/1 of lead in influent to as low as 0.17 mg/1 of lead
effluent) by the treatment system consisting of chemical precipitation,
flocculation, clarification, filtration, and sludge thickening. The
performance data for the D008 waste is shown in Table 16. Based on these
D008 data, the Agency would expect that these D008 wastewaters would be
more difficult to treat than K069 wastewaters. The Agency also believes
that these two wastes probably have similar characteristics because both
are emission control dust sludges from high temperature processes.
Accordingly, the Agency is using D008 treatment data to assess the
performance of lead in K069 wastewaters.
B. Nonwastewaters. Treatment performance data for the Calcium
Sulfate Subcategory of K069 nonwastewaters specifically are not
available. However, performance data are available from stabilization
rests on F006 and K061 nonwastewaters, which are believed ~o be similar
3557g-9
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to K069 nonwastewater in the Calcium Sulfate Subcategory in that both
F006 nonwastewaters and K061 nonwasterwaters contain similar metal
constituents in higher concentrations than do K069 nonwastewaters. The
data presented in Table 18 represent performance data developed from
stabilization of F006 waste, while the data in Table 19 represent
treatment of K061 wastes. These data were previously used in the
development of treatment standards for F006 and K061 in the First Third
Final Rule (USEPA 1988a,c).
DETERMINATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY CBDAT") FOR K069
This section presents the rationale for the determination of best
demonstrated available technology (BDAT) for K069 nonwastewaters in the
Calcium Sulfate Subcategory and wastewater forms of K069.
The Agency examined all the available treatment performance data for
the demonstrated technologies to determine which is best. For K069
wastewaters, the Agency has treatment performance data for one facility
that treats K069 wastewaters using chemical precipitation. In addition,
treatment performance data are available for metal-bearing wastewaters
containing K062 waste, which the Agency has shown to be similar to K069
wastewaters (see section in Performance Data). Based on an evaluation of
the untreated waste characteristics that affect treatment performance of
these technologies, the Agency has determined that K062 wastewaters are
more difficult to treat than K069 wastewaters for cadmium. Also
available are treatment performance data for D008 wastewaters that are
similar to K069 wastewaters with respect to lead concentrations. Based
on an evaluation of these data (see section in Performance Data Base),
the Agency has determined that for lead the D008 wastewater is more
difficult to treat than K069 wastewaters.
10
3557g-10
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3201g
Table 5 Treatment Perfonnance Data for K062 EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set tl
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromimi (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample No.
801
3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
<2
Design
Design
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/D
Sample No.
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
and Operating Data
value
Untreated
waste
composite3
(«g/D
Sample No.
805
<1
13
893
2581
138
64
471
116
Operating
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/D
Sample No.
806
<0.1
<0.5
0.011
0.12
0.21
<0.01
0.33
0.125
value
PH
8-10
I = Color interference.
aThe untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
11
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3201g
Table 6 Treatment Performance Data for K062 EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #2
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(rag/D
Sample No.
801
3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
<2
Design
Design
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/D
Sample No.
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
and Operating Data
value
Untreated
waste
composite9
(mg/D
Sample No.
813
<1
10
807
2279
133
54
470
4
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/1)
Sample No.
814
<0.1
<0.5
0.12
0.19
0.15
<0.01
0.33
0.115
Operating value
PH
8-10
I = Color interference.
aThe untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
12
-------
3201g
Table 7 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set f3
Constituent
Arsenic
Caotaiium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample No.
817
3
<5
I
1700
425
<10
100310
7
Design
Design
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample No.
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
and Operating Data
value
Untreated
waste
composite9
(mg/D
Sample No.
821
<1
5
775
1990
133
<10
16330
3.9
Operating
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/D
Sample No.
822
<0.1
<0.5
I
0.20
0.21
<0.01
0.33
0.140
value
PH
8-10
10
I = Color interference.
aThe untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
13
-------
3201g
Table 8 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set /4
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
£062 waste
(mg/D
Sample No.
827
2
<5
1
142
42
<10
650
3
Untreated Untreated
K062 waste K062 waste
(mg/1) (mg/1)
Sample No. Sample No.
802 817
<1 3
<5 5
I I
7000 1700
306 425
<10 <10
2600 41000
<2 7
Untreated
waste
composite3
(rag/D
Sample No.
829
<1
<5
0.6
556
88
<10
6610
84
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/D
Sample No.
830
<1
<0.5
0.042
0.10
0.07
<0.01
0.33
1.62
Design and Operating Data
PH
Design
8-10
value Operating
9
value
I = Color interference.
aThe untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams shown on this
table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
14
-------
3201g
Table 9 Treatment Performance Data for K062 EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #5
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromiun (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/D
Sample No.
801
3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3ZOO
<2
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample No.
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/D
Sample No.
817
3
5
I
1700
425
<10
41000
7
Untreated
waste
composite9
(mg/D
Sample No.
837
<1
<5
917
2236
91
18
1414
71
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/1)
Sample No.
838
<0.1
<0.5
0.058
0.11
0.14
0.01
0.31
0.125
Design and Operating Data
Design value
Operating
value
pH
8-10
I = Color interference.
aThe untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams shown on this
table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 19885.
15
-------
3201g
Table 10 Treatment Performance Data for K062 EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #6
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(rag/D
Sample No.
801
3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
<2
Design
Design
Untreated
K062 waste
(rag/1)
Sample No.
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
and Operating Data
value
Untreated
waste
composite
(mg/1)
Sample No.
845
<1
<5
734
2548
149
<10
588
4
Operating
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/D
Sample No.
846
<0.1
<0.5
I
0.10
0.12
<0.01
0.33
0.095
value
8-10
I = Color interference.
aThe untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table, along with other non-K.062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
16
-------
3zuig
Table 11 Treatment Performance Data for K062 EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #7
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromiim (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/D
Sample No.
801
3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
<2
Design
Design
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample No.
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
and Operating Data
value
Untreated
waste
composite3
(rag/1)
Sample No.
853
<1
10
769
2314
72
108
426
171
Operating
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(rog/D
Sample No.
854
<0.1
<0.5
0.12
0.12
0.16
<0.01
0.40
0.115
value
PH
8-10
I = Color interference.
aThe untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K.062 waste streams
shown on this table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 19886.
17
-------
3201g
Table 12 Treatment Performance Data for K062 EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #8
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample No.
859
<1
<5
0.220
15
151
<10
90
7
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/D
Sample No.
801
3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
9
Untreated
waste
composite3
(mg/D
Sample No.
861
-------
Table 13 Treatment Performance Data for K062 EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #9
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample No.
867
<0.1
<0.5
0.079
6
5
<1
4
0.4
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample No.
801
3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
<2
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample No.
802
<1
<5
I
7000
306
<10
2600
<2
Untreated
waste
composite3
(mg/1)
Sample No.
869
<1
<5
0.07
939
225
<10
940
S
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/1)
Sample No.
870
<0.1
<0.5
0.041
0.10
0.08
<0.01
0.33
0.06
Design and Operating Data
PH
Design value
8-10
Operating value
10
I = Color interference.
aThe untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams shown on this
table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
19
-------
3201g
Table 14 Treatment Performance Data for K062 EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set #10
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
£062 waste
(•9/1)
Sample No.
801
<3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
<2
Design and
Design
Untreated
waste
composite3
(•9/1)
Sample No.
885
<1
<5
0.08
395
191
<10
712
5
Operating Data
value
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/D
Sample No.
862
<0.10
<0.5
0.106
0.12
0.14
<0.01
0.33
0.070
Operating value
pH
8-10
I = Color interference.
aThe untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table, along with other non-K062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
20
-------
Table 15 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Sample Set til
Constituent
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (hexavalent)
Chromium (total)
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Untreated
K062 waste
(mg/1)
Sample No.
801
3
<5
I
1800
865
<10
3200
<2
Design
Design
Untreated
K062 waste
(rag/1)
Sample No.
859
<1
<5
0.220
15
151
<10
90
7
and Operating Data
value
Untreated
waste
composite3
(mg/1)
Sample No.
893
<1
23
0.30
617
137
136
382
135
Operating
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(mg/D
Sample No.
894
<0.10
<5
<0.01
0.18
0.24
<0.01
0.39
0.100
value
8-10
I = Color interference.
aThe untreated waste composite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste streams
shown on this table, along with other non-(C062 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1988b.
21
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3201g
Table 16 Treatment Performance Data for 0008 Vastewater
Sample set no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Influent concentration
(mg/1)
66.7
91.7
83.3
276.0
50.0
50.0
58.3
58.3
134.0
200.0
100.0
116.0
91.7
100.0
116.0
Effluent concentration
(mg/D1
0.17
0.25
0.25
0.33
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.42
0.33
Recovery data 115 percent and 112 percent. Analytical recovery
data show two recovery values, 115 & 112 percent. Because both values
exceeded 100X, the effluent data were not corrected to lower values,
but are considered at the uncorrected level. (See Methodology
Document - Hay 89).
Source: Tischler/Kocurek (LD12-00027)
22
-------
Table 17 Design and Operating Data for 0008 Wastewater Treatment
Performance Data
Sample set no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Chemical addition:
Cationic polymer
Anionic polymer
TSS (mg/1)
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
<4
4
5
6
1.5 ppm
0.5 ppm
16 percent high magnesium lime
Flow (6PM)
1300
1285
1291
1274
1296
1285
1305
1295
1285
1290
1250
1250
1300
1262
1307
4.26 6PM
PH1
8.9
9.2
9.2
9.0
9.1
8.8
9.1
9.2
9.1
9.2
8.7
8.6
8.8
9.2
9.4
PH2
8.8
9.2
9.3
9.2
9.2
8.8
9.2
9.3
9.2
9.2
8.5
8.6
8.8
9.1
9.2
pH of recycle to clarifier.
pH in clarifier.
Source: Tischler/Kocurek. (LD12-00027)
23
-------
Table 18 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization of F006 Nonwastewater
Nix
Source ratio
Unknown
Unstabilized
As received
TCLP
Stabi lized
TCLP 0.2
Auto part manufacturing
Unstabilized
As received
TCLP
Stabi lized
TCLP 0.5
Aircraft overhauling
Unstabilized
As received
TCLP
Stabilized
TCLP 0.2
Zinc plating
Unstabilized
As received
TCLP
Stabilized
TCLP 0.5
Unknown
Unstabilized
As received
TCLP
Stabilized
TCLP 0.5
Metal concentrations (ppm)
Barium Cadmium Chromium Copper Lead Nickel
435
0.71
0.05
31.3 755 7030 409 989
2.21 0.76 638 10.7 22.7
0.01 0.45 0.27 0.39 0.03
85.5 67.3 716 - - 259
1.41 1.13 0.43 - - 1.1
0.34 0.06 0.09 - - 0.27
17.2 1.30 - 1510 - 37
0.84 0.22 - 4.6 - 0.52
0.25 0.01 - 0.21 - 0.02
14.3 720 12.200 160 - 701
0.38 23.6 25.3 1.14 - 9.78
0.21 0.01 0.44 0.31 - 0.04
Silver Zinc
1560
0.16
0.03
6.62 4020
0.14 219
0.06 0.01
631
5.41
0.03
9.05 90.200
0.16 2050
0.05 0.04
25.900
867
0.03
-------
Table 18 (continued)
Nix
Source ratio3
Small engine manufacturing
Uns tab ill zed
As received
TCLP
Stabilized
TCLP 0.5
Circuit board manufacturing
Unstabilized
As received
TCLP
Stabi lized
TCLP 0.5
ro
en
Unknown
Unstabilized
As received
TCLP
Stabilized
TCLP 0.5
Unknown
Unstabilized
As received
TCLP
Stabi lized
TCLP 0.5
Metal concentrations
Barium Cadmium Chromium Copper
7.28 3100 1220
0.3 38.7 31.7
0.01 0.89 0.31
5.39 42.900 10.600
0.60 360 8.69
0.01 1.41 0.45
15.3 5.81 - 17.600
0.53 0.18 - 483
0.294 0.01 - 0.35
19.2 - - 27.400 24.
0.28 - - 16.9
0.087 - - 0.50
(ppm)
Lead Nickel
113 19.400
3.37 730
0.39 0.06
156 13,000
1.0 152
0.41 0.11
169 23.700
4.22 644
0.40 0.04
500 5.730
50.2 16.1
0.29 <0.02
Silver Zinc
4.08 27.800
0.12 1200
0.06 0.040
120
0.62
0.020
8.11 15.700
0.31 650
0.06 0.020
322
1.29
<0.01
aAdjusted analytical results (referred to as accuracy-corrected concentrations) used for comparing the performance of one technology to that of another
and for calculating treatment standards for those constituents to be regulated.
b we i glit of reagent
Mix ratio =
weiyht of waste
Source: USEPA 1988a.
-------
Table 19 Summary of Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization
of K061 Nonwastewater Using a Lime/Flyash Binder
(EPA Collected Data)
Untreated waste
Constituents
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Vanadium
Zinc
Oil and grease
Sulfates
Chlorides
TOC
Total
(ppm)
294
36
238
0.15
481
1,370
2,240
20,300
3.8
243
<5.0
59
<1.0
25
244,000
282
8,440
19,300
4,430
TCLP
(mg/1)
0.040
<0.010
0.733
<0.001
12.8
<0.007
0.066
45.1
0.0026
0.027
<0.050
0.021
0.038
<0.006
445
Treated waste
TCLP
(mg/1)
<0.050
<0.010
0.431 -
<0.001
0.033 -
0.053 -
<0.004 -
0.066 -
0.0016
<0.012
<0.025
<0.003
0.011 -
0.080 -
0.179 -
0.500
0.073
0.093
0.015
0.150
- 0.0018
0.014
0.089
0.592
Source: USEPA 1988c
26
3557g-26
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Treatment performance data are not available for the Calcium Sulfate
Subcategory of K069 nonwastewaters specifically. However, performance
data are available from stabilization tests on F006 and K061
nonwastewaters and can be used for treatment of K069 nonwastewater
because both F006 and K061 nonwastewater contain similar metal
constituents in higher concentrations than do K069 nonwastewaters.
A. Wastewaters. Based on the comparison of metal concentrations
in the untreated wastes (i.e., as high as 13 mg/1 of cadmium (Table 5)
and 212 mg/1 lead (Table 12) in untreated K062 wastewaters compared to as
high as 1.62 mg/1 cadmium (Table 1), and 76 mg/1 lead (Table 3) in
untreated K069 waste), the Agency has determined that K062 wastewaters
are more difficult to treat than K069 wastewater for cadmium.
Available treatment performance data presented in Tables 5 through 15
for treatment of K062 wastewaters by chromium reduction, chemical
precipitation, and filtration show that this treatment is effective.
Cadmium was reduced from as high as 13 mg/1 to <0.5 mg/1; and lead was
reduced from as high as 212 mg/1 to <0.01 mg/1. These data collected
from this treatment train for K062 wastewaters were obtained from a
well-designed and well-operated system and therefore can be used to
compare treatment performance of demonstrated technologies. Based on the
evaluation of the available treatment performance data and other
information, the Agency believes that the treatment train consisting of
hexavalent chromium reduction, chemical precipitation and settling,
and/or filtration represents BDAT for cadmium in K069 wastewaters.
Even though K062 data could be used to evaluate treatment of lead in
K069 wastewaters, the treatment data for K062 wastewaters, however, were
not used because during the Third Third comment period, EPA received D008
(lead) wastewater data (Tischler/Kocurek-LD12-00027) showing higher lead
concentration in untreated D008 waste than in both K062 and K069. These
27
3557g-27
-------
data are shown on Table 16. D008 treatment data (15 data sets) showed
treatment was possible to 0.17-0.42 mg/1 for lead. Since D008 wastewater
data have higher untreated lead concentration than both K069 and K062
wastewaters (i.e., D008 should be more difficult to treat than either
K062 or K069), EPA is using these data to calculate the treatment
standard for lead (See Table 21). The D008 data were collected from a
well-designed and well-operated treatment system consisting of chemical
precipitation, flocculation, clarification, filtration, and sludge
thickening. Also submitted for D008 treatment were effluent values
without the corresponding untreated data. These data could not be used
in EPA's evaluation of the treatment system. However, they are presented
in Appendix A.
The Agency believes that the D008 wastewater treatment data for
chemical precipitation, flocculation, clarification, filtration, and
sludge thickening represents BDAT for lead in K069 wastewaters. The
treatment performance data demonstrate substantial reduction of the
concentration of lead in wastewaters, from levels as high as 276 mg/1 to
as low as 0.17 mg/1 (see Table 16). Therefore, the Agency is
transferring the D008 wastewater treatment performance data for lead to
K069 wastewaters, with the above-mentioned treatment train representing
BDAT for lead in K069 wastewaters.
For cadmium, in K069 wastewater the treatment standard is based on
the performance of chemical precipitation for K062 wastewaters. For
lead, in K069 wastewaters the treatment standard is also based on the
performance of chemical precipitation, but in D008 wastewaters. As noted
above, the Agency believes that D008 wastewaters better represent lead
treatment in K069 wastewaters. Since both the K062 and D008 treatment
trains use the same technology (i.e., chemical precipitation) as a method
of removing metals from wastewater, EPA believes that the use of K062
28
3557g-28
-------
wastewater data for cadmium regulation in K069 wastewater is compatible
with the use of D008 wastewater data for lead regulation in K069
wastewater.
Based on the evaluation of the available treatment performance data
and other information, the Agency has determined that the treatment train
consisting of hexavalent chromium reduction, chemical precipitation,
filtration, clarification and sludge dewatering is BOAT for K069
wastewaters for treating both cadmium and lead.
B. Nonwastewaters. EPA compared the F006 and K061 wastes to
determine which would be more representative of K069 nonwastewaters in
the Calcium Sulfate Subcategory. Included in this analysis were waste
parameters that affect the stabilization treatment such as concentrations
of metals, sulfide levels, and waste generation information. In general,
both K061 nonwastewaters and F006 nonwastewaters contain similar metal
constituents in higher concentrations than do K069 nonwastewaters. The
sulfate levels in both K061 and F006 are insignificant compared to the
high sulfate level in K069. The industrial process by which the K061
nonwastewater sludge is generated more closely resembles the process that
generates the K069 nonwastewater (both are emission control dust
sludges). Based on this analysis, EPA considers the K061 nonwastewaters
more representative than F006 nonwastewaters of K069 nonwastewaters in
the Calcium Sulfate Subcategory.
The data on generation of the K069 wastes in the Calcium Sulfate
Subcategory indicate that during the generation of this waste, excess
lime is added to the K069 as it is being generated. This excess lime is
expected to act as a stabilizing agent, with the resulting waste
exhibiting a lower leachability than would be expected from a waste that
was generated without the addition of excess lime. Conversely,
characterization data of this waste indicate a high level of sulfates in
29
3557g-29
-------
the waste, which affects treatment performance of some solidification
processes. Regardless of the high level of sulfates, the Agency believes
that substantial treatment levels is achievable simply by the current
practice of addition of excess lime during generation. Therefore, EPA
believes that the data on stabilization of K061 can be used to establish
treatment performance standards for K069 nonwastewaters in the Calcium
Sulfate Subcategory.
Available treatment performance data presented in Table 19 for
stabilization of K061 nonwastewater using a lime/flyash binder show that
this treatment is effective. Stabilization technology adopted as BOAT
for the Low Zinc Subcategory of K061 nonwastewater was able to produce
TCLP leachate levels of 0.066 to 0.150 mg/1 lead and 0.033 to 0.073 mg/1
cadmium from a K061 nonwastewater containing 20,300 ppm lead and 481 ppm
cadmium. Based on this analysis and other data and information explained
in the K061 Background Document (USEPA 1988a), the Agency maintains that
stabilization using a lime/flyash binder represents BDAT for K069
nonwastewaters in the Calcium Sulfate Subcategory.
SELECTION OF REGULATED CONSTITUENTS
A. Wastewaters. The BDAT list metals found in treatable
concentrations in the untreated K069 wastewater (see Table 1) are lead
and cadmium. Arsenic was also present in low concentrations, but is
expected to be treated and controlled along with the lead and cadmium.
Based on these findings, the regulated constituents for which EPA is
promulgating standards are lead and cadmium.
B. Nonwastewaters. Leachate data for K069 nonwastewaters in the
Calcium Sulfate Subcategory (see Table 2) show that lead and cadmium are
present at treatable concentrations, and that while other metal
constituents are present at lower concentrations. The Agency does not
30
3557g-30
-------
expect the presence of other BDAT metals at treatable levels.
Furthermore, other BDAT list metal constituents that are not regulated
are expected to be treated by a well-designed and well-operated treatment
system. Based on these findings, the regulated constituents are lead and
cadmium.
CALCULATION OF BDAT TREATMENT STANDARDS
This section presents the treatment standards for the regulated
constituents described previously. A description of the rationale and
procedures for calculating treatment standards is presented in the K062
wastewater background document (1988b) and K061 nonwastewater background
document (1988a) and D008 (Final Background Document (USEPA, 1990). The
BDAT treatment standards presented in this section (1) are reflective of
treatment performance data from a well-designed and well-operated
treatment system, (2) account for analytical limitations, and (3) have
been adjusted for variability caused by treatment, sampling, and
analytical techniques and procedures.
A. Wastewaters. Treatment Standards for Cadmium: EPA compared
the K062 wastewaters with the K069 waste stream shown in Table 1 with
regard to concentrations of metals. In general, both K069 wastewaters
and K062 wastewaters contain similar metal constituents, but cadmium in
K062 wastewaters had higher concentrations than cadmium in K069
wastewaters. Therefore, for cadmium, EPA would expect that the K062
wastewaters would be more difficult to treat effectively by the selected
BDAT treatment system consisting of chemical precipitation, settling,
and/or filtration.
Based on the available data relative to waste characteristics, the
Agency has no reason to believe that for cadmium the treatment levels
achieved for K062 wastewaters cannot be achieved for K069 wastewaters
31
3557g-31
-------
Accordingly. EPA is using these performance data for chemical
precipitation, and settling and/or filtration to establish treatment
standards for cadmium in K069 wastewaters. Therefore, the Agency is
transferring the treatment performance data from this treatment train for
cadmium in K062 wastewaters to K069 wastewaters.
The 11 data sets for treatment of K062 wastewaters by chemical
precipitation and dewatering of the precipitate were determined to
represent treatment by a well-designed and well-operated treatment system
(USEPA 1988b). One data set for cadmium was deleted (Sample Set #11)
because of an artificially high detection limit of 5 mg/1 for cadmium,
deviating from the other 10 data points, which had detection limits of
0.5 rag/1.
Treatment Standards for Lead: The 15 data sets for treatment of
lead in D008 wastewaters by chemical precipitation, flocculation,
clarification, filtration, and sludge thickening were determined to
represent treatment by a well-designed and well-operated system. (See
Table 16 and 17). The 15 effluent treatment points for lead were
corrected for analytical recovery by multiplying the data by the
appropriate correction factor. The correction factor was calculated from
the recovery data submitted with the data for the treatment tests
(Tischler/Kocurek, 1989). Both of the recovery figures (115 and 112
percent) were greater than 100 percent. Therefore, a correction factor
of 1.00 is used and the corrected values equal the original data values
(see Methodology Document, May 89). The corrected values for the two
regulated constituents in the K069 wastewaters are presented in Table 20.
An arithmetic average of accuracy-corrected concentration levels for
each regulated constituent and a variability factor for each regulated
constituent were then calculated. The treatment standard for each
32
3557g-32
-------
regulated constituent was calculated by multiplying the average accuracy-
corrected data by the appropriate variability factor. The calculation of
the treatment standards for K069 wastewaters is presented in Table 21.
Table 22 presents the specific BDAT treatment standards for K069
wastewater. For the BDAT list metal constituents, treatment standards in
the wastewater reflect the total constituent concentration. The units
for the total constituent concentration are mg/1 (parts per million on a
weight-by-volume basis) for the wastewater. If the concentrations of the
regulated constituents in the K069, as generated, are lower than or equal
to those of the BDAT treatment standards, then treatment is not necessary
as a prerequisite to land disposal.
B. Nonwastewaters. Specifically, EPA believes that the data on
stabilization of K061 waste can be used to assess treatment performance
for cadmium and lead in K069 nonwastewaters.
The Agency considered the K069 treatment sludge data submitted to the
Agency in response to the Third Third Proposed Rule. No treated
(stabilized) data was provided to the Agency for evaluation. The K069
treatment sludge data submitted to the Agency lacked EPA's protocol for
proper evaluation, i.e., lacked paired influent (untreated) effluent
(treated) data to determine treatability and therefore, the data was not
used in the development of treated standards for K069 nonwastewaters.
Congress has mandated Land Ban Restriction standards be based on BDAT
for treatment of waste. Since the BDAT technologies can significantly
reduce the lead and cadmium levels, lead and cadmium treatment standards
will be developed.
33
3557g-33
-------
Since the process by which the K069 nonwastewater sludge is generated
closely resembles the process that generates the K061 nonwastewater (both
are emission control dust/sludges), the Agency has no reason to believe
that the treatment levels achieved for cadmium and lead in K061 cannot
also be achieved for K069. Accordingly, EPA is using K061 performance
data to establish treatment standards for cadmium and lead in the Calcium
Sulfate Subcategory of K069 nonwastewaters.
The data presented for stabilization of K061 nonwastewaters (see
Table 19) have been evaluated by EPA to ensure that any data representing
poor design and poor operation were deleted and that all data were
adjusted for analytical accuracy. As a result, the data for K061
stabilization were determined to represent treatment by a well-designed
and well-operated treatment system.
Table 23 presents the specific BDAT treatment standards for K069
nonwastewater. For the BDAT list metal constituents, treatment standards
in nonwastewater reflect the concentration of constituents in the
leachate from the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The
units for the leachate concentration are mg/1 (parts per million on a
weight-by-volume basis). If the concentrations of the regulated
constituents in the K069, as determined in the leachate analytical
process, are lower than or equal to the concentration required in the
BDAT treatment standards, then treatment is not a prerequisite to land
disposal.
34
3557g-3<.
-------
3201g
Table 20 Calculation of Corrected Values for Regulated Constituents
for Treated Wastewater
Constituent
Treated waste Percent Correction
(mg/1) recovery factor
Corrected value
(mg/1)
Cadmium
Lead
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.17
0.25
0.25
0.33
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.42
0.33
87"
1.15
115°
i.o
-------
3201g
Table 21 Calculation of the Treatment Standards for the
Regulated Constituents - Treated Wastewater
Regulated
constituent
Cadmium
Lead
Cone.
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
0.17
0.25
0.25
0.33
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.25
0.33
0.42
0.33
Treatment standard
total concentration
Mean VF (mg/1)
0.575 2.8a 1.61
0.288 1.76 0.51
For cases in which all values are at or below the detection limit, the
variability factor is taken as 2.8.
36
-------
SZOlg
Table 22 BOAT Treatment Standards for K069 Wastes
(Wastewaters)
Max 1 nun for any
Single grab sample
Total composition
Regulated constituent (mg/1)
Cadmium 1.61
Lead 0.51
Table 23 BOAT Treatment Standards for K069
Calcium Sulfate Subcategory
(Nonwastewaters)
Haximum for any
Single grab sample
TCLP
Regulated constituent (mg/1)
Cadmium 0.14
Lead 0.24
Table 24 BOAT Treatment Standards for K069
Non-Calcium Subcategory
(Nonwastewaters)
(Revised From No Land Disposal)
RECYCLING (LEAD) AS A METHOD OF TREATMENT
-------
REFERENCES
USEPA. 1977. Draft. Development Document for Effluent Limitations
Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Miscellaneous
Nonferrous Metals Segment of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point
Source Category. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. 440/1-76/067.
USEPA. 1986a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Onsite engineering
report of treatment technology performance and operation for Envirite
Corporation. Prepared by Versar Inc. for the Office of Solid Waste,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, under Contract No. 68-01-7053.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1987. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Onsite Engineering
Report for Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. for K061. Prepared
by Versar Inc. for the Office of Solid Waste, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Contract No. 68-01-7053. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
Morgan, Lewis, and Backius. 1988. Philadelphia, PA. Letter to U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., May 20, 1988, to
Docket Regarding EPA's Proposed Land Disposal Restrictions for First
Third of Scheduled Wastes, Docket No. LDR7000007.
USEPA. 1988a. Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
Background Document for F006. August 1988. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/530-SW-88-031L.
USEPA. 1988b. Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
Background Document for K062. August 1988. Washington, D.C., U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/530-SW-88-031E.
USEPA. 1988c. Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT)
Background Document for K061. August 1988. Washington, D.C., U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/530-SW-88-031D.
USEPA. 1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Treatment Technology Background Document. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Methodology Document; May 1989. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
Tischler/Kocurek. 1989. Public comment submitted in response to EPA
proposed land disposal restrictions for Third Third Scheduled Wastes,
February 27, 1990. EPA RCRA Docket No. LD12-L027. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
38
3557g-38
-------
Exide Corporation. 1990. Analytical data from the testing of calcium
sulfate sludge generated at Exide's Reading, Pennsylvania Facility.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA (Docket)
LD12-00117.
39
3557g-39
-------
APPENDIX A
-------
Appendix A
Tischler/Kocurek Effluent Data
Date
11/88
12/88
1/89
2/89
4/89
5/89
Lead (mg/1) Date
2.0 6/89
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
7/89
0.2
0.2
0.3 8/89
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.4
9/89
0.4
0.4
0.2
10/89
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3 11/89
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.3
Lead (mg/1)
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.2
<0.001
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
Reference: Tischler/Kocurek (LD12-00027)
------- |