DRINKING WAFER REGULATIONS UNDER
THE SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT
FEBRUARY-1989 FACT SHEET
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Prinking Water Regulations
Under The
Safe Drinking Water Act
February - 1989
Criteria and Standards Division
Office cf Drinking Water
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C.
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*
O* - - v - - f
P.r^uirerer.ts under 15SS Ar.er.i-sr.ts to S.KA i
Tsrl-i 1: 23 ccr.tar.ir.ints require: to
be rerulsted under SI-::A cf 1=25 * - i
f
• Table 2: Sur.rary of Deadlines under SDWA
: c f 15 2 £ 5
Volatile Organic Cher.icals £
Tabls 3: Final ::CL5s/I!CLs ' 5
Table 4: Unregulated VOCs: rcnitcrin? . S
Flucride ^ 10
Incrranic end Synthetic Organic Cher.icals 10
Table 5: Proposed MCLGs fcr SOCs ', 11
Table 6: Proposed MCLGs fcr IOCS 12
Lead and Copper 13
RaSisnaclides . 14
Other Inorganic .and Synthetic 17
Organic Cher.icals
Substitutes and Drinking Water 18
Priority List
Tabls S: Compounds rer.ovea fro- list cf S3 13
Table S: Substitutes Into SD"A List cf £3 18
Table 10: Drinking Water Priority List 19 ,-•>:
Surface Water Treat-rent Rule ^ 19
Total Cclifcrr:s '. '. 25
Table 11: Sa-pling Requirements Based on Population 30
National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations 31
Table 12: SMCLs 31
Table 13: Proposed SliCLs " 22
Tisinfecticn end Disinfection By-Products 33
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DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS
UNDER
1986 AMENDMENTS TO SDWA
Significant directives to EPA's standard-setting program for
drinking water contaminants included in the 1SE6 Amendments
to the SDWA are provided below:
0 EPA nust set MCLGs and National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations for 83 specific contar.inants and for any ether
contaminant in drinking water whirh r.ay have any adverse
effect upon the health of persons and which is known or
anticipated to occur in public water systems.
0 Recommended Maximum Contaminant Levels (RHCLs) are now
termed Maximum Contaminant Level Goals {MCLGs). No changes
were made in the basis of an MCLG; i.e.:
MCLGs are non-enforceable health goals which are to be
set at the level at which no known or anticipated adverse
effects on the health persons occur and which allows an
adequate margin of safety.
0 Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) must be set as close to
MCLGs as is feasible. The definition of "feasible" was
changed to the following:
Feasible means with the use of the best technology,
treatment techniques and other means, which the
Administrator finds, after examination for efficacy under
field conditions and not solely under laboratory
conditions, are available (taking costs into consideration).
The SDWA states that Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) is
feasible for the control of synthetic organic chemicals
(SOCs), and any technology or other means found to be best
available for control of SOCs must be at least as effective
in controlling SOCs as GAC.
0 MCLGs and MCLs must be proposed at the same time and also
promulgated simultaneously.
0 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring requirements are to be set for 83
contaminants listed in the SDWA. The best available
technology (BAT) is also to be specified for each.
Table 1 list 83 contaminants. Seven substitutes are allove:
if regulation of any seven other contaminants would be more
protective of public health. The list of substitutes must
be proposed by June 19, 1987.
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Th= tiretable to produce the MCLGs sr.d MCLs/!-5 = r.ittrir.3 is as
fellows:
- 9 by June 19, 1987
- 40 by June 19, 1988
- 34 by June 19, 1989
MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring must be set for other contar.inar.ts
in drinking water that r.ay pose a health risk.
The 1986 Amendments require that EPA publish a rrir.-iing
Water Priority List (DW?L) of drinking water cor.t = -.in = nts
that may require regulation under the SDWA.
The seven substituted contar.inar.ts must be included on
the drinking water priority list.
The list must be published by January 1, 1988, and every
3 years following.
MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring are to be set for at lesst 25
contaminants on the list by January l, 1991.
- MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring are to be set for at least 25
ccntar.inants every 3 years following January 1, 1951
(i.e., 1994, 1S97,...), from subsequent triennial lists.
Criteria must be established by which States must determine
which surface water systerr.s r.ust install filtration. The
SDWA deadline for promulgating this criteria was December
19, 1987. States with privacy enforcement responsibility
must make determinations regarding filtration within 12
months of promulgation of these criteria and rust adopt
regulations to implement the filtration requirements within
18 months of promulgation.
A treatment technique regulation must be promulgated which
will require all public water systems to use disinfection.
Variances will be available. EPA will specify variance
criteria, (i.e., quality of source water, protection
afforded by watershed management.)
- The disinfection treatment rule must be promulgated by
June 19, 1989.
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Rec.uirerrents rr.ust be set for water systems to monitcr frr
unregulated conter.inants.
Mini-urn monitoring frequency is five years.
State may add/delete contaminants from list.
Requirements to monitor for unregulated contaminants
monitoring must be promulgated by December 19, 1987.
MCLGS/HCLs and monitoring.requirements must be reviewed fcy
EPA every three years.
Other requirements/provisions of the 1986 Amendments:
Public notification regulations inay be changed to
provide for different types and frequencies of notice
depending upon the potential health risk.
- BAT for issuance of variances smst be set when MCLs are
set. BAT may vary depending upon the size of systems and
other factors, including costs.
N
- Exemptions can be extended for systems with 500
connections or less. No limit is placed on the number of
extensions but certain criteria must be net.
A summary of deadlines pertinent to standard-setting is
presented in Table 2.
All current drinking water regulations, which have been
promulgated as of July 1 in any year, nay be found on the
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Volume 40, Parts 141,
142, and 143. Regulations published between CFR editions may
be f our.d in the Federal Register (FR) .
For additional information, contact:
Safe Drinking Water Hotline
800-426-4791 or (202) 382-5533
or
Joseph A. Cotruvo, Director
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Criteria and Standards Division
Office of Drinking Water (WH-550D)
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
202/382-7575
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TA3LE 1
Contaminants Required to be Regulated
under the S.DVA Amendments of 1986
Volatile Organic Cheir.icals
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Carbon tetrachloride
1,1.1-Trichloroethane
1, 2,-Dichloroethane
Vinyl chloride
Methylene chloride
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Dichlorobenzene
Trichlorobenzene
1,1-Dichloroethylene
Trans-1,2,Dichloroethylene
cis-1, 2,-Dichloroethylene
Microbiology and Turbidity
Total coliforir.s
Turbidity
Giarcia lanblia
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Nitrate
Selenium
Silver
Fluoride
Aluminum
Antimony
Endrin
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Toxaphene
2,4,-D
2,4,5-TP
Aldicarb
Chlordane
Dalapon
Diquat
Endothall
Glyphosate
Carbofuran
Alachlor
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene
Adipates
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
Viruses
Standard plate count
Legionella
Inorganics
Molybdenum
Asbestos
Sulfate
Copper
Vanadium
Sodium
Nickel
Zinc
Thallium
Beryllium
Cyanide
Organics
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Vydate
Simazine
PAH's
PCB's
Atrazine
Phthalates
Acrylamide
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)
1,2-dichloropropane
Pentachlorophenol
Pichloram
Dinoseb
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
Dibromomethane
Xylene
Kexachlorocyclopentadiene
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TA3LE I con't.
Radionuclides
Radium 226 and 228 Gross alpha particle activity
Beta particle and photon radioactivity
Uranium Radon
TABLE 2
Summary of Deadlines
for Standards under SDWA of 19S6
What When
9 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring June 19, 1987
Propose Seven Substitutes June 19, 1987
Public Notice Revisions Sept. 19, 1987
Filtration Criteria Dec. 19, 1987
Monitoring for Unregulated Contaminants Dec. 19, 1987
First List of Contaminants (DWPL) Jan. 01, 1988
40 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring June 19, 1988
34 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring June 19, 19S9
Disinfection Treatment June 19, 1989
25 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring Jan. 01, 1991
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STATUS: NATIONAL PRIMARY DP.INKING WATER P.ZC-Ul.-.T~Or5
VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS (VOCS)
A::??.M March 4, 1982 (47 FR 9350)
Proposed MCLGs June 12, 1984 (49 FR 24330)
Final MCLGs, proposed MCLs, Monitoring Nov. 13, 1985 (50 F-
45-30)
November 13, 1985 Federal Register (50 FR 46880)
Extension of public comment period for 45 days on
tecrachloroethylene MCLG.
KT? Report recently released
Reproposal MCLG/MCL for para-dichlorobenzene:
April 17, 1987 (52 FR 12876).
Final rules signed by Administrator on June 19, 1987.
published in Federal Register on July 8, 1987 (52 FR
25690). Table 3 presents the final MCLGs and MCLs.
Correction Notice, July 1, 1988.
Table 3
VOCs: Final MCLGs and MCLs (in mg/1)
Final Final
MCLG* MCL
Trichloroethylene zero 0.005
Carbon Tetrachloride zero • 0.005
Vinyl Chloride zero '0.002
1,2 Dichloroethane zero 0.005
Benzene zero 0.005
para-Dichlorobenzene 0.075 0.075
1.1-Dichloroethylene 0.007 0.007
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.2 0.2
•Final MCLGs were published Nov. 13, 1985. The MCLG and
MCL for p-dichlorobenzene were reproposed at zero and
0.005 mg/1 on April 17, 1987; comment was requested on
levels of 0.075 mg/1 and 0.075 »g/l, respectively.
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:-.;-.-jr r.e~uirr-=r.-= in the final VOC rules:
B.-.7 ur.frr Sl-Vr.-. Seeiicr. 1412 (MCLs):
0 Parked tower aeration (PTA) and granular activated carbon
(G.-.C) for the eight VOCs, except vinyl chloride.
0 PTA for vir.yl chloride.
SAT under SPXA Section 1415 (Variances):
O C =— ^ =o TS*T * — v 1*1""
3C...S SS Or-. 1 w-- J. i X *. -
Crr.rlisnce Kcr.itcrinr:
8 Initial Mrr.itcri-c: All systems must monitor each source
a" least cnce within four years.
Surface waters: 4 quarterly samples
Ground waters: 4 quarterly sanples; state can exempt
syster.s fron- subsequent monitoring if no VOCs detected
in first sarr.ple.
Cor.posite samples of up to five sources allowed
0 Phase in by system size (start monitoring: January 1, 1988)
Size Cor.plete by Date
> 10,CCO 1 year December 31, 1988
3300-10,000 2 years December 31, 1989
< 3300 4 years December 31, 1991
0 P.epeat monitoring: varies from quarterly to once per five
years. The frequency is based on whether VOCs are detected
in the first round of monitoring and whether system is
vulnerable to contamination.
Kcr.itorir.j for Unregulated VOCs:
0 Methodology same as for regulated VOCs.
0 Initial monitoring: all systems required to sample each
drinking water source once for unregulated VOCs during a
four year period.
0 Same phase-in schedules as compliance monitoring.
0 51 VOCs specified (see Table 4):
- List 1: required for all systems {34 VOCs)
- List 2: required for vulnerable systems (2 VOCs)
- List 3: required at State discretion (15 VOCs)
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0 P.epest rrr.iicrir.g: Every five years; EPA will specify a ne
list.
Analytical Methods: GC or GC/MS
e Methods 504, 502.1. 503.1, 524.1, 524.2, 502.2
Laboratcry Certification Criteria:
0 Seven VOCs: + 20% >. 0.010 ir.g/1
+ 40% < 0.010 mg/1
9 Vinyl Chloride: + 4C%
Ncn-trar.sient Kon-cjr.-.ur.ity Water Systems (IITWS):
0 Kor.-ccr.r.ur.ity water syste-.s which regularly serve at least
25 of the same persons over 6 months per year (i.e., KTWS)
are required to meet all requirements in this rule.
Poir.t-cf-Entry (POE1 . Point- = f-Use (POU) , and Bottled Water:
0 POE ir.ay be used to achieve compliance with MCLs but is net
BAT.
e POU and bottled water car.not be used to meet. MCLs (see
varianres and exemptions, below).
Variances and Exceptions
0 As a condition of issuing a variance or exemption, states
have the authority to require the water system to implement
additional interim control measures. If an unreasonable
risk to health exists, the state must require either
installation of point-of-use devices or distribution of
bcttled water to each customer.
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Table 4
Monitoring for Unregulated VQCs
Required for all systems:
1 chloroform
2 bro-Tsodichloromethane
3 chlorodibromomethane
4 bror.ofrom
5 trans 1,2-dichloroethylene
6 chlorobenzene
7 m-dichlorobenzene
8 dichloromethane
9 cis-1,2-dichloroethylene
10 0-dichlorobenzene
11 dibromomethane
12 1,1-dichloropropene
13 tetrachloroethylene
14 toluene
15 p-xylene
16 o-xylene
17 m-xylene
18 1,1-dichloroethane
19
20
21
22
23
24
1,1,2.2-tetraehLorDethan
ethylber.zene
1,3-Sichlcrcprspar.e
styrene
chlcrcr.ethar.s
25 bror»or.ethsr.e
26 l,2,3-trichl:rcpr=p=r.e
27 1,1.12-tetrrhlcroetha-e
23 chlorosths-e
29 1,1,2-trichloroethane
30 2 ,2-dirhloroprDparie
31 o-chlcroeoluene
32 p-chlorcroluene
33 bror.obenzene
34 1 , 3-dichloropropene
35 ethylene dibronide
36 1 ,2-dibromo-3-chloro-
propane
Table 4 (continued)
Monitoring for Unregulsted VOCs
Recuired for Vulnerable Systems:
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
State Discretion;
1 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene
2 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
3 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene
4 n-propylbenzene
5 n-butylbenzene
6 naphthalene
7 hexachlorobutadiene
8 1,2,5-triaethyulbenzene
9 p-isopropyltoluene
10 isopropylbenzene
11 tert-butyleb=r.2£ne
12 sec-butylber.zene
13 fluorotrichlcron'.ethar.e
14 dichlorodifluoromethar.e
15 bronochloror-ethane
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FLUORIDE
0 Ai:?RM October 5, 1983 (48 FR 45502)
0 Proposed MCLG May 14, 1985 (50 FR 20164)
0 Final MCLG, Proposed MCL, SMCL, Monitoring Nov. 14. 19£5
0 Final MCL, SMCL, Monitoring April 2, 19£6 (41 FR 11396)
Final MCLG 4.0 ji>g/l
Final MCL 4.0 mg/1
Final SMCL 2.0 ir.g/1
Final Monitoring 1 per year surface va-ers
1 per 3 years ground waters
Mininuir. repeat : 1 per 10
years
38 INORGANIC AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CKZHICALS
0 ANPF.M October 5, 1983 (42 FR 45502)
0 Proposed MCLGs, November 13, 1985, Federal Recister (50 FR
46935)
0 Reproposed MCLGs, proposed MCLs/Monitoring scheduled for
Spring 1989. Final 1990.
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Table 5 and 6 presents the proposed KCLGs for SOCs and IQCs
respectively, that will be proposed in the Spring of 1929.
Table 5
Proposed MCLGs and MCLs for SOCs
SOC
Existing
KIPDWR (r.c.'I)
sulfcxide
sulfone
Aery1 amide
Alachlor
Aldicarb
Aldicarb
Aldicarb
Atrazine
Carbofuran
Chlordane
cis-l,2-Dichloroethylene
Dibromochloropropane(D3CF)
1,2-Dichloropropene
o-Dichlorobenzene --
2.4-D 0.1
Ethylenedibroir.ide (SDB)
Epichlorphydrin
Ethylbenzene
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Lindane 0
Methoxychlor 0,
Monochlorobenzene
(PCBs)(as decachlorotiphenyl)--
Pentachlorophenol
Styrene*
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
2,4,5-TP 0.
Toxaphene 0.
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
Xylenes (total)
004
1
01
005
Proposed
KCLG (n-.r/l)
zero
zero
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.003
0.04
zero
0.07
zero
zero
0.6
0.07
zero
zero
0.7
zero
zero
0.0002
0.4
0.1
zero
0.2
zero/0.1
zero
2
0.05
zero
0.07
10
Proposed
MCL fr.c/1)
TT-.
0.002
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.003
0.04
0.002
0.007
0.0002
0.005
0.6
0.07
0.00005
TT* *
0.7
0.0004
0.0002
0.0002
0.4
0.1
0.005
0.2
0.005/0.1
0.005
2
0.05
0.005
0.07
10
* EPA proposes MCL's of 0.1 ng/1 based on a group C carcinogen
classification and 0.005 ing/1 based on a Bz classification.
** TT = Treatment Technique
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IOC
Asbestos
Barium
Cadium
Chromium
Mercury
Nitrate (as
Nitrite (as
Selenium
Table 6
Proposed MCLGs for
• . Existing
NIPDWR (:ra/l)
..
1.0
0.010
0.05
0.002
Nitrogen) 10
Nitrogen)
O.C1
IOCS
Proposed
MCLG TT.3/1
7 FL*
5
0.005
0.1
0.002
10
1.0
0.05
Proposed
MCL
7 FL*
5
0.005
0.1
0.002
10
1
0.05
MFL «= million fibers per liter
* 7 million fibers/liter (only fibers longer than 10 uir)
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LE.O .-.!:? COF.-E?.
0 ANPRM October 5, 1523 (42 FR 45502)
0 Proposed MCLGs Nover.ber 13, 1SS5 (50 FR 46936)
0 Reproposed MCLGs and proposed MCLs and treatment technique
requirement August IS, 198S.
0 Final rule expected Fall 1989.
0 Proposed MCLGs
Existing HCLG Proposed MCLG
Lead 0.050 ng/1 zerc
Copper - - - 1.3 mg/1
0 Proposed MCLs
(Measured as water leaves the treatment plant or enters the
distribution systeir.)
Lead 0.005 ir.g/1
Copper 1.3 ir.g/1
0 Proposed Treatment Technique
Corrosion control treatment and public education
Corrosion control triggered when:
Lead level average exceeds .010 mg/1 (measured in morning
first draw, or if lead service lines are not present, in
measured overnight standing service line sar.ple, averaged
across houses, in targeted sampling of high risk locations).
pH of acre than 5% of samples exceeds 8.0
Copper in more than 5% of samples exceeds 1.3 mg/1
0 Public education triggered vhen;
Lead level average exceeds .010 mg/1
Lead levels in more than 5% of targeted samples exceed 0.020
mg/1
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P.ADIC'ITUCLIDZS
Schedule
The publication of the notice of Proposed Rulemsking in the
Federal Register is presently scheduled for September 19S9.
The IIPRH is expected to propose Maximur, Contarr.ir.ant Level
Goals (MCLGs), Maximum Contar.inant Levels (MCLs), Best Available
Technologies (BATs) for setting MCLs and as conditions for
receiving variances, ether criteria for receiving variances and
exer.ptions, and monitoring requirements for the following
radicnactive analytes; radon-222, radium-226, radiur.-228,
natural uranium, and beta particle and photon emitters. The
proposal may also consider an MCL for alpha emitters and the
measurement of gross alpha as a screening level for the
regulated alpha emitters.
MCLGs; Health Effects
All radionuclides consiered in this proposal have been
verified as belonging to Group A, known human carcinogens.
Therefore, the MCLG for each radionuclide will be proposed as
zero. For uranium, the non-cancer endpoints of toxicity are
also of concern. .
Natural uranium (non-cancer effects)— Based on
physiological parameters for adults, ODW has estimated that a
level of 40 pCi/L is protective of uranium's cher.otcxic effects
to the kidney. Physiological parameters for children might be
used to derive a value of 20 pCi/L. This issue is not yet
resolved.
Radcn-222(cancer effects)— Quantitative estimates of the
lung cancer risks fro rdon volatilized from drinking water were
derived from the BIER IV and IRCP 50 reports. The 10-* and
10-* lifetime risk range of 21 to 200 pC/L represents the
arithemtic mean of adjusted BIER IV and ICR? 40 estimates. Risk
of stomach tumors from ingestion of radon are expected to be
much lower than the risk from inhaled radon and are not included
in this risk estimate.
Uranium and radium(cancer effects)— Quantitive estimates cf
the lifetime risks from exposure to these elements ere derives
using the Radrisk model, a modification of the ICRP
methodology. The 10-* levels for the different isotopes of
these elements are similar, ranging from 20 to 40 pCi/L. The
BIER IV committee derived similar cancer risk estimates for
these elements based on the increased incidence of cancer arr.ong
radium workers. Public comment will be requested.
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Bsza (cancer effects)-- No rr.ajor changes fror. the Advanced
Uctire of Proposed Rule-eking (51 FR 34S36, September 30, 1986)
are expected in the cancer risk estimates for beta and photon
er.itters. In March 1989, the BIER V committee is expected to
publish a report reevaluating the atom bonb survivor data.
Acjustr.ent to the cancer estimates may then be appropriate.
MCLs
Radon— The Agency is considering options which fall in the
range of 200 to 2000 pCi/L (water). This range is equavalent to
0.02 to 0.2 pCi/L (air), assuming a transfer ratio of 10,000 to
1 frrrr. all of the water in the house (i.e., showers, laundry,
etc) .
Radiur-225 and radiu:?.-228— A separate MCL may be proposed
for each cf these isotopes. Frr each isotope, MCLs under
consideration center on 5 pCi/L.
Uranium— The range of NCL options under consideration is 20
to 40 pCi/L. The mass to activity conversion factor may be 1.3,
based on isotopic concentrations of natural uranium in drinking
water.
Beta particle and photon emitters— The 4 ir.rem MCL will most
likely be proposed again with a request for comment.
Gross alpha— The Agency is assessing the value of a total
alpha MCL and the use of a gross alpha measurement as a
monitoring screen for regulated alphas. Some analysis indicates
that the analytical method which is specified for gross alpha is
not a good indicator of the activity level of the total alphas
and that this method does not give an acceptable correlation
between gross alpha and the regulated alpha emitters. The
Agency is investigating another method for gross alpha
measurement and may take comments en the use of gross alpha at
proposal.
Monitoring
Compliance likely will be proposed to be determined on
quarterly samples taken over one year. The primacy state, with
concurrence fro the EPA Region, may allow monitoring data
collected within the last three years and that meet specific
precision and accuracy requirements to substitute for quarterly
samples.
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Vulr.erability
States nay determine monitoring requirements for beta
particle and photon emitters based on vulnerability. Factors
ch = t should be considered are: 1) proxir.ity to radioactive waste
sites, underground testing, and facilities involved with
racicnuclies (e.g., nuclear power plant and other reactors); 2)
if the water has been tested and found to have high levels of
uranium, radon, or radium; or 3) whether discharge monitoring
information is provided.
Technologies
Radon: Aeration
P.adiur.-225: Cation exchange; lime softening; reverse osr.osis
Radiur.-22B: Cation exchange; lime softening; reverse osmosis
Uranium: Coagulation/filtration; reverse osmosis; anion
exchange; lime softening
Betas: Reverse osmosis; ion exchange (mixed bed)
Best Available Technologies for Variances
Reverse osmosis and ion exchange are likely to be BAT for
small systems. Coagulation/filtration and lime softening may be
excluded as BATs for variances, due to feasibility
considerations for small systems.
Analytical Methods
Radon: Liquid Scintillation Counting;Lucas Cell Method
Radiurc-225: Alpha Emitting Radium Isotopes in Drinking Water
(Method 903.0);Radium-226 by Radon Emanation (Method 903.1);
Radiua-225 (Method 305) ;Total Radium (Method 304) -;
Radium-228: Liquid Scintillation Scintillation Counting(Method .
?04.D*
Uranium: Radiochemical Method(Method 908);Fluorometric Method
(Method 908.1)
Betas: Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Activity in Drinking Water
(Method 900);Gross Beta Particle Activity(Method D-1E90)
Gross alpha: Gross Alpha in Drinking Water by Co-precipitation
* It has not yet been determined if this method will be
proposed.
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OTKER IOCS AND SOCs
MCLGs/MCLs and monitoring scheduled for proposal in December
1989. Promulgation is scheduled for December 1990.
IOCS and SOCs:
Arsenic
Methylene Chloride
An-timony
Endrin
Dalapcn
Diquat
Endothall
Glyphosate
Andipates
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
Trichlorobenzene
Sulfate
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Nickel
Thallium
Beryllium
•Cyanide
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Vydate
Simazine
PAHs
Atrazine
Phthalates
Pichloram
Dinoseb
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SUBSTITVTSS AND DRiriEIIJG WATER PRIORITY LIST
Proposed substitutes and draft DWFL signed by Administrator
on June 19, 1987. Published in Federal Register on July 8,
1987 (52 FR 25720). Final January 1. 1988.
Final substitutes on DWPL notice signed by Administrator on
January 13, 1988, and published in Federal Register on
January 22, 1988 (53 FR 1892).
Table 8 shows contaminants removed from list of 83. Table
9 shows substitutes added. Table 10 shows the Drinking
Ware
Priority List.
Table 8
Removed fror*. SDWA List of 83:
Zinc Sodium Vanadium
Silver Molvbdenum Dibromomethane
Alur.inum
Table 9
Substituted into SDWA List of 83:
Aldicarb sulfoxide Heptachlor eoxide
Aldicarb sulfone - Styrene
E'hylbenzene Nitrite
Heptachlor
-------
-1 Q_
Table 10
Priority List cf Drir.kir.c Wster Contsr.ir.ar.ts
1.1.1, 2-tecrachloroethar.e
1.1,2, 2-tetrachlorcethane
1 , 1-dichloroethane
1.2. 3--richloropropane
1 , 3-dichloropropene
2 , 2-dichlorcpropane
•> 4 C-T
*•»»,•* *
2 , 4-dir.itrotoluene
alurinus!
boron
broirobenzsne
bromochlcroacetonitrile
br omodi chl or ome thane
dichloroacetonitrile
FTU
metolachlor
metribuzin
molybdenum
ozone byproducts'
silver
sodium
strontium
trichloroacetonitrile
brorr.cf orm
hypochlorite io;
iscphorone
methyl tert-
butyl ether
chj.crar.ine
chlorate
chlorine
chloroethane
chloroform
chloronethane
chloropicrin
cryptosporiiium
cyanazine
cyanogen chloride
ditror.oacetonitrile
dibromochl or oir.e thane
dibronomethane
dicamba
trifluralin
vanadium
zinc
o-chlorotoluene
p-chlorotoluene
halogenated acids, alcohols
aldehydes, ketones, and other
nitriles
PROPOSED SURFACE WATER TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS
llote: The requirements in brackets [] are changes and/or
additions to the proposed rule under consideration for
adoption into the final rule. Otherwise the requirements
shown are from the proposed rule and remain the same for
the final rule.
0 Proposal was published in Federal Register on Novembr 3,
1927 (52 FR 42178)
0 Notice of Availability, describing new regulatory options,
was published in the federal register on May 6, 1988 (53 FR
1634S).
-------
-20-
Maxj-urr. Ccr.ts~ir.ant Level Goals
Giardia Lar.blia 0
Viruses 0
Lejionella 0
Turbidity none proposed
Keterotrophic Plate Count none proposed
General Requirements
Coverage: All public water systems using ar.y surface water rust
disinfect, and r.ay be required by state to filter, unless
certain water quality source requirements and site specific
conditions are wet.
Treatment technique requirements are established in lieu of MCLs
fcr Giardia. viruses, heterotrophic piste count bacteria,
Legionella and turbidity.
Treatment achieve at least 99.9 percent removal and/or inacti-
vation of Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.9 percent removal and/or
inactivation of enteric viruses.
All syster.s must be operated by qualified operators as
determined by the state.
Compliance Date: All systems must meet treatment requirements
within 48 months from the date the regulations are promulgated.
Criteria to be Met to Avoid Filtration
Source Water Criteria
Fecal coliform concentration must not exceed 20/100 ml or
the total coliform concentration must not exceed 100/100 ml
before disinfection in more than ten percent of the
measurements for the previous six months, calculated each
month.
Minimum sampling frequencies for fecal or total coliform
determination are;
SYSTEM SIZE (persons) SAMPLES/VESK
< 501 1
501-3,000 2
3,301-10,000 3
10,001-25,000 4
> 25,000 5
If not already conducted under the above requirements, a
coliform test must be made each day that the turbidity
exceeds one NTU.
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-21-
Turtidity levels must be measured every four hours by grab
sample or continuous monitoring. The turbidity level -.ay
not exceed 5 I.'TU unless the State determines that the
exceedenceis unusual or unpredictable, the system informs
its customers that it is necessary to boil the water before
consumption during the period the turbidity exceeds 5 NTU,
and the e:\ceedence does not occur for more than two pericds
in any one, or five periods in any consecutive ten years.
An "event" is one or more consecutive days when at least cne
turbidity measurement each day exceeds 5 1ITU. [The boil
water requirement has been deleted and left to State
discretion.]
Site Specific Conditions to be Considered by States
Disinfection r.ust achieve at least a 99.9 and 99.99 percent
inactivation of Giardia Lam.blia and enteric viruses. This
must be demonstrated by the system meeting "CT" values in
the rule ("CT" is the product of residual concentration
(m.g/1) and contact time (minutes) measure at peak hourly
flow).
Disinfection system must have redundant components including
alternate power supply, automatic alarm and start-up to
insure continuous disinfection of the water during plant
operation, or have automatic shut-off of delivery of water
to the distribution system whenever the disinfectant
residual is less than 0.2 mg/L.
Disinfectant residuals in the distribution system cannot be
less than 0.2 ir.g/1 in more than five percent of the samples,
each month, for an two consecutive months. Samples must be
taken at the same frequency as total coliforms under the
proposed [revised] coliforni rule. [Disinfection residuals
in the distribution system must be "detectable". In lieu of
at least 0.2 mg/1. A system must first measure for
disinfection residual, if no residual is detectable it has
the option to measure for KPC. If the HPC measurement is
less than 500 colonies/ml the site is considered to have a
"detectable" residual for compliance purposes. For systems
serving fewer than 500 people which cannot maintain a
residual or monitor for HPC the State can judge whether
adequate disinfection is provided.]
-------
Syster rust r. = ir.tair. a disinfectant residual concentration
of at least 0.2 rsg/1 at all times in the water entering the
system, demonstrated by continuous monitoring. If it drops
b = low this it is considered an acute violation (requiring
electronic media public notification). [If the disinfectant
residual is less than 0.2 ir.g/1 the system has 4 hours to
correct the problem. If it is not restored to at least 0.2
r.c/1 within four hours it is a violation but not an acute
violation. Systems serving less than 500 people can take 1
grab sample/cay in lieu of continuous monitoring. Whenever
the disinfectant residual entering the distribution systerr,
falls below 0.02 rg/1, the system is required to notify the
state within 24 hours or the next business day, whichever is
later. The system must not report to the State earlier than
4 hours after the disinfectant residual dropped below 0.2
rg/l, unless the disinfectant residual has been restored to
at least 0.2 mg/1 in less than 4 hours. Notification must
include whether or not the disinfectant residual was
restored within 4 hours.)
System must maintain a watershed control program which will
ir.inir.ize the potential for contamination by human enteric
viruses and Giardia lamblia cysts. System must monitor and
control the activities in the watershed that may have an
adverse impact on water. Systems must demonstrate through
ownership or written agreements with landowners in the
water-shed that it is able to limit and control all human
activities that may have an adverse impact upon water
quality. An annual sanitary survey and report must be
conducted which is approved by the State. [A sanitary
survey and report must be conducted every. 3 years for
systems serving less than 4100 people, or every 5 years for
systems serving greater than or equal to 4100 people.]
System must not have a history of any waterborne disease
.outbreaks with its present water source and treatmeant
system.
System must be in continuous compliance with the long-term
1-JCL requirements for total ccliforr.s. [EPA has deleted the
long-term MCL requirement in the Total Coliform Rule. To
avoid filtration, unfiltered systems must not be out cf
compliance with the monthly MCL for total coliforns for any
two months in any consecutive 12 month period.]
-------
System.s serving mere than 10,000 people must be in
compliance with MCL requirements for total trihalcm-ethenes .
Criteria for Filtered Systems
Turbidity Removal
Conventional filtration or direct filtration water must
achieve a turbidity level in the filtered water at all tires
Isss than five NTU and not r.cre than 0.5 KTUs in more thar.
five percent of the measurements taken each r.onth. The
State may increase this lir.it up to one NTU if the system
demonstrates effective removal of Giardia lar.blia cysts at
such turbidity levels. [The State may increase the turbidity
limit up to less than 1 NTU in greater than or equal to 95%
of the samples without any demonstration by the system.]
Slow sar.d filtration must achieve a turbidity level in the
filtered water at all times less than five NTU and not more
than one NTU in more than five percent of the samples taken
each month. The turbidity limit of one NTU may be increased
by the State (but at no time exceed five NTU) if the
filtered water meets the long term coliform MCL before
disinfection. [The turbidity limit of one NTU may be
increased by the State if it determines that there is no
significant interference with disinfection.]
Diatomaceous earth filtration must achieve a turbidity level
in the filtered water at all times less than five NTU and of
net more than one NTU in more than five percent of the
samples taken each month.
Other filtration technologies may be used if they
demonstrate to the State that they achieve at least 99.9 and
95.99 percent removal/inactivation of Giardia lam.blia cysts
and enteric viruses, respectively, and are approved by the
State. Turbidity limits fcr these technologies are the same
as those for slow sand filtration, including the allowance
of increasing the turbidity Unit of one NTU up to 5 NTU but
at no time exceeding 5 NTU upon approval by the State.
Turbidity Monitoring
Turbidity must be measured every four hours by grab sample
or continuous monitoring. For systems using slow sand
filtration or filtration technologies other than con-
ventional treatment, direct filtration or diatomaceous earth
filtration, the State may reduce the sampling frequency to
once per day. [The State is allowed to reduce monitoring to
one grab sample per day for all systems serving less than
500 people.]
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-24-
I-isinfeccicn Requirements
Disinfection with filtraticn must achieve at least 99.9 and
99.59 percent renoval/inactivaticn of Giardia and viruses,
respectively. State defines level of disinfection required,
depending on technology and source water quality. Guidance
en the use of CT values to make these determinations is
available in the Guidance Manual. *[Recommended procedures
in the Guidance Manual for applying CT values are being
changed.]
Disinfectant residuals in the distribution system cannot be
less than 0.2 ng/1 in mere than five percent of the samples.
each ir.snth, for any two consecutive months. Samples must be
taken at the same frequency as total coliforms under the
[final] coliform rule. [Disinfection residuals in the
distribution system must be "detectable". A system must
first measure for disinfection residual, if no residual is
detectable it has the option to measure for KPC. If the E?C
measurement is less than 500 colonies/ml the site is
considered to have a "detectable" residual for compliance
purposes. For systems serving fewer than 500 people which
cannot maintain a residual or monitor for HPC the State can
judge whether adequate disinfection is provided.]
Systems must maintain a disinfectant residual concentraticn
of at least 0.2 mg/1 all times in the water entering the
distribution system, demonstrated by continuous monitorng.
If it drops below this it is considered an acute violation
(requiring electronic media public notification). [If the
disinfectant residual is less than 0.2 mg/1 the system has 4
hcurs to correct the problem. If it is not restored to at
least 0.2 mg/1 within four hours it is a violation but not
an acute violation. Systems serving less than 50 people can
take 1 grab sample/day in lieu of continuous monitoring.
Whenever the disinfectant residual entering the distribution
systen falls below 0.2 mg/1, the system is required to
notify the State within 24 hours or the next business day
whichever is later. The system roust not report to the State
earlier than 4 hours after the disinfectant residual dropped
below 0.2 mg/1, unless the disinfectant has been restored to
at least 0.2 mg/1 in less than 4 hours. Notification must
include whether or not the disinfectant residual was
restored within 4 hours.]
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-25-
Anslyticel Requirements
Testing and sar.pling must be in accordance with Standard
Methods, 16th edition, or methods approved by EPA for total
roliforms, fecal coliform, turbidity, disinfectant
residuals, ter.perature, and pH.
Rercrtir.g
Monthly reports to the State for all parameters required in
the rule.
Ur.filtered water syster.s must also report annually on their
watershed control program and sanitary surveys. *[Unfiltered
syster.s must report on watershed control programs and
sanitary surveys in the years that they are performed.]
Waterborne disease oubreaks must be reported to the State
within 48 hcurs.
Violations
To avoid filtration systems must meet source water quality
and site-specific conditions within 30 months of promul-
gation. If the system fails to meet these criteria it would
be in violation until it installed filtration and met the
criteria for filtered systems which are effective 48 months
after promulgation. [Unfiltered systems must monitor
starting 18 months following promulgation.]
Filtered systems must meet performance criteria and
r.onitorir.g requirements for the filtered and disinfection
treatment techniques within 48 months of promulgation.
Variances
Variances are not applicable.
\ '
Exemptions
Exemptions are allowed for the requirement to filter.
Systems using surface water disinfect (i.e., no exemptions);
exemptions are allowed based on the degree of disinfection
provided.
-------
-26-
*
TCTAL COLIFORKS
The Total Coliforms proposal was published in the Federal
P.ecister on Nover.ber 3, 19£7 (52 F?. 42224). Additional
regulatory options were published in the Federal Register on May
6, 19E5 (53 FR 16340).
Proposal effective date: All public water systems must ir.set the
revised coliform MCL and mcr.itoring requirements 13 ir.onths after
promulgation of the regulations.
Maximum contar.inant level goal: zero
Maximum cor.taminent level (sumr.ary of currently preferred
octicr.) :
0 based on presence/absence of total coliforrr.s in sample,
rather than estimate of cclifcrm density
8 no more than 1 coliform-positive sample/month for
systems which analyze fewer than 40 samples/month
0 systems report all total coliform-positive samples to
State
0 all total coliform-positive samples count in compliance
calculations, unless State determines local plumbing
system problem caused positive result, or that laboratory
establishes improper sar.ple analysis caused positive
result
Hor.itcrina frequency and repeat sampling for total coliforms
0 All monitoring frequencies below pertain to community
water systems except for non-community water systems
which is the entry on line one.
system size # samples # repeats more monitoring for
news
25-1000
1001-2500
2501-3300
3301-4100
4101-4900
>4900
quarterly* 4
monthly* 4
2/mo 3
3/mo 3
4/mo 3
5/mo 3
Table 2 3
5/mo for 1 additional mo
5/mo for 1 additional mo
5/mo for 1 additional mo
5/mo for 1 additional mo
5/mo for 1 additional mo
NA
NA
* for exceptions, see Table under Sanitary Surveys.
-------
-27-
I
0 one coliform sample must be taken each day the turbidity
exceeds one 1JTU for unfiltered surface water systems
0 The State must approve sample site plan for each public
water system
0 If total coliform are detected in any sample, the system
must collect a set of repeat samples (see above Table).
At least one sample must be from the same location as the
original sample; other samples ray be collected from an
adjacent service connection; system must collect all
repeat samples on the same day and within 24 hours of
being notified.
0 If total coiiforms are detected in any repeat sample,
systems must collect another set of repeat samples
from the same location unless an MCL has been violated
and the system has notified the State.
0 If total coiiforms are detected in any original or
repeat sample, and the sample is not invalidated by the
State, system must collect a set of five routine samples
the next month the system is in operation.
Variances and exemptions: none allowed
Sanitary surveys:
0 required periodic sanitary surveys for all PWSs
collecting fewer than 5 samples/month, according to
following schedule:
type system sanitary survey within (yrs)
initial subsequent
Community water systems
filtered surface water 5 \ 5
. unfiltered surface water * ' 3/5*
undisinfected ground water 5 5
disinfected ground water 5 5
Non-transient non-community system 5 5
Other non-community systems
filtered surface water 10 5
unfiltered surface water * 3/5*
undisinfected ground water 10 5
disinfected ground water 10 10
* sanitary surveys shell be performed at a frequency
specified by 40 CFR Part 141, Subpart H.
-------
Analytical rethoaolocy
0 Tctsl colifcrm analyses conducted by 10-tube Multiple
Tube Fermentation Technique, Me-brane Filter Technique.
Presence-Absence (?-A) Colif orm Test, or the Colilert
System
0 130-r.l standard sample vclu-e used, regardless cf total
cclifrrr. method
6 Fecal coliform test conducted using EC Broth (see
Appendix A)
0 E. coli test may be by Cclilert system, or other methods
Tr.irht be promulgated later
0 heterotrophic bacteria enumerated by Pour Plate Method
Fecal Cclif orr.s/E.ccli
0 If any routine or repeat sample is total
cclif orm-positive, system must analyze total
colif orm-positive culture medium to determine if fecal
colifcrms are present. System r.ay test for E. ccli, in
lieu ' of fecal colif orms. If fecal colif orms or £. celi
are present, system ir.ust notify the State within 24
hours. State must decide what follow-up actions syster.
ir.ust perform.
0
State ir:=y invalidate sample if system der.onstrates to the
State that contamination is limited to the service
connection rather than the distribution system.
0 if any routine or repeat sample is fecal
colif orm-positive or E. coli-positive, and sample is rot
invalidated by the State, system will notify the public
by electronic media. If system can demonstrate that
contamination is restricted to a specific location, then
the State has the discretion to allow system to notify
each consumer in that location by some other type of
immediate means, in lieu of electronic notification.
Heterotrophic Bacteria (H?C) ;
0 no specific MCLG or MCL; HPC controlled as part of SKT?.,
future disinfection requirements for ground water systems
and as described below.
0 proposed regulation based on HPC interference with total
coliform analysis
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-29-
if crliform sa-ple produces a turbid culture in the
absence of gas production using the multiple-tube
f err.entaticn technique, produces a turbid culture in the
absence of an acid reaction using the presence-absence
(?-A) test or produces a confluent growth or a colony
nurrber that is "too numerous to count" using the me:r.brar.=
filter technique, the systen may either count the sar.ple
as coliform-positive or declare the sample invalid,
collect another water sample within 24 hours from the
sar.e location as the original sample, and submit it to
the laboratory within eight hours of sample collection
(up to 30 hours if refrigerated). Second sample if
analysed for both total coliforms and HPC. If HPC is
greater than 500 colonies/ml, then sample is considered
colifcrm-pcsitive, even if total coliform analysis is
negative.
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-30-
Tabla 11: Drinking Water P.erulatisr.s
Sa-plinc Rscuirer.ents Based Upsn Peculation
Population
served
Kirimu:?. nur.ber
of sarr.ples
per month*
Population
served
Minimum nuir.be:
of samples
per month
1.
•>
<• 1
3,
4.
4.
5,
6,
7,
8.
12,
17,
21,
25,
33,
41,
50,
25 to 1.000
001 to 2,500
501 to 3,300
301
101
901
801
701
601
501
901
201
501
001
001
001
001
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
4,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
12
17
21
25
33
41
50
59
100
900
800
700
600
500
,900
,200
,500
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
1««
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
=9,001 to 70.000
70,001 to 83,000
83,001 to 96.000
96,001 to 130,000
1
1
1
2
3
3
130,
220,
320,
450,
600,
780,
970,
,230
,520
,850
,270
,020
,950
001 to
001 to
001 to
001 to
001 to
001 to
001 to
,001 to
,001 to
,001 to
,001 to
,001 to
,001 or
220,000
320,000
450,000
600,000
780,000
970.000
1,230,000
1,520,
1.850,
2.270,
3,020,
3,960,
more
000
000
000
000
000
70
80
90
100
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
* A non-corcnunity water syster. shall monitor in each calendar
quarter during which the system provides water to the public.
If such a systerr. uses ur.filtered surface water, it must sarr.ple
et the sar.e frequency as a cor-unity water system, except that
in no case shall it be reduced to less than once/month.
*« Based on a history of no eolifcrm contamination and on a
sanitary survey every five years by the State showing the
water system to be supplied solely by a protected ground
water source and free cf sanitary defects, a community
public water system serving 25 to 1,000 persons may reduce
this sampling frequency with the written permission of the
State, except that in no case shell it be reduced to less
than once/quarter.
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-31-
NATIOIIAL SECOKD.-.r.Y PR 111F. IIIG WATER P.EGULATIOKS
national secondary drinking water regulations are federally non-
enforceable regulations and control cor.ter.ir.ants in drinking
water that affect the aesthetic qualities relating to the public
acceptance of drinking water.
Table 12
SMCLs
The Secondary maximum contaminant levels for public water
syster.s are as follows:
CONTAMINANT LEVEL
chloride 250 r.g/1
color 15 color units
copper 1 mg/1
corrosivity non-corrosive
fluoride 2 mg/1
foaming agents 0.5 mg/1
iron 0.3 mg/1
manganese 0.05 mg/1
odor . 3 threshold
ocor nur.ber
pH 6.5-8.5
sulfate 250 mg/1
total dissolved solids (TDS) 500 mg/1
zinc 5 mg/1
These levels represent reasonable goals for drinking water
quality. The States ir.ay establish higher or lower levels
which may be appropriate dependent upon local conditions
such as unavailability of alternate source waters or other
compelling factors, provided that public health'-and welfare
are not adversely affected.
It is recommended that the parameters in these regulations
should be monitored at intervals no less frequent than the
monitoring performed for inorganic chemical contaminants
listed in the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
as applicable to community water syster.s. More frequent
monitoring would be appropriate for specific parameters such
as pH, color, odor or others under certain circumstances
as directed by the State.
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-32-
Table 13
Proposed SMCLs
The following secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs)
for public water syster.s will be proposed with the ir.orgsr.:
ar.i synthetic organic chemicals in the Fall of 1S83.
(Please see pages 9-11.)
Contaminant Level
Aluir.inum 0.05 mg/1
o-Dichlorobenzene 0.01 mg/1
p-Dichlorobenzene 0.005 mg/1
Ethylbenzene 0.03 mg/1
Pentachlorophenol 0.03 mg/1
Silver 0.09 ir.g/1
Styrsne 0.01 mg/1
Toluene 0.04 mg/1
Xylene 0.02 mg/1
Orher secondary regulations may be proposed in the future,
as appropriate.
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-33-
DISIKFECTATTTS AMD DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS
c 1979 EPA established an interim primary drinking water
standard for total trihalomethanes (THMS) of 0.1 mg/1 (44
FR 6S524; 29 November 1979)
0 Total TKMs include chloroform, bromoform, bror.cdichloro-
rr.ethane and dibroir.ochloromethane
0 E?A is preparing a disinfection treatment rule for
grcundwaters and a rule for disinfection by-products.
Proposal is planned for September 30, 1990. Prorulsaticn
is planned by September 30, 1991.
i
0 Disinfectants and by-products included on the Drinking
Water Priority List (53 FR 1892; 22 January 1988)
Disinfectants
Chlorine, hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion
Chlcrine Dioxide, chlorite and chlorate
Chloramines and ammonia
Ozone by-products
Disinfection by-products
Trihalomethanes: chloroform, bromoform, bror.odichloro-
methane, dibromochlororcethane
Kslcscetontriles: bromochloroacetonitrile, dibrono-
chloroacetonitrile, dichlorobromo-
acetonitrile, trichloroacetonitrile
Haloacetic acids: mono-, di-, and tri-chloroacetic
acids; mono- and dibronoacetic
acids
Haloketones: 1,1- and 1,1,1-Tri-chloropropanone
Other: Chloral Hydrate, Chloropicrin
Cyanogen chloride
Chlorephenols (2-,2,4-,2,4,6-)
N-Organochloramines
MX[3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-
furanone
Ozone by-products
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