DRINKING WAFER REGULATIONS UNDER
THE SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT
FEBRUARY-1989   FACT SHEET

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     Prinking Water Regulations

              Under The

        Safe Drinking Water Act




           February - 1989
   Criteria and Standards Division
      Office cf Drinking Water
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
          Washington, D.C.

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*

O*                          - - v -   - f
  P.r^uirerer.ts under 15SS Ar.er.i-sr.ts  to  S.KA                  i

    Tsrl-i 1: 23 ccr.tar.ir.ints require: to
             be rerulsted under SI-::A  cf  1=25          * -      i
                                                                 f

  •  Table 2: Sur.rary of Deadlines under  SDWA
  :           c f 15 2 £                                          5

  Volatile Organic Cher.icals                                  £

    Tabls 3: Final ::CL5s/I!CLs                               '  5
    Table 4: Unregulated VOCs: rcnitcrin? .                    S

  Flucride                                     ^            10

  Incrranic end Synthetic Organic Cher.icals                 10

    Table 5: Proposed MCLGs fcr SOCs                    ',   11
    Table 6: Proposed MCLGs fcr IOCS                        12

  Lead  and Copper                                           13

  RaSisnaclides                             .                14

  Other  Inorganic .and Synthetic                            17
  Organic Cher.icals

  Substitutes  and Drinking Water                            18
  Priority List

    Tabls S: Compounds  rer.ovea fro- list cf S3              13
    Table S: Substitutes Into SD"A List cf £3               18
    Table 10:  Drinking  Water Priority List                  19     ,-•>:

  Surface Water Treat-rent Rule                    ^          19

  Total Cclifcrr:s                                     '.  '.   25

    Table 11:  Sa-pling  Requirements Based on Population     30

  National  Secondary Drinking Water Regulations             31

   Table  12:  SMCLs                                          31
   Table 13:  Proposed  SliCLs                        "        22

 Tisinfecticn  end Disinfection By-Products                 33

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                    DRINKING WATER  REGULATIONS
                               UNDER
                      1986  AMENDMENTS TO  SDWA
 Significant  directives  to  EPA's  standard-setting program  for
 drinking water  contaminants  included in the 1SE6 Amendments
 to  the  SDWA  are provided below:

 0   EPA nust set MCLGs  and National Primary Drinking Water
    Regulations for  83  specific  contar.inants and for any  ether
    contaminant in drinking  water whirh r.ay have any adverse
    effect upon the  health of persons and which is known  or
    anticipated to occur in  public water systems.

 0   Recommended Maximum Contaminant Levels (RHCLs) are now
    termed Maximum Contaminant Level Goals {MCLGs).  No changes
    were made in the basis of an MCLG; i.e.:

    MCLGs are non-enforceable health goals which are to be
    set at the  level at which no known or anticipated adverse
    effects  on  the health  persons occur and which allows  an
    adequate margin of  safety.

 0   Maximum  Contaminant Levels (MCLs) must be set as close to
    MCLGs as is feasible.  The definition of  "feasible" was
    changed  to  the following:

    Feasible means with the use of the best technology,
    treatment techniques and other means,  which the
    Administrator finds, after examination for efficacy under
    field conditions and not solely under laboratory
    conditions, are available (taking costs into consideration).

    The SDWA states that Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)  is
    feasible for the control of synthetic organic chemicals
    (SOCs),  and any technology or other means found to be best
    available for control of SOCs must be at  least as effective
    in controlling SOCs as GAC.

0   MCLGs and MCLs must be proposed at the same time and also
    promulgated simultaneously.

0   MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring requirements are to be set for 83
    contaminants listed in the SDWA.   The  best available
    technology  (BAT)  is also to be specified  for each.
    Table 1 list 83 contaminants.   Seven substitutes are allove:
    if regulation of any seven other contaminants would be more
    protective of public health.   The list of substitutes must
    be proposed by June 19,  1987.

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                            -2-

 Th= tiretable to produce the MCLGs sr.d MCLs/!-5 = r.ittrir.3 is as
 fellows:

 - 9 by June 19,  1987

 - 40 by June 19, 1988

 - 34 by June 19, 1989

 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring must be set for other contar.inar.ts
 in drinking water that r.ay pose a health risk.

    The 1986 Amendments require that EPA publish a rrir.-iing
    Water  Priority List (DW?L)  of drinking water cor.t = -.in = nts
    that may require regulation under the SDWA.

    The seven substituted contar.inar.ts must be included on
    the drinking  water priority list.

    The list must be published  by January 1,  1988,  and every
    3 years following.

    MCLGs  and MCLs/Monitoring are to be set for  at lesst 25
    contaminants  on the list by January l,  1991.

 -   MCLGs  and MCLs/Monitoring are to be set for  at least 25
    ccntar.inants  every 3 years  following January 1,  1951
    (i.e.,  1994,  1S97,...),  from subsequent triennial lists.

 Criteria  must be established by which States  must  determine
 which  surface water systerr.s r.ust install filtration.  The
 SDWA deadline for promulgating this criteria  was December
 19,  1987.   States with privacy enforcement responsibility
 must make  determinations  regarding  filtration within 12
 months  of  promulgation of  these criteria and  rust  adopt
 regulations  to implement  the filtration requirements within
 18  months  of  promulgation.

A treatment  technique  regulation must  be promulgated which
will require  all  public water  systems  to use  disinfection.

    Variances  will  be   available.  EPA  will  specify  variance
    criteria,  (i.e., quality of  source  water,  protection
    afforded by watershed management.)

-   The disinfection treatment  rule  must be promulgated by
    June 19, 1989.

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                            -3-

 Rec.uirerrents  rr.ust  be  set for water systems  to  monitcr  frr
 unregulated conter.inants.

    Mini-urn monitoring frequency is five  years.

    State may  add/delete  contaminants  from list.

    Requirements  to monitor  for unregulated  contaminants
    monitoring must be promulgated  by  December  19,  1987.

 MCLGS/HCLs and monitoring.requirements must be reviewed  fcy
 EPA every three  years.

 Other requirements/provisions  of the  1986 Amendments:

    Public notification regulations  inay be changed  to
    provide for different types and  frequencies of  notice
    depending  upon  the potential health risk.

 -   BAT for issuance of variances smst be  set when  MCLs are
    set.  BAT  may vary depending upon  the  size of systems and
    other factors,  including  costs.
                                        N
 -   Exemptions can  be  extended  for systems with 500
    connections or  less.  No  limit is placed on the number of
    extensions but  certain criteria  must be net.

 A summary of  deadlines pertinent to standard-setting is
 presented in Table 2.

All current drinking  water regulations, which have been
promulgated as of July 1 in  any year, nay be found on the
Code of Federal Regulations  (CFR),  Volume 40, Parts 141,
 142, and 143.  Regulations published between CFR editions may
be f our.d in the Federal  Register (FR) .
          For additional information, contact:

               Safe Drinking Water Hotline
             800-426-4791 or (202) 382-5533

                           or

               Joseph A. Cotruvo, Director
          U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
             Criteria and Standards Division
           Office of Drinking Water (WH-550D)
                   401 M Street,  S.W.
                 Washington, D.C.  20460
                      202/382-7575

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                                -4-
                              TA3LE 1
               Contaminants Required to be Regulated
                 under the S.DVA Amendments of 1986

                    Volatile Organic Cheir.icals
 Trichloroethylene
 Tetrachloroethylene
 Carbon tetrachloride
 1,1.1-Trichloroethane
 1, 2,-Dichloroethane
 Vinyl chloride
 Methylene  chloride
 Benzene
 Chlorobenzene
 Dichlorobenzene
 Trichlorobenzene
 1,1-Dichloroethylene
 Trans-1,2,Dichloroethylene
 cis-1, 2,-Dichloroethylene
                   Microbiology  and  Turbidity
 Total  coliforir.s
 Turbidity
 Giarcia  lanblia
 Arsenic
 Barium
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Lead
 Mercury
 Nitrate
 Selenium
 Silver
 Fluoride
 Aluminum
 Antimony
Endrin
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Toxaphene
2,4,-D
2,4,5-TP
Aldicarb
Chlordane
Dalapon
Diquat
Endothall
Glyphosate
Carbofuran
Alachlor
Epichlorohydrin
Toluene
Adipates
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
Viruses
Standard plate  count
Legionella
                            Inorganics
Molybdenum
Asbestos
Sulfate
Copper
Vanadium
Sodium
Nickel
Zinc
Thallium
Beryllium
Cyanide
                            Organics
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Vydate
Simazine
PAH's
PCB's
Atrazine
Phthalates
Acrylamide
Dibromochloropropane  (DBCP)
1,2-dichloropropane
Pentachlorophenol
Pichloram
Dinoseb
Ethylene dibromide  (EDB)
Dibromomethane
Xylene
Kexachlorocyclopentadiene

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                               -5-

                         TA3LE I con't.


                          Radionuclides
Radium 226 and 228                 Gross alpha particle activity
Beta particle and photon radioactivity
Uranium                             Radon
                             TABLE 2


                      Summary of Deadlines
                for Standards under SDWA of 19S6

           What                                When

    9 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring              June  19,  1987

    Propose Seven Substitutes                June  19,  1987

    Public Notice Revisions                  Sept.  19,  1987

    Filtration Criteria                      Dec.  19,  1987

    Monitoring for Unregulated Contaminants  Dec.  19,  1987

    First  List of Contaminants (DWPL)         Jan.  01,  1988

    40 MCLGs  and MCLs/Monitoring             June  19,  1988

    34 MCLGs  and MCLs/Monitoring             June  19,  19S9

    Disinfection Treatment                    June  19,  1989

    25 MCLGs  and MCLs/Monitoring             Jan.  01,  1991

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                               -6-

       STATUS:  NATIONAL PRIMARY DP.INKING WATER P.ZC-Ul.-.T~Or5

                VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS (VOCS)


    A::??.M March 4,  1982 (47 FR 9350)

    Proposed MCLGs  June 12, 1984 (49  FR 24330)

    Final MCLGs,  proposed MCLs,  Monitoring Nov.  13,  1985 (50 F-
    45-30)

    November 13,  1985   Federal Register (50 FR 46880)

       Extension  of public comment period for  45 days  on
       tecrachloroethylene MCLG.
       KT?  Report recently released

    Reproposal  MCLG/MCL for para-dichlorobenzene:
    April 17, 1987  (52  FR 12876).

    Final rules signed  by Administrator on June  19,  1987.
    published in  Federal  Register  on  July 8, 1987  (52  FR
    25690).  Table  3 presents  the  final MCLGs  and MCLs.

    Correction  Notice,  July 1,  1988.
                            Table  3

             VOCs:  Final MCLGs  and MCLs  (in mg/1)
                                   Final         Final
                                    MCLG*          MCL
Trichloroethylene                  zero          0.005
Carbon Tetrachloride               zero         • 0.005
Vinyl Chloride                     zero         '0.002
1,2 Dichloroethane                 zero          0.005
Benzene                            zero          0.005
para-Dichlorobenzene               0.075         0.075
1.1-Dichloroethylene               0.007         0.007
1,1,1-Trichloroethane              0.2           0.2

•Final MCLGs were published Nov. 13, 1985.  The MCLG and
 MCL for p-dichlorobenzene were reproposed at zero and
 0.005 mg/1 on April 17, 1987; comment was requested on
 levels of 0.075 mg/1 and 0.075 »g/l, respectively.

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 :-.;-.-jr r.e~uirr-=r.-= in the final VOC rules:

 B.-.7 ur.frr Sl-Vr.-. Seeiicr. 1412  (MCLs):

 0    Parked tower aeration (PTA) and granular activated carbon
     (G.-.C) for the eight VOCs, except vinyl chloride.

 0    PTA for vir.yl chloride.

 SAT under SPXA Section 1415   (Variances):

 O    C =— ^ =o TS*T * — v 1*1""
     3C...S SS Or-. 1 w-- J. i X *. -

 Crr.rlisnce Kcr.itcrinr:

 8    Initial Mrr.itcri-c:   All systems must monitor each source
     a"  least cnce within four years.

        Surface waters:  4  quarterly samples
        Ground waters:  4 quarterly sanples; state can exempt
        syster.s fron- subsequent monitoring if no VOCs detected
        in first sarr.ple.
        Cor.posite samples of  up to five sources allowed

 0    Phase in by system size  (start monitoring:   January 1, 1988)

      Size              Cor.plete by             Date

    > 10,CCO              1 year           December 31,  1988
     3300-10,000        2 years          December 31,  1989
    < 3300                4 years          December 31,  1991

 0    P.epeat  monitoring:   varies from quarterly to once per five
     years.   The  frequency  is based on  whether VOCs are  detected
     in  the  first round of  monitoring and whether system is
     vulnerable  to contamination.

Kcr.itorir.j  for Unregulated VOCs:

0   Methodology  same  as  for  regulated  VOCs.

0   Initial monitoring:  all systems required to sample each
    drinking water  source  once for unregulated  VOCs during a
    four year period.

0   Same phase-in schedules  as compliance monitoring.

0   51 VOCs specified  (see Table 4):

    -  List 1:   required for all systems  {34  VOCs)
    -  List 2:   required for vulnerable systems (2 VOCs)
    -  List 3:  required at  State  discretion  (15 VOCs)

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 0    P.epest  rrr.iicrir.g:   Every five years; EPA will specify a ne
     list.

 Analytical  Methods:   GC or GC/MS

 e    Methods 504,  502.1. 503.1,  524.1,  524.2,  502.2

 Laboratcry  Certification Criteria:

 0    Seven VOCs:   + 20%   >. 0.010 ir.g/1
                  + 40%   < 0.010 mg/1

 9    Vinyl Chloride:   +  4C%

 Ncn-trar.sient Kon-cjr.-.ur.ity Water Systems (IITWS):

 0    Kor.-ccr.r.ur.ity water syste-.s which  regularly serve at least
     25 of the same persons over 6 months per  year  (i.e., KTWS)
     are required  to meet all requirements in  this  rule.

 Poir.t-cf-Entry  (POE1 . Point- = f-Use (POU) ,  and Bottled Water:

 0    POE ir.ay be used to  achieve  compliance with MCLs  but  is net
     BAT.

 e    POU and bottled water car.not be  used to meet. MCLs (see
     varianres and exemptions, below).

Variances and Exceptions

 0   As a condition of issuing a variance or exemption, states
    have the authority  to require the  water system to implement
     additional interim  control  measures.   If  an unreasonable
    risk to health exists,  the  state must  require  either
    installation of point-of-use devices  or distribution of
    bcttled water to each customer.

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                               -9-
                             Table 4

                 Monitoring for  Unregulated VQCs

 Required  for  all systems:
  1 chloroform
  2 bro-Tsodichloromethane
  3 chlorodibromomethane
  4 bror.ofrom
  5 trans 1,2-dichloroethylene
  6 chlorobenzene
  7 m-dichlorobenzene
  8 dichloromethane
  9 cis-1,2-dichloroethylene
10 0-dichlorobenzene
11 dibromomethane
12 1,1-dichloropropene
13 tetrachloroethylene
14 toluene
15 p-xylene
16 o-xylene
17 m-xylene
18 1,1-dichloroethane
19
20
21
22
23
24
     1,1,2.2-tetraehLorDethan
     ethylber.zene
     1,3-Sichlcrcprspar.e
     styrene
     chlcrcr.ethar.s
 25 bror»or.ethsr.e
 26 l,2,3-trichl:rcpr=p=r.e
 27 1,1.12-tetrrhlcroetha-e
 23 chlorosths-e
 29 1,1,2-trichloroethane
 30 2 ,2-dirhloroprDparie
 31 o-chlcroeoluene
 32 p-chlorcroluene
 33 bror.obenzene
 34 1 , 3-dichloropropene
 35 ethylene dibronide
 36 1 ,2-dibromo-3-chloro-
    propane
                      Table 4  (continued)

                Monitoring for Unregulsted VOCs
Recuired for Vulnerable Systems:
  Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
  1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane

State Discretion;
 1 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene
 2 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
 3 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene
 4 n-propylbenzene
 5 n-butylbenzene
 6 naphthalene
 7 hexachlorobutadiene
8 1,2,5-triaethyulbenzene
9 p-isopropyltoluene
10 isopropylbenzene
11 tert-butyleb=r.2£ne
12 sec-butylber.zene
13 fluorotrichlcron'.ethar.e
14 dichlorodifluoromethar.e
15 bronochloror-ethane

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                               -10-

                            FLUORIDE

0   Ai:?RM October 5, 1983  (48  FR 45502)

0   Proposed MCLG  May 14, 1985  (50 FR 20164)

0   Final MCLG, Proposed MCL,  SMCL, Monitoring Nov. 14.  19£5

0   Final MCL, SMCL, Monitoring April 2, 19£6  (41 FR  11396)

        Final MCLG               4.0 ji>g/l
        Final MCL                4.0 mg/1
        Final SMCL               2.0 ir.g/1
        Final Monitoring           1 per year surface va-ers
                                   1 per 3 years ground  waters
                                   Mininuir. repeat : 1 per 10
                                     years

          38 INORGANIC AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CKZHICALS


0   ANPF.M October 5, 1983  (42 FR 45502)

0   Proposed MCLGs,  November 13, 1985, Federal Recister  (50 FR
    46935)

0   Reproposed MCLGs, proposed MCLs/Monitoring scheduled for
    Spring 1989.   Final 1990.

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     Table 5 and  6  presents the proposed KCLGs for  SOCs  and IQCs
     respectively,  that will be proposed in the Spring of  1929.
                              Table 5
                 Proposed  MCLGs  and MCLs  for  SOCs
  SOC
                           Existing
                         KIPDWR  (r.c.'I)
          sulfcxide
          sulfone
Aery1 amide
Alachlor
Aldicarb
Aldicarb
Aldicarb
Atrazine
Carbofuran
Chlordane
cis-l,2-Dichloroethylene
Dibromochloropropane(D3CF)
1,2-Dichloropropene
o-Dichlorobenzene             --
2.4-D                         0.1
Ethylenedibroir.ide  (SDB)
Epichlorphydrin
Ethylbenzene
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Lindane                       0
Methoxychlor                  0,
Monochlorobenzene
(PCBs)(as decachlorotiphenyl)--
Pentachlorophenol
Styrene*
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
2,4,5-TP                      0.
Toxaphene                     0.
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
Xylenes (total)
                                 004
                                 1
                                01
                                005
Proposed
KCLG (n-.r/l)
zero
zero
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.003
0.04
zero
0.07
zero
zero
0.6
0.07
zero
zero
0.7
zero
zero
0.0002
0.4
0.1
zero
0.2
zero/0.1
zero
2
0.05
zero
0.07
10
Proposed
MCL fr.c/1)
TT-.
0.002
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.003
0.04
0.002
0.007
0.0002
0.005
0.6
0.07
0.00005
TT* *
0.7
0.0004
0.0002
0.0002
0.4
0.1
0.005
0.2
0.005/0.1
0.005
2
0.05
0.005
0.07
10
 * EPA proposes MCL's of 0.1 ng/1 based on a group C carcinogen
   classification and 0.005 ing/1 based on a Bz classification.
** TT = Treatment Technique

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                               -12-



IOC
Asbestos
Barium
Cadium
Chromium
Mercury
Nitrate (as
Nitrite (as
Selenium
Table 6
Proposed MCLGs for
• . Existing
NIPDWR (:ra/l)
..
1.0
0.010
0.05
0.002
Nitrogen) 10
Nitrogen)
O.C1

IOCS
Proposed
MCLG TT.3/1
7 FL*
5
0.005
0.1
0.002
10
1.0
0.05


Proposed
MCL
7 FL*
5
0.005
0.1
0.002
10
1
0.05
MFL «= million fibers per liter
* 7 million fibers/liter  (only fibers longer than  10  uir)

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                          LE.O .-.!:? COF.-E?.

 0    ANPRM  October  5,  1523 (42 FR 45502)

 0    Proposed MCLGs Nover.ber 13,  1SS5 (50 FR 46936)

 0    Reproposed MCLGs  and  proposed MCLs  and treatment  technique
     requirement August  IS,  198S.

 0    Final  rule expected Fall 1989.

 0    Proposed MCLGs

                    Existing HCLG        Proposed MCLG

       Lead           0.050  ng/1              zerc

       Copper           -  -  -                1.3 mg/1

 0    Proposed MCLs

     (Measured as water  leaves the treatment plant or  enters  the
     distribution systeir.)

           Lead                0.005  ir.g/1

           Copper              1.3 ir.g/1

 0    Proposed Treatment  Technique

     Corrosion control treatment and  public  education

Corrosion control  triggered  when:

    Lead level average  exceeds .010  mg/1  (measured in morning
     first draw,  or if lead  service lines  are not present, in
    measured overnight  standing service line sar.ple, averaged
     across houses,  in targeted sampling of  high risk locations).

    pH of acre than 5%  of samples exceeds 8.0

    Copper in more than 5%  of samples exceeds 1.3 mg/1

0   Public education triggered vhen;

    Lead level average  exceeds .010 mg/1

    Lead levels  in more than 5% of targeted samples exceed 0.020
    mg/1

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                               -14-

                           P.ADIC'ITUCLIDZS

 Schedule

     The publication of the notice of Proposed Rulemsking in the
 Federal Register is presently scheduled for September 19S9.
     The IIPRH is expected to propose Maximur, Contarr.ir.ant Level
 Goals (MCLGs),  Maximum Contar.inant Levels (MCLs),  Best Available
 Technologies (BATs)  for setting MCLs and as conditions for
 receiving variances,  ether criteria for receiving  variances and
 exer.ptions,  and monitoring requirements for the following
 radicnactive analytes;  radon-222,  radium-226,  radiur.-228,
 natural uranium,  and beta particle and photon emitters.   The
 proposal may also consider an MCL  for alpha emitters  and the
 measurement  of  gross alpha as a screening level for the
 regulated alpha emitters.

 MCLGs;  Health Effects

     All radionuclides consiered in this proposal have been
 verified as  belonging to Group A,  known human  carcinogens.
 Therefore, the  MCLG  for each radionuclide will be  proposed as
 zero.   For uranium,  the non-cancer endpoints  of toxicity are
 also of concern. .

     Natural  uranium  (non-cancer effects)— Based on
 physiological parameters for adults,  ODW has estimated that  a
 level of  40  pCi/L  is  protective of uranium's  cher.otcxic  effects
 to the  kidney.  Physiological  parameters  for children might  be
 used to derive  a value  of 20 pCi/L.   This issue is not yet
 resolved.

     Radcn-222(cancer  effects)— Quantitative estimates of  the
 lung cancer  risks  fro rdon volatilized  from drinking  water were
 derived from  the BIER IV and IRCP  50  reports.   The 10-*  and
 10-*   lifetime risk range of  21  to  200 pC/L represents  the
 arithemtic mean of adjusted  BIER IV and  ICR? 40 estimates.   Risk
 of stomach tumors  from  ingestion of radon are  expected to be
much  lower than the risk from  inhaled radon and are not  included
 in this risk estimate.

    Uranium and radium(cancer  effects)—  Quantitive estimates cf
 the  lifetime risks from  exposure to these  elements  ere derives
using the Radrisk model,  a modification of the  ICRP
methodology.   The 10-* levels  for  the different  isotopes of
 these elements are similar,  ranging from  20 to  40  pCi/L.  The
BIER IV committee derived  similar  cancer  risk  estimates  for
these elements based  on  the  increased incidence  of cancer arr.ong
radium workers.   Public  comment will be requested.

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                               -15-

     Bsza (cancer effects)-- No rr.ajor changes fror. the Advanced
 Uctire of  Proposed Rule-eking (51 FR 34S36, September 30,  1986)
 are expected in the cancer risk estimates for beta and photon
 er.itters.   In March 1989,  the BIER V committee is expected to
 publish a  report reevaluating the atom bonb survivor data.
 Acjustr.ent to the cancer estimates may then be appropriate.

 MCLs

     Radon—  The Agency is  considering options which fall  in  the
 range  of 200 to 2000 pCi/L (water).   This range  is equavalent to
 0.02 to 0.2  pCi/L (air),  assuming a transfer ratio of 10,000 to
 1  frrrr. all of the water in the house (i.e.,  showers,  laundry,
 etc) .

     Radiur-225  and radiu:?.-228— A separate MCL may be proposed
 for each cf  these isotopes.   Frr each isotope, MCLs under
 consideration center on 5  pCi/L.

     Uranium— The range of NCL options  under consideration is  20
 to 40  pCi/L.  The mass to  activity conversion factor  may be  1.3,
 based  on isotopic concentrations of  natural uranium in drinking
 water.

     Beta particle and photon  emitters— The 4 ir.rem MCL will  most
 likely  be  proposed again with a  request for comment.

     Gross  alpha— The Agency  is  assessing the value of a total
 alpha MCL  and the use of a gross alpha  measurement  as  a
 monitoring screen for regulated  alphas.   Some analysis indicates
 that the analytical  method which is  specified for  gross alpha  is
 not  a good indicator of the activity  level  of the  total alphas
 and  that this method does  not give an acceptable correlation
 between  gross alpha  and the regulated alpha  emitters.  The
 Agency is investigating another  method  for  gross alpha
 measurement  and may  take comments  en  the  use  of gross  alpha  at
 proposal.

Monitoring

    Compliance likely will be  proposed  to be  determined on
quarterly samples  taken over  one year.  The primacy state, with
concurrence fro the  EPA Region,  may allow monitoring data
collected within  the  last  three  years and that meet specific
precision and accuracy requirements to  substitute for  quarterly
samples.

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                               -16-

 Vulr.erability

     States nay determine monitoring requirements for beta
 particle and photon emitters based on vulnerability.  Factors
 ch = t should be considered are: 1) proxir.ity to radioactive waste
 sites,  underground testing, and facilities involved with
 racicnuclies (e.g., nuclear power plant and other reactors); 2)
 if the  water has been tested and found to have high levels of
 uranium,  radon,  or radium; or 3) whether discharge monitoring
 information is provided.

 Technologies

 Radon:   Aeration

 P.adiur.-225:  Cation exchange; lime softening;  reverse osr.osis

 Radiur.-22B:  Cation exchange; lime softening;  reverse osmosis

 Uranium:   Coagulation/filtration; reverse osmosis;  anion
 exchange;  lime softening

 Betas:   Reverse  osmosis; ion exchange  (mixed bed)

 Best Available Technologies for  Variances

    Reverse osmosis and ion exchange are  likely  to  be BAT for
 small systems.   Coagulation/filtration  and  lime  softening may be
 excluded as BATs for variances,  due to  feasibility
 considerations for  small systems.

 Analytical  Methods

 Radon:  Liquid Scintillation Counting;Lucas Cell Method

 Radiurc-225:  Alpha  Emitting Radium Isotopes in Drinking  Water
 (Method 903.0);Radium-226  by Radon Emanation (Method  903.1);
 Radiua-225 (Method 305) ;Total Radium (Method 304) -;

 Radium-228:  Liquid Scintillation  Scintillation Counting(Method  .
 ?04.D*

Uranium:  Radiochemical  Method(Method 908);Fluorometric  Method
 (Method 908.1)

Betas:   Gross Alpha  and  Gross Beta Activity in Drinking  Water
 (Method 900);Gross  Beta  Particle Activity(Method D-1E90)

Gross alpha:  Gross Alpha  in Drinking Water by Co-precipitation
* It has not yet been determined if this method will be
proposed.

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                          -17-

                   OTKER IOCS AND SOCs
MCLGs/MCLs and monitoring scheduled for proposal in December
1989.  Promulgation is scheduled for December 1990.
IOCS and SOCs:

Arsenic
Methylene Chloride
An-timony
Endrin
Dalapcn
Diquat
Endothall
Glyphosate
Andipates
2,3,7,8-TCDD  (Dioxin)
Trichlorobenzene
Sulfate
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
 Nickel
 Thallium
 Beryllium
•Cyanide
 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
 Vydate
 Simazine
 PAHs
 Atrazine
 Phthalates
 Pichloram
 Dinoseb

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                              -18-

          SUBSTITVTSS  AND  DRiriEIIJG  WATER  PRIORITY  LIST
   Proposed  substitutes  and  draft DWFL  signed by Administrator
   on June 19,  1987.   Published  in Federal Register  on  July  8,
   1987  (52  FR  25720).   Final January 1.  1988.

   Final substitutes on  DWPL notice signed by Administrator  on
   January 13,  1988, and published in Federal Register  on
   January 22,  1988  (53  FR 1892).

   Table 8 shows contaminants removed from list of 83.  Table
   9     shows  substitutes added.  Table  10 shows the Drinking
   Ware
   Priority  List.
                            Table 8

                 Removed fror*. SDWA List of 83:

Zinc                    Sodium           Vanadium
Silver                  Molvbdenum       Dibromomethane
Alur.inum
                            Table 9

               Substituted into SDWA List of 83:

 Aldicarb sulfoxide           Heptachlor eoxide
 Aldicarb sulfone            - Styrene
 E'hylbenzene                 Nitrite
 Heptachlor

-------
                               -1 Q_
                             Table 10
           Priority List cf Drir.kir.c Wster Contsr.ir.ar.ts
  1.1.1, 2-tecrachloroethar.e
  1.1,2, 2-tetrachlorcethane
  1 , 1-dichloroethane
  1.2. 3--richloropropane
  1 , 3-dichloropropene
  2 , 2-dichlorcpropane
  •>  4  C-T
  *•»»,•*  *
  2 , 4-dir.itrotoluene
  alurinus!
 boron
 broirobenzsne
 bromochlcroacetonitrile
 br omodi chl or ome thane
 dichloroacetonitrile
 FTU
 metolachlor
 metribuzin
 molybdenum
 ozone byproducts'
 silver
 sodium
 strontium
 trichloroacetonitrile
brorr.cf orm
hypochlorite io;
iscphorone
methyl tert-
  butyl ether
chj.crar.ine
chlorate
chlorine
chloroethane
chloroform
chloronethane
chloropicrin
cryptosporiiium
cyanazine
cyanogen chloride
ditror.oacetonitrile
dibromochl or oir.e thane
dibronomethane
dicamba
trifluralin
vanadium
zinc
o-chlorotoluene
p-chlorotoluene
halogenated acids, alcohols
  aldehydes, ketones, and other
  nitriles
          PROPOSED SURFACE WATER TREATMENT  REQUIREMENTS
llote:  The requirements in brackets  []  are  changes  and/or
       additions to the proposed rule under consideration for
       adoption into the final rule.  Otherwise  the requirements
       shown are from the proposed rule and remain  the  same  for
       the final rule.

0   Proposal was published in Federal Register on Novembr 3,
    1927 (52 FR 42178)

0   Notice of Availability, describing new  regulatory options,
    was published in the federal register on May 6,  1988  (53  FR
    1634S).

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                               -20-

 Maxj-urr.  Ccr.ts~ir.ant  Level  Goals

      Giardia Lar.blia                 0
      Viruses                         0
      Lejionella                      0
      Turbidity                   none proposed
      Keterotrophic Plate Count   none proposed

 General  Requirements

 Coverage:  All public water systems  using ar.y surface water rust
 disinfect, and r.ay be required by state to filter, unless
 certain  water quality source requirements and site specific
 conditions are wet.

 Treatment technique requirements are established in lieu of MCLs
 fcr Giardia. viruses, heterotrophic piste count bacteria,
 Legionella and turbidity.

 Treatment achieve at least 99.9 percent removal and/or inacti-
 vation of Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.9 percent removal and/or
 inactivation of enteric viruses.

All syster.s must be operated by qualified operators as
determined by the state.

Compliance Date:  All systems must meet treatment requirements
within 48 months from the date the regulations are promulgated.

Criteria  to be Met to Avoid Filtration

Source Water Criteria

    Fecal coliform concentration must not exceed 20/100 ml or
    the total coliform concentration must not exceed 100/100 ml
    before disinfection in more than ten percent of the
    measurements for the previous six months, calculated each
    month.

    Minimum sampling frequencies for fecal or total coliform
    determination are;

    SYSTEM SIZE (persons)          SAMPLES/VESK
             <   501                     1
           501-3,000                    2
       3,301-10,000                    3
       10,001-25,000                    4
            >  25,000                    5

    If not already conducted under  the  above  requirements,  a
    coliform  test must  be made  each day  that  the turbidity
    exceeds one  NTU.

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                              -21-

    Turtidity levels must be measured every four hours by grab
    sample or continuous monitoring.  The turbidity level -.ay
    not exceed 5 I.'TU unless the State determines that the
    exceedenceis unusual or unpredictable, the system informs
    its customers that it is necessary to boil the water before
    consumption during the period the turbidity exceeds 5 NTU,
    and the e:\ceedence does not occur for more than two pericds
    in any one,  or five periods in any consecutive ten years.
    An "event" is one or more consecutive days when at least cne
    turbidity measurement each day exceeds 5 1ITU.  [The boil
    water requirement has been deleted and left to State
    discretion.]

Site Specific Conditions to be Considered by States

    Disinfection  r.ust achieve at least a 99.9 and 99.99 percent
    inactivation  of Giardia Lam.blia and enteric viruses.  This
    must be demonstrated by the system meeting "CT" values in
    the rule ("CT" is the product of residual concentration
    (m.g/1)  and contact time (minutes)  measure at peak hourly
    flow).

    Disinfection  system must have redundant  components including
    alternate power supply,  automatic  alarm  and start-up to
    insure  continuous disinfection of  the water during plant
    operation, or have automatic shut-off of delivery of water
    to the  distribution system whenever the  disinfectant
    residual  is less  than 0.2 mg/L.

    Disinfectant  residuals in the distribution system cannot be
    less  than 0.2 ir.g/1 in more than  five  percent of the  samples,
    each month, for an two consecutive months.   Samples  must be
    taken at  the  same frequency  as total  coliforms  under the
    proposed  [revised]  coliforni  rule.   [Disinfection  residuals
    in the  distribution system must  be "detectable".   In lieu of
    at least  0.2  mg/1.   A system must  first  measure for
    disinfection  residual,  if  no residual is  detectable  it has
    the option to measure for  KPC.   If the HPC  measurement is
    less than 500 colonies/ml  the  site is considered  to  have a
    "detectable"  residual for  compliance  purposes.  For  systems
    serving fewer than 500 people  which cannot  maintain  a
    residual  or monitor for  HPC  the  State can judge whether
    adequate  disinfection is provided.]

-------
 Syster rust r. = ir.tair. a disinfectant residual concentration
 of at least 0.2 rsg/1 at all times in the water entering the
 system, demonstrated by continuous monitoring.  If it drops
 b = low this it is considered an acute violation (requiring
 electronic media public notification).   [If the disinfectant
 residual is less than 0.2 ir.g/1 the system has 4 hours to
 correct the problem.  If it is not restored to at least 0.2
 r.c/1 within four hours it is a violation but not an acute
 violation.  Systems serving less than 500 people can take 1
 grab sample/cay in lieu of continuous monitoring.  Whenever
 the disinfectant residual entering the distribution systerr,
 falls below 0.02 rg/1,  the system is required to notify the
 state within 24 hours or the next business day,  whichever is
 later.  The system must not report to the State earlier than
 4  hours after the disinfectant residual dropped below 0.2
 rg/l, unless the disinfectant residual has been restored to
 at least 0.2 mg/1 in less than 4 hours.  Notification must
 include whether or not  the disinfectant residual  was
 restored within 4 hours.)

 System must maintain a  watershed control program  which will
 ir.inir.ize the potential  for contamination by human enteric
 viruses and Giardia lamblia cysts.   System must monitor and
 control the activities  in the watershed that may  have an
 adverse impact  on water.   Systems must demonstrate through
 ownership or written agreements with landowners in the
 water-shed that it is able to limit  and control all human
 activities that may have  an adverse  impact upon water
 quality.   An annual sanitary survey  and report must be
 conducted which is approved by the State.  [A sanitary
 survey and report must  be  conducted  every. 3 years for
 systems  serving less than  4100 people,  or every 5 years for
 systems  serving greater than or equal to 4100 people.]

 System must not  have a  history of any waterborne  disease
.outbreaks with  its present water  source and treatmeant
 system.

 System must be  in continuous compliance with the  long-term
 1-JCL requirements  for total  ccliforr.s.   [EPA has deleted the
 long-term MCL requirement  in the  Total  Coliform Rule.   To
 avoid  filtration,  unfiltered systems  must not be  out  cf
 compliance  with  the  monthly MCL for  total coliforns  for any
 two months  in any  consecutive  12  month  period.]

-------
     System.s serving mere than 10,000 people must be in
     compliance with MCL requirements for total trihalcm-ethenes .


 Criteria for Filtered Systems

   Turbidity Removal

     Conventional  filtration or direct filtration water must
     achieve a turbidity level in the filtered  water at all  tires
     Isss than five  NTU and not r.cre  than 0.5 KTUs  in more  thar.
     five percent  of the measurements taken each r.onth.  The
     State may increase this lir.it up to  one NTU if the system
     demonstrates  effective removal of Giardia  lar.blia cysts at
     such turbidity  levels.  [The State may increase the turbidity
     limit up to less than 1 NTU in greater than or equal to 95%
     of  the  samples  without any demonstration by the system.]

     Slow sar.d filtration must achieve a  turbidity  level  in  the
     filtered water  at all times less than five  NTU and not  more
     than one NTU  in more than five percent of  the  samples taken
     each month.   The turbidity limit of  one NTU may be increased
     by  the  State  (but at no time exceed  five NTU)  if the
     filtered water  meets the long term coliform MCL before
     disinfection.   [The turbidity limit  of one  NTU may be
     increased by  the State  if it determines that there is no
     significant interference with disinfection.]

     Diatomaceous  earth filtration must achieve  a turbidity  level
     in  the  filtered water at all times less than five  NTU and  of
     net  more  than one NTU in more than five percent  of the
     samples  taken each month.

     Other filtration technologies  may be  used if they
     demonstrate to  the State that  they achieve  at  least  99.9  and
     95.99 percent removal/inactivation of  Giardia  lam.blia cysts
     and  enteric viruses,  respectively, and are  approved  by  the
     State.  Turbidity limits  fcr  these technologies  are  the same
     as those  for slow sand  filtration, including the allowance
     of increasing the  turbidity  Unit of  one NTU up  to 5 NTU but
     at no time exceeding 5  NTU upon  approval by  the  State.

Turbidity Monitoring

    Turbidity must be measured every four  hours by grab  sample
    or continuous monitoring.  For systems using slow  sand
    filtration or filtration  technologies  other  than con-
    ventional treatment, direct filtration or diatomaceous earth
    filtration, the  State may reduce the sampling frequency to
    once per day.    [The  State is allowed to reduce monitoring to
    one grab sample per  day for all systems serving less than
    500 people.]

-------
                              -24-

I-isinfeccicn Requirements

    Disinfection with filtraticn must achieve at least 99.9 and
    99.59 percent renoval/inactivaticn of Giardia and viruses,
    respectively.  State defines level of disinfection required,
    depending on technology and source water quality.   Guidance
    en the use of CT values to make these determinations  is
    available in the Guidance Manual.  *[Recommended procedures
    in the Guidance Manual for applying CT values are being
    changed.]

    Disinfectant residuals in the distribution system cannot  be
    less  than 0.2 ng/1 in mere than five  percent of  the samples.
    each  ir.snth,  for any two consecutive months.   Samples  must be
    taken at  the same frequency as total  coliforms under  the
    [final]  coliform rule.  [Disinfection residuals  in the
    distribution system must be "detectable".  A system must
    first measure for disinfection residual,  if  no residual is
    detectable it has the option to measure for  KPC.   If  the  E?C
    measurement  is less than 500 colonies/ml the site  is
    considered to have a "detectable" residual for compliance
    purposes.   For systems serving fewer  than  500 people  which
    cannot maintain a residual or monitor for  HPC the  State can
    judge whether adequate disinfection is provided.]

    Systems must maintain a disinfectant  residual concentraticn
    of  at least  0.2 mg/1 all times in the water  entering  the
    distribution system,  demonstrated by  continuous monitorng.
    If  it drops  below this it is considered an acute violation
    (requiring electronic media  public  notification).   [If the
    disinfectant residual is less than  0.2  mg/1  the system has 4
    hcurs to correct the problem.   If it  is not  restored  to at
    least 0.2 mg/1  within four hours  it is  a violation  but not
    an  acute violation.   Systems serving  less  than 50 people can
    take  1 grab  sample/day in lieu of continuous  monitoring.
    Whenever the  disinfectant residual entering  the distribution
    systen falls  below 0.2 mg/1,  the  system is required to
    notify the State  within 24 hours  or the next business day
    whichever is  later.   The system roust  not report to  the State
    earlier than  4  hours  after the  disinfectant residual dropped
   below 0.2 mg/1, unless the disinfectant has been restored to
    at least 0.2 mg/1  in  less  than  4  hours.  Notification must
   include whether or not the disinfectant residual was
   restored within 4 hours.]

-------
                               -25-

 Anslyticel Requirements

     Testing and sar.pling must  be  in  accordance with Standard
     Methods,  16th edition,  or  methods  approved by EPA for  total
     roliforms,  fecal  coliform,  turbidity,  disinfectant
     residuals,  ter.perature,  and pH.

 Rercrtir.g

     Monthly reports to  the  State  for all parameters required in
     the  rule.

     Ur.filtered  water  syster.s must also report  annually on  their
     watershed control program  and sanitary surveys.  *[Unfiltered
     syster.s must  report on  watershed control programs and
     sanitary surveys  in the years that they are performed.]

     Waterborne  disease  oubreaks must be reported  to the State
     within 48 hcurs.

 Violations

     To avoid filtration systems must meet  source  water quality
     and  site-specific conditions  within 30  months  of  promul-
     gation.  If the system  fails  to meet these criteria it would
     be in  violation until it installed filtration and met the
     criteria for  filtered systems which are effective 48 months
     after  promulgation.   [Unfiltered systems must  monitor
     starting 18 months  following  promulgation.]

     Filtered systems  must meet performance  criteria and
    r.onitorir.g requirements for the filtered and  disinfection
     treatment techniques within 48 months  of promulgation.

Variances

    Variances are not applicable.
                                               \ '
Exemptions

    Exemptions are allowed for the requirement to  filter.
    Systems using surface water disinfect  (i.e., no exemptions);
    exemptions are allowed based on the degree of  disinfection
    provided.

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                               -26-
*

                          TCTAL COLIFORKS

 The Total Coliforms proposal was published in the Federal
 P.ecister on Nover.ber 3, 19£7  (52 F?. 42224).  Additional
 regulatory options were published in the Federal Register on May
 6, 19E5 (53 FR 16340).

 Proposal effective date:  All public water systems must ir.set the
 revised coliform MCL and mcr.itoring requirements 13 ir.onths after
 promulgation of the regulations.

 Maximum contar.inant level goal:  zero

 Maximum cor.taminent level (sumr.ary of currently preferred
 octicr.) :

     0  based on presence/absence of total coliforrr.s in sample,
        rather than estimate of cclifcrm density

     8  no more than 1 coliform-positive sample/month for
        systems which analyze fewer than 40 samples/month

     0  systems report all total coliform-positive samples to
        State

     0  all total coliform-positive samples count in compliance
        calculations,  unless State determines local plumbing
        system problem caused positive result, or that laboratory
        establishes improper sar.ple analysis caused positive
        result

Hor.itcrina frequency  and repeat  sampling for total coliforms

     0   All  monitoring frequencies below pertain  to community
        water systems  except for  non-community water systems
        which is  the entry on line one.

     system  size    # samples   # repeats    more monitoring for
     news
     25-1000
     1001-2500
     2501-3300
     3301-4100
     4101-4900
     >4900
quarterly*     4
monthly*       4
2/mo           3
3/mo           3
4/mo           3
5/mo           3
Table 2        3
5/mo for 1 additional mo
5/mo for 1 additional mo
5/mo for 1 additional mo
5/mo for 1 additional mo
5/mo for 1 additional mo
NA
NA
* for exceptions,  see Table  under  Sanitary  Surveys.

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                               -27-
I

     0   one  coliform sample  must  be  taken each day the turbidity
        exceeds  one  1JTU for  unfiltered  surface water systems

     0   The  State  must  approve  sample site plan for each public
        water  system

     0   If total coliform  are detected  in any sample, the system
        must collect a  set of repeat samples  (see above Table).
        At least one sample  must  be  from the same location as  the
        original sample; other  samples  ray be collected from an
        adjacent service connection; system must collect all
        repeat samples  on  the same day  and within 24 hours of
        being notified.

     0   If total coiiforms are  detected in any repeat sample,
        systems must collect another set of repeat samples
        from the same location  unless an MCL has been violated
        and the system  has notified the State.

     0   If total coiiforms are  detected in any original or
        repeat sample,  and the  sample is not invalidated by the
        State, system must collect a set of five routine samples
        the next month  the system is in operation.

Variances and exemptions:  none allowed

Sanitary surveys:

     0   required periodic  sanitary surveys for all PWSs
        collecting fewer than 5 samples/month, according to
        following schedule:

          type system               sanitary survey within (yrs)
                                         initial  subsequent

       Community water systems
           filtered surface water            5  \     5
         .  unfiltered surface water          *  '     3/5*
           undisinfected  ground water        5        5
           disinfected ground water          5        5
       Non-transient non-community system    5        5
       Other non-community systems
           filtered surface water           10        5
           unfiltered surface water          *        3/5*
           undisinfected ground water       10        5
           disinfected ground water         10       10


    *  sanitary surveys shell be performed at a  frequency
       specified by 40 CFR Part 141,  Subpart H.

-------
 Analytical rethoaolocy

     0  Tctsl colifcrm analyses conducted by 10-tube Multiple
        Tube Fermentation Technique, Me-brane Filter Technique.
        Presence-Absence (?-A)  Colif orm Test, or the Colilert
        System

     0  130-r.l standard sample  vclu-e used,  regardless cf total
        cclifrrr. method

     6  Fecal coliform test conducted using  EC Broth (see
        Appendix A)

     0  E.  coli  test  may be by  Cclilert system, or other methods
        Tr.irht be promulgated later

     0  heterotrophic bacteria  enumerated by Pour Plate Method

 Fecal Cclif orr.s/E.ccli

     0  If  any routine or repeat  sample is total
        cclif orm-positive,  system must analyze total
        colif orm-positive culture medium to  determine if fecal
        colifcrms  are present.  System r.ay test for  E.  ccli,  in
        lieu ' of  fecal colif orms.   If fecal colif orms or £.  celi
        are present,  system ir.ust  notify the  State within 24
        hours.   State must  decide what follow-up actions syster.
        ir.ust  perform.
     0
       State ir:=y invalidate  sample  if  system  der.onstrates  to  the
       State that contamination  is  limited  to the  service
       connection rather  than  the distribution system.

    0  if any routine or  repeat  sample  is fecal
       colif orm-positive  or  E. coli-positive,  and  sample is rot
       invalidated by the State, system will  notify  the public
       by electronic media.  If  system  can  demonstrate that
       contamination is restricted  to a specific location, then
       the State has the  discretion to  allow  system  to notify
       each consumer in that location by some  other  type of
       immediate means, in lieu  of  electronic  notification.

Heterotrophic Bacteria (H?C) ;

    0  no specific MCLG or MCL;  HPC controlled as  part of  SKT?.,
       future disinfection requirements for ground water systems
       and as described below.

    0  proposed regulation based on HPC interference with  total
       coliform analysis

-------
                       -29-

if crliform sa-ple produces a turbid culture in the
absence of gas production using the multiple-tube
f err.entaticn technique, produces a turbid culture in  the
absence of an acid reaction using the presence-absence
(?-A) test or produces a confluent growth or a colony
nurrber that is "too numerous to count" using the me:r.brar.=
filter technique, the systen may either count the sar.ple
as coliform-positive or declare the sample invalid,
collect another water sample within 24 hours from the
sar.e location as the original sample, and submit it to
the laboratory within eight hours of sample collection
(up to 30 hours if refrigerated).  Second sample if
analysed for both total coliforms and HPC.  If HPC is
greater than 500 colonies/ml, then sample is considered
colifcrm-pcsitive, even if total coliform analysis is
negative.

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                               -30-

              Tabla  11:  Drinking  Water  P.erulatisr.s
            Sa-plinc  Rscuirer.ents  Based  Upsn  Peculation
 Population
  served
Kirimu:?. nur.ber
of sarr.ples
per month*
Population
  served
Minimum nuir.be:
of samples
per month
1.
•>
<• 1
3,
4.
4.
5,
6,
7,
8.
12,
17,
21,
25,
33,
41,
50,
25 to 1.000
001 to 2,500
501 to 3,300
301
101
901
801
701
601
501
901
201
501
001
001
001
001
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
4,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
12
17
21
25
33
41
50
59
100
900
800
700
600
500
,900
,200
,500
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
1««
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
=9,001 to 70.000
70,001 to 83,000
83,001 to 96.000
96,001 to 130,000







1
1
1
2
3
3
130,
220,
320,
450,
600,
780,
970,
,230
,520
,850
,270
,020
,950
001 to
001 to
001 to
001 to
001 to
001 to
001 to
,001 to
,001 to
,001 to
,001 to
,001 to
,001 or
220,000
320,000
450,000
600,000
780,000
970.000






1,230,000
1,520,
1.850,
2.270,
3,020,
3,960,
more
000
000
000
000
000

70
80
90
100
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
* A non-corcnunity water syster. shall monitor in each calendar
  quarter during which the system provides water to the public.
  If such a systerr. uses ur.filtered surface water, it must sarr.ple
  et the sar.e frequency as a cor-unity water system, except  that
  in no case shall it be reduced to less than once/month.

*« Based on a history of no eolifcrm contamination and on a
   sanitary survey every five years by the State showing the
   water system to be supplied solely by a protected ground
   water source and free cf sanitary defects, a community
   public water system serving 25 to 1,000 persons may reduce
   this sampling frequency with the written permission of the
   State, except that in no case shell it be reduced to less
   than once/quarter.

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                              -31-

          NATIOIIAL SECOKD.-.r.Y PR 111F. IIIG WATER P.EGULATIOKS
national secondary drinking water regulations are federally non-
enforceable regulations and control cor.ter.ir.ants in drinking
water that affect the aesthetic qualities relating to the public
acceptance of drinking water.
                            Table 12

                              SMCLs

 The Secondary maximum contaminant levels for public water
 syster.s are as follows:

   CONTAMINANT                                LEVEL

     chloride                                250 r.g/1
     color                                   15 color units
     copper                                  1 mg/1
     corrosivity                             non-corrosive
     fluoride                                2 mg/1
     foaming agents                          0.5 mg/1
     iron                                    0.3 mg/1
     manganese                               0.05 mg/1
     odor        .                            3 threshold
                                              ocor nur.ber
     pH                                      6.5-8.5
     sulfate                                 250 mg/1
     total dissolved solids (TDS)             500 mg/1
     zinc                                    5 mg/1

 These  levels represent reasonable goals for drinking water
 quality.   The States ir.ay establish higher or lower levels
 which  may be appropriate dependent upon local conditions
 such as unavailability of alternate source waters or other
 compelling factors,  provided that public health'-and welfare
 are  not adversely  affected.

 It is  recommended  that the parameters in these regulations
 should be monitored at intervals  no less frequent than the
 monitoring performed for inorganic chemical contaminants
 listed in the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
 as applicable to community water  syster.s.  More frequent
 monitoring would be appropriate for specific parameters such
 as pH,  color,  odor or others under certain circumstances
 as directed by the State.

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                           -32-

                         Table 13

                      Proposed SMCLs

 The following secondary maximum contaminant  levels  (SMCLs)
 for public water syster.s will be proposed with  the  ir.orgsr.:
 ar.i synthetic organic chemicals in the Fall  of  1S83.
 (Please see pages 9-11.)
       Contaminant                        Level

       Aluir.inum                           0.05 mg/1
       o-Dichlorobenzene                  0.01 mg/1
       p-Dichlorobenzene                  0.005 mg/1
       Ethylbenzene                       0.03 mg/1
       Pentachlorophenol                  0.03 mg/1
       Silver                             0.09 ir.g/1
       Styrsne                            0.01 mg/1
       Toluene                            0.04 mg/1
       Xylene                             0.02 mg/1
Orher secondary regulations may be proposed in the future,
as appropriate.

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                          -33-

       DISIKFECTATTTS AMD DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS
c  1979 EPA established an interim primary drinking water
   standard for total trihalomethanes (THMS)  of 0.1 mg/1 (44
   FR 6S524; 29 November 1979)

0  Total TKMs include chloroform, bromoform,  bror.cdichloro-
   rr.ethane and dibroir.ochloromethane

0  E?A is preparing a disinfection treatment  rule for
   grcundwaters and a rule for disinfection by-products.
   Proposal is planned for September 30,  1990.   Prorulsaticn
   is planned by September 30, 1991.
       i

0  Disinfectants and by-products included on  the Drinking
   Water Priority List (53 FR 1892;  22 January  1988)

      Disinfectants

      Chlorine, hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion
      Chlcrine Dioxide,  chlorite and chlorate
      Chloramines and ammonia
      Ozone by-products

      Disinfection by-products

      Trihalomethanes: chloroform, bromoform, bror.odichloro-
                      methane,  dibromochlororcethane

      Kslcscetontriles:  bromochloroacetonitrile,  dibrono-
                        chloroacetonitrile, dichlorobromo-
                        acetonitrile,  trichloroacetonitrile

      Haloacetic acids:  mono-,  di-,  and  tri-chloroacetic
                        acids;  mono- and dibronoacetic
                        acids

      Haloketones:   1,1- and 1,1,1-Tri-chloropropanone

      Other:   Chloral  Hydrate, Chloropicrin

      Cyanogen chloride
      Chlorephenols  (2-,2,4-,2,4,6-)
      N-Organochloramines

      MX[3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-
      furanone

      Ozone  by-products

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