DRINKING WAFER REGULATIONS UNDER THE SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT FEBRUARY-1989 FACT SHEET ------- Prinking Water Regulations Under The Safe Drinking Water Act February - 1989 Criteria and Standards Division Office cf Drinking Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. ------- * O* - - v - - f P.r^uirerer.ts under 15SS Ar.er.i-sr.ts to S.KA i Tsrl-i 1: 23 ccr.tar.ir.ints require: to be rerulsted under SI-::A cf 1=25 * - i f • Table 2: Sur.rary of Deadlines under SDWA : c f 15 2 £ 5 Volatile Organic Cher.icals £ Tabls 3: Final ::CL5s/I!CLs ' 5 Table 4: Unregulated VOCs: rcnitcrin? . S Flucride ^ 10 Incrranic end Synthetic Organic Cher.icals 10 Table 5: Proposed MCLGs fcr SOCs ', 11 Table 6: Proposed MCLGs fcr IOCS 12 Lead and Copper 13 RaSisnaclides . 14 Other Inorganic .and Synthetic 17 Organic Cher.icals Substitutes and Drinking Water 18 Priority List Tabls S: Compounds rer.ovea fro- list cf S3 13 Table S: Substitutes Into SD"A List cf £3 18 Table 10: Drinking Water Priority List 19 ,-•>: Surface Water Treat-rent Rule ^ 19 Total Cclifcrr:s '. '. 25 Table 11: Sa-pling Requirements Based on Population 30 National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations 31 Table 12: SMCLs 31 Table 13: Proposed SliCLs " 22 Tisinfecticn end Disinfection By-Products 33 ------- DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS UNDER 1986 AMENDMENTS TO SDWA Significant directives to EPA's standard-setting program for drinking water contaminants included in the 1SE6 Amendments to the SDWA are provided below: 0 EPA nust set MCLGs and National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for 83 specific contar.inants and for any ether contaminant in drinking water whirh r.ay have any adverse effect upon the health of persons and which is known or anticipated to occur in public water systems. 0 Recommended Maximum Contaminant Levels (RHCLs) are now termed Maximum Contaminant Level Goals {MCLGs). No changes were made in the basis of an MCLG; i.e.: MCLGs are non-enforceable health goals which are to be set at the level at which no known or anticipated adverse effects on the health persons occur and which allows an adequate margin of safety. 0 Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) must be set as close to MCLGs as is feasible. The definition of "feasible" was changed to the following: Feasible means with the use of the best technology, treatment techniques and other means, which the Administrator finds, after examination for efficacy under field conditions and not solely under laboratory conditions, are available (taking costs into consideration). The SDWA states that Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) is feasible for the control of synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs), and any technology or other means found to be best available for control of SOCs must be at least as effective in controlling SOCs as GAC. 0 MCLGs and MCLs must be proposed at the same time and also promulgated simultaneously. 0 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring requirements are to be set for 83 contaminants listed in the SDWA. The best available technology (BAT) is also to be specified for each. Table 1 list 83 contaminants. Seven substitutes are allove: if regulation of any seven other contaminants would be more protective of public health. The list of substitutes must be proposed by June 19, 1987. ------- -2- Th= tiretable to produce the MCLGs sr.d MCLs/!-5 = r.ittrir.3 is as fellows: - 9 by June 19, 1987 - 40 by June 19, 1988 - 34 by June 19, 1989 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring must be set for other contar.inar.ts in drinking water that r.ay pose a health risk. The 1986 Amendments require that EPA publish a rrir.-iing Water Priority List (DW?L) of drinking water cor.t = -.in = nts that may require regulation under the SDWA. The seven substituted contar.inar.ts must be included on the drinking water priority list. The list must be published by January 1, 1988, and every 3 years following. MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring are to be set for at lesst 25 contaminants on the list by January l, 1991. - MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring are to be set for at least 25 ccntar.inants every 3 years following January 1, 1951 (i.e., 1994, 1S97,...), from subsequent triennial lists. Criteria must be established by which States must determine which surface water systerr.s r.ust install filtration. The SDWA deadline for promulgating this criteria was December 19, 1987. States with privacy enforcement responsibility must make determinations regarding filtration within 12 months of promulgation of these criteria and rust adopt regulations to implement the filtration requirements within 18 months of promulgation. A treatment technique regulation must be promulgated which will require all public water systems to use disinfection. Variances will be available. EPA will specify variance criteria, (i.e., quality of source water, protection afforded by watershed management.) - The disinfection treatment rule must be promulgated by June 19, 1989. ------- -3- Rec.uirerrents rr.ust be set for water systems to monitcr frr unregulated conter.inants. Mini-urn monitoring frequency is five years. State may add/delete contaminants from list. Requirements to monitor for unregulated contaminants monitoring must be promulgated by December 19, 1987. MCLGS/HCLs and monitoring.requirements must be reviewed fcy EPA every three years. Other requirements/provisions of the 1986 Amendments: Public notification regulations inay be changed to provide for different types and frequencies of notice depending upon the potential health risk. - BAT for issuance of variances smst be set when MCLs are set. BAT may vary depending upon the size of systems and other factors, including costs. N - Exemptions can be extended for systems with 500 connections or less. No limit is placed on the number of extensions but certain criteria must be net. A summary of deadlines pertinent to standard-setting is presented in Table 2. All current drinking water regulations, which have been promulgated as of July 1 in any year, nay be found on the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Volume 40, Parts 141, 142, and 143. Regulations published between CFR editions may be f our.d in the Federal Register (FR) . For additional information, contact: Safe Drinking Water Hotline 800-426-4791 or (202) 382-5533 or Joseph A. Cotruvo, Director U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Criteria and Standards Division Office of Drinking Water (WH-550D) 401 M Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20460 202/382-7575 ------- -4- TA3LE 1 Contaminants Required to be Regulated under the S.DVA Amendments of 1986 Volatile Organic Cheir.icals Trichloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene Carbon tetrachloride 1,1.1-Trichloroethane 1, 2,-Dichloroethane Vinyl chloride Methylene chloride Benzene Chlorobenzene Dichlorobenzene Trichlorobenzene 1,1-Dichloroethylene Trans-1,2,Dichloroethylene cis-1, 2,-Dichloroethylene Microbiology and Turbidity Total coliforir.s Turbidity Giarcia lanblia Arsenic Barium Cadmium Chromium Lead Mercury Nitrate Selenium Silver Fluoride Aluminum Antimony Endrin Lindane Methoxychlor Toxaphene 2,4,-D 2,4,5-TP Aldicarb Chlordane Dalapon Diquat Endothall Glyphosate Carbofuran Alachlor Epichlorohydrin Toluene Adipates 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) Viruses Standard plate count Legionella Inorganics Molybdenum Asbestos Sulfate Copper Vanadium Sodium Nickel Zinc Thallium Beryllium Cyanide Organics 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Vydate Simazine PAH's PCB's Atrazine Phthalates Acrylamide Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) 1,2-dichloropropane Pentachlorophenol Pichloram Dinoseb Ethylene dibromide (EDB) Dibromomethane Xylene Kexachlorocyclopentadiene ------- -5- TA3LE I con't. Radionuclides Radium 226 and 228 Gross alpha particle activity Beta particle and photon radioactivity Uranium Radon TABLE 2 Summary of Deadlines for Standards under SDWA of 19S6 What When 9 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring June 19, 1987 Propose Seven Substitutes June 19, 1987 Public Notice Revisions Sept. 19, 1987 Filtration Criteria Dec. 19, 1987 Monitoring for Unregulated Contaminants Dec. 19, 1987 First List of Contaminants (DWPL) Jan. 01, 1988 40 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring June 19, 1988 34 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring June 19, 19S9 Disinfection Treatment June 19, 1989 25 MCLGs and MCLs/Monitoring Jan. 01, 1991 ------- -6- STATUS: NATIONAL PRIMARY DP.INKING WATER P.ZC-Ul.-.T~Or5 VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS (VOCS) A::??.M March 4, 1982 (47 FR 9350) Proposed MCLGs June 12, 1984 (49 FR 24330) Final MCLGs, proposed MCLs, Monitoring Nov. 13, 1985 (50 F- 45-30) November 13, 1985 Federal Register (50 FR 46880) Extension of public comment period for 45 days on tecrachloroethylene MCLG. KT? Report recently released Reproposal MCLG/MCL for para-dichlorobenzene: April 17, 1987 (52 FR 12876). Final rules signed by Administrator on June 19, 1987. published in Federal Register on July 8, 1987 (52 FR 25690). Table 3 presents the final MCLGs and MCLs. Correction Notice, July 1, 1988. Table 3 VOCs: Final MCLGs and MCLs (in mg/1) Final Final MCLG* MCL Trichloroethylene zero 0.005 Carbon Tetrachloride zero • 0.005 Vinyl Chloride zero '0.002 1,2 Dichloroethane zero 0.005 Benzene zero 0.005 para-Dichlorobenzene 0.075 0.075 1.1-Dichloroethylene 0.007 0.007 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.2 0.2 •Final MCLGs were published Nov. 13, 1985. The MCLG and MCL for p-dichlorobenzene were reproposed at zero and 0.005 mg/1 on April 17, 1987; comment was requested on levels of 0.075 mg/1 and 0.075 »g/l, respectively. ------- :-.;-.-jr r.e~uirr-=r.-= in the final VOC rules: B.-.7 ur.frr Sl-Vr.-. Seeiicr. 1412 (MCLs): 0 Parked tower aeration (PTA) and granular activated carbon (G.-.C) for the eight VOCs, except vinyl chloride. 0 PTA for vir.yl chloride. SAT under SPXA Section 1415 (Variances): O C =— ^ =o TS*T * — v 1*1"" 3C...S SS Or-. 1 w-- J. i X *. - Crr.rlisnce Kcr.itcrinr: 8 Initial Mrr.itcri-c: All systems must monitor each source a" least cnce within four years. Surface waters: 4 quarterly samples Ground waters: 4 quarterly sanples; state can exempt syster.s fron- subsequent monitoring if no VOCs detected in first sarr.ple. Cor.posite samples of up to five sources allowed 0 Phase in by system size (start monitoring: January 1, 1988) Size Cor.plete by Date > 10,CCO 1 year December 31, 1988 3300-10,000 2 years December 31, 1989 < 3300 4 years December 31, 1991 0 P.epeat monitoring: varies from quarterly to once per five years. The frequency is based on whether VOCs are detected in the first round of monitoring and whether system is vulnerable to contamination. Kcr.itorir.j for Unregulated VOCs: 0 Methodology same as for regulated VOCs. 0 Initial monitoring: all systems required to sample each drinking water source once for unregulated VOCs during a four year period. 0 Same phase-in schedules as compliance monitoring. 0 51 VOCs specified (see Table 4): - List 1: required for all systems {34 VOCs) - List 2: required for vulnerable systems (2 VOCs) - List 3: required at State discretion (15 VOCs) ------- 0 P.epest rrr.iicrir.g: Every five years; EPA will specify a ne list. Analytical Methods: GC or GC/MS e Methods 504, 502.1. 503.1, 524.1, 524.2, 502.2 Laboratcry Certification Criteria: 0 Seven VOCs: + 20% >. 0.010 ir.g/1 + 40% < 0.010 mg/1 9 Vinyl Chloride: + 4C% Ncn-trar.sient Kon-cjr.-.ur.ity Water Systems (IITWS): 0 Kor.-ccr.r.ur.ity water syste-.s which regularly serve at least 25 of the same persons over 6 months per year (i.e., KTWS) are required to meet all requirements in this rule. Poir.t-cf-Entry (POE1 . Point- = f-Use (POU) , and Bottled Water: 0 POE ir.ay be used to achieve compliance with MCLs but is net BAT. e POU and bottled water car.not be used to meet. MCLs (see varianres and exemptions, below). Variances and Exceptions 0 As a condition of issuing a variance or exemption, states have the authority to require the water system to implement additional interim control measures. If an unreasonable risk to health exists, the state must require either installation of point-of-use devices or distribution of bcttled water to each customer. ------- -9- Table 4 Monitoring for Unregulated VQCs Required for all systems: 1 chloroform 2 bro-Tsodichloromethane 3 chlorodibromomethane 4 bror.ofrom 5 trans 1,2-dichloroethylene 6 chlorobenzene 7 m-dichlorobenzene 8 dichloromethane 9 cis-1,2-dichloroethylene 10 0-dichlorobenzene 11 dibromomethane 12 1,1-dichloropropene 13 tetrachloroethylene 14 toluene 15 p-xylene 16 o-xylene 17 m-xylene 18 1,1-dichloroethane 19 20 21 22 23 24 1,1,2.2-tetraehLorDethan ethylber.zene 1,3-Sichlcrcprspar.e styrene chlcrcr.ethar.s 25 bror»or.ethsr.e 26 l,2,3-trichl:rcpr=p=r.e 27 1,1.12-tetrrhlcroetha-e 23 chlorosths-e 29 1,1,2-trichloroethane 30 2 ,2-dirhloroprDparie 31 o-chlcroeoluene 32 p-chlorcroluene 33 bror.obenzene 34 1 , 3-dichloropropene 35 ethylene dibronide 36 1 ,2-dibromo-3-chloro- propane Table 4 (continued) Monitoring for Unregulsted VOCs Recuired for Vulnerable Systems: Ethylene dibromide (EDB) 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane State Discretion; 1 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 2 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 3 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene 4 n-propylbenzene 5 n-butylbenzene 6 naphthalene 7 hexachlorobutadiene 8 1,2,5-triaethyulbenzene 9 p-isopropyltoluene 10 isopropylbenzene 11 tert-butyleb=r.2£ne 12 sec-butylber.zene 13 fluorotrichlcron'.ethar.e 14 dichlorodifluoromethar.e 15 bronochloror-ethane ------- -10- FLUORIDE 0 Ai:?RM October 5, 1983 (48 FR 45502) 0 Proposed MCLG May 14, 1985 (50 FR 20164) 0 Final MCLG, Proposed MCL, SMCL, Monitoring Nov. 14. 19£5 0 Final MCL, SMCL, Monitoring April 2, 19£6 (41 FR 11396) Final MCLG 4.0 ji>g/l Final MCL 4.0 mg/1 Final SMCL 2.0 ir.g/1 Final Monitoring 1 per year surface va-ers 1 per 3 years ground waters Mininuir. repeat : 1 per 10 years 38 INORGANIC AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CKZHICALS 0 ANPF.M October 5, 1983 (42 FR 45502) 0 Proposed MCLGs, November 13, 1985, Federal Recister (50 FR 46935) 0 Reproposed MCLGs, proposed MCLs/Monitoring scheduled for Spring 1989. Final 1990. ------- Table 5 and 6 presents the proposed KCLGs for SOCs and IQCs respectively, that will be proposed in the Spring of 1929. Table 5 Proposed MCLGs and MCLs for SOCs SOC Existing KIPDWR (r.c.'I) sulfcxide sulfone Aery1 amide Alachlor Aldicarb Aldicarb Aldicarb Atrazine Carbofuran Chlordane cis-l,2-Dichloroethylene Dibromochloropropane(D3CF) 1,2-Dichloropropene o-Dichlorobenzene -- 2.4-D 0.1 Ethylenedibroir.ide (SDB) Epichlorphydrin Ethylbenzene Heptachlor Heptachlor epoxide Lindane 0 Methoxychlor 0, Monochlorobenzene (PCBs)(as decachlorotiphenyl)-- Pentachlorophenol Styrene* Tetrachloroethylene Toluene 2,4,5-TP 0. Toxaphene 0. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Xylenes (total) 004 1 01 005 Proposed KCLG (n-.r/l) zero zero 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.003 0.04 zero 0.07 zero zero 0.6 0.07 zero zero 0.7 zero zero 0.0002 0.4 0.1 zero 0.2 zero/0.1 zero 2 0.05 zero 0.07 10 Proposed MCL fr.c/1) TT-. 0.002 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.003 0.04 0.002 0.007 0.0002 0.005 0.6 0.07 0.00005 TT* * 0.7 0.0004 0.0002 0.0002 0.4 0.1 0.005 0.2 0.005/0.1 0.005 2 0.05 0.005 0.07 10 * EPA proposes MCL's of 0.1 ng/1 based on a group C carcinogen classification and 0.005 ing/1 based on a Bz classification. ** TT = Treatment Technique ------- -12- IOC Asbestos Barium Cadium Chromium Mercury Nitrate (as Nitrite (as Selenium Table 6 Proposed MCLGs for • . Existing NIPDWR (:ra/l) .. 1.0 0.010 0.05 0.002 Nitrogen) 10 Nitrogen) O.C1 IOCS Proposed MCLG TT.3/1 7 FL* 5 0.005 0.1 0.002 10 1.0 0.05 Proposed MCL 7 FL* 5 0.005 0.1 0.002 10 1 0.05 MFL «= million fibers per liter * 7 million fibers/liter (only fibers longer than 10 uir) ------- LE.O .-.!:? COF.-E?. 0 ANPRM October 5, 1523 (42 FR 45502) 0 Proposed MCLGs Nover.ber 13, 1SS5 (50 FR 46936) 0 Reproposed MCLGs and proposed MCLs and treatment technique requirement August IS, 198S. 0 Final rule expected Fall 1989. 0 Proposed MCLGs Existing HCLG Proposed MCLG Lead 0.050 ng/1 zerc Copper - - - 1.3 mg/1 0 Proposed MCLs (Measured as water leaves the treatment plant or enters the distribution systeir.) Lead 0.005 ir.g/1 Copper 1.3 ir.g/1 0 Proposed Treatment Technique Corrosion control treatment and public education Corrosion control triggered when: Lead level average exceeds .010 mg/1 (measured in morning first draw, or if lead service lines are not present, in measured overnight standing service line sar.ple, averaged across houses, in targeted sampling of high risk locations). pH of acre than 5% of samples exceeds 8.0 Copper in more than 5% of samples exceeds 1.3 mg/1 0 Public education triggered vhen; Lead level average exceeds .010 mg/1 Lead levels in more than 5% of targeted samples exceed 0.020 mg/1 ------- -14- P.ADIC'ITUCLIDZS Schedule The publication of the notice of Proposed Rulemsking in the Federal Register is presently scheduled for September 19S9. The IIPRH is expected to propose Maximur, Contarr.ir.ant Level Goals (MCLGs), Maximum Contar.inant Levels (MCLs), Best Available Technologies (BATs) for setting MCLs and as conditions for receiving variances, ether criteria for receiving variances and exer.ptions, and monitoring requirements for the following radicnactive analytes; radon-222, radium-226, radiur.-228, natural uranium, and beta particle and photon emitters. The proposal may also consider an MCL for alpha emitters and the measurement of gross alpha as a screening level for the regulated alpha emitters. MCLGs; Health Effects All radionuclides consiered in this proposal have been verified as belonging to Group A, known human carcinogens. Therefore, the MCLG for each radionuclide will be proposed as zero. For uranium, the non-cancer endpoints of toxicity are also of concern. . Natural uranium (non-cancer effects)— Based on physiological parameters for adults, ODW has estimated that a level of 40 pCi/L is protective of uranium's cher.otcxic effects to the kidney. Physiological parameters for children might be used to derive a value of 20 pCi/L. This issue is not yet resolved. Radcn-222(cancer effects)— Quantitative estimates of the lung cancer risks fro rdon volatilized from drinking water were derived from the BIER IV and IRCP 50 reports. The 10-* and 10-* lifetime risk range of 21 to 200 pC/L represents the arithemtic mean of adjusted BIER IV and ICR? 40 estimates. Risk of stomach tumors from ingestion of radon are expected to be much lower than the risk from inhaled radon and are not included in this risk estimate. Uranium and radium(cancer effects)— Quantitive estimates cf the lifetime risks from exposure to these elements ere derives using the Radrisk model, a modification of the ICRP methodology. The 10-* levels for the different isotopes of these elements are similar, ranging from 20 to 40 pCi/L. The BIER IV committee derived similar cancer risk estimates for these elements based on the increased incidence of cancer arr.ong radium workers. Public comment will be requested. ------- -15- Bsza (cancer effects)-- No rr.ajor changes fror. the Advanced Uctire of Proposed Rule-eking (51 FR 34S36, September 30, 1986) are expected in the cancer risk estimates for beta and photon er.itters. In March 1989, the BIER V committee is expected to publish a report reevaluating the atom bonb survivor data. Acjustr.ent to the cancer estimates may then be appropriate. MCLs Radon— The Agency is considering options which fall in the range of 200 to 2000 pCi/L (water). This range is equavalent to 0.02 to 0.2 pCi/L (air), assuming a transfer ratio of 10,000 to 1 frrrr. all of the water in the house (i.e., showers, laundry, etc) . Radiur-225 and radiu:?.-228— A separate MCL may be proposed for each cf these isotopes. Frr each isotope, MCLs under consideration center on 5 pCi/L. Uranium— The range of NCL options under consideration is 20 to 40 pCi/L. The mass to activity conversion factor may be 1.3, based on isotopic concentrations of natural uranium in drinking water. Beta particle and photon emitters— The 4 ir.rem MCL will most likely be proposed again with a request for comment. Gross alpha— The Agency is assessing the value of a total alpha MCL and the use of a gross alpha measurement as a monitoring screen for regulated alphas. Some analysis indicates that the analytical method which is specified for gross alpha is not a good indicator of the activity level of the total alphas and that this method does not give an acceptable correlation between gross alpha and the regulated alpha emitters. The Agency is investigating another method for gross alpha measurement and may take comments en the use of gross alpha at proposal. Monitoring Compliance likely will be proposed to be determined on quarterly samples taken over one year. The primacy state, with concurrence fro the EPA Region, may allow monitoring data collected within the last three years and that meet specific precision and accuracy requirements to substitute for quarterly samples. ------- -16- Vulr.erability States nay determine monitoring requirements for beta particle and photon emitters based on vulnerability. Factors ch = t should be considered are: 1) proxir.ity to radioactive waste sites, underground testing, and facilities involved with racicnuclies (e.g., nuclear power plant and other reactors); 2) if the water has been tested and found to have high levels of uranium, radon, or radium; or 3) whether discharge monitoring information is provided. Technologies Radon: Aeration P.adiur.-225: Cation exchange; lime softening; reverse osr.osis Radiur.-22B: Cation exchange; lime softening; reverse osmosis Uranium: Coagulation/filtration; reverse osmosis; anion exchange; lime softening Betas: Reverse osmosis; ion exchange (mixed bed) Best Available Technologies for Variances Reverse osmosis and ion exchange are likely to be BAT for small systems. Coagulation/filtration and lime softening may be excluded as BATs for variances, due to feasibility considerations for small systems. Analytical Methods Radon: Liquid Scintillation Counting;Lucas Cell Method Radiurc-225: Alpha Emitting Radium Isotopes in Drinking Water (Method 903.0);Radium-226 by Radon Emanation (Method 903.1); Radiua-225 (Method 305) ;Total Radium (Method 304) -; Radium-228: Liquid Scintillation Scintillation Counting(Method . ?04.D* Uranium: Radiochemical Method(Method 908);Fluorometric Method (Method 908.1) Betas: Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Activity in Drinking Water (Method 900);Gross Beta Particle Activity(Method D-1E90) Gross alpha: Gross Alpha in Drinking Water by Co-precipitation * It has not yet been determined if this method will be proposed. ------- -17- OTKER IOCS AND SOCs MCLGs/MCLs and monitoring scheduled for proposal in December 1989. Promulgation is scheduled for December 1990. IOCS and SOCs: Arsenic Methylene Chloride An-timony Endrin Dalapcn Diquat Endothall Glyphosate Andipates 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) Trichlorobenzene Sulfate Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Nickel Thallium Beryllium •Cyanide 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Vydate Simazine PAHs Atrazine Phthalates Pichloram Dinoseb ------- -18- SUBSTITVTSS AND DRiriEIIJG WATER PRIORITY LIST Proposed substitutes and draft DWFL signed by Administrator on June 19, 1987. Published in Federal Register on July 8, 1987 (52 FR 25720). Final January 1. 1988. Final substitutes on DWPL notice signed by Administrator on January 13, 1988, and published in Federal Register on January 22, 1988 (53 FR 1892). Table 8 shows contaminants removed from list of 83. Table 9 shows substitutes added. Table 10 shows the Drinking Ware Priority List. Table 8 Removed fror*. SDWA List of 83: Zinc Sodium Vanadium Silver Molvbdenum Dibromomethane Alur.inum Table 9 Substituted into SDWA List of 83: Aldicarb sulfoxide Heptachlor eoxide Aldicarb sulfone - Styrene E'hylbenzene Nitrite Heptachlor ------- -1 Q_ Table 10 Priority List cf Drir.kir.c Wster Contsr.ir.ar.ts 1.1.1, 2-tecrachloroethar.e 1.1,2, 2-tetrachlorcethane 1 , 1-dichloroethane 1.2. 3--richloropropane 1 , 3-dichloropropene 2 , 2-dichlorcpropane •> 4 C-T *•»»,•* * 2 , 4-dir.itrotoluene alurinus! boron broirobenzsne bromochlcroacetonitrile br omodi chl or ome thane dichloroacetonitrile FTU metolachlor metribuzin molybdenum ozone byproducts' silver sodium strontium trichloroacetonitrile brorr.cf orm hypochlorite io; iscphorone methyl tert- butyl ether chj.crar.ine chlorate chlorine chloroethane chloroform chloronethane chloropicrin cryptosporiiium cyanazine cyanogen chloride ditror.oacetonitrile dibromochl or oir.e thane dibronomethane dicamba trifluralin vanadium zinc o-chlorotoluene p-chlorotoluene halogenated acids, alcohols aldehydes, ketones, and other nitriles PROPOSED SURFACE WATER TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS llote: The requirements in brackets [] are changes and/or additions to the proposed rule under consideration for adoption into the final rule. Otherwise the requirements shown are from the proposed rule and remain the same for the final rule. 0 Proposal was published in Federal Register on Novembr 3, 1927 (52 FR 42178) 0 Notice of Availability, describing new regulatory options, was published in the federal register on May 6, 1988 (53 FR 1634S). ------- -20- Maxj-urr. Ccr.ts~ir.ant Level Goals Giardia Lar.blia 0 Viruses 0 Lejionella 0 Turbidity none proposed Keterotrophic Plate Count none proposed General Requirements Coverage: All public water systems using ar.y surface water rust disinfect, and r.ay be required by state to filter, unless certain water quality source requirements and site specific conditions are wet. Treatment technique requirements are established in lieu of MCLs fcr Giardia. viruses, heterotrophic piste count bacteria, Legionella and turbidity. Treatment achieve at least 99.9 percent removal and/or inacti- vation of Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.9 percent removal and/or inactivation of enteric viruses. All syster.s must be operated by qualified operators as determined by the state. Compliance Date: All systems must meet treatment requirements within 48 months from the date the regulations are promulgated. Criteria to be Met to Avoid Filtration Source Water Criteria Fecal coliform concentration must not exceed 20/100 ml or the total coliform concentration must not exceed 100/100 ml before disinfection in more than ten percent of the measurements for the previous six months, calculated each month. Minimum sampling frequencies for fecal or total coliform determination are; SYSTEM SIZE (persons) SAMPLES/VESK < 501 1 501-3,000 2 3,301-10,000 3 10,001-25,000 4 > 25,000 5 If not already conducted under the above requirements, a coliform test must be made each day that the turbidity exceeds one NTU. ------- -21- Turtidity levels must be measured every four hours by grab sample or continuous monitoring. The turbidity level -.ay not exceed 5 I.'TU unless the State determines that the exceedenceis unusual or unpredictable, the system informs its customers that it is necessary to boil the water before consumption during the period the turbidity exceeds 5 NTU, and the e:\ceedence does not occur for more than two pericds in any one, or five periods in any consecutive ten years. An "event" is one or more consecutive days when at least cne turbidity measurement each day exceeds 5 1ITU. [The boil water requirement has been deleted and left to State discretion.] Site Specific Conditions to be Considered by States Disinfection r.ust achieve at least a 99.9 and 99.99 percent inactivation of Giardia Lam.blia and enteric viruses. This must be demonstrated by the system meeting "CT" values in the rule ("CT" is the product of residual concentration (m.g/1) and contact time (minutes) measure at peak hourly flow). Disinfection system must have redundant components including alternate power supply, automatic alarm and start-up to insure continuous disinfection of the water during plant operation, or have automatic shut-off of delivery of water to the distribution system whenever the disinfectant residual is less than 0.2 mg/L. Disinfectant residuals in the distribution system cannot be less than 0.2 ir.g/1 in more than five percent of the samples, each month, for an two consecutive months. Samples must be taken at the same frequency as total coliforms under the proposed [revised] coliforni rule. [Disinfection residuals in the distribution system must be "detectable". In lieu of at least 0.2 mg/1. A system must first measure for disinfection residual, if no residual is detectable it has the option to measure for KPC. If the HPC measurement is less than 500 colonies/ml the site is considered to have a "detectable" residual for compliance purposes. For systems serving fewer than 500 people which cannot maintain a residual or monitor for HPC the State can judge whether adequate disinfection is provided.] ------- Syster rust r. = ir.tair. a disinfectant residual concentration of at least 0.2 rsg/1 at all times in the water entering the system, demonstrated by continuous monitoring. If it drops b = low this it is considered an acute violation (requiring electronic media public notification). [If the disinfectant residual is less than 0.2 ir.g/1 the system has 4 hours to correct the problem. If it is not restored to at least 0.2 r.c/1 within four hours it is a violation but not an acute violation. Systems serving less than 500 people can take 1 grab sample/cay in lieu of continuous monitoring. Whenever the disinfectant residual entering the distribution systerr, falls below 0.02 rg/1, the system is required to notify the state within 24 hours or the next business day, whichever is later. The system must not report to the State earlier than 4 hours after the disinfectant residual dropped below 0.2 rg/l, unless the disinfectant residual has been restored to at least 0.2 mg/1 in less than 4 hours. Notification must include whether or not the disinfectant residual was restored within 4 hours.) System must maintain a watershed control program which will ir.inir.ize the potential for contamination by human enteric viruses and Giardia lamblia cysts. System must monitor and control the activities in the watershed that may have an adverse impact on water. Systems must demonstrate through ownership or written agreements with landowners in the water-shed that it is able to limit and control all human activities that may have an adverse impact upon water quality. An annual sanitary survey and report must be conducted which is approved by the State. [A sanitary survey and report must be conducted every. 3 years for systems serving less than 4100 people, or every 5 years for systems serving greater than or equal to 4100 people.] System must not have a history of any waterborne disease .outbreaks with its present water source and treatmeant system. System must be in continuous compliance with the long-term 1-JCL requirements for total ccliforr.s. [EPA has deleted the long-term MCL requirement in the Total Coliform Rule. To avoid filtration, unfiltered systems must not be out cf compliance with the monthly MCL for total coliforns for any two months in any consecutive 12 month period.] ------- System.s serving mere than 10,000 people must be in compliance with MCL requirements for total trihalcm-ethenes . Criteria for Filtered Systems Turbidity Removal Conventional filtration or direct filtration water must achieve a turbidity level in the filtered water at all tires Isss than five NTU and not r.cre than 0.5 KTUs in more thar. five percent of the measurements taken each r.onth. The State may increase this lir.it up to one NTU if the system demonstrates effective removal of Giardia lar.blia cysts at such turbidity levels. [The State may increase the turbidity limit up to less than 1 NTU in greater than or equal to 95% of the samples without any demonstration by the system.] Slow sar.d filtration must achieve a turbidity level in the filtered water at all times less than five NTU and not more than one NTU in more than five percent of the samples taken each month. The turbidity limit of one NTU may be increased by the State (but at no time exceed five NTU) if the filtered water meets the long term coliform MCL before disinfection. [The turbidity limit of one NTU may be increased by the State if it determines that there is no significant interference with disinfection.] Diatomaceous earth filtration must achieve a turbidity level in the filtered water at all times less than five NTU and of net more than one NTU in more than five percent of the samples taken each month. Other filtration technologies may be used if they demonstrate to the State that they achieve at least 99.9 and 95.99 percent removal/inactivation of Giardia lam.blia cysts and enteric viruses, respectively, and are approved by the State. Turbidity limits fcr these technologies are the same as those for slow sand filtration, including the allowance of increasing the turbidity Unit of one NTU up to 5 NTU but at no time exceeding 5 NTU upon approval by the State. Turbidity Monitoring Turbidity must be measured every four hours by grab sample or continuous monitoring. For systems using slow sand filtration or filtration technologies other than con- ventional treatment, direct filtration or diatomaceous earth filtration, the State may reduce the sampling frequency to once per day. [The State is allowed to reduce monitoring to one grab sample per day for all systems serving less than 500 people.] ------- -24- I-isinfeccicn Requirements Disinfection with filtraticn must achieve at least 99.9 and 99.59 percent renoval/inactivaticn of Giardia and viruses, respectively. State defines level of disinfection required, depending on technology and source water quality. Guidance en the use of CT values to make these determinations is available in the Guidance Manual. *[Recommended procedures in the Guidance Manual for applying CT values are being changed.] Disinfectant residuals in the distribution system cannot be less than 0.2 ng/1 in mere than five percent of the samples. each ir.snth, for any two consecutive months. Samples must be taken at the same frequency as total coliforms under the [final] coliform rule. [Disinfection residuals in the distribution system must be "detectable". A system must first measure for disinfection residual, if no residual is detectable it has the option to measure for KPC. If the E?C measurement is less than 500 colonies/ml the site is considered to have a "detectable" residual for compliance purposes. For systems serving fewer than 500 people which cannot maintain a residual or monitor for HPC the State can judge whether adequate disinfection is provided.] Systems must maintain a disinfectant residual concentraticn of at least 0.2 mg/1 all times in the water entering the distribution system, demonstrated by continuous monitorng. If it drops below this it is considered an acute violation (requiring electronic media public notification). [If the disinfectant residual is less than 0.2 mg/1 the system has 4 hcurs to correct the problem. If it is not restored to at least 0.2 mg/1 within four hours it is a violation but not an acute violation. Systems serving less than 50 people can take 1 grab sample/day in lieu of continuous monitoring. Whenever the disinfectant residual entering the distribution systen falls below 0.2 mg/1, the system is required to notify the State within 24 hours or the next business day whichever is later. The system roust not report to the State earlier than 4 hours after the disinfectant residual dropped below 0.2 mg/1, unless the disinfectant has been restored to at least 0.2 mg/1 in less than 4 hours. Notification must include whether or not the disinfectant residual was restored within 4 hours.] ------- -25- Anslyticel Requirements Testing and sar.pling must be in accordance with Standard Methods, 16th edition, or methods approved by EPA for total roliforms, fecal coliform, turbidity, disinfectant residuals, ter.perature, and pH. Rercrtir.g Monthly reports to the State for all parameters required in the rule. Ur.filtered water syster.s must also report annually on their watershed control program and sanitary surveys. *[Unfiltered syster.s must report on watershed control programs and sanitary surveys in the years that they are performed.] Waterborne disease oubreaks must be reported to the State within 48 hcurs. Violations To avoid filtration systems must meet source water quality and site-specific conditions within 30 months of promul- gation. If the system fails to meet these criteria it would be in violation until it installed filtration and met the criteria for filtered systems which are effective 48 months after promulgation. [Unfiltered systems must monitor starting 18 months following promulgation.] Filtered systems must meet performance criteria and r.onitorir.g requirements for the filtered and disinfection treatment techniques within 48 months of promulgation. Variances Variances are not applicable. \ ' Exemptions Exemptions are allowed for the requirement to filter. Systems using surface water disinfect (i.e., no exemptions); exemptions are allowed based on the degree of disinfection provided. ------- -26- * TCTAL COLIFORKS The Total Coliforms proposal was published in the Federal P.ecister on Nover.ber 3, 19£7 (52 F?. 42224). Additional regulatory options were published in the Federal Register on May 6, 19E5 (53 FR 16340). Proposal effective date: All public water systems must ir.set the revised coliform MCL and mcr.itoring requirements 13 ir.onths after promulgation of the regulations. Maximum contar.inant level goal: zero Maximum cor.taminent level (sumr.ary of currently preferred octicr.) : 0 based on presence/absence of total coliforrr.s in sample, rather than estimate of cclifcrm density 8 no more than 1 coliform-positive sample/month for systems which analyze fewer than 40 samples/month 0 systems report all total coliform-positive samples to State 0 all total coliform-positive samples count in compliance calculations, unless State determines local plumbing system problem caused positive result, or that laboratory establishes improper sar.ple analysis caused positive result Hor.itcrina frequency and repeat sampling for total coliforms 0 All monitoring frequencies below pertain to community water systems except for non-community water systems which is the entry on line one. system size # samples # repeats more monitoring for news 25-1000 1001-2500 2501-3300 3301-4100 4101-4900 >4900 quarterly* 4 monthly* 4 2/mo 3 3/mo 3 4/mo 3 5/mo 3 Table 2 3 5/mo for 1 additional mo 5/mo for 1 additional mo 5/mo for 1 additional mo 5/mo for 1 additional mo 5/mo for 1 additional mo NA NA * for exceptions, see Table under Sanitary Surveys. ------- -27- I 0 one coliform sample must be taken each day the turbidity exceeds one 1JTU for unfiltered surface water systems 0 The State must approve sample site plan for each public water system 0 If total coliform are detected in any sample, the system must collect a set of repeat samples (see above Table). At least one sample must be from the same location as the original sample; other samples ray be collected from an adjacent service connection; system must collect all repeat samples on the same day and within 24 hours of being notified. 0 If total coiiforms are detected in any repeat sample, systems must collect another set of repeat samples from the same location unless an MCL has been violated and the system has notified the State. 0 If total coiiforms are detected in any original or repeat sample, and the sample is not invalidated by the State, system must collect a set of five routine samples the next month the system is in operation. Variances and exemptions: none allowed Sanitary surveys: 0 required periodic sanitary surveys for all PWSs collecting fewer than 5 samples/month, according to following schedule: type system sanitary survey within (yrs) initial subsequent Community water systems filtered surface water 5 \ 5 . unfiltered surface water * ' 3/5* undisinfected ground water 5 5 disinfected ground water 5 5 Non-transient non-community system 5 5 Other non-community systems filtered surface water 10 5 unfiltered surface water * 3/5* undisinfected ground water 10 5 disinfected ground water 10 10 * sanitary surveys shell be performed at a frequency specified by 40 CFR Part 141, Subpart H. ------- Analytical rethoaolocy 0 Tctsl colifcrm analyses conducted by 10-tube Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique, Me-brane Filter Technique. Presence-Absence (?-A) Colif orm Test, or the Colilert System 0 130-r.l standard sample vclu-e used, regardless cf total cclifrrr. method 6 Fecal coliform test conducted using EC Broth (see Appendix A) 0 E. coli test may be by Cclilert system, or other methods Tr.irht be promulgated later 0 heterotrophic bacteria enumerated by Pour Plate Method Fecal Cclif orr.s/E.ccli 0 If any routine or repeat sample is total cclif orm-positive, system must analyze total colif orm-positive culture medium to determine if fecal colifcrms are present. System r.ay test for E. ccli, in lieu ' of fecal colif orms. If fecal colif orms or £. celi are present, system ir.ust notify the State within 24 hours. State must decide what follow-up actions syster. ir.ust perform. 0 State ir:=y invalidate sample if system der.onstrates to the State that contamination is limited to the service connection rather than the distribution system. 0 if any routine or repeat sample is fecal colif orm-positive or E. coli-positive, and sample is rot invalidated by the State, system will notify the public by electronic media. If system can demonstrate that contamination is restricted to a specific location, then the State has the discretion to allow system to notify each consumer in that location by some other type of immediate means, in lieu of electronic notification. Heterotrophic Bacteria (H?C) ; 0 no specific MCLG or MCL; HPC controlled as part of SKT?., future disinfection requirements for ground water systems and as described below. 0 proposed regulation based on HPC interference with total coliform analysis ------- -29- if crliform sa-ple produces a turbid culture in the absence of gas production using the multiple-tube f err.entaticn technique, produces a turbid culture in the absence of an acid reaction using the presence-absence (?-A) test or produces a confluent growth or a colony nurrber that is "too numerous to count" using the me:r.brar.= filter technique, the systen may either count the sar.ple as coliform-positive or declare the sample invalid, collect another water sample within 24 hours from the sar.e location as the original sample, and submit it to the laboratory within eight hours of sample collection (up to 30 hours if refrigerated). Second sample if analysed for both total coliforms and HPC. If HPC is greater than 500 colonies/ml, then sample is considered colifcrm-pcsitive, even if total coliform analysis is negative. ------- -30- Tabla 11: Drinking Water P.erulatisr.s Sa-plinc Rscuirer.ents Based Upsn Peculation Population served Kirimu:?. nur.ber of sarr.ples per month* Population served Minimum nuir.be: of samples per month 1. •> <• 1 3, 4. 4. 5, 6, 7, 8. 12, 17, 21, 25, 33, 41, 50, 25 to 1.000 001 to 2,500 501 to 3,300 301 101 901 801 701 601 501 901 201 501 001 001 001 001 to to to to to to to to to to to to to to 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 17 21 25 33 41 50 59 100 900 800 700 600 500 ,900 ,200 ,500 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 1«« 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 =9,001 to 70.000 70,001 to 83,000 83,001 to 96.000 96,001 to 130,000 1 1 1 2 3 3 130, 220, 320, 450, 600, 780, 970, ,230 ,520 ,850 ,270 ,020 ,950 001 to 001 to 001 to 001 to 001 to 001 to 001 to ,001 to ,001 to ,001 to ,001 to ,001 to ,001 or 220,000 320,000 450,000 600,000 780,000 970.000 1,230,000 1,520, 1.850, 2.270, 3,020, 3,960, more 000 000 000 000 000 70 80 90 100 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 * A non-corcnunity water syster. shall monitor in each calendar quarter during which the system provides water to the public. If such a systerr. uses ur.filtered surface water, it must sarr.ple et the sar.e frequency as a cor-unity water system, except that in no case shall it be reduced to less than once/month. *« Based on a history of no eolifcrm contamination and on a sanitary survey every five years by the State showing the water system to be supplied solely by a protected ground water source and free cf sanitary defects, a community public water system serving 25 to 1,000 persons may reduce this sampling frequency with the written permission of the State, except that in no case shell it be reduced to less than once/quarter. ------- -31- NATIOIIAL SECOKD.-.r.Y PR 111F. IIIG WATER P.EGULATIOKS national secondary drinking water regulations are federally non- enforceable regulations and control cor.ter.ir.ants in drinking water that affect the aesthetic qualities relating to the public acceptance of drinking water. Table 12 SMCLs The Secondary maximum contaminant levels for public water syster.s are as follows: CONTAMINANT LEVEL chloride 250 r.g/1 color 15 color units copper 1 mg/1 corrosivity non-corrosive fluoride 2 mg/1 foaming agents 0.5 mg/1 iron 0.3 mg/1 manganese 0.05 mg/1 odor . 3 threshold ocor nur.ber pH 6.5-8.5 sulfate 250 mg/1 total dissolved solids (TDS) 500 mg/1 zinc 5 mg/1 These levels represent reasonable goals for drinking water quality. The States ir.ay establish higher or lower levels which may be appropriate dependent upon local conditions such as unavailability of alternate source waters or other compelling factors, provided that public health'-and welfare are not adversely affected. It is recommended that the parameters in these regulations should be monitored at intervals no less frequent than the monitoring performed for inorganic chemical contaminants listed in the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations as applicable to community water syster.s. More frequent monitoring would be appropriate for specific parameters such as pH, color, odor or others under certain circumstances as directed by the State. ------- -32- Table 13 Proposed SMCLs The following secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs) for public water syster.s will be proposed with the ir.orgsr.: ar.i synthetic organic chemicals in the Fall of 1S83. (Please see pages 9-11.) Contaminant Level Aluir.inum 0.05 mg/1 o-Dichlorobenzene 0.01 mg/1 p-Dichlorobenzene 0.005 mg/1 Ethylbenzene 0.03 mg/1 Pentachlorophenol 0.03 mg/1 Silver 0.09 ir.g/1 Styrsne 0.01 mg/1 Toluene 0.04 mg/1 Xylene 0.02 mg/1 Orher secondary regulations may be proposed in the future, as appropriate. ------- -33- DISIKFECTATTTS AMD DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS c 1979 EPA established an interim primary drinking water standard for total trihalomethanes (THMS) of 0.1 mg/1 (44 FR 6S524; 29 November 1979) 0 Total TKMs include chloroform, bromoform, bror.cdichloro- rr.ethane and dibroir.ochloromethane 0 E?A is preparing a disinfection treatment rule for grcundwaters and a rule for disinfection by-products. Proposal is planned for September 30, 1990. Prorulsaticn is planned by September 30, 1991. i 0 Disinfectants and by-products included on the Drinking Water Priority List (53 FR 1892; 22 January 1988) Disinfectants Chlorine, hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion Chlcrine Dioxide, chlorite and chlorate Chloramines and ammonia Ozone by-products Disinfection by-products Trihalomethanes: chloroform, bromoform, bror.odichloro- methane, dibromochlororcethane Kslcscetontriles: bromochloroacetonitrile, dibrono- chloroacetonitrile, dichlorobromo- acetonitrile, trichloroacetonitrile Haloacetic acids: mono-, di-, and tri-chloroacetic acids; mono- and dibronoacetic acids Haloketones: 1,1- and 1,1,1-Tri-chloropropanone Other: Chloral Hydrate, Chloropicrin Cyanogen chloride Chlorephenols (2-,2,4-,2,4,6-) N-Organochloramines MX[3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)- furanone Ozone by-products ------- |