&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste And
Emergency Response
(5102G)
SUPERFUND:
EPA/540/R-93/021
December 1992
PB93-963222
MICHIGAN
1992 UPDATE
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Publication #9200.5-7236
December 1992
NATIONAL PRIORITIES LIST SITES:
Michigan
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Emergency & Remedial Response
Office of Program Management
Washington, DC 20460
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If you wish to purchase copies of any additional State volumes, contact:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 486-4650
The complete set of the 49 State reports may be ordered as PB93-963250.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
A Brief Overview of Superfund v
Streamlining Superfund: The Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model ix
How Superfund Works x
THE VOLUME
How to Use the State Book xi
A SUMMARY OF THE STATE PROGRAM
.XV
THE NPL REPORT
Progress to Date xix
THE NPL FACT SHEETS i
THE GLOSSARY
Terms used in the NPL Book G-l
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INTRODUCTION
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF SUPERFUND
During the second half of the Twentieth
Century, the environmental conse-
quences of more than 100 years of industrial-
ization in the United States became increas-
ingly clear. Authors such as Rachel Carson
wrote passionately about the often-hidden en-
vironmental effects of our modern society's
widespread use of chemicals and other haz-
ardous materials. Their audience was small at
first, but gradually their message spread.
Growing concern turned to action, as people
learned more about the environment and be-
gan to act on their knowledge
The 1970s saw environmental issues burst
onto the national scene and take hold in the
national consciousness. The first Earth Day
was observed in 1970, the year that the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was
founded. By the end of the 1970s, Love Canal
in New York and the Valley of the Drums in
Kentucky had entered the popular lexicon as
synonyms for pollution and environmental
degradation.
Superfund Is Established
The industrialization that gave Americans the
world's highest standard of living also created
problems that only a national program could
address. By 1980, the U.S. Congress had
passed numerous environmental laws, imple-
mented by the EPA, but many serious hazard-
ous waste problems were slipping through the
cracks.
Responding to growing concern about public
health and environmental threats from uncon-
trolled releases of hazardous materials, the
U.S. Congress passed the Comprehensive En-
vironmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA). Popularly known as
Superfund, CERCLA had one seemingly
simple job—to uncover and clean up hazard-
ous materials spills and contaminated sites.
A Big Job
Few in Congress, the EPA, the environmen-
tal community, or the general public knew in
1980 just how big the nation's hazardous ma-
terials problem is. Almost everyone thought
that Superfund would be a short-lived pro-
gram requiring relatively few resources to
clean up at most a few hundred sites. They
were quite mistaken.
As the EPA set to work finding sites and
gauging their potential to harm people and
the environment, the number of sites grew.
Each discovery seemed to lead to another,
and today almost 36,000 hazardous waste
sites have been investigated as potential haz-
ardous waste sites. They are catalogued in
the EPA's computerized database, CERCLIS
(for the Comprehensive Environmental Re-
-------
INTRODUCTION
sponse, Compensation, and Liability Informa-
tion System).
The damage to public health and the environ-
ment that each site in CERCLIS might cause
is evaluated; many sites have been referred to
State and local governments for cleanup. The
EPA lists the nation's most serious hazardous
waste sites on the National Priorities List, or
NPL. (These Superfund sites are eligible for
federally-funded cleanup, but whenever pos-
sible the EPA makes polluters pay for the
contamination they helped create.) The NPL
now numbers 1,275 sites, with 50 to 100
added each year. By the end of the century,
the NPL may reach as many as 2,100 sites.
Superfund faces some of the most complex
pollution problems ever encountered by an
environmental program. Improperly stored or
disposed chemicals and the soil they contami-
nate are one concern. More difficult to correct
are the wetlands and bays, and the groundwa-
ter, lakes, and rivers often used for drinking
water that are contaminated by chemicals
spreading through the soil or mixing with
storm water runoff. Toxic vapors contaminate
the air at some sites, threatening the health of
people living and working near by.
Superfund aims to control immediate public
health and environmental threats by tackling
the worst problems at the worst sites first.
Wherever possible, Superfund officials use
innovative treatment techniques—many de-
veloped or refined by the EPA—to correct
hazardous materials problems once and for
all. Many of the treatment techniques they use
did not exist when the program was created.
The EPA Administrator had challenged Su-
perfund to complete construction necessary
for cleanup work at 130 NPL sites by the end
of the 1992 federal fiscal year. By September
30, 1992, the end of fiscal year 1992, con-
struction had been completed at a total of 149
NPL sites. Superfund is well on its way of
meeting the Administrator's goal of complet-
ing construction at 200 NPL sites by the end
of fiscal year 1993, and 650 sites by the end
of fiscal year 2000.
Quick Cleanup at
Non-NPL Sites
Long-standing hazardous waste sites are not
Superfund's only concern. The EPA also re-
sponds to hazardous spills and other emergen-
cies, hauling away chemicals for proper treat-
ment or disposal. Superfund teams perform or
supervise responses at rail and motor vehicle
accidents, fires, and other emergencies in-
volving hazardous substances. They also
evacuate people living and working near by,
if necessary, and provide clean drinking water
to people whose own water is contaminated.
Removal crews also post warning signs and
take other precautions to keep people and ani-
mals away from hazardous substances.
Superfund employee prepares equipment for ground-water
Irpnlmpnt..
treatment.
VI
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INTRODUCTION
Quick Cleanups, or Removals, are not limited
to emergencies. When cleanup crews at con-
taminated sites find hazardous substances that
immediately threaten people or the environ-
ment, they act right away to reduce the threat
or to remove the chemicals outright. As the
EPA implements the Superfund Accelerated
Cleanup Model (SACM), more and more sites
will undergo quick cleanups, and many of
these will be cleaned up completely without
ever being included on the NPL. (See
"Streamlining Superfund: The Superfund Ac-
celerated Cleanup Model.")
Some of Superfund's most significant gains in
public health and environmental protection
have been won by the removal program. As of
March 31, 1992, the Emergency Response
site.
Superfund employee removing drums from a Superfund
Program had logged more than 2,300 removal
completions since Superfund was established.
The Public's Role
Superfund is unique among federal programs
in its commitment to citizen participation. Al-
though the EPA is responsible for determin-
ing how dangerous a site is and how best to
clean it up, the Agency relies on citizen input
as it makes these decisions.
Community residents are often invaluable
sources of information about a hazardous
waste site, its current and previous owners,
and the activities that took place there. Such
information can be crucial to experts evaluat-
ing a site and its potential dangers.
Residents also comment on EPA cleanup
plans by stating their concerns and prefer-
ences at public meetings and other forums and
in formal, written comments to Agency pro-
posals. The EPA takes these comments and
concerns seriously, and has modified many
proposals in response to local concerns. For,
ultimately, it is the community and its citizens
that will live with the results of the EPA's de-
cisions and actions; it is only fair that citizens
participate in the process.
A Commitment to
Communication
The Superfund program is very serious about
public outreach and communication. Com-
munity relations coordinators are assigned to
each NPL site to help the public understand
the potential hazards present, as well as the
cleanup alternatives. Local information re-
positories, such as libraries or other public
buildings, have been established near each
NPL site to ensure that the public has an op-
portunity to review all relevant information
and the proposed cleanup plans.
The individual State volumes contain sum-
mary fact sheets on NPL sites in each State
and territory. Together, the fact sheets provide
a concise report on site conditions and the
progress made toward site cleanups as of
March 1992. The EPA revises these volumes
periodically to provide an up-to-date record of
program activities. A glossary of key terms
relating to hazardous waste management and
Superfund site cleanup is provided at the back
of this book.
VII
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INTRODUCTION
Superfund is, of course, a public program, and
as such it belongs to everyone of us. This vol-
ume, along with other State volumes, com-
prises the EPA's report on Superfund
progress to the program's owners for the year
1992.
VIII
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INTRODUCTION
STREAMLINING SUPERFUND: THE SUPERFUND
ACCELERATED CLEANUP MODEL
Historically, critics and supporters alike
have measured Superfund's progress
by the number of hazardous waste sites de-
leted from the NPL. Although easy enough to
tally, this approach is too narrow. It misses
the major gains Superfund makes by reducing
major risks at the nation's worst hazardous
sites long before all clean-up work is done
and the site deleted. It also ignores the Re-
moval Program's contributions to meeting
Superfund's twin mandates of maximizing
public health and environmental protection.
Renewing Superfund's commitment to rapid
protection from hazardous materials, the EPA
is streamlining the program. The Superfund
Accelerated Cleanup Model, or SACM, will
take Early Actions, such as removing hazard-
ous wastes or contaminated materials, while
experts study the site. SACM also will com-
bine similar site studies to reduce the time re-
quired to evaluate a site and its threats to
people and the environment. This way, imme-
diate public health and environmental threats
will be addressed while long-term cleanups
are being planned.
Emergencies such as train derailments and
motor vehicle accidents will continue to be
handled expeditiously. Teams of highly
trained technicians will swing into action
right away, coordinating the cleanup and re-
moval of hazardous substances to ensure pub-
lic safety as quickly as possible.
Breaking With Tradition
The traditional Superfund process begins with
a lengthy phase of study and site assessment,
but SACM will save time by combining sepa-
rate, yet similar, activities. Each EPA Region
will form a Decision Team of site managers,
risk assessors, community relations coordina-
tors, lawyers, and other experts to monitor the
studies and quickly determine whether a site
requires Early Action (taking less than five
years), Long-term Action, or both.
While the site studies continue, the Decision
Team will begin the short-term work required
to correct immediate public health or environ-
mental threats from the site. Besides remov-
ing hazardous materials, Early Actions in-
clude taking precautions to keep contaminants
from moving off the site and restricting access
to the site. Early Actions could eliminate most
human risk from these sites, and Superfund
will further focus its public participation and
public information activities on site assess-
ment and Early Action.
Long-Term Solutions
While Early Actions can correct many hazard-
ous waste problems—and provide the bulk of
public health and environmental protection—
some contamination will take longer to cor-
rect. Cleanups of mining sites, wetlands, estu-
aries, and projects involving incineration of
contaminants or restoration of groundwater
can take far longer than the three to five years
envisioned for Early Actions. Under SACM,
these sites will be handled much as they are
now.
Also under SACM, the EPA will continue its
pursuit of potentially responsible parties who
may have caused or contributed to site con-
tamination. Expedited enforcement and
procedures for negotiating potentially respon-
sible party settlements will secure their par-
ticipation. Superfund personnel will continue
to oversee clean-up work performed by poten-
tially responsible parties.
IX
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INTRODUCTION
HOW SUPERFUND WORKS
Each Superfund site presents a different
set of complex problems. The same haz-
ardous materials and chemicals often con-
taminate many sites, but the details of each
site are different. Almost always, soil is con-
taminated with one or more chemicals. Their
vapors may taint the air over and around the
site. Contaminants may travel through the soil
and reach underground aquifers which may be
used for drinking water, or they may spread
over the site to contaminate streams, ponds,
and wetlands. The contaminating chemicals
may interact with each other, presenting even
more complicated cleanup problems.
Superfund's cleanup process is arduous and
exacting. It requires the best efforts of hun-
dreds of experts in science and engineering,
public health, administration and manage-
ment, law, and many other fields.
The average NPL site takes from seven to ten j
years to work its way through the system,
from discovery to the start of long-term
cleanup. Actual cleanup work can take years,
decades if contaminated groundwater must
be treated. Of course, imminent threats to
public health or the environment are cor-
rected right away.
The diagram to the right presents a simplified
view of the cleanup process. The major steps
in the Superfund process are:
• Site discovery and investigation to iden-
tify contaminants and determine whether
emergency action is required;
»Emergency site work such as removing
contaminants for proper treatment or dis-
posal, and securing the site to keep people
and animals away, if warranted by condi-
tions at the site;
• Site evaluation to determine how people
living and working nearby, and the envi-
ronment, may be exposed to site contami-
nants;
1 Detailed studies to determine whether con-
ditions are serious enough to add the site to
the National Priorities List of sites eligible
for federally funded cleanup under Super-
fund;
• Selection, design, and implementation of a
cleanup plan, after a thorough review of
the most effective cleanup options, given
site conditions, contaminants present, and
their potential threat to public health or the
environment.
• Follow-up to ensure that the cleanup work
done at the site continues to be effective
over the long term.
The Superfund Process
From the earliest stages, EPA investigators
work hard to identify those responsible for the
contamination. As their responsibility is es-
tablished, the EPA negotiates with these "re-
sponsible parties" to pay for cleaning up the
problem they helped create. This "enforce-
ment first" policy saves Superfund Trust Fund
monies for use in cleanups where the respon-
sible parties cannot be identified, or where
they are unable to fund cleanup work.
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THE VOLUME
How to Use the State Book
The site fact sheets presented in this book
are comprehensive summaries that cover
a broad range of information. The fact sheets
describe hazardous waste sites on the NPL and
their locations, as well as the conditions
leading to their listing ("Site Description").
The summaries list the types of contaminants
that have been discovered and related threats
to public and ecological health ("Threats and
Contaminants"). "Cleanup Approach" pres-
ents an overview of the cleanup activities
completed, underway, or planned. The fact
sheets conclude with a brief synopsis of how
much progress has been made in protecting
public health and the environment. The
summaries also pinpoint other actions, such as
legal efforts to involve polluters responsible
for site contamination and community con-
cerns.
The fact sheets are arranged in alphabetical
order by site name. Because site cleanup is a
dynamic and gradual process, all site informa-
tion is accurate as of the date shown on the
bottom of each page. Progress always is being
made at NPL sites, and the EPA periodically
will update the site fact sheets to reflect recent
actions and will publish updated State vol-
umes. The following two pages show a ge-
neric fact sheet and briefly describe the infor-
mation under each section.
How Can You Use
This State Book?
You can use this book to keep informed about
the sites that concern you, particularly ones
close to home. The EPA is committed to
involving the public in the decision making
process associated with hazardous waste
cleanup. The Agency solicits input from area
residents in communities affected by Super-
fund sites. Citizens are likely to be affected
not only by hazardous site conditions, but also
by the remedies that combat them. Site clean-
ups take many forms and can affect communi-
ties in different ways. Local traffic may be
rerouted, residents may be relocated, tempo-
rary water supplies may be necessary.
Definitive information on a site can help
citizens sift through alternatives and make
decisions. To make good choices, you must
know what the threats are and how the EPA
intends to clean up the site. You must under-
stand the cleanup alternatives being proposed
for site cleanup and how residents may be
affected by each one. You also need to have
some idea of how your community intends to
use the site in the future, and you need to know
what the community can realistically expect
once the cleanup is complete.
The EPA wants to develop cleanup methods
that meet community needs, but the Agency
only can take local concerns into account if it
understands what they are. Information must
travel both ways in order for cleanups to be
effective and satisfactory. Please take this
opportunity to learn more, become involved,
and assure that hazardous waste cleanup at
"your" site considers your community's
concerns.
XI
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THE VOLUME
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Provides the dates when the
site was Proposed, made Final,
and Deleted from the NPL.
SITE RESPONSIBILITY
Identifies the Federal, State,
and/or potentially responsible
parties taking responsibility
for cleanup actions at the site.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROGRESS
Summarizes the actions to
reduce the threats to nearby
residents and the surrounding
environment and the progress
towards cleaning up the site.
SITE NAME
STATE
EPA ID# ABCOOOOOOO
Site Description
EPA REGION XX
COUNTY NAME
LOCATION
Other Names:
:xx xxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxx:
XX XXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXX XX XXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXX XXXX XXXXX XXXX X XXX :
xxxxxxx xxx xxxSTSiujyocxxx xxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxx xxxxxxx:
xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx1>»»4^>: xxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXX XX>"X^!»*MXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXX XXXXX XXX XXX XXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXX XX XXXXXXX XXX XXXXX XjSStWmiJXX XXXXXX XX XXXX XXX XXXXX XXX XXXXX XXX XXXXX
Site Responsibility:
xxxxxx xxxxxxxx
NPL Listing History
Proposed: XX/XX/XX
Final: XX/XX/XX
Threats and Contaminants
xx xxxxxxxx:
xx:
XXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXJ
xxxxx xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxx:
xxxx xxxxxx xxxxx xxx:
Cleanup Approach
KXXXXXXXXXXX
xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxx:
XXXXXX XXXX XXXXX XXXX X XXX XXXXXXXX
Response Action Status
Site Facts:
:x xxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxx:
xxxxxx
^^HjtXXXX
Environmental Progress
Site Repository
SITE REPOSITORY
Lists the location of the primary site repository. The site
repository may include community relations plans, public
meeting announcements and minutes, fact sheets, press
releases, and other site-related documents.
XII
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THE VOLUME
SITE DESCRIPTION
This section describes the location and history of the site. It includes descrip-
tions of the most recent activities and past actions at the site that have con-
tributed to the contamination. Population estimates, land usages, and nearby
resources give readers background on the local setting surrounding the site.
THREATS AND CONTAMINANTS
The major chemical categories of site contamination are noted, as well as
which environmental resources are affected. Icons representing each of the
affected resources (may include air, groundwater, surface water, soil, and
contamination to environmentally sensitive areas) are included in the margins
of this section. Potential threats to residents and the surrounding environ-
ments arising from the site contamination also are described.
CLEANUP APPROACH
This section contains a brief overview of how the site is being cleaned up.
RESPONSE ACTION STATUS
Specific actions that have been accomplished or will be undertaken to clean
up the site are described here. Cleanup activities at NPL sites are divided
into separate phases, depending on the complexity and required actions at the
site. Two major types of cleanup activities often are described: initial,
immediate, or emergency actions to quickly remove or reduce imminent
threats to the community and surrounding areas; and long-term remedial
phases directed at final cleanup at the site. Each stage of the cleanup strategy
is presented in this section of the summary. Icons representing the stage of
the cleanup process (initial actions, site investigations, EPA selection of the
cleanup remedy, engineering design phase, cleanup activities underway, and
completed cleanup) are located in the margin next to each activity descrip-
tion.
SITE FACTS
Additional information on activities and events at the site are included in this
section. Often details on legal or administrative actions taken by the EPA to
achieve site cleanup or other facts pertaining to community involvement with
the site cleanup process are reported here.
xiii
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THE VOLUME
The "icons," or symbols, accompanying the text allow the reader to see at a glance which envi-
ronmental resources are affected and the status of cleanup activities at the site.
Icons in the Threats
and Contaminants
Section
Contaminated Groundwater resources
in the vicinity or underlying the site.
(Groundwater is often used as a drink-
ing water source.)
Contaminated Surface Water and
Sediments on or near the site. (These
include lakes, ponds, streams, and
rivers.)
Contaminated Air in the vicinity of
the site. (Air pollution usually is
periodic and involves contaminated
dust particles or hazardous gas emis-
sions.)
Contaminated Soil and Sludges on or
near the site. (This contamination
category may include bulk or other
surface hazardous wastes found on the
site.)
Threatened or contaminated Environ-
mentally Sensitive Areas in the vicinity
of the site. (Examples include wet-
lands and coastal areas or critical
habitats.)
Icons in the Response
Action Status Section
Initial, Immediate, or Emergency
Actions have been taken or are
underway to eliminate immediate
threats at the site.
Site Studies at the site to determine
the nature and extent of contamination
are planned or underway.
Remedy Selected indicates that site
investigations have been concluded,
and the EPA has selected a final
cleanup remedy for the site or part of
the site.
Remedy Design means that engineers
are preparing specifications and
drawings for the selected cleanup
technologies.
Cleanup Ongoing indicates that the
selected cleanup remedies for the
contaminated site, or part of the site,
currently are underway.
Cleanup Complete shows that all
cleanup goals have been achieved for
the contaminated site or part of the
site.
XIV
-------
A SUMMARY OF THE STATE PROGRAM
xv
-------
Superfund Activities in
Michigan
The State of Michigan is located within EPA Region
5, which includes the six mid western States. The State
covers 58,527 square miles. According to the 1990
Census, Michigan experienced a minimal increase
in population between 1980 and 1990, and is
ranked eighth in U.S. population with approxi-
mately 9,295,000 residents.
The Michigan Environmental Response Act of
1982, most recently amended in 1990, grants the
State the authority to clean up abandoned
hazardous waste sites. The 1990 amendment to
the Act provided the State with enforcement,
liability, and cost recovery authorities. In
addition, 10 related pollution control acts
supplement cleanup program authorities. In
addition to the 10 percent contribution from the
State required by the Federal Superfund program, the Environmental Protection Bond Fund may be
used for site investigations, study and design activities, emergency response and removal actions,
long-term cleanup actions, operation and maintenance activities, grants to local governments, and
administrative costs. In practice, the State will use its funds after attempted negotiations with pollut-
ers have failed and Federal funds have been sought. Public hearings are held when sites are listed on
the State priority list and prior to the selection of final cleanup remedies. Currently, 77 sites in the
State of Michigan have been listed as final on the NPL; two sites have been deleted. No new sites
have been proposed for listing in 1992.
The Department of Natural Resources
implements the Superfund Program in the State of Michigan
Activities responsible for hazardous
waste contamination in the State of
Michigan include:
Electroplating
Operations
Dry Cleaners
Recycling
and Storage
and Disposal
Facilities
Chemical
Production
Facilities
Landfills
Other
Manufacturing
Operations
Facts about the 79 NPL sites
in Michigan:
Immediate Actions (such as removing
hazardous substances or restricting
site access) were performed at 57
sites.
Nineteen sites endanger sensitive
environments.
Seventy-three sites are located near
residential areas.
XVII
March 1992
-------
MICHIGAN
Most Sites Have Multiple Contaminants and
Contaminated Media:
Media Contaminated at Sites
Contaminants Found at Sites
Air
Water
Soil
.
water
-JMJ
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, 1
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i
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percentage of Sites
The Potentially Responsible
Party Pays...
In the State of Michigan, potentially responsible
parties are paying for or conducting cleanup
activities at 53 sites.
Percentage of Sites
Pesticides/Herbicides
VOCs
Plastics
Heavy Metals
PCBs
Other*
Creosotes
Cyanide
Dioxin
89%
81%
76%
61%
23%
16%
14%
9%
1%
"Other contaminants include phosphorous, nitrate,
bromoform, chloroform, naphthalene, cupric
ammonium carbonate, sulfate, chloride, aluminum,
and ammonia.
For Further Information on NPL Sites and Hazardous
Waste Programs in the State of Michigan Please Contact:
^ EPA Region 5 Office of Public
Affairs
13 National Response Center
13 Department of Natural Resources:
Environmental Response Division
"® EPA Region 5 Waste Management
Division
^ EPA Superfund Hotline
For information concerning
community involvement
To report a hazardous
waste emergency
For information about the
State's responsibility in the
Superfund Program
For information about the
Regional Supeffuhd Program
For information about the
Federal Superfund Program
(312) 353-2072
(800) 424-8802
(517)373-9837
(312)353-9419
(800) 424-9068
March 1992
XVIII
-------
THE NPL REPORT
PROGRESS TO DATE
The following Progress Report lists all
sites currently on, or deleted from, the
NPL and briefly summarizes the status of ac-
tivities for each site at the time this report was
prepared. The steps in the Superfund cleanup
process are arrayed across the top of the chart,
and each site's progress through these steps is
represented by an arrow 0^) indicating the
current stage of cleanup.
Large and complex sites often are organized
into several cleanup stages. For example,
separate cleanup efforts may be required to
address the source of the contamination,
hazardous substances in the groundwater, and
surface water pollution, or to clean up differ-
ent areas of a large site. In such cases, the
chart portrays cleanup progress at the site's
most advanced stage, reflecting the status of
site activities rather than administrative ac-
complishments.
O An arrow in the "Initial Response" cate-
gory indicates that an emergency
cleanup, immediate action, or initial ac-
tion has been completed or currently is
underway. Emergency or initial actions
are taken as an interim measure to pro-
vide immediate relief from exposure to
hazardous site conditions or to stabilize
a site to prevent further contamination.
O A final arrow in the "Site Studies" cat-
egory indicates that an investigation to
determine the nature and extent of the
contamination at the site currently is on-
going or planned.
O A final arrow in the "Remedy Selection"
category means that the EPA has se-
lected the final cleanup strategy for the
site. At the few sites where the EPA has
determined that initial response actions
have eliminated site contamination, or
that any remaining contamination will
be naturally dispersed without further
cleanup activities, a "No Action" rem-
edy has been selected. In these cases,
the arrows are discontinued at the
"Remedy Selection" step and resume in
the "Construction Complete" category.
^ A final arrow at the "Remedial Design"
stage indicates that engineers currently
are designing the technical specifica-
tions for the selected cleanup remedies
and technologies.
^> A final arrow in the "Cleanup Ongoing"
column means that final cleanup actions
have been started at the site and cur-
rently are underway.
O A final arrow in the "Construction Com-
plete" category is used only when all
phases of the site cleanup plan have
been performed, and the EPA has deter-
mined that no additional construction
actions are required at the site. Some
sites in this category currently may be
undergoing long-term operation and
maintenance or monitoring to ensure
that the cleanup actions continue to pro-
tect human health and the environment.
/ A check in the "Deleted" category indi-
cates that the site cleanup has met all
human health and environmental goals
and that the EPA has deleted the site
from the NPL.
Further information on the activities and
progress at each site is given in the site "Fact
Sheets" published in this volume.
XIX
-------
Progress Toward Cleanup at NPL Sites in the State of Michigan
Site Name
ADAM'S PLATING
ALBION-SHERIDAN TOWNSHIP LANDFILL
ALLIED PAPER INC/PORTAGE CREEK/
KALAMAZOO RIVER
AMERICAN ANODCO, INC.
ANDERSON DEVELOPMENT COMPANY
AUTO ION CHEMICALS, INC.
AVENUE "E" GW CONTAMINATION
BARRELS, INC.
BENDIX CORPORATION/ALLIED
AUTOMOTIVE
BERLIN AND FARRO
BOFORS NOBEL, INC.
BURROWS SANITATION
BUTTERWORTH #2 LANDFILL
CANNELTON INDUSTRIES, INC.
CARTER INDUSTRIALS, INC.
CEMETERY DUMP
CHARLEVOIX MUNICIPAL WELL
CHEM CENTRAL
CLARE WATER SUPPLY
CLIFF/DOW DUMP
DUELL & GARDNER LANDFILL
ELECTROVOICE
FOLKERTSMA REFUSE
FOREST WASTE PRODUCTS
G&HLANDFILL
County
Initial Site Remedy Remedy Cleanup Construction
NPL Date Response Studies Selected Design Ongoing Complete Deleted
INGHAM
CALHOUN
KALAMAZOO/
ALLEGAN
IONIA
LENAWEE
KALAMAZOO
GRAND
TRAVERSE
INGHAM
BERRIEN
GENESEE
MUSKEGON
VANBUREN
KENT
CfflPPEWA
WAYNE
OAKLAND
CHARLEVOIX
KENT
CLARE
MARQUETTE
MUSKEGON
BERRIEN
KENT
GENESEE
MACOMB
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
03/31/89
10/04/89 ^>
08/30/90 0
03/31/89 0
09/08/83 >=>
09/08/83 ^>
06/10/86 =S>
10/04/89 =>
02/21/90
09/08/83 0
03/31/89 ^>
09/21/84 =>
09/08/83 =>
08/30/90 0
03/31/89 0
09/08/83
09/08/83 ^>
09/08/83 ^>
09/21/84 0
09/08/83 0
09/08/83 0
09/21/84
03/31/89
09/08/83 0
09/03/83 0
^
^>
T~^>
r~^>
o o o
000
o o o
0
o
000
o o o
000
^>
0
o o
0 0 O
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o
o
T~^> T~|>
000
0 0
o
o
o
-------
Progress Toward Cleanup at NPL Sites in the State of Michigan (Continued)
Site Name
GRAND TRAVERSE OVERALL SUPPLY
GRATIOT COUNTY GOLF COURSE
GRATIOT COUNTY LANDFILL
H. BROWN CO., INC.
HEDBLUM INDUSTRIES
HI-MILL MANUFACTURING COMPANY
IONIA CITY LANDFILL
J & L LANDFILL
K & L AVENUE LANDFILL
KAYDON CORPORATION
KENT CITY MOBILE HOME PARK
KENTWOOD LANDFILL
KYSOR INDUSTRIAL CORP.
LIQUID DISPOSAL, INC.
MASON COUNTY LANDFILL
MCGRAW EDISON CORP.
METAL WORKING SHOP
METAMORA LANDFILL
MICHIGAN DISPOSAL SERVICE (CORK
STREET LANDFILL)
MOTOR WHEEL, INC.
MUSKEGON CHEMICAL CO.
NORTH BRONSON INDUSTRIAL AREA
NORTHERNAIRE PLATING
NOVACO INDUSTRIES
ORGANIC CHEMICALS, INC.
OSSINEKE GROUNDWATER
CONTAMINATION
County
NPL Date
Initial Site Remedy Remedy Cleanup Construction
Response Studies Selected Design Ongoing Complete Deleted
LEELANAU
GRATIOT
GRATIOT
KENT
IOSCO
OAKLAND
IONIA
OAKLAND
KALAMAZOO
MUSKEGON
KENT
KENT
WEXFORD
MACOMB
MASON
CALHOUN
BENZffi
LAPEER
KALAMAZOO
INGHAM
MUSKEGON
BRANCH
WEXFORD
MONROE
KENT
ALPENA
Final
Deleted
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
09/08/83 ^>
09/03/83 0
09/08/83 0
06/10/86 =>
09/08/83
02/21/90 =>
09/08/83 0
03/31/89
09/08/83 0
02/21/90 0
07/21/87 =>
09/08/83
10/04/89
09/08/83 =>
09/08/83 ^
09/08/83 ^>
02/21/90
09/21/84
02/21/90 0
06/10/86 0
02/21/90 0
06/10/86 ^>
09/08/83 =>
09/08/83
09/08/83 0
09/08/83 =>
0 O
r~y r~|>
o
r~^> r~|>
^>
o o
o
0 !Z>
1 — ^ ^ — ^>
0 0
1 — -\ i — S
1 \ 5 S
^ 0
!=> 0
o o
c^ O
0 0
0 ^
o
^
O c^>
0 0
0 ^>
0 0
O 0
=>
o
-------
o
— L
CD
CD
to
X
X
Progress Toward Cleanup at
Site Name
OTT/STORY/CORDOVA CHEMICAL CO.
PACKAGING CORP. OF AMERICA
PARSONS CHEMICAL WORKS, INC.
PEERLESS PLATING CO.
PETOSKEY MUNICIPAL WELL FIELD
RASMUSSEN'S DUMP
ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL CORP.
(ALLEGANPLANT)
ROSE TOWNSHIP DUMP
ROTO-FINISHCO.,INC.
SCA INDEPENDENT LANDFILL
SfflAWASSEE RIVER
SOUTH MACOMB DSPL AUTHORITY
NPL Sites in
County
MUSKEGON
MANISTEE
EATON
MUSKEGON
EMMET
LIVINGSTON
ALLEGAN
OAKLAND
KALAMAZOO
MUSKEGON
LIVINGSTON
MACOMB
SOUTHWEST OTTAWA COUNTY LANDFILL OTTAWA
SPARTA LANDFILL
SPARTAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
SPffiGELBERG LANDFILL
SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP DUMP
STATE DISPOSAL LANDFILL, INC.
STURGIS MUNICIPAL WELLS
TAR LAKE
THERMO-CHEM, INC.
TORCH LAKE
U.S. AVIEX
VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION
(MICHIGAN)
VERONA WELL FIELD
WASH KING LAUNDRY
KENT
KENT
LIVINGSTON
OAKLAND
KENT
ST. JOSEPH
ANTRIM
MUSKEGON
HOUGHTON
CASS
GRATIOT
CALHOUN
LAKE
the State of
NPL
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Date
09/08/83
09/08/83
03/31/89
08/30/90
09/08/83
09/08/83
07/27/87
09/08/83
06/10/86
09/08/83
09/08/83
06/10/86
09/08/83
09/08/83
09/08/83
09/08/83
09/08/83
02/21/90
09/21/84
09/08/83
06/10/86
06/10/86
09/08/83
09/08/83
09/08/83
09/08/83
Michigan (Continued)
Initial
Response
O
O
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
0
o
o
Site
Studies
O
o
o
o
o
^>
^>
o
o
^>
0
0
0
0
0
=>
^>
C5>
0
O
O
O
o
=>
^
Remedy Remedy Cleanup Construction
Selected Design Ongoing Complete Deleted
T— S. r~y
>=>
o o
000
0 O 0
o o o
0 O
o o
o
o o o
o o o o
o o o
-------
Progress Toward Cleanup at NPL Sites in the State of Michigan (Continued)
Site Name County
WASTE MANAGEMENT OF MICHIGAN OTTAWA
(HOLLAND LAGOONS)
WHITEHALL MUNICIPAL WELLS MUSKEGON
Initial Site Remedy Remedy Cleanup Construction
NPL Date Response Studies Selected Design Ongoing Complete Deleted
Final 06/10/86 => =>
Deleted 02/11/91 ^> ^> ^ /
X
X
30
Sites
with
Studies
Underway
10
Sites
with
Remedy
Selected
13
Sites
with
Remedy
Design
18
Sites
with
Cleanup
Ongoing
6
Sites
with
Construction
Complete
\
2
Deleted
Sites
>/
Note: Cleanup status reflects actual site activities rather than administrative accomplishments.
£U
o
CD
CD
-------
ADAM'S PLAT
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID006522791
EPA REGION 5
Ingham County
Lansing
Site Description
The 1-acre Adam's Plating site has been used for electroplating operations since 1964. Before
electroplating operations began, the site was used by a dry cleaning company. In the mid-
1950s, an underground storage tank containing solvents was discovered to be leaking and was
removed. Wastewaters from the electroplating operations were discharged to the storm
sewers until 1971, when the site was connected to the municipal sanitary sewers. Wastewaters
were discharged directly into the municipal sewers until the mid-1970s. Subsequently,
wastewaters were collected, stored, and treated prior to discharge into the sewers.
Wastewaters, first, were stored on site in a partially buried tank, which was removed when it
was discovered to be leaking. Currently, wastewater storage is in an underground storage
tank in the southwestern corner of the site. Evidence that a contaminant release may have
occurred first was observed in 1980. While removing a tree on a neighboring property, an old
tile drain was broken, and residents observed "green water" entering the hole. Later, this
"green water" flooded the basement of a nearby home and was pumped into the yard. This
pumping system continued until the flooding problem was reported to the Ingham County
Health Department in 1981. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR)
found that wastewater with a high chromium content was saturating soils. In 1981, the
MDNR found trichloroethylene (TCE), a dry cleaning solvent, in the soil as well.
Approximately 185,600 people depend on drinking water from municipal wells within 3 miles
of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 03/31/89
Threats and Contaminants
The soil is contaminated with TCE and chromium. Direct contact with or
accidental ingestion of contaminated soil poses a potential health threat.
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA currently is conducting an investigation to determine the
extent and nature of contamination and to select final methods for site cleanup.
The investigation is being conducted in two phases. Phase 1 involved preliminary
planning, including the development of a field sampling plan. Phase 2 will include the field
work and studies leading to remedy selection. The investigation is expected to be completed
in late 1993.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Adam's Plating site while studies
are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Lansing Public Library, 401 South Capital Street, Lansing, MI 48933
March 1992
ADAM'S PLATING
-------
ALBION-SHERIDAN
TOWNSHIP LAN
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980504450
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Calhoun County
1 mile east of Albion
From 1966 to 1981, the 30-acre Albion-Sheridan Township Landfill site accepted municipal
refuse and industrial wastes from the City of Albion and nearby Sheridan Township. According
to the owner, the landfill accepted 200 to 300 cubic yards of sludges from the Union Steel
Products plant prior to 1981. Tests conducted by the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR) in 1984 and 1986 indicated that the sludges contain various heavy metal
contaminants. In 1986, the EPA found approximately 40 drums on the surface, some filled with
what appeared to be oil and grease wastes. The landfill is covered with sand and gravel, and
there are signs of burning. Some vegetation has grown on the cover. Approximately 13,500
people obtain drinking water from public and private wells within 3 miles of the site. The north
branch of the Kalamazoo River is 300 feet from the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 10/04/89
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with sodium, calcium, ammonia, and heavy
metals including iron, potassium, lead, and magnesium. Cyanide and heavy metals
including nickel, lead, cadmium, and chromium are contained in the soil. The
sludge also is contaminated with heavy metals as well as chloride and cyanide.
Possible health threats include direct contact with or accidental ingestion of
contaminated soils, sludges, or groundwater.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
March 1992
-------
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In 1990, under EPA monitoring, two potentially responsible
parties began sampling, overpacking, and disposing of leaking drums on the
landfill surface. About 30 drums have been removed. Additionally, the site was
partially fenced to restrict access.
Entire Site: The EPA will conduct an investigation to determine the nature and
extent of contamination at the site and to recommend alternative methods for site
cleanup. The investigation began in 1991 and is expected to be completed in 1994,
at which time a final cleanup remedy will be selected.
Site Facts: A Unilateral Administrative Order was issued to four potentially responsible
parties in 1990 to perform site cleanup work.
Environmental Progress
The sampling, overpacking, and disposing of leaking drums and partial fencing of the site
have reduced the potential of exposure to contaminants at the Albion-Sheridan Township
Landfill site while studies are being conducted and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Not established.
March 1992
ALBION-SHERIDAN TOWNSHIP LANDFILL
-------
ALLIED PAPER JNC./
PORTAGE CR
KALAMAZOO
MICHIGAN *-——TO
EPA ID# MID006007306
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Kalamazoo and Allegan Counties
Kalamazoo
Other Names:
Allied Paper
Portage Creek
The Allied Paper, Inc./Portage Creek/Kalamazoo River site involves polychlorinated biphenyl
(PCB) contamination of the Allied Paper, Inc. property, a 3-mile stretch of Portage Creek
where the creek meets the Kalamazoo River, and a 35-mile stretch of the Kalamazoo River.
Allied Paper, Inc. has operated paper mills on this 80-acre site since 1925. The company
recycled paper from 1957 to 1971. In 1986, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources
(MDNR) detected PCBs in several places along an 80-mile stretch of the Kalamazoo River
between Kalamazoo and Lake Michigan. Contamination is found primarily in the sediments,
although the surface water and fish also are contaminated. MDNR tests conducted in 1985
also found PCBs in monitoring wells around a landfill on the Allied Paper, Inc. property, two
seeps from a sludge disposal area, and a discharge to Portage Creek. Approximately 142,000
people obtain drinking water from public wells within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 05/05/89
Final Date: 08/30/90
Threats and Contaminants
Sediments, surface water, and fish are contaminated with PCBs. Direct contact
with or accidental ingestion of contaminated surface water or sediments could pose
a health threat. In 1977, the Michigan Department of Public Health issued an
advisory warning people against eating fish from the Kalamazoo River because of
PCB contamination.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: an initial action and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on the cleanup of the entire site.
March 1992
-------
Response Action Status
Initial Action: Highly contaminated areas of the Allied Paper, Inc. property were
fenced in two stages: November 1990 and in March 1991. Additional fencing is
being installed at this time.
Entire Site: The potentially responsible parties, under State supervision, have
begun an investigation to determine the nature and extent of sediment, soil,
groundwater, surface water, and biota contamination. The work plan is under
review; sampling began in the summer of 1991. Although PCB contamination will receive
most of the attention, the studies will screen various environmental media throughout the
system to determine whether other chemicals need to be addressed. The results of this study
will yield recommendations from which the State of Michigan and the EPA will select the
final cleanup remedy;
Environmental Progress
Fencing the contaminated areas has limited access to the Allied Paper, Inc./Portage
Creek/Kalamazoo River site and has reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous
materials while studies leading to a final selection of cleanup alternatives are being
conducted.
Site Repository
Kalamazoo Public Library, 315 South Rose Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007
March 1992
ALLIED PAPER, INC./ PORTAGE
CREEK/KALAMAZOO RIVER
-------
AMERICAN
ANODCO, INC
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID006029102
EPA REGION 5
Ionia County
Ionia
Site Description
Since 1962, aluminium parts for the automotive industry have been cleaned on the 8-acre
American Anodco, Inc. site. In 1962, under an agreement with the State, process wastewaters
and spent chemicals from the site were discharged directly to the on-site seepage lagoon. The
waste streams contained heavy metals that leached from metal parts during the anodizing
process. In order to promote wastewater infiltration, lagoon sludge and sediments were
dredged in 1972 and 1978 and placed near the lagoon. In 1978, American Anodco received
approval from the State to continue discharging wastewater into the lagoon. The company
also disposed of process and cooling water in an unlined seepage lagoon. According to
analyses conducted by the EPA, the water placed in the lagoon contains nitric acid and
chromium. In 1986, American Anodco began to phase out the use of the seepage lagoon, and
in 1987, began discharging process wastewaters to a new public sewer system. Approximately
1,100 people reside within a mile of the area. The glacial drift aquifer underlying American
Anodco supplies public and private wells within a 3-mile radius; these wells serve over 10,000
people. Grand River, which is within 3 miles of the site, is used for fishing and recreation.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/10/86
Final Date: 03/31/89
Threats and Contaminants
Water samples collected from the lagoon by the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR) in 1978 identified several contaminants including phosphorus
and heavy metals such as aluminum, chromium, copper, and lead. Because
contaminants have been removed from the lagoons, direct contact with hazardous
materials is unlikely. Prairie Creek, which borders the site area on the east, joins
the Grand River 1 mile south of the site. Because the groundwater is
contaminated with phosphates, movement of contaminants to the creek is possible.
The contamination plume does not reach any private wells.
March 1392
-------
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1987, American Anodco dewatered the lagoon, removed
the sludge, and disposed of it in an off-site landfill. The lagoon then was filled
with clean soil.
Entire Site: In 1987, the parties potentially responsible for site contamination
began an investigation to determine the extent and nature of groundwater and soil
contamination beneath the former lagoon and to identify alternatives for site
cleanup. Four additional monitoring wells were installed by the potentially responsible parties
in 1992 to further characterize the groundwater conditions at the site. The investigation is
scheduled for completion in 1993.
Site Facts: An Administrative Order on Consent was signed by the potentially responsible
party in 1987 to conduct an investigation of site contamination.
Environmental Progress
The dewatering and removal of sludge from the lagoon have reduced the potential for
exposure to contaminated materials at the American Anodco, Inc. site while studies are
taking place and final cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Ionia Public Library, 126 East Main Street, Ionia, MI 48846
March 1992 8 AMERICAN ANODCO, INC.
-------
ANDERSON
DEVELOPMEN
COMPANY
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID002931228
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Lenawee County
Adrian
The Anderson Development Company (ADC) manufactures specialty organic chemicals on a
12 1/2-acre site in Adrian and sells the products to other manufacturers. ADC began
production of the chemical MBOCA in 1970 under the trade name of Curene 442. MBOCA
is used as a curing agent for polyurethanes and epoxy resins. It is considered to be a highly
toxic compound and can be absorbed through the skin. MBOCA was discharged to the
environment through surface water and airborne routes. MBOCA contamination was found
in sediments and soil within a 2-mile radius of the ADC facility in 1979. Contamination also
was found in East Side Drain and Raisin River sediments and in Adrian Wastewater
Treatment Plant sludges and residues. Production of the chemical was stopped after the
contamination problems were discovered. All surface water runoff flows to the East Side
Drain which empties into the Raisin River, 2 miles north of the site. In 1980 and 1981, the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR), ADC, and the Michigan State Toxic
Substance Control Commission conducted an extensive cleanup and monitoring program that
involved sampling of nearby surface soil and home carpet vacuum dust testing. The ADC is
surrounded by a fence, although there is unlimited site access to employees, vehicles, and
visitors. Approximately 25,000 people live within 3 miles of the site. The City of Adrian draws
its water from the Raisin River upstream of the East Side Drain junction.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The surface soil, lagoon sludge, and clay underlying the lagoon are contaminated
with MBOCA, a known carcinogen that can be absorbed through the skin.
Inhaling contaminated dust also is considered to be a potential health risk.
MBOCA has been detected in the urine samples from ADC workers and
preschool children living near ADC.
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In 1981, Lenawee County initiated a free cleanup effort to aid
local homeowners whose residences were contaminated with MBOCA. This
included the interior and exterior cleaning of homes in the Sunnyside area.
Homes with private wells in the vicinity of ADC were connected to a clean water supply
system funded by the Farmers Home Administration.
Entire Site: The parties potentially responsible for site contamination, under EPA
monitoring, performed an investigation that assessed the type of contaminants
present, identified the degree of contamination, and characterized potential risks
to the community. This investigation was completed in March 1990, and the cleanup remedy
was selected in September 1990. Since no groundwater contamination was found during the
study, the proposed remedy concentrates on soil contamination and recommends the use of
in-situ vitrification technologies to decontaminate the site. A second technology, low-
temperature thermal aeration, also will be tested for its ability to clean up the soil. The
design and construction of the cleanup option began in 1992.
Site Facts: On April 30, 1986, Anderson Development Company entered into an
Administrative Order on Consent with the EPA to study the nature and extent of site
contamination.
Environmental Progress
The cleanup of residences and the provision of an alternate water supply have reduced the
potential of exposure to MBOCA-contaminated materials at the Anderson Development
Company site while final cleanup actions are being started.
Site Repository
Adrian City Library, 143 East Maumee Street, Adrian, MI 49221
March 1992 10 ANDERSON DEVELOPMENT COMPANY
-------
AUTO ION
CHEMICALS, I
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794382
EPA REGION 5
Kalamazoo County
Kalamazoo
Site Description
Between 1963 and 1973, chromium plating wastes were treated at the 1 1/2-acre Auto Ion
Chemicals, Inc. site. Liquid waste was stored in an open air lagoon and in five process storage
tanks in an on-site building's basement. Approximately 122,000 gallons of liquid plating wastes
and sludges were stored in other various locations on site. During the plant's operation, the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) documented numerous pollution
discharges to the soil, groundwater, and surface water of the adjacent Kalamazoo River. The
MDNR stopped operations at Auto Ion in 1973. Two city wells are located within 2 miles of
the site. The wells are part of the Kalamazoo municipal system that provides water to over
100,000 residents. The only residence in the immediate vicinity of the site is located
approximately 500 feet north of the site. The population within 1/2 mile of the site is
approximately 2,300.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including
vinyl chloride and the heavy metal arsenic. Chromium, nickel, chloride, and cyanide
were found in surface water and sediment samples taken from the Kalamazoo
River between 1964 and 1973. Soil is contaminated with chromium, arsenic, and
cyanide. Potential health risks exist if contaminated groundwater is accidentally
ingested or dust from contaminated soils is inhaled.
11
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term remedial
phases focusing on soil cleanup and groundwater cleanup.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Under EPA monitoring, the parties potentially responsible
for the contamination removed contaminants from the surface of the site in 1985.
An abandoned building was torn down in 1986, and the debris was removed.
Additionally, the entire site was fenced to prevent access to the contaminated soil and
groundwater.
Soil: The EPA has outlined the following remedies to clean up the soil:
excavation, stabilization, and treatment of approximately 7,200 cubic yards of
contaminated soil; disposal of the treated soils at a federally approved facility; and
replacement of the excavated soil with clean fill. The parties potentially responsible for site
contamination, under EPA monitoring, are in the process of designing the technologies to be
used in the cleanup. Design activities are scheduled for completion in 1993, at which time the
cleanup will begin.
Groundwater: In 1988, the potentially responsible parties began an investigation
to determine the extent and type of groundwater contamination and to identify
alternative cleanup technologies. The investigation is scheduled for completion in
late 1992.
Site Facts: In 1990, the EPA and 42 potentially responsible parties signed a Consent Decree
to perform the technical design for the soil cleanup remedy.
Environmental Progress
Removing contaminants and debris and fencing the site have reduced the potential for
exposure to contaminated materials at the Auto Ion Chemicals, Inc. site while studies are
taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Kalamazoo Public Library, 315 South Rose Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007
March 1992 12 AUTO ION CHEMICALS, INC.
-------
AVENUE "E"
GROUNDWATER
CONTAMINATI
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980791461
EPA REGION 5
Grand Traverse County
Traverse City
Other Names:
East Bay Township
Residential Wells
Site Description
The 435-acre Avenue "E" Groundwater Contamination site consists of two areas: the 115-
acre U.S. Coast Guard Air Station and a 320-acre area bordered on the north by the East
Arm of Grand Traverse Bay. In 1980, residents along Avenue "E" in East Bay Township
complained of odors and foaming of water drawn from domestic wells. Investigations by the
State showed that wells were contaminated with organic substances. Additional investigations
indicated that the origin of the contamination was in the vicinity of the U.S. Coast Guard Air
Station, on land formerly owned and operated by the U.S. Navy. An old Navy waste dump,
located to the east of the Coast Guard property, was suspected to be a contributor to the
problem. During the past 40 years, spills of fuels and solvents used during aircraft
maintenance at the facility may have leached through the soil and contaminated the
underlying groundwater. In 1969, a spill of aviation fuel from an underground storage tank
occurred. Surface disposal of liquid organic chemicals reportedly occurred in the northeastern
corner of the station. An area north of the current Hangar and Administration Building may
have served in part as a waste oil pit. Drums of solvents and other chemicals were stored in
an area near the northwestern corner of the building. Aircraft maintenance also was
conducted in this general area. This site is adjacent to Traverse City, which has a population
of approximately 16,000. Grand Traverse Bay is used as a water source for the Traverse City
public water system. The Bay also is used for recreational activities.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal activities.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
phthalates. Soils are contaminated with the major components of jet fuel, mostly
VOCs and phthalates. The greatest potential health threat to people is through
drinking or coming in direct contact with contaminated groundwater. Although
most residences have been connected to the public water system, a few homes still
may be using private wells. Recreational use of East Bay poses a potential health
risk. Soil excavations in highly contaminated areas are a potential health concern
for on-site workers, who could be exposed to high concentrations of soil and
airborne contaminants.
13
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: an immediate action and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Action: In 1982, the U.S. Coast Guard extended public water lines
from Traverse City to residences affected by the contaminated groundwater.
Entire Site: In 1983, the U.S. Coast Guard completed its investigation into the
nature and extent of contamination at the site. In 1985, the Coast Guard installed
two well fields to pump groundwater and to prevent further contamination from
leaving the property. Following treatment to remove contaminants, the groundwater is
discharged to the Traverse City sanitary sewer system. This pump and treat system currently
remains in operation. Also in 1985, the Coast Guard began bioremediation of soils using
microorganisms to break down soil contaminants. The soil bioremediation system first was
installed in 1987; a third round of treatment began in 1990. In addition, pilot programs such
as aerobic-bioremediation and anaerobic-bioremediation of two plumes and soil vapor
extraction have been completed. The results from these pilot programs are in the process of
being evaluated to determine the most effective remedy for final site cleanup.
Site Facts: In 1985, the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Coast Guard signed a
Consent Order requiring the U.S. Coast Guard to study contamination at the site and to
recommend cleanup alternatives.
Environmental Progress
The extension of public water lines has reduced the potential of exposure to contaminated
drinking water and will continue to protect residents near the Avenue "E" Groundwater
Contamination site. The Coast Guard has taken steps to limit the further spread of
contamination and has initiated soil cleanup actions. These actions will continue until site
contamination has been reduced to safe levels.
Site Repository
Not established.
March 1992 14 AVENUE "E" GROUNDWATER
CONTAMINATION
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BARRELS, INC
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID017188673
EPA REGION 5
Ingham County
Lansing
Site Description
From 1964 to 1981, Barrels, Inc. recycled drums on this 1 3/4-acre site. Waste residues
allegedly were dumped from drums directly onto the ground as an initial step in recycling
drums. The State detected lead and zinc in the shallow groundwater in 1983. Approximately
9,000 people live within a mile of the site. Three schools are located within 1/2 mile of the
site. The shallow and deeper aquifers provide drinking water to the 133,000 residents of the
Cities of Lansing and Holt. The Grand River is 1,800 feet from the site and is used for
fishing.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 01/22/87
Final Date: 10/04/89
Threats and Contaminants
Air is polluted with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Groundwater is
contaminated with VOCs and heavy metals including lead and zinc.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals including chromium and lead
are contaminating the soil. The greatest health threats to people stem from direct
contact with or accidental ingestion of contaminated soils or groundwater. The
areas along the Grand River serve as a habitat for the endangered Indiana Bat.
15
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: All drums, 1,000 cubic yards of contaminated soil, and nine
underground tanks were removed and sent by the State to a federally approved
disposal facility in 1986. The contents of one underground tank and two tanks in
the building have been pumped out by the State.
Entire Site: The EPA is planning to conduct an investigation into the nature and
extent of contamination of the site and to identify alternative cleanup
technologies.
Environmental Progress
The excavation of drums and contaminated soil and the removal and draining of tanks have
reduced the potential for exposure to contaminants at the Barrel, Inc. site while investigations
are being planned.
Site Repository
Not established.
March 1992
16
BARRELS, INC.
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BENDIX
CORPORA
ALLIED AUTOM
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID005107222
REGION 5
Jerrien County
St. Joseph
Site Description
Bendix Corporation/Allied Automotive manufactures automotive brake systems at this 36-
acre site. From 1966 to 1975, a seepage lagoon on site was used for the disposal of machine
shop process wastewater. Chlorinated organic solvents, wastewater from electroplating
operations, plating bath solutions, chromium, and lead may have been placed in the seepage
lagoon. The lagoon was closed and capped in 1978. A private well located 750 feet from the
site was closed in 1982 because of contamination. Approximately 4,300 people obtain drinking
water from private wells within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 02/21/90
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with various volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
People may be at risk if they drink or have direct contact with contaminated water;
however, no one is currently drinking contaminated groundwater.
17
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on groundwater cleanup.
Response Action Status
Groundwater: The potentially responsible party, Bendix Corporation/Allied
Automotive, is conducting an investigation into the nature and extent of
groundwater contamination at the site. The investigation is being conducted in two
phases. Phase 1 consisted of groundwater, surface water, and sediment sampling and analysis.
Phase 2 will consist of a soil gas survey and soil sampling and analysis to locate the source of
the contamination. Both phases are expected to be completed in late 1992. The EPA plans to
continue to evaluate various technologies throughout 1993 to address the contamination
identified during the investigations. A decision on cleanup alternatives is scheduled for late
1993.
Site Facts: In 1989, the EPA entered into an Administrative Order with Bendix
Corporation/Allied Automotive, requiring the company to conduct an investigation of site
contamination.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Bendix Corporation/Allied
Automotive site while studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Maud Preston Polenski Memorial Library, 500 Market Street, St. Joseph, MI 49085
March 1992 18 BENDIX CORPORATION/
ALLIED AUTOMOTIVE
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BERLIN Al
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID000605717
EPA REGION 5
Genesee County
3 1/2 miles south of Swartz Creek
Other Names:
Berlin and Farro Liquid Incinerator
Site Description
The 40-acre Berlin and Farro site was licensed to operate as an industrial liquid waste
incinerator from 1971 to 1975. During operations, liquid wastes were incinerated, stored in
open lagoons and underground tanks, and poured into an agricultural drain. Crushed and
empty drums were disposed of on site in a landfill. In 1975, the State ordered the incinerator
to shut down due to a lack of emission controls and an open lagoon that posed a health
threat. Subsequently, the State ordered the parties potentially responsible for site
contamination to clean up the site. In 1978, the owners submitted a work plan for site
cleanup to the State. Before filing for bankruptcy and abandoning the site in 1980, the
owners initiated some of the activities in the work plan. However, approximately 10,000
drums, five buried tanks, and four lagoons containing contaminated sludges were left on site.
The Berlin and Farro site is located in a rural area where residents depend on private wells
for their drinking water supply.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Air is contaminated with pesticides. Groundwater and soil contain volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Surface water located
in Slocum Drain and Swartz Creek is contaminated with pesticides. PCBs and paint
solvents are present in sludge. Residents could be exposed to site-related
contaminants through direct contact with contaminated surface water in Slocum
Drain and Swartz Creek. In addition, on-site workers could be exposed to
contaminants if they drink or have direct contact with contaminated groundwater.
19
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach —
This site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term remedial
phases focusing on source control and cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: A series of immediate actions began in 1981, when the
State removed and disposed of 15,300 cubic yards of sludges. The EPA
constructed a fence around the site, excavated and disposed of contaminated soils
and drums, and strengthened an earthen underflow dam to prevent contaminated runoff from
migrating off site. In 1982, the contents of four buried liquid storage tanks containing
pesticides were pumped out by the State and were re-buried, and sampling and analysis were
undertaken by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR). The EPA took the
following actions in 1982: installed a security fence and upgraded a siphon dam; removed
3,600 cubic yards of contaminated soil and landfilled 4,000 barrels of flammable sludge;
removed 1,919,195 pounds of PCB-contaminated wastes and 11 tons of soil and sludge waste
to an EPA-approved hazardous waste storage facility; dug trenches throughout the site to
locate buried drums and contaminated soil layers; located a total of 33 drums, which were
sampled and combined for disposal; and excavated an additional 120 cubic yards of
contaminated soil and shipped it to a storage facility. In 1983, the EPA opened drums,
removed their contents, mixed them with soil, and transported the mixture off site for
disposal.
Source Control: The cleanup actions selected for source control include:
excavating the existing drum landfill, paint sludge trench, agricultural drains, and
miscellaneous contaminated areas; separating PCB solid wastes from non-PCB
solid wastes and transporting these materials to an off-site disposal facility; transporting PCB
liquid wastes to an off-site incinerator; pumping non-PCB liquid wastes from the drum landfill
and transporting the wastes to an off-site incinerator; and backfilling the areas with
uncontaminated soils and, if necessary, installing a temporary layer of soil over the excavated
areas. In 1984, the potentially responsible parties installed the equipment necessary to
complete these cleanup activities. The parties removed 75,000 tons of contaminated soil and
sludges and 10,745 tons of other waste. The landfill was excavated, and drums and
contaminated soils were removed. Once excavated, the deteriorated drums were crushed and
mixed with contaminated soils. Liquids from the drums then were drained into a sump,
pumped to a tanker truck, and transported off site. The North-South agricultural drain and
the paint sludge trench also were excavated. The excavated areas were backfilled with clean
soil, and the equipment was demobilized.
Entire Site: The potentially responsible parties conducted an investigation into
the nature and extent of remaining contamination at the site. Based on study
findings, the final cleanup remedy was selected in 1991 and includes on-site
landfilling of contaminated material with some potential solidification prior to landfilling and
treatment of contaminated groundwater through air stripping. Design activities will begin
once negotiations with the potentially responsible parties have been completed.
March 1992 20 BERLIN AND FARRO
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Site Facts: A Consent Decree was signed among the parties potentially responsible for site
contamination, under which they agreed to conduct cleanup activities at the site.
Environmental Progress
The numerous cleanup actions, including the removal of contaminated soil, wastes, and
drums, have reduced the potential for exposure to contaminated materials at the Berlin and
Farro site while additional cleanup activities are being planned and started.
Site Repository
Perkins Library, 8095 Civic Drive, Swartz Creek, MI 48473
BERLIN AND FARRO
21
March 1992
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BOFORS NOB
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID006030373
INC.
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Muskegon County
Muskegon
Other Names:
Bofors Lakeway Chemical, Inc.
Bofors Nobel, Inc. manufactured various chemicals including benzidines, pesticides, and
herbicides at this 85-acre site from 1960 to 1987. During this time, the plant's operators
disposed of process water in unlined lagoons. In 1975, the dikes around the lagoons failed,
and 2 million gallons of wastewater were released to Big Black Creek, which is used for
recreation. Bofors Nobel, Inc. operated a groundwater treatment system from 1976 until
1987, when it filed for bankruptcy. The property was sold to Lomac, Inc. in 1987, who
continued to operate the treatment system; use of the lagoons for wastewater was
discontinued. Approximately 6,400 people obtain drinking water from private wells within 3
miles of the site. Approximately 200 people live within 1 mile of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 03/31/89
Threats and Contaminants
Air, groundwater, surface water, soil, and sediments contain various volatile
organic compounds (VOCs). People could be exposed to contaminants through
ingestion of or direct contact with contaminated groundwater, surface water, or
soil. The site is entirely fenced, and a pumping system keeps contaminants from
flowing into the creek.
22
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in three phases: initial actions and two long-term remedial phases
focusing on cleanup of the lagoon and groundwater and cleanup of the operating facility soils.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: Since 1976, site owners have been treating contaminated
groundwater. The use of unlined lagoons for wastewater treatment has been
stopped.
Lagoon and Groundwater: In 1988, the State began studying the extent of
contamination in the groundwater, surface water, soil, and air on and off site. The
lagoon phase of the study was completed in 1990, and the groundwater phase in
1991. In fall 1990, the EPA selected three different techniques to address soil contamination
at different areas of the site. The technologies include: landfilling, in accordance with Federal
guidelines; low-temperature thermal desorption; and incineration. To continue to address the
groundwater contamination, a groundwater treatment facility will be constructed. The State
currently is developing the technology specifications for each of the techniques. These design
activities are scheduled for completion in 1992.
Operating Facility Soils: In spring 1990, the State began studying the extent of
soil contamination around the operating facility area. The study is expected to be
completed in 1993.
Environmental Progress
Treatment of contaminated groundwater is reducing the potential for pollutants to reach
wells or the nearby creek. After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary
investigations and determined that no additional immediate actions were required at the
Bofors Nobel, Inc. site while studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being
designed.
Site Repository
Muskegon County Library, Egelston Township Branch, 5384 Apple Avenue, Muskegon, MI
49440
BOFORS NOBEL, INC. 23 March 1992
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BURROW
SANITATIO
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID980410617
EPA REGION 5
Van Buren County
FftSfei northeast of Hartford
Site Description
From 1970 to 1977, the 15-acre Burrows Sanitation site was used for the disposal of plating
sludges, waste coolants, and oils. Wastes were dumped into six unlined lagoons, onto an area
of the site known as the "Cyanide Trail," and at two other spill areas on the site. The lagoons
have overflowed during heavy rains. Groundwater samples have shown contamination;
however, private water wells are not contaminated. In 1984, the Burrows Group, a group
consisting of the owners and three firms that disposed of wastes at the site, excavated
contaminated soils and sludges from the four disposal areas. Orchards are located within the
site boundaries, and raspberries, mushrooms, and flowers grow wild on the property. Two
wetland areas are located on the edges of the site. These areas are interconnected and are
drained by the Doyle Drain, a canal that flows along the edge of the site. A berm is located
to the north of the disposal area to prevent site runoff from directly entering Doyle Drain,
which enters the Paw Paw River 3/4 mile from the site. The river is used for sport fishing.
Approximately 150 people live within a 3/4-mile radius of the site and obtain water from
private wells.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater, surface water, and sediments are contaminated with heavy metals
such as chromium, lead, and nickel. Soils also contained these contaminants before
cleanup occurred. The lagoons contain several volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Health threats to people who trespass on the site stem from direct contact with or
accidental ingestion of contaminated groundwater, sediments, and surface water.
Wetland areas may also be threatened.
24
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1984, the Burrows Group, under EPA monitoring,
excavated 8,600 cubic yards of waste sludges and contaminated soils from four
waste disposal areas on site. The wastes were transported to a federally approved
facility. In addition, a fence was constructed and warning signs were posted to prohibit access
to the site.
Entire Site: In 1986, the EPA selected a remedy that includes removing the
remaining contaminated soils, lowering the surface water level in the northwest
wetland, and extracting, treating, and discharging groundwater. By 1989, the
removal of contaminated soils and sediments and drainage of the northwest wetland were
completed. Cleanup of contaminated groundwater began in 1991.
Site Facts: In 1984, the EPA issued an Administrative Order, requiring the parties
potentially responsible for site contamination to clean up the site. In 1989, Du-Wel Products,
Inc., a potentially responsible party, entered into a Consent Decree with the EPA for the
party to conduct a groundwater investigation and, if necessary, cleanup the contaminated
groundwater.
Environmental Progress
The cleanup standards for soil at the Burrows Sanitation site have been fully achieved.
Therefore, no further soil cleanup actions are required. Cleanup of the groundwater began in
1991.
Site Repository
Hartford Public Library, 15 Franklin Street, Hartford, MI 49057
BURROWS SANITATION 25 March 1992
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BUTTERWORfp#2
LANDFILL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID062222997
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Kent County
Grand Rapids
Other Names:
Grand Rapids City Landfill
Grand Rapids Gypsum Company (SIA)
The Butterworth #2 Landfill site covers 120 acres in Grand Rapids. The City of Grand
Rapids owned and operated the landfill as an open dump from the 1950s until 1967. The site
was operated as a sanitary landfill from 1967 to 1973, when the State closed it for improper
operations. The landfill received municipal, solid, and industrial wastes including plating
waste, paint waste, and organic solvents. Much of the industrial waste was buried in 55-
gallon drums or dumped in liquid form on the site's surface. In 1982, the EPA sampled the
groundwater and found it to be contaminated with organic and inorganic chemicals.
Approximately 1,300 people live within 1/2 mile of the landfill. The closest residence is about
200 yards away. The landfill is bordered by 1-196, a bottling plant, a bread factory, and the
Grand River. All the residences in the area are connected to the Grand Rapids municipal
water system, which draws primarily from Lake Michigan, and, on occasion, from an intake
on the Grand River upstream from the landfill. The river is used for recreational activities.
Groundwater drains from the landfill into the river immediately downstream from a State-
owned public access site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including
benzene and vinyl chloride and the heavy metals iron, manganese, silver, and lead
Soils are contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, pyrene,
chrysene, and heavy metals including chromium and cadmium. Because all the
residences in the vicinity of the landfill are on a public water supply system, there
is little chance that people would drink or come in direct contact with
contaminated groundwater. People who trespass on the site and have direct
contact with or accidentally ingest the contaminated soil may be at risk.
Contaminants are leaching into the Grand River. If the pollutants bioaccumulate
in fish, the fish may pose a health hazard to those who eat them.
26
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1989, the EPA found a hot spot of PCB contamination
in the landfill. The potentially responsible parties excavated approximately 1,100
cubic yards of PCB-contaminated soil. A 6-foot-high chain-link fence was installed
to prevent access to the site. During sampling, other highly contaminated areas were found.
The potentially responsible parties excavated soil from these hot spots and transported the
waste to a federally approved facility.
Entire Site: The potentially responsible parties are studying the nature and extent
of the contamination at the landfill. Once the study is completed in 1992,
measures will be recommended for cleaning up the site.
Site Facts: In 1986, the EPA, the City of Grand Rapids, General Motors Corporation,
Wickes Manufacturing Company, Michigan Waste Systems, Inc., and Organic Chemicals, Inc.
entered into a Consent Decree to conduct contamination studies at the site.
Environmental Progress
The removal of the most highly contaminated soil from the Butterworth #2 Landfill site and
construction of a fence around the site have reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous
materials while studies leading to the selection of the final cleanup remedies are taking place.
Site Repository
Grand Rapids Public Library, West Side Branch, 713 Bridge Street, N.W., Grand Rapids, MI
49504
BUTTERWORTH #2 LANDFILL 27 March 1992
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CANNELTO
INDUSTRIES
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980678627
EPA REGION 5
Chippewa County
Sault Sainte Marie
Other Names:
Northwestern Leather
Site Description
The Cannelton Industries, Inc. site covers 75 acres along the St. Mary's River in Sault Sainte
Marie. From 1900 to 1958, the Northwestern Leather Company operated a tannery at the
site and processed animal hides. Waste materials from the tannery operations were
discharged through three drains to a low-lying shoreline area. Barrels and general wastes
were burned and disposed of along the river. Between 1955 and 1958, the Fiborn Limestone
Company, a subsidiary of Algoma Steel Corp., bought the property with the intention of
constructing a manufacturing plant. In the fall of 1958, a fire damaged many of the tannery's
buildings, nearly all of which have since been torn down by Algoma. The site has been unused
since the tannery closed in 1958 and presently is vacant. In 1964, the property was transferred
to Cannelton Industries, another Algoma subsidiary. In 1978, the Michigan Department of
Natural Resources sampled St. Mary's River and found it, as well as soil and groundwater, to
be contaminated with heavy metals. In 1988, the City fire department became concerned over
recurring fires in a 1- to 2-acre area at the site. The EPA assisted with efforts to reduce the
fire potential. Approximately 1,200 people obtain drinking water from private wells within 3
miles of the site, with the nearest well about a mile away. Sault Sainte Marie, Ontario, draws
drinking water from the St. Mary's River about 2 miles downstream of the old tannery
disposal site. A portion of the site is located within the 100-year flood plain of the St. Mary's
River.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 08/30/90
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater, soils, and sediments in the St. Mary's River are contaminated with
heavy metals including chromium, lead, manganese, arsenic, and iron. Sediments
and soils also contain copper and mercury. Some chromium was detected in the
St. Mary's River. Trespassers coming in direct contact with the soil or wastes on
the site may be at risk. Those who use the St. Mary's River for recreational
activities may be exposed to contaminants. If pollutants bioaccumulate in fish, they
may pose a health hazard if eaten. Bald eagles, which feed and nest near the site,
may come into direct contact with hazardous substances.
28
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
directed at cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1988, the EPA excavated five trenches to disperse heat
build-up and to reduce gas accumulation to decrease the potential for additional
fires. Algoma constructed a chain-link fence to limit access to a 1- to 2-acre
portion of the site. In 1989, Algoma installed a sprinkler system to prevent dry conditions
from contributing to fires. Under an order from the EPA, Algoma constructed a stone wall
along part of the shoreline of the site to prevent wave and ice action from eroding the site.
The EPA completed further stabilization and security actions during the fall of 1991,
including fencing a greater area of the site, repairing existing fences, and further stabilizing
the shoreline area.
Entire Site: In 1988, the EPA began a study to determine the nature and extent
of the contamination at the site. Field work has been completed, and the
investigative report was finalized in late 1991. Various treatment methods are
being evaluated, and a final remedy will be selected for site cleanup when the study is
completed, expected in late 1992.
Environmental Progress
By constructing a wall to prevent erosion of a portion of the shoreline, reducing the potential
for additional fires, and constructing a security fence to restrict access to part of the site, the
EPA has reduced possibility of people coming in direct contact with hazardous materials on
the Cannelton Industries, Inc. site while plans for site cleanup are being formulated.
Site Repository
Gayliss Public Library, 541 Library Drive, Sault Sainte Marie, MI 49783
CANNELTON INDUSTRIES, INC. 29 March 1992
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CARTER
INDUSTRIAL
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID980274179
EPA REGION 5
Wayne County
Detroit
Other Names:
Carter Salvage Corporation
Site Description
The Carter Industrials, Inc. site is a former industrial scrap metal yard covering approximately
3 1/2 acres in Detroit. From 1971 to 1986, the metal salvaging operation handled a wide
variety of materials that included electrical transformers and capacitors containing
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated oil. Oil was drained from the transformers, and
the copper component was removed for on-site processing. The facilities included furnaces for
melting aluminum and copper, a brick warehouse, and an office building. Numerous piles of
scrap metal and equipment were lying uncovered throughout the yard. In 1984, a fire broke
out in an area of wooden pallets and scrap iron mounds. During an investigation by the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources and the City fire marshall, oil was found near
the fire area and near the base of three large transformers. The soil was sampled and found
to contain PCBs. During another investigation in 1986, the State found barrels of used PCB-
contaminated oil in and around scrap metal piles. Oil leaking from the barrels contained as
much as 50 percent PCBs. Additional sampling found the contamination had spread into the
backyards of neighboring residences, the sewer leaving the site, and the sewer outfall in the
Detroit River. The area surrounding the scrap yard is urban, with 34,000 people living within
a mile of the site. Three schools, seven churches, a playground, and a post office are located
within 1/2 mile of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 03/31/89
Threats and Contaminants
\m
Sediments in the sewer lines and on-site soils are contaminated with PCBs and
heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium, and lead. The streets surrounding the
scrap yard are contaminated with PCBs. People who trespass on the site may be
exposed to PCBs through direct contact with or ingestion of contaminated soils or
sediments. Cleanup activities, such as repaving streets and vacuuming yards and
alleys, have reduced the public health threat in the residential areas. There is a
possibility that PCBs may bioaccumulate in fish in the Detroit River and pose
adverse health effects if the fish are eaten.
30
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Beginning in 1986, the EPA excavated the off-site
contaminated soil and cleaned the streets and alleys with a pressure sprayer and
steel-wire brushes. Alleys and streets that could not be cleaned by the pressure
sprayer were repaved with 2 feet of asphalt. Approximately 10,000 cubic yards of soil were
removed from backyards, parkways, and vacant lots surrounding the facility. The excavated
soil was stored on site. During excavation, some residents were relocated temporarily. A
system was installed to control drainage and to treat the collected runoff. In addition, the site
was fenced to prevent access. In 1988, the EPA overpacked, or placed in sturdy containers,
several hundred leaking PCB capacitors and 30 to 40 drums containing PCB-contaminated
oil. About 600 cubic yards of PCB-contaminated debris, the capacitors, and transformers were
disposed of at Federally approved facilities. Approximately 45 tons of scrap metal were
decontaminated and removed by a local salvage company. The EPA also repaired and
upgraded the fence, which had been damaged by vandals. In 1989, the parties potentially
responsible for the site contamination were ordered by the EPA to undertake interim safety
measures at the site. The parties have completed covering the site with a geotextile material
to prevent rainwater from coming into contact with contaminants, and the site has been
seeded.
Entire Site: In 1989, the EPA began studying the extent of soil contamination at
the site. The study was completed in 1991, and final cleanup measures were
selected. The EPA's selected plan for cleanup involves concentrating the PCBs
through low temperature thermal desorption; transporting the condensed PCB material off
site for incineration; and disposing of the residuals resulting from the treatment of soil in an
on-site containment solid waste cell. The EPA plans to divide the cleanup of the site into
various phases, including the decontaminating the soil, controlling the sources of the
contamination, assessing the effectiveness of the cleanup, and studying the alleys and sewer
lines to ensure there is no threat of residual contamination discharge into the Detroit River.
Site Facts: In 1989, the EPA issued an Administrative Order to several parties potentially
responsible for site contamination, requiring them to undertake interim measures to clean up
the site. This involved posting 24-hour security guards at the site; laying a geotextile cover
over the waste piles to prevent rainwater from coming into contact with buried wastes;
hydroseeding the site; and maintaining the runoff collection and treatment system, as well as
all utilities and services at the site. The State conducted a neighborhood blood testing
program to determine if people had been exposed to PCBs. Results from the 21 residents
living in nine homes next to Carter Industrials indicated that the residents had not absorbed
any more PCBs than the amount normally found in the population of the State of Michigan.
CARTER INDUSTRIALS, INC. 31 March 1992
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Environmental Progress
The numerous immediate actions taken to remove the contaminants from the area, including
fencing the area and repaying streets and alleyways in the area of the site, have reduced the
potential for exposure to hazardous substances at the Carter Industrials, Inc. site while
cleanup activities are taking place.
Site Repository
Main Library, Reference Department, Detroit Public Library System, 5201 Woodward
Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202
March 1992
32
CARTER INDUSTRIALS, INC.
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CEMETER
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794663
EPA REGION 5
Oakland County
Rose Township
Rose Center
Other Names:
Rose Township Cemetery Dump
Site Description
The 4-acre Cemetery Dump site, once used as a sand and gravel pit, has been backfilled and
cleared. Approximately 300 to 600 barrels containing unknown industrial wastes were believed
to be illegally dumped and buried on site in the late 1960s or early 1970s. In 1981, the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) excavated a test pit and removed 20 to
30 drum fragments from the site. The fragments were taken to a Federally approved facility.
Analysis of the barrel contents indicated the presence of paint sludges, solvents,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and oils. Approximately 4,400 people live within 3 miles of
the site. The closest residence is 300 feet away. All the residences in the area use domestic
wells for drinking water.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The drum fragments and soil on the site contained volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), PCBs, and heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium, and lead.
Groundwater was contaminated with low levels of zinc and lead. People who had
direct contact with or accidentally ingested contaminated groundwater, soil, or
drum contents may have been at risk.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on controlling the source
of contamination.
33
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Source Control: In 1985, the State selected a remedy to control the source of
the contamination by excavating approximately 250 drums and contaminated soils.
These drums were disposed of at a federally approved facility. A fence was
installed in 1987. The State completed the cleanup activities in 1989.
Entire Site: In 1989, the State, after extensive sampling and analysis, determined
that the removal of the source of contamination had corrected the soil and
groundwater contamination; therefore, no further actions are planned. The State
will monitor the groundwater for 5 years to ensure there are no health threats to the public
or the environment. No contaminants were detected in the last groundwater sampling.
Environmental Progress
The removal of drums and contaminated soils and the fencing of the site have eliminated the
potential for exposure to contaminated materials at the Cemetery Dump site. The State will
continue to monitor the groundwater to ensure the protection of nearby residents and the
environment. In mid-1991, the EPA initiated the process for deleting this site from the NPL.
Site Repository
Holly Township Library, 1116 North Saginaw Street, Holly, MI 48442
March 1992
34
CEMETERY DUMP
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CHARLEVO
MUNICIPAL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794390
EPA REGION 5
Charlevoix County
Charlevoix
Site Description
The Charlevoix Municipal Well site is located on the shore of Lake Michigan and consists of
a municipal well system made up of a shallow well connected to a horizontal flume buried
beneath the beach of Lake Michigan. This well is no longer in use. The flume collected
groundwater and channeled it into the well, where it was pumped to the distribution system.
Approximately half of the water entering the system came from Lake Michigan and half from
shallow groundwater sources. The City's water system was interconnected with the South
Charlevoix Township water supply, which is served by two uncontaminated wells. In 1981, the
City of Charlevoix was notified by the Michigan Department of Public Health that its water
system was contaminated. The City subsequently installed four monitoring wells near its
municipal well with the assistance of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources
(MDNR). The EPA became involved with the site in 1982, when it installed nine
groundwater monitoring wells throughout the city. In 1982 and 1983, the MDNR conducted
several soil boring studies to locate the source of contamination and concluded that part of
the contamination may have originated on a local school property. The City installed a system
to introduce oxygen into the municipal supply in 1982; however, this aeration system was only
partially effective in removing contaminants from the water. This problem was subsequently
solved. To date, the sources of contamination of the City's water system have not been fully
identified despite investigations conducted by the EPA and the MDNR. It is likely that there
is no current source of contamination but that groundwater was contaminated by one or
more spills or by a source that was later removed. The off-season population of 3,500 in
Charlevoix increases to approximately 10,000 people during the summer months.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
35
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and soil are contaminated with various volatile organic compounds
(VOCs). Area residents using contaminated private wells could be exposed to site-
related contaminants when drinking or using water until established cleanup levels
are met.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: The EPA constructed a new water intake system and filtration
plant using water from Lake Michigan as its source. A buried intake pipe was
constructed that connects to the existing City pumphouse. A chlorine diffuser,
anchored inside and running the entire length of the intake pipe, disinfects the water. The
EPA built a water filtration treatment plant in 1985. The plant became operational in 1987.
The intake system and water treatment plant successfully provide potable water.
Entire Site: In 1985, after completing an extensive study to identify
the source of site contamination, the EPA selected the following cleanup methods
to address site contamination: allow the contaminant plumes to dilute under
natural flow conditions to Lake Michigan; continue long-term monitoring of the plumes
during the natural purging period; and impose restrictions on the installation of private wells
to be enforced by local health officials. The implementation of the selected remedies was
completed in 1989. To solve the problem caused by blockage of water intake by drifting lake
sand, the EPA and the State added additional intake piping to improve the water capacity.
Environmental Progress
By providing an alternate water supply, the EPA has eliminated the potential of exposure to
contaminated drinking water. The restrictions on the installation of private wells and long-
term monitoring will continue to protect residents living near the Charlevoix Municipal Well
site.
Site Repository
Charlevoix Public Library, 109 Clinroa Street, Charlevoix, MI 49720
March 1992 36 CHARLEVOIX MUNICIPAL WELL
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CHEM CEN
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID98047707S
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Kent County
Wyoming Township
Wyoming
Other Names:
Wolverine Chemical
Since 1957, Chem Central has distributed industrial chemicals from this 2-acre site in
Wyoming. Between 1957 and 1962, hazardous wastes entered the ground at the facility
through a construction flaw in a pipe used to transfer liquids between rail cars and bulk
storage tanks. The flaw was repaired after losses were noted in chemical inventories. The
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) found toxic contaminants in sediments
in a ditch 1,000 feet from the site in 1977. The State dammed the ditch and restricted access
by fencing and posting signs. The EPA excavated sludge from the ditch in 1978, and with the
State, continued to sample soil and groundwater that seeped into a pit. The State ordered
Chem Central to clean up the groundwater and remove contaminated soils from the ditch.
Approximately 15,000 people live within 1 mile of the site. All residences are connected to
the Grand Rapids municipal water supply, which draws from Lake Michigan and the Grand
River. Surface water runoff from the site drains into Cole Drain, which also drains other
industrial sites nearby. Cole Drain flows into Plaster Creek, 1/2 mile north of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater contains various volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs
and SVOCs). Soil is contaminated with phthalates, VOCs, and polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs). Plaster Creek receives runoff from the site through Cole Drain.
Because all residences in the area use the municipal water system, the only threat
of exposure is by accidentally ingesting contaminated groundwater or having direct
contact with contaminated soils on the site property.
37
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1984, Chem Central designed and constructed a purge
well and under drain system to capture contaminants seeping into the
groundwater that originate from on site. The company also constructed an air
stripping system to treat the extracted groundwater for discharge into the municipal waste
treatment system. VOCs removed from the extracted groundwater were passed through a
carbon filtering process prior to being released. In addition, Chem Central excavated,
removed, and disposed of contaminated soil and water from the ditch in a federally approved
facility. While the soil and water were being removed, a guard was posted in the area. The
empty pit was filled with clean soil. These cleanup activities were completed in 1985.
Entire Site: In 1987, Chem Central, under EPA monitoring, began a study to
determine the extent of groundwater and surface water contamination and to
determine if any soil contamination remains. The study was completed in 1991
and a final cleanup remedy was selected. The remedy includes constructing a soil vapor
extraction system to treat contaminated soil; extending the current pump and treat system;
and collecting oil floating in the purge wells and disposing of the collected oil off site. The
design of the remedy began in mid-1992 and is expected to be completed in 1994.
Site Facts: In 1987, the EPA and Chem Central signed an Administrative Order on Consent
under which the company agreed to study and clean up the site. The EPA issued a Unilateral
Administrative Order to Chem Central in April 1992 requiring the company to conduct the
design and cleanup activities at the site.
Environmental Progress
The immediate actions have contained most of the contaminated groundwater underlying the
site and removed the threat of direct contact with the contaminated sediments and water in
the ditch. These actions have reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous materials at
the Chem Central site while further cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Wyoming Public Library, 3350 Michael Street, Southwest, Wyoming, MI 49509
March 1Q92 38 CHEM CENTRAL
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CLARE WAT
SUPPLY
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980002273
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Clare County
Clare
Other Names:
Clare Municipal Well Field
The Clare Water Supply site consists of four production wells (Wells #2, #5, #6, and #7)
and their related water treatment and storage facilities. Two of the four wells are
contaminated with bromoform and various volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Pumping
from Well #5 was limited in 1982, and the city water supply since has been provided mainly
by the blending of water from Wells #2 and #5 with the uncontaminated water from Well
#6. The City uses an aeration system to remove iron from the water supply, which also
results in volatilization of the contaminants in the other two wells. Several industrial areas
bordering the site are believed to be the sources of contamination. Fourteen manufacturing
and retail businesses operate in the area around the municipal well field. Historical operations
at some of these businesses involved the use of solvents or degreasers. Approximately 4,300
people live within 3 miles of the site. The nearest residence is located less than 1/4 mile from
the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
Threats and Contaminants
ZEJ
Groundwater and soil are contaminated with bromoform and VOCs including vinyl
chloride, trichloroethane, and dichloroethane. Surface water and sediment samples
from a nearby drainage ditch contain VOCs. Potential health threats to people
stem from accidentally ingesting or coming into direct contact with contaminated
groundwater, surface water, or sediments.
39
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term remedial
phases focusing on cleanup of the entire site and the source areas and aquifer.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1985, four companies located west of the well field were
identified by the EPA and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources
(MDNR) as being potentially responsible for the groundwater contamination. At
the request of the MDNR, these companies reduced the source of contamination by
removing contaminated soils from their property and by excavating underground storage
tanks containing fuel and other contaminants.
Entire Site: In 1990, the EPA selected a remedy, which included air stripping
Wells #2 and #5. The air stripper was constructed in early 1991 and
has been in operation for 1 year. The MDNR and the EPA will continue to test
the municipal water supply on a regular basis to ensure that it remains safe for use.
Source Areas and Aquifer: The potentially responsible parties, under EPA
supervision, conducted a study of the source areas and the contaminated aquifer.
The EPA evaluated the study findings and selected a final cleanup remedy in 1992
which includes soil vapor extraction and groundwater extraction and treatment using an
ultraviolet photochemical oxidation treatment. Design activities are expected to begin in 1993.
Site Facts: In 1985, the EPA and several potentially responsible parties entered into an
Administrative Order on Consent that requires the parties, under EPA and State monitoring,
to investigate site contamination.
Environmental Progress
The municipal water supply is now protected by an air stripping water treatment system. The
implementation of this water treatment system and the removal of contaminated soils and
underground storage tanks have reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous substances
at the Clare Water Supply site while cleanup activities are being planned to address the
source areas and the contaminated aquifer.
Site Repository
Garfield Memorial Library, 4th and McEwan Streets, Clare, MI 48617
March 1992 40 CLARE WATER SUPPLY
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CLIFF/DOW DU
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980608970
EPA REGION 5
Marquette County
1 mile north of Marquette
Site Description
The 2-acre Cliff/Dow Dump site is an abandoned waste disposal area. Between 1954 and the
early 1960s, the site was used for the disposal of waste materials generated by a nearby
charcoal manufacturing facility. Wood tars generated during the production process were
burned at the plant, although some of the tar solids were disposed of at the site. The City of
Marquette has a population of 23,000. Four residences are located within 1/2 mile of the site.
The Dead River, located 2,000 feet southeast of the site, is considered a good sport fishing
area. The City of Marquette obtains its drinking water from Lake Superior.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Off-site groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
phenols, and naphthalene. The surface soil in the landfill area contains elevated
levels of VOCs and naphthalene. The potential health risks to people stem from
direct contact with or accidental ingestion of contaminated soil.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: an immediate action and a long-term remedial
phase focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
41
March 1992
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Response Action Status —••
Immediate Action: In 1984, the parties potentially responsible for site
contamination installed a fence around the site to restrict access.
Entire Site: Based on a comprehensive investigation into site contamination, the
cleanup activities were selected, which include: excavation and incineration of 200
cubic yards of uncovered tar; excavation and biological treatment of 9,200 cubic
yards of contaminated fill material; construction of a topsoil cover and revegetation of the fill
material; deed restrictions to prevent the installation of drinking water wells within the
vicinity of the contaminated groundwater boundaries and the disturbance of fill materials; and
groundwater and air monitoring. In June 1990, the potentially responsible parties excavated
and incinerated 200 cubic yards of tar. The parties also are preparing the technical plans for
implementing the remainder of the selected remedy. Construction is scheduled to begin in
1994, once the technical design is approved.
Site Facts: In 1984, the potentially responsible parties signed a Consent Order agreeing to
conduct a study into the nature and extent of contamination at the site.
Environmental Progress
The installation of a fence and the excavation and incineration of tar have reduced the
potential for exposure to contaminated materials at the Cliff/Dow Dump site while additional
cleanup remedies are being designed.
Site Repository
Peter White Public Library, 217 North Front Street, Marquette, MI 49855
March 1992
42
CLIFF/DOW DUMP
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DUELL & GA
LANDFILL
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID980504716
EPA REGION 5
Muskegon County
Dalton Township
Site Description
The 40-acre Duell & Gardner Landfill site was an operating municipal landfill from the 1940s
to 1975. Indications are that local chemical companies disposed of chemical waste at the
landfill until the late 1960s. Before 1969, industrial waste and general refuse were accepted at
the site. Materials found on site included approximately 500 drums in various stages of
deterioration, hundreds of lab bottles, areas of refuse and debris, and piles of lime. Wastes
apparently were deposited on the soil surface and in ground depressions. From 1969 to 1973,
the landfill was operated as a licensed solid waste disposal facility. Specific areas were
excavated and waste was placed in unlined trenches. In 1971, the Michigan Department of
Public Health (MDPH) stipulated that no liquid waste was to be disposed of in the landfill;
however, in 1973, the Muskegon County Health Department noticed that liquid waste
disposal was still occurring. The landfill ceased operations in 1975. Approximately 1,200
people live within a 2-mile radius of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been detected in an on-site groundwater
monitoring well. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), arsenic, cobalt, chromium, and
cyanide were detected in 1986 in on-site soils. Potential health risks may exist for
individuals who have direct contact with or ingest contaminated groundwater or
soil.
43
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1986, the EPA constructed an access road to the first
drum site. Drums were staged and empty drums were crushed. Contaminated soil
under the drums was removed, and the drums and soil were covered. Thirty cubic
yards of contaminated soil and drums were transported off the site for disposal. The site also
was fenced.
Entire Site: The State initiated an investigation in 1987 to determine the type and
extent of groundwater and soil contamination remaining at the site and to identify
alternative technologies for the cleanup. Field work was completed in early 1992,
during which a treatability study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of different
technologies in treating aniline, N, N dimethylaniline, and crystal violet. The results from the
investigations are currently being evaluated and distributed for public comment. The
investigation is expected to be completed in 1993, at which time a final cleanup remedy will
be selected.
Environmental Progress
Excavating, covering, and removing drums and contaminated soil and posting warning signs at
the site have reduced the potential for exposure to contaminated soil and drums at the Duell
& Gardner Landfill site while studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being
planned.
Site Repository
Dalton Township Hall, 1616 East Riley Thompson Road, Muskegon, MI 49445
March 1992 44 DUELL & GARDNER LANDFILL
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ELECTROV
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID005068143
EPA REGION 5
Berrlen County
Buchanan
Site Description
Several manufacturing companies have occupied the Electrovoice site since the 1920s.
Campbell Transportation Company operated at the site in the early 1930s. Dry Zero
Corporation produced insulating materials at the site from the mid-1930s to 1940. From 1940
to 1946, Clark Equipment leased the property to manufacture transmissions for large
equipment. In 1946, Electrovoice, Inc. purchased the property and has since used the location
to manufacture electronic sound reproduction equipment. Refuse from demolitions was
deposited into a natural land depression located on site from the 1920s to the early 1950s.
The depression was filled in until it was approximately the level of the remaining Electrovoice
property. Portions of the Electrovoice property are built upon this fill material. In 1952,
Electrovoice built two lagoons to dispose of liquid electroplating waste produced at its plant
on the site. The north lagoon was continuously filled with water, but the south lagoon, which
was built to hold overflow from the first lagoon, never received waste. Electrovoice took the
lagoons out of service and, in 1962, installed a wastewater treatment facility on site. In 1979,
the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) inspected the spill containment
system that Electrovoice installed after a drain pipe spilled liquid wastes into the north
lagoon. Both lagoons were closed by Electrovoice in 1980 and subsequently backfilled. Other
potential sources of contamination at the site include a dry well that was used for the disposal
of liquid wastes from the plant's paint arid glue shop and an underground tank that was used
to store oil for fuel. Approximately 7,900 people live within a 3-rnile radius of the site, and
10,000 people are supplied with water from nearby municipal wells. McCoy Creek, located 1/2
mile downstream of the site, is used for recreation.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
45
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Soils are
contaminated with VOCs and inorganics. Samples of lagoon sludge and standing
water showed elevated levels of heavy metals and cyanide in the water. Possible
health threats stem from direct contact with or ingestion of contaminated
groundwater, surface water, sludge, or soil.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1987, the MDNR began an investigation into the nature and
extent of contamination at the site. Electrovoice took over the study in 1988. Once
the investigation is completed, scheduled for late 1992, final cleanup remedies will
be selected.
Site Facts: In 1987, the EPA and Electrovoice entered into a Consent Order that required
the company to carry out a study of site contamination.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Electrovoice site while studies are
taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Buchanan Public Library, 117 West Front Street, Buchanan, MI 49107
March 1992 46 ELECTROVOICE
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FOLKERTSMJDLBEFUSE
MICHIGAN "^
EPA ID# MID980609366
> '
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Kent County
Walker
The 8-acre Folkertsma Refuse site was operated as a licensed, yet improperly zoned, landfill
accepting mostly foundry sand and some construction debris. The property was sold in 1969
and operated as an industrial disposal site until the former owner repurchased it in 1972.
Between 1969 and 1972, additional foundry sand and other unidentified wastes were
deposited at the site. A pallet repair and manufacturing company erected a pole building and
started a pallet manufacturing business that is currently in operation. The EPA was notified
of past waste disposal activities at the site in 1981. In 1983, the EPA examined information
that described the disposal activities on the property and determined that an on-site
investigation of possible contamination should be conducted. The investigation was conducted
in 1984. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) also investigated the
property in 1985 and found 40,000 cubic yards of landfilled waste consisting of foundry sand,
chemical products, construction debris, and other industrial wastes from heavy manufacturing
operations. However, a later investigation conducted by the EPA estimated that there is
57,000 cubic yards of landfilled waste. Approximately 8,000 people live within a mile of the
site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/10/86
Final Date: 03/31/89
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with arsenic. Sediments from two drainage ditches
on the property and landfilled materials contain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PNAs) and heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead.
Possible health threats stem from direct contact with or ingestion of contaminated
groundwater, sediments, or landfilled materials, as well as inhaling contaminated
dusts. Contaminated sediments pose an environmental risk because of the
possibility of bioaccumulation of chemicals.
47
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The EPA initiated an investigation in 1988 to determine the type and
extent of contamination at the site and to identify alternative technologies for the
cleanup. The study was completed in 1990, and a final cleanup remedy was
selected in 1991. The final cleanup remedy involves excavating contaminated sediments and
placing these sediments in the landfill. A clay cap will be constructed over the contaminated
sediments and landfill materials. In addition, improved drains will provide for continued
drainage of the site, and gas vents will be placed on each side of the landfill to prevent the
buildup of gases if necessary. Fencing and deed restrictions will control access and use of the
site, while groundwater and drainage water monitoring will ensure the effectiveness of the
cleanup. The design of the remedy is expected to begin in mid-1992.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Folkertsma Refuse site while
cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Kent County Public Library, 4293 Remembrance Road, Northwest, Grand Rapids, MI 49504
March 1992
48
FOLKERTSMA REFUSE
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FOREST
WASTE
PRODUCTS
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980410740
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Genesee County
2 miles northwest of Otisville
Other Names:
orest Waste Disposal Landfill
The 112-acre Forest Waste Products site is a 15-acre landfill with nine lagoons. It was
licensed from 1972 to 1978 to receive general refuse and wastes. Drummed wastes from
various sources were disposed of, and waste oils, sludges, paint and resin wastes, and sulfuric
acid were placed in the lagoons. In 1974, the site accepted sludge and waste from an Agrico
Chemical Warehouse fire, while in 1975, the site accepted polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-
contaminated roofing material and contaminated cattle feed. Trenches were dug randomly,
industrial wastes were buried with general refuse, and liquid wastes were discharged into the
landfill and onto the ground. Wetlands near the site drain into Butternut Creek, which
eventually discharges into the Flint River. The site is underlain by two drinking water
aquifers. There are 50 residences near the site, and the area around the site is used for
hunting.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The
lagoon subsurface soils showed significant concentrations of lead, PCBs, and
VOCs. The landfill soil is contaminated with lead, chromium, phthalates, and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Heavy metals, including arsenic and
lead, have been found in surface water east of the lagoons. Potential risks may
exist for individuals who have direct contact with or ingest contaminated
groundwater, surface water, or soil. However, the site is fenced, thereby reducing
potential entry by unauthorized individuals. Wetlands also may be threatened.
49
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term remedial
phases focusing on cleanup of the lagoons and cleanup of the landfill and groundwater.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Under EPA monitoring, the parties potentially responsible
for the contamination installed a fence around the site in 1984.
Lagoons: The EPA selected the following cleanup actions for the lagoons:
excavation, treatment, and disposal of 4,000 cubic yards of contaminated sludges,
sediments, and soils in an off-site landfill; and extraction, treatment, and disposal
of 110,000 gallons of liquid wastes at a licensed treatment facility. The EPA completed the
technical specifications to clean up the lagoon in 1988. Under EPA monitoring, the
potentially responsible parties initiated the cleanup activities in 1988. The work was
completed in 1990.
Landfill and Groundwater: The EPA has selected the following actions for
cleanup of the landfill: excavation and off-site incineration of approximately 4,000
drums and 1,000 cubic yards of associated contaminated soils; installation of a
containment system including a cover, a slurry wall, a dewatering system, and a leachate
collection system; and treatment and disposal of collected leachate. The EPA currently is in
the process of designing the technologies to be used in the landfill cleanup work. The
groundwater remedy includes: deed restrictions to prevent the use of the groundwater as a
drinking water source; access restrictions; and groundwater monitoring to ensure that the
system is containing the pollutants. The EPA began monitoring the groundwater in 1989; the
State is scheduled to take over the 30-year monitoring program in 1991. Portions of soil and
continuing groundwater cleanup are in the design stage. Technologies involved include
capping, installing a slurry wall, and extracting groundwater.
Site Facts: The EPA issued an Administrative Order on Consent, requiring the potentially
responsible parties to clean up the lagoons.
Environmental Progress
Installing a fence, posting a guard, and the treating and disposing of sludges, soils, and liquids
in the lagoons have reduced the potential for exposure to contaminated materials at the
Forest Waste Products site while the design and cleanup activities are continuing.
Site Repository
Forest Township Library, 130 East Main Street, Otisville, MI 48463
March 1992 50 FOREST WASTE PRODUCTS
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G & H LANDFI
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID980410823
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Macomb County
Between Utica and Rochester
The 80-acre G & H Landfill site operated as a waste oil recovery facility from 1955 to 1967
and as a municipal refuse disposal site until 1974. During operations, large amounts of waste
oil were dumped into two unlined storage ponds. In addition, solvents, paint thinners, and
other compounds were disposed of in "paint pits" located throughout the landfill. The
Rochester-Utica State Recreational Area borders the site, and a series of interconnected
shallow ponds formed by past gravel mining exist in this area. Some of the ponds are
contaminated with waste oil and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Approximately 54,000
people live within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/03/83
Threats and Contaminants
IT
Groundwater, surface water, soil, and sediments are contaminated with volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
PCBs, and heavy metals. People who accidentally touch or ingest contaminated
groundwater, surface water, soil, or sediments may suffer adverse health effects.
Residents who use the off-site ponds for fishing may be harmed through direct
contact with or ingestion of contaminated surface water or fish. In addition, the
pollutants may be harmful to wildlife living in or near the wetlands.
51
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1982, the EPA installed 18 monitoring wells for
groundwater sampling. A fence was constructed to prevent the recreation area
users from coming into contact with the hazardous waste seeps. Three overflow
dams also were installed. When the oily seeps extended beyond the fenced area, the EPA
installed a skimmer to prevent the floating oils from migrating. In 1983, the EPA installed
clay barriers in the path of the seepages to restrict the movement of PCB-contaminated oil.
The existing fence was extended to surround the new seepages. By 1986, the clay barrier and
fence had deteriorated in the swampy areas. The EPA blocked all recreational vehicle trails
with earthen mounds to prevent access to the site. In addition, a main entrance gate was
established, warning signs were posted, and security guards were hired to discourage
trespassers. The EPA also began preparing for the site cleanup by constructing a road and a
barn to contain three storage tanks of recovered wastes. Drains and culverts were
constructed to restrict the flow of PCB-contaminated oil. In 1987, an access road collapsed,
blocking the drains carrying runoff from the site. The drain was cleared, and the roadway was
stabilized. In 1988, the EPA installed a fence around the entire site. A water treatment and
leachate collection system also is being maintained in the oil seep area.
Entire Site: In 1990, the EPA decided to contain the contamination at the landfill
by capping and installing a slurry wall; pumping and treating groundwater outside
of the slurry wall; excavating, consolidating, and capping PCB-contaminated soil
outside of the slurry wall; and providing municipal water connections as needed. Wetlands
affected by the site will be restored. The EPA is expected to begin designing the cleanup
approach in the fall of 1992.
Environmental Progress
The numerous immediate actions described above have reduced the potential for exposure to
contaminated materials at the G & H Landfill site while final cleanup activities are being
planned.
Site Repository
Shelby Township Library, 51680 Van Dyke Avenue, Utica, MI 48316
March 1992 52 G & H LANDFILL
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GRAND TRAV
OVERALL SU
COMPANY
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID017418559
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Leelanau County
Greilickville
The Grand Traverse Overall Supply Company (GTOS) site is a commercial laundering facility
covering 1 acre in Greilickville. The facility was built in 1953; dry-cleaning machines were
installed in 1968 and 1973. The facility is no longer used for dry cleaning, and the machines
were removed in the early 1980s. A dry well was used to collect waste until 1955, but seepage
lagoons were constructed in 1955, 1961, and 1968 and collected wastes until 1977, when the
facility began discharging waste to the sanitary sewer system. In 1978, the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources discovered that groundwater in the area was contaminated
with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). At least 10 wells were found to be contaminated,
including a well used by an elementary school adjacent to the facility. The school and other
residences used bottled water until new wells in a deeper, confined aquifer were installed.
The contaminated wells were capped when the new wells were drilled. In the late 1970s, the
lagoons on the site were drained and filled with gravel, and contaminated soils around the dry
well and barrels of waste sludge were removed. Approximately 1,200 people live within 3
miles of the site. The nearest residence is 250 feet south of the facility. Cedar Lake, Cedar
Lake Outlet, and Grand Traverse Bay are all less than 1/4 mile away from the site. Cedar
Lake and Grand Traverse Bay are used for swimming and other recreational activities.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
VOCs have been found in the groundwater. Since contaminated wells have been
replaced, contact with contaminated groundwater no longer poses a threat. Lagoon
sediments, dry cleaning waste sludges, soil from the dry well, and wastewater and
cooling water were contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) and
perchloroethylene. There was a potential for contamination of Cedar Lake, Cedar
Lake Outlet, and Grand Traverse Bay with TCE prior to cleanup actions. People
who had direct contact with or accidentally ingested contaminated groundwater,
soil, or surface water may have been at risk. If the contaminated groundwater
plume had migrated towards Grand Traverse Bay, the wildlife living in or around
the Bay could have been exposed to pollutants.
53
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed through initial actions; further investigations showed that no other
cleanup actions are required.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: Contaminated wells have been replaced by new, deeper wells. In
addition, the lagoons were drained in the late 1970s, and sludge and contaminated
soils were removed.
Entire Site: In 1988, the EPA began a study to determine the nature and extent
of the groundwater, soil, and surface water contamination at the site. The study,
completed in 1992, showed that the initial cleanup actions have addressed the
threats to the people and the environment. Therefore, EPA has determined that no further
cleanup actions are necessary.
Environmental Progress
Replacement of contaminated wells and removal of contaminated soils have eliminated the
potential for exposure to site-related contaminants. The EPA has determined that no other
actions are required at the Grand Traverse Overall Supply Company site.
Site Repository
Traverse Area District Library, 322 6th Street, Traverse City, MI 49684
March 1992
54
GRAND TRAVERSE
OVERALL SUPPLY COMPANY
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GRATIOT CO
GOLF COU
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID98079453
EPA REGION 5
Gratiot County
St. Louis
Other Names:
Edgewood Farms Golf Course Site
Site Description
The Gratiot'County Golf Course site covered 3 acres in St. Louis. From 1956 until 1970, the
Michigan Chemical Corporation, later purchased by the Velsicol Chemical Corporation,
burned and disposed of industrial waste, including the pesticide DDT, on the site.
Approximately 2,000 to 3,000 gallons of hazardous waste were disposed of on the site. Waste
seeped from the site into the Pine River, which is used for recreational activities. In 1982,
Velsicol, under State supervision, cleaned up the site and agreed to clean up two other sites
for which it is potentially responsible: the Gratiot County Landfill and the Velsicol Plant in
St. Louis. Approximately 2,500 people live within 1 mile of the site. About 5,500 people use
groundwater for drinking water within 3 miles of the golf course. Two municipal water wells
are located within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site was addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/01/82
Final Date: 12/01/82
Deleted Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater was contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
heavy metals. Surface water was contaminated with benzene. All cleanup actions
have been completed, and the site no longer poses a threat to public health or the
environment.
55
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site was addressed through immediate actions.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Contaminated sediments were removed to the Velsicol
Plant and disposed of in accordance with the cleanup plan for that site.
Additionally, contaminated groundwater underlying the golf course area is
continuous with contamination at neighboring sites and was addressed as part of their cleanup
strategy.
Site Facts: The Gratiot County Golf Course site was placed on the first proposed NPL in
December 1982. All cleanup actions were completed before the first final NPL was
established. In November 1982, Velsicol agreed to a combined settlement for cleanup of this
site and two others in Michigan, the Gratiot County Landfill and the Velsicol Plant in
St. Louis.
Environmental Progress
The immediate actions performed have removed the sources of contamination and eliminated
any potential threats at the site. Site evaluations determined that no additional cleanup work
was required, and the Gratiot County Golf Course site was deleted from the NPL in 1983.
The site continues to be used as a recreational golf course while cleanup actions continue at
the related NPL sites in the area.
Site Repository
Information is no longer available.
March 1992 56 GRATIOT COUNTY GOLF COURSE
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GRATIOT CO
LANDFILL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980506281
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Gratiot County
1/2 mile southeast of St. Louis
The Gratiot County Landfill site covers 40 acres southeast of St. Louis. Prior to 1977, the
Michigan Chemical Corporation (later purchased by Velsicol Chemical Corporation) disposed
of various plant wastes, including 269,000 pounds of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), at the
landfill. The landfill also accepted general refuse. In 1977, the State discovered elevated levels
of contaminants in shallow aquifers and in several nearby ponds. In addition, the State
learned that in at least one, possibly two, places the wastes were in direct contact with the
immediately underlying aquifer. The potential existed for contamination of the deeper
aquifers supplying drinking water for the region. Approximately 5,300 people live within 3
miles of the landfill; about 1,500 people are located within a mile. Municipal water wells
serving 4,100 people are located within 3 miles of the site. The Pine River is located
approximately 1 1/2 miles west of the site.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/22/81
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and surface water contain PBBs. Potential health risks include
accidental ingestion of or direct contact with contaminated groundwater and
surface water.
57
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: Between 1977 and 1980, various hydrogeological studies were
performed at the site. Based on these studies, the Michigan Department of
Natural Resources (MDNR) prepared an Environmental Impact Assessment and
developed alternatives for cleanup of the site. A remedy for the site was selected in 1981, and
in 1984, the State, with Velsicol Chemical Corporation, took action to minimize the migration
of contaminants from the landfill. This included regrading the surface to direct runoff from
the landfill area, covering the waste with clay to prevent rainwater from coming into contact
with the buried wastes, and constructing a slurry wall along the property boundary to contain
contaminated groundwater. A groundwater purge system was constructed and a 5-acre evapo-
transpiration bed was installed to dispose of water from the purge wells. However, the
groundwater purge system was never used. In 1989, the State began an investigation to
determine the effectiveness of the slurry wall in stopping the migration of groundwater and
contaminants from the landfill. The results of the investigation, expected in 1992, will
determine if additional cleanup activities are necessary.
Site Facts: In November 1982, Velsicol Chemical Corporation agreed to a combined
settlement for cleanup of this site and two others in Michigan, the Gratiot County Golf
Course and the Velsicol Plant in St. Louis.
Environmental Progress
The surface regrading, covering of the waste, and construction of a slurry wall have reduced
the potential for exposure to hazardous materials at the Gratiot County Landfill site while
studies are taking place to determine whether further cleanup activities will be required.
Site Repository
Not established.
March 1992 58 GRATIOT COUNTY LANDFILL
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H. BROWN
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID017075136
EPA REGION 5
Kent County
Grand Rapids
Walker
Site Description
The 3 1/2-acre H. Brown Co., Inc. site is an active automobile and forklift battery recycling
facility. The site and surrounding area may have been used as a municipal waste disposal
landfill before the H. Brown Company began operations on the property in 1961. Initially, the
company's operations involved buying, dismantling, processing, and selling scrap metal and
junk. Later, the company focused on reclaiming lead from used batteries. Until 1978, the lead
reclamation process involved dismantling batteries and draining battery acid onto an area of
the site. Between 1961 and 1978, 170,000 to 460,000 gallons of battery acid may have been
drained. The company discontinued its lead reclamation activities in 1982, but continues to
collect used batteries and sell them to other businesses. Responding to a request by the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR), the company installed liquid collection
pans and stainless steel storage tanks on the site in 1978 to collect and contain drummed
battery acids instead of draining them on the ground. Acid that was stored in the tanks later
was taken to an off-site facility for disposal. Surface water from the site drains through a
ditch to a wetland, which then empties into the Grand River 1/4 mile east of the site.
Approximately 3,000 people live within a 3-mile radius of the site. The source of municipal
water is Lake Michigan, with supplementary water drawn from the Grand River each
summer. The site and surrounding properties are in the flood plain of the Grand River.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 04/10/85
Final Date: 06/10/86
59
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
Lead and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are contaminating the air,
groundwater, and soil. Wastewaters on the property contain heavy metals including
copper, nickel, lead, and chromium. Potential health threats include accidentally
ingesting or coming in direct contact with contaminated groundwater, soil, or
wastewater or breathing contaminated air. The Grand River and nearby wetlands
are threatened by contaminants from the site.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two phases: interim actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Interim Actions: In spring 1991, the EPA took measures to limit the scattering
of dust from surface soils and fenced the property to the north of the facility to
limit access to the area where soils are contaminated with lead. Later, the
potentially responsible parties erected a fence and performed limited air monitoring. The
potentially responsible parties have not yet completed all air monitoring requirements.
Entire Site: The EPA initiated an investigation in 1988 to determine the nature
and extent of groundwater, soil, air, and sediment contamination at the site and to
identify alternative cleanup remedies. The investigation is scheduled to be
completed in late 1992.
Site Facts: Under a Unilateral Administrative Order, the potentially responsible parties
were required to erect a fence and monitor the air. All air monitoring requirements under the
Order have not been completed to date.
Environmental Progress
Interim actions to control dust disturbance and restrict area access have reduced the potential
for exposure to contaminated materials while the EPA continues its investigation and
identifies cleanup alternatives for the H. Brown Company, Inc. site.
March 1992 60 H. BROWN CO., INC.
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Site Repository
Kent County Public Library, Walker Branch, 1331 Walker Village Drive, Walker, MI 49504
H. BROWN CO., INC.
61
March 1992
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HEDBLUM
INDUSTRIES
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794408
EPA REGION 5
losco County
Near Oscoda
Site Description
The Hedblum Industries site is situated on 10 acres in a mixed-use, industrial, and residential
area near Oscoda. From 1958 through 1985, the site was leased to a series of industrial firms
that manufactured automobile parts. The Hedblum Industries site first came to the attention
of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) Water Quality Division during a
routine inspection of the facility in 1972. At that time, Thompson Industries was engaged in
the assembly of anti-rattling devices for the automotive industry. Cooling and rinse waters
were discharged from the plant directly onto the ground. The MDNR received a complaint
from a resident near the plant regarding a contaminated well in 1973. During another
inspection, the MDNR was informed that every 2 weeks from 1968 to 1972, Thompson had
dumped approximately 40 gallons of trichloroethylene (TCE) from a degreaser onto the
ground. The State estimates that 4,000 gallons of TCE were dumped over this 4-year period.
Samples from several residential wells indicated that two of them were contaminated with
TCE. As a result, the State recommended that local residents not use their wells. The
affected residents replaced their contaminated wells with deeper ones in an attempt to tap an
uncontaminated water supply. Two more wells that were found to be contaminated in the Au
Sable Heights area in 1975 were replaced with deeper ones. In 1977, the local health
department received a complaint about a strong odor from one of the replacement wells, and
sampling indicated that the well also had become contaminated with TCE. By 1978, Oscoda
had extended water lines into the Au Sable Heights subdivision and began providing an
alternate water supply to the subdivision. Some property owners in the subdivision elected not
to be connected to the Oscoda water system. The Oscoda County Health Department
continued to assess conditions at the site and sampled liquids contained in an underground
storage tank near the northeastern side of the site in 1980. In 1981, the State installed seven
monitoring wells, determined that the groundwater flow beneath the site was to the
northeast, and confirmed solvent contamination. In 1985, the Hedblum Industries property
was purchased by Aircraft Tool Supply, which currently produces aircraft parts at the site.
The population of the area is approximately 13,700. The closest residence is about 350 feet
from the site. An industrial park is located less than a mile north of the site. Most of the
population of the towns of Oscoda and Au Sable live within a 3-mile radius of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
62
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and soil are contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
including TCE. Surface waters of the bayou northeast of the Au Sable Heights
subdivision are contaminated with VOCs, including TCE and vinyl chloride.
Residents of Au Sable Heights who use private wells may be exposed to
contaminants when drinking or using groundwater. Sampling of residential wells in
1990 found no VOC contaminants above detection limits. Since groundwater flow
from the site is to the northeast in the direction of the bayou, area residents who
fish there may be exposed to site-related contaminants when coming into direct
contact with surface water and sediments. Contaminants could migrate into the Au
Sable River through sediments and surface waters of the bayou and a creek that
feeds into the river.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase directed at cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: After a careful evaluation of several alternatives, the EPA chose the
following methods to address site contamination in 1989: extraction and treatment
of contaminated groundwater; monitoring of groundwater in the Au Sable
Heights subdivision during groundwater treatment; abandonment of six groundwater
monitoring wells; and collection and analysis of on-site soil samples. A potentially responsible
party began designing the groundwater treatment system in 1990. The design of the cleanup
technologies is scheduled for completion in 1992, at which time site cleanup will begin.
Environmental Progress
The EPA has selected the technologies for the cleanup of the Hedblum Industries site, and
the potentially responsible parties are designing the treatment methods. While these activities
are taking place, the EPA has determined that the site poses no immediate danger to the
surrounding communities or the environment.
Site Repository
Oscoda Public Library, 110 South State Street, Oscoda, MI 48750
HEDBLUM INDUSTRIES 63 March 1992
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HI-MILL
MANUFACTU
COMPANY
MICHIGAN
EPA!D#MID005341714
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Oakland County
Highland Township
The Hi-Mill Manufacturing site is located on 2 1/2 acres in a sparsely populated area
approximately 1 1/2 miles from the town of Highland. The Hi-Mill Manufacturing Company
began making tubular aluminum, brass, and copper parts in 1946. Operations at Hi-Mill
consisted of two main processes: anodizing, a process used to brighten metals, and degreasing,
a process to clean them. Metals were bathed in tanks containing acids that periodically were
emptied into a clay-lined lagoon. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR)
received complaints from Hi-Mill employees of the potential contamination of the plant's
drinking water supply in 1972, and subsequent sampling of on-site wells and an adjacent
marsh detected contamination from heavy metals. In 1976, Hi-Mill built a second, smaller
lagoon south of the original lagoon to contain overflow. On two separate occasions in 1976
and 1977, the big lagoon overflowed into the marsh bordering the site. Hi-Mill applied for a
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit (NPDES) to cover such overflows.
The EPA did not concur with a permit being issued to Hi-Mill by the State. As a result, the
MDNR ordered the company to stop discharging untreated wastewaters into the lagoon and
requested that Hi-Mill design a wastewater recycling program. Although the firm
implemented the recycling system in 1981, the already contaminated lagoons remained a
problem, and Hi-Mill filled in the small lagoon in 1983. In an attempt to clean up the big
lagoon, liquid was evaporated in the lagoon using a spray evaporation technique. Particles
were carried by the wind and deposited downwind of the plant onto State land around
Waterbury Lake. The MDNR ordered Hi-Mill to stop this practice in 1983. The immediate
area surrounding the site is sparsely populated and rural. The nearest homes are located
approximately 2,000 feet southeast of the site, along Waterbury Road. Approximately 13,600
people obtain drinking water from private wells within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 02/21/90
64
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater downgradient of the site contains heavy metals and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) including trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroethane (DCE), and
vinyl chloride. Lagoon water, sludge, and pickling waste resulting from anodizing
activities are contaminated with heavy metals. Sediments and surface water in
Waterbury Lake and nearby wetlands are suspected to be contaminated with heavy
metals. Area residents or workers at the Hi-Mill plant may be exposed to
contaminants when drinking or using contaminated groundwater. Individuals who
frequent the Highland State Recreation Area, Waterbury Lake, or the marshy
area adjacent to the site could be exposed to site-related pollutants when coming
into direct contact with contaminated sediments and surface water or by
consuming fish in which contaminants have bioaccumulated. Contaminants that
have migrated into the wetlands and Waterbury Lake could adversely affect the
vegetation and wildlife of these environmentally sensitive areas.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Hi-Mill, under MDNR supervision, removed 142 cubic
yards of contaminated soil, 34,400 gallons of contaminated sludge, and 63,300
gallons of contaminated water from the big lagoon. Hi-Mill filled in the lagoon
with sand and clay. A new well was installed on site in 1989 to provide Hi-Mill employees
with safe drinking water. Before the new well was hooked up, Hi-Mill provided its employees
with bottled water.
Entire Site: The Hi-Mill Manufacturing Company, under monitoring by the EPA
and the MDNR, began conducting an intensive study to determine the nature and
extent of contamination at the site in 1989. The study is expected to be completed
in late 1992. Based on the results of this study, the most effective cleanup methods will be
selected by the EPA.
Site Facts: A Consent Order was signed in 1988 between Hi-Mill and the EPA, requiring
the company to conduct a study of site contamination.
HI-MILL MANUFACTURING COMPANY 65 March 1992
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Environmental Progress
The initial cleanup performed by the Hi-Mill Manufacturing Company helped to reduce the
spread of contamination and the possibility of direct contact with hazardous materials at the
site while studies are being conducted to determine the most appropriate final cleanup
methods for the site.
Site Repository
Highland Township Library, 205 West Livingston Street, Highland, MI 48031
March 1992
66
HI-MILL MANUFACTURING COMPANY
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IONIA CITY
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID980794416
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Ionia County
Ionia
The Ionia City Landfill site is a former landfill covering 20 acres in Ionia. From the 1930s
until it closed in 1969, the City owned and operated the site for the disposal of municipal
wastes. Although closed, wastes continued to be periodically disposed of at the site through
the early 1970s. A portion of the site later became a recreational area. In 1981, citizen
concerns led to an investigation that discovered drums, both buried and on the surface of the
landfill. Some drums were in the flood plain of the Grand River. An unknown number of
drums are buried in an area approximately 1/3 acre in size, located in the north central
portion of the site. In 1981, the State excavated about 100 drums, many containing industrial
liquids and some leaking. The City placed snow fences around the excavated drums.
Approximately 6,000 people live within 1 mile of the site, and the nearest residence is about
50 feet away. The municipal well field is about 1 mile northwest of the site. A recreational
park is located across the street from the landfill, and a tributary to the Grand River forms
the eastern boundary of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
L\
Heavy metals, including chromium, barium, and lead, were found in soil.
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as
vinyl chloride and the heavy metal chromium. People who come into direct contact
with or accidentally ingest contaminated groundwater or soil may be at risk. The
contamination at the site may harm wildlife living in or around the area.
67
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the sources of contamination at the site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1985, the parties potentially responsible for site
contamination constructed a security fence around the site, removed exposed
surface drums, and posted warning signs. A partial clay covering was installed to
prevent rainwater from coming into contact with buried wastes and to prevent contaminants
from migrating off the site.
Source Control: In 1989, the EPA selected a remedy to clean up the site using
in-situ vitrification (ISV). ISV melts the waste material and contaminated soils
with an electric current to destroy, remove, or permanently immobilize hazardous
substances. The potentially responsible parties currently are designing the technical
specifications for the ISV to meet performance criteria established by the EPA. Testing of
the design technology is scheduled for completion in 1993.
Site Facts: The EPA expects to initiate an additional cleanup phase at the Ionia City
Landfill to address cleanup of contaminated groundwater.
Environmental Progress
By constructing a security fence to restrict access to the Ionia City Landfill site, removing the
exposed contaminated drums, and installing a clay cover to prevent contaminant migration,
the parties potentially responsible for site contamination have reduced the potential for
exposure to hazardous materials. The selected source control remedy for the site currently is
in the design phase, with the cleanup activities scheduled to begin in 1993.
Site Repository
Hall-Fowler Memorial Library, 126 East Main Street, Ionia, MI 48846
March 1992 68 |ONIA clTf LANDFILL
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J & L LANDFI
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980609440
EPA REGION 5
Oakland County
Rochester Hills
Other Names:
Avon Township Landfill
Site Description
The J & L Landfill covers approximately 17 acres in Rochester Hills. From 1951 to 1980,
approximately 1 1/2 million cubic feet of wastes were buried at the site at depths of up to 25
feet. Wastes included dusts from emission control devices in electric furnaces and alkaline
slag from electric furnaces involved in stainless steel production. The landfill has no liner and
is located in an area consisting of layers of sand and gravel extending between 18 and 35 feet
below the surface. These materials facilitate the movement of contaminants into the
groundwater. The area surrounding the landfill is residential and light industrial. Ten
operating or closed disposal facilities are located in the vicinity. Approximately 1,500 people
live within a mile of the site, with the nearest residence about 200 feet away. Some of these
residents depend on shallow wells, and the nearest drinking water well is less than 2,000 feet
from the landfill. Ladd Drain borders the site and flows into the Clinton River. The river
flows through the Rochester-Utica Recreation Area less than 1 mile from the landfill.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/10/86
Final Date: 03/31/89
Threats and Contaminants
The emission control waste dusts at the landfill are contaminated with heavy
metals including manganese, chromium, and nickel. People could be exposed to
contaminants in the dusts. Groundwater contamination is a significant threat,
because it is very shallow and potentially can come into direct contact with the
wastes.
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March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on the cleanup pf the
entire site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: Many of the residents using the shallow wells as a drinking water
source have received hook-ups to the city water supply. The EPA is conducting an
investigation to determine the type and extent of contamination at the landfill.
During this process, the EPA is thoroughly sampling and testing the groundwater, soil,
surface water, and sediments in Ladd Drain. Once the investigation is completed, scheduled
for 1992, the EPA will select final measures to clean up the site.
Environmental Progress
After listing the J & L Landfill site on the NPL, the EPA determined from preliminary
evaluations that the site does not pose an immediate threat to the surrounding community or
the environment while the investigations leading to the selection of a final site remedy are
taking place.
Site Repository
Rochester Hills Public Library, 210 West University Drive, Rochester Hills, MI 48063
March 1992 70 j & L LANDFILL
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K & L AVENUE
LANDFILL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980506463
EPA REGION 5
Kalamazoo County
Oshtemo Township
7 miles west of downtown Kalamazoo
Other Names:
West KL Avenue Landfill
Kalamazoo KL Landfill
Kalamazoo County Landfill
Oshtemo Township Landfill
Site Description
The K & L Avenue Landfill is a former sanitary landfill covering 87 acres in Oshtemo
Township. The site served as a local garbage dump for the Township from the 1960s until
1968, when it became the county sanitary landfill. Approximately 5 million cubic yards of solid
waste were disposed of at the site. The landfill was closed in 1979, after contaminants were
found in residential wells. The County provided bottled water to the affected residences and
covered about 5 acres of the landfill to prevent the migration of contaminants. In 1980, 36
homes were connected to a new water main, and in 1981, ten deeper wells were installed to
replace eight existing contaminated wells. Approximately 11,000 people live within 3 miles of
the landfill. The area surrounding the site is rural residential. The nearest residence is
adjacent to the site. The landfill is about 200 feet southwest of Bonnie Castle Lake and 1
mile east of Dustin Lake. Both bodies of water are used for recreation, including fishing.
Site Responsibility: The site is being addressed through
Federal and County actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), phenols,
and heavy metals. Soil in isolated areas shows low levels of polychlorinated
biphenyl (PCB) contamination. All affected water wells have been replaced with
deeper wells that draw from the lower, uncontaminated aquifer or with city water
lines. Therefore, the groundwater presently poses little or no threat to public
health.
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March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In 1980 and 1981, the County of Kalamazoo either installed new
wells for or provided connections to a public water supply to residences affected
by contaminants from the landfill.
Entire site: The EPA completed an investigation to determine the type and
extent of contamination at the site. In 1990, the EPA selected cleanup activities
consisting of continued monitoring of groundwater, surface water, and air; deed
restrictions on the use of the shallow aquifer as a drinking water source; groundwater
extraction and treatment by enhanced bioremediation; discharge of the treated groundwater
back into the aquifer or an infiltration pond; fencing of the site; deed restrictions on the
construction of buildings on the site or adjacent to the site; capping of the landfill; and the
installation and monitoring of gas vents throughout the landfill. The engineering design of this
remedy is expected to begin in 1992.
Environmental Progress
By replacing contaminated water supplies, the County is protecting nearby residents from site-
related contaminants at the K & L Avenue Landfill while the selected cleanup activities are
being planned.
Site Repository
Kalamazoo Public Library, 315 South Rose, Kalamazoo, MI 49007
March 1992
72
K & L AVENUE LANDFILL
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KAYDON
CORPORATI
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID006016703
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Muskegon County
Muskegon
The Kaydon Corporation has manufactured various bearings and bearing assemblies at this
40-acre site since 1941. Wastewater and sludges from plant processes were disposed of on site
in seven unlined pits and in the south branch of Ruddiman Creek. In 1968, Kaydon began
separating wastes; now only cooling water is discharged into the creek. The process wastes
are removed by waste haulers and are placed in lined settling ponds to settle out the sludge
prior to discharge to a sanitary sewer. The pond sludge periodically is removed to a federally
approved facility for disposal. Approximately 5,000 people live within a mile of the site. The
closest residence is 250 feet away. Although 700 people obtain drinking water from private
wells within 3 miles, the majority of the homes in the area are connected to the municipal
water supply, which uses Lake Michigan as its source. Several residences within 1 mile of the
site have private wells, but only one residence used a well as a potable water supply.
Ruddiman Creek flows into Muskegon Lake, and eventually, into Lake Michigan. All of these
bodies of water are used for recreational activities.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 02/21/90
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), cyanide,
and heavy metals such as chromium and lead. Soil and sludge contained heavy
metals including chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc. People who came in
direct contact with or accidentally ingested the contaminated soil, sludges, or
groundwater may have been at risk.
73
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Ix Immediate Actions: In 1986, Kaydon conducted a hydrological study to
determine the extent of groundwater contamination, removed 1,500 cubic yards of
contaminated soil and sludge, and disposed of them in a federally approved
facility. The excavated area was backfilled with clean sand, graded to conform to existing land
contours, and seeded.
Entire Site: In 1988, Kaydon installed two purge wells that discharge directly to
the publicly owned treatment works. The wells will continue to operate until
groundwater standards are reached. A performance evaluation currently is being
conducted.
Site Facts: Site activities and cleanup actions have been performed voluntarily by the
Kaydon Corporation.
Environmental Progress
The removal of contaminated soil and sludge and the installation of purge wells have reduced
the potential for exposure to contaminated materials at the Kaydon Corporation site. The
operation of the purge wells will continue to ensure the safety of nearby residents and the
environment.
Site Repository
Contact the Region 5 Superfund Community Relations Office.
March 1992 74 KAYDON CORPORATION
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KENT CITY M
HOME PARK
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID981089915
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Kent County
Kent City
In 1983, a water supply well at the Kent City Mobile Home Park site was found to be
contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. This well was replaced with a new well 500 feet
uphill of the old one and draws on a deeper aquifer. The probable source of contamination
was a buried storage drum approximately 20 feet from the wells. This drum collected floor
drainage from a dry cleaning facility that formerly operated on the site. When the drum was
discovered in 1984, the drum and the surrounding soil were removed, and the excavated area
was filled with clean soil. The State detected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in an oily
substance seeping south into Ball Creek. Approximately 3,000 people live within 3 miles of
the site. The majority of these residents use groundwater for a drinking water source; there is
no municipal water supply in the area.
Site Responsibility: This site was addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/18/85
Final Date: 07/21/87
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and surface water were contaminated with VOCs. New wells have
been drilled that tap the deeper uncontaminated aquifer; therefore, exposure to
pollutants through the groundwater is unlikely. Ball Creek was only slightly
contaminated, posing a potential risk to people who came in direct contact with or
accidentally ingested the water. Removal of the source of contamination has
resulted in the natural reduction of the contaminants in groundwater and surface
water.
75
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site was addressed through immediate actions.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: The EPA investigated the site in 1989 and did not find
contamination. Monitoring by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources
(MDNR) has found no contamination in monitoring wells, municipal wells, or
private wells in the area. The EPA is evaluating the site for deletion from the NPL.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed further inspections of the Kent City
Mobile Home Park site and found no contamination in any of the wells in the surrounding
area. The site no longer poses a threat to public health or the environment.
Site Repository
Not established.
March 1992
76
KENT CITY MOBILE HOME PARK
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KENTWOOD
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID000260281
FILL
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Kent County
Kentwood
Other Names:
Kent County Landfill
The 55-acre Kentwood Landfill site originated as the Paris Township dump in the early 1950s
and lies within a 72-acre parcel of land in Kentwood. Refuse was dumped into ravines at the
landfill and was burned. In 1966, the dump was licensed as a solid waste disposal facility;
however, the license stipulated that the refuse be covered daily and that burning cease. The
site was inspected in late 1966, and surface seeps of leachate, open burning, and disposal of
liquid factory wastes were found. The license was transferred to the City of Kentwood in
1968, and this license stipulated the site be operated as a sanitary landfill or closed. In 1969,
the landfill was being operated as an open dump in violation of State law. In 1971, the Kent
County Department of Public Works (KCDPW) obtained a license, took over operation of
the site, and designed it as an engineered landfill. On many occasions, leachate was observed
seeping from the landfill into nearby Plaster Creek. In 1975, the KCDPW obtained a license
to operate an additional landfill, southeast of the original landfill. The County covered both
the original and the new landfill with clay and sand in 1975 and 1976 to prevent rainwater
from coming into contact with the buried wastes. The entire landfill was closed in 1976.
Approximately 22 residences are in the immediate area near the landfill. Some of these
residences obtain their drinking water supply from the groundwater in the area surrounding
the site. The City of Kentwood obtains drinking water from a municipal water supply system
tapping Lake Michigan.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, County, and municipal
actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater, soil, and leachate are contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) and heavy metals such as arsenic and nickel. People who come in direct
contact with or accidentally ingest the contaminated groundwater, soil, or leachate
may suffer adverse health effects. If the leachate continues to seep from the
landfill, soil, surface water, and sediments in Plaster Creek may become
contaminated and pose a threat to public health and the environment.
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March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The City of Kentwood and Kent County, under EPA monitoring,
conducted an investigation to determine the type and extent of contamination at
the landfill. The groundwater, soil, surface water, and sediments of Plaster Creek
were sampled and tested. In early 1991, the EPA selected a remedy, which includes capping
the landfill, incorporating a gas venting and leachate collection system into the cap, extracting
groundwater and treating it at a local wastewater treatment facility, implementing
groundwater use restrictions, and constructing a leachate extraction system. The design phase
for constructing the remedy is currently underway and is expected to be completed in 1993, at
which time the final cleanup activity will begin.
Site Facts: In 1985, the City of Kentwood and Kent County signed an Administrative Order
on Consent to conduct a study of the site. The Municipalities signed a Consent Decree to
conduct the design of the remedy and the cleanup activities in August 1991.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Kentwood Landfill site while
cleanup activities are taking place.
Site Repository
Kent County Library, Kentwood Branch, 4700 Kalamazoo Avenue, Southeast Kentwood MI
49508
March 1992
78
KENTWOOD LANDFILL
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KYSOR INDU
CORPORA!
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID04368184
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Wexford County
Cadillac
Other Names:
Kysor Cadillac
The Kysor Industrial Corporation site covers approximately 1/10 acre in the Cadillac
Industrial Park. The park consists of about 40 industrial facilities, two of which are NPL sites,
Kysor and the Northernaire Plating Company. Kysor Industrial manufactures temperature
control systems for the automotive industry, using a process involving stamping and machining
metal parts. Prior to 1979, 665 cubic yards of liquid/sludge wastes containing solvents were
disposed of in unlined earthen pits on the site. Sampling in 1980 found the groundwater to be
contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In 1981, Kysor excavated and
removed 700 cubic yards of contaminated soil. The excavated areas were backfilled with clean
material. All residences with affected and potentially affected water supplies were connected
to the municipal water supply. Additional sampling in 1983 showed that the soils still were
contaminated. The second NPL site, Northernaire, also has contaminated soil and
groundwater. The groundwater plumes have intermingled, so that the groundwater under
both sites is contaminated with elements from Northernaire and Kysor. Approximately 10,800
people live within 3 miles of the site; about 5,000 live within a mile. The Cadillac area
municipal well field is 2,500 feet northeast of the facility. Lake Cadillac is 3,500 feet away and
the Clam River is within 5,000 feet. Both of these bodies of water are used for recreational
activities, including fishing.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/18/85
Final Date: 10/04/89
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater contains VOCs including trichloroethylene (TCE), chloroform,
toluene, and ethyl benzene, as well as hexavalent chromium. Soil is contaminated
with VOCs, heavy metals, and phenol. People may be exposed to pollutants by
accidentally ingesting or coming into direct contact with contaminated groundwater
or soil.
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March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: Because the groundwater has intermingled, the cleanup addresses
both the Kysor and Northernaire sites. In 1989, the EPA selected a remedy to
clean the sites by constructing a groundwater extraction and treatment system.
This system will consist of a number of extraction wells strategically located to intercept the
contaminated groundwater. An underground piping system will connect the extraction wells
and transport the extracted groundwater to the treatment facility, where it will be treated by
air stripping. The contaminants will be removed from the water by forcing air through it,
causing the compounds to evaporate. The groundwater also will be treated with a carbon
adsorption treatment system to remove hexavalent chromium. The treated groundwater will
be discharged into the Clam River. In addition, a vapor extraction system will be installed.
The contaminants will be extracted by blowing clean air on the soil, which forces the
contaminants out into a gas. The gases are further treated before release into the
atmosphere. A fence will be constructed around the Kysor site to prevent trespassing.
Appropriate action also will be taken to ensure that current or future landowners do not use
the contaminated groundwater aquifers as a source of drinking water. The parties potentially
responsible for the site contamination have completed a pilot test of the selected remedies
and are designing the technical specifications for the cleanup at the site under EPA
monitoring. After the completion of the design phase, scheduled for 1993, the planned
cleanup activities will begin.
Environmental Progress
After adding the site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Kysor Industrial Corporation site
while it awaits final cleanup.
Site Repository
Cadillac-Westford Library, 411 South Lake Street, Cadillac, MI 49601
March 1992 80 KYSOR INDUSTRIAL CORPORATION
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LIQUID DIS
INC.
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID067340711
EPA REGION 5
Macomb County
Shelby Township
Site Description
The Liquid Disposal, Inc. (LDI) site covers approximately 7 acres in Shelby Township
between Utica and Rochester. Prior to 1964, the LDI site area was used as a sand and gravel
pit. Landfilling began in 1964. LDI began commercial incinerator operations at the site in
1968. The incinerators were designed for handling volatiles and semi-volatiles, including paint
thinners, sludges, contaminated oils and greases, and any other liquid industrial wastes that
did not contain chromium or cyanide. However, LDI did accept wastes containing these
contaminants. Wastes were stored in a lagoon, underground and aboveground tanks, and
numerous types of drums before incineration. A scrubber lagoon was used for incineration
ash and stormwater runoff. LDI operated for 14 years and was cited for numerous violations,
including fires and improper storage. LDI ceased operations and was permanently closed in
1982 after two people were killed in an industrial accident. Currently, old incinerator parts,
emptied tanks, wooden pallets, miscellaneous containers, and other debris remain on site. The
lagoons' contents have been removed or stabilized, and virtually all storage tanks and
containers have been removed. A crude leachate collection system along the eastern side of
the site is operational, with a sump pump circulating accumulated liquids back into the
incinerator pit. The incinerator pit also continues to collect water from surface drainage and
subsurface seepage. The Rochester-Utica State Recreational Area and the G & H Landfill
NPL site are about a mile away from the Liquid Disposal, Inc. site. The site is surrounded by
wetlands, the Clinton River, and the Shadbush Tract Native Study Area. Approximately
54,000 people reside in the rural area within 3 miles of the site. The local drinking water for
3,500 people comes from groundwater sources. About 3,200 people live within a mile of the
site, with the nearest residence situated about 1,300 feet away.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
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March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
heavy metals. The soil contains VOCs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and heavy metals. Stored
contaminants are a fire or explosion hazard. Direct contact with or accidental
ingestion of contaminated groundwater, soil, or leachate could pose a health threat
as well.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: The EPA responded to an accidental spill of hazardous
waste chemicals in 1982 by shutting off equipment and performing initial cleanup
actions. In 1982, heavy rains caused the lagoon level to rise above the liner,
forcing liquid to seep through the wall and threatening the stability of the dike that had been
built around it. The EPA removed the PCB-contaminated soils outside the facility and
secured them in another facility, lowered the lagoon level 2 feet from the top of the liner,
and removed the oily layer. The waste was stored on site. Liquid was pumped from the
incinerator pit, and the clay barrier preventing dike seepage from reaching the Clinton River
was repaired. The dikes were regraded and repaired, and the tanks of flammable chemicals
were secured. In 1983, the EPA drained the lagoons, removed sludge, capped the lagoons,
and overpacked the drums. The waste oil lagoon caught fire during the solidification process,
and as a result, 500 nearby residents were evacuated. Approximately 1,800,000 gallons of
liquid and 2,800 cubic yards of sludges were removed from the waste oil lagoons. The EPA
removed all the ash piles and backfilled and capped the waste oil lagoon. Eleven 15-gallon
packs of acids and isocyanate also were disposed of. In 1985, the EPA removed 100,000
gallons of flammable liquids. All the underground tanks were uncovered, opened, and
cleaned. Approximately 200 drums were incinerated or landfilled in early 1986. Several
hundred sample jars of hazardous material were removed in 1990.
March 1992 82 LIQUID DISPOSAL, INC.
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Entire Site: Based on the results of the site investigation by the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources (MDNR), the EPA selected the following
methods for long-term cleanup at the site: on-site disposal of existing debris and
equipment; on-site solidification and fixati. n of soil and waste; extraction and treatment of
groundwater using air stripping and ion exchange, with discharge of the treated groundwater
into the Clinton River; and construction of a slurry wall and impermeable cap containment
system. The design of the technical specifications is underway, and cleanup of the site is
expected to begin in early 1993. All cleanup actions are expected to be completed by 1995.
Site Facts: In February 1982, the MDNR rejected LDI's application for a toxic waste
handling permit. In April 1982, LDI was forced into involuntary bankruptcy. The company
closed permanently in May 1982.
Environmental Progress
Removal of contaminated materials and repair of dikes on the LDI site, along with the
fencing around the site, have reduced the potential for contact with hazardous materials
while the design of cleanup actions is taking place and final site cleanup strategies are being
planned.
Site Repository
Shelby Township Library, 51680 Van Dyke Avenue, Utica, MI 48087
LIQUID DISPOSAL, INC.
83
March 1992
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MASON CO
LANDFILL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794465
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Mason County
Pere Marquette Township
3 miles south of Lundington
The Mason County Landfill site comprises 10 acres of an 18-acre parcel of land and is
located 3 miles south of the town of Lundington in Pere Marquette Township. The landfill
was operated by Acme Disposal for Mason County from 1972 through 1978 and accepted
general refuse, garbage, industrial refuse, liquids, sludges, and industrial wastes. Acme
Disposal was ordered to install additional groundwater wells on the site in 1978. Mason
County covered the landfill with 2 feet of clay in 1979. Afterward, the site and adjacent land
eroded and may have polluted groundwater and nearby Iris Creek. Two years after the
landfill ceased to operate, nearby residents voiced concerns over water quality in Iris Creek.
As a result, a plan was drafted by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR)
and the Mason County Department of Public Works (DPW) to control drainage, vent landfill
gas, and monitor groundwater quality. The landfill is a mile east of Lake Michigan. A wetland
located less than 500 feet from the landfill drains into Babbin Pond, the headwaters of Iris
Creek. The area surrounding the site is primarily rural, with a population of approximately
1,100 people within a 1/2-mile radius of the site who obtain drinking water from private wells.
Twelve residential wells are located within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and County actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Air located in the landfill gas vents is contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) including vinyl chloride and benzene. Off-site groundwater in
the monitoring wells contains VOCs and heavy metals including sodium and lead.
Sediments are contaminated with arsenic. Soils, including those in the clay cap, are
contaminated with lead and arsenic. Heavy metals are found in Iris Creek.
Trespassers on site could be exposed to health risks through direct contact with
contaminated soils and inhalation of airborne materials. Private wells could be
contaminated by pollutants moving in the groundwater, exposing residents who use
the water to possible adverse health effects. People or wildlife may come in
contact with contaminants that enter surface water and wetlands.
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March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term remedial
phases focusing on cleanup of the landfill portion of the site and cleanup of the groundwater.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1983 and 1984, Mason County covered the landfill with
clay, graded the land so that it was terraced, constructed storm drains, installed
two surface units in Babbin Pond to allow air into it, and placed 15 gas vents on
the top of the landfill.
Landfill: The long-term cleanup action chosen by the EPA in 1989 to address the
landfill portion of the site includes: covering the landfill with soil and clay
according to Federal hazardous waste management regulations; constructing a
fence around the perimeter of the site; placing deed restrictions on and near the site to
prohibit the use of shallow groundwater; and continuing monitoring groundwater to aid in the
long-term cleanup action for the groundwater and to assess the effectiveness of the clay and
soil cover. Construction of the clay/soil cap was completed in mid-1991. All cleanup activities
are expected to be completed by 1993.
Groundwater: The EPA is conducting an investigation into the nature and extent
of groundwater contamination and the most effective methods of treatment. This
study is expected to be completed in 1995, at which time cleanup alternatives will
be recommended.
Site Facts: In 1978, Acme was ordered by the State to install additional monitoring wells,
analyze water samples, and survey the site. A Consent Order subsequently was issued to
cover the items that remained to be completed when Acme ceased to operate at the site in
1978. In 1981 and 1982, residents filed two suits against the County and Acme. The suits
were settled when Mason County agreed to purchase both properties.
Environmental Progress
Covering the landfill, grading the land, constructing storm drains, and venting Babbin Pond
and the landfill have reduced the potential for exposure to contaminants at the Mason
County Landfill site while final cleanup activities and additional site studies are underway.
Site Repository
Ludington Public Library, 217 East Ludington Street, Ludington, MI 49431
MASON COUNTY LANDFILL 85 March 1992
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MCGRAW
CORP.
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MlD00533967S
EPA REGION 5
Calhoun County
Albion
Other Names:
$ McGraw-Edlson Air Comfort Division
Site Description
The McGraw Edison Corp. site covers 24 acres in Albion. The company manufactured air
conditioners, humidifiers, and similar equipment from 1958 to 1980. From 1970 to 1980,
15,000 gallons of stillbottoms (an oil waste) contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) were
spread on the site's roads to control dust. As a result, TCE has been found in two on-site
wells and in 45 nearby residential wells. The Albion municipal wells also show TCE
contamination. Extensive soil contamination also was detected. The plant closed in 1980, and
the site is completely restricted. McGraw Edison was sold to Cooper Industries in 1985.
Approximately 11,000 people reside within 3 miles of the site. Residents in the area depend
on both municipal wells and private wells for drinking water. The Kalamazoo River is located
one half mile from the site, receives discharge from groundwater purge wells, and is used for
recreational activities such as swimming and fishing.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater, stream sediments, surface water, and soils are contaminated with
TCE. People may be exposed to site-related contaminants if they breathe airborne
materials or ingest or come in direct contact with polluted groundwater, surface
water, soils, or stream sediments. Air quality controls have been established to
eliminate the potential for air contamination.
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March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term remedial
phases focusing on cleanup of the entire site and cleanup of the soil.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Affected residences were supplied with bottled water and
later were connected to the municipal water supply by McGraw Edison. The
potentially responsible party removed and disposed of approximately 6,100 cubic
yards of contaminated soils in an approved hazardous waste facility.
Entire Site: A deep aquifer groundwater recovery well has been operating on site
since 1984. Contaminated groundwater is being treated with an air stripper. The
groundwater treatment system for the shallow aquifer consists of 28 purge wells
and a carbon adsorption tank. The wells have been constructed and the system is operational.
Treated groundwater is being discharged, under a Federal permit, into the Kalamazoo River.
Groundwater monitoring began in 1990 and will last for 40 years.
Soil: Areas of soil containing greater than 10 parts per billion of TCE, which still
remain on site, will be cleaned up during this long-term soil phase. The selected
remedy for soil cleanup is flushing contaminants from the soil into the shallow
aquifer so contaminants can be recovered in the groundwater purge system. The system,
including the temporary receiving ponds, has been constructed and is awaiting a State
discharge permit.
Site Facts: The cleanup of this site falls under the 1984 Consent Decree signed with
McGraw Edison. Since the facility's purchase by Cooper Industries, Cooper has re-evaluated
and completed the site studies and has assumed responsibility for the site cleanup.
Environmental Progress
By supplying affected residences with a safe drinking water supply and removing much of the
contaminated soil, the potentially responsible party has reduced the potential for direct
exposure to hazardous materials at the McGraw Edison Corp. site. The final cleanup of the
soil contamination is scheduled to begin as soon as a State discharge permit is received.
Groundwater contamination currently is being treated and monitored.
MCGRAW EDISON CORP. 87 March 1Q92
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Site Repository
Not established.
March 1992
88
MCGRAW EDISON CORP.
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METAL WORK
SHOP
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980992952
EPA REGION 5
Benzie County
Lake Ann
Site Description
The Metal Working Shop site covers approximately 2 1/2 acres on a hill between Lake View
and Lake Ann. From 1974 to 1977, the owner of the property finished metals in the shop
using iron phosphate. Two types of rinse waters were generated in an oxidizing phase of the
operation: an acidic rinse (dilute hydrochloric acid), containing iron phosphate, and a caustic
rinse (sodium hydroxide). From 1975 to 1977, effluents from these rinses were mixed to
neutralize them and then dumped onto the ground. According to the owner, 400 gallons per
day were disposed of for 8 to 10 days a month. In 1983, Lake Ann Manufacturing took over
the site. Sampling by the State detected heavy metal salts in the rinses. Groundwater in the
area occurs at shallow depths, and wells draw from the very permeable sand and gravel drift
aquifer. The area residents depend on private wells for drinking water. Approximately 1,000
people reside within 3 miles of the site, and the nearest residence is 600 feet away. Many
other lakes are within 3 miles of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 01/22/87
Final Date: 02/21/90
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater and soils are contaminated with low levels of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) including toluene and with the heavy metal chromium.
Because contamination levels are low and site contaminants are not migrating, no
potential health threats exist.
Cleanup Approach
Intensive investigations of site conditions showed that the site does not pose a threat to
people or the environment.
89
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1992, the EPA completed an investigation to determine the nature
and extent of contamination, including sampling of monitoring wells, residential
wells, surface and subsurface soils, and lakes. The investigation results showed that
the concentration of contaminants at the site does not pose a threat to people or the
environment. Therefore, EPA determined that no cleanup actions are necessary and is
proceeding with deleting the site from the NPL.
Environmental Progress
The EPA has determined that the site does not pose a threat to the surrounding communities
or the environment; therefore, no cleanup actions are required at the Metal Working Shop
site.
Site Repository
Almira Township Office, 7276 Sweet Lake Road, Lake Ann, MI 49650
March 1992
90
METAL WORKING SHOP
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METAMORA
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980506562
EPA REGION 5
Lapeer County
1/2 mile northeast of Metamora
Site Description
The Metamora Landfill site consists of 50 acres on an 80-acre parcel of land located 1/2 mile
northeast of Metamora and 20 miles southeast of Flint. The landfill operated from 1955 to
1980, first as a gravel mine and then as a privately owned, unregulated dump. The operators,
amounts, and types of wastes disposed of at the site are unknown. However, it is likely that
the previous owner disposed of waste and drums in unlined pits, which formerly were used for
gravel mining or borrow areas. Fires occurred at the site in 1972 and 1979. About eight
drums were unearthed in Area 1 of the site in 1981. A study conducted by the State in 1982
concluded that as many as 35,000 drums, some containing liquid waste, could be buried on
site in five disposal areas. Two areas on site have been confirmed to contain approximately
28,000 drums. It is estimated that 18,150 cubic yards of waste are buried at this site. The area
surrounding the site is rural. The estimated population of Metamora is 595. Two residences
are located 500 to 1,000 feet to the north of the site and are served by private wells.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
Threats and Contaminants
Buried waste materials and soils contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). On-site groundwater is contaminated with VOCs
and heavy metals including arsenic. Because VOCs found in on-site groundwater
move readily and because of the potential for additional leakage from buried waste
materials, private wells could be affected. These wells are located within 1,000 feet
downgradient of the site; however, there is no evidence to suggest that on-site
groundwater contamination has migrated off site into private drinking water wells.
If this should occur, area residents could be exposed to site-related contaminants
when ingesting or using groundwater.
91
March 1092
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three long-term remedial phases focusing on source control,
groundwater cleanup, and cleanup of the subsurface soils on the site.
Response Action Status
Source Control: The cleanup method selected by the State and the EPA in 1986
involves excavating and incinerating approximately 28,000 drums in Areas 1 and 4.
These actions are expected to be completed by late 1992.
Groundwater: The State, with EPA assistance, conducted an investigation into
the nature and extent of contamination in the groundwater and the landfill area.
This study was completed, and a remedy was selected in 1990. The selected
remedy entails groundwater extracting and treatment via chemical precipitation and air
stripping and capping of the landfill. A passive gas collection and flaring system also will be
installed. Design of the remedy began in 1991 and is expected to be completed in late 1993,
at which time final cleanup activities will begin.
Soil: A potentially responsible party is conducting a study into the nature and
extent of subsurface soil contamination. During this study, the two drum burial
areas on the site will be investigated and soil borings will be taken. Once the
investigation is completed, expected in 1993, a final cleanup remedy will be selected.
Site Facts: The EPA sent Special Notice letters to potentially responsible parties in
November 1990.
Environmental Progress
The ongoing removal and incineration of drums have reduced the potential for exposure to
hazardous material at the Metamora Landfill site while further investigations to determine
the most appropriate remedies for soil contamination are underway, and the design of the
groundwater remedy is being conducted.
Site Repository
Lapeer County Library, Metamora Branch, 4024 Oak Street, Metamora, MI 48455
March 1992 92 METAMORA LANDFILL
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MICHIGAN DISPOSAL
SERVICE (C
STREET LAIS
EPA REGION 5
Kalamazoo County
Kalamazoo
Other Names:
ispose-O-Waste and Transfer Station
MICHIGAN llllll/ Cork Street Landfill
EPA ID# MID000775957
Site Description
The Michigan Disposal Service (Cork Street Landfill) site is a 68-acre landfill located in a
predominantly industrial and commercial area of Kalamazoo. From 1925 to 1961, the site was
operated as a waste disposal facility. In 1961, the City of Kalamazoo purchased the property
and used it for municipal waste disposal until 1968. Prior to 1968, waste was burned in an on-
site incinerator, and the ash was buried in the landfill. Since most waste disposal occurred
prior to the development of local and State regulations, little is known about the exact types
and amounts of wastes buried in the landfill. The City continued to use the site until 1981,
when Dispose-O-Waste, now Michigan Disposal Service, Inc., purchased the facility. Michigan
Disposal Service, Inc. received a permit from the State of Michigan to operate the site as a
Type III landfill and began operations in 1983. Type III facilities can dispose of wastes such as
construction debris, demolition materials, and paper-mill waste and fly ash. The population
within a 3-mile radius of the site is approximately 50,000 people. The closest residence is 1/2
mile from the site. There are approximately 30 private water wells and two municipal water
wells within 2 miles of the landfill. The wells provide water for fire protection and are on
stand-by status as drinking water sources. Davis Creek flows along a portion of the eastern
site boundary and also flows into the Kalamazoo River, which is used for recreational
purposes.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 02/21/90
Threats and Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including toluene, xylene, and benzene, and
the heavy metals arsenic and lead were detected in on-site monitoring wells. A
creek adjacent to the site showed elevated levels of lead and iron. Davis Creek
and the Kalamazoo River may be threatened by site contaminants. Potential
health risks exist for individuals who accidentally ingest the contaminated
groundwater or surface water.
93
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: interim actions and a long-term remedial phase
directed at cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Interim Actions: The company placed a 2-foot thick clay cap on 10 acres of the
site and installed monitoring wells and a leachate collection system.
Entire Site: Under the EPA's monitoring, the potentially responsible parties
initiated an investigation in 1987 to determine the nature and extent of
contamination at the site and recommend final cleanup activities. The investigation
has included extensive sampling, an ecological survey, installation of five additional monitoring
wells, and a pump test on the municipal well stations near the site to determine if local water
supplies were affected by the contamination on site. The study was completed in September
1991, at which time the final cleanup remedy was selected. The remedy includes placing a
solid waste cap on the entire site and pumping and treating the contaminated groundwater
and discharging it to a publicly-owned treatment facility. The design of the selected remedies
is expected to begin in early 1993.
Site Facts: A Consent Decree was signed by the EPA, the City of Kalamazoo, and
Michigan Disposal Service, Inc. in October 1987. The order required the City and the
company to conduct an investigation of site contamination and additional studies as required
by the EPA.
Environmental Progress
By covering a portion of the landfill and installing a leachate collection system, the potentially
responsible party has reduced the potential for exposure to contaminants on the Michigan
Disposal Service (Cork Street Landfill) site has been reduced while final site cleanup activities
are being planned.
Site Repository
Kalamazoo Public Library, 315 South Rose Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007
March 1992 94 MICHIGAN DISPOSAL SERVICE
(CORK STREET LANDFILL)
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MOTOR WHEE
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980702989
EPA REGION 5
Ingham County
Lansing
Site Description
The Motor Wheel, Inc. site is located on the northeastern side of Lansing. This 25-acre site
was used from approximately 1938 until 1979 for the disposal of paints, solvents, and other
wastes generated in the manufacture of wheels for the automotive industry. Wastes were
placed directly on the ground, disposed of in containers, and buried. A clay cap was placed
over a portion of the site in the 1970s. The property was sold to MSV Associates in the late
1970s for the purpose of mining sand and gravel. During mining activities, the clay cap was
broken at least once, exposing buried tanks and drums. The exposed material was analyzed,
determined to be non-hazardous, and sent to a local licensed landfill. Paint sludges were
removed from a pit, placed in two 10,000-gallon steel tanks, and reburied on the site. The
nearest residences to the site are located approximately 1/4 mile to the west. The population
within 1/2 mile of the site is 4,725. Located to the northwest of the site are the Granger and
Paulson Street disposal areas, and to the south, the W.R. Grace disposal area. More than a
dozen schools and as many churches, numerous recreational facilities, a hospital, nine parks,
many small businesses, and an armory are located within a mile of the site. Approximately
128 municipal wells serve 147,000 people in Lansing.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including toluene and pentachlorophenol
(PCP) were detected in a shallow aquifer. The site is easily accessible to the public,
and the deep pits created by sand and gravel mining activities present a significant
physical hazard. Ponds also exist in the bottom of the pits. Potential health risks
exist for individuals who drink the contaminated groundwater.
95
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1982, before the site was listed on the NPL, two 10,000-
gallon tanks, an additional tank, and some accompanying soil were removed from
the site.
Entire Site: Under monitoring by the EPA and the Michigan Department of
Natural Resources (MDNR), the potentially responsible parties initiated an
investigation of the site in 1987. The investigation was completed in 1991 and a
remedy was selected for cleanup. Contaminated groundwater will be extracted and treated
and a cap will be constructed and placed over the waste mass. Design of the remedy is
expected to begin in 1992.
Site Facts: In October 1987, under the terms of an Administrative Order on Consent,
Motor Wheel, Goodyear, and W.R. Grace agreed to conduct an investigation of the site and
to recommend alternative cleanup remedies.
Environmental Progress
The removal of tanks and contaminated soil reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous
waste at the Motor Wheel, Inc. site. The EPA has determined that no other immediate
actions are required while cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Lansing Public Library, 401 S. Capitol Avenue, Reference Section-Second Floor,
Lansing, MI 48933
March 1992 96 MOTOR WHEEL, INC.
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MUSKEGON
CHEMICAL
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID072569510
EPA REGION 5
Muskegon County
Whitehall
Other Names:
Koch Chemical
Site Description
The Muskegon Chemical Company (MCC) site is used to produce a variety of specialty
chemicals for pharmaceutical and other industries on 12 acres in Whitehall. The company
operated from 1975 to 1986, when it sold the business to the Koch Chemical Company. In
1981, chemicals were identified in on-site wells. A sump pump and an outside holding tank,
both badly corroded, were the potential sources. The groundwater seeped into Mill Pond
Creek downgradient of the site. Over a period of 3 years, MCC installed 40 monitoring wells
along the plume of contamination. Monitoring indicated that groundwater was contaminated.
An 8,000-gallon pressurized tank of heptane and other chemical holding tanks are located on
the northern side of the site. The surrounding area is zoned commercial, but at present is
primarily residential. Approximately 6,400 people obtain drinking water from public and
private wells within 3 miles of the site. A private well is 1,250 feet north of the chemical
company. Surface water within 3 miles downstream of the site is used for recreational
activities. Mill Pond and Mill Pond Creek are 2,500 feet from the site, and White Lake is
7,000 feet away.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 02/21/90
Threats and Contaminants
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including xylenes entered the groundwater
through on-site soils. A faulty sump pump circulated contaminants onto the
grounds around the facility, and leaching occurred. Groundwater contaminants
seep onto the banks of Mill Creek and flow directly into Mill Pond or the creek.
Potential health risks exist for individuals who drink the contaminated
groundwater. The municipal water systems draw from the aquifer affected by the
groundwater contaminants; however, they draw from outside the present zone of
contamination.
97
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial action
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1985, MCC installed a system to pump contaminated
groundwater to the surface, treat it by carbon filtration, and discharge the treated
water to the Whitehall Water Treatment Plant.
Entire Site: The potentially responsible parties are conducting an investigation to
reevaluate the groundwater treatment and to develop an effective purge system.
The study also is evaluating soils, particularly underneath the plant, and is
identifying sources of contamination stemming from the plant. The surface water is being
evaluated to ensure that bioaccumulation of contaminants is not occurring. The investigation
is expected to be completed in late 1993.
Environmental Progress
The pumping and treatment of contaminated groundwater is reducing the potential for
exposure to contaminated water at the Muskegon Chemical Co. site while investigations to
determine final cleanup alternatives for the groundwater, surface water, and the soils are
taking place.
Site Repository
Whitehall City Library, 414 East Spring Street, Whitehall, MI 49461
March 1992
98
MUSKEGON CHEMICAL CO.
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NORTH BRO
INDUSTRIAL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID005480900
EPA REGION 5
Branch County
North Bronson
Other Names:
Bronson Plating Mfg Co.
Bronson WWTP
Bronson Residents Well
Site Description
The North Bronson Industrial Area (NBIA) in Bronson covers approximately 400 acres. The
actual areas of concern are the old and new lagoons and their surrounding surface soils and
sediments, a portion of County Drain No. 30 located along the north side of the site, and
possibly soil surrounding industrial sewer lines that lead to the lagoons. Several industries in
the North Bronson area discharged plating and other industrial wastes to seepage lagoons
between 1939 and 1949. An industrial sewer system was used to transport plating wastes to
both sets of lagoons, which were owned and maintained by the City of Bronson. In 1949, the
lagoons became overloaded, and leaks of plating wastes were reported. New lagoons were
constructed in 1949. In 1970, Bronson Plating purchased the new lagoons from the City of
Bronson and discharged wastes into these lagoons until 1981. The seepage lagoons are no
longer used for waste disposal; however, they still contain an estimated 3,000 to 5,000 cubic
yards of dewatered metal hydroxide sludges. The majority of the City of Bronson is within a
1-mile radius of the old lagoons at the NBIA site. The area surrounding the site is mixed
industrial and residential, and the area north of the site is primarily rural. The population of
the City of Bronson is approximately 2,270, and the majority of the residents in the area of
the site are connected to the municipal water supply system. An estimated 3,000 people use
wells within 3 miles of the site as a source of drinking water. The primary supply wells are
located approximately 5,000 feet east of the site and are screened in the upper aquifer.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
Threats and Contaminants
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
m
On-site groundwater monitoring wells have shown detectable levels of
trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride as well as elevated
levels of heavy metals and cyanide. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and metals
such as cadmium have been found in sediment samples at two locations
downstream of the old lagoons. Lagoon sludge contains heavy metals including
cadmium, chromium, and lead. Because municipal wells are located upgradient of
the site, there is only a remote chance of site contaminants reaching these wells.
Accidental ingestion of or direct contact with contaminated groundwater, sediment,
and sludge could pose a health threat to people in the area.
99
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach —
The site is being addressed in two phases: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: Private wells found to be contaminated have been taken out of
service and alternate water supplies have been provided to the affected
residences.
Entire Site: The EPA initiated an investigation in mid-1987 to determine the
nature and extent of contamination at the site caused by the lagoons and to
determine if other possible sources of contamination, such as the industrial sewer
lines, exist. The field work that has been completed to date includes extensive sampling of
the soils, sediments, and liquids in and near the lagoons as well as in the county drain, and
sampling of groundwater beneath the site. The investigation is expected to be completed in
1993, at which time alternative cleanup options will be identified for final remedy selection
for the site.
Environmental Progress
Taking contaminated private wells out of service and providing alternate water supplies have
reduced the potential for exposure to site contamination while studies leading to the selection
of final cleanup remedies are being conducted at the North Bronson Industrial Area site.
Site Repository
Branch County Library, Bronson Branch Library, 207 North Matteson Street, Bronson, MI
49028
March 1992 100 NORTH BRONSON INDUSTRIAL AREA
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NORTHERN
PLATING
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID020883609
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Wexford County
Cadillac
Northernaire Plating began operations on this 13-acre site in 1971, manufacturing chrome,
nickel, black oxide, and zinc. Problems first surfaced in 1978, when citizens became concerned
over poor drinking water quality from two private wells near the site. The State Health
Department found elevated levels of chromium in the water. The wells were taken out of
service, and the City of Cadillac extended water service to the affected residents. The State
requested that Northernaire investigate the well contamination and resolve issues concerning
possible sewer line leaks and waste containment. In 1978, the City revoked the company's
wastewater discharge permit and plugged the connection to the City's sewer system.
Subsequently, Northernaire stored its wastewater in tanks, which were removed by truck for
off-site disposal. The company ceased operations in 1981, leaving waste materials and
drummed chemicals outside the building. In 1982, the unsecured waste materials burned two
children playing at the unfenced site. The State immediately moved the drums into the
building for safety. The area surrounding the site is primarily industrial, with a few private
residences located in the immediate area. The Kysor Industrial Corp. NPL site is also located
nearby. A mobile home park is approximately 500 feet from the site. Many private wells
surround the facility. A municipal well field is 1/4 mile from the site. For additional
information, please see the separate listing for Kysor Industrial Corp.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
7J3
Groundwater is contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium and chromium.
Soil contained heavy metals. Sediments were contaminated with cadmium,
chromium, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). People who trespassed on the
site and accidentally ingested or came into direct contact with contaminated soil or
sediment may have been exposed to pollutants. Drinking or coming in direct
contact with contaminated groundwater may pose a health threat.
101
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach —
This site is being addressed in three stages: emergency actions and two long-term remedial
phases focusing on source control and groundwater cleanup.
Response Action Status
Emergency Actions: In 1983, 3,450 gallons of acid, 5,402 gallons of cyanide-
bearing wastes, 160 drums of cyanide wastes, and 5,000 gallons o°f waste
hypochlorite used to treat cyanide contamination were removed from the site.
Approximately 120 feet of the plating facility's sewer line were also removed. Equipment was
removed from the building, and the building was steam cleaned.
Source Control: In 1985, the EPA selected a remedy to clean up the source of
the contamination, which featured: excavating soils and sewer line sediments and
disposing of them at a Federally approved facility; cleaning the dust and residue
off the floor of the facility; breaking up an area of concrete floor and the drywall in the
building, sampling the soil underneath, and excavating and disposing of it off site as
necessary; and backfilling all excavated areas with clean soil. The State finished all the
cleanup actions in 1989, except disposal of the concrete floor and pad, which was completed
in 1991.
Groundwater: Because the groundwater under this site has intermingled with
another NPL site, the Kysor Industrial Corp., the groundwater cleanup will
address both the Kysor and Northernaire sites. In 1989, the EPA selected a
remedy to clean the sites by constructing a groundwater extraction and treatment system.
This system will consist of a number of extraction wells strategically located to intercept
contaminated groundwater. An underground piping system will interconnect the extraction
wells and transport the extracted groundwater to the treatment facility, where it will be
treated by air stripping. The groundwater also will be treated by a carbon adsorption
treatment system to remove hexavalent chromium. The treated groundwater will be
discharged into the Clam River. Appropriate action also will be taken to ensure that current
or future landowners do not use the contaminated groundwater aquifers as a source of
drinking water. Kysor is designing the technical specifications for the groundwater cleanup.
Once the design phase is completed, scheduled in 1993, the cleanup activities will begin.
Environmental Progress
The removal of hazardous wastes from the site has reduced the potential for exposure to
contaminated wastes and drums at the Northernaire Plating site while further cleanup actions
are being designed.
March 1992 102 NORTHERNAIRE PLATING
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Site Repository
Cadillac-Westford Library, 411 South Lake Street, Cadillac, MI 49601
NORTHERNAIRE PLATING
103
March 1992
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NOVACO IND
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID084566900
EPA REGION 5
Monroe County
Temperance
Site Description
The 2 1/2-acre Novaco Industries site was an active tool and die manufacturing and repair
facility that used chromic acid to plate auto part molds. In 1979, a tank at the site leaked an
unknown quantity of acid into the ground. Soon thereafter, chromium was discovered in the
site's well and in the well used by the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Post 9656. A year
later, chromium was detected in a residential well. Novaco began cleanup actions a month
after the spill was detected. The site consists of Novaco Industries, the VFW post, and the
Moyer residential property. Approximately 85 residences and businesses lie within 1/2 mile of
the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater samples from the shallow aquifer contain low levels of chromium.
Chromium contamination has not been found in monitoring wells or residential
wells located in the deep aquifer. Ingestion of contaminated groundwater is the
only potential health risk at the site, although this is considered unlikely. The two
domestic wells that are located in the shallow aquifer have been abandoned.
Cleanup Approach
Intensive investigations of site conditions showed that the site does not pose a threat to
people or the environment.
1.04
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Entire Site: Following an investigation of groundwater contamination at the site
between 1983 and 1986, the EPA selected the following remedy: extract and treat
approximately 36 million gallons of groundwater; discharge treated water into
Indian Creek; monitor groundwater for 30 years; and cap and abandon 15 groundwater
monitoring wells. The EPA began design of the remedy in 1987. In 1988, the Army Corps of
Engineers conducted a pump test and collected groundwater samples as part of the remedy
design phase. Analysis of these samples indicated that the chromium concentrations had
fallen below the Federal drinking water standard. The EPA canceled the start of work on the
original remedy but continues to monitor the groundwater. In 1989, the chromium levels were
still below drinking water standards, and additional soil testing indicated levels below public
health standards. Therefore, no further actions are required except for continued site
monitoring to ensure the long-term safety of the site.
Environmental Progress
The groundwater and soil samples taken at the Novaco Industries site indicate that the low
level of contamination that currently exists at the site does not pose any threats to nearby
residents and the environment. The EPA will continue to monitor the groundwater to ensure
safely standards are maintained.
Site Repository
Monroe County Public Library, Bedford Branch, 8575 Jackman Road, Temperance, MI 48182
NOVACO INDUSTRIES
105
March 1992
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ORGANIC
CHEMICALS,
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID990858003
EPA REGION 5
Kent County
Grandville
Site Description
Beginning in the early 1930s, the 20-acre Organic Chemicals, Inc. (OCI) site was used to
refine, transport, and store petroleum. A succession of petroleum-related industries operated
on the property until it was purchased in 1968 by the Spartan Chemical Company. Spartan
bought the property to be used by its subsidiary, Organic Chemical Company (now Organic
Chemicals, Inc.), and in 1979, OCI became the owner of the property. Current operations at
the site include recycling approximately 100,000 gallons of used solvents each month and
manufacturing small amounts of chemicals used in pharmaceuticals and industry. Process
waste and cooling water from OCI's operations were discharged to a seepage pond from
approximately 1968 to 1980. In 1979, OCI reported to the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources (MDNR) that there had been chemical spills on the property. OCI closed the
seepage pond in 1980 and installed a wastewater treatment facility, which discharges treated
water into the municipal sewer system. The site is in a wetlands area, and there are lakes and
ponds downgradient from the site. Approximately 2,850 people live within a mile of the site,
and 9,000 people live within 3 miles of the site. All residences are connected to the
Grandville municipal water system and use municipal water for drinking and cooking.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
ZEJ
On-site groundwater contains volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Soil under a
cooling pond showed slight contamination. People could be exposed to hazardous
substances from the site by accidentally ingesting or coming in direct contact with
contaminated groundwater or soil.
106
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term remedial
phases focusing on cleanup of the shallow groundwater and other areas.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1981, OCI removed sludges that had accumulated at a
former cooling water pond and filled the pond with clean material. In 1987, OCI
excavated and removed approximately 150 drums from the site. OCI classified all
wastes from the drums as paint sludges and disposed of them as hazardous waste.
Shallow Groundwater: The EPA conducted an extensive study of the
groundwater contamination in the shallow aquifer using the information that OCI
collected during its initial site investigation. The EPA drilled and installed 23
monitoring wells on and off site as part of the study. The study was completed in 1991, and
the final selected remedy includes carbon absorption of the contaminated shallow
groundwater followed by air stripping. The potentially responsible parties are currently
evaluating and testing the pre-design specifications of the remedy. A pump test is also
underway to determine the amount of extraction needed for cleanup.
Other Areas: The EPA is conducting an additional investigation addressing soil
contamination, contamination in the lower groundwater system, and oil-related
contamination. Test pits dug on site revealed extensive oil contamination, probably
due to the refinery operation and bulk storage terminal. As a result, this phase of the
investigation, scheduled for completion in early 1994, will assess the extent of oil
contamination.
Site Facts: In 1986, the MDNR investigated a complaint that OCI personnel were illegally
disposing hazardous wastes at the facility. As a result of this investigation, the EPA cited the
company for violations regarding the handling and disposal of hazardous wastes. In 1987, OCI
voluntarily conducted an investigation of the site in cooperation with the MDNR.
Environmental Progress
The removal of sludges and drums has reduced the potential for exposure to hazardous
materials at the Organic Chemical, Inc. site while additional studies are taking place and
cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Grandville Public Library, 3141 Wilson Avenue, Grandville, MI 49418
ORGANIC CHEMICALS, INC. 107 March 1992
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OSSINEKE
GROUNDWA
CONTAMINATION
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794440
EPA REGION 5
Alpena County
Ossineke
Site Description
The 11-acre Ossineke Groundwater Contamination site resulted from a series of unrelated
spills and incidents that contaminated the groundwater of local residents within the LaBell
subdivision. These incidents included leaking underground storage tanks, accidental spills of
fuel on the ground, and suspected releases of fuel and other organic compounds into the
ground. A second potential source was a laundry/dry cleaning facility and its washwater pond.
Contamination was first detected in 1977 when the Alpena District Health Department
(ADHD) began receiving complaints of odors in the drinking water of residents near the site.
The ADHD and the Michigan Department of Public Health (MDPH) discovered that five
residential wells in the area were contaminated with petroleum and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
These contaminated wells all drew water from the shallow aquifer below the site. Between
1979 and 1984, the MDPH and local residents replaced 14 wells that were contaminated and
replaced them with ones that drew groundwater from a deeper aquifer under the site. In
1982, additional contamination problems surfaced when gasoline odors in the basements of
two local businesses were reported. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources
(MDNR) studied the site in 1984 to determine the potential source of contamination.
Groundwater monitoring wells and soil gas surveys detected various petroleum products and
chlorinated hydrocarbons in the shallow aquifer under the site. The study pinpointed three
areas where the sources of groundwater contamination appear to be located: the Barn (a gas
and convenience store), the Marathon Service Station, and an area southwest of the
intersection of Alphonse and LaRose streets. A 5-acre wetland is located 1/2 mile from the
site, while Devils River is 3/4 mile from the site. Approximately 1,140 people live within a 3-
mile radius of the Marathon Gas Station.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
108
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater under the site contains volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
phenol. Currently, no residents are drinking contaminated water. However, people
could be exposed to hazardous chemicals through accidental ingestion or direct
contact with groundwater. Soils behind the dry cleaning facility contain
perchloroethylene. Wetlands also may be threatened.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: Fourteen wells that showed traces of contamination were
replaced by the State and local residents from 1979 to 1984.
Entire Site: The EPA began field activities for a study of contamination at the
site in 1989. The EPA took samples of the groundwater, surface water, sediments,
air, and soil gases to clearly define the sources of contamination and the extent of
the problem. The investigation, completed in early 1991, determined that the source of
contamination was from leaking underground storage tanks. Based on these findings, it has
been proposed that the cleanup of this site be turned over to the EPA's Underground
Storage Tank (UST) program.
Environmental Progress
Replacement of contaminated wells has reduced the potential for exposure of nearby
residents to site-related contaminants from the Ossineke Groundwater Contamination site
while cleanup activities are being planned, possibly under the EPA's UST program.
Site Repository
NBD Alpena Bank, 11686 US Highway 23, South, Ossineke, MI 49766
OSSINEKE GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION 109 March 1992
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OTT/STORY/C
CHEMICAL
MICHIGAN
EPAID* MID060174240
DOVA
EPA REGION 5
Muskegon County
Dalton Township
Other Names:
Ott Story & Corn Products
Chemical Company
Cordova Chemical Company
of Michigan
Site Description
The 20-acre Ott/Story/Cordova Chemical Co. site is a former chemical plant surrounded by
wooded land. Since the 1950s, the Ott, Story, and Cordova chemical companies owned and
operated three separate chemical plants on the same property. The chemical plants used
various synthetic and organic chemicals to manufacture drugs, veterinary medicines,
agricultural chemicals, and other similar materials. Wastes from the chemical manufacturing
processes were placed in unlined lagoons and stored in drums on the property. Ott Chemical
began producing chemicals at the site in 1957. The company's improper storage and handling
of wastes resulted in contaminated groundwater and soils. Ott Chemical, under a license from
the Michigan Water Resources Commission, also discharged purged water to Little Bear
Creek, but discontinued the practice in 1967 when area residents noticed odors and adverse
effects on aquatic life. Story Chemical took over the site in 1972, and by the time it went
bankrupt in 1976, thousands of drums filled with chemical wastes were stockpiled on site. A
plume of contaminants traveled at least 1 mile to an unnamed tributary of Little Bear Creek.
The plume contaminated the tributary, the creek, and several private wells in the area.
Cordova Chemical bought the property in 1977 and continued to produce a limited number
of petro-chemical products, but ceased all chemical manufacturing operations in 1985.
Approximately 3,500 people live within a 3-mile radius of the site and use groundwater as
their source of potable water. A tributary of adjacent Little Bear Creek drains into Bear
Creek, which flows into Muskegon Lake.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
Threats and Contaminants
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
ZBJ
Groundwater and soil on and near the site contain various volatile organic
compounds (VOCs). Surface water is contaminated with VOCs as well as
semivolatile compounds and pesticides. People could be exposed to site-related
contaminants through ingestion of or direct contact with contaminated
groundwater, soil, sediments, or surface water.
110
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in four stages: immediate actions and three long-term remedial
phases focusing on cleanup of the groundwater, aquifer restoration, and soil cleanup.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR)
cleaned up the surface of the site in 1978, removing 2,000 containers, 8,000 cubic
yards of sludge, and contaminated soils from waste ponds on the property.
Further investigations in 1978 found tanks of highly toxic phosgene gas, which the State
neutralized and disposed of via an agreement with the new site owner. VOCs also were
found in residential wells near the site. A permanent water supply was installed. All
aboveground drums were removed from the site and a municipal water line was extended to
residences with wells that were contaminated. Unused buildings, including the pilot plant, an
incinerator, and four production buildings on the site were dismantled and disposed of at an
off-site location.
Groundwater: The EPA completed a study of the site and concluded that
contamination of surface water and sediments near Little Bear Creek and its
tributary resulted from groundwater seeping into these surface water bodies. The
EPA selected the following remedies for cleanup of the groundwater: installing groundwater
extraction wells near a surface water body and the unnamed tributary; constructing a
groundwater treatment plant on site to treat the groundwater pumped from the well; treating
the groundwater; and discharging the treated groundwater to Little Bear Creek. The Army
Corps of Engineers is developing access arrangements on the EPA's behalf so that
construction can begin. The EPA is designing the technical specifications for the
groundwater remedy and expects to complete the design in 1992.
Aquifer Restoration: Based on the results of an investigation completed in
1990, the EPA selected a remedy for aquifer restoration that includes installation
and operation of extraction wells, a purge and treatment system at points
throughout the aquifer, and a groundwater monitoring system. Groundwater will be treated in
attempt to attain pertinent Federal-State discharge standards. Data on the extent of
groundwater contamination from extraction and monitoring wells will be used to ensure that
the entire contaminated groundwater plume is treated. The EPA is expected to complete the
remedy design in 1992.
Soil: The EPA is conducting an investigation to review soil hot spot areas. This
investigation includes limited excavation and spot checks for dioxins, thought to be
present due to past malfunctions of the dismantled incinerator. The investigation is
expected to be completed in late 1992.
OTT/STORY/CORDOVA CHEMICAL CO. 111 March 1992
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Site Facts: In 1968, the State ordered Ott Chemical to stop all direct discharges of process
wastewaters into the groundwater and to treat its wastewater before discharge into the
Muskegon River. In 1977, the MDNR ordered Story Chemical to clean up the site, control
pollution to the groundwater, and replace water supplies for 50 households. Cordova
Chemical entered into a Consent Order with the State after it purchased the property in
1977. In an August 1991 Federal District Court decision, certain parties potentially
responsible were found liable for cleanup actions at the site.
Environmental Progress
By removing drums and other contaminated materials and providing an alternate water
supply, the State has reduced exposure to contamination at the Ott/Story/Cordova Chemical
Co. site while final cleanup activities are being planned and additional investigations are
underway.
Site Repository
Walter Memorial Library, 1522 Ruddiman Avenue, North Muskegon, MI 49445
March 1992
112
OTT/STORY/CORDOVA CHEMICAL CO.
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PACKAGING
CORPORATI
AMERICA
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794747
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Manistee County
Filer City
The 50-acre Packaging Corporation of America (PCA) site was a waste disposal area that
contained eight lagoons. PCA and its prior owner, American Box Board Company (ABBCo),
operated a pulping mill for producing materials for corrugated boxes. ABBCo first began this
pulping process in 1949 and directly discharged spent cooking liquor into the Manistee Lake.
This dumping severely reduced the level of oxygen in the lake and killed fish before the
discharge was stopped in 1951. ABBCo then began discharging the spent cooking liquor into
a series of unlined seepage lagoons located on the side of Manistee Lake. ABBCo operated
the lagoons through 1974. Wastes from the lagoons percolated into the underlying shallow
aquifer, discoloring and contaminating the groundwater. In 1972, PCA took over the property
and, by 1976, completely phased out discharging waste products into the lagoons. Between
1951 and 1976, approximately 7 billion gallons of wastewaters were discharged to the seepage
lagoons. In 1972, PCA began operating a secondary wastewater treatment plant to treat
wastes before discharging them into Lake Michigan. Of the eight lagoons that remain at the
site, PCA is using one as a landfill for solid waste. Approximately 10,200 people live within a
3-mile radius of the lagoons. A Martin-Marietta plant, located to the west of the site over the
plume of contaminated water, formerly used groundwater for drinking and industrial
purposes. The contaminant plume discharges into Manistee Lake. The Manistee River
connects the lake with Lake Michigan, 3 miles from the plume.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater contains phenols and heavy metals including chromium and lead.
People in the area of the site could be exposed to hazardous contaminants through
the groundwater. Manistee Lake is receiving and will continue to receive most of
the contaminant plume from the PCA site if no further action is taken to protect
the lake. The lake supports a fishery. There is evidence that the dewatered lagoons
and their surrounding areas are used for hunting and by recreational vehicles.
113
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1984, the EPA began an investigation of the site. PCA took over
the investigation in 1985 and is characterizing the materials in the lagoons,
defining the geology around the site to determine the extent of the contamination,
and outlining contaminant plumes migrating from the lagoons using groundwater monitoring
wells. As part of the investigation, toxicity studies have determined that groundwater near the
site is toxic to aquatic organisms, while surface water in Lake Manistee is not. PCA is
expected to complete the investigation in 1993, at which time a final remedy will be selected.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Packaging Corporation of
America site while studies are taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Manistee County Library, 95 Maple Street, Manistee, MI 49660
March 1992
114
PACKAGING CORPORATION OF AMERICA
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PARSONS C
WORKS, INC.
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980476907
EPA REGION 5
Eaton County
Grand Ledge
Other Names:
Parsons/ETM Enterprise
Site Description
The Parsons Chemical Works, Inc. site covers 6 1/2 acres of land in Oneida Township, near
Grand Ledge. Parsons Chemical Works engaged in mixing, manufacturing, and packaging
agricultural chemicals from 1945 until 1979, when the plant was closed. In the mid-1950s,
Parsons installed a septic tank and tile field system to handle its sewage and wastewaters. A
floor drain discharged wastewater from the building to the soils outside. The tank/tile system
was connected to a storm drain on site, which discharged to an unnamed stream that merges
with the Grand River. Materials handled during Parsons' operation included pesticides,
herbicides, solvents, and mercury-based compounds. Concerns arose in 1979 and 1980, when
the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) collected sediment samples from a
creek on site and the Grand Ledge ditch, located on the northern boundary of the site. The
MDNR analyzed the water from these samples and found lead, mercury, arsenic, and
pesticides including chlordane and DDT. ETM Enterprises, a manufacturer of fiberglass,
purchased the property in 1979 and carried out a study to determine the source of
contamination at the site. The septic tank and leach field, which lead from the site to a catch
basin in the county drain system, were identified as the source of contamination. In 1983,
ETM excavated the area and disposed of the septic tank and the soil in the leach field. As
part of the National Dioxin Study, the EPA targeted the Parsons site for dioxin screening in
1984. Samples collected in this study revealed the presence of various dioxins in sediments of
the Grand Ledge ditch and in the sediments that were discharged to the drainage tile on the
site. In 1985, the MDNR and the Michigan Department of Health fenced off the areas that
were contaminated. ETM continues to operate the facility, but the fenced and unused areas
of the site have extensively eroded. Contaminants in this area have continued to migrate
from the site to the unnamed creek and Grand River. About 11,000 people obtain drinking
water from three Grand Ledge municipal wells or private wells within 3 miles of the site.
Groundwater near the site is shallow, and geologic conditions there make it easy for
contaminants to move into the groundwater. People in the area use the river for recreational
activities.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 03/31/89
115
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
Sediments and soils contain dioxin; heavy metals including lead, mercury, and
arsenic; and pesticides including DDT and chlordane. The continued migration of
contaminants presents a threat to public health and the environment. In 1983,
studies conducted by the MDNR and the EPA attributed low levels of dioxin and
chlordane in fish collected from the creek and Grand River to the site. Also, the
possibility exists that the food chain in the Grand River is contaminated, because
of contaminants found in the fish.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In response to the discovery of dioxin contamination in 1985, the
MDNR and the Michigan Department of Health fenced the contaminated areas.
In 1990, contaminated soils were removed. Treatment and removal of these and
additional soils are expected to be completed in 1993.
Entire Site: In 1989, the EPA began a detailed study of the nature and extent of
contamination at the site. This study is examining alternative methods for
addressing contamination at the site. Currently, the EPA is considering six
methods for removing the contamination at the site: incinerate contaminated soils/sediments
with a rotary kiln; remove contaminated soils/sediments to an off-site incinerator; vitrify
contaminated soils/sediments in place; build a landfill on site to dispose of contaminated
media; send the contaminated materials to an off-site landfill; and biologically treat the
contaminants. The EPA currently recommends in-place vitrification, whereby the
contaminants in the soils and sediments are immobilized by mixing them with binding
compounds or heat-fusing them. A preliminary decision has been made to use in-place
vitrification. The EPA has worked closely with the MDNR to develop this solution and is
conducting pilot studies and tests to determine if the alternative is feasible. The EPA is
scheduled to select a final remedy in 1994, after the pilot studies and tests are completed.
March 1992 116 PARSONS CHEMICAL WORKS, INC.
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Environmental Progress
Fencing contaminated areas of the site and removing contaminated soils have reduced the
potential for exposure to site-related contaminants from the Parson Chemical Works, Inc. site
while investigations are taking place and final cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Grand Ledge Public Library, 131 East Jefferson Street, Grand Ledge, MI 48837
PARSONS CHEMICAL WORKS, INC.
117
March 1992
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PEERLESS
PLATING
MICHIGAN
EPAID#MID006031348
EPA REGION 5
Muskegon County
Muskegon
Site Description
The Peerless Plating Co. site covers 1 acre of an abandoned electroplating facility located in
Muskegon. Electroplating operations were carried out at the plant from 1937 to 1983. Toxic,
corrosive, reactive, and flammable chemicals were used in the electroplating process. The
plant discharged its wastewaters into three unlined seepage lagoons at the back of the facility.
The wastewaters dumped into the lagoons contained heavy metals and were highly acidic or
basic. When the plant closed in 1983, it was abandoned, and plating solutions, raw materials,
and drummed waste remained throughout the facility. In 1983, the Michigan Department of
Natural Resources (MDNR) discovered that drains inside one of the buildings did not
connect with the site's sanitary sewer or wastewater treatment system; instead, the wastes
drained directly onto the ground. The State also discovered drums on site. In 1983, the
Michigan Department of Public Health detected hydrocyanic acid gas in the facility's
atmosphere. The owner's failure to take immediate action to remove the gas prompted the
State to contact the EPA to assist in reducing the threat to public health caused by the gas.
The surrounding area is mixed residential, commercial, and light industrial development.
Approximately 3,350 people live within a 3-mile radius of the site. Seven schools, a hospital,
and a correctional facility are located within 1 mile. The nearest residence is within 600 feet
of the site, and a mobile home park is located 1/2 mile to the southwest. Approximately 1,500
people obtain drinking water from private wells within a 3-mile radius. The city uses the
shallow aquifer as the only groundwater alternative to the municipal water supply that draws
from Lake Michigan. By 1988, all private wells within a 1/2-mile radius were abandoned and
replaced by the municipal water main. Little Black Creek is to the southeast and empties into
Mona Lake, which is 2 miles downstream from the site. The EPA found site-related
contaminants in these surface waters.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
Threats and Contaminants
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 08/30/90
The shallow groundwater on site contains heavy metals including cadmium and
chromium; volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including trichloroethylene (TCE),
benzene, and xylene; and cyanide. Sediments in streams and surface waters on and-
off site are contaminated with cadmium. People could be exposed to hazardous
chemicals from the site through direct contact with or accidental ingestion of
contaminated groundwater or sediments.
118
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
directed at cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Between September and October 1983, the EPA removed
37,000 gallons of sulfuric, nitric, and chromic acids; cyanide plating solution;
chromium plating solution; hydrochloric acid; and trichloroethene. The EPA also
took the following actions at the site: the lagoons were drained; soil was removed from the
lagoon areas; the interior of the building was cleaned; vats, lines, and tanks were
decontaminated; sewer lines were sealed; cyanide and nitric acid were neutralized on site; and
hazardous materials were removed to a federally regulated facility. In 1991, the EPA removed
approximately 2,500 gallons of liquids containing heavy metals and cyanide from an on-site
tank. Eliminating immediate sources of contamination, encapsulating asbestos insulation from
an oven, and fencing the site are additional activities that have been performed by the
potentially responsible parties.
Entire Site: In 1989, the EPA began a study of the nature and extent of
contamination at the site, focusing on the groundwater and the effect of site-
related contaminants on surface waters. The results of the field investigations will
be used to evaluate the methods that best address site contamination. The EPA expects to
complete its studies and select the final remedy by 1994.
Site Facts: In June 1983, State and local authorities took regulatory action against the
owner of the facility, which resulted in the closing of the facility.
Environmental Progress
The draining of the lagoon and the removal of hazardous liquids and soils have reduced the
potential for direct exposure to contaminants on the Peerless Plating Co. site while
investigations leading to the selection of cleanup remedies are taking place.
Site Repository
Norton Shores Branch Library, 705 Seminole Road, Muskegon, MI 49442
PEERLESS PLATING CO. 119 March 1992
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PETOSKEY
WELL FIELD
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID006013049
EPA REGION 5
Emmet County
Petoskey
Other Names:
Petoskey Manufacturing Co., Inc.
Site Description
The Petoskey Municipal Well Field was the only source of drinking water for the residents of
Petoskey. The well field is located about 200 yards northwest of the Petoskey Manufacturing
Company, the suspected source of contamination of the well field. The company has operated
a die casting plant at this location since 1946 and a painting operation since the mid- to late
1960s. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) suspected the company was
dumping solvents and paint sludges onto the ground adjacent to the western side of its
building. The MDNR collected soil samples at the plant in 1982 and found high levels of
organic chemicals. In 1982 and 1983, the MDNR conducted a monitoring program for
groundwater in the well field and found low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A
plume of contaminated groundwater had migrated 600 feet northwest of the plant to one of
the municipal wells in the field. The plume also is within 100 feet of Little Traverse Bay.
There are approximately 7,000 people within a 3-mile radius of the site. The population
during the summer months increases to about 11,000. A high school, college, and hospital
receive water from the municipal supply system. Three to four private wells are about 1/2
mile west of the contaminated municipal well. The nearest residence is less than 250 feet
from the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater and soils at the site contain VOCs including trichloroethylene (TCE).
People may have been exposed to hazardous chemicals from the site by drinking
and coming in direct contact with contaminated water from the municipal well.
People also could be exposed to hazardous chemicals at the Petoskey Municipal
Well Field site by touching contaminated soil. "
120
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Petoskey Manufacturing Company commissioned an
extensive study of the groundwater geology in and around the site to address its
responsibility for contaminating the well field. The company also removed the
most highly contaminated soils on its property in 1982. Petoskey Manufacturing Company
carried out additional studies of the groundwater in 1984. As a result of these findings, the
company excavated the contaminated area and filled it with clean soil and sand. The company
also covered the area with a synthetic liner and 6 inches of gravel.
Entire Site: Petoskey Manufacturing Company began a study of the nature and
extent of contamination at the well field in 1987. When the State, which took over
the study due to the company's bankruptcy, completes the study it will use the
results to identify various methods to address contamination of the well field. Completion of
the study is expected in late 1994.
Site Facts: Petoskey Manufacturing Company removed the most highly contaminated soils
after negotiating with the MDNR. The EPA issued Petoskey Manufacturing Company an
Administrative Order in 1984, which required the company to carry out additional
hydrogeologic studies near its property. The company signed a Consent Order in 1987 to
carry out a complete study of the site; however, Petoskey Manufacturing Company has filed
for bankruptcy, and the State has taken over the investigation.
Environmental Progress
The removal of contaminated soil from the Petoskey Manufacturing property has reduced the
potential for continued contamination of the Petoskey Municipal Well Field site, while
investigations leading to the selection of the final cleanup remedy are underway.
Site Repository
Petoskey Public Library, 451 East Mitchell Street, Petoskey, MI 49770
PETOSKEY MUNICIPAL WELL FIELD 121 March 1992
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RASMUSSEN:
MICHIGAN
EPAID#MID095402210
MP
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Livingston County
Green Oak Township
The Rasmussen's Dump site, which was previously a sand and gravel pit area used as a dump,
is located on 35 acres in Green Oak Township. The dump was unlicensed and was known to
have accepted both domestic and industrial solid and liquid wastes. The dump operated from
the 1960s until 1972, when the Livingston County Health Department closed the site. During
the 1970s, the northwestern section of the site was used as a gravel mine. In 1979, mining
operations uncovered drums buried in an old dump area. In 1983, two piles of 1,500 to 2,000
drums were observed on site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
A plume of contaminated groundwater extends to the northwest from the dump.
Soil sampling by the State revealed polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and organics
contamination near a drum pile on the eastern side of the site. In 1985, the State
installed a fence around the site to eliminate the health risks from accidental
ingestion of and direct contact with contaminated soils.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
directed at cleanup of the entire site.
122
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1984, the EPA constructed an access road to aid in site
cleanup actions. Drums were excavated and transferred to a staging area on the
site, where they were opened and sampled. Soil that was mixed in with the
excavated drums was stockpiled in a lined area. Wastes were separated, and all liquid wastes
were bulked and transported off site for disposal at federally approved disposal facilities. Solid
and semi-solid drummed waste was shredded. All solids and shredded solids were stockpiled,
and the former drum pile and staging areas were resampled. All contaminated soils were
removed, and clean fill was spread over a large portion of the landfill to eliminate the drifting
and blowing debris problem created by excavation of the landfill's surface cap. Approximately
344 tons of PCB solids, 400 gallons of base-neutral liquids, 800 gallons of flammable liquids,
1,720 cubic yards of contaminated soils and solids, and 3,000 empty drums were disposed of
off site at EPA-approved facilities. In 1985, a security fence was installed around the site. In
1989, under EPA monitoring, 11 of the potentially responsible parties excavated, analyzed,
and disposed of surface and buried drums, associated wastes, and contaminated soils. These
actions were completed in 1990.
Entire Site: The State, with EPA assistance, has conducted an investigation into
the nature and extent of the contamination at the site. Based on the results of this
investigation, completed in early 1991, the EPA has chosen a cleanup remedy that
includes extracting, treating, and reinjecting groundwater; monitoring groundwater; capping
the site; disposing of any drums unearthed during capping; and adding fencing and deed
restrictions, as necessary. Groundwater will be treated using chemical precipitation of heavy
metals, bioremediation, air stripping, and granular activated carbon. The design of the
remedies is expected to begin in 1992.
Site Facts: Under the terms of an EPA Administrative Order, the potentially responsible
parties performed immediate actions at the site.
Environmental Progress
By fencing the site and removing most of the contaminated soils, solids, and drums of
hazardous materials, the potential for exposure to contaminants at the Rasmussen's Dump
site has been reduced while the design of final cleanup remedies is being planned.
Site Repository
Hamburg Township Library, 7225 Stone Street, Hamburg, MI 48139
RASMUSSEN'S DUMP 123 March 1992
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ROCKWELL
INTERNATIO
CORP. (ALLEGAN
PLANT)
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# M1D006028062
EPA REGION 5
Allegan County
Allegan
Site Description
The 30-acre Rockwell International Corp. (Allegan Plant) site has been used to manufacture
universal joints for heavy trucks and construction equipment since the early 1900s. From 1910
to 1920, the Allegan Mirror and Plate Glass Company manufactured glass products at what is
now known as the Rockwell International Plant site. In 1920, the site was purchased by the
Blood Brothers Machine Company and the production of universal joints began. From 1910
to 1960, wastewater containing sludge, heavy metals, process wastes, and oils was discharged
into the Kalamazoo River. Later these waste streams were discharged into an unlined settling
pond that drained to the Kalamazoo River. In the late 1960s, when this pond reached a
saturation point in terms of sludge depth, the pond was abandoned and buried, and three new
unlined ponds were constructed. In 1971, a water treatment system was installed, which
included two concrete underground storage tanks. Three new treatment ponds were also
constructed to contain treated water, untreated non-contact cooling water, and sludge. The
original collection pond, with the sludge still in it, was filled in and built over. In 1974, oil
seeps were detected along the river bank adjacent to the new wastewater ponds. A 3-foot-
deep clay dike constructed between the ponds and the Kalamazoo River in 1975 was effective
for about a year. In 1976, it was determined that the seepage to the river from groundwater
originated from the two concrete underground storage tanks; the leakage has since been
eliminated. There are an estimated 8,150 people living within 3 miles of the site. The area is
served by a public water supply system. About 6,900 people within 3 miles of the site depend
on the shallow groundwater as a source of drinking water. The closest residential well is 1/2
mile from the site. The site is downgradient from the current public water supply system.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 04/10/85
Final Date: 07/22/87
124
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
On-site groundwater is potentially contaminated with heavy metals including lead,
arsenic, and cyanide. River sediment contains heavy metals. It is believed that the
abandoned pond contains cyanide from used quenching fluids. Heavy metals and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been detected in the Kalamazoo
River. People may be exposed to health risks through direct contact with
contaminated water while using the river for recreational purposes. The threat of
local residents' exposure to site contaminants has been minimized by site security.
However, the estimated 80 workers at the plant may be exposed to chemicals
through direct contact with contaminated surface soil and air particles.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Three oil recovery wells were installed in the late 1970s to
control the movement of the oil. These wells still are operating and return
contaminated groundwater to the wastewater treatment system for reprocessing.
Cutting fluid waste is treated before being discharged to the settling ponds. In 1978,
approximately 3,700 cubic yards of sludge from Pond Number Two were removed and
disposed of off site in a State-approved landfill.
Entire Site: Rockwell, the party potentially responsible for the site contamination,
currently is conducting an investigation into the nature and extent of
contamination at the site with guidance from the EPA. Six potential contamination
sources are being investigated, which include: the oil/water wastewater treatment facility; the
three active treatment ponds; the former collection pond that was filled in 1972; the former
Allegan city dump, upon which a parking lot was built; the Allegan city wastewater treatment
plant; and sediments in the Kalamazoo River. The investigation will define the contaminants
of concern and will recommend alternatives for the final cleanup. The investigation is
expected to be completed in late 1994.
Site Facts: In 1988, Rockwell and the EPA signed a Consent Order, requiring that the
company conduct a study of the nature and extent of site contamination.
ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL CORP. 125 March 1992
(ALLEGAN PLANT)
-------
Environmental Progress
The installation of oil recovery wells to direct contaminated water to the treatment system
and the removal of a substantial amount of sludge have reduced the potential of direct
exposure to hazardous materials at the Rockwell International Corp. (Allegan Plant) site.
Investigations are currently being conducted to select the final cleanup remedies for the
various areas of the site.
Site Repository
Allegan Public Library, 331 Hubbard Street, Allegan, MI 49010
March 1992
126
ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL CORP.
(ALLEGAN PLANT)
-------
ROSE TOWNS
DUMP
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980499842
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Oakland County
Rose Township
Other Names:
Dorsey Dump
Approximately 12 acres of the 110-acre Rose Township Dump site once were used for the
disposal of paint sludges and other wastes on surface soils, in buried drums, and in lagoons.
Unregulated dumping of industrial wastes, including solvents, paint sludges, and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), occurred at the site between 1966 and 1968. The wastes
were buried in a 12-acre portion of the site. Bulk wastes also were discharged to the surface
or into shallow lagoons or pits in the area. Liquid wastes from an unknown number of tank
trucks were dumped onto the ground, and approximately 5,000 drums were disposed of on the
site. In 1980, the State removed the 55-gallon drums and scraped PCB-contaminated soil into
three large piles. The area is fenced, and warning signs have been posted. The total
population of Rose Township is about 4,600 people. Less than a dozen residences are
adjacent to the site. A road borders the site on the north, and there is a concentration of
buildings northeast of the site, near Buckhorn Lake. Approximately 4,600 residents depend
on local groundwater for domestic uses. Residents use local aquifers for potable water; the
nearest residential well is located 1,600 feet from the site. Two apparently distinct plumes of
groundwater contamination are emanating from the site, but there are no residential wells
within the contaminant plumes. The site is surrounded primarily by wetlands and woods.
There is an abundance of wildlife on site. Surface water runoff drains into marshes and
wetlands that border the site. Some nearby lakes are used for recreation, and the marshes
are unfenced.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater, surface water, and soils are contaminated with heavy metals and
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including toluene, trichloroethylene (TCE),
and benzene. PCBs were detected in off-site sediment samples. Soil also is
contaminated with phthalates and DDT, a pesticide. The potential health risks to
people at this site include direct contact with or accidental ingestion of
contaminated groundwater, surface water, soil, or sediment. Hunting and fishing
are known activities in the area; therefore, eating fish and wildlife could present a
health threat. Wetlands also may be threatened. A natural gas pipeline underlies
the site and could affect cleanup excavation operations.
127
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
directed at cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1980, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources
(MDNR) removed approximately 5,000 drums of liquid wastes from the site. In
1985, the EPA identified, segregated, staged, and sampled drums for disposal
purposes. Two areas of the site were fenced to restrict contact with PCBs- and
lead-contaminated surface soils. A heavy-duty vehicle gate was installed at the access road
entrance. Warning signs were posted along all newly fenced areas. In 1986, 31 drums were
overpacked, labeled, and shipped off site for disposal. One load of bulk wastes totaling 20
cubic yards also was shipped away for disposal.
Entire Site: The selected cleanup technologies addressing site contamination
include: excavating as much as 25,000 cubic yards of contaminated surface soil,
incinerating the excavated soils, and returning them to the site or disposing of
them in an off-site landfill; installing a groundwater extraction and treatment system to clean
contaminated groundwater prior to discharging it to the wetlands adjacent to the site;
installing groundwater monitoring wells on and near the site and monitoring groundwater
underneath the site for the next 30 years; constructing a fence around the site; collecting and
analyzing samples from the wetlands adjacent to the site; and testing the potential
effectiveness of soil-flushing technology to clean up contaminated subsurface soil. The
potentially responsible parties began preparing the technical specifications and design for the
selected cleanup remedies in late 1989. Pre-design activities include soil and water sampling
for each respective cleanup technology. Cleanup activities are scheduled to begin once the
design phase is completed, scheduled for 1993.
Site Facts: As of 1986, 28 potentially responsible parties had been identified and notified of
liability. In 1987, the EPA and the State began negotiating cleanup responsibilities with these
parties. In 1988, the EPA and 12 parties signed a Consent Decree, requiring the parties to
implement and pay for cleanup activities.
Environmental Progress
Removing the contaminated drums and surrounding soils and fencing the area have resulted
in a reduction of immediate threats to the surrounding communities and the environment at
the Rose Township Dump Site while the final cleanup remedies are being designed.
March 1992 128 ROSE TOWNSHIP DUMP
-------
Site Repository
Holly Township Library, 1116 North Saginaw Street, Holly, MI 48442
ROSE TOWNSHIP DUMP
129
March 1992
-------
ROTO-FINIS
CO-, INC.
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID005340088
EPA REGION 5
Kalamazoo County
Portage
Site Description
The 7 1/2-acre Roto-Finish Co., Inc. site is an abandoned specialty plastics manufacturing
facility that operated from approximately 1950 until 1988. The company designed and
manufactured specialized equipment for burring and polishing castings, mechanical parts, and
similar objects requiring smooth finishes. The site contains two buildings where plant
operations were conducted, a large building along the west side of the site and a smaller
building to the east. Three seepage lagoons were located on the eastern side of the site.
Manufacturing and processing wastes were pumped into two unlined, settling lagoons. The
lagoons often overflowed. An estimated 83,000 gallons of waste were pumped into these
lagoons. Two stormwater retention basins on site were used to collect surface water runoff,
which subsequently evaporated into the air or infiltrated and percolated through the soils.
The site also contains several paved parking areas. In 1980, the lagoons were abandoned and
the company began discharging all wastes to the municipal sewer system. In 1981, drums
containing formaldehyde, sodium chromate, and MOCA (an organic chemical compound used
as a curing agent in the fabrication of plastic molds) were observed on site. In 1982, lagoon
sludges and surrounding soils were removed and filled with clean soil. Approximately 45,000
to 50,000 people live within 3 miles of the site. Groundwater from an unconfined aquifer in
the area is used as a municipal, industrial, and domestic water source. Municipal wells within
a mile of the site provide water for an estimated 100,000 residents. Davis Creek, also located
within 1 mile of the site, leads into the Kalamazoo River, more than 3 miles downstream of
the site. The Kalamazoo River is used for recreational activities including fishing and
swimming.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) and chromium. Soil
may be contaminated with MOCA and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Potential health risks to people include accidental ingestion of and direct contact
with contaminated groundwater and soils. The site is bordered by a chain-link
security fence with locking access gates.
130
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The party potentially responsible for the site contamination currently
is conducting an investigation into the nature and extent of contamination at the
site. The investigation will define the contaminants of concern and will result in
recommendations for the final cleanup. Soil borings, well installation, and a study of
groundwater flow direction have been undertaken. A second study phase was completed in
1991. A decision on cleanup actions is planned for 1993.
Environmental Progress
After listing the Roto-Finish Co., Inc. site on the NPL, the EPA conducted preliminary
evaluations of the site conditions and determined that the site does not present an imminent
threat to the surrounding population or the environment while investigations leading to
selection of the final cleanup remedies are taking place.
Site Repository
Portage Public Library, 300 Library Lane, Portage, MI 49002
ROTO-FINISH CO., INC.
131
March 1992
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SCA INDEPENDENT
LANDFILL *^^
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID000724930
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Muskegon County
Muskegon Heights
Other Names:
Independent Landfill
The 100-acre SCA Independent Landfill site operated as a domestic and industrial waste
landfill from 1965 until the late 1970s. The landfill, which occupies about 1/3 of the site,
closed in 1987. Two unlined refuse cells are spread over 10 1/2 acres of the site. Two
inadequately lined cells occupy an additional 20 acres, and a 4-acre cell, which closed in 1987
and was covered with 3 feet of clay, is situated directly on top of the southern half of the two
unlined cells. In addition, a 6-acre parcel in the northeastern section of the site received
refuse. All areas have been closed and capped. The closure plan implemented by SCA
Services, a potentially responsible party, included a leachate management plan, groundwater
monitoring, gas vents, a final cover, and seeding of the site. In 1985, SCA Services completed
a hydrogeologic study. In 1986, the State concluded that site contamination was minor and
that no immediate groundwater cleanup activities were required. The lined waste cells have
been vented to prevent the buildup of gases. There are approximately 10,000 people living
within 3 miles of the site. There also are 6 schools and 7 churches within 3 miles of the site.
The landfill is located in a swampy area about 1/8 mile south of Black Creek, a coldwater
stream. The groundwater flow apparently empties into wetlands that, border Black Creek, a
stream that has been re-stocked successfully with trout since 1987. A mobile home park with
more than 300 families is located 1/2 mile north of the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with heavy metals and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) including xylene, benzene, and toluene. Surface water potentially is
contaminated with VOCs. Potential health threats to people include direct contact
with or ingestion of contaminated groundwater and surface water. Because the
landfill is in a flood plain, flood waters could expose the landfill contents and
spread the pollutants to the stream and low-lying areas. The landfill portion of the
site is not completely fenced. The northern boundary of the landfill also is
unfenced, permitting unimpeded entry into the landfill through the marsh. Wetland*
areas also may be threatened.
132
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in one long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: A full investigation of site contamination is being planned by the
State to determine the nature and extent of contamination at the landfill and in
the groundwater.
Site Facts: In 1983, SCA Services and the State signed a Consent Agreement to provide for
the closure of the two unlined cells.
Environmental Progress
After the closure of the landfill and an initial site assessment by the State, the EPA decided
that no immediate actions were necessary at the SCA Independent Landfill site while studies
are being planned.
Site Repository
Not established.
SCA INDEPENDENT LANDFILL
133
March 1992
-------
SHIAWASSEE
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794473
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Livingston County
Howell
The Shiawassee River flows through the communities of Byron, Vernon, and Corunna. All
three communities are located downstream of the Cast Forge Company, which has
manufactured aluminum cast products since 1969. Until 1973, wastewater contaminated by
hydraulic fluids containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was discharged to the South
Branch of the Shiawassee River. From 1973 to 1977, wastewater was discharged into an
on-site lagoon. Both the site property and the river contain PCBs at elevated levels.
Approximately 1,380 people within 3 miles of the Cast Forge Company are served by the
deeper aquifer beneath the site. Discharges from the on-site lagoon, as well as periodic
overflows, have contaminated wetlands located near the site. Subsequently, the Shiawassee
River has been contaminated. The river is used for many forms of recreation. PCBs have
been found in fish as far as 52 miles downstream.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
PCBs have been detected in fish, sediments, and soil. Wetland contamination has
been identified. The health threat of greatest concern is eating PCB-contaminated
fish. Other health threats include direct contact with contaminated river sediments
and soils.
134
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: The Cast Forge Company removed the lagoon and cleaned
up the PCB-contaminated soil and sediment from the property. In 1982, dredging
of the South Branch of the Shiawassee River began. The first mile of the river,
downstream from the plant, was vacuumed, removing 2,600 pounds of PCBs.
Entire Site: The State, with EPA assistance, is conducting an investigation into
soil and sediment contamination at the site. The investigation will define the
contaminants and recommend alternatives for final cleanup. Field work includes
groundwater, surface water, sediment, and soil sampling. The flood plains and industrial area
are being sampled. The investigation is planned to be completed in 1993.
Environmental Progress
The removal of the lagoon and PCB-contaminated soil and sediments reduced the potential
for exposure to contaminants from the Shiawassee River site while studies are taking place
and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Howell Township Hall, 3525 Byron Road, Howell, MI 48843
SHIAWASSEE RIVER
135
March 1992
-------
SOUTH MACO
DISPOSAL A
(LANDFILLS #9
#9A)
MICHIGAN
EPAID#MID069826170
EPA REGION 5
Macomb County
Macomb Township
Site Description
The 159-acre South Macomb Disposal Authority site is made up of two adjacent municipal
landfills, Landfills #9 and #9a, that have been inactive since 1975. In the early 1960s,
municipal officials formed the South Macomb Disposal Authority to help in the management
and disposal of municipal refuse. Between 1968 and 1975, the landfills received approximately
1,880,000 cubic yards of municipal refuse. Reportedly, no hazardous wastes were disposed of
in the landfills; however, hazardous chemicals have been detected on and around the site.
Prior to 1968, the site was used as a sand and gravel excavation pit and for agricultural
purposes. Landfill #9 reached capacity in 1971 and was subsequently covered with a soil cap
and vegetation. Investigations in 1971 concluded that leachate was discharging from Landfill
#9 to the McBride Drain. Landfill #9a stopped receiving municipal refuse in 1975 and was
covered with a soil cap and vegetation. In 1975, the State inspected the site and concluded
that leachate was migrating from Landfill #9a. From 1977 through 1981, the South Macomb
Disposal Authority implemented various activities to stop leachate seepage from the landfills
which included improving erosion controls, tilling, regrading, covering the surface of the site,
and installing leachate collection systems. Two leachate collection systems are in operation on
site. Surface erosion of the landfills is evident around the perimeter of the site. Water
sampling of residential wells near the site in 1983 and 1984 indicated contamination. The site
is partially fenced. Approximately 75 homes are located within a 1-mile radius of the site. Two
contaminated aquifers are present beneath the site; a third, deeper aquifer is not
contaminated. The residents of 12 homes near the site have been advised not to use water
from their wells and have been connected to the City of Detroit Municipal Water Supply
System. McBride Drain, an open channel, receives runoff from the site and flows to the
North Branch of the Clinton River, 1 1/2 miles from the site. Both McBride Drain and the
Clinton River are used for recreational and agricultural purposes.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
136
March 1992
-------
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater monitoring wells have detected the presence of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, and nitrate. Surface soils are contaminated with
heavy metals and VOCs. The primary potential health risk to people includes
drinking or coming in direct contact with contaminated water. Other potential
health threats include accidental ingestion of or direct contact with contaminated
soil.
Cleanup Approach —
This site is being addressed in two phases: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: Leachate controls have been put into place that include installing
erosion control measures, covering the landfill, and installing a collection system
and holding tank. Residences with contaminated wells were connected to the
municipal water supply.
Entire Site: The EPA completed its investigation into the nature and extent of
site contamination and potential effects on public health and the environment in
1990. The investigation included soil gas testing, air sampling, surface soil sampling
and testing, leachate sampling, groundwater sampling, and subsurface soil sampling. Methods
of groundwater extraction/collection and on-site treatment were investigated by the EPA until
the responsibility was turned over to the State of Michigan. No final cleanup remedy has
been identified yet. Design of selected technologies is expected to begin in 1994. A separate
remedial phase related to the contents of the landfill is planned.
Environmental Progress
Initial actions including capping the landfills, installing leachate collection systems, and
providing an alternate water supply to affected residents have reduced the potential of
exposure to contaminants from the South Macomb Disposal Authority (Landfills #9 and
#9A) site while plans for final cleanup are being formulated.
Site Repository
Macomb County Library, 16480 Hall Road, Mt. Clemens, MI 48044
SOUTH MACOMB DISPOSAL AUTHORITY 137 March 1992
(LANDFILLS #9 AND #9A)
-------
SOUTHWE
COUNTY LA
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980608780
EPA REGION 5
Ottawa County
Park Township
Other Names:
outh Ottawa Disposal Corporation
Site Description
The 43-acre Southwest Ottawa County Landfill site operated as a landfill under license by the
State until its closure in 1981. The landfill was constructed by Ottawa County in 1968 and
received solvents, heavy metals, sludge, oils, municipal refuse, and drums containing
unspecified wastes. When the State closed the site in 1981, it required the County to cover
the landfill and to provide hookups to the municipal water system for the residences with
potentially contaminated wells. Approximately 100 people live within 1/2 mile of the site. Lake
Michigan also is approximately 1/2 mile from the site, while Lake Macatawa is approximately
2 miles from the site. Most private residences with wells potentially contaminated by the
landfill leachate have been connected to the City of Holland water supply.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), heavy metals, phenol, and chloroform. The
contamination of the subsurface soil below the landfill is contributing to the
groundwater contamination. The primary health threat of concern is drinking
contaminated groundwater or eating plants irrigated with contaminated
groundwater. Except for a gate across the main entrance to the site, there is no
fencing to prevent access.
138
March 1992
-------
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on groundwater cleanup.
Response Action Status
Groundwater: Most of the private residences with wells potentially affected by
the landfill leachate have been connected to the City of Holland water supply. The
County installed a series of extraction wells and an activated carbon adsorption
system. The groundwater restoration system became operational in 1987. Two purge wells
were installed by the County near the landfill, and an additional five wells were installed 1/2
mile from the site to capture residual groundwater contamination. All pumped and treated
water is discharged under a State permit.
Site Facts: Under a Consent Order, the landfill was closed in 1981. In 1984, a Groundwater
Restoration Agreement between the County and the State resulted in the subsequent
installation of extraction wells and a carbon adsorption water treatment system.
Environmental Progress
The provision of an alternate water supply by Ottawa County has eliminated the potential for
exposure to contaminated groundwater near the Southwest Ottawa County Landfill site. The
operation of the groundwater restoration system will continue to reduce groundwater
contamination levels until site cleanup goals are achieved.
Site Repository
Not established.
SOUTHWEST OTTAWA COUNTY LANDFILL
139
March 1992
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SPARTA L
MICHIGAN
EPAID#MID000268136
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Kent County
Sparta Townshjp
The 27-acre Sparta Landfill site operated as a landfill, accepting municipal refuse, foundry
sand, and industrial waste until 1977. Prior to 1965, Sparta Township and a private company
operated the landfill. The landfill was purchased by Kent County, the current owner, in 1970.
Kent County installed deep wells to replace four contaminated residential wells and provided
bottled water for other affected homes. Nine monitoring wells have been installed at the site.
There is a large sludge disposal area containing approximately 8,000 cubic yards of waste that
is suspected of contaminating the groundwater with heavy metals. Approximately 8,600 people
live within 3 miles of the site, and 200 residences are within a 1/2-mile radius. Approximately
80 of these 200 residences are using the shallow aquifer for their water supply. The Rogue
River is 1/5 mile from the site. The City of Rockford municipal water supply intake is 5 miles
downstream from the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and County actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Potential
health threats to people include drinking or coming in direct contact with
contaminated water and breathing contaminated water vapors related to household
uses.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: emergency actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
140
March 1992
-------
Response Action Status
Emergency Actions: At the request of the State, Kent County installed deep
wells for two nearby affected residences and provided bottled water for other
affected homes.
Entire Site: The EPA will conduct an investigation into the nature and extent of
contamination at the site. The investigation will define the contaminants and will
recommend alternatives for final cleanup. It is scheduled to begin in late 1992 and
is expected to be completed in 1994.
Environmental Progress
Providing an alternate source of water to affected residences eliminated the potential of
exposure to contaminated drinking water from the Sparta Landfill site and will continue to
protect residents near this site while investigations are underway and cleanup activities are
being planned.
Site Repository
Contact the Region 5 Superfund Community Relations Office.
SPARTA LANDFILL
141
March 1992
-------
SPARTAN
COMPANY
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID079300125
EPA REGION 5
Kent County
Wyoming
Site Description
The 2-acre Spartan Chemical Company site repackages, reblends, and distributes liquid
industrial chemicals. Chemicals currently are not manufactured on site. Prior to 1963, the
company discharged its wastewater to the groundwater. In 1981, five residential wells near the
site were found to be contaminated with volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). These wells have
been abandoned, and all five residences have been connected to the public water supply. An
underlying clay layer has prevented contamination of deeper aquifers. When contamination
was discovered in 1975, explosive conditions existed in the storm sewer into which the
groundwater discharged during the dewatering activities. In 1986, an underground storage
tank containing toluene was found to be leaking. The tank has been emptied and is no longer
in use. Approximately 7,200 people, some of whom use private wells, live within 3 miles of the
site. The closest residence is 1/4 mile from the site. There are no public water supply wells in
this area; public supplies are drawn from Lake Michigan.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with VOCs, primarily from solvent and chemical
discharge spills and leaks. Soil was contaminated with VOCs prior to being treated
by air stripping. It is believed that there currently are no potential health threats to
people at this site, because disposal of wastewater to the groundwater stopped in
1963 and all aboveground storage tanks rest on concrete pads surrounded by
containment walls.
142
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two long-term remedial phases focusing on groundwater and
soil cleanup.
Response Action Status
Groundwater: The potentially responsible party conducted a study to identify the
location of groundwater contamination. The party constructed a purge well and an
air stripping groundwater treatment system. The purge well has been operational
since 1987, with a noticeable effect in reducing groundwater contamination.
Soil: The State, with EPA assistance, conducted a study to address on-site soil
contamination in 1987. The State installed a second purge well off site to assure
that groundwater contamination within the plume would be contained and treated.
The treatment of the groundwater has addressed the soil contamination.
Site Facts: A Consent Order was signed by a potentially responsible party, requiring the
party to conduct a site investigation and clean up the groundwater.
Environmental Progress
The currently operating groundwater treatment system continues to reduce the potential for
exposure to contaminated materials at the Spartan Chemical Company site.
Site Repository
Not established.
SPARTAN CHEMICAL COMPANY
143
March 1992
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SPIEGELBE
LANDFILL
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794481
EPA REGION 5
Livingston County
Green Oak Township
Site Description
The 115-acre Spiegelberg Landfill site is a waste disposal pit that currently is being mined for
sand, gravel, and peat deposits. From 1966 to 1977, the site was used for the disposal of
domestic waste, with the main disposal area located in an abandoned sand and gravel pit.
From 1967 to 1978, paint sludge was dumped in one of the excavations of the gravel pit. The
paint sludge area was the site's major source of contamination. In 1988 to 1989 the paint
sludge and underlying soils down to the groundwater table, were removed and disposed of in
a permitted secure landfill. The Spiegelberg Landfill site is adjacent to Rasmussen's Dump,
another NPL site. Several hundred people live within a mile of the site. More than 18,000
people live within 3 miles of the landfill and use groundwater as a drinking water source.
There are approximately 250 wells within 1 mile of the site. The uncontaminated portion of
the site is used for recreational purposes including hunting and snowmobiling.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Lead, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other organics are present in the
groundwater. Soil was contaminated with lead, VOCs and other organics. Potential
health threats to people include accidentally ingesting or coming in direct contact
with contaminated groundwater or soil.
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March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two long-term remedial phases focusing on cleanup of the paint
sludge area and groundwater cleanup.
Response Action Status
Paint Sludge Area: The selected cleanup remedy to address the source of the
contamination included: excavation of waste material; off-site incineration of the
excavated liquid waste material; and disposal of soils into a landfill. The potentially
responsible parties, under EPA monitoring, completed excavation, separation, and
incineration of wastes and landfilling of 58,500 tons of waste and soils in late 1989. This
included removing contaminated soils down to the groundwater in the paint sludge disposal
area and backfilling the area with clean gravel.
Groundwater: In 1990, the State completed an investigation into the nature and
extent of groundwater contamination at the site and recommended alternative
remedies for the final groundwater cleanup. In mid-1990, the EPA chose to pump
and treat groundwater and reinject it to injection wells. The technology for this cleanup
remedy includes chemical precipitation, bioremediation, air stripping, and carbon adsorption.
Deed restrictions will be used to restrict access to groundwater. Design of the selected
remedy began in 1992.
Site Facts: The EPA, the State, and the potentially responsible parties reached an
agreement requiring the parties to clean up the liquid and solid waste at the site.
Environmental Progress
The removal of containers of waste and contaminated soil and incineration of liquid wastes
have reduced the potential for exposure to contaminated materials at the Spiegelberg Landfill
site while groundwater cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Hamburg Library, 7225 Stone Street, Hamburg, MI 48139
SPIEGELBERG LANDFILL 145 March 1992
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SPRINGFIEL
TOWNSHIP
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980499966
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Oakland County
35 miles northwest of Detroit
Other Names:
Oakland County Landfill
The 4-acre Springfield Township Dump was used for chemical waste disposal from 1966 to
1968. Liquid wastes and sludges were dumped into a low area at the site. During this same
period, approximately 1,500 drums of waste materials also were dumped at the site. Drums of
waste materials were stored at various locations throughout the dump. By 1980, 1,500 drums
and 711 tons of contaminated soil were removed from the site by the Michigan Department
of Natural Resources (MDNR). There are 25 residences located within 1 mile of the site,
with the nearest residence located 800 feet from the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy
metals including arsenic and lead. Soil contains polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
VOCs, phthalates, pesticides, and heavy metals including arsenic, barium, cadmium,
and lead. PCBs and the pesticide dieldrin were detected in on-site sludge. Health
threats to people stem from direct contact with contaminated soils and sludge,
inhalation of contaminated dusts or vapors, or accidental ingestion of contaminated
soil or groundwater.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
146
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Initial Actions: A locked gate blocking the access road, warning signs, and a
security fence were installed at the site. Also, the state removed 1,500 drums and
711 tons of polluted soil from the site by 1980.
Entire Site: The EPA and the State completed an investigation into soil and
groundwater contamination at the site in 1990. Based on the results of the
investigation, the EPA selected on-site incineration, solidification, and in-place
vacuum extraction for soil cleanup and extraction and carbon adsorption for groundwater
cleanup. Design of these technologies and additional soil sampling began in 1991.
Environmental Progress
Removing drums and contaminated soil and installing a fence have reduced the potential for
exposure to contaminated materials at the Springfield Township Dump site while final
cleanup activities are being designed.
Site Repository
Springfield Township Hall, 650 Broadway Street, Davisburg, MI 48019
SPRINGFIELD TOWNSHIP DUMP
147
March 1992
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STATE
LANDFILL,
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980609341
EPA REGION 5
Kent County
Plainfield Township
Site Description
The 30-acre State Disposal Landfill site operated from 1966 to 1972. From 1972 to 1976, the
landfill was owned and operated by Waste Management, Inc. In 1975, the landfill received a
permit from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) to accept general
refuse. Since 1976, Waste Management has maintained the landfill. The landfill was closed in
1977 and now is covered with a layer of clay and equipped with methane gas vents. In 1985,
the MDNR detected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals in monitoring
wells downgradient of the site. Local health officials warned some well owners near the site
to seek an alternative drinking water source. In 1985, Waste Management conducted a
hydrogeological investigation of the site and installed monitoring wells. Approximately 13,000
people obtain drinking water from public and private wells within 3 miles of the site.
Municipal water wells supplying Plainfield Township are 2 miles from the site and have been
affected; however, alternate wells are now being used.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 06/24/88
Final Date: 02/21/90
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with VOCs and heavy metals including barium
and nickel. The contaminated groundwater could be hazardous to health through
direct contact or ingestion.
148
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Between 1989 and 1990, the State extended a permanent
municipal water line to all affected residences. The potentially responsible parties
have installed a security fence at the site.
Entire Site: Waste Management of North America is conducting an investigation,
under State monitoring, to determine the nature and extent of contamination on
the site. The State is conducting an off-site investigation of the contamination
plume. Upon completion of the investigations, scheduled for late 1993, appropriate cleanup
measures will be selected.
Environmental Progress
The extension of the municipal water line has eliminated the potential for residents to be
exposed to contaminated drinking water from the State Disposal Landfill site and will
continue to protect nearby residents while site investigations are underway and cleanup
activities are being planned. A security fence currently restricts access to the site and limits
the potential for contact with contaminated materials.
Site Repository
Grandville Public Library, 3141 Wilson Avenue, Grandville, MI 49418
STATE DISPOSAL LANDFILL, INC.
149
March 1992
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STURGIS MU
WELLS
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID980703011
EPA REGION 5
St. Joseph County
Sturgis
Site Description
Routine sampling by the Michigan Department of Public Health (MDPH) in 1982 revealed
that two of the four municipal wells serving the City of Sturgis were contaminated with
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These two wells, the Layne well and the Jackson well,
are located on the west side of the City and supplied approximately 1/2 of the total city water
at the time the contamination was detected. The MDPH advised the City of Sturgis to cease
using these wells except during peak demands. Pumping capacity was increased on the two
uncontaminated wells and the residents were advised to reduce their potable water use. In
1983, two production wells at Ross Laboratories, located 2,000 feet northwest of the
municipal wells, revealed VOC contamination. These wells were voluntarily removed from
production and now are being used solely for cooling purposes. The Layne well was
abandoned in 1985. The Jackson well was still used occasionally to verify whether it was
functional for emergency use. In 1985, another municipal well, the Kirsch well, was found to
be contaminated with VOCs. This well subsequently was shut down. Of the four original
municipal wells, only the Oaklawn well remains uncontaminated. Approximately 10,000 people
live within the City of Sturgis, the majority of whom are served by the municipal water
distribution system. The City currently relies on the Oaklawn well and two new wells to meet
its water needs.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and State actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 09/08/83
Final Date: 09/21/84
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater is contaminated with VOCs including trichloroethylene (TCE)
and perchloroethylene (PCE) compounds. TCE, PCE, and other VOC compounds
have been detected in the soil. Direct contact with or accidental ingestion of the
contaminated groundwater and soil poses a potential health threat.
150
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR)
conducted an investigation to determine the nature and extent of contamination.
The investigation consisted of groundwater monitoring, well installation,
groundwater quality sampling, and soil gas testing. The final cleanup remedy was selected in
1991 and includes: groundwater extraction; groundwater treatment through air stripping;
reinjection of the treated groundwater; soil vapor extraction of the VOCs; and excavation
and disposal of any remaining contaminated soil at a Federally approved facility. The design
has begun of an interim groundwater extraction and treatment system. This interim system
will protect the municipal water supply and contain the plume until the final groundwater
cleanup remedy is designed and fully implemented.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Sturgis Municipal Wells site while
final cleanup activities are being designed.
Site Repository
Contact the Region 5 Superfund Community Relations Office.
STURGIS MUNICIPAL WELLS
151
March 1992
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TAR LAKE
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980794635
EPA REGION 5
Antrim County
Mancelona Township
Other Names:
Gulf and Western Antrim Property (Tar
Lake)
Antrim Iron Works
Site Description
The 200-acre Tar Lake site contains the structural remains of various manufacturing
companies that produced iron. A secondary manufacturing process produced a waste similar
to stillbottoms, which was discharged into a depression on site. Operations ceased in 1944. As
long ago as 1949, groundwater contamination by phenolic compounds had been documented
as far as 3 miles from the site. A fence has been installed around the site. The total
population served by well water in a 3-mile radius of the site is approximately 3,000; about
800 people are served by private wells, and the rest receive municipal water. The municipal
wells are located 1 mile from the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Phenols and lead have been detected in the groundwater. Phenols and heavy
metals including iron, lead, nickel, chromium, and copper have been detected in
the sludge. The contaminated groundwater poses a health hazard through direct
contact or ingestion.
Cleanup Approach
This site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
152
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Entire Site: The Fifty-Sixth Century Antrim Iron Company is conducting a study
to determine the nature and extent of site contamination. Once the study is
completed, expected in 1993, appropriate cleanup measures will be selected.
Site Facts: In 1986, the EPA issued an Administrative Order to the Fifty-Sixth Century
Antrim Iron Company to conduct the site study and to identify steps necessary to clean up
the site.
Environmental Progress
After adding this site to the NPL, the EPA performed preliminary investigations and
determined that no immediate actions were required at the Tar Lake site while studies are
taking place and cleanup activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Mancelona Public Library, 202 West State Street, Mancelona, MI 49659
TAR LAKE
153
March 1992
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THERMQ-CH
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID044567162
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Muskegon County
Egleston Township
Thermo-Chem, Inc. was involved in solvent reprocessing and liquid waste disposal on this 10-
acre site near Muskegon. Thermo-Chem, Inc. began operating in 1969 and continued until
1980. The company received paint waste, antifreeze waste, and spent halogenated and non-
halogenated solvents. Distillation was used to regenerate usable solvents, and resulting
sludges and residues were incinerated at the site. In addition, materials that were unsuitable
for processing reportedly were incinerated at the site. Wastewater generated during the
distillation processes and equipment cleaning was discharged into a series of three
interconnected seepage pits. Two of the seepage pits were unlined, and the other was lined
with clay to contain spills and contaminated wastes. All drums and bulk liquid wastes were
removed from the site by late 1982. There are no available records documenting on-site
disposal of hazardous materials. The process used for disposition of incinerator ash is not
known. Recently, the decision was made to include the 1 1/2-acre Thomas-Solvent property in
the site, which is located adjacent to Thermo-Chem, Inc. and is contaminated with similar
wastes. Black Creek, which flows into Mona Lake, is only 2,000 feet away from the site.
Approximately 10,000 people live within a 3-mile radius of the site. The entire population in
this area is served by groundwater either from community wells or private wells. A new
mobile home park is under construction less than 1/2 mile from the Thermo-Chem site. The
water supply for the park will come from four wells drilled to a depth of 80 feet.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater, soil, and on-site sludges are contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) including trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene, and xylene. The
contaminated groundwater and the soil pose a health hazard through direct
contact or ingestion. Surface drainage from the site is poor, and the permeable
sand that exists below the site facilitates the movement of contaminants into the
groundwater. Contaminants from the site could reach Black Creek and Mona
Lake.
154
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term remedial
phases focusing on cleanup of on-site soils, sludges, and groundwater, and cleanup of Black
Creek and the groundwater south of Black Creek.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: After a spill occurred in 1987, the EPA sampled, tested,
and removed 50 to 100 barrels of contaminated soil. A security fence was installed
around 8 acres of the site in 1989. In early 1991, 16 underground storage tanks
were removed from this site.
On-Site Soils, Sludges, and Groundwater: The parties potentially responsible
for the site contamination conducted an investigation to determine the nature and
the extent of the contamination. In 1991, the final cleanup remedy was selected,
which calls for fence installation; demolition of buildings and storage tanks; soil excavation
and off-site incineration of highly contaminated soil and in-situ vapor extraction of less
contaminated soil; groundwater extraction and treatment using filtration, air stripping, metal
precipitation, and pH adjustments; discharge of treated groundwater to the Black Creek;
groundwater monitoring; and soil testing underneath the demolished buildings and storage
tanks. Design of the remedies is expected to begin in early 1993.
Black Creek and Groundwater South of Black Creek: The potentially
responsible parties are carrying out an investigation to determine the nature and
extent of contamination in this area. Based on the results of this investigation,
expected to be completed in 1993, the EPA will recommend appropriate cleanup methods.
Site Facts: A Consent Order was signed in 1987 between the EPA and a committee
composed of the potentially responsible parties. The committee assumed responsibility for
conducting a site investigation and recommending methods that could be used to clean up the
site.
Environmental Progress
By removing contaminated soil from the spill area, fencing the Thermo-Chem property, and
removing underground storage tanks, the EPA has reduced the potential for direct contact
with hazardous materials while final cleanup activities are being planned for groundwater,
soil, and sludge contamination, and further investigations addressing contamination of Black
Creek are taking place.
THERMO-CHEM, INC. 155 March 1992
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Site Repository
Muskegon County Library, Egelston Township Branch, 5402 Apple Avenue,
Muskegon, MI 49442
March 1992
156
THERMO-CHEM, INC.
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TORCH LA
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID980901946
EPA REGION 5
Houghton County
Keweenaw Waterway
Site Description
Torch Lake is a 2,700-acre lake located in the Keweenaw Waterway in Michigan's Upper
Peninsula. Copper mining activities in the area from the 1890s until 1969 produced mill
tailings that contaminated the lake sediments and shoreline. About 200 million tons of copper
mill tailings were dumped into the lake. The contaminated sediments are believed to be 70
feet thick in some areas, and surficial sediments contain up to 2,000 parts per million of
copper. The tailings deposited in the lake and on the shoreline were dredged up during the
early part of the 1900s and were processed with flotation chemicals to reclaim copper. The
tailings and much of the flotation chemicals were returned to the lake and the shoreline. The
lake also has received mine pumpage, leaching chemicals, explosive residues and by-products,
municipal and industrial trash, and sanitary wastes. In 1972, an estimated 27,000 gallons of
cupric ammonium carbonate were released into the lake from storage vats. Barrels have been
found at several sites along the shoreline of the lake. The only active industry on the Torch
Lake shoreline is the Peninsula Copper Company, which reclaims copper oxide from scrap
electronic circuit boards. During the early 1980s, the company dumped processing water
containing 2,400 times the local sewage authority's allowable limits for copper and 100 times
the limit for ammonia into the Tamarack lagoon system. Recently, the Michigan Department
of Natural Resources (MDNR) funded a plan to monitor the lake and to restock fish
populations. The population within a mile of the lake is approximately 4,000. Most of the
drinking water in the area comes from springs or a municipal well located 1/4 mile north of
the lake, near the Trap Rock River. A public boat launch, beach, and park have been built
on the northern shore of Torch Lake near the Village of Lake Linden.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
157
March 1992
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Threats and Contaminants
ZGJ
The sediments and surface water are contaminated with copper and cupric
ammonium carbonate. The contaminated sediments and surface water pose a
health hazard through direct contact or ingestion. The Michigan Department of
Health issued a fish consumption advisory, since the contaminants already have
affected the lake's fish and aquatic vegetation. There also is concern about the
physical hazards present on the site. These include abandoned buildings, old
machinery and equipment, and other discarded metal objects such as rusting
barrels, which can be found on the shoreline and in the water.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in four stages: immediate actions and three long-term remedial
phases focusing on cleanup of on-site tailings and slag piles, cleanup of surface water,
sediment, and groundwater, and cleanup of other tailings and slag piles.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: The EPA began field investigation activities in 1988 at
Torch Lake to determine the nature and extent of contamination. A geophysical
survey was conducted to locate drums buried in the tailings piles on the western
shore of Torch Lake and at the bottom of the lake. Approximately 20 drums were located on
the surface, and samples were taken to determine if the drums contained any toxic materials.
In 1990, 12 additional drum locations were excavated and sampled. As a result of the test
samples, the EPA removed the contaminated drums from the lake as well as contaminated
soil beneath the drums.
On-Site Tailings/Slag Piles: In 1990, the EPA completed field work involving a
Bathymetric survey to locate submerged tailings and slag piles on the shore of
Torch Lake. These data were used to study the nature and extent of
contamination and to identify cleanup alternatives. Recommendations for cleanup are
expected in 1992.
Surface Water, Sediment, and Groundwater: In 1992, the EPA completed
sampling surface water, sediment, and groundwater underlying all tailings piles.
Using the sampling results, the EPA will decide if further investigation is
necessary.
Other Tailings/Slag Piles: In 1992, the EPA completed an investigation
exploring the nature and extent of other tailings and slag piles located on the
peninsula. Based on these sampling results, the EPA is expected to select a final
cleanup remedy by 1992.
March 1992 158 TORCH LAKE
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Environmental Progress
The removal of contaminated drums and soil has reduced the potential for exposure to
hazardous wastes at the Torch Lake site while investigations are taking place and cleanup
activities are being planned.
Site Repository
Portage Lake District Library, 105 Huron Street, Houghton, MI 49931
TORCH LAKE
159
March 1992
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U.S. AVIEX
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID9807945
EPA REGION 5
Cass County
Howard Township
Site Description
U.S. Aviex manufactured non-lubricating automotive fluids at its 2-acre Huntly Road Plant in
Howard Township from the early 1960s until 1978. Although the plant is no longer in
operation, some buildings are used for storage purposes. In 1972, an underground pipeline
containing diethyl ether was broken during excavation on the southeastern side of the plant.
Within 3 to 4 months, low levels of ether had been detected in nearby residential wells. A fire
in 1978 also contributed to groundwater contamination in the area. Thousands of gallons of
water were used to extinguish the fire over a 2-day period. Barrels and indoor tanks of stored
chemicals ruptured during the blaze. Their contents either were consumed in the fire or
washed from the plant into unpaved areas, and subsequently, into the groundwater. Following
the fire, residential wells were found to contain low levels of the organic liquids believed to
have been released from the plant. Throughout the 1970s and early to mid-1980s, the
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) and the Michigan Department of
Public Health (MDPH) collected samples from on-site and neighborhood wells. Numerous
single-family homes are located near the plant. The nearest houses are located within 100
feet of the property. All residences have their own water supply wells. Farming and
manufacturing are the major occupations in the area surrounding the site. The closest
agricultural activity is located about 1/2 mile southeast of the site. An airport, a sewage
treatment lagoon, and various light industries are approximately 1 mile to the west of the site.
There are 3 schools located about 2 miles from the site.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
The groundwater and soil are contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOCs). Direct contact with or ingestion of the contaminated groundwater and
soil pose a potential health risk. Inhaling contaminated vapors from the
groundwater or soil also could cause adverse health effects.
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March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: Since 1973, U.S. Aviex has provided bottled water to 32
homes with contaminated drinking water wells. U.S. Aviex also installed two new
wells. In 1982, a groundwater investigation and on-site groundwater treatment
program began. This program involves pumping groundwater out of the contaminated aquifer,
treating the water by air stripping, and discharging the treated water into the St. Joseph's
River system.
Entire Site: In 1988, the EPA selected the following methods to clean up the site:
soil flushing of approximately 11,500 cubic yards of contaminated on-site soil and
collection of on- and off-site groundwater and fluids from the soil flushing process,
with on-site treatment by air stripping. Cleanup activities began in 1991 and the entire
cleanup process is scheduled for completion in 1993.
Site Facts: In early 1982, the State filed a suit against U.S. Aviex. The company was
ordered to conduct a pump test as a first step to investigate and clean the contaminated
groundwater. In 1986, U.S. Aviex filed for bankruptcy. Funds had been initially set aside for
the investigation; therefore, the bankruptcy action did not affect the investigation.
Environmental Progress
By providing local residents with a safe drinking water source and treating polluted
groundwater, the potentially responsible party has reduced the potential for exposure to
contaminated groundwater. The operation of the groundwater treatment system will continue
to protect nearby residents and the environment from the contamination at the U.S. Aviex
site while final cleanup activities are underway.
Site Repository
Howard Township Hall, 1345 Barren Lake Road, Niles, MI 49120
U.S. AVIEX 161 March 1992
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VELSICOL C
CORP.
(MICHIGAN)
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID000722439
EPA REGION 5
Gratiot County
St. Louis
Site Description
The Velsicol Chemical Corp. (Michigan) site consists of 50 acres in St. Louis. The site was
used by other companies from the mid-1800s to 1936, but it is not known what activities took
place on the site during that time. Located on the site were two injection disposal wells, a
dredge pond, a lagoon, a radioactive waste disposal area, and one or more drum storage
areas. In 1974, the Michigan Department of Public Health (MDPH) issued a fish
consumption advisory for the Pine River downstream of the site. Fish kills occurred as late as
1979, and a red leachate was observed oozing into the river from the site. The population
within 1 mile of the site is approximately 4,100. The nearest residence is less than 500 feet
away. The Pine River is used for fishing, boating, swimming, and other recreational purposes.
Water for drinking and other purposes is supplied from six municipal wells located to the east
and southeast of the site, with the nearest well being about 1,500 feet away. The site is
located adjacent to the Pine River.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
On-site groundwater was contaminated with chloride, sulfate, phenol, and carbon
tetrachloride. On-site soil samples revealed contamination with phenol and lead.
Potential risks existed for people who ate contaminated fish and wildlife from the
area of the site.
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March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in a long-term remedial phase focusing on cleanup of the entire
site.
Response Action Status
Entire Site: In 1982, the following cleanup technologies were selected: demolition,
salvage, and removal of building materials and scrap; construction of a 2-foot-thick
slurry wall groundwater containment system; construction of a clay cap; operation
of a groundwater collection system with deep well injection; and implementation of a long-
term maintenance and monitoring program. Between 1983 and 1984, containment activities,
including capping the site and constructing a shallow groundwater cut-off wall, were
conducted. In 1984 and 1985, the site was fenced and warning signs were posted to limit
access. The State is overseeing maintenance and monitoring operations. In addition, the EPA
investigated the deep aquifer and installed six deep monitoring wells and one shallow well in
1992. Monitoring will continue to ensure the long-term effectiveness of the remedies. All
construction is now complete and the site is scheduled to be deleted from the NPL in late
1993.
Site Facts: A Consent Agreement was signed in 1982 between the Michigan Department of
Natural Resources and Velsicol Chemical Corp. for the company to conduct the site cleanup.
Environmental Progress
By capping the site, installing a fence, posting warning signs, and building a system to prevent
the movement of contaminated groundwater off the site, the potential for direct exposure to
hazardous materials from the Velsicol Chemical Corp. (Michigan) site has been reduced. The
site is being closely monitored to ensure the effectiveness of the cleanup remedies.
Site Repository
TA Cutler Memorial Library, 110 West Sahinaw, St. Louis, MI 48880
VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORP- (MICHIGAN)
163
March 1992
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VERONA WE
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980793806
EPA REGION 5
Calhoun County
Battle Creek
Other Names:
attle Creek Verona Well Field
Site Description
The Verona Well Field, in the northeastern corner of Battle Creek, covers 160 acres and
consists of 30 wells. During 1981, the Calhoun County Health Department discovered that
the Verona Well Field, which supplies potable water to an estimated 53,500 residents and a
variety of businesses, was contaminated with tricholoroethylene (TCE) and other volatile
hydrocarbons. In 1984, the EPA undertook a program to halt the spread of contamination.
Three additional drinking water wells were drilled north of the existing well field, and five of
the existing wells were converted to pump the water to a treatment system in order to create
a hydrologic barrier to the advancing contaminant plume. By fall 1984, the actions had raised
the number of clean wells to 13, and a sufficient quantity of potable water to fulfill the
maximum municipal demand was ensured. The population of Battle Creek is approximately
53,500.
Site Responsibility:
The site is being addressed through
Federal and potentially responsible
parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 07/16/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including
perchloroethylene (PCE), TCE, toluene, xylene, and vinyl chloride. There presently
is no potential threat of exposure to VOCs from the site. The City's drinking water
is supplied from wells that are not contaminated.
Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in three stages: immediate actions and two long-term remedial
phases focusing on cleanup of the southern plume and the eastern plume.
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March 1992
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Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1983, bottled water and portable showers were provided
to residences and businesses east of the Battle Creek Rjver and west of the
railroad yard until water main connections from the city system were completed.
In 1989, a purge system was installed to prevent any further migration of contaminants into
the northern portion of the field. A pump house was constructed and safety lights and a high-
water alarm were installed. Three additional drinking water wells were drilled north of the
existing well field. Water from these blocking wells is pumped to an air stripper/carbon
adsorption system, which removes the VOCs prior to discharge of the treated water into the
Battle Creek River.
Southern Plume: The following cleanup methods were chosen for the southern
contaminant plume: construction of a groundwater extraction well system to
contain and collect contaminated groundwater in the vicinity of the Thomas
Solvent Company (Raymond Road facility); extraction and treatment of contaminated
groundwater at the existing well field air stripping facility; installation of air extraction wells to
enhance the vaporization of VOCs from the contaminated soils; and continued maintenance
of the groundwater extraction system. The soil vapor extraction system is scheduled for
completion in the summer of 1993.
Eastern Plume: An investigation was conducted by the EPA to explore the
nature and extent of contamination at two other contaminated source areas. The
EPA selected the final cleanup approach and technologies in mid-1991. The
remedies selected were soil vapor extraction at the two source areas, groundwater extraction
at these areas and Raymond Road, and the construction of a blocking well line at the main
well field.
Site Facts: In March 1984, Thomas Solvent Company was ordered to immediately install
and operate a purge well and treatment system. In April 1984, Thomas Solvent Company
filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
Environmental Progress
The provision of an alternate water supply and the installation of a groundwater treatment
system have reduced the potential for exposure to contaminated groundwater from the
Verona Well Field site while final cleanup actions in the southern plume are underway and
the remedies for the eastern plume are being designed.
Site Repository
Willard Library, 7 West Van Buren Street, Battle Creek, MI 49017
VERONA WELL FIELD 165 March 1992
-------
WASH KING
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID98070124
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Lake County
Pleasant Plains Township
The Wash King Laundry is located on a 2-acre site in Pleasant Plains Township and has been
in operation since 1962 as a coin-operated laundry. The operation eventually included dry
cleaning. Site operations, however, ceased in 1991 when the site owner declared bankruptcy.
In 1962, Wash King Laundry was granted permission to discharge soapy laundry wastewater
to nearby seepage lagoons that had been constructed for this purpose. During the 1960s and
early 1970s, the area experienced increasing development, and many seasonal homes were
constructed in the vicinity. Pollution of the groundwater by laundry detergent wastes was first
detected in 1973. Dry cleaning solvents, particularly perchloroethylene (PCE), were
discharged to the wastewater lagoons in the 1970s. In 1977, PCE contamination of
groundwater was also detected, and in 1978, Wash King Laundry agreed to cease all dry
cleaning operations. In 1979, it was determined that approximately 30 domestic water supplies
northeast of the laundromat were contaminated with PCE. Housing in the area consists of
mobile homes, trailers, and cottages, most of which are utilized on a seasonal basis. The
population within a 3-mile radius of the site is approximately 4,000. Only three residences in
the immediate vicinity of the site are occupied on a year-round basis. Site operations ceased
in 1991 with a declaration of bankruptcy by the site owner.
Site Responsibility:
This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/08/83
Threats and Contaminants
Groundwater is contaminated with PCE, phosphorus, sodium, and chloride.
Lagoons used for laundry discharge and minor amounts of sludge contain the same
contaminants as those in the groundwater. Drinking or coming into direct contact
with contaminated groundwater or lagoon sediments may pose a health risk.
166
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: immediate actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Immediate Actions: In 1984, the Wash King Laundry owner installed a public
water supply system to serve the affected homes and commercial establishments in
the area.
Entire Site: The State is conducting an investigation to determine the extent and
source of contamination. A plume of contaminated groundwater moving northward
toward the Pere Marquette river and contaminated sediments associated with
seepage lagoons formerly used on the site have been identified as sources of contamination.
At the conclusion of the investigation, expected in early 1993, a final remedy will be selected
to clean up the site.
Site Facts: In 1978, a court agreement was reached, under which Wash King Laundry
agreed to cease all dry cleaning operations and eliminate all sources of PCE contamination at
the facility.
Environmental Progress
By providing a safe drinking water source to the affected homes and businesses near the
Wash King Laundry site, the party potentially responsible for contamination has reduced the
potential for exposure to contaminated groundwater. Investigations leading to the selection of
the final cleanup remedies currently are underway.
Site Repository
Pathfinder Community Library, 812 Michigan Avenue, Baldwin, MI 49304
WASH KING LAUNDRY 167 March 1992
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WASTE MAN
OF MICHIG
(HOLLAND
MICHIGAN
EPAID# MID060179587
ENT
Site Description
EPA REGION 5
Ottawa County
North of Holland
Other Names:
Jacobusses Refuse Service
The 160-acre Waste Management of Michigan (Holland Lagoons) site north of Holland was
used from 1971 to 1979 as a dewatering site for liquid industrial wastes, including aluminum
and metallic hydroxides and activated sludge residues. The dewatering lagoons occupied
approximately 15 acres of the site. Forty-three 55-gallon drums of wastes were removed intact
in 1980. All dewatering sludges and on-site contaminated soils have been transferred to the
Southwest Ottawa County Landfill (SWOCL), an adjacent NPL site that is now closed. An
active landfill was operated at the site in the late 1960s; currently, partially buried refuse is
scattered across the surface. The estimated population living within 1/2 mile of the site is less
than 50. However, the area is rapidly developing, and a new subdivision has been created
near the site. Holland State Park, a popular summer vacation and recreation spot, lies less
than 3 miles to the southwest of the site.
Site Responsibility: This site is being addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 10/15/84
Final Date: 06/10/86
Threats and Contaminants
Initial sampling indicated groundwater was contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) including toluene, benzene, trichloroethylene (TCE), and vinyl
chloride and the heavy metal cadmium. People could have been exposed to
contaminants through accidental ingestion of or direct contact with contaminated
water.
168
March 1992
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Cleanup Approach
The site is being addressed in two stages: initial actions and a long-term remedial phase
focusing on cleanup of the entire site.
Response Action Status
Initial Actions: In 1980, 43 55-gallon drums of waste were removed from the
site. In addition, dewatering sludges and contaminated soils were removed.
Entire Site: The State and the potentially responsible parties investigated the
extent of contamination at the site. Comprehensive water sampling from
monitoring wells and soil indicated no contaminant levels of concern exist. The site
is expected to be deleted from the NPL.
Environmental Progress
The removal of on-site drums, sludges, and soils in 1980 eliminated the potential threat to
area residents and the environment. The EPA, the Michigan Department of Natural
Resources, and Waste Management of Michigan are cooperating in efforts to have the site
deleted from the NPL.
Site Repository
Contact the Region 5 Superfund Community Relations Office.
WASTE MANAGEMENT OF MICHIGAN
(HOLLAND LAGOONS)
169
March 1992
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WHITEHALL
WELLS
MICHIGAN
EPA ID# MID980701254
IPAL
tr^T^fci
r7^Lr~C^^£!~c'
/^r a ^T^
EPA REGION 5
Muskegon County
Northeast portion of Whitehall
Other Names:
Funnel Field Well #3
Municipal Well #3
Site Description
The Whitehall Municipal Wells site is located in the northeastern section of Whitehall. The
site is in Funnel Field, north of Colby Street and south of the ravine and backwaters of the
White River. In 1980, as a result of a routine quarterly sampling of the City's water supply,
an organic solvent was detected in the water. Further testing showed that the source of the
contamination was Well 3. In early 1981, the City took Well 3 off line and increased pumpage
rates in Wells 2, 4, and 5 in order to provide adequate water for the city. The City later
brought Well 6 on line to increase the normal water supply and decided to permanently close
Well 3. Sampling of residential wells in 1982 indicated contamination of those wells with
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Affected residences were connected to the city water
supply. Further investigation indicated that the source of the residential well and groundwater
contamination was not related to Well 3. Approximately 3,000 people live in the City of
Whitehall, and about 20 residences still rely on their private wells for potable water.
Site Responsibility:
This site was addressed through
Federal, State, and potentially
responsible parties' actions.
NPL LISTING HISTORY
Proposed Date: 12/30/82
Final Date: 09/21/84
Deleted Date: 02/11/91
Threats and Contaminants
Well 3 and surrounding monitoring wells have shown only minimal levels of
contaminants, or none at all, since 1982. Contaminants found in the groundwater
in the past have included perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and
chloroform. Accidental ingestion of, inhalation of, or direct contact with
contaminated water may have posed a health threat.
Cleanup Approach
The site was addressed in a long-term remedial phase directed at cleanup of the entire site.
170
March 1992
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Response Action Status
Entire Site: Well #3 was closed in 1981 and Well #6 was brought on line to
increase the water supply. Residences that were affected by contaminated
groundwater were connected to the city water supply. An investigation and risk
assessment indicated there was no further public health risk involved with the site. As a result
of the closing of Well 3. Therefore, no further cleanup action was recommended. The
Michigan Department of Public Health will continue its routine sampling of the city water
supply to ensure its long-term safety. This site was deleted from the NPL in early 1991.
Site Facts: In 1985, the EPA issued a Consent Order to Shellcast, Inc. and White Lake
Landfill, Inc., requiring them to install and sample monitoring wells and to provide a potable
water supply line to residents whose water supplies were threatened by hazardous substances
in the groundwater.
Environmental Progress
Closing Well 3 eliminated the potential for exposure to hazardous materials at the Whitehall
Municipal Wells site. The State is continuing to sample and monitor the groundwater to
ensure continued protection of nearby residents and the environment.
Site Repository
Information is no longer available.
WHITEHALL MUNICIPAL WELLS
171
March 1992
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GLOSSARY
Terms Used in the NPL Book
This glossary defines terms used throughout the NPL Volumes. The terms and
abbreviations contained in this glossary apply specifically to work performed
under the Superfund program in the context of hazardous waste management. These
terms may have other meanings when used in a different context. A table of common
toxic chemicals found at NPL sites, their sources, and their potential threats is located
on page G-J'5
Acids: Substances, characterized by low pH
(less than 7.0), that are used in chemical manu-
facturing. Acids in high concentration can be
very corrosive and react with many inorganic
and organic substances. These reactions possi-
bly may create toxic compounds or release
heavy metal contaminants that remain in the
environment long after the acid is neutralized.
Administrative Order On Consent: A
legal and enforceable agreement between the
EPA and the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination. Under the terms of the
Order, the potentially responsible parties (PRPs)
agree to perform or pay for site studies or
cleanups. It also describes the oversight rules,
responsibilities, and enforcement options that
the government may exercise in the event of
non-compliance by potentially responsible
parties. This Order is signed by PRPs and the
government; it does not require approval by a
judge.
Administrative Order [Unilateral]: A
legally binding document issued by the EPA,
directing the parties potentially responsible to
perform site cleanups or studies (generally, the
EPA does not issue Unilateral Orders for site
studies). This type of Order is not signed by the
PRPs and does not require approval by a judge.
Aeration: A process that promotes breakdown
of contaminants in soil or water by exposing
them to air.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Dis-
ease Registry (ATSDR): The Federal
agency within the U.S. Public Health Service
charged with carrying out the health-related
responsibilities of CERCLA.
Air Stripping: A process whereby volatile
organic chemicals (VOCs) are removed from
contaminated material by forcing a stream of air
through the contaminated material in a pressur-
ized vessel. The contaminants are evaporated
into the air stream. The air may be further
treated before it is released into the atmosphere.
Ambient Air: Any unconfined part of the
atmosphere. Refers to the air that may be
inhaled by workers or residents in the vicinity of
contaminated air sources.
Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate
Requirements (ARARs): Federal, State, or
local laws which apply to Superfund activities at
NPL sites. Both emergency and long-term
actions must comply with these laws or provide
sound reasons for allowing a waiver. ARARs
must be identified for each site relative to the
characteristics of the site, the substances found
at the site, or the cleanup alternatives being
considered for the site.
G-1
-------
GLOSSARY
Aquifer: An underground layer of rock, sand,
or gravel capable of storing water within cracks
and pore spaces, or between grains. When
water contained within an aquifer is of sufficient
quantity and quality, it can be tapped and used
for drinking or other purposes. The water
contained in the aquifer is called groundwater.
A "sole source aquifer" supplies 50 percent or
more of the drinking water of an area.
Artesian (Well): A well made by drilling into
the earth until water is reached, which, due to
internal pressure, flows up like a fountain.
Asbestos: A mineral fiber that can pollute air
or water and is known to cause cancer or
asbestosis when inhaled.
Attenuation: The naturally occurring process
by which a compound is reduced in concentra-
tion over time through adsorption, degradation,
dilution, or transformation.
Background Level: The amount of a sub-
stance typically found in the air, water, or soil
from natural, as opposed to human, sources.
Baghouse Dust: Dust accumulated in
removing particulates from the air by passing it
through cloth bags in an enclosure.
Bases: Substances characterized by high pH
(greater than 7.0), which tend to be corrosive in
chemical reactions. When bases are mixed with
acids, they neutralize each other, forming salts.
Berm: A ledge, wall, or a mound of earth used
to prevent the migration of contaminants.
Bioaccumulate: The process by which some
contaminants or toxic chemicals gradually
collect and increase in concentration in living
tissue, such as in plants, fish, or people, as they
breathe contaminated air, drink contaminated
water, or eat contaminated food.
Biological Treatment: The use of bacteria
or other microbial organisms to break down
toxic organic materials into carbon dioxide and
water.
Bioremediation: A cleanup process using
naturally occurring or specially cultivated
microorganisms to digest contaminants and
break them down into non-hazardous compo-
nents.
Bog: A type of wetland that is covered with
peat moss deposits. Bogs depend primarily on
moisture from the air for their water source, are
usually acidic, and are rich in plant residue [see
Wetland].
Boom: A floating device used to contain oil
floating on a body of water or to restrict the
potential overflow of waste liquids from
containment structures.
Borehole: A hole that is drilled into the
ground and used to sample soil or ground-water.
Borrow Pit: An excavated area where soil,
sand, or gravel has been dug up for use else-
where.
Cap: A layer of material, such as clay or a
synthetic material, used to prevent rainwater
from penetrating and spreading contaminated
materials. The surface of the cap generally is
mounded or sloped so water will drain off.
Carbon Adsorption: A treatment system in
which contaminants are removed from ground-
water and surface water by forcing water
through tanks containing activated carbon, a
specially treated material that attracts and holds
or retains contaminants.
Carbon Disulfide: A degreasing agent
formerly used extensively for parts washing.
This compound has both inorganic and organic
G-2
-------
GLOSSARY
properties, which increase cleaning efficiency.
However, these properties also cause chemical
reactions that increase the hazard to human
health and the environment.
Carbon Treatment: [see Carbon Adsorp-
tion].
Cell: In solid waste disposal, one of a series of
holes in a landfill where waste is dumped,
compacted, and covered with layers of dirt.
CERCLA: [see Comprehensive Environmen-
tal Response, Compensation, and Liability Act].
Characterization: The sampling, monitoring,
and analysis of a site to determine the extent and
nature of toxic releases. Characterization
provides the basis for acquiring the necessary
technical information to develop, screen, ana-
lyze, and select appropriate cleanup techniques.
Chemical Fixation: The use of chemicals to
bind contaminants, thereby reducing the poten-
tial for leaching or other movement.
Chromated Copper Arsenate: An insecti-
cide/herbicide formed from salts of three toxic
metals: copper, chromium, and arsenic. This
salt is used extensively as a wood preservative
in pressure-treating operations. It is highly toxic
and water-soluble, making it a relatively mobile
contaminant in the environment.
Cleanup: Actions taken to eliminate a release
or threat of release of a hazardous substance.
The term "cleanup" sometimes is used inter-
changeably with the terms remedial action,
removal action, response action, or corrective
action.
Closure: The process by which a landfill stops
accepting wastes and is shut down under Federal
guidelines that ensure the protection of the
public and the environment.
Comment Period: A specific interval during
which the public can review and comment on
various documents and EPA actions related to
site cleanup. For example, a comment period is
provided when the EPA proposes to add sites to
the NPL. Also, there is minimum 3-week
comment period for community members to
review and comment on the remedy proposed to
clean up a site.
Community Relations: The EPA effort to
establish and maintain two-way communication
with the public. The goals of community
relations programs include creating an under-
standing of EPA programs and related actions,
assuring public input into decision-making
processes related to affected communities, and
making certain that the Agency is aware of, and
responsive to, public concerns. Specific com-
munity relations activities are required in
relation to Superfund cleanup actions [see
Comment Period].
Comprehensive Environmental Re-
sponse, Compensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA): Congress enacted the
CERCLA, known as Superfund, in 1980 to
respond directly to hazardous waste problems
that may pose a threat to the public health and
the environment. The EPA administers the
Superfund program.
Confluence: The place where two bodies of
water, such as streams or livers, come together.
Confined Aquifer: An aquifer in which
groundwater is confined under pressure that is
significantly greater than atmospheric pressure.
G-3
-------
GLOSSARY
Consent Decree: A legal document, ap-
proved and issued by a judge, formalizing an
agreement between the EPA and the parties
potentially responsible for site contamination.
The decree describes cleanup actions that the
potentially responsible parties are required to
perform, or the costs incurred by the govern-
ment that the parties will reimburse, and the
roles, responsibilities, and enforcement options
that the government may exercise in the event of
non-compliance by potentially responsible
parties. If a settlement between the EPA and a
potentially responsible party includes cleanup
actions, it must be in the form of a Consent
Decree. A Consent Decree is subject to a public
comment period.
Consent Order: [see Administrative Order
on Consent].
Containment: The process of enclosing or
containing hazardous substances in a structure,
typically in a pond or a lagoon, to prevent the
migration of contaminants into the environment.
Contaminant: Any physical, chemical,
biological, or radiological material or substance
whose quantity, location, or nature produces
undesirable health or environmental effects.
Contingency Plan: A document setting
out an organized, planned, and coordinated
course of action to be followed in case of a
fire, explosion, or other accident that releases
toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, or radioac-
tive materials into the environment.
Cooperative Agreement: A contract
between the EPA and the States, wherein a State
agrees to manage or monitor certain site cleanup
responsibilities and other activities on a cost-
sharing basis.
Cost Recovery: A legal process by which
potentially responsible parties can be required
to pay back the Superfund program for money
it spends on any cleanup actions [see Poten-
tially Responsible Parties].
Cover: Vegetation or other material placed
over a landfill or other waste material. It can
be designed to reduce movement of water into
the waste and to prevent erosion that could
cause the movement of contaminants.
Creosotes: Chemicals used in wood pre-
serving operations and produced by distilla-
tion of tar, including polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons [see PAHs and PNAs]. Con-
taminating sediments, soils, and surface
water, creosotes may cause skin ulcerations
and cancer through prolonged exposure.
Culvert: A pipe used for drainage under a
road, railroad track, path, or through an embank-
ment.
Decommission: To revoke a license to
operate and take out of service.
Degradation: The process by which a chemi-
cal is reduced to a less complex form.
Degrease: To remove grease from wastes,
soils, or chemicals, usually using solvents.
Deletion: A site is eligible for deletion from
the NPL when Superfund response actions at the
site are complete. A site is deleted from the
NPL when a notice is published in the Federal
Register.
De mini mis: This legal phrase pertains to
settlements with parties who contributed small
amounts of hazardous waste to a site. This
process allows the EPA to settle with small, or
de minimis contributors, as a single group rather
than as individuals, saving time, money, and
effort.
Dewater: To remove water from wastes, soils,
or chemicals.
G-4
-------
GLOSSARY
Dike: A low wall that can act as a barrier to
prevent a spill from spreading.
Dioxin: An organic chemical by-product of
pesticide manufacture which is known to be one
of the most toxic man-made chemicals.
Disposal: Final placement or destruction of
toxic, radioactive, or other wastes; surplus or
banned pesticides or other chemicals; polluted
soils; and drums containing hazardous materials.
Disposal may be accomplished through the use
of approved secure landfills, surface impound-
ments, land farming, deep well injection, or
incineration.
Down gradient: A downward hydrologic
slope that causes groundwater to move toward
lower elevations. Therefore, wells downgradj-
ent of a contaminated groundwater source are
prone to receiving pollutants.
Ecological Assessment: A study of the
impact of man-made or natural activity on living
creatures and their environment
Effluent: Wastewater, treated or untreated,
that flows out of a treatment plant, sewer, or
industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes
discharged into surface waters.
Emission: Pollution discharged into the
atmosphere from smokestacks, other vents, and
surface areas of commercial or industrial facili-
ties.
Emulsifiers: Substances that help in mixing
materials that do not normally mix; e.g., oil and
water.
Endangerment Assessment: A study
conducted to determine the risks posed to public
health or the environment by contamination at
NPL sites. The EPA or the State conducts the
study when a legal action is to be taken to direct
the potentially responsible parties to clean up a
site or pay for the cleanup. An endangerment
assessment supplements an investigation of the
site hazards.
Enforcement: EPA, State, or local legal
actions taken against parties to facilitate
settlements; to compel compliance with laws,
rules, regulations, or agreements; or to obtain
penalties or criminal sanctions for violations.
Enforcement procedures may vary, depending
on the specific requirements of different
environmental laws and related regulatory
requirements. Under CERCLA, for example,
the EPA will seek to require potentially
responsible parties to clean up a Superfund
site or pay for the cleanup [see Cost Recov-
ery].
Erosion: The wearing away of land surface
by wind or water. Erosion occurs naturally
from weather or surface runoff, but can be
intensified by such land-related practices as
farming, residential or industrial develop-
ment, road building, or timber-cutting. Ero-
sion may spread surface contamination to off-
site locations.
Estuary (estuarine): Areas where fresh
water from rivers and salt water from
nearshore ocean waters are mixed. These
areas may include bays, mouths of rivers, salt
marshes, and lagoons. These water ecosys-
tems shelter and feed marine life, birds, and
wildlife.
Evaporation Ponds: Areas where sewage
sludge or other watery wastes are dumped and
allowed to dry out.
Feasibility Study: The analysis of the
potential cleanup alternatives for a site. The
feasibility study usually starts as soon as the
remedial investigation is underway. In this
volume, the feasibility study is referred to as a
site study [see also Remedial Investigation].
G-5
-------
GLOSSARY
Filtration: A treatment process for remov-
ing solid (particulate) matter from water by
passing the water through sand, activated
carbon, or a man-made filter. The process is
often used to remove particles that contain
contaminants.
Flood Plain: An area along a river, formed
from sediment deposited by floods. Flood
plains periodically are innundated by natural
floods, which can spread contamination.
Flue Gas: The air that is emitted from a
chimney after combustion in the burner
occurs. The gas can include nitrogen oxides,
carbon oxides, water vapor, sulfur oxides,
particles, and many chemical pollutants.
Fly Ash: Non-combustible residue that results
from the combustion of flue gases. It can
include nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, water
vapor, sulfur oxides, as well as many other
chemical pollutants.
French Drain System: A crushed rock drain
system constructed of perforated pipes, which is
used to drain and disperse wastewater.
Gasification (coal): The conversion of soft
coal into gas for use as a fuel.
General Notice Letter: [See Notice Letter].
Generator: A facility that emits pollutants
into the air or releases hazardous wastes into
water or soil.
Good Faith Offer: A voluntary offer, gener-
ally in response to a Special Notice letter, made
by a potentially responsible party, consisting of
a written proposal demonstrating a potentially
responsible party's qualifications and willing-
ness to perform a site study or cleanup.
Groundwater: Water that fills pores in soils
or openings in rocks to the point of saturation.
In aquifers, groundwater occurs in sufficient
quantities for use as drinking and irrigation
water and other purposes.
Groundwater Quality Assessment: The
process of analyzing the chemical characteris-
tics of groundwater to determine whether any
hazardous materials exist.
Halogens: Reactive non-metals, such as
chlorine and bromine. Halogens are very
good oxidizing agents and, therefore, have
many industrial uses. They are rarely found
by themselves; however, many chemicals
such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
some volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
and dioxin are reactive because of the pres-
ence of halogens.
Hazard Ranking System (HRS): The
principal screening tool used by the EPA to
evaluate relative risks to public health and the
environment associated with abandoned or
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The HRS
calculates a score based on the potential of
hazardous substances spreading from the site
through the air, surface water, or groundwater
and on other factors such as nearby popula-
tion. The HRS score is the primary factor in
deciding if the site should be on the NPL.
Hazardous Waste: By-products of society
that can pose a substantial present or potential
hazard to human health and the environment
when improperly managed. Hazardous waste
possesses at least one of four characteristics
(ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxic-
ity), or appears on special EPA lists.
Heavy Metals: Metallic elements with high
atomic weights, such as arsenic, lead, mercury,
and cadmium. Heavy metals are very hazardous
even at low concentrations and tend to accumu-
late in the food chain.
Herbicide: A chemical pesticide designed to
control or destroy plants, weeds, or grasses.
G-6
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GLOSSARY
Hot Spot: An area or vicinity of a site contain-
ing exceptionally high levels of contamination.
Hydrocarbons: Chemical compounds that
consist entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrology: The properties, distribution, and
circulation of water.
Hydrogeology: The geology of groundwater,
with particular emphasis on the chemistry and
movement of water.
Impoundment: A body of water or sludge
confined by a dam, dike, floodgate, or other
barrier.
Incineration: A group of treatment technolo-
gies involving destruction of waste by controlled
burning at high temperatures, e.g., burning
sludge to reduce the remaining residues to a
non-burnable ash that can be disposed of safely
on land, in some waters, or in underground
locations.
Infiltration: The movement of water or
other liquid down through soil from precipita-
tion (rain or snow) or from application of
wastewater to the land surface.
Influent: Water, wastewater, or other liquid
flowing into a reservoir, basin, or treatment
plant.
Injection Well: A well into which waste
fluids are placed, under pressure, for purposes
of disposal.
Inorganic Chemicals: Chemical sub-
stances of mineral origin, not of basic carbon
structure.
Installation Restoration Program: The
specially funded program established in 1978
under which the Department of Defense has
been identifying and evaluating its hazardous
waste sites and controlling the migration of
hazardous contaminants from those sites.
Intake: The source from where a water supply
is drawn, such as from a river or water body.
Interagency Agreement: A written agree-
ment between the EPA and a Federal agency
that has the lead for site cleanup activities,
setting forth the roles and responsibilities of the
agencies for performing and overseeing the
activities. States often are parties to interagency
agreements.
Interim (Permit) Status: Conditions under
which hazardous waste treatment, storage,
and disposal facilities, that were operating
when regulations under the RCRA became
final in 1980, are temporarily allowed by the
EPA to continue to operate while awaiting
denial or issuance of a permanent permit. The
facility must comply with certain regulations
to maintain interim status.
Lagoon: A shallow pond or liquid waste
containment structure. Lagoons typically are
used for the storage of wastewaters, sludges,
liquid wastes, or spent nuclear fuel.
Landfarm: To apply waste to land or incor-
porate waste into the surface soil, such as
fertilizer or soil conditioner. This practice
commonly is used for disposal of composted
wastes and sludges.
Landfill: A disposal facility where waste is
placed in or on land. Sanitcuy landfills are
disposal sites for non-hazardous solid wastes.
The waste is spread in layers, compacted to the
smallest practical volume, and covered with soil
at the end of each operating day. Secure chemi-
cal landfills are disposal sites for hazardous
waste. They are designed to minimize the
chance of release of hazardous substances into
the environment [see Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act].
Leach, Leaching [v.t.]: The process by
which soluble chemical components are dis-
solved and carried through soil by water or
some other percolating liquid.
G-7
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GLOSSARY
Leachate [n]: The liquid that trickles through
or drains from waste, carrying soluble compo-
nents from the waste.
Leachate Collection System: A system
that gathers liquid that has leaked into a landfill
or other waste disposal area and pumps it to the
surface for treatment.
Liner: A relatively impermeable barrier
designed to prevent leachate (waste residue)
from leaking from a landfill. Liner materials
include plastic and dense clay.
Long-term Remedial Phase: Distinct,
often incremental, steps that are taken to solve
site pollution problems. Depending on the
complexity, site cleanup activities can be
separated into several of these phases.
Long-term Response Action: An action
which requires a continuous period of on-site
activity before cleanup goals are achieved.
These actions typically include the extraction
and treatment of groundwater and monitoring
actions.
Marsh: A type of wetland that does not
contain peat moss deposits and is dominated by
vegetation. Marshes may be either fresh or
saltwater and tidal or non-tidal [see Wetland].
Migration: The movement of oil, gas, con-
taminants, water, or other liquids through porous
and permeable soils or rock.
Mill Tailings: [See Mine Tailings].
Mine Tailings: A fine, sandy residue left from
mining operations. Tailings often contain high
concentrations of lead, uranium, and arsenic or
other heavy metals.
Mitigation: Actions taken to improve site
conditions by limiting, reducing, or controlling
toxicity and contamination sources.
Modeling: A technique using a mathematical
or physical representation of a system or theory
that tests the effects that changes on system
components have on the overall performance of
the system.
Monitoring Wells: Special wells drilled at
specific locations within, or surrounding, a
hazardous waste site where groundwater can be
sampled at selected depths and studied to obtain
such information as the direction in which
groundwater flows and the types and amounts of
contaminates present.
National Priorities List (NPL): The
EPA's list of the most serious uncontrolled or
abandoned hazardous waste sites identified
for possible long-term cleanup under Super-
fund. The EPA is required to update the NPL
at least once a year.
Natural Attenuation: [See Attenuation].
Neutrals: Organic compounds that have a
relatively neutral pH, complex structure and,
due to their organic bases, are easily absorbed
into the environment. Water is the most
commonly known neutral, however, naphtha-
lene, pyrene, and trichlorobenzene also are
examples of neutrals.
Nitroaromatics: Common components of
explosive materials, which will explode if
activated by very high temperatures or pres-
sures; 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a
riitroaromatic.
Notice Letter: A General Notice Letter
notifies the parties potentially responsible for
site contamination of their possible liability. A
Special Notice Letter begins a 60-day formal
period of negotiation during which the EPA is
not allowed to start work at a site or initiate
enforcement actions against potentially respon-
sible parties, although the EPA may undertake
certain investigatory and planning activities.
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GLOSSARY
The 60-day period may be extended if the EPA
receives a good faith offer from the PRPs
within that period. [See also Good Faith Offer].
On-Scene Coordinator (OSC): The
predesignated EPA, Coast Guard, or Depart-
ment of Defense official who coordinates and
directs Superfund removal actions or Clean
Water Act oil- or hazardous-spill corrective
actions.
Operation and Maintenance: Activities
conducted at a site after a cleanup action is
completed to ensure that the cleanup or
containment system is functioning properly.
Organic Chemicals/Compounds:
Chemical substances containing mainly
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Outfall: The place where wastewater is
discharged into receiving waters.
Overpacking: Process used for isolating
large volumes of waste by jacketing or encap-
sulating waste to prevent further spread or
leakage of contaminating materials. Leaking
drums may be contained within oversized
barrels as an interim measure prior to removal
and final disposal.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP): A synthetic,
modified petrochemical that may be used as a
wood preservative because of its toxicity to
termites and fungi. It is a common component
of creosotes and can cause cancer.
Perched (groundwater): Groundwater
separated from another underlying body of
groundwater by a confining layer, often clay or
rock.
Percolation: The downward flow or filtering
of water or other liquids through subsurface
rock or soil layers, usually continuing down-
ward to groundwater.
Pesticide: A substance or mixture of sub-
stances intended to prevent, destroy, or repel any
pest. If misused, pesticides can accumulate in
the foodchain and contaminate the environment.
Petrochemicals: Chemical substances
produced from petroleum in refinery operations
and as fuel oil residues. These include
fluoranthene, chrysene, mineral spirits, and
refined oils. Petrochemicals are the bases from
which volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
plastics, and many pesticides are made. These
chemical substances often are toxic to humans
and the environment.
Phenols: Organic compounds that are used in
plastics manufacturing and are by-products of
petroleum refining, tanning, textile, dye, and
resin manufacturing. Phenols are highly poison-
ous.
Physical Chemical Separation: The
treatment process of adding a chemical to a
substance to separate the compounds for further
treatment or disposal.
Pilot Testing: A small-scale test of a pro-
posed treatment system in the field to determine
its ability to clean up specific contaminants.
Plugging: The process of stopping the flow of
water, oil, or gas into or out of the ground
through a borehole or well penetrating the
ground.
Plume: A body of contaminated groundwater
flowing from a specific source. The movement
of the groundwater is influenced by such factors
as local groundwater flow patterns, the character
of the aquifer in which groundwater is con-
tained, and the density of contaminants [see
Migration].
Pollution: Generally, the presence of matter
or energy whose nature, location, or quantity
produces undesired health or environmental
effects.
G-9
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GLOSSARY
Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons or
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs):
PAHs, such as pyrene, are a group of highly
reactive organic compounds found in motor oil.
They are a common component of creosotes and
can cause cancer.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): A
group of toxic chemicals used for a variety of
purposes including electrical applications,
carbonless copy paper, adhesives, hydraulic
fluids, microscope immersion oils, and caulking
compounds. PCBs also are produced in certain
combustion processes. PCBs are extremely
persistent in the environment because they are
very stable, non-reactive, and highly heat
resistant. Chronic exposure to PCBs is believed
to cause liver damage. It also is known to
bioaccumulate in fatty tissues. PCB use and
sale was banned in 1979 with the passage of the
Toxic Substances Control Act
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(PNAs): PNAs, such as naphthalene, and
biphenyls, are a group of highly reactive organic
compounds that are a common component of
creosotes, which can be carcinogenic.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): A plastic made
from the gaseous substance vinyl chloride. PVC
is used to make pipes, records, raincoats, and
floor tiles. Health risks from high concentra-
tions of vinyl chloride include liver cancer and
lung cancer, as well as cancer of the lymphatic
and nervous systems.
Potable Water: Water that is safe for drink-
ing and cooking.
Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs):
Parties associated with a Superfund site who
may be liable for the cost of remedying the
release of hazardous substances. This may
include owners or operators of the site or trans-
porters who disposed of materials at the site.
PRPs may admit liability, or liability may be
determined by a court of law. PRPs may sign a
Consent Decree or Administrative Order on
Consent to participate in the site cleanup without
admitting liability.
Precipitation: The removal of solids from
liquid waste so that the solid and liquid portions
can be disposed of safely; the removal of
particles from airborne emissions. Electro-
chemical precipitation is the use of an anode or
cathode to remove the hazardous chemicals.
Chemical precipitation involves the addition of
some substance to cause the solid portion to
separate.
Preliminary Assessment: The process of
collecting and reviewing available information
about a known or suspected waste site or release
to determine if a threat or potential threat exists.
Pump and Treat: A groundwater cleanup
technique involving the extracting of contami-
nated groundwater from the subsurface and the
removal of contaminants, using one of several
treatment technologies.
Radionuclides: Elements, including radium
and uranium-235 and -238, which break down
and produce radioactive substances due to their
unstable atomic structure. Some are man-made,
and others are naturally occurring in the envi-
ronment. Radon, the gaseous form of radium,
decays to form alpha particle radiation, which
cannot be absorbed through skin. However, it
can be inhaled, which allows alpha particles to
affect unprotected tissues directly and thus cause
cancer. Radiation also occurs naturally through
the breakdown of granite.
RCRA: [See Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act].
Recharge Area: A land area where rainwater
saturates the ground and soaks through the earth
to reach an aquifer.
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GLOSSARY
Record of Decision (ROD): A public
document that explains which cleanup
alternative(s) will be used to clean up sites
listed on the NPL. It is based on information
generated during the remedial investigation
and feasibility study and consideration of
public comments and community concerns.
Recovery Wells: Wells used to withdraw
contaminants or contaminated groundwater.
Recycle: The process of minimizing waste
generation by recovering usable products that
might otherwise become waste.
Remedial Action (RA): The actual con-
struction or implementation phase of a
Superfund site cleanup following the remedial
design [see Cleanup].
Remedial Design: A phase of site cleanup
where engineers design the technical specifi-
cations for cleanup remedies and technolo-
gies.
Remedial Investigation: An in-depth
study designed to gather the data necessary to
determine the nature and extent of contamina-
tion at a Superfund site, establish the criteria
for cleaning up the site, identify the prelimi-
nary alternatives for cleanup actions, and
support the technical and cost analyses of the
alternatives. The remedial investigation is
usually done with the feasibility study. In this
volume, the remedial investigation is referred
to as a site study [see also Feasibility Study].
Remedial Project Manager (RPM): The
EPA or State official responsible for oversee-
ing cleanup actions at the site.
Remedy Selection: The selection of the
final cleanup strategy for the site. At the few
sites where the EPA has determined that
initial response actions have eliminated site
contamination, or that any remaining con-
tamination will be naturally dispersed without
further cleanup activities, a "No Action"
remedy is selected [see Record of Decision].
Removal Action: Short-term immediate
actions taken to address releases of hazardous
substances [see Cleanup].
Residual: The amount of a pollutant re-
maining in the environment after a natural or
technological process has taken place, e.g.,
the sludge remaining after initial wastewater
treatment, or the particulates remaining in air
after the air passes through a scrubber.
Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA): A Federal law that established
a regulatory system to track hazardous sub-
stances from the time of generation to dis-
posal. The law requires safe and secure
procedures to be used in treating, transport-
ing, storing, and disposing of hazardous
substances. RCRA is designed to prevent
new, uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.
Retention Pond: A small body of liquid
used for disposing of wastes and containing
overflow from production facilities. Some-
times retention ponds are used to expand the
capacity of such structures as lagoons the
store waste.
Runoff: The discharge of water over land
into surface water. It can carry pollutants
from the air and land and spread contaminants
from its source.
Scrubber: An air pollution control device
that uses a spray of water or reactant or a dry
process to trap pollutants in emissions.
Sediment: The layer of soil, sand, and
minerals at the bottom of surface waters such
as streams, lakes, and rivers, that absorbs
contaminants.
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GLOSSARY
Seeps: Specific points where releases of
liquid, usually leachate, form from waste
disposal areas, particularly along the lower
edges of landfills.
Seepage Pits: A hole, shaft, or cavity in
the ground used for the storage of liquids,
usually in the form of leachate, from waste
disposal areas. The liquid gradually leaves
the pit by moving through the surrounding
soil.
Septage: Residue remaining in a septic tank
after the treatment process.
Sinkhole: A hollow depression in the land
surface in which drainage collects; associated
with underground caves and passages that
facilitate the movement of liquids.
Site Characterization: The technical pro-
cess used to evaluate the nature and extent of
environmental contamination, which is neces-
sary for choosing and designing cleanup mea-
sures and monitoring their effectiveness.
Site Inspection: The collection of informa-
tion from a hazardous waste site to determine
the extent and severity of hazards posed by the
site. It follows, and is more extensive than, a
preliminary assessment. The purpose is to
gather information necessary to score the site,
using the Hazard Ranking System, and to
determine if the site presents an immediate
threat that requires a prompt removal action.
Slag: The fused refuse or dross separated
from a metal in the process of smelting.
Sludge: Semi-solid residues from industrial
or water treatment processes that may be
contaminated with hazardous materials.
Slurry Wall: Barriers used to contain the flow
of contaminated groundwater or subsurface
liquids. Slurry walls are constructed by digging
a trench around a contaminated area and filling
the trench with an impermeable material that
prevents water from passing through it. The
groundwater or contaminated liquids trapped
within the area surrounded by the slurry wall
can be extracted and treated.
Smelter: A facility that melts or fuses ore,
often with an accompanying chemical change,
to separate the metal. Emissions from smelters
are known to cause pollution.
Soil Gas: Gaseous elements and compounds
that occur in the small spaces between par-
ticles of soil. Such gases can move through
or leave the soil or rock, depending on
changes in pressure.
Soil Vapor Extraction: A treatment
process that uses vacuum wells to remove
hazardous gases from soil.
Soil Washing: A water-based process for
mechanically scrubbing soils in-place to remove
undesirable materials. There are two ap-
proaches: dissolving or suspending them in the
wash solution for later treatment by conven-
tional methods, and concentrating them into a
smaller volume of soil through simple particle
size separation techniques [see Solvent Extrac-
tion].
Stabilization: The process of changing an
active substance into inert, harmless material,
or physical activities at a site that act to limit
the further spread of contamination without
actual reduction of toxicity.
Solidification/Stabilization: A chemical
or physical reduction of the mobility of
hazardous constituents. Mobility is reduced
through the binding of hazardous constituents
into a solid mass with low permeability and
resistance to leaching.
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GLOSSARY
Solvent: A substance capable of dissolving
another substance to form a solution. The
primary uses of industrial solvents are as
cleaners for degreasing, in paints, and in
Pharmaceuticals. Many solvents are flam-
mable and toxic to varying degrees.
Solvent Extraction: A means of separating
hazardous contaminants from soils, sludges,
and sediment, thereby reducing the volume of
the hazardous waste that must be treated. It
generally is used as one in a series of unit
operations. An organic chemical is used to
dissolve contaminants as opposed to water-
based compounds, which usually are used in
soil washing.
Sorption: The action of soaking up or
attracting substances. It is used in many
pollution control systems.
Special Notice Letter: [See Notice Let-
ter].
Still bottom: Residues left over from the
process of recovering spent solvents.
Stripping: A process used to remove volatile
contaminants from a substance [see Air Strip-
ping].
Sumps: A pit or tank that catches liquid
runoff for drainage or disposal.
Superf und: The program operated under the
legislative authority of the CERCLA and
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act (SARA) to update and improve environ-
mental laws. The program has the authority to
respond directly to releases or threatened re-
leases of hazardous substances that may endan-
ger public health, welfare, or the environment
The "Superfund" is a trust fund that finances
cleanup actions at hazardous waste sites.
Surge Tanks: A holding structure used to
absorb irregularities in flow of liquids, including
liquid waste materials.
Swamp: A type of wetland that is dominated
by woody vegetation and does not accumulate
peat moss deposits. Swamps may be fresh or
saltwater and tidal or non-tidal [see Wetlands].
Thermal Treatment: The use of heat to
remove or destroy contaminants from soil.
Treatability Studies: Testing a treatment
method on contaminated groundwater, soil, etc.,
to determine whether and how well the method
will work.
Trichloroethylene (TCE): A stable, color-
less liquid with a low boiling point. TCE has
many industrial applications, including use as
a solvent and as a metal degreasing agent.
TCE may be toxic to people when inhaled,
ingested, or through skin contact and can
damage vital organs, especially the liver [see
Volatile Organic Compounds].
Unilateral [Administrative] Order: [see
Administrative Order].
Upgradient: An upward hydrologic slope;
demarks areas that are higher than contaminated
areas and, therefore, are not prone to contamina-
tion by the movement of polluted groundwater.
Vacuum Extraction: A technology used to
remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
from soils. Vacuum pumps are connected to a
series of wells drilled to just above the water
table. The wells are sealed tightly at the soil
surface, and the vacuum established in the soil
draws VOC-contaminated air from the soil
pores into the well, as fresh air is drawn down
from the surface of the soil.
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GLOSSARY
Vegetated Soil Cap: A cap constructed with
graded soils and seed for vegetative growth, to
prevent erosion [see Cap].
Vitrification: The process of electrically
melting wastes and soils or sludges to bind the
waste in a glassy, solid material more durable
than granite or marble and resistant to leaching.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):
VOCs are manufactured as secondary petro-
chemicals. They include light alcohols, acetone,
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene,
dichloroethylene, benzene, vinyl chloride,
toluene, and methylene chloride. These poten-
tially toxic chemicals are used as solvents,
degreasers, paints, thinners, and fuels. Because
of their volatile nature, they readily evaporate
into the air, increasing the potential exposure to
humans. Due to their low water solubility,
environmental persistence, and widespread
industrial use, they are commonly found in soil
and groundwater.
Waste Treatment Plant: A facility that
uses a series of tanks, screens, filters, and
other treatment processes to remove pollut-
ants from water.
Waste water: The spent or used water from
individual homes or industries.
Watershed: The land area that drains into a
stream or other water body.
Water Table: The upper surface of the
groundwater.
Weir: A barrier to divert water or other liquids.
Wetland: An area that is regularly saturated
by surface or groundwater and, under normal
circumstances, is capable of supporting
vegetation typically adapted for life in satu-
rated soil conditions. Wetlands are critical to
sustaining many species of fish and wildlife.
Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes,
and bogs. Wetlands may be either coastal or
inland. Coastal wetlands have salt or brackish
(a mixture of salt and fresh) water, and most
have tides, while inland wetlands are non-
tidal and freshwater. Coastal wetlands are an
integral component of estuaries.
Wildlife Refuge: An area designated for
the protection of wild animals, within which
hunting and fishing are either prohibited or
strictly controlled.
G-14
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GLOSSARY
Some Common Contaminants at NPL Sites
Contaminant
Category
Example
Chemical Types
Sources
Potential Health
Threats*
Heavy Metafe
Volatile Organic
Compounds
(VQCs)
Poiychformated
RadMfon
Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium,
Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper,
Chromium, Lead, Manga-
nese, Mercury, Nickel,
Silver, Selenium, Zinc
Trichloroethylene (TCE),
Perchloroethylene (PCE),
Acetone, Benzene,
Ketone, Methyl chloride,
Toluene, Vinyl Chloride,
Dichlorethylene
Chlordane, DDT 4-4, DDE,
Heptachlor, Aldrin, Endrin,
Atrazine, Dieldrin, Toxa-
phene
Polyaromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAHs), Polynuclear
aromatics (PNAs),
Phenolic Tars, Pentachlo-
rophenol (PCP)
Radium-226, Radon,
Uranium-235, Uranium-
238
Electroplating, batteries,
paint pigments, photogra-
phy, smelting, thermom-
eters, fluorescent lights,
solvent recovery
Solvents and degreasers,
gasoline octane enhanc-
ers, oils and paints, dry
cleaning fluids, chemical
manufacturing.
Agricultural applications,
pesticide and herbicide
production
Electric transformers and
capacitors, insulators and
coolants, adhesives,
caulking compounds,
carbonless copy paper,
hydraulic fluids.
Wood preserving, fossil
fuel combustion
Mine tailings, radium
products, natural decay of
granites
Tumors, cancers, and kidney,
brain, neurological, bone and
liver damage
Cancers, kidney and liver
damage, impairment of the
nervous system resulting in
sleepiness and headaches,
leukemia
Various effects ranging from
nausea to nervous disorders.
Dioxin is a common by-product
of the manufacture of pesti-
cides and is both highly toxic
and a suspected carcinogen.
Cancer and liver damage.
Cancers and skin ulcerations
with prolonged exposure
Cancer
Sources: Toxic Chemicals—What They Are, How They Affect You (EPA, Region 5)
Glossary of Environmental Terms (EPA, 1988)
*The potential for risk due to these contaminants is linked to a number of factors; for example, the length and level of exposure
and environmental and health factors such as age.
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