Foreign Noise Research in Surface Transportation


                            EPA 550/9-78-30V
FOREIGN NOISE RESEARCH
    SURFACE TRANSPORT ATI
             DECEMBER 1977

         IFFICE OF NOISE ABATEMENT & CONTROL
        U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
           WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

-------
This report has been reviewed by the U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
and  approved for publication.  Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and  policies of the U.S. Environmental  Protection
Agency, nor does mention of commercial products constitute endorsement
by the U.S. Government

-------
         FOREIGN NOISE RESEARCH

                   IN

         SURFACE TRANSPORTATION
           December, 1977
Office of Noise Abatement and Control
U.  S.  Environmental Protection Agency
       Washington, D. C. 20^60

-------
                               PREFACE
Method of Data Collection

          The information was collected by means of inquiries to foreign

noise contacts, both individuals and organizations.  The contacts were queried

about their research activities and the names of other individuals or organizations

that they were aware of who might be involved in pertinent noise research.

These referrals were then contacted to ascertain their research efforts.  In

addition, inquiries were made at the Ninth International Congress on

Acoustics, July 1977,.in Madrid, Spain.  In total, approximately 1300

requests were made.  The foreign researchers were asked to  respond with

information on their noise abatement research projects that have been

completed since January 1976, are in progress, or are planned.  They were

asked to respond with information about research projects that deal with:

     o    Aviation noise source control technology

     o    Surface transportation noise source control technology

     o    Machinery and construction equipment noise source
          control technology

     o    Measurement methodology

     o    Systems research for noise abatement

The latter two categories include projects not specifically classifiable

under aviation, surface transportation, or machinery and construction

equipment.  "Systems research" includes path modification projects such as

noise barriers and operational techniques such as modification of  traffic

flows.

-------
From these contacts, 368 Surface Transportation Noise Research Projects

were identified.



Handling of Data

          To retain reporting accuracy, where possible, the original responses

were included in the report.  In the case of foreign language reports, or data

not in our format, the information was translated and/or transcribed to a

unified format and is identified as having been so treated.  Some researchers

described their projects to us in a very limited fashion.  Therefore, these

projects, when listed in this report, show very fragmentary data elements.  We

did not try to augment these responses, but simply transcribed them verbatim

in an abbreviated format at the end of each topical section.



          Any funding data that was not reported in U. S. dollars has been

converted and the reports show both the reported foreign currency figures

in parentheses and the converted U. S. dollars figures.  Below is the table

of exchange rates used:



          Exchange Rates as of Tuesday, June 21, 1977
          (Source:  The Wall Street Journal)

          Argentina-Peso                  =  0.00281 US Dollar

          Australia-Dollar                =  1.1100 US Dollar

          Belgium-Franc                   =  0.027715 US Dollar

          Canada-Dollar                   =  0.9428 US Dollar

          Denmark-Krone                   =  0.1649 US Dollar
                                  11

-------
          Finland-Markha

          France-Franc

          Japan-Yen

          Netherlands-Franc

          Northern Ireland-Pound

          Norway-Krone

          Poland-Zloty

          Portugal-Escudo

          S co tland-Pound

          Sweden-Krona

          Switzerland-Franc

          United  Kingdom-Pound

          West Germany-Mark
=  0.2450 US Dollar

=  0.2024 US Dollar

=  0.003671 US Dollar

=  0.2024 US Dollar

=  1.7196 US Dollar

=  0.1884 US Dollar

=  0.0502 US Dollar

=  0.02590 US Dollar

=  1.7196 US Dollar

=  0.2253 US Dollar

=  0.3997 US Dollar

=  1.7196 US Dollar

=  0.4240 US Dollar
Completeness and Accuracy of Information

          Countries  or  International Organizations Where Researchers Were Contacted
          Argentina
          Australia
          Austria
          Belguim
          Bulgaria
          Canada
          Czechoslovakia
          Denmark
          Finland
          France
          East Germany
          West Germany
          Greece
          Hungary
          International Civil Aviation
           Organization
          Ireland
          International Standards
           Organization
          Israel
          Italy
          Japan
                                   iii
 Luxembourg
 North Atlantic  Treaty  Organization
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Norway
 Organization for  Economic  Cooperation
   and Development
 Poland
 Portugal
 Rumania
 South Africa
 Spain
 Sweden
 Switzerland
 United Kingdom
 United Nations
 Yugoslovia
 Union of Soviet Socialist
   Republics

-------
          In some of these countries we did not receive large numbers of
responses.  This does not prove conclusively that little or no research
is being carried out in these countries.  In some cases, we probably never
identified the proper contacts.  However, it is more likely that a low
response rate is an indication that in these areas research is not widespread,
with one exception—the USSR, where it is certain that research is being
conducted but no response was forthcoming to our inquiries.
          While it is impossible to be sure of the accuracy of the reported
data, it is likely to be accurate because the data was mostly provided by
the researchers themselves, not second or third hand.  There is a wide
variation in the amount of information reported per project.  This probably
reflects the varying amounts of time that researchers had available to
respond to our inquiries.
          The dollar figures given  for  the research efforts should not be
taken too literally because  they paint  an oversimplified picture.  The
buying power of a  fixed  amount  of  dollars can  vary  from country to country
due to flucutating foreign exchange rates.   There are  also  differences
between countries  in calculating  costs  of  a project,  for  example,  inclusion
of overhead rates.   The  most important  factor  when  considering the funding
data is that it  is available for  only a fraction of the reported  projects.
This overshadows any other qualifying factors.  It  is  felt that because
of these  factors,  the  total  funding figures underestimate the  total  committed
resources, but  to  an unknown degree.
                                  IV

-------
                   TABLE OF CONTENTS




                                                       Page




Preface                                                 i




Acknowledgements                                       ix




Introduction                                           1




Discussion of Foreign Research




          Magnitude of Research Effort                  5




          Analysis of Research                          8




Funding charts                                            21




      Summary Surface Vehicle Noise




        R&D Funding, 1976-1977                          23




      Highway Noise R&D Funding,  1976-1977              24




      Off-Highway and Recreational Vehicle




        Noise R&D Funding, 1976-1977                    25




      Rail Noise R&D Funding, 1976-1977                 26




      Surface Vehicle Components  Noise R&D




        Funding, 1976-1977                              27




      Measurement and Enforcement R&D




        Funding, 1976-1977                              28




      Acoustic Properties R&D Funding, 1976-1977        29

-------
Highway Noise  Research Projects
     Medium  and Heavy  Trucks                            31
     Light Vehicles                                      41
     Buses                                                49
     Highway Planning  and  Land Management              55
     Highway Model Analysis and Prediction             77
     Other                                                117

Off-Highway and Recreational Vehicle Noise Research Projects

     Motorcycles                                         135
     Motorboats                                          139

Rail lloise Research Projects
     Locomotives and Passenger Trains                   143
     Rapid Rail Transit                                  149
     Innovative Guided Mass Transit                     161
     Rail Model Analysis  and Prediction                167
     Other                                                173

Surface Vehicle Components Noise Research Projects
     Engines                                             185
     Exhaust Mufflers                                    205
     Power Train                                         217
     Tires                                                221
     Other                                                239
                           vi

-------
Measurement and Enforcement Research Projects





      Methodology and  Standards                           247




      Training                                             291





Acoustic Properties  Research Projects



      Propagation                                          295




      Barriers                                             313




      Architectural Acoustics                             335




      Impact  and Vibration                                349




      Other                                                 363





Country Index of Research Projects                             367
                             vii

-------
                      ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S









      The principal compiler of this report, Robert English of In-




formatics Inc., wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Pat Dufour,




Miriam Heilman and Carl Modig of Informatics, Harvey Nozick, Roger




Heymann and Thomas Quindry of the Office of Noise Abatement and Control,




and the hundreds of noise abatement researchers abroad who shared




information about their projects.
                            IX

-------
                         INTRODUCTION
Purpose of the Report







          This is one of three reports which summarize foreign




noise abatement research efforts, based on an appraisal carried




out by Informatics Inc for the U. S. Environmental Protection




Agency, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, as part of




their noise research coordination efforts.  The U. S.




Environmental Protection Agency has reconstituted interagency




noise research panels covering three areas:  aviation, surface




transportation, and machinery and construction equipment.  The




purpose of the panels is to assemble a total picture of U. S.




Federally-sponsored noise abatement research recently com-




pleted, in progress, or planned, and provide recommendations for




additional research which should be performed to meet the goals




embodied in the national noise abatement strategy.  The three




panel reports are scheduled for release in early 1978.





          The three reports on research abroad are to supple-




ment the information provided in the panel reports by providing




a broad overview of the international research effort underway




in noise abatement and control.

-------
Categorization




          For this report,  Surface Transportation Noise Abatement Technology




Research, the projects were categorized as follows:




     Highway Noise




          Medium and Heavy  Trucks




          Light Vehicles




          Buses




          Highway Planning  and Land Management




          Highway Model Analysis and Prediction




          Other




     Off-Highway and Recreational Vehicle Noise




          Motorcycles




          Motorboats




     Rail Noise




          Locomotives and Passenger Trains




          Rapid Rail Transit




          Innovative Guided Mass Transit




          Rail Model Analysis  and Prediction




          Other




     Surface Vehicle Components  Noise




          Engine




          Exhaust Mufflers




          Power Train




          Tires




          Other

-------
Measurement and Enforcement




     Methodology and Standards




     Training




Acoustic Properties




     Propagation




     Barriers




     Architectural Acoustics




     Impact and Vibration




     Other

-------
                  DISCUSSION OF FOREIGN RESEARCH

                   MAGNITUDE OF RESEARCH EFFORT



 Reported Research by Country

          The following number of projects were reported by country:

               United Kingdom            93
               West Germany              59
               Netherlands               44
               Switzerland               34
               Japan                     34
               Sweden                    27
               Canada                    20
               Denmark                   11
               Australia                  8
               France                     8
               Poland                     8
               Norway                     6
               Israel                     3
               Italy                      2
               Belgium                    2
               Northern Ireland           2
               Czechoslovakia             1
               Hungary                    1
               Portugal                   1

 Sponsorship of Research

         In  almost all  countries, most  of the  research  reported  is

government  sponsored.   In  Socialist  countries,  the government  sponsor-

ship  rate is  100%.   In Switzerland  and the United Kingdom, private

sponsorship  of  the reported  research  approaches 65%.   Belgium,  Denmark,

Israel,  and  Northern Ireland also show levels  of private sponsorship

that  are possibly significant.

 Type of Research

          The type of research was self-identified for  less than half of the

 reported research.  Even though there is only partial reporting  in this area,

-------
there seems to be fewer developmental  than fundamental projects and fewer

demonstration than developmental.   Czechoslovakia,  Japan,  Poland,  United

Kingdom, and West Germany appear  to be doing most of  the demonstration work.

Each of these countries have two  or more projects that are at least partially

demonstration in nature.
                    Typ.es* of Research by Country

Australia
Belgium
Canada
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
France
Hungary
Israel
Japan
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
West Germany
TOTALS
Fundamental
5
1
3

1
1
3
3
24

1
3
1
2
10
18
8
84
Development


3

1
1
1
1
21


4

4
6
5
3
50
Demonstration
1

1
2
1
1


24


2


1
3
2
38
Measurement
& Methodology
4
1
6

1

3
2
8

1
2
1
1
3
9
2
44
Unclassified
1

12

8
6


2
44
5
2

23
24
73
49
249

465
   *As  self-reported by investigators,  who had the opportunity to classify
    their projects  using one or more of the categories listed in the table.

-------
The table sums to more than the total number of projects because some
projects were classified as more than one type.

Funding Information
          Funding tables are provided on pages 23-29.  They show funding
by country for each major category for the period 1976-1977 and funding
by country for each sub-category for the same period.

-------
                           ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH

  HIGHWAY NOISE
  Medium and Heavy Trucks
       Many countries have started "quiet truck"  projects,  with the purpose
  of designing new production models quieter than existing  ones.   Some of
  the design goals are:
                               86 dBA @25 ft. (approximately 81 dBA @50 ft.)
            United Kingdom     80-82 dBA @25 ft.  (approximately 75-77 dBA @50 ft.)
            Switzerland        2.5 dBA less than present Swiss regulation [of
                               87 dBA @25 ft.,  i.e.,  goal is 84.5 dBA @25 ft.,
                               or approximately 79 dBA at 50 ft.]
            Netherlands        10 dBA reduction from present models
 Much of this research has been motivated by legislative limits scheduled
 to go into effect in the next few years.
      Another subject under study is noise inside truck cabs (two studies).


 Light Vehicles

      The emphasis in this research is not noise  emissions  to  the outside
 environment  but  rather  the noise environment inside  the passenger compartment.
 Some  approaches  include  redesign of  the  compartment  frame  to  reduce  vibration
 and better engine mounts  to reduce structure-borne noise transmitted from
 the engine block.


Buses

     Of note is the Dutch interest in German retrofit of existing buses  for
noise abatement purposes.

-------
Highway Planning and Land Management




     Many types o± projects have been included in this category:   solutions




to urban traffic noise other than barriers, which are not effective in




the urban environment (Canada); research supporting new regulatory guidelines,




including explanatory documentation for designers (Czechoslovakia); criteria




for human sensitivity to traffic noise (Netherlands); and economic analysis




(Norway).  In addition to planning of new highways, rerouting of existing




traffic is being studied (Norway).









Highway Model Analysis and Prediction




     Researchers in many countries are working on the prediction and




modeling of traffic noise.  Most of their models are based on steady-




stream traffic conditions.  A few are now starting to deal with restricted




traffic flow.  Work is being carried out in the United Kingdom, Sweden,




Japan, West Germany, and Switzerland to develop computerized prediction




models.  Research in Sweden is trying to develop computer programs to




draw contour maps of road traffic noise and a Joint Nordic Prediction




Model for highway planning with a precision of ±3 dBA.  There is an effort




in Switzerland to develop a computerized model of noise propagation that




will be commerically available to any interested party.  Work in the




United Kingdom predicts a 4 dBA reduction* in traffic noise in interrupted




flow areas due to traffic management practices.  A lot of highly theoretical




predictive work is being carried out in Japan and is being applied in




highway noise prediction.  It includes digital simulations and statistical




treatment of data on traffic noise in Hiroshima City.  They find that




their experimental results agree well with their theories.
*  No reference noise level provided in research project report.

-------
Highway Noise: Other


      One  area  of  interest in  this  category  is noise  from  the  road surface.


Assessments of the noise from grooved pavement, coarse text road  surfaces,


and different  types of paving are  being conducted.   The effects of inter-


rupted  traffic flow on noise  emissions is being studied in a  variety  of


places.   West  German  researchers are considering  the effects  of traffic


light phases and  the  types of intersections on noise and  are  looking  at


the basic parameters  of traffic flow.  The Netherlands is considering such


system  approaches as  separate bus  and tram lanes, bicycle * routes, and


limited vehicle access to residential streets.  British researchers have


gathered  data  on  noise emissions of traffic at intersections and  intend


to  set  up design  criteria for new  intersections based on  the  data.  Inter-


keller AG/SA of Switzerland is carrying out a large  number of research


projects.  They cover a variety of subjects including acoustic comfort,


noise radiation from  motor vehicles, and fast Fourier simulation  techniques.





OFF-HIGHWAY AND RECREATIONAL VEHICLE NOISE


Motorcycles


      Only two  research projects were uncovered in this area.  The Netherlands


is  involved in very basic data gathering efforts  on  the noise of  mopeds.


Japanese  research is more advanced and looks at the  different character-


istics of motorcycle noise due to acceleration.
*   Project described them as cycle routes. It is assumed they mean bicycle

    routes because of the widespread use of bicycles in the Netherlands for
    commuting.
                                 10

-------
Motorboats

     Very little research was reported in this area.  Some work is being

done in Sweden on noise and vibration and its transmission in the motor-

boat hull.  Acoustic enclosures for outboard motors are being developed

in the United Kingdom.



RAIL NOISE

Locomotives and Passenger Trains

     Most research on  the topic is in the measurement and assessment area.

Research is ongoing in the Netherlands to identify the noise emissions

of different types of  railroad vehicles and components under operating

conditions.  A Canadian project is attemping to design a car retarder

system that reduces or eliminates the emitted squeal.



Rapid Rail Transit

     Noise abatement of the wheel and axle and wheel/rail interaction

is being attempted in  several countries.  Japanese efforts have produced

a damped wheel with 1-3 dBA reduction and a "soundproofed" wheel with

a 3-5 dBA reduction*".  Shape, thickness, height, and absorptive

lining effects of sound barrier walls along rapid transit rail systems

are being investigated.
* No reference noise level provided by research project description for
  the untreated wheel.
                                  11

-------
 Innovative  Guided Mass  Transit




      Japanese efforts have  reduced  the vibration transmission to nearby




 buildings by  placing the  track on a pile  insulated  from the  subway tunnel




 structure.  Other research  efforts  deal with wheel/rail contact  noise,




 curve noise,  and bridge noise.  The Netherlands  is  trying  to develop




 noise zones around  their  tramways.









 Rail  Model  Analysis and Prediction




      Basic  research efforts in Norway, Sweden, Switzerland,  United Kingdom,




 and West Germany are being  conducted to develop  calculation  models and




 other methods  for predicting noise  from general  railroad traffic,  switch-




 yards,  and  fast electric  trains.  These predictions will be  used  as a




 basis for setting limits  on noise and suggesting ways to meet  these limits.









 Rail  Noise: Other




      Research  is being  conducted on passive noise abatement methods such




 as  noise barriers (embankments or walls of various types),  sound insulating




 windows, and placing the  tracks underground or in cuttings.  The Netherlands




 is  performing basic investigations to set up noise zones around railroads.




 The causes of shunting and switching noise (motors,  impact, braking,




 communication, etc.) are being investigated.  A Swedish project investigated




 the difference in noise levels from two railway transformer stations and




 obtained a 10 dBA reduction* by the use of ventilation system dampers and




outdoor absorbent screens.
*  No reference noise level provided by the research project description.
                                  12

-------
SURFACE VEHICLE COMPONENT NOISE




Engines




     The Institute of Sound and Vibration Research in Southampton, United




Kingdom, is doing extensive work in the field of engine noise.  Their work




includes modeling of turbocharged engine noise, damping of engine covers




with rubber inserts, evaluation of polymers as damping material, developing




a minimal cooling system and associated noise reduction features, develop-




ment of a prototype quiet truck engine, modeling of engine structures for




low noise, and studying the effect of oil films on engine impact noise.




Optical holography techniques are being used in Australia to measure the




      response of engine cylinder walls to vibration.  Engine vibration




in general is being studied in many areas of the world.  This includes




studies of vibration in the engine block, vibration due to piston slap,




and development of mathematical models of engine and transmission vibration.




One such model in development by Perkins Engines Ltd. of the United Kingdom




will aid in quiet engine designs.  The target is a 10 dBA reduction.  Use




of the predictive techniques has resulted in a 7 dBA reduction in an




experimental quiet engine*.  The research seems to be approximately equally




split between internal combustion and diesel engines.  Most of the research




in this category falls into the fundamental and development categories.
*  No refererence noise level provided by the research project description.
                                 13

-------
Exhaust Mufflers




     As in engine noise, the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research in




Southampton, United Kingdom, is doing considerable research on exhaust




mufflers.  Research is being done in. the prediction and modeling of exhaust




systems and noise for both internal combustion and diesel engines.  The




United Kingdom is developing a Quiet Heavy Vehicle exhaust system to go




along with its Quiet Heavy Vehicle.  Most of the work in this area is




fundamental and developmental.









Power Train




     Only three research projects were uncovered in this category.  All




were from the United Kingdom and covered vibrations and noise in the




crankshaft, gearbox, and transmission.  Some work is intended to check the




ability of a theoretical model to predict the associated noise.









Tires




     Research on tire noise seems to be predominantly fundamental.  There




is a widespread attempt to ascertain the causes of tire noises and the




characteristics of the tires and road that promote noise.  The IFM-Bureau




of Acoustics in Sweden is doing a considerable amount of research on




tire noise.  In the United  Kingdom,  there is an effort to identify the




quietest commercially available tires for use on the Quiet Heavy Vehicle.




They have determined that radial tires are 2-3 dBA quieter than mono-ply




tires*.  Difference  in noise levels between wet and dry roads is also




being considered.
   No reference noise levels provided in research project description.
                                  14

-------
Surface Vehicle Components: Other




     Researchers in Sweden are attemping to develop a screen to go on




a car in order to reduce tire noise.  Preliminary reductions of 3 dBA




are expected at 7.5 m.*  Other efforts are looking at the body as a noise




transmission element to the passenger compartment and at reducing intrinsic




vehicle noises such as rattling, squeaking, and shifting of structural




components.









MEASUREMENT AND ENFORCEMENT




Methodology and Standards




     Almost every country responding to the survey is involved in measure-




ment methodology and standards in some way.  A major area of research is




the development of basic measurement methods for traffic and rail noise.




This research includes development of instrumentaton including a miniature




sound level meter, assessment of the accuracy of various sound level meter




measurements, statistical simulations of random street noise, and develop-




ment of computer programs to assist in measurement of noise levels.




Interkeller AG/SA in Switzerland and Heinrich Gillet AG in West Germany




are very active in instrumentation and measurement research as it relates




to automobile noise.  A West German research project is developing a




measurement method for noise levels of new ships upon delivery (tugboats,




freighters, and low rated passenger ships).  The actual measurement of




noise levels is another major area of effort.  This includes measurement




of time distributions of noise levels, truck cab interior noise levels,




noise levels in urban and rural areas, levels at intersections, and noise




levels of railroad rolling stock and around rail stations.  These noise
*  No reference noise levels provided in  the research project  description.





                                 15

-------
measurement research activities are being carried out in most cases  as




a basis for the establishment of emission and immission limits  to be




developed for traffic and rail noise.









Training




     Two Canadian research projects are concerned with training.  They




deal with the development of training courses for the use of the land




use developer, planner, architect, or engineer.  They allow determination




of the noise impacts due to highway traffic, and site design and site




layout to achieve recommended sound levels.









ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES




Propagation




     Research in this area is predominantly fundamental and dealing with




measurement methodology.  Many researchers are investigating the basic




mechanisms of noise propagation under various conditions.   The mechanisms




of propagation over water,  over large asphalt surfaces,  under the influence




of wind and varying meteorological conditions, in urban and suburban areas,




in streets of varying conditions,  and over different road coverings




are all being studied.   Also under study are ways to determine the




acoustic impedance of the ground and the effects on noise propagation




of tunnel openings and nearby wooded areas.   Methods for the prediction




of noise propagation and models of its transmission are being developed.
                                  16

-------
Barriers




     In addition to fundamental research in this category, a considerable




amount of developmental and demonstration work is being done.  One project




in the Netherlands intends to survey the existing worldwide barrier




technology.  A Swiss project is developing a computer model to predict




the effects of barriers and optimize their location.  Their results show




good agreement with measured noise levels.  They intend to make it




commercially available to any interested parties.  Research is progressing




on the development of various types of barriers - wood screens, both




reflective and absorptive; earthen barriers; rows of buildings; and belts




of vegetation.  Many areas are exploring the use of vegetative screens,




even to the levels of which types of trees or bushes are best in "acoustic




quality."  Another area of major effort is the evaluation of the effective-




ness of existing noise barriers.









Architectural Acoustics




     Much work is being done on the use of absorptive material in and




around buildings to reduce noise levels.  A Canadian project studying the




noise levels on high rise balconies due to traffic noise (70 - 80 dBA)




found a 5 dBA reduction by absortively treating the balcony ceilings alone.




Other research efforts address the use of different window constructions




for noise abatement.  The interior arrangement of rooms in buildings to




avoid traffic noise is being considered as a noise abatement method in




the Netherlands.
                                  17

-------
 Impact and Vibration




      Several countries  are involved in the assessment and prevention of




 vibration propagation into buildings.   This can be caused by either traffic,




 subway systems,  or railroads.   Efforts in Japan have  resulted in vibration




 reduction in nearby buildings  by  supporting rapid  rail system tracks on




 piles insulated  from the tunnel structure.   West German efforts  have reduced




 vibration transmission  by spring  suspended rails.   Other research is




 concerned with the plaster adherence effects of heavy traffic vibrations,




 structural noise in buildings  built directly over  traffic arteries,  and




 noise and vibration near road  speed control humps.









 Acoustic Properties!Other




      The three projects in this category  come from Interkeller AG/SA in




 Switzerland and  deal with functions  and physical laws  of material for




 insulation,  absorption,  or damping  and with studies of standing  waves in




 auto  passenger compartments.









 SUMMARY





      Of the types  of  sources considered, highway noise abatement appears




 to be getting  by far  the most attention.  There  are 368  research projects




 reported  and 109 of  these  are classified as Highway Noise projects




 (Table, Page 23 ).   In addition, a large number  of projects  from the




 Surface Vehicle Components, Measurement and Enforcement, and Acoustic




 Properties categories deal with highway noise.   Rail Noise abatement




 follows second in level of research effort and Off-Highway and Recreational




Vehicle Noise research is a distant third.
                                  18

-------
     Considering the research by category, Highway Noise again has




the highest level of effort, 109 projects.  Surface Vehicle Components,




Acoustic Properties, and Measurement and Enforcement (74, 74, and 66




respectively) fall next in order of precedence with approximately the




same level of effort for all three.  Rail Noise with 39 projects came




next and Off-Highway and Recreational Vehicles is again seen as having




the lowest amount of research effort with only 6 projects reported.




     Several projects stand out as significant efforts, as showing




significant results, or as having no U.S. research counterpart; and




therefore deserve a second mentioning.  One project at the Cranfield




Institute of Technology in the United Kingdom is attacking the problem




of automobile interior noise by redesigning the passenger compartment




frame to reduce vibration.  At the Imperial College of Science and




Technology of London Unversity, United Kingdom, a L-^Q predictive model




for urban traffic noise is being developed.  Their preliminary results




show that reduction of 4 dBA or more can be achieved by management




practices of interrupted flow traffic.  Teito Rapid Transit Authority




of Japan has tested several types of soundproof wheels.  Their results




show a 3-5 dBA reduction with a resilient "soundproofed" wheel and




a 1-3 dBA reduction with a damped "soundproofed" wheel.  The Public




Health and Environmental Hygiene Department of the Netherlands intends




to survey the results of barrier studies worldwide and investigate the




applicability of their results to traffic noise.  A project carried




out by the Ministry of Transportation and Communications of Canada has




found that noise levels on highrise balconies (70-80 dBA) near expressways




are 10 dBA higher than on the ground floor.  The use of sound absorption
                                  19

-------
material on balcony ceilings alone reduces noise levels by 5 dBA.  In




addition, the Transport and Road Research Laboratory is conducting a study




concerning possible insulation against noise and vibration near road speed




control humps.




     Finally, the IFM-Bureau of Acoustics in Sweden is  attemping to develop




a screen to be  placed on road traffic  vehicles  in order to reduce tire




noise.   Their preliminary results show a  reduction of 3 dBA at 7.5 m.
                                 20

-------
FUNDING CHARTS
    21

-------
                                                     SUMMARY
                                            SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE R&D
                                              FUNDING IN THOUSANDS
                                                    1976-1977
                                                     COUNTRY
*  Some funding for other years Included because
   projects extended longer than 1976-1977.

   Converted to thousands of U.S. Dollars.
                                                                                                                            /
    CATEGORY

Highway Noise
Off Highway and
Recreational Vehicle
Noise
Rail Noise
Surfacu Vehicle
Components Noise
Measurement and
Enforcement
Acoustic Properties
TOTALS

82*


57*
1
12*
152*






229
229

21



268*
554*
843*

33

15

8
139*
195*
43*





43*

1,09.4

527*
110
165
262*
2,158*

4Q





40





89

89

87*



27
36
150*

20*





20*

236*

65*
528*
18*
86*
933*

1,236*

40*



1,276*

1,285*

9*
242*
86*
108*
1,730*

228*

1,509*
1,648*
3,031*
627*
7,043*

4,405*

2,165*
2,585*
3,693*
2,053*
14,901*
^
35 of 109
0 of 6
17 of 39
19 of 74
18 of 66
34 of 74
123 of 368
to
to

-------
HIGHWAY NOISE R&D FUNDING IN THOUSANDS
1976-1977
COUNTRY
* Some funding for other years included because
projects extended longer than 1976-1977.

Converted to thousands of U,S, Dollars.
ffv
Jv -^
1,247*
38*

1,285*

59*
13*
156*
228*
-------
OFF-HIGHWAY AND RECREATIONAL VEHICLE
NOISE R&D FUNDING IN THOUSANDS
1976-1977
* Some funding for other years included
because projects extended longer
than 1976-1977.

Converted to thousands of U.S. Dollars
CATEGORY
Projects with
Funding Reported
Motorcycles
0 of 2
Motorboats
0 of 4
TOTALS
NO FUNDING REPORTED
0 of 6
-------
RAIL NOISE R&D FUNDING IN THOUSANDS
1976-1977
COUNTRY
* Some funding for other years included
because projects extended longer than
1976-1977.

Converted to thousands of U.S. Dollars.

fc
/

./
-V"

/
t-
Qj
//
""
»*
CATEGORY
jOcomotives and
'assenger Trains
Rapid Rail Transit

Innovative Guided
•lass Transit
Rail Model Analysis
and Prediction
Rail Noise Other
TOTALS
<5

15
15
>

417*

110*

527*
^

65*
65*
<
-------
SURFACE VEHICLE COMPONENTS NOISE
R&D FUNDING IN THOUSANDS
1976-1977
COUNTRY
* Some funding for other years included
because projects extended longer than
1976-1977.

Converted to thousands of U.S. Dollars.
,6
/
*/
>
0*
CATEGORY
Engines
Exhaust Mufflers
Power Train
Tires
Other
TOTALS
57

57
110

110

363*
165*
528*
79*

L_ 163*

242*
1,156*
428

64*

1,648 *
1,402*
428

590*
165*
2,585*
8 of 35
2 of 11
0 of 3
7 of 16
2 of 8
19 of 74
-------
MEASUREMENT AND ENFORCEMENT
R&D FUNDING IN THOUSANDS
1976rl977
COUNTRY
* Some funding for other years included because
projects extended longer than 1976-1977.

Converted to thousands of U.S. Dollars.
/ / //
CATEGORY
•lethodology and
Standards
Training
TOTALS
/
1

1
/
211*
57
268*
<¥
8

8
•^
165

165
*°
89

89
^
27

27
/
18*

18*
^
86*

86*
/
3,031*

3,031*
^
3,636*
57
3,693*
A*
17 of 64
1 of 2
18 of 66
-------
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES NOISE R&D
FUNDING IN THOUSANDS
1976-1977
COUNTRY
* Some funding for other years included because
projects extended longer than 1976-1977.

Converted to thousands of U.S. Dollars
f
CATEGORY
Propagation
Barriers
Architectural Acoustics
Impact & Vibration
Other
TOTALS
V
9*
3*

12*
«3
229

229
0
511*
36
7*

554*
^

139*

139*
^

262*

262*
^ ^

36
^
70*
6*
10

86*
•5> *
101*

3
4

108*
178*
110*
195* .
144*

627*
-------
HIGHWAY NOISE

MEDIUM AND HEAVY TRUCKS

See Also Pages:

257

264

289

290
41
-------
Light Vehicles
Japan
Project Title:

Vehicle Noise Reduction of the Passenger Car and the Light Truck.
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Research Department, Passenger Car Development
Center, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation
1-Hashimecho, Okazakicity, Japan
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Mitsubishi Motors Corporation
33-8 Shiba 5-Chome, Minato-ku
Tokyo 108, Japan
Principal Investigator (s) :

Chiaki Moritani
Manager, Research Dept.
Start Date:

1975.4
Completion Date:
Estimated 1979
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Funding:
Year Amount
1976 (actual): (£20,000,000) $73,420
1977 (budget): (¥30,000,000) $110,130
1978 (forecast) ^30,000,000) $110,130

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
"Vehicle Noise of the Passenger Car,"
Mitsubishi Juko Giho
Vol. 14, No. 1
1977-1

Complaints.about road traffic noise are becoming louder recently with the increase of
traffic volume. In order to ease them, it is necessary to take comprehensive counter-
measures including the reduction of the noise of the individual cars, the improvement
of road structure and the improvement of traffic management.

In this paper the authors make clear the contribution ratios of various noise sources to the
vehicle noise of the passenger car and describe a method to estimate and calculate the
vehicle noise of the passenger car from noise level of various noise sources and the specifi-
cations of the car.

They have given the empirical formula for simulating the passby noise level of a passenger
car, using the data (exhaust noise level & engine noise level) obtained in the tests on
the chassis dynamometer in anechoic chamber and the data (tire & body noise level) measured
through free run of the test course.

This formula is practically useful for the estimation of the contribution of exhaust and
engine noise level for the pass by test.

Comparison of estimated with measured results for the thirteen vehicles shows good agreement.
(Fig. 3 in the original report)

Further, they experimentally investigate the characteristics of the exhaust noise, fan
noise and engine noise, the main noise sources, and introduce examples of countermeasures
obtained by the investigation.

Transcribed from the original.
43
-------
Light Vehicles
Poland
Project Title:
Implementation of the method of automotive vehicle external noisiness control for
application to the inspection for permit to be operated in road traffic.
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Instytut Transportu Samochodowego
/Road Transport Institute/
40, Stalingradzka St.
03-301 Warsaw, Poland
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
I/Ministry of Transport, Warsaw
4, Chalubinskiego St.
2/National Motor Transport Enterprize
Warsaw 17. Grojecka St., Poland
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr. eng. Jerzy Miazga
Start Date:
Mar. 15, 197c.
Completion Date:
Estimated June 30, 1976
Actual Dec. 20, 1976
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
_X Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (500,000 zl) $25,100
COMMENTS:
A simplied method of automotive vehicle noisiness control was developed as well as the equipment
for measurements. The equipment makes possible the evaluation of noise level in dBA and the
acoustic pressure in dB for two frequency bands. The method may be applied to the automotive
vehicle inspection for permit to be operated in road traffic. The criteria of accepted noise
levels for different makes and types of vehicles were developed. These values, taken as
maximum, make possible with the AS-2 apparatus the elimination of too noisy vehicles which
would endanger the environment.
The results of work were published in conference paper: B. Burza, J. Miazga "Estimation of
noisiness of motor vehicles admitted to traffic with the aid of the measuring device AS-2"
for Noise Control Conference, Warsaw, 13-15 October 1976.
Transcribed from the original.
44
-------
Light Vehicles
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Reduction of Car Noise by Passenger Compartment Design
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Cranfield Institute of Technology
School of Automotive Studies
Cranfield, Bedford England MK43 OAL
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Science Research Council
PO B3X 18
SWINDON SN1 5BW
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr S K Jha
Start Date:
July 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
July 1979
Funding:
Year Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):

Or Total Funding Amount: $37,831
— ft 22 "
COMMENTS:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)

OBJECTIVE:
Investigate the possibility of reducing the
structural modal density of a car body
structure by means of passenger compartment
redesign, and study its effect on interior noise.

METHODOLOGY:

Vibrational analysis of a two dimensional frame representing the central cross-section
of a car body has been made by using finite element technique. Good correlation between
theory and experiment has been found. Work is progressing towards determining the modal density
for various conceivable passenger compartment shape. Once an optimum shape has been found,
work would continue to predict the sound pressure level inside the car produced by various
vibrational modes of the body structure, and compared with equivalent normal production
model car.
45
-------
Light Vehicles
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Transmission of Engine Forces
Interior Noise of a Car
Through Engine Mounts and Their Relation to
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Cranfield Institute of Technology
School of Automotive Studies
Cranfield
Bedford MK 43 OAL
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Addres
Principal Investigator(s):

S. K. Jha
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The investigation consists of an experimental determination of the dynamic characteristic
of engine mountings by obtaining mobility and transmissibility responses of the mountings.
The experimentally obtained values are then used in theoretical evaluation of force
transmitted by the engine into a rigid structure. Work is in progress to incorporate
the effect of flexibility of the subframe in the evaluation of force transmission, and
estimate the degree of correlation between the internal noise of a car and the magnitude
of the forces transmitted.
Transcribed from the original.
46
-------
Light Vehicles
ifnited Kingdom
Project Title:
Vehicle Noise and Vibration Analysis
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Ford Motor Company Ltd.
Research and Engineering Center
Laindon, Basildon, Essex
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):

R. Guppy
G. Simmonds
Start Date:
1972
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
197-6-
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
To economically reduce the noise environment of car passengers. Noise isolation and
source reduction methods are used. Feasible noise attenuation systems are evaluated to
reduce engine, exhaust and road noise. Noise source investigation has lead to detail
design changes in major engine components, driveline and exhaust systems. Test facilities
used include road test, chassis dynamometer, laboratory, component tests and rig tests.
Transcribed from the original•
47
-------
Light Vehicles
Abbreviated Listings
Switzerland. The Sound Radiation of Body Panels in the Interior of a
Car at Low Frequency and the Possible Methods. Interkeller AG/SA,
8052 Zurich, Switzerland. W. Stahel.

Switzerland. An Attempt at Comprehensive Presentation of Automobile
Acoustic Questions. Interkeller AG/SA, 8052 Zurich Switzerland, R. H.
Van Ligten.

Switzerland. Considerations on Preventive Noise Control in Passenger Car
Design. Interkeller AG/SA, 8052 Zurich, Switzerland. P. H. Gillard.
-------
HIGHWAY NOISE

BUSES

See Also Pages:

177

274

280

293

294

315

328

330

331

333

360
55
-------
Highway Planning and Land Management
Denmark
Project utlc. study on possibie Improvement of the Noise Conditions in
Existing Urban Areas.
Performing Organisation Name & Address:

National Agency of Environmental
Protection, Acoustics Laboratory
Kaiujjiuanuagade 1, Iu04 Kobeuhaveu
Denmark
Principal Investigator(s) :

National Agency of Environmental
Protection
Start Date:

aut. 1977
Completion Date:
Estimated summer 1978
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
rcport(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication. )
Sponsoring Organisation Maine f, Addres:
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype,
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
1976 (actual): (100.000 D.kr.) $16,490
1977 (budget): (100.000 D.kr-) $16,490
1978 (forecastXSOO.OOO D.kr.) $32,980

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
Study on Possible Improvement of the Noise Conditions in Existing Urban Areas:
In continuation of the project which was carried out in 1976/77 and which
covered and area at Arhus, a study shall "be performed in a major "built-up
urban area. The town of Odense will "be a suitable object for this study.
-------
Highway Planning and Land Management
France
Project Title:
A Search for Elements of Decision Making bv the State Relative to Reduction
of Nuisance due to Traffic Noise.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute of Transport Research^Center
for the Evaluation of Research on Nuisances
109, Avenue Salvador Allende
69672 Bron Cedex France
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address;
Ministry of Life Quality
D.P.P.N.
Principal Investigator(s):

J. Lamb er t
Start Date:

1/77
Completion Date:
Estimated 6/78
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (210,000 Fr) $42,504
COMMENTS:
The subject of the study is an analysis of the means for reducing and suppressing nuisance
due to noise from automobile traffic in the vicinity of urban highways.

Each means of control (reduction at the source, screening, acoustic insulation, election of
urbanization type) must be analyzed from the standpoints of its cost (implementation and
maintenance), efficiency (minimization of exposure to noise, implantation into urban land-
scape), and realization time.

Evaluation of some means must be based on a study of several actual sites.

A program of action is to be proposed, taking into account the objective and particularly,
preference of the neighborhood residents.

30, Sept. 1977 Intermediate Report
30, June 1978 Final Report
Translated and transcribed from the original French.
58
-------
Highway Planning and Land Management
Poland
Project Title: Project FA-34 The investigations of noise annoyance
coused by tazienkowska express route and elaboration of directions
on acoustic prevention aqainst traffic noise.
Performing Organization Name and
Address:
Building Research Institute /ITB
Oep.of Acoustics,ul.Ksawer6w 21,
02-656 Wai-azawa . Poland
Sponsoring Organization Name and
Address:
' Direction of Highway Routes Constru-
ction in Warsaw
Warszawa. ul.Gdanska. Poland
Principal Investigator /s/:
Maria Stawicka-Walkowska, D.Sc.

prof. Gerzy Sadowski, Ph, D
Start Date:

August 1974
Completion Date:
Estimated
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
X Development /Component or
System/
Demonstration /Experimental,
Prototype, or Production/
Measurement Methodology
Actual ; July 1977
Funding:
Year Amount
1976 /actual/: (469.506 zl.)
1977 /budget/: (98.045 zl.)
1978 /forecast/:
$23,569
A,922
Total Funding Amount: (567.551 zl.)
COMMENTS:
Project Sumary: /Briefly descri-
be the goals, approach, expected
or actual results, report /s/
generated and the date /s/ of
publication./

The Project deals with measure-
ments of sound level spreading
over facades of buildings adjoi-
ning express-routes.
A main goal was to define the real state of traffic noise annoyance for
real conditions, at buildings situated in different urban arrangements
/close or free development, one - or both sided building, high or low/
close to express routes.
The Project based on investigations held on in vicinity of the new
express route in Warsaw called Lazienkowska.
The analysis of measurements carried on chosen cross-sections, allo-
wed to draw conclusions in relation to typical sound level spreading at
buildings adjoining main noise source /taking in to account that the
noise source is placed in excavation, at the ground level and as an
elevated road.
The conclusions deal with the choosing of most favourable location of
buildings that are exposed to traffic noise and with directions of noise
control.
The Project contains fundamental materials for projecting of new
highways and their housing that have to be proper from the urban-acous-
tic point of view.

Report generated: Polish - French Seminar - Dune 76, Warsaw
76 Noise Controle - Conference - October 76, Warsaw
Main conclusions and directions are being at the present moment prepa-
red for publishing.
-------
Highway Planning and Land Management
Poland
Project 17_»9£«02,2 "Complex developments of urban structures
tructions witn respect to acoustics protection;
example: residential area "Bialol^ka Dvoraks" / near Warsaw /
Project Title:
building cons
and
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Building Research Institute /ITB/
Dep.of Acoustics, ul.Ksawerow 21,

02-656 Warszawa, Poland
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Centre of Investigation and Building

Design in Warsaw /COBPBO/,ul.Wierzbowa
Warszawa, Poland
Principal Investigator(s):

Barbara Szudrowicz,D.Sc,

profJerzy Sadowski.Ph.D.
Start Date:
Sept.76
Completion Date:
Estimated Sept. 79
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget) :
197&, (forecast) :
Amount
(231,024 zl)$H597
(430,865 ") $21629
78 $12928
_ ")Z9_$_96.93
COMMENTS:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.) I - •
The housing estate "Biaioleka DworskaP ^ Total Funding Amount: (1.112,43_4_zl.)
is being designed as a model estate ' " -S^SA-A
with respect to environmental prote-
ction.Acoustic protection /urban and
building/ is one of the elements of
complex treatments of the problems.
Phase I: acoustic study of the territory and elaboration of acoustic guideline
for urban developments in relation to highway systems will be performed
by March 31, 77.
Phase II: that phase of investigations will include acoustic development of all
parts of the estate in relation to highways and designing and situation plan
of the buildings in the way conform to noise control retirements.
Phase III: that phase will include the study and assessment of the result
obtained both with respect to acoustic climate and other factors of
environmental protection.
60
-------
Highway Planning and Land Management
Abbreviated Listings With Funding

Sweden. Consequences of Speed Standard and Intersection Design for
Secondary Links in Town Road Networks. Lunds University of Technology,
Dept. of Traffic Planning & Engineering, Box 725 S-22 007, Lund 7,
Sweden. Sponsor: Lund University of Technology, Box 725, S-220-07,
Lund 7, Sweden. J. Colliander; S. Lundberg; M. Reutherborg. Oct. 1976.
Jan. 1978. $40,000. The aim is to study effects of various combina-
tions of speed standard and intersection design for secondary links in
urban road networks on residents, road users, etc.; such as noise, safety,
costs, transport mode distribution.

Sweden. Noise Protection Plans for Local Districts. Statens Naturvaardsverk,
National Swedish Environment Protection Board, Pack, S-117120, Solna, Sweden.
Sigvard Tim. 1976. 1977. $33,000, (150,000 Sw Cr). The aim is to work
out guidelines to be used by local authorities for noise protection planning.

West Germany. Noise Protection in Planning for Reorganization. Chair for
Traffic and City Planning, Muenchen 2, Arcisstr. 21, West Germany. Dr.-Ing.
Karl Glueck. Jan. 1, 1974. June 30, 1976. $58,936, (139,000 DM). Check-
ing the practical use of a city planning survey of noise levels when re-
organizing the urban area.
61
-------
Highway Planning & Land Management
Canada
Project Title:
Land Use Planning and the Design of New Housing Developments Against Arterial
Traffic Noise.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Ontario Minstry of the Environment
Noise Pollution Control Section
135 St. Clair Avenue West
Toronto, Ontario M4Y 1 P5
Canada
bpo
nsoring Organization Name
Addres
Principal Invescigator(s):

H. Gidomy
J. Cheng
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
This paper examines in a. quantitative fashion the implication of some new land use planning
concepts with respect to noise when designing new residential developments adjacent to
arterial or major roadways. Comparisons based on actual noise measurements on several existing
residential developments are made between two distinct design concepts.

The use of conventional noise control measures such as berms, walls and berm/wall combinations
has gained wide acceptance over the last few years. However, their applicability to urban
situations in which new residential developments are located next to busy roads is strictly
limited by a number of factors. Alternative solutions are offered in this paper to enable
planners and designers of new residential subdivisions in designing a more acceptable sound
environment indoors and outdoors. The alternative solutions to the conventional barriers
appear to offer improved Acoustics, economics and aesthetics.
Transcribed from the original.
62
-------
Highway Planning & Road Management
Canada
Project Title:
Ontario Environmental Noise Control Program
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Ontario Ministry of the Environment
135 St. Clair Avenue West
Toronto, Ontario M4V 1 P5
Canada
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
John Manuel
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, 01
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
This paper presents an overview of the Province of Ontario environmental noise control
program. The legislation; the progress of municipalities in adopting and implementing
noise by-laws; the control of operational noise of vehicles; training courses in
environmental acoustics technology; land use and site planning techniques are included
in the topics to be discussed.
Transcribed from the original.
63
-------
Highway Planning and Land Management
Canada
Project Title:
A Planning Policy for Freeway Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Ontario Ministry of the Environment
135 St Glair Avenue West
Toronto, Ontario M4V 1P5
Canada
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
J. Manuel
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

COMMENTS:
The Ontario government has taken significant steps towards implementation of

a provincial noise control policy covering lands in the proximity to freeways. The govern-

ment has also announced a program for noise attenuation along stretches of certain existing

freeways passing through established residential areas where priorities and feasibility

is demonstrated. Additionally, the responsibility for noise control in new subdivisions

has been placed on the developer. The implications of this policy with respect to noise

control is discussed in the paper.
Transcribed from the original.
64
-------
Highway Planning & Land Management
Czechoslovakia
Project Title:
Proposal of Regulations for the Design of Settlements from the
View-point of Excessive Transportation Noise Protection
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Research Institute for Building
and Architecture,
Prague 1, Letenska 3,
Czechoslovakia
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Ministry of Construction,
Prague 2,
Na poricnim pravu 1,
Czechoslovakia
Principal Investigator(s):

Ing. Thor, CSc.,
Start Date:

1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
x Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
1976
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The proposal of Regulations concerning the physical planning documentation from the view-
point of transportation noise protection has to serve as a provisional methodical instruction
for designing residential settlements as regards the protection of inhabitants against
excessive transportation noise. After their verification (approximately within two years)
these Regulations will become a part of complex measures to the decree of the Czech
Ministry of Health regarding the heath protection of the population against disadvantageous
effects of noise and vibrations.
65
-------
Highway Planning and Land Management
Israel
oject Title:
Planning Petrol Station inside Dwelling Districts.
rforming Organization Name & Address:

The Dept. of Appl. Acoustics.
Israel Inst. of Technology

.Haifa, Technion City, Israel
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
The Neft-Institute
Tel Aviv
—incipal Investigator(s):

Schaudinisihky, L.H.
Keller, J.
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
~^2 Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
X Measurement Methodology
1 Q77 .
Funding:
-oject Summary: (Briefly describe the
jals, approach, expected or actual results,
2port(s) generated and the date(s) of
-iblication. )
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
In developing countries very often the necessity arises, to erect "petrol station"
in dwelling districts. The aim of the study was to determine, by means of objective
measurements, if and in which degree, the noise situation, at day and at night,
will become worse inside nearby dwellings, compared with the conditions before the
petrol station has been built. For this purpose, a two track recording of 24 hrs.
of an average day has been made.
Track I got the output of microphone I, situated at some distance (%, 10m) from the
station, on the street, while Track II received the output of micr. II inside the
station. In addition, the traffic flow and its composition (private cars, buses,
transporters, motorcycles) has been recorded by observers. The measuring results
have been evaluated with the aid of a computer, giving L ; L

The report will be published at the end of this year.
'og'
L5(); L9Q and
66
-------
Highway Planning £nd Land Management
Netherlands
Project Title:
Investigation of Noise-Sensitivity of Various Receivers
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Public Health and Environmental
Protection
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

COMMENTS:
In order to establish the noise zones along roads which are necessary to prevent noise
nuisance, a number of elementary planning conditions should be set up, which concerns
to be permitted within these zones must comply with. This project will investigate
human noise-sensitivity in various situations, expressed in maximum permissible noise
loads for each type of concern or activity; these rules will then be incorporated into
the elementary planning conditions.

Some attention will also be devoted to the noise-sensitivity of nature-protected areas.
Transcribed from the original.
67
-------
Highway Planning and Land Management
Netherlands ___
Project Title:
Working Out the Zoning System Along Motor Roads
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address;
Ministry of Public Health and Environmental
Protection
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:

COMMENTS:
The Bill on Noise Abatement contains a regulation on the establishment of noise zones
along the roads inside of which maximum permissible traffic noise levels are applicable.
Acoustic research conducted inside these zones should make it evident in which manner
noise levels can be kept below these maximum permissible levels, and the government
measures needed to accomplish this.

This project will give indications as to how, on the basis of existing knowledge and
experience, the zoning can be worked out in detail. The results of other research
projects will be incorporated into the recommendations of this project.
Transcribed from the original.
68
-------
Highway Planning and Land Management
Norway
Project Title:
An Analysis of Different Noise Abatement Strategies
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Institute of Transport Economics
Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research
P.O.Box 6110 Etterstad
N-Oslo 6, Norway
Sponsoring Organization Name 6, Address:
Principal Investigator(s) :

Multi-disciplinary team of engineers
and an economist
Start Date:

1976
Completion Date:
Estimated 1979/1980
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Suranary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual) :
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
The overall aim of the project is to make an assessment of the effects of
different relevant traffic noise abatement strategies on a national basis.
The analysis will investigate the effects with respect to noise reduction,
(number of people exposed etc.), the socio-economic consequences and the
economic responsibility aspects. The project will when completed propose
more flexible noise standards and noise reduction measures based not only
on measures on the emission /immision side, but using traffic management
techniques and different land use methods.

The project will to a large extent be based upon data obtained from the
traffic noise mapping (1976) executed in connection with The Norwegian Road
Plan (NVP II). First phase expected to be completed by end 1977.

Last year a study was completed which made an assessment of the existing
traffic noise climate in 50 urban areas in Norway. The analysis was based
upon data from an extensive traffic noise mapping exercise carried out in
1976. The project included a survey of the number of dwellings exposed to
different noise levels and the costs involved if certain noise standards
should be satisfied. The Institute has besides carried out a few investi-
gations of the effects different traffic management measures have on the
noise climate for residents in urban areas. Four case studies have been
completed and considerable improvements can be attained (reduced number of
exposed residents) if traffic management measures were introduced separatly
or in combination with other insulation measures as part of a more compre--
hensive noise abatement policy. The application of traffic management
measures will besides give other environmental benefits (less pollution,
reduced external noise etc.) as well as improved traffic safety.
69
-------
The Institute continues in 1977 the mapping and analysis of the
traffic noise climate outside urban areas in order to attain a
more complete national noise climate picture. This will form
the basis for the priority assessment of different noise abate-
ment measures in relation to 105 Mill. N.Kr. ($ 1,978,200)
already allocated for this purpose.

The Institute is now embarking upon a more extensive study of
the noise reducing effects of other traffic management measures.
For example: lorry-routes in urban areas, prohibition of traffic
movements in special noise sensitive areas at night or for certain
categories of traffic, traffic restrictions etc. We started this
project in the summer at 1977 and aim to complete a number of
case-studies by the end of 1978.
Transcribed from the original

70
-------
Highway Planning and Land Management
Sweden
Prpject TiLle:

Pilot project of measures against road traffic noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Environmental and Public
Health Administration of
n. Sweden _
Principal Investigator(a):
A working group with representatives
from the authorities concerned
Start Date:

1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goaJs, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
The project aims to study all aspects involved with noise abatement
from legal and economical to technical and measurements of noise reduction
obtained with the measures. A few sectors of roads and streets are treated

completely according to this plans.
The results will form a base for further steps of this kind within the town.
71
-------
Highway Planning and Land Management
Sweden
Project Title:
Municipal Traffic Noise Abatement Programs-a Survey of Program and
Planning
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Swedish Council for
Building Research
Stockholm, Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
Mar 1975
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual Feb 1976
Type of Research Program:

Sept. '76
Completion Date:
Estimated 1977
Actual
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The result of the study should serve to clarify how many persons and how large areas in
Switzerland are subjected to a certain stress caused by street traffic noise. The
cadastre should help federal and local officials to introduce an orderly prevention
program according to priorities. Finally, the results should be a basis for subsequent
estimations and prevention costs.
NOTE: Cadastre = official register of the ownership, extent, and value of real property,
used as a basis of taxation.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
73
-------
Highway Planning and Land Management
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Applied Research at the Industrial Town of Darlington
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Department of Environment
Noise Advisory Council
London, United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
Sept. 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
S ep t 1978
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Funding:
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The experiment is designed to show the
benefits to be had from a concerted
application of known noise abatement
techniques, as well as noise abatement ~~"
zones. It is likely to include such measures as traffic management schemes and
public information programs aimed at encouraging noise-makers to behave more
responsibly.
Transcribed from the original
74
-------
Highway Planning and Land Management
Abbreviated Listings
Sweden. Reporting of Traffic Noise in Landscape Using a Color Jet
Plotter. Faculty of Technology, University of Lund, Dept. of Building
Acoustics, Fack S-220 07 Lund 7, Sweden. Sponsor: Swedish Council for
Building Research. Jan. 1975. March 1976. An application of "Develop-
ment of a Method for Calculating Traffic Noise". The color jet plotter
plots graph lines in the terrain and colors according to the different
sound levels which occur.

West Germany. Introduction of Town-Zones with Restricted Traffic. Sponsor:
Federal Ministry of the Interior, Bonn, West Germany. 1977. 1979.

West Germany. Noise Protection in City Planning. Institute for Rural
Settlement Planning, Stuttgart Univ., Stuttgart, Keplerstr. 11, West
Germany. Dipl. Ing. Detlev Simons.
75
-------
HIGHWAY NOISE

HIGHWAY MODEL ANALYSIS AND

PREDICTION

See Also Pages:

66
133
138
251
259
282
285
298
299
306
309
315
319
321
322
323
325
340
342
77
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Australia
Project Title:
Community and Domestic Noise Environment
Performing Organization Name & Address:
W.A. Institute of Technology,
Hayman Road,
BENTLEY,
WESTERN AUSTRALIA 6102
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s) :
I.H. Bailey
Start Date:

March 1977
Completion Date: Ongoing
Estimated
Act'.'?l
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
1'roject Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
MMS AND OBJECTIVES

I. To verify that existing traffic noise
predictive methods are valid in Perth.
1976 (actual) :
1977 (budget):§200) $222
1978 (forecast) ( $500 ) $555
Or Total Funding Amount:
-1 am trying to organize finance for a
sophisticated noise analysis system. At
present I have to rely on currently held equipment.
2. To evaluate the distribution of noise levels in the community.

.*. To measure the extent of noise penetration into the domestic environment and to study the
effect of factors such as the sound transmission loss of typical dwellings, construction
techniques, people's life styles and weather conditions.

APPROACH
1. The use of standard techniques to evaluate road traffic noise as a function of traffic speed,
composition, rate of flow and distance from the road.

2. The measurement of noise levels outside and inside homes due to traffic on nearby roads,
studying the effects of factors such as open and closed windows and the penetration of
noise into front and rear rooms.

PROGRESS

Recordings of noise on a number of sites have been made and analysis is proceeding.
79
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Australia
•reject Title:
Traffic Noise Prediction Model Study
Performing Organization Name & Address:
(KAIN RO*DS DEPARTSLSJT, BRISBANE
JOIET (
(UlvlVifcSlTY OF JJBIN3LA1-LD, BRIS3AU
Australia
vrincipal Investigator (s) :
0. IICLI.IKG .OHTH
A.L. 3RCV/N
.tart Date:

-/3/76
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual -/8/77
•roject Summary: (Briefly describe the
-oals, approach, expected or actual results,
- sport(s) generated and the date(s) of
ublication.)
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
I.AIIJ HCADS DEP/RThtf'T, BRISB/KE

AU2TRALI;-!' RO'.D RI.'CL'-KCJI BOARD
P.C. BOX 156
B/'G &. HTEAV'ADirG VIC TORI .A
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
^ Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount :T31$-13,000 ('*US
COMMENTS: Funding has been mainly concerned with
L. Erown's salary. C. ^ollingworth' s salary is
carried as an overhead.
The U.,'. DepartTi^nt of the Environment has published a method of calculating- road
traffic noise levels (L10) from a knowledge of traffic parameters arid- roadway
geor'etry. To test this prediction method, L10 noise levels w<=re c?lculf'.ted for
17 sites near the South East Freeway, Brisbane, v.'here 2/\ hour noise level measure-
ments hfid been m^de. Road traffic volumes used in the calculations were those
neesured simultaneously with the noise levels. Predicted and measured noise levels
are compared for each half hour of the day at the 17 sites. I-iep.surement sites
included loc-.itions --t cut, fill and at-^rade cross-sections of the freeway, often
with sites of very complex acoustical geometry. Distances of sites from the free-
way ranged from 20 metres to 100 metres. General agreement between the predicted
and measured values were observed under all site conditions, and the method can be
recommended for adoption where prediction of L10 noise levels are required, at
lea.-;t for the range of traffic and geometry conditions covered in this study.
Paper: "Prediction of H"I33 L.-JVELS (L10) near a FREoVAY"
by above authors to be
presented at 9th ARRB
shnnp ) ?1 -PR Augu p.t
80
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Australia
Project TJtie:
Motor Vehicle and Traffic Noise - Measurement, Analysis, Prediction.
Performing Organization N'cime & Address:
School of Architecture,
University of New South Wales,
P.O. Box 1,
KENSINGTON. N.S.W. 2033
AUSTRALIA
Sponsoring Organization >' ..no & Address;:
Australian Research Grants Committee,
Department Science,
P.O. Box ^9,
WODKN. A.C.T. 2606
AUSTRALIA
Principal Investigator(s):
Assoc. Prof A. Lawrence,
Mrs. M.A. Burgess.
Start Date:

197**
Completion Date:
Estimated 1977
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, 01
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
1976 (actual): {$ 9,923) $11,015
1977 (budget): ($18,510) $20,546
1978 (forecast):($1^,35*0. $15,933

Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Gr-ant terminated at end of 1976.
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1. The original aims of the project
The original aim of this project was
to determine the contributions to the
noise emitted by traffic streams made by
individual vehicles in typical Australian urban situations. It was hoped that this
.information would enable the appropriate test methods and the permissible maximum noise
emission levels for vehicles to be established on a logical basis. In effect, these
levels should be such that when these vehicles form part of a typical urban traffic
stream, the noise of the stream does not exceed acceptable community noise levels (e.g.
as recommended in Australian Standard 1055 "Noise Assessment in Residential Areas").
2. Progress in achievement of original aims
Measurements of traffic noise have been made at over kO separate sites in the Sydney
Area. The Techniques for recording the Traffic composition and noise levels have
continually been refined with experience and as new equipment has become available.
Basically, the sound from a traffic stream is recorded on two or more channels
simultaneously. The microphones are located at various distances from the traffic flow
so that the effects of distance and shielding by barriers or buildings may be measured.
A simultaneous detailed count of all the vehicles passing in each direction is made,
the vehicles being classified as:- heavy (more than two axles); medium (two axles, dual
tyres on the rear axle); light (two axle commercial vehicles, single, tyres); cars;
buses; motor-cycles. In addition a synchronised voice commentary is recorded on a
separate channel,- with the aim of identifying as many individual vehicles as possible.
The individual noise peaks on a level recorder chart can be related to particular
vehicles described in the voice commentary. These clearly identified peaks are then
analysed (using the Real Time Analyser) to accumulate data for traffic stream noise
synthesis. The analysis of peaks from the different recording positions is also used
to determine the frequency-dependent attenuation resulting from distance and shielding.

For the development of methods of test for noise emission of individual vehicles it
may be necessary to devise more than one test to represent th-e nois'e emitted in
normal traffic.
81
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Canada
Project Title:
Traffic Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Mechanical Engineering Dept.
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg R3T 2N2
Canada
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

National Research Council of Canada/
Center for Transportation Studies
Principal Investigator (s) :

N. Popplewell &

K. W. Yeaw
Start Date:

Oct.1975
Completion Date:
Estimated Jan. 1, 1978
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

x Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype,
Production)
x Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
1976 (actual): ($9,000) $8,485
1977 (budget): ($9,000) $8,485
1978 (forecast): ($9,000) $8,485

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
A method of predicting Le_ for traffic noise in urban situations has

been developed. The effects of building shielding has been assessed using a

geometrical acoustics approach. Agreement between theory and field measurements
2
is good . Measurement methodology for urban traffic noise is being assessed presently.

1. K. W. Yeaw et air Method of predicting Le .
Journal of Sound & Vibration 53, 103 (1977)

2. K. W. Yeaw et aL Shielding of Noise from statistically stationary traffic

flows by simple obstacles.

Submitted to Journal of Sound & Vibration for publication.

Also given at the 9th International Acoustics Conference,
Madrid, Spain, July 1977.
Transcribed from the original.
82
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Japan
Project Title:
The Evaulation of Road Traffic Noise in Relation to Noise Power Levels of
Motor Vehicles
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Traffic Safety and Nuisance Research Institute
Ministry of Transport
6-38-1 Shinkawa
Mitaka, Tokyo 181
Japan
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s):
Traffic Noise Pollution Section
T. Ando
Start Date:

April 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated March 1979
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, 01
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1976 (actual): (£8,600,000) $31,570
1977 (budget): (¥17,018,000) $62,473
1978 (forecast): (¥17,246,000) $63,310

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
In order to improve the practical results of noise control, flow of traffic on general roads
was observed and the noise was measured. In parallel to this study, the sound output was
measured and studied to determine a simulation technique for traffic noise.
Publication:
Environmental Research in Japan 1978. Sept. 1979.
Report of Traffic Safety and Nuisance Research Institute.
March 1980.
Translated and transcribed from the original Japanese.

83
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Japan
Project Title:
Calculation Model of Road Traffic Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Traffic Environment Section,
Road Division,
Public Works Research Institute
4-12-52, ANAGAWA, chibashi, shibaken, JAPAN
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address

Ministry of Construction
1-3 KASUMIGASEKI 2, chiyodaku, Tokyo
JAPAN
Principal Investigator(s):

Kozo KANEYASU
Hiroshi NONAKA
Start Date:

1st April 1975
Completion Date:
Estimated 31 March 1980
Actual
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype,
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
Amount
1976 (actual): US$ 120,000
1977 (budget): US$ 150,000
1978 (forecast) : US'$ 150,000
Or Total Funding Amount: US$ 750,000

COMMENTS:
To establish a calculation model of noise levels from road traffic by studying
the following subjects:
(1) Social survey for evaluation of road traffic noise
(2) Study of calculation models in the urbarn areas
(3) Survey of effects and durability of noise barriers
Reports
K.KANEYASU :

K.KANEYASU :
Noise attenuation by acoustic shielding, Annual Report of Roads,
JAPAN ROAD ASSOCIATION, 1973, pp.88-96.
Vehicle noise and tire noise, Annual Report of Roads,
JRA, 1974, pp.78-85.
84
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Portugal
Project Title:
Urban Noise Models
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Laboratorio National De Engenharia Civil
Av. Brasil - Lisbon 5
Portugal
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address;
Several
Principal Investigator (s):

Dr. P. Martins Da Silva
Start Date:
Jan., 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated June. 1978
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

x Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
x Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: $20,000

COMMENTS:
Preparation of physical and mathematical models for the provision of the

characteristics of air and road traffic noise. The mathematical model regarding air

traffic has been concluded. As to the road traffic model it only contemplates

traffic flow with no interruptions and no obstacles (buildings or barriers) along the

rides. A model is being prepared which will include the presence of light signals

and take into account the existence of obstacles to propagation.

Physical models for the study of road traffic noise propagation using

electric sparks as sound sources are being utilized.

A report was presented to Internoise 77- (in Zurich) and a preliminary

report (in Portuguese). It is expected that the final report will be ready by

March 1978.
Transcribed from the original.
85
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Sweden
Project Title:
Impact. Environmental Effects from Urban Traffic
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Nordisk PlaneringsConsult AB
Moelndalsvaegen 85 H
S-412-85
Goeteborg, Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Nordisk Planeringskonsult AB
Moelndalsvaegen 85 H
S-412-85
Goeteborg, Sweden
Principal Investigator (s) :
B. Persson
K. Kristiansson
Start Date:
1974
Completion Date:
Estimated 1977
Actual
Type of Research Program:

PUBLICATION

The NPK System. Impact - Calculation of the Environmental Impact of Road
Traffic," Report 1975 Nordisk Planeringskonsult AB
Transcribed from the original.
86
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Sweden
Project Title:
Prediction and Visualization of Road Traffic Noise with Computer,
CRT Screen and Electronic Plotter
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Chalmers University of Technology
Division of Highway Engineering
Pack S-402-20
Goeteborg 5, Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Chalmers Technical University
Pack S-402-20
Goeteborg 5, Sweden
Principal Investigator (s):
G. Lanner
Start Date:
Oct. 1971
Completion Date:
Estimated 1977
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
$25000
COMMENTS:
A computer program for the calculation and automatic drawing of contour
maps of road traffic noise has been developed. Road, terrain and buildings
are coded from existing maps and stored on discs. Equivalent and maximum
sound levels are calculated for a predicted traffic level and visualized by
sound level contours drawn by a plotter. The noise generated by a single
car driving along the road is calculated and visualized as a sequence of
pictures on a CRT screen. The acoustical consequences of changes in the
road alignment or the environment can be studied easily. Programs are now
revised to reduce computer time.
Transcribed from the original
87
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Sweden
iccu TiLie:
Prediction model for noise levels of road traffic
Performing Organization Name & Address:
The "ational Board of Physical Planning and
Building
Tack
3-104 22 Stockholm
.Sweden
Principal laves tigator (s):

GSsta BlUcher
(Briefly describe t}-.-:
report (.<;) font-rated and the date(s) of
publication.]
Sponsoring Organization Kane f, Address:
Nordic Ministrial Council (Nordiska Ministerradet)
Postboks 1477 Vika
Oslo 1
Norge
Fundamental
X Development (Coriponent or Sy.stfjn)
Uctnons trat ion (Lxperinental, 1'rotot vpi1, c
Product Lon)
Measurement Methodology
Funding :
Year
1976" (actual) :
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
Amount
(200 000 SwCr) $45060
(100 000 SwCr) $22530
o'The project will end up with a joint nordic prediction model.
o The model will be used out of data known in a planning situation.

0 The model will be of nomogram type, with necessary forarulas for datorisation.
o The result of calculation will be given as eqvivalent level in dB(A) with a precision
of + 3 dB(A) .

o The model will have following parameters
- Number of vehicles
- Proportion of heavy vehicles
- Speed limit
- Distance from road of receiver
- Height above or below ground of roadway
- Position and height of screens
- Height of receiver
- Screen width
- Type of ground between road and receiver
88
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Road Traffic Noise Measurement and Prediction in Restricted Flow Conditions
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Department of Civil Engineering
Bradford University
Bradford, W. Yorks, United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Science Research Council
State House
High Hollborn
London
Principal Investigator (s) :

Dr. D. C. Hothersall
Dr. R. J. Salter
Mr. R. R. K. Jones
Start Date:

10/75
Completion Date:
Estimated 10/78
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)

Measurement at sites where restricted traffic
flow occurs have been compared with levels
predicted by the recommended methods and
discrepencies found.
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (*.9280) $15958

COMMENTS:
Computer simulation programs of traffic flows at various types of road configuration producing
restricted flows are being developed. By use of these programs, the noise level at an adjacent
site may be calculated.

Experimental work to obtain single vehicle noise levels as a function of vehicle acceleration
and velocity 'for inclusion in the simulation programs is well advanced.

As a result of this work it is hoped to improve the traffic noise prediction procedure in areas
of restricted flow and to obtain a better understanding of the operative parameters in these
conditions.

REFERENCES

1) "Observed and Predicted Traffic Noise Levels Around Road Junctions in the U.K.," D. C.
Hothersall, R. R. K. Jones, Proc. Australian Road Research Board, 8th Conference, Perth,
W. Australia, Session 33, p. 31.
2) "Computer Simulation of Road Traffic Noise," R. R. K. Jones, D. C. Hothersall, Proc.
9th International Congress on Acoustics, Madrid (1977), p. 54.
Transcribed from the original.
89
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Noise and Traffic Management
Performing Organization Name & Address:
London University
Imperial College of Science and Technology
Dept. of Civil Engineering (Transport)
Prince Court Road, London SW7
United Kingdom .
Sponsoring Organization Name & Add

Transport and Road Research Laboratory
Principal Investigator (s) :

D. H. Crompton
D. A. Gilbert
L. George
L. Moore, S. Simpson
Start Date:

Oct. 1972
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report (s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (fc 14,000) $ 24,074
COMMENTS:
Noise levels from urban traffic of a. given
volume can vary according to the layout,
traffic composition and other traffic
characteristics including level of bunching, speed, etc.. Traffic management measures can
also influence these traffic characteristics and thus indirectly influence noise levels.
The object is to devise predictive models relating these characteristics (with interrupted
flow conditions) to L10 noise levels to determine optimum ways, for a given traffic volume,
of reducing L10 levels. Preliminary results show that reductions of about 4 dBA and more
can be achieved by traffic management measures. Data from field surveys in a wide range
of situations have been collected and a preliminary predictive L10 model has been developed,
whose standard error is about + 5dBA. Improving this equation for general use seems to
require stratifying sites in term of traffic, layout and management characteristics and
analysing data in greater detail. In particular, vehicle speeds, traffic compositions and
levels of service are being closely examined.
Publication:

"Noise and traffic management"
D. H. Crompton and D. Gilbert
Report to Department of Environment, 1971

"Noise and traffic management"
D. Gilbert
1973
"Noise from road traffic (interrupted flow) - two models for prediction of L
D. Gilbert
January 1973
10
levels
Transcribed from the original.
90
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Traffic noise in the City of Bath and the Effect of the Proposed East/West
Relief Road on the Anticipated Noise Climate.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Bath University
School of Architecture and Building Engineering
Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
W. Powell
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Start Date:
Aug 1972
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual Aug 1976

Measurement Methodology

Funding :
Year Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount: (Under fc 5,000)$ 8598
COMMENTS:
To predict traffic noise levels and
establish realistic criteria of acceptable
noise using physical measurements of the noise together with subjective surveys.Computer
simulation and model work may be used. A picture of the noise climate will be built up by
noting traffic flow and recording and analysing samples of noise taken over an 18-hour
weekday, 6am to 12pm, at selected points in the City of Bath; the predicted effect of the
East/West relief road will be applied and compared with the present situation. The results
of the survey will enable an investigation of the effectiveness of model and computer
techniques to take place and will provide valuable information for such people as town planners,
enabling them to predict the effect their actions will have on future noise patterns.
Transcribed from the original.
91
-------
Highway Model Analysis Prediction
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Prediction of Noise From Freely Flowing Traffic
Performing Organization Name & Address:

London Univ., Queen Mary College
Dept of Civil Engineering
Mile End Road, London El 4NS
United Kingdom
Principal Investigator(s):
D. G. Powell
R. Navaratnam
Start Date:
Oct 1975
Completion Date:
Estimated rvr
Actual
1 Q7«
Project Suranary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding :
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (fe 2,000) $ 3439

COMMENTS:
To appraise critically, compare and possibly improve existing methods for the prediction of
noise from freely flowing road traffic. Methods will be developed for the prediction of noise
levels from traffic in unsteady flow and in areas subjected to noise from more than one stream.
Fieldwork will include collecting data to validate prediction methods and to examine the
variability of measured traffic noise parameters such as L,Q values.
Transcribed from the original.
92
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
United Kingdom
Project Title:
The performance of traffic noise prediction models in urban situations.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Greater London Council,
County Hall,
London, SE1 7PB
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Greater London Council
Principal Investigator (s):
E.G. Banks
Start Date:

Jan. 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual nr.h^
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
X Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
7fi
Funding:
Year
Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1976 (actual): 0.5 man years
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
In the field of environmental noise , much of the work of the G.L.C. is concerned with the noise
from non freely flowing traffic, and for planning purposes a model was required to predict noise
levels in these circumstances. A literature survey was performed to determine the extent of
existing work in this field. The results, (published in G.L.C. report DG/SB/ESG-/R.27) showed
the ezistance of several models for predicting noise from freely flowing traffic but very few
designed specifically for non free flow traffic. The performance of 7 of these models (both
free and non-free types) were tested at a number of sites in London, chosen to give typical non-
free flow characteristics. The results (published in G.L.C. report ESG/EN/R.43) showed that 4 oi
the 7 models predicted L1 n with a mean error of less than 2dB(A) and a standard deviation of 2.1
or 2.2 dB(A).
10
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
West Germany
Project Title:
City Development in Brunsbuettel, Present and Future Noise Stresses
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute for Sound and Vibration
Technology
Hamburg 70, Fehmarnstr. 12
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):

Ing. Grad. Guenther Wilmsen
Start Date: Completion Date:
Dec 1,19741 Estimated
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Actual June 31. 1976
Funding:
Project Sunanary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (30,000 DM)?12,720

COMMENTS:
Measurements to determine present noise stresses with preparation of
a noise map; computation to ascertain future noise impact, on street
traffic and industry.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
94
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
West Germany
Project Title:
Traffic Noise Prognosis in City Streets
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Muller Corp. Technical Consultants
on Acoustics
Planegg, Robert-Koch-Str. 11
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Federal Transportation Ministry
Principal Investigator(s):
Dipl.-Ing. Horst Wittmann
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (125,000 DM)
~ $ _51,DOD _ _ .
COMMENTS:
Execution of a large number of noise level measurements in

city streets under varied traffic conditions and traffic situations. The aim is to

check on the applicability of the prediction methods used up to now in respect to

traffic noises, which are based on measurements of free flowing traffic traveling

faster than 60 km/h. Possibly, development of better prediction techniques in

regard to urban traffic patterns.
Translated and transcribed from the origianl German.
95
-------
Highway Model Analysis and
Prediction
France
Project Title:
Description and Prediction of Noise from Urban Traffic
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute of Transport Research
Center for the Evaluation of Research
on Nuisances
109, Avenue Salvador Allende
69272 Bron Cedex France
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

S.E.T.R.A.
C.E.T.U.R.
Principal Investigator(s):
B. Favre
Start Date:
Jan. 1, 1977
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
X" Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Dec. 31, 1977
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Presently, only empirical approximate formulas are used for predicting noise from
automobile urban traffic, because of deficiency of the recently developed prediction
techniques.

In the first phase of research, therefore, the elements are to be assembled, which
are necessary for better understanding of noise emission and propagation in a city,
particularly at intersections. This will be done by integrating simulation data
of the C.E.R.N.

Definition of essential parameters and classification by type of possible situations
and noise levels as a function of the site, situation, and traffic control are to
follow the synthesis. Selection of the parameters is to be made in connection with
the previous studies on noise from a pulsed traffic.

First, prediction tools (formulas and a mathematical model, if possible) are to be
proposed and validated by measurements.
Translated and transcribed from the original French.

96
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Japan
A Statistical Prediction of Arbitrary Random Noise and Vibration Distribution in
a Higher Level Region and a Simplified Evaluation Procedure of a Higher La Sound Level.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University,
3-8-2 Senda-machi Hiroshima City 730
Japan and Kure Technical College, 2-2-11,
Aga-Minami, Kure 737 Japan.
Sponsoring Organization Name ft Address:
None.
Principal Investigator(s):
Mitsuo Ohta,
Seijiro Hiromitsu
and
Nobuyoshi Yoshino
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated March, 1978.
Actual
Type of Research Program:

>f Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Funding:
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
This work is based on regular~expehses~
of the national school of Japan.
COMMENTS:
This paper provides the statistical treat-
ment of random noise or vibration .with the
digital level fluctuation, which is suitable
to an estimation of level distribution within
a higher fluctuation range. On the basis of the above theory, the simplified evaluation proeed-
ure of the higher La sound level is proposed by an introduction of the conditional distribution
function. Namely, when -a random noise or vibration Z with the digital level of an arbitrary
distribution type can be considered as a sum of two different random processes, X and U, with the
digital level, a unified statistical treatment for the probability distribution using a backward
difference type with respect to the resultant random fluctuation, Z(=X+U), is exactly found.
Furthermore, we have expreimentally confirmed the validity -of the present theory, not only
by means of digital simulation, but also two kinds of experimentally observed street noise data
given by Dr.Morita and us.
97
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Japan . . - -- __—
Project; Title:
A Statistical Theory Generalized by an Equivalent Model for Non-Stationary
Random Noise Process and Its Digital Simulation.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University,
3-8-2, Senda-machi, Hiroshima City 730
Japan and Kure Technical College, 2-2-11,
Aga-llinami, Kure 737 Japan.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

None.
Principal Investigator(s):
Mitsuo Ohta,
Seijiro Hiromitsu
and
Tsuyoshi Okita
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated March, 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
This work is based on regular expenses
of the national school of Japan.
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
The random city noise which we encounter
in daily life appears as a resultant of diver-
sified flucutuations of circumstances contain-
ing more complicated social causes rather
than pure physical ones. One of the typical
examples is seen in road traffic noise, whose temporal changes show always non-stationary property
Generally, a stationary random noise process of arbitrary distribution type exhibits a non-
stationary property with the slowly temporal change of system parameters and/or input character-
istics. Whatever the cause of this non-stationary property might be, it could be generally ex-
olained by mean value fluctuations(d.c.component), and by fluctuations around a mean value(a.c.
component). The latter cause cannot be precisely investigated, in only the category of vari-
ance fluctuation. In this paper, we took a generalized viewpoint of study on an arbitrary non-
stationary random noise process( such as road traffic noise) formed by diversified causes of non-
stationarity. An equivalent statistical noise model was proposed by simulating the process as
a resultant of a random noise with fluctuating mean value and an output response of a time varying
amplifier to stationary random input with zero mean value. More precisely, an internal mecha-
nism of non-stationary random noise process may often be investigated by introducing a statistical
noise model Z( t ) = a ( t )X( t ) + B ( t ) , where the temporal fluctuations of mean value B ( t ) ,
the equivalent gain factor a (t) and the stationary random input noise X(t) may exhibit great
arbitrariness on their probability distribution forms, and be mutually correlated with one another.
Next, a universal expansion expression of probability distribution for this resultant non-sta-
tionary random noise process was explicitly derived by taking the -stationary term into the first
i:erm. In view of the arbitrariness of the fluctuating patterns of a(t) and f5(fc) causing non-
stationary property, and the complexity of the mathematical expression involved, the validity of
theoretical expression is experimentally by the method of digital simulation. Furthermore, it
is noticeable that the unified theory introduced in this paper is obtained by very simplified
calculus, and the engineering significance is more intuitively acceptable.

This study was published in the Proceedings of the 25th Japan National Congress for Applied
Mechanics (Vol. 25, 1977).
98
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Japan
Project Title: A New Method of.Estimating Representative Statistics of Random Noise by
On-Line Treatment (Theory and Experiment).
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University,
3-8-2, Senda-Machi, Hiroshima 730 Japan and
Kure Technical College, 2-2-11, Aga-Minami,
Kure 737 Japan.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
none.
Principal Investigator (s) :
.Mitsuo Ohta,
Sizuma Yamaguchi,
Seijiro Hiromitsu and
Kazutats.u Hatakeyama.
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
X Development (6empeB€ttt=
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Japan ^__^_^____
Project Title: A statistical Fundamental Theory Suitable to the Observed Level Distribution
of Noise and Vibration with Digital Level and its Experiment
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University,
3-8-2, Senda-machi, Hiroshima, 730 Japan, and
Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima Denki
Institute of Technology; 595,Nakano,Senogawa-
cho, Hiroshima, 739-03 Japan.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
None.
Principal Investigator (s):
Mitsuo OHTA,
Masafumi NISHIMURA and
Hirofumi IWASHIGE.
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated March, 1978.
Actual
Type of Research Program:

V Fundamental
Development (Component ui Gyi
X Demonstration (Experimental,

X Measurement Methodology
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Funding:
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS: This work is based on regular expense:-
of the national schools of Japan.
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
In this paper, we theoretically consider
the statistical treatment of random noise
or vibration level distribution suitable
to the actual situation and where the real
experimental data are treated in a form of-
digital level and finite number*
When a random noise or vibration with a digital level Z of arbitrary distribution type can
be considered to be the sum of two different random processes X and U with digital level -as a
result of the natural internal structure of the fluctuation or the analytically artificial
classification of the' fluctuation, a unified statistical treatment for the probability
distribution of the resultant random fluctuation Z(=X+U) is introduced exactly in a new form
of expansion terms.
We have experimentally confirmed the validity of our theo.ry not only by means of digital
simulation but also from results of road traffic noise data in Hiroshima City.
This study was published in the Journal of the' Acoustical Society of Japan (Vol.32, No.9,
1976) in Japanese.
100
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Japan
yroject Title: ^n Estimation Theory of Lovel Distribution over a Long Time Interval
on the Basis of Level Distribution over a Short Time Interval in a
Urban Noise Measurement and Its Experiment
Performing Organization Name & Address:
1. Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima Universi-
ty, 3-8-2, Senda-machi, Hiroshima 730,
Japan.
2. Hiroshima Denki Institute of. Technology,
Senogawa-cho, Hiroshima 739-03, Japan.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

none
Principal Investigator(s):
Mitsuo Ohta (1),
Masafumi Nishimura (2)
Tsuyoshi Okita (1).
and
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated March.
Actual
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
X Demonstration (Experimental, -f-rtrti:
Production)
Measurement Methodology
1978
Year
Funding:
Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
r.oals, approach, expected or actual results
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
aublication.)
In this paper, concerning the actual road
traffic noise with many different types of
level distributions, a new trial of statistical
Treatment to estimate the noise level distri-
oution in a long term interval on the basis of
an information of noise level statistics (with high degree of experimental reliability) in a
short time interval is firstly considered from the theoretical view-point. That is, the above
estimation'technique i-s mainly founded on the use of the newly established probability expression
in the form of statistical expansion series. The expression has an arbitrary number of nonsta-
rionary parameters to be universally available for arbitrary nonstationary forms of the traffic
noise fluctuation over a long period of time. More explicitly, in this unified expression, the
stationary term is taken in the first term and many nonstationary factors are reflected successi-
vely in the second and higher order expansion terms.
Two explicit expressions of level'distributions over a long time interval on the basis of
level distribution over a short time interval are derived. This is a special application
of the above general theory. In the derivation, two fundamental and typical view-points of
jnodeling an actual random time series are pointed out. One is to regard the time series as
multiplicable, and the other is to regard it as additive.-
Finally, the validity of the above estimation theory is experimentally confirmed by applying
it to data of actually measured road traffic noise. The experimental result is in good agree-
ment with the theory.
This work was published in the Journal of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers
(Vol.12, No.3, 1976) in Japanese.
101
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Japan
"rojcct~xItTI-- A General] ized Expression on the MuTtivariate "joint Probability Distribution
of State Variable's for a Stochastic System with Quantitized Level and Its
Application to City Np_ise Measurement
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University,
H-8-2, Senda-machi, Hiroshima 730, Japan.
Hiroshima Denki Institute of -Technology, Nakano,
i>enogawa-cho, Hiroshima 739-03, Japan.
Arima Labor Hygiene Consultant.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Mitsuo Ohta (1) ,
Masafumi Nishimura (2)
Toshiharu Arima (3)
and
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated March, 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
X Demonstration (Experimental, f-roU
Pvr,,1,i,-l MM.)
X Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the. date(s) of
publication.)
It is a wellknown fact that whole informa-
Eion on the statistical property for state
variables of a stochastic control system can
oe derived by finding first the multivariate ^_
-joint probability density function of their variables.From this point of view, we have reported"
in the previous paper the unified explicit expression of the joint probability density function
for state variables. However, nowadays it is very often to measure the actual random data (e.g.,
rhe road traffic noise measured by a sound level meter) in a form of digital level at descrete
time. Furthermore, for these digital level data the use of digital computer is essential in
the various statistical evaluations and in the extraction information. In this paper, we firstly
sive the theoretical consideration on the joint probability function and its joint factorial
moments suitable to the actual situation that the real experimental data are taken in a. form of
digital level and finite number.
Comparing with the corresponding theories in the case of continuous level distribution, the
above theoretical result is characterized by some specific features: (1) This .result has a form
of difference type instead of differential type in its expression. Therefore, the experimental
frequency distribution P,(x) can be directly used with keeping its crude numerical form.
(2) 'When the difference operation is actually done in the practical application, the infinite
series type expansion expression is exactly truncated with finite number of terms. (3) As a
special case of letting the level width tend to 0, the above theory includes the wellknown
Expressions in the continuous level form.
Finally, we have experimentally confirmed the validity of our theory not only by means
of digital simulation but also by two kinds of experimentally obtained road traffic noise
data in Hiroshima City.
This study was published in the Journal of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers
(Vol.13, No.3, 1977) in Japanese.
102
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Japan
•roject Title: pojy-Frequency Spectral Analysis for the Road Traffic Noise Based on
the Filtered Poisson Process Model(Theory and Simulation Experiment).
-'erforraing Organization Name & Address:
Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University,
3-8-2, .Senda-Machi, Hiroshima 730 Japan, and
Kure Technical College, 2-S-ll, Aga-Minaml,
Kure 737 Japan.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
None.
Principal Investigator (s) :
Mitsuo Ohta,
Sizuma Yamaguchi and
Seijiro Hiromitsu.
Type of Research Program:
X Fundamental
X Development (f!niip
«. System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype,
Jtart Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated March, 1978.
Actual
Measurement Methodology
Year
Funding:
•reject Summary: (Briefly describe the
i'oals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
This work is based on regular expenses
of the national schools of Japan.
There may be necessarily two engineering
features of environmental road traffic noise
the level probability distribution in the
single-variate form and correlation character-1
istics in the multi-variate form. For the practical purpose of the environmental noise control,
both characteristics must be considered within a realistic model for road traffic noise.
The estimation with ,respect to level statistics of road traffic noise from freely flowing
complex road traffic consisting of various types of vehicles on a multi-lane road, can be based
on the statistical Laguerre expansion series expression. Many parameters and assumed statistics
of road traffic noise are reflected in each coefficient of series expansion, which can be
calculated by use of cumulant fomulas of noise intensity. Also, using these formulas presented,
the equivalent vehicle number and equivalent acoustic power can be decided using nomographs that
make the statistical treatment of complex road traffic noise become much more simple, in the
specific sense of equivalence such important noise standard indices as NPL(the noise pollution
level),
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Japan
Project Tide: A Unified Statistical Treatment for.the Multivariate Joint Probability
Expression of Gen'eral Random Processes in the Form of Finite Expansion Terms.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University,
3-8-2, Senda-Machi, Hiroshima 730 Japan, and
Kure Technical College, 2-2.-11, Aga-Minami,
Kure 737 Japan.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
None.
Principal Investigator(s):
Mitsuo Ohta,
Shizuma Yamaguchi and
Seijiro Hiromitsu.
.Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated November, 1977.
Actual
Type of Research Program:

y Fundamental
X_ Development (Component or System)
_jf_ Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:This work is based on regular expenses
of the national schools of Japan.
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
^oals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)

In the previous study, we have proposed the
unified explicit expression of the multivariat
nrobability distribution expression for
arbitrary random processes. This probability expression has been derived in the general form of
statistical infinite series expansion expression by generalizing several well-known results: the
-srobability expression of a nonstationary random process with mean value fluctuation, the multi-
variate statistical Hermite or Laguerre series expansion type expression and another probability
Expression using multi-dimensional Hermite polynomials due to Kuznetsov et at. Those probability
repressions have been also experimentally demonstrated to be accessible to arbitrarily complicated
random phenomena such as random traffic noise and random vibration. This fact means that they
rjlay a fundamental role in the statistical treatment of random phenomena because of their
generality with mathematical justification. The truth is, however, that, in practical applications,
rhe exact evaluation to the truncation error of series expression is always important, since a
statistical expansion expression will be inevitably employed, in the form of a finite number of
expansion terms. From the above viewpoint, when a multivariate random noise or vibration processes
•jf arbitrary distribution type can be considered to be respectively the sum of two different
random precesses as a result of the natural internal mechanism of the fluctuation or the analyti-
cally artificial classification of the fluctuation, a unified statistical treatment for the joint
probability distribution or joint moments of the resultant random fluctuation is introduced
3xactly in the form of finite expansion terms.
Furthermore, we have experimentally confirmed the validity of the present theory not only by
.Tieans of digital simulation but also by experimentally observed road traffic noise data in
.-iiroshima City. The experimental results clearly show the good agreement with the theory.
104
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Japan
Project Title: A unified Study on the Multivariate Joint Probability Expression and Its
Linear Transitional Property for the State Variables of Stochastic Environmental
System.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University,
3-8-2, Senda-Machi, Hiroshima 730 Japan, and
Kure Technical College, 2-2-11, Aga-Minami,
Kure 737 Japan.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
None.
Principal Investigator (s):

Mitsuo Ohta,
Sizuma Yamaguchi and
Seijiro Hiromitsu.
Type of Research Program:

x Fundamental
x Development 6fiSS58$S8H:Sx»X System)
x Demonstration (Experimental,
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated March. 1978
Actual
Measurement Methodology
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Most of random phenomena in the noise environ- Or Total Funding Amount:
mental system exhibit conspicuous non-Gaussian
distribution and nonstationary properties. On
the other hand, whether the stochastic noise
Amount
This work is based on regular expenses
of the national shcools of Japan.
COMMENTS:
environmental system is stationary or nonstationary, every information on the statistical proper-
ties of the system can be derived by finding the multivariate joint probability density function
of state variables describing the system.
From this point of view, firstly, the unified explicit expression of the joint probability
density function for the state variables of the nonstationary system is found in the general form
of statistical orthogonal and nonorthogonal expansion series. It is derived by generalizing our
previous result on the joint probability density function in a form of two kinds of multivariate
statistical Hermite series expansion due to M. Ohta and P. I. Kuznetsov, et. al. Next, by using
the above theoretical result, the new explicit expressions of multivariate joint probability
density and multivariate joint moment functions for the output response are exactly derived
without any simplification of the problem and any approximation of the analysis, in the case when
a general nonstationary random signal with arbitrary probability distribution form and correlation
functions as passed through an arbitrary stationary linear system with finite order. An effect
of random input and system characteristics is concretely reflected in the expansion coefficients.
Finally, the validity of our theory for the multivariate statistical treatment of environmental
noise system is experimentally confirmed by use of actually observed data of the nonstationary
random traffic noise and a digital simulation technique.

This work is to be published in the Transactions of Electronics and Communication Engineers of
Japan, probably by the end of 1977, in Japanese.
105
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Japan
Project-Title:A statistical Analysis of Nonstationaxy Random Noise in View of Temporal Change
of Cumulants and Its Application to Dynamical Prediction of L^
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University,
3-8-2, Senda-Machi, Hiroshima 730 Japan.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
None.
Principal Investigator(s):
-Mitsuo Ohta,
Shizuma Yamaguchi and
Toshiharu Arima.
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual Apr. 1977
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
X Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
X Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS: This work is based on regular expenses
of. the national schools of Japan.
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
•report(s) generated and the date(s) of
cublication.)

In this work, firstly, a unified theory of
the statistical treatment of the probability
distribution function is introduced in the
case where a general random noise of arbitrary
distribution type exhibits the nonstationary property with arbitrary temporal change of various
cumulants by generalizing previous studies of nonstationary property with fluctuation of mean
value and/or variance. As the result, the purpose of finding an effect of nonstationality due
to temporal change of cumulants on the output probability distribution, the explicit expressions
of cumulative distribution function and probability density function in the general form of
statistical expansion series taking the stationary term into the first term are derived. The
nonstationary effect caused by the change of various cumulants is concretely reflected in each
expansion coefficient of the second and higher terms in the above expansion expression. The
validity of the above theoretical result is also supported experimentally by the nonstationary
random traffic noise observed in Hiroshima City.
Next, a new approach toward the dynamical prediction problem of L* is considered by use of
the above universal expression of probability density function for arbitrary nonstationary
random noise level. The usefulness of our theoretical prediction method is confirmed experimenta-
lly by applying to an actual nonstationary random traffic noise level.

This work was published in the Journal .of the Acoustical Society of Japan (Vol.33, No.4.
April.,1977) in Japanese.
106
-------
Highway Model Analysis & Production
Japan
^reject Title: A Uni£iccj study on the Prediction Problem of Road Traffic Noise with Various Typc£
of Vehicles and Multi-Lanes on a Road of Arbitrary Length(Theory and Simulation
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University,
3-8-2, Senda-Machi, Hiroshima 730 Japan and
and Kure Technical College, 2-2-11, Aga-
Minami, Kure 737 Japan.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
None.
Principal Investigator (s) :
Mitsuo Ohta,
Sizuma Yamguchi and
Seijiro Hiromitsu.
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
)f Development (Jjonpoaci
^System)
X Demonstration (Experimental, -J^re
.Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Measurement Methodology
Sept., 1976.
Year
Funding:
Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS: This work was based on regular expenses
of the national schools of Japan.
rroject Summary: (Briefly describe the
.goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
In this research, firstly, a new trial to
solve the prediction problem in terms of the
lower and higher order cumulants of noise
intensity and the level probability distribu-
tion in the general form of statistical Laguerre expansion series is theoretically considered in
connection with the internal structure of road traffic noise.
More concretely, the above road traffic noise is considered in cases of the arbitrariness of
the number of lanes of'road and types of vehicles, the ratio of intermixture of vehicle types, the
average number and the acoustic power distribution of vehicles running with proper mean velocity
on the respective lane of road, the length of straight interval of road and the distance from the
observation point.
Next, the equivalence problems are discussed that is to replace the multiple lanes of road and
the various types of vehicles with a specific lane and a specific type of vehicle. Some examples
of nomographs for calculating the equivalent vehicle number for a specific sense of equivalence.
The validity of the present prediction theory rs; also supported by use of digital simulation
technique.

This work was published in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan, Vol. 32, No. 7,
pp. 403-412(1976)(in Japanesey
107
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Netherlands
Project Title:
Research on Life-size and If Possible Scale-Model Buildings Concerning Their
Acoustic Orientation to Nearby Roads and to Each Other
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Transport and Public Works
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:

1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Research is needed in a number of life-size situations and, for the sake of convenience,
research on scale models may also be conducted.

The data obtained from this research may be compiled into a computer programme in order
to make prognosis of noise levels. The data may also be used for urban development planning
to prevent noise nuisance. In addition to the evaluaton of the research methods used, a
number of common parcel layout or land allotment forms will be assessed acoustically.
Transcribed from the original.
108
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Project Title:
Investigation of Sound Transfer at Greater Distances
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Public Health and Environmental
Protection
Ministry of Transport and Public Works
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:

COMMENTS:
The methods developed by TNO of predicting road traffic noise are reasonably reliable
up to a distance of some 200 metres from the road; after that distance, the ground tends
to absorb a certain amount of the sound waves, heavily influencing the results of the
prognosis. The purpose of this project, based on existing knowledge (reference works,
actual research and measurements) and on new investigations, is to develop a. model for
calculating sound transfer at greater distances, as influenced by factors such as
the nature of the soil, density of plant growth, and weather conditions. This model
will be used to design the noise zones to be established around highways and industrial
estates.
Transcribed from the original.
109
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Poland
Project Title:
Performing Organization Name § Address;

INSTYTUT OCIIRONY SEODOV/ISKA
SAMODZIELNA PEACOY/NIA OCIIRGiVY
PEZED HALASEM.
02-078 WAESZAV/A, UL. KKZYY/ICIUEGO 9
PnlanH
Sponsoring Oi'ganization Nanic § Address:

MINISTEKSTWO ADMINISTBACJI, GOSPODAEKI
TERENOUEJ I OCHEONY SEODOYiISKA.
02-^056 V/AHSZAIVA, UL. FILTKOWA 57.
Principal Investigator /s/:

EADOSLAW KUCHAESKI, M. Sc.
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

x Fundamental
x Development /Component or System/
x Demonstration /Experimental, Prototype,
Production/
x Measurement Methodology
Project Summary: /Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual resul
report /s/ generated and the date/s/ of
publication./
Is,
.Year
1976
1977
1978
Funding:

/actual/:
/budget/:
/forecast/:
Amount
P.r Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Our activity connected with researches and their coordination in the field of out - dooi
/environmental/ noise has brought the following results!
«- 1976, Giving shape to the methods concerning the researches of the noise in the
area of urban - industry aglomerations for purpose of standarization esti-
mating the acoustical climat on the area of our country,

•» iy?7t Estimated methods of noise level prediction/the noise generated by the
road traffic, the railway, the air operations, the industry/.
Besides we plan to prepare:

«• 1978, The methods of designing the antinoi.se protections.

- 1980, The guide lines for decreasement the noise emitted by the trams in the
system wheel - rail.
110
-------
Highway Model Analysis & Prediction
Switzerland
Project Title:
Computer Model for Noise Propagation
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Herr PH Dr. E. J. Rathe
Wettstein Str 71
3332 Russikon (CH)
Switzerland
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Eidg. Amt fur umweltschutz
3003 Bern
Switzerland
Principal Investigator (s) :

Prof. Dr. E. J. Rathe
Start Date:

March 1976
Completion Date
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
Y Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
The computation method to be developed should be suitable for setting up noise immission
prognoses for complex installations including the most essential parameters, such as
type of source, nature of the soil, terrain topography, superstructures and if possible
meterological conditions. Moreover, the computation methods should serve to estimate the
effectiveness of planning-technical noise abatement measures.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
Ill
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Switzerland
Project Title:
Computer model of noise immission due to traffic noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Dr. E.J. Rathe
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Wettsteinstrasse 71
CH-8332 Russikon, Switzerland
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s) :

E.J. Rathe
Start Date:

1974
Completion Date:
Estimated 198°
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
GOAL: Treatment of traffic situations involving the simultaneous impact
of different kinds of traffic

APPROACH:
Computer modelling with the direct simulation of each traf-fic element,
and the statistical evaluation of the .noise emission for observers
at any given location. All kinds of road vehicles and railway trains
can be included separately, or in combinations as needed.
RESULTS:
The model provides the link between specified noise emission
characteristics of vehicles (as determined by test runs, or in
certification procedures) and the noise immission produced by
complex traffic. The dispersion of vehicle types and driving
conditions, as well as fluctuations of traffic density can be
included. Results are available in the usual form of statistical
levels, such as LEQ, LI, L10, L50 etc.
PLANS:
Development of a commercial version to allow the use of the
programs directly by any interested party.
112
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
United Kingdom
Project Title:
External Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:

BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT
GARSTON, WATFORD WD2 ?JR
HERTFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
DR F J Langdon
DR W A Utley
MR D E Sexton
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

COMMENTS:
To determine the relationships between human reactions and noise from road traffic, industry,
railways, aircraft and construction either in isolation or combined. Study how such relation-
chips may be used in urban planning. Improve and develop methods for estimating noise levels
from road traffic, industry, railways and construction sites; determine performance of
remedial measures for noise control. Specify procedures for measuring or estimating noise
exposure to assist in implementation of legislation for noise control.

Carry out studies of subjective reactions of people in dwellings and the effects upon sleep
of mixed noise exposures arising from road traffic and railways. Relate reactions of teaching-
staff in schools to external noise from road traffic and relate these to noise exposures.
Examine the range of sound insulation values provided by facades of school buildings. Give
guidance on the setting up of Noise Abatement Zones and develop further guidance on the
prediction and control of noise from industrial premises. Study noise emission from construction
sites to determine better prediction methods. Set up new test facility to compare alternative
methods for measuring noise output of construction plant for inclusion in EEC Directives.
Investigate various methods of measuring Lgq. Investigate methods of measuring and predicting
noise from railwaySo
113
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Computer Simulation of Traffic Noise and Noise Prediction
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Transport and Road Research Laboratory
Old Wockingham Road
Crawthorne, Berkshire RG11 6AU
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Department of the Environment
Principal Investigator(s):
D. G. Harland
P. M. Nelson
Start Date:
Jan 1971
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)

An algorithm for adding time varying distri-
butions of noise has been invented and is
being used as the basis of a traffic noise
model which is at least an order more efficient
other workers. The model is being developed to
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
than the Monte Carlo simulations reported by
predict urban traffic transport modes.
Publication:

"The combination of noise from separate time varying sources"
P. M. Nelson
Applied Acoustics, No 6, 1-21, 1973

"A computer model for determining the temporal distribution of noise from road traffic"
P. M. Nelson
TRRL LR 611, 1973

"Estimates of the reduction of traffic noise following the introduction of quieter vehicles"
P. M. Nelson and J. Fanstone,
TRRL LR 624, 1974

"A computer model of traffic noise to solve planning problems"
P. M. Nelson
Conf. Paper, Symposium on roads and the environment, OECD, 1974

"Predicting road traffic noise in the rural environment; a study of the A66 road improvement
scheme in the Lake District"
P. M. Nelson and N. Godfrey,
TRRL LR 642m 1874
Transcribed from the original
114
-------
Highway Model Analysis and Prediction
Abbreviated Listings

Me the rlands. Research on Acoustic Qualities of Artificial Structures.
Sponsor: Ministry of Transport and Public Works, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
1976. With the help of scale models and life size sound situations,
this research is intended to devise an empirical method of predicting
the sound fields around complex artificial structures for which no re-
liable noise level prognosis is yet possible because of the many com-
plicated reverberation patterns.

Norway. Simplified Method for Predicting Traffic Noise. Laboratory
of Acoustics, Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Sponsor: Joint Nordic Countries Project. 1977.

Sweden. Nordic Calculation Model for Road Traffic Noise. Ingemanssons
Acoustics, Box 53037, S-40014 Goteborg, Sweden. Sponsor: Nordic Board
of Ministers, Drottning Maudsgate 11, Oslo 2, Norway. S. Benjegaard.
Feb. 1976. Oct. 1977. Development of a method for the calculation of
road traffic noise, common to the Nordic countries.

United Kingdom. Analytic Studies on Traffic Noise Evaluation and Predict-
ion. Imperial College and New Castle Polytechnic, New Castle-Upon-Tyne, United
Kingdom. Sponsor: Transport and Road Research Laboratory.
115
-------
HIGHWAY NOISE

OTHER

See Also Pages:

151

272

273

234

361
167
-------
Rail Model Analysis & Prediction
Swi t zerland
Project Title: Development and Compilation of Acoustic Principles for Assessing the
Noise Exposure due to Railroad Switchyards
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Eidg. Material, und Versuchanstalt
EMPA, Abteilung Akustik
8600 Duebendorf (CH)
Switzerland
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address'
Federal Environmental Office
3003 Bern In cooperation with:
The Federal Transport Office
3003 Bern Switzerland
Principal Investigator (s) :

Herrn Professor A. Lauber
Herrn F. Kopp
Start Date:
1975
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual 1977
Type of Research Program:

x Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
x Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (sFr 100 , 000 ) $3 9 , 9 7 0

COMMENTS:
The work should enable the prediction of noise emissions and immissions to
be expected from planned (new) switchyards, the assessment of all types of
noise arbatement measures.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.

169
-------
Rail Model Analysis and Prediction
West Germany
Project Title:
Noise Immissions in Fulda Township Along Existing Railroad Tracks and Along
the New Stretch Being Built
Performing Organization Name & Address:

"IGI" Engineer, Geological Institute
Niedermeyer
Westheim, West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address;

German Federal Railroads
Frankfurt, West Germany
Principal Investigator (s) :
Dip. -Ing. Niedermeyer
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Environmental and Public
Health Administration of

Stockholm, Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s):
Start Date:

1976
Completion Date:
Estimated 1973
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, 01
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The project contains the following headlines:
1. Construction of a calculation model for predicting noise from

railroad traffic.
2. Try to find limits for railroad noise.
J. Suggest meaures to fulfill the requirements.
4. Calculate the costs within Stockholm for meaures against railroad noise.
A working group within the town of Stockholm has been set up for this project.
Representatives from the National Environmental Protection Board and the
State Railroad Authorities are associated with the group.
171
-------
Rail Model Analysis and Prediction
Abbreviated Listings
Norway. Methods for Prognosing Noise From Railways.
Laboratory of Acoustics, Norwegian Institute of Technology,
Trondheim. Norway. 1980.

United Kingdom. Noise Prediction Method for Fast Electric
Trains. Building Research Establishment, Aylesbur, Bucking-
hamshire, United Kingdom.
172
-------
RAIL NOISE

OTHER

See Also Pages:

37
188
192
205
-------
Exhaust Mufflers
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Exhaust Systems; Effect of Typical Failures on Emitted Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Motor Industry Research Assoc.
Watling Street
Linchley nr Nuneaton
Warwickshire, United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Department of the Enviroment Vehicle Engineering
Division
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
Feb 1975
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)

To demonstrate the effect of common failures
of vehicle exhaust systems on the noise
emitted by the vehicle under specified test
conditions.
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (fc 827) $ 1422

COMMENTS:
Transcribed from the original
207
-------
Exhaust Mufflers
West Germany
Project Title:
Theoretical and experimental
Design on Muffling of Exhaust
Study of Single and Multiple Chamber Muffler
Noise.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Anstalt fur Verbrennungsmotoren
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. H. List (AVL)
A-8020 Graz, Kleiststrasse 48
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Forschungsvereinigung Verbrennungskraftsmaschinen
Postfach 109, Lyonerstrasse 18
D-6 Frankfurt/Main-Niederrad 1
West Germany
Principal Investigator (s) :
Dipl.-Ing. G. E. Thien
Dr. K. P. Mayer
Dipl.-Ing. B. Nowotny
Start Date:

Jan. 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated Dec. 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
_ Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1976 (actual): $118,000
1977 (budget): $ 93,000
1978 (forecast):?105,000
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The calculation methods used up to today, based on purely acoustical, that is to say linear
equations for gas throughput and the damping mechanism of exhaust gas noise dampers for
noises with internal combustion provide no sufficient agreement between calculation and
measuring results. The design of mufflers is thus done in a largely empirical manner.
With the use of pertinent information, we were successful in producing acoustically highly
effective mufflers with a sufficiently small flow resistance, admittedly without the
guarantee that these mufflers represent optimum solutions with regard to weight, constructional
volume and cost.

In the course of the research project, with the use of modern computation methods and test
techniques, ways and possibilities are to be sought for predicting and pre-calculating the
effect of noise-damping mechanisms in the exhaust systems of internal combustion engines
with sufficient accuracy. The path to a solution is built on the most recent development
of finite difference methods for the calculation of the spontaneous formation of pressure
waves in compressible media, which were set up for solving the problems of gas dynamics
in the USA.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.

208
-------
Exhaust Mufflers
West Germany
Project Title:
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Single- and Multi- Chamber Filter
for Exhaust Gas Noise Abatement
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Research Association for Internal Combustion
Engines
Frankfurt, Lyoner Strasse 18
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Working Group of Industrial Research Associations
Principal Investigator (s):
Dipl. -Ing. Gerhard Thien
Start Date: Completion Date:
Jan. 1, 1976
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Dec. 31, 1977
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
(500,000 DM)
$212 xPQO
Development of a computation method for the design of exhaust gas sound mufflers for internal
combustion engines. Utilization of a new computation method— similar to that of the "finit-
element-method"—which makes it possible to calculate cross section variations. Execution of
supplementary tests to determine coefficients for damping and flow lasser and to verify the
accuracy of the computation formulas.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
209
-------
Exhaust Mufflers
Italy
Project Title: Noise Reduction in Alternative Intake and Discharge Systems.
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Alfa Romeo S.p.A
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:

1976
Completion Date:
Estimated 1977
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
_X Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
19 78
Project Suirmary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report (s) generated and the date(s) of
publication. )
This is a research program for the improve-
ment of the acoustical behavior of intake
and exhaust systems. The article states
the following points:
Funding:
Year Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
1) Additional bases for elementary acoustical theory (one dimensional and with no average
discharge) in the physical models of various types of mufflers (reflection, absorption,
etc.).
2) Experimental calculation and measurement, with proper equipment, of transmission loss
of the chamber.
3) Refinement of mathematical models eventually leading to a theory of no average discharge
with more dimensions.
4) A program of calculation for the study of acoustical systems formed by the combination
of various mufflers.
5) Optimization of configurations of similar acoustical systems. Theoretical and experimen-
tal analysis in relation to the spectral conditions of the excitement.
6) Definition of prototypes to be proven on the car.
Translated and transcribed from the original Italian.
210
-------
Exhaust Mufflers
Netherlands
Project Title:
Noise-shielding properties of exhuast systems
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Public Health and Environmental Hygiene Dept.
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
Est. 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, c
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
This research project has the purpose of acquiring basic data with regard to the taking
of the executive decision on the basis of article 10 of the noise nuisance bill regarding
the noise-shielding properties of certain exhaust systems with the purpose of making trade
in so-called sport exhausts impossible. The manipulation aspects will also be involved
in the study.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.

211
-------
Exhaust Mufflers
Northern Ireland
Project Title:
Prediction of noise from silencer configurations.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Department of Mech. and Industrial Eng.,
The Queen's University of Belfast,
Ashby Institute,
Stranmillis Road, Belfast, N.Ireland BT9
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Volvo A.B., Sweden
5AH
Principal Investigator(s):
Professor G. P. Blair
Start Date:
1/1/76
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
j( Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
In/I 9 /77
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Confidential
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
This research work again followed the lines of our fundamental studies which have
been published under SAE papers Nos.720155, 73016O and 740713, and in this case
these programs were constructed for the specific purpose of analysing the noise
output from any conceived pressure input characteristic with respect to time arriving
at any one of three types of silencer configuration and predicting the noise produced
thereby in space at a predetermined microphone position. The levels of attenuation
could be assessed for any new silencer design and the back-pressure on the engine
and in the silencer box could be predicted either dynamically or as a mean pressure
level.
212
-------
Exhaust Mufflers
Northern Ireland
Project Title:
Design of Diesel Engine Silencers
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Dept. of Mech. and Industrial Eng.,
The Queen's University of Belfast,
Ashby Institute,
Stranmillis Road, Belfast, N. Ireland,BT9
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Confidential
Principal Investigator(s):
Professor G. P. Blair
Start Date:

1/8/76
Completion Date:
Estimated 1/8/77
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Confidential
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
This work is aimed at the design and development of silencers for diesel engines
from 1-8 cylinders of the turbo-charged two-cycle and four-cycle type with
outputs ranging from 1OO - 1OOO h.p. This project follows the basic development
lines illustrated in SAE papers Nos. 72O155, 73016O and 74O713. The results
show good broad-band attenuation in the three basic requirement levels of
non-critical, industrial, urban, residential and critical residential area
utilisation. The reports generated are confidential and will not be published.
213
-------
Exhaust Mufflers
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Silencer Development. Quiet Heavy Vehicle.
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Southampton University
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research
Highfield, Southampton S09 5NH
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Transport and Road
Research Laboratory
Principal Inves ti'gator (s) :
P.O.A.L. Dayies
W. Adams
Start Date:
April 1973
Completion Date:
Estimated
Act
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
tual Apr 197ft
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)

To produce optimised silencer design layouts
for two specified heavy diesel truck engines
to meet Motor Industries Research Association'
specifications. To investigate new
fundamental methods for improving silencer performance.
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Publication:

P.O.A.L. Davies and W.J. Adams 1976
University of Southampton, ISVR Contract
Report No. 76/12. Quiet Heavy Vehicle
Project: The design of exhaust silencers.
Transcribed from the original.
214
-------
Exhaust Mufflers
Abbreviated Listings
France. Noise From Exhaust Outlet of a Vehicle. Bertin et
Cie, B. P. No. 3, F-78370 Plaisir, France. 1977.

United Kingdom. Tailpipe Noise Sources. University of Southampton,
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Southampton S09
5NH, United Kingdom. C. L. Morfey. A geometric acoustics
model has been constructed for sound transmission through a
variable area duct with flow, and radiation out through the
exhaust.

United Kingdom. The Design of High Performance Exhaust Silencers.
University of Southampton, Institute of Sound and Vibration
Research, Southampton S09 5NH, United Kingdom. P. 0. A. L.
Davies.
215
-------
SURFACE VEHICLE COMPONENTS

POWER TRAIN
217
-------
Power Train
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Crankshaft Vibrations
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Cranfield Institute of Technology
School of Automotive Studies
Cranfield
Bedford MK 43 OAL
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s) :

D. Hodgetts
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
To carry out further experiments on various multi-cylinder engines. To check the ability
of the theoretical model to predict the frequencies, amplitudes and model shapes for the
whirling modes of vibration. Associated with this work are two doctorate studies of the
hydrodynamic constraints that a journal bearing imposes on the shaft.
Transcribed from the original.
219
-------
Power Train
Abbreviated Listings
United Kingdom. Effect of Crank-Mechanism and Gearbox on In-Line Engine
Modes and Natural Frequencies. University of Southampton, Institute
of Sound and Vibration Research, Southampton S09 5NH, United Kingdom.
N. Lalor.

United Kingdom. Transmission and Gearbox Noise. University of South-
ampton, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Southampton S09 5NH, United
Kingdom. J. Baker, R.D.H. Perry.
220
-------
SURFACE VEHICLE COMPONENTS

TIRES

See Also Page:
221
-------
Tires
Sweden
Project Tide:
Development of quieter tires and road surfaces
Performing Organization Name & Address:
IFM Almstikbyran AB
Warfvinges vag 26
S-112 15 Stockholm, Sweden_
Principal lnvesti<:atcr(s):
Nils-Ake Hilsson
Start u;:tc:
1 Nov 1976*!
Actual
Project Sin:.r,-ayy: (];rir>f.ly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report (:;) generated and the datc(s) of
public;: tion. )
Sponsoring Organization N'ar.ic & Address:
National Swedish Board for
Technical Development
X ]:unuauen Lai
x Development (Component or System)
Funding:
Year
1976" (actual ) : $
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
$ 73.000
$ 63,000
$ 78,000
Report:

Generating mechanisms for external tire noise
Parametric influences of external tire noise
Tire noise and tire vibration bibliography
Laboratory measurements of external tire noise
Discussions at BASt
Report from travels for the purpose of study
in the United States of America
Radiation of airborne sound due to contact-
patch excited vibrations

Measurement of vibrations of in-service tires
Pre-study at Gislaved Tire and Rubber Company
Author:

N A Nilsson
N A Nilsson
N A Nilsson

N A Nilsson
U Sandberg

N A Nilsson

N A Nilsson
S Soderqvist

0 Bennerhult
N A Nilsson
Report No.

TR 3-709-llt (English)
TR 3.709-15 (English)
TR 3.709.05 (English)

TR 14.283.01 (English)
TR 1*.283.03 (Swedish)

TM 3.709.05 (English)

TR h.283.014 (English)
* Due to delay in scheduling this project the project couldn't start July 1st but
Noy. 1st. The financial years are therefore running 1 Nov. to 31 Oct.
223
-------
Tires
Sweden
Project Title. j)eve^0p-Lng a method for characterizing tires with respect to external tire noise.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
IEM Akustikbyran AB
Warfvinges vag 26
S-112 51 Stockholm Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

National Swedish Board for Technical
Development
Principal Investigator (s) :
Nils-Ake Nilsson
Ove Bennerhult
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
$20,000
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The characterization of tires with respect to tire noise is essential when measuring
noise from the contact mechanism when a tire is rolling over a road surface. It
is necessary to control parameters as rubber hardness, tread pattern and other fundamental
characteristics of a tire with respect to external noise.

During the project methods for doing this will be worked out and tested to real measure-
ments of external tire noise to see how different tire parameters correlate to external
tire noise.
224
-------
Tires
Sweden
Project Title:
Road Surface Characterization with Respect to Type of Noise.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Swedish Road and Traffic
Research Institute, Road User and Vehicle
Research Dept.
Pack
S-581Q1 I.-inkoeping. Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):

U. Sandbery
Start Date:
Oct. 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated June 1979
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: $150,000

COMMENTS:
Methods will be developed for characterization of road surface properties influencing vehicle
noise and the methods will be used for estimation of these properties. The purpose is to
make it possible to define a road surface with respect to its influence on tyre noise.
The investigations include theoretical studies and constructional work concerning test
equipment and characterization methods as well as experiments, tests and measurements in
situ. It is intended to develop a measuring equipment for registration of road surface
profiles (macrotexture). Comparison will be made between tyre noise generated on the
surfaces for three types of passenger tyres and the physical properties of the surfaces
measured by the developed methods.
Transcribed from the original.
225
-------
Tires
Sweden
Project Title:
Tyre Noise-Influence of Tyre and Road
Surface
Performing Organization Name & Address:

IFM-Bureau of Acoustics Co.
Warevinges Valg 26
S-112 51
Stockholm, Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address I

Swedish Board for Technical Development
Liljeholmsvaegen 32
S-900 72
Stockholm, Sweden
Principal Investigator (s) :
G. Godefelb

N.A.A. Nilsson
Start Date:

Oct.1974
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual June 1976
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

COMMENTS:
The influence of different parameters on the tyre-road surface
system is studied. A series of tests will be performed which in the long run
should lead to type-road to tyre-road surface structures that cause lower noise
emissions.
Transcribed from the original.
226
-------
Tires
Sweden
Project Title:
Characterization of Pavements with Relevance to "Tire-Noise-Generation'
Measurement of Water-Pavement/Water-Tire Interfacial Energy
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Swedish Institute for Surface Chemistry
Box 5607
S-11486
Stockholm, Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
National Swedish Road and Traffic
Research Institute
Pack
S-58101
Linkoeping, Sweden
Principal Investigator(s):
L. Kaell
Start Date:

June, 1977
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

presence of water on the pavement. This project aims at a preliminary evaluation

of the role of interfacial energies between water-pavement and water-tire for this

noise generation. The methods used will be contact angle measurements.
Transcribed from the original.
227
-------
Tires
Switzerland
Project Title:
Rolling Noise of Tires
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Ingenieurschule HTL
Automobilabteilung
Quellgasse 3
CH-2500 Biel 3
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Eidg. Polizeiabteilung
Ch-3003 Bern
Eidg. Amt fur Umweltschutz
CH-3003 Bern
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:

Spring
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual Summer 1976
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
(Fr. 16000. ) $6395
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
Purpose: Can a method be developed with the aid of a suitable rolling test stand to measure
the rolling noise of tires?

- Study of the correlation quality of measuring results between road and rolling test stand.

Results:

- A measuring method equivalent to the street should be developed for the rolling test stand,

- Differences of the different tested tires exist with regard to noise values and frequencies;
the differences of the studied tires however are smaller than the influence of the different
street linings.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
228
-------
Tires
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Low frequency noise generated by rolling tyre/road interaction.
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
University of Birmingham,
South West Campus, P.O. Box 363,
Birmingham B15 2TT.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Science Research Council, London
British Leyland Ltd., Birmingham
Ford Motor Co. Ltd., Basildon
Principal Investigator(s):

Dr. B. Mills
Dr. J. W. Dunn
Start Date:
1974
Completion Date:
Estimated 1979
Actual
Type of Research Program:

;< Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
(£14,000) $24074
(£19,000) $32672
(£25,000) $42990
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
To measure the 3-dimensional point mobilities of the wheel hub of a vehicle without
wheels and tyres and to combine them with compatible parameters of the rolling tyre
and to examine the influence that the rolling tyre/vehicle interaction has on the
vibration characteristics of the vehicle and the noise generated inside the structure.
To achieve these aims attention has been strongly focussed on the problem of relating
the vibration pattern of the structure to the measured noise level inside it. Also
included is an attempt to predict sound pressure levels using simple radiation theory
and measured panel velocity data. This latter aspect of the project has led to techniques
by which the dynamic performance of a structure can be quantified with respect to
excitation at any road or drive-line injut station. Dynamic performance parameters
have been established for a range of current and prototype vehicle structures.
229
-------
Tires
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Laboratory Investigations of Vehicle/Rolling Tyre Interaction and Its
Relation f.o Low Frequency Genprafprl Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Birmingham University
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
P. 0. Box 363
Birmingham, B15 2TT
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Science Research Council
Principal Investigator (s):
B. Mills
J. W. Dunn
Start Date:

Nov 1973
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual Mar 1976
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (fc 31,800) $ 54,683
COMMENTS:
To measure the 3-dimensional point mobility of the wheel hubs of a vehicle without wheels
and tyres and to combine them with compatible parameters of the rolling tyre, in order to
establish a broad band vibration analysis of a complete vehicle, and to examine the influence
that this 3-dimensional vehicle/tyre interaction has on the vibration and noise generation
inside vehicle structures.
Transcribed from the original.
230
-------
Tires
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Origins of Tyre Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Transport and Road Research Laboratory
Old Wokingham Road
Crowthorne, Berks, United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Department of Transport
Department of Environment
Marsham Street
London, United Kingdom
Principal Investigator (s) :

MCP Underwood
G. Winney
J. Vaughan
Start Date:

1971
Completion Date:
Estimated 1973
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1976 (actual): (t20K) $34,392
1977 (budget): (tlOK) $17,196
1978 (forecast):(fc 5K) $ 8,598
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
1) To study the causes of tire noise and model the transfer of energy from road surface
input to radiation of noise from tire and road.

2) To identify the quietest commercially available tires for use on the Quiet Heavy Vehicle.

3) To determine by practical tests, the effects of varying the various parameters affecting
tire noise, e.g. mass of tread belt, tread pattern, wall thickness, casing material, etc.
Results on radial construction tires show that this type can be 2-3dB(A) quieter than mono-ply.
Transcribed from the original.
231
-------
Tires
West Germany
Project Title:
Study of Feasible Reductions in Noise from Rolling Tires
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Federal Highway Institute
Postfach 51 05 30
Bruehlerstr. 1
5 Koeln 51 West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Federal Transport Ministry
Postfach 100
53 Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1
West Germany
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr. S. Ullrich
Start Date:

4/19/77
Completion Date
Estimated
Actual
.779
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: $63,600
{-DM 15Q.,QOQ_)
COMMENTS:
The origin of tire noise. Tire noise on normal roads and on a special rotating drum
test stand. Relationship between tire noise and road pavement (surface). Effects of
tire material and tread design. Classification of tires now on the market with regard
to their noise emission.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
232
-------
Tires
West Germany
Project Title:
Noise Generated by Travel on Wet .Surfaces
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute for Acoustical Technology
Tech. Univ. Berlin
Berlin 10, Einsteinufer 27
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
German Research Society
Principal Investigator(s):

Prof. Dr. Monfred Heckl
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (63,000 DM) $26,712

COMMENTS:
The noises generated by rolling depend in part on whether the surface is wet or not. For
example, tires on wet streets. On the basis of simple tests, it is to be ascertained to
what extent this type of noise generation depends on travel velocity and the surface tension
of the fluids involved.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.

233
-------
Tires
Canada
Project Title:
Effects of Road Surfaces on Two Common Types of
Tire
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Ontario Minstry of the Environment
135 St. Clair Avenue West
Toronto, Ontario M4V 1P5
Canada
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):

Geoff Murphy
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

National Board for Technical
Development
Stockholm, Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s) :
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Start Date:
Mar 1974
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual Mar 1Q76

Measurement Methodology

Funding :
Year Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount:
Parameter studies and screening. The
aim is to obtain reproducible measure- COMMENTS:
ments of tire noise, to study the
influence of different parameters on the sound generation mechanism of tire and
road surface, and to develop vehicle screens to prevent the diffusion of the noise.
Transcribed from the original
235
-------
Tires
Switzerland
Project Title:
Study of Rolling Noise from Automobile Tires
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Kantonales Technikum Biel (KTB)
Automobiltechnische Abteilung, 2500 Biel
Eidg. Material- und Versuchsanstalt
EMPA, Abteilung Akustik
8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Eidg, Amt fur Umweltschutz, 3003 Bern
im Einvernehmen mit der:
Eidg. Polizeiabteilung, 3003 Bern
Switzerland
Principal Investigator(s):

1. Herrn P. Wittwer, Dozent
2. Herrn Dr. R. Hofmann
Start Date:
Aug. 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Summer 1976
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
X
__ Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
X Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The results of the study should be useful in clarifying whether with the aid of a suitable
rolling test stand a method can be developed for measuring the rolling noise of tires.

Even if a type testing method for passenger cars does not appear to have first priority for
noise combatting, the introduction of boundary values must still be discussed with truck
tires. To be sure not in the sense of a comprehensive type testing, but rather to eliminate
the few tires which cause an audible howling tone on superhighways.

However, the efforts should go in the direction of low-noise street coverings parallel to
all tire tests.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
236
-------
Tires
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Improving the Prediction
Noise
of the Effects of Road Surface on Traffic
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Transport and Road Research
Laboratory
Crowthorne
Berkshire, United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication. )
Type of Research Program:

COMMENTS:
Transcribed from the original.
237
-------
Tires
West Germany
Project Title:
Generation of Noise by Rolling Motor Vehicle Tires
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute for Mechanics
Technical Inst. Darmstadt
Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 1
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Prof. Dr. Peter Hagedorn
Start Date:

Jan. 1, 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Project Suirmary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
Funding:
Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
Experimental and theoretical studies on the genesis of tire noises. Measurements at
the test bed and on the street. Possibly, suggestions on how to reduce these noises.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.

238
-------
SURFACE VEHICLE COMPONENTS

OTHER
239
-------
Surface Vehicle Components Other
Sweden
Project Title:
Limitation of the Sound Level of Vehicle Engine Cooling Systems
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Chalmers University of Technology
Department of Internal Combustion Engineering
Fack
S-40220 Goeteborg 5, Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
National Swedish Board for Technical
Development
Fack
S-10072
Stockholm 43, Sweden
Principal Investigator (s):

L, Collin
A. Pettersson
Start Date:

July 1975
Completion Date:
Estimated July 1978
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

COMMENTS:
The aim of the project is to minimize the noise emission level of cooling
systems for vehicle engines.
Transcribed from the original.
241
-------
Surface Vehicle Components other
Sweden .
Project Title:
Tyre Noise Screening
Performing Organization Name & Address:

IFM Bureau of Acoustics Co.
Warevinges Vaeg 26
5-112 51
STockholm Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Swedish Borad for Technical Development
Liljeholmsvaegen 32
S-100 72 Stockholm, Sweden
Principal Investigator (s) :
G. Gadefelt
P. Voigt
Start Date:
Oct. 1974
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
June 1976,
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: $55,000

COMMENTS:
This project aims at developing screens to be attached to road traffic vehicles that prevent
tyre noise environment. A number of different types of screens are made and attached to
vehicles. Measurement of tyre noise levels from freely moving vehicles are made at a distance
of 7.5 M. The tests are performed on dry and wet road surfaces and at varying speeds.
The noise reducing effect of different screen alternatives and their properties in practical
use are studied. The result from a preliminary test suggests that reductions in tyre noise
level of about 3 dB(A) in practical use can be expected.
Transcribed from the original.
242
-------
Surface Vehicle Components Other
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Noise From DPA Pumps
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Noise Control Group
Research Department
Lucas-CAV Ltd
P 0 Box 36, Warple Way, Acton,
T.nndnn W3 7SS
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Lucas C.A.V.
Principal Investigator(s):
M F Russell
A J Herbert
S W Nicol
Start Date:
1974
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

x_ Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
x_ Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: 1 man continuously

COMMENTS:
OBJECTIVES

1. To develop a complete understanding of the noise generating
process in the DPA diesel fuel injection pump

2. To examine all ways of controlling noise from this pump

3. To demonstrate practical means of noise control for this pump

First report issued as SAE paper "Identification and Modelling
of Rotary Diesel Fuel Injection Pump Noise Process" presented
at Milwaukee in Sept 1975 (SAE publication SP 397)
243
-------
Surface Vehicle Components Others
West Germany
Project Title:
Noise Stresses Caused by Commercial Vehicles.
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Chair and Institute for Motor Vehicle
Technology,
Hannover Techn. Univ.
Hannover, Nienburger Strasse 1. WG
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

German Research Society
Principal Investigator(s):

Dipl.-Ing. Siegfried Jaekel
Start Date:

Apr 1,1973
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

244
-------
Surface Vehicle Components Other
Italy
Project Title: ^ Digital Analysis Method for Determining the Contribution of Various
Transmission Methods of Noise Into the Passenger Compartment of a Car.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Alfa Romeo S.p.A.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:

1977
Completion Date:
Estimated 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
X Measurement Methodology
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Funding:
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The search for an experimental method of
determining transfer functions among
various inputs and outputs of a system
without separate recurring excitement from the various inputs. The transfer functions, along
with other input and output characteristics permit the deduction of the contribution of each
input and output. The deeper problems concern principally:

1) The possibility of individualizing the inputs.
2) The possibility of having (eventually artificially) inputs that aren't terribly
correlated with a sufficient precision upon determination of the transfer
functions.
3) Eventual precision studies on relief and influence of its results.
Translated and transcribed from the original Italian.
245
-------
Surface Vehicle Components Other,
Abbreviated Listings
France. Noise Reduction by Covering the Motor and Mechanical Parts.
Bertin et Cie, B.P. No. 3, F-78370 Plaisir, France. 1977.

Switzerland. The Body as Transmission Element Between the Sources and
the Passenger Compartment. Interkeller AG/SA, 8052 Zurich, Switzerland.
P. Gillard.

Switzerland. The Transmission to the Vehicle Body through the Engine Mounts
and the Measurement of their Dynamic Characteristics. Interkeller AG/SA,
8052 Zurich, Switzerland. B. Braune, F. Sommer.
246
-------
MEASUREMENT AND ENFORCEMENT
METHODOLOGY AND STANDARDS

See Also Pages:

33
38
1*3
kk
59
79
80
81
82
83
89
9k
110
113
115
169
180
181
184
208
235
237
245
247
-------
Methodology and Standards
Australia
Project Title:
Noise Source Identification on Automotive Engines
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Dept. Mech. Engineering,
Monash University
Clayton
Vic. Australia 3168
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Monash University
Principal Investigator (s) :

Dr. Robin J. Alfredson
Start Date:
10/76
Completion Date:
Estimated 12/77
Type of Research Program:

x Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
x Measurement Methodology
Actual
Funding:
Year
Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget): ($1000) $1110
1978 (forecast): ($1000) $1110
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
A digital intensity device has been developed which measures directly acoustic intensity.
It is based on a high speed analogue to digital converter coupled directly to a digital
computer. The ADC receives signals from two microphones via a dual precision amplifier.

The device is being used in the near field of an automotive engine in order to identify
regions of high acoustic intensity and hence regions radiating high levels of acoustic
power. Tests to date have been very promising. The first report will be at the NOISE-CON
77 to be held-in Virginia NSA in October, 1977.
Transcribed from the original.
249
-------
Methodology and Standards
Canada
Project Title:
Community Noise Measuring Instruments
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Research Council of Canada
Division of Physics
Acoustics Section
Ottawa, Canada KIA OR6
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
G. S. K. Wong
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Funding:
Year Amount
1976 (actual): ($50,000) $47,140
1977 (budget): ($50,000) $47,140
1978 (forecast): ($50,000) $47,140

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
Miniature Sound Level Meter
In July 1976, Canadian Patents and Development Ltd. selected Richard Brancker Research Ltd.
of Ottawa as licensee for this instrument. Manufacture is expected to commence in February
1977. The instrument is capable of measuring A-weighted levels as low as 40 dB and has a
dynamic range of 80 dB plus a crest factor of 14 dB. A low-power-consumption detector based
on implicit computation provides true-rms values of the input signal. The display is a
column of LED's driven by a special circuit.

Instruments for Measuring Community Noise Indices
Two economically attractive noise-level monitoring instruments are under development. The
first instrument is for the measurement of equivalent sound level (L£a); and the second
instrument is basically a portable (Lx) data logging system for the assessment of the
percentage "X" of the time that a certain level of noise "L" is exceeded. Values of L and
LX are of importance as community noise indices. An analogue input circuit with self-
contained auto-ranging, which is suitable for these and other applications, has been designed
and constructed. According to preliminary tests, the dynamic range of the system is at
least 95 dB plus a crest factor of 14 dB and the resolution is better than 0.1 dB.
Transcribed from the original.
250
-------
Methodology and Standards
Canada
1'rojcct Title:
Exterior Vehicle Noise and Health Impairment Effects on People
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Sound and Vibration Laboratory
Faculty of Engineering Science
The University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B9
Principal Investigator (s) :

Dr. J.S. Bradley
Prof. J.E.K. Foreman
Mr. Brian Jonah
Sponsoring Organization Name I. Address:

Federal Ministry of Transport (Canada)
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada
Start Date:

May 1974
ompletion Date:
Estimated _
Actual _May_3TTT977
-L
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
JC Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):

Or_ Total Funding Amount: ($126,000) $118,793

~P^e~I " WW ~] 9~74~-75 }~ -(, $~28 ,ObO~)"$267398
Phase II (May 1975-77) -($98,000) $92,395
The Laboratory has just completed a study for the Canadian Ministry of Transport on external
vehicle noise and its subsequent health impairment effects on people. The purDose_of the_
study was to more definitely establish criteria for acceptable future external vehicle noise
levels in Canada, as a further development of the Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.
The question of acceptable noise levels is of concern to vehicle manufacturers as well as
beinq extremely important to the well-being of large portions of our population. The project
consequently involved an extensive study of the complex interaction of nearly randomly varying
traffic noise levels, and the many forms of adverse human reactions to these noises.

The first phase of the project from May 1, 1974 to April 30, 1975 was carried out by _
Dr J S Bradley of the Laboratory. This part of the work consisted of a very extensive study
and analysis of the present state of research knowledge in the areas of vehicle noise, road
traffic noise and the effects of noise on man. A thorough literature survey was performed,
and a 2000 entry computer-sorted bibliography was compiled. Visits were made to prominent
research groups in Europe as well as North America to better assess recent developments in
the field This phase resulted in Publication TP154 CR 7602, "Exterior Vehicle Noise and
Its Effects 'A Survey of Research on Exterior Vehicle Noise, Traffic Noise, and the Effects
of Noise on People", Transport Canada, Road Safety, Ottawa, Ontario, March 1975.

The second phase of the work was completed on May 31, 1977. It consisted of an inter-
disciplinary experimental research project, with the goal of relating physical measurements
of traffic noise to human response measurements (co-coordinators: Dr. J.S. Bradley and
Mr. Brian Jonah). A great deal, of effort was made to ensure that both the noise measurements
and the human response measurements were as accurate as possible, so that subsequent analysis
of the two was not unduly limited by experimental procedures.
251
-------
Human response measurements were obtained by an interviewer-administered questionnaire.
This part of the work was supervised by Mr. Jonah, with the assistance of Dr. R. Norman
and Dr. R. Gardner of the Department of Psychology at the University. A quite detailed
questionnaire was developed and tested. Much use has been made of previous research to
determine the most fruitful areas to investigate and to ensure that the questionnaire
represented a definite improvement over previous studies. The questionnaire was
evaluated and pretested in a pilot study. Questionnaire responses were coded and
eventually stored on computer mag tape with the corresponding noise data. Subsequently,
a variety of statistical analyses were performed with this comnuter data.

The complete computer-based noise measuring system that has been developed is thought to
be more sophisticated than those that currently exist for the purpose of measuring
traffic noise or general environmental noise. Six recently developed digitally recorded
noise monitors were used as field recording units. They record a noise level once per
second for a full 24 hours on a digital cassette (or approximately 100,000 samples per
24 hours) and include wind and other information. The recorded field data was transferred
to computer magnetic tape via a translator and interface built by the UWO Computing Centre.
The data was then manipulated in almost any conceivable manner within the capabilities of
the University's large Cyber 73 computer system.

The project was carried out as much as possible as a controlled experiment. This involved
selecting sites to provide desired values of chosen variables. In this way the effects of
housing type, road type (freeway, regular), community size, socio-economic status, and
noise level have been investigated. In addition, a large number of other individual
variables have also been investigated. The field work employed a number of students from
various Faculties within the University as field workers. A final report has been
prepared for the Ministry of Transport, information on which can be obtained by writing
to Mr. Eric R. Melbourne, Chief, Vehicle Systems, Road and Motor Vehicle Traffic Safety,
Department of Transport, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A ON5.
252
-------
Methodology and Standards
Canada
•reject TJ L li-:
Study to Obtain Noise Exposure Data for Truck Drivers
'Vrfui in i*'C Organ i x,a LJoil Name & Address:
The Industrial Research Institute,
The University of Windsor,
Windsor, Ontario. N9B 3P4
CANADA

-r.iiK-.ipal JnvrsL j gat or (:;) :

Dr. Z.F. Reif
Prof. A.R. Howell
.tart Date:
June 1,
1976
Completion Date:
Es Lima Led
_
Actual July, 1977
•rojert Summary: (liriefly describe the
•.oals, approach, expected or actual results,
•oport(s) generated and the date(s) of
uibl.ication. )
Sponsoring Organ i y.al ion Name & Address:
Road and Motor Vehicle Traffic Safety
Branch, Transport Canada,
Floor 27C, Transport Canada Building,
Ottawa, Ontario. K1A ON5, CANADA

Type of Research Program:
I'ur.dainon La 1
Dt'voj opiiien L (Coiiii>i>iu:nt. or Sys I n:i)
Demons! rat ion (Kxperiniental, ProLoI.ypc, or
Production)
Measurement MeLhodology
-it-
Funding :
Amount
_
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount: $23,835

COMMENTS:
On-road measurements of truck cab interior noise levels in a
variety of vehicle types and operations are being compared with measure-
ments made on the same vehicles under each of three sample standardized
procedures. The objectives of the project are to determine the value
of the standardized procedures as predictors of the interior noise level
under actual operating conditions and to compare typical driver noise
exposures with accepted standards for industrial environments.
253
-------
Methodology and Standards
Denmark
Project Title:
Calculation of Noise Immission on the Basis of Emission Measurements
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Agency of Environmental Protection
Kampmanusgade 1
1604 Kobenhaven, Denmark
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):

National Agency of Environmental Protection
Start Date:
1977
Completion Date:
Estimated Summer 1978
Actual
Project Surinary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget): (50.000 D.Kr.) $8,245
1978 (forecast):

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
Calculation of Noise Immission on the Basis of Emission Measurements:

In a number of cases, noise is difficult to measure because of the presence of other noise
sources. A study shall be made on the possibility of calculating the immission load on the
basis of emission measurements.
Transcribed from the original.
254
-------
Methodology and Standards
Japan
Project Title:
Research on testing method and exterior noise of vehicle
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Noise Research Group, Fourth Research Divisio
Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc.
Yatabe, Tsukuba-gun, Ibaraki-ken
300-21, Japan
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr. S. Iwamoto
4th Res. Div. of JARI
Start Date:

April 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated March 1980
Actual
Project Suirjnary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
X Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
1976 (actual): (20,000,000 Yen)
1977 (budget): (25,000,000 Yen)
1978 (forecast).'(25,000,000 Yen)
$73,420
$91,775
$91,775
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
A factor analysis was conducted relating the errors in measured values and observed values,
operational characteristics of drivers, visual reading of observers with the presently
practiced various international and national testing methods including the ISO R362 accelerating
noise testing method.

Our institute is equipped with a large soundproof room where indoor testing of large size
vehicles is possible. It is possible to perform various studies ranging from basic studies
dealing with, for example, combustion noise, machine noise and exhaust gas emission noise
of an engine, to applicational and developmental studies such as measures to lower noise
by utilizing noise-insulating and absorbing materials.

Presently, a developmental study on new testing methods such as a multi-mode noise testing
method which is assumed to draw future attention, is being prepared to take place in this
large sized sound-proof room.

Publication

Technical Report, 1976, Japan Automobile Manufacturers' Association
Translated and trascribed from the original Japanese.
255
-------
Methodology and Standards
Norway
Project Title:
Road traffic noise in urban areas
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Oslo City Health Department
St. Olavs plass 5
Oslo 1, NORWAY
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Norges almenvitenskapelige forskning;
rid, Munthesgate 29. Oslo 2
Principal Investigator (s):
Cand.real Kjell Gjaevenes
overing. Sigurd Solberg
cand. sociol. Eystein Arntzen
Start Date:

Jan. 1, 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated .July 1, 1979
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Y Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Y Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1976 (actual) : (N.kr 290.000) $54,636
1977 (budget): (N.kr 1 80 . 000) $33,912
1978/lforecastX:N.kr 230.000) $43,332

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
Goals: - Map the influence of different time - distributions (mainly on 2
and week base) of traffic noise on peoples noise reaction.
- Obtain a more well-defined basis for the choise of different
traffic restrictions and other undertakings against noise, and
contribute to the development of suitable noise indices.
- Study the representativity of short-time measurements of traffic
noise for different time distributions.
Approach:Social surveys (500 respondents) and long-time measurement in
areas with different time-distributions of road traffic:
l) steady traffic all week II) steady traffic during daytime-
periode on workdays Hi) predominantly rush-time traffic on
work-days

Final report: July 1, 1979
256
-------
Methodology and Standards
Poland
Project Title:
An acoustic evaluation of automotive vehicles from the point of view
of the noise and vibrations influence on driver's work
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Instytut Transportu Samochodowego
Road Transport Institute
40, Stalingradzka St.
03-301 Warsaw, Poland
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

I/Ministry of Transport, Warsaw
4, Chalubinskiego Street
2/National Motor Transport Enterprize
Warsaw, 17, Grojecka St., Poland
Principal Investigator (s) :
Dr. eng. Jerzy Miazga
Start Date:

Oct. 16, 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated Oct. 30, 1978
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year Amount
1976" (actual): (125,336 zl) $ 6,292
1977 (budget): (410,712 zl) 20,618
1978 (forecast): (480,952 zl) 24,144
Or Total Funding Amount:
(1,017,000 zl)
_ $5.1*05.4 _ _
COMMENTS:
The main research objective is to analyze the acoustic conditions inside trucks and
buses operated at National Motor Transport Enterprize and to establish criteria for
noise influence on driver's work. The study contains investigations carried out in
road conditions and the simulation of road and acoustic conditions at the laboratory.
The completion of work is planned at the end of 1978. It is expected to know how
and when to carry on the periodic inspections of the vehicles from the point of view
of safety. Additionally, we hope to collect some data concerning the influence of
noise on the psychophysiological effectiveness of driver and the results will be
utilized for setting up proper standards. Nothing has been published yet.
Transcribed from the original.
257
-------
Methodology and Standards
Sweden
Project Title:
Traffic Noise in Urban Areas
Performing Organization Name & Address;

Ingewansson Acoustics
Box 52037
S-400 14
Goeteborg 53, Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Swedish Council for Building Research
Fack
S-102 30 Stockholm, Sweden
Principal Investigator (s ) :
S. Benjegaard
S. Ljunggren
Start Date:

1972
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
May 1976
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: $18,000
COMMENTS:
The effects of different noise production affecting and propagation affecting parameters
on the traffic noise situation in urban areas were studied. These studies formed a basis
for the calculation of a measurement method adopted to urban areas. The method can be
used for measurement of noise load in trafficked streets, along house fronts, and inside
streets.
Transcribed from the original.
258
-------
Methodology and Standards
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Factors Affecting Traffic Noise in Congested Urban Situations
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne-Polytechnic
Dept. of Physics and Physical Electronics
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Science Research Council
Principal Investigator (s) :

B. Oakes
I. S. Diggory
Start Date:

June 1974
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual May 1977
Type of P^esearch Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (fc 25,000 - £50,000)
$. 42^99D - ^85,380 .
COMMENTS:
Noise level measurements will be conducted in built-up urban areas, in the vicinity of
junctions and intersections. Short-term and 18-hour measurements will be carried out using
4 channels of the Digitronix Nomal system purchased for this purpose, from which values of
L10 L50 L90 Leg etc, will be determined. Classified traffic flow analyses will be conducted
simultaneously with the noise surveys together with various parameters, vehicle delay,
queueing times, etc, which will give an indication of the degree of congestion.
Junction configurations of increasing complexity will be considered, and the prediction
methods modified and extended to include the complicating factors. The ultimate aim is the
development of a satisfactory model to account for the field data, and to allow for the
prediction of noise levels generalised in urban environments under a variety of conditions.
Transcribed from the original.
259
-------
Methodology and Standards
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Traffic Noise Levels Associated with Suburban Road Junctions
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Newcastle-Upon-Tyne-Polytechnic
Dept. of Physics and Physical Electronics
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Transport and Road Research Laboratory
Principal Investigator (s) :

B. Oakes
J. D. Llewellyn
J. S. Wraith
Start Date:
Apr 1975
Completion Date:
Estimated 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Suirjnary: [Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (t 5,000 - t 10,000)
$ .8,398 = $ 17 ,.136-
COMMENTS:
A study will be made of noise levels at several suburban roundabout junctions to attempt to
apply the results of other studies to junctions having similar configurations. A survey will
also be made of the noise levels in the vicinity of one other type of suburban traffic junction
controlled by traffic lights. Traffic noise levels will be supplemented and correlated with
traffic flow and composition measurements, and attempts will be made to produce a model which
would enable noise levels at similar junctions to be predicted. Noise level measurements will
be conducted using a second level meter and portable tape recorder, followed by the usual
statistical distribution analysis, yielding the L10,L50,and L™ indices.
Transcribed from the original.
260
-------
Methodology and Standards
West Germany
Project Title:
Maximum Emission Levels for Power Vehicles
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Research Institute for Noises and Vibrations
Aachen, Franzstr. 83
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Federal Ministry of the Interior
Principal Investigator (s):
Start Date:
Oct. 1, 1975
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual nor
1Q7R
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount :(6,444,000 DM)
~ $2,732,25.6 _ _
COMMENTS:
Reduction of traffic noises, particularly those of street, rail and ship transportation by
a) establishing objective emission limits at prescribed time intervals under official
regulations;
b) establishing maximum immission levels for built-up areas combined with the setting of
noise abatement requirements for construction projects in order to protect inhabitants
from traffic noise;
c) promoting development and testing of low-noise means of transportation.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.

261
-------
Methodology and Standards
West Germany
Project Title:
^^ Measurement Technique for Determining Noise Emission of Ships and
Boats on Inland Water Ways
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Testing Center for Inland Marine Engineering
Duisburg, Kloecknerstr. 77
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr. Ing. Erich Schaele
Start Date:
June 1, 1975
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual M.,.,
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
1Q76
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (74,000 DM) $31,376

COMMENTS:
Aim: to supplement existing measurement procedure under DIN 45 640 with an amended version
go that noise emissions can be measured immediately on board during delivery of ship.

Variant: 6 to 8 measurement sites are arranged on a half cylinder designed along the
ships axis within the noise domain in such a manner that clear individual data can be
obtained. These provide a mean value computed in accordance with prescribed computations,
which mean value would be measured at 25 m distance, as delivery value.

Application: new method usable only on tugboats, freighters and low rated passenger ships;
not to be used on highly rated passenger ships nor on motorboats of any sort.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.

262
-------
Methodology and Standards
Abbreviated Listings with Funding
United Kingdom. Acoustic Analysis Using Finite Elements.
Trent Polytechnic, Dept. of Mech. and Prod. Engr., Barton
Sheet, Nottingham, United Kingdom. J H Swannell, Trent
Polytechnic, S T W Keiller, Trent Polytechnic, R D Henshell,
Nottingham University. Sept. 1975. Sept. 1978. (under t5,000)
$8,598. To analyse the distribution and intensity of noise in
vehicle cabs, using finite elements. Verification by experi-
mental procedures, using B and K noise measuring equipment.

West Germany. Development of Measurement and Analysis techniques
for Infrasonic Research. Institute for Technical Acoustics,
Technical Institute, Aachen, Klausenerstr 13-19, West Germany.
Sponsor: German Research Society. Prof. Dr. Kuttruf. Aug. 1,
1973. Dec. 31, 1976. (150,000.00 DM) $63,600.

West Germany. Noise Map of Duisburg. Institute for Hygiene,
Dusseldorf University, Dusseldorf, Gurlittstr 53, West Germany.
Sponsor: Duisburg City. Dr. Eng. Edmund Buchta. Jan. 1, 1975.
April 1, 1977- (280,000.00 DM) $118,720. Noise recording by
areas for the total city territory during day time (6:00 am -
10:00 pm) and night time (10:00 pm - 6:00 am) in the form of
contour lines of equal continuous sound level.

West Germany. Exterior Urban Noise ?est Method. Heinrich
Gillet KG, Postfach 100, D-6732 Edenkoben / W. Germany.
Guenther Frietzsche. Type: Measurement Methodology 1975/1976.
1977. 1976: (30.000 -DM) $12720. 1977: (20.000 -DM) $8480.
1978: (10.000 -DM) $4240. Total: (60.000 -DM) $25440. Comments: Internal
Gillet Research. Replace ISO driving test R 362 by new methods
with better correlation to city noise levels.

West Germany. Computations on Noise Propagation in Related
Structural Shapes and Sites. Technical Monitoring Association,
Koeln, Konstantin-Wille-Str. 1, West Germany. Sponsor: Minister
of the Interior, Duesseldorf , West Germany. Dipl. - Phys. W.
Gloeckner. Mar. 1, 1975. Oct 31, 1976. (150,000 DM) $63.600.
Caluclation and graphic representation of contour lines connecting
points of equal noise level in relation to street patterns,
structural shapes and construction sites.
-------
Methodology and Standards
Belgium
Project Title:
Development of representative passenger car noise emission test procedure
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Committee of Common Market Automobile
Constructors (CCMC)
Square de Meeus 18
B-1040 Brussels, Belgium
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):

Englineering Staff of Member Companies
of CCMC
Start Date:

On-going
Completion Date:
Estimated 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report (s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Data not available
The development of noise test procedures for passenger cars, with both manual
and automatic transmissions which rate the cars in a manner representative of
their contribution to the noise environment.

Approach: An urban driving programme was carried out using 23 different passenger
cars, running on 6 different routes in 4 large European cities, with
over 200 hours running time.

The resultant data have been subjected to extensive computer develop-
ment and analysis to determine 'statistically representative engine
operating conditions, to be reproduced in test procedures.

Publication: CCMC Report N/17/77, February 1977,
"Proposals for a New Test Procedure for the Measurement of
Exterior Noise of Passenger Cars"

This report included procedural proposals for manual gearbox cars; work is
continuing on cars with automatic transmissions.

In the future, similar studies for commercial vehicles are envisaged.
264
-------
Methodology and Standards
Canada
Project Title:
Methodology to Assess Environmental Noise Impact
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Ontario Ministry of the Environment
135 St. Glair Avenue West
Toronto, Ontario M4V 1P5
Canada
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
A. K. Dixit
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development" (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
A general methodology is proposed to assess and reduce environmental noise impact for
two common situations. The first situation is that of existing residents exposed to
future noise sources, and the second of future residents exposed to already existing
noise sources. Considerations of technical feasibility, aesthetics, economic cost and
acceptability by residents are discussed in the selection of noise control measures to
reduce future noise impact. The application of -methodology is then demonstrated for
three individual examples of planning a large community, a light rapid transit route
and an arterial road.
Transcribed from the original.
265
-------
Methodology and Standards
Canada
Project Title:Uge of Transportation Noise As a Standard for the Assessment of Other Noise
Soruces in Urban Areas in Ontario
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Ontario Ministry of the Environment
135 St. Clair Avenue West
Toronto, Ontario M4V 1P5
Canada
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Tim Kelsall
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Bruel & Kjaer,
23 Linde alle
DK-2850 Nsrum. Denmark.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s):
Peter Hedegaard
Start Date:
March 1977
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual June 1977
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
X Measurement Methodology
Project Summary-: (-Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Funding:
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
From the tolerance levels given in I EC standards for sound level meters it can be seen that at medium
high and high frequencies very large deviations may occur between results obtained from different
sound level meters fulfilling the same standard. This is partly due to the wide tolerances on frequency
response and directional sensitivity characteristics and partly due to the use of different microphone
features such as flat 0° incidence free-field response or flat random incidence frequency response.
The poorly defined impulse response requirements for "Fast" and "Slow" detector/indicator modes
may also result in appreciable deviations in the results when measuring impulsive noise.

Increased noise legislation and the high cost of noise control will lead to a demand for a sound level
meter capable of greater accuracy.

Theoretical deviations between measurements with different microphone sizes and configurations are
compared to the deviations found in practical measuring situations. The deviations in measuring results
due to different detector/indicator systems are also discussed.

Date of publication 1977/78. Briiel & Kjaer Technical Review.
267
-------
Methodology and Standards
France
Project Title:
Conversational Calculation of Noise Level of Road Traffic
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute of Transport Research
Center for the Evaluation of Research on
Nuisances
109, Avenue Salvador Allende
69272 Bron r.pdp-r. "Pram
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

CERN - SETRA
Principal Investigator(s):

Goy Pierrele
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Restructuring of the mechanism and identification of complex calculation procedures
must accompany conversion to conversational tool to improve performance of the unit.
Translated and transcribed from the original French.

268
-------
Methodology and Standards
Hungary
1'roject Title:
Study of procedures for measurement - and evaluation of environmental noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Institute of Hygiene
Gyali ut 2-6
H-1966 Budapest, Hungary
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

The same
Principal Investigator (s) :
Laszlo CZABALAY
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated 1980
Actual I960
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
y. Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
The use of the "impulse" time
constant for the measurement of
noises with strong, less and non
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS: is not ascertainable
impulsive characteristics was studied. The"impulse" time constant was
proposed for the unified evaluation of all kinds of fluctuating noises.
The propagation of traffic noise was studied and a method of predicting
road traffic noise in dwelling areas has been developed. This work will
be extended to railway and aircraft noise.
Work on correlation of various traffic noise parameters is planned
on the basis of road traffic noise measurements at 700 sites.
Publications:
Czabalay, L., Hirka, P.: A kornyezeti zaj meresenek es ertekelesenek
egyes kerdesei /Some problems of the measurement and the evaluation
of ambient noise/
Gepgyartastechnologia, 17. 173-176» 1977.
Hirka, P., Czabalay, L.: Szamitasi eljaras a kozlekedesi zaj becslesere
/Computation method for estimating traffic noise/
Jarmiivek, Mezogazdasagi Gepek, 2J.. 231-234. 1977.
269
-------
Methodology and Standards
Japan
Project Title: A Unified Expression for the Transition of the Multivariate Joint Probability
of State Variables in an Arbitrary Environmental Stochastic System and Its Digital Simulation.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University,
3-8-2, Senda-Machi, Hiroshima 730 Japan.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
None.
Principal Investigator (s):
•Mitsuo Ohta,
Shizuma Yamaguchi and
Kazutatsu Hatakeyama.
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated April, 1978.
Actual
Type of Research Program:

\ Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
X Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Year
Funding:
Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount:
work is based on regular expenses
of the national schools of Japan.
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
.goals, approach, expected or actual results
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
The random signals (e.g., street noise,
machine or structure vibration) appearing
often in the actual engineering fields exhibit:
various kinds of probability distribution
apart from a usual Gaussian distribution owing
TO diversified causes of the fluctuation. According to the fact that the arbitrary statistics of
the environmental random phenomena including mean value, covariance and higher order correlations
are derived from an information of the multivariate joint probability function associated with
the individual phenemenon under consideration, it must be essentially an important problem from
_he analytical viewpoint of the general environmental system to propose the generalized statisti-
cal treatment for the output probability distribution of nonlinear and/or nonstationary system of
arbitrary-type with random output signal. When a general expansion of the multivariate joint
nrobability function of such a resultant fluctuation is sought in the unified form (not
influenced too much on the whole but'concretely reflected in its internal parameters by the
individual fluctuation pattern), it is better to choose a statistical expansion series expression
whose expansion coefficients reflect the first arid the higher order statistical concepts (explain-
ing the output of nonlinear and/or nonstationary system with arbitrary random input signal). From
the standpoint of convergence property of the expansion expression to be used, how to choose the
cumulative distribution function as the first term of the expansion expression is of vital impor-
tance, since this term describes the principal part of the environmental random phenomena. From
these essential considerations, in this work, when an arbitrarily distributed random signal is
aassed through a nonlinear and/or nonstationary system of arbitrary type with finite memory, a
new attempt to the unified statistical treatment for the multivariate joint probability density
and cumulative distribution functions of its output fluctuation of the system is proposed in the
universal form of expansion series expression, without any assumption to the internal structure
of the system and the distribution type of the fluctuation.
270
-------
Methodology and Standards
Netherlands
Project Title:
Noise requirements for service equipment.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Public Health and Environmental Hygiene Dept.
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:

Est. 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Suirjnary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
In this study, data will be obtained that are required for the making of executive decisions
on the basis of article 2 of the noise nuisance bill with respect to noise production by
service equipment such as trash trucks, cattle cars, and oil trucks. In conducting the
study, use will be made of data obtained from earlier studies and, if applicable, data
used abroad for establishing noise requirements and EG guidelines. The study will concern
types or categories of service equipment under typical conditions of use, the pertinent
noise levels, the measuring methods used, and other possible aspects for the establishment
of specifications and the requirements imposed for operating controls.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.

271
-------
Methodology and Standards
Netherlands
Project Title: Establishing a Standard Method of Measurement of the Noise Emissions of Rail
Vehicles and the Influence of these Emissions on Artificial Structures Placed Along the Tracks.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address;

Ministry of Transport & Public Works
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Various methods of measurement are used in different countries to determine the noise
emission of rail vehicles. In the first phase of this research project, an inventory
will be made of these methods, with an evaluation if necessary. Regulations on methods
of measuring will have to be drawn up on measuring noise in such a way that it is
possible to obtain uniform and comparable results.

The method of measurement must serve to control noise specificiations of new rail
vehicles, to test present rolling stock and to measure the effects of noise abatement
at the source. The term "rail vehicles" is used collectively to mean train units,
locomotives, freight cars, trams and underground trains. Separate methods of measurement
will be determined for each of these categories in this project.
272
-------
Methodology and Standards
Netherlands
Project Title:

Research on Noise Levels Around the Stations
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Public Health and Environmental
Protection
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:

COMMENTS:
Because the function of stations requires them to be built as close to residential areas
as possible even though a number of activities in and around these stations can be of
annoyance to those living close by, this research is necessary to find out which noise
abatement measures can be taken to limit noise nuisance as much as possible.

For this purpose, measurements will be made all around a number of larger and smaller
stations. This should give some idea of the actual sources of the noise nuisance, such
as the public address sytem, braking, pulling out, signal horns, switch points, etc.
The results of this research project should be a set of guidelines for designing new
stations or for remodelling existing stations for purposes of noise abatement.
Transcribed from the original.
273
-------
Methodology and Standards
Netherlands
Project Title: Determining the Financial Consequences of Policy Standards and Measures on
Abatement of Traffic Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Public Health and Environmental
Protection
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:

1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

This project intends to give a rough idea of the financial consequences of various policy
standards and resulting enforcement of policy in "new situations" (new or altered highways,
or else new buildings near a highway), as well as "existing situations" and "transitional
situations" which will include programmes of rationalization. Aspects of financing such
measures will also be covered in this project.

A distinction will be made between highways outside the city and streets and highways in
the city.
Transcribed from the original.
274
-------
Methodology and Standards
Netherlands
Project Title:
Investigation of Noise Emissions of Various Categories of Motor Vehicles
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Transport and Public Works
Ministry of Public Health and Environmental
Hygiene
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s):
Start Date:

1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
This project is designed to obtain accurate information on noise emissions of various
categories of motor vehicles in order to devise a reliable traffic noise prognosis. Special
attention will be devoted to those categories of motor vehicles which cause a relatively
large proportion of the total road traffic noise, in order that they may be made quieter
or else be excluded from road traffic.

Registration of noise levels of a moving row of vehicles will include information on their
speed and local conditions such as type of pavement and degree of moisture of the road,
both for city streets and for motorways.

The implementation of this project will include, where possible, aspects of research projects
on height and slope, road surfacing, speed, stop lights, junctions and curves.
Transcribed from the original.
275
-------
Methodology and Standards
Netherlands
Project Title:
Research into the Influence of Height and Slope of the Road on Noise Emissions
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Transport and Public Works
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:

Special attention will be devoted to combinations of raised roads and the effects of roadside
noise deflection.
Transcribed from the original.
276
-------
Methodology and Standards
Netherlands
Project Title:
A System of Assessing Traffic Noise Nuisance
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Public Health and Environmental
Protection
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The purpose of this project is to devise an official system of assessing noise nuisance
caused by road traffic, on the basis of which environmentally acceptable noise norms and
maximum permissible traffic noise loads may be set.

This research will be conducted on the basis of the knowledge and experience of the TNO
in advising on the acoustic aspects of road-building and construction plans, as well as
their knowledge of systems of assessing noise nuisance abroad.

The system of assessment should be so attuned to standard policy measures in such a way
that it is comprehensible to those with no background in acoustic theory. Emphasis will
be given to evaluating the actual living situation from a resident's point of view.
Transcribed from the original.
277
-------
Methodology and Standards
Netherlands
Project Title:
Developing Methods of Measuring Traffic Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Ministry of Transport and Public Works
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:

1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The purpose of this research project is to develop a standard method of measuring
and ascertaining noise caused by road traffic. Of importance are the placement of
microphones, choice of distance and duration of the measurement, moment of measurement,
influence of weather conditions, and the specifications of the measuring instruments
and their use. The method of measurement will be described in a brochure which will
serve as a guide for government agencies and others to effect a monitor of noise loads
near roads with motor traffic for the purpose of determining officially recognized
values.
Transcribed from the original.
278
-------
Methodology and Standards
Netherlands
Project Title:
Substantiating Maximum Noise Levels for Noise-Sensitive Objects and Buildings
Other Than Dwellings
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Public Health and Environmental
Protection
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:

1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type 'of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Year
Funding:
Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
The Bill on Noise Abatement gives maximum permissible noise levels for traffic noise
and for industrial noise near dwellings. The bill also contains the possibility of
establishing maximum permissible noise levels for concerns other than dwellings, i.e.
schools, hospitals, homes for the elderly, nursing homes and clinics and other such
human concerns.
Transcribed from the original.
279
-------
Methodology and Standards
Netherlands
Project Title:
Establishing a Standard Method
Railroad Traffic
of Registration of Noise Levels Resulting from
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address

Ministry of Public Health and Environmental
Protection
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:

COMMENTS:
A number of methods of measurement are already known. After making an inventory and
evaluation of these, regulations will be drawn up giving details on apparatus used for
measurement, conditions for measurement, number of sites and number of measurements to
be used, peak and duration of noise levels, period of measurement, processing data
obtained and registration of results. These regulations will also distinguish between
train, tram and underground traffic, collectively referred to as rail traffic.

The results of this research project will be used in describing the present situation,
such as in relation to urban planning and local building plans and zoning, or in order
to make government decisions on measures to be taken to abate noise, or to measure the
effect of the measures taken.
Transcribed from the original.
280
-------
Methodology and Standards
Netherlands
rrojec e.
in Order to Develop a Representative Standard Noise Level Test and Possibly
Procedures for Spot-Checking for the Amount of Noise Produced by Motor Vehicles
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Public Health and Environmental
Protection
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:

1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
This project is primarily intended to obtain data which the Dutch delegation in various
international organizations (E.E.C., ISO, ECE) can utilize in developing a better standard
noise-level testing than the one which is currently accepted internationally. The
currently used method of testing, accepted on the basis of the ISO recommendaton R 362
(1964) is too lenient on several categories of passenger cars and motorcycles which now
cause a considerable part of city traffic noise, partly due to the manner in which they
are used. For this reason the currently used method of testing noise levels of traffic
noise are no longer suited for measuring noise emissions of several categories of motor
vehicles in city traffic. Special electro-mechanical instruments were developed for this
research, which will be used to test alternative noise-level and spot check methods to
determine maximum noise emissions of motor vehicles, for which purpose measurements will
be made of a large number of representative vehicles of the present day assortment.

The results thus obtained will also serve as a basis for methods of measurement to be
developed for enforcement of maximum noise levels on the road.
Transcribed from the original.
281
-------
Methodology and Standards
Netherlands
Project Title:
Developing a Method of Assessing Relatively Quiet Areas
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Addrcs
Ministry of Public Health and Environmental
Protection
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s):
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:'

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
^^ Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, 01
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
For the purpose of setting maximum permissible noise levels of traffic and other noise,
it is necessary to have some idea of the situation, acoustically speaking, in that area
so that physical planning can be attuned to local noise conditions.

Even if there are no noise-making elements immediately present, interference may be
caused by the combined effect of a number of distant sources of noise,' often unknown
to the public.

The purpose of the project is to devise a procedure for making a. relatively simple,
statistical description of acoustic conditions. One part of this procedure will include
a method of sound measurement for detailed research in quiet areas.

The emphasis of this research is on those areas which still enjoy a relatively low noise
level. Once the methods of measurement have been determined, a large-scale inventory of
noise levels there will be made.

The results of this research can be used to set up the investigation of quiet areas as
called for in the Noise Abatement Bill.
Transcribed from the original.
282
-------
Methodology and Standards
Netherlands
Project Title:
Noise requirements for vehicles.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Public Health and Environmental Hygiene Dept.
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
Est. 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
In this study, data will be obtained that are required for the making of executive decisions
on the basis of article 2 of the noise nuisance bill with respect to noise production by
vehicles with motors, outboard motors, and sound signalling. In conducting the study,
use will be made of data obtained from earlier studies and, if applicable, data used abroad
for establishing noise requirements and EG guidelines. The study will concern types or
categories of vehicles under typical conditions of use, the pertinent noise levels, the
measuring methods used, and other possible aspects for the establishment of specifications
and the requirements imposed for operating controls.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
283
-------
Methodology and Standards
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Environmental Hazards of Railway Generated Noise in the North East of England
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Civic Trust for the North East
34/35 Saddler Street
Durham, United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Civic Trust for the North East
Principal Investigator (s) :

N. Whittaker
Start Date:

Dec 1973
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
Programme of noise measurement studies of railway generated noise, both from track and
machinery over a series of sites, urban and rural.

The sites cover dwellings and developments close to the main lines concerned and are related
to other incidental noises levels, static and moving machinery, overhead aircraff, etc.
Particular emphasis is placed on the dispersal of railway generated noise; the amplifying
effects of bridges and viaducts, the dampening of cuttings, etc. The eventual report will
be a submission to those authorities concerned; the Department of the Enviroment, the Local
Authorities, the British Rail Board, etc.
Transcribed from the original.
284
-------
Methodology and Standards
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Traffic Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Transport and Road Research
Laboratory
Old Wockingham Road
Crawthorne, Berkshire RG11 6AU
TlnifpH
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Department of the Environment
Principal Investigator (s) :
D.
P.
Bar land
Nelson
Start Date:
1970
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)

A data logging system recording "A" weighted
sound levels from eight microphone inputs has
been assembled. The data read out and system
operation are controlled by a mini-computer
various noise indices.
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
This gives real time analysis, on site, of
The system is used to measure the distribution of traffic noise in
urban areas, behind noise barriers and in the vicinity of road junctions. Studies of the
loudness response to vehicle noise and the effects of traffic noise on speech interference
are in progress.

Publications:

"A data logging system for the measurement of road traffic noise",
M. Cheeseman and P.M. Nelson,
TRRL Report LR 479, 1972

"A laboratory study of nuisance due to traffic noise in a speech environment",
B. Sullivan and J. G. Charles
Southampton University, Report No 1542, 1973

"Predicting road traffic noise in the rural environment: a study of the A66 road improvement
scheme in the Lake District",
P. M. Nelson and N. Godfrey,
TRRL LR 642, 1974

"A mini-computer system for environmental noise analysis",
M. Cheeseman,
TRRL SR 46 UC, 1974
Transcribed from the original.
285
-------
Methodology and Standards
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Use of digital voltmeter with sound level meter
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Hull College of Higher Education,
Queen's Gardens,
Hull,
England.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
.Principal Inves tiga tor (s ) :

L.W. Bean
.Start Date:

Jan. 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated June
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
Dublication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
No formal funding
The goals are to develop the necessary computer programs for handling
measurements made on the output of a sound level meter with a digital
voltmeter and to compare the results obtained with those using other
equipment.
Results obtained so far indicate that- measurements made this way
agree with those using other techniques.
It is hoped to publish a paper shortly.
286
-------
Methodology and Standards
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Comparison of different methods of rating noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Hull College of Higher Education,
Queen's Gardens,
Hull,
England.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
.Principal Investigator(s):

L.W. Bean
Start Date:
June 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
.. ^977
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
.publication. )
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Fundiug Amount:

COMMENTS:
No formal funding
The goals are to investigate the correlation between different methods
of rating noise, e.g, A weighting and NO curves, for different noises
and to establish relations between them.
Results obtained so far show that there is good correlation between
certain quantities, e.g. Stevens' loudness level and perceived noise
level, and that one quantity may be calculated from another with
reasonable accuracy.
287
-------
Methodology and Standards
West Germany
Project Title:
Testing of sound level meters
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Laboratorium fur Schallnonnale der Physika-
lisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt, Bundes-
allee lOO, 330O Braunschweig
Federal Republic of Germany
Principal Investigator (s) :
Dr. K. Brinkmann
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Bundesminister fur Wirtschaft
(Federal Minister of Economics)
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
X Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year_ Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
Development of measuring methods for testing of sound level meters, integrating sound
level meters, and noise dose meters.

Type approval tests for verification of sound level meters.

Reference: Annual Reports of Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
288
-------
Methodology and Standards
Abbreviated Listings

Australia. Study of a Precise and Reproducible Method Making it Possible
to Measure Vehicle Noise. National Acoustic Labs, S. Hickson Road,
Millers Point, Sydney, NSW, Australia. J. Rose, L. Kenna.

Norway. Basis for Restricted Noise Emission Limits for Cars. Laboratory
of Acoustics, Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
1978.

Norway. Method for Measurement of Road Traffic Emmission. Laboratory of
Acoustics, Norwegian Inst. of Technology, Tondheim, Norway. Sponsor:
Joint Nordic Countries Project. 1977. 1978.

Switzerland. The Application of Random Signal Processing in Automobile
Acoustics. Interkeller AG/SA, 8052 Zurich, Switzerland. P. H. DiLkes,
K. Huembelin, R.H. van Ligter. Paper published at Inter Noise 77.

Switzerland. A Sound Intensity Meter and its Applications in Car Acoustics.
Interkeller AG/SA, 8052 Zurich, Switzerland. H.P. Lambrich, W.A. Stahel.
Paper published at Inter Noise 77.

Switzerland. Development of an Instrument for the Measurement of Sound
Intensity and its Application in Car Acoustics. Interkeller AG/SA, 8052
Zurich, Switzerland. W. Stahel, H.P. Lambrich.

Switzerland. Advantages and Disadvantages of Analogue and Digital Measure-
ment and Analysis Methods in Car Acoustic Studies. Interkeller AG/SA,
8052 Zurich, Switzerland. K.A. Humbelin.

Switzerland. The Determination of Dominant Signal Transmission Paths in
Automobile Acoustics Using Digital Signal Analysis. Interkeller AG/SA,
8052 Zurich, Switzerland. K. Humbelin, R.H. Van Lighten, P. Dilkes.

Switzerland. The Utilization of the Intensity Meter for the Investigation
of the Sound Radiation of Surfaces. Interkeller AG/SA, 8052 Zurich,
Switzerland. F. Friundi.

Switzerland. The "Ingolstadt Method" for the Testing of Sound Insulating
Materials and Systems for Motor Vehicles. Interkeller AG/SA, 8052
Zurich, Switzerland. D. Bosenberg, (Audi-NSU).

United Kingdom. Unified Noise Criterion for Environmental Noise in a
Rural Area. University of Southampton, Institute of Sound and Vibration
Research, Southampton S09 5NH, United Kingdom. K.F. Levett, J.B. Large,
C.G. Rice.

United Kingdom. Indoor-Outdoor Noise Measurements. University of South-
ampton, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Suthampton S09 5NH, United
Kingdom. I.Ward, J.B. Large, C.G. Rice.

United Kingdom. Evaluation of Traffic Noise. R. Travers Morgan & Partners
(pooled efforts). Sponsor: Building Research Establishment, National
Physical Laboratory, Transport and Road Research Laboratory. Aim of

289
-------
Methodology and Standards
Abbreviated Listings
this pooled research effort is to revise the Department of the Environ-
ment method for the evaluation of traffic noise.

United Kingdom. Vehicle Noise Rating. Dept. of Industry, London, United
Kingdom. 1977.

West Germany. Noise Control Measurement Method for Passenger Cars Accord-
ing to SA9 St VZO. Heinrich Gillet KG, 6732 Edenkoben, Postfach 100,
West Germany.

West Germany. Criteria of a Simplified Noise Measurement Method. Heinrick
Gillet KG, 6732 Edenkoben, Postfach 100, West Germany.

West Germany. Noise Measurements on Passenger Cars Under Different Operating
Conditions. Heinrich Gillet KG, 6732 Edenkoben, Postfach 100, West Germany.

West Germany. Development of Uniform Measurement and Evaluation Techniques.
Institute for Construction Machinery, Aachen, Templergraben 55, West
Germany. Dr. Ing. Hubert Frenking. Jan. 1, 1973. June 30, 1976. Evolving
uniform procedures with due regard to national and international norms and
regulations; criteria for measurement and evaluation!.

West Germany. Noise Map of Stuttgart. Geographical Institute of Stuttgart
University, Stuttgart 1, Silcherstr. 9, West Germany. Prof. Dr. Cristoph
Borcherdt. May 1, 1976. Oct. 31, 1976. Determination of noise loads
in Stuttgart on the basis of traffic count and cartographic representation
(Noise Map).

West Germany. Analysis of the Determination of the Mean Frequency of
Traffic Noises as a Function of their Intensity Level. Institute for
Acoustical Technology, Aachen, Klausenerstr. 13-19, West Germany. Sponsor:
German Research Society. Dr. Ing. Paul Scherer.

West Germany. Several Research Projects on Road Traffic Noise. Federal
Institute for Road Affairs (BAST), Bruhler Strasse, 5 Cologne, West Germany.
Measurement, prediction, statistical analysis, propagation, traffic flow
influence, building influence, barriers.
290
-------
MEASUREMENT AND ENFORCEMENT

TRAINING

See Also Pages:

35
36
48
85
109
122
127
128
142
151
153
163
184
189
225
226
227
228
229
231
232
233
234
245
263
276
357
295
-------
Propagation
Australia
Project Title:
Noise Propagation in Urban Areas
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Dept. of Architectural Science
University of Sydney
Sydney NSW 2006
Australia
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Australian Road Research Board
500 Burwood Highway, Vermont, Victoria 3133
N.S.W. State Pollution Control Commission
Central Square, Sydney 2000, NSW
Australia
Principal Investigator (s) :

F. R. Fricke
R. Bullen
Start Date:

July 1976
Completion Datej
Estimated
1979
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Actual
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: ($8000) $8880

COMMENTS: $8000 is allocation up to July 1978.
The aim of the work is to produce a method for predicting noise levels in cities. This is
being done by investigating the mechanisms by which sound is attenuated in urban and suburban
areas.
So far, theoretical treatments of sound propagation down a street and around a corner in
urban areas have been developed which accurately predict measured levels. A theoretical
prediction of sound levels amongst buildings in a suburban area has also been developed which
is in good agreement with measured data, obtained by other workers, using traffic noise as
the source. The theories show the importance of diffusion; absorption and the interaction
of diffusion and absorption, on the attenuation of sound.
Further work is to be carried out on the effect of vegetation on urban noise levels and its
perception.
Publications:
A. Bullen & F. Fricke "Sound Propgation in. a Street", J. Sound & Vibration, 46,33-42, 1976
R. Bullen & F. Fricke "Sound Propgation at a Street Intersection:, J. Sound & Vibration
(Accepted for publication)
Transcribed from the original.
297
-------
Propagation
Beleium
Project Title:
Measurement of Traffic Noise in Large Cities and Inquiry about the Annoyance
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Laboratorium Voor Akoestiek en Wanntegeleiding
Celestijnenlaan, 200 D
3030 Heverlee
Belgium
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Health and Household
Environmental Section
Vesaliuskwartier
Rijksadministratief Centrum
1010 Brussels. Belgium
Principal Investigator (s) :

Prof. Dr. H. Myncke
Dr. A. Cops
Start Date:

Jan. 1, 1974
Completion Date:
Estimated Dec. 31, 1976
Actual Dec. 31, 1976
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Project Suranary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Funding:
Amount
111,000 US
118,000 US
128,000 US
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Study of the different physical parameters which influence the noise level in large citites:
intensity of traffic, width and height of streets, road covering, etc. Forty, measurement
points were chosen in Antwerp and twenty in Brussels. The sound level was continuously
registrated and statistically analyzed. At the same time a large inquiry was made by a
psychologist on the annoyance. The correlation between physical measurements and annoyance
was determined.

Publications:
Final report, 12 parts, 1000 pages (in dutch), June 1977
Summary and conclusions, 50 pages (in dutch), September 1977
H. Myncke, A. Cops, P. Steenackers - Traffic noise measurements in Antwerp and Brussels -
Part I: Physical Measurements - 9° I.C.A., Madrid, July 1977 (in English)
H. Myncke, A. Cops, R. Gambart - Traffic noise measurements in Antwerp and Brussels -
Part II: Enquiry concerning annoyance - 9 I.C.A. - Madrid, July 1977 (in English)
298
-------
Propagation
Canada
Project Title:
Noise Attenuation Study
Performing Organization Name & Address:
University of Calgary
Acoustics Group
Calgary ALTA T2N 1N4
Canada
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Alberta Transportation
Principal Investigator (s) :
H. W. Jones
P. J. Vermeuler
D. Stredulensky
B. E. Dunn
Start Date:

June, 1975
Completion Date:
Estimated Jan., 1977
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

x Fundamental
x Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
>f Measurement Methodology
Funding :
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: ( $42,000)

COMMENTS:
1. Jointly with Bolt, Beranek and Newman, produce a literature review of road traffic
noise and its control.

2. Design apparatus for and make measurement of noise attenuation (in various configurations)
at right angles to highways.

3. Establish accurate methods for modeling the transmission of highway noise.

4. Make a minor contribution to design guide on assessment of highway noise.
Transcribed from the original.
299
-------
Propagation
Canada
Project Title:
Sound Propagation Outdoors
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Research Council of Canada
Division of Physics
Acoustics Section
Ottawa, Canada KIA OR6
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s) :
J. E. Piercy
J. F. W. Embleton
R. Donato
N. Olson
G. A. Daigle
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
($250,000)
($250,000)
($250,000)
$235,700
$235,700
$235,700
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The purpose of this project is to gain a better
understanding of the mechanisms of outdoor sound
propagation. (This is basic to the control of
motor vehicle and aircraft noise in residential
areas.) The current picture indicates an acoustic shadow region near the ground, whose extent
depends on the magnitude of the surface impedance. This shadow is always penetrated at low
frequencies by a ground wave, and at higher frequencies by any one (or combination) of several
mechanisms. Different mechanisms are predominant under different meteorological and topographical
conditions, and at different horizontal ranges. The present state of knowledge in this field
is summarized in a review paper and book chapter recently prepared for publication.
Topics considered include:
1) Theory of propagation over an impedance boundary
2) Measurement of ground impedance
3) Motor vehicle test site studies
4) Theory of multiple ray paths
5) Absorption of sound in the atmosphere
6) Effect of atmospheric turbulence
Transcribed from the original.
300
-------
Propagation
Dcnnark
Project Title:
Special Conditions of Noise Propagation, for instance over
Water.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Agency for Environmental Protection
Kompomdusgode 1
1604 Kobenhaven, Denmark
Principal Investigator(s) :

National Agency of Environmental
Protection
Start Date:

1978
Completion Date:
Estimated 1979
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Sponsoring Organization Nau:e & Address:
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype,
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast): (50. 000 . D.kr.") ?8,245

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
Special Conditions of Noise Propagation, for instance over Water:

On the basis of measurements a number of rough rules of calculation
shall be established for the propagation of noise over special
configurations of the ground, for instance water surfaces and major
asphalt surfaces, and the propagation of noise under the influence
of the wind. The aim is to obtain a more exact evaluation of
measuring results compared with calculation results.
301
-------
Propagation
Sweden
Project Title:
The Influence of Meteorological conditions on L
eq
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Statens provningsanstalt
(The Swedish National Authority for Testing,
Inspection and Metrology)
S-501 15 Boras, Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):

Dr. Hans G. Jonasson
Dr. Sven Israelsson (Upsala University)
Start Date:
June 30, 1976
CoEipletion Date:
Estimated June 30, 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:

COMMENTS:
The final goal is to make guidelines for outdoor measurements of L . These guidelines will
include restrictions on the meteorological conditions during the measurements.

The tests are carried out at the meteorological station of Upsala University. A stationary
4 stroke engine is used as a sound source and during all tests wind velocity and temperature
gradients are continuously recorded. Besides the noise from a nearby highway is measured
several times a week throughout the year.

A report will probably be published in September 1978.
302
-------
Propagation
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Noise Propagation in Complex Environments
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Department of Civil Engineering
Bradford University
Bradford
W. Yorks
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Science Research Council
State House
High Holborn
London
United Kingdom
Principal Investigator (s) :
Dr. D. C. Hothersall
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (fc 14950) $25,708
COMMENTS:
It is proposed to investigate the propagation of noise (particularly transportation noise)
over various ground surfaces and in complex environmental situations by analytical and
simulation methods. This investigation will increase the accuracy of the prediction
methods for noise propagation and would enable methods of alleviating noise nuisance by
building design to be proposed.
Transcribed from the original
303
-------
Propagation
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Improvement of methods of prediction of air-to-ground and ground-to-ground
propagation of sound over real ground surfaces
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research,
The University,
Southampton,
S09 5NH, England.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Presently I.S.V.R. in-house, with research
studentships provided, respectively, by the
Canadian National Research Council and
O.N.E.R.A. (Paris, France).
Principal Investigator(s):
Professor P.E. Doak (Supervisor)
S. Bolton (Ph.D. student, 1976-)
C. Crance (M.Sc. student, 1977-)
Start Date:
1.1.1976
Completion Date:
Estimated 30.12.1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
X Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)

The project is the first in a longer term
series aimed at improving prediction methods
for sound out-of-doors. Eventually,
atmospheric, building and ground contouring
effects are to be included. Present studies
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:( £20,000 (est.)) $34,392

Estimated Total Funding Amount incfuJes
3 yrs> National Res- council (Canada)
TVTlnwchip; ? y-rs. fl.N.F.K.A. M.fip.
Student support and £5,000 I.S.V.R.
in-house cost-sharing.
are concentrated on getting "ground impedance1'
effects right, including effects of its
variation with position as well as from day to day. The literature of existing fundamental
and practical methods has been thoroughly reviewed, in the context of all effects (not just
that of "ground impedance"). Computation programs based on existing exact theories are being
developed. Methods of accurate local measurement of ground impedance are being investigated.
Working collaboration with investigators at the C.N.R.S. Laboratoire d'Acoustique et Vibration,
Marseilles, France, has been established. Development work is expected at a later date, and
U.K. authorities will then be requested to assist with funding.
304
-------
Propagation
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Sound Propagation Over the Ground Surface
(Measurement of the Impedance of the Ground Surface)
Performing Organisation Name & Address:
The Open University
Walton Hall
MK 7 6AA Milton Keynes
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Science Research Council
State House, High Holborn
WCIR 4TA, London
United Kingdom
Principal Investigator (s) :

K. Attenborough
N. W. Heap
D. Dean
Start Date:

10/73
Completion Date:
Estimated 10/77
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstrat'nn (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976
1977
1978
Amount
(actual): (3b2500) $4299
(budget):
(forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
1. To investigate the influence of the relative displacement of absorbent and non-absorbent
ground surfaces upon the far field pressure distribution due to a point sound source.

2, To investigate methods of determining the acoustic impendence of the ground surface.

3. To investigate relationship between physical parameters of ground (permeability, water
content, etc.) and acoustic properties. A scale model-of the ground surface will be created
and measurements carried out in an anechoic chamber, resulting empirical model to be corrected
for climatic refraction and total result use for prediction of sound field for near grazing
incidence, i.e., traffic noise aircraft flyover noise. Systematic measurements of surface
impedance in situ will be related to measurements of physical parameters.
•
Citations

"Sound Attenuation Over Ground Cover", Shock and Vibration Digest, V:. 7 pp. 73-83, 1975.

"Relationship Between Acoustic Impedance and Permeability," Report No. 1 on Contract
B/RG/7263/7, (Unpublished).

"Normal Surface Impedance of the Ground," in Press.
Transcribed from the original.
305
-------
Propagation
West Germany
Project Title:
Propagation of Traffic Noise Over Vacant Land: Dependency on Sound
Absorption of the Surface. Elevation Above Surface anH Si ring nf
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Federal Highway Office
Bundesanstalt Fuer Strassenwesen
Post Fach 51 05 30
Bruehlerstr.
Wes t Germany
1,5 Koeln 51
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Bundesminister Fuer Verkehr
Post Fach 100
53 Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr. S. Ullrich
Start Date:

April, 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated Dec., 1978
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (DM 85j000)_ $36)040
COMMENTS:
Computation base for the sound propagation (road traffic noise) in unbuilt or moderately
built_areas. Roads in cuttings, in grade, or elevated on earth berm. Effect of vegetation
between the road and receiver.
On the Propagation of Average Noise Level from Level Road in an Unbuilt Flat Ground'. 6/1977.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
306
-------
Propagat ion
West Germany
Project Title:
Noise Damping by Wooded Areas
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute for the Study of Forestry
Yields, Freiburg Univ.
Freiburg, Bertoldstr. 17
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s) :
Dipl.-Forstw. Schoelzke
Start Date:

Aug 1, 1972
Completion Date:
Estimated Dec
Actual
31, 1977
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production;
Measurement Methodology
Project Suinnary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Funding:
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: ^^0,000 DM)

COMMENTS:
Propagation of sound in forest stands of oaks/beech trees/spruce/and pines
is studied in various age groups; the spread of white noise is measured
along several lines through the stand, also the spread of noise filtered
through octave bands.

Aim: Is noise protection possible from wooded areas? What is the order
of magnitude of this protection? Are there differences between types of
trees?
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
307
-------
Propagat ion
Abbreviated Listings With Funding
West Germany. Traffic Noises in Tunnels and at Tunnel Access -
Effect of Absorbent Facing. Federal Institute for Highway
Design, Cologne, Bruehler Strasse 1, West Germany. Sponsor:
Federal Highway Ministry. Dr. Siegfried Ulbrich. Jan. 1, 1974.
Dec. 31, 1978. (100,000 DM) $42,400. Determination of noise
levels in tunnels - noise progagation at tunnel openings - effect
that absorbent facing on tunnel walls and ceilings has on the
progagation at the openings.

West Germany. Noise Progagation in Built-Up or Cultivated
Areas. Institute for Acoustical Technology, Aachen Klausenerstr.
13-19, West Germany. Prof. Dr. Kuttruff. Jan. 1, 1973.Dec. 31,
1976. (150,000 DM) $63,600. Noise progagation in inhabited areas;
noise screening by woods.
308
-------
1-rojcct Title:
Propagation
__ Japan
A New Trial to Estimate the Noise Propagation Characteristics of a Traffic Noise
System and Its Application.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University.
3-8-2, Scnda-machi, Hiroshima City,
730 Japan.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

None.
Principal Investigator(s):
Mitsuo Ohta,
Tsuyoshi Okita
and
Kazutatsu Hatakeyama.
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated March, 1978.
Actual
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
X Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
r.oals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
This work is based on regular expenses
of the national school of Japan.
The large-scale use of motor vehicles in the
rwentieth Century as general surface transpor-
tation has given rise to several environmental
iiroblems, most troublesome of which is the
road-traffic noise.
Generally speaking, a level-fluctuation of road-traffic noise is brought on by various causes.
It is obvious that the ultimate causes are due to a variety in noise sources, i.e., uncertain
Dehavior of individual cars, and to some effect of the noise-propagation characteristics affect-
ed by reflections and/or absorptions owing to surrounding buildings and their topographical
locations.
By dividing the road into a suitable number of'blocks, and paying close attention to the mean
value of the noise intensity in each block, the mean value can be proportional to the number of
•:ars in the block. This averaged relationship is generally true, based upon an adequate number
D£ passing cars. In this paper, at first, this proportional relationship is shown to be a log-
ical result based upon the additive property of energy quantity or noise intensity generated by
rhe road traffic. We recoginize so-called proportional parameters, which relate the number of
massing cars to the sound intensity received, as noise-propagation characteristics in a wider
sense, which are indexes characterized by reflections and/or absorptions owing to surrounding
Buildings and their topographical locations.
In this paper, on the basis of the additive property of sound energy, some unified method has
oeen proposed to estimate the inherent characteristics of noise-propagation in each block in the
;orm of a synthetical evaluation with the number of cars for each car-type, including a consider-
ation of the entire back-ground noise. This procedure can be done without depending on the
surrounding and topographical locations.
We have confirmed the validity of our theoretical results, not only by means of digital simul-
ation, but also by road-traffic noise-data experimentally observed near Hiroshima City. The
^xperimenal results clearly show a good agreement with the values recently reported by other
.'fficial groups.

This work was published in the preprints of the International Federation of Automatic Control,
nvironmental Systems, Planning, Design and Control, in August 3, 1977.
309
-------
Propagation
United Kingdom
Project Title: Pr0pagation Of sound at Grazing Incidence Outdoors
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research,
The University,
Southampton,
SO9 5NH, England.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

None.
Principal Investigator(^) :
J. Stuart Bolton
Start Date:
May 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated December 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)

This project is designed to investigate
the effects of allowing the earth's surface
to have a finite acoustical impedance,on the
propagation of environmental noise over
moderate distance (< 2 km).
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS: This is a Ph.D. project. The principal
investigator is personally funded by a National
Research Council (Canada) Postgraduate Scholarshi]
The relative benefits of describing the surface by specifying a complex density and speed
of sound independently rather than using a normal impedance are being considered.

The observable differences in the features of sound propagation over a multilayered
surface as compared to a single (semi-infinite) layer surface are being predicted to establish
whether typical ground surfaces must be considered to be multilayered. The effect of surface
impedance discontinuities along the propagation path is also being investigated.

Subsidiary to the main project, techniques of measuring the acoustical parameters of
typical ground surfaces are being developed.
310
-------
Propagation
Abbreviated Listings
United Kingdom. Outdoor Sound Propagation in the Presence of a Surface
of Finite Impedance. University of Southampton, Institute of Sound and
Vibration Research, Southampton S09 5NH, United Kingdom. P.E. Doak,
S. Bolton.

United Kingdom. Measurement of Ground Impedance. University of South-
ampton, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Southampton S09 5NH,
United Kingdom. P. E. Doak, C. Crance.

United Kingdom. Propagation and Attenuation of Sound Out-Of-Doors.
University of Southampton, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research,
Southampton S09 5NH, United Kingdom. P. E. Doak, S. Bolton.

West Germany. Noise Abatement in Streets. Institute for Highway Research,
Karlsruhe University, Karlsruhe, West Germany. Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Lentzbach.
Oct. 31, 1975. Feb. 28, 1976. Analysis of the literature on street noise
abatement. Measurements of street noises and their analysis. On the
basis- of present day regulations and guidelines, a study was made of
noise propagation in streets and of its impact on built-up areas.
311
-------
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES

BARRIERS

See Also Pages:

62
8k
115
125
158
163
170
176
179
180
2k2
307
308
353
357
313
-------
Barriers
Australia
Project Title:
Field Measurement of Road Traffic Noise Shielding provided by
Buildings and Building Elements.
Performing Organization N;ime 6 Address:
School of Architecture,
University of New South Wales,
P.O. Box 1,
KENSINGTON. N.S.W. 2033
Sponsoring 'C/:^;,:\zatioi. -me 6. Addres
State Pollution Control Commission,
G.P.O. Box ^+036,
SYDNEY. N.S.W. 2001
AUSTRALIA
Principal Investigator(s):
Assoc. Prof A. Lawrence^
Mrs. M.A. Burgess.
Start Date:

July 1977
Completion Date:
.Estimated July 19?8
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamenta1
Devclopment (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, c
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
(S3.*00Ql _$3_,330 _
Only for Part-Time Staff
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication. )

1 . Aims of Project
The investigators have been measuring
traffic noise in the Sydney urban area
over the last few years and have u,sed a
multi-channel tecVinique to measure the real traffic noise attenuation provided by rows
of buildings and by the facades of buildings with open and shut windows. The purpose
of this proposed investigation is to continue these measurements, so that a realistic
shielding prediction methpd may be devised. (From measurements made already, the actual
shielding provided- by a row of buildings is much greater than that predicted using
conventional barrier theory - this has important economic implications).

2. Method
Calibrated recordings of traffic noise measured simultaneously at up to four
microphone locations, are analysed in the laboratory to determine L_, L , LCI L
L and L . These levels are related to a detailed count of traffic fl
composition, taken over 10 minute sampling periods. In addition, a voice commentary
is used to describe as many vehicles as possible; these are later identified on paper
charts and subjected to one-third octave band analysis using a real-time analyser and
computer graphic print-out. 'Thus the attenuation between microphone locations is
obtained for each one-third octave band as well as in dB(A).

3- Practical applications
Guidelines for assessing background noise at various distances from new and existing
roads (with implications for allowable noise emission:-, from industrial and other sources).
General application in assessing the environmental impact of new developments having a
traffic component. Guidelines for authorities planning land-use zoning near major
roads.
qq'
nd
315
-------
Barriers
Canada
Project Title:
Transportation Noise Scale Model Facility
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Acoustics Office, R & D Division
Ministry of Transportation & Communications
1201 Wilson Avenue
DOWNSVIEW, Ontario M3M 1J8 Canada
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Same as performing organization
Principal Investigator(s):

M. M. Osman
D. N. May
Start Date:
December
12, 1975
Completion Date:
Estimated Sept. 12,1976
Actual June 1, 1977
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
x Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (••4-37 700)

COMMENTS :
The goal was to develop a scale model facility to simulate outdoor noise problems.
The noise source is a spark having a useful noise in the frequency range 4-140 kHz,
and the receiver is a 1/8" microphone. A choice of three scaling factors is
available: 1/16, 1/32 and 1/64. Measurements are carried out with and without
certain features of the model (e.g. noise barriers) and attenuation is measured.
Preliminary experiments on barrier attenuation show good agreement with prediction.

Two reports are completed, one covering instrumentation use and the other on the
choice and validation of the materials used in scale modelling.

"Noise scale model instrumentation - Instrumentation manual", M. Osman, R & D
Division, Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communications, Report 77-AC-3,
January 1977.

"Materials choice and validation for scale modelling", M. Osman, R & D
Division, Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communications, Report 77-AC-4, May 1977.
316
-------
Barr ier s
Denmark
Project Title:
Screening effect of earth barrier
Performing Organization Name & Address:
The Acoustical Laboratory
The Danish Academy of Technical
Sciences
DK-2800 Lyngby, Build. 352, Denmark
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Milj 0styrelsen
Kampmannsgade 1
DK-1604 K0benhavn V
Denmark
Principal Investigator (s) :

J0rgen Kragh
Start Date:

1975
Completion Date:
Estimated April 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Year
Funding:
Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount:
$65,960
ID.kr. 400.000)
COMMENTS:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)

Noise measurements have been carried
out in 6 microphone positions 7-200 m
from motorway kerb., and in various
heights above ground. _ -,,-,. ,-u
One measurement site is open level ground. Another site involves a 7 m high earth
barrier close to the road.
On 70-100 days over a period of appr . 1 year noise levels (Leq,dBA) were recorded
under varying meteorological conditions. .
Data processing estimated to be completed early in 1978 involving an analysis of
possible connections between wind speed and direction and noise level reduction
with distance from road.
Comparison between data from screened and unscreened measurement site will give
information of screening effect of the earth barrier, and on variation of
screening due to changes in meteorological (and other) conditions.
317
-------
Barriers
Denmark
Project Title:
Plus St0jvsrn
Performing Organization Name & Address:

ZAC-CONSULT,
Gladsaxe M011evej 23,
DK-2860 S0borg, Denmark
Principal Investigator(s):
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Vejen Trsindustri A/S,
DK-6600 Vejen, Denmark.
John Zachariassen
Start Date:
1975
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
1977
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
around U.S.D. 70.000
COMMENTS:
Development of a system of noise abatement screens for outdoor
use. The system is based on standard components made primarily
from pressure-creosoted wood.

The system includes reflecting panels and absorbing panels. A
reflecting screen may at any time i>e converted into an absorbing
screen through the use of standard components.

The development is near completion. Pilot production is in progress.
318
-------
Barriers
Denmark
Project Title:
Noise Reduction Capacity of Plantation. Belts.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Agency of Environmental Protection
Acoustic Laboratory
Kompmonusgade 1
1604 Kobenhaven, Denmark
Principal Investigator(s) :
National Agency of Environmental
Protection
Start Date:

1977
Completion Date:
Estimated spring 1979
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype,
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget): (.20.000 D.kr\$3,298
1978 (forecast): (100.000 D.kr)$16,490
Or Total.Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
Noise Reduction Capacity of Plantation Belts: The knowledge of the
capacity of plantation belts to retain noise both in Denmark and at
the international level is far from sufficient.Plantation belts are
already widely used as a noise-reducing measure, mainly along major
roads, and it is therefore considered very important to improve the
knowledge of this measure.
319
-------
Barriers
Sweden
Project Title:
Screening of Noise From Heavy Vehicles
Performing Organization Name & Address:

IFM-Akustikbyran AB
Box 3Q021
40Q 43 Goeteborg, Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Statens naturvardsverk
Fack
171 20 Solna, Sweden
Principal Investigator(s):

Esse Kamph
Start Date: j Completion Date:
July 1, 197^7 Estimated ,TnT1p 30 i 1973
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Y Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Suirinary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (25,000 skr) $5632

COMMENTS:
Studies of the literature on the measuring carried out on various contributing
noise sources in heavy road vehicles. The study of the location of the
contributing noise sources in some common types of heavy vehicles. The estimation
of the effects of screening with regard to screens placed close to the roads in
typical populated areas, according to current estimation methods, and also with
regard to the various locations of the contributing noise sources in heavy
vehicles. Determining the need to modify current methods with regard to the
estimation of screening effects.
Translated and transcribed from the original Swedish.
320
-------
Barriers
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Noise Barriers
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Transport and Road Research
Laboratory
Old Wockingham Road.t
Crowthorne, Berkshire RG11 6AU
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Department of the Enviroment
Principal Investigator(s):

L. M. Watkins
D. G. Harland
Start Date:

1969
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

COMMENTS:
To assess effects of road side noise barriers, to develop a prototype barrier for
use on urban motorways.
A wooden barrier has been erected alongside the Ml near Luton and the Building
Research Station has measured the effects of the barrier. A prototype has been
erected alongside the M4 at Heston and a subjective survey has been made to assess
the effects of M4 traffic noise. A further survey was made about six months
after completion of the barrier. The weight of the barrier is to be increased
and further measurements made to assess the.effect. Measurements are also made
behind a wooden barrier alongside the M6 in Birmingham to assess the performance
of a two mile and three mile barrier and the effect, if any, of multiple
reflection between barriers.

Publication:

Performance of a motorway noise barrier at Heston
Scholes, Mackie, Vulkan and Harland
Applied Acoustics, Vol 7, No 1, 1-13, 1974
Transcribed from the original
321
-------
Barriers
West Germany
Project Title: Fr£e Field and Model Studies on the Influence of Type of Road Cuttings, Earth
Berms, etc., on Effectiveness of Reduction of Road Traffic Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Federal Highway Institute
Postfach 51 05 30
Bruehlerstr. 1
5 Koeln 51, West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address;
Federal Transport Ministry
Postfach 100
53 Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1
West Germany
Principal Investigator (s):
Dr. S. Ullrich
Start Date:

4/76
Completion Date:
Estimated 12/78
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast)
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: $42,400
(QMJ.QD,.DOD)_
COMMENTS:
Collection of data on reduction of road traffic noise emissions by use of various profile
structures of cuttings, embankments, and long barriers. Development of simple methods for
calcutation of estimated protective effects against traffic noise. Model and field measurements.
"Model Test on Propagation of Road Traffic Noise in the Vicinity of a Road in a Cutting,"
Nov. 1976.

"Curves of Equal Reductions of Average Noise Level Achieved by Constructing a Road in a
Cutting," Feb. 1977.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
322
-------
Barriers
West Germany
Project Title:
Influence of Noise Protective Devices on the Ease of Flow, Fluidity
and Security of Road Traffic Flow.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Federal Highway Institute
Postfach 51 05 30
Bruehlstr. 1
5 Koeln 51 West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Federal Transport Ministry
Postfach 100
53 Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1
West Germany
Principal Investigator (s):
G. Reinhold
Start Date:

4/76
Completion Date:
Estimated 12/78
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
x Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: $42>400
— (DM_lQOi.OOOi.
COMMENTS:
Classification of noise protection measures with regard to their effectiveness.

Investigation of the relationship of specific parameters of flow of traffic as a
function of the type of noise protection measure, its height (noise protection screens),
and its distance from the road.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.

323
-------
Barriers
West Germany
Project Title:
Assembling and Evaluating Data Needed for the Drafting of VDI - Guideline 2720
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Battelle Institute E.V.
Frankfurt 90, AM Roemerhof 35
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Federal Ministry for Labor and Social Problems
Principal Investigator (s):

Dr. Ulrich Kurze
Start Date:
Nov. 1, 1975
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
March 31. 1976
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report (s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

COMMENTS:
Analysis of the literature on noise protection by shielding in open and enclosed spaces.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
324
-------
Barriers
Canada
Project Title:
Field Evaluation of Existing Noise Barriers Using Electronically Simulated Transportation Noise
Signals.
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Ontario Ministry of the Environment
135 St. Clair Avenue West
Toronto, Ontario M4V 1P5
Canada
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Christian A. Krajewski
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

COMMENTS:
A number of existing barrier sites were selected for investigation of their effectiveness
in reducing traffic generated noise under varying atmospheric conditions.

A sound reinforcement system and electronic compensating filters were used to duplicate
distinct transportation noise sources to provide a uniform, repeatable source characteristic
clearly above the ambient level.

Sound levels at receiver locations in "no barrier1' conditions were checked theoretically
by using a simplified Weyl and van der Pohl equation.

A portable electronic "weather station" was designed to provide continuous, digital
information on meteorological conditions, synchronized with sound recordings during the
field investigations.
Transcribed from the original.
325
-------
Barriers
France
Project Title:
Acoustic Barriers
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute of Transport Research
Center for the Evaluation of Research
on Nuisances
109 Avenue Salvador Allende
69672 Bron
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

S.E.T.R.A. - C.E.T.U.R.
Principal Investigator(s):
B. Favre
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated 12/12/77
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Actual
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
a) Visually transparent automobile barrier. The 1975 study of the visually transparent
acoustic barrier is to be completed. The geometric and acoustic characteristics of optimum
transparency and acoustic attenuation are to be established. Industrial studies are to be
followed.

b) Synthesis of foreign procedures. The 1972 documentation and synthesis are to be
updated in view of the abundance of more recent French and foreign studies.

c) Directivity of traffic noise source. Directivity of noise from traffic on an urban
highway along a cross-sectional profile is to be measured in a selected site because of
possible directivity effect on screen efficiency.
Translated and transcribed from the original French.

326
-------
Barriers
France
Project Title:
Calculation of Barrier Efficiency
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Laboratoire de Meconique et d'Acoustique
31, Chemin Joseph Aiguier
13274 Marseille Cedex 2
France
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s) :
Andre Dumas
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
X
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
X Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)

In the first study, we contemplated a thin
planar barrier with the reflector placed on
the equally reflecting ground. The purpose
is to find out how this three-dimensional
problem may be reduced to the analogous two-dimensional problem. Supposedly, the length of
the barrier in infinite and the linear acoustic source is parallel to the barrier. Two methods
of calculation are used and compared. A classic method of the MAEKAWA model and a more
vigorous method, where diffracted field is represented by a double-layer potential, if the
barrier is reflecting.
Numerical data thus obtained are compared between them and with the measurements made with
a model.
It is concluded that hypothetical substitution of a two dimensional model for the actual
problem is reasonable and barrier attenuation calculated by the method of layer potentials
appears to be the -minimum limit.

Publications
Calculation of a barrier efficiency: comparison between a classic method of approximation
and numerical solution to the integral equation of the problem. International Round Table
of the C.N.R.S. The Marseille Laboratory of Mechanics and Acoustics (1975).
Methods of forecasting noise attenuation by a barrier - International Anti-pollution Days -
Grenoble (October 1975) - Two dimensional simulation of a barrier problem, Methods of
efficiency calculation - The 9th ICA - Madrid (1977) - Study of diffraction by a thin
barrier on the ground - Acustica (to be published), v. 39, no. 3, 1978.
327
-------
Barriers
Israel
Project Title:
About the "acoustic quality" of isracliemce plants as screening belts
Performing Organization Name & Address:

The Dept. of Applied Acoustics and the

Israel Inst. of Wood-Research.
Technion I.I.I.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Schaudinischky. L.H.
Keller, J.
Start Date:
End 1975
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actua
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
1977
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount;
COMMENTS:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication. )
In many countries of the world, space for
town and settlements is becoming a
problem of ever-increasing importance.
This situation is closely connected with
the enormous growth of traffic roads, along
which the building of houses and settlements is extremely difficult because of noise,
dust, fumes and particles, which are the direct result of the heavy traffic. On the
other hand, this neighbourhood could shorten waste time needed by the greater part of
inhabitants to come to their places of occupation. A nearly ideal solution for this
problem could be the separation of the highways from the settlements by green belts,
consisting of acoustically effective, quick growing and resistive trees, having a low
consumption of water. Such green belts would also be useful as parks and counteract
the irresponsible destruction of wood, in order to create the land for our highways.

A special instrumentation set-up has been constructed for the objective testing of
the "screening effect" of single trees. Furthermore, certain physical properties
have been determined, which would allow the approximative calculation of the
"acoustic quality" of a tree, according to a new mathematical model.
328
-------
Barriers
Netherlands
Project Title:
Taking inventory of noise transmission limiting measures and establishing
rules for calculating them.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address

COMMENTS:
One of the possibilities of reducing the noise load from institutions on the environment
is the installation of defices which limit noise transmission, such as screens, walls,
and trees. The study intends to investigate the applicability of the results of such studies
in the field of traffic noise, among others, and to take inventory of the results of specific
industrial noise studies here and abroad. If necessary, supplementary studies will be
made of the effect of certain measures. In order to issue specifications within the framework
of the drafted noise nuisance legislation, rules for calculation of the effect of the
measures should be established.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.

329
-------
Barriers
Netherlands
Project Title: Research Of the Effect and Applicability of Acoustical Insulation by Means of
Roadside Planting
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Transport and Public Works
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:

COMMENTS:
The effectiveness of trees and shrubs as an acoustical screen is often greatly overrated, as
witnessed by the narrow strip which is generally left along motorways (in this country), in
contrast to the broad verges which research abroad on acoustics has proven to be necessary in
order to perceptibly improve the noise situation.

In the Netherlands, very little has been done to date to resolve this problem; it is now
necessary to select by experimentation some native flora with good noise-deflecting qualities
which, in addition should not be dependent on the seasons.

This project includes both the study of several experimental verges along busy highways
during varous seasons, and the planting and research of various kinds of plant growth.
Transcribed from the original.
330
-------
Barriers
Project Title:
Investigation of the Possibilities of Noise Deflection Along the Roadside
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Ministry of Transport and Public Works
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, 01
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Although there is already a great deal of theory available on the effect of acoustic
screens, there is a pronounced need for experimental verification by measuring noise
levels behind screens of different heighth, length and shapes. More experimental
research should also be done into the acoustical effect of plant growth near the top
of the screen and the influence of the wind on the effectiveness of the screen. The
findings of this research can then be incorporated into prognosis models of noise
nuisance around the road, which models will also be based on data from an earlier
project.

Results of similar research abroad will be used as much as possible in the implementation
of this project.

This project will also include a study of the effects of acoustical screen structures
on the landscape and environment , the cost of such screening available for the
Netherlands, and maintenance and installation costs involved.
Transcribed from the original.
331
-------
Barriers
Switzerland
Project Title:
Computer model of traffic noise propagation
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Dr. E.J. Ratne
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Wettsteinstrasse 71
CH-8332 Russikon, Switzerland
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
E. J. Rathe
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

x_ Fundamental
x Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
GOAL: Treatment of propagation problems in complex topographical surroundings
APPROACH:
Computer modelling with automatic selection of the relevant terrain
cuts. Output prepared for planning purposes to allow easy evaluation
of the effect of barriers and the optimization of their location
and /or dimensions.
RESULTS:
The program is being tested in actual cases, the results are in
good agreement with measurements. Since the spectra in V3-octave
bands for the sources, as well as even complicated directivity
patterns can be taken into account, the model is now applicable
to road, railway and airborne traffic simulations.
PLANS:
Development of a commercial version of the programs to allow
their use directly by any interested party.
332
-------
Barriers
Abbreviated Listings
France. External Noise from 504 Berlin-Screen.
Bertin et Cie, B. P. No. 3, F-78370 Plaislr, France.
1977.

Poland. Designing Acoustic Shields on Existing Routes
or Newly Designed. Warsaw Sanitary, Epidemiological Station,
Building Research Institute, Department of Acoustics, Warsaw,
Poland. Sponsor: Warsaw Bureau for Development. Example:
Bridge, Route J. Poniatowski.

Poland. Analysis of the Run of the Torunska Express Way
in Relation to Noise Annoyonce for Residents of the Adjacent
Areas. Building Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland. Sponsor:
Management of Highway Construction, Warsaw, Poland.
This project was worked out with an aim of providing the
designers the material on how to locate protections along
the way and giving them the illustration of noise level
distribution on the areas adjacent to the Express Way.

Sweden. Lanscaping of Traffic Routes for Reduction of Noise.
Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm, Sweden.
Mar. 1975. Feb. 1976.

United Kingdom. Road-Side Noise Barrier Experiment.
Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Berckshire, Building
Research Establishment Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom.
A 3m road-side barrier along M6 motorway in Birmingham.

United Kingdom. Noise Barrier Screening. Transport and Road
Research Laboratory. Crowthorne, Berkshire RG11 6 AU.
A 5m high barrier screening project to study the sound reduc-
tion at distances greater than 100m behind such a barrier.
333
-------
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES

ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS

See Also Pages:

62
79
108
113
125
179
352
353
358
362
335
-------
Architectural Acoustics
Canada
Project Title:
Traffic Noise and High-Rise Balconies
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Acoustics Office, R & D Division
Ministry of Transportation & Communicatio
1201 Wilson Avenue
DOWNSVIEW. Ontario M3M 1J8 Canada
Sponsoring Organization Name 6, Address:

s same as performing organization
Principal Investigator(s):
D. N. May
Start Date:
Oct. 3/75
Completion Date:
Estimated Jan- 3/76
Type of Research Program:

x Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, o
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Actual
April 3, 1977
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
C)r_ Total Funding Amount:
( $ / b 0 u^
COMMENTS:
Preject goalwas to evaluate noise levels on high-rise balconies near expressways
and to investigate noise control using sound absorptive material. Approach used
was to measure energy equivalent sound levels on a number of balconies and at
roadside, and to retrofit a balcony with varying coverages of absorptive material.
Sound levels above the 8th floor of high-rises 200 ft. or so from expressways
were 10 dB(A) higher than on ground floor. Daytime equivalent sound levels were
70 to 80 dB(A) on balconies, depending on size of expressway. The use of sound
absorptive material showed substantial noise reductions, 5 dB(A) from treating the
balcony ceiling alone.

Report: "Traffic noise and high-rise balconies", D. N. May, Research &
Development Division, Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communications,
Report 77-AC-2, April 1977.
337
-------
Architectural Acoustics
Denmark
Project Title:
The Noise Reduction Capacity of Heat-Insulating Constructions.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Agency of Environmental
Protection
Kampmanusgade 1
1604 Kobenkaven, Denmark
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:

1977
Completion Date:
Estimated summer 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast): (100.000 D.kr.) $ 16,490

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
The Noise Reduction Capacity of Heat-Insulating Constructions:

Preparation of guidelines in the form of a catalogue of constructions, in
which .construction types - primarily window constructions - may be evaluated
for, for instance: heat-insulation, noise-insulation, ventilation, construction,
inflammability, economy.
Transcribed from the original.
338
-------
Architectural Acoustics
Poland
Project Title: NO.17.Q6.02.1 "Study on acoustic climate development in buildings, in Poland,
by means of urban developments and elaboration of a detailed program for the years 1977-80.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Building Research Institute/ITB/
Department of Acoustics, ul. Ksawerow 21,
02-656 Warsaw, Poland
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Centre of Investigation and -Building Design
COBPBO
ul. Wierzbowa 9
Warsaw, Poland
Principal Investigator (s):

Prof. Jerzy Sadowski
Start Date:
Jan. '76
Completion Date:
Sept. 30, 77/lst
Sept. 79/end/
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast): and 1979
(713,457 zl) $35,816
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:x=will be determined in the phase
This project is a study on research development in urban acoustics, carried out in Poland and
in a number of the countries, well advanced in that type of activities. Particularly interesting
aspects of the project are the possibilities of using the urban developments for protection of
housing estates against the ambient noise/traffic and industrial in particular/.
PHASE I: The study will be ended up by summarizing the progress of the previous research,
identification of the problems to be solved by means of investigations that are being performed
in Poland, adaptation of other countries devleopments into Poland, list of research projects
to be undertaken in the years 78-80 identifying the goals of the projects.
PHASE II: will include and refer to performance of the tasks and research estimated for 78-80
by the Building Research Institute and research centres collaborating with the BRI. The
investigations to be performed in the years 78-80 cover as well the problems connected with
building interiors /arrangement of rooms/ and with mass of a building, taking into account
"acoustic localization" of buildings designed in such a way so as to isolate or screen the
ambient noise. Apart from the BRI the following other research centres will take part in
the investigations: Institute of Fundamental Technology Problems at the Polish Academy
of Science /IPPT, PAN/, Research Institute for Environmental Development in Warsaw and others.
Transcribed from the original.
339
-------
Architectural Acoustics
Sweden
Project Title:
Traffic Noise Spectra
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Chalmers University of Technology
Department of Building Acoustics
Facks
S-402 20 Goeteborg, Sweden
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Building Standards Institution
Drottning Kristinas Vaeg 73
S-114 28 Stockholm
Sweden
Principal Investigator(s):

G. Koarfalk
Start Date:
July 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
April 1977
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: $10,000

COMMENTS:
Generalized traffic noise spectra were evaluated for different noise situations. 140
measured spectra from different situations were collected. Their mean and standard
deviation in one-third octave bands from 50 Hz-500 Hz were evaluated in different
classes: 1. undamped spectra (cities, close to roads), 2. spectra with ground effects
3. screened spectra. The spectra were also evaluated with respect to sound isolation
of facades. The accuracy of the spectra is found to be astonishingly good. At dominating
frequencies the standard deviations typically are between 1 and 2 dB. The result is
intended to be used for the classification of facades according to their sound isolating
properties.
Transcribed from the original.
340
-------
Architectural Acoustics
United Kingdom
Project Title:
A Wave Model for the Response of Framed Structures to Noise and
Vibration
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Civil Engineering Department
University of Leeds,
England.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
University of Leeds Postl97b
.Principal Investigator (s) :

L. A. Walker
M. J. Greenwood
Start Date:
parts (a)
6, (b) in te
Autuian 1977
Completion Date:
Estimated Autumn 1979
h Actual
Type of Research Program:

x Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
( £ if 00 )
(£1OOO)
(£1000)
$ 860
$1,720
|1,720
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)

iithin the field of noise abatement
_n buildings a study has been made
jf vibrational energy transfer in
-iramed structures.
ilie approach has differed from earlier versions in that two wave types,
;hat is, flexural and dilatational are simultaneously allowed for in the
.lodel, since the earlier studies for single joints have shown that errors
-:iay arise where only one wave type, e.g. flexural, is assumed for the model.
-he experimental models, using small section hollow steel members, have given
,rood agreement with theory for both a plane and a simple space frame, where
-he first was used as a proving exercise for the second.
.''uture work would aim to include (a) the effects of infilling panels;
b) the efficiency of active damping methods, studied in an earlier project.
hese would expect to reduce low frequency vibration and acoustic flanking
-ransmissions of a kind caused by traffic and machinery^or which passive
.lamping methods are known to be inadequate.
.his project is continuing.
341
-------
Architectural Acoustics
West Germany
Project Title:
Underground Vibrations in Buildings
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Institute for Soil and Rock-Mechanics
Karlsruhe U.
Karlsruhe, Richard-Willstaetter-Allee
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerd Gudehus
Start Date:
Sept. 1, 1975
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Sept. 31. 1977
Funding:
Project Suirjnary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report (s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (175,000 DM)
~
COMMENTS :
The screening effect of rigid, wall-like insertions (protective wall) is studied, as well
as that of rows of drill holes, on the underground propagation of tremors. This is done
both near .to and far from the tremor source (machine bed plate, traffic tremors).
The study is carried out (computations) by the finite element method on a level model.
addition, measurements of the screening effect at the scale model are executed in an
experimental sand box.
In
Translated and transcribed from the original German.

342
-------
Architectural Acoustics
West Germany
Project Title:

Sound Level Reduction in the Case of Typical Building Forms and Positions
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Technical University of Munich
Arcisstrasse 21
D-8000 Munich 2
West Germany
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr. Gluck
Prof. Machtetemes
Dipl.- Ing Bondmann
DipL-Volkswirt Brackmann
Dipl.-Ing Luckert, Perschke
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Innenminister des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
Haroldstrasse 6
D-4000 Dusseldorf 7
West Germany
Start Date:

1974
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
1977
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
X Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (284,000 DM) $120,416
COMMENTS:
Setting up an example catalogue in which the sound level reduction with typical building forms
and positions is represented in the form of iosphones. 209 examples. Publication: Literature
series of the Institute for Rural and City Development Research of the District Nordrhein-
Westphalia.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.

343
-------
Architectural Acoustics
Tp rael
Project Title:
New Aspects for Planning Heavy Diesel Engine Repair Halls.
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Dept. of Appl. Acoustics
Technion I.I.I.
Haifa, Israel
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
I.D.F.
Principal Investigator (s):
L.H. Schaudinischky
Start Date:
Jan. 1977
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
In progress
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report (s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
The positive influence of breaks in continuous noisy work on the hearing of workmen has been
proved by appropriate investigation results. A survey of the noise situation in big repair
halls, where numerous groups of workers are engaged in overhauling and testing of heavy
diesel-engines in its various phases, clearly show up, that several groups are performing
mounting and demounting, both relatively silent works, while a few other groups, sometimes
one only, has reached the run-up phase, during which high noise levels are created. The
nearly free propagation of sound-waves inside such halls and the numerous reflection by
hard surfaces does not allow an acceptable reduction of the noise levels in those groups,
which otherwise could profit from silent intervals.

The aim of the study is to base the planning of such working halls on the conception of
single and individual test and repair cells, with good sound-protection against each
pther, while the run-up of overhauled engines is controlled inside a special control room,
acoustically well insulated from the repair cells arranged along the two long walls of
the C.R.
344
-------
Architectural Acoustics
Netherlands
Project Title:
Public Experience of Acoustic Insulation in or Around the Dwelling
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Ministry of Public Health-and Environmental
Protection
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:

1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
AIP.O u n t
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The installation of acoustic insulation in situations suffering serious noise nuisance, such
as acoustic screens or wall coatings, can have unfavourable side-effects to the point where
inhabitants do not experience the new situation as an improvement. These problems include
impairment of the view, maintenance problems, and the"bunker effect" of heavily insulated
dwellings. The estimation of inhabitants for various forms of acoustic insulation should
be taken into consideration in making decisions on similar measures to be implemented in
other situations.

Public opinion will be gauged by means of inquiries, the results of which also serve
to improve our knowledge of the relation between the loudness of traffic noise and the
degree of annoyance or noise nuisance which is experienced because of it.

Implementation of this project will also include inquiries in noisy places near busy motor-
ways among the inhabitants of buildings to be acoustically insulated, both before and some
time after this has taken place.
Transcribed from the original.
345
-------
Architectural Acoustics
Netherlands
Project Title:
Interior Layout of Buildings so as to Avoid Noise from Outside
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

COMMENTS:
In situations in which the noise load from one side of the dwelling will be greater than
that from the other side, one of the means of achieving an optimal situation with regards
to limiting traffic noise nuisance is to plan the interior layout so that living space
is as far removed as possible from the source of noise. This idea has hardly been brought
into practice in planning housing.

The project intends to compile a report treating of the optimal layout of a dwelling, based
on the existing knowledge. This report should be of practical value to architects and
building authorities.

On the basis of consultation of-available literature, attention will be devoted to the
noise-sensitivity of various sorts of living space and other factors which would influence
the layout of a dwelling.
Transcribed from the original.
346
-------
Architectural Acoustics
Netherlands
Project Title:
Inventory of knowledge Pertaining to Acoustic Insulation of Buildings
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Ministry of Public Health and Environmental
Protection
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

COMMENTS:
The purpose of this project is to compile a practical list of applicable acoustic insulation
of buildings which can serve as a guideline for architectural and building authorities.

As there is already a great deal of knowledge available concerning the possibilities and
effects of acoustic insulation, it seems that an inventory of existing data which has been
published and distributed but which is not yet widely operational.

Based on extensive research of available information, a step-by-step division into classes
of acoustical insulation will be made, indicating the best form of acoustic insulation in
each situation, taking into account side effects such as ventilation and thermic aspects,
humidity, and the cost of purchase and maintenance.
Transcribed from the original.
347
-------
Architectural Acoustics
Abbreviated Listings
United Kingdom. Insulation of Windows in the Vicinity of Road Rumble Strips.
Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berkshire RG11 6AU
United Kingdom.

West Germany. Supplementary Noise Abatement in Existing Buildings Against
Traffic Noise. Sponsor: Federal Ministry of the Interior, Bonn, West
Germany. Prof. Grossele, Stuttgart, West Germany. 1976. 1978.
348
-------
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES

IMPACT AND VIBRATION

See Also Pages:

130
151
153
163
184
191
341
342
349
-------
Impact and Vibration
Denmark
Project Title:
Vibrations and Low-Frequency Noise.
1'urfujLr.iiiii; Organization Kama 6- Address:
N_a,tional Agency of Environmental Protection
Acoustic Laboratory
Kampamausgade 1
1604 Kobenhaven, Denmark
Sponsoring Organisation Ilamc & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
National Agency of Environmental
Protection, Acoustic Laboratory
Start Date:
spring
Completion Date:
Estimated spring 1979
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype,
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast): (100.000 D.krO $16,490

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
Vibrations and Low-Frequency Noise; This study includes an examination
of guidelines which are used in other countries, concerning the
evaluation and measurement of low-frequency noise; moreover, the
establishment of methods of measurement of and limits to vibration
and low-frequency noise. The results shall form the basis of 2
guidelines from the National Agency of Environmental Protection.
351
-------
Impact and Vibration
Japan
Project Title:
A Study of the Tunnel Vibration Propagating to a Nearby Building
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute of Industrial Science
The University of Tokyo
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Teito Rapid Transit Authority
19-6, Higashi Ueno 3-Chome
Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Principal Investigator(s):

Prof. Kiyoteru Ishii
Start Date:

June, 1977
Completion Date:
Estimated June, 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:

^ Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
y Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
We have made an analysis of the
tunnel vibration propagated to a new
building nearby by taking the measure
ment of the vibration at different
stages of the building construction;
before and after the completion of the
has be.en concreted, etc.
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget): (5,OOO,OOO Yen) $18355
1978 (forecast):

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
basement, before and after each floor
352
-------
Impact & Vibration
Japan
Project Title:
Impacts and Controls of Environmental Noise and Vibration
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Faculty of Engineering
Kobe University
Kobe, Japan
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Education
Tokyo, Japan
Principal Investigator(s):
Maekawa, Zyun-iti
Hattori, Hiroshi
Kawai, Ryoji
Gyoten, Yoshihisa
Sakurai, Shunsuke
Start Date:
1970
Completion Date:
Estimated 19 85
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1976 (actual): (20,000,000 Yen) $73,420
1977 (budget): (1,500,000 Yen) $ 5,500
1978 (forecast): 0
$-1751 SO
Or Total Funding Amount:( 47,720>000 Yer)

COMMENTS:
This project consists of the following
groups.
1) Studies on the Aural Reflex
The aural reflex are studied using Impedancemeter in normal ears, facial
palsied patients and other pathological conditions.
2) Environmental Noise Control
Estimation of noise reduction by barriers of any shape will be developed.
Sound field simulated by a digital computer will be used to psychological
measurement of annoyance.
3) Nuisance control at the sources of noise and vibration
Vibrations due to impact, rotation, and reciprocation of machine parts
will be analized and the methods of preventing generation of noise and
vibration will be developed.
4) Vibration control of buildings
Micro tremor of buildings will be observed at various points in order to
find the optimum building construction, for vibration control.
5) Vibration control of ground
Ground Vibration caused by travelling vehicle and blasting operation will
be revealed by field measurements and model studies in laboratory. On the
basis of the experimental data, design criterion for ground vibration
control will be discussed.
353
-------
Impact and Vibration
Japan
Project Title:
Study on the Prevention of Super-Low Frequency Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Research Institute for Environmental Protectioij
Noise Section
7-2 Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo, Japan
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address;
Tokyo Metropolitan Government
1-5-3 Marunouchi
Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo, Japan
Principal Investigator(s):

Shunji Miyanoto
Shinichi Sueoka
Start Date:

Apr. 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated March 1980
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
1976 (actual): (¥10,600,000)
1977 (budget): (¥ 4,160,000)
1978 (forecast): ?
$38,913
$15,271
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
1. Measure and analyze the low-frequency noise in relation to mechanism of generation,
characteristics of generation and transmission, and characteristics of frequency.

2. Investigate standardization of measuring instruments and methods, and also examine
methods to lower the measurable range of the instruments.

3. Study on the effects of noise on the human body (threshold value and sensitivity-level
contour, etc.)
Translated and transcribed from the original Japanese.

354
-------
Impact and Vibration
Japan
Project Title:
A Vibration Reducing Measure Adopted Where A Tunnel Runs Close To A Theater
Performing Organization Name & Address:
The Institute of Industrial Science
The University of Tokyo
22-1, Roppongi 7 Chome, Minato-ku,
Tokyo, Japan
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:

Teito Rapid Transit Authority
19-6, Higashi Ueno 3-Chome
Taito-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Principal Investigator(s):

Prof. Choshiro Tamura (Tokyo Univ.)
Mr. Akio Oikawa (T.R.T.A.)
Start Dace:

Oct. 1974
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:

X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Mar. 1976
Funding:
Project Suirjnary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: $110.130
— & (30,000,000 Yen)
COMMENTS:
When undertaking construction of the subway Yurakucho Line, we had to construct a new under-
ground station only about 1.5 meters away from a theater. And it was extremely important to
cut out this wave motion propagating from the tunnel to the theatre for the purpose of keeping
the atmosphere in the theater quiet and protected from the vibration due to the subway train.
We successfully achieved the aim by supporting the track on a pile insulated from the tunnel
structure; the pile worked to scatter the vibration into the soil below the tunnel.

On putting the line into revenue service, we made a series of measurements on the solid borne
sound and made an analysis of the way how the vibration propagated from the track to the
pile, soil, back to the tunnel and then on to the wall and slab of the theater building.
355
-------
Impact & Vibration
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Low Frequency Noise & Vibration from Road
Traffic
Performing Organization Name & Address:
GREATER LONDON COUNCIL
SCIENTIFIC BRANCH
THE COUNTY HALL
LONDON SE1 7PB GREAT BRITAIN
Jointly w
TRANSPORT & ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY
(ENVIRONMENT DIVISION)
OLD WOKINGHAM ROAD
CROWTHORNE, BERKS RG11 6AU GREAT BRITAIN
Principal Investigator(s):
ROBERT HILL (GLC)
DAVID MARTIN (TRRL)
Start Date:

Jan 1977
Completion Date:
Estimated Jan 1978(stage l)
Actual
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
X Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
X Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget): 1.5 man years (Stage I)
1978 (forecast):

Or Total Funding Amount:

COMMENTS:
The present project is intended to be the first stage of a long term project to investigate the
nature and extent of traffic induced vibrations in an urban situation (London). Initially the
work has been to develop an instrumentation system for measurement and analysis of vibration
and low frequency noise levels in buildings. This will be followed by a series of measurements
in occupied buildings where there have been complaints of vibration caused by road traffic. In
subsequent stages of the work it is hoped that a social survey will be carried out and that this
will be supported by a further series of measurements at interview sites.

The aims of the project are to determine the extent to which ground-borne vibration & air-borne.
low frequency sound contribute to reported 'vibration1 in buildings and to determine the extent
to which these vibration levels cause annoyance. It is hoped that the results will provide
useful guidance to planners and building designers on how to minimize these effects in buildings
356
-------
Impact and Vibration
West Germany
Project Title:
Propagation of Subway Vibration Into the Soil and Measures for Screening
Them Off 5
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Construction Department of Federal Institute
for Materials Testing
Berlin 45, Unter Den Eichen 87
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s):

Dr. Dolling
Start Date:

Feb. 1, 1973
Completion Date:
Estimated ,-.
Actual
Type of P^esearch Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
-1977
Funding:
Project Suirinary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the datc(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
DM)
COMMENTS :
Subway vibrations often affect near-by buildings and installations. In one concrete case
in Berlin, the screening effect of a spring-suspended rail through construction is to be
checked. The aim here is to investigate theoretically and experimentally the fundamental
relationships between vibration propagation in tunnels and the surrounding soil.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
357
-------
Impact and Vibration
Abbreviated Listings With Funding
United Kingdom. Acceptability of Building Vibration. Human Factors
Research Unit, Institute of Sound & Vibration Research, University of South-
ampton, Southampton S09 5NH, United Kingdom. Sponsor: Science Research
Council, Swendon, Wiltshire. Dr. D.J. Griffin, Mr. P. Napp. Type: Fund-
amental, Measurement Methodology. Sept. 1976. Sept. 1977. 1977: (£2000) $3,439
Preliminary investigation of methods of quantifying the vibration ex-
perienced in buildings and the complaints that arise. No publications yet
produced.

West Germany. Structural Noise Generation in Buildings Physically Connected
with Express Highways and Road Tunnels. Muller Corp. Technical Consult-
ants on Acoustics, Planegg, Robert-Koch-Str.11, West Germany. Sponsor:
Federal Transportation Ministry. Dipl. -Phys. Gerardo Volberg. $42,400,
(100',OOODM) . Assembling of experiences and measurement data on the inten-
sity of structural noises induced in buildings by nearby traffic. Using
this information as foundation for guidelines on required noise abatement
procedures in constructions for human use which bridge over traffic arteries.

West Germany. Effect of Tremors on Plaster Adherence. Otto Graf Inst.,
Stuttgart 80, Pfaffenwaldering 4, West Germany. Dr.-Ing. Ruprecht Zim-
berlmann, Jan. 1, 1975. Dec. 31, 1976. $42,400, (100,OOODM). Under
the effect of heavy traffic or as a result of a so-called "jet boom", ex-
traordinarily strong tremors can be communicated to buildings. This
project aims at finding out to what extent this can affect plaster adherence.
358
-------
Impact and Vibration
Canada
Project Title:
Problems with Low Frequency Environmental Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:

Ontario Minstry of the Environment
135 St. Clair Avenue West
Toronto, Ontario M4V IPS
Canada
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s) :
S. H. Eaton
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:

Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Complaints about low frequency noise often present practical
difficulties in measurement, rating or assessment, and control;
and yet the disturbance can be real, severe and widespread
in the community. Typical offenders include locomotives, trucks,
air compressors and combustion processes.

The limitations and uses of common noise measurement and analysis
systems are reviewed, and difficulties expressed with rating
the disturbance are illustrated with reference to some "real-
life" complaint and control investigations.
Transcribed from the original.
359
-------
Impact and Vibration
Netherlands
Project Title:
Vibrations Resulting from Road Traffic
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Public Health and Environmental
Protection
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:

In most cases, these are vibrations affecting buildings very close to the road, which are
caused by the rumbling of heavy traffic (lorries and busses).

The project should also provide insight into the manner in which vibrations arise, how
they are communicated, how they affect buildings and inhabitants, and possibilities of
preventing this vibration nuisance.

Project research should include a survey of all (international) knowledge available on the
subject, and in a later stage should give guidelines for effective prevention of the
problems caused by road traffic vibrations.
Transcribed from the original.
360
-------
Impact and Vibration
Npl-hp-r-1
Project Title:
Investigation of Vibrations Resulting from Rail Traffic
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Public Health and Environmental
Protection
Ministry of Transport and Public Works
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:

1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding :
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
This project will conduct research into the manner in which vibrations caused by rail
vehicles can reach nearby buildings by means of the rails and the ground. Particular
attention will be devoted to vibrations caused by heavy rolling stock such as locomotives
and laden freight cars, and the manner in which these vibrations can reach nearby buildings
through the construction of the railroad tracks.

The project will largely make use of data already available from research in the Netherlands
and abroad, both in respect to methods of measuring and on the causes of vibrations.
Secondly, the project will investigate means of noise abatement and of effective prevention
of vibrations.
Transcribed from the original.
361
-------
Impact and Vibration
Abbreviated Listings
United Kingdom. Insulation Against Noise and Vibration Near Speed
Control Humps. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne,
Berkshire RG11 6AU United Kingdom.

United Kingdom. Insulation of Windows Against Low Frequency Sound. Build-
ing Research Establishment, Aylesbur, Buckinghamshire HP17 9PX, United
Kingdom.
362
-------
ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES

OTHER

See Also Pages:
63
68
87
12k
282
287
363
-------
Acoustic Properties Other,
Abbreviated Listings
Switzerland. Functions and Physical Laws of Sound Insulation
and Acoustic Absorption Materials. Interkeller AG/SA, 8052
Zuirch, Switzerland. B. Braure.

Switzerland. Theorectical and Experimental Study of Standing
Waves in an Automobile Passenger Compartment. Interkeller AG/SA,
8052 Zurich, Switzerland. J. Gamier (Renault).

Switzerland. Functions and Physical Laws of Vibration Insulating
and Structural Vibration Damping Materials. Interkeller AG/SA,
8052 Zurich, Switzerland. J. Roos.
365
-------
COUNTRY INDEX OF RESEARCH PROJECTS
367
-------
AUSTRALIA page

Highway Model Analysis and Prediction

Community and Domestic Noise Environment. 79

Traffic Noise Prediction Model Study. 80

Motor Vehicle and Traffic Noise - Measurement,
Analysis, Prediction. 81

Engines

Optical Holography for the Study of Sound Radiation
from Vibrating Surfaces. 187

Methodology and Standards

Noise Source Identification on Automotive Engines. 249

Study of a Precise and Reproducible Method Making it
Possible to Measure Vehicle Noise. 289

Propagat ion

Noise Propagation in Urban Areas. 297

Barriers

Field Measurement of Road Traffic Noise Shielding
Provided by Building Elements. 3:L5

BELGIUM

Methodology and Standards

Development of Representative Passenger Car Noise
Emission Test Procedure. 264

Propagation

Measurement of Traffic Noise in Large Cities and
Inquiry about the Annoyance.
298
369
-------
CANADA Page

Highway Planning & Land Management

Land Use Planning and the Design of New Housing
Developments Against Arterial Traffic Noise. 62

Ontario Environmental Noise Control Program. 63

A Planning Policy for Freeway Noise. 64

Highway Model Analysis and Prediction

Traffic Noise. 82

Highway Noise Other

Noise from Grooved Pavement. 119

Locomotives and Passenger Trains

Noise Control of Railroad Car Retarder Systems. 146

Tires

Effects of Road Surfaces on Two Common Types of Tire. 234

Methodology and Standards

Community Noise Measuring Instruments. 250

Exterior Vehicle Noise and Health Impairment Effects
on People. 251

Study to Obtain Noise Exposure Data for Truck Drivers. 253

Methodology to Assess Environmental Noise Impact. 265

Use of Transportation Noise As a Standard for the
Assessment of Other Noise Sources in Urban Areas
in Ontario. 266

Training

Acoustics Technology in Land Use Planning Volumes I
Thru III. 293
370
-------
CANADA (Continued) Page

Training (Continued)

Training Course on Land Use Planning with Respect to
Environmental Noise. 294

Propagation

Noise Attenuation Study. 299

Sound Propagation Outdoors. 300

Barr iers

Transportation Noise Scale Model Facility. 316

Field Evaluation of Existing Noise Barriers Using
Electronically Simulated Transportation Noise. 325

Architectural Acoustics

Traffic Noise and High-Rise Balconies. 337

Impact and Vibration

Problems with Low Frequency Environmental Noise. 359

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Highway Planning & Land Management

Proposal of Regulations for the Design of Settlements
from the View-Point of Excessive Transportation
Noise Protection.

Highway Noise Other

Proposal of Regulations for the Physical Planning
Documentation from the View-Point of Surface
Transportation Noise Protection.
DENMARK

Medium and Heavy Trucks

Possibility of and Objectives for a Limitation of
Noise Emissions from Motor Vehicles.

371
-------
DENMARK (Continued)

Highway Planning and Land Management

Study on Possible Improvement pf the Noise Conditions
in Existing Urban Areas. 57

Rail Noise Other

Noise Nuisances Along Railroads. 175

Methodology and Standards

Calculation of Noise Immission on the Basis of
Emission Measurements. 255

General Accuracy of Sound Level Meter Measurements. 267

Propagation

Special Conditions of Noise Propagation, for Instance
Over Water. 301

Barriers

Screening Effect of Earth Barrier. 317

Plus Stojvaern. 318

Noise Reduction Capacity of Plantation Belts. 319

Architectural Acoustics

The Noise Reduction Capacity of Heat-Insulating
Constructions. 338

Impact and Vibration

Vibrations and Low-Frequency Noise. 351
FRANCE

Highway Planning and Land Management

A Search for Elements of Decision Making by the State
Relative to Reduction of Nuisance due to Traffic
Noise. 58
372
-------
FRANCE (Continued) page

Highway Model Analysis and Prediction

Description and Prediction of Noise from Urban Traffic. 96

Exhaust Mufflers

Noise from Exhaust Outlet of a Vehicle. 215

Surface Vehicle Components Other

Noise Reduction by Covering the Motor and Mechanical
Parts. 246

Methodology and Standards

Conversational Calculation of Noise Level of Road
Traffic. 268

Barriers

Acoustic Barriers. 326

Calculation of Barrier Efficiency. 327

External Noise from 504 Berlin-Screen. 333

HUNGARY

Methodology and Standards

Study of Procedures for Measurement and Evaluation
of Environmental Noise. 269
ISRAEL

Highway Planning and Land Management

Planning Petrol Station inside Dwelling Districts. 66

Barriers

About the "Acoustic Quality" of Isracliemce Plants as
Screening Belts. 328
373
-------
ISRAEL (Continued) Page

Architectural Acoustics

New Aspects for Planning Heavy Diesel Engine Repair
Halls. 344
ITALY
Exhaust Mufflers

Noise Reduction in Alternative Intake and Discharge
Systems. 21°

Surface Vehicle Components Other

A Digital Analysis Method for Determining the
Contribution of Various Transmission Methods of
Noise Into the Passenger Compartment of a Car. 245
JAPAN

Medium and Heavy Trucks

Research and Development of Low Noise Large Trucks
and Buses. 34

Light Vehicles

Vehicle Noise Reduction of the Passenger Car and the
Light Truck. 43

Highway Model Analysis and Prediction

The Evaluation of Road Traffic Noise in Relation to
Noise Power Levels of Motor Vehicles. 83

Calculation Model of Road Traffic Noise. 84

A Statistical Prediction of Arbitrary Random Noise and
Vibration Distribution in a Higher Level Region and
a Simplified Evaluation Procedure of a Higher Lot,
Sound Level. 97

A Statistical Theory Generalized by an Equivalent Model
for Non-Stationary Random Noise Process and Its
Digital Simulation. 98
374
-------
JAPAN (Continued) page

Highway Model Analysis and Prediction (Continued)

A New Method of Estimating Representative Statistics
of Random Noise by On-Line Treatment (Theory and
Experiment). 99

A Statistical Fundamental Theory Suitable to the
Observed Level Distribution of Noise and Vibration
with Digital Level and its Experiment. 100

An Estimation Theory of Level Distribution over a
Long Time Interval on the Basis of Level Distribution
Over a Short Time Interval in an Urban Noise Measurement
and Its Experiment. 101

A Generalized Expression on the Multivariate Joint
Probablility Distribution of State Variables for
Stochastic System with Quantitized Level and Its
Application to City Noise Measurement. 102

Poly-Frequency Spectral Analysis for the Road Traffic
Noise Based on the Filtered Poission Process Model
(Theory and Simulation Experiment). 103

A Unified Statistical Treatment for the Multivariate
Joint Probability Expression of General Random
Processes in the Form of Finite Expansion Terms. 104

A Unified Study on the Multivariate Joint Probability
Expression and Its Linear Transitional Property for
the State Variables of Stochastic Environmental System. 105

A Statistical Analysis of Nonstationary Random Noise
in View of Temporal Change of Cumulants and Its
application to Dynamical Prediction of L<*. 106

A Unified Study on the Prediction Problem of Road
Traffic Noise with Various Types of Vehicles and
Multi-Lanes on Road of Arbitrary Length (Theory and
Simulation Experiment). 1°7

Highway Noise Other

Study on Prevention of Noise and Vibration on the
Roads in Cities and Towns.
120
375
-------
JAPAN (Continued) Page

Motorcycles

Investigative Study of the Driving Noise of the
Motorcycle. 137

Rapid Rail Transit

Study on the Prevention of Noise and Vibration
Relating to High Speed Transport Facilities. 151

Study of Railroad Noise Reduction by Noise-Proof
Wheels. 152

Noise Reduction of Shinkansen Railways. 153

Research on Sound-Barrier Walls for the Shinkansen. 158

Research on Noise Generated by Concrete Structure on
the Shinkansen. 158

Research on Noise Originated in Connection with Power
Collection on the Shinkansen. 158

Overall Testing to Abate the Shinkansen Noise. 158

Experiments to Abate and Analyze Wheel Noise Using
Testing Installations. 158

Innovative Guided Mass Transit

A Vibration Reducing Measure Adopted Where a Tunnel
Runs Close to a Theater. 163

Engines

The Committee of the Engine Noise Control, RC-SC 43. 133

Methodology and Standards

Research on Testing Method and Exterior Noise of
Vehicle. 255

A Unified Expression for the Transition of the
Multivariate Joint Probability of State Variables in
an Arbitrary Environmental Stochastic System and Its
Digital Simulation. 270
376
-------
JAPAN (Continued) Page

Propagation

A New Trial to Estimate the Noise Propagation
Characteristics of a Traffic Noise System and Its
Application. 3Qg

Impact and Vibration

A Study of the Tunnel Vibration Propagating to a
Nearby Building. 252

Impacts and Controls of Environmental Noise and
Vibrat ion. 053

Study on the Prevention of Super-Low Frequency Noise. 354

A Vibration Reducing Measure Adopted Where a Tunnel
Runs Close To a Theater. 355
NETHERLANDS

Medium and Heavy Trucks

Truck Noise Reduction, Encapsulation of Machinery
Propagation of Noise from Industrial Plants Over
Long Distances. 35

Noise Restrictions on Service Equipment. 38

Investigation of the Possibility of Obtaining Quieter
Lorries. 39

Buses

Investigation of the Possibilities of Obtaining
Quieter Buses for Public Transport. 51

Highway Planning and Land Management

Investigation of Noise-Sensitivity of Various Receivers. 67

Working Out the Zoning System Along Motor Roads. 68
377
-------
NETHERLANDS (Continued) Page

Highway Model Analysis and Prediction

Research on Life-Size and If Possible Scale-Model
Buildings Concerning Their Acoustic Orientation to
Nearby Roads and to Each Other. 108

Investigation of Sound Transfer at Greater Distances. 109

Research on Acoustic Qualities of Artificial Structures. 115

Highway Noise Other

The Effect of Traffic Regulation in the Cities. 126

Determining Empirically the Influence of Road Surface
on Noise Emissions. 127

Determining in Actual Practice the Influence of Speed,
Stop Lights, Junctions and Sharp Curves on Noise
Emis s ion. 128

Motorcycles

Investigation of Noise Emissions of Motorcycles and
Mopeds. 138

Motorboat s

Noise Restrictions on Boats and Ships. 141

Locomotives and Passenger Trains

Study of the Emission by Rail Vehicles. 147

Innovative Guided Mass Transit

Study of the Noise Emission of Different Types of
Trolleys, Subways, and the like. 164

Research on Noise Zoning Along Tramways. 165

Rail Noise Other

Study of the Noise Emission During Shunting and Switch-
ing. 179

Research on Zoning Along Railroads. 180
378
-------
NETHERLANDS (Continued) Page

Rail Noise Other (Continued)

An Inventory of Noise-Sensitive Receivers Within the
Noise Zones to be Established.

Investigation of the Financial Consequences of Policy
Decisions on Noise Abatement Along Railroads. 182

Research on Noise Abatement Requisites to be Imposed
on the Purchase of New Rolling Stock. 183

Exhaust Mufflers

Noise-Shielding Properties of Exhaust Systems. 211

Methodology and Standards

Noise Requirements for Service Equipment. 271

Establishing a Standard Method of Measurement of the
Noise Emissions of Rail Vehicles and the Influence of
these Emissions on Artificial Structures Placed Along
the Tracks. 272

Research on Noise Levels Around the Stations. 273

Determining the Financial Consequences of Policy
Standards and Measures on Abatement of Traffic Noise. 274

Investigation of Noise Emissions of Various Categories of
Motor Vehicles. 275

Research Into the Influence of Height and Slope of
the Road on Noise Emissions. 276

A System of Assessing Traffic Noise Nuisance. 277

Developing Methods of Measuring Traffic Noise. 278

Substantiating Maximum Noise Levels for Noise-Sensitive
Objects and Buildings Other than Dwellings. 279

Establishing a Standard Method of Registration of
Noise Levels Resulting from Railroad Traffic. 280

Research In Order to Develop a Representative Standard
Noise Level Test and Possible Procedures for Spot-
Checking for the Amount of Noise Produced by Motor
Vehicles. 281
379
-------
NETHERLANDS (Continued) Page

Methodology and Standards (Continued)

Developing a Method of Assessing Relatively Quiet Areas. 282

Noise Requirements for Vehicles. 283

Barriers

Taking Inventory of Noise Transmission Limiting
Measures and Establishing Rules for Calculating
them. 329

Research of the Effect and Applicability of Acoustical
Insulation by Means of Roadside Planting. 330

Investigation of the Possibilities of Noise Deflection
Along the Roadside. 331

Architectural Acoustics

Public Experience of Acoustic Insulation in or Around
the Dwelling. 345

Interior Layout of Buildings so as to Avoid Noise
from Outs ide. 346

Inventory of Knowledge Pertaining to Acoustic Insula-
tion of Buildings. 347

Impact and Vibration

Vibrations Resulting from Road Traffic. 360

Investigation of Vibrations Resulting from Rail
Traffic. 361
NORTHERN IRELAND

Exhaust Mufflers

Prediction of Noise from Silencer Configurations. 212

Design of Diesel Engine Silencers. 213
380
-------
NORWAY page

Highway Planning and Land Management

An Analysis of Different Noise Abatement Strategies. 59

Highway Model Analysis and Prediction

Simplified Method for Predicting Traffic Noise. 115

Rail Model Analysis and Prediction

Methods for Prognosing Noise from Railways. 172

Methodology and Standards

Road Traffic Noise in Urban Areas. 256

Basis for Restricted Noise Emission Limits for Cars. 239

Method for Measurement of Road Traffic Emission. 289

POLAND

Light Vehicles

Implementation of the Method of Automotive Vehicle
External Noisiness Control for Application to the
Inspection for Permit to be Operated in Road Traffic. 44

Highway Planning and Land Management

Project FA-34 - The Investigations of Noise Annoyance
Caused by Kazienkowska Express Route and Elaboration
of Directions on Acoustic Prevention Against Traffic
Noise. 59

Project 17.06.02.2 - "Complex Developments of Urban
Structures and Building Constructions with Respect
to Acoustic Protection; example: Residential Area
"Bialoleka Dworska" Near Warsaw. 60

Highway Model Analysis and Prediction

Untitled Project on Environmental Noise. 110
381
-------
POLAND (Continued) Page

Methodology and Standards

An Acoustic Evaluation of Automotive Vehicles from
the Point of View of the Noise and Vibrations
Influence on Driver's Work. 257

Barr iers

Designing Acoustic Shields on Existing Routes or
Newly Designed.

Analysis of the Run of the Torunska Express Way in
Relation to Noise Annoyance for Residents of the
Adjacent Areas. 333

Architectural Acoustics

No. 17.06.02.1 - "Study on Acoustic Climate Development
in Buildings, in Poland, by Means of Urban Develop-
ment and Elaboration of a Detailed Program for t-he
years 1977-80". 339
PORTUGAL

Highway Model Analysis and Prediction

Urban Noise Models. 85

SWEDEN

Highway Planning and Land Management

Consequences of Speed Standard and Intersection Design
for Secondary Links in Town Road Networks. 61

Noise Protection Plans for Local Districts. 61

Pilot Project of Measures Against Road Traffic Noise. 71

Municipal Traffic Noise Abatement Programs - A Survey
of Program and Planning. 72

Reporting of Traffic Noise in Landscape Using a Color
Jet Plotter. 75
382
-------
SWEDEN (Continued) Page

Highway Model Analysis and Prediction

Impact. Environmental Effects from Urban Traffic. 86

Prediction and Visualization of Road Traffic Noise
with Computer, CRT Screen and Electronic Plotter. 87

Prediction Model for Noise Levels of Road Traffic. 88

Nordic Calculation Model for Road Traffic Noise. 115

Highway Noise Other

Analysis of Vehicle Noise from Coarse Texture Pavements. 124

Kotorboats

Airborne and Structurally-Borne Noise in Pleasure Craft. 142

Rail Model Analysis and Prediction

Mapping of Noise from Railroad Traffic and Planning of
Measures Against this Noise. 171

Rail Noise Other

Comparison of Noise from Two Railway Transformer Station
of Different Size. Noise Abatement Measures. 176

Survey of Noise from Railbound Traffic in Stockholm. 177

Eng ines

"Stirling Engine Development" 197

Tires

Development of Quieter Tires and Road Surfaces. 223

Developing a Method for Characterizing Tires with
Respect to External Tire Noise. 224

Road Surface Characterization with Respect to Type of
Noise. 225

Tyre Noise - Influence of Tyre and Road Surface. 226
383
-------
Pae e
SWEDEN (Continued)

Tires (Continued)

Characterization of Pavements with Relevance to "Tire-
Noise-Generation" Measurement of Water-Pavement/Water-
Tire Interfacial Energy. 227

Tire Noise Measuring Methods. 235

Surface Vehicle Components Other

Limitation of the Sound Level of Vehicle Engine Cool-
ing Systems. 241

Tyre Noise Screening. 242

Methodology and Standards

Traffic Noise in Urban Areas. 258

Propagat ion

The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on Leq. 302

Barriers

Screening of Noise from Heavy Vehicles. 320

Landscaping of Traffic Routes for Reduction of Noise. 333

Architectural Acoustics

Traffic Noise Spectra. 340

SWITZERLAND

Medium and Heavy Trucks

Noise Abatement on Heavy Commercial Vehicles. 36

Optimization of Truck and Bus Soundproofing. 40

Light Vehicles

The Sound Radiation of Body Panels in the Interior of a
Car at Low Frequency and the Possible Methods. 43

An Attempt at Comprehensive Presentation of Automobile
Acoustic Questions. 4. g
384
-------
SWITZERLAND (Continued) page

Light Vehicles (Continued)

Considerations on Preventive Noise Control in Passenger
Car Design. 43

Highway Planning and Land Management

Emission Cadastre for Motor Vehicles in Switzerland
(Partial Cadastre Noise) 73

Highway Model Analysis and Prediction

Computer Model for Noise Propagation. Ill

Computer Model of Noise Immission Due to Traffic
Noise. 112

Highway Noise Other

Cost Estimation for Noise Abatement Measures for Main
Road Traffic Arteries. 121

Study of the Role of Vehicular Noise Emissions on Noise
Emissions (Exposure) for Typical Traffic Conditions. 129

Countermeasures Applicable in Practice to Reduce
Exterior Noise of Motor Vehicles. 133

Characterization of the Noise Radiated by Two Commercial
Vehicles in a Built-up Area Before and After. 133

Acoustic Comfort of and Noise Pollution by Motor Vehicles. .133

External Noise in Road Vehicles. 133

Exterior Noise - Example of Treatments Applied in Prac-
tice and Results of an Experimental Investigation. 133

Characterization of Acoustic Comfort in Motor Vehicles. 133

Road Simulation Using the Fast Fourier Technique. 133

Rail Model Analysis and Prediction

Development and Compilation of Acoustic Principles for
Assessing the Noise Exposure Due to Railroad Switchyards. 169

Engines

Noise Radiation from Truck Diesel Engines. 203
385
-------
SWITZERLAND (Continued) Page

Tir es

Rolling Noise of Tires. 228

Study of Rolling Noise from Automobile Tires. 236

Surface Vehicle Components Other

The Body as Transmission Element Between the Sources
and the Passenger Compartment. 246

The Transmission to the Vehicle Body through the Engine
Mounts and the Measurement of their Dynamic Character-
istics. 246

Methodology and Standards

The Application of Random Signal Processing in
Automobile Acoustics. 289

A Sound Intensity Meter and Its Applications in
Car Acoustics. 289

Development of an Instrument for the Measurement of
Sound Intensity and Its Application in Car Acoustics. 289

Advantages and Disadvantages of Analogue and Digital
Measurement and Analysis Methods in Car Acoustic
Studies. 289

The Determination of Dominant Signal Transmission
Paths in Automobile Acoustics Using Digital Signal
Analys is. 289

The Utilization of the Intensity Meter for the
Investigation of the Sound Radiation of Surfaces. 289

The "Ingolstadt Method" for the Testing of Sound
Insulating Materials and Systems for Motor Vehicles. 289

Barriers

Computer Model of Traffic Noise Propagation. 332

Acoustic Properties Other

Functions and Physical Laws of Sound Insulation and
Acoustic Absorption Materials. 355
386
-------
SWITZERLAND (Continued) Page

Acoustic Properties Other (Continued)

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Standing Waves in
an Automobile Passenger Compartment. 365

Functions and Physical Laws of Vibration Insulating
and Structural Vibration Damping Materials. 365
UNITED KINGDOM

Medium and Heavy Trucks

Quiet Heavy Vehicle Project. 37

Origins of Noise Inside Vehicle Cabs. 40

Commercial Vehicle Exterior Noise. 40

Light Vehicles

Reduction of Car Noise by Passenger Compartment Design. 45

Transmission of Engine Forces Through Engine Mounts
and Their Relation to Interior Noise of a Car. 46

Vehicle Noise and Vibration Analysis. 47

Buses

Research on the Reduction of Noise Emission from Diesel
Engined Buses. 52

Lead-Acid Battery Driven Vehicles. 53

Experimental Battery Driven Buses.

Highway Planning and Land Management

Applied Research at the Industrial Town of Darlington. 74

Highway Model Analysis and Prediction

Road Traffic Noise Measurement and Prediction in
Restricted Flow Conditions. 68
387
-------
UNITED KINGDOM (Continued) Page

Highway Model Analysis and Prediction (Continued)
n n
Noise and Traffic Management. JU

Traffic Noise in the City of Bath and the Effect of the
Proposed East/West Relief Road on the Anticipated
Noise Climate. 91

Prediction of Noise from Freely Flowing Traffic. 92

The Performance of Traffic Noise Prediction Models
In Urban Situations. 93

External Noise. H3

Computer Simulation of Traffic Noise and Noise Predic-
tion.

Analytic Studies on Traffic Noise Evaluation and
Prediction. 115

Highway Noise Other

Assessment, Measurement and Prediction. 130

Traffic Noise at Roundabouts and Intersections. 133

Noise Generated by Non-Free Flowing Road Traffic. 133

Motorboats

Noise Control Modifications for the Yamaha Outboard
Motor Enclosure. 142

Ship and Marine Technology. 142

Locomotives and Passenger Trains

Factors Affecting Railway Noise Levels in Residential
Areas. 148

Rapid Rail Transit

Tyne and Wear Metro-Noise Control 154

Cost Effective Noise Control Methodology for Urban
Rapid Transit Systems. 159
388
-------
UNITED KINGDOM (Continued) Page

Rail Model Analysis and Prediction

Noise Prediction Method for Fast Electric Trains. 172

Rail Noise Other

Measurement and Analysis of Train Induced Ground
Vibration. 184

The Effect of Cuttings on Railway Noise Propagation. 184

Engines

Engine Induced Noise in Cars. 189

Diesel Combustion Noise. 190

Prediction and Control of Diesel Engine Noise. 191

Combustion Modelling in Turbocharged Engines and
Correlation with Noise. 198

Study of the Mechanically-Induced Noise and Vibration
in Diesel Engines Using Simulation Techniques. 199

Minimum Mechanical Noise Levels in Diesel Engines. 200

Optimization of Design Parameters for Quieter Diesel
Engines. 201

Mechanical Noise Investigation. 202

Piston Engine Exhaust Noise Source Characterization. 203

I.C. Engine Exhaust Noise Source Modelling. 203

Damping of Lightweight Engine Covers Using Rubber
Inserts. 203

Injection Equipment Noise and Pump Mounting System. 203

Mechanical Noise of Petrol Engines. 203

The Evaluation of Polymers for Suitability for Damp-
ing in Automotive Engineering Applications,
203
389
-------
UNITED KINGDOM (Continued) Page

Engines (Continued)

Study of Minimal Cooling Systems and Associated Noise
Reduction Design Features. 203

Prototype Quiet Engines for Low Noise Lorry Project. 203

Optimisation of Engine Structures for Low Noise by
Modelling Techniques. 203

Low Noise Engine Design. 204

Piston Slap Noise. 204

Effect of Oil Film on Impact Noise in Engines. 204

Optimisation of Oil Lubrication Characteristics to
Reduce Impact Noise in the Bearings of Internal
Combustion Engines. 204

Structural Damping on a Running Engine. 204

Axial Vibrations of Engine and Transmission. 204

Experimental Techniques to Determine Minor Modificat-
ions of Engine Structures for Reduced Noise. 204

I»C. Engine Inlet Noise Sources. 204

Exhaust Mufflers

Exhaust Systems; Effect of Typical Failures on Emitted
Noise. 207

Silencer Development. Quiet Heavy Vehicle. 214

Tailpipe Noise Sources. 215

The Design of High Performance Exhaust Silencers. 215

Power Train

Effect of Crank-Mechanism and Gearbox on In-Line
Engine Modes and Natural Frequencies. 219

Transmission and Gearbox Noise. 219
390
-------
UNITED KINGDOM (Continued) Page

Power Train (Continued)

Crankshaft Vibrations. 218

Tires

Low Frequency Noise Generated by Rolling Tyre/Road
Interaction. 229

Laboratory Investigations of Vehicle/Rolling Tyre
Interaction and Its Relation to Low Frequency
Generated Noise. 230

Origins of Tyre Noise. 231

Improving the Prediction of the Effects of Road Surface
on Traffic Noise. 237

Surface Vehicle Components Other

Noise from IPA Pumps. 243

Methodology and Standards

Factors Affecting Traffic Noise in Congested Urban
Situations. 259

Traffic Noise Levels Associated with Suburban Road
Junctions. 26°

Acoustic Analysis Using Finite Elements. 263

Environmental Hazards of Railway Generated Noise in
the North East of England.
284
Traffic Noise. 285

Use of Digital Voltmeter with Sound Level Meter. 286

Comparison of Different Methods of Rating Noise. 287

Unified Noise Criterion for Environmental Noise in a
Rural Area. 289

9 R Q
Indoor-Outdoor Noise Measurements. ^aj

Evaluation of Traffic Noise. 289
391
-------
,x Page
UNITED KINGDOM (Continued)

Methodology and Standards (Continued)

290
Vehicle Noise Rating.

Propagation

Noise Propagation in Complex Environments. 303

Improvement of Methods of Prediction of Air-To-Ground
and Ground-To-Ground Propagation of Sound Over
Real Ground Surfaces.

&ound Propagation Over the Ground Surface (Measurement
of the Impedance of the Ground Surface).

Propagation of Sound at Grazing Incidence Outdoors. G 31°i4

Outdoor Sound Propagation in the Presence of a ~,,
Surface of Finite Impedance.

311
Measurement of Ground Impedance.

Propagation and Attenuation of Sound Out-Of-Doors.

Barriers

Noise Barriers. 321

Road-Side Noise Barrier Experiment. 333

Noise Barrier Screening.

Architectural Acoustics

A Wave Model for the Response of Framed Structures to
Noise and Vibration. 341

Insulation of Windows in the Vicinity of Road Rumble
Strips. 348
392
-------
UNITED KINGDOM (Continued) Page

Impact and Vibration

Low Frequency Noise and Vibration from Road Traffic.
Acceptability of Building Vibration. 353

Insulation Against Noise and Vibration Near Speed
Control Humps. 352

Insulation of Windows Against Low Frequency Sound. 362
WEST GERMANY

Highway Planning and Land Management

Noise Protection in Planning for Reorganization. 61

Introduction of Town-Zones with Restricted Traffic. 75

Highway Model Analysis and Prediction. 94

Traffic Noise Prognosis in City Streets. 95

Highway Noise Other

Traffic Noise at Built-Up Street Intersections. 122

Effect of Noise Abatement Measures on the Ease,
Fluidity and Safety of Traffic Flow. 123

Noise Abatement in Streets Collection of Examples. 124

Noise Protection on Streets (Example Collection). 124

The Economics of Noise. 131

Preventive Noise Abatement Measures by the City of
Hildesheim. 13

Locomotives and Passenger Trains

Conclusive Data on Existing Sound Immission from Train
Noises. 145
-------
WEST GERMANY (Continued) Page

Rapid Rail Transit

Active Noise Abatement Measures at High Velocity in
Wheel/Rail Technology. 155

Active Noise Abatement Measures at High Velocity by
Wheel/Rail Technology. 156

Passive Noise Abatement Measures for High Speed Systems
by Means of Wheel/Rail Technology. 157

Express Line Hamburg-Harburg Track Section Hammerbrock-
strasse in Hamburg. 159

Innovative Guided Mass Transit

Studies for the Reduction of Internal and External
Noises Generated by Rail Transportation Systems in
City Traffic - Preliminary Study: Noise. 166

Research Regarding Abatement of External and Internal
Noise in Rail Transportation Systems in City Traffic. 166

Rail Model Analysis and Prediction

Noise Imissions in Fulda Township Along Existing Rail-
road Tracks and Along the New Stretch Being Built. 170

Rail Noise Other

Tunnel with Only Slight Cover (Subway or "L" Train,
Water Mains, etc.) 176

Engines

New Possibilities for Development of Quieter Cooling
Systems for ICE devices Especially Motor Vehicles. 192

Development of New Techniques for the Design of Low-
Noise Cooling-Ventilating Systems for Internal
Combustion Engines, Particularly in Motor Vehicles. 193

Research on Recently Developed Low-Noise Engines
Regarding Correction Between Noise and the Parameters
Affecting the Casing. 194

Reduction of Engine Noises in Motor Vehicles. 195
394
-------
WEST GERMANY (Continued) page

Engines (Continued)

Diesel Engines for Subcompact Cars with High Fuel
Economy and Low Emission Level. 196

Development of Noise Attenuating Engine Enclosures. 204

Exhaust Mufflers

Theoretical and experimental Study of Single and
Multiple Chamber Muffler Design on Muffling of
Exhaust Noise. 20'6

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Single- and
Multi- Chamber Filter for Exhaust Gas Noise Abatement. 209

Tires

Study of Feasible Reductions in Noise from Rolling
Tires. 232

Noise Generated by Travel on Wet Surfaces. 233

Generation of Noise by Rolling Motor Vehicle Tires. 237

Surface Vehicle Components Other

Noise Stresses Caused by Commercial Vehicles. 244

Methodology and Standards

Maximum Emission Levels for Power Vehicles. 261

New Measurement Technique for Determining Noise
Emission of Ships and Boats on Inland Water Ways. 262

Development of Measurement and Analysis Techniques
for Infrasonic Research. 263

Noise Map of Duisburg. 263

Exterior Urban Noise Test Method. 263

Computations on Noise Propagation in Related Structural
Shapes and Sites. 263

Testing of Sound Level Meters. 288
395
-------
WEST GERMANY (Continued) Page

Methodology and Standards (Continued)

Noise Control Measurement Method for Passenger Cars
According to S49 St VZO. 29°

Criteria of a Simplified Noise Measurement Method. 290

Noise Measurements on Passenger Cars Under Different
Operating Conditions.
290
Development of Uniform Measurement and Evaluation
Techniques. 290

Noise Map of Stuttgart. 290

Analysis of the Determination of the Mean Frequency
of Traffic Noises as a Function of their Intensity
Level. 290

Several Research Projects on Road Traffic Noise. 290

Propagation

Propagation of Traffic Noise Over Vacant Land: Depend-
ency on Sound Absorption of the Surface, Elevation
Above Surface and Siting of the Highway. 306

Noise Damping by Wooded Areas. 307

Traffic Noises in Tunnels and at Tunnel Access - Effect
of Absorbent Facing. 308

Noise Propagation in Built-Up or Cultivated Areas. 308

Noise Abatement in Streets. 311

Barriers

Free Field and Model Studies on the Influence of Type
of Road Cuttings, Earth Berms, etc., on Effectiveness
of Reduction of Road Traffic Noise. 322

Influence of Noise Protective Devices on the Ease of
Flow, Fluidity and Security of Road Traffic Flow. 323

Assembling and Evaluating Data Needed for the Drafting
of VDI - Guideline 2720. 324
396
-------
WEST GERMANY (Continued) Page
Architectural Acoustics

Underground Vibrations in Buildings. 342

Sound Level Reduction in the Case of Typical Building
Forms and Postions. 343

Supplementary Noise Abatement in Existing Buildings
Against Traffic Noise. 348

Impact and Vibration

Propagation of Subway Vibration Into the Soil and
Measures for Screening Them Off. 3.57

Structural Noise Generation in Buildings Physically
Connected with Express Highways and Road Tunnels. 358
Effect of Tremors on Plaster Adherence.
358
397
-------