EPA 550/9-78-303
ECEMBER 1977
TEClUk AGENDA
4t>B^
•
V
-------
This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views
and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of commercial
products constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government.
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FOREIGN NOISE RESEARCH
IN
AVIATION
December 1977
Office of Noise Abatement and Control
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
-------
PREFACE
Method of Data Collection
The information was collected by means of inquiries to foreign
noise contacts, both individuals and organizations. The contacts were queried
about their research activities and the names of other individuals or organizations
that they were aware of who might be involved in pertinent noise research.
These referrals were then contacted to ascertain their research efforts. In
addition, inquiries were made at the Ninth International Congress on
Acoustics, July 1977. in Madrid, Spain. In total, approximately 1300
requests were made. The foreign researchers were asked to respond with
information on their noise abatement research projects that have been
completed since January 1976, are in progress, or are planned. They were
asked to respond with information about research projects that deal with:
o Aviation noise source control technology
o Surface transportation noise source control technology
o Machinery and construction equipment noise source
control technology
o Measurement methodology
o Systems research for noise abatement
The latter two categories include projects not specifically classifiable
under aviation, surface transportation, or machinery and construction
equipment. "Systems research" includes path modification projects such as
noise barriers and operational techniques such as modification of traffic
flows.
-------
From these contacts, 116 Aircraft Noise Abatement Research Projects were
Identified.
Handling of Data
To retain reporting accuracy, where possible, the original responses
were included in the report. In the case of foreign language reports, or data
not in our format, the information was translated and/or transcribed to a
unified format and is identified as having been so treated. Some researchers
described their projects to us in a very limited fashion. Therefore, these
projects, when listed in this report, show very fragmentary data elements. We
did not try to augment these responses, but simply transcribed them verbatim
in an abbreviated format at the end of each topical section.
Any funding data that was not reported in U. S. dollars has been
converted and the reports show both the reported foreign currency figures
in parentheses and the converted U. S. dollars figures. Below is the table
of exchange rates used:
Exchange Rates as of Tuesday, June 21, 1977
(Source: The Wall Street Journal)
Argentina-Peso = 0.00281 US Dollar
Australia-Dollar = 1.1100 US Dollar
Belgium-Franc = 0.027715 US Dollar
Canada-Dollar = 0.9428 US Dollar
Denmark-Krone - 0.1649 US Dollar
11
-------
Finland-Markka
France-Franc
Japan-Yen
Netherlands-Franc
Northern Ireland-Pound
Norway-Krone
Poland-Zloty
Portugal-Escudo
Scotland-Pound
Sweden-Krona
Switzerland-Franc
United Kingdom-Pound
West Germany-Mark
= 0.2450 US Dollar
- 0.2024 US Dollar
=. 0.003671 US Dollar
- 0.2024 US Dollar
- 1.7196 US Dollar
- 0.1884 US Dollar
- 0.0502 US Dollar
- 0.02590 US Dollar
=« 1.7196 US Dollar
- 0.2253 US Dollar
= 0X3997 US Dollar
= 1.7196 US Dollar
- 0.4240 US Dollar
Completeness and Accuracy of Information
Countries or International Organizations Where Researchers Were Contacted
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Finland
France
East Germany
West Germany
Greece
Hungary
International Civil Aviation
Organization
Ireland
International Standards
Organization
Israel
Italy
Japan
ii i
Luxembourg
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development
Poland
Portugal
Rumania
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United Nations
Yugoslovia
Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics
-------
In some of these countries we did not receive large numbers of
responses. This does not prove conclusively that little or no research
is being carried out in these countries. In some cases, we probably never
Identified the proper contacts. However, it is- more likely that a low
response rate is an indication that in these areas research is not widespread,
with one exception—the USSR, where it is certain that research is being
conducted but no response was forthcoming to our inquiries.
While it is impossible to be sure of the accuracy of the reported
data, it is likely to be accurate because the data was mostly provided by
the researchers themselves, not second or third hand. There is a wide
variation in the amount of information reported per project. This probably
reflects the varying amounts of time that researchers had available to
respond to our inquiries.
The dollar figures given for the research efforts should not be
taken too literally because they paint an oversimplifed picture. The
buying power of a fixed amount of dollars can vary from country to country
due to fluctuating foreign exchange rates. There are also differences
between countries in calculating costs of a project, for example, inclusion
of overhead rates. The most important factor when considering the funding
data is that it is available for only a fraction of the reported projects.
This overshadows any other qualifying factors. It is felt that because
of these factors, the total funding figures underestimate the total committed
resources, but to an unknown degree.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Preface i
Acknowledgements vili
Introduction 1
Discussion of Foreign Research
Magnitude of Research Effort 3
Analysis of Research 5
Funding Charts
Summary Aircraft Noise R&D Funding, 1976-1977 17
Basic Research and Technology Funding, 1976-1977 18
Systems Demonstrations, Propulsion Demonstrations,
and Systems Studies Funding, 1976-1977 19
Basic Research and Technology Research Projects
Propulsion Noise 21
Rotor Noise 45
Interior Noise 53
Airframe Noise 61
Noise Prediction Technology 71
Atmospheric Propagation and Ground Effects 81
Measurement Methodology 85
Architectural Studies 105
Aircraft Other 113
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Systems Demonstration, Propulsion Demonstration, and
Systems Studies
CTOL (Subsonic) 131
CTOL (Supersonic)
Rotorcraft/VTOL
General Aviation 151
Country Index of Research Projects 155
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The principal compiler of this report, Robert English, of
Informatics Inc, wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Pat Dufour,
Miriam Heilman and Carl Modig of Informatics; Harvey Nozick, Roger
Heymann and Thomas Quindry of the Office of Noise Abatement and
Control; and the hundreds of noise abatement researchers abroad
who shared information about their projects. We are especially
indebted to Harvey Nozick for the contributions his painstaking
review made to the final quality of this report.
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INTRODUCTION
Purpose of the Report
This is one of three reports which summarize foreign
noise abatement research efforts, based on an appraisal carried
out by Informatics Inc for the D. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, as part of
their noise research coordination efforts. The United States
Environmental Protection Agency has reconstituted interagency
noise research panels covering three areas: aviation, surface
transportation, and machinery and construction equipment. The
purpose of the panels is to assemble a total picture of U. S.
Federally-sponsored noise abatement research recently com-
pleted, in progress, or planned, and provide recommendations for
additional research which should be performed to meet the goals
embodied in the national noise abatement strategy. The three
panel reports are scheduled for release in early 1978.
The three reports on research abroad are to supple-
ment the information provided in the panel reports by providing
a broad overview of the international research effort underway
in noise abatement and control.
-------
Categorization
For this report, Aircraft Noise Abatement Technology Research,
the projects were categorized as follows:
Basic Research and Technology
Propulsion Noise
Rotor Noise
Interior Noise
Airframe Noise
Noise Prediction Technology
Atmospheric Propagation and Ground Effects
Measurement Methodology
Architectural Studies
Aircraft Other
Systems Demonstrations, Propulsion Demonstration, and Systems Studies
CTOL*(Subsonic)
CTOL (Supersonic)
Rotorcraft/VTOL**
General Aviation
* Conventional Take-Off and Landing
** Vertical Take-Off and Landing
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DISCUSSION OF FOREIGN RESEARCH
MAGNITUDE OF RESEARCH EFFORT
Reported Research by Country
The following number of projects were reported by country:
United Kingdom 64
Netherlands 26
West Germany 18
Sweden 2
Denmark 2
Canada 2
Norway 1
Northern Ireland 1
Sponsorship of Research
Even though the sponsor was self-identified for only a little
more than half of the reported research, it appears that in almost all
countries, most of the reported research is government sponsored. West
Germany is the only country that shows a level of private sponsorship
that is possibly significant.
Type of Research
The type of research was self-identified for less than half
of the reported research projects. All of the four types appear to fall
at about the same level of effort. The United Kingdom appears to be doing
a significant amount of demonstration work and the Netherlands shows a
significant level of development work.
-------
Types* of Research by Country
Canada
Denmark
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway
Sweden
United Kingdom
West Germany
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*As self-reported by investigators who had the opportunity to classify their
projects using one or more of the categories listed in the table.
**The table sums to more than the total number of projects because some
projects were classified as more than one type.
Funding Information
Funding tables are provided on pages 17-19. They show funding by
country for each major category for the period 1976-1977 and funding by country
for each sub-category for the same period.
-------
ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
Propulsion Noise
A large amount of research in the area of propulsion noise concerns
noise from jets. West German researchers are attempting to determine
the distribution of sound sources in turbulent gas jets and the basic
mechanisms of jet noise generation by the use of a newly developed
measuring device. Studies in the United Kingdom are attempting to
locate jet noise sources, to determine forward flight effects on jet
noise, and to develop criteria for the design of jet engine silencers
based on the structure of jets of differing geometry. Another area of
research effort is noise from fans, blowers, and turbines. Canadian
research efforts have reduced the noise from rotor/stator interaction
in an axial blower by staggering the leading edges of the stator vanes.
They have achieved a noise reduction of as much as 15 dBA at the blade
pass frequency. Projects in United Kingdom and West Germany are addressing
basic noise generating mechanisms of ducted fans, turbine blowers, and
compressors. A large number of research projects are being conducted by
Rolls Royce in the United Kingdom. They are concerned with such topics
as the silencing of inverted velocity profile coannular jets, the study
of coaxial jet noise, tests of a silencer nozzle ejector system and an
assessment of in-flight and static noise levels of in-service engines.
The National Gas Turbine Establishment in the United Kingdom is also
conducting a large research effort into aircraft powerplant noise.
They are concerned with the characteristics of coaxial jet noise, the
-------
effects of flight on exhaust noise, the improvement of methods for the
estimation of broadband noise and interaction tone levels of fans, and
studies of reactive sound absorber properties. Researchers in the
Netherlands are looking to engine disposition and engine aerodynamic
design for noise reduction and are attempting to reduce ground run up
noise of test aircraft by noise damping and protective devices. Also of
note are projects in the United Kingdom that are assessing the cost,
life span, and effectiveness of retrofit hush kits and are attempting to
demonstrate the technology for quieting future engines, including quieter
versions of existing engines.
Rotor Noise
Reported research in this area is confined to the United Kingdom
and West Germany. Projects in the United Kingdom are concerned with
the effects of forward speed on the impulsive content of helicopter noise
and with high speed rotor and tail rotor noise. West German research
deals with designing propeller driven aircraft for noise reduction and
with the determination of the essential parameters of disturbed flow
from rotors and its effects on the radiated noise.
Interior Noise
All of the reported research projects in this area come from
Westland Helicopters Ltd. in the United Kingdom. They have focussed on
the gearbox as the primary source of interior noise in helicopters. The
research deals with determining the transmission paths of internal
cabin noise in Lynx helicopters from excitation at the gearbox feet.
-------
Also, an evaluation is being made of the noise and vibration transmitted
through acoustically and vibrationally treated and untreated helicopter
panels. Various treatments such as damping materials, "lump wall" concepts,
vibration isolation, conventional soundproofing materials, constrained
and unconstrained layers, and sandwich constructions are being considered.
The effect on interior noise of coating the gearbox with damping material
is also under study.
Airframe Iloise
A considerable amount of effort is being applied to airframe noise in
the United Kingdom. The British have a major program under way to demonstrate
uniform noise shielding with the aim of a noise reduction of up to 6 dBA.
The Royal Aircraft Establishment is developing analytical methods for
predicting the effects on noise propagation of noise shielding by airborne
components. They are also doing wind tunnel model and in-flight research on
wing and flap vortices from VC10 and Lockheed Tri-Star aircraft. The
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research is looking into jet surface inter-
action and the sound causing capacity of the dissipation of turbulence.
West German efforts are directed toward frequencies in ultrasonic
radiation that encounters obstacles, such as wing flaps being hit by
the blast of airplane propulsion.
Noise Prediction Technology
Researchers in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands are looking
at various aspects of this category. The British are developing rigs to
produce mixing jet noise with a minimum of contamination" and designing
scale model engine simulators (ejector-powered nacelles) to act
as noise sources for shielding and propagation tests. British efforts
-------
are also directed at developing a model to predict noise from inviscid
flows and a computer model of a starting jet. Efforts in the Netherlands
are underway to develop a computer model that will aid in the development of
zoning around airports.
Atmospheric Propagation and Ground Effects
Only one project was identified in this category. It deals with
efforts in the United Kingdom to study noise propagation, including
the effects of meterological conditions, ground reflection and
absorption, and non-linear effects.
Measurement Methodology
Researchers in many countries, including Denmark, the Netherlands
Northern Ireland, and the United Kingdom, are setting up measurement
systems to monitor noise around airports of all types4, international,
secondary, small, and military. Other research in Denmark is attempting
to replace the current CNR method of calculating air traffic noise
with a system utilizing dBA as a measurement unit and considering the
duration of noise emissions. Efforts in the United Kingdom are directed
toward the development and testing of anechoic wind tunnels for
testing jet mixing noise, airframe noise, and vortex refraction
effects. British researchers are also attempting to provide a
national primary calibration of standard reference microphones and
a national reference service on acoustical measurements. Research
in the Netherlands hopes to develop standard methods for the
measurement of aircraft noise and to set up a measurement system
on runways to aid in their design, placement, and operation.
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Architectural Studies
Research in the United Kingdom is looking at the airborne sound
insulation of panels by active damping. The results show measured
velocity dampings of 40 dBA within the first three or four cycles
of an impulsed plate. They see their work as applicable to aircraft
as well as frame buildings. Four projects in the Netherlands
sponsored by the Interdevelopmental Commission for Reducing Noise
in Air Traffic Routes deal with noise insulation of residences
and buildings from aircraft noise. They are attempting to survey
the literature, evaluate various insulation materials, and determine
which are useful in different conditions. They are especially
interested in ventilation, thermal, and condensation effects. Their
efforts will also consider a survey into the effectiveness of noise
insulation regulations. Both existing buildings and future
construction will be considered.
Aircraft Other
This category is a mixture of many different types of research.
A common area of research in the Netherlands, Sweden, and West Germany
are attempts to develop noise protection zones around both civilian
and military airports. West German researchers are in the process
of compiling a survey of aviation noise related research in West
Germany and will evaluate the general status of German research in
this area. Efforts in Norway and the United Kingdom are applied
to basic aeroacoustic noise generating mechanisms such as two-stream
mixing and boundary effects. Researchers in the United Kingdom
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are also trying to study the acoustical fatigue resistance and response
of titanium in order to assess its potential as a structural component
in airplanes and spacecraft. Swedish research efforts are also directed
toward the measurement and computation of sonic boom carpets for single
and twin engined propeller aircraft.
SYSTEMS DEMONSTRATION, PROPULSION DEMONSTRATION, AND SYSTEMS STUDIES
CTOL (Subsonic)
Reported research in this area came from the Netherlands, West
Germany, and the United Kingdom. A major area of concern is the
modification of flight procedures in order to reduce noise emissions.
Procedures under study include low power-low drag flight operations,
reduced flap approaches, two segment approaches, and steeper takeoff
and landing flight paths. Also being considered are noise reducing
starting procedures, night time jet restrictions, runway alternations,
and noise routing of aircraft. These methods are being assessed on the
basis of their noise reducing capacity, flight safety considerations,
air traffic control consequences, and operational-economic repercussions.
CTOL(Supersonic)
Only one project was identified in this area. It deals with
West German research into the possibilities of sonic-boom adjusted
designs for supersonic aircraft.
10
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Rotorcraft/VTOL
Research in this category is concerned with flight procedures
for VTOL aircraft that will reduce noise. Various takeoff and landing
flight paths and atmospheric conditions are being analyzed in West
Germany in order to determine the size and shape of noise screening
areas around a VTOL landing field.
General Aviation
Two projects were reported in this category and both are from
the Netherlands. They are attempting to inventory the state of
general aviation noise abatement technology both at present and in
the near future, look at the regulations to be set up in the near
future, and assess the possibilities of reducing noise by noise damping
equipment. They are studying benefits of special rules of use to
cover concerns such as advertising and sport flights, flight
instructions, and certain noisy types of aircraft.
SUMMARY
The great majority of reported research falls in the area of
Basic Research and Technology. Of the total 116 reported projects,
103 are in this category with only 13 in the Systems Demonstrations,
Propulsion Demonstration, and Systems Studies area. Within the Basic
Research and Technology area, the largest research effort appears to
be in the area of Propulsion Noise (28 projects). Two other categories
with significant levels of effort are Measurement Methodology
(19 projects) and Aircraft Other (21 projects). All other categories
show a much lower level of effort.
11
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Of the types of sources considered, general aviation, with two projects,
is receiving the least attention. Rotorcraft and propeller driven aircraft are
being studied in 14 projects and the majority of the remainder deal
specifically with jet noise.
Several projects stand out as significant efforts, as showing
significant results, or as having no U. S. research counterparts; and
therefore deserve a second mentioning. A project being carried out by
the National Research Council of Canada is looking into the rotor/stator
interaction in axial blowers. They have achieved a noise reduction of
15 dBA at the blade pass frequency by staggering the leading edges of
the stator vanes. A large effort is underway at Rolls Royce Ltd. in the
United Kingdom. They are studying many aspects of jet noise and are
utilizing theoretical, experimental, and in-flight techniques. The
National Gas Turbine Establishment of the United Kingdom also has a
major effort underway to look at aircraft powerplant noise. In the
area of helicopter noise control, Westland Helicopters Ltd. of the
United Kingdom is earring out many projects. They are concerned with
interior noise due to gearbox vibrations, the effects of forward speed
on the impulsive content of helicopter noise, and high speed rotor and
tail rotor noise. Another significant British effort is a project by
Hawker Siddeley Aviation Ltd. that is attempting to demonstrate the
realities of airborne noise shielding and is aiming at a 6 dBA reduction.
12
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A significant effort in West Germany is being sponsored by the
German Research Society and is considering the frequency spectrum of
ultrasonic radiation which encounters obstacles. This is an important
consideration when wing flaps are being hit by the blast of airplane
propulsion exhaust. The Max-Planck Institute in West Germany is
conducting a questionnaire survey of all aviation noise-related research
in the Federal Republic of Germany. This survey will include an expert
analysis of the general status of German research in this area. The
Institute for Flight Technology of Darmstadt Technical Institute in
West Germany is conducing a study concerned with optimum takeoff and
landing flight paths for VTOL planes. They are also attempting to
determine the necessary shape and size of a noise screening area around
a VTOL landing field based on the yearly traffic volume and differing
atmospheric conditions.
Several projects are being sponsored by the Interdevelopmental
Commission for Reducing Noise in Air Traffic Routes of the Netherlands.
They are attempting to insulate residences and other buildings from
aircraft noise. They are especially interested in ventilation, thermal,
and condensation effects as they apply to the various noise insulation
materials.
13
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FUNDING CHARTS
15
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SUMMARY
AIRCRAFT NOISE R & D FUNDING
IN THOUSANDS
1976-1977
*Some funding for other years included because
project extended longer than 1976-1977.
Converted to thousands of U.S. Dollars.
COUNTRY
•ff
CATEGORY
Basic Research
and Technology
Systems Demonstrations,
Propulsion Demonstration,
and Systems Studies
TOTALS
94
94
56
56
265
68
333
14
14
30*
30*
726*
726*
1406*
127*
1533*
2591*
195*
2786*
30 of 103
3 of 13
33 of 116
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BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
FUNDING IN THOUSANDS
1976-1977
*Some funding for other years included because
projects extended longer than 1976-1977.
Converted to thousands of U.S. Dollars.
CATEGORY
COUNTRY
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SYSTEMS DEMONSTRATIONS,
PROPULSION DEMONSTRATION, AND
SYSTEMS STUDIES NOISE R & D FUNDING
IN THOUSANDS
1976-1977
*Some funding for other years Included
because project extended longer than
1976-1977.
Converted to thousands of U.S. Dollars.
COUNTRY
CATEGORY
CTOL (Subsonic)
CTOL (Supersonic)
Rotorcraft (VTOL)
General Aviation
TOTALS
68
68
127*
127*
68
127*
195*
2 of 7
1 of 1
0 of 3
0 of 2
3 of 13
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BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
PROPULSION NOISE
See Also Pages:
64
67
74
75
76
79
80
94
99
103
127
21
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Propulsion Noise
Canada
Project Title:
Noise Reduction in Axial Blowers
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Research Council Canada
Division of Physics
Ottowa, Canada KIA OR6
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s) :
T.F.W. Embleton
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
1976 (actual): ($50,000) $47,140.
1977 (budget): ($50,000) $47,140.
1978 (forecast): ($50,000) $47,140.
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
This is a terminating project that has dem-
onstrated, on model scale in the Division
of Physics, that the rotor/stator interac-
tion noise of an axial blower can be reduced by staggering the leading edges of the stator vanes.
This can be achieved with numerous variations of stagger in either the axial or circumferential
directions. In most cases there is a small reduction in mechanical efficiency: in one particular
design there is a marginal increase in efficiency. Noise reduction at the blade passage fre-
quency is as much as 15 dB, depending on the number of vanes, their shape and other factors.
One particular design of stator vane having an axial stagger has been selected for testing at
higher shaft speeds and blade loading in the Division of Mechanical Engineering. This design
was selected primarily for its compatibility with current aero-engine design practice and was
not expected to provide the optimum blend of noise reduction and mechanical efficiency. Measure-
ments at several rotor speeds between 6000 and 12000 rpm show that the fundamental and second
harmonic of the blade passage frequency are in general reduced in level by 5 to 10 decibels
with occasional extreme values of 0 and 15 decibels for particular combinations of rotor speed,
mass flow and direction of measurement. These noise reductions confirm the findings, at lower
rotor speeds, in the Division of Physics. The measured aerodynamic performance of the staggered
stator vanes is similar to that of standard straight-edged vanes for most degrees of choking of
the flow. However, the stalling pressures for the staggered vanes are usually a few percent
lower than for the standard vanes. When these measurements have been fully analyzed a report
will be issued by the Engine Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering Division.
Transcribed from the original.
23
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Propulsion Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Jet Noise Control
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Dept. of Transport Technology
Loughborough University of Technology
Loughborough
Leics, LE11 3TU
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Science Research Council
State House
High Holborn
London, WC1 R ATA
Principal Investigator(s):
E. R. Bergstrom
Dr. M. V. Lowson
Start Date:
July 1, 1973
Completion Date:
Estimated _QcJt»
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (*19,416) $33,388
COMMENTS: No work completed during period 30/9/75-
1/11/76 due to lack of research personnel
To develop criteria for the design of jet engine silencers from the comparative analysis of
the noise radiation and turbulence structure of jets of differing geometry.
The reduction of noise radiated by jet aircraft has been a matter of prime concern for many
years. The problem is exemplified by Concorde, where jet noise levels have proven a major
operational embarrassment. But even for quiet engines such as the RB211 jet noise retains
its importance. Advances in technology have allowed jet exhaust speeds to be reduced with
consequent U° law reduction in the noise radiated by the free jet. Developments in acoustic
lining techniques enable internal noise sources to be substantially reduced. But the free
jet noise radiation continues to provide a limit below which silencing of internal noise
sources becomes valueless. Thus methods of free jet noise control retain & fundamental
significance for the overall reduction of engine noise.
The academic problems posed by jet noise are also of extreme interest. The mathematical
description of the noise contains many subtleties. Combining this with the necessary
description of the turbulent structure in the jet poses a theoretical problem which will
probably never be solved exactly, except possibly by some hypercomputational technique.
Transcribed from the original.
24
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Propulsion Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Noise Radiated by Ducted Fans
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Loughborough University of Technology
Department of Transport Technology
Loughborough
Leicestershire LEU 3JU
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
J. B. Ollerhead
C. E. Whitefield
Start Date:
April 1974
Completion Date:
Estimated March 1977
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount :(*10,000-25,000) $17,196-
~
COMMENTS:
The effects of the cowl on the noise radiation of an aircraft fan are being studied experimentally.
The fan, approximately 6m in diameter, absorbs up to 50kw running at tip speeds up to 150 m/s.
It is installed inside a large anechoic chamber with provision to exhaust the flow from the chamber.
Hot-wire anemometers are installed in the leading edge of fan blades to measure inlet turbulence.
The rig is instrumented for thrust and torque measurements. Noise measurements will be correlated
with inlet conditions over a range of fan r.p.m. and thrust.
Transcribed from the original.
25
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Propulsion Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Noise Radiation by Rotating Blading
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Loughborough University of Technology
Loughborough
Leics. LELL 3TU
England
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Defence
(National Gas Turbine Establishment)
Principal Investigator (s):
J. B. Ollerhead
Department of Transport Technology
Start Date:
Apr. 1, 1974
Completion Date:
Estimated March 30, 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
~^2 Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
(fc7908) $13,599
(410886) $18,720
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
This project is a continuation of work funded by N.G.T.E. since 1971 into basic noise
generating mechanisms of rotating machinery. The earlier work involved an evaluation of
rotor noise theory via direct measurement of an "aero-acoustic transfer function", using
rotating hot-wire probes at fan tip speeds up to M = 0.2. For an open rotor, good agreement
was found between theory and experiment for both random and periodic noise components.
The study has now been extended to a higher speed range by the construction of a new stand
to test an aircraft ducted fan unit at tip speeds up to M = 0.5. Rotating hot-wires are
again being used to investigate basic noise generation mechanisms.
26
-------
Propulsion Noise
West Germany
Study of the Distribution of Sound Sources in Turbulent Gas Jets
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute for Fluid Mechanics of the DFVLR
Goettingen, Bunsenstr. 10
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr. Grosche
Start Date:
May 1, 1972
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Dec. 31. 1976
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Funding:
Amount
~ „ . ~ r26~4,~bOT) M)
Or Tota-L Funding Amount: f.,, „,,,.
9_L-L1, 7JO
COMMENTS:
Up to now very little is known about the distribution of sound sources in turbulent jets, either
experimentally or theoretical; the project aims at determining the distribution of sound
sources in infrasound and ultrasound beams by means of a newly developed measuring device,
and thereby to gain new insights on the mechanism of jet generation. The measuring device is
also suitable in sound-abating nozzle configuration, nozzle flaps, etc.
Publications
Grosche, F. R., Hoist, H.; On the Distribution of Sound Source Intensity in Turbulent
Gas Jets.
Grosche, F. R.; Jones T. H.; Withold, G.A.; Measurements of the Distribution of Sound
Intensities in Turbulent Jets.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
27
-------
Propulsion Noise
West Germany
Project Title:
Noise Formation and Noise Reduction for Turbine Stages with
Cool Air Directed onto the Turbine Guide Blades
Performing Organization Name & Address:
The Technical Institute for Jet Propulsion
and Turbomachinery of the Technical Univer-
sity of Aachen
Tempiergraben 55
Aachen, West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
German Research Society
Principal Investigator(s):
Prof. Dipl. Ing. Otto David
Start Date:
Jan. 1, 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (300,000 DM) $127,200.
COMMENTS:
Within the framework of the research intent, the results of the study of noise origin mechanisms
from blowers and compressers are to be applied to the case of use of the turbine with blowing
out of cool air. It is the purpose of the plan to determine design criteria for the selection
of blowing out of cool air in the case of cooled turbine stages which contribute to a noise
reduction of turbines.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
28
-------
Propulsion Uoise
Canada
Project Title:
Study of Axial Flow Fan Aeroacoustics
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Research Council of Canada
Division of Mechanical Engineering
Ottawa, Canada
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
In-house research
Principal Investigator (s) :
G. Krishnappa
Start Date:
1.973
Completion Date:
Estimated 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:
y
" Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
raport(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
1 man year
i man year
i man year
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Basic research is being carried out to establish the relative importance of the rotor blade row
and stator blade row on fan noise generation. Some measurements on the effect of stator blade
number and spacing on the in-duct noise signatures were completed and the results are published
in Reference 1. Far field noise on different stator blade configuration were also recently
teeasured and the results will be reported in a later publication.
The concept of stepped stator blades was recently tested both for aerodynamic performance and
noise reduction. The test results demonstrate that the stepped stator blades has considerable
tnerit with respect to noise reduction with some loss in aerodynamic performance.
REFERENCES
1. G. Krishnappa
2. U.W. Schaub,
G. Krishnappa
Fan Aeroacoustics, the Effect of Stator
Blade Number and Spacing on In-Duct
Noise Signatures
Progress in Aeronautics, Vol. 44, 1976
The Stepped Stator Concept: Aerodynamic
and Acoustic Performance Evaluation of a
Thrust Fan
under publication as an AIAA paper
29
-------
Propulsion Noise
Netherlands
Project Title-
Study of the Possibilities of Aviation-Technical Innovations to Reduce the
Noise Emission of Aircraft
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Department of Economics
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing Noise
over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
x
x
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Fundamentally, we are dealing here with the possibilities with the use of quiet-engine technology
by means of configuration optimization (especially with regard to engine disposition) and aero-
dynamic design to arrive at a minimum noise production with possible future aircraft designs of
the national aircraft industry. Adaption of the results should eventually take place in a later
stage within the framework of a developmental project in the area of style technology.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
30
-------
Propulsion Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Preliminary Study of the
of Turbomachinery Tones
Forward Speed Effects
Performing Organization Name & Address:
British Aircraft Corporation Ltd.'
Commercial Aircraft Division
Brooklands Road
Weybridge
Surrey KT13 OSF, United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
P. R. Kearsey, M. S. Langley
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
In a recent study of airframe noise, level flyover at various engine powers were recorded.
At 1/3-octave frequencies above 1 kHz the turbomachinery tones dominated the total spectra.
When these 1/3-octave levels were compared with the ground running measurements at similar
power settings and corrected to the same distance, very poor agreement was obtained. It
is proposed to' study the narrow band-levels of each tone and its harmonics inflight and
statically with a view to the determination of the forward speed effect.
It is hoped that this preliminary study will lead to a further more detailed research
programme.
Transcribed from the original.
31
-------
Propulsion Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title;
Aircraft Engine Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
ROLLS-ROYCE LTD.,
DERBY,
ENGLAND
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
H. I.I. GOTOIiNKENT MOD (PE)
Principal Investigator (s) :
Jir. A. M. 'Cargill
Etart Date:
Completion Date:
Estima
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
,-oals, approach, expected or actual results,
-eport(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Amount
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
In co-operation v/ith SNEC1JA an experimental programme has been conducted
on the silencing effects of inverted velocity profile coannular jets. This
programme has given considerable insight Into the manner in which such silencing
is achieved and so far suggests the likely benefits are small.
AIAA PAPER 77-1263
"The Noise Characteristics of Inverted Velocity
Profile Coannular Jets"
by A. M. Cargill and J. P. Duponchel
To.presented at the 4-th AIAA Aero-acoustic
Specialists conference Atlanta Georgia in
October, 1977
32
-------
Propulsion Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Aircraft Engine Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
ROLLS-ROYCE LTD.,
DERBY,
ENG-LAND
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
H. M. tOVEBNlENT KOD (PE)
irincipal Investigator(s):
Mr. A. CAM-ILL
itart Date:
Type of Research Program:
X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
;/oject Summary: (Briefly describe the
roals, approach, expected or actual results,
:eport(s) generated and the date(s) of
mblication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding/Amount:
—_ -^-
COMMENTS:-'
In co-operation with the National &as Turbine Establishment a fundamental programme
of tests of coaxial jet noise is being carried out (at NGTE Pyestock, Hants, England)
to extend the range of velocities (">• 1200fps) and scale (3.V dia. prim.) of
available data. This programme in total is also intended to provide a better
understanding of coaxial jet noise.
-------
Propulsion Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title;
Jet Noise Source Location
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Southampton University
Institute of Sound & Vibration Research
Southampton S09 5NH
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
S. A. Glegg
M. J. Fisher
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Publications
"Source location on the RB-211 engine." S. Glegg and M. J. Fisher 1976 University of Southampton,
I.SVR Contract Report No. 76/3.
"Developments and applications of polar correlation." S. Glegg 1976 University of Southampton,
ISVR Contract Report No. 76/30.
"Jet noise source location: the Polar Correlation Technique." M. J. Fisher, M. Harper Bourne
and S. Glegg 1977 Journal of Sound and Vibration 51. 23-54.
Transcribed from the original.
34
-------
Propulsion Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Aircraft Establishment
Farnborough
Hampshire GU14 6TD
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
J. McKie
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Tests on the influence of angle of incidence between a jet and an external stream on the
production of jet noise have shown that a measurable interaction, creating additional noise,
exists and could be important in the understanding of jet noise mechanisms and in the
correction from static to forward speed conditions.
Reference
J. B. W. Edwards
J. McKie
"Measurements of the noise of a jet at incidence to a freestream.'
RAE Technical Memorandum Aero 1705 ARC 37222 (Jan> 77).
Transcribed from the original.
35
-------
Propulsion Noise
United Kingdom
3roject Title:
Aircraft Engine Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
ROLLS-ROYCE LTD.,
DKRBY,
ENGLAND.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
H. M. G-OVZRK1.:ENT MOD (PE)
Principal Investigator (s):
Mr. Tf. S!,q:TH
'itart Date:
Comp 1 e t ian_J5a t e:
finated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
_X Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
;_'6ject Suira.iary: (Briefly describe the
;oals, approach, expected or actual results,
-eport(s) generated and the date(s) of
'ublication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Funding:
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
In co-operation vdth Douglas Aircraft Company Limited, of Long Beach, California,
an investigation has been made of the performance, both static and inflight on the
"Spinning Rig" model jet facility, of a silencer nozzle ejector system. These
tests have shown that such devices are effective inflight.
36
-------
Propulsion Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Aircraft Powerplant Noise Research
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National. Gas Turbine Establishment
Pyestock
Farnborough, Hampshire GU14 OLS
United Kingdom
Principal Investigator(s):
K Cox, V? D Bryce, D L Uartlew
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results
rep-ort(s) generated and the date(s) of
.publication. )
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Type of Research Program:
__JC_ Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Research is centred in the Anechoic and Absorber facilities of the iToise test facility . In
the Anechoic facility, programmes of research involving close collaboration with industry are
run on turbines and exhaust jets. The characteristics of coaxial jet noise nave been
examined extensively, and the results of this research have been contributad to the Si£! A-21
Noise sub-comnittee. Y/ork on the use of co-flov;ing streams to simulate the effect of flight
has shown that the method is valid at relatively small ratios of outer to inner stream
diameter* A paper will be delivered to the AIAA Conference October 1977 on this subject.
2
Studies of the effect of flight on exhaust noise have been a principal activity and the
effect of flight on internally-generated noise radiated from the exhaust duct has been
measured and good agreement vdth theory has been demonstrated^. The effect of flight on
shock-associated noise in jets has also been measured and the results will be published at
the AIAA Aero-acoustics conference October 1977-
Tests on various model fans have been run in collaboration with Rolls-Royce to improve methods
of estimating broadband noise and interaction tone levels^. A method of eliminating unwanted
tones arising from inflow distortions on tests on static engines and rigs using a honeycomb
screen'has shown good results. These will be the subject of a paper at the AIAA conference
October 1977-
Tests to measure the properties of reactive sound absorbers are run in the Absorber facility:
one series of tests was a joint activity with the Boeing Company". A method of measuring
directly the local behaviour of liners, has been developed, and has been used in research on
the effect of high sound level and airflow on the impedance of silencer elements.
Publications (see separate sheet)
37
-------
Publications
The design, construction -md operation of the noise test facility at th?
National Gas Turbine Establishment
D L Hartley,', J M Ha\vkins, R I Brooking, A S Kennedy
Aeronautical Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, January 1976
The prediction of flight effects on jet noise
B J Cocking
AIAA Paper No 76-555, July 197<$
A study of factors affecting the broadband noise of high speed fans
R B Cinder, D R Newby
AIAA Paper No 76-567, July 1976
The radiation of plane-wave duct noise from a jet exhaust, statically and
in flight
R A Pinker, W D Bryce
AIAA Paper No 76-581, July 1976
Engine noise - a look ahead
M Cox, D R Higton
Aeronautical Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, November 1976
Experimental verification of a finite length tuning concept for acoustic
lining design
J P Unruh (Boeing), I R Price
Journal of Sound & Vibration, Vol 49, No 3, December 1976
38
-------
PropuT cH rtn Nni.Qp
United Kingdom
'roject Title:
Aircraft Engine Noise
'erforming Organization Name & Address:
ROLLS-ROYCE
DERBY
ENGLAND
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
H. M. GOVERNMENT HOD (PE)
"rincipal Investigator (s):
Mr. D. Newby
Dr. B. Stratford
Itart Date:
Compl^fedfon : Da te:
Estima
Actual
Type of Research Program:
X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
'reject Summary: (Briefly describe the
;oals, approach, expected or actual results,
'import (s) generated and the date(s) of
tiblication. )
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount,
Or Total Eufuiing Amount:
COMMENTS:-
Some investigations have been carried out on Fan buzz-saw noise and resulted
in better understanding of the underlying source and propagation, leading to
a more precise control technique to reduce selected engine orders.
1IAA PAPER 77-1343
"A New Look at the Generation of Buzz-saw Boise"
by B. S. Stratford and D. R. Newby
To be presented at the 4th AIAA Ae'ro-acoustic
Specialists Conference at Atlanta Georgia in
October, 1977
39
-------
Propulsion Noise
United Kingdom
'roject Title:
Aircraft Engine Noise
'crforming Organization Name & Address:
ROLLS-ROYCE LTD.,
DERBY,
ENGLAND.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
H. M. GOVERNMENT MOD (PE)
'rincipal Investigator(s) :
J, Chapman
Itart Date:
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
X Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
'reject Summary: (Briefly describe the
;r.nls, approach, expected or actual results,
cjport(s) generated and the date(s) of
'ublicatior.. )
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Funding:
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMEN-TS:
•A test programme extending the range of data from model turbines and
investigating the effects of vane numbers and blade/vane spacings
on noise has been carri-ed but in the anechoic facility at NG-TE Pyestock.
The analysis of this data is giving rise to more sophisticated design rules for
quiet turbines.
40
-------
Propulsion Noise
West Germany
Project Title:
Reduction of Propulsion lloise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
German-French Research Institute
St. Louis (ISL)
Rue de L'Industrie 12, Weil am Rhein
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr. Rudi Schall
Start Date:
Jan. 1, 1972
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Study to reduce the noise of a jet. Study concerning the mechanism of noise origin with cold
and hot free jets with the purpose of reducing jet noise of an airplane or other free jet
equipment (e.g. welding torch). Theoretical and experimental works on free jets reduced in
size according to model. Studies on the propagation of noise of high intensity. Use of rapid,
measuring methods not disturbing the jets (laser anemometry, etc.).
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
41
-------
Propulsion Noise
Abbreviated Listings
Netherlands. Study into the Possibilities and Consequences of
Noise-Damping and Protective Devices for Ground Run-up. Air Traffic
Service, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Sponsor: Interdepartmental
Commission for Reduction of Noise Over Air Traffic Routes. Type:
Demonstration. 1976 est. The purpose of this study is to come up
with useable solutions in concrete problem situations (for example,
Schiphol) in limiting the noise of test aircraft and airplane motors.
Primarily, attention should be paid to solutions applied in other
situations at home and abroad.
United Kingdom. Aircraft Engine Noise. Rolls-Royce Ltd., Derby,
England. Sponsor: H. M. Government MOD (PE). Mr. A. Syed. Type:
Demonstration. Noise source location is being applied to in service
engines to re-define jet and core noise level, and assist with
extrapolation to farfield.
United Kingdom. Aircraft Engine Noise. Rolls-Royce Ltd., Derby,
England. H. M. Government MOD (PE). Mr. V. Szewczyk. Mr. R. Healey.
Type: Demonstration. Flight and static jet noise assessments are
being carried out on several in service engines, (RB211, M45H, Spey
and Viper,) covering effects on both straight jet and high by-pass
ra tio typ e s.
United Kingdom. Turbulence Measurements in Connection with Jet Noise
Source Location Work. Southampton University. Institute of Sound &
Vibration Research, Southampton S09 5NH, United Kingdom. B. Edwards.
United Kingdom. Forward Flight Effects on Jet Noise (Co-operative
Work with Lockheed-Georgia Company). Southampton University,
Institute of Sound & Vibration Research, Southampton S09 5NH,
United Kingdom. C. L. Morfey. Publication: "Effects of forward
velocity on turbulent jet mixing noise." H. E. Plumblee (Editor)
1976 NASA CR-2702.
United Kingdom. Retrofit-Aircraft. U. K. Noise Advisory Council,
London, United Kingdom. Assessment of the evidence available on the
cost of fitting hush-kits, the likely remaining life span of the
aircraft involved, and the benefit in terms of reduced noise emission.
United Kingdom. Research on Quieting Engines and Air Frames.
Royal Aircraft Establishment, National Gas Turbine Establishment,
Farnborough, Hampshire, United Kingdom. These programs are aimed at
demonstrating the technology which could be applied to future
engines, including quieter versions of the M4SH and RB-211 engines.
42
-------
Propulsion Noise
Abbreviated Listings
United Kingdom. The Role of Flow-Acoustic Interaction Effects in Jet
No ise. Southampton University, Institute of Sound & Vibration Research,
Southampton S09 5NH, United Kingdom. M. J. Fisher, C. L. Morfey,
V. M. S zewc zyk.
West Germany. Study and Reduction of Noise Generation by Engine
Components. Chair for Flight Propulsion of Munich, Tech. Univ.,
Munich 2, Arcisstr. 21, West Germany. Dr. Dittrich. January 1, 1972-
December 31, 1977. Comparison of the various individual noise
generating mechanisms. Boundary layer noises, flight technology.
overland express transportation technology.
West Germany. Research on Noise Generation by Encased Propellers
as a Function of their Design Parameters. Institute for Jet
Propulsion and Turbo Machinery, Aachen, Templeryraben 55, West Germany.
Prof. Dipl. - Eng. Otto David.
43
-------
BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
ROTOR NOISE
See Also Pages:
23
25
26
29
39
40
43
148
45
-------
Rotor Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Theoretical Studies a.nd High Speed Flight Tests
performing Organization Name & Address:
Westland Helicopters Limited
Yeovil
Somerset BA 20 2YB
United Kingdom
Principal Investigator(s):
J. W. LEVERTON
Start Date:
FEB. 76
Completion Date:
Estimated MAY 78
Actual
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
MINISTRY OF DEFENCE (PE)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:(£36,280) $62,387
COMMENTS:
.'.'reject Summary: (Briefly describe the
r.oals, approach, expected or actual results,
:report(s) generated and the date(s) of
.publication. )
To determine the effect of forward speed
on the impulsive noise content of a
helicopter- by "both theoretical and
experimental studies. The motivation
behind the study lies,in the fact that very little is known either experimentally or
theoretically about forward flight effects. The available experimental data suggests tniit
helicopter noise rises with forward speed, the rise being particularly steep at higher
speeds. In a military context this increase in noise implies an increase in detectability,
whilst in the civil context it may lead to an undesirable limitation on cruise speed in
noise sensitive areas.
47
-------
Rotor Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Helicopter Noise Control
Performing Organization Name & Address:
WESTLAND HELICOPTERS UNITED
IEOVIL
SOMERSET, BA 202 YB
UNITED KINGDOM
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
M.o.D.(PE)
-Principal Investigator(s):
J. LEVERTON
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
X Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
X_ Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
__X_ Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
A series of projects axe in
process on aspects of helicopter
noise control under both MoD and
internal funding. Areas of
special interest include
High Speed Rotor Noise
Tail Rotor Noise
Subjective Response to Helicopter Noise
Internal Noise Control
Gear Noise
Amount
( £80,000 )
(£80,000 )
( £80,000 )
$137,568.
$137,568.
$137,568.
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
48
-------
Rotor Noise
West Germany
Project Title:
Noise Reduction in Propulsion of Propeller Driven Airplanes
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Federal Highway Ministry
(Swiss) Confederate Air Office
Flight Equipment Section
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Dornier Corp.
Friedrichshafen, Post Fach 317
West Germany
Principal Investigator (s):
Peter Bartels
Start Date:
Nov. 1, 1973
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Dec. 31, 1976
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
(1,022,000 DM)
$433,328
COMMENTS:
Side-by-side with the limited noise abatement in existing planes of commercial aviation, it is
the aim of this project to develop knowledge which will make it possible to hold down noise
emission in propeller planes as much as possible by guiding their construction right from the
earliest design stage. In addition to the study of propeller noise, centering on measured
output of 100-200 p.s., computational and experimental studies are also carried out on exhaust
noise abatement.
Transcribed from the original German.
49
-------
Rotor Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Aircraft Establishment
Farnborough
Hampshire GU14 6TD
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
J. Williams
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
RAE participation in UK discussions on aircraft noise certification now relates primarily
to appraisals of the interaction between airfield-performance characteristics and noise-
certification procedures for fixed-wing aircraft, of acceptable noise-certification techniques
for helicopters, and of economic penalities for technically feasible noise reductions below
existing ICAO requirements. Work has started on evaluating the influence of operational
procedures on helicopter noise, together with studies of the main and tail noise-generation
processes.
Transcribed from the original.
50
-------
Rotor Noise
West Germany
Project Title:
Relation between the Noise Generated by Rotors and the
Defined Disturbance in the Air Flow.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
The Faculty for Aeronautical and Space
Studies of the Technical University of Aachen
Templergraben 55
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s) :
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Geropp
Start Date:
Jan. 1, 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated Dec. 31, 1977
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Plan: Dependence of noise generation due to rotary engines on defined disturbances in air flow.
The purpose of the planned studies is to determine the essential parameters of disturbed flow
and of rotors on the radiated noise. They are to proceed on the basis of the noise source, and
this is to be studied in detail. This includes the measurement of pressure fluctuations on the
rotor surface to determine the strength of the sound source (dipole).
Transcribed and translated from the original German.
51
-------
Rotor Noise
West Germany
Project Title:
Noise Reduction for Propeller Driven Aircraft
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Rainier, Ltd.
Friedrichshafen, West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address;
Federal Ministry of Defense
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:
1973
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
1976
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Transcribed from the original.
52
-------
BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
INTERIOR NOISE
See Also Page:
107
53
-------
Interior Noise
United Kingdom
rroject Title:
Vibration Transmission Paths Study
rerforming Organization Name & Address:
Westland Helicopters Limited
Yeovil
Somerset, BA 20 2YB
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
MINISTRY OF DEFENCE (PE)
1'rincipal Investigator (s) :
C. R. WILLS
Start Date:
APR. 75
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
JUNE 76
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
•;oals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Published, June 1976. Vibration
Transmission Paths. Author C. R. Wills
Westland Helicopters Limited. Research
Paper-.523.
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: , £? AQQ\ S4 127
COMMENTS:
Measurements have been made of the structural responses of the Lynx -helicopter airframe
and the resulting internal cabin noise when excited at the gearbox feet and by loud-
speakers housed in the cabin.
The airframe was subjected to both single frequency and swept frequency inputs via a
vibrator attached the port forward and starboard aft gearbox feet in turn. Similar
acoustic excitation to that for the vibration tests was also provided by two loud speakers
mounted in the opposite corners of the cabin on the floor. The resulting airframe response
was subsequently measured at the numerous accelerometer positions on the cabin roof, floor,
sidewalls and main frames together with the gearbox mounting feet,Microphones were also
positioned in the cabin/cockpit area in order to monitor the cabin noise environment.
55
-------
Interior Noise
United Kingdom
i'rojccL Title:
Noise and Vibration Survey During
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Westland Helicopters Limited
Yeovil
Somerset, BA' 20 2YB
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address;
MOD (PE)
Principal Investigator(s):
J. S. POLLARD
Start Date:
FEE, 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated NOV. 1977
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
.•'reject Summary: (Briefly describe the
.:oals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Or Total Funding Amount: £„„ ft
To determine the relative contributions A'°->_
of structural borne noise and airborne
noise by 'conducting a detailed noise
and vibration survey of the gearbox and
cabin structures in flight. The flight test results will be correlated with the ground
based data from the Rotor Rig. The noise and vibration characteristics of a footed gear-
box will also be compared with those of a gimbal mounted gearbox.
COMMENTS:
56
-------
Interior Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Helicopter Cabin Noise Laboratory Evaluation of Vibrating
Panel Treatments
Pcriorming Organization Name & Address:
Westland Helicopters Limited
Yeovil
Somerset BA 20 2YB
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
MINISTRY OF DEFENCE (PE)
i'rincipal Investigator (s) :
J. S. POLLARD
btart Date:
APR. 77
Completion Date:
Estimated JUNK 10,79
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
,:oals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
It is proposed to conduct a laboratory-
evaluation of the response of vibrating
panel treatments. This investigation
will be conducted in the anechoic/
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (£19,810 ) $34,065
COMMENTS:
reverberation facility and will involve the measurement of the noise and vibration
transmitted through acoustically and vibrationally treated and untreated panels which
are acoustically and/or structurally excited. In addition to testing panels with con-
ventional soundproofing materials, the use of damping treatments, lump wall concepts and
new methods of vibration isolation will be studied. Also the stringer/invetting arrange-
ment of the bare panels will be varied and new panels will be made using sandwiche con-
struction, composite materials and constrained/unconstrained layers. The experimental
work will be backed up with theoretical studies using models developed from classical
wave theory, so that comparisons can be made with measured data.
57
-------
Interior Noise
United Kingdom
1'rojcct Title:
Internal Noise Study on Rotor Rig
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Westland Helicopters Limited
Yeovil
Somerset BA 20 2YB
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
MINISTRY OF DEFENCE (PE)
Principal Investigator(s):
J. S. POLLARD
Start Date:
FEB. 76
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
-33-
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
r;oals, approach, expected or actual results,
,report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
To assist in the development of an
effective helicopter soundproofing
scheme, it is neccessary to determine
the noise and vibration input paths
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount :(£24,020) $41,305
COMMENTS:
to the cabin structure, and if possible, the radiation efficiency of the structure. An
experimental investigation is therefore taking place on the Lynx Rotor Rig, which is
essentially a tied down non-flying Lynx helicopter, to (a) survey noise and vibration
levels of the gearbox and cabin structures, (b) study the effect of coating the gearbox
with damping material and (c) conduct a cabin soundproofing study.
58
-------
Interior Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Internal Noise Study-Noise Vibration Monitoring on Gearbox Rigs
Performing Organization Name & Address:
WESTLAND HELICOPTERS LIMITED
'Yeovil, Somerset BA. 202YB
United Kingdom
Principal Investigator(s):
M. C. A. WOODWARD
J. S. POLLARD
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
MINISTRY OF DEFENCE (PE)
Start Date:
FEB. 76
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
79
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
•goals, approach, expected or actual results,
.report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
A number of Lynx and Sea King helicopter
gearboxes are being monitored. In order
to have comparative records it has been
necessary to standardise the procedure
by mounting the accelerometers at similar positions on each gearbox and conducting the
measurements at similar operating conditions. It" is hoped to show how design changes
influence the'noise aspects of gearboxes and the scatter between identical gearboxes
will also be studied. Early measurements have indicated there could be a large variation
in noise levels between identical gearboxes.
Or_ Total Funding Amounting 755) $16,792
COMMENTS:
59
-------
BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRFRAME NOISE
See Also Pages:
30
31
76
94
107
128
61
-------
Airframe Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Hawker Siddeley Aviation Ltd.
Aerodynamics & Noise Research
Richmond Road
Kingston upon Thames
Surrey. TTTrifpH Tf-fncrHnm
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1973
Completion Date:
Estimated 1977
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
(i40,000) $68,784
(i20,000) $34,392
Or Total Funding Amount: (4170,000) $292,332
COMMENTS:
During 1976 and so far 1977, we have been completing a major programme of flight research which
started in 1973. This programme is to demonstrate the realities of airframe noise shielding
which are aimed at reducing noise by up to 6 dB.
Transcribed from the original.
63
-------
Airframe. Noise
West Germany
Project Title:
Interference in Ultrasonic Radiation
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Chair for Air and Space Travel
Aachen View
Aachen Templeigraben 55
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
German Research Society
Principal Investigator (s) :
Prof. Dr. -Ing. Rolf Staufenbiel
Start Date:
Jan. 1, 1974
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Dec. 31, 1976
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (310,000 DM) $131,440
COMMENTS:
The occurence of discrete frequencies in the sound spectrum of ultrasonic radiations which
encounter obstacles is to be studied. This causes noise that is much louder than the
familiar "shock-cell-noise''. This type of sound generation can occur in rocket and vertical
airplane blast-off or when wing flaps are hit by the blast of the airplane propulsion. Anechoic
chambers are used to measure directional characteristics of the sound field, sound output
levels and narrow-band frequency spectrums of the sound field. Sound waves and macroscopic as
well as microscopic turbulence are made visible by special schlieren processes.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
64
-------
Airframe Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Aircraft Establishment
Farnborough
Hampshire GU14 6TD
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s) :
E. G. Broadbent
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Work has continued on the further development of analytical methods for the prediction of
aircraft noise propagation with the effects of noise shielding by the airframe components
and their associated flow fields included. Forward-speed effects on exhaust noise can be
important and a good deal of light has been shed on this and related problems by the use
of a transformation due to K. Taylor, RAE. The transformation has proven valuable in both
scattering problems and in source-type problems, where there is a uniform stream present
in the far field. Vortex refraction work has also continued and a simplified prediction
method is being developed.
Transcribed from the original.
65
-------
Airframe Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Aircraft Establishment
Farnborough
Hampshire GU14 6TD
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
T. A. Holbeche
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Theoretical and experimental work continues on the assessment of the noise generated by
airflow over the airframe components and its relation to the total noise field of the
aircraft. Flight experiments with a VC 10 and Lockheed TriStar have now been analysed
to provide information on the noise directivity and on the variation of noise level with
changes of configuration and speed. Consideration is being given to model tests in the
RAE 24 ft acoustic wind-tunnel using a directional microphone technique to discriminate
against tunnel background noise.
Reference
P. Fethney
"An experimental study of airframe self-noise."
Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Vol 45, pp 379-403 (1976)
Transcribed from the original.
66
-------
Airframe Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Aircraft Establishment
Farnborough
Hampshire GU14 6TD
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s) :
T. A. Holbeche
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The analyses of the flight studies of airframe shielding effects reported last year are
largely complete. Further flight investigations of airframe shielding, flow field, and
engine installation effects on noise propagation are planned. The properties of the
acoustic radiation from a large turbofan engine have also been investigated. Preliminary
analysis of flight and tunnel experiments with swept wing aircraft to study flow field
effects on engine noise propagation have revealed significant noise redistribution effects
associated with the wing and flap vortices and more detailed examination of the results is
under way.
References
R. W.
T. A.
Jeffery
Holbeche
"Experimental studies of noise-shielding effects for a delta-winged aircraft."
Progress in Astronautics and Aeronuatics Vol 45, pp 419-440 (1976).
Transcribed from the original.
67
-------
Airframe Noise
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Vortex Refraction
Performing Organization Name & Address:
British Aircraft Corporation Ltd.
Commercial Aircraft Division
Brooklands fload
Weybridge, Surrey KT13 OSF
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
P. R. Kearsey
M. S. Langley
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Work carried out by BAC and NGTE has indicated that the velocity field induced by wing shed
vortices can significantly reduce the noise radiated from engines.
RAE Farnborough have recently supplied us with a copy of a three- dimensional vortex refraction
programme capable of assessing the above effects.
In order to evaluate its potential as a prediction method it is proposed to compare results-
from this programme with test data already accumulated by BAC. Any necessary modifications
to the computer program will be made if it is felt that the prediction techniques employed
can be improved upon.
It is envisaged that work will also be carried out to assess the relative importance of wing
and flap shed vortices.
Transcribed from the original.
-------
Airframe Noise
United Kingdom
Project Tide:
Structural Response Under Turbulent Flow Excitations
performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research
The University
Southampton, S095NH
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Invescigator(s):
Y. K. Lin
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, 01
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
,jils, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total. Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
In this report three problems of turbulent-induced random vibration are discussed. Ihe
first two problems, an airplane flying into atmospheric turbulence and a panel exposed to
boundary-layer pressure fluctuations, are treated as linear problems. If Taylor's hypothesis
of a frozen" turbulence field is valid then the calculation can be greatly simplified using
a spectral analysis in the wave-number domain. Furthermore, even if decay in the turbulence
is appreciable a superposition scheme can still be used which retains many of the advantages
of the above approach.
The third problem, the response of a building to gusty wind, is formulated as a nonlinear
problem in which random inputs occur both as parametric and non-parametric excitations. The
stochastic averaging method of Stratonovich and Khasminskii is used to obtain equivalent
Ito equations for along-wind and cross-wind motions, and stablity conditions are established.
Transcribed from the original.
69
-------
Airframe Noise
Abbreviated Listings
United Kingdom. Untitled project on jet-surface interactions. Royal
Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, Hampshire GU14 6TD, United Kingdom.
J. McKie. Experiments in the RAE 24 ft. tunnel to investigate the generation
of noise caused by jet-surface interactions under static and forward speed
conditions have been continued using a representation of a wing-plus-flap
as the interfering surface.
United Kingdom. Jet/Surface Interaction Noise. Southampton University,
Institute of Sound & Vibration Research, Southampton S09 5NH, United Kingdom.
R. W. Head, M. J. Fisher. Publication "Jet surface interaction noise:
Analysis of low frequency augmentations of jet noise due to the presence of
a solid shield." R. W. Head and M. J. Fisher 1976 AIAA Paper No. 76-502.
United Kingdom. Turbulent Dissipation as a Source of Sound. Southampton
University, Institute of Sound & Vibration Research, Southampton S09 5NH,
United Kingdom. C. J. Morfey. Project completed. Publication "Sound
radiation due to unsteady dissipation in turbulent flows." C. L. Morfey
1976 Journal of Sound and Vibration 48, 95-111.
70
-------
BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
NOISE PREDICTION TECHNOLOGY
See Also Pages:
24
27
33
34
36
37
65
67
68
69
94
102
103
115
130
134
71
-------
Noise Prediction Technology
Netherlands
Project Title:
Studies Involving the Zoning Legislation and Developing a Computer Model
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
Anthony Fokkerweg 2
Amsterdam 1017
Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s):
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated 1980
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Project Surrjnary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Funding:
Year Amount
1976 (actual): (200,OOTTT1$40,480
1977 (budget): (250,000 F) $50,600
1978 (forecast)- (150,000 F) $30,360
j_V?9 _ff f (150,000 F) $30,360
jqiao. "~ .(150,000 F)~ $30,360"
OrTfotax Funding Amourtt:
COMMENTS:
Explanation: In 1976, the "modification to the aviation law" was supposed to become law.
The zoning around airports were regulated with this. Diverse activities were expected in
connection with this. Attention was especially to be paid to setting up a regulation in
which the calculation method was to be clearly laid down for noise pollution around air
fields. A further development of the computation model to determine noise hindrance was
also to be expected in 1976.
In later years, emphasis was to be laid on collecting data needed for noise hindrance
determination. This was supposed to be dependent to a large degree on the introduction
and the use of a MLS-guidance system and making other future changes in the procedure.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
73
-------
Noise Prediction Technology
United Kingdom
Project Title:
The Effect of Forward Speed on Jet Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics
University of Southampton
Southampton
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization .Name & Address:
Science Research Council
State House
Kingsway London
United Kingdom
Principal Investigator (s):
Prof. I. C. Cheeseman
B. Pritchard
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (-fe26000) $44,710.
COMMENTS:
A rig to produce mixing jet noise with minimum contamination has been developed and tested
in the anechoic wind tunnel. Jet velocities up to 300 m/s have been used and forward
flight simulated up to 30 m/s. Preliminary results have shown that in the static case
the noise generated by the jet corresponds to the results obtained by P. Lush. The
effect of forward speed has been to produce a change in field shape and noise level even
at very low forward speeds. The effect of yawing the jet has also been examined and
significant changes found. These results are now being examined in depth.
Transcribed from the original.
74
-------
Noise Prediction Technology
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Aircraft Engine Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
ROLLS-ROYCE LTD.,
DERBY,
EN&LAND.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
H.M. GOVERNMENT HOD (PE)
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
Comp 1 e t ion
Es-fcifiiated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
poals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
jublication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The "Spinning Rig" facility has been developed to reduce aerodynamic and.
acoustic uncertainties. Repeatability is now excellent and although
the measurement environment is still suspect (* 1dB error) and facility
still produces some 3dB excess above hot model jet noise.
75
-------
Noise Prediction Technology
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Aircraft Establishment
Farnborough
Hampshire GU14 6TD
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
J. McKie
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
An investigation has been made of the possibilities of using a model-scale engine simulator
(an ejector-powered nacelle) to act as a noise source for acoustic tunnel tests of shielding
and propagation. A number of further schemes are being examined to provide representative
j'et noise sources together with internal noise sources with realistic spectra and tonal
content, to -simulate the exhaust noise of a full scale high-bypass-ra'tio engine.
Transcribed from the original.
76
-------
Noise Prediction Technology
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Aircraft Engine tioise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
ROLLS-ROYCE LTD.,
DERBY,
ENGLAND.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
H. M. GOVERNMENT HOD (PE)
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr. B. W.vLov7rie
Mr. D. Newby
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
.-"""Actual
'reject Suiranary: (Briefly describe the
roals, approach, expected or actual results,
u'port(s) generated and the date(s) of
jublication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
_2| Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
— _ — -^--'— — — — — — _ — -
COlfcffiNTS:
.An intake which should allow inflight noise levels to be observed from a fan
on static test has been developed, and calibrated and the work described in
AIAA PAPER 77-1323
"The Design and Calibration of a Distortion-
Reducing Screen for Fan Noise Testing"
by Dr. B. T7. Lovrrie and Mr. D. Nevrby
To be presented to the 4-th Aero-acoustics
Specialists Conference at Atlanta Georgia in
October, 1977.
77
-------
Noise Prediction Technology
United Kingdom
?roject Title:
Aircraft Engine Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
ROLLS-ROYCE LTD.,
DERBY,
EN&LAND
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
H. M. GOVERNMENT MOD (PE)
.'rincipal Investigator (s) :
Dr. B. Vf. Lov
jtart Date:
Completion
ffated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
_X Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
I reject Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Fundir.
COMMEKTsT
nount:
In conjunction with outside consultants a technique to determine the model structure
of aero engine noise is being developed for held measurements. Progress so far
has indicated that it should be possible and the work is reported in:
AIAA PAPER 77-1331
"Farfield Method of Duct Mode Detection for
Broadband Noise Sources"
By Dr. B. 77. Loy/rie, B. J. Tester and C. L. Morfey.
To be presented to the 4th AIAA Aero-acoustics
Specialists Conference at Atlanta Georgia in
October, 1977.
78
-------
•Project Title:
Coherent Structure in Jet Turbulence
Noise Prediction Technology
United Kingdom
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Southampton University
Institute of Sound & Vibration Research
Southampton S09 5NH
United' Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
P. 0. A. L. Davies
D. R. J. Baxter
P. J. McConachie
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Publication
"A computer simulation of a starting-jet." A. V. J. Edwards, C. L. Morfey and P.O.A.L. Davies
1977 University of Southampton, ISVR Technical Report No. 89.
A discrete vortex model of an axisymmetric starting jet, originally proposed by T E Base
and P 0 A L Davies, ( T E Base 1969 Mathematical Studies of Vortex Models to Represent
Unsteady Flow. PhD thesis, Southampton University) is refined, attention being given to
small scale aspects of the model flow as well as to grosser features. Some attempt at
the simulation of some real flow characteristics is made and comparison with experiment
is considered.
Transcribed from the original.
79
-------
Noise Prediction Technology
United Kingdom
Prolect Title:
Jet Noise Prediction from Inyiscid Flow Models
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Southampton University
Institute of Sound & Vibration Research
Southampton S09 5NH
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
P.O.A.L. Davies
C. L. Morfey
A.V.J. Edwards
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Transcribed from the original.
80
-------
BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
ATMOSPHERIC PROPAGATION AND GROUND EFFECTS
See Also Pages:
99
117
81
-------
Atmospheric Propagation & Ground Effects
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Propagation of Sound in the Atmosphere
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Physical Laboratory
Teddington
Middlesex
United Kingdom
Dept. of Industry
1 Victoria Street
London SW1
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Ministry of Defense
(Procurement Executive)
Nat'l Gas Turbine Est.
Pyestock Hampshire
United Kingdom
Principal Investigator (s) :
Dr. D. W. Robinson
Dr. M. E. Delany
Dr. D. F. Pernet
R. C. Payne
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Studies of propagation, including effects of meteorological conditions, ground reflection and
absorption, and non-linear effects, with particular reference to the noise from aircraft.
Publications
"The amplitude disturbances of non-linear signals", D. F. Pernet and R. C. Payne, NPL Acoustics
Report Ac 70, 1975.
"Sound absorption in air at frequencies up to 100 KHz", E. -N. Bazley, NPL Acoustics Report Ac 74,
1976.
"The prediction of noise levels L^Q due to road traffic", M. E. Delany, D. G. Harland, R. A. Hood
and W. E. Scholes, Journal of Sound and-Vibrations, 48, 3, 305-325, 1976.
Transcribed from the original.
83
-------
BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY
See Also Pages:
25
26
64
66
73
130
85
-------
Measurement Methodology
Denmark
Project Title:
Movable Monitoring System, Verification of Calculation Method.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Agency of Environmental Protection
Kampmannsgade 1
1604 Kobenhaven
Denmark
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1977
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
1978
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
(300.000 D.kr.)
(50.000 D.kr.)
$49,470
8,245
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Movable Monitoring System, Verification of Calculation Method:
The reliability of a number of noise calculations performed in major airports have been
questioned by the local authorities. The National Agency of Environmental Protection admits
that the theoretical calculations rest on a simplified basis, and therefore finds it appropriate
to perform a number of noise measurements at selected localities around major airports in
order to verify the theoretical calculations.
Transcribed from the original.
87
-------
Measurement Methodology
T) p n m a r k
Project Title:
Guidelines on the Calculation and Evaluation of Air Traffic Noise.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Agency of Environmental Protection
Kampmannsgade 1
1604 Kobenhaven
Denmark
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
National Agency of Environmental Protection
Start Date:
Aut. 1977
Completion Date:
Estimated Spring 1978
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
(37.000 D.kr)
(30.000 D.kr)
$6,101
4,947
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Guidelines on the Calculation and Evaluation of Air Traffic Noise:
An existing working group has agreed that the current method to calculate air traffic noise
(CNR-method) shall be replaced by a method in which dB(A) is used as a measurement unit and
the duration of the noise emission is considered. The new method will be introduced in
connection with renewed noise calculations for Kastrup/Saltholm Airport, under the auspices
of the "Airport Committee of 1975". The Acoustic Laboratory will assist the Agency of
Environmental Protection in the provision of the technical guideline basis.
Transcribed from the original.
-------
Measurement Methodology
Netherlands
Project Title:
Working Up and Analysis of Noise Measuring Recordings
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
Anthony Fokkerweg 2
Amsterdam 1017
Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address;
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated 1980
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication. )
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
19Z9 'I
^?8Total Funding
Amount
(100,000 F)
(55,000 F)
(60,000 F)
$20,240
$11,132
$12,144
_ _$L3,156
$15,180
COMMENTS:
Purpose:
system.
Control of noise hindrance calculations and development of future noise guarding
Explanation: In 1975, the NLR was involved in working up recordings of RLD noise measurement.
On the one hand, this included the setting up of so-called monthly and quarterly reports
and calculating programs, that is to say the manual method which up to today has been
customary with the RLD, while besides this the purpose was to build up a set of recordings
which makes it possible to have a statistical analysis of strong fluctuations in the measured
noise level.
In 1975, after the program for the named report had already come, in 1975, the regular production
of reports was supposed to be taken care of by the NLR. On the basis of the preliminary test
carried out in 1975 as to the possible causes of occurring fluctuations, work was to be
done on a wider scale in 1976.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
89
-------
Measurement Methodology
Netherlands
Project Title:
Measurements on Runways
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
Anthony Fokkerweg 2
Amsterdam 1017
Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s):
Start Date:
1977
Completion Date:
Estimated 1981
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype,
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1977 (actual):
1978 (budget):
^ (forecast):
(140,000 F)
(90,000 F)
$28,336
$18,216
(45,000 F) $ 9,108
150,000 F)_ J10,120
COMMENTS:
Purpose: Development of methods for runway definition, collecting data, i.e. noise hindrance
calculations and control of the performance of flight procedures.
Explanation: The development of an improved method of recording the digitalized radar data of
TAR 2 advanced to a satisfactory measure in 1976. Because the delivery of"the needed magnetic
tape recorders shall take place right at the start of 1977. operational use should be made of
the new recording apparatus which will take some more time. In expectation of this, use should
be made of the recording system with cassettes.
In 1977, the program should be expanded in order to produce the desired runways as efficiently
and rapidly as possible.
Just as in the preceding years, in 1977 measurements should be made on aircraft starting from
and landing on the Schiphol airport by the NLR. If possible, attention should be paid to the
aircraft starting from and landing on the runways of the Rotterdam airport.
In addition, to control the carrying out of the flight procedures, the recorded flight paths
should be treated to obtain data with reference to noise prevention calculations such as
determining the spread in runways and laying instructional circuits.
In the years after 1977, a limited further optimization will be anticipated of the measuring
method and the pertinent working out of programs and continuing the measurements.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
90
-------
Measurement Methodology
Netherlands
Project Title:
Preventing Noise Caused By Aircraft
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
Anthony Fokkerweg 2
Amsterdam 1017
Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated 1980
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
1976 (actual): (175,000 F) $35,420
1977 (budget): (200,000 F) $40,480
1978 (forecast): (225,000 F) $45,540
1981
COMMENTS :
(275,000 F) $55,660
Explanation, and time phasing:
In 1976, calculations are to be carried out concerning noise hindrance around:
- Schiphol,
- secondary airports, such as Zestienhoven, Beek, Eelde,
- small airports, such as Teuge
The calculations are to be carried out for the present day situation (i.e. 1975) as
well as for future situations. If so indicated, calculations should also be carried
out on a quarterly basis for the Schiphol airport.
These calculations should also be necessary in the coming years, possibly in adapted
form.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
91
-------
tieasureraent Methodology
northern Ireland
Project Title:
Noise Spectra for the Environs of Belfast Airport.
.Performing Organization Narae & Address:
Department of Aeronautical Engineering,
Queen's University,
David Keir Building,
Belfast BT9 SAG, Northern Ireland.
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
None
Principal Investigator(s):
Professor P.P.Benham
Dr. S.Raghunathan
Start Date:
Oct.1976
Completion Date:
Estimated Dec.
Actual
1977
Type of Research Program:
X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
X Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
$13,757
COMMENTS:
Belfast airport is not very large (not international status) and is situated about 15 miles
from the city. It receives however a very wide range of aircraft types, private and
commercial and there is an adjacent small military unit. There is an interest from
local environmentalists and aeronautical industry to establish the landing, take-off
and overhead noise spectra of a range of aircraft at various stations in the environs
of the airport.
The department of Aeronautical Engineering, has undertaken this project and a preliminary
report will be prepared in October 1977 and a final report in about one year hence.
92
-------
Measurement Methodology
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Aircraft Noise Measurement Programme
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Dept. of Engineering
University of Reading
Reading, Berks
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Various local authorities to the west of London
Airport (Heathrow) and close to Gatwick Airport.
Principal Investigator (s):
Dr. A. J. Pretlove
Start Date:
1969
Completion Date:
Estimated Ongoing
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
X Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
(4800) $1376
(*800) $1376
(*000) $1720
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The aim of the work is to provide a continuing monitor of aircraft noise levels close to
Heathrow and Gatwick airports so that trends may be observed and, if necessary, representations
made to the U.K. government. All measurements have been made using the Noise and Number
Index based on continuous measurements in dBA. Various trends have been observed in the eight
years of the running of the programme and these have been tentatively explained in terms of
the changing pattern of aircraft types and numbers of movements. No reports have been prepared
for public circulation but information is available on request.
Transcribed from the original.
93
-------
Measurement Methodology
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Development of Closed Working Section
Anechoic Wind Tunnel
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics
University of Southampton
Southampton
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Science Research Council
State House
King sway
London
United Kingdom
Principal Investigator(s):
Prof. I. C. Cheeseman
B. Pritchard
Start Date:
1973
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
1976
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (-630,000) $51,588
COMMENTS:
An existing 7''x5' closed section wind tunnel has been covert.ed to have anechoic properties
for frequencies above 500 Hz. Specially constructed splitters have been developed to reduce
the noise generated by the wind tunnel fan. Due to the need to retain the original aerodynamic
capability the splitters have had to be placed in the high speed diffuser where they create
a 40% blockage and generate aerodynamic noise which tends to dominate the noise levels in
the working section measured with a single microphone is roughly flat above 500 Hz at a level
of 58 dB. The use of correlation techniques has further reduced this level.
Initial experiments carried out during the commissioning of the tunnel demonstrated that
jet mixing noise, airframe noise and vortex refraction effects can be satisfactorily measured.
Transcribed from the original.
94
-------
Measurement Methodology
West Germany
Project Title:
Production of Noise Protection Maps
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute for Applied Geodesy
Richard-Strauss-Alle 11
Frankfort
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s) :
Dr.-Ing. Walter Satzinger
Start Date:
Jan. 1, 1973
Completion Date:
Estimated Dec. 31, 1980
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (1,600,000 DM)
—
COMMENTS:
The production of maps for noise protection zones for civilian and military airports, as a
part of the compliance with the regulation issued under the Aviation Noise Control Act of
March 30, 1971.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
95
-------
Measurement Methodology
Netherlands
Project it e. Development Qf a standard Measuring Procedure for Aircraft Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Air Service
Public Health & Environmental Hygiene
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing Noise
over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator (s):
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
A standard measuring procedure needs to be available for aircraft noise on behalf of noise super-
vision in general as well as for individual aircraft movements. Such a method is being worked on
at the present time on the basis of international recommendations. Further developments with
possible differentiation of various forms of air traffic are desirable in the future.
As much as possible, use needs to be made of already developed procedures in the framework of
studies made earlier.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
96
-------
Measurement Methodology
Netherlands
Project Title:
Study of the Design of a Noise Guard Systf
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Aviation Service, Defense
Public Health & Environmental Hygiene Dept.
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Commission for Reducing Noise over Air
Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator (s):
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The purpose of this study is to set up data and guidelines for the design of a noise defense
system around air flight territories. A distinction is made between large international
aircraft areas, regional civilian aircraft territories, military aircraft territories and
small civilian air flight territories. In close deliberation with the responsible authorities,
a specification should be drawn up of the noise prevention system for different types of
aircraft terrain. On the basis of this, the design of the system should be worked out as
Co apparatus, use, calibration, and procedures to be worked out for establishing an interpretation
of informations sources.
In this working out, attention needs to be paid to stationary and mobile noise measuring
posts and possible other equipment. Consideration also needs to be given to the location
of measuring posts, setting up of equipment to determine atmospheric influences.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
97
-------
Measurement Methodology
Netherlands -c-
Project Title: Development of a. Standard Calculation Method for Noise Pollution
Caused by Airplanes
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Air Service
Defense, Public Health and Environmental
Hygiene Department
Amsterdam, Netherlands ^__
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing Noise
over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
For the benefit of noise zoning around air flight terrain, such as expected in the legal draft
modifying the law of aviation, it is necessary in connection with the involved legal consequences
that the calculation of noise curves be done according to a standard method. Guidelines should
be taken up for acceptance with regard to flight parameters, aircraft parameters, atmospheric
and geomorphological factors, the distribution of flight movements and the compilation of the
air corps as well as with regard to acoustical factors which are used for the calculations.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
98
-------
Measurement Methodology
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Effects of Microphone Height on Aircraft Noise Measurements
Performing Organization Name & Address:
British Aircraft Corporation Ltd.
Commercial Aircraft Division
Brooklands Road
Weybridge, Surrey, KT13 OSF
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
P. R. Kearsey, M. S. Langley
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
In aircraft flyover noise measurements it is rarely possible to locate the microphone in a
position where the effects of the ground plane are insignificant. In order to investigate
and minimize these effects it is proposed to study noise data obtained from measurements
taken with microphones at various heights and above various ground covers. It is envisaged
that noise tests will be made on a modern aircraft with high bypass ratio engine (Lockheed
Tristar). Results will then be representative of the aircraft engines which are likely to
be in service in the foreseeable future. This work will be particularly relevant to certain
revisions of noise certification which are currently being proposed.
Transcribed from the original.
99
-------
Measurement Methodology
United Kingdom
Project Title:
National Calibration
Measurement
Standards for Sound Pressure and Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Physical Laboratory
Teddington
Middlesex
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Dept. of Industry Dept. of Trade
1 Victoria Street The Adelphi
London SW1 John Adam Street
United Kingdom London WC1, United Kingdom
Principal Investigator (s):
Dr. D. W. Robinson
Dr. M. E. Delany
E. N. Bazley
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
To provide primary calibration of standard reference microphones and a national reference
service on acoustical measurement. International comparisons. Standards for noise emission
measurement, especially aircraft.
Publications
"Sound absorption in air at frequencies up to 100 KHz"
74, 1976.
"Calibration procedures for sound level meters to be used for
M. E. Delany, L. S. Whittle, K. M. Collins, and K. S. Fancey,
"The effect of small variations in the height of a microphone
measurement of aircraft noise", D. F. Fernet and R. C. Payne,
E. N. Bazley, NPL Acoustics Report Ac
measurements of industrial noise",
NPL Acoustics Report Ac 75, 1976.
above ground surface on the
NPL Acoustics Report Ac 77, 1976.
Transcribed from the original.
100
-------
Measurement Methodology
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Department of Trade
London W.C. 2
United Kingdom
Principal Investigator(s) :
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Noise studies covering instrumentation and analysis techniques for noise certification purposes,
the social effects of aircraft noise, including reverse thrust, noise measurements including
the production of NNI contour maps for such purposes as land use planning decisions and the
evaluation of noise abatement techniques, night disturbance, etc.
Transcribed from the original.
101
-------
Measure-merit Methodology
United Kingdom,
Project Title:
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Aircraft Establishment
Farnborough
Hampshire GU14 6TD
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
J. Williams
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
RAE has continued to contribute to an international appraisal of the problems of noise
measurement in ground-based facilities which provide forward-speed simulation. The RAE
5 ft tunnel has now been converted with a new resited fan and its aerodynamic performance
checked; studies of its background noise reduction should start late in 1977, after
completion of the anechoic working-chamber and of the circuit acoustic splitters. As
regards application of the RAE 24 ft wind tunnel, further investigations relate to its
working-chamber acoustics, in-flow microphone characteristics, and acoustic-mirror
discrimination. Techniques for noise source location have been reviewed.
References
F. W. Armstrong
J. Williams
J. Williams
J. Williams
(editor)
Susan M. Damms
Some UK Government Establishment research towards quieter aircraft."
J.S. Vib. ^7_, (2) pp 207-236 (1976).
Ground-based facilities with forward-speed representation for
aircraft noise research."
RAE Technical Memorandum Aero 1707 (1977).
AGARD Lecture Series 80 Paper 11 (1976).
"Aerodynamic noise."
AGARD Lecture Series 80 (1976).
"The shielding method for noise source location and a review of
alternative methods."
RAE Technical Report TR 77032 (March 1977).
Transcribed from the original.
102
-------
Measurement Methodology
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Aircraft Establishment
Farnborough
Hampshire GU14 6TD
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator (s):
J. McKie
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Two series of tests have been made in the RAE 24 ft acoustic wind tunnel on various nozzles to
provide information both on the noise characteristics of the nozzles under static and forward
speed conditions, and to provide data on which the tunnel as a facility can be assessed for
comparison with other facilities in which the nozzles have been tested.
Reference
J. B. W. Edwards
"Comparative measurments of the noise of cold air jets from three nozzles
under static and forward speed conditions." RAE Technical Memorandum
Aero 1692 ARC 37055 (Sept. 76).
Transcribed from the original.
103
-------
BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES
See Also Pages:
57
69
117
126
128
105
-------
Architectural Studies
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Active Damping Methods for Plates and Framed Structures
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Civil Engineering Department
University of Leeds
Leeds, L52 9JT
United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Civil Engineering Department
University of Leeds
Leeds, L52 9JT
United Kingdom
Principal Investigator (s):
L. A. Walker
Start Date:
Autumn 1977
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
1980
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Funding:
Year Amount
1976 (actual): (-fcSOO) $860
1977 (budget): not yet known
1978 (forecast):
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
In the interests of improving airborne sound insulation of panels and of regulating room
reverberation, the control of transverse vibration of a thin plate by application of active
energy feedback has been evaluated in past work here. A localized point control force is
derived from the sensed motion of some point on the plate surface. Control can be effective
for particular points and for all resonant modal motions under conditions of light damping.
The complete conditions for system stability are established. Bandwidth limitations are
not found if the points of sensing and feedback are made identical.
Corresponding stability and performance conditions are known for an array of multiple damping
units like the single one above.
Measured velocity dampings of 40 dB are found within the first three or four cycles of an
impulsed plate. The method should be applicable to other structures' (aircraft, ships, framed
buildings) than the plate, above, and future work (the object of the reference) will
concentrate on the application to framed structures.
References:
L. A. Walker and P. P. Yaneske, 'Characteristics of an active feedback system for the control
of plate vibrations'. Jl. of Sound & Vibration (1976) Vol. 46(2) pp. 157-176.
L. A. Walker and P. P. Yaneske, 'The damping of plate vibrations by means of multiple active
control systems'. Jl. of Sound & Vibration (1976) Vol. 46(2) pp. 177-193.
107
-------
Architectural Studies
Netherlands
Project Title: Study of the Anticipated Measures in which
Noise-Reducing Equipment in Noise Zones as
Presentation of Equipment Regulation
Use is to be Made of
well as the Optimal
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Public Health & Environmental Hygiene Dept.
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing
Noise over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Extra noise-resistent equipment is involved in the framework of the protection of homes. From
the viewpoint of public health it is important that use be made of as large as possible a
number of these insulation regulations (voluntarily).
Not only the quality of the equipment and the secondary effects play a role, but also the
possible inconvenience of cultivation, but the presentation of the regulations by authorities
is also of great importance.
The study includes a social science study for carrying out the preventive program. Also,
the study serves to provide guidelines on a social-psychological basis for the presentation
of regulations, as well as telling of unfavorable developments of the same type which occur
around the English Heathrow airport.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
108
-------
Arotvitectural Studies
Netherland-s
Project Title: Inventory study into the Possibilities of Protecting Residences and
Other Sound-Sensitive Buildings by means of Nois-e-Aver t ing Equipment
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Air Service
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing Noise
over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The purpose of the study is to come up with a general view of the possibilities for reducing
the noise pollution within residences and buildings by means of extra noise insulation on
the basis of the effectiveness of the so-called Building Technical Commission for Aircraft
Noise as well as on the basis of data from abroad. This study can mean a further addition
of a similar study into the study program of traffic noise. On the basis of a wide-spread
literature study and data from the Dutch acoustical council, as a function of a stepwise
classification into classes of different noise insulation, it can be indicated which insulation
measures can be applied where attention should also be paid to secondary effects, as well as
ventilation, thermal insulation, condensation effects as well as maintenance and cost
aspects.
A distinction shall be made between devices on existing buildings and devices on new buildings
to be built near the noise zone around aircraft terrain.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
109
-------
Architectural Studies
Netherlands
Project T t e. Tegt Study on the Use Of Noise Resisting Equipment on Residences
Counteracting Aircraft Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Public Health & Environmental Hygiene Dept.
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing Noise
over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
-^ Development (Component or System)
g- Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
This project envisions the use of noise resisting equipment already developed within the
framework of activities of the Building Technical Commission on Aircraft Noise (carried out
on a very small scale) on buildings subjected to aircraft noise on such a scale that
significant data can be derived therefrom which is needed to determine the noise resisting
equipment to be used around airport terrains within noise zones. Consideration is being
given to the insulation of about 500 residences, distributed over a number of classes of
different noise pollution in terms of Cost Units and peak stress in other comparable areas.
In connection with this, a distinction is desirable in the equipment package according to
residence type as well as according to total noise insulation. An experimental study is
to be made in connection with this.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
110
-------
Architectural Studies
Netherlands
Project Title: gtutjy into the Possibilities of Saving on Energy Consumption for Heating
Purposes and Fuel Costs in Residences Insulated Against Aircraft Noise
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Public Housing Establishment and Space Dept.
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing
Noise over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator (s):
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
In the study they are concerned with gaining insight into possible favorable side effects due
to the application of noise-resisting equipment on residences.
This study includes a calculation of the savings to be anticipated as well as a testing in
the practical situation. In the testing, attention needs to be paid to the influence of the
reducing effective use of equipment during certain periods so that probably a distinction must
be made between different forms of air travel.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
Ill
-------
BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
AIRCRAFT OTHER
113
-------
Aircraft Other
Netherlands
Project Title:
Studies Concerning Zoning Legislation
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
Anthony Fokkerweg 2
Amsterdam 1017
Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address;
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:
1977
Completion Date:
Estimated 1981
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
Amount
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
1977 (actual): (150,000 F)
1978 (budget): (150,000 F)
1979 (forecast): (150,000 F)
.19.80 " Q5H,DOQ E) _
Or Total Funding Amount:
000 F
$30,360
$30,360
$30,360
$3Q,3£Q_
$30,360
COMMENTS:
The activities with the zoning around airport terrain, such as is regulated in the
amendment to the aircraft law in preparation, shall be continued in 1977. Namely, these
activities concern setting up a regulation. The calculations are set down for determining
noise pollution around airports. A further development of the computation model for
determining noise prevention is to be expected in 1977.
In later years, emphasis will be laid on collecting data needed for noise hindrance
determination; to a considerable degree, these are dependent on the introduction and
use of MLS-conducting systems and other future amendments to be made to the procedures.
Trnaslated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
115
-------
Aircraft Other
West Germany
Project Title:
Survey of Current Aviation Noise Research Projects
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Max-Planck Institute
Boettingerstr. 6-8
Boettingen
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Federal Minister for Research & Technology
Principal Investigator(s):
Prof. Dr. Ernst-August Mueller
Start Date:
March 1976
Completion Date:
Estimated Feb. 28. 1977
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (50,000 DM) $21,200.
COMMENTS:
All aviation noise-related research conducted in the FRG from January 1 to December 31 will
be surveyed using a questionnaire, and documented in a catalogue. In addition, expert
analysis of the collected information will lead to an evaluation of the general status of
German research in this area.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
116
-------
Aircraft Other
West Germany
Prolcct Title: .
Study of the Terrain Noises Emanating from the Civilian Airport, Dusseldorf—Including
the Parallel Track—and of the Possibility of Reducing These Noise Levels
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Technical Monitoring Association
Koeln, Konstantin-Wille-Str. 1
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Minister .for Economy, the Middle Classes and
Transportation
Dusseldorf
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr. S. C. Martinez
Start Date:
Oct. 1, 1975
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Dec. 31. 1976
Funding:
Project Suirjnary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
A ,p _ - T- .,. . (73,000 DM)
Or Totaj. Funding Amount: ^
COMMENTS:
Determination of present as well as anticipated noise levels under various weather conditions;
including all noise sources, such as flight and traffic noises; ascertaining the percentage
of noise for each individual source; proposal and evaluation of structural preventive
measures.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
117
-------
Aircraft Other
Abbreviated Listings
with Funding
Sweden. Development of Sonic Boom Carpets for Single and Twin Engined Propeller
Aircraft. National Swedish Aeronautical Research Institute (FFA), Box 11021,
S-161 11 Bromma, Sweden. Sponsor: National Board for Technical Development.
Lennar Soernaes. March 1975-Feb. 1976. Total Funding Amount: (135,000 Skr)
$30,416. Measurement and computation of sonic boom carpets for single and twin
engined propeller aircraft.
West Germany. Study of the Effect of Noise Abatement Measures on the Operating
Capacity of Frankfurt Airport. Federal Air Transportation Office, Braunschweig,
Flughafen, West Germany. Ted Hooton. Total Funding Amount: (30,000 DM) $12,720.
Study of the improvements effected in Frankfurt Airport. Alteration of the "fs"
system in connection with the abandonment of the Wiesbaden-Erbeuheim Airport and
its effect on the operating capacity of Frankfurt Airport. (Phase 2).
118
-------
Aircraft Other
Netherlands
Project Title:
Study of the Actual Noise Pollution Due to Airplanes at the Level of the Land
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Public Health and Environmental Hygiene
Royal Air Service, Defense
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing Noise
over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The study has the object of creating insight on an annual basis of the actual noise pollution
for all relevant air traffic terrain in the Netherlands. The data are to be used for govern-
mental purposes on various terrains: adaption of standards, phasing and adaption of noise
preventive equipment in the framework of the prevention program within the noise zone, piano-
logical purposes, etc. A general view can be obtained by an aggregation of various noise
pollution calculations for the different air flight terrains on the basis of actual data
concerning the performance of flight, the number of aircraft movements, aircraft types anr
the like.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
119
-------
Aircraft Other
Netherlands
Project Title:
Study of the Financial Evaluation of Noise Obstacles as a Result of Air Traffic
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Air Service
Public Health & Environmental Hygiene Dept.
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing
Noise over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
On behalf of decisions concerning new air traffic terrain as well as modifications in use and
the extension of available terrain, it is desirable to develop better evaluations on the
basis of money for noise obstacles, than is presently the case. Different evaluation methods
have been studied and applied in the framework of the analysis of a site for a second national
airport, but the impression exists that insufficient attention has been paid to the noise
aspect. A continuation of the named study is desirable.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
120
-------
Aircraft Other
Netherlands
Project Title:
Study into the Relationship Between Noise Pollution and Obstacles in the
Vicinity of Military Aircraft Bases and Small Airports
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Public Health and Environmental Hygiene Dept.
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing Noise
over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
X Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
On the basis of widespread tests, a relationship has been established by the Kost commission
between noise pollution and the obstacles which are present. This relationship is specified
by a traffic pattern which is typical for -a. civilian airport and with the use of a certain
group of aircraft.
The purpose of this study is to go into how far the interpretation of the method of Kost is
applicable for the judgment of noise pollution with another traffic pattern and another
aircraft type, as well as with military flight bases and smaller airports.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
121
-------
Aircraft Other
Netherlands
Project Title:
Supplementary Investigation of the Sound Emission of Civil Aircraft Types over
Accessible Dutch Aviation Terrain.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Aviation Service
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing Noise
over Air Traffic Routes.
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1976 est.
Comple t ion Da t e:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
This study concentrates on civil aviation (commercial aviation, general aviation and helicopters).
The data are used to improve the prognosis of noise pollution, the calculation of actual noise
pollution and for the adaption of rules for use to restrict noise.
Use should be made of foreign data wherever possible.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
122
-------
Aircraft Other
Netherlands
Project Title:
Study of the Possible Res-ults and the Needed Data Concerning the Necessity
of Zoning around Aviation Terrain, for which the Use of Aircraft with Turbine
Jet Engines is Ruled_0ut (Smaller Airports)
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Air Service
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing Noise
over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
In this study we are dealing with obtaining the needed data and insights with regard to the
zoning of small, civilian aviation terrain. By means of this information, it can be determined
how desired zoning can be achieved by planological and environmental hygiene considerations.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
123
-------
Aircraft Otb:
Netherlands
Project Title:
Study of the Possibilities of Zoning Aviation Terrain Which Do;= Not Lie on
Dutch Territory, but Which Is Located on Territory Under Dutch Influence
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Public Health and Environment Dept.
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing Noise
over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The goal of the study is to come up with data in the form of noise-pollution curves concerning a
certain military aviation territory lying in the boundary area between Germany and Belgium,
where noise is experienced on the Dutch territory. Although an analogous zoning as for Dutch
aircraft territory is not possible in the framework of the modified Flight Laws, the future
noise abatement laws offer small possibilities for this. In the carrying out, use can be made
of data to be provided by West German and Belgian authorities.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
124
-------
Aircraft Other
Sweden
rToject Title:
(Joint Committee for Establishment
Airport)
of a Noise Disturbance Zone Around Arlanda
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Hegionplane- och naringslivsnamndens
forvaltningskontor
Pack
103 40 STOCKHOLM 40 Sweden
Principal Investigator(s):
3oard of Civil Aviation, Sweden
itart Date:
1974
Completion Date:
Estimated 1977
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
.
-------
Aircraft Other
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Assessment of the Effects of Multimodal Response on Fatigue Life
, — . ,_« _•»? <• AJj_.n_n. • G. rn-\n e> m-•% -n cr C\T~o an
Performing Organization Name & Address:
British Aircraft Corporation Ltd.
Commercial Aircraft Division
Brooklands Road
Weybridge, Surrey, KT13 OSF
Jinired Ki
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
D. C. G. Eaton
G. A. Failey
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The suitability of using fatigue data as derived from single degree of freedom response tests
for the prediction of fatigue life of corresponding multimodal response configurations has
been questioned. A series of controlled tests on free beams is proposed in which modal
characteristics and strain distributions will be determined for certain selected inputs. A
comparison will be made of fatigue life against stream levels for the fundamental mode and
two mode studies, wherein the random excitation will be centered upon the fundamental
frequency and fundamental plus an harmonic frequency, respectively.
Transcribed from the origianl.
126
-------
Aircraft Other
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Aircraft Engine Noise
Performing Organization Narr.2 & Address:
ROLLS-ROYCE LTD.,
DERBY,
ENGLAND
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
H. M. &OVERNKENT rOD (PE)
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr. G. E.,PEARSON
Start Date:
Coinpletion--&tn;e:
JrfrCama
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
_X_ Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
;;oalS; approach, expected or actual results,
:enort(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
Investigations of sound absorber wall linings in a flow duct facility,
(situated at N&TS Pyestock, Hants, England). These experimental
investigations cover single layer and double layer liners, bulk absorbers
and some proprietary panels basically in a rectangular duct. Effect of
discontinuities in the lining type, and area changes in the duct are
being investigated. More recent projects cover circular and annular
lined ducts, and splitters.
127
-------
Aircraft Other
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Initial Studies of the Response and Acoustic Fatigue Behaviours of Titanium
Development Structure
Performing Organization Name & Address:
British Aircraft Corporation Ltd.
Commercial Aircraft Division
Brooklands Road
Weybridge, Surrey KT13 OSF
Onited Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
In future aircraft and space vehicles, certain areas of the structure will be subjected to
high noise loadings. Application of structures constructed of titanium have been suggested
for use in such areas. It is proposed that first assessments of the fatigue resistance
of titanium structures be carried out on specimens manufactured for a current R and D programme.
It is envisaged that typical response and fatigue behaviour be observed from siren and coupon
tests and the results correlated with a theoretical study.
Transcribed from the original.
128
-------
Aircraft Other
West Germany
Project Title:
Investigation of Noise Protection Zones According to the Aviation Noise
Protection Act of March 3, 1971.
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Max-Planck Institute for Jet Research
Boettingerstr. 6-8
Goettingen
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr. Klaus Matschat
Start Date:
Aug. 1, 1971
Completion Date:
Estimated Pep.
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
x Measurement Methodology
197ft
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Plan: Determination of the noise protection areas according to the Aviation Noise Protection Act
of 3-30-71. Development of the method according to which the noise protection zone defined in
par. 2 of the aircraft noise law is to be determined. (a) development of a questionnaire for
prognosis of the foreseeable flight operations at an airport ("data determination system of the");
(b) development of the method according to which the curves of the constant equivalent noise
levels are determined in the vicinity of the airport ("instructions for calculation azb");
(c) carrying out the noise protection zone determinations for the airports of the Federal
Republic of Germany.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
129
-------
Aircraft Other
Abbreviated Listings
Norway. Primary Noise Generating Mechanisms. Sintef, The Laboratory of
Acoustics, ELAB, Univesitetet I Trondheim, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
January 1, 1975. Detailed studies of aeroacoustic noise generating mechanisms.
Classification and identification of primary noise generating mechanisms.
United Kingdom. Two-Stream Mixing Noise: Similarity Considerations.
Southampton University, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Southampton
S09 5NH, United Kingdom. C. L. Morfey.
United Kingdom. Aerodynamic Noise Theory: Boundary Effects in Non-Uniform
Flows. Southampton University, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research,
Southampton S09 5NH, United Kingdom. C. J. Morfey. Publication - "Aerodynamic
sound from non-uniform flows with boundaries." C. L. Morfey 1976 Proceedings.
14th Int. Congress on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Delft. Paper 249.
United Kingdom. Investigation of the Trade-Off Effect of Aircraft Noise and
Number. University of Southampton, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research,
Southampton S09 5NH, United Kingdom.
United Kingdom. Development of Momentum Potential Theory for Fluctuating
Fluid Flows. Southampton University, Institute of Sound and Vibration Research,
Southampton S09 5NH, United Kingdom. P. E. Doak.
United Kingdom. Work on Compliance with Annex 16 ICAO Standards (Noise
Certification Levels). Dept. of Trade, London, United Kingdom. 1977.
United Kingdom. Laser Velocimeter Measurements in Subsonic and Supersonic
Jets (Co-operative Work with Lockheed-Georgia Company). Southampton
University, Institute of Sound & Vibration Research, Southampton S09 5NH,
United Kingdom. J. C. Lau, P. J. Morris, M. J. Jisher. Publication
"Noise measurements in a free-jet flight simulation facility: shear layer
refraction and facility-to-flight corrections." C. L. Morfey and B. J.
Tester 1976 AIAA Paper No. 76-531.
130
-------
SYSTEMS DEMONSTRATION, PROPULSION
DEMONSTRATION, AND SYSTEMS STUDIES
CTOL (Subsonic)
See Also Pages:
36
52
90
122
131
-------
CTOL (Subsonic)
Netherlands
Project Title:
Collection of Data Concerning Noise Hindrance Calculations and the Control in
the Performance of Flight Procedures
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
Anthony Fokkerweg 2
Amsterdam 1017
Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address;
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated 1980
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Funding:
Year Amount
1976 (actual): (125,000 F}$75,300
1977 (budget): (80,000 F) $16,192
1978 (forecast)- (50,000 F) $10,120
1979 v_^__ (50,000 F)_ $10,120
1980," ~, " ,. "(50,000 F) ~$lb,~120
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Explanation: As in the preceding year, in 1976 the NLR shall make use of a L4/5 radar made
available by the Royal Air Force in order to ascertain aircraft starting and landing at
Schiphol.
As expected, the measurement of runways in or after 1976 was carried out with something else
than the now conventional L4/5 radar, seeing this is no longer available.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
133
-------
CTOL (Subsonic)
Netherlands
Project Title:
Setting Up Long Term Prognoses Concerning Noise Production of CTOL Aircraft
and Study of Low Noise Flight Procedures
Performing Organization Name & Address:
National Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
Anthony Fokkerweg 2
Amsterdam 1017
Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1976
Completion Date:
Estimated 1980
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Project Suiriaary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results.
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
Funding:
Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
(60,000 F)
(70,000 F)
(80,000 F)
$12,144
$14,168
$16,192
1980
1981
CSO-jOOO-Fl _ $J.8_2J6_
MOO,000 F) $20,240
(110,000 'F) $22,264
COMMENTS:
The activities begun in 1975 in the framework of this study are to be continued in 1976.
activities can be described as follows:
These
study of the influence of aircraft design parameters on the noise production of airplanes,
- indication of the most probable development of new aircraft types,
following of technical developments which are directed at the modification of existing
aircraft types (retrofit),
the study of noise requirements; present day as well as recent concepts.
The named activities are to be carried out with the accompaniment of a Steering Group in which
different Netherlands concerned organizations take part.
It is probable that this study will extend over a number of years, also in connection with
the adaptation of results on the basis of new data and insights.
In connection with the study carried out in 1975 concerning the reduction of the noise level
of aircraft heard on the ground by "low-power low drag" procedures, the noise aspects of
other flight procedures, were studied, such as "reduced flap setting" during approach.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
134
-------
CTOL (Subsonic)
United Kingdom
Project Title;:
A Further Study of the Effects of Approach Procedures on Noise
(Lockheed L-1011 and BAG 1-11 Aircraft)
Performing Organization Name & Address:
British Airways European Division
London (Heathrow) Airport
Hounslow, Middlesex TW6 2JR
Principal Investigator(s):
R H Chowns
Principal Noise Engineer
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual June 1976
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Procurement Executive, Ministry of Defence
John Adarn Street, London WC2N 6BB
Type of Research Program:
X Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
X Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year Amount
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Clr Total Funding Amount: (£11500) $19,775
COMMENTS:
In this second study of the effect of approach procedures on community
noise, the original e3:amination of the Trident 3 has been extended to
include the L-1011 and the BAG 1-11 aircraft.
Recommendations are made for further work in regard to performance
margins and to the method of assessment used and for a study of the
implications, in terms of flight control system response and aircraft
handling, of steeper than 3° approach paths.
JP/8/060
Technical Note Nr P/690
June 1976
135
-------
CTOL (Subsonic)
Netherlands
Project Title. Study of the Adoption Possibilities of Flight Procedures Favorable from a
Noise Prevention Viewpoint for Certain Aviation Terrain
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Aviation Service
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing Noise
over Air Traffic Routes
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
In the study, we are dealing with obtaining more insight into the possibilities of 2-segment
approach, noise-abatement start procedures, noise-routing and the like. Attention must be paid
to the practical possibilities from the standpoint of flight safety, air traffic control, oper-
ational-economic results and the working out of local noise pollution problems. The study also
serves to gain insight into the instrumentation problems belonging thereto, including costs.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
136
-------
CTOL (Subsonic)
Netherlands
Project Title: Study into the Possibilities and Results of Combatting Certain Types
of Noise from the Dutch Air Fleet
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Aircraft Service
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing Noise
over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
This study aims at coming up with operationally useable data concerning the possible application
of noise abatement modifications on the DC-8 and DC-9 aircraft in connection with measures to be
taken abroad.
In particular, insight is to be gained into the technical aspects, the influence of exploitation,
cost and financing possibilities of the re-fitting, time it takes to carry this out and the
results of the noise pollution of Schiphol.
Transcribed and translated from the original Dutch.
137
-------
CTOL (Subsonic)
United Kingdom
Project Title-
Operational Noise Abatement
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Dept. of Trade
London, United Kingdom
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1977
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Noise abatement procedures (such as managed drag, two-segment approach, etc.)
night jet restrictions, runway alternations, night disturbance levels, etc.
Night operations:
Transcribed from the original.
138
-------
CTOL (Subsonic)
West Germany
Project Title:
Flight Noise Abatement by Flight-Mechanical Means and By Airplane Design
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute for Flight Technology
Darmstadt, Petersenstr. 18
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
German Research Society
Principal Investigator (s) :
Invest. Dipl. -Ing. Volker Nitsche
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
The aim is to demonstrate in a comprehensive manner the possibility of noise abatement by
steeper takeoff and landing flight paths. For this purpose, the noise level is examined
for the various technically feasible flight paths within the spectrum of future airplane
propulsion categories. Individual flight patterns are thoroughly tested for feasibility
in a flight simulator with visual simulation to ascertain the limits of possibility, taking
into account'the stresses exerted on the pilot.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
139
-------
SYSTEMS DEMONSTRATION, PROPULSION
DEMONSTRATION, AND SYSTEMS STUDIES
CTOL (Supersonic)
See Also Page:
118
141
-------
CTOL (Supersonic)
West Germany
Project Title:
Lift-Related Sonic Boom of Airplanes
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute for Fluid Dynamics of the DFVLR
Goettingen, Bunsenstr. 10
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Federal Minister for Research and Technology
Federal Defense Minister
Principal Investigator(s):
SUN
Start Date:
Jan. 1, 1972
Completion Date:
Estimated j-^
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
1Q77
Funding:
Project Suirjnary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (300,000 DM)
— $121,200.
COMMENTS:
Theoretical study of the pressure distribution (boom distribution) caused by a supersonic
plane and investigation of the possibility for a boom-adjusted design for supersonic airplanes.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
143
-------
SYSTEMS DEMONSTRATION, PROPULSION
DEMONSTRATION, AND SYSTEMS STUDIES
ROTORCRAFT/VTOL
See Also Pages:
47
48
49
50
122
153
145
-------
Rotorcraft/VTOL
West Germany
Project Title:
Flight Mechanical Studies Concerning the Problem of Steep Flight Paths for VTOL
Airplanes with Best Noise Characteristics
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute for Flight Technology of Darmstadt
Technical Institute
Darmstadt, Petersenstr. 18
West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
German Research Society
Principal Investigator(s):
Dipl. -Ing Volker Nitsche
Start Date:
May 1, 1970
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount: (325,000 DM) $137,800
COMMENTS:
In this project, optimum takeoff and landing flight paths are computed for typical VTOL planes
by varying the maximum takeoff thrust- The required flight time and fuel consumption
are determined. The effect of the various takeoff and launching flight paths and of the thrust
as well as of atmospheric conditions on the shape and size of the noise screening area around
a VTOL Landing field with a given yearly traffic volume. The boundary of the area is determined
within which the flight noise exceeds the limits set by the German laws for the protection
against flight noise. In contrast, calculation is made for an expanded definition of the
noise protection area by using larger values for the noise coefficient.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
147
-------
Rotorcraft/VTOL
United Kingdom
Project Title:
Helicopter Noise Studies
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Department of Trade
London W.C. 2
United Kingdom
Principal Investigator (s):
Start Date:
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
148
-------
Rotorcraft/VTOL
West Germany
Project Title:
Flight Path of VTOL Airplanes for Optimum Noise Pattern
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Institute for Aviation
Mechanics of the DFVLR
Braunschweig,
Flughafen, West Germany
Sponsoring Organization Name 6. Address:
Federal Minister for Research and Technology
Federal Defense Minister
Principal Investigator(s):
Dr. -Ing. Wilhelm
Start Date:
Sept. 1, 1971
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Dec. 31, 1977
Funding:
Project Suirjnary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
Noise abatement for short and vertical takeoff planes. Research on steep landing approach
in the interest of noise abatement for traditional airplanes; effect of parameters; new
piloting, techniques, such as upthrust piloting. Flight tests with variable-configuration
plane hfb-320 s-1; simulated flights; problems of flight characteristics.
Translated and transcribed from the original German.
149
-------
SYSTEMS DEMONSTRATION, PROPULSION
DEMONSTRATION, AND SYSTEMS STUDIES
GENERAL AVIATION
See Also Pages:
49
52
92
97
118
122
123
151
-------
General Aviation
Netherlands
Project Title:
Supplementary Study into Requirements, Viewpoints on Noise Prevention and
Noise Production, the Equipping and Use of Civil Aircraft at Present Not
Falling under International Noise Certification
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Aircraft Service
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing Noise
over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator (s) :
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
In this special general aviation study, which also concerns helicopters, we are dealing with an
inventory of the state of aviation technology to be expected in the near future and today in the
area of noise combatting, the regulations to be set up in the near future, the possibilities of
achieving a lower noise production by means of noise-damping equipment and the consequences of
this for Dutch general aviation.
It also deserves to be studied in this connection how noise pollution from this form of flight
can be reduced by setting special rules of use, especially with regard to advertising flights
and sport flights.
Transcribed and translated from the original Dutch.
153
-------
General Aviation
Netherlands
Project Title: Study Q'f the Adoption Possibilities of Noise Limiting Regulations for Civilian
Aircraft and the^ Influence ofi Noise Pollution
Performing Organization Name & Address:
Royal Aviation Service
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Sponsoring Organization Name & Address:
Interdepartmental Commission for Reducing Noise
over Air Traffic Routes
Principal Investigator(s):
Start Date:
1976 est.
Completion Date:
Estimated
Actual
Project Summary: (Briefly describe the
goals, approach, expected or actual results,
report(s) generated and the date(s) of
publication.)
Type of Research Program:
Fundamental
Development (Component or System)
Demonstration (Experimental, Prototype, or
Production)
Measurement Methodology
Funding:
Year
1976 (actual):
1977 (budget):
1978 (forecast):
Amount
Or Total Funding Amount:
COMMENTS:
This investigation includes a closer study of the adaption of regulations including time
restrictions for certain noisy types of aircraft, rules for flight instruction and practical
flights, sport aviation and the like. Attention must be paid to the practical possibilities
from the viewpoint of flight safety, air traffic control, the operational-economic consequences
and working out local noise pollution problems.
Translated and transcribed from the original Dutch.
154
-------
COUNTRY INDEX OF RESEARCH PROJECTS
155
-------
CANADA Page
Propulsion Noise
Noise Reduction in Axial Blowers. 23
Study of Axial Flow Fan Aeroacoustics. 29
DENMARK
Measurement Methodology
Movable Monitoring System, Verification of Calculation Method. 87
Guidelines on the Calculation and Evaluation of Air Traffic Noise. 88
NETHERLANDS
Propulsion Noise
Study of the Possibilities of Aviation-Technical Innovations
to Reduce the Noise Emission of Aircraft. 30
Study into the Possibilities and Consequences of Noise-Damping
and Protective Devices for Ground Run-up. 42
Noise Prediction Technology
Studies Involving the Zoning Legislation and Developing
a Computer Model. 73
Measurement Methodology
Working Up and Analysis of Noise Measuring Recordings. 89
Measurements on Runways. 90
Preventing Noise Caused By Aircraft. 91
Development of a Standard Measuring Procedure for Aircraft Noise. 96
Study of the Design of a Noise Guard System. 97
Development of a Standard Calculation Method for Noise
Pollution Caused by Airplanes. 98
157
-------
NETHERLANDS (Continued)
Architectural Studies
Study of the Anticipated Measures in which Use is to be Made
of Noise-Reducing Equipment in Noise Zones as well as the
Optimal Presentation of Equipment Regulation. 108
Inventory Study into the Possibilities of Protecting
Residences and Other Sound-Sensitive Buildings by means
of Noise-Averting Equipment. 109
Test Study on the Use of Noise Resisting Equipment on
Residences Counteracting Aircraft Noise. 110
Study into the Possibilities of Saving on Energy Consumption
for Heating Purposes and Fuel Costs in Residences Insulated
Against Aircraft Noise. Ill
Aircraft Other
Studies Concerning Zoning Legislation. 115
Study of the Actual Noise Pollution Due to Airplanes at
the Level of the Land. 119
Study of the Financial Evaluation of Noise Obstacles as a
Result of Air Traffic. 120
Study into the Relationship Between Noise Pollution and
Obstacles in the Vicinity of Military Aircraft Bases
and Small Airports. 121
Supplementary Investigation of the Sound Emission of Civil
Aircraft Types over Accessible Dutch Aviation Terrain. 122
Study of the Possibile Results and the Needed Data Concerning
the Necessity of Zoning around Aviation Terrain, for which
the Use of Aircraft with Turbine Jet Engines is Ruled Out
(Smaller Airports). 123
Study of the Possibilities of Zoning Aviation Terrain Which
Does Not Lie on Dutch Territory, but Which Is Located on
Territory Under Dutch Influence. 124
158
-------
NETHERLANDS (Continued)
CTOL (Subsonic)
Collection of Data Concerning Noise Hindrance Calculations and
the Control in the Performance of Flight Procedures. 133
Setting Up Long Term Prognoses Concerning Noise Production of
CTOL Aircraft and Study of Low Noise Flight Procedures. 134
Study of the Adoption Possibilities of Flight Procedures
Favorable from a Noise Prevention Viewpoint for Certain
Aviation Terrain. 136
Study into the Possibilities and Results of Combating Certain
Types of Noise from the Dutch Air Fleet. 137
General Aviation
Supplementary Study into Requirements, Viewpoints on Noise
Prevention and Noise Production, the Equipping and Use of
Civil Aircraft at Present Not Falling under International
Noise Certification. 153
Study of the Adoption Possibilities of Noise Limiting
Regulations for Civilian Aircraft and the Influence of
Noise Pollution. 154
NORTHERN IRELAND
Noise Spectra for the Environs of Belfast Airport. 92
NORWAY
Aircraft Other
Primary Noise Generating Mechanisms. 130
SWEDEN
Aircraft Other
Development of Sonic Boom Carpets for Single and Twin Engined
Propeller Aircraft. 118
(Joint Committee for Establishment of a Noise Disturbance
Zone Around Arlanda Airport) 125
159
-------
UNITED KINGDOM
Propulsion Noise
Jet Noise Control. 24
Noise Radiated by Ducted Fans. 25
Noise Radiation by Rotating Blading. 26
Preliminary Study of the Forward Speed Effects of
Turbomachinery Tones. 31
Aircraft Engine Noise. 32
Aircraft Engine Noise. 33
Jet Noise Source Location. 34
Untitled project on jet noise mechanisms 35
Aircraft Engine Noise. 36
Aircraft Powerplant Noise Research. 37
Aircraft Engine Noise. 39
Aircraft Engine Noise. 40
Aircraft Engine Noise. 42
Aircraft Engine Noise. 42
Turbulence Measurements in Connection with Jet Noise
Source Location Work. 42
Forward Flight Effects on Jet Noise (Co-operative Work
with Lockheed-Georgia Company) 42
Retrofit-Aircraft. 42
Research on Quieting Engines and Air Frames. 42
The Role of Flow-Acoustic Interaction Effects in Jet
Noise. 43
Rotor Noise
Theoretical Studies and High Speed Flight Tests. 47
160
-------
UNITED KINGDOM (Continued)
Helicopter Noise Control. 48
Untitled project on helicopter noise. 50
Interior Noise
Vibration Transmission Paths Study. 55
Noise and Vibration Survey During Flight. 56
Helicopter Cabin Noise Laboratory Evaluation of
Vibrating Panel Treatments. 57
Internal Noise Study on Rotor Rig. 58
Internal Noise Study-Noise Vibration Monitoring on
Gearbox Rigs. 59
Airframe Noise
Untitled project on airframe noise shielding. 63
Untitled project on airframe noise shielding. 65
Untitled project on airframe noise. 66
Untitled project on airframe noise shielding. 67
Vortex Refraction. 68
Structural Response Under Turbulent Flow Excitations. 69
Untitled project on jet-surface interactions. 70
Jet/Surface Interaction Noise. 70
Turbulent Dissipation as a Source of Sound. 70
Noise Prediction Technology
The Effect of Forward Speed on Jet Noise. 74
Aircraft Engine Noise. 75
Untitled project on scale model simulator. 76
Aircraft Engine Noise. 77
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UNITED KINGDOM (Continued)
Aircraft Engine Noise. 78
Coherent Structure in Jet Turbulence. 79
Jet Noise Prediction from Inviscid Flow Models. 80
Atmospheric Propagation and Ground Effects
Propagation of Sound in the Atmosphere. 83
Measurement Methodology
Aircraft Noise Measurement Programme. 93
Development of Closed Working Section Anechoic Wind Tunnel. 94
Effects of Microphone Height on Aircraft Noise Measurements. 99
National Calibration Standards for Sound Pressure and Noise
Measurement. 100
Untitled project on noise certification. 101
Untitled project on anechoic wind tunnel tests. 102
Untitled project on anechoic wind tunnel tests. 103
Architectural Studies
Active Damping Methods for Plates and Framed Structures. 107
Aircraft Other
Assessment of the Effects of Multimodal Response on Fatigue
Life. 126
Aircraft Engine Noise. 127
Initial Studies of the Response and Acoustic Fatigue
Behaviours of Titanium Development Structure. 128
Two-Stream Mixing Noise: Similarity Considerations. 130
Aerodynamic Noise Theory: Boundary Effects in
Non-Uniform Flows. 130
Investigation of the Trade-Off Effect of Aircraft Noise
and Number. 130
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UNITED KINGDOM (Continued)
Development of Momentum Potential Theory for Fluctuating
Fluid Flows. 130
Work on Compliance with Annex 16 ICAO Standards (Noise
Certification Levels. 130
Laser Velocimeter Measurements in Subsonic and Supersonic
Jets (Co-operative Work with Lockheed-Georgia Company). 130
CTOL (Subsonic)
A Further Study of the Effects of Approach Procedures on
Noise (Lockheed L-1011 and BAG 1-11 Aircraft). 135
Operational Noise Abatement. 138
Helicopter Noise Studies. 148
WEST GERMANY
Propulsion Noise
Study of the Distribution of Sound Sources in Turbulent
Gas Jets. 27
Noise Formation and Noise Reduction for Turbine Stages with
Cool Air Directed onto the Turbine Guide Blades. 28
Reduction of Propulsion Noise 41
Study and Reduction of Noise Generation by Engine Components 43
Research on Noise Generation by Encased Propellers as a
Function of their Design Parameters. 43
Rotor Noise
Noise Reduction in Propulsion of Propeller Driven Airplanes. 49
Relation Between the Noise Generated by Rotors and the
Defined Disturbance in the Air Flow. 51
Noise Reduction for Propeller Driven Aircraft. 52
Airframe Noise
Interference in Ultrasonic Radiation. 64
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WEST GERMANY (Continued)
Measurement Methodology
Production of Noise Protection Maps. 95
Aircraft Other
Survey of Current Aviation Noise Research Projects. 116
Study of the Terrain Noises Emanating from the Civilian Airport,
Dusseldorf—Including the Parallel Track—and of the
Possibility of Reducing These Noise Levels. 117
Study of the Effect of Noise Abatement Measures on the
Operating Capacity of Frankfurt Airport. 118
Investigation of Noise Protection Zones According to the
Aviation Noise Protection Act of March 3, 1971. 129
CTOL (Subsonic)
Flight Noise Abatement by Flight-Mechanical Means and By
Airplane Design. 139
CTOL (Supersonic)
Lift-Related Sonic Boom of Airplanes. 143
Rotorcraft/VTOL
Flight Mechanical Studies Concerning the Problem of Steep
Flight Paths for VTOL Airplanes with Best Noise
Characteristics. 147
Flight Path of VTOL Airplanes for Optimum Noise Pattern. 149
^ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978-720-335/6031-31
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