United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office Of Water
(WH-550D)
570/9-91-022
October 1991
v/EPA Summary Of
Phase II Regulations
Prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
Washington, DC 20460
Prepared as part of:
EPA Contract .No, 68-CQ-0069
Work Assignment No. 0-18
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Appendix A.
Contaminant Data Sheets
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Note to Reader
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency promulgated National
Primary Drinking Water Regulations for 38 inorganic and synthetic organic
chemicals on January 30,1991 and July 1, 1991. Collectively, these two
rulemakings are referred to as the Phase n Rule. The following packet of
materials summarizes the Phase n Rule and is intended for use by EPA
regional officials, state and water system personnel. The first section of the
package consists of a regulatory overview; the second section consists of a
series of 14 fact sheets which describe specific aspects of the rule (i.e.,
monitoring and analytical requirements, state primacy conditions, public
notification, treatment options, etc.); and the third section consists of
contaminant-specific data sheets. The various components of the package
have been designed to be used individually or as part of the larger package.
James R. Elder, Director
Office of Ground Water
and Drinking Water
This document is intended only to provide assistance to those charged
with implementing the Phase n Rule. It does not establish or affect legal
rights or obligations. It does not establish a binding norm and is not finally
determinative of the issues addressed. The Phase n regulations in their
entirety are, of course, controlling.
-i-
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Table of Contents
Phase II Summary
Summary
Key Implementation Dates
Regulatory Impact
Phase n National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (Tables)
Compliance Monitoring Requirements (Table)
Regulatory Development Information
Phase II Fact Sheet Series
1. Standardized Monitoring Framework
2. Asbestos Monitoring
3. Nitrate Monitoring
4. Nitrite Monitoring .
5. Inorganic Monitoring
6. Volatile Organic Chemical Monitoring
7. Pesticide Monitoring
8. Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
9. Analytical Requirements
10. State Primacy Requirements
11. Public Notification
12. Treatment Options
13. Cost and Regulatory Impact
14. Secondary Standards
Appendix A. Contaminant Data Sheets
-11-
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x>EPA Phase II Summary
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for
38 Inorganic and Synthetic Organic Chemicals
October 1991
Summary
The January and July 1991 rulemakings:
• The January rulemaking promulgates Maximum Contaminant Level Goals
(MCLGs) and Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) or treatment technique
requirements for 33 contaminants;
• The July rulemaking promulgates MCLGs and MCLs for aldicarb, aldicarb
sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, pentachlorophenol, and barium; and
• The January rulemaking becomes effective in July 1992, and the July
rulemaking becomes effective in January 1993.
When both rulemakings become effective:
• The addition of the 38 contaminants regulated under Phase n will raise the
number of regulated contaminants to 64. Of the 38 Phase n contaminants,
27 are newly regulated. The remaining 11 contaminants were previously
regulated and were revised.
• Phase E:
• establishes 17 pesticide MCLs (12 new and five revised MCLs);
• establishes eight inorganic MCLs (two new and six revised MCLs);
• establishes 10 new volatile organic MCLs;
• establishes a new MCL for PCBs;
• establishes treatment technique requirements for two contaminants;
and
• deletes the MCL for silver.
These rules also include additional provisions for:
• Analytical methods and laboratory performance requirements;
• Best Available Technologies (BATs) for compliance with the MCLs and for
the purpose of issuing variances;
• Secondary standards for silver (0.1 mg/L) and aluminum (0.05 to 0.2 mg/L) to
address aesthetic considerations;
• Mandatory health effects language to be used by systems when notifying the
public of violations; and
• State reporting, recordkeeping and primacy requirements.
Phase II Summary—1
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Key Implementation Dates
January 1991 Standards for 33 contaminants promulgated
Standards for 5 contaminants reproposed
July 1991
Standards for 5 contaminants promulgated
July 1992
Standards for 33 contaminants effective
January 1993 Standards for 5 contaminants effective
Monitoring for 38 contaminants begins
Regulatory Impact
• These regulations will reduce tie exposure of three million consumers to the
regulated contaminants and result in an estimated reduction of 75 cancer cases
per year.
• Pesticides are expected to result in the most violations and the greatest costs and
benefits.
• Total costs to all public water systems will be approximately $88 million per year
($64 million to treat and $24 million to monitor).
• Total state implementation costs will be $21 million initially and $17 million in
future years.
• Additional monitoring will be required for 200,000 systems.
• 80,000 community and nontransient, noncommunity systems must
monitor for all contaminants.
. * 120,000 transient, noncommvintty systems must monitor for nitrate and
nitrite.
• Monitoring requirementswill be standardized to 3/6/9 year cycles.
• Monitoring will generally cost less than $10 per household per year.
• Approximately 3300 or three percent of all public water systems will be required
to provide treatment or find an alternate source of water.
• Exemptions will be allowed for small systems based on costs.
• Treatment will cost $10 to $800 per household depending upon system
size, degree of contamination, and other factors.
Phase H Sum nwry -2
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II Phase II National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
Phase II Sumn
do
Contaminants
Inorganics
Asbestos
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Mercury
Nitrate
Nitrite
Total Nitrate/Nitri
Selenium
Drinking water
Health Effects
benign tumors
circulatory system
kidney
liver/kidney,
skin, and
digestive system
kidney, nervous
system
methemoglobinemia
"blue-baby syndrome
methemoglobinemia
"blue-baby syndrome
nervous system
EPA Standards (mg/t)*
Final , Final Current
MCLGt MCU MCI
-
7 MFL3
2
0.005
0.1
0.002
10
tt
1
ft
10
0.05
7MFLS
2
0.005
0.1
0^002
10
1
10
0.05
-
1
0.01
0.05
0.002
10
0.01
Sources / ^
natural mineral deposits;
also in Asbestos/Cement (A/C) pipe : .
natural mineral deposits; oil/gas drilling
operations; paint & other industrial us.es
natural mineral deposits; metal finishing;
corrosion product in plumbing
natural mineral deposits; metal finishing,
textile, tanning and leather industries
industrial/chemical manufacturing;
fungicide; natural mineral deposits
fertilizers, feedlots, sewage;
naturally in soil, mineral deposits
unstable, rapidly converted to nitrate;
prohibited in working metal fluids
natural mineral deposits; by-product of.'.
copper mining/smelting
EPA
Analytic
Method1
TEM«
200.7,208.1,
208.2
200.7,213.1,
213.2
200.7,218.1,
218.2
245.1,245.2
300,353.1,
353.2, 353.3
300, 353.2,
353.3, 354.1
270.2
1 Final MCLGs and MCLs become effective July 1992, except for aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, barium, and pentachlorophenol. At that time, the current MCLs cease to
MCLs for aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, barium, and pentachlorop'henol become effective January 1993.
2 Additional methods (other than EPA's) are permitted for the inorganic chemicals; consult the rule for more information. :.
1 MFL = million fibers per liter, with fiber length >10 microns.
BAT
C/F; DF;
DMF;CC
IE;LS;
RO;ED
C/F; LS;
RO;IE
C/F; LS;
RO;IE
GAC; LS
C/F; RO
IE; RO;
EDR
IE; RO
EDR;C/F;
AA;LS;RO
be effective. The
4 TEM = Transmission Electron Microscopy.
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1
r
fc3
r
!
i n
Contaminants
Volatile Organlcs
o-Dichlorobenzene
cls-1 ,2-Dtehtoroethylene
trans-1 ,2-Dichtoroethylene
1 ,2-Dtehtoropropane
Ethylbenzene
Monochlorobenzene
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Xylenes
i
£i
Drinking Water
Health Effects
nervous system.lung,
liver, kidney
nervous system, liver,
circulatory
nervous system, liver,
circulatory
probable cancer, liver,
lungs, kidney
kidney, liver, nervous
system
kidney, liver, nervous
system
liver, nervous system
probable cancer
kidney, nervous
system, lung
liver, kidney,
nervous system
EPA
\RnaK
; MCLO
0.6
0.07
0.1
0
0.7
0.1
0.1
0 :
•: 1 ,':
10
Standards (mg/L)*
Final Current
, MCL MCL
0.6
0.07
0.1
0.005
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.005
1
10
^
Sources
•
industrial solvent; chemical
manufacturing
industrial extraction solvent
industrial extraction solvent
soil fumigant; industrial solvent
present in gasoline & insecticides;
chemical manufacturing
pesticide manufacturing; metal
cleaner; industrial solvent
plastic manufacturing; resins used
in water treatment equipment :
dry cleaning/industrial solvent
chemical manufacturing; gasoline
additive; industrial solvent
paint/ink solvent; gasoline refining
by-product; component of
detergents
EPA
Analytic
Method BAT
502.1,502.2, AIIVOCs:
503.1,524.1, GAC/PTA
524.2
502.1,502.2,
524.1,524.2
502.1,502.2,
524.1,524.2
502.1,502.2,
524.1,524.2
502.2, 503.1 ,
524.1,524.2
502.1,502.2,503.1,
524.1,524.2
502.2, 503.1 ,
524.1,524.2
502.1,502.2,503.1,
524.1,524.2
502.2,503.1,
524.1,524.2
502.2,503.1,
524.1,524.2
1 Final MCLGs and MCLs become effective July 1992, except for aldicarb, aldicafb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, barium, and pentachlorophenol. At that time, the current MCLs cease to be effective. The
MCLs for aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, barium, and pentachlorophenol become effective January 1993.
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II Phase II National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
1 ' ' •••
;
: Contaminants
Pesticides and PCBs
Atachlor
(Lasso)
Aldicarb
(Temik)
Aldtearb sutfoxide
Aldtearb sutfone
Atrazine
(Atranex, Crisazina)
Carbofuran
(Furadan 4F)
Chtordane
Dibromochloropropane
(DBCP, Nemafume)
2,4-D
(Formula 40, Weedar 64)
Ethylene dibromide
(EDB, Bromofume)
Heptachlor
(H-34, Heptox)
Heptachlor
epoxide
Drinking Water
Health Effects
'
probable cancer
nervous system
nervous system
nervous system
reproductive and
cardiac
nervous system
and reproductive
probable cancer
probable cancer
liver, kidney,
nervous system
probable cancer
probable cancer
probable cancer
, EPA Standards (mg/ir
Final final Current
MCUG MCL MCt
0
0.001
0.001
o.ooi
0.003
0.04
0
0
0.07
0
0
0
0,002
0.003
0,004
0,002
0.003
0.04
0.002
0,0002
0.07 0.1
0^00005 -
0.0004
0,0002
< r
' ** /
Sources
herbicide on com and soybeans;
under review for cancellation
insecticide on cotton, potatoes; restricted
in many areas due to gw contamination
degraded from aldicarb by plants
degraded from aldicarb by plants
widely used herbicide on corn and on
non-crop land '..'•'..
soil fumigant/insecticide on corn/cotton;
restricted in some areas . :
soil insecticide for termite control oh com,
potatoes; most uses cancelled in 1980
soil fumigant on soybeans, cotton; ;
cancelled in 1977
herbicide for wheat, com, rangelands
gasoline additive; soil fumigant; solvent;
cancelled in 1984; limited uses continue
insecticide on corn; cancelled fn 1983 for
all but termite control
soil & water organisms convert
heptachlor to the epoxide
EPA
Analytic
Method
505, 507,
525.1
531.1
531.1
531.1
505, 507,
525.1
531.1
505, 508,
525.1
504
515.1
504
505, 508,
525.1
505, 508,
525.1
BAT
GAG
GAG
GAG
GAG
GAG
GAG
GAG
. GAC/PTA
GAG
GAC/PTA
GAG
GAG
1 Final MCLGs and MCLs become effective July 1992, except for aldicarb, aldicarb. sulfoxide. aldicarb sulfohe, barium, and pentachlorophenol. At that time, the current MCLs cease to be effective. The
MCLs for aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, barium, and pervfachlorpphenol become effective January 1993. : ••
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II Phase II National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 1
Contaminants
SPA Standards {mg/L?
Drinking Water Final Final current
Health Effects MCLG MCL MCL Sources
EPA
Analytic
' Method
"••*-
BAT
Pesticides and PCBs (cont'd) •
Llndane
Methoxychlor
(DMDT, Marlate)
Polychtorinated
biphenyls (PCBs, Aroclor)
Pentachlorophenol
Toxaphene
2,4,5-TP
(Silvex)
Treatment Techniques
Acrylamide
Epichlorohydrin
nervous system, 0.0002
liver, kidney
nervous system, 0.04
liver, kidney,
probable cancer 0
probable cancer, 0
liver, kidney
probable cancer 0
nervous system, 0.05
liver, kidney
probable cancer, 0
nervous system
probable cancer, 0
liver, kidney, lungs
0^0002 0.004 insecticide for seed, lumber, livestock; 505,508,
pest control; most uses restricted in 1983 525.1
0.04 0.1 insecticide on alfalfa, livestock 505,508,
525.1
b.'bOOS - electrical transformers, plasticizers; 505 and 508 (screen),
; banned in 1979 508A (quarrtitate)
0.001 - wood preservative & herbicide; non-wood 515.1,525.1
'•'.. uses banned in 1987
0^003 0.005 insecticide/herbicide for cotton, soybeans; 505, 508,
' cancelled in 1982 :,- 525.1
0.05 0.01 herbicide on rangelands, sugarcane, golf 515.1
courses; cancelled in 1983.
'
0.05% dosed flocculents in sewage/
at.1 mg/L wastewater treatment
0.01 % dosed epoxy resins & coatings,
at 20 mg/L flocculents used in treatment
Best Available Technology Key:
AA = Activated Alumina
C/F= Coagulation/Filtration
DF = Direct Filtration
DMF =Diatomite Rltration
EDR = Electrodialysis Reversal
CC = Corrosion Control
GAC = Granular Activated Charcoal
IE = Ion Exchange
LS = Lime Softening
'.. RO = Reverse Osmosis
. ' , . PAP = Polymer Addition Practices
PTA = Packed Tower Aeration
none
none
• v: .
GAC
GAC
GAC
GAC
GAC/
PTA
GAC
PAP
PAP
1 Rnal MCLGs and MCLs become effective July 1992, except for aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, barium, and pentachlorophenol. At that time, the current MCLs cease to be effective. The '
MCLs for aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, barium, and pentachlorophenol become effective January 1993.
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Compliance Monitoring
Requirements
Contaminant
Asbestos
Nitrate
Nitrite
5 Inorganics
18VOCs
17 Pesticides
andPCBs
Unregulated
- 6 lOCs
- 24SOCs
Base Requirement
Ground water Surface water
1 Sample every 9 years
Annual Quarterly
After 1 year < 50% of MCL, SWS
may reduce to an annual sample
1 Sample: If < 50% of MCL,
state discretion
1 Sample every Annual sample
3 years
4 Quarterly samples every 3 years
Annual after 1 year of no detects
4 Quarterly samples every 3 years
After 1 round of no detects: systems
>3300 reduce to 2 samples per year
every 3 years; systems £ 3300
reduce to 1 sample every 3 years
1 Sample
4 Consecutive quarterly samples
Trigger that
Increases
Sampling
>MCL
> 50% MCL
> 50% MCL
> MCL
> 0.0005 mg/L
Method
Detection
Limit
(MDL)
N.A.
Waivers
for Base
Requirements
YES
Based on VA1
NO
NO
YES
Based on analytical
results of 3 rounds
YES
Based on VA1
YES
Based on VA1
YES
Based on VA1
1 VA = Vulnerability Assessment
Phase II Summary—7
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Date
Regulatory Development
Action
Cite
May 22,1989
January 30,1991
Proposed MCLGs, MCLs, and treatment
technique requirements for 38 contaminants
Final MCLGs, MCLs, and treatment technique
requirements for 33 contaminants
January 30,1991 j Proposed MCLGs and MCLs for five contami-
I nants
July 1,1991 \ Final MCLGs and MCLs for five contaminants
(54 FR 22062)
(56 FR 3526)
(56 *K 3600)
(56 FR 30266)
For More Information
EPA Regional Offices
EPA Region 1
Groundwater Management
and Water Supply Branch
JFK Federal Building
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3610
Connecticut, Massachusetts,
Maine, New Hampshire,
Rhode Island,Vermont
EPA Region 2
Drinking Water/Groundwater
Protection Branch
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
(212) 264-1800
New Jersey, New York, Puerto
Rico, Virgin Islands
EPA Region 3
Drinking Water/Groundwater
Protection Branch
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 597-8227
Delaware, Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Virginia, West
Virginia, District of Columbia
EPA Region 4
Municipal Facilities Branch
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404) 347-2207
Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina,
Tennessee
EPA Region 5
Safe Drinking Water Branch
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353-2151
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin
EPA Region 6
Water Supply Branch
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202
(214) 655-7150
Arkansas, Louisiana, New
Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas
EPA Region 7
Drinking Water Branch
.. 726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913) 551-7032
Iowa,.Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska
EPA Region 8
Drinking Water Branch
999 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202
(303) 293-1413
Colorado, Montana, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Utah,
Wyoming
EPA Region 9
Drinking Water/Groundwater
Protection Branch
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 744-2250
Arizona, California, Hawaii,
Nevada, American Samoa,
Guam, Trust Territories of the
Pacific. "• •'"'.. '.;'
EPA Region 10
Drinking Water Programs
Branch
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 553-1223
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon,
Washington
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline
© 1-800-426-4791
Phase II Summarv—8
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Phase II Fact Sheet Series
1. Standardized Monitoring Framework
2. Asbestos Monitoring
3. Nitrate Monitoring
4. Nitrite Monitoring
5. Inorganic Monitoring
6. Volatile Organic Chemical Monitoring
7. Pesticide Monitoring
8. Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
9. Analytical Requirements
10. State Primacy Requirements
11..Public Notification
12. Treatment Options
13. Cost and Regulatory Impact
14. Secondary Standards
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&EPA
Standardized Monitoring
Framework
EPA Phase II Fact Sheet Series (1 of 14)
October 1991
This fact sheet summarizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Stan-
dardized Monitoring Framework as promulgated under the Agency's Phase II Rule.
• Monitoring in accordance with the framework begins in January 1993.
Standardized
Monitoring
Framework
Compliance Cycle 1
• Period 1
(1993, 1994, 1995)
• Period 2
(7996, 1997, 1998)
• Period 3
(7999, 2000, 2001;
Compliance Cycle 2
Period 1
(2002, 2003, 2004)
to 2010
Purpose
The primary objective of the Standardized Monitoring Framework is to reduce
the variability and complexity of drinking water monitoring requirements. The
objective is achieved through the standardization of monitoring requirements
and the synchronization of monitoring schedules across "rules" and contami-
nant groups.
Applicability
The Standardized Monitoring Framework currently applies to the 38 contami-
nants contained in EPA's Phase II Rule. However, the framework was de-
signed to eventually apply to most source-related contaminants including
volatile organic chemicals, pesticides, inorganic chemicals, and radionuclides.
Subsequent regulations issued by EPA for such contaminants will, in general,
contain monitoring requirements that "fit" or fall within the Standardized
Monitoring Framework In general, the Standardized Monitoring Framework
applies to all community water systems and all nontransient, noncommunity
water.systems. For some contaminarits (Le:, nitrate arid nitrite), the Standard-
ized Monitoring Framework also applies to transient, noncommunity water
systems. . . ;
The Framework
To standardize monitoring requirements across rules and contaminant groups,
EPA has established a nine-year (based on a calendar year) compliance
"cycle," with the first cycle beginning on January 1,1993. The nine year
compliance cycle contains three three-year compliance "periods." The first
three-year compliance period extends from 1993 to 1995, the second period
from 1996 to 1998, and the third from 1999 to 2001. The second nine-year
compliance cycle begins in 2002 and extends through 2010.
The Standardized Monitoring Framework encompasses both sampling and
vulnerability assessment activities. The framework provides states the flexibil-
ity to determine at which point in a compliance period systems must conduct
sampling activities. EPA is requiring states to schedule one-third of their
systems for sampling in 1993, another one-third in 1994, and the final one-
third in 1995. States may wish to prioritize sampling based on system size,
vulnerability, lab capacity, and/or mmmimity/nnnmrnrminity criteria. Once a
Standardized Monitoring Framework—1
-------
system is scheduled to sample within a particular three-year compliance
period (e.g., the second year hi the compliance period), the system must then
sample in the same year hi subsequent compliance periods (e.g., the second
year).
Initial sampling for contaminants under EPA's Phase H Rule begins in the
three-year compliance period starting January 1,1993. Repeat sampling for
applicable systems is to take place during the compliance periods 1996 to 1998
and 1999 to 2001. In subsequent EPA regulations, the initial sampling period
for contaminants will be during the first full three-year compliance period
following the effective date of the rule (Le., 18 months after the date of promul-
gation). For example, if Phase V (covering additional inorganic and synthetic
organic .chemicals) is promulgated in.March 1992, the effective date.of the rule
would be.September 1993 (the middle of a complianceperiod).The "initial
round of sampling for Phase V contaminants would then take place during the
1996 to 1998 compliance period.
Specific Standardized Monitoring Requirements
(To learn how these requirements are applied to the 38 contaminants cov-
ered under the Phase II Ruk, consult Fact Sheets 2 through 8 of EPA's
Phase II Fact Sheet Series.)
• All systems must sample at a base (or minimum) sampling frequency
which is specified by EPA for each contaminant or group of contaminants
unless a waiver has been granted by the state (see waiver section below).
• Initial base sampling requirements are the same for all systems regardless
of system size or water source, except for the Phase n inorganic contami-
nants.
• Repeat base sampling requirements are generally the same for all systems
regardless of system size and water source, with the exception of pesti-
cides. Generally, repeat base sampling requirements can be reduced if
initial sampling results in no detects of a contaminant. - .
• All systems which "detect" a contaminant must conduct quarterly sam-
pling until the state determines that the analytical results are "reliably
and consistently" below the maxiinum contaminaiit level (MCL). Detection
is denned separately for each contaminant or group of contaminants at
either the MCL, 50 percent of the MCL, or at the analytical method detec-
tion limit (MDL). After detection, groundwater systems must take a mini-
mum of two quarterly samples and surface water systems must take a
minimum of four quarterly samples before the state can determine that
the analytical results are "reliably and consistently" below the MCL.
• "Reliably and consistently" below the MCL means that though a system
detects contaminants in its water supply, it has sufficient knowledge of the
source or extent of the contamination to predict that the MCL would not be
exceeded in the future. Wide variations in the analytical results or an
analytical result which is close to the MCL are examples of situations
where systems would not meet the "reliably and consistently" test.
Grandfathering of Data
• Sampling data collected three years prior to the beginning of an initial
three-year compliance period may be used to satisfy a system's initial
Standardized Monitoring Framework—2
-------
sampling requirements. Such "grandfathering of data" would enable an
eligible system to sample at repeat frequencies which are generally
lower than initial frequencies.
Vulnerability assessments may not be grandfathered.
Waivers
• Waivers of sampling requirements are available to all systems and are
based upon a vulnerability assessment and/or the analytical results of
previous sampling.
• Waiver determinations are to be made by the state on a contaminant-
Specific .basis, "..,- , .
• Vulnerability assessments may be conducted by the state, a system, or
a third-party organization. States are to approve all assessments.
• Systems which do not receive waivers must sample at required base
frequencies.
• There are two basic types of waivers:
1) Waiver by Rule: Systems meet EPA-specified criteria (i.e., three
analytical results less than the MCL).
2) Waiver by Vulnerability Assessment (two-step process):
Step 1—Use Waiver: A determination is made whether a given
contaminant was used, manufactured, and/or stored in a system
area. If the answer to the inquiry is yes or unknown, the system is
"susceptible" to contamination and a "use waiver" cannot be
granted.
Step 2—Susceptibility Waiver: If a "use waiver" cannot be
granted, a system may conduct a thorough vulnerability assessment
of the water source to determine the system's "susceptibility" to
contamination. Susceptibility is to be based on: a) prior analytical
and/or vulnerability assessment results, b) environmental persis-
tence and transport of the contaminant, c) how well the source is
protected, d) wellhead protection program reports, and e) elevated
nitrate levels.
Systems with no known "susceptibility" to contamination (based
upon an assessment of the above factors), may be granted a "suscep-
tibility waiver." If "susceptibility" cannot be determined, a system is
not eligible for a waiver and must sample at the regulatory mini-
mum or base sampling frequency.
Standardized Monitoring Framework—3
-------
&EPA Asbestos Monitoring
EPA Phase II Fact Sheet Series (2 of 14)
October 1991
This fact sheet summarizes the monitoring requirements for asbestos as promul-
gated under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Phase II Rule.
Monitoring for asbestos begins in January 1993.
Regulated
Contaminant
Contaminant
Asbestos
MCL
7 Million Fibers/Later
(MFL)—Ganger than
10 micrometers)
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWS) and nontransient, noncommunity water
systems (NTWS) must comply with the monitoring requirements for asbestos.
Sampling Points
1) If asbestos occurs in the source water, sampling must be conducted at each
entry point to the distribution system which is representative of the well or
source water after treatment
2) Systems that are vulnerable to asbestos contamination, either due to
asbestos-cement pipe and/or the corrosivity of the water and source water
conditions, shall take one sample at a tap served by asbestos-cement pipe and
under conditions where asbestos contamination is most likely to occur.
Initial Base Sampling
Between 1993 and 1995, all systems must take one sample at each sampling
point unless a waiver has been granted by the state (see below for summary of
waiver requirements). The state will designate the year in which each system
samples within this compliance period.
Grandfathering
States may allow previous sampling data to satisfy the initial base sampling
requirements, provided the sampling data was collected after January 1,
1990.
Repeat Base Sampling
If results of the initial sample do not exceed the maximum contaminant level
(MCL) for asbestos, then the system would not be required to take repeat
samples until the start of the next nine-year compliance cycle (2002 to 2005).
Trigger for Increased/Decreased Sampling
The MCL for asbestos is the trigger for increased/decreased sampling (see
sidebar for the MCL).
Asbestos—1
-------
Increased Sampling (if MCL is exceeded)
I) Any system exceeding the MCL for asbestos must take quarterly samples (in
the quarter immediately following the violation). A system must continue
quarterly sampling until a baseline is established (TniniTninn of two quarters
for groundwater systems and four quarters for surface water systems).
2) If the state determines that the baseline is "reliably and consistently" below
the MCL, the sampling frequency may be reduced to the base requirements.
Confirmation Samples
States may require a confirmation sample for any sample that exceeds the
MCL. These confirmation samples must be taken'•within, two weeks from the
same sampling point and as soon as possible after the initial sample. If a
confirmation sample is used, compliance is based on the average of the results
of both the confirmation and initial samples.
Compliance Determination
1) If a system samples more frequently than annual (Le., quarterly), the system
would be in violation if the running annual average at any sampling point
exceeds the MCL.
%
2) If a system samples on an arm^a! or less frequent basis (Le., every three
years), the system would be in violation if one sample (or the average of the
initial and confirmation samples) at any point exceeds the MCL.
Public Notice
A system in violation of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (i.e.,
MCL, monitoring and reporting requirements, etc.) for asbestos must give
public notice. For a MCL violation, systems must issue a public notice that
includes the specific mandatory health effects language contained in the Phase
n Rule. Systems must publish the notice in the newspaper within 14 days and
deliver the notice to consumers within 45 days. For monitoring violations,
systems must notify consumers through major newspapers within three
months. Follow-up notices must be issued every three months for the duration
of any violation. NTWS have additional options of hand delivering or continu-
ously posting public notices instead of using the above delivery routes.
Compositing
Composite samples are allowed at state discretion from no more than five
sampling points. Compositing of samples must be completed in a certified
drinking water laboratory.
1) For systems serving greater than (>) 3300 persons, compositing is only allowed
at sampling points within a single system.
2) For systems serving less than or equal to (£) 3300 persons, compositing among
different systems is permitted.
Asbestos—2
-------
Waivers
States may grant a waiver if, on the basis of a vulnerability assessment, the
system determines it is not vulnerable to asbestos contamination. The state
may grant a waiver based on consideration of the following factors:
1) potential asbestos contamination of the water source and
2) the use of asbestos-cement pipe for finished water distribution and the
corrosive nature of the water.
If the state grants a waiver, base sampling requirements are eliminated.
Waivers are effective for one three-year compliance period. A new waiver is
required in the first compliance period of each nine-year compliance cycle. If
waivers are not renewed, systems must sample according to base require-
ments (Le.'; one sample at.each sampling point every nine years); .
Asbestos—3
-------
Standardized Monitoring Framework:
Asbestos (CWS and NTWS)
CALENDAR
YEAR
BASE REQUIREMENTS
WAIVERS
(ALL SYSTEMS)
1991
1992
.0
o
O
o
o
.g
Q.
o
O
b
IS
o
f
1 sample at
each sampling
point
Yes: Waivers Based on
Vulnerability
Assessment
(No Samples Required)
1996
1997
1998
O)
No Requirements
Not Applicable
1999
2000
2001
o o
°-c
® £
No Requirements
Not Applicable
D)
JJ
VH.'VWX
2002
2003
2004
o>
L
a>
a
t
1 sample at
each sampling
point
I
Yes: Waivers Based on
Vulnerability
Assessment
NOTES • States wil designate the year during each compliance period In which each system must sample.
• EPA Is requiring states to schedule one-third of their systems for sampling in 1993, another one-third In
1994, and the final one-third In 1995.
Asbestos—4
-------
Asbestos Monitoring Flow Chart
Initial Frequency
1993-1995
All CWS and NTWS
(beginning 1993)
YES 7 Waiver?
(effective 1 period)
No
sampling
while waiver
in effect
Results
>MCL?
Waiver?
(effective 1 period)
Reliably
and consistently
-------
&EPA
Regulated
Contaminant
MCL
10 mg/L (as Nitrogen)
Trigger
5 mg/L (as Nitrogen)
Nitrate Monitoring
EPA Phase II Fact Sheet Series (3 of 14)
October 1991
This fact sheet summarizes revised monitoring requirements for nitrate as promul-
gated under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Phase II Rule. The
revised monitoring requirements for nitrate take effect in January 1993.
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWS), transient and nontransient,
noncommunity water systems (TWS and NTWS, respectively) must comply
with the monitoring requirements for nitrate.
Sampling Points
Sampling must be conducted at each entry point to the distribution system.
Sampling points must be representative of the well or source water after
treatment.
Initial Base Sampling
All water systems must begin complying with the revised sampling require-
ments for nitrate beginning January 1,1993. The frequency of initial sampling
is as follows:
CWS and NTWS: Groundwater systems must sample annually while
surface water systems must sample quarterly.
TWS: All systems regardless of the water source must sample annually.
Grandfathering
Not allowed:
Trigger for Increased/Decreased Sampling
Any sample greater than or equal to (£) 50 percent of the MCL triggers the
need for increased sampling. Analytical results less than (<) 50 percent of the
MCL for a minimum of one round of sampling can trigger decreased sampling
requirements. The trigger is not applicable to transient, noncommunity
water systems. (See sidebar for MCL and trigger level.)
Repeat Base Sampling (<50% MCL)
CWS and NTWS: Groundwater systems must continue sampling on an
annual basis as during the initial sampling phase. States may reduce the
sampling frequency to annual for surface water systems provided the
analytical results from four consecutive quarters are less than (<) 50 percent
of the MCL (i.e., 5 mg/L). For systems sampling annually, repeat samples
must be taken during the quarter(s) which previously yielded the highest
analytical results.
TWS: Same as initial sampling requirements (i.e., annual).
Nitrate— 1
-------
Increased Sampling (> 50% MCL or ^ MCL)
CWS and NTWS: Systems collecting any samples) greater than or equal to
(>) 50 percent of the MCL must sample on a quarterly basis. States have the
discretion to decrease the sampling frequency to annual for groundwater
systems provided the results of four consecutive quarterly samples are
"reliably and consistently" below the MCL. States may reduce the sampling
frequency to annual for surface water systems provided the analytical
results from four consecutive quarters is less than (<) 50 percent of the MCL
TW& Same as initial sampling requirements (i.e., annual).
Confirmation Samples
Systems must take a confirmation sample within 24 hours after the results of
the initial sample are found to be greater than or equal to (£) the MCL.
Systems unable to meet the 24-hour confirmation sampling requirement must
issue a public notice to consumers of the system and must then analyze a
confirmation sample within two weeks of receiving the results of the initial
sample.
Compliance Determination
If any sample exceeds the MCL for nitrate, systems must take a confirmation
sample. The compliance determination is based on the average of the results
of the initial and confirmation samples.
Public Notice
Any system violating the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (i.e.,
MCL, monitoring and reporting requirements, etc.) for nitrate must give
public notice. For a violation of the MCL, a system must 1) give notice by
electronic media (e.g., TV, radio) within 72 hours, 2) publish a notice in the
newspaper within 14 days, and 3) deliver a notice to each consumer within 45
days. The notice must include the specific mandatory health effects language
contained in the Phase II Rule. The public notice requirements also apply to
systems unable to take confirmation samples within a 24-hour time period
(see confirmation sample section above). For monitoring violations, a system
must notify consumers via newspaper within three months. Follow-up notices
must be issued every three months for the duration of any violation. NTWS
and TWS have an additional option of posting public notices instead of using
the above delivery routes.
Compositing
Composite samples are allowed at state discretion from no more than five
sampling points. Compositing of samples must be completed in a certified
drinking water laboratory.
1) For systems serving greater than (>) 3300 persons, compositing is only
allowed at sampling points within a single system.
2) For systems serving less than or equal to (<) 3300 persons, compositing
among different systems is permitted.
Waivers
Not allowed.
lfvti-ate—2
-------
Nitrate Monitoring Flow Chart
Transient Water
Systems
1 annual
sample during
quarter which
previously
yielded highest
analytical
result
Repeat Frequency
1996-1998,1999-2001, etc.
Surface Water
CWS and NTWS
JC
Groundwater
CWS and NTWS
J
Initial
Frequency
3993-1995
4
quarterly
samples
in 1993
Begin
annual
sampling
in 1993
^^TJj^r^J Quarterly
r.rrf^r.MCJ uuarteny |^\
^^...x.^ sarnp|jng mm^
x<>^ .Y! >s_ ^^ ^- -, *
fctotiS^ 2 ^^T*^V^,;,:'' ,
KS^^^^?^^ ^- JT:???5\r?\^
1?5^.«^J^ \^%.^V ^^V« * ^v.^-^% '•J/\. ^'V 'C'^V*1*' '
P ^ •J5S%\'>S' % •JX'%' C* X-f1 "C ^^^ ^V'X'^'%1 -L ^ % ./^ ^k % v<% ^v-.w. ysrp
^ ^' ^. 4 g^> g ?
i«^'^'^"^\'^j^fw -wi^>^--^ v-vjye' vV^samples reliably Nv^WQ ^ \,
g^ ^^^^^^-V - .^,Y£i* ^ consistently ^^-SS. OVX W-^^ ^v^ v.^ ^•Cv'-\.'. ^- ^ f -, v\ •*••& •• 5^-c-> ' ••' ' '•• >' '\. ^^f v^ \ f ••-.-•
«S«^5«*%!>««^ 'iSWwi&v ^»%%V >> \ sJxSMO JVSyJSxS*1*^'™*, ,, %V ^f ; ••::,•.,'•.•• : •. ••
$$$£&* -.v5^ti-.xSx-x % TV'''' ^N^^ -^ » IX i.™^ >•*• '•• X .^^^ ' --^
^XSfi&saN^^^ss^v i^s.-*s~ ; * \,?^ "~ '' ^* "">X ' '' ' ' ' ••"' ' '' ' % "%«
'"^^^^K^f^V^" " v "^'-'X>K" '<"' "" * f -"- - ' "'' »\
^4f :K:>^A^ * ~ ^ '\" T ^ ^ Tit^ger ipr Increased
"" r^ *w^» rr -Fre^jyency"
Nitrate—3
-------
&EPA Nitrite Monitoring
EPA Phase II Fact Sheet Series (4 of 14)
October 1991
This fact sheet summarizes the monitoring requirements for nitrite as promul-
gated under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Phase II Rule.
Monitoring for nitrite begins in January 1993.
Regulated
Contaminant
MCL
1 mg/L (as Nitrogen)
Trigger
0.5 mg/L (as Nitrogen)
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWS), transient and nontransient,
noncommunity water systems (TWS and NTWS, respectively) must comply
with the monitoring requirements for nitrite.
Sampling Points
Sampling must be conducted at each entry point to the distribution system.
Sampling points must be representative of the well or source water after
treatment
Initial Base Sampling
Between 1993 and 1995, each system must take one sample. The state will
designate the year in which each system samples within this compliance
period.
Grandfathering
Not allowed.
Trigger for Increased/Decreased Sampling
The trigger for increased/decreased sampling for nitrite is 50 percent of the
MCL (Le., 0.5 mg/L). (See sidebar for MCL and trigger level.)
Repeat Base Sampling (<50% MCL)
If the results of initial sampling are less than (<) 50 percent of the MCL,
repeat sampling requirements (if any) will be at state discretion.
Increased Sampling (>50% MCL or >MCL)
1) Systems collecting any sample(s) greater than or equal to (>) 50 percent of
the MCL must sample quarterly for at least one year.
2) States may decrease the sampling frequency to annual provided the
results of four consecutive quarterly samples are "reliably and consis-
tently" below the MCL.
Nitrite—1
-------
3) Systems sampling annually must take subsequent samples during the
quarter(s) which previously yielded the highest analytical results).
Confirmation Samples
Systems must take a confirmation sample within 24 hours after the results of
the initial sample are found to be greater than or equal to (£) the MCL.
Systems unable to meet the 24-hour confirmation sampling requirement
must issue a public notice to consumers of the system and must then analyze
a confirmation sample within two weeks of receiving the results of the initial
sample.
Compliance Determination
If any sample exceeds the MCL for nitrite, systems must take a confirmation
sample. The compliance determination is based on the average of the results
of the initial and confirmation samples.
Public Notice
Any system violating the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (i.e.,
MCL, monitoring and reporting requirements, etc.) for nitrite must give
public notice. For a violation of the MCL, a system must 1) give notice by
electronic media (e.g., TV, radio) within 72 hours, 2) publish a notice in the
newspaper within 14 days, and 3) deliver a notice to each consumer within 45
days. The notice must include the specific mandatory health effects language
contained in the Phase n Rule. The public notice requirements also apply to
systems unable to take confirmation samples within a 24-hour time period
(see confirmation sample section above). For monitoring violations a system
must notify consumers via newspaper within three months. Follow-up notices
must be issued every three months for the duration of any violation. NTWS
and TWS have an additional option of posting public notices instead of using
the above delivery routes. :
Compositing
Composite samples are allowed at state discretion from no more than five
sampling points. Compositing of samples must be completed in a certified
drinking water laboratory.
1) For systems serving greater than (>) 3300 persons, compositing is only
allowed at sampling points within a single system.
2) For systems serving less than or equal to (<) 3300 persons, compositing
among different systems is permitted.
Waivers
Not allowed.
-Nitrite—Z
-------
Nitrite Monitoring Flow Chart
C
All CWS, TWS and
NTWS
J
Initial Frequency
1993-1995
Results
MCL?
Quarterly
sampling
Sample
at state
discretion
consecutive
quarterly samples
reliably and
consistently
-------
&EPA Inorganic Monitoring
EPA Phase II Fact Sheet Series (5 of 14)
October 1991
Tliis fact sheet summarizes the monitoring requirements for five inorganic chemi-
cals (barium, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and selenium) as promulgated
under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Phase II Rule. Monitor-
ing for these contaminants begins in January 1993.
Regulated
Contaminants
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWS) and nontransient, noncommunity water
systems (NTWS) must comply with the monitoring requirements for barium,
cadmium, chromium, mercury, and selenium.
Sampling Points
Sampling must be conducted at each entry point to the distribution system.
Sampling points must be representative of the well or source water after
treatment.
Initial Base Sampling
Groundwater systems must take one sample during the compliance period
1993 to 1995. The state will designate the year in which each system must
sample within this compliance period. Surface water systems must sample
annually beginning in 1993. Waivers .from sampling may be granted by the
state (see below for a summary of waiver'requirements).
Grandfathering
States may allow previous sampling data to satisfy the initial base sampling
requirements, provided at least one sample was taken after January 1, 1990.
Repeat Base Sampling
Repeat base sampling requirements are the same as those for the initial base
phase unless a waiver has been granted by the state (Le., one sample per
three-year compliance period for groundwater and one sample each year for
Contaminant
Barium
Cadium
Chromium
Mercury
Selenium
MCL
(mg/L)
2
0.005
0.1
0.002
0.05
- - — — ^ - — A 4 ^
surface water systems).
Trigger for Increased Sampling
The maximum contaminant level (MCL) for
the requirement for increased sampling (see
nants and their corresponding MCLs).
& tf
each inorganic chemical triggers
sidebar text for list of contami-
Inorganics—1
-------
Increased Sampling
1) Any system exceeding the MCL for a given contaminant must take quar-
terly samples (in the quarter immediately following the violation) until a
baseline is established (minimum of two quarters for groundwater
systems and four quarters for surface water systems).
2) If the state determines that the baseline is "reliably and consistently"
below the MCL, the sampling frequency may be reduced to the base
requirements.
Confirmation Samples
States may require a confirmation sample for. any sample that exceeds the
MCL. These confirmation samples must be taken within two weeks from the
same sampling point and as soon as possible after the initial sample. If a
confirmation sample is used, compliance is based on the average of the re-
sults of the initial and confirmation samples.
Compliance Determination
1) If a system samples more frequently than annual (i.e., quarterly), the
system would be in violation if the running annual average at any sam-
pling point exceeds the MCL.
2) If a system conducts sampling on an annual or less frequent basis, the
system would be in violation if one sample (or the average of the initial
and confirmation samples) at any point exceeds the MCL.
Public Notice
Any system violating the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (i.e.,
MCL, monitoring and reporting requirements, etc.) for one or more of the five
inorganic chemicals must give public notice. For a MCL violation, systems
must issue a public notice that includes the specific mandatory health-effects:
language .contained in the Phase II Rule. Systems must publish the.notice in
the newspaper within 14 days and deliver the notice to consumers within 45
days. For monitoring violations, systems must notify consumers through
major newspapers within three months. Follow-up notices must be issued
every three months for the duration of any violation. NTWS have additional
options of hand delivering or continuously posting public notices instead of
using the above deli very routes.
Compositing
Composite samples are allowed at state discretion from no more than five
sampling points. Compositing of samples must be completed in a certified
drinking water laboratory.
1) For systems serving greater than (>) 3300 persons, compositing is only
allowed at sampling points within a single system.
2) For systems serving less than or equal to (£) 3300 persons, compositing
among different systems is permitted.
-------
Waivers
States may grant "waivers by rule" to systems that are effective up to nine
years (or one compliance cycle) for each of the five inorganic contaminants. In
order to qualify for a waiver, a system must have three previous compliance
samples (including one taken after January 1,1990), and all previous analyti-
cal results must be below the MCL (see grandfathering section above). The
waiver must be granted at the beginning of the year in which the system is
scheduled to sample, otherwise the system is subject to base sampling re-
quirements. As a condition of the waiver, systems must take at least one
sample during the nine-year waiver period.
The state must consider the following in making the "waiver by rule" determi-
nation:
1) reported concentrations from all previous monitoring,
2) degree of variation in reported concentrations, and
3) other factors which may affect contaminant concentrations (i.e., ground-
water pumping rates, changes in the system's configuration, changes in
the system's operating procedures, or changes in stream flows or charac-
teristics).
Inorganics—3
-------
Standardized Monitoring Framework:
Inorganics (CWS and NTWS)
fff> f f ffff'
Vff^ sAfs/S
?"^y/"
" * * f
Sffffffff ? S
0)
1 . First 9 - year Compliance Cycl
ns Second
'ear Cycle
a>T
CALENDAR
YEAR
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
s J, -. •""
: sfSfYrJfSt* *
-------
Inorganic Monitoring Flow Chart
Initial Frequency
1993-1995
All CWS and NTWS
(beginning 1993)
3 rounds
of previous
dataMCL?
Quarterly
sampling
1 sample
while waiver
in effect or at
e discre-
tion
RelialDly
consistent!
-------
&EPA
Volatile Organic Chemical
Monitoring
EPA Phase II Fact Sheet Series (6 of 14)
October 1991
This fact sheet summarizes the monitoring requirements jbr 10 volatile organic chemicals
(VOCs) as promulgated under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Phase II
Rule in January 1991. These requirements also apply to the eight VOCs contained under,
EPA's Phase I Rule which was promulgated in July 1987. Monitoring for the 18 VOCs in
accordance with the Standardized Monitoring Framework begins in January 1993.
Regulated
Contaminants
Eight Original.VOCs
MCL
(mg/L)
Benzene 0.005
Carbon tetrachloride 0,005
1,2-Dichloroethane '0.005
1,1-Dichloroethylene 0.007
para-Dichlorobenzene 0.075
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.20
Trichloroethylene 0.005
Vinyl chloride 0.002
Ten New VOCs MCL (mg/L)
cis-l,2-Dichloroethylene 0.07
1,2-Dichloropropane 0.005
Ethylbenzene 0.7
Monochlorobenzene 0.1
o-Dichlorobenzene 0.6
Styrene 0.1
Tetrachloroethylene 0.005
Toluene 1
Trans-1,2-
Dichloroethylene 0.1
Xylenes (total) 10
NOTE: The method detection
limit (MDL) for all 18 volatile
organics is 0.0005 mg/L.
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWS) and nontransient, noncommunity water
systems (NTWS) must comply with the monitoring requirements for volatile
organic chemicals.
Sampling Points
Sampling must be conducted at each entry point to the distribution system.
Sampling points must be representative of the well or source water after
treatment.
Initial Base Sampling
Between 1993 and 1995, all systems must take four consecutive quarterly
samples fareach of .the 10 new (Phase n) contaminants unless 1) a waiver has
been granted by the state (see waiver requirements below) or 2) the system
has previous sampling data enabling it to qualify for reduced sampling (see
grandfathering section below). The state will designate the year in which each
system samples within this compliance period
Grandfathering
States may allow sampling data collected after January 1,1988 to satisfy the
initial requirements. If the initial samples for the new organics are completed
by December 31,1992 and the system did not detect any of the organics, then
the system need only take one sample annually beginning January 1,1993.
Trigger for Increased/Decreased Sampling
The method detection limit (MDL) is the trigger for increased/decreased
sampling for each of the volatile organics. [See sidebar for a list of contami-
nants and their corresponding maTimyim contaminant levels (MCLs) and
MDL].
Volatile Organic Chemicals—1
-------
Repeat Base Sampling (no detects)
Systems would continue taking four consecutive quarterly samples during
subsequent three-year compliance periods. However, if contaminants are not
detected during the initial round of sampling, states may allow systems to
decrease their sampling frequency beginning in the 1996 compliance period as
follows:
1) Groundwater systems must take at least one sample annually. After
three years of annual sampling and no previous detection, groundioater
systems can further reduce their sampling frequency to one sample per
compliance period.
2) Surface water systems must sample annually.
Increased Sampling (if detected or MCL exceeded)
If contaminants are detected at or above the MDL or if the MCL is exceeded,
then systems must sample quarterly beginning in the next quarter.
1) Systems remain on quarterly sampling until a baseline is established
(minimum of two quarters for groundivater systems and four quarters for
surface water systems).
2) If the baseline indicates a system is "reliably and consistently" below the
MCL, the state may reduce the system's sampling frequency to annual.
(Annual sampling must be conducted during the quarter which previously
yielded the highest analytical result.)
3) Systems which have three consecutive annual samples with no detection
may apply to the state for a waiver (see waiver requirements below).
4) If any detection exceeds the MCL, both groundwater and surface water
systems must take four consecutive quarterly samples until a reliable
baseline is established.
Confirmation Samples
States inay require a confirmation sample for positive or negative results. If
taken, the compliance determination must be based on the average of the
results of the initial and cbnfirmatidii samples: •;•-•'• '"'•
Compliance Determination
1) If a system samples more frequently than annually (quarterly or semi-
annually), the system is in violation if the running annual average at any
sampling point exceeds the MCL.
2) If a system samples on an annual or less frequent basis (Le., one sample
per compliance period), the system is in violation if one sample (or the
average of the original and confirmation samples) at any point exceeds the
MCL.
Public Notice
Any system violating any National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (MCL,
monitoring and reporting requirements, etc.) for one or more of the VOCs must
give public notice. For a MCL violation, systems must issue a public notice
that includes the specific mandatory health effects language contained in the
Phase II Rule. Systems must publish the notice in the newspaper within 14
Volatile Qr&wit €hctnicals—2
-------
days and deliver the notice to consumers within 45 days. For monitoring
violations, systems must notify consumers through major newspapers within
three months. Follow-up notices must be issued every three months for the
duration of any violation. NTWS have additional options of hand delivering or
continuously posting public notices instead of using the above delivery routes.
Compositing
Composite samples are allowed at state discretion from no more than five
sampling points. Compositing of samples must be completed in a certified
drinking water laboratory.
1) For systems serving greater than (>) 3300 persons, compositing is only
allowed at sampling points within a single system.
2) For systems serving less than or equal to (<) 3300 persons, compositing
among different systems is permitted.
Waivers
Systems can apply to the state for a waiver from initial and repeat base
sampling frequencies. Systems are eligible for both "use" and "susceptibil-
ity" waivers provided a vulnerability assessment has been conducted. Sys-
tems are eligible for waivers beginning in the compliance period 1993 to 1995.
Waivers are effective for two compliance periods, provided the waiver condi-
tions are met. Waivers must be renewed in subsequent compliance periods or
the system must conduct sampling that is commensurate with base require-
ments.
Use Waivers
A state may grant a "use" waiver after determining that volatile organics
were not used previously in the water supply area (i.e., the contaminant was
not used, manufactured, stored or disposed). Systems ineligible for a "use"
waiver can apply for a waiver based on "susceptibility,"
Susceptibility Waivers
"Susceptibility" waivers are contingent on the conduct of a thorough vulner-
ability assessment which considers prior analytical and/or vulnerability
assessment results (including those of surrounding systems), environmental
persistence and transport, how well the source is protected, Wellhead Protec-
tion Assessments, and proximity to sources of contamination. If a waiver is
granted based on susceptibility, sampling requirements are eliminated for the
compliance period in which the waiver was granted.
Sampling Frequency with Waivers
Groundwater systems that have been granted a six-year waiver are re-
quired to sample once during the waiver period and must update the vulner-
ability assessment at the midpoint or three year mark of the six-year period.
Surface water systems with a three-year waiver are required to sample only
at the discretion of the state.
Volatile Organic Chemicals—3
-------
Standardized Monitoring Framework:
Volatile Organic Chemicals (CWS and NTWS)
CALENDAR
YEAR
BASE REQUIREMENTS
ALL SYSTEMS
1
REDUCED MONITORING
ALL SYSTEMS * GW SYSTEMS
WAIVERS
1
(Based on VA)
SW o GW
1991
1992
1997
4 quarterly
samples at each
sampling point
1998
1 sample at
each sampling
point.
, sample
1 sample
co
0)
t
1999
a>
2000
m b
4 quarterly
samples at each
sampling point
• T sample
2001
ling
: State >
discretion J
2002
2003
2004
h
5|
-------
Volatile Organic Chemical Monitoring
Flow Chart
Initial Frequency
1993-1995
All CWS and NTWS
(beginning 1993)
Previous
data collected
1988-1992 with
no detections?
Begin
annual
sampling
in 1993
consecutive
quarterly
samples
Continue with 4
consecutive qtrty
samples-per period
or
Detect
>MDL?
Quarterly
sampling
SW: Annual
GW: Annual; 3 consec.
samples with no
detects eligible to
sample once per
compliance period
GW: 1 sample/6
year; update
VA at midpoint
of 6-year period
SW: State discretion
Relialaly
and consistent!
«ift
f^^^J^oME?*
Annual
sampling
ON % X K T^ V?VX ** '••0*0'*^ OWE^
30^0^ W^bSSo^l-iJLillr,
Repeat Frequency
1996-1998,1999-2001, etc.
Volatile Organic Chemicals—5
-------
v>EPA
Pesticide Monitoring
EPA Phase II Fact Sheet Series (7 of 14)
October 1991
This fact sheet summarizes the monitoring requirements for 17 pesticides (12 new
and five revised) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as promulgated under the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Phase U Rule. Monitoring for the
pesticides and PCBs begins in January 1993.
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWS) and nontransient, noncommunity water
systems (NTWS) must comply with the monitoring requirements for pesti-
cides and PCBs.
Sampling Points
Sampling must be conducted at each entry point to the distribution system.
Sampling points must be representative of the well or source water after
treatment.
Initial Base Sampling
Between 1993 and 1995, all systems must take an initial round of four con-
secutive quarterly samples unless a waiver has been granted by the state (see
below for summary of waiver requirements). The state will designate the year
in which each system samples within this compliance period.
Grandfathering
States may allow sampling data, collected after January 1,1990 to satisfy the
initial base sampling requirements.
Trigger for Increased/Decreased Sampling
The method detection limit. (MDL) is the trigger for increased/decreased
sampling for each pesticide or PCB [see table on following page for a list of
contaminants and their corresponding ma-gimnm contaminant levels (MCLs)
and MDLs].
Repeat Base Sampling (no detects)
Systems would continue taking four consecutive quarterly samples during
subsequent three-year compliance periods. However, if contaminants are not
detected during the initial round of sampling, states may allow systems to
decrease their sampling frequency beginning in the 1996 compliance period as
follows:
1) Systems that serve greater than (>) 3300 persons may reduce their sam-
pling frequencies to two quarterly samples in one year per compliance
period.
Pesticides—1
-------
2) Systems that serve less than or equal to (<) 3300 persons may reduce
their sampling frequencies to one sample in each compliance period.
Regulated Contaminants
Contaminant
MCL1 (m/L)
MDL2(mg/L)
Alachlor
Aldicarb
Aldicarb sulfoxide
Aldicarb sulfone
Atrazine
Carbofuran
Chlordane
Dibromochloropropane (DPCP)
2,4-D
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
HeptacbJor
Heptachlor epoxide
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Pentachlorophenol
Toxaphene
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)
0.002
0.003*
0.004*
0.002*
0.003
0.04
0.002
0.0002
0.07
0.00005
0.0004
0.0002
0.0002
0.04
0.0005
0.001*
0.003
0.05
0.0002
0.0005
0.0005
0.0008
0.0001
0.0009
0.0002
0.00002
0.0001
0.00001
0.00004
0.00002
0.00002
0.0001
0.0001
0.00004
0.001
0.0002
'MCL^Maximum Contaminant Level
1MDL=Method Detection Limit
*MCLs for aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone and pentachlorophenol were promul-
gated July 1,1991 and will take effect January 1, 1993. The MCLs for the other contami-
nants were revised or promulgated January 30,1991 and will take effect July 30,1992.
Increased Sampling (if detected or MCL exceeded)
If contaminants are detected or if the MCL is exceeded in any-sample; then
systems must sample quarterly beginning in the.next quarter. Systems are to
sample quarterly until a baseline is established (itonimum of two quarters for
groundwater systems and four quarters for surface water systems).
1) If the baseline indicates a system is "reliably and consistently" below the
MCL, the state may reduce the system's sampling frequency to annual.
(Annual sampling must be conducted during the quarter which previously
yielded the highest analytical result.)
2) Systems which have three consecutive annual samples with no detection
can apply to the state for a waiver.
Confirmation Samples
States may require a confirmation sample for positive or negative results. If a
confirmation sample is used, the compliance determination is based on the
average of the results of the initial and confirmation samples.
Compliance Determination
1) If a system samples more frequently than annual (i.e., quarterly or semi-
annually), the system is in violation if the running annual average at any
sampling point exceeds the MCL.
-------
2) If a system conducts sampling on an annual or less frequent basis (Le.,
one sample per compliance period), the system is in violation if one sample
(or the average of the initial and confirmation samples) at any point
exceeds the MCL.
Public Notice
Any system violating a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (i.e.,
MCL, monitoring and reporting requirements, etc.) for one or more of the 17
pesticides and PCBs must give public notice. For a MCL violation, systems
must issue a public notice that includes the specific mandatory health effects
language contained in the Phase n Rule. Systems must publish the notice in
the newspaper within 14 days and deliver the notice to consumers within 45
days. For monitoring violations, systems must notify consumers through
major newspapers within three months. Follow-up notices must be issued
every three months for the duration of any violation. NTWS have additional
options of hand delivering or continuously posting public notices instead of
using the above delivery routes.
Compositing
Composite samples are allowed at state discretion from no more than five
sampling points. Compositing of samples must be completed in a certified
drinking water laboratory.
1) For systems serving greater than (>) 3300 persons, compositing is only
allowed at sampling points within a single system.
2) For systems serving less than or equal to (<) 3300 persons, compositing
among different systems is permitted.
Waivers
Systems can apply to the state for a waiver from initial and repeat base
sampling frequencies. Systems are eligible for both "use" and "susceptibil-
ity" waiters provided the system has conducted a vulnerability assessment.
Systems are eligible for waivers beginning in the initial compliance period,
1993 to 1995..Waivers are effective for one compliance period; they must be
renewed in subsequent compliance periods or the system must conduct sam-
pling that is commensurate with base requirements. Systems receiving a
waiver are not required to sample.
Use Waivers
When a system, on the basis of a vulnerability assessment, demonstrates that
the regulated pesticide/PCB has not been used in the water supply area (i.e.,
the contaminant was not used, manufactured, stored or disposed of in the
area), the system can apply to the state for a "use" waiver. Systems not
eligible for "use" waivers may still qualify for a waiver by evaluating suscepti-
bility (see below).
Susceptibility Waivers
"Susceptibility" waivers are contingent on the conduct of a thorough vulner-
ability assessment Such a vulnerability assessment must consider prior
analytical and/or vulnerability assessment results (including those of sur-
rounding systems), environmental persistence and transport, how well the
source is protected, Wellhead Protection Assessments, and proximity of the
supply to sources of contamination.
Pesticides—3
-------
Standardized Monitoring Framework:
Pesticides (CWS anrj NTWS)
CALENDAR
YEAR
BASE REQUIREMENTS:
All SYSTEMS
REDUCED MONITORING:
SYSTEMS WTTH NO
PREVIOUS DETECTION
WAIVERS
1991
1992
1993
a>
t
1994
4 quarterly
samples at each
sampling point
Not Applicable
1995
r
Waiver
(D
O
.g
o.
o
O
b
tn
uL
1996
1997
a»
"6-i
4 quarteriy
samples at each
sampling point
1998
Systems Serving:
> 3,300 - 2 samples at
each sampling point
$ 3.300-1 sample at
each sampling point
Waiver
1999
a>
2000
4 quarterly
samples at each
sampling point
2001
Systems Serving:
> 3^300 - 2 samples at
each sampling point
< 3.300-1 sample at
each sampling point
Waiver
T5 0)
su
go
t
2002
2003
2004
a>
IT,
(D
a
4 quarteriy
samples at each
sampling point
Systems Serving:
> 3.300 - 2 samples at
each sampling point
< 3,300 -1 sample at
each sampling point
Waiver
NOTES • States will designate the year during each compliance period In which
each system must sample.
• EPA is requiring states to schedule one-third of their systems for sampling in
1993, another one-third in 1994, and the final one-third in 1995.
• Based on 'use' and/or
'susceptibility1 assessment
(No Samples Required)
-------
Pesticide Monitoring Flow Chart
Initial Frequency
1993-1995
All CWS and NTWS
(beginning 1993)
No
sampling
while waiver
in effect
Waiver?
(effective 1 period)
consecutive
quarterly
samples
f •>•'% -f , X. \\i \av\\\%%*^^\v^^Ci.}.','.\\^«.v$j;^ "w ,$y!!^f-vty • ^^ *•*
No
sampling
white waiver
in effect
i^iSiirlS^S^2< Reliably >cr
<^-?'" ^A •f%%-.<; <""-*^ '^•^i^"-^_^'^vi^ i- f" j_ *"* ^S> ->V.vSv> v: ^ ^vb.* V> v. > X^ v% _ w» -.NO ^W .^^
Waiver?
(effective 1 period)
consecutive
annual samples
with no
etection?
^.^ff^y-,
. f . s. ^ S- f f f ,;-f *j*$ */;*;}, \
^V«?-r^,Y'*''
' ^ t'- " 'v '//, ',,,
^%% s Jf\* ^^f-. ' '• ~" •• *'-. '
?^Vwi^?^^^rv 5-,''V",7^^^: "
•^fT •••>• >\%%* <$ ^ ™ ^ WW.W.VW.V1. \ %\V ^>%"--U -U1.-L%\1. ^ V. -L^ V. T.V f \S. _..%V V%>\ % ^t
^X^X^-v' C"1 -. % % •k**^'%.0'NS v£\ *~' ^ '.'.•. v^vi^ f f
^> -^\ ••v-xa^\ \ o x%>* "•%
-------
&EPA
Unregulated Contaminant
Monitoring
EPA Phase II Fact Sheet Series (8 of 14)
October 1991
This fact sheet summarizes the one-time monitoring requirements for 24 organic
and six. inorganic chemicals as promulgated under the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) Phase n Rule, Monitoring for these contaminants
begins in January 1993.
Unregulated
Contaminants
Organics (Pesticides)
Aldrin
Benzo(a)pyrene
Butachlor
Carbaryl
Dalapon
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
Di(2ethylhexyl)phthalates
Dicamba
Dieldrin ' .
Dinoseb
Diquat
Endothall"
Glyphosate
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
3-Hydroxycarbofuran
Methomyl
Metolachlor
Metribuzin
Oxamyl (vydate)
Picloram
Propachlor
Simazine
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
Inorganics
Antimony
Beryllium
Nickel
Sulfate
Thallium
Cyanide
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWS) and nontransient, noncommunity water
systems (NTWS) must conduct monitoring for the 24 organic and six inor-
ganic chemicals (see sidebar for lists of contaminants).
Sampling Points
Sampling must be conducted at each entry point to the distribution system.
Sampling points must be representative of the well or source water after
treatment.
Sampling Requirements
All systems must conduct a one-time round of sampling, unless a waiver has
been granted by the state (see below for summary of waiver requirements).
The specific sampling requirements are:
1) For the 24 organic chemicals, systems must take four consecutive quar-
terly samples and report the results to the state.
2) For the six inorganic chemicals, systems must take one sample and report
the results to the state.
3) Sampling must be completed no later than December 31,1995.
Confirmation Samples
The state may require a confirmation sample for positive or negative results.
Compositing
Composite samples are allowed at state discretion from no more than five
sampling points. Compositing of samples must be completed in a certified
drinking water laboratory.
1) For systems serving greater than (>) 3300 persons, compositing is only
allowed at sampling points within a single system.
2) For systems serving less than or equal to (<) 3300 persons, compositing
among different systems is permitted.
Unregulated Contaminants—1
-------
Waivers
Systems may apply to the state for a waiver from the sampling requirements,
Such waivers may be granted for either the organics or inorganics, or both, as
described below. Sampling is not required for systems that have received a
waiver.
1) Waiver for Organics: When a system can rule out previous use of the
chemical in the water supply area (i.e., the contaminant was not used,
manufactured, stored or disposed of in the area), the system can apply to
the state for a "use" waiver. If previous use is unknown, then systems may
still qualify for a waiver by evaluating susceptibility. "Susceptibility"
waivers are contingent on the conduct of a thorough vulnerability assess-
ment. The state may grant a "susceptibility" waiver based on an evaluation
of prior analytical and/or vulnerability assessment results (including those
of surrounding systems), environmental persistence and transport, how
well the source is protected, Wellhead Protection Assessments, and prox-
imity to sources of contamination.
2) Waiver for Inorganics: The state may grant a waiver if previous analyti-
cal results indicate contamination would not occur, provided this data was
collected after January 1,1990.
3) Waiver for Very Small Systems: Systems serving fewer than 150 service
connections may obtain a waiver by sending a letter to the state indicating
that the system is available for sampling. This letter must be sent to the
state by January 1,1994.
Unregulated Contaminants—2
-------
Standardized Monitoring Framework:
Unregulated Contaminants (CWS and NTWS)
CALENDAR
YEAR
BASE REQUIREMENTS:
ALL SYSTEMS
Organtes
Inorganics
WAIVERS
1991
1992
.0
o
0
o
.g
a
o
O
b
0
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
a>
II
o
t
4 quarterly
samples at each
sampling point
1 sample at each
sampling point
r
Waiver
I
1
I
a>
a>
T3 0
23 "
t
2002
2003
2004
'-' i r,/, *, "-I",« * w ',f"/7"'
^/^'^^'^'^/^',^y^,//;^/r'
*.V J/fJJS jtfyffff f ttffjp j$f"t£f, .
NOTES • States will designate the year during each compliance period In which
each system must sample.
• EPA b requiring states to schedule one-third of their systems for sampBng
In 1993, another one-third In 1994, and the fhal one-third In 1995.
Based on 'use' and/or
'susceptibility" assessment
(No Samples Required)
Unregulated Contaminants—3
-------
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Flow Chart — Organics (Pesticides)
Initial Frequency
1993-1995
All CWS and NTWS
YES 7 System size
<150 connections?
Send letter of
availability to
state
.4
consecutive
qtriy samples
during initial
period
No
sampling
required
^--:- "' «*<*$'v.*v^*»£ ,/v v^rV^*^ x-^r
- ^v^\ ^v**-: *#* i&vv**
•.'$.•.,"/# t'}.}'q?,-';''{ *^ '}','".;' '"4&^*<.& V"'\"r^
'•* "*•?" ^ ""v. •^•' ''^ r ',A ^ >. ^ f f.
;;£*•...,&& , *«?,,', v „','•• •••• .>v':
'?••?%<;''•.•.,&;? f <%$,,', v V" •-••,
a* jHtof - ^ '^ s * ->xX <•> % j~* -^ %
f fvf S •,'& f f w ^
% "-',-Wv™ ', s X<"', ^/ •?"
~""$T^' /',',' ^ -"'"•>/'CJ/* -f" ^
Repeat Frequency
1996-1998,1999-2001, etc.
Unregulated ConU
-------
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Flow Chart — Inorganics
Initial Frequency
1993-1995
All CWS and NTWS
System size
<150 connections?
Send letter of
availability to
state
Previous data X. KES
with no detects?
No
sampling
required
One sample
during initial
period
C^A^S '"y< f^i^^^^^^^^^"
NoMCL
established
State
discretion
S5>X*J^ >xv S"^ "• " ^ %^ ^\X^ oCcfi."J ^O'C "
-------
&EPA Analytical Methods
EPA Phase II Fact Sheet Series (9 of 14)
October 1991
This fact sheet summarizes the analytical requirements for 38 synthetic
organic and inorganic chemicals as promulgated under the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency's (EPA) Phase II Rule. The fact sheet also contains
recent corrections in methods for sample preservation and analysis.
Laboratory Certification
Analyses of monitoring samples for compliance purposes may only be con-
ducted by laboratories which have been certified by the state or EPA.
To receive approval for inorganic chemical (IOC) analyses, a laboratory must:
• Analyze a set of IOC performance evaluation (PE) samples supplied by
EPA or the state using the methods listed in Table 1;
• Achieve acceptance limits (ALs) established for each inorganic contami-
nant as listed in Table 1; and
• Pass an on-site inspection.
To receive certification for volatile organic chemical (VOC) analyses, a labora-
tory must:
• Analyze a set of VOC PE samples supplied by EPA or the state using
the methods listed in Table 2;
• Achieve a ±20 percent AL on 80 percent of all Phase I and Phase II
VOCs, except vinyl chloride, when the actual amount is £0.010 mg/L;
• Achieve a ±40 percent AL on 80 percent of all Phase I and Phase n
VOCs, except vinyl chloride, when the actual amount is <0.010 mg/L;
• Achieve a method detection limit (MDL) of 0.0005 mg/L; and
• Pass an on-site inspection.
To receive certification for synthetic organic chemicals (SOC) analyses [i.e.,
pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)], a laboratory must:
• Analyze a set of SOC performance samples supplied by EPA or the
state using the methods listed in Table 3;
• Achieve ALs as Listed in Table 3 for each substance;
• Achieve MDLs for each substance as listed in Table 3; and
• Pass an on-site inspection.
State Laboratory Program Requirements
As part of their primary enforcement responsibilities, states must:
• assure the availability of sufficient qualified lab facilities to meet the
state's analytical needs;
Analytical Methods—1
-------
establish and maintain a certification program for laboratories, except
where all analyses are conducted by state laboratories; and
designate ofiicial(s) to be responsible for this program.
Cost-Effective Analytical Strategies
To minimize analytical costs, labs may select an approved analytical method
which measures the greatest number of contaminants for which a system is
vulnerable. For example, EPA Method 505 can be used to measure alachlor,
atrazine, chlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, methoxychlor,
and toxaphene. Method 505 can also be used as a screen for PCBs.
(Note: Additional information on VOC analysis is available in How to Convert
From THM to VOC Purge and Trap Gas Chromatographic Analysis. EPA 570/
9-88-011. Available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline, 1-800-4264791.)
Compositing
Composite samples are allowed at state discretion from no more than five
sampling points. Compositing of samples must be completed in a certified
drinking water laboratory.
1) For systems greater than (>) 3300 persons, compositing is only allowed
at sampling points within a single system.
2) For systems serving less than or equal to (<) 3300 persons, compositing
among different systems is permitted.
Sample Preservation
Preservation and other parameters for inorganic and organic samples are
summarized in the following two tables. For the exact preservation procedure
for a contaminant, consult the methods given in Tables 3,4, and 5.
Table 1. Inorganic Sample Preservation
Contaminant
Preservative
Time
Asbestos
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Fluoride
Mercury
Nitrate:
Chlorinated
Non-chlorinated
Nitrite
Selenium
Cool, 4° C
Conc.HN03topH<2
Conc.HN03topH<2
Conc.HN03topH<2
None
Conc.HN03topH<2
Cool, 4° C
Cone. H2S04 to pH<2
Cool, 4° C
Cone. HN03 to pH<2
6 Months
6 Months
6 Months
1 Month
28 Days
28 Days
14 Days
48 Hours
6 Months
Containers may be plastic or glass.
Analytical Methods—2
-------
Table 2. Organic Sample Preservation
Chemical
Method
Preservative
Container Size
(all are glass)
Sample
Hold Time
and Temperature
VOCs j A11VOC
Methods
Alachlor 505
507
525.1
Aldicarb 531.1
Aldicarb 531.1
sulfone
Aldicarb 531.1
sulfoxide ;
Atrazine :- 505
507
525.1
Carbofuran 531.1
Chlordane 505
508
525.1
Dibromochloro- 504
propane
Ethylene 504
dibromide
Heptachlor 505
508
525.1
Heptachlor 505
epoxide 508
• 525.1
Ldndane 505
508
525.1
Methoxychlor 505
508
525.1
Pentachloro- 515.1
phenol 525.1
PCB (screen) 505
508
PCB (aroclors) 508A
Toxaphene 505
508
\ 525.1
2,4-D i 515.1
2,4,5-TP (Silvex) ! 515.1
Dechlorinate*,
acidify with HCL
Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Thiosulfate and HgCl,
Sodium Thiosulfate and HC1
Sodium Thiosulfate and pH 3
Sodium Thiosulfate and pH 3
Sodium Thiosulfate and pH 3
Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Thiosulfate and HgCl,
Sodium Thiosulfate and HC1
Sodium Thiosulfate and pH 3
Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Thiosulfate and HgCl,
Sodium Thiosulfate and HC1
Sodium Thiosulfate and HC1
Sodium Thiosulfate and HC1
Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Thiosulfate and HgCl,
Sodium Thiosulfate and HC1
Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Thiosulfate and HgCl,
Sodium Thiosulfate and HC1
Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Thiosulfate and HgCl,
Sodium Thiosulfate and HC1
Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Thiosulfate and HgCl,
Sodium Thiosulfate and HC1
Sodium Thiosulfate and HgCla
Sodium Thiosulfate and HC1
Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Thiosulfate and HgCl,
No Chemicals
Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium Thiosulfate and HgCl,,
Sodium Thiosulfate and HC1
Sodium Thiosulfate and HgCl2
Sodium Thiosulfate and HgCl,
40 to .120 mL vials
40 mL bottle
1 L bottle
1 L or 1 qt. bottle
60 mL vial
60 mL vial
60 mL vial
40 mL bottle
1 L bottle
1 L or 1 qt. bottle
60 mL vial
40 mL bottle
1 L bottle
1 L or 1 qt. bottle
40 mL bottles
40 mL bottles
40 mL bottle
1 L bottle
1 L or 1 qt. bottle
40 mL bottle
1 L bottle
1 Lor 1 qt. bottle
40 mL bottle
1 L bottle
1 L or 1 qt. bottle
40 mL bottle
1 L bottle
1 L or 1 qt. bottie
1 L bottle
1 L or 1 qt. bottle
40 mL bottle
1 L bottle
1 L bottle
; 40 mL bottle
: 1 L bottle
i 1 L or 1 qt. bottle
i 1 L bottle
\ 1 L bottle
i 14 d., 4°C
! 14 d., 4°C
i 14 d., 4°C
! 7 d., 4°C
i 28 i, -10°C
I 28 A, -10°C
28 d., -10°C
: 14 d., 4°C
i 14 A, 4°C
j 7 d., 4°C
\ 28 d., -10°C
! 14 d., 4°C
! 7 d., 4°C
i 7 d., 4°C
i 28 d., 4°C
\ 28 d., 4°C
I 7 d., 4°C
; 7 d., 4°C
\ 7 d., 4°C
14 d., 4°C
1 7d.,4°C
f 7d.,49C
1 14 i, 4°C
i 7d.,4°C '
! 7 d., 4°C
i 14 d., 4°C
! 7 d., 4°C
1 7 d., 4°C
\ 14 d., 4°C
j 7 d., 4°C
: 14 d., 4°C
\ 1 d., 4°C
! 14 d., 4°C
! 14 d., 4°C
i 7 d., 4°C
j 7 d., 4°C
j 14 d., 4°C
\ 14 d., 4°C
* Dechlorinate if the sample contains a chlorine residual. Ascorbic acid may NOT be suitable for all finished waters.
Analytical Methods—3
-------
Table 3. Inorganic Analytical Methods
Acceptance Method
MCL Limit Detection Limit
Anaiyte Method* Tvoe' (mg/L) (i?/«) (mg/L)
Asbestos
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Mercury
Nitrate
Nitrite
Selenium
TEM1
200.7
208.1
208.2
SM-3046
SM-303C5
200.7
213.1
213.2
SM-3042-6
200.7
218.1
218.2
SM-3045
245.1
245.2
300.0
353.1
353.2
353.3
WeWWG-58806
B-10114
300.0
353.2
353.3
354.1
B-10114
270.2
SM-3043-6
TEM
ICP
DAAA
GFAA
GFAA
DAAA
ICP
DAAA
GFAA
GFAA
ICP
DAAA
GFAA
GFAA
MCV
ACV
1C
AHR
ACR
MCR
ISE
1C
1C
ACR
MCR
SPEC
1C
GFAA
GFAA .
7MFL
2
0.005
0.1
0.002
10(asN)
l(asN)
0.05
' •
2c** | 0.01 MFL
15 ! 0.002
20
15
30
10
15
20
O.I
0.002
0.002
0.03
0.001
0.005
0.0001
0.0001
0.007
0.05
0.001
0.002
0.0002
0.0002
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.01
i
0.0003
0.004
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.003
0.002
•:. 0:002 ••; .
* NOTE: All methods are EPA methods unless otherwise indicated and may be found in: Methods of Chemical Analysis of Water
and Wastes, EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cinciiinati; OH 45268, (EPA 600/4-79-020), March 1983.
For recent revisions to this manual, see Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples, EPA Environmen-
tal Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, (EPA 600/4-91-010), June 1991. Available from EPA's Center for
Environmental Research Information, telephone: (513) 569-7355.
** (^-'Standard Deviations"
1 Analytical Method for Determination of Asbestos Fibers in Water, EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, 30613,
EPA 600/4-83-043, September 1983. Also available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, VA 22161 (Publication No. PB83-260-471. Price $31).
2 The addition of 1 mL of 30% H2O, for each 100 mL of standards and samples is required before analysis.
3 Prior to dilution of the Se calibration standard, add 2 mL of 30% H,0, for each 100 mL of standard.
4 Waters Test Method for the Determination of Nitrate/Nitrite in Water Using Single Column Ion Chromatography, Method B-
1011, Mfllipore Corp., Waters Chromatography Division, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757.
5 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th Edition, 1985.
6 Orion Guide to Water and Wastewater Analysis, Orion Research Inc., Cambridge, MA, 1985.
T Method Type Key
ACR Automated Cadmium Reduction
ACV Automated Cold Vapor
AHR Automated Hydrazine Reduction
DAAA Atomic Absorption; Direct Aspiration
GFAA Atomic Absorption; Graphite Furnace MCR
1C Ion Chromatography MCV
ICP Inductively-Coupled Plasma SPEC
ISE Ion Selective Electrode TEM
Manual Cadmium Reduction
Manual Cold Vapor
Spectrophotometric
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Analytical Methods—4
-------
Table 4. Volatile Organic Analytical Methods
Analyte
Approved EPA Methods MCL
Column Type (mg/L)
Acceptance
Umit
Method
Detection Limit
(mg/L)
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
p-Dichlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1 -Dichloroethylene
cis-l,2-Dichloroethylene
trans-l,2-Dichloroethylene
1,2-Dichloropropane
Ethylbenzene
Monochlorobenzene
Styrene
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroe thane
Trichloroethylene
Toluene
Vinyl Chloride
Xylenes (total)
Packed
503.1, 524.1
502.1, 524.1
502.1, 503.1, 524.1
502.1, 503.1, 524.1
502.1, 524.1
502.1, 524.1
502.1, 524.1
502.1, 524.1
502.1, 524.1
503.1, 524.1
502.1, 503.1, 524.1
503.1, 524.1
502.1, 503.1, 524.1
502.1, 524.1
502.1, 503.1, 524.1
503.1, 524.1
502.1, 524.1
503.1, 524.1
Capillary
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
502.2, 524.2
0.005
0.005
0.075
0.6
0.005
0.007
0.07
0.1
0.005
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.005
0.2
0.005
1
0.002
10
All VOCs:
±20% at 2.
0.010 mg/L
±40% at <
0.010 mg/L
All VOCs:
0.0005
Table 5. Synthetic Organic Analytical Methods
Analyte
EPA
Method
MCL
(mg/L)
Acceptance
Limit
Method
Detection Umit
(mg/L)
Alachlor
Aldicarb
Aldicarb sulfone
Aldicarb sulfpxide
Atrazine
Carbofuran
Chlordane
Dibromochloropropane
Ethylene dibromide
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Pentachlorophenol
PCBs (screening, Aroclors):
1016
1221
1232
1242
1248
1254
1260
PCBs (decachlorobiphenyl)
Toxaphene
2,4-D
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)
505,507,525.1
531.1
531.1
531.1
505, 507,525.1
531.1
505, 508,525.1
504
504
505,508,525.1
505, 508,525.1
505, 508,525.1
505, 508,525.1
515.1, 525.1
505,508
508A
505, 508,525.1
515.1
515.1
0.002
0.003
0.002
0.004
0.003
0.04
0.002
0.0002
0.00005
0.0004
0.0002
0.0002
0.04
0.001
45
2o*
2
-------
&EPA
State Primacy
Requirements
EPA Phase II Fact Sheet Series (10 of 14)
October 1991
This fact sheet summarizes the state primacy requirements as promulgated
under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Phase II Rule.
These requirements will take effect on July 30, 1992.
Implementation Schedule
April 30,1992 -» Final state primacy applications submitted to EPA.
July 30,1992
Federal rules become effective and state rules to be
adopted.
Regulatory Requirements
The Phase n Rule requires that states adopt regulations by July 30,1992
which are at least as stringent as the following sections:
141.23-Inorganic Monitoring 141.40-Unregulated Monitoring
141.24-Organic Monitoring
141.32-Public Notification
141.61-Organic Maximum Contaminant
Levels
141.62—Inorganic Maximum Contaminant
Levels
In addition, Phase n requires that the following conditions be met before a
state's primacy application is approved by EPA:
Recordkeeping Requirements (§142.14)
For each public water system, the state must maintain the following records
for 12 years:
• Analytical results of monitoring for all Phase n contaminants.
• The most recent vulnerability determination.
• All current monitoring requirements and the most recent monitoring
frequency decision for each contaminant.
• The most recent asbestos repeat monitoring decision.
• Annual certifications received from systems demonstrating compliance
with the treatment techniques for acrylamide and epichlorohydrin.
Reporting Requirements (§142.15)
For each public water system, the state must make quarterly reports of ana-
lytical results of monitoring for unregulated contaminants.
State Primacy Requirements—1
-------
Special Primacy Requirements (§142.16)
1. A plan for the initial monitoring period which schedules systems for
monitoring according to the availability of certified laboratories in each
of the three years. This plan must be enforceable under state law.
2. IF a state chooses to issue monitoring waivers for regulated and
unregulated contaminants (see Optional Provisions below), the state
must describe:
a Procedures for making waiver decisions, specifically.
• Waiver application requirements.
• Process for determining "use" and "susceptibility" waivers.
• Factors to be considered in granting or denying waivers.
b. Monitoring data and other documentation to be used in making
vulnerability determinations.
Optional Provisions
To increase their flexibility in implementing Phase n, states may adopt the
following provisions at their discretion:
Waivers — The state decides whether to grant waivers from the monitoring
requirements of Phase n.
Vulnerability Assessments — If the state allows monitoring waivers, the
state has discretion to establish, its own criteria for approval of vulnerabil-
ity assessments performed by a water system.
State Primacy Requirements—2
-------
&EPA
Public Notification
EPA Phase II Fact Sheet Series (11 of 14)
October 1991
This fact sheet summarizes the public notification requirements for violations of
the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) promulgated under
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Phase II Rule. The NPDWRs
will take effect on July 30,1992, except for aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoadde, aldicarb
sulfone, barium, and pentachlorophenol which will take effect on January 1,1993.
Monitoring for all 38 Phase U contaminants will begin in January 1993.
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWS), transient and nontransient noncommu-
nity water systems (TWS and NTWS, respectively) are legally responsible for
notifying the public of violations of the Phase n NPDWRs. The methods for
providing public notice vary depending on the type of system and/or the type
of violation.
Violations that Trigger Public Notification
Tierl
• Failure to comply with an applicable MCL.
• Failure to comply with a prescribed treatment technique.
• Failure to comply with the requirements of any schedule set under a
variance or exemption.
Note: Tier 1 violations may be either acute or non-acute. An acute viola-
tion involves the presence of a regulated substance in drinking water that
causes harmful effects to human health after a.brief exposure^ or single
dosage -(le., nitrate/nitrite). A non-acute violation involves the presence of
a regulated substance in drinking water that causes harmful effects to
human health after chronic (long-term) exposure or repeated dosage (i.e.,
all other Phase 13 contaminants).
Tier 2
Failure to perform water quality monitoring as required by a NPDWR.
Failure to comply with testing procedures as prescribed by a NPDWR.
Operating under a variance or an exemption. (Note: Operating under a
variance or an exemption is not a violation in itself. The condition is
referred to as a violation for simplicity since public notification of such a
condition is required.)
Content of Notice/Methods and Timing for Delivery
EPA requires that public notices include a discussion of a variety of issues
such as an explanation of the violation, potential adverse health effects and
the population at risk, steps to correct the problem, and recommended precau-
tions. For a review of the content requirements for public notices, consult
EPA's publication, General Public Notification for Public Water Systems,
Public Notification—1
-------
(EPA 570/9-89-002, September 1989). This publication is available through
EPA's Safe Drinking Water Hotline, 1-800- 426-4791.
The specific format, order, and emphasis of notice information varies depend-
ing on the circumstances of the violation for which a notice is being issued.
The circumstances of a violation may vary depending on the following factors:
1) Tier 1 Acute "violation
2) Tier 1 Non-Acute Violation
3) Tier 2 Violation
4) Type of Public Water System: Community, Transient or Nontransient
Noncommunity
5) Methods Available for Notification: Availability of Local Newspaper
Public notices for Tier 1 acute and non-acute violations and Tier 2 notices for
variances or exemptions must include mandatory health effects language.
Mandatory language for the Phase n contaminants is included in the final
rule and may not be modified. Public water systems can, however, include
additional information, particularly if the violation has been corrected by the
time the notice is issued Below is an example of mandatory health effects
language (for nitrate).
Mandatory Health Effects Language for Nitrate
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water
standards and has determined that nitrate poses an acute health concern at certain
levels of exposure. Nitrate is used in fertilizer and is found, in sewage and wastes
from human, and/or farm animals and generally gets into drinking water from
those activities. Excessive levels of nitrate in drinking water have caused serious
illness and sometimes death in infants under six months of age. The serious
illness in infants is caused because nitrate is converted to nitrite in the body.
Nitrite interferes with the oxygen carrying capacity of the child's blood. This is an
acute disease in that symptoms can develop rapidly in infants. In most cases,
health deteriorates over a period of days. Symptoms include shortness of breath
and blueness of the skin. Clearly, expert medical advice should be sought
immediately if these symptoms occur. The purpose of this notice is to encourage
parents and other responsible parties to provide infants with an alternate source of
drinking water. Local and State health authorities are the best source for informa-
tion concerning alternate sources of drinking water for infants. EPA has set the
drinking water standard at 10 parts per million (ppm) for nitrate to protect against
the risk of these adverse effects. EPA has also set a drinking water standard for
nitrite at 1 ppm. To allow for the fact that the toxicity of nitrate and nitrite are
additive, EPA has also established a standard for the sum of nitrate and nitrite at
10 ppm. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to nitrate.
Public Notification—2
-------
Methods of Notification
• Through the local electronic media (radio and TV)
* In the local daily newspaper
• By direct mail
• In ciostomer water bills
• Via hand delivery
• By continuous posting in a conspicuous place
Timing
The health effects associated with the Phase n contaminants are generally of
a non-acute (chronic) nature, except for nitrate* and nitrite* which are of
acute concern. The type and nature of the violation determines the time
frame under which public notification must occur. The following is an expla-
nation of when notices are to be issued (see Table 1 for additional
clarification):
*Note: Immediate public notification is required if an acute violation for
nitrate or nitrite has occurred and a confirmation sample cannot be
obtained within 24 hours. (See Nitrate and Nitrite Fact Sheets for a
discussion of confirmation samples and compliance determinations.)
Tierl
Within 72 hours: Tier 1 acute violations: All systems must notify the public
by radio or television of the presence of nitrate/nitrite.
TWS and NTWS may instead notify via hand delivery or
continuous posting.
Tier 1 acute and non-acute violations: All systems must
issue initial notification of Tier 1 non-acute violations
and follow-up newspaper notices for Tier 1 acute viola-
tions. TWS and NTWS may instead notify via hand
delivery or continuous posting.
and,
Tier 1 acute and non-acute violations: CWS must issue
follow-up notices "via direct mail, in customer water bills,
or by hand delivery. TWS and NTWS may make follow-
up notice via hand delivery or continuous posting.
Note: A copy of the most recent public notice must be given to all new
billing units or hookups prior to or at the time service begins for existing
Tier 1 acute and non-acute violations.
Within 14 days:
Within 45 days:
Tier 1 and Tier 2
Within 3 months:
Repeated every
3 months:
Tier 2 violations: CWS must issue notices via newspaper.
TWS and NTWS may issue notices via hand delivery or
by continuous posting for the duration of the violation.
All systems must repeat the public notice every three
months for Tier 1 acute, Tier 1 non-acute, and Tier 2
violations for as long as the violation, variance or exemp-
tion exists by using direct mqil, hand delivery, or con-
tinuous posting methods. Note: For acute Tier 1 viola-
tions, electronic media and newspaper notices are not
repeated and for non-acute Tier 1 violations, newspaper
notices are not repeated.
Public Notification—3
-------
Table 1. Summary of Public Notification Requirements
Mandatory
Health
Effects Notice to
Violation Information New Billing
Category Required " Units Type of
Type (AllPWSs) (CWSsOnly) PWS
Time Frame Within Which Notice Must be Given (Box Indicates
time frame for initial notice, and is followed by the frequency on
repeat notice until the violation is resolved)
Viola- 72 7 14 45 3 Annual
tion hours days days days months
TIER1
1.MCL
2. Treatment
Technique
3. Variance or
Exemption
Schedule
Violation
tier2 '
1. Monitoring4
2. Testing
Procedure
3. Variance or
Exemption
Issued
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Community
Non-
community1
Community
Non-
community*
Acute Violations:
TV and Radio No Repeat
Newspaper1 NoEej
Mail or Hand Delivery1
Non-Acute Violations:
Newspaper1 NoBepe
Mail or Hand Deliver/
eat
Quarterly Repeat
at
Quarterly Repeat
Option 1:
Notice as for Community Water Systems
w
Option £
Acute Violations:
: JRqstingor
Hand Delivery Continuous/Quarterly Repeat5
Non-Acute. Violations;
- | Posting or Hand Delivery' 'Contint
| Newspaper1
Option 1:
Notice as for Community Water Systems
or
Option 2:
' Posting or Hand Delivery
'
- «'' -.' >
' *'•'•.>.
tous/Quarterly Repeat*
'
Quarterly
Jtepefttty
Mall or
Band
Delivery
Quarterly;,
Repeat8
f* f ''
f/f ->/w
1 If no newspaper of general circulation is available, posting or hand delivery is required as specified in $141.32(a)(3Xi) and §14132(bX3Xi).
2 May be waived in accordance with §14132(aXlXii)-
3 Includes both transient non-community public water systems and non-transient non-community public water systems.
4 Less frequent notice (but no less than annual) to be required as in § 142.16(a).
5 Continuous repeat required if posting is used, quarterly repeat required if hand delivery is used.
Source: General Public Notification for Public Water Systems (EPA 570/9-89-002, September 1989. p. 1-3).
Public Notification^--!
-------
Systems Affected By
Phase II MCLs
Chemical
Systems
Affected
Pesticides
PCBs
Volatile Organic
Chemicals
Inorganic
Chemicals
CWS and
NTWS
Nitrate
All Public
"Transient Water Systems included.
Treatment Options
EPA Phase II Fact Sheet Series (12 of 14)
October 1991
This fact sheet identifies the Best AvaUabk Technology (BAT) and summarizes the
conditions for variances and exemptions to be issued for contaminants listed
under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Phase II Rule. The
Phase H National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) take effect on
July 30,1992, except for aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, barium,
and pentachlorophenol. The NPDWRs for the latter five contaminants take effect
on January 1,1993.
Permanent Treatment Options
Organic Chemicals
• EPA has approved best available technology (BAT) treatments to achieve
the maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for the organic chemicals
identified in the Phase n Rule. The approved BATs are either packed
tower aeration, granular activated carbon, or both, as indicated in Table 1.
• The systems affected by the Phase H organic contaminant MCLs are
community and nontransient, noncommunity water systems (CWS and
NTWS, respectively).
Inorganic Chemicals
• EPA has approved various BATs to achieve the MCLs for the eight inor-
ganic chemicals. These BATs are indicated in Table 1.
• The systems affected by the Phase n inorganic contaminant MCLs are
CWS and NTWS, with the exception of Nitrate and Nitrite. The Phase H
MCLs for these..tw.o containinants affect .all public water .systems includ-
ingtransient water systems..
Table 1 . Best Available Technologies, Removal Efficiencies,
and Estimated Costs for Phase II Chemicals
Chemical
Group
BAT
Estimated Cost Ranges1
In Cents/1000 gallons
% (system size by population served)
Efficiency 25-100 3300-10,000 >1 million
Organics
Volatile Organics
Granular Activated Carbon
Packed Tower Aeration
Pesticides and PCBs2
Granular Activated Carbon
910-950
130-325
36-76
9-60
14-19
6-41
— 910-930 36-51 10-14
Treatment Options—1
-------
Table 1. Best Available Technologies, Removal Efficiencies, and
Estimated Costs for Phase II Chemicals (continued)
Estimated Cost Ranges'
In Cents/1000 gallons
Chemical % (system size by population served)
Group BAT Efficiency 25.100 3300-10,000 >1 million
Inorganics
Conventional Technologies5 \
Coagulation/ Filtration 80-99 ! N/A* 19-52 3-34
Lime Softening 45-99 j N/A4 9-130 1-61
Additional Technologies5 i
Electrodialysis Reversal 51-94 j 150-590
Ion Exchange 75-99 I 200-340
Reverse Osmosis 67-99 j 150-620
Asbestos i
Corrosion Control 90 i 34-200 4-13 1-5
Diatomite Filtration 95 \ 130 18 8
Direct Filtration 70-99 j 520 30 12
Optional for Mercury \
Granular Activated Carbon 80-100 j 200 52 31
Optional for Selenium \
Activated Alumina 85-95 I 410 19 6
35-210 17-150
38-54 13-77
120-220 17-150
nd upon type of contaminant, but special
e the Federal Register, January 30,1991, p. 3552,
1 Actual costs and efficiencies will largely dep
conditions may also apply to some figures. £
for more details.
2 For Ethylene dibromide and Dibromochloropropane, Packed Tower Aeration is also BAT.
3 Coagulation/Filtration is BAT for all Phase n inorganics except Barium, Nitrate, Nitrite, and
Selenium VI. Lome softening is BAT for all inorganics except Asbestos, Chromium VI, Nitrate,
. and •Nitrite'.'- ''"••• -.. .' ." .- .'.- •' ••• ••'• '••'. "'•• ;. : '• •.
4 Not BAT for variance purposes for systems with <500 service connections.
5 Electrodialysis Reversal is BAT for Barium, Nitrate, and Selenium IV. Ion Exchange is BAT
for allPhasell inorganics except Nitrate-'arid .Selenium IV; Reverse Osmosis is BAT for all '
Phase n inorganics except Asbestos.
Non-Treatment Options
Variances
• Under Phase n, states may issue a variance for any system unable to fully
comply with all applicable drinking water regulations after installation of
BAT. The variance may only be granted if the system cannot meet the
requirements by joining another water system or by developing another
water source.
• If a system can demonstrate through comprehensive engineering assess-
ments that BAT would achieve only a de minimis reduction in contami-
nant levels, the state may issue a variance without requiring BAT instal- :
lation. If a variance is granted, the state must establish a compliance
schedule requiring the system to investigate the suitability of other
treatment technologies. If, in the state's opinion, a feasible treatment
technology is found for the system operating under a variance, the state
may require the system to install and/or use the treatment in connection
with a compliance schedule.
Treatment Options^-2
-------
• Variances must not pose an unreasonable risk to human health. (URTH).
EPA has specified acceptable risk levels (i.e., URTH) for each of the
Phase II contaminants.
Exemptions
• A state may issue an exemption of up to three years, provided an URTH
level will not be exceeded. The state may grant an exemption based on
factors such as:
1) economic limitations;
2) the system was in operation on the effective date of the Phase H
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs), or no
reasonable alternative water source is available for those systems
brought into operation after the effective date of the NPDWRs.
• Exemptions may be extended for one or more two-year periods for sys-
tems with not more than 500 service connections and that need financial
assistance for necessary improvements. However, states granting exemp-
tions based on affordability should require small water systems to remain
current with available new technologies and apply new low-cost technolo-
gies where appropriate.
• For systems with more than 500 service connections, exemptions may be
extended for a period of not more than the initial three years if compli-
ance has not been achieved within 12 months after the date of issuance.
• EPA has developed a "rule of thumb" that reflects both affordable high
quality water and the established federal policy with regard to economic
hardship. EPA considers a total annual water bill of less than or equal to
two percent of the median household income (about $650/household/year)
to be affordable if calculated based on median national income. Above
this threshold, the discretion is left to the states to determine water that
is affordable.
• The state must decide which treatment techniques should be required to
provide the greatest risk reduction for those systems requiring more than
one treatment technique and having limited funds.
Short-Term Treatment Options
• A state may require a system to provide either bottled water, point-of-use
(POU) devices or point-of-entry (POE) devices to the public as interim
control measures to avoid an URTH during a variance or exemption
period.
• If bottled water is used as a condition for receiving a variance or exemp-
tion, the system must put in place a monitoring program that ensures
that the finished product meets all MCLs. The system must monitor a
representative sample of the bottled water for the Phase n contaminants.
In addition, the system must receive a certifi-
cation from the bottled water company that
the bottled water supplied has been taken
from an "approved source" as defined under
the regulations. The public water system
must ensure that there is sufficient bottled
water available to meet the needs of the
public being served via door-to-door bottled
water delivery.
Treatment Options—3
-------
If POU and/or POE devices are used as a condition for obtaining a vari-
ance or exemption, the public water system is responsible for:
1) the operation and maintenance of any device used,
2) following a state-approved monitoring plan that ensures health
protection equivalent to central treatment, and
3) following a state-approved plan to ensure that the POU/POE tech-
nologies being used maintain the microbiological safety of the water
at all times.
The state is responsible for:
1) requiring adequate certification of performance and field testing of
each device; requiring a rigorous engineering design review of each
device if not included in the product's certification process;
2) reviewing the design and application of each device considering the
potential for increasing heterotrophic bacteria concentrations as a
result of treatment with activated carbon; and
3) ensuring that buildings connected to the system have sufficient POU
or POE devices that are properly installed, maintained and monitored
for consumer protection.
In addition to being a short-term treatment option, POE devices may be
permanently installed to meet the Phase n MCL requirements if the
above requirements are met on a continuous basis.
For Additional Information
• To assist the small systems that will need to install treatment to comply
with the Phase II Rule, EPA has initiated a Technology and Training
Support Program. This program has been designed to identify, develop,
and make available alternative drinking water technologies for small
systems which are relatively inexpensive and simple to operate. The
program is identified in the Drinking Water Mobilization Coordinators'
Handbook (U.S. EPA, Office of Water, September 1990). For current
inforination concerning this initiative, contact.EPA's Safe Drinking
Water Hotline at 1-800-426-4791.
Treatment Ooticaw—4
-------
&EPA
Cost and Regulatory
Impact
EPA Phase II Fact Sheet Series (13 of 14)
October 1991
This fact sheet summarizes the economic impacts associated with the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency's (EPA) Phase II Rule. EPA conducts regulatory impact
analyses for each major regulation. The analyses consider the incremental impacts
associated with a given regulation on various sectors of society. The impacts assessed
under the Phase II Rule include water system compliance costs, state drinking water
program implementation costs, and public health benefits.
Systems Affected by Phase II
EPA estimates that 3300 community and nontransient, noncommunity water
systems (CWS and NTWS, respectively) will violate the Phase n mHYiTmnn
contaminant levels (MCLs).
• Of this number, approximately 3110 will need to install treatment to meet
the MCLs for synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs), including:
— 825 systems exceeding the MCL for pentachlorophenol, and
— 2300 systems exceeding the MCLs for atrazine, alachlor, aldicarb,
ethylene dibromide, dibromochloropropane and 1,2-dichloropropane.
• For the regulated inorganic chemicals (lOCs), 165 systems will need to
install treatment to meet the more stringent MCL for cadmium. Other
inorganic MCLs are the same as, or higher than, the current interim
MCLs, and no additional impact is expected.
Benefits of the Rule
Compliance with the Phase H regulations is expected to provide reduced
exposure to almost three million people, including 2.7 million people presently
exposed to SOCs and 200,000 people exposed to lOCs. The health benefits of
this reduced exposure are:
• the prevention each year of about 72 cancer cases related to SOC expo-
sure, mainly exposure to ethylene dibromide and dibromochlorophenol;
and
• the avoidance of chronic toxic effects, primarily kidney toxitity related to
cadmium exposure.
Annual Compliance Costs
Based on the number of systems affected, the Phase n Rule will result in
incremental compliance costs to the nation of about $88 million per year
(annualized at three percent).
• $64 million will be required for treatment and waste disposal ($57 minion
for SOCs and $7 million for lOCs).
Cost and Regulatory Impact—1
-------
• $24 million will be required for monitoring ($21 million for SOCs and
$2.5 mini™ for lOCs).
• Generally less than $10 per household per year will be required for
monitoring, though these costs could be considerably higher for small
systems.
• EPA estimates that household costs associated with treatment and
monitoring for the Phase n SOCs will range from $31 to $598 and from
$122 to $896 for the Phase n lOCs. Individual system costs will vary
depending on system size (see Table 1 for distribution of maximum
household costs by system size).
Table 1. Maximum Household Costs (in Dollars per house per year)
System Size (Population served)
SOCsl
IOCs2
25-100
101-500
3300-10,000
25,000-50,000
over 1,000,000
$598
233
64
42
31
$896
442
122
167
205
1 Granular Activated Carbon
2 Weighted average based on probabilities associated with treatment options (i.e., conventional, lime
softening, ion exchange, reverse osmosis and others)
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Costs
The one-time monitoring costs, between 1993 and 1995, associated with the
Phase n unregulated contaminants is estimated to be $39 million. The costs
are attributed primarily to the unregulated SOCs.
State Implementation Costs
Costs to state programs are estimated to be about $21 million initially and
$17 million annually in subsequent or out-years (after the initial start-up
period).
• Over half of these initial and out-year costs are expected to be associated
with expanding laboratory capabilities.
• The remainder will support a variety of other state efforts such as the
development of vulnerability criteria, revision of primacy agreements,
staff training, data management system modifications, public education
and enforcement, with each of these efforts expected to require initial
allocations of $1 million nationwide.
• Enforcement and public education are expected to require most of the
remaining out-year costs.
Cost and Regulatory Impact—2
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Table 2. Summary National Cost Estimates for Final Phase II Rule
SOC IOC Rounded
Estimates Estimates Total
Systems in Violation 3110 165 3300
Costs ($M/yr):
Annual Compliance Costs 78 10 88
- Monitoring 21 2.5 24
- Treatment ($M/yr)
(includes Capital, 0 & M and
Waste Disposal Costs @ 3%) 57 7.0 64
Unregulated Contaminant Costs ($M) 39 0.1 39
State Implementation Costs
- Initial ($M) — — 21
- Out-year ($M/yr) — — 17
Benefits:
Population with Reduced
Exposure (millions) 2.7
Reduced Cancer Cases per Year 72
0.2
3
72
Cost and Regulatory Impact—3
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&EPA Secondary Standards
EPA Phase II Fact Sheet Series (14 of 14)
October 1991
This fact sheet summarizes the National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations
(NSDWRs) for aluminum and silver and the Threshold Odor Number (TON) as
promulgated under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Phase II
Rule. It also summarizes taste and odor guidance provided for various organic
chemicals that may be detectable in drinking waters. The NSDWRs will take effect
on July 30,1992.
Regulated
Contaminants
Contaminant
.Aluminum
Silver
Odor
SMCL
0.05 mg/L
to 0.2 mg/L
0.1 mg/L
3 TON
Guidelines for Taste and
Odor Levels for Certain Organic
Chemicals
Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCLs):
Inorganics [see sidebar for SMCLs]
Aluminum has been associated with discoloration of drinking water under
certain conditions following treatment and during distribution. This is be-
lieved to result from post-precipitation following treatment which causes
turbidity. Since water quality and treatment conditions vary, the SMCL is
issued as a range which gives states the flexibility to set appropriate levels on
either a regional or local basis.
The oral ingestion of silver has been associated with the cosmetic effect
argyria which is a discoloration of the skin. Silver has, however, no effect on
the taste, odor, or appearance of water. Silver is frequently used as a bacterio-
static agent in private home water treatment devices. To prevent the poten-
tial cosmetic effects of argyria from the combination of the possible low levels
of silver in drinking water and of silver found in treatment devices, EPA has
issued a SMCL.
Threshold Odor Number (TON) [see sidebar for SMCL]
The SMCL established for odor remains at 3 TON. EPA urges utilities to meet
the current standard, thus providing finished water with more pleasing odor
characteristics. Consumers associate taste and odor with potential harmful
substances. Utilities should consider this association an important
priority in maintaining consumer acceptance of their water.
^^•^^••••••••••••••••MH
Contaminant
o-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Styrene
Toluene
Xylene
Guideline
0.01 mg/L
0.005 mg/L
0.03 mg/L
0.03 mg/L
r\ f\ 1 n
0.01 mg/L
0.04 mg/L
0.02 mg/L
Guidelines
Organic Taste and Odor Notice [see sidebar for guidelines]
EPA decided to defer issuing SMCLs that were proposed for seven
organic chemicals in the Phase n Rule based on insufficient
experimental evidence and lack of supporting published literature
to support such levels as being generally adverse. Instead, EPA is
notifying officials and consumers of the concentrations at which
tastes and/or odors may be detected.
Secondary Standards—1
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