PB85-197820
.Literature Review and Survey of
Emissions from Residential Wood
Combustion and Their Impact
Radian Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC
Prepared for
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC
Aor 85
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Service
NTTS
-------
EPA/600/2-85/047
April 1985
LITERATURE REVIEW AND SURVEY OF
EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL
WOOD COMBUSTION AND THEIR IMPACT
M. W. Hartman and G. D. Rives
Radian Corporation
P. O. Box 13000
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
EPA Contract: 68-02-3174, Task 139
EPA Project Officer: Robert C. McCrillis
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park. NC 27711
Prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read lutinictiuns on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA/600/2-85/047
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Literature Review and Survey of Emissions from
Residential Wood Combustion and their Impact
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
PBS 5 197820 /AS
5. REPORT DATE
April 1985
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
M. W. Hartman and G. D. Rives
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
P. O. Box 13000
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3174, Task 139
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA. Office of Research and Development
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 9/83 - 3/84
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES AEERL project officer is Robert C. McCrillis, Mail Drop 54,
919/541-2733.
s. ABSTRACT Tne report gives results of a literature search 01 53 reports covering
woodstove design, operating conditions, emissions, testing methods, and ambient
air impacts. The woodstoves studied, both controlled (catalytic) and uncontrolled,
varied in design from simple to complex. The primary considerations in operating
conditions were that the stoves burned primarily cord wood. Test results were seg-
regated by the type of wood utilized, the percent moisture in the tested wood, the
burn rate of the wood, the stage of burning that was tested, and the length of the
test. In addition to the operating conditions, the emissions were qualified by the
test method that was performed, the firebox temperature, and the stack tempera-
ture. Emission parameters studied included particulate matter (PM), carbon mon-
oxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons (HC), and polycyclic organic material, espec-
ially benzo-a-pyrene. This report includes ambient air impact surveys at various
locations in the U.S. Most ambient studies were concerned with the PM and HC
impacts, but a few looked at relating these impacts back to their sources.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Pollution
Combustion
Wood
Reviews
Stoves
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Residential Wood Com-
bustion
Woodstoves
COSATI I k-U'lln>u|i
13B
2 IB
11L
05B
13A
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (Tliis Ki-ptirt)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
108
20. SECURITY CLASS (This pane)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-------
NOTICE
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED
FROM THE BEST COPY FURNISHED US BY
THE SPONSORING AGENCY. ALTHOUGH IT
IS RECOGNIZED THAT CERTAIN PORTIONS
ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RELEASED
IN THE INTE'REST OF MAKING AVAILABLE
AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE.
-------
NOTICE
This document has been reviewed in accordance with
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
11
-------
ABSTRACT
This report resulted from a literature search of 53 reports covering
woodstove design, operating conditions, emissions, testing methods, and
ambient air impacts. The woodstoves studied varied in design from
simple to complex and included controlled (catalytic) and uncontrolled
woodstoves. The primary considerations in operating conditions were
that the stoves studied burned primarily cord wood. The results of the
tests were segregated according to the type of wood utilized, the percent
moisture in the wood as tested, the burn rate of the wood in kg/hr, the
stage of burning which was tested, and the length of the test. In
addition to the operating conditions, the emissions were qualified by
the test method which was performed, the firebox temperature, and the
stack temperature. Emission parameters studied included particulate
matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO ), hydro-
carbons (HC), and polycyclic organic material (POM), especially
benzo-a-pyrene (BAP). This report includes ambient air impact surveys
at various locations in the United States. Most ambient studies were
concerned with the particulate matter and hydrocarbon impacts but a few
looked at relating these impacts back to the sources.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 Background 1-2
2 SUMMARY 2-1
3 CHARACTERIZATION OF EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL
WOOD COMBUSTION 3-1
3.1 Data Bank Compilation Analysis 3-1
3.2 Individual Study Analysis 3-19
3.3 Variables Affecting Emissions 3-22
4 AIR SHED STUDIES AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODS 4-1
5 SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 5-1
5.1 Sampling, Source 5-1
5.2 Sampling, Ambient 5-9
5.3 Lab 5-12
6 ADVANCED DESIGN APPROACHES TO RESIDENTIAL
WOOD BURNING APPLIANCES 6-1
6.1 Cord Wood Designs 6-1
6.2 Noncord Wood Designs 6-2
7.0 REFERENCES 7-1
8.0 APPENDIX 8-1
Preceding page blank
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
3-1 CO vs. burn rate 3-15
3-2 CO (g/hr) vs. burn rate (kg/hr) 3-16
3-3 Comparison of emissions from several wood heaters .... 3-25
3-4 Summary of total particulate emission factors
versus wood burn rate 2-27
3-5 Summary of condensible organic emissions factor
versus wood burn rate 3-28
3-6 Variation of carbon monoxide with firing rate,
conventional stoves 3-29
3-7 HC emissions for several stoves as a function
of burn rate 3-30
3-8 Summary of total organic emission factors (g/kg) as a
function of burn rate (kg/hr) from combustion of 0.12M
and 0.06M diameter oak logs 3-31
3-9 Variation in POM emissions with firing rate,
conventional stoves 3-32
3-10 Concentration of CO in flue gas as a function of time . . 3-33
3-11 Particulate emissions (normalized to burn rate) as
a function of fuel moisture 3-37
3-12 Effect of wood size on CO emission factors 3-39
3-13 (The effect of varying operating conditions on
condensible particulate emissions of the thin-walled
convective heater.) Compare standard runs (small dots)
with emission factors (large dots) produced by varying
wood size and moisture. Note extreme effects caused by
burning 1 inch logs. Dots represent sample means and
vertical bars represent 97 percent confidence limits . . 3-40
(continued)
vi
-------
LIST OF FIGURES (Concluded)
Figure Page
5-1 Semi-VOST train schematic diagram 5-2
5-2 State of Oregon Source Sampling Method 7 5-4
2
5-3 S dilution sampling system 5-5
5-4 Condar Company sampling system 5-7
5-5 SASS schematic diagram 5-8
5-6 Schematic of NuTech thermal desorption device 5-10
5-7 Assembled Hi-Vol sampler with shelter housing 5-11
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Table
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10
3-11
4-1
Woodstove Data (Airtight Stoves)
Listing of Woodstove/Emission Studies Used as the
Basis for Trend Analysis
Woodstove Data (Burn Rate Ranking)
Woodstove Data (Catalytic Stoves)
Particulate Emission Factors
Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Residential
Wood Combustion
Total Hydrocarbon Emissions from Residential
Wood Combustion . '.
Polycyclic Organic Matter Emissions from
Residential Wood Combustion
Summary of Emission Results for Criteria Pollutants and
POMs from Wood Fired Residential Combustion Equipment . .
Effects of Size of Charge on Emissions,
Side Draft Burning of Oak 4x4s
Particulate Emission Rates from Wood Burning (g/kg) . . .
Air Shed Studies and Impact Assessment Methods
Page
3-2
3-7
3-10
3-18
3-20
3-20
3-21
3-21
3-24
3-35
3-36
4-2
vm
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1. INTRODUCTION
Radian Corporation has concluded a literature search of available
data on woodstove emissions. In the computer search of various libraries
of information, 239 citations were identified through the use of a key
word listing which was primarily for residential wood combustion emissions
and their impact. Approximately half of these were unique citations and
of that number, 53 were chosen as applicable to this study. A compu-
terized abstract of the 53 citations are contained in the appendix. The
key word listing is located in the Appendix. The citations and literature
studies came from all sectors of industry and government. To date,
there has been no one agency or association, which has coordinated all
of the work which has preceded this study. The result was that the
information was mostly piecemeal as to its content, purpose and methods
utilized.
The report discusses the various aspects of Residential Wood
Combustion (RWC). Section 2.0 presents the summary and conclusions of
this literature review. Section 3.0 summarizes the various emission
ranges for the pollutants. Since the methods, stoves, wood burned, and
conditions vary from citation to citation, this section is only concerned
with overall trends. Section 4.0 is a review of some of the literature
derived from ambient air studies of various air sheds and also discusses
the tracer compounds or methods that have been utilized to link ambient
samples to woodstove emissions. Sampling and analytical methods employed
in the testing of stoves and ambient studies are discussed in Section 5.0.
Section 6.0 is titled Alternative Design Approaches to Residential Wood
Burning Appliances.
1-1
-------
1.1 BACKGROUND
The use of wood for residential heating, while aesthetically pleasing
and economically attractive, may carry a potential for adverse health
effects to large segments of the population. The impact of RWC on
ambient particulate emissions is especially noticeable because the plume
impacts the ground very near the source. In addition, the areas of
highest RWC emission density often coincide with the areas of maximum
population density and the majority of the RWC particulate emissions are
within the size range deposited within the lungs. RWC emissions are
relatively rich in carcinogenic organics, toxic pollutants and respiratory
irritants. For all of these reasons, wood smoke represents a problem
that is of growing public concern.
The chemical products formed during wood combustion have recently
been shown to contain 17 priority pollutants, 14 carcinogenic compounds
and 6 toxic or mucus coagulating agents which, when considered in addition
to toxic gaseous emissions and respiratory irritants, collectively
represent a potential health risk.
RWC emissions are becoming increasingly important as a major
contributor to violations of current particulate air quality standards
and are implicated in issues related to visibility reduction, odors and
public health. New attention being focused on the adoption of an
Inhalable Particulate National Ambient Air Quality Standard has also
caused concern about the RWC impact on 24-hour particulate standard
attainment. The continuing economic pressures to expand the use of wood
and coal for residential heating, and the limited regulatory pressures
restricting the use of wood, may cause additional concern about the
impact of RWC emissions on public health, aesthetics and the future
"livability" of many communities.
1-2
-------
2. SUMMARY
This report resulted from a literature search of 53 reports covering
woodstove design, operating conditions, emissions, testing methods, and
ambient air impacts. The woodstoves studied varied in design from
simple to complex and included both controlled (catalytic) and uncon-
trolled woodstoves. The stoves studied burned primarily cord wood. The
results of the tests were segregated according to the type of wood
utilized, the percent moisture in the wood as tested, the burn rate of
the wood in kg/hr, the stage of burning which was tested, and the length
of the test. In addition to the operating conditions, the emissions
were qualified by the test method which was performed, the firebox
temperature, and the stack temperature. Emission parameters studied
included particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen
oxides (NO ), hydrocarbons (HC), and polycyclic organic material (POM),
/\
especially benzo-a-pyrene (BAP). This report includes ambient air
impact surveys at various locations in the United States. Most ambient
studies were concerned with the particulate matter and hydrocarbon
impacts but a few looked at relating these impacts back to the sources.
The test methodologies used for both the source testing of wood-
stoves and for the ambient impact varied from study to study. As a
result, few conclusions or trends could be drawn from the combined
studies. Conclusions and trends are seen within each study although the
reader must exercise caution as to the test method and the test conditions
utilized to achieve these conclusions. An overview of the testing
methods and analytical techniques is presented in this report with no
conclusions or recommendations made. The individual studies selected a
test method which best suited their needs for the data. There is no
standard method of sampling and analysis for woodstove emissions. ASTM
2-1
-------
is working on a standard for sampling and analysis. Also, there is no
standard set of conditions for the operation of the woodstoves, although
guidelines are available.
Since the widespread use of woodstoves is a recent reoccurrence,
the use of controls on them is still somewhat rare. The studies that
evaluated control devices (i.e., catalytic, secondary combustion, or
modified combustion) all reported variable decreases in emissions relative
to standard stoves. No control devices appeared to dramatically reduce
emissions under all conditions.
2-2
-------
3. CHARACTERIZATION OF EMISSIONS
FROM RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION
Numerous studies have been conducted which characterize emissions
from residential wood combustion appliances. The goals and objectives
of these investigations vary considerably and consequently the resulting
emission characterizations also show considerable variation. For example,
different emission test methods have been used to develop emission
factors for a number of stove types using wide ranges of operating
conditions and a diversity of fuel types. Test conditions have not been
well defined and consequently, reproducible and comparable data have not
been produced.
3.1 DATA BANK COMPILATION ANALYSIS
Emission measurements and test conditions reported in 13 studies
were compiled into a data bank and used as the basis for the data analyses
performed (see Table 3-1). The 13 studies selected were those that
reported detailed information about test conditions, emission measurements,
and stove operating parameters. From each of the chosen studies,
measurements conducted during individual test runs were included in the
data bank rather than overall summaries or averages (for the purpose of
identifying overall emission trends.) A listing of each data source
along with an assigned study code is presented in Table 3-2. The assigned
study code provides a quick reference back to the original source of the
data and identifies the test run.
The data retrieved from each of the studies may be categorized as
either "Emission Measurement data" or "Test Condition data." All of the
data is presented on a wet basis. Emission measurement data include
particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO ),
hydrocarbons (HC), and polycyclic organic matter (POM). Except for POM,
all emission parameter values are expressed as grams of pollutant per
kilogram of wood burned. In the case of POM, the emission value is
3-1
-------
Table 3-1. WOODSTOVE DATA (AIRTIGHT STOVES)
>,
T3 OJ
3 TJ
4-> O
00 >
(—
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1/1
B
B
B
B
NB
NB
NB
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NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
C-R
C-R
0
0
CAT
CAT
0
0
CER
CER
8
B
B
NB
NB
8
NB
NB
B
NB
NB
B
B
8
8
B
B
B
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41
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0
0
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0
0
1/1
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5
28
28
5
5
28
5
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11
1 1
21
12
56
12
12
19
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56
56
19
19
19
19
17
20
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16
20
16
16
16
16
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16
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307 A
300 A
247 A
378 A
384 A
240 A
304 A
305 A
286 C
248 C
129 A
158 A
172 A
284 B
148 A
205 B
189 A
146 B
183 A
143 A
178 A
129 A
122 A
1 18 A
162 A
191 A
1 10 A
415 A
318 A
44 B
67 8
150 B
122 B
124 B
122 B
223 B
139 B
1 17 B
269 A
249 A
A
A
360 A
A
A
A
A
1
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83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
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275
250
181
35
208
46
198
155
189
299
223
255
270
209
150
120
175
61
99
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3.00
2.50
7.00
3.90
2.50
1 .80
2.00
6.30
0.50
0.80
22.00
54.00
34.00
40.00
62.00
42.00
19.00
24.00
22.00
22.00
17.00
38.00
35.00
38.00
23.00
14.00
30.00
1 .00
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8.70
8. 10
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91
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190
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160
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170
160
190
1 10
1 10
90
200
160
120
50
80
150
20
50
165
140
108
184
129
87
1 16
153
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273
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63
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0.70
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0.20
0.40 0.32
0.69 4.9
0.82 6.5
13.8
16.9
10.5
11.9
12.1
9.2
8.8
11.1
6.6
8.0
6.2
11.8
9.3
10.7
7.3
3.9
5.8
0.4
0.6
39.0
33.0
25.0
43.0
30.0
20.0
27.0
36.0
40.0
1 12
12.0
15.0
28.0 0.03
9.0 0.04
56.0
56.0
3-2
-------
Table 3-1. Continued
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81-81-13
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81-81-16
B1-81-17
81-81-18
81-81-19
0-81-1
0-81-2
0-81-3
0-81-4
0-81-5
0-81-6
0-81-7
0-81-8
0-81-9
0-81-10
0-81-1 1
0-81-12
0-81-13
OM1-83-1
OM1-83-2
OM1-83-3
OM1-83-4
OM2-84-1
OM2-84-2
OM2-84-3
OM2-84-4
OM2-84-5
OM2-84-6
OM2-84-7
OM2-84-8
OM2-84-9
OM2-84-10
OM2-84-1 1
OM2-84-12
OM2-84-13
OM2-84-14
OM2-84-15
OM2-84-16
OM2-84-17
OM2-84-18
OM2-84-19
OM2-84-20
OM2-84-21
OM2-84-22
OM2-84-23
OM2-84-24
OM2-84-25
OM2-84-26
OM2-84-27
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B
B
NB
NB
NB
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0
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CAT
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M7
M7
M7
M7
M7
M7
M7
M7
M7
M7
M7
M7
M7
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% Moisture
32
33
36
36
16
18
19
17
14
14
15
14
14
16
16
16
16
16
19
29
19
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404 232
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295
840
610
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3.90
3.40
18.80
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21 .40
29.30
31 .00
20.00
23.90
50.60
9.60
74.30
23.30
14.20
15.50
8.00
6.00
17.10
24.40
22.00
1 .40
4.50
12.60
3.90
13.30
21 .90
14.40
0.50
0.90
10.40
22.40
28.20
29.40
7.20
37.00
32.40
44. 40
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21
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130
194
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21
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216
298
281
1 18
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52.3
61 .3
59.5
84.8
45.9
35.2
20.2
52.3
61.3
59.5
84.8
63.4
85. 1
72.2
62.6
63.4
85. 1
72.2
62.6
55.3
77.7
73.0
44.6
55.3
77.7
-------
Table 3-1. Continued
3 TJ
•(-> 0
CO <_)
OM2-84-28
OM2-84-29
OM2-84-30
OM2-84-31
OM2-84-32
OM2-84-33
OM2-84-34
OM2-84-35
OM2-84-36
OM2-84-37
OM2-84-38
OM2-84-39
OM2-84-40
OM2-84-41
OM2-04-42
OM2-84-43
OM2-84-44
OM2-84-45
OM2-84-46
OM2-84-47
OM2-84-48
OM2-84-49
BE-81-1
BE-81-2
BE-81-3
BE-81-4
BE-81-5
BE-81-6
BE-81-7
3E-81-8
3E-81-8
3E-81-8
TVA-83-1
TVA-83-2
TVA-83-3
TVA-83-4
TVA-83-5
TVA-83-6
TVA-83-7
TVA-83-8
TVA-83-9
TVA-83-10
TVA-83-1 1
TVA-83-12
TVA-83-13
TVA-83-14
TVA-83-15
B2-81-1A
B2-81-2A
B2-81-3A
B2-81-4A
B2-81-5A
BS-81-1
BS-81-2
BS-81-3
BS-81-4
E
+-» rc^— . (U
CC J- I—
O C ^» <\}*~*
T£. S- cn i- c_>
3 -* -i-O
3*3 CD ^— " LL ~ -^
17 1.6
19 0.6
18 1.2
18 1 .0
18 0.8
19 1 .5
19 1.6
19 0.9
18 1 .0
19 4.3
19 1 .6
19 0.9
18 1 .0
19 4.3
19 1.1
19 0.7
19 1.5
19 1.7
19 1.1
19 0.7
19 1.5
19 1 .7
18 3.0
18 1 .7
18 2.0
18 2.2
16 2.9
16 1 .7
16 2.2
13 2.3
16 3.4
16 3.1
10 2.2
10 2.2
10 5.8
10 5.8
10 8.5
10 8.5
10 1 .3
10 1.3
10 2.0
10 2.0
10 2.9
10 2.9
10
10
10
12
42
12
12
21
23 2.0 158
23 1.7 154
23 2.0 160
23 1.7 148
a.
CO
a>
>*-» c
o o s_
•MD 3
co>— -co
111 A
54 A
74 A
61 A
58 A
98 A
1 19 A
76 A
86 A
303 A
119 A
76 A
86 A
303 A
85 A
81 A
166 A
226 A
85 A
81 A
166 A
226 A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
370 A
310 A
510 A
380 A
170 A
137 0
149 0
132 0
133 0
-------
Table 3-1. Continued
-o 0
>
oo
NB
NB
NB
NB
N8
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
B
B
B
NB
NB
CER
NB
NB
1
0
D
0
D
0
D
0
D
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
D
0
0
0
0
0
D
0
D
0
0
0
0
D
D
D
D
D
0
0
D
D
0
0
0
0
D
0
D
D
T3
o
•M
>
-a
o
o
3
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
% Moisture
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
19
3
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23 .
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
•
3 -*
CQ^—
1 .3
1 .9
1 .4
3.2
2.3
1.8
1 .6
1 .5
2.3
1.9
1 .4
1 .8
1 .8
1 .0
2.8
1 .6
1 .9
1 .7
1 .1
2.3
3.4
1 .5
2. 1
2.8
2.3
2.3
3.2
1.8
2.6
3.2
1 .6
2.7
2.3
2.4
2.0
2.9
2.4
1 .7
1.3
2.8
2.3
1 .9
2.4
1 .5
1 .4
1 .7
3.2
2.9 •
a.
h-
q}*-*
1. 0
•r-0
|J_. -^^
96
97
123
21 1
163
154
156
145
163
154
144
154
152
99
203
156
165
172
92
146
194
97
143
174
133
153
203
1 19
158
202
96
150
208
147
94
196
153
150
161
139
147
148
153
158
96
143
196
144
a.
at
f-
OJ
>^-
0
oo
. c
i S_
3
-co
0
0
0
0
0
D
0
D
0
0
D
0
D
0
D
D
D
D
0
0
D
D
0
D
0
D
D
0
0
0
D
0
0
D
0
0
D
D
0
0
0
D
0
D
0
0
0
0
^
^t ^. ~~^ -* en
•^. ^ o> -^. e
a> en — cr —
""""* """"' X 2!
z o o o o
a- <-> z ^ a-
10.10
14.00
11.10
3.20
10.30
10.70
6.10
14.50
15.00
25.20
5.80
9.90
5.30
12.30
2.10
12.20
7.60
9.20
11 .80
10.60
2.20
10. 10
7.30
3. 10
5. 10
5.80
1.90
10. 10
3.70
2.40
7.70
3.70
2.50
4.00
8.50
2.10
3.40
3.20
8.00
4.00
4.30
4.70
3.90
3.20
3.60
2.40
1.10
3.60
3-5
-------
Table 3-1. Concluded
Stove Type
B - Baffled
CAT - Catalytic
C-R - Catalytic Retrofit
CER - Ceramic
NB - Nonbaffled
0 - Other (includes modified combustion stoves and/or stoves that
could not be classified into one of the other categories due to
insufficient description)
J - Jotul 201
Test Method
MM5 - Modified Method 5
M7 - Oregon Method 7
OIL - Dilution Method
Wood Type
0 - Oak
P - Pine
OF - Douglas Fir
SM - Sugar Maple
Burn Stage
A - Testing took place over an entire burn cycle with the fire being
started from hot coals
B - Testing took place over an entire burn cycle beginning with a cold
start
C - Testing only took place during the constant burn (steady-state)
stage of the burn cycle
D - Testing took place over several burn cycles (additional fuel
charges) with the fire being started from hot coals
3-6
-------
Table 3-2. LISTING OF WOODSTOVE/EMISSION STUDIES
USED AS THE BASIS FOR TREND ANALYSIS
Study Code Reference
MI-80 "Preliminary Characterization of Emissions from Wood-Fired
Residential Combustion Equipment," March 1980, Monsanto
Corporation, DeAngelis, Ruffin, and Reznik.
RTI-83 "Characterization of Emissions from the Combustion of Wood
and Alternative Fuels in a Residential Woodstove," March
1983, Research Triangle Institute, Truesdale, Mack, White,
Leese, and Cleland.
DG-82 "Residential Wood Combustion Study; Task 5, .Emissions
Testing of Wood Stoves - Volumes 1&2," November 1982, Del
Green Associates, Grotheer.
CCRL-81 "Performance of Domestic Wood-Fired Appliances," 1981
Canadian-Combustion Research Laboratory, Hayden and
Braaten.
M2-81 "Wood Combustion Emissions at Elevated Altitudes,"
Monsanto Corporation, Peters, Hughes, and DeAngelis.
Bl-81 "Control of Emissions from Residential Wood Burning-by
Combustion Modification," 1981, Battelle and Allen.
0-81 "Particulate Emissions from New Low Emission Woodstove
Designs Measured by EPA Method V," 1981, Oregon Depart-
ment of Environmental Quality, Kowalczyk, Bosserman, and
Tombleson.
OM1-83 "Test Report prepared for Catalytic Damper Corporation,"
May 1983, Omni.
OM2-84 "Test Report Woodstove Emissions and Efficiency," February
1984, Omni.1
BE-81 "Particulate Emission Factors for SmalKWood and Coal
Stoves," 1981, Butcher and Ellenbecker.
TVA-83 "Efficiency and Emission Performance of Residential Wood
Heaters9With Advanced Designs," 1983, TVA, Knight and
Knight.
B2-81 "Characterization of Emissions from Residential Wood
Combustion Sources," 1981, Battelle, Cooke, Allen, and
Hall.
BS-81 "Effects of Woodstove Design and Operation on Copdensible
Particulate Emissions," 1981, Barnett and Shea.
3-7
-------
expressed as milligrams of pollutant per kilogram of wood burned. Test
condition information collected from each of the studies includes: the
type of stove tested, method used for measuring particulate, moisture
content of the fuel (expressed as wet basis), type of fuel, burn rate,
firebox and stack temperatures, stage of the burn cycle during sample
collection, and the length of the sampling period. Abbreviations or
qualifiers were used to describe parameters such as stove type, test
method, wood type, and burn stage and are defined at the end of Table 3-1.
In several studies, test conditions were not reported in detail.
In such cases, the data incorporated into the data bank were somewhat
subjective based solely on inferences or indirect evidence presented in
the original study. For example, if a study did pot document the burn
rate, but did provide the initial charge loading and the total sampling
time, burn rate was calculated based on the assumption that all of the
fuel was burned during the reported sampling period. Other cases in
which approximate values were included in the data set include instances
when the value of a parameter was reported as a range (e.g., fuel
moisture = 20-25 percent). In such cases, the average of the reported
range was used. If sufficient information was not provided in the text
to allow these values to be determined or approximated, the entry was
left blank. When approximations were used, every attempt was made to
represent the conditions of the study as accurately as possible.
3.1.1 Data Analysis
As mentioned before, the number of variables and the uncertainty of
the validity of each variable has made this study one of general trends.
These trends can be best pointed out by comparing a dependent and
independent variable graphically. Burn rate was selected as the
independent variable. When this is done and certa.in outlying points are
discarded, some trends become noticeable. The largest problem encountered
with this type of analysis was the uncertainty which results from
analyzing a data set consisting of measurements collected by different
test methods and using different stove types and operating parameters.
An example of this can be seen when evaluating the effect of burn rate
on particulate emissions. Individual studies demonstrate that particulate
emissions decrease with increasing burn rate. However, when particulate
measurements from all studies are reviewed and analyzed against burn
3-8
-------
rate, the trend is much weaker. The reason for this is that each testing
group defined particulate with a different set of parameters. Some
investigators defined particulate as front filter catch at 250°F, whereas
others included various combinations of filter catch and condensed
organics.
In addition to the problems of definition are the problems of
plotting the graphs by overall studies. One study included 61 test
runs, while others had as few as two test runs. This problem is
accentuated if the author did not report measurements for the parameters
of interest. The NO results are a good example of this. Only
25 individual tests from two studies measured NO . The results were
/\
similar. However, it is difficult to indicate a trend for 16 studies
and 217 tests with this limited data. The same is true for POM
measurements.
As noted previously, burn rate was selected as the independent
variable. The data in the data bank were arranged so that the tests
were ranked in order of increasing burn rate (see Table 3-3).
3.1.2 CO Analysis
The results of the CO analysis for the tests provided unexpected
results. Except for the catalytic type, it appears to make no difference
which stove is used. When presented on an emission factor (g/kg wood
burned) basis, the CO emissions remain fairly constant as the burn rate
increases (see Figure 3-1). However, when these results are plotted on
an emission rate basis vs. burn rate, the CO emissions appear to increase
as the amount of wood burned per hour is increased (see Figure 3-2).
This latter result would tend to indicate that fireplaces yield a much
higher CO emission rate than do woodstoves which generally are run at
lower burn rates. The highest CO emissions rate noted in the literature
was 5,000 grams/hour. The observed CO trends run counter to some
23
studies results which showed a decrease as the burn rate was increased.
The methods by which the results were obtained were unclear in some
cases; and the level of quality control exercised was in most cases, not
addressed. Thus, the trends noted here must be interpreted with caution.
3-9
-------
Table 3-3. WOODSTOVE DATA (BURN RATE RANKING)
>>
-a O
(S> O
Bl-81-1
B1-81-2
81-81-3
B1-81-4
B1-81-5
B1-81-6
B1-81-7
B1-81-8
B1-81-9
82-81-1A
B2-81-2A
B2-81-4A
TVA-83-13
TVA-83-14
81-81-10
81-81-11
81-81-12
B2-81-3A
B2-81-5A
TVA-83-15
OM2-84-25
OM2-84-29
OM2-84-3
OM2-84-7
OM2-84-43
OM2-84-47
OM2-84-10
OM2-84-22
OM2-84-26
OM2-84-32
OM2-84-15
OM2-84-19
OM2-84-35
OM2-84-39
OM2-84-31
OM2-84-2
BS-81-27
OM2-84-36
OM2-84-40
OM2-84-9
BS-81-32
OM2-84-16
OM2-84-20
OM2-84-42
OM2-84-46
CCRL-81-1
i
I—
at
>
o
+j
oo
B
B
B
B
8
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
CAT-RET
CAT/B
NB
NB
NB
NB
0
0
CAT
CAT
J
J
NB
NB
0
CAT
CAT
CAT
NB
NB
NB
NB
CAT
J
NB
NB
NB
0
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
B
•o
o
-C
+J
a>
s
+j
ai
i—
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM 5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
M7
OIL
M7
M7
M7
OIL
OIL
M7
OIL
M7
M7
OIL
M7
OIL
M7
M7
OIL
M7
OIL
OIL
OIL
M7
OIL
M7
OIL
>
I—
•o
o
o
2
0
0
0
0
p
0
0
0
0
0
p
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
OF
OF
OF
OF
OF
DF
OF
OF
OF
OF
DF
OF
DF
OF
DF
DF
0/SM
OF
DF
OF
0/SM
OF
DF
DF
DF
SM
ai
s_
3
4->
a.
+-> E
a)'~-
S en
0) H3
I— -(->
1/1
ai
>^ c
O CJ S-
•MO 3
OO CQ
A
A
360 A
A
A
A
A
A
A
370 A
310 A
380 A
A
A
A
A
A
510 A
170 A
A
54 A
54 A
68 A
88 A
81 A
81 A
68 A
73 A
73 A
58 A
68 A
68 A
76 A
76 A
61 A
90 A
86 0
86 A
86 A
90 A
1 17 D
81 A
81 A
85 A
85 A
44 B
a>
z 3:
112
12.0
15.0
28.0
9.0
56.0
56.0
5.0
7.0
28.0
9.0
5.0
1 .01
0.82 0.2
32.0
5.0
1.14 0.1
44.6
44.6
52.3
45.9
17.8
17.8
52.3
55.3
55.3
54.9
85. 1
85. 1
54.2
54.2
56.9
20.2
80.3
80.3
20.2
72.2
72.2
30.2
30.2
39.0
CD
_ii
CD
^^^
^
o
a.
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.05
0. 19
0.16
0.02
0.01
0.08
3-10
-------
Table 3-3. Continued
•o
3 -0
•M O
1/1 O
OM2-84-30
OM2-84-1
OM2-84-8
TVA-83-7
TVA-83-8
BS-81-14
BS-81-52
OM2-84-23
OM2-84-27
OM2-84-6
BS-81-16
BS-81-24
BS-81-58
OM2-84-13
CCRL-81-6
OM2-84-33
OM2-84-5
BS-81-21
BS-81-35
BS-81-57
BS-81-6
OM2-84-44
OM2-84-48
0-81-12
OM2-84-12
OM2-84-24
OM2-84-28
BS-81-12
BS-81-20
BS-81-29
BS-81-44
BS-81-7
OM2-84-34
OM2-84-38
0-81-10
BS-81-59
BE-81-2
BE-81-6
BS-81-11
8S-81-2
BS-81-37
BS-81-4
BS-81-51
OM2-84-14
OM2-84-18
OM2-84-45
OM2-84-49
CCRL-81-2
0-81-6
0)
a.
>,
0)
>
o
4->
GO
CAT
J
0
CAT
CAT
NB
NB
CAT
CAT
J
NB
NB
NB
0
B
CAT
J
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB/0
0
CAT
CAT
NB
NB
NB.
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB/0
CER
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
B
CAT
TO
o
j=
+j
>
h- .
•a
o
0
OF
OF
OF
0
0
0/SM
0/SM
OF
OF -
OF
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
OF
SM
OF
OF
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
OF
OF
OF
OF
OF
OF
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
OF
OF
OF
0/SM
0
0
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
OF
OF
OF
OF
SM
OF
% Moisture
18
16
16
10
10
23
23
19
19
18
23
23
23
18
16
19
20
19
23
23
23
19
19
14
20
17
17
23
23
23
23
23
19
19
14
23
18
16
23
23
23
23
23
17
17
19
19
16
18
L)
3 ^*™>i
H i-
- cn
3 -*
3 *^.*
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.6
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.8
.8
a.
1
*-*
o o
+o
GO —
74
11 1
11 1
104
192
104
104
132
102
136
116
132
122
98
182
1 18
126
163
142
166
166
104
182
1 1 1
111
161
137
138
134
137
119
1 19
124
160
183
149
136
133
179
1 18
1 18
226
226
67
125
ai
cn
ITS
+->
_*:
cn
Si
a.
1.50
17.10
13.30
16.80
5.10
10. 10
8.00
7.50
4.20
12.60
11.10
5.80
3.60
10.40
1 .50
4.50
14.50
10.10
3.20
9.90
9.70
6.90
74.30
0.90
6.10
4.10
8.70
6. 10
12.20
7.70
9.10
18.30
20.60
50.60
2.40
4.30
3.80
12.90
7.80
9.20
1 1 .00
3.20
22.40
37.00
3.40
0.60
29.30
--^ ai
cn -*
it ^
•-^ ai
cn ^-*
X
O 0
o z
25
157
157
28 0.03
26 0.85
59
59
130
130
87
48
40
88
88
40
101
101
175
175
63
216
216
66
66
140
'cn
cn ^
j* cn
en - —
"~^ S
O O
:c a.
53.8
35.2
35.2
77.7
77.7
84.8
84.8
20.0
65.7
59.5
40.4
40.4
59.5
73.0
73.0
71 .6
71 .6
63.4
63.4
43.9
43.9
33.0
-------
Table 3-3. Continued
T3 <1>
3 -O
•M 0
,
o
-(->
oo
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
B
NB
NB
NB
CAT
CAT
NB
NB
NB
NB
CAT
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
B
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
B
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
J
NB
0
CAT
CAT-RET
NB
•a
o
4->
g
-M
01
O)
1—
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL •
OIL
OIL
OIL
MM5
MM 5
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
M7
OIL
OIL
OIL
MM5
MM5
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
• M7
M7
OIL
M7
M7
OIL
o>
CL
>»
-o
0
o
3
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0
0
0
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
OF
0/SM
0
0
0
0
0/SM
0
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
SM
OF
OF
SM
OF
OF
OF
0/SM
% Moisture ||
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
10
10
18
23
23
23
17
23
18
16
10
10
23
13
23
3
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
16
21
19
16
19
16
19
23
HJx-»
OH i-
-C
s. en
3-*
CQ- —
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.9
.9
.9
.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.6
Q.
O)
1—
-*
-^
cn
a.
7.60
10.70
9.90
5.30
10.10
10.70
10.50
7.90
4.70
14.00
25.20
7.60
2.20
6.40
6.40
8.50
9.80
8.50
38.00
7.30
3.20
1 .60
80.80
97.30
4.30
4.20
10.30
15.00
10.60
5. 10
5.80
2.50
3.90
2.90
4.00
3.40
22.00
1 .40
0.50
21 .40
22.00
3.70
•~^ CO
^^ ai s-~- .*
cn -* cn --s.
.*: ^ j£ cn
•^ cn -^ E
cn — • cr —
*~* X *"* S
O O 0 O
0 2 OC Q.
6 2.00 0. 1
50 0.88 0.2
106
120 10.7
158
102 0. 13 1 .9
98 0.10 1 .6
184 43.0
190 13.8
21 61.3
129 30.0
21 61 .3
110 8.0
-------
Table 3-3. Continued
>,
•o cu
3 -a
-M 0
CO CJ
DG-82-17
BS-81-45
DG-82-2
DG-82-13
DG-82-15
BS-81-28
BS-81-37
BS-81-53
OM2-84-17
OM2-84-21
TVA-83-1 1
TVA-83-12
BE-81-5
BS-81-49
BS-81-61
BE-81-1
DG-82-5
DG-82-12
BE-81-8
DG-82-11
BS-81-17
BS-81-40
BS-81-43
BS-81-60
OM1-83-1
OM1-83-3
OM1-83-4
BE-81-8
BS-81-34
OM1-83-2
DG-82-7
0-81-13
CCRL-81-3
DG-82-16
DG-82-9
0-81-9
CCRL-81-7
RTI-83-2
CCRL-81-8
0-81-1 1
OM2-84-41
OM2-84-37
CCRL-81-9
0-81-7
0-81-8
DG-82-8
RTI-83-1
0-81-3
DG-82-3
OG-82-19
0-81-4
CU
Q.
>>
cu
>
o
•M
CO
0
NB
NB
0
CAT
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
CAT
CAT
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
0
NB
CAT-RET
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB
CAT-RET
CAT-RET
NB
NB
NB
NB
NB/0
B
0
NB
NB/0
NB
NB
NB
NB/0
NB
NB
B
B
B
NB
NB
B
NB
CER
B
•o
o
.c
4->
CU
4->
in
cu
I—
M7
OIL
M7
M7
M7
OIL
OIL
OIL
M7
OIL
MM5
MM5
OIL
OIL
OIL
DIL
M7
M7
DIL
M7
DIL
DIL
DIL
DIL
M7
M7
M7
DIL
DIL
M7
M7
M7
M7
M7
M7
MM 5
M7
DIL
M7
M7
M7
M7
MM5
M7
M7
M7
M7
cu
Q.
>>
•o
0
o
•3
DF
0/SM
DF
DF
DF
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
DF
DF
0
0
0
0/SM
0/SM
0
DF
DF
H
DF
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
0/SM
DF
DF
DF
H
0/SM
DF
DF
DF
SM
DF
DF
DF
SM
0
SM
DF
DF
DF
SM
DF
DF
DF
0
OF
DF
DF
DF
cu
s_
3
•(->
in
O
••-o
|j^ x,^.
255
150
283
289
435
203
174
139
196
144
298
301
315
21 1
203
202
196
194
322
404
331
315
379
537
159
243
515
346
646
Q.
cu
CU
oo"
•MD
CO*—
1 10
205
158
122
162
198
238
221
221
256
224
148
129
178
209
297
258
210
123
135
134
267
128
189
232
150
191
183
254
223
248
139
257
303
303
1 17
177
157
146
286
129
172
318
127
cu
CD
10
4->
CO
C
i.
3 '
co
A
D
A
A
A
D
0
D
A
A
A
A
A
D
D
A
A
A
A
A
D
D
D
D
A
A
A
A
D
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
B
C
B
A
A
A
8
A
A
B
C
A
A
A
A
cu
I—
cu
Q.
ITS
CO
175
300
250
270
150
300
300
300
165
165
60
300
300
61
208
255
56
223
300
300
300
300
45
300
198
120
189
85
85
155
181
99
CD
_i^
^.
CD
Q-
30.00
3.70
54.00
35.00
23.00
2.10
3.10
4.00
7.2.0
3.20
2.60
1 .40
2.60
2.10
3.60
3.90
62.00
38.00
2.10
17.00
3.20
1 .90
2.40
1 .10
14.20
8.00
6.00
2.40
2.20
15.50
19.00
23.30
14.00
22.00
23.90
0.80
9.60
13.20
10.20
31 .00
20.00
24.00
0.50
18.80
34.00
2.00
10.00
-— •* CD
01 -*
-*: ^
•^ CD
CD — •
X
O 0
cj z
150
189
160
50
1 18
118
23 0.81
6 0.76
67
106
220
200
90
98
160
108
80
1 10
1 16
44 0.82
153
1 15
1 15
169
190
29 0.69
160
50
CD
^.
O->
O
32
5.8
16.9
9.3
7.3
62.6
62.6
0. 1
12. 1
1 1 .8
6.2
8.8
25.0
3.9
6.6
27.0
6.5
36.0
71 .3
71 .3
40.0
11.1
,4.9
10.5
0.6
CD
-i£
O>
E.
S.
O
0.
/
-------
Table 3-3. Concluded
T3 il)
3 -a
+-> O
GO O
TVA-83-3
TVA-83-4
M1-80-5
81-81-13
M1-80-1
M1-80-6
M2-81-1
M1-80-3
DG-82-6
M1-80-7
M2-81-2
81-81-14
DG-82-18
M1-80-4
M1-80-8
M1-80-1
TVA-83-5
TVA-83-6
DG-82-4
81-81-15
81-81-19
0-81-2
81-81-18
81-81-16
81-81-17
0-81-1
Hi
CL
1—
OJ
o
•M
GO
NB
NB
NB
NB
B
NB
NB
B
NB
NB
NB
NB
CER
B
NB
B
NB
NB
NB
NB
0
0
0
NB
NB
0
o
+->
z
O)
(—
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
M7
MM5
MM5
MM5
M7
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
M7
MM5
MM5
M7
MM5
MM5
MM5
M7
o>
Q.
I—
T3
0
O
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
p
OF
P
0
0
OF
P
P
0
0
0
OF
0
0
DF
0
0
0
OF
Moisture
a*
10
10
5
28
28
5
28
19
5
5
16
5
28
5
10
10
12
33
32
OJ CL
(O -*~ *» QJ
oe s_ H-
C *•*•*. Q) *— -
s. en i. o
3 -^ -i-O
CO *— •* ' ' *~ -"
5^8
5.8
6.0
6.5
6.6
6.6
6.8
7.2
7.2 314
7.2
7.4
7.5
7.7 826
7.8
7.8
8.4
8.5
8.5
9.2 357
9.5
9.9
10.5
10.9
12.3
14.4
16.4
Q.
0)
O
:r
0.8
0.2
34.0
9.2
32.0
0.4
0. 1
0. 1
11.9
34.0
2.0
5.0
42.0
33.0
en
en
2;
o
Q.
0. 19
0.01
0.32
0.21
0.01
3-14
-------
400 J
OT
300
CO
I
tn
CD
o
o
200
100 -4
•
..
1 \ I T
1234
T
6
T
7
8
T^
9
10
Burn Rate (kg/hr)
11
12
13
14
15
16
Figure 3-1. CO vs. burn rate.
-------
CO
5 -
4 -
3 _
i~ -O
CD (/)
0 JZ
0 -!->
1 -
3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Burn Rate (kg/hr)
Figure 3-2. CO (g/hr) vs. burn rate (.kg/hr).
-------
A possible explanation for the CO results could be the size of the
wood being burned. Since wood is loaded into fireplaces and woodstoves
by the log, it is intuitive that, regardless of burn rate, CO would be
produced in the inner portion of the log, while combustion occurred at
the outer portion. This should hold somewhat true for HC emissions
also. Almost all tests studied showed a fairly high CO value (1 to
4 percent), indicative of poor air mixing during the combustion process.
Stoves equipped with oxidation catalysts did reduce the CO emissions
approximately 40 percent on the average. Ceramic stoves were tested and
ranked by burn rate and had the lowest CO emissions.
3.1.3 Catalytic Analysis
The results obtained on catalytic stoves were extracted from the
data bank ranked by burn rate (Table 3-4). The only general conclusions
which can be drawn are that the CO and particulate emissions averaged
the same or lower than the noncatalytic average, while HC emissions
average about the same. The high HC average comes primarily from
one series of OMNI runs, which may have been a result of differences in
measurement methods. The OMNI results were measured on a NDIR instrument
whereas TVA used a GC/FID which measures only the low molecular weight
(Ci-C?) hydrocarbons. Another possibility is that, in the OMNI tests,
temperature of the gases was too low to achieve catalytic action. It is
unclear from the test reports if this condition was achieved since the
majority of investigators failed to report the operating temperature of
the catalyst. Light-off temperature is about 400°F (205°C). In general,
the removal efficiency of CO, HC, and particulate increases with an
increase in temperature of the gases entering the catalyst.
3.1.4 Particulate and HC Results
The emissions from a woodstove contain flyash, condensed organics
either adsorbed on the flyash or as liquid droplets, semi-volatile
(boiling point >100°C) organics, and volatile (boiling point <100°C)
organics. The method of testing and the care taken during the test can
have a strong effect on whether a species is reported as a particulate
or hydrocarbon. In viewing the data it was noted that very few tests
had both high particulate and high hydrocarbon values. In most cases
those tests which had high particulate values had low HC results and
3-17
-------
Table 3-4. WOODSTOVE DATA (CATALYTIC STOVES)
"O Ol
3 T3
+-> o
00 O
TVA-83-13
TVA-83-14
OM2-84-25
OM2-84-29
OM2-84-22
OM2-84-26
OM2-84-32
OM2-84-31
OM2-84-30
TVA-83-7
TVA-83-8
OM2-84-23
OM2-84-27
OM2-84-33
OM2-84-24
OM2-84-28
0-81-6
TVA-83-10
TVA-83-9
DG-82-14
0-81-5
DG-82-10
DG-82-15
TVA-83-11
TVA-83-12
OG-82-11
OM1-83-3
OM1-83-4
01
SL
t—
01
o
CAT-RET
CAT/B
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT-RET
CAT
CAT
CAT
CAT-RET
CAT-RET
CAT-RET
T3
O
-C
Ol
01
1—
MM5
MM5
M7
OIL
M7
OIL
M7
M7
M7
MM5
MM5
M7
OIL
M7
M7
OIL
M7
MM5
Mf-15
M7
117
M7
M7
MM5
MM5
M7
M7
M7
O)
Q.
•o
O
0
3
0
0
OF
OF
OF
OF
OF
OF
OF
0
0
OF
OF
OF
OF
OF
OF
0
0
OF
OF
OF
OF
0
0
OF
OF
OF
% Moisture
1
10
10
19
19
19
19
18
18
18
to
10
19
19
19
17
17
18
10
10
17
16
19
20
10
10
19
16
16
s-
^^ ^™^
en o
Ol Q-
4J E
ra 01
C Ol
S- S-
3 -r-
CQ U_
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
.0
.2
.3
.3
.4
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.1 320
2.6
2.6 317
2.8 435
2.9
2.9
3.2 315
3.4
3.4
o
o
Q.
Ol
1—
Ol
o
00
54
54
73
73
58
61
74
104
104
98
111
111
125
118
155
143
162
178
135
134
01
en
(O
oo
c
3
CO
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Ol
•r"
t—
Ol
Q.
-------
vice versa. As noted previously, the tests with high HC results used an
NDIR which includes all species in the absorbtive range. This would
include methane which could account for as much as 50 percent of the
total HC value. The particulate value is also uncertain since this
measurement is dependent upon filter temperature, particle size, and
pre-conditioning; variables which were not documented in the references.
With all these undefined variables, it is difficult to draw conclusions
from the testing done on an overall basis. Conclusions are probably
more valid within each test as some of these variables are controlled.
3.1.5 NO Analysis
^^^x\
Only 25 of the 217 tests reported NO values which ranged from
.03 to 2.0 gr/kg of wood fired, with an average value of .75 gr/kg. The
higher values were all associated with tests done on catalytic stoves,
while the lower values were associated mainly with non-catalytic stoves.
While this is a significant trend, the level of NO emissions from
woodstoves is lower than for other residential heating equipment.
3.2 INDIVIDUAL STUDY ANALYSIS
As noted above, looking for trends in the whole data bank is clouded
by the wide, often undocumented, variations in the test procedures.
Analyzing the trends in a single study might prove to be more fruitful
since many of these variables were controlled within individual studies
by the investigator.
The reported particulate emission factors for RWC range from 0.5 g/kg
to as high as 62 g/kg of wood. Several studies have reported typical
factors ranging from 0.5-25.0 g/kg. Table 3-5 illustrates particulate
emission ranges reported in four different studies.
Carbon monoxide emission factors measured from RWC range from 4 to
400 g/kg of wood. In general, emission factors for stoves and other
air-tight appliances have been in the 100 to 200 g/kg range. Fireplaces
have demonstrated lower CO emissions (15 to 30 g/kg range). Table 3-6
illustrates carbon monoxide emission ranges reported in four different
studies.
The reported HC emission factors range from 2 to 113 g/kg. In the
majority of the tests, HC emission factors have been in the 20-60 g/kg
range. Table 3-7 illustrates HC emission factor ranges reported in
three different studies.
3-19
-------
Table 3-5. PARTICULATE EMISSION FACTORS
Study
Butcher and Buckley
Butcher and Sorenson
Monsanto
Argonne
Emission factor
range (g/kg)
0.7 -
1.3 -
5.1 -
0.8 -
25
24
19
22
Reference
9
10
11
12
Table 3-6. CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM
RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION
Study
Argonne Lab
Monsanto
Battell e
California Air
Emission factor
range (g/kg)
92 - 196
15 - 370
33 - 400
4 - 147
Reference
12
11
13
14
3-20
-------
Table 3-7. TOTAL HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM
RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION
Study
Battell e
Canadian Combustion
Research Laboratory
Acurex
Emission factor
range (g/kg)
2.0 - 113
20.4 - 43.4
2.0 - 110
Reference
13
15
16
Table 3-8. POLYCYCLIC ORGANIC MATTER EMISSIONS FROM
RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION
Study
Argonne
Monsanto
Battell e
Emission factor
range (g/Kg)
.004 - .040
.025 - .370
.011 - .050
Reference
12
11
16
3-21
-------
When airtight combustion units are operated under oxygen starved
conditions low combustion efficiencies result. Incomplete combustion
results in the formation of a complex mixture of products. These
combustion products, a mixture of hydrocarbons, olefinic and polycyclic
organic matter, condense as the stack emissions cool. In general, the
term POM is used to describe all multi-ring organic compounds. ROMs are
of special concern in wood smoke since several of these compounds have
been identified as potential carcinogens. A well studied example is
Benzo(a) pyrene (BaP).
Because of their high melting points the bulk of POM is believed to
be linked with particulate matter. It is uncertain whether POM
condenses out as discrete particles after cooling or condenses on surfaces
of existing particles after formation during combustion. It is clear,
however, that POM tends to concentrate on the particle surfaces. It has
been demonstrated that most of the mass of POM is associated with
particles of aerodynamic diameters in the respirable size range. It
is estimated that RWC accounts for as much as 80 percent of the national
18
POM emissions from stationary sources.
Similar to other emission factors developed for RWC, factors reported
for POM range over several orders of magnitude. Examples of POM emission
factors developed in three studies are shown in Table 3-8. An overall
range of 0.004-0.37 g/kg of wood is reported.
3.3 VARIABLES AFFECTING EMISSIONS
Several factors can significantly affect the emissions from wood
burning appliances. In general, these factors can be grouped into one
of three categories. These are: 1) equipment type, 2) operating
conditions, and 3) fuel characteristics. Each of these categories and
their role in affecting emissions will be discussed briefly.
3.3.1 Equipment Type
Several studies have demonstrated different emission rates for
different combustion appliances. Initially, these studies compared
emissions measured from fireplaces to those measured from stoves.
One of the first such studies was conducted by Monsanto. The Monsanto
study compared emissions from a fireplace, a baffled stove and a
3-22
-------
nonbaffled stove. The results of this study have been included in
Table 3-9. In summary, Monsanto demonstrated that the air-tight stoves
have significantly higher emission rates for CO and POM, while NO
A
emissions were greater from fireplaces.
More recently, studies have been conducted which compare emission
performance of conventional air tight wood heaters with performance of
19 20
advanced design heaters. ' TVA has conducted such studies using
carbon monoxide, particulate, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
measurements from various stove types to assess emission performance.
20
Figure 3-3 summarizes the results of one comparison study. In general,
TVA found that the advanced design sytems tested generated much lower
emission factors. The catalytic wood heater (#2) gave the lowest CO and
PAH emission factors. The retrofit catalytic system (#3) tested on the
conventional wood heater and the catalytic wood heater with a metal
combustor (#4) had lower PAHs, total particulates, and volatile hydro-
carbons than the conventional wood heater. Although emissions for the
prototype secondary combustion wood heater (#5) were far reduced in
comparison to the conventional wood heater, TVA noted that this system
required frequent operator attention to sustain such reduced emissions.
Referring back to the TVA-83 test series in Table 3-1, it can be seen
that the conventional wood heater (tests 1-6) had emissions that increased
dramatically with decreased burn rate. Generally, emissions from the
catalytic wood heater (tests 7-12) showed less dependence upon wood load
size than the conventional wood heater.
3.3.2 Operating Conditions that Affect Emissions
Several stove operating conditions have been identified as affecting
emission rates. Three of these variables will be briefly discussed.
These are: 1) burn rate, 2) stage of the burn cycle, and 3) charge
loading.
3.3.2.1 Burn Rate. Several investigators have looked at the
effect of burn rate on emission performance. In general, these studies
have demonstrated that an increased burn rate will result in various
emission reductions. These reductions include:
3-23
-------
Table 3-9. SUMMARY OF EMISSION RESULTS FOR CRITERIA POLLUTANTS AND ROMs
FROM WOOD FIRED RESIDENTIAL COMBUSTION EQUIPMENT3
Wood
burning
device
Fireplace
Baffled
stove
Nonbaffled
stove
Burn
rate
kg/hr
10.8
8.4
7.8
Parti cul ate
matter
g/kg
2.3
3.0
2.5
Condensible
organics
g/kg
6.3
4.0
6.0
N0xd CO6 POMf
2.4 30 0.025
0.4 110 0.21
0.4 370 0.19
Source: DeAngelis, et al.
^ood type - seasoned oak.
Front half of EPA Method 5 and POM train. Averaged when two values
are available.
Back half of EPA Method 5. Averaged when two values are available.
EPA Method 7. Average of six grab samples.
eEPA Method 3 (Orsat) for stoves; average of 10 samples. Drager tube for
fireplace; 15-30 minute composite.
fPOM train (EPA Method 5 modified with XAD resin trap).
3-24
-------
SL
Hood Heater tl - Airtight circulator
Hood Heater 42 - Ceramic honeycomb catalytic
Hood Heater #3 - Hetro ceramic honeycomb catalytic-
Hood Heater *4 - Metal catalytic
Hood Heater 15 - Secondary combustion
2343
(Hood Heater)
TOTAL PARTICULATES
S
12343 12345
(Hood Heater) (Wood Heater)
CARBON HONOXIBE PAH EMISSIONS
Footnotes: a. Fuel sample was red oak, split cordwood, 10.41 moisture (wet).
b. Hood heater *1 data was taken from 8 samples at low, medium, and high
burn rates.
c. Wood heater 12 and 03 data was taken from 6 samples at low, medium, and
high burn rates.
d. Wood heater 14 data was taken from 2 samples at a medium burn.rate.
e. Wood heater 05 data was taken from 2 samples at medium and high burn rates.
Figure 3-3. Comparison of emissions from several wood heaters.
(Reproduced with permission of APCA.)
20
-------
1) participate,21'22
22
2) condensible organics,
19 23
3) carbon monoxide, '
4) total hydrocarbons,19'23
12
5) aliphatic compounds, and
12
6) total organics.
These burn rate emission reduction relationships are illustrated in
Figures 3-4 through 3-8.
The effect that burn rate has on POM emissions is less certain.
23
Studies conducted at the Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory
indicate a decrease in POM emissions with increasing burn rates
12
(Figure 3-9). On the other hand, studies conducted at the Argonne
National Laboratory (ANL) strongly suggest that POM emissions increase
with increasing burn rates. ANL's suggestions are supported by the
apparent shift to higher molecular weight organics observed when the
burn rate is increased.
Peters suggests that high temperature combustion favors POM
formation from the alkyl benzene fragments pyrolyzed during wood
combustion. He makes the following statement concerning burn rate and
POM emission rate: "The very limited data on POM emissions from
residential wood-fired equipment and deductive reasoning suggest that,
within the operating temperature range of residential equipment, the
burning rate - POM emission rate relationship is exactly opposite that
of other pollutants. Because temperatures of 500-800°C are needed for
POM formation, a very cool fire similar to overnight use conditions
should, at some point, result in zero POM emissions, although large
amounts of other unburned organics and CO will be emitted."
3.3.2.2 Stage of the Burn Cycle. Several investigators have
determined that emission rates for various pollutants are dependent upon
the stage of the burn cycle. DeAngelis, et al. observed this dependency
when monitoring CO over an entire burn cycle. Figure 3-10 illustrates
the carbon monoxide concentration in the flue gas as a function of time.
It has also been reported that particulate emission rates are dependent
upon the stage of the burn. ' These studies have shown that
approximately one-half of the mass of particulates are emitted in the
first 17 percent of the burn.
3-26
-------
100
90
to
70
"
40
20
io 4
o
I
I
A Oak Brand* 2" * *", 11.71
• Sad
-------
100
I w
1 M ^
8 TO
•
I 60
a *« «
30
20 .
10
0
A Oak Brand* V x 4", 11.72 Bolatara
• Sad Oak Cardvood, 122 Mia Cera
10 15
ttb/br)
6
-------
400,
300
jt
~^.
CO
- 200
bl
Q
100
2 4 6
FIRING RATE, kg/hr
10
Figure 3-6. Variation of carbon monoxide with firing rate,
23
conventional stoves.
(Reproduced with permission of APCA.)
3-29
-------
100
u
a
•
•
1
80
60
40.
2
"2. 20 J
10 13 20 25
Burning Sate, Ib/hr
30
35
Figure 3-7. HC emissions for several stoves as a
19
function of burn rate.
(Reproduced with permission of the
Oregon Graduate Center.)
3-30
-------
*
e
O Pkrtteutete * Cbndmfbto . Urtt Wood
X PvttcutaU * Candnalbl* . Small Wood
£ PmrHcutol* + Candralbh * CrwawU . Urf* Wood
V PwllciiJato * CoodMHifal* » Crmote . Small Wood
246
Burn Rate, kg/hr
Figure 3-8. Summary of total organic emission factors (g/kg)
as a function of burn rate (kg/hr) from combustion
12
of 0.12M and 0.06M diameter oak logs.
(Reproduced with permission of the Oregon
Graduate Center.)
3-31
-------
10
c
o
O
Q.
Nl
•^«
10
1 +
2 4 6
Firing Rate, kg/hr
10
Figure 3-9. Variation in POM emissions with firing rate,
23
conventional stoves.
(Reproduced with permission of APCA.)
3-32
-------
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
TIME INTO BURNING CYCLE, min
Figure 3-10. Concentration of CO in flue gas as a function of time.
11
3-33
-------
19
3.3.2.3 Charge Loading. Cooke, et al. concluded from their
emission studies that the amount of wood loaded into the stove will have
a large influence on the amount of pyrolysis products leaving the stove.
The emissions increase with the increase in wood inventory due to the
increased quantity of wood exposed to the heat and thereby subject to
preburning pyrolysis. As seen from these data (Table 3-10), both the HC
and CO emissions increased when the charge mass increased.
3.3.3 Fuel Characteristics
The combustion properties of wood are influenced by several fuel
characteristics. As a result the types and magnitudes of emissions
generated by wood combustion are also governed by these characteristics.
It has been reported that wood type, moisture content, size and shape of
the fuel may all affect emissions. Each of these factors and their
influence on emission performance will be briefly discussed.
3.3.3.1 Wood Type. To date, one of the most comprehensive studies
that specifically investigates the relationship between emissions and
wood type was conducted by Muhlbaier. This study reported particulate
emission rates from a free standing fireplace for seven different wood
types. In addition to particulate emissions, gaseous emissions were
measured during combustion of select woods. No significant trends are
available in the data. A summary of these results is presented in
Table 3-11.
3.3.3.2 Moisture Content. Considering the error factors involved
with emission testing, many investigators have concluded that fuel
moisture has little or no significant effect on emissions. Some have
added that dry wood (less than 25 percent moisture) may produce slightly
higher emissions than wood with more typical moisture contents of
24
30-40 percent. In contrast, Del Green Associates concluded that fuel
05
moisture does significantly affect emissions. Figure 3-11 illustrates
measured particulate emission rates for various fuel moisture contents.
This figure illustrates that the low moisture fuel resulted in signifi-
cantly higher emission levels than the medium moisture fuel. The high
moisture fuel also resulted in higher particulate emissions, but the
increase was not as great as with the dry fuel.
3-34
-------
Table 3-10. EFFECTS OF SIZE OF CHARGE ON EMISSIONS,
SIDE DRAFT BURNING OF OAK 4x4s19
Test run number
Mass of charge, 1b
Burning rate, Ib/hr
Excess air, percent
Stack temperature, °F
(°C)
Gas composition, as measured
CO, percent
HC , ppm
Emissions, lb/1,000 Ib wood
CO
HC
34
12.9
17.4
62.9
680
(360)
1.2
2800
100
15
35
41.9
19.2
58.1
660
(350)
2.5
5300
220
26
(Reproduced with permission of the Oregon Graduate Center.)
3-35
-------
Table 3-11. PARTICULATE EMISSION RATES FROM WOOD BURNING (g/kg)c
Teat
Softwood
25
26
27
32
33
31
34
36
40
Hardwood
23
24
35
42
43
20
21
19
22
28
29
30
37
38
39
Synthetic
41
44
Wood
Eastern Sprue*
Jack lae
Soft Maple
•
*
Birch
N
Hard Maple
•
White Aah
•
Red Oak
Logs
Sternolog
Northland II
Front Catch
6.0 (47)*
2.9 (30)
1.8 (12)
-
-
—
1.7 (17)
4.0 (28)
4.2 (40)
2.6 (11)
1.9 (21)
2.2 (23)
5.9 (40)
2.2 (23)
1.2 (12)
4.2 (38)
1.5 (11)
1.1 (12)
3.4 (43)
2.5 (30)
2.8 (24)
2.6 (29)
2.2 (20)
3.3 (11)
1-5 (8)
2.3 (11)
Filter Catch
2.1 (17)
1.2 (13)
1.9 (13)
1.4
1.6
3.7
1.7 (17)
7.6 (53)
2.9 (28)
3.9 (17)
1.4 (16)
1.6 (17)
4.2 (29)
1.7 (18)
1.2 (12)
1.9 (17)
1.0 (7.4)
1.5 (16)
2.0 (25)
3.4 (41)
6.2 (53)
1.2 (13)
1.8 (17)
3.6 (12)
8.4 (45)
14 (71)
lapioger Catch
4.6 (36)
5.5 (57)
11 (75)
-
-
•
6.7 (66)
2.6 (18)
3.3 (32)
17 (72)
5.7 (63)
5.8 (60)
4.5 (31)
5.7 (59)
7.9 (77)
5.1 (46)
11 (81)
6.5 (71)
2.6 (33)
2.3 (28)
2.8 (24)
5.1 (57)
6.9 (63)
22 (76)
8.8 (47)
3.6 (18)
Total
13
9.6
15
10
14
10
24
9.0
9.6
15
9.6
10
11
14
9.1
8.0
8.2
12
8.9
11
29
19
20
*Numbers in the ( ) are the percent of the total.
(Reproduced with permission of the Oregon Graduate Center.)
3-36
-------
o
^
Ol
70
60
SO
40
« 30
20-
10
• gAg
• gAg, average
a g/104 Btu
• g/104 Btu, average
(wet) 10
(Dry) 11
20 30 40 SO 60
25 43 67 100 150
Fuel Moisture, X
Figure 3-11. Participate emissions (normalized to burn rate) as
25
a function of fuel moisture.
3^37
-------
3.3.3.3 Fuel Size. The log size/emission relationship has been
studied by several investigators. The size of the pieces of wood has a
large effect on the rate of pyrolysis. The smaller pieces result in a
shorter distance for the pyrolysis products to diffuse, a larger surface
area to mass ratio, and a reduction in the time required to heat the
entire piece of wood.
Investigators have shown that as the ratio of surface area to mass
increased (i.e., smaller log sizes) the emission factors are markedly
19
increased. Cooke, et al. demonstrated this with CO emissions
24
(Figure 3-12) while Barnett demonstrated the same relationship with
12
particulates (Figure 3-13). Hubble concluded that total organics do
not exhibit a log-size effect but the forms of the organics (particulate
matter, creosotes, and condensibles) do exhibit such an effect
(Figure 3-8).
-------
140.
120 ,
100 ,
Ji 80 4
5
•
• 60
s
8 40 .
20
LEGEKD
O • Oak, Round
2- Oak. Split
• Oak, 4x4
O ~ Oak Kindling
• Fir Brands
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Surface Area Wood/Volume Wood, ft2/ft3
90 100
Figure 3-12.
Effect of wood size on CO emission factors.
(Reproduced with permission of the Oregon
Graduate Center.)
19
3-39
-------
^\ INCH LOGS
VARYING OPERATING
ON CONDENSABLE
E EMISSIONS OF THE
DCONVECTIVE HEATER
10 •
a
o
ta.
O
O
Z
O
5:
C/J
en
5
6
i—i
H
OS
8 •
DRY WOOD
M)
6 -
2 '
EFFECT
CONDITION!
PARTICULAR
THIN-WALLI
XTRA LARGE
WOOD LOAD
STANDARD RUNS
20
tu
O
13 §
*
z
10
u
l-t
H
5 I
200
300°F 400C
STOVE TEMPERATURE
Figure 3-13.
(The effect of varying operating conditions, on
condensible participate emissions of the thin-
walled convective heater.) Compare standard runs
(small dots) with emission factors (large dots)
produced by varying wood size and moisture. Note
extreme effects caused by burning 1 inch logs.
Dots represent sample means and vertical bars
24
represent 97 percent confidence limits.
(Reproduced with permission of the Oregon
Graduate Center.)
3-40
-------
4. AIR SHED STUDIES AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODS
Several air shed studies have indicated that RWC is a major air
pollution source in regard to the current total suspended particulate (TSP)
234
standards. ' ' Additional concern is warranted due to the respirable
nature of the particulate. Muhlbaier has reported RWC particulate to
have a mass median diameter of 0.17 pm. Other studies have measured
similar sizes and have generally concluded that the majority of partic-
7 8
ulate emitted from RWC is less than 2.5 |jm. ' Based on these studies,
if an inhalable particulate standard was implemented, RWC would be a
much greater contributor to nonattainment than under the current TSP
regulations.
During studies conducted in 1978 on the Denver "Brown Cloud," it
was noted that wood burning sources contributed 12 percent of the fine
particulate mass (<2.5um) and 18 percent of the visual range reduction
pc
(0.1-1.0 urn) in that city. These estimates were based on the high
potassium to iron ratio noted for wood smoke that did not appear for
other sources. Other studies have shown up to 84 percent of the fine
particulate fraction to be attributed to RWC. All studies predict an
increase in this percentage as other sources are controlled and wood use
increases. Table 4-1 displays six ambient air surveys, their measurement
techniques, and the constituents measured.
The assessment of these reports was based upon:
(1) Size of the community and the ability to obtain a good
indication of wood usage from home surveys. Example, the home
survey was not obtained for Denver "Brown Cloud." However, a
detailed survey was obtained for Waterbury, Vermont along with
actual testing of 14 woodstoves.
(2) The placement of ambient air monitors. Good upwind and downwind
monitors are needed to account for ambient background concen-
trations. These are easy to obtain for wood smoke as very few
sources are greater than 15 meters high at the point of emission.
The sampling and/or monitoring intervals are critical.
4-1
-------
Table 4-1. AIR SHED STUDIES AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODS
Glass Backup TSP
Upwind/ Teflon fiber trap Other Stove average
TSP <2.5|jin POM downwind filter filter XAD-2 filter C14 CMB K: Fe Survey test ug/m3
oc
Colorado,
Denver "Brown
Cloud"
Colorado,
Telluride
29
New Hampshire,
Lyme Center
2
Alabama,
Petersville
Mi'ssouU4
3
Oregon,
Medford
XX X
X XX
X XX
X X X X
X X
XXX
XX X 89.6
X 61
X X 52
XX XX N/A
XX XX X 81
X X X X X X 100
-------
(3) The type of ambient monitor utilized. Generally wood smoke is
found in the 0.1-1.0 urn size range. Analytical methodology
can be improved by the use of a sampler which fractionates the
size to less than 2.5 urn or "respirable" particulate matter.
ff*
(4) The filtration method or collection substrate. Both Teflon
and glass fiber filters are utilized for these studies, but
new data shows that some of the hydrocarbons are passing
through the filter material. This material, in the semi
-volatile range, must be collected on an organic adsorbant
such as XAD-2.
The key to obtaining a credible ambient air survey of RWC emissions
appears to be the method utilized to correlate the ambient sample to the
source emission. There are currently three main methods to separate the
total particulate catch to a fraction which is wood smoke. They are
listed below with their comments.
• Particulate sizing on the Hi-Vol Sampler. Wood smoke is known
to be 80 percent in the 0.1-1 urn size range, so fractionating
this size eliminates other interferences but does not neces«7
sarily preclude other condensibles or other fine particles.
• Chemical Mass Balance (CMB). This method utilizes a detailed
analysis of the filter samples to identify compounds or elements
which are predominantly attributed to wood smoke emissions.
Examples of these chemicals are the potassium to iron ratio,
Levo glucosan and retene.
• Carbon14 identification. This method utilizes the fact that
all vegetative and vegetatively derived material contains C14.
A known fraction of atmospheric C02 contains the C14 isotope
formed in the upper atmosphere by cosmic ray bombardment
of C12. Plants incorporate the C14 isotope through photo-
syntheses. When the plant dies, incorporation of new C14
stops; the existing C14 in the plant starts to decrease decaying
to C12. C14 half life is ^5,730 years. Over the hundreds of
millions of years since the vegetation died, which now appears
as coal, oil, or natural gas, virtually all of the C14 has
decayed to C12. The C12/C14 ratio in ambient particulate
matter is a measure of the fraction contributed by wood
combustion. For best results, the analysis is performed on
the <2.5 urn particulate fraction to separate the smaller
combustion derived particles from the larger vegetative
particles such as soil and bits of leaves entrained in wind
blown dust.
4-3
-------
5. SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS
There has been considerable controversey surrounding the use of
sampling methods both for source evaluation and ambient monitoring of
woodstove emissions. As noted earlier in the discussion of emissions,
very few people use the same method and little work has been done to
evaluate the accuracy and precision of each method. A brief description
of each method is provided below.
5.1 SAMPLING, SOURCE
5.1.1 Semi-VOST (Modified Method 5) Sampling and Analysis Procedures for
the Determination of Semi-Volatile Compounds from Combustion Sources
Gaseous and particulate pollutants are withdrawn from an emission
source at an isokinetic sampling rate and are collected in a multicomponent
sampling train. Principle components of the train include a high effi-
ciency glass or quartz fiber filter and a packed bed of porous polymeric
adsorbent resin. The filter is used to collect organic laden particulate
materials, and the porous polymeric resin to adsorb semi-volatile organic
species. Semi-volatile species are defined as compounds with boiling
points greater than 100°C.
This method is currently being studied in an EPA/IERL project. The
purpose of the project is to validate the semi-VOST procedures and
determine the Method Detection Limit, Method Accuracy and Precision, and
Interferences.
A schematic of the sampling train used in this method is shown in
Figure 5-1. This sampling train configuration is adapted from EPA
Method 5 procedures and as such, the majority of the equipment required
is identical to that used in EPA Method 5 determinations. The new
components required are a condenser coil and a sorbent module, which is
used to collect semi-volatile organic materials that pass through the
glass or quartz fiber filter in the gas phase.
5-1
-------
Filter Holder
"I*! Stack Wall
Thermocoupl* [J p,^
-S-Type
Pitot
Thermometer
Check Valve
en
I
< o-
2.g
0°
o 3
•o
Redrcutatlon Pump
Dry Gas Meter Air-Tight
Pump
Vacuum Line
Figure 5-1. Semi-VOST train schematic diagram.
-------
5.1.2 Oregon Source Sampling Method 7
Particulate matter including condensible vapors are withdrawn
isokinetically from a flowing gas stream. The particulate matter is
determined gravimetrically after extraction with organic solvents and
evaporation.
This method is applicable to stationary sources whose primary
emissions are condensible gases. It should be considered a modification
of Source Sampling Method 5 as shown in Figure 5-2.
The probe, sampling train, and metering system are the same as
outlined in Source Sampling Method 5 with the following exceptions:
• The heated filter and cyclone are optional, but should be used
if significant quantities of solid particulate are present.
• An unheated glass fiber filter is placed between the third and
fourth impingers.
2
5.1.3 The Source Signature (S ) Sampler (Dilution Sampler)
2
Figure 5-3 is a diagram of the principal components of the S
2
sampler. The S sample train is made up of an isokinetic sampling
probe, a dilution system, the two parallel filter trains, and the
necessary flow control systems. The raw wood smoke is sampled from the
stack at approximately 20 1pm and diluted to approximately 200 1pm with
clean air. This dilution takes place in a dilution tube, 25 cm long and
2 cm in diameter.
Equal portions of the diluted aerosols are pumped through the two
filter trains. The particles larger than 2.5 urn in aerodynamic diameter
are cut from the stream in cyclones. The remaining fine particles are
®
collected simultaneously on a Teflon and a quartz filter. Both filters
®
have a 1-um pore size and are 37 mm in diameter. The Teflon filter is
used in the X-ray analysis procedure. The quartz filter is used in the
2
carbon analysis procedures. In addition to the S sampler, this method
requires measurement of the chimney or stack flow rate. Measuring this
flow rate can be difficult, given the low velocity in natural draft
chimneys, but a standard "J" type Pi tot tube with an electronic manometer
sensitive to 0.001 mmHg provided suitable flow measurements in the
laboratory.
5-3
-------
en
i
CT30
(D (D
"
*:s.
™"-
"i
o 3
(Optional)
filter
filler thesaomater
nozzle
heck valve
Figure 5-2. State of Oregon Source Sampling Method 7.
-------
en
CJl
20 Ipm
Pitot tube/-
-------
5.1.4 Dilution Sampler (Condar)
Particulate emissions can be sampled by pumping a portion of the
flue gases through a filter. Two versions are detailed in Figure 5-4.
The unit consists of a sampling pipe that is inserted into the stack
about two feet above the stove. The sampling pipe has numerous small
holes that allow room air to dilute and condense the flue gases. This
mixture then passes into the filter housing where the particulates are
collected on filter paper. A vacuum motor is used to pump the flue
gases through the system. This procedure samples 10 to 17 percent of
the total stack exhaust flow.
5.1.5 Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS)
Particulate and semi-volatile organic materials are withdrawn from
a source at constant rate near isokinetic conditions and are collected
in a multi-component sampling train.
Three heated cyclones and a heated high-efficiency glass or quartz
fiber filter remove and collect the particulate material from the sample,
and a packed bed of porous polymeric resin adsorbs the semi volatile
organic species.
Chemical analyses of the sample are conducted to determine the
concentration and identity of the semi-volatile organic species and
gravimetric determinations are performed to approximate particulate
emissions.
A schematic of the sampling train used in this method is given in
Figure 5-5. This sampling train configuration is that of the Source
Assessment Sampling System (SASS) as supplied by Anderson Samplers,
Inc., Atlanta, Georgia.
5.1.6 EPA Method 5--Determination of Particulate Emissions from Stationary
Sources with Condensate Collection Analysis for Gaseous Emissions
Particulate matter and gaseous emissions are withdrawn isokinetically
from the source and collected on a glass fiber filter maintained at a
temperature in the range of 120 ± 14°C (248 ± 25°F) and in water collection
impingers. The particulate mass, which includes any material that
condenses at or above the filtration temperature, is determined gravi-
metrically after removal of uncombined water. The collected gaseous
emissions are analyzed by ether chloroform extracts of the impinger
solutions.
5-6
-------
en
6 in Dilution
Chamber
Dilution
Air Inlet
i****5
<. <*** *
Calibrated
Manometer
Figure 5-4. Condar Company sampling system.
-------
tn
I
oo
CONVCaiON
OVEN
ISOLATION
BALL VALVE
/ FILTER
SORBENT
CARTRIDGE
, GAS COOLER
GAS
TEMPERATURE
T.C.
CONDENSATE
COLLECTOR
DRY GAS METER/ORIFICE METER
CENTRALIZED TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE READOUT
CONTROL MODULE
IMP/COOLER
TRACE ELEMENT
COLLECTOR
TWO iah3Anin VACUUM PUMPS
Figure 5-5. SASS schematic diagram.
-------
This method is applicable for the determination of particulate
emissions from stationary sources. Chemical analyses of the condensate
sample are conducted to determine the concentration and identity of
hydrocarbon emissions.
A schematic of the sampling train used in this method is shown in
Figure 5-6. Complete construction details are given in APTD-0581
(Citation 2 in Section 7).
5.1.7 Cryogenic Trapping
Cryogenic trapping is routinely used to concentrate organics in air
samples for injection into gas chromatographs. This preconcentration
affords detection limits in the sub-parts-per-billion range with adequate
reproducibility. Cryogenic traps are usually constructed of capillary-
bore chromatographic grade stainless steel tubing formed into a loop.
The loop is immersed in a cryogenic bath for trapping. Liquid nitrogen
is most often used as the cryogenic fluid (boiling point - 195°C).
Typically, an evacuated reservoir of precisely known volume is used to
pull sample gas through the cryogenic trap. The volume of the gas
sample is calculated from the pressure change in this reservoir. The
concentrated organic sample is released into the GC by removal of the
capillary tube from the cryogenic bath followed by heating. Figure 5-7
presents an example of a typical thermal desorption device with cryogenic
trapping.
5.2 SAMPLING, AMBIENT
5.2.1 Ambient Sampling With Hi-VOL Sampler
Air is drawn into a covered housing and through a filter by a
high-flow-rate blower at 1.13 to 1.70 mVmin (40 to 60 ftVmin) that
allows total suspended particulates (TSP) with diameters of <100 |jm
(Stokes equivalent diameter) to collect on the filter surface. Particles
with diameters of 0.1 to 100 (jm are ordinarily collected on glass fiber
filters. When a sampler is operated at an average flow rate of
1.70 mVmin (60 ftVmin) for 24 h, an adequate sample can be obtained
even in an atmosphere having TSP concentrations as low as 2 ug/m3.
5-9
-------
Thermal Desorption Device
Sample
cartridge
Capillary
cryogenic
trap
Direct connection to
capillary column of
chromatograph
Purge
gas
Vent
2 position
6- port
valve
Carrier
gas
XBL808-I728
Figure 5-6. Schematic of NuTech thermal desorption device.
5-19
-------
Figure 5-7. Assembled Hi-Vol sampler with shelter housing.
5-11
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The mass concentration (ug/m3) in ambient air is computed by
measuring the mass of TSP collected and the volume of air sampled.
Thus, this method is applicable to measurement of the mass concentration
of TSP in ambient air. The size of the sample collected is usually
adequate for other analyses.
5.2.2 Dichotomous Hi-Vol Sampler
Air is drawn through a mechanical separator enclosed in a covered
housing and through a filter by a high-flow-rate blower. Particles with
diameters greater than 2.5 urn are deposited in the mechanical separation
chamber while particles less than 2.5 urn are captured on the glass fiber
filter. The smaller size fraction can be separated for analysis either
by gravimetric means or by specific compound or element identification.
5.2.3 Hi-Vol Sampler With Adsorbent
A high volume sample can be operated in either of the above modes
of operation with an adsorbent placed after the glass fiber filter. The
purpose of the adsorbent is to trap (adsorb) any condensible organic
material which can be extracted or disorbed later. Recent studies have
shown this to be a measurable fraction (>10 percent of the total catch).
5.3 LAB
5.3.1 Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS)
The Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) is an ultra high
sensitive analytical instrument. The instrument produces mass spectra
of volatile and semi-volatile samples separated by the gas chromatograph
or of samples introduced via a solid probe inlet.
The sample introduced via the GC is separated by the column and
introduced into the source of the MS. The sample is ionized in the
source and sent through a mass filter where a range of masses is scanned
over a period of seconds. The output is a chromatogram which is charac-
terized by the masses present and the elution time.
The sample introduced by solid probe is volatilized directly in the
source and is characterized by the mass spectrum.
Data collection and manipulation are controlled by a dedicated
computer system which minimizes operator time and report writing.
5-12
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5.3.2 Ion Chromatography (1C)
Ion Chromatography is used to identify and quantitate organic and
inorganic ions in solution. 1C combines the separation capabilities of
ion exchange resins with conductivity detection. Small sample amounts
are loaded onto ion exchange columns which separate the ions by their
charge and size. The separated ions are detected by an increase in
conductivity as they elute off the columns. The order of elution and
the increase in conductivity determine the identity and quantity of the
ion. To prevent background conductivity interference, a second exchange
column converts the background ions to a common ionic form. Minimum
detectable limits are often as low as 10 parts per billion or less.
5.3.3 HPLC/UV - Fluorescence
HPLC is a high pressure, highly efficient, high speed chromatographic
technique. Variations of the experimental conditions and use of different
detectors provides an immense work scope, and separations that are
difficult or impossible by other means such as gas Chromatography.
Particular advantages of HPLC over gas Chromatography are its ability to
cope with polar, high molecular weight, thermally labile or relatively
non-volatile compounds, and the ease with which fractions can be collected
for further analyses.
The combination of a UV and a dedicated fluorescence detector
allows the analyst to be specific and very sensitive (sub-nanogram) in
the quantisation of fluorescent compounds such as polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PNA).
5.3.4 Gas Chromatograph (GC)
The Gas Chromatograph is a sensitive analytical instrument which
may identify any volatile or semi-volatile sample by means of separation,
temperature and retention time. The unknown sample is introduced into a
heated injector where it is volatilized and passed through a column by
an inert carrier gas. The column is selected based on either the physical
characteristics of the unknown or of the expected compounds.
The detector is selected based on the expected compounds.
The Electron Capture (EC) Detector is a radioactive source and is
extremely sensitive to chlorinated hydrocarbons. This makes it especially
suitable for analysis of volatile pesticides and most chlorinated
compounds.
5-13
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The Flame lonization (FI) Detector is based on an oxidative hydrogen
flame that ionizes molecular fragments which are collected at an electrode.
The FID is less sensitive than the EC but is nearly uniform to all
organics containing only carbon and hydrogen. Certain gases give little
or no signal, i.e., H2S, CS2, CO, which makes them excellent solvents or
media for analysis.
5.3.5 Metals
5.3.5.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICAP). ICAP identifies and
quantitates metals in solution. Atomic and ionic emission are measured
at variable wavelengths of light. The sample is aspirated into an argon
plasma flame. The energy of the flame excites either the atomic or
ionic electrons. As the electrons fall back to their unexcited states,
light is emitted. The intensity of this emission is measured by a
photomultiplier tube. A double monochromator is used to observe many
different wavelengths of light per analysis. The wavelength of emission
and the intensity identify and quantitate the metal.
Determination of most metals is possible with minimum detectable
limits as low as 5 parts per billion. Each analysis run can usually
check for 30 to 40 elements. Generally, the amount of spectral overlap
and interference is the main limiting factor on the number of elements
checked for per analysis.
5.3.5.2 Atomic Absorption (AA). Atomic absorption identifies and
quantitates metals in solution. A sample is aspirated into a flame and
atomized. A light beam is directed through the flame into a monochromator,
and onto a detector. The detector then measures the amount of light
absorbed. The amount absorbed in the flame is proportional to the
concentration of the element in the sample.
Absorption depends on the amount of free unexcited atoms. Usually,
the ratio of unexcited to excited atoms is very high, which increases
the sensitivity. Since each metal has its own absorption wavelength, a
source lamp made up of that element is used. This makes the method
relatively free of spectral interferences. However, each lamp can check
for only one metal per analysis. The detection limits are often as low
as 5 parts per billion.
5-14
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6. ALTERNATIVE DESIGN APPROACHES
TO RESIDENTIAL WOOD BURNING APPLIANCES
Several alternative residential woodstove designs have been or are
being developed with the goals of improved overall efficiency and lower
emission generation. Some of these designs are new, while others are
old ideas which are being re-evaluated. These old ideas were initially
designed for better fuel efficiency but are now being re-evaluated from
an emission standpoint. Most of these alternative approaches fall into
two main categories: those which utilize cord wood and those which use
wood in other forms such as pellets or chips.
6.1 CORD WOOD DESIGNS
Most of the alternative cord wood burning stoves are designed to
increase both the combustion efficiency and the subsequent transfer of
the energy released into the room. These designs have been developed
primarily to increase the overall thermal efficiency. Usually, increasing
thermal and combustion efficiency results in lowered emissions.
The combustion of cord wood is inherently inefficient. In the
localized combustion areas within the individual pieces of wood, there
is insufficient oxygen present to fully combust the volatile organic
compounds and CO driven out of the unburnt wood adjacent to the burning
wood. In ordinary air tight stoves (and even in open fireplaces with
high excess air), these combustible compounds are subject to rapid
cooling once they are driven out of the wood and start to flow toward
the flue. As soon as the temperature drops below the ignition point, no
further burning will occur, no matter whether oxygen is present or not.
Most secondary combustion stoves attempt to maintain these unburnt fuel
components produced in the primary combustion zone (grate area) at a
sufficiently high temperature and to provide sufficient oxygen so they
will burn more completely. The two principal secondary combustion
variants are defined by the absence or presence of a catalyst.
6-1
-------
Noncatalyst secondary combustion stoves must maintain gas
temperatures above 1,100°F to achieve ignition of the CO while providing
sufficient oxygen. This appears to work well at high burn rates but is
difficult to maintain at low burn rates. This trend can be seen by
comparing tests OM2-84-1 through 7, Table 3-1. Note the low PM values
at the higher burn rates. Several sources reported high operator
attention was needed to maintain secondary combustion at low burn rates.
Placing a catalyst in the flue gas stream lowers the ignition
temperature to about 400°F, thus greatly improving the changes for
successful secondary combustion. Evidence for this can be seen by
looking at tests OM2-84-30 through 33, Table 3-1. Note the low PM
factor (1.1 g/kg) at a burn rate of 0.8 kg/hr. Catalysts, however, are
not panaceas. Excessive temperature will cause melting and agglomeration
of the precious metal greatly reducing the available contact area.
Sulfur in coal and heavy metals in colored inks may poison the catalyst
reducing its effectiveness. Even under normal homeowner use, effective-
ness will decline, requiring periodic replacement of the catalyst
cartridge to maintain good emission control.
6.2 NONCORD WOOD DESIGNS
Most noncord wood stoves utilize wood in the form of chips or
compressed pellets. This form of wood fuel has commonly been burned in
industrial wood boilers, but has seen very limited application to
residential heating either in central systems or parlor stoves. The
principal advantage of burrning wood in this form lies in the fact that
each piece of fuel can be burned quickly in a nearly ideal temperature-
oxygen environment which ensures virtually complete combustion.
Three residential-use stoves now entering the marketplace all employ a
hopper to store 1 or 2 days fuel in pellet form. The fuel is automati-
cally fed by an auger or similar device into the combustion zone at a
variable rate dependent on home heating demand. Obviously there is a
minimum rate required to maintain a continuous fire. Two drawbacks to
widespread use of pellet- or chip-fueled residential stoves are
(1) limited availability of fuel, and (2) loss of asthetics associated
with gathering wood and tending the fire. Currently, pellets and chips
are generally available only in those areas of the country where logging
for construction and pulpwood are common. Certainly, if demand arose in
6-2
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other parts of the country, suppliers would move into the market. The
problem may be that homeowners will not buy a stove unless the fuel is
readily available.
The fluidized bed optimizes the three "Ts" of combustion (Time,
Temperature, and Turbulence). There was only one test citation available
for this search, but it appeared to have promising results - lower
emissions with increased efficiency.
The tunnel burner mentioned in one citation claimed to have a
99.999 percent reduction in POM emissions. Both of these burner
modifications were used with wood chips or pellets to provide continuous
feed to the systems.
Loss of the alsthetic appeal would be more difficult to counter.
Convenience is certainly a positive selling point. At least a segment
of the public would also react positively to the greatly reduced
environmental impact of a clean burning stove.
6-3
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7. REFERENCES
1. Core, J. E. , et al. Residential Wood Combustion Study, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 910/9-82-089a. Seattle,
Washington. February 1984.
2. Imhoff, R. and J. Manning. "Preliminary Report on a Study of the
Ambient Impact of-Residential Wood Combustion in Petersville,
Alabama." Proceedings, 1981 International Conference on Residential
Solid Fuels, p. 520. June 1981.
3. Ibid, Carlson, J. "Residential Wood Combustion in Missoula, Montana:
An Overview of Its Air Pollution Contributions, Health Effects, and
Proposed Regulatory Solutions." p. 539.
4. Ibid, DeCesar, R. and J. Cooper. "The Quantitative Impact of
Residential Wood Combustion and Other Vegetative Burning Sources on
the Air Quality in Medford, Oregon." p. 551.
5. Cooper, J. "Environmental Impact of Residential Wood Combustion
Emissions and Its Implications." Journal of Air Pollution Control
Association, Vol. 30, pp. 855-861. 1980.
6. Op. cit. (2), Muhlbaier, J. "A Characterization of Emissions From
Wood-Burning Fireplaces." p. 164.
7. Ibid, Cooper, J. "Chemical and Physical Methods of Apportioning
the Contributions of Emissions from Residential Solid Fuels to
Reductions in Air Quality." p. 349.
8. Kamens, R., G. Rives, J. Perry, B. Goodman, D. Bell, and D. Saucy.
"Mutagenic and Chemical Changes in Dilute Wood Smoke as it Ages and
Reacts in the Atmosphere." 76th Annual APCA Meeting. June 19-24,
1983. 83-54.12.
9. Butcher, S. and D. Buckley. "A Preliminary Study of Particulate
Emissions from Small Woodstoves." JAPCA, Vol. 27, pp. 346-348.
1977.
10. Butcher, S. and E. Sorenson. "A Study of Woodstove Particulate
Emissions." JAPCA, Vol. 29, pp. 724-728. 1979.
7-1
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11. DeAngelis, D. , D. Ruffin, and R. Reznik. "Preliminary
Characterization of Emissions from Wood-Fired Residential Combustion
Equipment," EPA-600/7-80-040. March 1980.
12. Op. cit. (2), Hubble, B., et al. "Experimental Measurements of
Emissions from Residential Wood-Burning Stove." p. 79.
13. Allen, J. "Control of Emissions from Residential Wood Burning by
Combustion Modification." Proceedings of the EPA Conference on
Wood Combustion Environment Assessment, New Orleans, Louisiana.
February 21-24, 1981.
14. Ibid, Kosel, P. "Pollution and Fireplaces in California."
15. Ibid, Hayden, A. and R. Braaten. "Performance of Domestic
Wood-Fired Appliances."
16. Lim, K. and H. Lipps. "Overview of Emissions from Wood Combustion."
From Wood: An Alternate Energy Source for Appalachian Industry and
Institutions. Conference Proceedings and Manual for Wood Energy
Conference, Winston-Sal em, North Carolina. April 7, 1981. Publ.
N.C. State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. 1981.
17. Op. cit. (2), Peters, J.. "POM Emissions From Residential
Woodburning: An Environmental Assessment." p. 267.
18. DeAngelis, D., D. Ruffin, J. Peters, and R. Reznik. "Source
Assessment: Residential Combustion of Wood," U.S. Environmental
. Protection Agency, EPA-600/2-80-042b. March 1980.
19. Op. cit. (2), Cooke, W. and J. Allen. "Characterization of Emissions
From Residential Wood Combustion Sources." p. 139.
20. Knight, D. and C. Knight. "Efficiency and Emission Performance of
Residential Wood Heaters with Advanced Designs." APCA 76th Annual
Meeting. June 1983. paper 83-54.1.
21. Op. cit. (2), Kowalczyk, J., P. Bosserman, and B. Tombleson.
"Particulate Emissions from New Low Emission Wood Stove Designs
Measured by EPA Method V." p. 54.
22. Knight, C. "Emission and Thermal Performance Mapping for an
Unbaffled, Air-Tight Wood Appliance and a Box-Type Catalytic
Appliance." Proceedings No. SP-45: APCA Specialty Conference,
Residential Wood and Coal Combustion. APCA Specialty Conference.
March 1982. p. 25.
23. Ibid, Hayden, A. "Effects of Firing Rate and Design on Domestic
Wood Stove Performance." p. 56.
24. Op. cit. (2), Barnett, S. and D. Shea "Effects of Woodstove Design
and Operation on Condensable Particulate Emissions." p. 227.
7-2
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25. Op. cit. (1), Vol. Del Green Associates. "Residential Wood
Combustion Study." Task 5, EPA-910/9-82-089g.
26. Wolff, G. T., et al. "Visibility-Reducing Species in the Denver
'Brown Cloud' - II. Sources and Temporal Patterns." Atmospheric
Environment. July 13, 1981.
27. Op. cit. (2), Kowalczyk, J. and W. Green. "New Techniques for
Identifying Ambient Air Impacts from Residential Wood Heating."
p. 469.
28. Ibid, Murphy, D. and R. Buchan. "Ambient Particulate and Benzo (a)
Pyrene Concentrations From Residential Wood Combustion in a Mountain
Resort Community." p. 495.
29. Ibid, Hornig, J., et al. "Ambient Air Assessment in Rural Village
and Small Town Locations in New Hampshire Where Wood is an Important
Fuel." p. 506.
30. Truesdale, R. S., K. L. Mack, J. B. White, K. E. Leese, and
J. G. Cleland. "Characterization of Emissions from the Combustion
of Wood and Alternative Fuels in a Residential Woodstove." Final
Report. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3170, Work Assignment No. 39. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
March 1984.
31. "Test Report Prepared for Catalytic Damper Corporation." Omni.
May 1983.
32. Butcher, S. and M. J. Ellenbecker. "Particulate Emission Factors
for Small Wood and Coal Stoves." Bowdoin College, Brunswick,
Maine 04011. JAPCA, Vol. 32, pp. 380-384. April 1982.
7-3
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8.0 APPENDIX
18/5/6
81-00135
Air Pollution emissions anrl rnnt.rn! t.pchni n
-------
20/5/3
1013766 PB83-250720
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors? Third Edition? Supplement
No. 14 (Including Supplements 1-7)
Environmental Protection Agency? Research Triangle Park? NC. Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Corp. Source Codes: 034680059
Report No.: AP-42-SUPPL-14
Ma* 83 172p
See also PB83-126557.
Languages' English
NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8326
Country of Publication: United States
In this Supplement for AP-42? new or revised emissions data are presented
for Anthracite Coal Combustion! Wood Waste Combustion in Boilers?
Residential Fireplaces? Wood Stoves} Open Burning? Large Appliance Surface
Coating? Metal Furniture Surface Coating? Adipic Acid? Synthetic Ammonia?
Carbon Black? Charcoal? Explosives? Paint and Varnish? Phthalic Anhydride?
Printing Ink? Soap and Detergents? Terephthalic Acid? Maleic Anhudride!
Primary Aluminum Production? Iron and Steel Production? Gapsum
Manufacturing? Construction Aggregate Processing? Sand and Gravel
Processing? Taconite Ore Processing? Western Surface Coal Mining? Fugitive
Dust Sources? Unpaved Roads? Agricultural Tilling? Aggregate Handling and
Storage Piles? and Industrial Paved Roads.
Descriptors: *Air pollution? Anthracite! Wood wastes? Coatings?
Appliances? Furniture! Carbon black? Explosives? Detergents? Soaps? Paints!
Maleic anhdride? Phthalic anhydride? Gypsum! Aluminum industry! Iron and
steel industry? Pavement? Roads? Surface mining
Identifiers: ^Emission factors? ^Stationary sources? Wood stoves! Refuse
derived fuels? Fugitive emissions? Unpaved roads? NTISEPAAQP
Section Headings: 13B (Mechanical? Industrial? Civil? and Marine
Engineering—Civil Engineering)? 68A (Environmental Pollution and
Control—Air Pollution and Control)
0147919 EIM8304027919
CHARACTERIZATION OF EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL COAL STOVES.
Sanborn? Cedric R.
Vt Hep of Water Resour I Environ Eng? Montpelier? USA
Proceedings - Residential Wood S Coal Combustion Specialty Conference.
Louisville. Ku» USA Mar 1-2 1982
— Sponsor: AP'CA» Resid Fuel Combust Comm? Pittsburgh? Pa? USA? APCA? Indoor
Air dual Coitrm. Pittsburgh? Pa? USA
Source: Publ by APCA (Spec Conf Proc SP-45)? Pittsburgh? Ps? USA p
151-160 1982
Languages! English Conf. No.! 01854
Descriptors! STOVES-Environmetal Impact
Identifiers! RESIDENTIAL COAL EMISSION TESTING STUDY! PARTICULATE
EMISSIONS! SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS! THREE COAL STOVE TYPES! RANGE OF
BURNING RATES! TESTING WITH ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL! PRELIMINARY
TEST PROGRAM RESULTS! SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER PARTICULATE EMSSION RATE FOR
BITUMINOUS COAL! EFFECT OF BURN RATE ON SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS! EFFECT OF
FIREBOX TEMPERATURE ON SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
Classification Codes! 643? 524? 451
? T 23/5/6-^7
8-2
-------
j/10
1157591 ERA-OS!042212» INS-83J017234* NTS-83J018231 , EDB-83:152419
/ Computing transient exposure to indoor pollutants
Owczarski* P.C.? Parker* G.B,
Pacific Northwest Lab.* Richland* UA (USA)
13 P. Mar 1983
TIC Accession No.! DE83014500
76. annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association Atlanta*
GAf USA 19 Jun 1983
Country of Publication: United States
Journal Announcement: EDB8307
Availabilita: NTIS* PC A02/MF AOli 1.
Report No.1. PNL-SA-10838? CONF-830617-12
Note: Portions are illegible in microfiche products
Document Tape*. Report? Conference literature? Numerical data
Languages: English
Subfile! NTS .(NTIS)? INS .(US Atomindex input)? ERA .(Energy Research
Abstracts)
Uork Location! United States
Contract No.! AC06-76RL01830
A computer code* CORRAL* is used to compute the transient levels of gases
and respirable particulates in a residence. Predictions of time-varying
exposure to radon (from the outside air* soil and well water) and
respirable particulates (from outside air* wood stove operation and
cigarette smoke) for a mother and child over 24 hours ere made. Average
24-hour radon exposures are 13 times background (0.75 pCi/1) for the child
and 4.5 times background for the mother. Average 24-hour respirable
particulate exposures are 5.6 times background (100 ..mu..2/m/sup 3/> for
the mother and 4.2 times background for the child. The controlling
parameters examined are source location* flow rates between roomsi air
infiltration rate and lifestale. The first three are shown to influence the
formation of local pockets of hiah concentration of radon and particulates*
and the last parameter shows that lifestyle patterns ultimately govern
individual exposure to these pockets of high concentrations. The code is
useful for examination of mitigation measures to reduce exr-osure and
examination of the effects thct the controlling parameters hove on exposure
to indoor pollutants.
Descriptors! *INDOOR AIR POLLUTION COMPUTER CALCULATIONS?
*PARTICULATES ECOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION; KRADON RADIOECOLOGICAL
CONCENTRATION; #RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS INDOOR AIR POLLUTION ? CHILDREN?
COMPUTER CODES? EXPERIMENTAL DATA? TOBACCO SMOKES; VARIATIONS* WOMEN! WOOD
BURNING APPLIANCES
Special Terms! AEROSOLS; AGE GROUPS? AIR POLLUTION? ANIMALS? APPLIANCES?
BUILDINGS? COLLOIDS? DATA? DISPERSIONS; ECOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION? ELEMENTS*
FEMALES; FLUIDS; GASES; INFORMATION; MAMMALS; MAN; NONMETALS; NUMERICAL
DATA; PARTICLES; POLLUTION? PRIMATES? RARE GASES? RESIDUES? SMOKES? SOLS?
VERTEBRATES
Class Codes! 500300*; 500200 ) B33*? C52
8-3
-------
20/5/15
856614 PB81-217655
Control of Emissions from Residential Wood Burning bu Combustion
Modification
(Final rept. Jun 79-Nov 80)
Allen? John M. ? Cooke? W. Marcus
Battelle Columbus Labs.? OH.
Corp. Source Codes! 038006000
Sponsor! Industrial Environmental Research Lab.? Research Triangle Park?
NC.
Report No.! EPA-600/7-81-091
Maa 81 lOOp
Languages! English
NTIS Prices! PC A05/MF A01 Journal Announcement! GRAI8121
Country of Publication! United States
Contract No.! EPA-68-02-2686
The report describes an exploratory study of factors contributing to
atmospheric emissions from residential wood-fired combustion eauipment.
Three commercial appliances were operated with both normal and modified
desiansf providing different burnina modes! updrsft with a state? updraft
with a hearth? crossdraft? downdraft? and a high-turbulence mode utilising
a forced-draft blower. Fuels were naturally dried commercial oak corduood?
commercial green pine cordwood? oven-dried fir brands? and naturally dried
oak cut into reproducible triangles. Continuous measurements of stack aases
included 02? C02? CO? NO* S02? and total hydrocarbons (FID) as an
indication of the total organic species in the stack gases during batch
type operation. Several combustion modification techniaues were identified
which have an appreciable effect on emission factors and? therefore* can be
developed and applied to reduce emissions in consumer use. The more
promising design modifications include! prevention of heating the inventory
of wood within the stove but not yet actively burning? focusing the air
supply into the primary burning area with high turbulence? and increasing
the temperatures in the secondary burning regions of the appliances.
Descriptors! *Air pollution control? (Wood? Stores? Combustion products?
Revisions? Residential buildings? Eauipment? Oxygen? Carbon dioxide? Carbon
monoxide? Nitrogen oxide(NO)? Sulfur dioxide? Hydrocarbons? Design criteria
? Performance evaluation
Identifiers: NTISEPAORD? NTISEPAORD
Section Headings! 13B (Mechanical? Industrial? Civil? and Marine
Engineering—Civil Engineering)t 68A (Environmental Pollution and
Control—Air Pollution and Control)
8-4
-------
20/5/18
780215 COO-4559-1
Design? Construction and Performance of Stick-Wood Fired Furnace for
Residential and Small Commercial Application* September li 1977-Auaust 31?
1979
Hill? R. C.
Maine Univ. at Orono.
Corp. Source Codes: 050804000? 3877000
Sponsor! Department of Eneray? Washington? DC.
Oct 79 28p
Languages! English
NTIS Prices! PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8019? NSA0500
Country of Publication! United States
Contract No.! EC-77-S-02-4559
An experimental program uas conducted at the Universitu of Maine at Orono
to develop a combustion sastem for residential furnaces that solves the
traditional problem of wood burnina! inefficienca? air pollution? and fire
hazard. The program led to the designs that are now covered ba a patent
application and are being manufactured ba Dumont Industries? Madauaska Wood
Furnace Compana? and Hampton Technoloaies Corporation Ltd. The histora?
desianr performance? and the construction of prototape production units are
presented. (ERA citation 05:013993)
Descriptors: tCommercisl buildings! ^Residential buildings? *Uood? *Uood
burnina furnaces? Air pollution? Calorific value? Chemical composition?
Combustion products? Concretes? Construction? Desian? Experimental data?
Fire hazards? Graphs? Maine? Manufacturing? Performance? Tables
Identifiers? ERDA/320101? ERDA/320104? NTISDE
Section Headinas! 13A (Mechanical? Industrial? Civil? and Marine
Enaineerina—Air Conditioning? Heating? Liahtina? and Ventilating) J 97J
(Eneraa—Heating and Coolina Systems)
Combustion
18/5/2
82-04512
Control of Emissions From Residential Wood Burnina
Modification
Allen? J.M.? Cooke? W.M.
Battelle Columbus Lab.? OH
Publ.YrJ 1981
NTIS? SPRINGFIELD? YA
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH? PB81-217655
Languages! ENGLISH
The report describes an exploratory studa of factors contributing to
Three commer ei"JSSlOnS from residential wood-fired combustion eouipment.
design? providing rtiff~~~r.t ^ ?^fr?.^__"lth .bo^h nor'"3l and modified
with a hearth?
a forced-draft
oTcut1--''!!^!^^^' r-":?i?«"*"1*"''""1 and naturalla dried
of the total
t.wpp nvprat.inn.
uesi. rip tu rs i toinous Lion ? wuou? tmissionsi
turbulence? furnaces? air pollution control
in the stack aases durina batch
naurocd coonvi ?
8-5
-------
/1196909 EDB-83!191742
Development and testing of an automated wood-burning heating system.
Final report
Martin (Uerner). Chapel Hill. NC (USA)
48 P. Maa 1981
TIC Accession No.! DE84000383
Country of Publication! United States
Journal Announcement! ERA8311
Availabilita! NTIS. PC A03/MF A01? 1.
Report No.! DOE/R4/10156-T1
Note! Portions are illegible in microfiche products
Document Tape! Report
Languages! English
Subfile! ERA .(Energw Research Abstracts)? NTS .(NTIS)
Uork Location! United States
Contract No.! FG44-80R410156
An improved wood continuous. automated combustion system has been
developed using a tunnel burner. The tunnel burner implemented into a
boiler heating system has proven to be vera efficient. The prototype was
tested and evaluated. A second generation tunnel system was designed and
fabricated. Uork performed between April 1980 and April 1981 is summarized.
The most important results of the project are! the finalized tunnel burner
design? hiah combustion efficiency? and low air pollution emissions. 3
tables. (DMC)
Descriptors! *BURNERS DESIGN? *FUEL FEEDING SYSTEMS DESIGN?
*UOOD COMBUSTION? *UOOD BURNING APPLIANCES DESIGN ? AIR POLLUTION
ABATEMENT? AUTOMATION? EFFICIENCY? EMISSION? ENERGY SYSTEMS
Special Terms! APPLIANCES? CHEMICAL REACTIONS? FUEL SYSTEMS? OXIDATION?
POLLUTION ABATEMENT? THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Class Codes! 090400*? 140504? 421000
23/5/20 ^
0039963 EIM8210039963
EFFECT OF CATAI YTTT rnMRIIRTTflN OF rSFOfiOTF P^niirTTON.
HNU r-ULLUIiUN HtlH I tntM I TUK Kt&iUtNllrtL WUUU Mt
Ziman Frank. VanDeuoestine. Robert W.{ Allaire. Rosier A.
Corning Glass Works. NY. USA
Proceedings - 1981 International Conference on Residential Solid Fuels.
Environmental Impacts and Solutions. Portland. Ored, USA Jun 1-4 1981
Sponsor! Dreg Grad Cent, Beaverton, USA? Northwest Environ Res Cent. USA?
Omark Ind. Oreg Saw Chain Div. USA
Source! Publ by Oreg Grsd Cent. Beaverton, USA i> 924-940 1982
Languages! English Conf. No.! 00722
Descriptors! UOOD-Heating
Identifiers! CATALYTIC COMBUSTION? CREOSOTE REDUCTION? AIR POLLUTION
ORGAN??
Classification Codes! 811? 643? 521? 451? 532
. 1196909 EDB-83!191742
Development and testing of an automated wood-burning heating system.
Final report
Descriptors! *BURNERS ---- DESIGN? *FUEL FEEDING SYSTEMS ---- DESIGN?
*UOOD ---- COMBUSTION? *WOOD BURNING APPLIANCES ---- DESIGN ) AIR POLLUTION
ABATEMENT? AUTOMATION? EFFICIENCY? EMISSION? ENERGY SYSTEMS
Special Terms! APPLIANCES? CHEMICAL REACTIONS? FUEL SYSTEMS? OXIDATION?
POLLUTION ABATEMENT? THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Class Codes! 090400*; 140504? 421000
8-6
-------
.1173232 EDB-83: 170062
The effects of stove desian and control mode on condensable ^articulate
emissions! flue pipe creosote accumulation and the efficiency of woodstoves
in homes
Symposium papers? energy from biomass and wastes VI
BarnettF S.G.! Feinaold. B.U.! Courtney. L. (eds.)
Condar Co.f NY
283-322 P. Jun 1982
6. annual conference on energy from biomass wastes VI Lake Buena Vista.
FL. USA 25 Jan 1982
Countra of Publication! United States
Publ! Institute of Gas Technology. Chicago. IL.
Journal Announcement: EDB8306
Report No.! CONF-820127-
Document Tape! Analytic of a Book! Conference literature
Languages: English
Uork Location: United States
Four uears of woodstove research utilizing a mixture of laboratory and
in-home investigations has lead to both the development at Condsr Co. of a
new extremely clean burning and efficient! commercially viable* catalytic
uoodstove as well as a new stove control system. Results .arc presented in
four research areas: characterization of home burning ratesi psrticulate
emissions* in-home creosote accumulation rates; and in-home efficiency
evaluations .
Descriptors: *CREOSOTE ---- BUILDUP. *STOVES ---- COMBUSTION PRODUCTS.
*STOVES ---- DESIGN; *UOOD BURNING APPLIANCES ---- COMBUSTION PRODUCTS? *UOOD
BURNING APPLIANCES ---- ENERGY EFFICIENCY ! AIR QUALITY,' CATALYTIC COMBUSTORS
i COMBUSTION CONTROLS COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONS! CONTROL SYSTEMS* FLUE GAS!
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION! PARTICULATES
Class Codes: 421000*! 320101! 090400! 500200
23/5/9
0147914 EIM8304027914
EFFECTS OF FIRING RATE AND DESIGN ON DOMESTIC WOOD STOVE PERFORMANCE.
Haaden. A. C. S.! Braaten. R. U.
DeP of Energy. Mines & Resour, Ottawa. Ont. Can
Proceedings - Residential Wood S Coal Combustion Specialty Conference.
Louisville. Ka» USA Mar 1-2 1982
'Sponsor! APCA. Resid Fuel Combust Comm. Pittsburgh? Pa» USA! APCA. Indoor
Air dual Comm. Pittsburgh. Pa. USA
Source! Publ ba APCA (Spec Conf Proc SP-45)» Pittsburgh. Pa. USA p 56-69
1982
Languages: Enalish Conf. No.! 01854
Descriptors: STOVES-Performance
Identifiers: CONTROLLED COMBUSTION WOOD STOVES! INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION!
HTRH FMTSSTOMSJ ri nqr PFI ATTON OF PMT-scinN i FIICI
-------
X/1110395 EDB-83!105268
Effects of woodburnina on indoor pollutant concentrations
74. annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association. Session
22. Energy conservation effects on indoor air pollution ? Pelton?
D.J.f Bera» D.R.
14 Pt Paper 2 P. 1981
74. annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association
Philadelphia, PA» USA 21 Jun 1981
Country of Publication: United States
PublS Air Pollution Control Association*Pittsburgh? PAr
Journal Announcement! EDB8306
Report No.: CONF-810631-
Docunent Type! Analytic of a Book; Conference literature
Languages! English
Elevations in the concentrations of carbon monoxide* total suspended
particulates? and benzo-a-purene are associated with fugitive indoor
emissions from indoor woodburnina activity in fireplaces snd woodstoves .
While indoor woodburnina activity can not be statistically associated with
elevated indoor concentrations of total aldehydes snd formaldehyde? the
existence of indoor sources of these pollutants hss emersied from the
collected data base. The operation of fireplaces letidc to a marked increase
of the infiltration rate of the room with the fireplace. This loads to
waste rather than saving of energy. This is a pilot study snd its
conclusions must not be generalized to the American housing stock. It is
apparent? however? that woodburnina is an indoor activity that leads to an
increase of human exposures to TSP and BaP? and it may contribute a
significant portion of an individual's total exposure to those pollutants
and their associated health effects.
Descriptors! *BENZOPYRENE ECOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION? *CARBON
MONOXIDE ECOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION? *FORMALDEHYDE ECOLOGICAL CONCENTR-
ATION? *HUMAN POPULATIONS HEALTH HAZARDS? *PARTICULATES ECOLOGICAL
CONCENTRATION? #UOOD FUELS COMBUSTION PRODUCTS? *UOOD FUELS ENVIRONM-
ENTAL EFFECTS ? CARCINOGENS? ENERGY CONSERVATION? FIREPLACES? HOUSES?
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; SPACE HEATING
Special Terms! AIR POLLUTION? ALDEHYDES? AROMATICS? BUILDINGS? CARBON
COMPOUNDS? CARBON OXIDES? CHALCOGENIDES? CONDENSED AROMATICS? ENERGY
SOURCES?' FUELS? HAZARDS? HEATING? HYDROCARBONS? ORGANIC COMPOUNDS? OXIDES?
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS? PARTICLES? POLLUTION? POPULATIONS? RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Class Codes! 500200*
23/5/27
0039925 EIM8210039925
EFFECTS OF UOODSTOVE DESIGN AND OPERATION ON CONDENSABLE PARTICULATE
EMISSIONS.
Barnett? Stockton G.J Shea? Domian
State Univ of NY? Plattsburgh? USA
Proceedings - 1981 International Conference on Residential Solid Fuels?
Environmental Impacts and Solutions. Portland? Ored? USA Jun 1-4 1981
Sponsor: Orea Grad Cent? Beaverton? USA? Northwest Environ Res Cent? USA?
Omark Ind? Ores Saw Chain Div? USA
Source: Publ by Orea Grad Cent? Beaverton? USA P 227-266 1982
Languages: English Conf. No.! 00722
Descriptors! UOOD-Combustion
Identifiers! FLUE GASES? WOOD STOVE DESIGN? FILTERS? FLOUMETERS?
THERMOSTATS? AIR POLLUTION? CRITICAL STACK TEMPERATURE? CONVECTIVE HEATER
Classification Codes! 811? 521? 802? 451? 643? 732
8-8
-------
impact of residential wood combustion emissions and its
of Environmental Science? 19600 NU Uslker
30(8) >
855-861:
Coden:
18/5/5
81-00172
Environmental
implications.
Cooper? J. A.
Oreaon Graduate Center? Dept.
Rd.f Beavertonr OR 97005
Air Pollution Control Association. Journal
JPCAAC Publ.Yr: Aua 1980
illus. 55 refs.
No abs.
Landuaaes: ENGLISH
Doc Type? JOURNAL PAPER
A direct measurement of the impact of residential wood combustion (RUC)
sources on ambient sir particles showed that on a moderately cold dau in
Jan. 1978? 51% of the respirable particulates in a Portland» Oreaon?
residential area were from RUC sources. The results of a Vail? Colorado?
survey showed that emissions from RUC could contribute <=0.64 T of
particulates/d to the valley's air pollution levels. Health concerns
relate to particulates and chemicals formed due to incomplete combustion.
Two recent studies measured MOO chemicals and compound groups in emissions
from burning wood and wood-burnina stoves (UBS). The results are shown.
Emissions from RUC sources must be considered s potential major threat to
public health. There are currently 7 national ambient air duality
standards and others are being considered. The major emissions and their
emission factors for UBS and fireplaces are listed. These emissions
normalized to a hypothetical UBS particulate level in the ambient
environment are compared with ambient standards for sn acute impact where
UBS emissions are postulated to account for 260 mu3/ro3 of particulates.
Emissions from RUC sources appear more significant when compared to other
fuels for residential space heating and transportation sources. (FT)
Descriptors: Environmental impact? Combustion?' Emissions? Particulates?
Uoods? Air pollution
Identifiers: residential wood combustion
8-9
-------
J212998 EDB-84S005496
*•* Environmental impact of residential wood combustion omissions and its
implications
Cooper* J.A.
J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. (United States) 30!8 855-861 P. 1980
Coden: JPCAA
Journal Announcement: EOB8308
Document Type! Journal Article
Lanauases! English
Work Location: United States
Currently available information suaaests a substantial environmental
impact from residential wood combustion emissions. Air pollution from this
source is widespread and increasing. Current ambient measurements*
surveys* and model predictions indicate winter respiroble «2 micrometers)
emissions from residential wood combustion can easily exceed all other
sources. Both the chemical potency and deliverability of the emissions
from this source are of concern. The emissions are almost entirely in the
inhalable size ranae and contain toxic and priority pollutants*
carcinogens * co-carcino3ens» cilia toxic* mucus coaaulatina adcnts* and
other respirators irritants such as phenols* aldehydes* etc. This source
is contributing substantially to the nonattainment of current rorticulate*
carbon monoxide* and hydrocarbon ambient air duality standards and will
almost certainly have a sianificant impact on potential future standards
such as inhalable particulatest visibility* and other chemically specific
standards. Emission from this arowind source is likely to reouire
additional expenditures by industry for air pollution control eauipment in
nonattainment areas.
Descriptors: *WOOD COMBUSTION PRODUCTS? #UOOD BURNING
APPLIANCES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ? AIR POLLUTION! AIR POLLUTION
ABATEMENT? ALDEHYDES} CARBON MONOXIDE? CARCINOGENS? COMBUSTION?
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS? HOUSES? PARTICULATES? PHENOLS? POLLUTANTS?
RESIDENTIAL SECTOR? RISK ASSESSMENT •
Special Terms: APPLIANCES? AROMATICS? BUILDINGS? CARBON COMPOUNDS? CARBON
OXIDES? CHALCOGENIDES? CHEMICAL REACTIONS? HYDROXY COMPOUNDS? ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS? OXIDATION? OXIDES? OXYGEN COMPOUNDS? PARTICLES? POLLUTION?
POLLUTION ABATEMENT? RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS? THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
23/5/10
0147913 EIM8304027913
EMISSIONS AND THERMAL PERFORMANCE MAPPING FOR AN UNBAFFLED, AIRTIGHT WOOD
APPLIANCE AND A BOX TYPE CATALYTIC APPLIANCE.
Kniaht* C, V.? Graham* M. S.
TVA» Chattanooaa* Tenn* USA
Proceedings - Residential Wood t Coal Combustion Specialty Conference.
Louisville* Ku. USA Mar 1-2 1982
SpoTis"o>:~"APCA» Res'id Fuel Combust Comm* Pittsburah* Po* USA? APCA» Indoor
Air dual Comm. Pittsburgh* Pa* USA
Source: Publ by APCA (Spec Conf Proc SP-45)» Pittsburah* Pa* USA p 25-55
1982
Landuaaes: Enalish Conf. No.! 01854
Descriptors: STOVES
Identifiers: TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY TESTING OF RESIDENTIAL MOOD
HEATING? ENERGY USE TEST FACILITY? EMISSION FACTORS? EFFICIENCIES? GAS
CONCENTRATION MONITORING? TEMPERATURE AND WEIGHT DATA MONITORING?
THERMODYNAMIC COMPUTER MODEL FOR CALCULATING EMISSION FACTORS AND? INDIRECT
STACK LOSS METHOD? COMPARISON OF RESULTS WITH OTHER TEST DATA? DATA FOR
LOWER BURN RATES? OPTIMUM OPERATING CONDITIONS
Classification Codes: 643? 811? 521? 451
8-1Q
-------
20/5/4
1011629 PB83-247395
Evaluation of an S2 Sampler for Receptor Modeling of Uoodsmoke Emissions
Northrop Services* Inc.i Research Triandle Park* NC.
Corp. Source Codes: 058582000
Sponsor! Environmental Sciences Research Lab.* Research Triangle Pork»
NC.
Report No.! EPA-600/D-83-099
Aug 83 20p
Languages! English
NTIS Prices! PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement! 6RAI8325
Country of Publication! United States
The Source Signature (sauared S) sampler was developed to characterize
the carbon (C) and elemental components in fine particulate emissions from
a residential wood burner. The hot exhaust is sampled and diluted with
filtered air to simulate normal diffusion. The resulting aerosol it. passed
through a 2.5-mu m cyclone and the remaining particles collected on two
parallel 1-mu m filers* one Quarts and one Teflon. The Quarts filter allows
analysis of carbon content and the Teflon filter allows elemental analysis
bu x-ray fluorescence. Both filters are also weighed to determine the
mass-emission rate. The test program's main objectives were (1) to test and
improve the performance of the method* and (2) to make a laboratory
measurement of the elemental composition including the carbon component to
establish a source signature for use in receptor modeling.
Descriptors! *Mass» *Fines» *Air pollution* XX-rsu fluorescence*
^Samplers* ^Chemical analysis* Mathematical models* Particles* Design
criteria* Performance evaluation* Comparison
Identifiers: ftUood stoves* *Air Quality* *Source signature samplers* *Air
pollution sampling* Air pollution detection* NTISEPAORD
Section Headings! 14B (Methods and £auipment--Labor3tories* Test
Facilities* and Test Eauipment>* 7D (Chemistry—Physical Chemistry)* 68A
(Environmental Pollution and Control--Air Pollution and Control)* 99A
(Chemistry—Analytical Chemistry)
8-11
-------
23/5/32
0039919 EIM8210039919
o-rnnr!RIMENTAL MEASURE«ENTS OF EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL WOOD-BURNING
aTQVES•
Hubble. B. R.f Stetter. J. R.i Gebert. E.! Harkness. J. B. L.? Flotard.
R» D.
Araonne Natl Lab. 111. USA
Proceedings - 1981 International Conference on Residential Solid Fuels,
.Environmental Impacts and Solution*. Pnrtlanrl. flrprt. USA .Inn 1-4 19fll
a^onsor; Urea urao Lent, oaavtti- ton, uan. nurtures, L environ <\es> uent, UOH.
Omark Ind, Orea Saw Chain Div, USA
Source: Publ ba Orea Grad Cent. Beaverton. USA p 79-138 1982
Lanauaaes: Enalish Conf. No.! 00722
Descriptors: WOOD-Combustion
Identifiers! ORGANIC EMISSIONS? STACK GAS TEMPERATURES! HEATING
REQUIREMENTS? LOGS? CREOSOTE! ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT? CHROMATOGRAPHY?
DATA SYSTEM? ASH HANDLING
Classification Codes! 811? 521? 643! 901? 723? 802
21/5/7
146303 *80-006112
ERA'S RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR CONTROLLING RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION
EMISSIONS.
V HALL ROBERT E. » DEANGELIS DARYL G.
(EPA) AND? (MONSANTO RESEARCH CORP. OHIO)
APCA J. AUG 80. V30. N8. P862 (6)
RESEARCH REPORT! AN EPA-FUNDED STUDY BY THE MONSANTO CORP. OF OHIO. WAS
CONDUCTED TO QUANTIFY CRITERIA POLLUTANTS AND TO CHARACTERIZE OTHER
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM WOOD-FIRED RESIDENTIAL COMBUSTION EQUIPMENT,
MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE MONSANTO CHARACTERIZATION STUDY ARE DISCUSSED.
EQUIPMENT TESTED INCLUDED A ZERO CLEARANCE FIREPLACE AND TUO AIR TIGHT CAST
IRON STOVES. WOOD TESTED INCLUDED SEASONED AND GREEN RED OAK AND YELLOW
SULFUR OXIDES. ORGANIC SPECIES. CONDENSABLE ORGANICS. PARTICULATES. AND
TRACE ELEMENTS. BIOASSAY ANALYSES OF THE STACK EMISSIONS AND BOTTOM ASH
WERE PERFORMED. (2 GRAPHS. 10 REFERENCES, 6 TABLES)
DESCRIPTORS: *EMISSION CONTROL PROGRAMS ? *EPA. FEDERAL ? *SPACE HEATING.
DOMESTIC ! *WOOD ENERGY ! *PARTICULATES ? *AIR SAMPLING ? BIOASSAY ?
CHROMATOGRAPHY, GAS ? NITROGEN OXIDES ? SULFUR OXIDES
REVIEW CLASSIFICATION: 01
23/5/14
0056062 EIM8211056062
FACTORS AFFECTING WOOD HEATER EMISSIONS AND THERMAL PERFORMANCE.
Harper. J. P.? KniSht. C. V.
TV A, USA
Environmental and Economic Considerations in Enerau
Proceedinas of the 7th National Conference on Energy and the
Phoenix, Ariz. USA Nov 30-Dec 3 1980
Sponsor! DOF, Wa<5hi n^ton , Df. . USA! FPAt Uachi ndt.nn •
Source; Kuoi ua HHII Hroor aci ruDi inc. men, UOH r
ISBN: 0-250-40468-0
Languages: English Conf. No.: 00534
Descriptors: STOVES-Wood
Identifiers! RESIDENTIAL HEATING!
Utilization,
Environment.
nr
lisa
™ JOM
TENNESSEE VALLEY
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS! CARBON MONOXIDE!
HYDROCARBONS!
AUTHORITY!
COMPARATIVE
EVALUATIONS! EMISSIONS DATA?
HEAT TRANSFER EFFICIENCY
Classification Codes: 811? 643? 902? 451! 641? 521
EFFECTIVE FUEL SIZE? COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY?
£-12
-------
20/5/16
828563 DOE/EV-0114
Health Effects of Residential Wood Combustion! Survey of Knowledge and
Research
Department of Energy, Washington. DC. Office of Environmental
Assessments.
Corp. Source Codes: 052661219. 9511689
So» an 74o
Languages: English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: 6RAI8111J NSA0600
Country of Publication: United States
Health and safety issues related to residential wood burning are
examined. Current research and findings are also described* and research
status is assessed in terms of future health and safety reouirements. (ERA
citation 06:002170)
Descriptors: tCombustion, *Uood. Air pollution? Efficiency; Health
hazards* Residential sector; Safety! Stoves
Identifiers: ER0A/140504; NTISDE
Section Headings: 6F (Biological and Medical Sciences—Environmental
Biology); 6SG (Environmental Pollution and Contrul--Environraenta 1 Health
and Safety); 68A (Environmental Pollution and Control — Air Pollution and
ControDr 97J (Enerau — Heating and Coolina Systems)
18/5/3
82-03065
Factors Affecting Wood Hester Emissions and Thermal Performance
Harperr J.P.; Knight. C.V.
TVA
Seventh Nat. Conf. Energy S Environ. Phoenix. AZ 30 Nov.-3 Dec. 1980
IN 'ENVIRON. g ECON. CONSIDERATIONS IN ENERGY UTILIZ. pr-. 556-564,
Publ.Yr: 1981
ANN ARBOR SCI. PUBL. INC.. 230 COLLINGUOOD> P.O. BOX 1425. ANN AKBOR. HI
48106
SUMHARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
The primary conclusion of this report from the environmental viewpoint.
is by reducing emissions from wood heaters it is also possible to improve
the efficiency of these devices. Therefore. the need exists to do both
simultaneous emissions and efficiency testing. Secondly, fuel wood size maa
be a major operating variable governing the efficiency and emission of
residential wood heaters.Thirdlu, design considerations, primarily those
affecting air flow into the combustion zone and flue gas resonance time in
the wood heater, tend to be present in the more efficient stoves.Fourth. a
comparative basis for evaluating different wood heaters. a performance
index. was proposed. This performance index eoualled the ratio of the
efficiency to the source severity. This performance index could provide a
basis for rank ordering those wood hectors which are the most highly
efficient and least polluting devices.
Descriptors: heating systems; emissions, thermodynamics; wood processing;
combustion; environmental impact
S-13
-------
20/3/14
864227 PB81-226151
High Altitude Testing of Residential Uood-Fired Combustion Eouipment
(Final rept.)
Peters* J. A. ? DeAngelis? 0. G.
Monsanto Research Corp.? Dayton? OH. Dayton Lab.
Corp. Source Codes: 018509001
Sponsor: Industrial Environmental Research Lab.? Cincinnati? OH.
Report No.J EPA-600/2-81-127
Jan 81 48P
See also rept. dated Mar 80> PB80-182066.
Languages! English
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8124
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.! EPA-68-03-2550
To determine whether emissions from operating a wood stove at hiah
altitude differ from those at low altitude? a hiah altitude sampling
proaram was conducted which was compared to previously collected low
altitude data. Emission tests were conducted in the identical model stove
using the same type of wood with the same moisture content? amount of wood
charged* burning rater air flow rate? and identical sampling intervals and
port locations. Particulate emissions? carbon monoxide? and polycyclic
oraanic matter were analyzed.
Descriptors: KStoves? *Air pollution? *0ak wood? Combustion? Flue gases?
Oraanic compounds? Carbon monoxide? Residential buildings? Performance
tests
Identifiers! *Uood burnina appliances! Particulates? NTISEPAORD
Section Headings! 13B (Mechanical? Industrial? Civil? and Marine
Engineering—Civil Engineering)? 68A (Environmental Pollution and
Control—Air Pollution and Control)? 97R (Fnergy— Fnvi rnnmpnt.al St.nrlipc)
23/5/2
0147927 EIM8304027927
INDOOR EXPOSURE TO CARBON CONTAINING PARTICULATES AND VAPORS IN HOMES
UHICH USE UOOD FOR HEATING.
McGill? K. C.? Miller? D. P.
Uashburn Univ? Topeka? Kans? USA
Proceedings - Residential Wood g Coal Combustion Specialty Conference.
Louisville.?_.Ky?JJSA ilar.... 1-2. .1.982
Spons'or": APCA? Resid Fuel Combust Comm? Pittsburgh? Pa? USA? APCA? Indoor
Air Qua! Comm? Pittsburgh? Pa? USA
Source! Publ bs APCA (Spec Conf Proc SP-45)? Pittsburgh? Pa? USA p
281-295 1982
Languages! English Conf. No.! 01854
Descriptors! HOUSES-Fuels
Identifiers! PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF TESTING METHOD? THERMOGRPHIC METHOD?
AMflHNT OF rAPPOW-rnuTATMTUO CIIOCTAIK-CC TU ATO- oireui TC cno rrnur unur-c- IITTU
DiFFERENT UOOD BURNING DEVICES? DIFFERENT DEVICES GIVING RECOGNIZABLE
THERMOGRAMS? COLD METAL STOVES GIVING DETECTABLE EMISSIONS? FIREPLACES?
CENTRAL FURNACE? METAL STOVES? EXPOSURE LEVELS
Classification Codes! 402? 811? 451
8-14
-------
25/5/5
1162685 EI810862685
IMPACT OF RESIDENTIAL MOOD COMBUSTION ON URBAN AIR QUALITY: FIRST AMBIENT
MEASUREMENTS «
Cooper? John A.? Currie. Lloud A.; Klouda. Georae A.
Ores Grad Cent. Beaverton
Proe Annu Meet Air Pollut Control Assoe 73rd. v 1, Montreal. due. Jun
22-27 1980. Publ bu APCA. Pittsburah. Pa. 1980 PBP n 80-7. 1, 13 P CODEN!
PRAPAP ISSN: 0099-4081
The impact of wood burnina stoves and fireplaces on urban air oualita has
been measured and determined to be a significant source of respirsble air
particulates. One half of the respirable air ^articulates in 3 residential
area of Portland. Oregon were found to have originated from wood combustion
sources. The impact was determined using new low-level counting methods to
measure bioaenic carbon-14 and recently improved chemical mass balance
methods. The methods and results of this studu are discussed as well as
their implications. 34 refs.
COMBUSTION.-
Classification Codes: 451. 811? 521? 643
23/5/28
0039924 EIM8210039924
MEASUREMENT OF WOOD HEATER THERMAL AND EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE.
Harper. Jerome P.. Harper. Jerome P.? Kniaht. C. V.
TVA. Chattanooaa. USA
Proceedings - 1981 International Conference on Residential Solid Fuels.
Environmental Impacts and Solutions. Portland. Orea. USA Jun 1-4 1981
Sponsor: Ores Grad Cent. Beaverton. USA. Northwest Environ Res Cent. USA!
Omark Ind. Ores Saw Chain Div. USA
Source! Publ ba Orea Grad Cent. Beaverton. USA p 210-226 1982
Languages: English Conf. No.! 00722
Descriptors: UOOD-Heat Transfer
Identifiers: COMBUSTIONS EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE; WOOD HEATER TESTING.
HYDROCARBONS? CARBON MONOXIDE? ELECTRONIC SCALE? ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Classification Codes: 811? 641? 804? 803? 521? 801
23/5/6
0147918 EIM8304027918
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND EMISSION FACTORS FOR HAND-FIRED COALSTOVES.
Jaasma. Dennis R.? Macumber. Dale U.
va Polatech Inst X State Univ. Blacksbura. USA
Proceedings - Residential Wood 8 Coal Combustion Specialty Conference.
J.aujsville. Ka, USA Mar. .1-2.. 1982 ...
Sponsor! APCA7 Resid Fuel Combust Comm. Pittsburah. Pa. USA? APCA. Indoor
Air Qual Coma. Pittsburah. Pa. USA
Source: Publ ba APCA (Spec Conf Proc SP-45). Pittsburgh. Pa. USA P
129-150 1982
Languages: Enalish Conf. No.: 01854
Descriptors! STOVES
Identifiers: RADIANT AND CONNECTIVE COAL STOVES? STUDY USING DILUTION
TUNNEL TECHNIQUES? REAL-TIME MEASUREMENTS OF GAS-PHASE SPECIES EMISSIONS?
TIME-AVERAGED TOTAL PARTICULATE AND CONDENSABLE ORGANICS EMISSIONS? AVERAGE
HEAT RELEASE RATE? AVERAGE EFFICIENCIES FOR TWO STOVES STUDIED! SENSIBLE
ENERGY LOSS MAJOR FACTOR IN DECREASING EFFICIENCY? MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
FOR SMOKE EMISSIONS? ESTIMATE OF SAMPLING INTERVAL FOR ACCURATE EMISSIONS
AND EFFICIENCY
Classification Codes: 643? 524. 451
8-15
-------
1204489 NOR-83:05093» EDB-83!199324
Meeting on solid fuel room heaters. Testing for efficiency and scfety
SoenJUr O.K.; Klausen* T.
SINTEF. Trondheim (Norway)
186 P. Jun 1981
TIC Accession No.: DE83751460
Country of Publication! Norway
Journal Announcement: ERA8309
Availability! NTIS (US Sales Only)* PC A09/MF A01! 1.
Report No.: STF-15A81020
Note! Portions are illegible in microfiche products
Document Tape! Report! Numerical data
Languages! English
Subfile! ERA .(Energy Research Abstracts). NTS .(NTIS)
Uork Location: Norway
The main goal of the meeting was to discuss testing procedures*
standards? and trends of the future for solid fuel room heaters. The
production and use of solid fuel room heaters are incressind at a rapid
rate on a world wide sealer and it was felt that it would be very
beneficial for experts on this subject from various countries to meet and
exchange information and experience. A further goal of the meeting was to
start some cooperative work on an international basis in this area. Senior
staff members from research testing laboratories and governmental
institutions in U.S.r U.K.* West-Germany» Denmark) Sweden* Finland and
Norway perticipated. The report includes! A list of attendees* minutes of
the meeting* notes taken during the meeting* correspondence* and
papers/notes presented at the meeting. The technics! papers/notes include
the following topics! testing of solid fuel room heaters* measuring
techniaues and testing methods* safety testing* use of biomsss* cooperative
programs* and a paper on energy conservation in U.K. in relation to solid
fuel room heaters. 37 drawings* 11 tables.
Descriptors! *SPACE HEATERS THERMAL EFFICIENCY! *UOOD BURNING
APPLIANCES MEETINGS* *UOOD BURNING APPLIANCES PERFORMANCE TESTING*
*UOOD BURNING APPLIANCES SAFETY ! AIR POLLUTION* CERTIFICATION! FIRE
HAZARDS* FIREPLACES* SOLID FUELS* STANDARDS* STOVES* WOOD BURNING FURNACES
Special Terms: APPLIANCES* DOCUMENT TYPES* EFFICIENCY! FUELS! FURNACES!
HAZARDS* HEATERS* POLLUTIONS TESTING* UOOD BURNING APPLIANCES
Class Codes: 090400*. 140504* 299003 ! Z99X
8-16
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20/5/9
945006 DE82005501
National Estimates of Residential Firewood and Air Pollution Emissions
Lipfert* F. U. i Dungan* J. L.
Brookhaven National Lab.* Upton* NY.
Corp. Source Codes: 004545000* 0936000
Sponsor: Department of Energa* Washington* DC.
Report No.: BNL-30367* CONF-811212-9
1981 lOp
International conference on alternative energa sources* Miami Beach* FL»
USA. 14 Dec 1981.
Languages: English Document Tape: Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8304! NSA0700
Countra of Publication: United States
Contract No.: AC02-76CH00016
Estimates are presented for the distribution and ouantitvi of recent
(1978-1979) use of residential firewood in the United States* based on a
correlation of survey data from 64 New Endland counties. The available
survea data from other states are in agreement with the relationship
derived from New England* no constraints due to wood suppla are apparent.
This relationship indicates that the highest densita of wood usage (Kg/hs)
occurs in urban areas* thus exacerbation of urban air Quality problems is a
matter of some concern. The data presentation used here dives an upper
limit to this densita of firewood usage which will allow realistic
estimates of air oualita impact to be made. (ERA citation 07:044632)
Descriptors: *Uood* *Uood burning furnaces* *Fireplaces * Distribution*
Fuels* Usa* Correlations* North atlantic region* Resources* Combustion* Air
pollution* Environmental impacts
Identifiers: ERDA/500200* NTISDE
Section Headings: 13B (Mechanical* Industrial* Civil* and Marine
Engineering—Civil Engineering) i 68A (Environmental Pollution and
Control—Air Pollution and Control)
8-17
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X1083656 EDB-83S078526
' Factors affectina wood heater emissions and thermal performance
Environment and economical considerations in eneraa utilities
Harper* J.P.! Kniaht. C.V.
TVA* USA
556-564 P. 1980
7. national conference on eneraa and the environment Phoenix* AZ* USA
30 Nov 1980
Countra of Publications United States
Publ! Ann Arbor Sci Publ Inc..Ann Arbor* MI*
Journal Announcement: EDB8302
Report No.: CONF-801171-
Document Tape! Analytic of a Book* Conference literature* Numerical data
Languages: English
Work Location: United States
The objective is to identifa those factors related to stove operation and
design which maa significantly affect the emissions and the efficiency of
some residential wood heaters commonly used in TVA Region. The analysis
presented shows that emissions and efficiency are interrelated factors
governing the overall performance of wood heaters! such that reductions in
emissions* for example carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons* typically
result in an increase in the efficiency of eight wood heaters tested. The
paper not only presents the data obtained from the testing* but also
proposes a performance index for the comparison of different wood heaters
on the basis of both efficiency and emissions considerations. 7 refs.
.1070992 ERA-08-.019958, EDB-83:065861
' Overview of R and D programs being coordinated by the inter-governmental
wood combustion research group. Paper 81.8.3
Osborne, M.C.
US EPA, Research Triangle Park* NC» USA
Proc.. Annu. Meet.* Air Pollut. Control Assoc. (United Ststes) VP P.
1981 Coden: PRAPA
74. annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association
Philadelphia. PA, USA 21 Jun 1981
Journal Announcement: EDB8302
Report No.: CONF-810631-
Document Tape: Journal Article? Conference literature
Languages! English
Uork Location: United States
A studa on the emissions from residential wood combustion was conducted.
It was found that hiah concentrations of carbon monoxide arid particulatt?
are found in wood smoke but also concluded that socallcd polacuclic organic
matter (POM) is a more hazardous pollutant which is released from airtight
wood stoves. A survey of programs for research of the hazards from air
pollutants is given. 6 refs.
Descriptors: *COMBUSTION RESEARCH PROGRAMS? *UOOD COMBUSTION? *WOOD
BURNING APPLIANCES AIR POLLUTION ? AIR QUALITY! CATALYTIC CONVERTERS?
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS! RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
Special Terms! APPLIANCES! AROMATICS? CHEMICAL REACTIONS? ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY? EQUIPMENT? HYDROCARBONS! ORGANIC COMPOUNDS! OXIDATION! POLLUTION?
POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT? THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
Class Codes: 090400*! 500200! 140504
8-18
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29/5/30
1020244 EDB-83.'015107
Overview of emissions from wood combustion
Wood! an alternate energy resource for application industry and
institutions. Conference proceedings and manual
Lira. K.J.? Lips. H.I.; Kohl» J.? Pulaeki. E.? Rao. D.P.? TriPlett. B.
(eds. )
Acurex Corp.F Mountain View? CA
61-74 P. 1981
industry and institutions Uinston-Salem. NC. USA 7 Apr 1981
/^Country of Publication.* United States
Publ! North Carolina State University.Raleigh. North Carolina.
Journal Announcement! EDB8301
Report No.! CONF-8104173-
Document Type! Analytic of a Book? Conference literature
Languages: Endlish
Uork Location! United States
Increasing combustion of wood for residential and industrial purposes has
raised many environmental concerns. This paper attempts to assess and
correlate scattered research results on the emissions from wood combustion.
The major emissions are particulate matter. CO. and hydrocarbons> some of
which are potentially carcinogenic. Research results show negligible
amounts of SO/sub 2/ and low amounts of NO/sub :•:/ emissions. Parameters
affeetina emissions appear to be combustion design, firind rate, and excess
air level. In general industrial users have lower emissions than
residential users because of better combustion conditions. The problems of
the residential emissions are aggravated bu the localized and seasonal
concentration of emissions. Significant data d3PS exist. but the most
urgent area needind investigation is the amount and kinds of potentially
carcinogenic matter being emitted. (CKK)
Descriptors! *UOOD FUELS COMBUSTION? *WOOD FUELS POLLUTANTS ? AIR
POLLUTION? CARBON MONOXIDE? CARCINOGENS? HYDROCARBONS? INDUSTRIAL PLANTS?
PARTICLES? RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS? WOOD BURNING FURNACES
Special Terms! APPLIANCES? BUILDINGS? CARBON COMPOUNDS? CARBON OXIDES?
CHALCOGENIDES? CHEMICAL REACTIONS? ENERGY SOURCES? FUELS? FURNACES? ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS? OXIDATION? OXIDES? OXYGEN COMPOUNDS? POLLUTION? THERMOCHEMICAL
PROCESSES? WOOD BURNING APPLIANCES
Class Codes! 140504*? 090400? S00100
8-19
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20/5/19
Preliminara Characterization of Emissions from blood-fired Residential
Combustion Eauipment
DeAnSelis, D. G. ! Ruffin* D. S. ! Reznik* R. B.
Honsanto Research Corp.* Dauton* OH.
Corp. Source Codes! 018509000
Sponsor: Industrial Environmental Research Lab.* Research Tnansle Park,
NC.
Report No.: EPA-600/7-80-040
Mar 80 159p
Languages: English
NTTS Pl-i r»«»«i ? OP AAO/MCA/M I ' » •' • • -
country or Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-02-1874i EPA-ROAP-21AXM-071
This report describes a study conducted to Quantify criteria pollutants
and characterize other atmospheric emissions from wood-fired residential
combustion eauipment. Flue Sases were sampled from a zero clearance
fireplace and two air-tiaht cast iron stoves (baffled and nonbaffled
design). Four wood tapes were tested* oak-seasoned and areen- and
pine-seasoned and areen. Samples were snalaaed for F-orticulatest
condensable oraanics* nitroaen oxides* carbon monoxide* sulfur oxides*
organic species* and individual elements.
Descriptors! *Fireplaces * SStoves! *nir pollution* *0ak wood! *Pine wood*
Combustion* Nitrogen oxides! Carbon monoxide* Sulfur oxides* Flue asses!
Ordanic compounds* Performance tests* Residential buildings
Identifiers! *Uood burning appliances? Particulates* NTISEPAORD
Section Headings! 13B (Mechanical* Industrial* Civil* and Marine
Enaineerina--Civil Enaineerina) » 68A (Environmental Pollution and
Control--Air Pollution and Control)* 97R (Enor3y—Environmental Studies)
23/5/13
0147910 EIM8304027910
PROCEEDINGS - RESIDENTIAL WOOD I COAL COMBUSTION SPECIALTY CONFERENCE.
Frederick* Edward R. (Ed. )
APCA, Pittsburgh* Pa, USA
Proceedings - Residential Mood S Coal Combustion Specialty Conference.
J^ou^sj/ille* Ka, USA Mar 1-2 1982
"Sponsor! APCA* Resid Fuel Combust Comm* Pittsburgh* Pa* USA* APCA* Indoor
Air dual Comm* Pittsburgh* Pa* USA
Source! Publ ba APCA (Spec Conf Proc SP-45)* Pittsburgh* Pa* USA 300P
1982
Lanauaaes! English Conf. No.! 01854
Descriptors! HOUSES-Fuels
Identifiers! WOOD BURNING STOVES! COAL BURNING STOVES* DOMESTIC STOVE
PERFORMANCE FACTORS AND ANALYSES* OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION* INDOOR AIR
POLLUTIONS EUROPEAN ACTIVITES IN SOLID FUEL FIRED HEATING! EMISSIONS FROM
RESIDENTIAL COAL STOVES! PREDICTION OF PULMONARY TOXICITY OF RESPIRABLE
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS! SPACE HEATING
Classification Codes! 402! 811! 524* 521! 451! 461
8-20
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25/5/2
1366960 EI8304026960
PROCEEDINGS - RESIDENTIAL WOOD g COAL COMBUSTION SPECIALTY CONFERENCEi
1982.
Frederick* Edward R. (Ed. )
APCAf Pittsburgh, Pa, USA
Proc - Resid Wood X Coal Combust Spec Conf* Louisville* Ka» USA* Mar 1-2
1982 Publ ba APCA (Spec Conf Proe SP-45)* Pittsburgh. Par USA* 1982 300p
Languages! ENGLISH
The volume contains 18 papers and one abstract of a paper presented at
the meeting. Subjects covered include techniaues for achieving more
complete combustion in wood stoves* emission and thermal performance
napping* effects of firinS rate and design on domestic wood stove
performance* European activities in solid fuel fired heating* measurement
techniaues, characterization of emissions from residential coal stoves*
anbient impact of residential wood combustion* national assessment of air
Quality impacts* impact of residential wood combustion appliances on indoor
air oualitu* prediction of pulmonary toxicitu of respirable combustion
products from residential wood and coal stoves* and others. Technical and
professional papers from this conference are indexed with the conference
code no. 01854 in the Ei Enaineerina Meetinds (TM) database produced ba
Engineering Information* Inc.
Descriptors! *HOUSES-*FuelsS UOOD-FuelsS COAL* AIR POLLUTION-Analusis»
STOVES* HEATING
Identifiers? WOOD BURNING STOVES* COAL BURNING STOVES? INDOOR AIR
POLLUTIONS HEALTH EFFECTS* EIREV
Classification Codes: 402* 811* 524; 521S 451* 461
23/5/33
°°PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM NEW LOW EMISSION WOOD STOVE DESIGNS MEASURED
BY EPA METHOD V.
KowalC2*k» John F.S Bosserman. Peter B.S Tombleson* Barbara J.
Orea Dep of Environ Qual* USA
Proceedings - 1981 International Conference on Residential Solid Fuels*
Environmental Impacts and Solutions. Portland. Orea* USA Jun 1-4 1981
Sponsor! Ores Grsd Cent, Beaverton, USAS Northwest Environ Res Cent. USA,
Omark Ind, Ores Saw Chain Div, USA
Source! Publ b* Orea Grad Cent* Beaverton, USA p 54 1982
Languages! English Conf. No.: 00722
Descriptors! WOOD-Combustion
Identifiers! WOOD STOVE DESIGNS PARTICULATE EMISSIONS? STACK FILTERS AIR
POLLUTIONS FOSSIL FUELSS THERMOSTATSS DAMPER CONTROLS MOISTURE
DETERMINATION* CREOSOTE
Classification Codes! 811S 521S 451* 532S 9445 732
8-21
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20/5/13
867297 PB81-248155
Proceedings of the Conference on Uood Combustion Environmental Assessment
Held at New Orleans in February 1981
(Rept. for Oct 80-Jun 81)
Auer« Franklin A.
Research Triangle Inst.t Research Triangle Park* NC>
Corp. Source Codes! 045968000
Sponsor! Industrial Environmental Research Lab.» Research Triangle Park*
NC.
Report No.5 EPA-600/9-81/029» IERL-RTP-1235
1981 330p
Languages: English Document Tape! Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices! PC A15/MF A01 Journal Announcement! GRAI8125
Country of Publication! United States
Contract No.! EPA-68-02-3170
These proceedings document presentations at the conference. The objective
of the conference uas to disseminate recent research and development
findings on the subject of residential wood combustion. The conference
sessions dealt with! (1) and overviw of environmental assessment
activities* (2) specific emissions and heating efficiency assessments* (3)
PH14ainn.!«•. ^Meetings* Rcsidental
buildings* Combustion products* Stoves* Assessments* Catalysts* Standards*
Polycyclic compounds
Identifiers! NTISEPAORD
Section Headings! 13S (Mechanical* Industrial* Civil* and Marine
Engineering—Civil Engineering)* 68A* (Environmental Pollution and
Control—Air Pollution and Control)
23/5/26
0039926 EIM8210039926
POM EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL UOODBURNING! AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT.
Peters* James A.
Monsanto Rpq Corp, Han+.nn. flhin. IIRA
r roceeoinas - iyai iril.el-ri3tlOii.ji uomeltiict un rveiiueu i,i>;i aonu rueis.
Environmental Impacts and Solutions. Portland* Oreg* USA Jun 1-4 1981
Sponsor! Oreg Grad Cent* Beaverton* USA* Northwest Environ Res Cent* USA*
Omark Ind* Oreg Saw Chain Div* USA
Source! Publ by Oreg Grad Cent* Beaverton* USA i» 267-288 1982
Languages! English Conf. No.! 00722
Descriptors! UOOD-Combustiori
Identifiers! HOME HEATINGS ORGANIC SPECIES* EMISSION INVENTORY* FIREPLACE
) COAL SMOKE? CARCINOGENS? PARTICULATE MATTER
Classification Codes! 811* 521* 643* 804* 461
8-22
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20/5/8
0983614 DE83007784
Results of Laboratory Tests on Wood-Stove Emissions and Efficiencs
Hubble7 B. R. ) Harkness* J. B. L.
Argonne National Lab.* IL.
Corp. Source Codes: 001960000$ 0448000
Sponsor! Department of Energy* Washington! DC.
Report No.! CONF-810295-1
1981 19p
International • trade show and wood heating seminar* New Orleans* LA* USA*
21 Feb 1981* Portions are illegible in microfiche products.
Languages: English Document Type I Conference proceeding
NTIS Prices! PC A02/MF A01 Journal Announcement: GRAI8316! NSA0800
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No..* U-31-109-EN6-38
Air-tight* wood-burning stoves were operated in s manner consistent with
typical residential heating reauirements in order to determine psrticulate
and carbon monoxide emissions and creosote build-up. Test data are
presented as functions of burn-rates and stove efficiencies. The principal
conclusions are that emissions from the stove used in this studu are
related to log-size and wood burn-rate and that CO and ^articulate
emissions and creosote build-up increased uith increasing efficienca of
operation. Therefore* future environmental testing should be conducted at
typical stove operating conditions* low burn-rates with large logs. In
addition* heat-loss calculations show a trade-off between sensible heat
loss and CO-fuel heat loss over the range of burn-rates studied. This
indicates that* if further improvements in stove efficiencies are desired*
improvements in stove combustion efficiency are needed. This also decreases
stove emissions. (ERA citation 08:020895)
Descriptors! *Uood burning furnaces* Particulates! Carbon monoxide*
Creosote* Flue gas* Efficiency* Heat losses* Combustion* Carbon dioxide*
Temperature distribution* Experimental data
Identifiers: ERDA/320101! ERDA/299003! ERDA/140504! NTISDE
Section Headings: 21D (Propulsion and Fuels—Fuels)* 97K (Energy—Fuels)*
68A (Environmental Pollution and Control--Air Pollution and Control)
23/5/16
0039978 EIM8210039978
REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR CONTROLLING EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION OF MOOD IN
RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS.
Mors* Terra A.! Blair* Terrence T.i Cole* Robert H.
Dalton Dal ton Newport* Cleveland* Ohio* USA
Proceedings - 1981 International Conference on Residential Solid Fuels*
Environmental Impacts and Solutions. Portland* Ored* USA Jun 1-4 1981
Sponsor! Ores Grad Cent* Beaverton* USA* Northwest Environ Res Cent* USA*
Omark Ind* Ores Saw Chain Div* USA
Source: Publ bu Dreg Grad Cent* Beaverton* USA p 1253-1271 1982
Languages: English Conf. No.! 00722
Descriptors! UOOD-Combustion
Identifiers: PARTICULATE EMISSIONS! SPACE HEATING. AIR QUALITY* STOVE
WASTE! CHIMNEY CLEANER! POLLUTION CONTROL! REGULATIONS! COMMON LAW
DOCTRINES
. Classification Codes: 811! 321! 451! 902
8-23
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/ 167471 83-006131
V RESIDENTIAL UOOD S COAL COMBUSTION .
APCA RESIDENTIAL UOOD i COAL COMBUSTION SYM PROCEEDINGS* LOUISVILLE* KY»
MAR 1-2. 82. (308)
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS ON METHODS OF UOOD AND COAL COMBUSTION IN
HOUSEHOLDS AND EMISSION MONITORING ARE PRESENTED. TOPICS DISCUSSED
INCLUDE: IMPROVED COMBUSTION IN UOOD STOVES* EMISSION AND THERMAL
PERFORMANCE MAPPING FOR AN UNBAFFLED* AIRTIGHT UOOD APPLIANCE AND A
BOX-TYPE CATALYTIC APPLIANCE? EFFECTS OF FIRING RATE AND DESIGN ON DOMESTIC
UOOD STOVE PERFORMANCE* SOLID FUEL-FIRED HEATING* RESIDENTIAL STOVE
EMISSIONS FROM COAL AND OTHER ALTERNATIVE FUEL COMBUSTION* MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES AND EMISSION FACTORS FOR HAND-FIRED STOVES? AN OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
CHAMBER TO STUDY UOOD COMBUSTION EMISSIONS UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS} IMPACT
OF RESIDENTIAL UOOD COMBUSTION APPLIANCES ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY* AND INDOOR
EXPOSURE TO CARBON-CONTAINING PARTICULATES AND VAPORS IN HOMES THAT BURN
UOOD FOR HEATING. (NUMEROUS DIAGRAMS* GRAPHS, REFERENCES* TABLES)
DESCRIPTORS: *CONF PROCEEDINGS * *UOOD ENERGY » *COAL USAGE* DOMESTIC »
*MONITORING* ENV-AIR » *AIR POLLUTION* INDOOR } *HEATING SYSTEMS. DOMESTIC
» *MATHEMATIC MODELS-AIR * *SPACE HEATING* DOMESTIC » COMBUSTION }
PARTICULATES * FIREUOOD * PATHOLOGY* HUMAN * AMBIENT AIR » KEROSENE
REVIEU CLASSIFICATION: 01
21/5/2
165475 *83-004207
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION AND SOME SOLUTIONS*
MORRILL ELIZABETH
UOOD N ENERGY* DEC 82* V2> N12. P30 <4)
yiNSULATING THEIR HOUSES, RESEARCHERs"HAVE'DISCOVERED THAT"suCH"*ACTIVITIES
SERVE TO SEAL IN POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS POLLUTANTS THAT NORMALLY ESCAPE
THROUGH WINDOU AND DOOR CRACKS. ONE FREQUENT SOURCE OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
IS THE FIREPLACE* ALONG WITH UOOD AND COAL-BURNING HEATERS. PARTICULATES
AND CARBON MONOXIDE ARE EMITTED BY THESE SYSTEMS. KEROSENE HEATERS, GAS
APPLIANCES, AND INSULATING MATERIALS ARE ALSO CULPRITS OF INDOOR AIR
POLLUTION. AIR CLEANING APPLIANCES, INCREASED VENTILATION, AND THE USE OF
AIR-TO-AIR HEAT EXCHANGERS CAN HELP PURIFY INDOOR AIR. (2 DIAGRAMS* 1
TABLE)
DESCRIPTORS: *AIR POLLUTION* INDOOR ; *HEATING SYSTEMS. DOMESTIC ;
*INSULATION» COLD » *RADON * XRESPIRABLE DUST i *FORMALDEHYDE *
*VENTILATION » *HEAT EXCHANGERS > UEATHERSTRIPPING » GAS APPLIANCES *
KEROSENE
REVIEU CLASSIFICATION: 01
8-24
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1130258 EDB-83:i25133
Results of 3 forty-home indoor-sir-pollutant monitoring study
Hawthorne* A.R.! Gammase* R.B.! Dudneti* C.S.! Uomack* D.R.! Morris*
S.A.! Uestley* R.R.! White* D.A.! Gupta, K.C.
Oak Ridae National Lab.* TN (USA)
14 P. 1983
TIC Accession No.! DE83014138
76. annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association Atlanta?
GA, USA 19 Jun 1983
Country of Publication! United States
Journal Announcement: ERA8307
Availabilitu: NTIS» PC A02/MF A01! 1.
Report No.! CONF-830617-8
Note! Portions are illegible in microfiche products
Document Tape! Report? Conference literature
Languages! English
Subfile: ERA .(Energy Research Abstracts)! NTS .(NTIS)
Work Location: United States
Contract No.! U-7405-ENG-26
A study was conducted in 40 homes in the areas of Oak Ridae and west
Knoxville* Tennessee. Concentrations of CO/sub x/> NO/sub ::/» particulates*
formaldehyde* and radon* as well as selected volatile organic compounds*
were Quantified. In addition* information was collected on air exchange
rates* meteorological conditions* and structural and consumer products.
This paper summarises some of the results and provides specific examples of
increased indoor concentrations of pollutants due to the operation of a
kerosene space heater* a sas ranse* and a wood/coal stove. Results showed
formaldehyde levels freouently exceeded 0.1 ppM! wore highest in newer
homes* and fluctuate diurnalla and seasonally. Radon levels freauentlu
exceeded 3 pCi/L and correlated strondly with house location. Organic
pollutant levels were at least an order of magnitude higher indoors than
outdoors. Combustion sources (especially unvented) significantly increased
levels of CO/sub x/» NO/sub x/» and particulates. Air exchange rates were
increased nearly two-fold by operation of the HVAC central air circulation
fan.
Descriptors! *CARBON MONOXIDE ECOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION* *FORMALDEHYDE-
ECOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION* tHOUSES AIR QUALITY* *NITROGEN
OXIDES ECOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION? *ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ECOLOGICAL
CONCENTRATION! *PARTICULATES ECOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION! *RADON ECOLOG-
ICAL CONCENTRATION ! COAL! CONSUMER PRODUCTS! ELECTRIC APPLIANCES! ENERGY
CONSERVATION* GAS APPLIANCES! INDOOR AIR POLLUTION! KEROSENE) METEOROLOGY!
NATURAL GAS! SPACE HEATERS! TENNESSEE! VENTILATION! VOLATILE MATTER! WOOD!
WOOD BURNING APPLIANCES
Special Terms! AIR POLLUTION! ALDEHYDES! APPLIANCES! BUILDINGS! CARBON
COMPOUNDS? CARBON OXIDES! CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS! CHALCOGENIDES) ELEMENTS!
ENERGY SOURCES! ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY! FEDERAL REGION IV! FLUIDS* FOSSIL
FUELS! FUEL GAS* FUELS! GAS FUELS! GASES! HEATERS! LIQUID FUELS! MATERIALS!
MATTER! NITROGEN COMPOUNDS! NONMETALS! NORTH AMERICA! ORGANIC COMPOUNDS!
OXIDES! OXYGEN COMPOUNDS! PARTICLES! PETROLEUM PRODUCTS! POLLUTION! RARE
GASES! RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS! USA
8- 25
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/1137429 EDB-83!132305
A simple and effective technique for testins wood stove performance
Barnett. S.
Wood Energa (United States) II!12 54-57 P. Dec 1982 Coden! WOEND
Journal Announcement: EDB8307
Document Type! Journal Article
Languages: English
Work Location: United States
Simple and effective technioues for testing the performance of wood
stoves is discussed. The two major sampling technioues are psrticulate
emissions measurement and gas measurements.
Descriptors! *STOVES PERFORMANCE TESTING! XUOOD BURNING
APPLIANCES PERFORMANCE TESTING i EFFICIENCY! GAS ANALYSIS? HEAT TRANSFER
? MEASURING METHODS! PARTICULATES
Special Terms! APPLIANCES! ENERGY TRANSFER! PARTICLES? TESTING
Class Codes! 320100*
1020317 EDB-83!015180
/ Retrospective search on wood and wood waste burning eouipment
144 P. 1980
Countra of Publication: Ireland
Pubi: Biomass Conversion Technical Information Service.Dublin. Ireland.
Journal Announcement: EDB8301
Document Tape! Book? Bibliographa/review article
Languages: English
Work Location: Ireland
This literature survea covers the period 1963 to date including
residential and commercial wood stoves. fuels. mixed fuel combustion.
emissions, wood waste combustion, general eauipment. and miscollaneous.
Descriptors: *STOVES BIBLIOGRAPHIES? *UOOD BURNING APPLIANCES BIBL-
IOGRAPHIES? *UOOD BURNING FURNACES BIBLIOGRAPHIES! *UOOD
FUELS BIBLIOGRAPHIES ! COMBUSTION! COMMERCIAL SECTOR! EQUIPMENTS
RESIDENTIAL SECTOR. WOOD WASTES
Special Terms: APPLIANCES. CHEMICAL REACTIONS! DOCUMENT TYPES! ENERGY
SOURCES! FUELS? FURNACES? OXIDATIONS. SOLID WASTES? THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
? WASTES? WOOD BURNING APPLIANCES
Class Codes: 140504*? 090400! 299003
23/5/37
0013534 EIM8207013534
RESIDENTIAL WOOD FIRED FURNACES! RESULTS FROM A DEMONSTRATION OF ADVANCED
SYSTEMS»
Brandon. R, J.
Inst of Man S Resour. Charlottetown. Prince Edward Isl. Can
Samposium Papers - Energy from Biomass and Wastes 5. Lake Buena Vista.
Fla. USA Jan 26-30 1981
Sponsor: Inst of Gas Technol. Chicago. 111. USA
Source! Samposium Papers - Energa from Biomass and Wastes 5. Publ ba
Inst of Gas Technol. Chicago. 111. USA P 175-202 1981
CODEN: EBWADU
Languages! English Conf. No.! 00130
Descriptors! FURNACES. SPACE HEATING-Fuels
Identifiers: THERMAL PERFORMANCE? COMBUSTION SYSTEMS? EMISSIONS? WOOD
WASTE UTILIZATION? BIOMASS COMBUSTION! ENERGY DENSITY! CREOSOTE FORMATION
Classification Codes: 643! 811? 524? 521? 901
8-26
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18/5/3
99125287 CA: 99(16)1252872 CONFERENCE PROCEEDING
Thermal performance testina of residential solid fuel heaters
AUTHOR(S): Sheltonr Jaa U.
LOCATION: Shelton Energy Res.r Santa Fe» NM. 87502. USA
Solutions EDITOR: Cooper. John A. (Ed)" Malek. Dorothu (Ed)" DATE! 1982
PAGES: 1117-59 CODEN: SOEHAA LANGUAGE: Enaush HEETING DATE: sioooo
PUBLISHER: Orea. Brad. Cent.. Beaverton. Orea
SECTION:
CA151018 Fossil Fuels. Derivatives, and Related Products
CA152XXX Electrochemical. Radiational. and Thermal Enera'j Technology
IDENTIFIERS: standardization evaluation residential heater. solid fuel
residential heater evaluation. wood coal residential heator evaluation.
combustion residential wood coal evaluation
DESCRIPTORS:
Mood...
combustion of. evaluation of residential heaters for
Air pollution.•.
emissions. from residential wood or cool heaters. evaluation criteria
including
Creosote••.
emissions of. from wood or coel residential heaters. evaluation
criteria includina
Heat transfer...
in residual wood or coal heaters, evaluation criteria includina
Combustion. . .
of coal and wood, evaluation of residential heaters for
Standardization...
of residential wood or coal heaters, criteria for
Heatina systems and Heaters...
residential, for wood and coal, evaluation of
23/5/11
0147912 EIM8304027912
TECHNIQUES FOR ACHIEVING MORE COMPLETE COMBUSTION IN UOOD STOVES.
Allen. John M.i Piispanen. William H.
Battelle. Columbus Lab. Ohio. USA
Proceedings - Residential Wood X Coal Combustion Specialty Conference.
Louisville. Ky. USA Mar 1-2 1982
Spo'nsorT-ftPCA. Resid Fuel Combust Comm. Pittsburgh. Pa. USA. APCA. Indoor
Air dual Comm. Pittsburah. Pa. USA
Source: Publ ba APCA (Spec Conf Proc SP-45). Pittsburah. Pa. USA p 2-21
1982
Lanauaaes: Enalish Conf. No.! 01854
Descriptors: STOVES
Identifiers! SECONDARY COMBUSTION! REDUCTION OF AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS*
HIGH BURNING RATES? SMALL AIR-TIGHT BOX STOVE OPERATING AT LOU BURNING
RATES; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY? DESIGN OF SECONARY AIR INLET SYSTEM; DUALITY OF
SECONDARY AIR ADMITTED; THERMAL INSULATION OF STOVE; SIMULTANEOUS
MONITORING OF CARBON MONOXIDE AND TOTAL HYDROCARBON; AIR IN-LEAKAGE THROUGH
JOINTS
Classification Codes: 6438 Silt 521
8-27
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23/3/8
01JoSDSTOv"HD";4GS2AND5CONTROL MODE AS DETERMINANTS OF EFFICIENCY, CREOSOTE
ACCUMULATION, AND CONDENSABLE PARTICIPATE EMISSIONS.
Barnett, Stockton 6.
Uood , Coal Co.bu.tion SPecialta Conference.
Comm, Pittsburgh, Pa, USA? APCA, Indoor
SP-45>, Pittsburah, P., USA P 70-88
1982
Languages: English Conf. No.: 01854
TKIPRFASES; EFFECT OF WOOD PIECE SIZE, BURN RATE,
S1!S?E ACCUMULATION IN FLUEPIPES; TEST HOUSES IN NEW YORK
AND OHI08 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WOOD STOVE EFFICIENCY
Classification Codes: 643$ 811? 5218 451
23/5/29
0039923 EIM8210039923
WOOD COMBUSTION EMISSIONS AT ELEVATED ALTITUDES.
Peters, J. A.) Huahes, T. U.» DeAnaelis, D. G.
Monsanto Res Corp, Dayton, Ohio, USA
Proceedings - 1981 International Conference on Residential Solid Fuels,
Fnvi rnnmont.al Tmeaote *r.rt «!n 1 ii» i n-^r . o~~ti-.r.A. n--.-. IICA i..~ i_« 1001
Sponsor: Ores Grad Cent, Beaverton, USA! Northwest Environ Res Cent, USA!
Omark Ind, Orea Ssu Chain Div, USA
Source: Publ ba Ores Grad Cent, Beaverton, USA p 199-209 1982
Lanauaaes: Enalish Conf. No.: 00722
Descriptors: UOOD-Combustion
Identifiers: ELEVATED ALTITUDES? HOME HEATING; POLLUTANT EMISSIONS; DATA
COLLECTION; AIRTIGHT STOVE; BOILER PLATE; FILTERS; SEASONED OAK; SOLVENT
EXTRACTION
Classification Codes: 811; 521; 641; 723; 614; 451
23/5/21
0039960 EIM8210039960
WOOD HEATING SYSTEM DESIGN CONFLICTS AND POSSIBLE RESOLUTIONS.
She Iton, Jay
Shelton Enerds Res, Santa Fe, NM, USA
Proceedings - 1981 International Conference on Residential Solid Fuels,
Environmental Impacts and Solutions. Portland, Ores, USA Jun 1-4 1981
Sponsor: Orea Grad Cent, Beaverton, USA; Northwest Environ Res Cent, USA;
Omark Ind, Orea Saw Chain Div, USA
Source: Publ ba Orea Grad Cent, Beaverton, USA P 873-891 1982
Lanauaaes: Enalish Conf. No.: 00722
Descriptors! UOOD-Combustion
Identifiers: HEATING SYSTEM; SOLID FUELS? WOOD STOVES? HEAT TRANSFER
EFFICIENCY; CHIMNEYS; CREOSOTE; AIR POLLUTION
Classification Codes: 811; 521? 643; 641; 451
8-28
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29/5/18
' 1090446 EDB-83:085317
Uoodburning stove (Patent)
Jarboei J.E.
Patent No.: US 4f335»702 Filed date 22 Aug 1979
v P. 22 Jun 1982
Country of Publication! United States
Note! PAT-APPL-068422
Document Tape! Patent
Languages: English
Uork Location: United States
An efficient? clean burnina» woodburnina stove in which super heated
fresh air and exhaust asses from the primary combustion of the wood fire
are introduced into a secondary combustion chamber wherein these sioses are
mixed to recombust remaining fuel psrticles. Exhaust from the secondary
combustion chamber enters a heat exchange chamber wherein the heat content
of the exhaust 3as is transferred to the cooking surface of the stove. The
burning rate of both the primary and secondor-j combustion con be
independently controlled by individually selecting the air supplies to the
combustion areas. An inclined grate* in combination with the direction of
the exhaust gases* provides a self feeding feature in which an even burning
rate of the fire is insured.
Descriptors: KSTOVES DESIGN? #UOOD BURNING APPLIANCES AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL? *UOOD BURNING APPLIANCES FUEL ECONOMY 5 AIR FLOW! COMBUSTION
CHAMBERS; COMBUSTION CONTROL} EXHAUST GASES* FOOD PROCESSING? HEAT
EXCHANGERS? HEAT TRANSFER
Special Terms! APPLIANCES? CONTROL? ENERGY TRANSFER? FLUID FLOW? FLUIDS?
GAS FLOU? GASEOUS WASTES! GASES? POLLUTION CONTROL? PROCESSING? WASTES
Class Codes! 320100*
8-29
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KEY WORDS
Sources
Wood Stoves
Wood Combustion
Wood Heating
Wood Furnaces
Wood Heaters
Wood Pyrolysis
Wood Stokers
Wood Pellets
Wood Burning
Woodstove Efficiency
Residential Heating
Residential Combustion
Home Heating
Fireplaces
Residential Solid Fuels
Biomass Combustion
Biomass Energy
8-30
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KEY WORDS (Continued)
Emissions
Wood Smoke
Wood Volatiles
POM Emissions
PAH Emissions
PNA Emissions
BAP Emissions
Pyrene Emissions
Polar Fraction
Acid Fraction
Organic Fraction
Inorganic Fraction
Particle Bound Organics
Condensible Organics
Condensible Particulates
Organic Emissions
Inorganic Emissions
Air Emissions
Emission Factors
Particulate Emissions
Gaseous Emissions
Chemical Emissions
Carbonaceous Pollutants
Toxic Air"Emissions
Hazardous Air Pollutants
Genotoxic Pollutants
Emission Characteristics
Air Pollutants
Indoor Air Pollution
8-31
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KEY WORDS (Concluded)
Effects
Carcinogenicity
Mutagenicity
Carcinogens
Mutagens
Cancer
Health Effects
Biological Effects
Ecological Effects
Bioassay
Ames Test
Salmonella Bioassay
Tradescantia Bioassay
Miscellaneous
Atmospheric Transforms
Source Apportionment
Source-Receptor Models
Receptor Models
Personal Monitoring
Occupant Exposure
Human Exposure
Risk Assessment
Particulate Sampling
High Volume Sampling
Organic Analysis
Organic Fractionation
8-32
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