PB86-173614
THE LUBBOCK LAND TREATMENT SYSTEM RESEARCH AND
DEMONSTRATION PROJECT: VOLUME III. AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH STUDY
Lubbock Christian College
Lubbock, TX
Feb 86
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Service
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&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
Ada OK 74820'
EPA/600/2-86/027C
February 1986
Research and Development
The Lubbock Land
Treatment System
Research and
Demonstration
Project:
Volume III.
Agricultural
Research Study
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
i. REPORT NO.
^PA/600/2-86/027c
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
THE LUBBOCK LAND TREATMENT SYSTEM RESEARCH AND
DEMONSTRATION PROJECT: Volume III. Agricultural
Research Study
5. REPORT DATE
February 1986
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORiS)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
D.B. George, N.A. Klein, D.B. Leftwich
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Lubbock Christian College
Institute of Water Research
Lubbock TX 79409
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
CAZB1B
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
CS-806204
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
P.O. Box 1198
Ada, OK 74820
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final (11/27/78 - 12/31/85)
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-600/15
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Project Officers: Lowell E. Leach, Jack Witherow, H. George Keeler, and
Curtis C. Harlin
16. ABSTRACT
The Lubbock Land Treatment System Research and Demonstration Project, funded by
Congress in 1978 (H.R. 9375), was designed to address the various issues concerning
the use of slow rate land application of municipal wastewater. The project involved
the 1) physical expansion of an over-loaded 40-year old Lubbock slow rate land treat-
ment system; 2) characterization of the chemical, biological and physical conditions
of the ground water, soils and crops prior to and during irrigation with secondary
treated municipal wastewater; 3) evaluation of the health effects associated with
the slow rate land application of secondary effluent and 4) assessment of the
Affects of hydraulic, nutrient and salt mass loadings on crops, soil and percolate.
inis volume details the agricultural research program conducted at both the old
farm with reduced hydraulic loading and the new farm which previously had been
operated as a dry land farm.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Hold/Croup
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (Tills Krport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
269
20. SECURITY CLASS (Tliis page I
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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EPA/600/2-86/027C
February 1986
THE LUBBOCK LAND TREATMENT SYSTEM
RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
VOLUME III
Agricultural Research Study
by
D. B. George
N. A. Klein
D. 8. Leftwich
Lubbock Christian College
Institute of Water Research
Lubbock, Texas 79407
EPA COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT CS806204
Project Officers
Lowell Leach
Jack Witherow
George Keeler
Curtis Harlin
Wastewater Management Branch
R.S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ADA, OKLAHOMA 74820
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DISCLAIMER
The information in this document has been funded in
part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency
under assistance agreement No. CS806204 to the Lubbock
Christian College Institute of Water Research. It has
been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative
review and has been approved for publication as an EPA
document. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established to coordinate
the administration of major Federal programs designed to protect the qual-
ity of our environment.
An important part of the Agency's effort involves the search for
information about environmental problems, management techniques, and new
technologies through which optimum use of the Nation's land and water
resources can be assured and the threat pollution poses to the welfare of
the American people can be minimized.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and
Development conducts this search through a nationwide network of research
facilities. As one of these facilities, the Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory is responsible for the management of programs including
the development and demonstration of soil and other natural systems for the
treatment and management of municipal wastewaters.
The slow rate land treatment process of municipal wastewaters uses the
unsaturated soil profile and agricultural crops managed as the treatment
media. The Lubbock Land Treatment System Research and Demonstration Pro-
gram, funded by Congress in 1978 (H.R. 9375) was designed to address the
various issues limiting the use of slow rate land application of municipal
wastewater. The project involved expansion of the Lubbock Land Treatment
System to 2,967 hectares; characterization of the chemical, biological and
physical condition of the ground water, soils and crops prior to and during
irrigation with secondary treated municipal wastewater; and evaluation of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's design criteria for slow rate
land application. Results demonstrate that, where such systems are cor-
rectly designed and operated, they can be cost effective alternatives for
municipal sewage treatment at sites where conditions are favorable for low
hydraulic loading combined with cropping practices.
This report contributes to the knowledge which is essential for the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to meet requirements of environmental
laws and enforce pollution control standards which are reasonable, cost
effective and provide adequate protection for the American public.
Clinton W. Hall, Director
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
111
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ABSTRACT
Prior to 1982, ground-water problems beneath the Gray farm which used
wastewater produced by the City of Lubbock for crop irrigation may have
resulted from the inability to properly manage the water and nutrient mass
loadings imposed on the farm. Agricultural research activities were con-
ducted to focus on crop management alternatives to minimize problems asso-
ciated with high hydraulic, nutrient, and salt loading rates.
Agricultural studies showed that cotton and grain sorghum produced
greater yields with increasing annual hydraulic loading rates up to
3 m.ha/ha.yr. The highest alfalfa yields were obtained in test plots irri-
gated with 365 and 434 cm.ha/ha.yr. The alfalfa test plots appeared to
remove all nutrients applied in the wastewater stream. Salts were leached
beyond 91 cm of soil in all plots receiving 60 cm.ha/ha/yr or greater.
Increasing the quantity of water applied to a crop tranports sodium
salts deeper into the soil profile. Soybean seed and stalk analysis indi-
cated leaching of sodium from the root zone commenced almost immediately at
the 122 cm/yr hydraulic loading. At the 61 cm/yr loading, irrigation
events must occur at intervals of two weeks or longer to promote leaching
of sodium. Practically no leaching occurred even at the one application
per eight weeks frequency at the effluent loading of 31 cm/yr.
Soybeans with a relatively shallow root system, produced highest
yields with more frequent irrigation (i.e., one irrigation per week).
Soybeans were unable to develop a deep root system to utilize deeper soil
moisture during periods of water stress (one irrigation every four weeks or
one irrigation every eight weeks); consequently, crop yields were reduced.
During long periods between irrigation events, the deep root system
developed by grain sorghum enabled the plant to utilize available soil
moisture and inorganic nitrogen at greater depths. Highest grain sorghum
production was achieved in plots irrigated 61 and 122 cm/yr at application
frequencies of once every four weeks and once every eight weeks.
The agricultural research studies were a portion of the Lubbock Land
Treatment System Research and Demonstration Project which was conducted by
IV
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Lubbock Christian College Institute of Water Research (LCCIWR). This re-
port was submitted in fulfillment of cooperative agreement CS8062040 by
LCCIWR under primary sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. The report presents a summary of research activities performed
from June 1, 1982 through December 31, 1983. This work was completed on
June 30, 1985.
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Figures viii
Tables xi
Acknowledgement .' xii
1. Introduction 1
2. Summary and Conclusions 4
3. Recommendations 8
4. Research Approach 9
General 9
Sample Collection and Analyses \ . . . 16
5. Results and Discussion 29
Wastewater Effluent 29
Soils 33
Hydraulic Loading Study 35
Hydraulic Application Frequency Study 106
References 131
Appendices
A. Supplemental Material for Section 4, Research Approach . . . .134
B. Irrigation Water Quality 159
C. Crop Quality 171
D. Parameter and Coefficient Values for N Mass Balance Model . . . 180
E. Mass Balances 192
F. Calculation of the Adjusted SAR of Irrigation Water and Soil
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage for Test Plots 229
G. Supportive Figures for Trial 17000 237
H. Percent Moisture in Trial 17000 Soils 252
Preceding page blank
VI 1
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FIGURES
Number _ Name __ Page
1 Lubbock Land Treatment System ................ 2
2 Layout of Intensive Research Area at Hancock Farm ...... 10
3 Sampling Locations for Water Applied to Research Plots ... 18
4 Hancock Farm ........................ 30
5 Monthly Precipitation During Project Period ......... 34
6 Organic Nitrogen in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Grain Sorghum
plots, 1983 ......................... 39
7 Nitrite plus Nitrate in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Grain
Sorghum plots, 1983 ..................... 40
8 Nitrogen Mass Balance for Trial 15000 Grain Sorghum plots. . 44
9 Total Phosphorus in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Grain Sorghum
plots, 1983 ......................... 46
10 Total Dissolved Solids in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Grain
Sorghum plots, 1983 ..................... 49
11 Sodium in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Grain Sorghum Plots, 1983 50
12 Chlorides in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Grain Sorghum plots,
1983 ............................ 52 -
13 Sulfates in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Grain Sorghum plots,
1983 ............................ 54
14 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in Soil Beneath Trial 14000 Cotton
plots, Post-Irrigation, December 1983 ............ 57
15 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Cotton
plots, 1983 ......................... 58
16 Nitrite plus Nitrate in Soil Beneath Trial 14000 Cotton
plots, Post-Irrigation, December 1983 ............ 59
17 Nitrite plus Nitrate in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Cotton
plots, 1983 ......................... 61
18 Nitrogen Mass Balance for Trial 14000 Cotton plots ..... 62
19 Nitrogen Mass Balance for Trial 15UOO Cotton plots ..... 63
20 Total Phosphorus in Soil Beneath Trial 14000 Cotton plots,
Post-Irrigation, December 1983 ............... 65
21 Total Phosphorus in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Cotton plots,
1983 ............................ 66
vin
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22 Sodium in Soil Beneath Trial 14000 Cotton plots, Post-
Irrigation, December 1983 68
23 Sodium in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Cotton plots, 1983 ... 69
24 Chlorides in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Cotton plots, 1983. . 71
25 Chlorides in Soil Beneath Trial 14000 Cotton plots, Post-
Irrigation, December 1983 72
26 Sulfates in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Cotton plots, Post-
Irrigation, December 1983 • 73
27 Crop Yield vs Hydraulic Loadings in Trial 16000 Alfalfa
Plots 75
28 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in Soil Beneath Trial 16000
Alfalfa plots, Pre-Irrigation, March 1983 78
29 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in Soil Beneath Trial 16000
Alfalfa plots, Post-Irrigation, December 1983 79
30 Nitrite plus Nitrate in Soil Beneath Trial 16000
Alfalfa plots, Pre-Irrigation, March 1983 81
31 Nitrite plus Nitrate in Soil Beneath Trial 16000
Alfalfa plots, Post-Irrigation, December 1983 82
32 Nitrogen Mass Balance for Trial 16000 Alfalfa 83
33 Sodium in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Alfalfa plots, 1983. . . 85
34 Sodium in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Alfalfa plots, 1983. . . 86
35 Chlorides in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Alfalfa plots,
Pre-Irrigation, March 1983 88
36 Chlorides in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Alfalfa plots,
Post-Irrigation, December 1983 89
37 Nitrite plus Nitrate in Soil Beneath Trial 16000
Bermuda plots, Pre-Irrigation, March 1983 93
38 Nitrite plus Nitrate in Soil Beneath Trial 16000
Bermuda plots, Post-Irrigation, December 1983 94
39 Nitrogen Mass Balance for Trial 16000 Bermuda Grass Plots . 95
40 Sodium in Soil Beneath Trial 16UOO Bermuda, 1983 97
41 Sodium in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Bermuda plots, 1983. . . 98
42 Potassium in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Bermuda, 1983 . . . .100
43 Potassium in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Bermuda, 1983 . . . .101
44 Chlorides in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Bermuda plots, 1983 . 102
45 Chlorides in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Bermuda plots, 1983 . 103
46 Sulfates in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Bermuda plots, 1983. . 104
47 Milo Whole Plant Yield vs Hydraulic Loading, Trial 17000. . 109
48 Soybean Seed Yield vs Hydraulic Loading, Trial 17000. . . .109
ix
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49 Sodium vs Frequency - Trial 17000 Soybeans 113
50 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) in Plant Tissue vs Frequency
of Irrigation for Trial 17000 Grain Sorghum plots 114
51 Total Phosphorus (TP) in Plant Tissue vs Frequency of
Irrigation for Trial 17000 Grain Sorghum Plots 115
52 Potassium in Plant Tissue vs Frequency of Irrigation for
Trial 17000 Grain Sorghum plots. ; 117
53 Sodium vs Frequency of Irrigation for Trial 17000 Grain
Sorghum Whole Plant 118
54 Nitrogen Mass Balance for Trial 17000 Grain Sorghum Plots. 120
55 Nitrogen Mass Balance for Trial 17000 Soybean Plots. ... 122
56 Na % Base Saturation at various depths for varying
applications per week and an annual effluent loading of
0.3 m on Soybean Test plots, Trial 17000 126
57 Na % Base Saturation at various depths for varying
applications per week and an annual effluent loading of
1.2 m on Soybean Test plots, Trial 17000 126
58 Na ?o Base Saturation at various depths over 4 frequencies
of application and an annual effluent loading of 0.3 m
on Grain Sorghum (Milo) test plots, Trial 17000 127
59 Na % Base Saturation at depths over 4 frequencies of
application and an annual effluent loading of 1.2 m
on Grain Sorghum (Milo) test plots, Trial 17000 127
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TABLES
Number Page
1. Trial 14000 Cotton Irrigation Schedule 12
2. Trial 15000, 1983 Irrigation Rate by Month 13
3. Trial 16000, 1983 Irrigation Rates by Month 14
4. Treatment Matrix Hydraulic Loading Rate for Trial 17000 ... 17
5. Applied Water Analysis 21
6. So.il Analysis 23
7. Crop Analysis Protocol 25
8. Grain Sorghum Production for Each Annual Hydraulic Loading
Rate 35
9. Nitrogen in the Top 183 cm of Soil Profile Beneath Trial 15000
Sorghum Plots 33
10. Organic P:Total P Ratio in Trial 15000 Grain Sorghum Plot Soil 47
11. Cotton Lint Yields for 1982 and 1983 Crop in Trials 14000 and
15000 55
12. Alfalfa Yield Data, Trial 16000 74
13. Bermuda Yields Obtained from Test Plots in Trial 16000 .... 90
14. Grain Sorghum Biomass Production in Trial 17000, 1982 . . . .108
15. Soybean Seed Production in Trial 17000, 1982 110
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Mr. Donald Klaus and
Mr. Gilbert Steinhauser for their advice, cooperation and help during the
study. Their agricultural expertise, equipment, and friendship were inval-
uable.
A special expression of appreciation is given to Mrs. Kaye Rodgers and
Mrs. Debbie Adams for their dedication, clerical services, and data manage-
ment services. The many hours and unselfish manner in which they conducted
their jobs is greatly appreciated.
The authors want to acknowledge the contribution of the many techni-
cians who participated in this project. Without their professionalism,
dedication and meticulous adherence to proper laboratory procedures, the
research effort would have been futile.
Finally, the authors wish to acknowledge the counsel and support of
George Keeler, Curtis Harlin, Jack Wltherow, and Lowell Leach. The guid-
ance of these individuals was Instrumental in the success of the Lubbock
Land Treatment System Research and Demonstration Project and the agricul-
tural research activities.
xn
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
Since the latter part of 1938 the effluent produced by the City of
Lubbock's Southeast Water Reclamation Plant (SeWRP) has been reused for
irrigation of crops grown on the Gray farm. Due to degradation of ground-
water quality beneath the Gray farm, the Lubbock slow rate land treatment
system was enlarged to include the 1478 ha Hancock farm in 1981 (Figure
1). The expanded land application system encompassed 2565 ha.
Ground-water problems beneath the Gray Farm were a direct result of
the inability to properly manage the water and nutrient mass loadings im-
posed on the farm with the existing hydraulic storage and distribution
system (George et al 1985). In general, slow rate wastewater reuse sys-
tems present potential water, nutrient and salt management problems to
farm managers. Annual, seasonal, and diurnal variations in hydraulic and
chemical mass loadings, in conjunction with varying climatic conditions,
mandates that a manager employ the best agricultural practices to effec-
tively reuse the resources present in the waste stream.
Minimum information exists defining water tolerance levels of various
crops grown in the Southwest. In addition, design manuals (EPA 1981; Loehr
et al 1979; and Texas Department of Water Resources (TDWR) design proce-
dures fail to adequately define the impact of hydraulic application rates
and frequency of application on salt management within the soil profile.
Agricultural research activities conducted at the Hancock farm focus-
ed on crop management to minimize problems associated with high hydraulic,
nutrient, and salt loading rates. The specific objectives of the agricul-
tural research were:
1. Evaluate the effect of hydraulic loading rates on various crops
2. Determine the effect of application rates and frequency of appli-
cation on salt accumulation in soils and ultimate impact on
crops
The Agricultural Research Studies were a portion of several areas of
research conducted during the Lubbock Land Treatment System Research and
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HANCOCK LAND
TREATMENT SITE
KEY
S«WRP
FORCE MAIN
* + + » TREATMENT SITE
+ *• + 4-
CRAY LAND
TREATMENT SITE
Figure 1. Lubbuck Land Tixvitment LJyututn
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Demonstration Project. The project involved the 1) physical expansion of
the Lubbock Land Treatment System; 2) characterization of the chemical,
biological and physical conditions of the ground water, soils and crops
prior to and during irrigation with secondary treated municipal waste-
water; 3) evaluation of the health effects associated with the slow rate
land application of secondary effluent; and 4) assessment of the effects
of hydraulic, nutrient and salt mass loadings on crops, soil, and perco-
late. In addition to the information presented in this document, results
from the Lubbock Land Treatment Research and Demonstration Project are
published in
1. Volume I: Demonstration/Hydrogeologic Study (George et al 1985)
2. Volume II: Percolate Investigation in the Root Zone (Ramsey and
Sweazy 1985)
3. Volume IV: Lubbock Infection Surveillance Study (LISS)(Camann
et al 1985)
4. Volume V: Executive Summary (George et al 1985)
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SECTION 2
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
SUMMARY
Slow rate wastewater reuse systems present potential water, nutrient
and salt management problems to farm managers. Annual, seasonal, and
diurnal variations in hydraulic and chemical mass loadings, in conjunction
with varying climatic conditions, mandate that a manager employ the best
agricultural practices to effectively reuse the resources present in the
waste stream.
Agricultural research activities at the Hancock farm focused on crop
management to minimize problems associated with high hydraulic, nutrient,
and salt loading rates. Based on the information obtained during this
investigation, it was ascertained that annual hydraulic loading rates up to
3 m.ha/ha.yr did not adversely affect cotton, grain sorghum, and alfalfa
crop production. Highest alfalfa yields were obtained in test plots
irrigated with 365 and 434 cm.ha/ha.yr. Total dissolved solids and
associated sodium salts were leached beyond 91 cm soil depth within plots
irrigated with 61 cm of treated sewage per year or greater. Bermuda yields
were limited by transport of macro and micro nutrients past the root zone.
•
Soybeans with a relatively shallow root system, produced highest
yields with more frequent irrigation (i.e., one irrigation per week).
Soybeans were unable to develop a deep root system to utilize deeper soil
moisture during periods of water stress (one irrigation every four weeks or
one irrigation every eight weeks); consequently, crop yields were reduced.
During long periods between irrigation events, the deep root system
developed by grain sorghum enabled the plant to utilize available soil
moisture and inorganic nitrogen at greater depths. Highest grain sorghum
production was achieved in plots irrigated 61 and 122 crn/yr at application
frequencies of once every four weeks and once every eight weeks.
Increasing the quantity of water applied to a crop transports sodium
salts deeper into the soil profile. Soybean seed and stalk analysis
indicated leaching of .sodium from the root zone commenced almost immedi-
ately at the 122 cm/yr hydraulic loading. At the 61 cm/yr loading,
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irrigation events must occur at intervals of two weeks or longer to promote
leaching of sodium. Practically no leaching occurred even at the one
application per eight weeks frequency at the effluent loading of 31 cm/yr.
With the shorter growing season experienced in 1982, soybeans may have had
a higher water consumption rate than the grain sorghum due to the crop's
maturity. Higher water requirement of soybeans in conjunction with its
shallow root system may have caused higher sodium accumulations in the
upper 61 cm than observed in grain sorghum test plots.
CONCLUSIONS
Hydraulic Loading Study
1. Grain sorghum yields increased to a maximum of 5163 kg/ha with
increases in annual hydraulic loading to approximately 3 m/yr.
2. Cotton lint production increased with greater hydraulic loadings.
Highest cotton lint yields were 1300 to 1538 kg/ha at hydraulic
loadings ranging from 122 cm/yr to 297 cm/yr.
3. Effluent treated alfalfa plots produced greater yields than fresh-
water control plots. During each alfalfa cropping period, plots
irrigated with 365 and 434 cm of effluent per year achieved the
highest crop yields.
4. Alfalfa production obtained from effluent irrigated plots receiv-
ing more than 137 cm/yr was greatest in June 1983.
5. Bermuda yield was independent of annual hydraulic loading.
6. Alfalfa utilized from 500 to 800 kg-N/ha.yr. Nitrogen fixation
provided a source of nitrogen for alfalfa production in all efflu-
ent and ground water Irrigated plots.
7. With the exception of soils within alfalfa test plots, inorganic
nitrogen was transported deeper Into the soil profile when annual
hydraulic loadings exceeded 61 cm/yr. Natural nitrite plus ni-
trate lens existed at 61 to 122 cm depth within the soil profile.
These lens were forced deeper Into the profile by applying efflu-
ent at Increasing rates.
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8. Annual hydraulic loading rates greater than or equal to 137 cm/yr
leached total dissolved solids and associated sodium salts through
the soil profile.
9. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was less than 9 within the
upper 61 cm of soil for test plots irrigated with less than 365
cm/yr. Alfalfa plots having 434 cm of wastewater applied in 1983
contained soils in the top 61 cm with ESP values of 9.4 to 9.6.
In general, leaching of sodium through the profile associated with
a high soil calcium concentration inhibited the development of
severe sodic conditions in the soil.
10. Leaching of macro and micro nutrients past the root zone limited
bermuda growth.
11. In general, crop production appeared to be limited by available
phosphorus deficiencies in the soils.
Hydraulic Loading vs. Wastewater Application Frequency Study
1. Soybeans with a relatively shallow root system, produced highest
yields with more frequent Irrigation (i.e., one irrigation per
week). Soybeans were unable to develop a deep root system to util«-
ize deeper soil moisture or during periods of water stress (one
irrigation every four weeks or one irrigation every eight weeks);
consequently, crop yields were reduced.
2. During long periods between irrigation events, the deep root sys-
tem developed by grain sorghum enabled the plant to utilize avail-
able soil moisture and inorganic nitrogen at greater depths. High-
est grain sorghum production was achieved in plots irrigated 61
and 122 cm at application frequencies of once every four weeks and
once every eight weeks.
3. Increasing the quantity of water applied to a crop transports sod-
ium salts deeper into the soil profile. Soybean seed and stalk
analysis indicated leaching of sodium from the root zone commenced
almost immediately at the 122 cm/yr hydraulic loading. At the 61
cm/yr loading, irrigation events must occur at intervals of two
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weeks or longer to promote leaching of sodium. Practically no
leaching occurred even at the one application per eight weeks fre-
quency at the effluent loading of 31 cm/yr.
Soybeans higher water requirement in conjunction with its shallow
root system caused higher sodium accumulations in the upper 61 cm
than observed in grain sorghum test plots.
Light, frequent loadings should be avoided during crop germina-
tion and emergence due to surface salt accumulation.
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation provided a portion of the nitrogen
consumed by soybeans irrigated with 30 cm of effluent per year
containing an average inorganic nitrogen concentration of 37.91
mg-N/1. Once the average nitrogen mass applied was 231 kg-N/ha.yr
and greater, nitrogen fixation was inhibited.
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SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
There exists a need to develop operation manuals specifically oriented
to aid the land application site farm manager in determining the prop-
er water, nutrient, and crop management schemes to best reuse waste-
water.
An 'investigation is required to correlate the relationship of a crop's
root system to percolate flow and quality. Furthermore, the study
should determine the relationship between crop production; root devel-
opment; hydraulic loading and application frequency and nutrient mass
loading.
An in depth investigation is warranted to evaluate the impact of vari-
ous crops on the retention of salts at various depths within the soil
profile at specific hydraulic loading rates.
Simple mathematical expressions need to be developed to enable the
farm manager to grossly predict the benefits and liabilities to the
crop-soil-water matrix resulting from a selected farm management
scheme.
•
A long term study is needed to determine if salt management within the
soil profile is feasible utilizing a center pivot irrigation machine.
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SECTION 4
RESEARCH APPROACH
GENERAL
Experimental plots were established to evaluate the effect of hy-
draulic loading rates on various crops, soil, and percolate water. Simi-
larly, research plots were designed and planted to determine the effect of
application rates and frequency of application on salt accumulation in
soils and the ultimate impact on crops. Figure 2 shows the layout of the
Intensive Agricultural Research area.
The research plots were farmed in the same manner as the Hancock
farm. Tractors, implements, planting times, row space, planting depth,
cultivation, herbicides for weed control and pesticides for insect control
similar to that used on the Hancock farm were used on the research plots.
Trial 14000 (Loading Rate Study, 0 to 122 cm/yr)
The wastewater discharge permit issued to the City of Lubbock by the
Texas Department of Water Resources. (TDWR) imposed a limit on the yearly
amount of wastewater effluent applied to the Gray and Hancock farms of 122
•
cm (48 in). The hydraulic capacity of the force main and distribution
system at the Hancock farm limited the maximum application rate to about
91 cm (3 ft)/yr. Major crops (i.e., cotton, milo, etc.) grown in the
South Plains require 30 to 51 cm/yr (12 to 20 in/yr) to produce a good
yield (Texas A & M Extension Service). Little information was available
delineating the tolerance of crops to excessive irrigation. Trial 14000
was designed to evaluate the effect of applying 0 to 122 cm of effluent to
cotton. The objectives of Trial 14000 were:
1. Determine the nutrient balance of cotton irrigated at
nine different application rates ranging from zero to 122 cm/yr;
2. Determine the yield of crops grown at loading rates ranging from
zero to 122 cm/yr;
3. Determine the effect of hydraulic loading rates (up to 122 cm/yr)
on soil.
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I *Each Center Pivot irrigation machine irrigates 1 quarter
section of land
Figure 2. Layout of Intensive Research Area at Hancock Farm
10
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Design—
The cropping pattern for Trial 14000 is illustrated in Figure A.1.
Four replicates were tested for each treatment. The total number of
small plots (each plot 4.1 m x 13.7 m) was 36. Table 1 presents the irri-
gation schedule for Trial 14000.
Severe weather during May and June 1982 (i.e., hail and approximately
38 cm of precipitation) destroyed the emerging crop and prevented the com-
pletion of work on Trial 14000 for the 1982 growing season. Irrigation
for 1983 was accomplished by flood irrigation.
In 1983, the total quantity of effluent irrigation for each test plot
was accomplished; however, the irrigation schedule was shifted or delayed
by spring weather and time of planting. Therefore, October scheduled
irrigation occurred in November. Approximately 85 percent of the irriga-
tion water in 1983 was derived from the reservoirs which contained an
average total nitrogen concentration of 12.4 mg/1.
Trials 13000 and 16000 (High Loading Rate Study, 122 to 434 cm/yr)
Trial 15000 was an extension of Trial 14000. The investigation, how-
ever, not only considered the production of cotton and grain sorghum
(Trial 15000) but also certain high nitrogen and water consuming crops
such as alfalfa and bermuda (Trial 16000). The objectives of Trials 15000
and 16000 were:
1. Determine the nutrient balance of cotton and milo grain sorghum
irrigated at application rates ranging from 152 to 343 cm/yr
2. Determine the nutrient balance of alfalfa and bermuda irrigated
at application rates ranging from 152 to 465 cm/yr
3. Determine the yield of cotton and grain sorghum irrigated at
loading rates ranging from 152 to 343 cm/yr
4. Determine the yield of alfalfa and bermuda subjected to 152 to
465 cm/yr irrigation
5. Determine the effect of hydraulic application rates (up to 111
cm/yr) on soil
11
-------
TABLE 1. TRIAL 14000 COTTON IRRIGATION SCHEDULE (cm)
Total
Irrigation
(cm/yr)
0.0
20.3
40.6
50.8
61.0
68.6
86.4
101 .6
121.9
Pre
Plant
(4 wks)
0.0
10.2
10.2
15.2
15.2
20.3
20.3
25.4
25.4
1st
Bloom
(2 wks)
0.0
5.1
5.1
7.6
7.6
7.6
12.7
15.2
20.3
Peak
Bloom
(2 wks)
0.0
5.1
5.1
7.6
10.2
12.7
15.2
17.8 '
20.3
Early
Boll
(4 wks)
0.0
0.0
7.6
7.6
10.2
12.7
15.2
17.8
20.3
Max
Boll
(4 wks)
0.0
0.0
7.6
7.6
10.2
7.6
12.7
15.2
20.3
1st
Open Boll
(4 wks)
0.0
0.0
5.1
5.1
7.6
7.6
10.2
10.2
15.2
Design—
The layout for each Trial is presented in Figure A.2. Hydraulic
loading rates employed in Trial 15000 were 122 cm/yr (4 ft/yr) to 287
cm/yr (9.7 ft/yr).
In addition to the loading rates used in Trial 15000, Trial 16000
included annual hydraulic rates of 365 cm/yr (12 ft/yr) and 434 cm/yr (14
ft/yr). These loading rates were designed to stress the system in order
to determine maximum nutrient consumption by the crops, and maximum crop
product ion.
Tables 2 and 3 provide the Irrigation schedules for Trials 15000
and 16000, respectively. Irrigation of these plots was minimal until a
crop stand was established. Once a stand was established, hydraulic load-
ings were increased to test water tolerance of crops and nutrient utiliza-
tion.
Three fresh water control plots were established to differentiate
crop yield suppression due to water loadings from suppression resulting
from certain constituents in the wastewater effluent. Only one of the
designed two replicates of the intermediate fresh water loadings (Treat-
12
-------
TABLE 2. TRIAL 13000, 1983 IRRIGATION RATE BY MONTH (cm)
Treatment
Number
COTTON
1
2
3
4
MILO
1
2
3
4
Total
Applied
(cm)
122.
183.
229.
297.
122.
183.
229.
297.
Jan Feb
0 8
0 8
0 8
4 8
0 0
0 8
0 8
4 8
•
Mar Apr
0 8
0 30
8 30
8 30
0 8
0 30
8 30
8 30
May
0
0
0
0
8
8
8
8
Jun
30
30
30
43
30
30
30
44
Jul
30
31
43
60
30
43
43
60
Aug
30
30
43
60
30
30
43
60
Sep
0
30
43
60
8
8
43
60
Oct
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
15
Nov
0
0
8
8
0
0
0
0
Dec
5
8
8
8
0
0
8
0
-------
TABLE 3. TRIAL 16000, 1983 IRRIGATION RATES BY MONTH (cm)
•
Treatment
Number
ALFALFA
1
2
3
4
5
6
BERMUDA
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Applied
(cm) Jan
137. 8
1 98 . 15
259. 8
305. 8
365. 8
434. 8
152. 0
198. 0
259. 0
305. 0
350. 0
396. 0
Feb
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
8
8
8
8
8
Mar
15
42
30
30
30
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
Apr
0
0
0
15
30
30
15
15
30
30
30
30
May
22
42
46
46
46
60
24
24
30
46
55
55
Jun
23
0
30
46
46
60
24
37
46
54
55
60
3ul
23
0
46
46
61
75
42
46
46
55
63
60
Aug
23
42
30
46
61
60
24
36
46
55
63
60
Sep
15
42
46
46
46
50
15
24
30
30
30
55
Oct
0
0
15
10
25
25
0
0
15
15
30
46
Nov
8
15
8
8
8
30
0
0
0
4
8
14
Dec
0
0
0
4
4
0
8
8
8
8
8
8
-------
ments 10, 11, and 12) was maintained on the alfalfa. Approximately 11
hours were required to apply a 15.2 cm (6 in) of water to one of the
plots. A cross contamination check was included in Trial 15000 (Treatment
5). Data obtained from Treatment 5 was to provide information concerning
the lateral movement of water and nutrients into areas receiving water.
The alfalfa was initially watered with fresh water and sprinklers to
get the best stand possible. Irrigation of seedlings with slightly brack-
ish water [average Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 1227 ppm] may have pre-
sented germination problems.
The row crops (grain sorghum and cotton) in Trial 15000 were planted
and irrigated with little maintenance of irrigation ditches and virtually
no field equipment work after crop establishment. The bermuda grass
(Trial 16000) had to be harvested; therefore, periodically the irrigation
ditches had to be closed to allow movement of harvesting equipment over
the plots. After harvesting the grass, the ditches were reopened. Ber-
muda grew over the ditches and was incorporated into the ditch walls,
which created leaks thereby increasing dike maintenance requirements.
Alfalfa was harvested every 28 to 30 days. Each month from 12.7 to 58.8
cm of water had to be applied to the corresponding test plot per irriga-
tion period.
Trial 17000 (Hydraulic Loading Rate vs Wastewater Application Frequency
Study)
The average total dissolved solids (TDS) level in the wastewater ap-
plied to the Hancock farm was approximately 1200 mg/1. The major cation
present in the waste stream was sodium. Sodium absorption ratio of the
effluent was about 10. Accounting for alkalinity (average concentration
344 mg/1 as CaC03), the adjusted SAR was approximately 22. Management of
salt and water in wastewater reuse systems can be greatly affected by the
crop grown, hydraulic loading and the frequency of wastewater applica-
tions. During 1982 and 1983, less than 0.66 m/yr (26 in/yr) of effluent
was applied to the Hancock farm. Evapotransportation (ET) rates were
normally greater than 127 cm/yr (50 in/yr). Average annual precipitation
for the farm was 45 cm. Since ET values were greater than total hydraulic
15
-------
loadings, accumulation of salts in the soil profile may have created ser-
ious problems with crop production. Two operational parameters which
potentially will aid in the management of salts are the hydraulic loading
rate and the frequency of application. The specific objectives of Trial
17000 were to:
1. Evaluate the effect of hydraulic loading rate on salt accumula-
tion in the soils profile;
2. Determine what effect frequency of application has on salt accum-
ulation in soils;
3. Assess to what extent crop yield is a function of hydraulic load-
ing rate; and
4. Evaluate the response of crop production to different frequency
of effluent application.
Design—
A solid set sprinkler irrigation system was employed in Trial 17000.
This irrigation system reflected the method of irrigation used at the Han-
cock farm and most widely used throughout the United States.
Three nozzles spaced 6.1 m (20 ft) apart on 3.8 cm (1.5 in) PVC was
moved through the field to attain the necessary irrigation. Crop samples,
yield and soil samples were obtained from within the circular irrigated
areas. A four frequency by three hydraulic loading rate matrix was estab-
lished with two crops (soybeans and grain sorghum) (Table 4). Annual hy-
draulic loadings of 30, 61, and 122 cm were scheduled with applications
made at one, two, four and eight week intervals. As the time intervals
between applications increased, the amounts of water per application in-
creased to maintain the scheduled yearly loadings. The test plot layout
for Trial 17000 is shown in Figure A.3.
A centrifugal pump delivered 568 liter/min (150 gpm) at 207 kPa (30
psi) to the sprinkler system. Data was collected on Trial 17000 for one
year.
SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSES
General
Irrigation water was derived from three .-sources (Figure 3): 1) dir-
16
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TABLE 4. TREATMENT MATRIX HYDRAULIC LOADING RATE FOR SOYBEANS AND GRAIN SORGHUM IN TRIAL 17000
Application
Frequency
1 application
per week
1 application
pec 2 weeks
1 application
per 4 weeks
1 application
per 8 weeks
Total
Irrigation
Treatment* 30 cm/yr
Code (12"/yr) Rate
Irrigat ion
01 1.02 cm
(0.4 in)
02 2.03 cm
(0.8 in)
03 4.6 cm
(1.6 in)
04 8.13 cm
(3.2 in)
Treatment
Code
Amount Per
05
06
07
08
Total
Irrigation
61 cm/yr Treatment
(24"/yr) Rate Code
Frequency Period
2.03 cm 09
(0.8 in)
4.06 cm 10
(1.6 in)
8.13 cm 11
(3.2 in)
16.26'cm 12
(6.4 in)
Total
Irrigation
122 cm/yr
(48"/yr) Rate
4.06 cm
(1.6 in)
8.13 cm
(3.2 in)
16.26 cm
(6.4 in)
32.51 cm
(12.8 in)
*Treatment Code — Code used to designate application frequency and hydraulic loading for hydrau-
lic loading rates in Trial 17000. The same treatment codes are used in the
test plot layout (Figure A.3) to show which subplots receive which treatments.
-------
Key :
• •••* Reservoir
^•B Force Main
/5Q Applied Water
^^ Sampling Location
Figure 3. Samplinij LocalLnnu For Water A|jpLied to Kcsoarch P.lutu
18
-------
ectly from the distribution pipeline as the effluent was pumped to the
Hancock farm from the City of Lubbock; 2) from the reservoir wastewater
discharge; 3) from a ground-water well used to provide fresh water for
Treatments 10, 11, and 12 in Trial 16000. Soil and crop samples were col-
lected from each trial. The soil and crop sampling locations within rep-
lications (reps) of a treatment were randomly selected. Soil and crop
samples were composited across reps to obtain a representative sample of
each treatment.
Water
Irrigation water applied to the crops was monitored throughout the
project period during the growing season. Well water and effluent water
were used for irrigation of the research plots, depending upon treatment.
In 1982 approximately 85 percent of the effluent applied to test plots was
derived directly from the pipeline, prior to the reservoirs, and 15 per-
cent of the effluent came from the reservoirs. The following year 80 per-.
cent of the effluent was obtained from the storage reservoirs and the
remaining 20 percent from the pipeline prior to reservoir storage. A well
located adjacent to research plots, was used for the fresh water source.
The fresh water source was sampled in April, August, and December of each
year. The effluent water from the City of Lubbock was sampled monthly
during the irrigation seasons as the waste stream arrived at the Hancock
farm and from the reservoirs. The exact position of the effluent moni-
toring location was usually the effluent box at the northern end of the
farm where the effluent force main from the City sewage treatment plant
entered the farm.
Sampling procedure, preservation and analyses—
The sampling procedure, sample custody, sample preservation, analyses
and analytical procedures were the same as those employed in Volume I of
the Lubbock Land Treatment System Research arid Demonstration Project
(George et al 1985). In general, for the fresh water sample, water samples
were obtained from a faucet at the surface of the well after 15 minutes of
pumping. The water samples were taken directly into a sterile bottle for
19
-------
bacteriological analysis, glass bottle for priority organic analysis, and
polyethylene bottles for nutrients, physicals, metals and other inorganic
analyses. Table 5 lists the parameters analyzed for in the applied water
samples. The samples were placed in an ice chest for transport to the
lab. The water samples were analyzed or preserved the same day as taken,
according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved procedures
outlined in the Lubbock Land Treatment System Research and Demonstration
Project: Volume I (George et al 1985)
Soils
Each year prior to pre-irrigation (April) and after harvest (latter
part of October through December), soil samples were obtained representing
each treatment and crop within a trial. Depending upon the particular
number of treatments and reps per trial, one to three soil cores were
taken per plot, composited within a plot, and composited across reps.
Table A.1 lists by Trial the soil compositing protocol employed in 1;982
and 1983.
Sampling Procedure, Preservation, and Analyses—
The sampling procedures used were the same as those described in de-
tail in the monitoring section of the Lubbock Land Treatment System Re-
search and Demonstration Project: Volume I (George et al 1985). Soil
cores were obtained with a Gidding's soil coring and sampling machine us-
ing a 10.2 cm (4 in) diameter, 1.2 m (4 ft) long coring tube with a quick
relief bit. In the field, the core was divided into 30 cm (1 ft) sections
on a clean board brushed off between samples. Each 30 cm (1 ft) section
was thoroughly mixed and portioned into sample containers. If several
cores were composited to make a single sample, then a portion of each
thoroughly mixed section was put into the same container corresponding to
that depth. In the field, the sample was put into a 10.3 cm x 25.4 cm (8
in x 10 in) or 27.9 cm x 40.6 cm (11 in x 16 in) sterile polyethylene bag
and sealed with a wire twist. The samples were immediately placed in ice
chests and transferred to the Lubbock Christian College Institute of Water
Research (LCCIWR) Laboratory by 4:00 p-.m. that day. Once the samples were
20
-------
TABLE 5. APPLIED WATER ANALYSIS
Alkalinity (Alk) mg/1 CaC05
Total Organic Carbon (TOO
Conductivity ymhos/cm
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/1
pH
Chloride (Cl) mg/Cl'/l
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) mg N/l
Nitrite plus Nitrate (N02 + N03 mg/N/1
Ammonia (NH3) mg N/l
Total Phosphorus (TP) mg P/l
Ortho Phosphate Phosphorus (PO^) mg P/l
Organic phosphorus (Org. P) mg P/l
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/1
Sulfate (504) mg SO^/l
Total Coliform (TO/100 ml
Fecal Coliform (FO/100 m
Fecal Streptococcus (FS)/100 ml
Salmonella/300 ml
Aluminum (Al) mg/1*
Arsenic (As) mg/1*
Barium (Ba) mg/1*
Boron (B) mg/1*
Calcium (Ca) mg/1*
Cadmium (Cd) mg/1*
Cobalt (Co) mg/1*
Chromium (Cr) mg/1*
Copper (Cu) mg/1*
Iron (Fe) mg/1*
Lead (Pb) mg/1*
Magnesium (Mg) mg/1*
Manganese (Mn) mg/1*
Mercury (Hg) mg/1*
Molybdenum (Mo) mg/1*
Nickel (Ni) mg/1*
Potassium (K) mg/1*
Selenium )Se) mg/1*
Silver (Ag) mg/1*
Sodium (Na) mg/1*
Thallium (Tl) mg/1*
Zinc (Zn) mg/1*
*Total and Dissolved
21
-------
received' at the laboratory, the soil in the polyethylene bag was divided
as follows:
1. A portion was separated into a sterile container for microbiolog-
ical analysis;
2. A second portion was weighed directly into ammonia extracting
solution; and
3. A third portion was poured into drying pans to be air dried and
and ground.
Table 6 lists the parameters analyzed for in the soil samples. The
methods of sample preservation and analysis were the same as those cited
in Lubbock Land Treatment System Research and Demonstration Project:
Volume I (George et al 1985).
Crops
Once the crop was ready to be harvested, samples of crops for each
treatment were taken for yield tests and analysis. The whole plant was
divided into its plant parts (i.e., stalk, leaf, seed, etc.) prior to pro-
cessing for analyses. Because of the analytical load, compositing was
usually performed to obtain one sample per plant part per crop per treat-
ment for laboratory analysis. Discrete crop samples for yield tests
(weight of dry fruit per area) were obtained from each test plot within a
Trial. Table A.2 lists the crop sampling protocol by Trial for 1982 and
1983.
Sampling Procedure, Preservation and Analyses—
At the time of sampling the entire plant was cut at the surface of
the soil and placed in a sterile plastic bag. A crop sample within a plot
consisted of all the plants in a one meter length of row of cotton, rnilo,
and soybeans and a two meter square area for solid planted crops (bermuda
and alfalfa). The sample area within a plot was randomly selected. The
crop samples were taken to the LCCIWR Laboratory the same day as removed
from the field. At the laboratory, a major portion of each sample was
removed aseptically, divided into plant parts, and placed in aluminum pans
or paper sacks for drying. The crop sample remaining in the plastic bags
was placed in a walk-in cold box until the plant, parts were composited (if
22
-------
TABLE 6. SOIL ANALYSIS
Wet Chemistry Microbiological
Alk mg CaC03/g Total Coliform (TC)/g
Conductivity umhos/cm Fecal Coliform (FC)/g
TDS mg/g Fecal Strep (FS)/g
pH • Antinomycetes/g
Cl mg/g
TKN mg N/g
N02 + N03 mg N/g
NH3 mg N/g
TP mg P/g
P04 mg P/g
504 mg S04/g .^
Organic Matter
Buffer Capacity
Organic N mg N/g
Organic P mg/g
Organic Carbon mg C/g
Particle Density g/cm-'
Texture
Bulk Density
Percent Moisture
Metals*
(mg/kg)
Al
As
B
Ca
Cd
Fe
Mg
Mn
K
Na
Zn
*Total and Available
23
-------
required) and microbiologically analyzed. After the samples were dried,
they were weighed and the yields calculated. As required portions of each
sample were composited prior to grinding and further analysis. Table 7
lists the parameters analyzed in the plant tissue samples. Detailed sampl-
ing procedures and methods of sample preservation, preparation and analy-
sis are given in the methods section .of the Lubbock Land Treatment System
Research and Demonstration Project: Volume I (George et al 1985).
Quality Assurance
Quality Control—
Duplicate analysis was conducted on every tenth water, soil, or crop
sample. In addition, every tenth sample analyzed for organic or inorganic
constituents was spiked with the particular compound or element being
tested to determine the accuracy of the laboratory procedures. Tables
A.6, A.7, and A.8 present a summary of the precision and accuracy data for
the laboratory procedures .applied to water, soil, and crop samples during
'^
the project. LCCIWR, also, received "Quality Control Reference Samples"
from the Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory (EMSL), the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, .Cincinnati, Ohio every six months. The
results of these analyses are pre.sented in Table A.9. Inhouse quality
control reference samples were tested to determine the accuracy of
specific laboratory procedures employed and addressed the discrepancies
between values obtained for a particular analysis.
Furthermore, quality assurance reproducibility data were obtained for
indicator bacteria in Lubbock1 s wastewat.er by splitting wastewater samples
with the University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas laboratory, and the
University of Texas at Austin, Texas laboratory. Tables A.10, A.11, and
A.12 provide the results of indicator bacteria analysis of wastewater
samples divided between the various laboratories. In general, total coil-
form, fecal collform, and fecal streptococci values were within the
expected variability of a dilution-based bacterial assay. Duplicate bac-
terial assays by LCCIWR produced values which were closer to the mean of
triplicate platings by University of Texas laboratories.
-------
TABLE 7. CROP ANALYSIS PROTOCOL
COTTON
Lint, Seed, Burs, Stems:
TC, FC, FS
TKN, TP, S
K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Mn, Fe, B, Al, Cd, As
Seed:
Protein, Cl, Oil
GRAIN SORGHUM (MILO)
Grain, Stalk, Leaf:
TC, FC, FS
TKN, TP, S, Cl
K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Mn, Fe, B, Al, Cd, As
Stalks, Leaf:
HCN, Fiber
Grain:
Protein, Starch, Oil
ALFALFA, BERMUDA
Whole Plant:
TC, FC, FS
TKN, TP, S, Protein, Cl
K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Mn, Fe, B, Al, Cd, As
Fiber
SOYBEANS, SUNFLOWERS
Leaf, Stem, Seed:
TC, FC, FS
TKN, TP, Cl
K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Mn, Fe, B, Al, Cd, As
Seed:
Protein, S, Oil
-------
Sample Custody—
At the time of sampling, the sample container was marked with the
field code of the sample. The field code, exemplified in Figure A.1, con-
tained the sample date, site location, identifying number, sample type,
sampling method, depth of samples, type of crop and plant part. As the
samples were received at LCCIWR, the samples were logged onto sample
receiving forms and the samples were given an LCCIWR lab number. Sample
analysis data were entered into the computer according to the LCCIWR lab
number and field code.
Data Reduction, Validation, and Reporting—
Arithmetic averages and confidence intervals of each parameter were
computed. Data which was not within the confidence interval was identi-
fied. Data worksheets for outliers were checked for mathematical errors,
dilution errors, or analytical errors. Spikes, duplicates and inhouse
unknowns were evaluated to determine analytical performan.ce during the
assay period. Once evaluation of the supportive information indicated a
high degree of analytical precision and accuracy, and no data reduction or
analytical errors, the data was considered valid. In addition, an ion
balance was conducted on each water sample to insure electrical neutral-
ity. Data yielding anion to cation ratios less than 0.70 and greater than
1.2 were delineated and verified as previously stated.
Figure A.2 presents a data flow diagram. Key individuals who handled
data are also delineated in Figure A.2.
Performance System Audits—
Performance and system audits were maintained throughout each year of
the project. First, review of laboratory performance was formally made
each quarter as internal quality control data was compiled. Second, qual-
ity assurance unknowns from EPA EMSL-CI were analyzed twice each year.
Third, laboratory and field quality control, operation, problem areas, and
schedule of events were discussed at weekly research and laboratory team
meet ings.
26
-------
Specific Routine Procedures Used to Assess Data Precision and Accuracy—
Precision and accuracy of- the measurement systems was determined by
analyzing duplicate samples and spiked samples for every tenth sample
tested. Daily control of analytical performance was achieved through the
use of Shewhart Quality Control Charts. Precision control charts were
prepared from data resulting from duplicate sample analyses. Accuracy
control charts were constructed from duplicate spiked samples. The record-
ed difference between duplicate samples was never less than half the mini-
mum detection limit.
Quality Assurance Reports to Management—
Quality assurance reports were written quarterly as part of the pro-
ject quarterly reports. Each section head (i.e., wet chemistry, organics,
metals, soils, microbiology, and assistant lab supervisor) reported their
quarterly quality control data in tables for each parameter analyzed. The
accuracy, precision, inhouse unknowns and EPA unknowns data was analyzed
and reported in a "Quality Control" section of quarterly and annual
reports. All quality control raw data was presented quarterly in the
quarterly report appendices. In addition, these quality assurance sec-
tions included (1) periodic assessment of measurement data accuracy, pre-
cision and completeness, (2) results of performance audits, (3) results of
system audits, and (4) significant QA problems and recommended solutions.
The quality control section of the quarterly reports were prepared by
Dr. Blair Leftwich, the LCCIWR QA Officer, from the information supplied
to him by his staff. Quality assurance to management regarding field work
was supplied by the projects managers of each study. These reports were
evaluated and written into the quarterly and annual reports by the LCCIWR
lab director, Dr. Dennis George. Quarterly and annual reports containing
quality assurance data were distributed to EPA, Texas Dept. of Water
Resources, project managers, LCCIWR board, and the City of Lubbock.
Corrective Action—
Corrective action applied to both field and laboratory work and repre-
sented the need for improvement. Corrective action was initiated by the
27
-------
section head responsible for the work, assistant lab supervisor, lab
supervisor, assistant_institute director, or institute director and
occurred in the ocder stated.
The need for improvement of field work was denoted by site visits and
lack of consistent, recorded field data. The corrective action concerning
field work was to meet with the personnel doing the field work, innumerate
the problems and determine a solution to be applied.
For the laboratory, the need for corrective action was based on inade-
quate performance on internal quality control (duplicates, knowns and
spikes), standards, inhouse unknowns, EPA reference samples and sample
analysis. If a problem was noted and corrective action was needed, the
technician first checked his calculations, then remade standards, then
remade reagents, and finally checked equipment. Once the problem was cor-
rected and proper standard curves were obtained, the spikes, duplicates,
knowns and unknowns were repeated.
28
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SECTION 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
WASTEWATER EFFLUENT
Agricultural research activities were performed on the Hancock farm.
Secondary treated wastewater from Lubbock's Southeast Water Reclamation
Plant (SeWRP) was pumped a distance of approximately 25 km to the northern
boundary of the Hancock farm. At the Hancock farm, the effluent was
routed through three 0.38 m plastic irrigation pipelines to three separate
reservoirs (Figure 4). Irrigation pump stations were provided at each
reservoir. The irrigation system was designed to irrigate 1153 ha.
During 1980 and 1981, SeWRP was producing an effluent (Table 8.1)
which had a composition equivalent to a typical medium untreated domes-
tic wastewater (Tchobanoglous 1979). The poor quality effluent was pri-
marily attributable to malfunctioning of the anaerobic digestion process.
Effective liquid-solid phase separation was not achieved in the second
stage digester. Consequently, the suspension recycled from the anaerobic
process to the head works of. the trickling filter plant contained high
levels of ammonia, suspended solids and carbonaceous material. From June
1980 to February 1982, the average effluent total organic carbon (TOC)
produced was 117.7 mg/1. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) concentration aver-
aged 38.59 mg-N/1 of which 67 percent was ammonia-nitrogen (25.95 mg-N/1)
and 33 percent was organic nitrogen. Due to high organic mass loadings
and subsequent heterotrophic organism activity, the trickling filter sys-
tem was not nitrifying ammonia to nitrate. Approximately 57 percent of the
total phosphorus (14.43 mg/1) present in the effluent was orthophosphate
phosphorus (PO^). Additional anaerobic digesters were placed on operation
in the spring of 1982. Furthermore, the pi-imary clarlfiers and rotary
distributors of the trickling filter plants were rehabilitated. The data
(Table 8.1) indicate a much higher quality waste stream pumped to the Han-
cock farm in 1982 through 1983. TOC levels at the terminus of the force
main were 46 percent less than the average concentrations measured in
SeWRP's effluent samples obtained the previous sampling periods.
29
-------
Furrow Irrigation
^Distribution Can
Figure 4. Hancock l-;inn
30
-------
No statistically significant differences (a = 0.05) were observed in
TKN levels measured in the waste stream from SeWRP (38.59 mg-N/1) and at
the terminus of the force main (41.70 mg-N/1). As SeWRP's effluent reach-
ed the farm, 62 percent of the TKN was ammonia-nitrogen (25.80 mg-N/1).
Ammonia-nitrogen was not significantly different (a = 0.05) from the con-
centration measured in the plant's effluent. Therefore, the data indi-
cated no nitrogen transformation through the force main. Total phosphorus
(TP) and organic phosphorus (Org P) levels (11.82 mg/1 and 1.6 mg/1) con-
tained in water samples obtained from the terminus of the force main did
decrease significantly from baseline (1980 and 1981) effluent concentra-
tions. Orthophosphate phosphorus (P04) levels measured at both locations
were statistically equivalent. Consequently, the decrease in TP appears
to be a result of a decrease in organic phosphorus mass loading from the
plant. The improved anaerobic digestion capacity and solids-liquid separa-
tion of digested sludge was probably the major contributing factor to the
decrease in organic phosphorus levels in the effluent.
As anticipated, the bulk (71 percent) of the nitrogen contained in the
water entering the Hancock farm (41.77 mg-N/1) was lost within the reser-
voirs. Average reservoir effluent TKN concentration was 11 .74 .mg-N/1.
The median N02 + NOj level in the reservoir discharge stream was 0.27
mg-N/1. Nitrification of ammonia to nitrite and nitrate does not normally
occur in stabilization ponds (Ferrara and Harleman 1978; Pano and Middle-
brooks 1982, Ferrara and Avci 1982). Insufficient nitrifiers exist in the
upper aerobic zone of the pond. Low nitrifier population can result from
inhibition by algae, lack of aerobic surface area to facilitate attachment
and growth, or adsorption of organisms to particulates which settle into
the anaerobic zone (Ferrara and Harleman 1978; Stone et al 1975). Sporatic
checks of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration within the water column of
the largest reservoir indicated one rng/1 or less of DO in the upper 61 cm.
No dissolved oxygen was measured below 61 cm. Stoichiometr ically the
nitrification process requires 4.57 mg 02 for each ing of ammonia oxidized
(Chr i.stensen and Harremoes 1978). Due to th« low DO concentration limiting
biochemical kinetic reactions, nitrification was probably not a major con-
tributor to the decrease in TKN. Ammonia nitrogen in water exist as
31
-------
ammonium ion (NH^4") and dissolved ammonia gas (NH3 ). The concentration
of the volatile NH3 present in water is a function of pH, temperature,
and concentration of total ammonia. With water temperatures varying from
10 to 21°C, a maximum of about 7.4 percent NH3 was present in the
reservoir water column at an average pH of 8.3. Loss of NHj to the
atmosphere results in continued dissociation of ammonium nitrogen to dis-
solved ammonia gas. With hydraulic residence time generally greater than
100 days, and substantial wind mixing of the reservoirs, significant quan-
tities of ammonia nitrogen can be lost due to volatilization. The most
probable mechanism for loss of nitrogen within the water column in the
reservoirs was ammonia volatilization.
Algae growing in alkaline, hard water prefer bicarbonate rather than
carbon dioxide as a carbon source (Wetzel 1975). The en zyme-cataly zed
uptake of bicarbonate produces a strong base:
OH- (1)
Ruttner (1963) noted that algae which utilized bicarbonate exerted a sig-
nificant effect on water pH. This effect was also observed in the Hancock
reservoirs. The average pH of 8.30 in the reservoir was significantly
(a = 0.05) greater than the effluent pH of 7.76 produced by SeWRP.
Data presented in Appendix B indicate approximately 85 percent of the
total phosphorus contained in the effluent (11.82 mg/1) pumped to the
Hancock farm was orthophosphate (8.43 mg/1). Assimilation of orthophos-
phate phosphorus by biomass for cell synthesis and adsorption of ortho-
phosphate to solids followed by sedimentation decreased PO^ through the
Hancock reservoirs from an average level of 8.43 mg/1 to 4.85 mg/1. Total
phosphorus concentration was reduced by 47 percent from 11.82 mg/1 to 6.31
mg/1. Orthophosphate removal in the reservoir account for about 65 per-
cent of the decrease in TP.
The sewage treated by SeWRP was primarily derived from domestic
sources with less than 30 percent contributed from industrial sources.
Trace metal levels contained in SeWRP effluent (Table B.1) reflected this
low industrial wastewater flow and presented no potential phytotox ic i ty
problems (Table B.2). No significant d i f ferences (a = 0.05) in trace
32
-------
metal and mineral levels were determined between any irrigation water
sources from February 1982 to October 1983.
The data indicate that minerals, particularly sodium (Na), may create
salinity and sodic problems within the upper soil profile. The effluent
produced by SeWRP was slightly saline (dissolved solids from 1000 to 3000
mg/1) . The low hydraulic loading to the Hancock farm (20 to 60 cm) could
create accumulation of salts within the upper soil profile. Without pro-
per salt management, salts could pose future phytotoxicity problems to
farmers. The sodium absorption ratio (SAR) of the effluent stream from
SeWRP averaged 9.84. Evaporation and transpiration remove water from the
soil, thereby concentrating calcium and magnesium carbonates in the soil
solution and eventually resulting in formation of calcium and magnesium
carbonate precipitates. Reduction of these cations from the soil solution
increases the SAR. Accounting for calcium and magnesium carbonate precip-
itation, the adjusted SAR for the effluent was 21.6. Irrigation water
with an adjusted SAR of about ten may create severe water penetration
problems and development of alkali soils (Stromberg and Tisdale 1979; EPA
1981; Loehr et al 1979). Proper management of salts contained in the
irrigation water was viewed as the most important task which would govern
the long term success of the land application system.
As indicated previously, all crops were planted by mid-May. Rainfall
and associated hail during the month of May and Oune 1982 (Figure 5)
destroyed over 8.09 x 10^ ha (2 x 10^ ac) of the cotton crop in the South
Plains.
SOILS
Soil texture within the upper 30 cm (1 ft) of the soil profile were
generally sandy clay loam. Clay to clay loams dominated the soils from a
depth of 30 cm to 122 cm (4 ft) within the profile. The majority of soils
from 122 cm to 183 cm (6 ft) were clays. An indurate layer of calcium
carbonate (caliche) existed within the soil profile at a depth of 61 cm to
183 cm below the surface throughout the farm. Soils at the Hancock farm
were alkaline and calcareous with pH values of seven to eight within the
upper 183 cm. Cation exchange capacities (CEC) were greater than 20
33
-------
o
o
D Normal l'ruci|)JL;iL iun
O Kecorded at Hancock Farm
I I I
11 16 21 26 31
MONTHS (JUNE 1980-SEPT 1983)
36
Figure 5. Monthly Precipitation During Project Period
-------
meq/100 g (average 23.6 mg/100 g •+ 3.3) which were characteristic of the
clay/clay loam soils.
HYDRAULIC LOADING STUDY (Trials 14000, 15000, and 16000)
Grain Sorghum (Milo)
Crop Quality—
Crop yield data (Table 8) indicated milo yield increased as waste-
water application increased up to approximately 3 m/yr. Milo yields
obtained from dry land plots in 1982 were greater than dry land yields
produced in 1983 primarily due to higher soil moisture conditions result-
ing from the precipitation in May and 3une (38.4 cm).
TABLE 8. GRAIN SORGHUM PRODUCTION
FOR EACH ANNUAL HYDRAULIC LOADING RATE
Year
1982
1983
Treatment
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
Hydraulic
Loading
(m/yr)
0.00
0.61
0.61
0.91
1.06
0.00
1.37
1 .83
2.13
2.82
Yield
Average
(kg/ha)
4930
5730
6400
6460
6840
0
4450
5020
5070
5160
+Standard
Deviat ion
832
723
170
170
1220
0
755
1100
1290
1250
Coefficient of
Variability(CV)
1758
13?6
3%
3%
18%
M%
22%
25?o
24%
The concentration of specific chemical constituents in the crop tis-
sue is presented in Table C.1. Nitrogen in the stalk and leaf tissue
exhibited a drastic decline in 1983 (1700 ppm to 3640 ppm) compared to
35
-------
1982 crop tissue samples (13,700 ppm to 17,200 ppm). Furthermore, the
seed harvested in 1983 contained less protein concentration (6.25 x per-
cent TKN) than levels measured in the 1982 crop.
The average TKN in the seed harvested in 1982 was 16,600 +_ 904 mg/kg.
Crop growth did not appear to be inhibited by nitrogen limitations. Equal
concentrations of nitrogen were presented in the stalk tissue as in the
grain. In 1983, reduced levels of available nitrogen in the soil solution
limited crop growth and protein production. Decreased levels of nitrogen
in the crop tissue were translocated to the seed for protein synthesis;
consequently, lower levels of TKN were measured in the stalk tissue.
The nitrogen deficiency experienced in 1983 is also shown in the K/N
ratio for the various parts of the crop (Table C.7). Potassium (K) is a
vital element in plant growth and is removed from the soil more than any
other element except nitrogen. Wastewater K/N ratio of 0.9 or greater
will satisfy the K nutrient requirement of forage crops (Palazzo and Gen-
kins 1979). The average K/N ratio in the wastewater ranged from 0.71
(pipeline) to 2.43 (reservoir). Therefore, the majority of the K applied,
if available to the crop, should be assimilated into the crop. In cal-
careous soils, however, calcium dompetes with K for entrance into the
plant (Potash Institute of America, 1973). Consequently, calcareous soils
may require higher available K levels. Potassium levels in the various
parts of the plant exhibited a slight increase from 1982 to 1983 crops.
Potassium did not appear to retard nitrogen transport into or through the
crops.
Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the tissue were greater in
1983 crops than in 1982 crops (Table C.1). More phosphorus was measured
in the seed tissue than stalk. Phosphorus within the plant is involved in
photosynthesis; hastening maturity; stimulating blooming and seed forma-
tion; and stimulation of early root growth. Increased TP mass loadings
through irrigation were the probable source of phosphorus to the plant.
Phosphorus to zinc ratios in the stalk tissue ranged from 12 to 89 in 1982
and 64 to 130 in 1983. The grain sorghum harvested in 1983 from Treatment
4 (2.82 m/yr) was the only crop which maintained a P:Zn ratio equivalent
to or exceeding recummended values of 125 (Inter-American Labs 1978, A i\ I.
36
-------
Labs Soil and Tissue Analysis Handbook). Therefore, phosphorus may have
limited seed production in 1982 and 1983.
Chlorides, calcium, iron, manganese, potassium, and sodium exhibited
higher concentration in the stalk tissue than in the grain (Table C.1).
Chloride concentrations contained in stalk assayed in 1983 were higher
than levels measured in the 1982 crop. Seed chloride concentrations,
however, showed the opposite trend. With more frequent saturated condi-
tions within the upper soil profile, ferric and manganese IV oxides were
probably reduced to more soluble ferrous and manganese II ion and conse-
quently were more available to the crop. Higher concentrations of
potassium (19,000 ppm) and sodium (231 ppm) were present in the stalk tis-
sue produced in the dryland plots due to a reduction in water availabil-
ity. As soil moisture decreases, the concentrations of salt in soil sol-
ution increase and more salts are transported into the plant. With irri-
gation, a higher percent available water may be present in the soil pro-
file and salts in the soil solution are diluted.
Cadmium and phosphorus were present at higher concentrations in the
seed than in the stalk. Cadmium within both the stalk and seed tissue
was less than detection limits (<0.05 ppm) in the 1983 milo harvest.
Soils—
Nitrogen—Nitrogen applied to soils is removed from the wastewater
stream by adsorption, crop utilization, and gaseous nitrogen losses by
ammonia volatilization and/or dinitrogen (N2) and nitrous oxide evolution
through the denitrification process. Nitrogen loss due to ammonia vola-
tilization is increased in soils with high calcium carbonate concentra-
tions, pH above 7, low cation exchange capacity, low buffering capacity,
warm temperatures, decreased soil moisture and high ammonium concentra-
tions at the soil surface (Fenn 1975; Gasser 1969; Fenn and Kessel 1974).
Due to the CEC value, volatile ammonia may have been adsorbed onto clay
material; thereby preventing the escape of ammonia from the soil matrix.
The CEC value in conjunction with the soil pH level indicated volatiliza-
tion probably did not contribute significantly to nitrogen losses.
The bulk of the nitrogen in the soil profile was organic nitrogen.
37
-------
Organic nitrogen comprised greater than 97 percent of the soil TKN (Table
9N. Baseline soil cores extracted prior to irrigation showed an accumu-
lation of organic nitrogen within the 30 cm to 61 cm depth and a larger
decrease in organic nitrogen from 61 cm to 183 cm (Figure 6). Carbon to
nitrogen (C/N) ratios of the organic matter within the upper 152 cm ranged
from 5.4 to 11.Q in 1982. In addition, the average C/N ratios of the
effluent pumped to the farm and from the reservoirs were 4.0 and 5.9,
respectively. Generally, at a C/N ratio of approximately 22 and a N per-
centage of two, mineralization of organic nitrogen equals the immobiliza-
tion of organic nitrogen (Campbell 1978; Loehr 1979). Smaller C/N ratio;;
are associated with net mineralization and ratios higher than 22 indicate
net immobilization. Therefore, net mineralization of organic nitrogen
.ni.vai: >H within the soil profile.
IAHI.I 9. NllHOCr.N IN IMF. IOP 1H5 CM Of SIIII fHllt ll.E
HF.NE»[H IKIAI. 15000 CHAIN SlWtiHIlM PLIHS
Treatment
1
• 2
5
4
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading
Cm/yr)
1.37
1.85
2.15
2.H2
n
IKN
Mass
Kerch 19fi(
6871)
61) 7U
51)9(1
71SU
6401)
(kq/tia)
UBC. 1VH3
8580
7 MO
76UO
7 380
7640
Mass
March 1983
6B70
6350
5410
7120
6390
Orrjanic N
(kg/ha)
Dec. 19B3
8570
7330
7680
7380
769U
". of
March 1983
100S
925
m
ioor.
tuns
IKN
Dec. 1985
lOW
ion%
1IHK
iorr;
1IHK
It appears by the difference between the baseline (late Jluoo-early
July 1982) and fall 1982 organic N profile that net mineralization of
nitrogen did occur in 1982. Organic nitrogen decreased within the upper
152 cm of soil in all plots (Figure 6). Baseline noil cores, however,
were collected from within the area of unch Trial and composited; whereas,
durng the remainder of the project, soil cores obtained from each treat-
ment in a Trial were collected from within the area of each replicate plnl
and composited. Therefore, decreases in organic nitrogen com:entrations
in the soil profile may have been an artifact of the d L f fe PI-MI con in' sam-
pling procedure employed in 1982. Soil organic N data collected in the
38
-------
SIS
UJ •
a
Hyaraulic Loadings
Baseline (July 1982)
Treatment 5 - U cm/yr
and
Treatment 1 - 61 cm/yr
137 cm/yr
Treatment 2-61 cm/yr
183 cm/yr
Treatment 3-91 cm/yr
213 cm/ry
Treatment 4 - 106 cm/yr
282 cm/yr
1982 piots
1983 plots
1982 plots
1583 plots
1982 plots
1983 olots
1982 plots
1983 plots
1982 plots
1983 olots
0.00
13.SO
27.00
10.50 5U.OO 67.50
ORGflNIC NITROGEN (MG/ICG)
81.00
• 10'
9U.SO
108.00
§_
!'u:;l - I IT i j:tt. inn,
llyclniul u- Lt(.nlinijU
Q IriMUiuiit '- - U rin, yr |.[,,l:.
O IriMlmuiil 1 - Ml i-ln/yr plill:.
^ lru.il in 2 - IIU nn/>i' |ilnl •.
•4- IriMlliiiMiL i - -'1 1 i in. vr plul:.
X iru.,1 ..-iil .'I - .'UJ i-i.r,r ,,l,,l;,
0.00
13.50
27.00
MO.SO SM.OO 67.50 81.00
ORGflNiC NITROGEN (MG/KG) »10'
94.50
108.00
Figure 6. Organic Nitrogen i.n Goii iJoncuth Tri;ii 1l>l)IJ() lir;iin Sunjhuin plot:;,
19B3
39
-------
Fall 1983 did not vary greatly from concentrations measured in the fall
1982. Major input of organic nitrogen at the end of the 1982 growing
season was the incorporation of milo leaf and stalk material into the soil
matrix. The major nitrogen form applied to the land through irrigation
was ammonia. Fall 1982 soil samples indicated nitrite plus nitrate (N0,2 +
NO-i-N) nitrogen levels in the upper 61 cm of soil were greater than
baseline or dryland plots (Figure 7). A lens of NQ.3-N was observed in the
dryland plot commencing at 122 cm and reaching a maximum 1.6.4 mg-N/kg at
152 cm depth. The nitrate lens apparently diminished during the 1983
growing season (Figure 7). The N02 + NOj-N concentration was quite
uniform throughout the soil profile in all treatments in the fall 1983.
A nitrogen mass balance for the five treatments in 1983 was conducted
to help delineate major mechanisms governing nitrogen movement within the
soil profile. Nitrogen inputs to the soil were primarily a result of ef-
fluent irrigation. An additional source of nitrogen is through precipita-
tion. Inorganic and organic nitrogen within the soil profile may be
sources and/or sinks of nitrogen. Nitrogen is lost by volatilization,
crop uptake and harvest, deep percolation, and denitr if icat ion. Nitrogen
losses due to volatilization were assumed negligible. With the hydraulic-
loading ranging from 137cm/yr to 282 cm/yr denitr if icat ion of NOj-N
probably occurred within 36 hours after each irrigation event (Ryden et al
1981). The following mathematical relationship presented by Mehran et al
(1981) was used to compute a nitrogen mass balance:
= Niort-1 + K(eir . Qir + (1-a)CpQp)
(1-d)(1-e-km1t)NAoi, + (l-e-W^N^
lt-l (2)
Where N|or = Inorganic nitrogen in soil profile (kg/ha-yr),
^Aior = Applied inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (kg/ha-yr),
N/\or = Appl ied' organic nitrogen fertilizer (kg/ha-yr),
Nfn = Fixed nitrogen (kg/ha-yr),
Nor = Organic nitrogen in soil profile (kg/ha-yr),
40
-------
8.
Pre-Irrigation, Harcn
M, p;
I'JIiZ)
') 1 cm/yr 1'.'''2 pluts
137 cm/ yr 1'JIJj plots
ul cm/yr I9U2 pluts
103 cm/yr 1VU3 plots
VI cm/yr 1'.'U2 plots
213 cm/yr 1VII3 pluts
Illu em/yi- 1VI12 pi,its
JII2 cm/yr 1VII3 plots
U cm/yr 1-JII2 pluta
,inO IVili plots
a • 1 1 1 1 '^ '
0.00 2.05 H.10 6.15 8.20 10.25 12.30
NITRITE+NITRflTE (MG-N/KG)
1
16.40
1H.35
Post-Irrigation, December
Hydraulic Loadings
D Treatment 1 - 1J7 cm/yr' plots
O Treatment 2 - ia> cm/yr plots
A Treatment i - 213 cm/yr plots
+ Treatment tt . 282 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 5 - U cm/yr plots
0.00
2.05
1 1 T
it. 10 6.15 8.20 10.25 12.30
NITRITE-t-NITRflTE (MG-N/KG)
IM.35
16.110
Figure 7. Nitrite plus Nitrate in Soil Beneath Trial 15UUU Grain Soryhuin
plots, 1903
41
-------
C|r = Nitrogen concentration in irrigation water (mg/1),
Cp = Nitrogen concentration in precipitation (mg/1),
Qjr = Amount of irrigation (cm/yr),
Qp = Amount of precipitation (cm/yr),
e = Fraction of nitrogen applied by irrigation entering the
soil profile,
a = Runoff coefficient,
g = Gas loss coefficient for applied inorganic N, fertilizer,
d = Gas loss coefficient of applied organic N fertilizer,
km-] , km2, km3 = Mineralization rate constants (yr~'),
t = Time, and
k = Conversion coefficient (0.1).
Ammonia was the primary nitrogen form present in the irrigation
water. Based on equilibrium conditions between ammonia and ammonium ion
in water, approximately two percent free ammonia existed in the waste-
water stream pumped to the Hancock farm at an average pH value of 7.76 at
20°C. The average pH of reservoir water was 8.30; therefore, approximately
seven percent of the total ammonia was present as free ammonia at 20°C.
Five percent of the total nitrogen applied by irrigation was assumed to be
lost by ammonia volatilization and the factor, e, was 0.95. No surface
runoff from any plot was expcsrienced; consequently the runoff coefficient,
a, was zero. Volatilization of ammonia forms within the soil profile were
considered negligible; therefore, g and d were equal to zero. Further-
more, nitrogen input from nitrogen-fixing bacteria is normally minor in
soils receiving wastewater (Loehr 1979) and Nfn was assumed negligible.
Due to high CEC (>20) values in the soil profile at the Hancock farm, NHj
nitrogen may have adsorbed on the soil matrix before it could escape to
the atmosphere (Ryden 1981; Fenn 1975; Gasser 1969). Ammonia volatili-
zation probably was minimal within the soil profile. Based on the prece-
ding assumption, equation (2) reduces to the following form:
42
-------
Nior|t = NiQfit.! + K(e.Cir.Qir + (1)CpQp) (3)
The mineralization rate constant (km3) was assumed to equal 0.02
yr~^ for the irrigated plots and 0.0052 yr~' for the non irrigated plot.
The values for the parameters used in equation (3) are presented in Table
D.1. Generally, only one to three percent of the soil organic matter is
mineralized during a growing season (Bremner 1967). The amount of deni-
trified nitrogen, Nj, was computed by the following expression:
Nd = C(Nior|t) (4)
Where
C = denitr if ication coefficient (0.30).
The amount of nitrogen taken up by plants is presented in Table D.7.
The mass balance was developed assuming no deep percolation of inorganic
nitrogen through the profile; therefore the amount of inorganic nitrogen
present in the profile was calculated as:
Nior|net = Nioc|t - Nd - Ncp (5>
Where
^iorlnet = inorganic remaining in soil profile (kg/ha-yr), and
NCp = Average nitrogen uptake by crops, (kg/ha-yr).
Figure 8 presents the predicted and average measured mass of inor-
ganic nitrogen within the upper 183 cm of the soil profile in the fall
1983. The low nitrogen removal by the crop on the plot receiving no irri-
gation was reflected in no grain produced by the crop. Stalk and leaf
tissues were the only vegetation grown. As anticipated, the nitrogen bal-
ance for the non-irrigated plot indicated practically no deep percolation
of nitrogen past 183 cm depth. Nitrogen losses were attributable to crop
uptake and mineralization. Virtually all the organic nitrogen mineralized
43
-------
400-
300 1
200-
1 10°
e
9
U)
o
» 100
o
200-
300-
400 4
Hydraulic Loading
Ocm 122cm 183cm
229cm
297 cm
1
493 j
481
§
*
*
*
*
•
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
#
#
*
#
#
*
#
*
#
#
#
*
*
*
*
*
II
•
I
Tl
;;
i
i
*
*
*
#
#
#
*
*
*
*
.
1
N Root Zone Pre-irrigation 1983
N From Organic N in Root Zone
-N Applied in Effluent
• N Removed by Crop
• N Removed by Denitr ificat ion
N Measured in Profile Post-irrigation 1983
N Difference between Measured and Predicted
Figure 8. Nitroyen Mass Balance for Trial 15UOO Grain Soryhum plots
-------
from March 1983 to December 1983 was removed from the soil profile by
these two processes.
The nitrogen mass applied to the irrigated plots exceeded the mass
removed by the crop. The amount of unaccounted nitrogen mass and the uni-
form NQ.3 concentration within the 183 cm profile in December 1983 (Figure
8) strongly imply a major loss of nitrogen through deep percolation. The
spacial variability of the data in conjunction with the assumptions impos-
ed on the model were sources of ecror in the model predictions.
Phosphorus—Organic and inorganic phosphorus forms in soils ace rela-
tively insoluble. Much of the organic phosphorus is slowly mineralized
due to the adsorption of phosphate containing substrate to metal complexes
(Alexander 1967; loehr 1979). At low phosphate levels surface sorption is
the dominant factor in removing phosphorus from the soil solution. Cal-
cite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and hydrous oxides of iron and alumi-
num adsorb phosphate phosphorus. The fine textured, alkaline, calcareous
soils at the Hancock research sits suggest phosphate-calcite reactions as
the dominate factor removing phosphorus from the soil solution. In alka-
line soils, however, the existence of amorphorus hydrous oxides as coat-
ings may decrease the importance of adsorption of phosphorus by calcite
(Shukla et al 1971; Holford and Mattingly 1975). Nonetheless, the exist-
ence of an indurated caliche soil (CaCO^ soils) at the 45 cm to 183 cm
depth in the soil profile supports the hypothesis that phosphate-calc ite
reactions were most likely a major factor in the removal of phosphorus
from the soil solution. Figure 9 shows the concentration of total phos-
phorus (TP) within the soil profile.
The level of TP within the soil profile decreased from the concentra-
tions measured in the baseline samples. Baseline soil cores were col-
lected over the entire area of each Trial and composited; whereas, during
the remainder of the project, soil cores obtained from each treatment in a
Trial were collected from within the ari3a of each replicate plot and com-
posited. Conseguently, decreases in FP concentrations in the soil profile
may have been an artifact of the differences in sampling procedure employ-
ed in 1982. During 1982, no major precipitation events occurred after the
45
-------
Pre-Irrigation, March
§.
pi
0-CN_
UJ '^
O
3|_
O
Hydraulic La.iJi.niju
Q lliiiieline (July iyd2)
O Treatment 1 - -)1 cm/'yr Wsl2 plots
I 37 cm,'yr VJU3 plots
A Treatment 2 - uI cn/yr 19U2 plots
1d3 cn/yr 19U3 plots
-I- Treatment 3 - 91 cm/yr I'.'UZ plots
213 cn/yr 191)3 plots
'X rreatnit;nt 4 - Itlo c-n, > r '.'.'112 .jlots
2:l2 c:wyr 19113 plots
Treatment '> - U cm, yr 19'12 plots
.jnd 19(13 plots
0.00
97.00
19U.OO 291.00 388.00 185.00 S82.00 679.00 776.00
TOTflL PHOSPHORUS (MG-P/KG)
o_
ljcj;it-irrnjution, December
Hydraulic Lii:iiJiii,|-j
D freatment 1-137 cm/yr plots
O freutment 2 - IU3 c-m/yr plots
A Treatment 3-213 cm/yr plot::
+ Treatment. 4 - ^||_' cm/yr plots
X Trejt.ii.iiit , - ,1 rm.-yr plot:;
CDhi
_ 1 1 1 1 1
~0.00 97.00 I9M.OO 291.00 388.00 485 00
TOTflL PHOSPHORUS (MG-P/Ku)
582.00
1
679.00
1
776.00
Figure 9. Total Phosphorus in Soil Beneath Trial 15UUU Grain Soryhum plots,
1983
46
-------
baseline samples were collected in July. Soils collected From the irriga-
ted plots exhibited a relatively uniform TP concentration profile ranging
from 120 to 190 mg-P/kg in March 1983 and December 1983. The non-irriga-
ted plot (Treatment 5) showed higher levels of TP at the 91 cm (310 mg-P/
kg) and 122 cm (310 mg-P/kg) depth than detected in the irrigated milo
plots in March 1983. In December 1983, TP levels measured in all soil
samples collected from the milo test plots were relatively equivalent
(Figure 9).
Organic phosphorus comprised 69 percent of the total phosphorus in
the 183 cm soil core extracted Ln July 1982. In March 1983, after the
first growing season and the torrential rains and flooding experienced in
TABLE 10. ORGANIC P:TOTAL P RATIO
IN TRIAL 15000 GRAIN SORGHUM PLOT SOIL
Treatment
Baseline
1
2
3
4
5
Hydraulic
Loading 1982
(m/yr) July
0.00 0.69
1.37
1.83
2.13
2.82
0.00
March
0.28
0.26
0.26
0.29
0.17
1983
December
0.32
0.29
0.33
0.37
0.17
May and June 1982, the percentage of organic P contained in the soils
collected from the irrigated plots decreased to an average of 27 percent
of the total phosphorus (Table 10). The 183 cm soil profile in the irri-
gated plot contained 17 percent of the TP as organic P. Due to incorpora-
tion of organic matter (plant stalk, leaves, and mots) into the soil
matrix, application of wastewater to the land and immobilization of inor-
ganic phosphorus, the ratio of organic P to TP increased slightly (Table
10). Nonetheless, soil, samples collected in 1983 Indicated inorganic phos-
47
-------
phorus as the major phosphorus form in 1983. A phosphorus mass balance
was performed on the soils at each hydraulic loading (Table E-1).
In 1983, the mass of phosphorus removed by crops was less than ap-
plied. The amount of phosphorus removed by the irrigated grain sorghum
was within the normal crop requirement of 15 kg/ha.yr (EPA 1981; A & L
I
Soil and Tissue Analysis Handbook). The TP not accounted for in the mass
balance in the irrigated plots ranged from an average concentration of 5
to 16 mg/kg within the 183 cm core at a bulk density of 1.4 g/cc. This
error was probably well within the spacial variability of phosphorus in
the test plots. Grthophosphate phosphorus (PQ.4-P) was the primary phosph-
orus form applied to the land. Competing reactions by clay minerals,
amorphous hydrous oxide and calcite probably limited the available phos-
phate to crops. The phosphorus remaining in the profile in December most
likely was incorporated in relatively insoluble calcium forms (i.e., tri-
calcium phosphate and hydrooxyapatite). Phosphorus existing in these
forms is not available to crops. Phosphorus may have also existed as di-
calcium phosphate (Labile P) which will readily dissolve, should the solu-
tion P decrease, and become available to the crop.
Dissolved Solids--The variation of total dissolved solids through
the soil profile is presented in Figure 10. Within the non-irrigated
plots, salts began to accumulate in the lower 91 cm of the 183 cm in 1982.
This TDS accumulation was diminished in the December 1983 soil core.
Annual irrigation of 61 to 106 cm increased the TDS levels in the top 91
cm in 1982. Accumulation of salts was extended to the 122 cm depth by the
end of 1983 (Figure 10). Mass balances of total dissolved solids indicate
84 to 99 percent, of the TDS applied to the plots were transported beyond
the 183 cm depth in 1983 (Table E.7).
Sodium (Na) was the major cation contained in the irrigation
stream. With 80 percent of the irrigation derived from the reservoir
water and 20 percent .from water pumped directly from SeWRP, concentration
of Na contained in the wastewater was approximately 307 mg/1 in 1983.
During 1982, with annual irrigation ranging from 61 cm to 106 cm, Na
appeared to accumulate within the upper 31 cm (Figure 11). Increased irri-
48
-------
Q- Oi_
00_
Pre-Irrigation, March
Hydraulic toadinija
O Baseline (July 19B2)
O Ire.itment. 1 - ol cm/'yr 19:12 plots
137 cm/yr 19U3 plots
A Treatment 2 - ol cm/yr 19U2 plots
1U3 cm/yr 19U3 plots
-(- Treatment 3-91 cm/yr 1902 plots
213 cm/yr 19U3 plots
X Treatment !> - IDo c.-n/yr 19U2 plots
2U2 cm/yr 19113 plots
0 treatment, i - u cm/yr H'J2 plots
and 19d3 plots
0.00
I
11.30
22.60 33.90 MS.20 56.50 67.80
TOT DISSOLVED SOLIDS (MG/KG) -10'
79.10
90.
Q_ c
UJ
•
I'tiLit-I rr iijat lun, Uucumbur
Hydraulic loading
D Treatment 1-137 cm/yr plota
O Treatment 2 - 183 cm/yr plots
& Treatment 3-213 cm/yr plots
"-J- Treatment 4'- 282 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 5 - 0 cm/yr pluts
0.00
11.30
22.60
33.90 US.20
TOT DISSOV SOLIDS
56.50 67.80
(MG/KG) »10'
79.10
90.40
Figure 10. Total DiLirsoLvcd Solids in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Grain Sorcjhum
plots, 1903
-------
o_
Pre-Irriqation, Marc.1
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 1 - 137 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 183 cm/yr plots
^ Treatment 3 - 213 cm/'yr plots
-j- Treatment 4 - 2d2 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 5 - 0 cm/yr plots
0.00
•92.00
184.00
276.00 368.00 460.00 552.00 644.00 736.00
SODIUM - NR (i1G/KG)
I'nst-Irrujutiun, December
Mydrijuiic LuaUintja
Q Treatment 1 - 137 cm/yr plotu
O Treatment 2 - IH3 cm/yr plots
^ Trentmunt 3 - 213 cm/yr plots
-)- Fre;itment 4 - 2B2 cm/yr plots
X fre.'ituiunt b - (J cm/yr plutj
0.00
92.00
184.00 276.00 368.00 460.00
SODIUM - NR (MG/KG)
552.00
644.00
736.00
Figure 11. Sodium in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Grain Sorghum Plots, 1983
50
-------
gat ion during 1983 (137 cm/yr to 282 cm/yr) apparently leached Na from
the soil profile and reduced Na levels in the lower 91 cm below concentra-
tion measured in March 1983. Soil cores extracted from Treatment 4 (282
cm/yr) plots exhibited an accumulation of Na at the 152 cm depth. Sodium
mass balance for each treatment (Table E.13) indicated sodium was leached
at each treatment in 1983.
The exchangeable Na percentage (ESP) computed for each 30 cm soil
section is presented in Table F.2. The cation exchange capacity was
calculated from available cation analysis of soils. Irrigation of the
plots in 1982 increased the ESP primarily in the first 30 c:n of the soil
profile from 0.3 (non-irrigated plot) to a range of 2.0 to 4.6. During
the 1983 growing season, increase in ESP occurred in the upper 61 cm of
soil in plots irrigated with 137 cm and 183 cm. Annual hydraulic loadings
of 213 and 282 cm produced higher ESP from 30 cm to 91 cm in the soil pro-
file. Sodic soils have been arbitrarily defined as soils having an ESP of
more than 15 percent exchangeable Na (Hausenbuiller 1972). Leaching of Na
through the profile effectively minimized the establishment of sodlc con-
ditions within the soil profile.
As previously mentioned, Potassium (K) is a vital element in plant
growth and is removed from the soil more than any other element except
nitrogen. The crop failed to utilize the guantity of K applied to the
soil through irrigation (Table E.19). More potassium than nitrogen was
removed by the crops in the irrigated plots. Potassium to nitrogen ratios
in the crop tissue ranged from 1.5 to 1.9. A potassium mass balance for
each plot Indicated that leaching of K passed 183 cm may have been the
major removal mechanism.
Major anions associated with the salts applied to the soil were chlo-
ride (Cl) and sulfate (504). In general, chloride levels increased with
depth for the top 122 crn in the Irrigated plots (Figure 12). Soils ob-
tained from irrigated plots contained chloride concentrations ranging from
10 to 118 ppm which were within the normal range of .50 to 500 ppm detect-
ed In most soils (Hausenbuiller 1972^. Chloride Ions may be a substitute
of fluoride in apatite; therefore, Increased chloride levels at 122 cm to
183 cm may reflect this chemical composition. Chloride mass balances
51
-------
8.
ol
s.
5.
o*
Pre-Irriyation, March
Hydraulic Loadings
D Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 1 - 61 cm/yr 19U2
137 cm/yr 1983
A Treatment 2-61 cm/yr 19U2
183 cm/yr 1983
-)- Treatment 3-91 cm/yr 1902
213 cm/yr 19U3
X Treatment U - 106 cm/yr 19G2
2U2 cm/yr 19U3
Q Treatment 5 - 0 cm/yr 19B2
and 19d3
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
— I - 1 - i - \ - 1 - \
61.00 91. SO 122.00 152.50 183.00 213.50
CHLORIDES - CL CMG/KG)
0.00
1
30.50
244.00
g.
oj
S j
Q-CXJ.
a-
s.
I'u'jt-lrnijution, OecemDer
Hydraulic Loadinqs
O Treatment 1-137 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 183 cm/yr plots
& Treatment 3-213 cm/yr plots
-{- Treatment 4 - 282 cm/yr plots
X Treatment b - 0 cm/yr plots
0.00 30.50 61.00 91.50 122.00 152.50 183.00 213.50 244.00
CHLORIDES (MG-CL/KG)
Figure 12. Chlorides in Soil Beneath Trial 15UUO Grain Sorghum plots, 1903
52
-------
(Table E.25) further substantiated the leaching of salts past a depth of
183 cm.
Sulfate ion also increased within the top 122 cm of the soil profile
in soil cores obtained from the irrigated plots (Figure 13). Analysis of
soils data obtained from the non-irrigated plots showed a lens of 50^ ion
present at 183 cm. With the existence of the indurated caliche layer,
this SO^ lens may be associated with gypsum (CaSO^).
Cotton
Crop Quality—
Heavy precipitation (approximately 40 cm) in May/June 1982, necessi-
tated replanting of cotton in July. Due to the late planting of the crop
average lint production ranged from 63 to 213 kg/ha (Table 11). Irrigation
of the crop resulted in vegetative growth with no increase in lint produc-
tion. No significant differences (a = 0.05) between cotton yields were
determined for plots receiving 122 to 297 cm of municipal effluent pel-
year or more in Trial 15000 in 1983.
Similar to results obtained from analysis of grain sorghum plant tis-
sue, nitrogen in the cotton stalk tissue decreased in the 1983 crops (3510
to 10,300 ppm) compared to concentrations measured in 1982 crop samples
(17,300 to 21,900 ppm). Nitrogen in seed tissue collected from irrigated
plots in 1982 was, also, less than levels measured in 1983 samples (Table
C.2). During 1983 the quantity of available nitrogen present in the soil
solution was probably limited; consequently the nitrogen in the stalk tis-
sue was translocated to the seed for protein synthesis. TKN levels in the
seed tissue appeared to increase as hydraulic loading increased from zero
to 50 cm/yr and decreased with great quantities of irrigation beyond 50
cm.
Greater phosphorus concentrations were detected in the seed than in
the stalk tissue. Cotton plants grown in irrigated plots in Trial 14000
contained an average of 5.09 + 0.29 mg P/g of seed compared to 6.20 _+ 0.19
mg P/g of seed from Trial 15000 Irrigated plots. Stalk tissue analyzed
from Trial 14000 had more TP (2.42 -f 0.76 mg P/g) than tissue collected
from Trial 15000 (1.15 + 0.28 mg P/g). More phosphorus was transported to
53
-------
8.
pi
s.
&°J
Q'
§.
Pre-Irriijation, March
Hydraulic Loadings
D Uaseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 1 - t>1 cm/yr 19«2
137 cm/yr 19U3
£, Treatment 2 - ol cm/yr 19U2
1H3 cm/yr 19U3
-)- Treatment 3-91 cm/yr 1902
213 cm/yr 1903
X Treatment 4 - 1U6 cm/yr 19U2
2U2 cm/yr 19U3
Treatment 5 - 0 cm/yr 19B2
and 19d3
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
- 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - \ - 1
o 00 95.00 190.00 28S.OO 380.00 U75.00 570.00 665.00
SULFRTES (SOI) (MG/KG)
760.00
l'u:jt- Irruption, Decombor
0_
-------
TABLE 11. COTTON LINT YIELDS FOR 1982 AND 1983 CROP IN TRIALS 14000 AND 15000
1
Trial Treatment
14000 2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
15000 5
1
2
3
4
Annual Hydraulic Loading (cm)
1982 1983
0.
20.
41 .
51.
61 .
69.
86.
102.
122.
0. 0.
45. 122.
61. 183.
106. 229.
122. 297.
Average Lint Yield
*(n) 1982
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4) 213. + 126. (4)
(4) 125. + 45. (4)
(4) 63. + 39. (4)
(4) 48'.0 +_ 38. (4)
(4) 70.0 + 98. (4)
(kg/ha)
(n) 1983
200. + 71 .
500. + 283.
100. + 71.
925. + 318.
675. + 177.
575. ± 460.
775". +813.
800. +• 354.
100. + 0.
638 + 48.
1300 + 231.
1538 + 565.
1438 +_ 315.
1425 + 222.
*n = number of samples
-------
the seed and lint tissue, thereby producing greater yields.
In Trial 15000, cadmium levels in crop tissue samples were less in
1983 «O.Q5 ppm) than in 1982 (i.e., 0.07 to 0.10 ppm in stalk tissue and
0.16 to 0.23 ppm in seed). Cadmium levels were only 0.07 ppm or less in
stalk tissue once annual hydraulic loadings were 86 cm or greater (Table
C.2).
Soils—
Nitrogen--Nitrogen within the soil profile existed primarily in the
organic form (Table 0.9). Figures 14 and 15 present the variation in TKN
through the so.il profile in the cotton plots. Plots receiving annual
irrigation of 41 cm or less exhibited relatively no change in TKN in the
upper 61 cm of soil. Annual hydraulic loadings from 41 cm to 122 cm
(Trial 14000) produced a reduction in TKN in the top 91 cm of the soil
profile (Figure 14). No apparent accumulation of TKN occurred within the
183 cm soil cores extracted from test plots receiving 122 cm/yr to 297
cm/yr in 1983 (Figure 15).
Carbon to nitrogen ratios ranged from 5.65 to 37.51. Soil samples
collected in the spring 1983 had C:N ratios from 5.65 to 19.7 indicating
net mineralization of organic nitrogen occurred during this time period.
After the 1983 growing season C:N ratio ranged from 11.36 to 37.51. In
Trial 14000, plots receiving annual hydraulic loading rates of 51 cm
(Treatment 8) to 122 cm (Treatment 18) contained C:N ratios of approxi-
mately 20 to 37 within the upper 91 cm of soil. This increase in carbon
to nitrogen mainly reflects the decrease in organic nitrogen in the pro-
file which occurred during the 1983 irrigation season. Net immobilization
of nitrogen would dominate nitrogen transformations within treatments dur-
ing this sampling period.
Soil nitrite plus nitrate-nitrogen Increased within the top 30 cm in
plots Irrigated with 20 and 41 cm/yr (Figure 16). Soil collected from
cotton test plots In Trial 14000 irrigated with 51 to 122 cm/yr contained
less N02 -i- NOj-N levels within the first 91 cm than plots receiving less
irrigation (Figure 16).
In Trial 15000, irrigated plots contained less than 3 ing N02 + NO^-N
56
-------
8.
Is-
i.
Hydraulic Loading*
G Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 2 - 0 cm/yr plots
A Treatment 4-20 cm/yr plots
-|- Treatment 6 - ill cm/yr plots
X Treatment 8-51 cm/yr plots
I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.00 13.SO 27.00 HO.SO SU.OO 67.50 81.00 9U.SO 108.00
TOT KJELORHL NITRO (MG-N/KG) »10'
8.
Q_ U>
Hydraulle Loading!
Q Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 10 - 61 cm/yr plots
& Treatment 12 - 69 cm/yr plots
-J- Treatment 14 - 86 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 16 - 1U2 cm/yr plots
O Treatment la - 122 cm/yr plots
- 1 - r^ - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1
"b.OO 13.50 27.00 >40.SO 54.00 67.50 81.00
TOT KJELORHL NITRO (MG-N/KG) »10'
9H.SO
108.00
Figure 14. Total Kjelduhl Nitrogen in Soil Ueneuth Trial 14UUO Cotton plots,
Post-Irrigation, December 1983
57
-------
S_
srs.
^^
o
8.
Pre-Irrigation, March
Hydraulic Loadings
O Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 1 - 45 cm/yr 1982
122 cm/yr 1983
^ Treatment 2-61 cm/yr 1982
183 cm/yr 1983
-f- Treatment 3 - 106 cm/yr 1982
229 cm/yr 1983
X Treatment 4 - 122 cm/yr 1982
297 cm/yr 1983
Treatment 5 - D cm/yr 1982
and 1983
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Q.OO 13.50 27.00 10.50 SM.OO 67.50 81.00 9U.50 108.00
TOT KJELOPHL NITRO (MG-N/KG) »10'
o_
°.
>-o
Q_ CM
UJ •'
Q ~
Pn:;t-lm.|;it ion, December
Hydraulic Loadings
O Treatment 1 - 122 cm/yr plots
O Ireiilnienl 2 - 183 cm/yr plots
& Treatment 3 - 229 cm/yr plot;;
-f- Treatment 4 - 297 cm/yr plots
X Treatment i - 0 cm/yr plots
_ 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.00 13.50 27.00 <40.50 SM.OO 67.50 81.00
TOT IUELORHL NITRO (MG-N/KU »10'
94.50
—I
108.00
Figure 15. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in Soil Uenenth Trial 150UU Cotton plots
1983
50
-------
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Baseline (July 19«2)
O Treatment 2 - 0 cm/yr plots
A Treatment 4-20 cm/yr plots
—^ Treatment 6 - 41 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 9 - 51 cm/yr plots
I I I 1 I I I
6.00 9.00 12.00 IS.00 18.00 21.00 24.00
NITRITE+NITRRTE (MG-N/KG)
0.00
3.00
SJ
O-IOJ
Hydraulic Loadings
O Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 10 - 61 cm/yr plots
^ Treatment 12 - 69* cm/yr plots
—|" Treatment 14 - 66 cm/yr plots
X Treatment. 16 - 102 cm/yr plots
^Treatment Id - 122 cm/yr plots
^
0.00
3.00
I
6.00
9.00 12.00 15.00
NITRITE+NITRflTE (MG-N/KG)
18.00
21.00
24.00
Figure 16. Nitrite pluG Ni.trute in Soil Beneath Triai 14000 Cotton plots,
Post-Irriyation, December 1903
59
-------
per gram of soil in the upper 122 cm of the soil profile (Figure 17).
Prior to the 1983 irrigation season the lower 61 cm of soil collected from
Trial 15000, treatments 1 and 2, contained N02 + N03-N lens (Figure 17).
These N02 + N03-N accumulations were not measured in soil samples collect-
ed after the 1983 growing season (Figure 17).
Nitrogen mass balances were conducted on each test plot. The param-
eter and coefficient values used to solve equation (3) are presented in
Table D.2. The cotton crop consumed 29.3 to 157.2 kg-N/ha from the soil
solution (Table D.8). Except for nitrogen uptake by cotton receiving an-
nual irrigation of 20 and 51 cm, the crop utilized less N than applied
through irrigation. Treatment 1 (122 cm/yr) in Trial 15000 produced a
crop which removed 103.5 kg-N/ha compared to 32.8 kg-N/ha consumed by cot-
ton produced in Treatment 18 (122 cm/yr), Trial 14000. Higher concentra-
tions of organic nitrogen (i.e., 8629 kg-N/ha compared to 5369 kg-N/ha)
in the upper 91 cm of the soil profile may have provided a slower release
of inorganic N which was more readily available to the crop for extended
periods of time. Within the top 30 cm, 1075.5 mg-N/kg was measured in
Trial 15000, Treatment 1 compared to 519.3 kg-N/ha within the same soil
depth in Treatment 18, Trial 14000.
Figures 18 and 19 present the results of the N mass balance. Mechan-
isms governing the transport of N within the initial 91 cm of the soil
profile in Trial 14000, treatments 2, 4, and 6 were mineralization of or-
ganic nitrogen, crop uptake, and denLtrification. Inorganic nitrogen
accumulated within the top 91 crn of soil. Test plots receiving 51 cm of
water exhibited an increase of inorganic nitrogen during the 1983 growing
season. The nitrogen model adequatly predicted the inorganic N present in
the soil profile after the growing season. An annual assumed three per-
cent mineralization of organic nitrogen, however, was less than the meas-
ured conversion of approximately 50 percent. Potential error due to spa-
tial variability in composite soil core defining soil characteristics
prior to the 1983 growing season probably contributed to a certain amount
of the apparent reduction in organic nitrogen. Inorganic N was leached
beyond 183 cm depth in test plots irrigated with 122 cm/yr of effluent or
more (Figure 19). Based on the values presented in Table D.2, inorganic
60
-------
re-Irrigation, March
Hydraulic Loadings
Baseline (July 1982)
Treatment 1 - 45 cm/yr 1982 plots
122 cm/yr 1983 plots
Treatment 2-61 cm/yr 1982 plots
183 cm/yr 1983 plots
Treatment 3 - 106 cm/yr 1982 plots
229 cm/yr 1983 plots
Treatment 4 - 122 cm/yr 1982 plots
297 cm/yr 1983 plots
Treatment 5 - Q cm/yr 1982 plots
and 1983 plots
~0.00
3.00
6.00
9.00 12.00 15.00
NITRITE+NITRRTE (MG-N/ICG)
18.00
21.00
21.00
0_fN
LU _;
I'ouL-lrriijatum, December
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 1 - 122 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 183 cm/yr plots
& Treatment 3 - 229 cm/yr plots
-(- Treatment 4 - 297 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 5 - 0 cm/yr plots
0.00
3.00
6.00
9.00 12.00 15.00
NITRITE/NITRRTE (MG-N/KG)
18.00
21.00
2M.OO
Figure 17. Nitrite plus Nitrate in Soil Beneath Trial 15UOU Cotton plot:.
1983
61
-------
ON
r-o
^^
s
0)
c
0)
0)
o
<*•
s
o
'c
(Q
?
O
^V ^% ^^
300
200
100
^
100
200
300
0 cm 20 cm
r i i
i i
!8 * 9B! *
• J ••
1
•«••<• N Root
gf!!S0Bf N From
41 cm 51 cm 61 cm
i I i I
*
1
i|
: Ifit*
I
M«l
1
.1
1 1
1
1
*
*
*
J
if
i!
69 cm
1 1
I'-
ll
ill
18: 1
if
•i
ii
i
86 cm
1 i
*
ill
n
1!
1
I
1O2 cm
I I
*
i
K! *
S-: *
II
II
i:
i
122
I
i
i
BJ
i
|i
H
cm
"1 L
#
*
*
#
*
*
*
1
:•
Zone Pre-irrigation 1983
Organic N in Root Zone
ied in Effluent
••••••N Removed by Crop
• "•™N Removed by Denitrif ication
••••• N Measured in Profile Post-irrigation
1983
# # ft N Difference between Measured and Predicted
Loading
Figure 18. Nitrogen Mass Balance for Trial 14000 Cotton plots
-------
0 cm
Hydraulic Loading
122 cm 183 cm 229 cm 297 cm
1 1 1 • •
400-
300-
^m^
<200-
O>
^ 100-
0)
•*-
S —
o
£ 100
CO
O)
w,
| 200
OA/V
*
&. *
s * i
3 * :
t 9
8, * 6;
|l * Si
8 i * 3 i
!^l * ils
ill' * *i!
« w * Ssi
5 ill i !§!
ii •§! I m
:i i1
. i1 -i
ii
ij
i
i
i
••••• N Root Zone Pre-
%0BtEt N From Organic N
" ' l t
i
i
i
i
* i
#• i
i
^ i
XK
* fll
* ^i
* ^i
* 1
1 n
1 IS!
II
••
!!
II
"1
1
irrigation
1 1 i i
519 j # 448
5T
*
*
*
* *
* *
* S *
* ^ •*
* § *
#K
^3 W
* ^
8 *
i il i
1 !
i! !
ii ;
"i
1983
in Root Zone
•— — N Applied in Effluent
400
Removed by Crop
Removed by Denitr if icat ion
Measured in Profile Post-irrigation 1983
Difference between Measured and Predicted
Figure 19. Nitrogen Mar,:.; Balance for Trial 1500U Cotton Plots
63
-------
nitrogen was transported below 91 cm in plots receiving 61 cm or more
irrigation. Since the major transport of nutrient into the crop occurs
within the top 61 cm of soil, decreasing quantities of nitrogen present in
the profile below 91 cm are removed from the soil matrix by crop consump-
tion.
Total carbon to total nitrogen ratios within the soil profile were
generally greater than 10. Maximum denitrification of nitrate nitrogen
(NOj-N) has been observed at a C:N ratio between 2 and 3 (Ryden 1981).
Therefore, available carbon may have limited the den itrLfication process
and deep percolation of N0.3-N may have been the major mechanism for
nitrogen removal at depths greater than 91 cm. Mineralization of organic
N present in the profile appeared to be the primary mechanism for accumu-
lation of inorganic nitrogen in the soil at annual hydraulic loadings less
than or equal to 51 cm. The results indicated that in 1983, 51 cm or less
provide sufficient N through irrigation to satisfy the crop nitrogen
requirement without transport of nitrogen below 91 cm. The design hydrau-
lic loading of the Hancock land application system was 66 cm/yr.
Phosphorus—Soil phosphorus concentrations were quite uniform through
out the .entire 183 cm depth (Figures 20 and 21) of Trials 14000 and 15000.
Total residual phosphorus in the soil after the crop harvest did not
appear to be a function of phosphorus mass loading. Inorganic P compris-
ed the major phosphorus form in the soil profile (Table E.30). Due to
the fine textured, alkaline, calcareous soils, calcite-phosphorus inter-
action most likely governed the relation of inorganic phosphorus
within the soil and the phosphorus availability to crops.
Phosphorus mass consumed by the cotton did not equal the quantity ap-
plied through irrigation (Table E.2). The mass of phosphorus available to
the crop appeared to be less in Trial 14000 compared to the quantity of
phosphorus removed by cotton in Trial 15000. Furthermore, the mass bal-
ance Indicated possible leaching of dissolved phosphorus beyond 183 cm in
all treatments of Trial 15000, whereas accumulation of phosphorus within
the upper 91 cm of the soil profile was detected In test plots receiving
phosphorus mass In siding of 75.6 kg-P/ha or less. In Trial 14000, phos-
-------
l-o I
O-usJ
O
o.
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 2 - 0 cm/yr plots
& Treatment 4-20 cm/yr plots
-(- Treatment 6-11 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 8 - 51 cm/yr plots
"0.00
o
CM
8J
Sis j
o
CM_
I I I I I I I I
90.00 180.00 270.00 360.00 HSO.OO 540.00 630.00 720.00
TOTflL PHOSPHORUS (MG-P/KG)
Hydraulic Loadings
O Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 10 - 61 cm/yr plots
• & Treatment 12 - 69 cm/yr plots
-J- Treatment 14 - 86 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 16 - 102 cm/yr plots
OTreatment 18 - 122 cm/yr plots
I I I I I I
"0.00 90.00 180.00 270.00 360.00 USD.00 SUO.OO
TOTflL PHOSPHORUS (MG-P/KG)
I i
630.00 720.00
Figure 20. Total Phosphorus in Soil Beneath Trial 14UUU Cotton Plots, Post-
Irrigation, December 1903
-------
3
ei
8.
0-c5.
UJ •
a"
Pre-Irriyation, Marcn
Hydraulic Loadings
O Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 1 - 45 cra/yr 1982 plots
122 cm/yr 1983 plots
£ Treatment 2-61 cm/yr 19B2 plots
1H3 cm/yr 1983 plots
-f- treatment 3 - 1U6 cm/yr 1982 plots
229 cm/yr 1983 plots
X Treatment 4 - 122 cm/yr 1982 plots
297 cm/yr 1983 plots
O Treatment 5 - 0 cm/yr 19U2 plots
and 19U3 plots
I I I I I I I I
0.00 90.00 180.00 270.00 360.00 450.00 5UO.OO 630.00 770.00
TOTflL PHOSPHORUS (MG-P/KG)
oii t - I r r i«|; i L i ui i. Ucct,iwbi; r
S.
Q_ CM
UJ •
a
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 1-122 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 183 cm/yr plots
£ Treatment 3 - 229 cm/yr plots
-f- Treatment 4 - 297 cm/yr plots
X Treatment r> - U cm/yr plots
180.00 270.00 360.00 MSO.OO 540.00 630.00 720.00
TOTRL PHOSPHORUS (MG-P/KG)
o.OO 90.00
Figure 21. Total Phosphorus in Soil Beneath Trial 'I^UUU Cotton Plots,
-------
phorus uptake by cotton was less than the cited value of 15 kg/ha.yr (EPA
1981; A & L Agricultural Laboratories, Inc. Soil and Plant Analysis Hand-
book) .
Dissolved Solids—Figures E.1 and E.2 show the variation in total
dissolved solids (TDS) through the soil profile in each test plot. In
Trial 14000 the non-irrigated plot exhibited a TDS increase within the
upper 91 cm in 1982 (Figure E.1). As the annual hydraulic loading in-
creased the TDS concentration within the top 61 cm increased to a maximum
of 720 mg/kg (Trial 14000, Treatments 12, 14, and 16; Trial 15000,' Treat-
ment 3). Accumulation of TDS was observed at depths of 152 cm and 183 cm
in Trial 15000, Treatment 4 (297 cm/yr). In general, during the 1983
irrigation season, TDS increased in the upper 122 cm of soil in all irri-
gated cotton test plots. Salts were leached from the top 91 cm of soil in
test plots irrigated with 41 cm/yr and greater (Table E.8). Deeper per-
colation of TDS beyond 183 cm probably occurred at annual hydraulic rates
greater than 41 cm/yr.
Corresponding to the TDS increase in the top 31 cm was an increase in
sodium (Na)(Figures 22 and 23). In Trial 15000 Na accumulated in the top
61 cm in all irrigated plots compared to only the upper 31 cm in the irri-
gated plots in Trial 14000. Soils extracted from Trial 15000, Treatment 4
(297 cm/yr) exhibited the greatest Na accumulation during 1983. Sodium
appeared to have moved through portions of the soil profile of all irri-
gated cotton plots (Table E.14). The ESP changed in the upper 30 cm from
0.90 to a maximum percentage of 6.54 in Trial 14000 test plots (Table
F.3). In the first 30 cm of soil, the ESP values ranged from 5.61 to 9.19
in samples obtained during the fall 1983. In Trial 15000, pre-irr igation
soil samples at a depth of 30 cm had a computed ESP of 1.64 (Treatment 3)
to 6.05 (Treatment 4). The ESP increased within the top 61 cm of soil in
all irrigated plots of Trial 15000. Sodic conditions in the top few cen-
timeters of cotton plots irrigated with 183 cm/yr (ESP = 9.19) and 297 cm
(ESP = 8.09) may have been created by high Na mass loadings.
Similar to potassium (K) consumption, by grain sorghum, cotton re-
moved more K from the solution than nitrogen (Table E.20). A potassium
67
-------
p-i-J
§,
Hydraulic Loadings
D Baseiine (July 19d2)
O Treatment 2 - 0 cm/yr plots
A Treatment A - 20 cm/yr plots
-|- Treatment 6-41 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 8-51 cm/yr plots
0.00
94.50
189.00
283.50 378.00 472.50
SODIUM - Nfl IMGAG)
567.00
661.50
758.00
0<
_J
•—•
e>
Hydraulic Loadings •
3 Baseline (July 19d2)
O Treatment 10 - 61 cm/yr plots
^ Treatment 12 - 69 cm/yr ulots
-}- Treatment 14 - 86 cm/yr plots
X Treatment It, - 1UZ cm/yr plots
^Treatment Id - 122 cm/yr plots
Figure 22.
i i i i i I i i
"0.00 9U.SO 189.00 283.50 378.00 472.50 567.00 661.50 756.00
SODIUM - Nfl (MG/KG)
Sodium in Soil Beneath Trial 14UUO Cotton plots, Post-Irrigation,
December 19U3
68
-------
_
UJ •
Q
O
co „
Pre-Irriqation, March
Hydraulic Loadings
O Treatment 1 - 122 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 1B3 cm/yr plots
& Treatment 3 - 229 cm/yr plots
~p Treatment 4 - 297 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 5 - Q cm/yr plots
0.00
94.50
189.00 283.50 378.00 472.50
SODIUM - NR (MG/KG)
567.00
561.50
756.00
Q. <
Pust-lmgution, December
Hydraulic Lu.idiruju
Q Treatment I - 122 cm/yr plotu
O Treatment 2 - 1U3 cm/yr plots
& Treatment 3 - 22V cm/yr plolu
-|- Treatment ft - 2^7 cm/yr pluts
X Treatment •> - U cm/yr pluts
0.00
94.50
189.00
283. SO 378.00
SODIUM - NR
472.50
567.00
661.50
756.00
Figure 23. Sodium in Soil Beneath Trial 150UU Cotton plots, 19U3
69
-------
mass balance indicated the change in K between the winter 1983 and fall
1983 soil samples could not be accounted for by mass applied through irri-
gation and/or crop uptake. Spacial variability in conjunction with deep
percolation of K contributed to the loss of K from the soil profile.
In general, as annual hydraulic loading increased the chloride con-
centration increased with increasing depth (Figures 24 and 25). In Trial
15000 the average chloride mass accumulated in the soil profile was 1080
kg/ha during the 1983 irrigation season. Assuming 183 cm of soil in Trial
14000 had equivalent chloride retention capacity, transport of chloride
past 183 cm appeared to have occurred in test plots irrigated with 51 cm
or more of effluent per year (Table F..26).
Sulfate (50^) exhibited a similar trend in the upper 122 cm as
hydraulic loading varied from 122 cm/yr to 229 cm/yr (Figure 26). Soil
obtained from the cotton plots receiving 297 cm/yr and the non-irrigated
plots contained virtually the same sulfate concentration to a depth of 122
cm. At a depth of 152 cm, the 50^ began to increase sharply to a level of
668 mg/kg.
Alfalfa
Crop Quality—
Municipal effluent hydraulic loadings to alfalfa test plots ranged
from 23 to 137 cm in 1982 and 137 to 434 cm in 1983. Three freshwater
control plots were established which received 76 to 137 cm in 1982 and 259
to 365 cm in 1983. Alfalfa yields for 1982 and in 1983 are presented in
Table 12. The alfalfa harvest in May 1983 ranged from 2270 kg/ha (zero
irrigation, Treatment 7) to 4340 kg/ha (Treatment 6). No significant dif-
ference (o = 0.05) in May crop production was computed for any of the
effluent irrigated crops. Furthermore, effluent irrigation of alfalfa in
Treatments 3 (259 cm/yr), 4 (305 cm/yr) and 5 (365 cm/yr) did not gen-
erate significantly (a = 0.05) greater quantities of alfalfa in May 1983
than the corresponding freshwater controls receiving similar hydraulic
loadings, i.e., Treatments 12, 11 and 10, respectively. Alfalfa produc-
tion obtained from effluent irrigated plots receiving more than 137 cm/yr
was greatest in 3une 1983 (Figure 27). During the June harvest, the htgh-
70
-------
LU •
0~
Pre-Irrigation, March
8.
°0.00
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 1 - 45 cm/yr 1982 plots
122 cm/yr 19a3 plots
^ Treatment 2-61 cm/yr 1982 plots
1H3 cm/yr 1983 plots
-}- Treatment 3 - 1U6 cm/yr 1982 plots
229 cm/yr 1983 plots
X Treatment 4 - 122 cm/yr 1982 plots
297 cm/yr 1983 plots
(^ Treatment 5 - 0 cm/yr 1982 plots
and 19U3 plots
—*1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
27.50 55.00 82.50 110.00 137.50 165.00 192.50 220.00
CHLORIDES - CL tMG/KG)
Po'jt-lrntjut lun, Uucoiriljer
Hydraulic Loadinya
O treatment 1 - 122 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 183 cm/yr plots
A Treatment 3 - 229 cm/yr plots
-f- Treatment 4 - 297 cm/yr plots
X Treatment i - u cm/yr plots
0.00
27.50
S5.00
82.50 110.00 137.50
CHLORIDES - CL (MG/KG)
165.00
192.50
220.00
Fiaure 24. Chlorides in Soil Beneath Trial 15UOU Cotton plots, 19U3
71
-------
Q_ OD_
Hydraulic Loadings
3 Baseline (July 19«2)
Q Treatment 2 - 0 cm/yr plots
^ Treatment 4 - 20 cm/yr plots
-f- Treatment 6-41 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 8-51 cm/yr plots
.
00
1
27
50
1
55.
00
I
82.50
CHLORIDES
i
110.00
- CL
i
137.50
(MG/KG)
i
165.
00
1
192.
1
50 22
8.
Q_
-------
o
rr
O
o
CM
o
ID
Q_ CM
UJ •'
Q ~"
O
CO
O
CO
o
o
o
o
Hydraulic toadinu,3
Q Treatment 1-122 cm/yr plot
O Treatment 2 - 1U3 cm/yr plot
Treatment 3 - 229 cm/yr plot
-j- Treatment 4 - 297 cm/yr plot
X Treatment 5 - U cm/yr plot
I I I I I
"0.00 83.50 167.00 250.50 334.00 417.50
SULFRTES - SOU (MG/KG)
501.00
I
584.50
668.00
Figure 26. Sulfates in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Cotton plots, Post-Irrigation, December 1903
-------
TABLE 12. ALFALFA YIELD DATA, TRIAL 16000
Annual Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
Treatment 1982 1983 Sept 1982
1 23. 137. Ave.
SD
2 • 46. 198. Ave.
SD
3 76. 259. Ave.
SD
4 107. 305. Ave.
SD
5 137. 365. Ave.
SD
6 137. 434. Ave.
SD
7 0. 0. Ave.
SD
*10 137. 365. Ave.
SD
*11 107. 305. Ave.
SD
*12 76. 259. Ave.
SD
Alfalfa Yield (kg/ha)
May 1983
3520.
418.
3820.
303.
3610.
934.
3730.
939.
3680.
767.
4340.
1409.
2450.
561.
2630.
594.
3500.
354.
2600.
912.
June 1983
3390.
497.
4740.
657.
4620.
411 .
4690.
584.
5800.
943.
5460.
278.
2210.
250.
2700.
354.
2700.
354.
2100.
0.
Aug 1983
2830.
229.
3380.
577.
3550.
502.
3260.
314.
4150.
441 .
3930.
859.
888.
104.
2700.
219.
2240.
502 .
1610.
14.
Sept 1983
2550.
3U2.
3120.
598.
3630
378.
3800.
797.
4530.
583.
4390.
299.
1980.
64.
1820.
220.
2440.
248.
Nov 1983
2580.
176.
2260.
278.
2U9U .
256.
2H80.
527.
2920.
661.
3060 .
317.
1550.
200 .
2120.
247.
2020 .
309.
1320.
212.
* Freshwater control plot
** Standard deviation
-------
o
o
o
o-
C£>
o
o
o
O'
in
O
V
o
_ o
-------
est average yield was produced from Treatment 5 (5800 kg/ha).
In general, Treatments 5 (365 cm/yr) and 6 (434 cm/yr) generated the
highest yields during each cropping period. Statistically, no significant
difference ( a = 0.05) in crop yields were computed between Treatments 5
and 6. Furthermore, crop yield harvested from Treatments 2, 3, and 4 were
not significantly (a= 0.05) different during 1983.
As shown in Figure 27, crop yields collected from effluent irrigated
plots in May, August and September did not differ significantly (a =
0.05). The lowest average yields were obtained in November.
Except for the May 1983 harvest, alfalfa plots receiving effluent
annual hydraulic loadings of 259, 305 and 365 cm produced significantly
(a = 0.05) greater yields than alfalfa test plots irrigated with ground
water at similar hydraulic loadings (Table 12). Greater quantities of
alfalfa were harvested from Treatment 10 (365 cm of ground water/yr) in
September (2705 kg/ha) and November (2125 kg/ha) than yields obtained from
Treatment 12 (259 cm of ground water/yr) during the same cropping per-
iods. Ground water irrigated alfalfa plots produced statistically (a =
0.05) equivalent yields in May, June and September.
Table C.3 presents certain quality characteristics of the alfalfa
crop harvested in September 1982 and 1983. In 1982, the percent protein
contained in crops irrigated with municipal effluent ranged from 24 to 27
compared to 24 to 28 in 1983. The data indicated the crop tissue contain-
ed greater than 42 mg-N/g tissue (26 percent protein) once the wastewater
irrigation equaled or exceeded 137 cm/yr up to 365 cm/yr. Protein in
alfalfa normally ranges from 25 to 31 percent (Monson).
Phosphorus concentrations in the crop tissue were less than normal
levels of 4 to 8 mg-P/g tissue. Crops harvested in September 1982 from
effluent irrigated test plots contained 1.73 (Treatments 3 and 5) to 2.67
(Treatment 6) mg-P/g tissue (Table C.3). A slight increase in TP was
measured in crop tissue in September 1983 and levels ranged from 2.12
(Treatment 2) to 2.84 (Treatment 6) mg-P/g tissue.
Ground water irrigated plots produced alfalfa having 1.85 to 2.08 mg-
P/g in September 1982 and 1.43 to 1.57 mg-P/g in September 1983. Phos-
phorus in non-irrigated alfalfa tissue (1.65 and 1.43 mg-P/g tissue) was
76
-------
less than effluent detected in ground water irrigated tissue. Low levels
of phosphorus present in the crop tissue indicate possible phosphorus
limitation to growth. Tissue nutrient ratios provided in Table C.8 indi-
cate that phosphorus and potassium may have been unavailable to the crop.
Potassium levels in crop tissue harvested from effluent irrigated
plots ranged from 21,900 to 26,000 ppm in September 1982 and 15,000 to
20,500 ppm in September 1983. All tissue potassium concentrations were
below normal levels of 30,000 to 40,000 ppm. Therefore, phosphorus and
potassium probably limited alfalfa growth and development during 1982 and
1983.
Soils—
Nrtrogen--In 1983, total nitrogen uptake by alfalfa irrigated with
137 cm to 434 cm of municipal wastewater effluent per year ranged from 543
to 824 kg-N/ha (Table D.10). Maximum nitrogen removal from the soil solu-
tion- by the crop occurred in test plots irrigated with 434 cm of effluent
in 1983. Crop uptake of nitrogen exceeded normal anticipated values of
225 to 540 kg-N/ha.yr (EPA 1981, A & L Soil and Plant Tissue Analysis
Handbook). The concentration of nitrogen in the plant tissue collected in
September 1982 was approximately the same as levels measured in September
1983. In September 1982, low nitrogen removal from the soil was a result
of the poor yields.
As noted previously, organic nitrogen was the dominate nitrogen form
present in the soil profile. Organic N comprised 99 percent of the TKN.
After the 1982 irrigation season, the concentration of TKN in the upper 61
cm of soil of the irrigated plots was greater than the concentration
measured prior to irrigation (Figure 28). Maximum organic N concen-
trations existed in the second 30 cm from the soil surface. TKN levels
decreased rapidly with increasing depth to 152 cm. In 1983, virtually no
difference was observed in organic N concentration measured in soils col-
lected from ground water irrigated plots, wastewater irrigated plots (>137
cm/yr), and non-irrigated plots (Figure 29). The majority of the organic
N in the upper 61 cm probably consisted of roots and associated biomass.
Analysis of baseline soil samples collected July 1982 indicated
77
-------
§.
s_
SIS
UJ •
O ""
Hydraulic
Baseline
Treatment
Loadings
(July 1982)
1-23 cm/yr
137 cm/yr
2-46 cm/yr
198 cm/yr
3 - 76 cm/yr
259 cm/yr
4 - 107 cm/yr
305 cm/yr
5-137 cm/yr
365 cm/yr
1982 plots
1983 plots
1982 plots
1983 plots
1982 plots
1983 plots
1982 plots
1983 plots
1982 plots
1983 plots
°o.oo
8.
fi
I I 1 1 1 1 1
93.00 J86.00 279.00 372.00 U65.00 SS8.00 651 00
TOT KJELORHL NITRO (MG-N/KG)
Hydraulic Loadings
D Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 6 - 137 cm/yr 19B2 plots
434 cm/yr 1983 plots
£> Treatment 7-0 cm/yr 1982 plots
and 1983 plots
—i
7UU..OO
137 cm Ground Water/yr 1982 plots
plots
plots
plots
:r/yr 1982 plots
Vyr 1983 plots
T/yr 1982
:er/yr 19U3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I
"O.OO 93.00 186.00 279.00 372.00 165.00 558.00 651.00 7MM.OO
TOT KJELOflHL NITRO (MG-N/KG)
Figure 20. Total Kjelckihl Nitrogen in Soil Beneath Trial 160UO Alfalfa plots,
Pre-Irrigation, March 1903
70
-------
0_ CM
ILJ '
O ~"
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 1-137 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 198 cm/yr plots
^ Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plots
-p Treatment 4 - 305 ctn/yr plots
X Treatment 5 - 365 cm/yr plots
0.00
93.00
186.00 279.00 372.00 465.00 558.00 651.00 744.00
TOT IUELDRHL NITRO (MG-N/KG)
a.
sis.
UJ •
a
Hydraulic Loadings
O Treatment 6 - 434 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 7-0 cm/yr plots
& Treatment 10 - 365 cm Ground Hater/yr plots
-f- Treatment 11 - 305 cm Ground Water/yr plots
X Treatment 12 - 259 cm Ground Water/yr plots
0.00
93.00
186.00 279.00 372.00 465.00
TOT IUELORHL NITRO (MG-N/KG)
558.00
651.00
744.00
Figure 29.
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in Soii lieneath Trial 16000 Alfalfa p.lotc
Post-Irrigation, December 1983
79
-------
N03-N lens to exist between 122 cm and 183 cm within the soil profile
(Figure 30). After the 1982 irrigation period, N02 + N03-N exhibited an
increase from approximately 7 mg-N/kg to 19.2 mg-N/kg at 183 cm depth
(Figure 30). Whereas, N02 + NOj-N apparently accumulated in the upper 91
cm of Treatment 3 (76 cm/yr). Nitrate nitrogen was removed from the lower
91 cm of the 183 cm core in test plots receiving an annual hydraulic load-
ing of 137 cm (Treatments 5 and 6)(Figure 30). Soils collected from
ground water irrigated plots (76 cm/yr to 137 cm/yr) also contained very
little N02 + N03-N «1.0 ppm)(Figure 30). In 1983 no differences were
observed between various annual hydraulic loadings or water source and N02
+ N03-N levels in the soil profile (Figure 31). N02 + N03 were quite
uniform throughout the soil profile and generally less than 1 ppm.
A nitrogen mass balance was conducted on each of the Treatments.
Table D.3 provides the initial conditions and assumptions incorporated
into the mass balance. The nitrogen mass balance (Figure 32) indicated
that the alfalfa utilized all the inorganic nitrogen entering or produced
within the 183 cm soil profile. In addition, the crop had to fix nitrogen
to satisfy its nitrogen requirement. Consequently, no nitrogen apparently
was transported beyond 183 cm depth in any alfalfa test plot.
Phosphorus—As alfalfa received larger phosphorus mass loadings,
greater quantities of phosphorus were removed from the soil solution by
the crop (Table E.31). Spacial variability in the phosphorus levels with-
in Treatment 1 accounted for the tremendous increase in total phosphorus
(TP) levels during 1983. In general, TP was fairly uniform throughout the
entire 183 cm soil profile and appeared to decrease during the 1983 grow-
ing season. A portion of the dissolved phosphorus present In the soil
solution may have been leached beyond the 183 cm depth (Table E.3). Phos-
phorus uptake by alfalfa irrigated with effluent was within the normal
range of 22 to 35 kg-P/ha.yr (EPA 1981). Alfalfa Irrigated with ground
water utilized 14.03, 16.70, and 18.61 kg-P/ha.yr compared to 38.53,
44.01, and 51.00 kg-/ha.yr removed by alfalfa Irrigated with municipal
effluent at similar annual hydraulic Loadings of 259, 305 and 365 cm,
respectively. Sorption processes made most of the Inorganic phosphorus
80
-------
Hydraulic Loadings
D Baseline (July 1982)
0
A
+
X
0
Treatment
Treatment
Treatment
Treatment
Treatment
1 - 23
137
2-46
198
3-76
259
m/yr
m/yr
m/yr
m/yr
m/yr
m/yr
4 - 107 cm/yr
305 cm/yr
5-137 cm/yr
365 cm/yr
1932
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
0.00
2. HO
11.80
r
7.20 9.60 12.00
NITRITE+NITRflTE (MO-NAG)
11.40
16.80
19.20
Hydraulic Loadings
O Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 6 - 137 cm/yr 1982 plots
434 cm/yr 1983 pluts
Q Treatment 7-0 cm/yr 1982 plots
and 1983 plots
-f- Treatment 10 - 137 cm Ground Water/yr 1982
365 cm Ground Water/yr 19U3
X Treatment 11 - 107 cm Ground Wnter/yr 1982
305 cm Ground Water/yr 19U3
Treatment 12 - 76 cm Ground llater/yr 1982
259 cm Ground W;itcr/yr 1983
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
0.00
2.40
—i 1 1 1 1—: 1—
4.80 7.20 9.60 12.00 14.40 16.80
NITRITE+NITRfUE (MG-NAG)
19.20
Figure 30. Nitrite plus Nitrate in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Alfalfa plots,
Pre-Irriyation, March 1983
81
-------
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 1-137 cm/yr plot
O Treatment 2 - 198 cm/yr plot
£ Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plot
-\- Treatment 4 - 305 cm/yr plot
X Treatment 5 - 365 cm/yr plot
I I I I I
"O.OO 2.140 14.80 7.20 9.60 12.00
NITRITE-ttUTRflTE (MG-N/KG)
14.140
16.80
19.20
8.
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 6 - a34 cm/yr plot
O Treatment 7 - U cm/yr plot
£j Treatment HI - 36'; cm Ground W.-ilcr/yr plot
-(-Treatment 11 - Jll'j rm Uruunil W;itcr/yr pl»l
X Treatment 12 - 2'" cm CrouiHj W:iti:r/yr plot
SISJ
0.00
2.>40
M.80
7.20 9.60 12.00
NITRITE+NITRRTE (MG-N/KG)
4.MO
16.80
19.20
Figure 31. Nitrite plus Nitrate in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Alfalfa plots,
Post-Irrigation, December 1983
82
-------
137
198
Effluent Watar
259
305
365
434
Well Water
365
305
259
cm/yr
800
600
J 400
w
CD
VA!
^ 200
t.
< —
1 20°
| 400
600
800
V
1
ill
: :
t i
B! '
, ill , si!
I* -\* i
|J l| i j
I IT • • « i
•* ii
i
i
i
i
$1
. ill
1*
1 A
. t
1
1
•
1
: i
i
^
^
,.1 i9i
i"
i i
! i
i
i
«:
&:
8:
Si
Si
«.ai
ilt !
*
• i
:
» v fc 3
• S ^: Si 5;
„ ih . .>! . ,5; n .6: 1
i! S'1 \* i * !*
i i * i * • *
• • * i # i i
i i i - * i *
1 - * 1 * i *
i • * : t ! *
i ! I
• • •
i ;
i
• ••• N Ruot /one Cre- i rr iqat ion 198)
^^K&A N Trun (Iri)iinic N in Knot Zone
— -' — — N Applied in Effluent
• ••••N Remuvec tiy Crop
• •• ^ N Removed hy I5enl t r I f icat ion
^UMiN tv:i:,ur,j.l m Profile Post- i rr iijal ion 198)
Figure 32. Nitrogen Mass Balance for Trial 16000 Alfalfa
-------
unavailable to the crop.
Dissolved Sol ids—During the 1983 irrigation season total dissolved
solids (IDS) accumulated within the soil's profile of alfalfa test
plots irrigated with effluent (Figures E.3 and E.4). Test plots irriga-
ted with ground water exhibited a decrease in IDS primarily in the lower
91 cm of the 183 cm soil core. During 1983 all irrigated test plots
leached IDS below a depth of 183 cm (Table E.9).
The primary cause for the increase in TDS in the soil profile of
Treatments 3, 4, and 5 compared to the relatively small TDS decrease in
Treatments 10, 11, and 12, which received the same hydraulic loadings, was
the higher average level of Na present in the effluent (307 ppm) than
existed in the ground water (105 ppm). The adjusted Na adsorption ratio
(SARacjj)(Table F.1) was 17.8 for the municipal effluent and 6.0 for the
ground-water source; consequently, there was a greater potential for
adsorption of Na in the soil irrigated with effluent. During 1983, Na was
accumulated in the upper 61 cm of soil in each treatment receiving munici-
pal effluent (Figures 33 and 34). Annual effluent loadings from 198 cm to
305 cm produced sodium increases in the soil extending to a depth of 122
cm. Soils collected from alfalfa plots receiving 434 cm of effluent per
year demonstrated an increase in Na concentration at the 61 cm depth in
1983 (Figure 34). Sodium mass balance indicated Na salts were leached
below 183 cm depth (Table E.15). An average of 3238 +_ 558 kg-Na/ha was
accumulated in the upper 183 cm of soil within test plots irrigated with
137 cm to 365 cm of municipal effluent per year.
The upper 61 cm of soil extracted from alfalfa test plots irrigated
with effluent exhibited an increase in ESP from a range of D.9 to 4.6
(February 1983) to 4.0 to 9.6 (December.1983, Table F.4). Fresh water
control plots only experienced a slight increase in ESP (0.9 percent)
within the top 30 cm of soil.
Leaching of salts controlled the ESP within the profile and inhibited
the development of sodic conditions (ESP > 15). Except for alfalfa pro-
duced in Treatment 1 (137 cm/yr), more K was applied to the land in each
treatment than was utilized by the crop (Table E.32). In the effluent
84
-------
a,
UJ
a
Pre-Irrigation, [larch
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 1-137 cm/yr plot
O Treatment 2 - 198 cm/'yr plot
^ Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plot
-|- Treatment 4 - 3U5 cm/yr plot
X Treatment '> - 365 cm/yr plot
0.00
71.00
142.00 213.00 284.00 3SS.OO
SODIUM - NR (MG/KG)
1426.00
1497.00
568.00
§_
l'u:-.t-1 rruj.it nut. Uocci
Hydraulic Luadimja
Q Treatment 1-137 cm/yr ulut
O Iroatment 2 - IVU L'm/yr |)lut
£\ Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plot
-[- Treatment 4 - 3U5 cm/yr plot
X Treatment 5 - J« cm/yr |jl"t
0.00
71.00 1U.2.00 213.00 281.00 355.00
SODIUM - Nfl (MG/KG)
1426.00
u.97.00
568.00
Figure 33. Sodium in Soil Beneath Trial 160UO Alfalfa plots, 19U3
85
-------
s.
Q-Si
UJ •
O ~
Pre-Irrigation, March
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 6 - 434 cm/yr plot
O Treatment 7 - 0 cm/yr plot
A Treatment 10 - 365 cm Ground Water/yr plot
-f-Treatment 11 - 305 cm Ground Water/yr plot
X Treatment 12 - 259 cm Ground Water/yr plot
0.00
71.00
142.00
213.00 284.00 355.00
SODIUM - Nfl (MG/KG)
126.00
497.00
568.00
Q-CM.
UJ •
O
t- Irr ii);it. tun,
Hydraulic Lo;idin,;js
Q Treatment 6 - 434 cm/yr plot
O treatment 7 - 0 cm/yr plot
A treatment 1U - 365 cm Ground Water/yr plut
•| Ircatment 11 - 305 cm Ground Watcr/yr plot
X treatment 12 - 2y> cm Ground Water/yr pint
0.00
71.00
142.00 213.00 284.00 355.00
SODIUM - Nfl (MG/KG)
426.00
497.00
568.00
Figure 34. Sodium in Soil Beneath Trial 16UUO Aifalfa plots, 1903
06
-------
treated plots, maximum K removed by crops (492 kg/ha.yr) was obtained in
Treatment 5 which received 365 cm of irrigation. Crop uptake of K in 1983
was only 251 kg/ha.yr. The K mass applied to the test plots; however, was
307 kg/ha.yr due to the lower average potassium level (19.5 mg/1) in the
ground water.
Chloride ion accumulated in the soil profile from 61 cm to 183 cm/yr
in effluent treated plots receiving 137 to 365 cm/yr (Figures 35 and 36).
An average of 2325 +_ 582 kg Cl/ha was stored in the 183 cm profile.
Increases in chloride levels at the 61 cm and 91 cm depth was detected in
Treatment 6 (431 cm/yr). Chloride accumulation amounted to only 969
kg/ha. Due to the low chloride mass loading to ground-water treated plots
(1968 to 2774 kg/ha), virtually no difference was measured in Cl levels in
the soil profile within these plots.
Common Bermuda Grass
The bermuda grass harvested in 1982 was affected by the severe weath-
er conditions which existed in May and June 1982 (approximately 38 cm of
prec.ipitaiton and hail damage). During 1982 and 1983, effluent irrigated
bermuda plots produced more crop mass than the non-irrigated plot
(Table 13). Furthermore, in September 1983 the yield obtained from each
irrigated plot exceeded the yield harvested the previous September. The
increased crop production was probably a function of increased irrigation
and climatic conditions. During Oune and September, 1983, the highest
bermuda yield (9368 +_ 2327 kg/ha) was collected from the lowest annual
effluent hydraulic loading of 152 cm. As the quantity of applied effluent
per year increased above 152 cm in 1983, no statistically significant (a r
0.05) differences could be computed between corresponding crop yields.
Chemical analysis of the crop tissue harvested in September 1982 and
1983 is presented in Table C-4. Less nitrogen existed in the irrigated
crop tissue in September 1983 (9.67 to 13.1 mg-N/g tissue) than in tissue
collected in September 1982 (17.2 to 20.6 mg-N/g). In 1983, tissue col-
lected from Treatments 11 (11.95 mg-N/g), 2 (12.03 mg-N/g), 4 (11.76
mg-N/g), 5 (9.67 mg-N/q), and 6 (10.20 mq-N/g) contained less nitrogen
than bermuda tissue obtained from the non-irrigated plot (13.09 mg-N/g).
07
-------
t— o
Q-S.
UJ •
• Hydraulic Loadings
Q Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 1 - 23 cm/yr 1982
137 cm/yr 1983
A Treatment 2-46 cm/yr 19U2
198 cm/yr 1983
-f- Treatment 3-76 cm/yr 1982
259 cm/yr 1983
X Treatment 4 - 107 cm/yr 1982
305 rm/yr 1983
A Treatment 5 - 137 cm/yr 1982
365 cm/yr 1983
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
plots
°o.do
40.00
80.00
120.00 160.00 200.00
CHLORIDES - CL (MG/KG)
2<40.00
280.00
320.00
SJ
X
I
•—o
Q-rg.
UJ •
^*+ ^
§
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 6 - 137 cm/yr 19U2 plots
434 cm/yr 1983 plots
£ Treatment 7-0 cm/yr 1982 plots
and 1983 plots
-j- Treatment 10 - 137 cm Ground Water/yr 1982 plots
365 cm Ground Water/yr 1983 plots
X Treatment 11 - 107 cm Ground Water/yr 1982 plots
305 cm Ground Water/yr 19U3 plots
<0> Treatment 12 - 76 cm Ground Water/yr 1982 plots
259 cm Ground Water/yr 19B3 plots
0.00
40.00
80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00 2UO.OO 280.00
CHLORIDES - CL (MG/KG)
320.00
Figure 35. Chlorides in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Alfalfa plots, Pre-lrriijation
March 19U3
88
-------
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 1-137 cm/yr plot
O Treatment 2 - 198 cm/yr plot
Q Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plot
-j- Treatment 4 - 305 cm/yr plot
X Treatment 5 - 365 cm/yr plot
O.OO
40.00
80.00
i r
120.00 160.00 200.00
CHLORIDES - CL (MG/KG)
240.00
280.00
320.00
UJ
a
Hydraulic LuudlD.]:;
Q Treatmcnt-6 - 43& Lin/yr plot
O Treatment 7 -. U cm/yr plot
^ Treatment ID - 365 cm Ground Water/yr plut
-[-Treatment 11 - 3U5 cm Ground Water/yr plot
X treatment 12 - 2'j'l cm Ground Water/yr pint
I | I 1 1
"O.OO 40.00 80.00 120.00 160.00 200.00
CHLORIDES - CL (PIG/KG) .
240.00
280.00
320.00
Figure 36. Chlorides in Go. Li Beneath Trial 16UUO Alfalfa plot
Irrigation, December 1983
Post-
89
-------
TABLE 13. BERMUDA YIELDS OBTAINED FROM TEST PLOTS IN TRIAL 16000
Annual Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
Treatment 1982 1983
1 38. 152. Ave.
S.D.
2 46. 198. Ave.
S.D.
3 76. 259. Ave.
S.D.
4 91. 305. Ave.
S.D.
5 122. 350. Ave.
S.D.
6 152. 396. Ave.
S.D.
7 0. 0. Ave.
S.D.
Bermuda Crop Yields
(kg/ha)
September 1982
*(1) 3970.
972.
*(1) 4970.
1290.
*(D 3520.
*(1) 4490.
*(1) 5490.
*(1) 4300.
*(1) 2300.
June
*(2)
*(2)
*(2)
*(2)
*(2)
*(2)
*(2)
1983
5110.
2330.
4140.
1220.
4650.
424.
4520.
1308.
3880.
247.
4650.
212.
3350.
283.
September
*(4)
*(4)
*(4)
*(4)
*(4)
*(4)
*(4)
1983
9370.
8170.
6450.
1070.
7260.
563.
6470.
951.
7090.
1350.
2930.
841 .
Ave = Average
S.D. = Standard Deviation
* = Number Sampled
-------
Higher nitrogen levels were present in tissue samples harvested from
wastewater irrigated plots compared to the nitrogen concentration in non-
irrigated bermuda in September 1982. Nitrogen levels measured within the
bermuda were all below normal levels of 25.0 to 35.0 mg-N/g tissue (Monsori
1978). With the shallow root system of bermuda, increased irrigation may
have leached nitrogen past the root zone; thereby, limiting the quan-
tity of nitrogen available to the crop.
Similarly, the availability of phosphorus to the crop may have been
limited. Average phosphorus levels in crop tissue obtained from' effluent
irrigated plots were 1.89 -fO.78 mg-P/g tissue in 1982 and 1.46 H- 0.15
mg-P/g in 1983. Non-irrigated bermuda contained 0.60 mg-P/g and 0.77 mg-
P/g in 1982 and 1983, respectively. Phosphorus content of every bermuda
sample was below the normal concentration ranges of 3 to 4 mg-P/g.
In addition, available zinc deficiencies in the soil may have inhib-
ited growth of the bermuda. This zinc deficiency was reflected in the
lower zinc concentrations in the tissue samples (14.2 to 17.9 mg/kg).
Normal zinc levels in coastal bermuda are 25 to 40 mg/kg (Monson 1978).
The alkaline, calcareous soils existing in the test plot most likely in-
creased the occurrence of zinc deficiencies.
Nutrients such as potassium, iron, manganese, and calcium in crop
tissue produced with effluent irrigation were at higher levels in 1982
than 1983 (Table C.4). In 1983 harvested bermuda from effluent irrigated
plots contained K (15,850. +_ 1773 mg/kg) and Fe (134. + 25 mg/kg) at
levels less than normal ranges (K: 20,000 to 30,000 ppm and Fe: 200 to 400
ppm). The nutrient deficiencies may have resulted from the heavy flood
irrigation of the bermuda.
Periodic saturation of the soil within the upper 30 cm of the profile
during irrigation events may have created anaerobic conditions which could
have caused reduction of iron from an oxidation state of III to II and
similarly, manganese (Mn) could have been reduced from Mn(IV) to Mn(II).
Both ions in their respective reduced oxidation states are quite soluble.
With the shallow root system of bermuda, Fe(II), Mn(II), inorganic N and
inorganic P may not have been available to the crop due to transport of
these constituents past the root zone 'by percolate water.
91
-------
Soils—
Nitrogen—Organic nitrogen was the major nitrogen form present in the
soil profile of the bermuda plots (Table D.11. Less than one percent of
the total N present in the 183 cm soil profile in February and December
1983 was NHj-N or NQ-2 + N03-N. Primarily, the organic-N concentration
existed in the upper 61 cm of soil. Accumulation of nitrate salts within
the soils profile of Treatments 7 and baseline soil cores appeared to have
existed at depths between 122 and 183 cm (Figure 37). Due to severe
weather conditions, less effluent was applied to the test plots in 1982
than 1983. In 1982, increases in N02 + NO^-N concentrations occurred at
the 61 cm and 91 cm soil depth within Treatments 3 (76 cm/yr) , 4 (91
cm/yr), and 5 (122 cm/yr) (Figure 37). Soils collected from test plots
irrigated with 152 cm of effluent in 1982 did not accumulate N0£ + NOj-N.
In December 1983, a very uniform NQ.2 + NO^-N profile existed within all
effluent irrigated plots (Figure 38).
A nitrogen mass balance was conducted on each test plot. Initial
conditions for the solution of equation 3 are provided in Table D.4. The
quantity of nitrogen removed from the soil-water matrix by bermuda is pre-
sented in Table D.12. These nitrogen uptake rates are below cited rates
of 400 to 675 kg/ha.yr for coastal bermuda grass (EPA, 1981). Based on
the assumptions made in the computation of the nitrogen mass balance, the
predicted inorganic nitrogen mass within the 183 cm soil profile of each
test plot exceeded actual measured mass levels (Figure 39). The low
inorganic nitrogen concentrations (<1 ppm) throughout the entire 183 cm
soil profile in each test plot and the results of the mass balance indi-
cate deep percolation of inorganic nitrogen was an important mechanism for
removal of nitrogen from the 183 cm soil core in all treatments. The
shallow root system of the bermuda crop limited the crops ability to ex-
tract nitrogen and other nutrients being transported through the soil pro-
file below the root zone. The mass balance mode adequately defines the
dominate mechanisms governing the transformation and removal nitrogen
within the non-irrigated plot (Treatment 7).
Phosphorus--As previously indicated, the bermuda may have suffered
92
-------
iydraulic Loadings
3 Uaoelinc (July IVU2)
O Treatment I - 3d cm/yr \9ti2 plots
1t>2 cm/yr 1963 pluU
Treutment 2 - id cm/yr 1VU2 plots
198 cm/yr 19U3 plotu
Treatment 3-76 cm/yr 1982 plots
2W ca./yr 1VB3 pluts
X Treatment 4 - '.M cni/yc Wb2 pluty
cm/yr WB3 yluts
0.00
. 6.64
NITRITE-WITRRTE
8.30
(MG-N/KG)
11.62
13.28
Hydraulic Luudimi-j
D Baseline (July 19U2)
O Treatment 'j - 122 cm/yr 1VU2 plota
35U cm/yr 1^83 plots
A Treatment 6-152 cm/yr 19U2 plots
JV6 cin/yr I9U3 plotu
-(- Treutment 7 - u cm/yr 1VU2 pluts
.'"id 1VUJ iiluta
I 1 \ 1 i
0.00 1.66 3.32 4.98 6.6M 8.30
NITRITE+NITRflTE (MG-N/KG)
9.96
—I
11.62
—I
13.28
Figure 37. Nitrite plucj Nitrate in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Bermuda plots,
Pre-Irrigation, March 1903
93
-------
Q_ CM
UJ •
~
Hydraulic- Loadings
Q Treatment 1-152 cm/yr plots
Q Treatment 2 - 198 cm/yr plots
£, Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plots
-|- Treatment & - 3U5 cm/yr plats
0.00
1.66
3.32
4.98 6.64 8.30
NITRITE+NJTRflTE (MG-N/KG)
9.96
11.62
13.28
Q_ CJ
a-
S-l
Hydraulic LuuiJinij'j
Q IreutniL-nl i - I'M L-in/yr plutu
O Treatment u - J'lo cm/yr pluts
A Tl-e.-itllient 7 - U cm/yr pints
0.00
1.66
3.32
4.98 6.64 8.30
NITRITE+NITRHTE (MG-N/KGJ
9.96
11.62
13.28
Figure 38. Nitrite pluu Nitrute in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Bermuda, Post-
Irrigation, December 19U3
-------
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••••• N Root Zone Pre-irr igat ion 1983
M9( N From Organic N in Root Zone
. . . , . . .
• i^iN Removed by
• ™™N Removed by
•••• N Measured in
# * # N Difference
Effluent
Crop
Denitr ificat ion
§
Profile Post-irrigat
between Measured and
ion 198?
Predict ed
Figure 39. Nitrogen Mass Balance for Trial 160GO Bermuda Grass Plots
-------
from phosphorus deficiency. Table E.33 presents the quantity of phos-
phorus removed by harvested bermuda. An average of 18.4 •+ 1.1 kg-P/ha.yr
was removed from the test plots by means of cropping the bermuda. This
crop uptake rate was below normal ranges of 35 to 45 kg-P/ha.yr (EPA,
1981). Phosphorus utilized by the crop was not a function of phosphorus
mass loading and was only 6 to 17 percent of the applied phosphorus mass
(Table E.4). The amount unaccounted for phosphorus mass implies that dis-
solved phosphorus was possibly leached past the 183 cm soil profile within
each plot. Dissolved phosphorus, which is available to the crop, however,
comprises only a small portion of the total phosphorus. Flood irrigation
and subsequent leaching of nutrients past the shallow root zone of bermuda
probably limited the availability of macro and micro nutrients to the
crop.
Dissolved Sol ids—Dissolved solids were leached through the soil
profile within all treated bermuda plots (Table E.10). Greater than 80
percent of the TDS mass applied^through irrigation was transported through
183 cm of so.il. The non-irrigated control plot contained approximately
the same TDS mass in February (10,400 kg/ha) and December (10,700 kg/ha)
1983. Increasing TDS concentrations within soil depth were measured as TDS
mass loadings increased (Figure E.5) up to 37,500 kg TDS/ha.yr (Treat-
ment 4). With higher mass loadings a larger fraction of the applied TDS
mass was leached through the soil. Associated with the deep percolation
of salts was the leaching of Ma ion. From 67 to 94 percent of the Na
applied through effluent irrigation was leached through 183 cm of soil.
During the 1983 irrigation season, Na primarily accumulated within
the top 61 cm of all irrigated plots (Figures 40 and 41). In Treatment 5,
the Na lense was translocated from the 91 cm depth to the 152 cm soil
depth. Table F.5 presents the exchangeable Na percentage (ESP) as com-
puted from a calculated cation exchange capacity for each soil depth. The
increase in Na within the upper 61 cm of soil resulted in an increase in
the ESP. Prior to irrigation in 1983, the ESP on the top 30 cm of soil
ranged from 1.8 (Treatment 1) to 6.2 (Treatment 6). This rise in Na
levels was a result of limited effluent irrigation in 1982; high Na mass
96
-------
0_ (N
UJ •
~
o
to ,
Pre-Imyatian, March
Hydraulic Loadings
3 treatment 1-152 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 19B cm/yr plots
£± Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr picas
-|- Treatment i - 3U5 cm/yr plots
T 1 I I I
78.00 156.00 23U.OO 3)2.00 390.00
SODIUM - Nfl (MG/KG)
H68.00
SM6.00
62^.00
L ujn. Ucccniber
Hydruulic Lo.'idiniju
Q Treatment 1 - 1b2 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - WH cm/yr plots
^•Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plots
-|— Treatment A - 305 cm/yr plots
0.00
78.00
J56.00 23M.OO 312.00 390.00
SODIUM - Nfi (MG/KG)
use.oo
546.00
~~\
62U.OO
Figure 40. Sodium in Soil Beneath Trial 16UOQ Bermuda, 1983
97
-------
0_ (M.
UJ •
O —
Pre-lrnyation, Marcn
Hydraulic Loadings
G treatment 5 - 350 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 6 - 396 cm/yr plots
^ Treatment 7 - 0 cm/yr plots
i I I I I I I
"0.00 78.00 156.00 234.00 312.00 390.00 468.00 546.00
SODIUM - Nfi (MG/KG)
624.00
0_ oj
UJ _;"
:;L-lrf i i-it HJH,
Hydraulic Luiidifttju
Q Ireatment 5 - 3'^U cm/yr plotu
O Treatment 6 - 3l>6 cm/yr plutu
^ Treatment 7 - 0 cm/yr plots
0.00 78.00 156.00 23M.OO 312.00 390.00
SODIUM - Nfl (MG/KG)
468.00
546.00
624.00
Figure 41. Sodium in Soil Beneath Trial 16UUU Bermuda plots, 1903
98
-------
loadings; and high crop evapotranspication. After the 1983 growing sea-
son, the ESP values varied from 4.9 (Treatment 5) to 7.6 (Treatment 2). In
addition, the ESP values also increased at the 61 cm depth in Treatments 2
through 6. High concentration of available Ca (11,200 to 14,000 ppm) at
depths of 91 cm to 183 cm resulted in lower ESP values at these so.il
depths. Leaching of Na through the soil profile and the amount of avail-
able Ca (0.2 to 1.4 percent) prevented creation of alkali soil (ESP 2. 15)
within the upper 61 cm.
Accumulation of potassium within the soil profile was detected in
Treatment 1 (Figure 42) and at the 61 cm depth in Treatment 6 (Figure 43).
Potassium levels either decreased (Treatments 3 and 4)(Figure 42) or
remained relatively constant (Treatments 2 and 5). A potassium mass bal-
ance (Table E.22) showed more K applied to the plots than consumed by the
crop. Spacial variability in soil potassium levels was reflected In the
computed accumulation of K mass of 11,400 kg/ha in Treatment 1 when only
296 kg/ha.yr was applied and 220 kg/ha.yr was removed by crop harvesting.
In general, K appeared to be leached past the 183 depth cm within the
majority of effluent treated test plots.
As anticipated, chloride and sulfate anions were transported through
the 183 cm soil profile in 1983 (Tables E.28 and E.29). From 44 (Treat-
ment 1) to 96 (Treatment 2) percent of the applied chloride mass was
apparently removed by deep percolation. Greater than 80 percent of the
applied sulfate ion mass was leached past a soil depth of 83 cm. Soil
chloride ion concentrations increased within the soil profile within all
effluent irrigated plots (Figures 44 and 45). Sulfate ion lens existing
at the 152 cm soil depth in Treatments 1 and 2 were apparently leached
from the 183 cm soil core and sulfate accumulation was detected within the
upper 91 cm of these Treatments (Figure 46). An increase in sulfate con-
centrations was measured in the soil at the 61 and 91 cm depth in samples
collected from all treated plots after the 1983 irrigation season.
Hydraulic Loading Study Summary
Yield data obtained from the grain sorghum (milo) test area indicate
milo yield increased as waste water application rate increased up to 3
99
-------
Pre-Irrigation, March
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 1-152 cm/yt plots
O Treatment 2 - 198 cm/yr plots
Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plots
TreuLment ^ - Jl)5 u.-ti/yr plots
0.00
66.30
132.60
198.90 265.20 331.50
POTRSSIUM (MG/KG) »10'
397.80
M64.10
530.40
8.
0. r
UJ
Q
O
I'ust-Irriqation, December
Hydraulic Loadings
O Treatment T - 152 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 198 cm/yr plots
A Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plots
-(- Treatment 4 - 3U5 cm/yr plots
- 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 -- 1
"0.00 R6.30 132.60 198.90 265.20 331.50 397.80
POTRSSIUM (MG/KG) -10'
Figure 42. Potassium In Soil Beneath Trial 16UUU Uermuda,
1
H6M. 10
1
530.40
100
-------
Q_ 1
UJ
a
Pre-Irriqation, March
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 5 - 350 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 6 - 396 cm/y'r plots
^ Treatment 7 - 0 cm/yr plots
0.00
66.30
132.60
198.90 265.20 331.50
POTflSSIUM (MG/KG) »10'
397.80
H6H.10
530.UO
Q_ <
UJ
O
O
t lun, December
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 5 - 350 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 6 - 396 cm/yr plots
£^ Treatment 7 - 0 cm/yr plots
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
"0.00 66.30 132.60 198.90 265.20 331.50 397.80 M64. 10 530.MO
POTflSSIUM (MG/KG) »10'
Figure 43. Potassium in Soil Beneath Trial 160UO Bermuda plots, 1983
101
-------
o_ K
s
£3
to.
Pre-Irrigaticn, Marcn
Hydraulic Loadings
O Treatment 1-152 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 198 cm/yr plots
A Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plots
-j- Treatment 4 - 305 cm/yr plots
_ I 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.00 60.00 J20.00 180.00 240.00 300.00 360.00 420 00
CHLORIDES - CL (NG/KG)
480.00
a_
I'uut-Irriijijtiun, December
Hydraulic Loadings
O Treatment 1 - 1i2 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 19B cm/yr plots
A Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plots
-[- Treatment 4 - 305 cm/yr plots
1 r 1 1 1 1 \ 1
°0 00 60.00 120.00 180.00 240.00 300.00 3GO.CO 420.00 480.00
CHLORIDES - CL (MG/KG)
Figure 44. Chlorides in Soil Beneath Trial 16UUU Bermuda plots, 19U3
102
-------
Pre-Irrigation, Hurcn
, Hydraulic Loadings
O Treatment 5 - 350 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 6 - 396 cm/yr plots
£j Treatment 7 - 0 cm/yr plots
a. oo
GO. 00
120.00
180.00 240.00 300.00
CHLORIDES - CL (MG/KG)
360.00
420.00
480.00
o_
I'uut-lrri jution, December
Hydraulic Loadings
D Treatment 5 - 350 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 6 - 396 cm/yr plots
A Treatment 7 - 0 cm/yr plots
0.00
60.00 120.00 180.00 240.00 JOO.UO
CHLORIDES - CL (MG/KG)
360.00
420.00
480.00
Figure 45. Chlorides in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Bermuda plots, 19U3
103
-------
o
OJ.
Q-
UJ
a
Pre-Irrigation, Marcn
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 1 - 152 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 198 cm/yr plots
£ Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plots
-|- Treatment it - 305 cm/yr plots
0.00
32.00
6H.CO
96.00 128.00 160.00
SULFPTES - 504 (MG/KG)
192.00
224.OC
256.00
o_
0. (M
I'out-Irrnption, Uoccinhor
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 1-152 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 198 cm/yr plots
^ Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plotu
-j- Trujtment
-------
m/yr. High soil moisture in 1982, due to heavy precipitation, produced
greater milo yield in the dryland plots than were obtained in the same
plots In 1983. Furthermore, in 1982, the milo reduced nutrients and
thereby soil fertility to a level which decreased the yield in 1983.
A possible phosphorus deficiency was measured in the seed which may
have limited crop yield.. Leaching of inorganic nitrogen and sodium salts
through 183 cm of the soil profile was computed in test plots irrigated
with 137 cm/yr or greater. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the
soil was less than 7 and limited by deep percolation of sodium.
In 1983, maximum cotton lint yield was produced in plots irrigated
with 122 to 297 cm/yr. Excessive top vegetation growth was not observed
during the growth season. This may have resulted from decreases in nitro-
gen availability within the soil profile as the amount of irrigation in-
creased .
The highest nitrogen level in cotton seed tissue was detected in
cotton having 51 cm of effluent irrigation in 1983. Leaching of inorganic
nitrogen past a soil depth of 91 cm appeared to have occurred as annual
hydraulic loadings of 61 cm or greater within the cotton test plots.
Annual hydraulic loading rates greater than 122 cm limited accumulation of
salts within 183 cm of the soil profile. In the fall of 1983, the ESP
values within the top 30 cm of soil collected from cotton test plots irri-
gated with 183 cm and 297 cm were 9.2 and 8.1, respectively, and may have
developed sodic conditions.
Alfalfa produced by wastewater irrigation consistently had greater
yields than dryland and freshwater controls. During 1982, alfalfa was
harvested only once due to severe climatic conditions. Crop production
may have been limited by available phosphorus and potassium in the soil
solution. Nitrogen mass balances indicated that all nitrogen mass applied
to the alfalfa plots was consumed and nitrogen fixation was a source of
inorganic nitrogen for the crop. At hydraulic loading rates greater than
137 cm/yr, all test plots leached dissolved solids through the 183 cm soil
profile. ESP levels were less than 10 within the upper 61 cm of soil and
appeared to be increasing with sodium mass loading. Sodic conditions may
have existed within the upper 30 cm of the plots irrigated with 434 cm/yr.
105
-------
High water consumption of alfalfa caused accumulations of sodium within
the upper 1.8 m of the soil profile at scheduled hydraulic loadings of
137, 198, and 259 cm/yr.
Highest bermuda yields were obtained from the lowest Irrigated plot
(152 cm/yr). Nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc deficiencies probably limited
crop production. Annual hydraulic loading rates of 152 cm or greater
leached macro and micro nutrients reducing the availability to the crop of
these essential elements. Dissolved solids were transported through 183
cm of soil in all bermuda test plots irrigated with 152 cm/yr or greater.
Nitrite/nitrate-nitrogen lens were measured beneath the entire research
area. N02 + N03 levels decreased with depth as hydraulic loadings
increased. Leaching, crop utilization and den itr i f icat ion were primary
factors which caused the reduction in N0.2 + NO}.
HYDRAULIC APPLICATION FREQUENCY STUDY.
Trial 17000
The effluent from SeWRP contained approximately 1200 mg/1 total dis-
solved solids (TDS). During the 1982 irrigation season from 12 to 26 cm
of effluent and approximately 70 cm of precipitation were applied to the
Hancock farm. Total water (including precipitation) applied to the farm in
1933 ranged from approximately 64 to 96 cm. Evapotranspiration (ET) rates
are normally greater than 1.22 m/yr (Ramsey and Sweazy 1985). Since ET
values are greater than application rates, accumulation of salts in the
soil profile will probably occur and eventually may create serious prob-
lems with crop production. Several methods have been successfully used to
control salts accumulation within the soil root zone (EPA 1978; EPA 1979).
Two operation parameters which may aid in the management of salts are the
hydraulic loading rate and the frequency of application. The quantity of
water applied at any period of time must be controlled to prevent leaching
of salts into ground-water sources.
Due to various operational problems, work on Trial 17000 was conduct-
ed only during 1982. Even with the limited data base, sufficient informa-
106
-------
lion was obtained to enable the researcher to develop scenarios as to the
effect of hydraulic loading rate and application frequency on crop produc-
tion and accumulation of salts in soil. Frequency of irrigation and
quantity of water applied each irrigation period was presented in Section
4 and in Table 4.
Crop Quant ity—
Table 14 presents the quantity of grain sorghum (milo) harvested in
1982. As previously stated, severe weather during May and June ruined the
initial crop and the crop was replanted in 3uly. Due to the late planting
of grain sorghum, very little grain production developed. Consequently,
whole plant biomass Is presented as crop production.
Data presented in Figure 47 shows little difference in milo yield
produced by applying effluent at frequencies of one application per week
and one application per two weeks. A definite increase in crop yields
occurred when irrigation frequencies of one application per four weeks and
eight weeks were used. Grain sorghum plots treated with 61 cm./yr and 122
cm/yr wastewater at a frequency of one application per eight, weeks pro-
duced significantly (a = 0.10) greater yields than grain sorghum treatment
test plots (Table 14). No significant differences in yield were computed
between the 61 cm and 122 cm/yr hydraulic loadings at both the 1 appli-
cation/4 wk and 1 application/8 week.
Figure 48 shows almost the exact opposite trend with the soybean
yields. The highest yield was produced with the more frequent irrigation
(Table 15). Soybean yields obtained with 30 cm/yr, and 61 cm/yr at the 1
application/wk were significantly (a = 0.10) greater than yield produced
at hydraulic loadings of 122 cm/yr at both the 1 application/4 wk and 8 wk
frequencies (Table 15). Furthermore, yield obtained from the test plots
irrigated with 61 cm/yr, frequency of 1 application/8 wk was significantly
less than the plot irrigated with 30 cm/yr at a frequency of 1 applica-
tion/wk. However, the soybeans may not have been able to tolerate the
longer absences of water and the yields dropped as hydraulic application
frequency decreased. In comparison, grain sorghum roots were able to
develop to obtain water from greater depths and were more efficient in
107
-------
TABLE 14. GRAIN SORGHUM BIOMASS PRODUCTION IN TRIAL 17000 - 1982
o
CO
Treatment
1
6
5
10
3
9
4
7
11
8
12
Annual Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
30.
61.
61.
122.
30.
122.
30.
61.
122.
61.
122.
Application
Frequency
Interval (wk)
1
2
1
2
4
1
8
4
4
8
8
Yield
(kg/ha)
Average
8270.
8530.
8720.
9150.
9270.
9830.
9930.
10,900.
11,400.
11,900.
12,300.
SD
530.
1500.
1210.
1800.
3180.
2720.
2300.
3110.
3040.
1260.
5160.
tSignif icantly
Different
(a = 0.10)
*
*
* *
* X-
-X- * X-
* * * X-
* * * *
* X- X- *
* * *
* *
*
"("Treatments with connecting * are not significantly different statistically
-------
0§
08
~- o
™.
a -
UJ
LU
to
=>d
5s-
a: ~
o
en
Zo
Auplicticion Trequency
O - ' Application/wk
O - ' Application/2 wks
A - ' Application/4 wks
+ - 1 -\u;jlicatiun. d v/ks
0.00
I
20.00
UO.OO
60.00 80.00 100.00
HTDRflULJC LORDING (CM)
J20.00
mo. oo
160.00
Figure 47.
8
§-,
Milo Whole Plant Yield vs Hydraulic Loading - Trial 17000
58
i.
0-
a
UJO
uj a
10
•
5
CD
Application Frequency
D1 Application/wk
O t Application/2 wks
A 1 Application/4 wks
1 Application/8 wks
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00 80.00 100.00
HYDRflULIC LORDING (CM)
120.00
110.00
160.00
Figure 48. Soybean Seed Yield vs Hydraulic Loading - Trial 17000
109
-------
TABLE 15. SOYBEAN SEED PRODUCTION IN TRIAL 17000 - 1982
Treatment
11
12
8
10
9
4
2
3
6
7
5
1
Annual Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
122.
122.
61.
122.
122.
30.
30.
30.
61.
61.
61.
30.
Application
Frequency
Interval (wk)
4
8
8
2
-1
8
2
4
2
4
1
1
Yield
(kg/ha)
Average
902.
907.
937.
1020.
1040.
1040.
1100.
1100.
1110.
1120.
1150.
1170.
SO
134.
264.
150.
311. *
282. *
344. *
358. *
362. *
241. *
234. *
364. *
274. *
t Sign if icantly
Different
(a = 0.10)
*
*
# *
* *
* *
X- *
* *
* *
* *
* *
*
t Treatments with connecting * are not significantly different statistically
-------
water use; therefore the crop did better overall when irrigation was less
frequent.
Soil moisture data for grain sorghum and soybeans test plots (Figures
G.1 through G.4) reinforce the difference In root systems. Compared to
soybean plots, the graphs indicate less moisture beneath the sorghum at
soil depths of 122, 152, and 183 cm. These soil moisture differences pos-
sibly were due to (1) the more -extensive grain sorghum root system and (2)
the growing season for soybeans ends with a complete shutdown of the plant
while the milo plants stay green and continue to extract moisture from the
soil until frost kills the crop. In addition, more moisture was retained
in the upper 30 cm of grain sorghum plots than soybean test plots irri-
gated with similar hydraulic loadings at 1 application per two-week, four-
week, and eight-week frequencies. This moisture difference may have re-
sulted from a mulching effect from milo crop residues, whereas soybeans
have an almost bare ground evaporation rate. This phenomenon involved
natural winter precipitation, not irrigation.
Crop Quality—
Soybeans--Table C.6 presents chemical characteristics of soybean
stalk and seed tissue. Soybeans harvested from plots irrigated with 30
cm/yr at irrigation frequencies of once per week or once every two weeks
contain approximately 80 mg-N/g tissue compared to 98.5 to 110.6 mg-N/g in
seed tissue obtained from all other treated plots. TKN levels within the
stalk tissue, however, were less in the plots irrigated with 30 cm/yr than
plots watered with 61 or 122 cm/yr. TKN levels in the seed tissue ob-
tained from every test plot exceeded normal levels of 30 to 45 mg-N/g tis-
sue (Monson 1978) .
Furthermore, phosphorus levels (4.36 to 6.77 mg-P/g) in the seed were
greater than reported concentrations of 2.5 to 4.5 mg-P/g tissue at in id to
full bloom. Soybeans irrigated with 30 cm/yr contained higher concentra-
tions of P in the seed (6.18 to 6.77 mq P/q)(122 cm/yr) than soybean crops
irrigated with 61 or 122 cm/yr. Increased hydraulic loading above 30
cm/yr may have transported dissolved phosphate phosphorus beyond the most
active portion of the root zone for extracting nutrients and moisture
111
-------
(i.e., approximately 70 percent extraction of moisture in the top 50 per-
cent of the root zone).
Similarly, iron concentrations in the stalk tissue were higher in the
plants harvested from the 30 cm/yr treatment plots than the remaining test
plots (Table C.6). Anaerobic conditions created by application of larger
quantities of effluent each irrigation period may have caused reduction of
ferric iron to more soluble ferrous iron and transport of iron past the
shallow root zone. Likewise, reduction of manganese (Mn) to a more solu-
ble form and transport beyond the crop root zone may have caused the lower
levels of Mn in the stalk tissue as hydraulic loadings increased.
Soybean sodium concentration (Figure 49) increased as hydraulic load-
ings increased at one-week application frequency. At a frequency of 1
application/2 wk, 30 and 61 cm/yr loadings have approximately equal Na
concentrations within the stalk. Due to greater mass loadings of sodium,
higher Na levels were measured in soybeans irrigated with 122 cm/yr at one
application per two weeks. When the application frequency was delayed to
one application per four weeks, the quantity of water applied at the 122
cm/yr loading was sufficient to leach Na from the plant root zone. Appar-
ently the extreme drying conditions encountered with an eight week appli-
cation frequency inhibited leaching in all test plots except the 122 cm/yr
loading. At the 30 and 61 cm/yr loadings, Na concentrations remained high
since the applied water was retained and used within the root zone. Figure
49 shows the same trends in Na concentration within the seed.
Grain Sorghum—
Table C.5 presents certain quality characteristics of the harvested
grain sorghum crop. At an effluent irrigation frequency of one applica-
tion per eight weeks, nitrogen levels were less than the concentration
measure in tissue irrigated once every four weeks (Figure 50). A similar
trend was observed with phosphorus levels within plant, tissue watered with
30 cm/yr. Crops produced in test plots spray irrigated with 61 and 122
cm/yr exhibited a lower phosphorus content as the irrigation frequency
decreased from one application per week to one irrigation every two weeks
(Figure 51). With longer Intervals between irrigation, however, phos-
112
-------
o •
X
LD
a S
LU
UJ
to
a1"'
o ~
01
Annual Hydraulic Loading
D - 0.30m
O - O.olm
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00 4.00 5.00
FREQUENCY/WEEKS
6.00
7.00
8.00
SS
IS-
^
o
28-
in
is
O
CO
°0.00
Annuui Hydraulic Loadinij
Q - U.3Um
O - II.61m
A - 1.22m
1 1 \ 1 1
1.00 2.00 3.00 1.00 5.00
FREQUENCY/WEEKS
6.00
—I—
7.00
B.OO
Figure 49. Sodium vs Frequency - Trial 17001) Soybeans
113
-------
o
o
CM
O
o
0
ro
— o"
O
O
(V. o
d
3s
o.
•
CO
o
o
Annual Hydraulic Loading
D - (J.3(Jin
O - 0.61m
A - 1.22m
I I I I I I I I
"O.OO 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
FREQUENCY/WEEKS
Figure 50. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) in Plant Tissue vs. 1'requency of Irrigation for Trial 17001)
Grain Sorghum plots
-------
o
to
o
3-
CD
o
cn
o
3:
0_
tn
o
o
to
Annuul Hydrtiuiic LuadJny
D - 0.30m
O - 0.61m
A - 1.22m
o
rr
0.00
Figure 51
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
FREQUENCY/WEEKS
6.00
7.00
6.00
Total Phosphorus (TP) in Plant tissue vs. Frequency of Irrigation for Trial 17UOU
Grain Sorghum Plots
-------
phorus levels within the crop increased.
More nitrogen and phosphorus mass were available to the grain sorghum
irrigated with 61 and 122 cm/yr and, consequently, higher concentrations
of these elements were measured in the plant tissue. Longer time Inter-
vals between irrigation events required larger quantities of effluent to
be applied to the plots during each irrigation period; therefore, there
existed a greater potential for nitrogen leaching past the effective
nutrient uptake portion of the root zone.
Variation of potassium content in grain sorghum tissue harvested from
Treatments 1 through 4 (30 cm/yr hydraulic loading) was erratic (Figure
52), ranging from 6400 to 16,200 mg/kg plant tissue (an average of 11,600
+ 4,440 mg K/kg tissue). Except for K content of grain sorghum harvested
from Treatment 5 (9300 mg-K/kg tissue), test plots irrigated with 61 cm of
effluent in 1982 produced a crop containing relatively stable K concentra-
tion (11,700 _+ 550 mg K/kg tissue). With annual hydraulic loadings of 122
cm, K levels in crops harvested from Treatments 9 and 10 wers 16,100 and
5000 mg/kg tissue, respectively. As the Interval between Irrigation
periods increased from 4 to 8 weeks, the K concentration in the sorghum
tissue increased approximately 2000 ppm. Potassium concentrations in
plant tissue were approximately equivalent in Treatment 8 (61 cm/yr, one
application/8 weeks) and Treatment 12 (122 cm/yr, lone application/8
weeks).
Grain sorghum accumulated sodium when treated with 30 cm/yr regard-
less of how infrequent the application (Figure 53). The 61 cm/yr loading
showed an almost constant level of Na The 122 cm/yr loading appeared to
have leached some Na below the root zone, thereby decreasing Its avail-
ability and plant utilization.
Soils
Nitrogen—
Figures G.5 through G.8 illustrate the levels of N0£ + N03-N
throughout the upper 183 cm of the soil profile. Within the grain sorghum
plots the crop was apparently utilized most of the nitrogen applied to the
test plots at the hydraulic loadings of 50 cm/yr to 122 cm/yr. As the
116
-------
o
o
ro
o
o
D
O'
<\J
*8
•
5 S-
5kZ
CD
O
(NT
CO
to
SB-
o
o
o
o
Annual Hydraulic Loading
D - U.3Um
O - 0.61m
A - 1.22m
0.00
Figure 52.
I—
1.00
—I—
2.00
I
6.00
I
7.00
3.00 y.OO 5.00
FREQUENCY/WEEKS
Potassium in Plant Tissue vs. Frequency of Irrigation for Trinl 17UOU Grain Sorghum plots
-------
CD
o
o
o
CO'
o
o
»
8-
o
o
o
CM'
CO
-------
hydraulic loading increased from 30 cm to 122 cm/yr, N02 + N03 nitrogen
accumulated within the profile at depths of 122 cm, 152 cm, and 183 cm. At
the 61 cm/yr hydraulic loadings, the data indicate N02 + NQ.3-N was
reduced throughout the profiles with deceasing frequency of application.
No difference-in NQ.2 + NG^-N levels with deipth or between the 30 cm/yr and
61 cm/yr loading was observed once the application frequency decreased to
one application/4 wk (Figure G.6). Possibly the more frequent the effluent
application, the more shallow the grain sorghum root depth; consequently,
the less utilization of nitrogen with greater soil depths. Furthermore, as
hydraulic loadings were increased, N02 + N03-N was transported past the
shallow root system. As the frequency of application was decreased (i.e.,
one application/4 wk or 8 wk) the roots penetrated the soil to a greater
depth and consequently had access to more moisture and N02 + N03-N.
Since smaller quantities of effluent were applied per application
period at the higher application frequencies (i.e., one application/1 wk
and 2 wk) , a higher percentage of evaporation losses could have caused
less water to be available to the plants. Under these conditions, nitro-
gen within the upper 61 cm would be utilized by the crop. At the 2 wk
application frequency, little difference in N02 + N03-N within the top 91
cm was observed as the effluent loading rate increased (Figure G.5).
Soybeans have a taproot from which smaller branches extend outward
ending finally in feeder roots. When the application frequency decreased,
the root system failed to utilize the available N02 + N03 and consequently
N02 + N03 levels within the soil profile increased (Figures G.7 and G.8).
Nitrogen mass balances were conducted on the upper 91 cm of soil
within each test plot. Initial conditions and coefficient values for
equation 3 are presented in Tables D.5 and D.6 for grain sorghum and soy-
beans, respectively. Grain sorghum irrigated with 30 cm/yr at application
frequencies of one per week (Treatment 1), one per two weeks (Treatment 2)
and one per four weeks (Treatment 3) consumed 98.3 to 152.2 kg-N/ha.yr of
the approximately 108 kg-N/ha.yr applied through effluent irrigation (Fig-
ure 54). Besides nitrogen uptake by the crop, denitrification appeared to
be the only other major mechanism for nitrogen removal from the soil ma-
trix in these treatments. Low nitrogen consumption by grain sorghum was
119
-------
Frequency (weeks between applications)
3O~
-rh-
122
400
300
(Q
^•s^ £~ \J \J
o>
**^
c 100
t.
§ —
1 10°
0)
| 200
300
400
Hydraulic Loading (cm/yr)
i il J
.si 1 .5; i .5! i ..»
r i1 r
i
1 :
•
• ••M f* Root Zone Pre- irr iqat iun 1985
^K&4 N from Onianic N in Runt Zone
••••••N Rt-nove
-------
obtained in Treatment 4 (30 cm/yr, 1 application/8 wk) which may have re-
sulted from leaching of nitrogen beyond the effective uptake portion of
the root zone. Transport of inorganic nitrogen past 91 cm was not obser-
ved in grain sorghum test plots irrigated with 61 cm/yr at frequencies of
one application per week, and one application per four weeks (Figure 54). |
Inorganic nitrogen was leached beyond 91 cm of the soil profile when 61 cm
was applied to grain sorghum at one irrigation every eight weeks. Regard-
less of irrigation frequency, annual hydraulic loading of 122 cm produced
leaching of inorganic nitrogen past the 91 cm soil depth.
Nitrogen fixation apparently effected the inorganic nitrogen pool
within the top 91 cm of soil In every soybean test plot Irrigated with 30
cm of effluent per year. The soil rnicroflora may have Influenced the need
for symbiotic nitrogen fixation by immobilizing some of the inorganic
nitrogen. The possibility of nitrogen immobilization was supported by the
measured increase In organic nitrogen within the 91 cm soil profile after
the 1982 Irrigation season.
Once the nitrogen mass loading Increased to 220 kg-N/ha.yr (61
cm/yr), N2 fixation was Inhibited. The major mechanisms for nitrogen
removal within plots irrigated with 61 cm/yr was through crop harvest
(Figure 55). Inorganic nitrogen not removed by crop uptake or denitrifi-
cation was mainly stored in the upper 91 cm of soil in Treatment 6 (61
cm/yr, one applicat lon/2 wk) and Treatment 7 (61 cm/yr, one appl.lcat lon/4
wk). Due to the large quantities of effluent (approximately 30 cm) which
were applied during each Irrigation event, inorganic nitrogen was leached
beyond 91 cm in Treatment 8 (61 cm/yr, one appl lcation/8 wk).
Soybean blooming and maturity is a function of the length of day-
light. Consequently, soybeans planted in July 1982 grew and their fruit
and seeds matured at a faster rate (due to daylight conditions) than the
grain sorghum crop. Water consumption rates of soybeans was also possi-
bly greater than grain sorghum requirements at specific times during 1982.
The Increased soybean water requirement may have resulted In the accumula-
tion of Inorganic nitrogen within the upper 91 cm in Treatment 9 (122
cm/yr, one application/week). Smaller quantities of effluent, applied
every week may have promoted shallow root development. A shallower root
121
-------
Frequency (weeks between applications)
1 2 4 8
TO 3O 30 30
Hydraulic Loading (cm/yr)
61
4
122
122
400
300
^^
(Q
.^ o ^\^\ -
^^ ^ V V
w
JK
^ 100
0)
o» +
0 '
5 -
1
1
1
1
!„
IT
1 ' *
i 1 |l il 1 Jl ill i
!* i !si ! is! ; Is; I !s; 1 L
I1 Is i: j: I'
•
I
,
1 ie
i1
•
*
1
1 !
1 ifi
j
*
*
In
1 1
j"
* •
i!
;
J K2
T JB
1 •?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
IT
k
j!
i
!
1 1
i!
•
:
is
#
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
j«
i
ii
5 100
<0
O)
I 200
300
400
M
• ••«• N Root Zone Pre-irr iqal ion 1985
£i£ffS4 N From Organic N in Rnnt /one
.—.... N Applied in Effluent
• •••N Removed by Crop
» •• • N Removed by Oenitr i f icat ion
•^MH N hteasured in Pro file Post -1 rr iqat ion 1485
• * *N Difference between fcauured and Predicted
Figure
Nitrogen Mass Balance for Trial 17000 Soybean Plots
-------
zone in conjunction with greater water requirement (more mature ccop) pos-
sibly utilized most of the available water in the root zone thereby pre-
venting leaching of inorganic nitrogen past 91 cm of soil (Figure 55).
Except for Treatment 9, inorganic nitrogen apparently was leached beyond a
I depth of 91 cm within soybean test plots irrigated with 122 cm./yr at fre-
quencies of one application per two, four, and eight weeks.
Phosphorus—
Phosphorus removal by grain sorghum (5.3 to 12.9 kg-P/ha) and soy-
beans (6.8 to 8.8 mg-P/ha) was less than cited consumption rates of 15
kg/ha.yr and 10 to 20 kg/ha.yr, respectively (EPA 1981). Since the in-
crease in soil TP during 1982 was greater than the mass applied- (Table
E.5), the accumulation of TP measured in the upper 91 cm of the sorghum
test plots in November 1982 apparently was a spurious result due to spa-
cial differences in phosphorus levels within the test plots. Similarly,
the apparent leaching of phosphorus past 91 cm of the soil profile of the
soybean plots (Table E.6) was a false indication of the treatment affect
on phosphorus movement in the soils. With approximately 2.5 cm of water
applied each week to soybeans in Treatment -1 , an average weekly net evapo-
•»
ration rate of 2.8 cm, and the chemical characteristic of the soil, perco-
late transport of 68 to 409 kg-P/ha beyond 91 cm most likely did not
occur.
Dissolved Solids—
Total dissolved solids (TOS) leached to soil depths greater than 91
cm in all test plots as the annual hydraulic loading was increased from 30
cm/yr to 61 cm/yr and 122 cm/yr (Tables E.11 and E.12). Within the soybean
test plots as the application interval increased, more TDS was accumulated
in the top 91 cm of soil.
In soils collected from the soybean test plots the sodium (Na) con-
centration increased from 30 cm depth to a maximum concentration at the 61
cm depth (Figures G.9 and G.11). Whereas, in the grain sorghum plots max-
imum sodium concentrations were measured at depths of 91 cm (Figures G.12
and G.14). In general, as annual hydraulic rate increased from 3D cm/yr
to 61 cm/yr, the Na concentration at the 61, 91, and 122 cm depths in-
123
-------
creased. Leaching of salts from the 183 cm soil profile in plots irrigated
with 122 cm/yr prevented further accumulation of sodium. Only in soybean
test plots, application frequency did not appear to affect the soil Na
concentration profile at hydraulic loadings of 30 and 61 cm/yr (Figures
G.9 and G.10). An application frequency of 1 irrigation/2 wk, at a hydraur
1ic loading of 122 cm/yr produced a noticeable increase in Na concentra-
tion at the 91 to 183 cm depths compared to other application frequencies
at the same annual loading.
Application frequency may have had an effect on sodium levels in the
upper 91 cm of the sorghum test plots irrigated with 30 cm of effluent in
1982 (Figure G.12). Low weekly effluent applications produced greater Na
concentrations in the upper 91 cm of soils on Treatment 1 of the grain
sorghum test plots. As the wastewater application interval increased to
once every two weeks and four weeks, Na concentrations in the first 91 cm
of soil decreased. With the high Na mass loading (3855 kg/ha) to plots
irrigated with 122 cm/yr, an increase in soil Na levels was observed at
soil depths of 61 and 91 cm.
In general, Na levels were higher throughout the entire 183 cm soil
profile in sorghum test plots having 61 cm Of effluent applied in 1982
(Figure G.13). Increase in time intervals between irrigation events
resulted in larger quantities of water applied during each wastewater
application event and accumulation of Na primarily at the 91 and 122 cm
depth. Once the wastewater application interval was extended to once every
four weeks, lower Na levels were observed from 61 to 183 cm of soil than
measured in the higher effluent application frequencies. Treatment 8 in
the grain sorghum test plots experienced high mass loading of Na (1930 kg
Na/ha) and leaching of Na past 183 cm soil depth; consequently, an appar-
ent increase in Na concentration was detected within the soil profile.
Soil Na concentrations, however, were not as high as concentrations meas-
ured in Treatments 5 and 6 i.n soil samples obtained at depths of 91 to
183 cm.
Leaching of Na through the 183 cm soil profile was the major mechan-
ism controlling the levels of Na in the soils beneath grain sorghum irri-
gated with 122 cm/yr (Figure G.14). In general, the highest Na concentra-
124
-------
tion was measured at the 91 cm depth which was in close proximity to the
upper portion of the caliche soil layer existing beneath the area.
Maximum ESP values (all less than 5) were obtained in the top 30 cm
of the soybean test plots (Figures 56 and 57). As the application
interval increased, the ESP values within the soil profile decreased.
Soybeans consumed water primarily in the upper 61 cm of soil; therefore,
generally the highest exchangeable Na percentage occurred at these depths.
Upward migration of water due to capillary action during water stress
periods (increased time intervals between irrigation) caused an increase
in Na in the upper profile. This phenomenon was quite pronounced in the
soybean plots with 122 cm hydraulic loading (Figure 57). As previously
mentioned, the stage of crop maturity also affects water consumption. The
higher Na percentage values (ESP values) with soybean plots irrigated with
122 cm/yr than grain sorghum plots subjected to the same irrigation con-
dition may have been caused by the higher water consumption within the top
91 cm by the more mature soybean crop. This phenomenon is shown in Figure
57 for wastewater application periods of once every week and once every
four weeks. Furthermore, the effects of greater water consumption by soy-
beans appeared to have affected the ESP values within the 30 cm/yr test
plots at one application every four weeks.
In contrast, the less mature grain sorghum developed a deeper root
system and possibly consumed less water during the shortened growing sea-
son than soybeans. Consequently, percolate transported Na to greater
depths within the soil profile. In general, ESP values were below 2
(Figures 58 and 59). Soils in grain sorghum test plots irrigated with 30
cm of effluent per year showed a decrease in ESP values as the frequency
of application was decreased from one irrigation per week to one irriga-
tion every four weeks (Figure 58). With a higher annual hydraulic loading
of 122 cm, ESP values throughout the soil profile were at the lowest
level of approximately-1 in test plots irrigated once every four weeks
(Figure 59). As the irrigation frequency was decreased from one applica-
tion per four weeks to one application per eight weeks, the ESP values did
increase and were fairly uniform throughout the upper 152 cm soil depth.
Potassium concentrations within the soil profile beneath the grain
125
-------
NJ
ON
4-
3-
e
o
•«•
^1
V.
9
• 2
to
^
«*
jj$
'II
:«S
i
• ••• J W..k Inlov.l
•&fj& 4 W««k lnl«t.«l
tmm • w..k I.L...I
Soybean 1.2m/ yr «///u«nf
t
:i^
• IS
^
!i
:!S
':'
i5
i!
:
M
:i
1
i!
i!
ii!
!j5
!• -j :
ij !| i
ij :i, L
i is i j5 : S
JiLLI-i^ ,
0.6
1.2
1.8
SOIL DEPTH
m
Na % Base Saturation at various depths
for varying applications per week and
an annual effluent loading of 0.3 m on
Soybean Test plots, Trial 17000
Figure 57.
Na % Base Saturation at various
depths for varying applications
per week and an annual effluent
loading of 1.2 m on Soybean test
plots, Trial 17000
-------
§ 3
o
(0
«
0
9
ffi
1-
I »••» lnl«t»l
] w««k IM«c«*l
4 W««» IM
-------
sorghum and soybean plots are presented in Figures G.15, G.16 and Figures
G.17, G.18, respectively. Generally, in each test plot K accumulated
within the upper meter of the soil profile. The baseline so.il samples
prior to treatment contained higher K levels in the upper 61 cm than meas-
ured in samples obtained from treated plots. Fluctuations of up to 1000
ppm (4000 kg/ha) were seen between cores and at different zones from the
same plot. These fluctuations could be due to several reasons:
1. A large portion of the potassium variations could be due to nat-
ural variation throughout the site
2. Leaching of K from the upper 61 cm may have also affected the K
concentration
3. Some of the change in K concentration between baseline samples
and fall samples can be explained by crop uptake
Approximately 50 to 160 kg K/ha were utilized by the grain sorghum. Soy-
beans consumed 28 to 45 kg K/ha.
The mass of chloride applied through irrigation to the test plots
ranged from an average of 1030 kg Cl/ha (30 cm/yr) to 4170 kg/ha (122
cm/yr). Soybeans consumed 5 to 104 kg Cl/ha with an average crop utiliza-
tion of 60 + 32 kg Cl/ha. Chloride concentration in soils -within the soy-
bean test plots varied from 10 to 170 mg/kg soil. Soil chloride concen-
trations increased with increasing depth to 122 cm into the profile. As
the hydraulic loading increased from 30 cm to 122 cm/yr, the concentration
of chlorides within the lower 91 cm of the profile increased (Figures G.19
to G.21). The interval between irrigation events appeared to affect the
soil chloride concentration in the lower 91 cm of the soybean plots irri-
gated with 30 cm once every four or eight weeks in 1982 (Figure G.19).
Longer periods between irrigation events in plots watered with 30 cm of
effluent per year produced higher chloride levels in soils at depths of
122, 152 and 183 cm than plots .irrigated more frequently. Long dry per-
iods between irrigation, may have caused capillary rise of water from below
the 183 cm depth and transported chlorides upward. Annual hydraulic load-
ing of 122 cm applied to soybean plots at frequencies of one irrigation
every two weeks and once every four weeks resulted in an increase in
chloride mass in the lower 91 cm of the soil profile (Figure G.21). Once
128
-------
the frequency of irrigation was reduced to one irrigation every eight
weeks, the large quantity of water applied per irrigation reduced chloride
levels throughout the entire profile.
Grain sorghum removed 217 to 391 kg of Cl/ha. As more chloride mass
was applied to the test plots and available in the soil solution, crop
consumption of chloride increased from an average of 256 kg/ha (30 cm/yr)
to 297 kg/ha (61 cm/yr) and finally 323 kg/ha (122 cm/yr). With a chlor-
ide mass loading of 4172 kg/ha.yr (122 cm of effluent/yr) the soil chlor-
ide concentration increased in the top 30 cm and the lower 61 cm of soil
(Figure G.22). Frequent irrigation of water (one per week) to sorghum
plots having 122 cm of effluent applied in 1982 created a chloride lens
(accumulation) at 61 cm in the soil profile. Conversely, with 30 cm of
annual irrigation, a chloride lens was produced at a depth of 152 cm whe.n
the interval between irrigation events was eight weeks (Figure G.23).
Hydraulic Loading and Application Frequency Summary
Yield data indicated soybean production was highest with more fre-
quent wastewater application (i.e., one irrigation/week and one irriga-
tion/2 weeks); whereas, grain sorghum yields were significantly higher
with longer periods between irrigation (1 irrigation/4 wee'ks and 1 irriga-
tion/8 weeks). Soil moisture within the profile corresponded to the type
of root system. Grain sorghum may have had a deeper, more fibrous root
system; therefore, removed more water to a greater depth. Sodium in-
creased in the plant at low irrigation rates. Leaching of Na resulted
within the plots when greater quantities of water were applied per irriga-
tion period. Consequently, less Na was available for the crop. Grain
sorghum, with a deeper more extensive root system, was not affected by
minor changes in loadings or frequencies of application, while a small
shift of either of these factors on the soybean crop changed the avail-
ability of Na.
An annual hydraulic loading of 30 cm/yr symbiotic nitrogen fixation
apparently provided inorganic nitrogen to the soybeans. Once the hydraul-
ic loading was increased to 61 cm/yr, sufficient nitrogen mass was applied
to soybeans to inhibit nitrogen fixation. In the soybean test plots inor-
129
-------
ganic nitrogen leached through the 183 cm soil profile when 122 cm of ef-
fluent/yr was applied at intervals between irrigation greater than once
per week. Similarly, nitrogen was leached from the 91 cm profile within
the grain sorghum test plot irrigated with 122 cm/yr.
The ability of the crop to adapt to water stress conditions |was a
factor which influenced Na accumulation within the soil profile. Due to
the shorter growing season in 1982, soybeans with possibly greater water
requirements than sorghum and a more shallow root system, utilized water
within the upper 61 cm of soil. Consequently, the greatest Na levels as a
percent of base saturation was observed in the upper 61 cm of the soil. In
addition, higher water application frequency appeared to increase ESP val-
ues in the upper soil profile.
Water utilized by grain sorghum caused an accumulation of.Na at
greater soil depths than soybeans. Upward migration of water due to cap-
illary action during water stress periods (increased time intervals be-
tween irrigation) may have caused an increase in Na in the upper profile.
130
-------
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2. Alexander, M. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. John Wiley & Sons,
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4. Campbell, C. A. Soil organic carbon, nitrogen and fertility. In:
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6. EPA. Process Design Manual for Land Treatment of Municipal Waste-
water. EPA 625/1-81-013, U.S. EPA Center for Environmental Research
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7. Fenn, L. B., and Kessel, D. E. Ammonia volatilization from surface
applications of ammonium compounds on calcareous soils: II. Effects
of temperature and rate of NH^-N application. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.
Proc. 39:606-610. 1973.
8. Fenn, L. B. Ammonia volatilization from surface applications of ammo-
nium compounds on calcareous soils: II. Effects of mixing low and
high loss ammonium compounds. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 39:366-368.
1975.
9. Ferrara, R. A. and Avci, C. B. Nitrogen dynamics in waste stabiliza-
tion ponds. 3. Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol. 54, No. 4.
1982. pp 361-369.
10. Ferrara, R. A. and Harleman, D.R.F.. "A Dynamic Nutrient Cycle Model
for Waste Stabilization Ponds." Tech. Report No. 237, R. M. Parsons
Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Massachusetts Insti-
tute of Technology, Cambridge. 1978.
11. Gasser, 3. K. R. 'Some processes affecting nitrogen in the soil. In:
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Nitrogen and Soil Organic
Matter. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London. 1969. pp. 15-29.
12. George, D. B., et al. Demonstration/Hydrology Study: Lubbock Land
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Grant CS80620401. U.S.E.P.A. Ada, Oklahoma. 1985.
131
-------
13. Hausenbuiller, R. L. Soil Science - Principles and Practices. Wm. C.
Brown Co. Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa. 1972. 504 pp.
14. Holford, I. C. R. and Mattingly, G. E. The high- and low-energy
phosphate adsorbing surfaces in calcareous soils. 3. Soil Sci. 1975.
26:407-417.
15. Loehr, R. C., Jewell, W. 3., Novak, 3. D., Clarkson, W. W-., Friedman,
G. S. Land Application of Wastes. Vols. 1 and 2. Van Nostrand Rein-
hold. New York. 1979.
16. Mehran, 3., Tanju, K. K., and Iskandar, I. K. Compartmental Modeling
for Prediction of Nitrate Leaching Losses. Modeling Wastewater Reno-
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Inc. New York. 1981. 444 pp.
17. Metcalf, L. and Eddy, H. P. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment Dis-
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York. 1979. p. 920.
18. Monson, D. Plant Analysis Interpretations. Inter-American Labora-
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19. Palazzo, A. 3. and 3enkins, T. F. Land Application of Wastewater:
Effect on Soil and Plant Potassi.um. In: 3. Enviorn. Qual. Vol. 8,
No. 3: 1979.
20. Pano, A. and Middletarooks, E. 3. Ammonia nitrogen removal in facula-
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21. Pettygrove, G. S. and Asano, T. (ed.). Irrigation with Reclaimed
Municipal Wastewater - A Guidance Manual. Report No. 84-1 wr,
California State Water Resources Control Board. Sacramento. 1984.
22. Potash Institute of American. Plant food utilization. PIA, Atlanta,
Georgia. 1973.
23. Ramsey, R. H. and Sweazy, R. M. Percolate Investigation in the Root
Zone. Lubbock Land Treatment System Research and Demonstration
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1985.
23. Ruttner, E. Fundamentals of limnology. 3rd Ed. Univ. Press, Toronto.
1963. p. 295.
24. Ryden, 3. C. Gaseous Nitrogen Losses. In: Modeling Wastewater Reno-
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25. Shukla, S. S., Syers, 3. K., Williams, 3. D. H., Armstrong, D. E., and
Harris, R. F. Sorption of Inorganic Phosphate by Lake Sediments.
Soil Sci. Soc. Ameri. Proc. 35:2244-249. 1971.
26. Stone, R. W., et al., "Upgrading Lagoon Effluent for Best Practicable
Treatment." 3. Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 47, No. 8.
1975. p. 2019.
27. Stromberg, L. K. and Tisdale, S. L. "Treating Irrigated Arid-Land
Soils with Acid-Forming Sulphur Compounds". Tech. Report No. 24, The
Sulphur Institute, Washington, D. C. 1979.
28. Wetzel, R. G. Primary productivity. In: B. A. Whitton (Ed.) River
Ecology. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley, California. 1975.
133
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APPENDIX A
Supplemental Material for Section 4, Research Approach
134
-------
TABLE A-1. SOIL COMPOSITING PROTOCOL FOR 1982 AND 1983
Trial UOOO
1983 - 0.9 mm (3 ft) cores
Early spring and late fall sampling periods
9 Treatments
4 Reps/treatment composited
3 Cores/rep composited
Trials 15000 and 16000
1982 and 1983 -
1.8m (6 ft) cores
Early spring and late fall sampling periods
5 Treatments (crop and loading)
2 Reps/treatment composited
3 Cores/rep composited
Trial 17000
1982 - 0.91 (3 ft) cores
Early spring and late fall sampling periods
2 Crops
12 Treatments/crop
3 Reps/treatment composited
1 Core/rep
135
-------
TABLE A-2. CROP SAMPLING PROTOCOL
Trial 14000
1983 - Yield
9 Treatments (hydraulic loading rate)
4 Reps/treatment
1 Sample/rep individual
- Analysis
9 Treatments (hydraulic loading)
1 Sample/rep
4 Reps/treatment composited
Trial 15000
1982 and 1983 - Yield
5 Treatments (crop and loading)
2 Reps/treatment
2 Samples/rep individual
- Analysis
5 Treatments (crop and loading)
2 Samples/rep composited
2 Reps/treatment composited
Trial 16000
1982 and 1983 - Alfalfa
- Yield
10 Treatments (hydraulic loading rate and water source)
2 Reps/treatments
2 Samples/rep/cutting individual
1982 - 1 Cutting 1983 - 5 Cuttings
- Analysis
10 Treatments (loading and water source)
2 Samples/rep/cutting composited
2 reps/treatment composited
1982 - 1 Cutting 1983 - 5 Cuttings
(continued)
136
-------
TABLE A-2. continued
Bermuda
- Yield
7 Treatments (hydraulic loading rate and water source)
2 Reps/treatment
2 Samples/rep/cutting individual
1982 - 1 Cutting 1983 - 2 Cuttings
- Analysis
7 Treatments (loading and water source)
2 Samples/rep/cutting composited
2 Reps/treatment composited
1982 - 1 Cutting 1983 - 2 Cuttings
Trial 17000
1982 - Yield
2 Crops
12 Treatments/crop (hydraulic loading rate and frequency)
3 Reps/treatment
1 Sample/rep individual
- Analysis
1 Crops
12 Treatments/crop
1 Sample/rep
3 Reps/treatment composited
137
-------
TABLE A.6. PRECISION AND ACCURACY DATA
WATER SAMPLE ANALYSES
Parameter
TOC mg/1
COD mg/1
CL- mg/1
SO?- mg/1
Total N mg/1
N01/N07 mg/1
NH3 mg/1
Total P mg/1
Ortho P mg/1
Hydrolyzable P +
Ortho P mg/1
Conductivity mg/1
pH mg/1
Alkalinity mg/1
Range
0-20
0-100
0-1000
0-1000
0-300
0-5
0-50
0-1
0-5
0-2.5
0-1.00
0-1000
• 500-5000
7.00-9.00
100-800
Percent
Accuracy
93-105
90-122
98-104
90-110
67-97
76-123
81-100
90-104
93-108
90-100
86-99
Precision
i
± 0.52
± 3.19
± 1.25
± 3.16
± 0.288
± 0.26
± 0.01
± 0.019
± 0.013
± 0.48
± 0.038
± 10.83
± 0.071
± 3.60
Bacteria (colonies/100 ml)
Total Col i form - MF
Fecal Coliform - MF
Fecal Streptococci - MF
Benzene
Tr ichlorethylene
0-100
100-10,000
10,000-106
0-100
100-10,000
0-100
100-10,000
Volatile Organics
0-2
0-20
- PPB
71-103
70-104
± 1.5
± 4.0 x 102
± 2.2 x 102
± 2.88
± 3.47 x 102
± 1.75
± 2.10 x 102
± 0.10
± 0.55
(continued)
138
-------
Table A.6, continued
Parameter
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tolulene
Trichloroethane
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Atrazine
4-t-buthylphenol
4-chloroaniline
2-chlorophenol
1-chlorotetradecane
Dibutylphthalate
2,3-dichloroaniline
3,4-dichloroaniline
2,4-dichlorophenol
Diethylphthalate
Heptadecane
Methylhexadecanoate
Methylheptadecanoate
1 -methylnaphthalene
2-methylphenol
4-methylphenol
Range
0-10
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
0-20
Extractable
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
Percent
Accuracy
77-115
76-113
84-97
88-112
83-115
76-110
75-108
Organics - PPB
61-88
72-87
71-93
76-88
45-67
45-86
70-86
68-106
57-83
55-76
64-93
70-93
79-99
78-97
79-100
60-83
45-78
42-75 .
Precision
±4.90
±2.30
±1.60
±3.60
±1.20
±1.0
±0.7
±5.70
±2.70
±5.30
±5.20
±14.10
±11.90
±5.20
±6.00
±4.50
±8.90
±9.00
±3.20
±6.60
±7.00
±3.40
±7.70
±7.80
±6.50
(continued)
139
-------
Table A.6, continued
Parameter
Napthalene
Octadecane
Phenol
Propazene
a-terpineol
Dichlorobenzene-M
Dichlorobenzene-P
Dichlorobenzene-0
Arsenic
Barium
Calcium
Cadmium
Cobalt
Chromium
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Silver
Sodium
Thallium
Zinc
Copper
Selenium
Magnesium
Range
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
0-100
Dissolved Metals
0-.10
0-.10
10-100
0-.10
0-.10
0-.10
0-10
0-.10
0-10
0-.10
0-.10
10-100
0-.10
100-1000
0-.10
0-1.0
0-.10
0-10
10-100
Percent
Accuracy
58-84
69-97
26-58
63-90
63-89
48-74
48-75
50-78
- mg/1
93-120
80-108
75-120
90-125
85-115
80-93
96-110
75-100
93-113
84-110
90-103
71-115
90-110
89-116
80-120
93-126
82-112
80-105
76-125
Precision
± 8.70
± 2.50
± 4.0
± 1.90
± 7.90
± 10.90
± 10.50
± 11.0
± 0.003
± 0.005
± 2.33
± 0.001
± 0.0004
±0.0008
± 0.007
± 0.0003
±0.003
±0.001
± 0.002
± 1.31
± 0.0001
±11.25
± 0.0007
± 0.005
± 0.005
± 0.003
± 6.73
140
-------
TABLE A.7. PRECISION AND ACCURACY DATA
SOIL SAMPLE ANALYSIS
Parameter
I
Chlorobenzene
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Ethylbenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethane
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
4-t-butylphenol
4-chloroaniline
2-chlorophenol
1-chlorotetradecane
Dibutylphthalate
2,3-dichloroaniline
3 ,4-dichloroanil ine
Range
Priority Organics
0-10
0-10
0-100
10-100
0-10
10-100
100-1000
0-10
10-100
0-10
10-100
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-10
10-100
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-1000
0-10
10-100
100-1000
0-10
0-10
Percent
Accuracy
(PPB)
±81-123
±97
±85
±96
±70-96
±60
±97
±109
±95
±104
±95 .
±46-99
±57-66
±89-124
±87
±25-46
±52-102
±60-114
±67-191
±74-141
±61-101
±48-108
±41-89
Precision
0.65
1.43
2.73
1.2
0.80
1 .0
0.72
4.2
1.64
17.93
1.8
0.54
63.35
44.40
74.3
27.94
44.78
79.37
205.
400.63
59.16
70.82
(continued)
141
-------
Table A.7, continued
Parameter
Diethylphthalate/hexadecane
l
Heptadecane
Methylhexadeconate
Methy Inept adecanoate
1 -methylnapthalene
2-methylphenol
4-methylphenol
Napthalene
Octadecane
Phenol
Propazine
a-terpineol
Dichlorobenzene M
Dichlorobenzene P
Dichlorobenzene 0
Oiisooctylphthalate
Range
0-10
10-100
100-1000
0-1000
0-10
10-100
0-10
0-10
100-1000
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-10
100-1000
0-1000
0-10,000
Bacteria (colonies/g
Total Coll form
Fecal Col i form
2400
5000
2400
5000
Percent
Accuracy
±56-194
±105-116
±35-194
±51-124
±87
±61-154
±62-152
±80
±83-119
±54-114
±54-113
±49-99
±57-94
±55-114
±26-68
±55-118
±17-87
±18-84
±20-99
±81-136
±48-93
dry wt)
Precision
92.73
60.15
165.47
72.86
102.67
101.67
55.66
89.41
99.32
100.73
47.89
54.50
20.00
121.28
66.27
242.15
78.91
100.41
215.98
110.31
0
6.86 x 10
0
1.24 x 10
continued;
142
-------
Table A.7,continued
Parameter
Fecal Streptococci
Fungi
Actinomycetes
Total Place Count
Nitrite + Nitrate Nitrogen
Organic C
Alkalinity
Organic P
Chloride
Total P
Available P
Inorganic P
Sul fates
NH3-N
N03-N
% Clay - Texture
?o Moisture - Lab
% Moisture - Field
Bulk Density g/cm
Particle Density
% Porosity
pH
Conductivity
Percent
Range Accuracy
2400
5000
0-10
0-10
<2400
>2400
Chemical mg/g
0-0.05 ±44-178
0-02000
1-10 ±85-107
0-0.50
0-2.00
0-0.20
0-2.00 ±95-125
0-0.25 ±36-118 .
0-0.5 ±55-110
0-0.50 ±45-120
0-0.005 ±96-113
0-0.05 ±44-178
Physical
19.4-56.0
1.0-5.6
10.2-20.8
1.29-1.50
2.55-2.70
42.0-51.3
7.01-8.58
90-1410
Precision
0
2.18 x 10
5.05 x 10
3.78 x 10
0
3.8 x 10
0.00047
0.00136
0.65
0.03
0.005
4.35
0.01
0.00018
0.005
0.006
0.00006
0.00047
0.78
0.17
0.15
0.007
0.03
0.54
0.04
18.4
(continued)
143
-------
Table A.7, continued
Parameter
limhos/cm
TDS mg/g
% Sand - Texture
% Silt - Texture
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Calcium
Cadmium
Iron
Magnesium
Manganese
Potassium
Silver
Sodium
Thallium
Zinc
Range
0.14-0.93
21.8-67.8
9.6-32.6
Metals mg/kg
100-300
500-5000
3000-5000
10,000-178,000
Extractable
100-200
50-4000
200-7000
5000-104,000
Total
6350-28,190
10.95-17.88
84-340
1930-13,800
0-10
530-17,160
1620-4110
160-276
3020-8780
3.05-0.66
178-648
<0. 005-2. 2
17-63
Percent
Accuracy
±54-103
±24-118
±50-120
±44-120
±16-111
±62-119
±71-114
±57-130
*
±36-146
±27-96
±40-116
±84-170
±18-140
±40-140
±54-116
±30-144
±58-136
± 8-60
±90-110
±64-118
±62-137
Precision
0.02
0.69
0.80
18.6
160.0
118.7
1219.2
14.0
245.1
95.1
8579.0
1124.5
1.03
29.4
626.4
0.03
178.5
328.8
21.4
208.5
0.276
28.7
0.495
3.7
(continued)
144
-------
Table. A.7, continued
Percent
Parameter Range Accuracy Precision
Cobalt 0-10 ±36-120 0.2055
Copper 0-100 ±40-110 0.7305
Molybdnum 0-10 ±48-112 0.1320
Nickel 0-100 ±44-103 0.6025
Chromium 8.0-26.58 ±60-122 2.95
Lead 0.71-6.94 ± 4-113 2.95
Selenium 0.005 ± 5-140 0.0471
145
-------
TABLE A.8. ACCEPTABLE LIMITS FOR PRECISION, ACCURACY AND COMPLETENESS
CROP SAMPLE ANALYSIS
Parameter
Cl~ mg/g
Sulfur mg/g
TKN mg/g
Total P mg/g
Oil mg/g
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Calcium
Cadmium
Cobalt
Chromium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Potassium
Selenium
Silver
Sodium
Thallium
Zinc
Range
0.00-1.00
0.00-50.00
0.00-50.00
0.00-5.00
0.00-0.25
78-1334
<0. 5-1.0
<1. 0-26.0
93-189
1730-17,000
<0. 05-0. 30
<0. 5-1.0
<0. 5-1.0
2.0-10.0
10-300
<0. 5-2.0
700-30,000
3.0-30.0
<0. 3-5.0
<0. 5-5.0
600-12,000
<0. 5-1.0
<0. 1-1.0
100-2,000
<0. 5-2.0
10-100
Percent
Accuracy
93-104
87-106
88-104
93-107
Total Metals
84-110
86-102
77-120
87-120
120-130
94-120
74-110
87-106
60-90
100-130
60-90
80-110
75-110
80-105
80-110
90-105
75-95
40-60
80-105
85-105
85-105
Precision
±0.05
± 1 .22
±3.33
±0.09
±0.1
(mg/g)
±85.
±0.
±0.8
±3.1
±91.
±0.3
±0.1
' ±1'.2
±0.9
±21 .
±0.6
±965.
±0.8
± 0.1
±1.3
± 349.
±0.
±0.
± 310.
± 0.5
±3.6
Percent
Completeness
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
(cont inued)
146
-------
Table A.8, continued
Parameter
Range
Percent
Accuracy
Precision
Percent
Completeness
Total
Coliforms-MPN 100-10
Fecal
Coliforms-MPN 100-10
Fecal Strepto-
cocci-MPN 100-10
Bacteria (cfu/g)
±179.
±87.
±1000.
95
95
95
147
-------
TABLE A.9. RESULTS U.S.E.P.A. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION STUDIES
(EPA UNKNOWNS)
Element
WP 581 ,
Minerals
Nutrients
Organics
Metals
Priority Organics
Minerals
Nutrients
Organics
Metals
Priority Organics
•
Minerals
Nutrients
Organics
Metals
Priority Organics
Minerals
Nutrients
Organics
Metals
Priority Organics
Percent Results
Acceptable
475, 580, 879, 1278, 478, 618 -
95
.70
100
73
91
WP 006, 007 - August 1982
89
60
100
96
100
WP 009 - December 1982
95
90
100
93
100
WP 10 - June 1983
100 (84)*
90 (70)*
100 (86)*
80 (82)*
100 (80)*
Percent Results
Not Acceptable
3une 1982
5
30
0
27
9
11
40
0
4
0
5
10
0
7
0
0 (16)*
10 (30)*
0 (4)*
20 (8)*
0 (20)*
(continued)
148
-------
Table A.9, continued
Element
Minerals
Nutrients
Organics
Metals
Priority Organics
Minerals
Nutrients
Organics
Metals
Priority Organics
Percent Results
Acceptable
WP 11 -
95.
100
100
97
88
WP 12
100
100
100
67
100
December 1983
- May 1984
(84)*
(72)*
(87)*
(86)*
(86)*
Percent Results
Not Acceptable
5
0
0
3
12
0 (16)*
0 (28)*
0 (13)*
23 (14)*
0 (14)*
Average acceptable and non-acceptable results
for three year study period
by element and overall average For study period
Minerals 96 4
Nutrients 85 15
Organics 100 0
Metals 84 16
Priority Organics 96_ __4
Average 92 8
* Average results from non-EPA and non-State laboratories participating in
U.S.E.P.A. Performance Evaluation Studies.
149
-------
TABLE A.10. REPRODUCIBILITY IN SEPARATE LABORATORIES OF BACTERIAL
INDICATOR DENSITIES IN WASTEWATER DURING BASELINE PERIOD
(Camann et al, 1985)
Sample
Date
Total Coliform
(cfu/1200 ml)
LCCIWR
UTSA
Fecal Coliform
(cfu/100 ml)
LCCIWR
UTSA
06/04/80
07/29/80
11/04/80
01/20/81
02/17/81
03/10/81
03/24/81
04/21/81
05/05/81
4.3 x 107
5.0 x 107
3.2 x 107
1.0 x 107
1.5 x 107
2.7 x 107
1.8 x 107
4.0 x 107
2.9 x 107
3.5 x 107
3.8 x 107
1 .4 x 107
6.0 x 10s
1 .1 x 107
1.2 x 107
1.6 x 107
5.2 x 107
Not done
Not Done
2.5 x 107
1.5 x 107
2.0 x 106
4.6 x 106
4.5 x 106
4.0 x 106
5.3 x 106
5.9 x 10G
8.7 x 106
7.2 x 106
8.8 x 10s
1.5 x 106
3.4 x 106
1 .6 x 10s
8.3 x 10s
5.9 x 106
8.6 x 106
150
-------
TABLE A.11. REPRODUCIBILITY IN SEPARATE LABORATORIES OF
FECAL COLIFORM DENSITIES IN WASTEWATER DURING 1982 AND 1983
(Camann et al 1985)
Sampling Date
02/15,16/82
02/15,16/82b
03/01 ,02/82
03/08,09/82
03/15,16/82
03/22,23/82
03/29,30/82
04/05,06/82
04/19,20/82
04/26,27/82
06/14,15/82
06/29,30/82
07/26,27/82
08/09,10/82
08/09,10/82
09/13,14/82
11/01,02/82
12/13,14/82
02/16,17/82
03/07,08/83
03/21,22/83
04/04,05/83
04/18,19/83
Fecal Coliforms (colonies/ml)
Hancock Reservoir Pipeline Effluent
UTSAa LCCIWR UTSAa LCCIWR
39
11,000
5,600
75,000
79,000
81,000
55,000
84,000
110,000
9,100
520 940 (600)° 66,000
60 200 68,000
190 58,000
390 370 35,000
10 2 (1.7) 200
350 700 (490) 65,000
UTA UTA
3.5 2.8 49,000
730 180 31,000
15 10 59,000
4 1.7 23,000
150 : 90 6,100
100 44 20,000
440 200 18,000
30
97,000
30,000
100,000
180,000
50,000
52,000
16,000
55,000
60,000
20,000
(30,000)
41
34,000
90,000
40,000
4,000
18,000
20,000
14,000
10,000
Wilson Imhoff
influent
UTA LCCIWR
UTA
130,000d 90,000
110,000 100,000
14,000 40,000
150,000 180,000
76,000 45,000
(60,000)
150,000 51,000
130,000 90,000
(continued)
151
-------
Table A.11, continued
Sampling Date
Hancock Reservoir
UTSA LCCIWR
Pipeline Effluent
UTSA LCCIWR
Wilson Imhoff
influent
UTA LCCIWR
05/16,17/83
06/27,28/83
07/11,12/83
07/25,26/83
08/08,09/83
08/22,23/83
300
150
3
110
30
160
5.5
1
50
1.7
59,000
53,000
48,000
120,000
90,000
39,000
27,000
40,000
40,000
20
350,000
260,000
370,000
240,000
310,000
230,000
60,000
54,000
180,000
13,000
90,000
20,000
a mean of triplicate assays
b trickling filter plant effluent
c parenthetical value, when given, is the result of a duplicate analysis
d samples taken as Imhoff tank effluent
152
-------
TABLE A.12. REPRODUCIBILITY IN SEPARATE LABORATORIES OF FECAL
STREPTOCOCCI DENSITIES IN WASTEWATER DURING 1982 and 1983
(Camann et al 1985)
Sampling Date
02/15,16/82
03/01,02/82 '
03/08,09/82
03/15,16/82
03/22,23/82
03/29,30/82
04/05,06/82
04/19,20/82
04/26,27/82
06/14,15/82
06/29,30/82
07/26,27/82
08/09,10/82
08/30,31/82
09/13,14/82
Fecal Streptococci (colonies/ml)
Hancock Reservoir Pipeline
UTSAa LCCIWRb UTSAa
120
1,000
5,900
3,500
7,900
5,000
2,800
4,800
1,800
20. 12.8 1,000
3. 10. 4,200
3. 2,300
6.6 6.0 2,500
0.3 1.1 30
10. 100. (20) 3,500
Effluent
LCCIWRb
40
400
5,000
4,000
2,200
2,600
1,400
1,890
(1500)
1,800
1,000
(2,000)
61
5,100
a Mean of triplicate assays
b Parenthetical value, when given, is the result of a duplicate analysis
153
-------
Plot Location Map Tor Trial 14000*
407
406
J01
218
101
417
314
J11
217
20$
111
103
409
315
216
209
204
115
104
415
410
403
316
309
215
210
116
109
105
308
108
413
412
318
306
201
Plot Size = 4.1 m x 13.7 m (13.3 ft x 45 ft)
•Code - 1st digit is replicate number
Last two digits are plot number
Treatment Codes for Trial 14000 Plots
Trial Plot Nuntoera
14000 01 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Rep 1
Rep 2
Rep 3
Rep 4
6
4
8
2
18
10
10
18
18
2
6
16
B
10
16
12
14
12
6
2
12
IB
4
10
4
4
16
16
14
14
2
6
14
8
8
12
Treatments for Trial 14000 Treatment Codes
Treatment
Code
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Hydraulic
Lending
00 cm/yr
20 cw/yr
41 cm/yr
51 cm/yr
61 cm/yr
69 cm/yr
86 cm/yr
102 cm/yr
122 cm/yr
( 0 in/yr)
( 8 in/yr)
(16 in/yr)
(20 in/yr)
(24 in/yr)
(27 in/yr)
(34 in/yr)
(40 In/yr)
(48 in/yr)
Figure A.1. Plot Map and Treatment Explanation for Trial 14000
154
-------
Plot Location Map for Trial 150UO and 16UUU
Cotton
Long Season lirain
Sorynurn (Milo)
15000
16000
203
101
212
112
101
21)5
?11
202
111
102
210
203
110
103
207
104
209
204
109
104
20B
10H
105
208
205
209
107
207
206
107
106
204
203
212
201
202
202
111
206
2U1
103
203
103
109
104
109
104
105
205
105
107
207
201
107
106
Alfalfa Bermuda
Plot Size = 12.1m (40 ft) x 1U.3m (60 ft)
•1st digit of plot code is rep number
2nd two digits of plot code are treatment code
Trial
Plot Number
15000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 OS 09
Rep 1
Rep 2
Rep 1
Rep 2
3
1
2
2
5
3
1
4
4
2
3
3
5
5
4
1
4
5
1
2
Cotton
Cotton
Milo
Milo
Randomized treatment assignment to plots
Trial Plot Number
16000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
Rep 1
Rep 2
Rep 1
Rep 2
5
2
1
1
3
7
7
7
6
6
1
12
4
4
11
1
6
6
10
5
3
4
8
4
3
5
1
12
2
2
11
7
2
10
5
Randomized treatment assignment to plots
Key:
Trial 15000
Treatment Loading
1 = 122. cm/yr Effluent Loading
2 = 103. cn/yr Effluent Loading
3 = 229. cm/yr Effluent Loading
4 = 297. cm/yr Effluent Loading
'j - 000. cm/yr Effluent Loading
Bermuda
Bermuda
Alfnlfn
Alfalfa
Treatment
Trial 16000
Loading Treatment I Loading
1 = 137. cm/yr Effluent Loading
2 : 19n. rm/yr Effluent Londinr)
1 = 2V). rm/yr rffluent Lo.-idincj
4 : 5()li. cm/yr Effluent Loading
5 = 365. cm/yr Effluent Loading
(> = 434. cm/yr Effluent Londing
7 = 000. cm/yr
10 = 365. cm/yr Well Wnter Loading
11 r 305. cm/yr Well Water Loading
12 = 259. cm/yr Well Water Loading
Figure A.2. Designed Treatment for Trials 15000 and 16000
155
-------
Trial 17000 Plot Map*
Rep 1
Rep 2
102 ) (103 J (104
106 1 (107 ) I 108
303 302 I 301
307 ] I 306 t 305
201 I 202
205) (206
209 ( 210
204-J ( 203
208) { 207
212 211
ooo
ooo
O _Q O
O O"O
ooo
ooo
OiOO
oloo
ooo
olo o
OiOO
OiOO
Ml LO
SOYBEANS
Plot size is 4.57m (15 ft) Diameter with buffer spaces between application
areas to minimize cross contamination from drift.
12 Treatments x 3 Reps x 2 Crops = 72 plots x 176.7 ftVplot = 0.29 Acres
For ease of application treatments were not randomized.
*Plot Code: 1st digit is rep number
Last two digits are treatment number
Figure A.3. Plot Hap for Trail 1700U
156
-------
FIELD SAMPLING CODE
FOR
LCCIWR LUBBOCK LAND TREATMENT RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Symbols
Sample Date
Mo/Day/Year
Site
Location
Identity Number
Sample Type
Sampling Method
C - Gray
H - Hancock
L - Lubbock
W.- Wilson
L - Laguon
W-Well
R - Research
P- Pivot
D - Demonstration
T - Trickling
A - Activated Sludge
S-Seep
U - University
I - Institute
F - Force Main
M- ImHof f
Lagoon Number
Well Number
Research Plot No.
Pivot Number
Demo Number
El - Extraction
Tray Lys. No.
N = North
5 = South
W = West
EzEast
M : Middle
1 = Influent
2 = Effluent
W- Water G-
S-Soil C-
C - Crop M -
A-
C-
H-
H-
0-
B -
S-
F -
Grab
Composite
Mixed
Alfalfa
Cotton
Milo
Wheat
Oats
Bermuda
Soybeans
Sunflowers
LCCIWR
Lab Sample No.
(6 digits)
Soil and Water
Sample Depth
Replication Number
O's-Surface Sample
NO - Not Obtainable
NO = (999)
000 - Surface Samples
001 Roots
002 Stalks, Stems,
Leaves, Petioles,
Burs
003 Seeds, Grain Only
004 Lint
005 Whole Head
006 Whole Plant ex-
cept Roots
Example:
Note:
Note:
Note:
Well 16880 was sampled on the Gray Farm April 24, 1980. The depth to water was recorded as 51 ft and the water sample
was given a lab number of 231, when it was brought into the lab for analysis.
SAMPLE CODE would be: 0424806W0688QW6051000231
All "Sample Identity Numbers", "Depths", and "Lab Numbers" not having 5, 3 or 6 digits respectively, need to be pre-
ceeded in O's until the complete field of digits ia represented.
Ex: Cray Hell 6880 = 06880
Sample Depth 2 ft = 002
Lab Number 231 = 000231
FOR SOILS: Cores composited over several feet depth would be listed with minimum and maximum depth.'
Ex: Soil core composited from 4 ft to 6 ft depths = 046
FOR SOILS AND CROPS: The first four digits of the sample identity mumber is derived by placing a 24x18 or 18x24
division grid over Gray and Hancock farm maps respectively with 0,0 being in the left lower
corner. The 5th digit of the identity number represents the quadrant of that grid from which
the sample was taken.
Figure A. 4. Field Sampling Code
-------
Sample
Analysis
Worksheets
Section Heads
reject
Yes
I
Quality Control:
Spikes, Duplicates
Inhouae Unknowns,
Standard Curves
Data Entry
on
Sample
Summary Sheets
beet ion Heads
1
Data Entry
into
Computer Files
Debbie Adams
Computer Programs
1) Statistics - Means
Confidence Limits
2) Species Balance
Total > Parts
5) Ion Balance
No
Yes
Figure A.5. Data Flow Diagram
Computer
Stnrnqi* nnd
Output
Tables, Graphs)
158
-------
APPENDIX B
Irrigation Water Quality
159
-------
Table B.1 Water Quality Characteristics of Water Applied to Research Plots
ARITHMETIC HEARS
AND
STARDARD DEVIATIONS
SOURCE
ALKALIIITT COP DUCT IT ITT TOS PB Cl SO* TOTAL I
BG CAC03/L BG/l BG/t BG/L BG t/L
• •••••••••••*•»•**•*••••••••••••••*•*•••*•*•*•*•••••••••••**•••*•••»•*»»•**••••»••»***•••••••***•»•*»••
Southeast Water AT* 337. 2216. 1695. 7.54 «68. 315. 38.59
Heclasatlon Plant SO ( 34.) ( 240.) ( S37.) (0.21) ( 55.) ( 43.) (1S.23)
Effluent S * <-0.07> < 0.18> < 3.00> <-1.05> <-1.62> <-0.17> < 1.W>
BD * 342. 2130. 1635. 7.57 470. 311. 3S.42
Effluent Entering AT 342.
Hancock Tarn from 3D ( 54.)
force Main S < 1.19>
BD 343.
ON
O
FrevtMter Well
Effluent fr
Reservoir
AT 27*.
SD ( 12.)
S <-1.12>
BD 281.
AT 299.
SD ( 30.)
S <-0.09>
HO 303.
1969.
( 160.)
<-1.45>
1975.
920.
( 56.|
<-0.32>
930.
2093.
( 3«1.)
< 2.53>
2085.
1190. 7.76
( 107.) (0.36)
< 0.76> < 1.43>
1180. 7.70
716.
( 271.)
< 1.«8>
611.
1241.
( 56.)
<-0.64>
1246.
7.76
(0.38)
O.OS>
7.76
8.30
(0.52)
<-0.01>
8.30
339.
< 71.)
< 1.83>
328.
76.
( 23.)
-1.14>
87.
360.
( 18.)
< 0.10>
359.
208.
( 46.)
<-o.os>
208.
98.
( 38.)
< 1.10>
82.
200.
( 52.)
<-2.66>
215.
41.70
(19.99)
< 0.75>
33.49
0.27
( 0.34)
< 1. 15>
11.74
( 8.20)
< 0.70>
12.38
102/103 HH3
BG H/L HG I/I
••••••**»»***»«***«**ee*
0.29 25.95
I 0.30) ( 6.69)
< 1.03> < 0.«2>
0.16 25.142
0.71
( 1.66)
< 3.57>
0.07
3.39
( 4.30)
< 1.10>
1.58
0.66
( 1.27)
< 2.95>
0.27
25.80
(10.70)
< 0. 80>
25.59
0.16
( 0.29)
< 1.46>
0.04
8.24
( 6.41)
<-0. 04>
8.38
SOURCE TOTAL P 01THO P DIG. P COD TOC
BG P/L HG P/t BG P/L HO/L BG/L
•••••• e««»«»»«»»»»»»»»»•••«•••••••••••••«•••••»••*«••••••••»•••«••«••••••••••»•««» ••**•*• to*************************************
SouthMMt Keter AT 14.43 fl.36 5.15 302.4 117.7
Reelection PUnt 3D (4.27) (2.03) (4.20) (135.6) (45.1)
Effluent S < 1.47> < 0.60> < 0.56> < 0.32> < 0.69>
BD 14.16 8.32 4.73 284.0 114.3
Effluent EnUring AT 11.82
Hancock ran from SD ( 3.63)
Force Main S < 0.63>
BD 11.13
FreehMter Hell
Effluent rro>
Reeervoir
AT 0.08
SB ( 0.10)
S < 0.89>
•• 0.02
AT 6.31
SD ( 2.32)
S < 0.41>
BD 5.92
8.43
( '.71)
< 0.23>
8.29
0.0*
( 0.06)
< 1.43>
<0.01
4.85
( 2.20)
<-0.17>
5.17
1.60
( 2.20)
< 1.58>
0.49
<0.01
( 0.001
< 1.15>
<0.01
0.61
(
325.6
(290.2)
< 1.84>
237.5
2.»7>
0.19
6.0
4.3)
0.68>
5.0
75.1
29.0)
0.09>
68.3
64.1
(37.3)
< 0.88>
51.9
1.5
( 0.7)
<-0.58>
1.7
20.8
( 6.»l
<-0.32>
20.8
-------
Table B.1, continued
SOURCE TOTAL COLIFOBIIS FECAL COLIFOBRS FECAL STBEP.
•••*•»•••••••••••••••***••••••••*••••••••*••**••••**••••*•••••**•••*••*••»**••••*••••••••***•••
Southeast Mater ** 27326016. 8852272. 281659.
Reclamation Plant SO
CffJuent 3
no
Cffluent Entering
Hancock Fan froo
Force Main
Fre»h«ater Mil
Effluent fr
Reservoir
A»
SO
•0
if
3D
3
ID
A*
SO
S
BD
16447465.)
0.4S>
27000000.
22639168.
13669506.)
1.38>
23000000.
934.
1S79.)
1.35>
ISO.
1054713.
3457580.)
4.12>
200000.
S933719.)
6600000.
3576744.
3632328.)
2.24>
3000000.
>703.
1124.)
0.70>
100.
109211.
433929.)
4.23>
5000.
592418.)
3. 78>
125500.
243003.
208804.)
1.15>
210000.
34.
30.)
-0.*4>
43.
151788.
670406.)
4. 13>
1000.
-------
Table B.1, continued
• RUS. DISSOITED(HG/L)
SOURCE ii is si B c» CD co ci co re PB
•••••*••••••••••»•••••«•••••••*•••••••••••»••••••••••»»•••••••••••••••»•••••••••*•••••••••»••*•*•••»•*•*••*•*»•••*»»«••••••••*•••
Southeast Water »» 1.277 0.009 0.198 1.278 54.7 0.002 0.006 0.059 0.081 0.731 0.018
Heclamation Plant SO ( 1.298) (0.006) (0.130) (1.494) ( 13.4) (0.002) (0.002) (0.035) (0.064) (0.510) (0.023)
Effluent S < 1.56> < 1.62> < 1.32> < 2.33> <-0.18> < 2.25> < «.05> < 0.09> < 1.36> < 0.89> < 2.89>
(ID 0.640 <0.005 0.201 0.781 53. 0.000 <0.005 0.052 0.072 0.643 0.011
Effluent Entering »» 0.82* 0.006 0.078 0.220 58.4 0.012 <0.005 0.030 0.024 1.187 0.130
Hancock farm from SO ( 0.532) (0.002) (0.067) (0.270) ( 7.0) (0.046) (0.000) (0.030) (0.026) (0.698) (0.468)
Force Main S < 0.17> < 3.48> < 0.17> < 1.77> < 0.76> < 3.88> < 1.00> < 0.66> < 1.32> < 0.84> < 3.87>
80 0.631 <0.005 0.084 <0.100 57. 0.000 < 0.» > < 0.00> < 0.« > < 1.09> < 0.« > < 9.9 > < •£ > < 0-0 > <-•;»»> «*:!>
IV 0.1J1 0.00« 0.038 . "« M. 0.00» < 2.27> < 2.27> < 2.27> < 0.99> < 1.00> < 0.0 > < 2.27> < 2.27> < 0.93> < 2.27>
flD 0.279 <0.005 0.019 <0.100 6*. 0.000 <0.005 r „ S1 10 I4 Tt 1B
A********************************************************************************************************************************
Soutnaaat Matar »f 34.8 0.056 0.000 0.007 0.062 21.3 0.015 0.006 378.4 <0.005 0.10*
Reclamation Plant 3D ( 7.6) (0.025) (0.000) (0.004) (0.065) ( 7.3) (0.018) (0.003) (131.7) (0.001) (0.100)
Effluent S < 0.32> <-0.38> < 0.61> < 1.26> < 2.19> < 0.52> < 2.58> < 2.95> < 1.13> < 4.01> < 1.34>
80 35.0 0.060 0.000 0.006 0.056 19.2 < 0.34> < 1.00> < 1.00> < 1.04> < 1.74> < 1.00> <-3.88> < 0.08> < 1.00> < 0.86>
3D 24.5 0.0*8 0.000 <0.003 0.006 18.1 < 0.9«> < 0.0 > < O.t > < 0.0 > <-1.05> < 0.0 > < 0.00> < O.*l> < 0.0 > < 1.04>
•» 37.6 0.009 0.0 0.0 _ < 0.005 9.1 < 0.005 0.003 97.0 0.262
rrriuant rroai if 27-' 0.057 0.000 <0.003 0.008 19.5 <0.005 <0.005 304.1 <0.005 0.102
R«urvoir SD ( 1.4) (0.044) (0.0 ) (0.000) (0.009) ( 4.1) (0.0 ) (0.0 | ( 41.9) (0.0 ) (0.058)
^^ S <-0.17> < 1.26> < 0.0 > < 1.00> < 2.27> < 1.51> < 0.0 > < 0.0 > <-0.49> < 0.0 > < 0.59>
RD 27.2 0.045 0.000 <0.003 <0.005 19.3
-------
Table B.1, continued
HRILS. TOTAL (HO/!)
SOURCE »L is B» a c» CD co
•••••••••••
Southaaat Matar "
Haclaaation Plant «
Erriuant *
BD
Erriuant Entering »»
Hancock Fan fro« SD
Force Main 9
MB
Fraahwater Mall IV
SB
S
BB
Erriuant froa JJ
Raaarvoir s
BD
S SOURCE
••*•**••••<
Southaaat Matar **
Erriuant s
BB
Erriuant Entering af
Hancock Far* fron SB
Force Main S
BB
Fraatwatar Mall at
SB
BB
Erriuant rroa If
Raaarvoir SO
S
BB
iaaaae*eaaai
0.650
( 0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.091
( 0.070)
< 1.03>
0.086
0.9
(0.0 )
< 8.0 >
9.9
0.136
( 0.136)
< 1.76>
0.09*
BO
leaeeeeeaaai
*5.0
( 0.0)
27.9
<— 9 T1%
~*» * • f
29.3
9.9
( 0.0)
0.9
28.*
( 5.1)
30.2
»•••••••••»<
0.03*
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.006
(0.002)
< 0.83>
<0.005
0.0
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.0
0.006
(0.002)
< 0.75>
<0.005
•a
•*•••••••••<
0.0*5
(0.0 )
0.025
(0.012)
0.038
>••••••«*••<
0.216
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.192
(0.082)
<-0.78>
0.197
0.0
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.133
(0.090)
<-0.20>
0.157
80
>•••••*••*«<
0.0
(0.0 )
0.0
0.000
(0.0 )
9.9
(0.9 )
9.9
0.000
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.000
>»••***•**••
0.822
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.03*
(0.028)
< 1.36>
0.027
0.0
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.0
0.053
< o!l8>
0.038
BO
!••»•••»••••
0.070
(0.0 )
<0.003
(0.002)
<0.003
9.9
(0.0 )
0.9
<0.003
(0.000)
< 1.00>
<0.003
*••*•••**••
67.0
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
•7.5
( 16.81
<-2. U>
51.
0.9
( 0.9|
< 9.9 >
9.
5*. 3
( 10.5)
<-O.S*>
5*.
BI
••••••«*•••
0.061
(0.0 )
0.0.62
(0.058)
<« 1 otv
l» 1 3^
0.065
0.0
(0.0 |
0.0
0.018
(0.020)
0.007
••••*••*•*•
<0.005
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.001
(0.002)
< 1.76>
0.000
(olo )
< 0.0 >
0.0
0.000
(0.000)
< 1.00>
0.000
K..-V
a*a*****aeai
22.0
( 0.0)
29.7
(10.7)
<_. * ^HS
* *• JO J
32.*
0.0
( 0.0)
0.9
30.2
( 7.8)
3«.0
«•••»•••«•«
0.003
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.00*
(0.002)
<0.005
9.0
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
9.9
<0.005
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.0
<0.005
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.067
(0.035)
< 0.31>
0.060
(o!o i
< 0.0 >
9.0
0.006
(0.001)
< 0.6 1>
0.006
1C
»«•••*••*»*<
<0.005
(0.0 )
0.00*
(0.00*1
0.003
0.0
(0.0 I
0.0
0.00*
(0.001)
<0.005
0.035
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.057
(0.051)
.0.0*7
0.9
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.0
0.051
(O.OS7)
0.033
• A
I**********
384.0
( 0.0)
225.3
1 81.5)
<_ 7 nn\
**• uu^
235.0
0.0
( 0.0)
0.0
255.7
( 55.5)
279.0
O.U23
(0.0 )
< 0.0 >
0.621
(0. «70)
<-0.02>
0.770
0.0
(0.0 I
< 9.9 >
9.9
0.77*
(0.773)
< 0.93>
0.360
Tt
•••••••••••i
W 9
< 0.0 >
0.036
(0.029)
< o.so>
0.032
0.9
(0.0 )
< 0.9 >
0.9
0.000
(0.008)
< 0.9*>
0.005
ZB
»*•••*••
0.050
(0.0 )
0.301
(0.527)
<9 ad%
af.O i*
0.133
0.0
(0.0 )
0.0
0.093
(0.108)
< 2.01>
0.066
-------
Table B.1, continued
MGUICS (PPB)
JCElUPBTHYtBIE »»?RP»CE»E/PBEH1THBE»B iTIlZIIB BEIZBIE/TRICHLOiOBr BH.EIE BERBIEtCETIC 1CIO 4-T-BOTTLPHEIOL
••••••••••••*••»••*••»•»••••*•*••*«•*••»•••••»••**•••»•*•••*•••••••••••••••••••»•••»•»••••»•»•*•*»**•*»»••••••*••*••»*•••«*••••*•
SoutlMMt Water " ••' '-1 10.9 LI 16-6 S.I
HMlM.tlanPl.nt 3D ( 1.6) ( 7.1) ( IT.*) ( 0.4) ( 0.0) ( 8.0)
S < 1-'1> < 2.»«> < 3. 18> < 2.80> < 0.0 > < 2.75>
HD 5.00 <2.00 5.10 <1.00 2.00
Crriucnt CnUrlng IT
Hancock F.m Fro» so
Fore* N.lr 3
HO
FrMhMtm Mil
Rwwvolr
•ff
SB
S
80
SO
S
HD
4.9
( 6.0)
< •.11>
. ».55
3.0
( 1.7)
< O.T1>
<2.00
3.2
| 1.5)
< 0.37>
<2.00
8.4
| 12.8)
< 2.79>
3.20
<2.0
< 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<2.00
5.5
( 6.9)
1.73>
<2.00
32.5
I 36.9)
< 2.09>
18.25
7.3
<10.00
10.9
I 7.9)
< 0.70>
<10.00
1.9
I 1.5)
< 1.83>
<1.00
t.S
I 0.9)
< 0.71>
<1.00
2.2
<1.00
CTl
3.7
i 2.6)
< 0.00>
3.75
0.0
I 0.0)
< 0.0 >
0.0
0.0
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
0.0
19.6
( 69.3)
< «.96>
2.45
1.3
< 0.6)
< 0.71>
<1.00
3.4
( 3.21
< 2.69>
2. 10
SOURCE C11BOI TBTIiCHLOKDl 4-CBtOB01RILI*8 CHLO10BEBIEIB CBLOBOFOBB 2-CBUJBJ PHBIOL 1-CRLOBOTBTIlDEaiB
•••••*••••*•••*•••••*•••*•**••••••••**•*••••••••***•••••••••••••••••••••*•••••••*•••*••••••••*•»••••»*•*••••»•*••••••»*•••••»••••
SoutKM.tM.tw »» 8.0 29.0 1.1 <1.0 8.5 4.9
RwlMatlon Plwit SD
Crriuvit *
80
Effluwit EnUring »f
Hmock F«r» fttm SO
Fore* Iteln S
•0
FwhMUr M.11
fra»
»f
SO
fl
tr
so
S
HD
( 9.3)
< 3.72>
s.oo
4.7
i •.«)
< 2.89>
4.70
3.4
{ 1.5)
< 0.31>
3.10
3.1
( 1.«»
< 0.28>
<2.00
( 36.7)
< 1.98>
<10.00
17.1
( 38.9)
< 5.10>
<10.00
<10.0
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<10.00
42.4
(140.7)
< «.10>
<10.00
( 0.3)
< 4.01>
<1.00
1.3
( L»)
< 5.20>
<1.00
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<1.00
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<1.00
C 0.1)
< 4. 2S>
<1.00
5.3
( «-3)
< 1.71>
2.70
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
o.oo
1.9
( 2.3)
< 3.34>
<1.00
I 6.9)
< O.S1>
6.55
7.3
( 16.6)
< 4.3S>
2.00
1.3
( 0.64
< 0.71>
<1.00
3.5
( 7.8)
< 3.95>
1.30
( 4.4)
< I. 49>
<2.00
10.5
( 9.1)
< t.S6>
8.65
<2.0
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<2.00
6.5
< 11.1)
< 3. 6J>
2.60
-------
Table B.1, continued
SOURCE
DIBOTILPBiTHlHTB 2,3-DICHLOBOHHLIIB 3, 4-DICBLOB01III.il B DICBLOBOBEIZBIE H DICBIOBOBBIZEME P DICHLOEOBEVZEIB 0
• ••••••••••••••*•*•••*•*•»••••*•*»•*••*•*•••••*•••**••••*•**•••••••»••••*•••••»»*••*••••»»»•••••••••«••••••••••«***••••••*•••••••
If 26.8 8.5 5.8 5.7 6.4 11.6
cr>
en
Minnaaai water -••
Reclamation Plant SD
Effluent s
BD
Effluent Entering If
Hancock Far* fro» SD
Force Main S
BD
Freafweter Mall If
SD
S
BD
Effluent fro* If
Heaarvnlr SD
S
BD
( 60.3)
< 3. 24>
8.80
103.9
(149.2)
< 1.62>
23.40
0.3
( 2.0)
<-0.52>
8.90
36.8
< 2.44>
29.55
( 6.1)
< 1.37>
6.15
13.3
( 19.3)
< 2.59>
5.00
3.0
( 1.7)
< 0.71>
<2.00
3.5
( 1-5)
<-0.21>
3.70
( 7.2)
< 2.28>
<2.00
8.2
( 16.0)
< •.••>
3.85
<2.0
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<2.00
3.2
( 1.»
< 1.77>
2.35
( 6-9)
< 2.59>
2.60
11.2
( 29.6)
< 5.02>
4.70
1.3
0.6)
0.71>
<1.00
• .2
I 4.1)
< 2.34>
2.75
I 7.0)
< 2.15>
3.60
7.3
( 15.0)
< «.72>
3.30
1.3
( 0.6)
< 0.71>
3.3
3.6)
3-1«>
2.00
( 12.0)
< 1.58>
7.20
< 1.56>
8.60
1.3
( 0.6)
< 0.71>
<1.00
*.f
( *.0)
< 1. 15>
SOURCE
ee*eee*eee*<
Southeaet Mater **
KecleMtlon Plant ™
Effluent "
DICUOIOBRBIIB 2.4-DICHLOIOPBBBOL DIRBTIPRTHAIUB
0.0'>
0.0 >
Effluent Entering
Hancock Fam frtn
Force Main
FreelwaUr Mall
effluent fro*
Raaarvolr
If
SD
S
B>
If
SD
S
M
If
SD
S
HD
0.0
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
0.0
0.0
I 0.0)
< 0.0 >
0.0
5.5
1 0.0)
< 0.0 >
7.7
8.1)
1.23>
11.7
I 1*.«)
< 2.78>
7.45
2.7
( 0.6)
<-0.7t>
<3.00
6.7
( 10.9)
< 2.65>
<3.00
6.5
( 9.3)
< 3.03>
2.50
39.1
< 69.3)
< «.55>
28.40
16.9
I 13.2)
<-0.55>
21. «0
15.9
13.00
DIISOOCTTtPBTBIlITB DIOCTTLPBTBILIIE DODBCIBOIC ICID
'»•••••••«••••»••••••«•»*••»•«»•««»»•••*•••»•»»•••
63.1 7.3 0.0
(111.8) ( 9.2) ( 0.0)
< 2.78> < 1.32> < 0.0 >
18.40 <2.00 0.0
43.3
(144.2)
< 3.57>
<2.00
10.1
I 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<2.0
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<2.00
11.0
I 37.1)
< 3.75>
<2.00
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<2.0
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<2.00
0.0
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
0.0
0.0
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
0.0
0.0
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
0.0
-------
Table B.1, continued
SOURCE BTHTL BERZEIS HEPT1DECIB8 BBIIDECABE HBXaDECftROIC ACID HETHTLREPTl DECMOATE flETHTLHEIiDECilOiTE
•••**••••••••••*•••••»*••••••*•••*•••••••*••**••••«**•*•••••••*•••••*•**••*•»•••»*••••••»•*»•»•••»•••••»••••«••»«••••»•*•••••••••
Southeast Mater « 1-3 7.5 7.S 59.» 8.H 12.6
Reclamation Plant SB ( 1.0) ( 7.7) ( 8.3) ( 33.0) ( 11.1) ( 21.21
Effluent S < 3.30> < 1.66> < 1.I6> < 0.69> < 1.66> < 3. 18>
BD 1.00 3.90 3.20 »2.50 <2.00 2.85
Liriueni uiiotniy
Hancock Farm from
Force Main
freshwater Well
Effluent rroH
Reservoir
i
cr>
en
SOURCE
*•*••*<
Southeast Water
Reclamation Plant
Effluent
Effluent Entering
Hancock Farm fro*
Force Main
Freshwater Well
Effluent fro*
Reservoir
a*
so
s
BD
IV
SD
S
BB
If
SD
S
BD
>•••«
av
so
s
BD
If
SB
S
n
I*
SB
S
n
1T
SB
S
BD
1.7
{ 1-5)
iloo
1.7
1 0.6)
2! oo
1.8
( 1-5)
< 3.35>
<2.00
1-8ETHTLR»PBTH»LERB
>•»*••* •»••****•*•*•••
6.8
( 15.1)
< 3.6*>
2.00
6.*
( 8*9)
< 3.79>
2.90
1.3
( 0.6)
< 0.71>
<1.00
3.2
( 3.3)
< 2.86>
2.00
It. 3
< 1.95>
10.99
1.3
( 0.6)
< 0.7t>
<1.00
3.6
( 3.5)
< 1.55>
2.00
2-BETBTLPBEBOL
•»»****•••*•** **»!
6.1
J 6.3)
2! 25
5.3
{ 5. t)
< 1.91>
3.30
1.3
1 0.6)
< 0.71>
<1.00
1.9
1 1.5)
< 3.21>
2.00
<2.0
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<2.00
<2.t
1 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<2.0
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<2.00
•-HBTBILPBBBOL
»•*•*•**•••*•«**
8.7
( 1*»7)
< 3.90>
5.00
16.1
( «3.3)
< ».71>
S.OO
3.0
1 1.7)
< 0.71>
<2.00
3.«
( »*•)
< 0.71>
2.25
0.0
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
0.0
0.0
I 0.0)
< 0.0 >
0.0
13.9
( 1B.2)
< 0.0 >
13.90
I1PHTHILIIE
»»•»«
3.1
< 1.9)
< 1.66>
2.00
( 22.2)
< 3.01>
7.8S
2.9
( 0.«»
<-O.S3>
2.60
5.3
I 5.5)
< 2.38>
2.50
1*2.7
(690.0)
< 5.19>
2.60
<2.0
I 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<2.00
10.5
• 17.9)
< 2.««>
<2.00
•-BOniPBBBOL
•**•*
0.0
I 0.0)
< 0. 0 >
0.0
12.1
I 0.0)
< 0.0 >
0.3
I 0.6|
< 0.0 >
0.0
26.1
( 0.0)
< 0.0 >
38. 7
( 8«.«|
< 3. 65>
6.15
<2.0
I 0.0)
< 0.0 >
<2.00
16.9
( 22.1)
< 2.09>
7.15
OCT1DEC1BB
3.4)
1.2*>
<2.00
18.6
I 55.9)
< «.9S>
5.80
5.5
I 3.11
<-0.6S>
6.90
7.8
( 0.6)
< 1.67>
2.85
-------
Table B.1, continued
SOURCE PBEROL PROPiZIRB i-TBRPIRBOL TETBICBLOBOETfirLBRE TOLOEIE TBICHL080ETB1IE TBICULOBOETHTLEME
••«*•»••••*•**•••••••*•*•*••••••••*••••••••••••**•**»••••*•••••••••*•*•**•»•*»•••**•****•*******•«»•*»»•»••*•»•*«»*»••»»*******ee
ON
--J
Southeast Mater
Reclamation Plant
Effluent
Effluent Entering
Hancock Farm from
Force Main
Freshwater Well
Effluent from
Reservoir
IT
SO
S
no
IT
SO
s
80
If
SO
s
80
IT
SO
S
RD
10. S
( 8.«)
< 1.71>
10.00
9.7
{ 11-5)
< 3.93>
8.20
«.o
{ S.JI
< 8.71>
<1.00
8.3
( 7.2)
< 1.51>
9.80
20.0
( 5».0)
< *.03>
5.10
35.0
( 61.9)
< 2.71>
11.00
7.3
( ••«)
<-0.71>
<10.00
11.7
( 13.9)
< 2.58>
<10.00
8.1
( 16.2)
< 3. 10>
2.00
16.8
( 27.«)
< 1.89>
2.00
1.9
( 0.8)
< 0.71>
<1.08
32.7
(113.3)
< 3.93>
2.00
4.8
( 12.6)
< 3.2»>
<1.00
1.8
( 1.9)
< 3.59>
<1.00
2.1
( 2.8)
< 0.71>
<1.08
2.1
( 1.8)
< 1.5»>
<1.00
1.9
( 2.«)
< 2.66>
<1.00
1.6
( 2.1)
< 3.72>
<1.00
<1.0
( •••»
< 8.8 >
<«»«•
1.1
( 0.9)
< «. 13>
<1.00
(
<
(
<
4
I
<
(
<
6.8
8.1)
». 2S>
5.00
5.1
1.1)
1.75>
5.00
C5.8
• .81
8.8 >
•.9
0.3)
-1.»6>
5.00
1.2
( 0.8)
< *.01>
<1.00
1.1
C 0.3)
< J.06>
<1.00
1.1
( 8.2}
< 8.8 >
1.15
1.1
( 0.3)
< 2.39>
<1.00
* AV = Arithmetic Average
SD = Standard Deviation
S = Skewness of Data
MD = Median Value
-------
TABLE 8.2. RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS OF TRACE ELEMENTS
IN IRRIGATION WATERS (Pettygrove & Asano 1984)
Element
Recommended
maximum
Concentration3
(mg/1)
Remarks
Al
(aluminum)
As
(arsenic)
Be
(beryllium)
Cd
(cadmium)
5.0
Co
(chromium)
Cu
(copper)
F
(fluoride)
Fe
(iron)
0.10
0.10
0.01
0.1
0.2
1.0
5.0
Can cause non-productivity in acid soils
(pH <5.5), but more alkaline soils at pH
<5.5 will precipitate the ion and elimi-
ate any toxicity.
Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging
from 12 mg/1 for Sudan grass to <0.05 mg/1
for rice.
Toxicity to plants varies widely, ranging
from 5 mg/1 for kale to 0.5 mg/1 for bush
beans.
Toxic to beans, beets, and turnips at con-
centrations as low as 0.1 mg/1 in nutrient
solutions. Conservative limits recommended
because of its potential for accumulation
in plants and soils to concentrations that
may be harmful to humans. .'
Not generally recognized as an essential
growth element. Conservative limits rec-
omended because of lack of knowledge on
toxicity to plants.
Toxic to a number of plants at 0.1 to 1.0
mg/1 in nutrient solutions.
Inactivated by neutral and alkaline soils.
Not toxic to plants in aerated soils, but
can contribute to soil acidification and
loss of reduced availability of essential
phosphorus and molybdenum. Overhead sprink-
ling may result in unsightly deposits on
plants, equipment, and buildings.
(cont inued)
168
-------
Table B.2, continued
Element
Recommended
maximum
Concentration a
(mg/1)
Remarks
Zn
(zinc)
2.0
Toxic to many plants at widely varying con-
centrations; reduced toxicity at pH >6.0 and
in fine textured or organic soils.
a The maximum concentration is based on a water application rate that is
consistent with good agricultural practices 1.22 ha.m/ha.yr (4 ac-ft/
ac.yr) the water application rate exceeds this, the maximum concentra-
tion should be adjusted downward accordingly. No adjustment should be
made for application rates of less than 4 acre-ft per year per acre.
The values given are for waters used on a continuous basis at one site
for the irrigation supply water.
169
-------
Table B.2, continued
Element
Recommended
maximum
Concentration3
(mg/1)
Remarks
Li
(lithium)
2.5
Tolerated by most crops up to 5 mg/1;
mobile in soil. Toxic to citrus and low
levels (>0.075 mg/1). Acts similar to
boron.
Mn
(manganese)
0.2
Toxic to a number of crops at a few tenths
mg to a few mg/1, but usually only in acid
soils.
Mo
(molybdenum)
Ni
(nickel)
Pb
(lead)
Se
(selenium)
Sn
(tin)
Ti
(titanium)
W
(tungsten)
(vanadium)
0.01
0.2
5.0
0.02
0.1
Not toxic to plants at normal concentra-
tions in soil and water. Can be toxic to
livestock if forage is grown in soils with
high levels of available molybdenum.
Toxic to a number of plants at 0.5 to 1.0
mg/1; reduced toxicity at neutral or alka-
line pH.
Can inhibit plant cell growth at very high
concentrations.
Toxic to plants at concentrations as low as
0.025 mg/1 and toxic to livestock if forage
is grown in soils with relatively high levels
of added selenium. An essential element for
animals but in very low concentrations.
Effectively excluded by plants; specific
tolerance unknown.
(See remark for tin)
(See remark for tin)
Toxic to many plants at relatively low con-
centrations.
(continued)
170
-------
APPENDIX C
Crop Quality
171
-------
TABLE C 1. CONCCNIHAIION OF SPECIFIC PARAMETERS IN GRAIN SORGHUM TISSUE
Concentration in mq/q
Crop
Treatment
1
2
3
4
5
TKN
Year
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
19B3
Stalk
27.2
3.6
17.8
1.7
13.7
3.0
16.8
3.6
16.6
Seed
16.5
10.2
16.3
10.8
18.1
10.8
16.2
8.2
15.7
IP
Stalk
.21
.9
.57
1.45
.95
1,81
1.01
2.53
.18
1 3R
Seed
1.7
2.7
1.77
3.04
1.9
3.4
2.31
3.28
1.74
Stalk
3.13
5.7
4.1
5. 58
6.98
4.95
5.34
11.0
1.A7
Cl
Seed
.95
.56
.72
0.53
.7
.56
.644
0.40
.95
Ca
Stalk
5230
4770
5430
5050
4300
5000
2450
4590
5680
Vifin
Seed
200
370
215
340
240
340
380
410
220
Stalk
.11
<.05
.08
<.05
.06
<.05
.07
<.05
.06
Cd
Seed
.20
<.05
.17
<.05
.21
<.05
<.05
.075
Concentration in mg/kq
Fe
Stalk
164
374
490
367
255
409
118
394
195
SS7
Seed
48
81
48
42
81
15
14
70
59
Mn
Stalk
36.1
52.5
27.8
50.1
48.7
63.2
19.3
51.1
53.
i%
Seed
10.1
11.0
10.7
10.5
10.8
B.8
9
16.9
25.
K
Stalk
15,500
14,750
12,350
14.9UO
12,500
15,640
7,680
15,120
19,000
IA TUI
Seed
3100
3250
2800
3440
2850
3480
2720
4050
2680
Zn
Stalk
11.4
14.0
16.1
14.2
12.5
20.4
11.4
19.4
15.
1A A
Seed
17.6
21.9
14.6
20.1
15.8
20.3
15.4
23.9
15.
Na
Stalk
52
74
127
61
63
108
34
96
231
si
Seed
44
43
41
5}
53
33
49
19
48
-------
PAHAMETEK
Treatment
Trial 14000
2
4
6
B
10
12
14
16
18
Trial 15000
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
Concentration in mg/q
IKN
Stalk
14.3
9.4
24.3
19.3
14.4
21.4
15.7
15.1
19.8
19.5
4.3
17.3
8.3
19.1
8.2
21.4
3.5
21.9
10.3
Seed
30.8
34.9
35.9
45.0
43.0
38.9
36.1
36.2
29.3
53.4
28.5
52.4
34.2
39.7
27.6
37.7
25.4
51.4
42.6
TP
Stalk
1.55
2.26
3.35
1.52
1.81
2.68
2.10
1.98
3.69
1.61
1.06
1.87
.92
1.88
1.07
2.12
1.55
1.30
.72
Seed
3.25
5.14
5.71
4.75
5.05
4.92
4.99
4.96
5.21
4.91
6.20
4.30
5.94
4.99
6.39
5.18
6.29
3.88
4.46
Cl
Stalk Seed
2.03
1.67
2.0
1.36
1.54
1.98
1.75
1.B1
3.37
.836
.35
.616
.35
9.08
.37
1.21
.48
.16
.34
Stalk
12220
16070
17810
13140
10860
1537
11990
11470
17790
6120
6690
7010
11000
6890
10850
8410
Ca
Seed
1770
1580
1810
1850
2840
1930
17BO
2270
1720
1650
2150
1490
1695
Cd
Stalk Seed
.07
.20 .16
.14 .10
.11 .11
.17 .07
.30 .17
.07 ' .15
.07 .28
.07 .10
<.05
<.05 «•—
.07 .16
<.05 <.05
.13 .22
<.05
Concent
iration i
fe
t
Stalk
103
75
133
132
85
69
1344
87
9B
B2
60
B1
31
73
122
320
Seed
46
40
32
10
13
32
33
9
104
39
40
33
51
in mg/kg
M K
Stalk Seed Stalk
17.6 1B380
18400
20729
20440
21.7 1743U
- -- 18200
22.6 17600
IB. 7 16700
29.7 19340
10.3 17690
10.3 16490
12.1 . 15030
6.3 5.4 16600
8.4 21820
7.9 7.35 15750
15.3 9430
Seed
10200
11199
8700
9200
9600
9500
8200
1396
12700
7BOO
11500
8500
8600
2n
Stalk
11.0
17.0
20.0
B.O
13.0
17.0
14.0
12.0
15. 0.
7.1
7.4
8.4
13.
8.8
28. 7
B.7
Na
Seed
36.6
39.1
37.3
34.0
38.0
39.3
32.9
37.0
36.3
32.4
30.
29.9
27.6
Stalk
281
273
263
268
218
484
236
298
530
379
489
452
535
616
445
781
Seed
361
173
. 122
154
372
188
166
120
133
364
77
208
7fl
-------
TABLE C-3. 1982 AND 1983 ALFALFA CROP QUALITY, TRIAL 16000
Concentration in mg/g
Treatment
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
; 6
7
7
10
10
11
11
12
12
Year
9/82
9/83
9/82
9/83
9/82
9/83
8/82
8/83
8/82
8/83
9/82
9/83
9/82
9/83
9/82
9/83
9/82
9/83
9/82
9/83
TKN
39.1
44.8
38.9
42.5
39.5
44.4
39.6
42.5
42.5
42.1
40.4
39.0
40.4
43.6
54.4
49.4
40.1
44.8
39.3
TP
1.75
2.39
2.0
2.12
1.73
2.14
2.20
2.57
1.73
2.46
2.67
2.84
1.65
1.43
2.08
1.57
1.95
1.43
1.85
CL-
8.91
14.22
8.0
13.60
7.2
14.0
11.1
14.45
11.99
13.41
13.2
14.3
3.8
6.60
7.02
6.91
6.38
5.79
6.06
Ca
19,100
13,970
19,700
13,050
21,000
12,280
19,800
13,420
10,600
12,020
16,620
10,820
23,050
15,380
18,800
15,040
18,800
16,630
20,800
Cd
.09
<.05
.07
<.05
.075
<.05
.11
<.05
<.05
<.05
.11
<.05
.06
<.05
.06
<.05
.07
<.05
.06
Concentration in mg/kg
Fe
277
181
229
145
271
173
323
116
397
121
326
118
818
169
268
139
173
274
193
Mn
34.7
35.3
40.0
28.9
42.9
23.8
41.7
28.0
43.6
22.5
43.0
23.6
33.3
39.6
34.1
36.6
35.3
38.0
36.4
K
23,000
20,500
22,900
18,800
23,400
15,100
21,900
18,810
25,950
15,800
25,850
17,800
19,250
12,700
28,900
16,300
26,700
21 ,400
26,200
Zn
20.9
20.7
19.1
20.0
17.5
18.6
19.6
20.1
20.8
21.5
23.7
20.0
18.8
21.0
19.0
20.6
16.6
23.5
34.7
Na %
744
897
547
1089
917
1169
1235
1044
1040
1668
2115
1584
202.5
591
536
514
448
500
624
Protein
24
28
24
27
25
28
25
27
27
26
25
24
25
27
34
31
25
28
25
-------
TABLE C-4. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BERMUDA WHOLE PLANT TISSUE
Concentration in mg/g
Treatment
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
Year
9/82
9/83
9/82
9/83
9/82
9/83 '
9/82
9/83
9/82
9/83
9.82
9/83
9/82
9/83
TKN
17.3
12.0
19.9
12.0
20.6
13.1
17.2
11.8
18.9
9.7
18.1
10.2
14.4
13.1
TP
1.3
1.18
1.54
1.46
3.45
1.46
1.81
1.58
1.56
1.54
1.69
1.54
0.6
0.77
CL-
8.7
Ca
4670
8.05 4160
11.1
5125
8.17 3760
10.3
4590
6.99 3480
9.69 4690
7.6^
11.6
5.41
9.6
^ 3770
4355
3390
4310
5.57 3210
9.7 5120
8.37 4630
Concentration in mg/kg
Cd
.09
<.05
.18
<.05
.13
<.05
.18
<.05
.12
<.05
.10
<.05
.08
<.05
Fe
301.
155
267
176
251
121
313
121
350
110
188
124
67
219
Mn
83.4
75.3
83.9
78.1
81.4
66.5
87.3
76.5
81.0
63.6
78.0
71.7
39.5
73.2
K
18,100
16,470
20,950
17,250
23,650
15,500
18,200
15,420
19,100
12,750
17,450
17,710
16.500
1 2 , 840
Zn
14.3
15.7
16.3
17.8
17.5
15.8
17.9
14.2
14.7
15.3
14.9
15.7
11.5
9.6
Na
481
353
571
. 429
612
452
614
993
547
485
681
518
150
102
-------
C-5. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAIN SORGHUM WHOLE PLANT TISSUE, TRIAL 17000
OS
Treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
TKN
11.9
20.5
16.4
6.8
18.4
11.8
25.5
13.9
13.9
17.9
18.9
15.4
TP
( mg/g )
0.75
0.63
1.34
0.54
1.01
0.62
0.63
0.84
0.92
0.88
0.97
1 .05
CL-
Ca
Cd
Fe
Mn
K
Zn
Na
(mg/kg)
2.63
3.16
2.70
2.935
2.680
3.331
2.558
3.282
3.924
3.292
2.344
2.741
3370.
4630.
2970.
4510.
3290.
5250.
3750.
3240.
4680.
2050.
3430.
3680.
0.05
0.10
<0.05
0.07
0.05
0.11
0.08
0.07
0.53
0.06
0.07
0.05
57.
390.
297.
125.
65.
524.
106.
120.
234.
33.
91.
82.
23.4
38.9
20.8
27.8
27.5
49.8
25.8
19.2
37.6
30.4
32.7
22.5
9700.
14,300.
6400.
16,200.
9300.
11 ,400.
11,300.
12,300.
16,100.
5000.
10,400
12,200
14.2
17.3
11.2
9.2
14.6
20.3
15.5
10.7
13.5
12.9
15.0
18.6
162.
160.
352.
399.
128.
282.
241.
139.
216.
104.
152.
143.
-------
TABLE C-6.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOYBEAN WHOLE PLANT TISSUE
Concentration in
FKN
Treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Stalk
12.8
11.3
15.4
12.8
23.2
25.0
22.7
18.4
22.4
24.7
24.5
26.0
Seed
79.4
79.9
100.6
107.6
100.6
98.5
104.6
107.6
101.6
101.6
104.6
110.6
TP
Stalk
0.60
0.64
0.97
0.74
0.80 •
0.75
0.72
0.75
0.80
0.89
1.19
1.09
Seed
6.77
6.18
6.28
6.53
4.93
5.22
5.35
4.36
5.52
5.52
5.92
5.65
mq/q
Concentration in
ci-
Stalk
1.292
0.217
0.400
4.077
4.363
4.470
4.939
5.198
4.403
5.567
5.096
6.217
Seed
0.11
0.180
0.182
1.835
1.716
0.153
0.173
0.153
0.204
0.214
0.194
0.204
Ca
Stalk
17,000.
15,600.
17,300.
15,800.
14,900.
15,400.
15,900.
13,800.
14,600.
13,400.
14,500.
14,000.
Seed
2250.
2130.
2120.
2150.
2160.
2280.
1870.
1980.
1960.
2100.
2090.
1930.
Cd
Stalk
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.08
0.10
Seed
0.08
0.06
<0.05
<0.05
0.06
0.06
0.09
0.15
0.17
0.07
0.07
0.08
Fe
Stalk
303.
301.
482.
202.
579.
224.
299.
144.
182.
134.
94.
194.
Seed
192.
85.
138.
140.
430.
233.
128.
97.
82.
26.
106.
109.
mg/kq
HN
Stalk
27.7
29.9
30.0
8.45
21.3
19.8
18.8
20.6
21.3
14.0
17.9
17.8
Seed
21.1
17.1
15.9
23.3
37.2
26.3
22.3
24.3
22.9
23.4
24.4
17.7
Stalk
14,300.
13,300.
11,700.
14,200.
13,200.
13,000.
13,100.
12,400.
13,000.
10,000.
17,200.
16,500.
K
Seed
16,400.
13,300.
17,800.
17,200.
14,300.
17,400.
13,400.
13,200.
12,600.
14,200.
19,600.
18,600.
Zn
Stalk
4.7
13.7
17.3
11.9
14.9
9.8
9.4
9.1
14.1
12.5
9.4
11.2
Seed
37.0
37.9
35.3
41.6
45.2
38.8
35.3
37.8
34.7
38. J
39.7
33.6
Na
Stalk
146.
142.
180.
140.
258.
394.
202.
223.
185.
167.
176.
178.
Seed
24.
318.
276.
43.
56.
116.
37.
58.
41.
46.
53.
68.
-------
TABLE C.7. NUTRIENT RATIOS IN GRAIN SORGHUM (MILO) TISSUE, TRIAL 15000
Sample
Number
1
2
3
4
5
Year
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
K/N
Stalk
0.57
4.10
0.70
8.76
0.91
5.21
0.46
4.15
1 .14
K/N
Seed
0.19
0.32
0.17
0.32
0.16
0.32
0.17
0.50
0.17
K/N
Stalk
73.8
16.39
21.67
10.28
13.16
8.64
7.60
5.98
105.6
K/N
Seed
1.82
1.20
1.58
1.13
1 .50
1.02
1.18
1.23
1.54
K/N
Stalk
18.4
64.3
35.4
102.1
76.0
88.7
88.6
130.4
12.
K/N
Seed
96.6
123.3
121.2
151.2
120.3
167.5
150.
137.2
116.
178
-------
TABLE C.8. NUTRIENT RATIOS FOR 1982 AND 1983 ALFALFA PLANT TISSUE,
TRIAL 16000
Treatment
1
1
2
2
3
3
4 '
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
10
10
11
11.
12
12
*Normal Ratios
Year
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
1982
1983
N/P
22.3
18.7
19.4
20.0
22.8
20.7
18.0
16.5
24.6
17.1
15.1
13.7
24.5
30.5
26.2
31.5
20.5
31.3
21.2
10.0
K/P
13.1
8.6
11.4
8.9
13.5
7.1
10.0
7.3
15.0
6.4
9.7
6.3
11.7
8.9
13.9
10.4
13.7
15.0
14.2
18.0
K/N
0.59
0.46
0.59
0.44
0.59
0.34
0.55
0.44
0.61
0.38
0.64
0.46
0.48
0.29
0.53
0.33
0.66
0.48
0.67
0.83
P/Zn
83.7
115.5
104.7
106.0.
98.9
115.1
112.2
127.9
83.2
114.4
112.7
142.0
87.8
68.1
109.5
76.2
117.5
60.9
53.3
120.0
*Monson
179
-------
APPENDIX 0
Parameter and Coefficient Values for Nitrogen Mass Balance Model
180
-------
00
TABLE D-1. INPUT PARAMETERS AND COEFFICIENTS FOR N MASS BALANCE ON
GRAIN SORGHUM TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 15000
Annual Hydraulic Loading, Qjr, (m)
Parameter Symbol
1982 Inorganic nitrogen mass in 183 cm soil profile (kg-N/ha) Nior^"^
1982 Organic nitrogen mass in 183 cm soil profile (kg-N/ha) Nor|^~^
Nitrogen concentration in irrigation water (mg-N/1) Cjr
Amount of precipitation in 1983 (cm) Qp
*$•'
*Assuned nitrogen concentration in precipitation (mg-N/1) Cp
Fraction of nitrogen applied by irrigation e
Runoff coefficient ' a
Mineralization rate constant (yr-1) 1^3
Denitrification coefficient C
0.0
151.9
6731
18.32
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0052
0.10
1.37
90.6
6778
18.32
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0052
0.30
1.83
128.7
687
18.32
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.052
0.30
2.13
49.4
569
18.3
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0052
0.30
2.82
66.4
7495
18.3
45.72
1.
0.95
0.0
0.0052
0.30
*Mehren et al 1981
-------
TABLE 0-2.
PARAMETER AND COEFFICIENT VALUES TOR NITROGEN MASS BALANCE
ON TEST PLOTS, TRIALS 14000 and 15000'
Trial 14000
Trial 15000
Annual Hydraulic Loading, Q,r(»)
Spring
Spring
Parameter
1983 Inorganic nitrogen fflasa in soil profile (kg-N/ha!
198) Organic nitrogen mass in soil profile (kg-N/ha)
Nitrogen concentration in irrigation Hater (ng-N/1)
Amount of precipitation in 1983 (en)
"Aasuned nitrogen concentration in precipitation (ng-N/1)
Fraction of nitrogen applied by irrigation
Runoff coefficient
Mineralization rate constant (yr-1)
Oenitrification coefficient
Symbol
"iorU-1
*or|t-1
Cir
"P
CP
e
a
"•>
C
O.Q to 51
'V.'
75.19
5)69.
18.40
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.03
0.10
0.61 to 1.22
75.19
5)69.
18.40
45.72
1.2
0.9S
0.0
0.0)
0.30
0.0 cm
212.6
5927
18.40
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.01
0.10
1.22 en
142.8
9991.
18.40
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.03
0.30
1.83 cm
129.3
8169.
18.40
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.03
0.30
2.29 cm
44.9
7279.
18.40
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.03
0.30
2.97 cm
31.1
7850.
18.40
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.03
0.50
OC
ro
• 91 cm soil corea collected from Trail 14000 plots teat and 183 cm cores collected fraa Trial 15000 teat plots
"• Menren et al 1981
-------
1ABLE D-3. PARAMETER AM) COEFFICIENT VALUES FOR NITROGEN MASS BALANCE ON ALFALFA IES1 PLOTS, [RIAL I6QOO
,
Annual Hydraul ic
co
OJ
Parameter Symbol
February 198)
Inorganic nitrogen mass in 18) en soil profile (kg-N/ha! N|Or|t-1
February 198)
Organic nitrogen mass in 18) on soil profile (kg-N/ha} "orK"'
Nitrogen concentration in irrigation water (ag-N/1) Cjr
Amount of precipitation in 198) (CM) Qp
•Assmed nitrogen concentration in precipitation (eg-H/ha! Cp
Fraction of nitrogen applied by Irrigation e
Runoff coefficient a
Mineralization rate constant (yr-1) kmj
Denitrification coefficient C
0.0
118. 1
52)7.
45.72'
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0)
0.10
1.)7
42.9
8)09.
18.40
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0)
O.JO
1.98
149.8
7454.
18.40
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0)
o.»
2.59
112.4
5558.
18.40
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0)
O.M
Loadings, Q,r, '.»)
).05
7). 9
6)94.
18.40
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0)
0.50
).65
J9.0
76)2.
18.40
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0)
O.JO
a. w
22.2
1015).
18.40
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0)
0.50
).65
7.7
7081.
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0)
O.M
).05
21.0
7497.
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0)
0.50
2.59
10.2
5456.
45.72
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0)
0.50
-------
TABLE 0-4. PARAMETER AM} COEFFICIENT VALUES FOR NITROGEN MASS BALANCE ON BERMUDA TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 16000
Annual Hydraulic Loading,Qlr (m)
Symbol Units 07017521.98 2.593.05J.50 3.96
February 198}
Inorganic nitrogen mass in 18) can soil profile Nior|t-1 kg-N/ha 98.4 78.6 81.0 106.) 53.9 56.6 41.6
February 198)
Organic nitrogen naaa in 18) en soil profile \,r|t-' kg-N/ha 9460. 6478. 7157. 8124. 7964. 8571. 9107.
Nitrogen concentration in irrigation water Clr mg-N/1 18.4 -18.4 18.4 18.4 18.4 18.4 18.4
Atount of precipitation in 198) Op cm 45.72 45.72 45.72 45.72 45.72 45.72 45.72
Aaauied nitrogen concentration in precipitation Cp mg-N/1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
Fraction of nitrogen applied by irrigation e 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
Runoff coefficient a 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Mineralization rate constant K^j yr'1 0.01 0.03 0.0) 0.0) 0.0) 0.0) 0.0)
Oenitrification coefficient C n.10 0.30 0.30 0.50 0.30 0.30 0.30
184
-------
TABLE D-5. PARAMETER AND COEFFICIENT VALUES FOR NITROGEN MASS BALANCE ON CHAIN SORGHUM ItSI PLOTS. TRIAL 17000
Annual Hydraulic Loading Qir, (n)
0.30
0.61
1.22
Application Frequency
Parameter
Inorganic Nitrogen Haaa in 91 cai eoil
Profile, July 1982
Organic Nitrogen Haaa in 91 c» soil
Profile, July 1982
Nitrogen Concentration in Irrigation Mater
Mount of Precipitation in 1982
•Asaumed Nitrogen Concentration in
Precipitation
Fraction of Nitrogen Applied by Irrigation
Runoff Coefficient
Mineralization Rate Constant
Oenitrification Coefficient
Symbol
•WM
Niorlt-1
Cir
CP
e
a
K»3
c
1/t*
10.7
5538.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0052
0.10
1/2-wk
10.7
5538.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.015
0.10
1/4-t*
10.7
5538.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.01
0.10
1/8-wk
10.7
5538.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0052
0.10
V*
10.7
5538.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0052
0.20
1/2-wk
10.7
5538.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0052
0.20
1/4-wk
10.7
5538.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.02
o.to
1/8-wk
10.7
5538.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0052
0.20
I/.*
10.7
5538.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.01
0.20
1/2-k
10.7
5538.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.01
0.20
1/4- xk
10.7
5538.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.01
0.20
1/8-wk
10.7
5538.
1
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.01
0.20
• fehren et al 1981
-------
TABLE D-6. PHRAHETtR AND COEfTlCIENI VALUES FOR NITROGEN MASS BALANCE ON SOYBtAN IESI PLOTS. TRIAL 17000
Parameter
Symbol
Annual Hydraulic Loading Qlr, (•)'
0.61
Application Fraquenc
1/2-wk 1/4-wk 1/B-wk 1/wk
1/2-wk
r!rx-
1/4-n
1/2-Wfc 1/4~MK
l/8-xlt
Inorganic Nitrogen Haaa in 91 c» soil
Profile, July 1982
Organic Nitrogen Mass in 91 en soil
Profile, July 1982
Nitrogen Concentration in Irrigation Mater
Anoint of Precipitation in 1982
CO •Asauned Nitrogen Concentration in
^ Precipitation
Fraction of Nitrogen Applied by Irrigation
Runoff Coefficient
Hineralization Rate Constant
Denitrification Coefficient
Nior|t-1 62.7
Niorlt-1 4210.
Cir 57.91
Qp 70.0
Cp 1.2
e 0.95
a 0.0
fa) 0.0052
c 0.10
62.7
4210.
57.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.01
0.10
62.7
4210.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.01
0.10
62.7 62.7
4210. 4210.
37.91 37.91
70.0 70.0
1.2 1.2
0.95 0.95
0.0 0.0
0.01 0.0052
0.10 0.10
62.7
4210.
57.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0052
0.10
62.7
4210.
57.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0052
0.10
62.7
4210.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.0052
0.10
62.7
4210.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.01
0.10
62.7
4210.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.01
0.20
62.7
4210.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.01
0.20
62.7
4210.
37.91
70.0
1.2
0.95
0.0
0.01
0.20
• fehren et al 1981
-------
TABLE 0.7. NITROGEN UPTAKE BY GRAIN SORGHUM
Year
1982
1983
Treatment
Numbers
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4 .
5
Hydraulic
Loading
(m/yr)
0.61
0.61
0.91
1.06
0.00
1.37
1.83
2.13
2.32
0.00
N Crop
Uptake*
(kg/yr)
94.8
104.4
116.9
111 .0
77.4
68.7
66.0
76.2
68.0
30.0*
*Estimat.ion based on yield and typical TKN values presented in
A & L Feed Manual
TABLE D.8. NITROGEN REMOVAL BY COTTON
Trial Treatment
14000 4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
15000 1
2
3
4
Annual Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
20
41
51
61
69
86
102
122
122
183
229
297
N Mass Applied
(kg-N/ha)
35.0
71.7
89.1
106.6
120.6
150.3
178.3
213.3
213.3
319.9
400.3
519.2
N Uptake by Crop
(kg-N/ha)
44.3
29.3
91.5
62.0
68.0
69.8
32.8
32.8
103.5
157.2
115.9
103.7
187
-------
TABLE D.9. ORGANIC N MASS PRESENT IN SOIL CORES OBTAINED FROM COTTON TEST PLOTS
TRIALS 14000 and 15000
oo
oo
Treat-
Trial ment
*14000 2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
**15000 1
2
3
4
5
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
0.
20.
41.
51.
61 .
69.
86.
102.
122.
122.
183.
229.
297.
0.
Total N Mass (kg/ha)
Spring 1983 Winter 1984
5950. 5820.
5730.
5280.
2930.
3810.
3060.
3500.
3700.
3030.
10,100. 8090.
8300. 6180.
7320. 6230.
8050. 6900.
6140. 7720
Organic N Mass (kg/ha)
Spring 1983 Winter 1984
5370. 5560.
5470.
5050.
2700.
3720.
2960.
3380.
3600.
2960.
9990. 8060.
8170. 6140.
7280. 6170.
7850. 6850.
5930. 7500.
Percent of Total N
Spring 1983 Winter 1984
90. 95.
95.
95.
92.
98.
97.
97.
97.
98.
99. 100.
98. 99.
99. 99.
98. 99.
97. 97.
* cores to 91 cm depth
** cores to 183 cm depth
-------
TABLE 0.10. NITROGEN REMOVAL BY ALFALFA TRIAL 160UU
CO
M3
treat-
ment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
•10
•11
*12
Treat-
ment
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
•10
•11
•12
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
1982 1983
2J. 137.
46. 198.
76. 259.
107. 305.
137. . 365.
137. 434.
0. 0.
137. 365.
107. 305.
76. 259.
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
T982 1983
23. 137.
46. 198.
76. 259.
107. 305.
137. 365.
137. 434.
0. 0.
137. 365.
107. 305.
76. 259.
Plant
Tissue
Cone.
(mg/g)
39.1
38.9
39.5
39.4
42.5
40.4
40.4
54.4
40.1
39.3
Plant
Tissue
Cone.
(mg/g)
44.8
42.5
44.4
47.5
42.1
39.0
43.6
49.4
44. 8
40.0
September
Crop
Yield
(kg/ha)
1700
1260
1600
2350
1700
1650
650
1550
1750
1250
September
Crop
Yield
(kg/ha)
2550
3130
3620
3790
4530
4380
1980
1810
2440
1982
Ha sa
Removed
(kg/ha)
66.
49.
63.
93.
72.
67.
26.
84.
70.
49.
1983
Mass
Removed
(kg/ha)
114.
133.
161.
161.
191.
171.
0.
98.
81.
98.
Plant
Tissue
Cone.
(mg/g)
39.7
35.9
33.2
27.6
33.2
33.2
36.9
35.0
32.2
33.
Hay 1983
Crop
Yield
(kg/ha)
3520
3820
3610
3730
3680
4340
2270
2630
3500
2600
Hass
Removed
(kg/ha)
140.
138.
120.
103.
122.
144.
84.
92.
113.
86.
Plant
Tissue
Cone.
(mg/g)
36.0
39.7
34.4
38.7
33.8
52.0
34.7
38.0
36.9
45.1
June 1983 August 1983
Plant
Crop Hasa Tissue Crop Hass
Yield Removed Cone. Yield Removed
(kg/ha) (kg/ha) (mg/g) (kg/ha) (kg/ha)
3390 122. 37.6 3830 106.
4730 188. 36.8 3380 124.
4620 159. 39.9 3550 140.
4690 181. 37.4 3260 122.
5800 196. 43.7 4150 181.
5460 287. 42.7 3030 168.
2210 77. 37.3 890 33.
2700 102. 29.6 2700 80.
2700 100. 44.5 2240 100.
2100 95. 37.6 1610 60.
November 1983
Plant
Tissue
Cone.
(mg/g)
25.5
26.2
22.7
18.8
19.8
18.6
30.9
18.2
21.0
21.6
Crop
Yield
(kg/ha)
2830
2260
2080
2880
2920
3060
1550
2120
2020
1350
Mass
Removed
(kg/ha)
61.
59.
47.
54.
58.
57.
48.
39.
43.
29.
TOTAL
1982
66.
49.
63.
93.
72.
67.
26.
84.
70.
49.
1983
543.
642.
626.
621.
747.
824.
242.
411.
435.
368.
•Irrigated with Ground Hater
-------
TABLE 0.11. SOIL NITROGEN FORMS IN BERMUDA TEST PLOTS
Treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
. Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
152.
198.
259.
305.
350. •
396.
0.
NH^ (kg/ha)
Feb 1983
7.7
12.3
69.0
16.0
5.6
24.9
13.1
Dec 1983
10.7
9.6
5.3
11.6
8.3
6.6
35.7
Organic N
(kg/ha)
Feb 1983
6480.
7160.
8120.
7960.
8570.
9110.
9460.
Dec 1983
7580.
6990.
7420.
9280.
7290.
6690.
8280.
N02/N03
(kg/ha)
Feb 1983
70.9
71.7
37.3
37.9
51.0
16.7
85.3
Dec 1983
18.5
16.9
19.0
10.7
13.6
13.8
52.8
Total N
(kg/ha )
Feb 1983
6560.
7240.
8230.
8020.
8630.
9150.
9560.
Dec 1983
7610.
7020.
7440.
9300.
7310.
6710.
8370.
to
o
-------
TABLE D.12. NITROGEN REMOVAL BY BERMUDA
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
Treatment 1982
1 38.
2 46.
3 76.
4 91.
5 122.
6 152.
7 0.
1983
152.
198.
259.
305.
350.
396.
0.
September 1982
Cone.
(mg/g)
17.36
19.88
20.60
17.14
18.95
18.12
14.56
Yield
(kg/ha)
3968.
4970.
3525.
4493.
5493.
4299.
2297.
Mass
(kg/ha)
68.9
98.8
72.6
77.0
104.1
77.9
33.4
June 1983
Cone.
(mg/g)
19.64
13.89
14.38
16.93
16.31
15.64
18.49
Yield
(kg/ha)
5112.
4138.
4650.
4525.
3875.
4650.
3350.
Mass
(kg/ha)
100.4
57.5
66.9
76.6
63.2
72.7
61.9
September
Cone.
( rng/g )
11.95
12.03
13.09
11.76
9.67
10.24
13.09
Yield
(kg/ha)
9368.
8174.
6453.
7261.
6471.
7094.
2926.
1983
Mass
(kg/ha)
111.9
98.3
84.5
85.4
62.6
72.6
38.3
Total Mass
Recovered
(kg/ ha
1982
68.9
98.8
72.6
77.0
104.1
77.9
33.4
• yr)
1983
212.3
155.8
151.4
162.0
125.8
145.3
100.2
-------
APPENDIX E
Mass Balances
192
-------
TABLE E-1. PHOSPHORUS MASS BALANCE IN GRAIN SORGHUM TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 15000
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading
(cm)
0.
137
183
213
282
Treatment
5
1
2
3
4
Mass P
Applied to Plot
(kg/ha)
0
101.5
135.6
157.8
209.0
Mass P in Soil
March 1983
5720.
3930.
4180.
4010.
4180.
Profile
Dec. 1983
3930.
4140.
3880.
3880.
4180.
Mass P
Utilized by
Crop
4.4
17.7
30.0
30.2
34.9
Unaccounted
for Mass
kg/ ha
-1788
+129.
-405.
-256.
-174.1
-------
TABLE E-2. PHOSPHORUS MASS BALANCE OF COTTON TEST PLOTS, TRIALS 14000 and 13000
MD
Phosphorus Annual Phosphorus
Mass Hydraulic Mass Applied
Trial Treatment Loading (cm) (kg/ha)
14000 2
4
6
8 .
10
12
14
16
15000 1
2
3
4
5
0.
20.
41.
51.
61.
69.
86.
102.
122.
183.
229.
297.
0.
0
14.8
30.4
37.8
45.2
51.1
63.7
75.6
90.4
135.6
169.7
220.1
0.0
Crop Uptake
Phosphorus
(kg/ha)
2.1
8.7
1.9
12.7
10.4
8.3
11.9
12.1
22.5
27.3
26.8
25.6
5.1
of Phosphrous Mass in
Soil Profile (kg/ha)
Winter 1983 Fall 1983
2090
2090
2090
2090
2090
2090
2090
2090
4350
4650
3930
4480
4310
2260
2480
2390
2560
2520
2180
2300
2560
3800
5100
2990
3410
3710
Unaccounted
Phosphorus
(kg/ha)
+172.
+384.
+272.
+445.
+395.
+47.
+158.
+406.
-618.
-342.
-1080.
-1260.
-595.
-------
TABLE E.3. PHOSPHORUS MASS BALANCE IN ALFALFA TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 16000
MD
vn
(
Treat-
ment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*10
*11
*12
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
137.
198.
259.
305.
365 .
434.
0.
365.
305.
259.
Phosphorus Mass
Applied (kg/ha)
101.5
146.7
191.9
226.0
270.5
321.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Phosphorus Mass
Removed by Crop
(kg/ha)
t
31.34
38.61
38.53
44.01
51 .00
54.44
9.58
18.61
16.70
14.03
Phosphorus Mass
in Soil Profile (kg/ha)
Feb. 1983
3670.
3540.
4220.
7640.
3800.
4050.
4220.
3800.
3800.
4010.
Dec. 1983
6910.
3710.
3200.
6830.
2600.
2860.
4100.
2600.
3200.
3120.
Unaccounted
Mass
(kg/ha)
+3170.
+61.
-1173.
-992.
-1420.
-1457.
-110.
-1181.
-583.
-876.
*Irrigated with Groundwater
-------
TABLE E.4. PHOSPHORUS MASS BALANCE IN BERMUDA TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 16000
Treat-
ment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
152.
198.
259.
305.
350.
396.
0.
Phosphorus Mass
Applied through
Irrigation
(kg-P/ha.yr)
113.
147.
192.
226.
259.
294.
0.
Phosphorus Mass
Utilized by Crop
(kg-P/ha.yr)
18.7
17.7
17.3
20.1
17.4
18.9
5.9
Phosphorus Mass
in the Soil Profile
(kg-P/ha.yr)
Eeb 1983 Dec 1983
4270. 3800.
3930. 3670.
4520. 3840.
4440. 4140.
4310. 4440.
4400. 4520.
4440. 3580.
Unaccounted
Mass
(kg-P/ha.yr)
-564.
-389.
-855.
-506.
-112.
-155.
~ -854.
ON
-------
TABLE E.5. PHOSPHORUS MASS BALANCE IN GRAIN SORGHUM TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 17000
Treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Annual Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
30
30
30
30
. 61
61
61
61
122
122
122
122
Phosphorus
Mass Applied
(kg-P/ha.yr)
33.0
33.0
33.0
33.0
67.0
67.0
67.0
67.0
134.1
134.1
134.1
134.1
Phosphorus Mass Phosphorus Mass
Utilized by Crop in P'ofile (kg/ha)
(kg/ha. yr) July 1982
6.2 2010
5.3
12.4
5.4
8.8
5.3
6.9
11.5
9.0
8.1
11.0
12.9
Nov. 1982
2090.
2390.
2180.
2220.
2010.
2940.
2090.
2180.
2300.
2650.
2730.
2480.
Unaccounted
Phosphorus Mass
(kg/ha)
+53.2
+352.
+149.
+182.
-58.
+868.
+20.
+114.
+165.
+514.
+597.
+349.
-------
TABLE E..6. PHOSPHORUS MASS BALANCE IN SOYBEANS TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 17000
CD
Treat-
ment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Annual Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
30
30
30
30
61
61
61
61
122
122
122
122
Phosphorus
Mass Applied
(kg-P/ha.yr)
33.0
33.0
33.0
33.0
67.0
67.0
67.0
67.0
134.1
134.1
134.1
134.1
Phosphorus Mass
Utilized by Crop
(kg/ha. yr)
8.8
7.6
8.2
7.8
6.8
6.7
7.0
5.0
6.9
6.9
7.2
6.8
Phosphorus Mass I
in Profile (kg/ha) Phc
July 1982
2350.
2350.
2350.
2350.
2350.
2350.
2350.
2350.
2350.
2350.
2350.
2350.
Nov. 1982
2050.
1960.
2300.
2130.
2300.
2180.
2390.
2350.
2090.
2090.
2090.
1960.
Jn accounted
)sphorus Mass
(kg/ha)
-324.
-415.
-75.
-245.
-110.
-230.
-20.
-62.
-387.
-387.
-387.
-517.
-------
TABLE E-7. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) MASS BALANCE IN GRAIN SORGHUM
(MILO) PLOT, TRIAL 15000
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading
(cm)
Mass TDS
Applied
(kg/ha)
TDS in Profile
(kg/ha)
March 1983
Dec. 1983
Unaccounted
Mass
(kg/ha)
0.
137
183.
213.
282.
0.0
16,900.
22,500.
26,200.
34,700.
13,500
10,700
11,900
11,500
11,400
11,300
13,400
12,000
15,000
14,300
-2,202.
-14,200.
-22,400.
-22,700.
-31,807.
199
-------
TABLE E-8. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) MASS BALANCE ON COTTON TEST PLOTS
TRIALS 14000 AND 15000
Treat-
Trial ment
14000 2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
15000 1
2
3
4
5
TDS Applied
(kg/ha)
0
2460.
5040.
6280.
7510.
8490.
10,600.
12,600.
15,000.
15,000.
22,500.
28,200.
• 36,600.
0
TDS in Soil
Winter 1983
3540.
3540.
3540.
3540.
3540.
3540.
3540.
3540.
3540.
9130.
9980.
9960.
11,500.
9560.
Profile (kg/ha)
Fall 1983
5160.
6360.
6400.
6400.
7250.
7980.
7940.
7510.
7680.
9730.
12,000.
12,600.
17,200. •
9520.
Unaccounted
Mass (kg/ha)
+1620.
+360.
-2190.
-3420.
-3800.
-4050.
-6200.
-8630.
-10,900.
-14,400.
-20,500.
-25,600.
-30,900.
-43.
200
-------
TABLE E-9. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS MASS BALANCE ON TRIAL 16000 ALFALFA PLOTS
O
Treat-
ment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
*10
*11
*12
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
137.
198.
259.
305.
365.
434.
0.
365.
305.
259.
Mass Applied
(kg/ha)
16,900.
24,400.
31,900.
37,500.
44,900.
53,400.
0.
26,100.
21,800.
18,300.
Total Dissolved
Soil Profile
Solids in
(kg/ha)
February 1983 December 1983
10,200.
10,700.
10,800.
16,100.
' 10,500.
11,200.
9,000.
8,790.
8,320.
9,220.
15,009.
19,600.
18,400.
21,800.
19,800.
13,700.
9,130.
7,000.
7,340.
8,790.
Unaccounted
Mass
(kg/ha)
-12,000.
-15,500.
-24,300.
-31,800.
-35,600.
-50,900.
+130.
-27,900.
-22,800.
-18,700.
*Irrigated with Groundwater
-------
TABLE E.10. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) MASS BALANCE IN BERMUDA GRASS
Treat-
ment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
N)
hO
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
152.
198.
259.
305.
350.
396.
0.
TDS Mass
Applied (kg/ha)
18,700.
24,400.
31,900.
37,500.
43,100.
48,700.
0.
TDS
February
10,200
11 ,900
• 11,400
9,980
10,400
10,500
10,400
in Soil Profile
(kq/ha)
1983 December 1983
11,900
13,200.
13,100.
17,200.
15,400.
16,400.
10,700.
Unaccounted
Mass
(kg/ha)
-17,000.
-23,100.
-30,200.
-30,300.
-38,100.
-42,800.
+300.
-------
TABLE E-11. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) MASS BALANCE ON GRAIN SORGHUM TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 170UO
Treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
•o
3 9
10
11
12
Annual Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
30
30
30
30
61
61
61
61
122
122
122
122
TDS Mass Applied
(kg/ha)
3590.
3590.
3590.
3590.
7310.
7310.
7310.
7310.
14,600.
14,600.
14,600.
14,600.
TDS Mass
July 1982
3580.
3580.
3580.
3580.
3580.
3580.
3580.
3580.
3580.
3580.
3580.
3580.
in Soil Profile
(Kg/ha)
Nov. 1982
4570.
4780.
4310.
4440.
4350.
4050.
4570.
4050.
4910.
4570.
4350.
4780.
Unaccounted for
Mass
(kg/ha)
-2600.
-2390.
-2860.
-2730.
-6540.
-6840.
-6320.
-6840.
-13,300.
-13,600.
-13,800.
-13,400.
-------
TABLE E-12. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (IDS) MASS BALANCE ON SOYBEAN TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 17000
Treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
? 9
10
1.1
12
Annual Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
30
30
30
30
61
61
61
61
122
122
122
122
TDS Mass Applied
(kg/ha)
3590.
3590.
3590.
3590.
3590.
7310.
7310.
7310.
14,600.
14,600.
14,600.
14,600.
TDS Mass
July 1982
4480.
4480.
4480.
4480.
4480.
4480.
4480.
4480.
4480.
4480.
4480.
4480.
in Soil Profile
(Kq/ha)
Nov. 1982
3800.
3460.
5680.
5160.
4690.
4910.
5250.
5500.
4140.
5590.
6960.
5250.
Unaccounted for
Mass
(kg/ha)
-4270.
-4610.
-2390.
-2010.
-3380.
-6880.
-6540.
-6290.
-14,900.
-13,500.
-12,100.
-13,800.
-------
TABLE E-13. SODIUM MASS BALANCE ON GRAIN SORGHUM (MILO) TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 13000
Annual Hydraulic
Loading Rate
(cm)
0
137
183
213
282
Sodium
Mass Applied
(kg/ha)
0
4210.
5620.
6540.
6860.
Sodium Mass in
Soil Profile
(kg/ha)
March 1983 Dec
6790.
5490.
6345.
6060.
6380.
. 1983
5630.
4270.
4040.
4680.
9210.
Unaccounted
Sodium Mass
(kg/ha)
-1160.
-5430.
-7920.
-7920.
-4039.
NJ
O
-------
TABLE E.14. SODIUM MASS BALANCE ON COTTON TEST PLOTS TRIALS 14000 AND 15000
Treat-
Trial ment
14000 2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1 5000 1
2
3
4
5
Sodium Mass
Applied (kg/ha)
0
614.
1260.
1570.
1870.
2120.
2640.
3130.
3740.
3740.
5620.
7030.
9120.
0
Sodium Mass
in Soil Profile
Winter 1983 F
2050.
2050.
2050.
2050.
2050.
2050.
2050.
2050.
2050.
5170.
5360.
5240.
5570.
5100.
(kg/ha)
all 1983
1840.
2140.
2030.
2020.
2860.
2960.
2090.
2990.
3690.
6420.
7500.
5540.
8880.
4240.
Unaccounted
Mass (kg/ha)
-210.
-520..
-1280.
-1590.
-1060.
-1200.
-1590.
-2190.
-2100.
-2490.
-3480.
-6720.
-5810.
-860.
206
-------
TABLE E-15. SODIUM MASS BALANCE ON TRIAL 16000 ALFALFA PLOTS
hO
O
Treat-
ment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
11
12
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
137.
198.
159.
305.
365.
434.
0.
365.
305.
259.
Mass Applied
(kg/ha. yr)
4210.
6080.
7950.
9360.
11,200.
13,300.
0.
3840.
3210.
2730.
Mass Uptake
by Crop
(kg/ha. yr)
15.4
17.1
19.0
21.2
26.7
29.0
1.7
4.7
4.2
3.2
Mass in Soil Profile
(kg/ha. yr)
Feb. 1983
6590.
5640.
5680.
8110.
5530.
8010.
7080.
4460.
4380.
5030.
Dec. 1983
9230.
9280.
9550.
10,800
8880.
9030 .
6730.
6840. '
5500.
6110.
Unaccounted
Mass
(kg/ha. yr)
-1555.
-2420.
-4060
-6650.
-7823.
-12,300.
-348.
-1455.
-2090.
-1650.
-------
TABLE L-16. SODIUM MASS BALANCE IN BERMUDA TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 16000
"•
Treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
152.
198.
259.
305.
350.
396.
0.
Sodium
Mass Applied
(kg/ha/yr)
4670.
6080.
7950.
9360.
10,700.
12,200.
0
Sodium Mass
Optake by Crop
(kg/ha/yr)
4.5
4.9
5.7
11.8
6.8
5.5
0.6
Sodium Mass in Soil Profile
February
5780.
5700.
6100.
5870.
6960.
5860.
5070.
(kg/ha/yr)
1983 December 1983
6050.
6590.
6960.
6970.
10,500.
6890.
4990.
Unaccounted
Mass
(kg/ha/yr)
-4400.
-5190.
-7080.
-8250.
-7150.
-11,200.
-79.
en
-------
TABLE E.17. SODIUM MASS BALANCE ON GRAIN SORGHUM TEST PLOTS. TRIAL 17000
J
Treatment
N3
o
MD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Annual Sodium
Hydraulic Mass Allied
Loading (cm) ( kg/ha. yr)
30
30
30
30
• 61
61
61
61
122
122
122
122
948.
948.
948.
948.
1930.
1930.
1930.
1930.
3860.
3860.
3860.
3860.
Sodium Mass in
(Kg/ha)
July 1982
3020.
3020.
3020.
3020.
3020.
3020.
3020.
3020.
3020.
3020.
3020.
3020.
Soil Profile
Nov. 1982
2980.
2100.
2280.
2550.
2940.
2550.
2160.
2880.
2680.
2730.
2800.
2500.
Unaccounted for
Mass
(kg/ha)
-981.
-1870.
-1690.
-1420.
-2010.
-2400.
-2790.
-2070.
-4200.
-4150.
-4080.
-4386.
-------
TABLE E-19. POTASSIUM MASS BALANCE FOR GRAIN SORGHUM TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 16000
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
0.
137.
183.-
213.
282.
Potassium
Mass Appl led
(kg/ha)
0.
412.
551.
641.
849.
Potassium Mass in
(kg/ha)
March 1983
81,400.
72,000
80,000.
81,400.
82,100.
Soil Profile
Dec. 1983
82,000.
70,200.
72,200.
71,100.
72,700.
Crop Uptake
(kg/ha)
53.7
102.3
122.1
129.1
128.3
Unaccounted
Mass
(kg/ha)
+654.
-2110.
-8230.
-10,800.
-10,100.
N3
-------
TABLE E-20. POTASSIUM MASS BALANCE ON COTTON TEST PLOTS TRIALS 14000 AND 15000
Treat-
Trial merit
14000 2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
fO
^ 18
15000 1
2
3
4
5
Potassium Mass
Potassisum Mass Removed by Cotton
Applied (kg/ha) (kg/ha)
0.
39.
80.
100.
119.
135.
168.
199.
238.
238.
357.
447.
579.
0.
21.6
51.4
38.8
56.4
36.5
60.2
51.8
43.0
51.9
41.6
36.1
38.4
58.6
8.3
Potassium Mass in Unaccounted
Soil Profile (kg/ha) Potassium Mass
Winter 1983
54,500.
54,500.
54,500.
54,500.
54,500.
54,500.
54,500.
54,50U.
54,500.
69,600.
67,400.
67,500.
69,900.
68,200.
Fall 1983
40,920.
48,000.
41,300.
42,800.
44,200.
57,100.
44,600.
39,300.
36,300.
54,400.
61 ,700.
52,800.
64,800.
69,600.
(kg/ha)
-13,608.
-6,490.
-13,200.
-11 ,700.
-10,400.
+2,530.
-10,000.
-15,400.
-18,400.
-15,400.
-6,020.
-15,100.
-5,620.
+1,410.
-------
TABLE E-22. POTASSIUM MASS BALANCE ON BERMUDA TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 16000
Treat-
ment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
152.
198.
259.
305.
350.
396.
0.
Potassium
Mass Applied
(kg/ha/yr)
296.
386.
517.
595.
683.
790.
0.
Potassium Mass
Uptake by Crop
(kg/ha/yr)
220.
198.
174.
188.
146.
198.
86.
Potassium Mass in Soil Profile
i (kg/ha/yr)
February 1983
72,900
74,700
80,300
80,900
73,400
74,500
*28,300
December 1983
84,400
71,000
62,400
58,800
71 ,600
76,900
26,500
Unaccounted
Mass
(kg/ha/yr)
+11,401.
-3,890.
-18,200.
-22,500.
-2,340.
+1,810.
-1,714.
* Mass balance computed on a 61 cm soil core analyzed in December 1983
-------
TABLE E-23. POTASSIUM MASS BALANCE ON GRAIN SORGHUM TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 17000
*
Treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5 9
A!
10
11
12
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
30
30
30
30
61
61
61
61
122
122
122
122
Potassium
Mass Applie^
(kg/ha)
58.
58.
58.
58.
119.
119.
119.
119.
238.
238.
238.
238.
Potassium
Uptake by Crop
(kg/ha)
80.
121.
59.
161.
81.
97.
123.
146.
158.
46.
118.
150.
Potassium Mass
(Kg/ha)
July 1982
63,500.
63,500.
63,500.
63,500.
63,500.
63,500.
63,500.
63,500.
63,500.
63,500.
63,500.
63,500.
in Profile Unaccounted for
Mass
Nov. 1982 (kg/ha)
27,822.
42,032.
49,030.
45,232.
23,086.
44,080.
44,080.
45,190.
18,818.
47,238.
54,748.
45,872.
-------
TABLE E-24. POTASSIUM MASS BALANCE ON SOYBEANS, TRIAL 17000
Annual
Hydraulic
Treatment Loading (cm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
> 9
10
11
12
30
30
30
30
61
61
61
61
122
122
122
122
Potassium
Mass Applied
(kg/ha)
58.
58.
58.
58.
119.
119.
119.
199.
238.
238.
238.
238.
Potassium
Uptake by Crop
(kg/ha)
39.
33.
34.
38.
36.
36.
32.
28.
31.
29.
45.
44.
Potassium Mass
(Kg/ha)
July 1982
67,700.
67,700.
67,700.
67,700.
67,700.
67,700.
67,700.
67,700.
67,700.
67,700.
67,700.
67,700.
in Profile Unaccounted for
Mass
Nov. 1982 (kg/ha)
36,900.
48,600.
40,200.
40,300.
35,400.
39,200.
22,700.
28,800.
41,900.
43,700
49,500.
37,800.
-------
TABLE E-25. CHLORIDE MASS BALANCE FOR GRAIN SORGHUM TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 13000
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
0.
137.
183.
213.
282.
Chloride
Mass Applied
(kg/ha)
0.
4,870.
6,510.
7,580.
10,000.
Chloride Mass in
(kg/ha)
March 1983
1700.
1070.
1310.
1260.
1820.
Soil Profile
Dec. 1983
644.
2010.
1690.
1890.
1670.
Crop Uptake
(kg/ha)
25
39
42
53
40
Unaccounted
Mass
(kg/ha)
-1030.
-3890.
-6090.
-6900.
-10,100.
-------
TABLE E.26. CHLORIDE MASS BALANCE ON COTTON TEST PLOTS TRIALS 14000 AND 15000
ho
CJ\
Trial Treatment
14000 2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1 5000 1
2
3
4
5
Chloride Mass
Applied (kg/ha)
0.
712.
1460.
1820.
2170.
2460.
3060.
3630.
4340.
4340.
6510.
8150.
10,600.
0.
Chloride Mass
in Soil Profile (kg/ha)
Winter 1983
59.
59.
59.
59.
59.
59.
59.
59.
59.
512.
981.
1280.
1710.
341.
Fall 1983
448.
862.
1170.
1070.
836.
1610.
1250.
1650.
1320.
1090.
2260.
2460.
2970.
499.
Unaccounted
Chloride Mass
(kg/ha)
+389.
+91.
-349.
-809.
-1390.
-909
-1870.
-2040.
-3080.
-3760.
-5230.
-6970.
-9340.
+158.
-------
TABLE E-27. CHLORIDE MASS BALANCE FOR TRIAL 16000 ALFALFA PLOTS
Treat-
ment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
11
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
137.
198.
259.
305.
365.
434.
0.
365.
305.
Chloride
Mass Applied
(kg/ha. yr)
4870.
7040.
9220.
10,900.
13,000.
15,400.
0.
2770.
2320.
Chloride Mass
Consumed by Crop
( kg/ha. yr)
104.
186.
198.
225.
243.
240.
24.
60.
60.
Chloride
Soil
Feb. 1983
706.
896.
1070.
1840.
1200.
1450.
299.
384.
384.
Mass in
Profile
Dec 1983
2860.
4070.
2780.
4470.
3150.
2420.
644.
640.
853.
Unaccounted
Chloride Mass
(kg/ha. yr)
-2610.
-3680.
-7310.
-8040.
-10,800.
-14,200.
+369.
-2450.
-1790.
-------
TABLE E.28. CHLORIDE MASS BALANCE IN BERMUDA TEST PLOTS, TRIAL 16000
Treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
152.
198.
259.
305.
350.
396.
0.
Chloride
Mass Applied
(kg/ha/yr)
5410.
7050.
9220.
10,900.
12,500.
14,100.
0
Chloride Mass
Uptake by Crop
(kg/ha/yr)
118.
84.
80.
76.
62.
74.
51.
Chloride Mass in Soil Profile
(kg/ha/yr)
February 1983
589.
4100.
1200.
1110.
1450.
1280.
555.
December 1983
3490.
4310.
3230.
4810.
2320.
2410.
1180.
Unaccounted
Mass
(kg/ha/yr)
-2390.
-6760.
-7110.
-7120.
-11,600.
-12,900.
+676.
-------
TABLE E-29. SULFATE MASS UPTAKE IN BERMUDA
°
Treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
to
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
152.
198.
259.
305.
350.
. 396.
0.
Sulfate
Mass Applied
(kg/ha/yr)
3070.
4000.
5230.
6160.
7070.
8000.
0
Sulfate
February
2650
3070
2730
1840
1920
2260
2390
Mass in Soil Profile
(kg/ha/yr)
1983 December 1983
2480.
2220.
2720.
3060.
2910.
3130.
1890.
Unaccounted
Mass
(kg/ha/yr)
-3240.
-4850.
-5240.
-4940.
-6080.
-7130.
-500.
vn
-------
TABLE E.30. MASS OF PHOSPHORUS IN THE SOIL PROFILE BENEATH COTTON TEST PLOTS
IN TRIALS 14000 AND 15000
Treat-
Trial ment
14000* 2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
NJ
1X3
o
15000** 1
2
3
4
5
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
0.
20.
41.
51.
61.
69.
86.
102.
122.
183.
229.
297.
0.
Total Phosphorus
(kq/ha)
Winter 1983 Fall 1983
2090. 2260.
2480.
2390.
2560.
2520.
2180.
2300.
2560.
4350. 3800.
4650. 4100.
3930. 2990.
4480. 3410.
4310. 3710.
Organic Phosphorus
(kg/ha)
Winter 1983 Fall 1983
683. 853.
597.
853.
853.
768.
640.
683.
555.
1490. 1200.
811. 811.
811. 853.
1540. 853.
1490. 1370.
Inorganic Phosphorus
(kg/ha)
Winter 1983 Fall 1983
1410. 1410.
1880.
1540.
1710.
1750.
1540.
1620.
2000.
2860. 2600.
3840. 3280.
3120. 2130.
2940. 2560.
2820. 2350.
* 91 cm Depth to Soil Core
** 183 cm Depth to Soil Core
-------
TABLE E.31. PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BY ALFALFA - IRIAL 16000
September 1982
Treat-
ment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
•10
•11
•12
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
1982 198J
23.
46.
76.
107.
137.
137.
. 0.
137.
107.
76.
137.
198.
259.
305.
365.
434.
0.
365.
305.
259.
Plant
Tissue
Cone.
(mg/q)
1.77
1.99
1.73
2.20
1.73
2.68
1.64
2.08
1.95
1.85
Crop
Yield
(kg/ha)
1700
1260
1600
2350
1700
1650
650
1550
1750
1250
Mass
Removed
(kg/ha)
3.01
2.51
2.77
5.17
2.94
4.42
1.07
3.22
3.41
2.31
September 198)
Treat-
ment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
•10
•11
•12
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
1981 1983
23.
46.
76.
107.
137.
137.
0.
137.
107.
76.
137.
198.
259.
305.
365.
434.
0.
365.
305.
259.
Plant
Tissue
Cone.
(mg/g)
2.39
2.12
2.14
2.57
2.46
2.48
1.43
1.57
1.43
1.48
Crop
Yield
(kg/ha)
2550
3130
3620
3790
4530
4380
1980
1810
2440
Mass
Removed
(kg/ha)
6.09
6.64
7.75
9.74
11.14
12.44
-0-
3.11
2.59
3.61
Plant
Tissue
Cone.
(rog/g)
1.68
1.79
1.68
2.08
2.63
2.92
1.11
1.23
1.06
1.1)
Hav 198)
Crop
Yield
(ftg/ha)
J520
3820
3610
37)0
3680
4340
2270
2630
3500
2600
June 1983
Mass
Removed
(kg/ha)
5.91
6.85
6.06
7.76
9.68
12.67
2.52
3.2)
3.71
2.95
Plant
Tissue Crop Mass
Cone. Yield Removed
(mg/g) (kg/ha) (kg/ha)
2.35
2.43
2.41
2.58
2.42
2.64
1.32
2.22
1.66
1.37
3)90. 7.99
4730. 11.49
4620. 11.15
4690. 12.09
5800. 14.04
5460. 13.11
2210 2.92
2700 5.99
2700 4.48
2100 2.88
Auquat 198)
Plant
Tissue Crop Mass
Cone. Yield Removed
'.mg/g) (kg/ha) (kg/ha)
2.30 2830 6.51
2.58 5580 8.72
2.62 3550 9.30
2.74 3260 8.93
2.55 4150 10.58
2.71 3930 10.65
1.45 890 1.29
1.38 2700 3.73
1.46 2240 3.27
1.65 1610 2.66
•
November 1983
Plant
Tissue
Cone.
(mg/g)
2.08
2.17
2.06
1.91
1.90
1.82
1.84
1.20
1.31
1.43
Crop
Yield
(kg/ha)
2380.
2260.
2080.
2880.
2920.
3060.
1550.
2120.
2020
1350
Mass
Removed
(kg/ha)
4.94
4.91
4.27
5.49
5.56
5.57
2.85
2.55
2.65
1.93
TOTAL
1982
3.01
2.51
2.77
5.17
2.94
4.42
1.07
3.22
3.41
2.31
198)
)1.)4
38.61
38.53
44.01
51.00
54.44
9.58
18.61
16.70
14.03
•Irrigated with Ground water
-------
TABLE E.32. POTASSIUM UPTAKE BY ALFALFA, TRIAL 16000
Potassium Mass
Treatment Annual Hydraulic Potassium Mass Uptake by Crop
Number Loading (cm) Applied (kg/ha.yr) (kg/ha.yr)
1 137. 267. 367.
2 198. 386. 360.
3 259. 505. 382.
4 305. 595. 402.
5 365. 712. 492.
6 434. 846. 443.
7 0. 0. 121.
10 365. 307. 251.
11 305. 256. 210.
12 259. 218.
222
-------
TABLE E.33. PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE BY BERMUDA
Treat-
ment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Annual
Hydraulic
Loading (cm)
152.
198.
259.
305.
350.
369.
0.
September 1982
Cone.
1.30
1.54
3.45
1.81
1.56
1.69
0.61
Yield
3968
4970
3535
4493
5493
4299
2297
Mass
5.2
7.6
12.2
8.1
8.6
7.3
1.4
June 1983
Cone.
1.50
1.40
1.70
1.89
1.90
1.72
1.09
Yield
5112
4138
4650
4525
3875
4650
3350
Mass
7.7
5.8
7.9
8.6
7.4
8.0
3.6
September 1983
Cone.
1.18
1.46
1.46
1.58
1.54
1.54
0.77
Yield
9368
8174
6453
7261
6471
7094
2926
Mass
11 .0
11.9
9.4
11.5
10.0
10.9
2.3
Total
(kg/ha. yr)
1982 1983
5.2
7.6
12.2
8.1
8.6
7.3
1.4
18.7
17.7
17.3
20.1
17.4
18.9
5.9
NJ
f-0
-------
8_
Q_ U)_
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Baseline (July 19S2)
O Treatment 2 - 0 cm/yr plots
A Treatment 4-20 cm/yr plots
-j- Treatment 6-41 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 8-51 cm/yr plots
<^> Treatment 10- 61 cm/yr plots
0.00
15.70
31.40
47.10
62.80
I
78.50
94.20
. .
TOTRL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (MG/KG) »10
109.90
125.60
8.
Q-S_
Hydraulic Loadings
O Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 12 - o9 cm/yr plots
^ Treatment 14 - Uu cm/yr plots
-(- Treati.ient 16 - 102 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 111 - 122 cm/yr plots
0.00
I
15.70
31.40 47.10 62.80 78.50 94.20 , 109.90
TOTflL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (MG/KG) »10
12S.60
Figure E.1. Total Dissolved Solids in Soil Beneath Trial 14000 Cotton plots,
Post-Irrigation, December 1983
224
-------
8.
s.
£8.
Pre-Irrigation, March
Hydraulic Loadings
O' Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 1 - 45 cm/yr 1982 plots
122 cm/yr 1983 plots
^ Treatment 2-61 cm/yr 1982 plots
183 cm/yr 1983 plots
-{- Treatment 3 - 106 cm/yr 1982 plots
229 cm/yr 1983 plots
X Treatment i - 122 cm/yr 1982 plots
297 cm/yr 1983 plots
Q Treatment 5 - 0 cm/yr 1982 plots
and 19B3 plots
0.00
15.70
31.HO 147.10 62.80 78.50 94.20 .
. TOTRL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (MG/KG) MO
i
109.90
12S.60
o
»_,
pi
Poat-lrriyutiun, December
Q_ (N.
UJ •'
O ~
Hydraulic Loadinyu
Q Treatment 1 - 122 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 183 cm/yr plots
& Treatment 3 - 229 cm/yr plots
-\- Treatment 4 - 297 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 5 - 0 cm/yr plots
0.00
15.70
31.40 47.10 62.80 78.50 94,20
TOT OISSOV SOLIDS (HG/KG) »10
109.90
125.60
Figure E.2. Total Dissolved Solids in Soil Beneath Trial 15000 Cotton plots,
1983
225
-------
s.
uj ••
Q ~
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Baseline (July 19U2)
O Treatment 1 - 23 cm/yr
137 cm/yr
/\ Treatment 2 - 46 cm/yr
198 cm/yr
-|- Treatment 3 - 76 cm/yr
259 cm/yr
X Treatment It - 107 cm/yr
"305 cm/yr
'vy Treatment 5-137 cm/yr
365 cm/yr
19U2 plots
1983 plots
1982 plots
1983 plots
1982 plots
1983 plots
1982 plots
1983 plots
1982 plots
1983 pluts
"0.00
16.50
33.00 49. SO 66.00 82. SO 99.00
TOTflL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (MG/KG) »10
115.50
132.00
8.
ri
S.
I—{
O'
_l
i-^
O
Hydraulic Loudintjs
Q Baseline (July 1982)
O Treatment 6 - 137 cm/yr 1982 plots
434 cm/yr 1983 plots
£> Treatment 7-0 cm/yr 1982 plots
and 1983 plots
-j- Treatment 10 - 137 cm Ground Water/yr 19U2 plots
365 cm Ground Water/yr 1983 plots
X Treatment 11 - 107 cm Uround Water/yr 1982 plots
305 cm (Iround Water/yr 1983 plots
<^> Treatment 12 - 7r, cm Ground Katur/yr 19U2 plots
2'j'i cm Ground w.-iter/yr 1983 plots
0.00
I I I I I n
16.50 33.00 H9.50 66.00 82.50 99.00 .
TOTflL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (MG/KG) »10
115.50
132.00
Figure E.3.
Total Dissolved Solids in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Alfalfa Plots,
Pre-Irrigation, March 1903
226
-------
s_
s.
X
>—o
Q_ CN
UJ -f
O ~
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 1-137 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 198 cm/yr plots
C± Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plots
-j- Treatment 4 - 305 cm/yr plots
X Treatment 5 - 365 cm/yr plots
0.00
12.50
25.00
37.50 50.00 62.50 75.00
TOT OISSOV SOLIDS (MG/KG) »10'
87.50
100.00
S.
Q_ °
UJ •
O
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 6 - 4J4 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 7-0 cm/yr plots
& Treatment 10 - 365 cm Ground Water/yr plots
-f- Treatment 11 - 305 cm Ground Water/yr plots
X Treatment 12 - 259 cm Ground Water/yr plots
C.OO
12.50
25.00
37.50 50.00
TOT DISSOV SOLIDS
62.50 75.00
(MG/KG) MO1
87.50
100.00
Figure E.4.
Total Dissolved Solids in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Alfalfa Plots,
Post-Irrigation, December 1983
227
-------
o
rr.
• "
(M
O
O.
4
CNJ
O
ID
N>
N3
CO
r- o
Q_ OJ
UJ •
O ""
O
cn
o
•
o
o
zr,
•
o
o
o
Hydraulic Loadings
Q Treatment 1-152 cm/yr plots
O Treatment 2 - 198 cm/yr plots
A Treatment 3 - 259 cm/yr plots
Treatment ft - 305 cm/yr plots
-F
0.00
Fiaure E.5.
92.00
11.50 ' 23.00 34.50 M6.00 57.50 69.00 80.50
TOT DJSSOV SOLIDS (1%/KG) *10!
Total Dissolved Solids in Soil Beneath Trial 16000 Bermuda, Post-Irrigation, December 1983
-------
APPENDIX F
Calculation of the adjusted SAP of Irrigation Water
and So.il Exchangeable Sodium Percentage for Test Plots
229
-------
Table F.1. Calculation of the Adjusted SAR of Irrigation Water
(Stromberg and Tisdale 1979)
Na
adj. SAR = y| l!a + fig i [1 + (8.4 - pHc)]
M 2 |
pHc r (pK'2 - pK1 ) + p(Ca + Mg) + pAlk
pK'? is the second dissociation constant for hLSCL and pH is the solubility
constant for CaCO, both corrected for ionic strength obtained.
p(Ca +Mg) is the negative logarithm of the molal concentration of calcium plus
magnesium.
pAlk is the negative logarithm of the molal concentration of the total bases
(CO + HCO,). Based on pH levels between 7 and 8. It was assumed the
bases were primarily HCCL and CO, was negligible.
pHc is a theoretical, calculated pH of irrigation water in contact with lime in
equilibrium with soil C02.
(pK'_ - pK' ) is obtained from using the sum of Ca + Mg + Na in meq/1 and the
following table:
Sum of Concentration
(meq/1)
.05
.10
.15
.20
.25
.30
.40
.50
.50
.75
1.00
1.25
1.5
2.0
pK'2 - p«'c
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.2
Sum of Concentration
(meq/1)
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.5
15.0
20.0
30.0
50.0
80.0
PK'2 - PK'C
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.5
230
-------
Table F.1 , continued
An example of calculating pHc:
A water contains:
Ca +
CO.
Mg
Ca
. +
Ca
Mg
Na
+ Na
+ Mg
HCO,
CO^
=
1.
0.
6.
9.
2.
0.
0.
0.
82
75
70
27
57
35
05
30
meq/1
meq/1
meq/1
meq/1
meq/1
meq/1
rneq/l
meq/1
From the table: pK' - pK1 = 2.3
p(Ca + Mg)c = 2.9
p(Alk) = 3.5
~8.7
To calculate SAR .., substitute in formula:
aoj
6.70 meq/1
SAR .. = v |Z.57 meq/T (1 + (8.4 - 8.7) = 4.1
aaj \| 2
Values of pHc greater than 8.4 indicates a tendency to dissolve lime from
the soil matrix; values below 8.4 indicate a tendency to precipitate lime
from the applied water.
231
-------
0.
•CEC
Depth
(cm)
30
61
91
122
152
183
March
1983
22.
32.
28.
39.
35.
29.
Dec.
1983
17.
21.
31.
29.
36.
26.
.0
Annual Hydrau]
137 cm
ESP
March
1983
0.3
1.5
2.6
2.3
2.0
3.2
Dec.
1983
0.3
1.4
1.9
2.0
1.7
2.1
•CEC
March
1983
17.
35.
37.
33.
34.
34.
Dec.
1983
14.
18.
38.
30.
35.
29.
ESP
March
1983
2.4
0.8
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.1
Dec.
1983
5.3
3.1
1.1
1.8
1.5
1.6
Lie Loading
183 cm
•CEC
March
1983
28.
38.
36.
34.
24.
33.
Dec.
1983
13.
25.
31.
30.
25.
33.
ESP
March
1983
2.0
1.2
1.7
1.6
2.4
1.4
213 cm
•CEC
Dec.
1983
7.3
3.4
1.5
1.7
2.1
1.8
March
1983
19.
35.
33.
19.
29.
26.
Dec.
1983
29.
35.
31.
30.
31.
31.
ESP
March
19B3
4.4
1.4
1.5
2.6
1.9
2.2
282 cm
•CEC
Dec.
1983
3.4
3.3
2.8
1.8
1.2
1.69
March
1983
19.
36.
36.
35.
36.
34.
Dec.
1983
18.
35.
30.
33.
28.
36.
ESP
March
1983
4.6
1.5
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.5
Dec.
1983
4.54
3.9
2.7
1.4
1.9
2.22
•CEC and ESP in units of meq/100 g
-------
TABLE F.3 1983 CEC AND ESP FOR SOIL BENEATH TRIALS 14000 AND 15000
BY HYDRAULIC LOADING AND SOIL DEPTH
Trial 14000
Hydraulic Loadina/vr
Depth
30
61
91
Hydraul
Depth
30
61
91
Hydraul
Depth
30
61
91
*CEC
Winter Fall
11. 16.
29. 30.
39. 33.
ic Loadinq/yr
*CEC
Winter Fall
11. 20.
29. 24.
39. 34.
ic Loading/yr
*CEC
Winter Fall
11. 22.
29. 34.
39. 25.
0.0 cm
Winter
0.9
0.9
1.1
51 cm
Winter
0.9
0.9
1.1
86 cm
Winter
0.9
0.9
1.1
ESP
Fall
0.4
0.6
1.2
ESP
Fall
4.5
0.8
1.0
ESP
Fall
6.4
1.6
2.4
Winter
11.
29.
39.
Winter
11.
29.
39.
Winter
11.
29.
39.
CEC
Fall
19.
25.
33.
CEC
Fall
18.
32.
32.
CEC
Fall
19.
30.
30.
20 cm
ESP
Winter
0.9
0.9
1.1
61 cm
Winter
0.9
0.9
1.1
102 cm
Winter
0.9
0.9
1.1
Fall
3.5
2.7
1.4
ESP
Fall
6.3
1.8
1.0
ESP
Fall
6.4
1.0
1.5
Winter
11.
29.
39.
Winter
11.
29.
39.
Winter
11.
29.
39.
CEC
Fall
18.
26.
28.
CEC
Fall
19.
26.
32.
CEC
Fall
22.
30.
29.
41 cm
ESP
Winter
0.9
0.9
1.1
69 cm
ESP
Winter
0.9
0.9
1.1
122 cm
ESP
Winter
0.9
0.9
1.1
Fall
5.2
1.0
1.1
Fall
6.2
2.0
2.4
Fall
6.4
1.5
1.22
(cont inued)
-------
Table F.3, continued
Trial 1
Hydraul
Depth
30
61
91
122
152
183
r-o
•o Hydraul
Depth
30
61
91
122
152
183
5000
ic Loadina/vr
Winter
29.
35.
35.
32.
29.
34.
*CEC
Fall
17.
27.
29.
35.
24.
25.
ic Loading/ yr
Winter
29.
34.
33.
32.
32.
35.
*CEC
Fall
15.
29.
28.
32.
28.
35.
0. cm
Winter
0.1
0.8
1.6
2.0
1.9
1.5
229. cm
Winter
1.6
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.7
1.4
122. cm
ESP
Fall
0.5
1.0
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
ESP
Fall
6.6
3.3
1.3
0.7
1.0
1.6
Winter
18.
37.
37.
30.
30.
36.
Winter
13.
31.
14.
31.
34.
33.
CEC
Fall
16.
37.
37.
35.
39.
32.
CEC
Fall
17.
28.
35.
33.
34.
25.
Winter
1.8
0.7
1.1
1.5
1.8
1.4
297. cm
Winter
6.0
1.8
3.0
1.2
1.7
2.2
ESP
Fall
5.6
2.3
1.3
1.5
1.6
2.0
ESP
Fall
8.1
5.3
2.0
1.2
1.3
5.0
183. cm
CEC ESP
Winter Fall ' Winter Fall
18. 13. 2.1 9.9
33. 29. 0.7 4.3
39. 32. 1.2 2.3
33. 32. 1.7 1.7
30. 38. 1.9 1.3
32. 31. 1.5 1.4
*Calculated from available cations
-------
TABLE F.4. CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY (CEC) AND EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM PERECENTAGE (ESP)
FOR TRIAL 16000 ALFALFA PLOTS
Depth Feb
JO 9.
61 20.
91 30.
122 32.
152 29.
183 27.
0
CEC*
Dec
14.
30.
34.
34.
40.
36.
365.
CEC*
Depth Feb
30 9.
61 29.
91 25.
122 26.
152 29.
185 31.
Dec
16.
38.
35.
37.
38.
38.
.0 cm
ESP*
Feb Dec
1.1 0.7
1.0 1.0
1.3 1.8
1.2 2.1
1.4 1.7
1.5 1.4
cm
ESP*
Feb Dec
4.4 7.4
1.7 4.8
0.8 3.1
1.1 1.4
1.7 1.8
1.3 2.7
137. cm
Feb
17.
24.
35.
36.
38.
37.
Feb
12.
16.
26.
31.
29.
42.
CEC
Dec Feb
16. 2.9
20. 1.7
37. 2.3
40. 2.2
37. 2.1
48. 2.4
434. cm
CEC
Dec Feb
14. 4.2
18. 3.1
34. 1.5
27. 1.0
35. 1.4
32. 0.9
ESP
Dec
5.1
4.0
1.9
1.9
2.4
2.1
ESP
Dec
9.6
9.4
2.3
1.9
2.0
2.8
198. cm
CEC
Feb Dec
11. 15.
24. 29.
34. 37.
26. 40.
28. 43.
24. 44.
ESP
Feb Dec
2.7 6.6
0.9 4.1
0.9 1.9
2.0 1.5
1.8 1.9
1.2 1.6
*259. cm
CEC
Feb Dec
17. 15.
21. 32.
30. 24.
22. 32.
25. 35.
27. 37.
ESP
Feb Dec
1.7 2.6
1.0 1.6
1.3 1.7
2.3 1.6
2.4 2.0
2.2 2.2
259. cm
CEC
Feb Dec
11. 14.
24. 29.
32. 43.
27. 42.
26. 41.
30. 33.
+305.
CEC
Feb Dec
19. 16.
23. 32.
32. 32.
30. 33.
21. 33.
26. 33.
ESP
Feb Dec
4.6 5.2
1.2 4.5
0.6 1.4
1.9 1.2
1.9 1.7
1.3 2.7
cm
ESP
Feb Dec
1.6 2.4
1.3 2.2
0.9 1.2
1.7 0.9
2.8 1.5
1.9 2.4
305
CEC
Feb Dec
16. 14.
26. 42.
35. 41.
35. 35.
41. 29.
35. 43.
+365.
CEC
Feb Dec
22. 19.
29.
29. 36.
10. 37.
8. 58.
24. 40.
. cm
ESP
Feb Dec
4.4 9M
2.2 4.1
2.0 2.4
2.3 2.9
2.4 4.2
3.1 2.8
cm
ESP
Feb Dec
0.9 2.2
0.7
0.7 1.4
4.1 O.B
3.9 0.5
2.5 1.5
K3
+Plots Irrigated with Ground Water
•CEC and ESP in Units of meq/IOOg
-------
IABLE F.5. CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY (CEC) AND EXCHANGE SODIUM PERCENTAGE (ESP) FOH SOILS IN BERMUDA TEST CLOTS
ro
u>
CTl
Annual Hydraulic Loading (cm)
Soil
Depth
(cm)
30
61
91
122
152
183
30
61
91
122
152
183
30
61
91
122
152
183
Feb 1983
17.
20.
33.
31.
30.
33.
Feb 1983
20.
35.
35.
30.
23.
31.
Feb 1983
13.
36.
34.
35.
28.
32.
CEC
Dec 1983
16.
24.
49.
45.
53.
52.
CEC
Dec 1983
16.
30.
30.
25.
31.
37.
CEC
Dec 1983
16.
52.
74.
60.
65.
65.
0.0
Feb 1983
0.6
2.5
2.1
1.9
1.6
1.8
259.
Feb 1983
4.1
1.7
2.0 '
1.6
1.7
2.3
396.
Feb 1983
6.2
1.1
1.8
2.0
2.2 .
1.6
ESP
Dec 1983
0.6
2.1
1.4
1.3
0.9
1.0
ESP
Dec 1983
7.1
3.4
2.3
2.4
2.3
1.9
ESP
Dec 1983
7.3
2.1
0.9
1.2
0.9
0.9
CEC
Feb 1983 Dec
17.
26.
34.
25.
26.
32.
CEC
Feb 1983 Dec
18.
31.
32.
32.
32.
32.
1983
16.
37.
32.
32.
33.
30.
1983
20.
37.
34.
40.
30.
36.
152.
ESP
Feb 1983 Dec
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.0
1.9
1.6
305.
ESP
Feb 1983 Dec
4.5
1.6
1.9
«* 2.2
1.6
1.6
1983
6.3
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.1
2.0
1983
5.9
2.9
2.1
1.8
2.3
2.2
Feb 1983
17.
32.
32.
29.
28.
33. "
Feb 1983
18.
29.
35.
33.
32.
37.
198.
CEC
Dec 1983
13.
22.
40.
32.
28.
34.
350.
CEC
Dec 1983
25.
32.
33.
35.
39.
34.
Feb 1983
2.9
1.6
2.5
2.1
2.2
1.8
Feb 1983
3.3
1.7
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
ESP
Dec 1983
7.6
4.1
1.8
2.2
2.5
2.1
ESP
Dec 1983
4.9
3.8
2.4
2.0
1.8
1.8
-------
APPENDIX G
Supportive Figures for Trial 17000
237
-------
S.
SIS
UJ •
O
Frequency: 1 Applicatian/wk
Annual Hydraulic Loading
D - 0.30m
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12 0.16
NITRITE+NITRRTE-N
0.20
(MG/KG)
0.2t
-1CP
0.28
0.32
s_
z
•—o
0-8.
a"
0.00
o.ou
0.08
Frequency: 1 Application/2wks
Annual Hydraulic Loading
D - U.3Um
O - U.61m
A - 1.22m
0.12 0.16 0.20
NITRITE+NJTRflTE-N (MG/ICG)
0.2H
10'1
0.28
0.32
Figure G.5.
Soil Nitrite plus Nitrate Concentrations in Trial 17000 Grain
Sorghum Test Plots
238
-------
s.
sis
hJ •
O
O
o.oo
O.OM
Frequency: 1 Application/a wks
Annaul Hydraulic Loading
D - 0.30m
O - 0.61m
A - 1.22m
0.08 0:12 0.16 0.20 0.24
:. NITRITE+NITRRTE-N (MG/KG) »10M
0.28
0.32
0.00
Frequency: 1 Application/8 wks
Annu.'il Hydruulic Loading
O - O.JUm
O - U.6tm
A - 1.22in
0.04
0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.2H
NITRITE+NITRPTE-N (MG/ICG) "10"1
0.28
0.32
Figure G.6. Soil Nitrite plus Nitrate Concentrations in Trial 17000 Grain
Sorghum Test Plots
239
-------
O_ CM.
"J_:
a
Frequency: 1 Application/wk
Annual Hydraulic Loading
Q- 3.30m
O- 0.olm
A - 1.22m
0.00
O.OU
0.08
0.12 0.16 0.20 0.2U 0.28
NITRITE+NITRPTE-N (MG/lCG) *10'« '
0.32
0.36
0.10
8
r
£8.
0.00
Frequency: 1 Application/2 wks
Annual Hydraulic Loading
D - LI.3Um
O - 0.61m
O.CH
0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20
NITRITE-HJITRflTE-N (MG/KG)
0.24
0.28
1
0.32
Figure G.7. Soil Nitrite plus Nitrate Concentrations in Trial 17000 Soybean
Test Plots
240
-------
£8
UJ _;
d
Frequency: 1 Application/6 wks
Annual Hydraulic Loading
D - 0.30m
O - 0.61m
A - 1-22m
1 1 1 1 1 1—
"O.OO 0.01 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.21
NITRITE/NITRflTE-N (MG/KG) HJOT '
0.28
0.32
§.
0.00
O.QU.
Frequency: 1 Application/ii wko
Annual Hydraulic Loadincj
D - 0.30m
O - 0.61m
A - 1.22m
0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.21
NITRITE/NITRflTE-N (MG/KG) -ICT1
0.28
0.32
Figure G.8. Soil Nitrite plus Nitrate Concentrations in Trial 17000 Soybean
Test Plots
241
-------
s.
O
.
Application Frequency
O - 1 Application/wk
O - 1 Application/2 wks
A - 1 Application/4 wks
-(- - 1 Application/8 wks
100.00 135.00 170.00 205.00 2UO.OO 275.00 310.00 345.00 380.00
SODIUM CONCENTRflTJON (MG-Nfl/KG)
figure G.9. Sodium Concentration in Soil Ueneuth Trial 170UO Soybean plots, 30 cm/yr Hydraulic Loadings
g
a. R.
8.
Application Frequency
O - 1 Application/wk
O - 1 Application/2 wka
A - 1 Application/4 wku
-)- - 1 Application/a wks
100.00 135.00 170.00 205.00 2HO.OO 275.00 310.00 315.00 380.00
SODIUM. CONCENTRflTION (MG-NR/ICG)
Figure C.10. Sodium L'um.'untrntion in Suil HuiiLMth Triul 17IIDII Si>yliu:in plutn, fi1 cm/yr llydruulic Loading
242
-------
s.
£8.
S.
Application Frequency
O - 1 Application/wk
O - 1 Application/2 wks
A - 1 Application/4 wks
-f- - 1 Application/8 wks
100.00
135.00
170.00 205.00 210.00 275.00 310.00
SOD I UM . CONCENTRflT I ON ( MG-Nfl/ICG)
345.00
380.00
Fiture C.11. Sodium Concentration in Soil Beneath Trial 17000 Soyuean Plots, 122 cm/yr Hydraulic Loading
8.
i
Application Frequency
Q - 1 Application/wk
O - 1 Application/2 wks
^ - 1 Application/4 wks
-f- - 1 Application/U wks
100.00 135.00 170.00 205.00 2MO.OO 275.00 310.00 3US.OO 380.00
SODIUM. CONCENTRflTION (MG-Nfl/KG)
Figure G.12. Sodium CunncnLriitiun in 'Joil Dcnciith Trial I7UIJD lJr;iiii Snnjhiim Plotu, 30 cm/yr Hydraulic
Loud imj
243
-------
s.
O'
-J
3
Application Frequency
O - 1 Application/wk •
O - 1 Application/2 wks
A - 1 Application/4 «ks
-j 1 Application/8 wks
1 \ 1 1 1 1 1 1
100 00 13S.OO 170.00 205.00 240.00 275.00 310.00 345.00 380.00
SODIUM.CONCENTRflTION (MG-Nfl/KG).
U.13. Sodium Concentration in Soil Ueneuth Trial 17UOU Grain Sorghum Plots, 61 cm/yr HydrantM-
Loading
§,
ri
8.
S.
8.
Application Frequency
O- 1 A(*pl icationA/k
O - 1 Application/2 wks
^ - 1 Appi ic;it inn/4 wks
-f- - I A|i|ilicntion/li wka
T
T
1 1 1 1
100.00 135.00 170.00 205.00 240.00 275.00 310.00 345 00
SODIUM CONCENTRflTION (MG-Nfl/KG)
Figure (i.14. Sodium Coni.-i;nlr:itHIM in Soil llorioalli rn;il 17IIIIU Cr.-iin Sunihuiii I'hitu, 122 L-m/yr
Hydraulic Lu;nlinrj
1
380.00
244
-------
s_
>-o
Q.N.
UJ •
Q -
Frequency: 1. Application/wk
Annual Hydraulic Loading
D - U.3Um
O - Q.61,n
A - 1.22m
30.00
105.00
180.00 255.00 330.00 405.00 180.00
POTflSSIUM CONCENTRflTIQN (MG-IC/KG)
555.00
630.00
8.
Frequency: 1 Application/2 wks
Annual Hydraulic Loading
O - 0-30111
O - 0.61m
A - 1.22m
50.00 125.00 200.00 275.00 350.00 425.00 500.00
POTRSSIUM CONCENTRflTION (MG-K/KG) »10
575.00
650.00
Figure G.15.
Soil Potassium Concentrations in Grain Sorghum Plots, Trial
17000
245
-------
s
8.
N
S.
Q-R_
Uj _;^
O
to.
Frequency: 1 Application/4 wks
Annual Hydraulic Loading
Q - 0.30m
O - U.61ro
A - 1-22m
SO. 00
125.00
200.00 275.00 350.00 425.00 500.00
POTflSSIUM.CONCENTRflTION (MG-K/KG) »10
575.00
650.00
8.
•—o
o-S.
uj _;^
vt.
Frequency: 1 Application/8 wks
Annual Hydraulic Loading
Q - U.JUm
O - U.61m
& - 1.22m
50.00
125.00
200.00 275.00 350.00 425.00 500.00
POTRSSIUM CONCENTRRTION (MG-K/KG) »10
575.00
650.00
Figure G.16. Soil Potassium Concentrations in Grain Sorghum Plots, Trial 17000
246
-------
s.
sis
ILJ •
o
Frequency: 1 Application/wk
Annual Hydraulic Loading
Q - 0.30m
. O - 0.61m
A - 1.22m
75.00
150.00
22S.OO 300.00 375.00 450.00 S2S.OO
POTflSSIUM CONCENTRflTION (MG-K/KG). »10
600.00
675.00
8.
ci
£8j
B-
_i
o
li
Frequency: 1 Applicatian/2 wks
Annual Hydraulic LuudinL}
Q - U.JUm
O - 0.61m
A - 1.22m
75.00
150.00
225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00
POTRSSIUM. CONCENTRflTION (MG-K/KG) »1-0
600.00
675.00
Figure G.17. Soil Potassium Concentrations in Soybean Plots, Trial 17000
247
-------
S.
§
Frequency: 1 Application/^ wks
Annual Hydraulic Loading
O - U-JOm
O - 0.61m
A - 1.22m
75.00
150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00
POTflSSIUM.CONCENTRflTION (MG-K/KG) »10
600.00
675.00
8.
S.
£8.
§
Frequency: 1 Application/8 wks
Annuul Hydraulic Loading
D - U.3Um
O - U.61m
A - 1.22m
I I I I I I I I
~75.00 150.00 225.00 300.00 375.00 450.00 525.00 600.00 675.00
POTflSSIUM CONCENTRflTION (MG-K/KG) »10
Figure G.18. Soil Potassium Concentrations in Soybean Plots, Trial 17000
248
-------
SIS.
§.
Application Frequency
D - 1 Application/wk
O - 1 Application/2 wks
A - 1 Application/^ wks
-)- - 1 Application/8 wks
0.00 25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00 125.00 150.00 175.00 200.00
CHLORIDE CONCENTRflTION (MG/KG)
Figure U.19. Chloride Concentrations in Soil beneath Trial 170UO Soybean Plots, 30 cm/yr Hydr;iu.L'.r Loading
Application Fro ,uoncv
D - 1 Applicotion/wk
O - 1 Application/2 wks
A - 1 Application/4 wks
-•^ -4" - 1 Application/U wks
S.
O'
_l
5
§.
0.00 25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00 125.00 150.00 175.00 200.00
CHLORIDE CONCENTRflTION (MG/KG)
Fiuurn r..2ll. Chlcinile i:niiri:nLr.-il.uiMu iii ijiul Hollerith Trial 17I1HII •.iuylnxiii I'lut-n, r,1 an/yr Hydraulic Loadimj
249
-------
8.
ni
s.
S_
§
Application Frequency
D - 1 Application/wk
O - 1 Application/2 wks
A - 1 Application/4 wks
-f- - 1 Application/8 wks
0.00 25.00 50.00 7S.OO 100.00 125.00 150.00 175.00 200.00
CHLORIDE CONCENTRRTION (MG/ICG)
Figure G.21. Chloride Concentrations in Soil Beneath Trial 17UUU Soybean Plots, I22 cm/yr HyiJrmilir Lo;jdiruj
8.
S.
a'
_/
5
8.
Application Frequency
Q - 1 Application/uk
O - 1 Applicution/2 wki!
- 1 Appliciition/4 wka
- 1 A[)|»lic;ition/U wks
0.00 25.00 SO.OO 75.00 100.00 125.00 150.00 175.00 200.00
CHLORIDE CONCENTRflTION (MG/KG)
Figure G.22. Chloride riinri-iilrtil. HIM:: in 'Juil Honnnth fri.-il I7IIII1I i;r:iLn 'innihiin pints, 122 cm/yr
llyrtrnuiic l.n.-nlinr]
250
-------
o
t "
OJ
s.
•
(M
O
to.
x:
tSj
£-
o
CO
o
*
o
o
o.
Application Frequency
Q - 1 Application/wl<
O - 1 Application/2 wks
A - 1 Application/4 wks
-|- - 1 Application/U wks
0.00 25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00 125.00 150.00
CHLORIDE CQNCENTRflTION (MG/KG)
175.00
200.00
Figure G.23. Chloride Concentrations in Soil Beneath Trial 17(100 Grain Ganjhum plots, 3D cin/yr
Hydraulic toadings
-------
APPENDIX H
Percent Moisture in Trial 17000 Soils
252
-------
o
CM
O
O
CM
O
(O
ro
en
oo
Q_ CM.
S-
CO
o
o
a1.
o
o
o
Frequency: 1 application/wk
Annual Hydraulic Loading
- 0.30m
- 0.61m
D
O
A
- 1.22m
o
a1,
CNJ
a
o
CM
o
to
•— o
Q_ CM.
UJ •
a ""*
to
o
rr.
o
a
I re<|ui3iicy: 1 :i|)|jlic;itiori/i! v/k:
Annual Hydraulic l.uadincj
G - lJ.3(lm
O - U.6lin
A - 1.22in
5.00 7.SO 10.00 12.50
PERCENT MOISTURE
15.00
S.OO 7.50 10.00 12.50
PERCENT MOISTURE
i
15.00
Figure H.1. Percent Moisture in Soil Beneath Trial 171)00 Grain Sorghum (Milo) plots
-------
o
CM
o
o
(M
O
CD
a. CM.
UJ •
~
o
en
o
3f.
O
O
o
Frequency: 1 application/4 wks
Annual Hydraulic Loading
D - U.3Uiii
O - 0.61m
A - 1.22m
a
3"_
CM
O
O
o
0..00 12..50
PERCENT MOISTURE
i
15.00
Figure H.2. Percent Moisture in Soil Beneath Trial 17000 Grain Sorghum (Ililo) Plots
-------
o
a1.
o!
o
o
CM
ro
LD
en
Q_
-------
o
a*.
CM
o
o
CM
O
to
ir~ °
Q_ CM_
en
01
O
to
O
<0_
O
O
O
o
Frequency: 1 application/4 wks
Annual Hydraulic Loadiny
D - 0.30m
O - 0.61m
A - 1.22m
o
a*
CM
O
O
CM
O
(O
*— o
Q_ CM.
O
to
5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50
PERCENT MOISTURE
i
15.00
o
a1.
d
o
o
Frequency: 1 applicat ion/l) wk:
Annual Hydraulic l.oa
D - U.3llm
O - O.()1m
A - 1.22m
5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50
PERCENT MOISTURE
i
15.00
Figure H.4. Percent iloisture in Soil Beneath Trial 17UOO Soybeans
------- |