U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region III / Mid-Atlantic States
#EPA-903-R98-010 / April 1998
A CLEANER,
SAFER AND
HEALTHIER PLACE
To LIVE,
WORK AND PLAY
DELAWARE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA MARYLAND « PENNSYLVANIA VIRGINIA « WEST VIRGINIA
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IN A I
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The U.S., with only
five percent of the
world's population,
generates 22 percent
of the world's
air pollution.
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!»*
OF CAS IF IT WOULD HELP SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ONE DEATH IN EIGHT IN CHINA IS LINKED TO AIR POLLUTION
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From its Philadelphia regional headquarters and satellite offices in Annapolis,
Pittsburgh and Wheeling, Region III serves the mid-Atlantic states of Delaware,
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia, and the District of Columbia.
* Population 26,831,000, 10.2% of U.S. total.
* Gross regional product of $519.8 billion, 10.4% of U.S. gross national product.
* 120,296 square miles, 3.4% of U.S. total.
* 303,357 miles of highway, 7.8% of U.S. total.
* 19,918 million motor vehicles registered, 10% of U.S. total.
* 231.6 billion vehicle miles driven, 9.8% of U.S. total.
* 7,084 square miles of water, 3.9% of U.S. total.
* 31,940 manufacturing establishments, 8.4% of U.S. total.
* Consumed 8,085 trillion BTUs of energy, 9.6% of U.S. total.
* 3,700 square miles of wetlands, 0.9% of U.S. total.
60SG8SQC3
ACCORDING TO A NEW YORK TIMES POLL, 65 PERCENT OF THE PUBLIC BELIEVE THE U.S. SHOULD TAKE STEPS TO CUT ITS OWN EMISSIONS
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LETTER FROM THE REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR
Anne Di;
i Ron Osbortip us W. Mi
office upgraded its computers, those determined
" were givei. : -itutions
'Tliis was a good year for the Agency, with impressive accomplishments in protecting public
health and the environment. The nation's economy is the stongest it has been in a generation, and
our environment is the cleanest in a generation.
Those who claimed that environmental protection and economic growth are incompatible have
been discredited. Our economy is the envy of the world, which is due in part to the industrial
innovations developed to reduce pollution.
The Clinton/Gore Administration has maintained its commitment to protecting and preserving
our natural resources, ensuring public health, and moving forward with common-sense reforms
while protecting the planet.
Under the leadership of EPA Administrator Carol M. Browner, strong new clean air
standards set in 1997 for soot and smog will prevent 15,000 premature deaths per year and
improve the lives of millions of Americans who suffer from respiratory illnesses. And through a
comprehensive plan involving the midwest, EPA will limit air pollutants that blow across
borders from neighboring states.
President Clinton initiated a new "full disclosure" standard for safe drinking water that will
require water providers to report to customers the source of their household water and what
contaminants were removed, so people can be sure they have dean, healthy tap water.
Using the Internet, the EPA continues to guarantee that every American has access to
information about toxic chemicals released into the air and water in their communities. This
is important information. Since the right-to-know program began ten years ago, toxic emissions
have been reduced almost by half.
Nonetheless, forty percent of our nation's waters are still too polluted for fishing or swimming
25 years after the Clean Water Act. The Vice President's Clean Water Action Plan will speed the
restoration of our precious waterways by protecting watersheds, preventing pollution runoff and
fostering partnerships with state and local governments and watershed groups.
We accelerated efforts to revitalize communities, to help turn brownfields abandoned,
contaminated urban property into greenfields. This dears the way for local redevelopment
while protecting green space outside our dues.
The nation's 500th Superfund site located in Philadelphia was deaned up in 1997. More
than twice as many toxic waste deanups were completed in the past five years than in the
preceding 12. And the pace of these deanups has improved at lower cost
The EPA has sponsored successful programs to reduce the cost of doing business through use
of green technology: Green Lights, Energy Star and Waste Wi$e
Now President Clinton has proposed tax incentives to further reduce harmful greenhouse gases,
increase energy efficiency, and develop a deaner automobile that uses less fuel. Reducing
emissions from burning fossil fuels will go a long way to curb pollution that causes global
warming the pre-eminent challenge that we must meet if we truly hope to sustain the quality
of life on earth.
While a great deal has been accomplished, tremendous challenges lie before us. This report on
our achievement in 1997 should serve to remind us of how much remains to be done in the years
to come
W. Michael McCabe
Regional Administrator
REGARDLESS OF WHAT OTHER COUNTRIES DO EVERY GALLON OF GASOLINE BURNED RELEASES 22 POUNDS OF CARBON DIOXIDE INTO THE AIR
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The mid-Atlantic reion
of the United States is
e most diverse
socio-e
in this coun
.E THE NEED FOR AIR CONDITIONING INSTALL WATER-SAVING DEVICES IN THE SHOWER REPLACING OR CLEANING
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I N T R
D U C T I O N
Its people represent 10 percent of the U.S. population and own 10 percent of all
registered automobiles. Its business and industry account for more than 10 percent of
the nation's gross national product. With sandy beaches, mountain forests, the
Chesapeake Bay, industrial centers, farmlands, winter ski resorts, affluent suburban
communities and major metropolitan cities, the mid-Atlantic states present unique
environmental challenges. This expansive watershed extends from the Blue Ridge
mountains of western Virginia and the mountains of southern New York to Delaware
and West Virginia.
Residents in Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and the
District of Columbia are proud of the legacy their forefathers gave to this country.
Native Americans lived in harmony with this land for thousands of years. The first
settlers established a colony at lamestown, Virginia in 1607. Later, nearby
Williamsburg was chosen the capital of the Virginia colony. Philadelphia was
where Thomas Jefferson authored the
Declaration of Independence, and where
Ben Franklin captured electricity and
established the first hospital and postal
systems in America. The "City of Brotherly
Love" also was the scientific training center
for the Lewis and Clark Expedition, that
launched to the Pacific from the forks of
the Ohio.
irk, Virginia,
toward '
Delaware became the first state The
region is home to the nation's second oldest
institution of higher learning, The College
of William & Mary, plus the U.S. Naval
Academy and scores of prestigious colleges and
universities.
Oil was first discovered in Titusville, Pennsylvania. The region's wealth of natural
resources include coal, oil, natural gas, timber, fertile land for agriculture, and a myriad
of waters that provide an abundance of seafood. The Chesapeake Bay is the most
productive estuary in the world.
Today, many of our most venerable cities are faced with rebuilding an old and
worn-out infrastructure and deansing inner-city neighborhoods contaminated with
lead-based paint, asbestos and other toxic hazards. Radon is prevalent throughout the
region, and is found in more locations and at higher levels than in any other area of
the U.S. As a result of global competition and a move for greater efficiency, aging steel,
chemical, petroleum and other heavy industries abandoned plants, leaving behind
vacant buildings and land scarred by hazardous materials.
Coal mining led to constant seepage of sulfuric acid into adjacent streams. Mining
technology, called "valley fill," poses yet another threat by filling once pristine valleys
. LY
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with coal refuse. Increased population growth and the demand for suburban living
have produced urban sprawl. New recreational and resort communities have
encroached on coastal wetlands, and eliminated some altogether. Water runoff and
discharges from agriculture and livestock further imperil the region's ecology.
Transportation is another critical issue. Air currents transport pollutants from
coal-burning industries and electric utility power plants in the Ohio River Valley into
states downwind, dumping add rainfall on the mid-Atlantic states. Heavy automobile
traffic in cities and on Interstate 95, the major north-south expressway along the East
Coast from Florida to Maine, generates significant amounts of ozone smog. These have
combined to give the region the highest acid rainfall in North America.
Plastics thrown into Philadelphia-area storm sewers can travel through streams
and rivers and into the Atlantic Ocean, choking sea turtles and dolphins.
There is no single or simple solution.
Ferry National Historic i
Coun
PRESERVING THE LEGACY
The region has a variety of
environments. The multi-state Coastal
Plain is characterized by extensive
shorelines, wetlands and slowly
meandering streams. These serve as an
important habitat for many species of
fish, plus crabs, oysters and other
shellfish, which have, in turn, provided
people with food and jobs.
The Coastal Plain gives way to the
gently rolling foothills of the Appalachian
Mountains, known as the Piedmont
Plateau, with its fertile soils and proximity to abundant sources of fresh water.
This eco-region forms the central spine of the Appalachian Mountain Range, which
supports farming in the valleys and wildlife on the ridges. The Allegheny Plateau has
extensive and valuable mineral and forest resources, including coal, petroleum and
timber industries. Human pressures on these natural resources are intense
In recent years, modern technology has identified many new hazardous pollutants.
Scientists also have learned that protecting ecosystems involves controlling pollutants
that travel great distances in the air, water and underground. Runoff from central and
eastern Pennsylvania farms flows into the Susquehanna River, and eventually into the
Chesapeake Bay.
The solution to the environmental problems of the mid-Atlantic states requires a
long-term investment. People have polluted the region's environment for more than
300 years. But only in the 1960s did society become aware of the damage being done
to the planet. Not until the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring and the
WATER-EFFICIENT SHOWER HEADS USE HALF AS MUCH HOT WATER, EACH YEAR REDUCING CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM BETWEEN 300
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Midsh : : i review dt the Naval Academy
in Annapolis, MaiV
celebration of the first Earth Day on April 22, 1970 was there widespread public
concern about protecting the environment.
Since it was created in December 1970, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
has addressed many of the most visible pollution problems. And every year, new
problems are identified. Ozone, global warming, PCBs and indoor radon are today's
equivalents of the smog and DDT of the 1960s. There are problems today that no one
was aware of on the first Earth Day.
Corrective action now may take decades to show results, especially where pollutants
travel through underground water systems. Eliminating pollutants from farming may
take years before contaminated underground water runs dean and clear.
The science of environmental management is becoming increasingly aware of an
interrelationship between all things especially the interaction of people and other
living things with the physical features of the varied ecosystems. The exact
cause-and-effect relationship of many environmental problems is not always fully
understood. Environmental information is gathered and continuously assessed by
experts in the region, often working in
partnership with other federal, state and
local government agencies, to monitor
water and air quality, and the condition
of the habitats, flora and fauna; to analyze
trends; and to determine a strategic
management approach to solving each
problem.
Environmental protection and pollution
control agencies in each state in
partnership with the EPA are responsible
for regulating more than 21,000 air
pollution sources, 12,000 water pollution
sources and 425 hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities.
Additionally, the region and states are responsible for the active investigation of more
than 1,500 potential hazardous waste dump sites and the deanup of 165 sites that are
included or proposed for the Superfund National Priorities List.
Vice Preside
Baltimore Harbor.
USING INDICATORS TO MEASURE RESULTS AND SET PRIORITIES
People living along the Delaware River have seen the success of the Clean Water Act.
And in many industrial cities throughout the region, residents breathe cleaner air.
Environmental indicators are scientific measurements comparing today's environment
with where we were 10, 15 or 25 years ago.
In 1992 and 1993, the EPA region's senior management began to develop
environmental indicators and collect and use scientific data to establish priorities and
characterize the range of environmental and human health risks. Indicators can tell
scientists if progress is being made and can project future trends.
AND 1,300 POUNDS LOWERING A THERMOSTAT FROM 70 TO 60 DECREES AT NIGHT WILL SAVE 900 POUNDS OF CARBON DIOXIDE PER YEAR
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The first of seven specific "state of the environment" reports is scheduled for public
distribution in early 1998. A report on the region's estuaries where fresh water meets
salt has special geographic emphasis for the Delaware Bay, the Chesapeake Bay, the
Delmarva coastal bays, and large rivers that flow into the bays. Estuaries in the
mid-Atlantic states provide valuable habitat for many birds, mammals, fish and other
aquatic life, and are important recreational assets.
IIu- estuary report focuses on the current condition Of the resources, plus water
quality, sediment, contamination, and the hows and whys of habitat change. It
examines why the oyster harvest has declined from 133 million pounds in 1880 to
today's annual catch of about one million pounds. And the report evaluates threats to
the world's largest population of blue crabs, in the Chesapeake Bay.
Other subjects planned for subsequent regional "state-of" reports indude the surface
waters of the mid-Atlantic highlands, and the region's forests, groundwater, landscape,
wetlands, health risks in the District of Columbia, and a profile of agriculture in
Maryland and Delaware. Scheduled for publication in mid-1998 is the triennial report
on the state of the Chesapeake Bay.
In collaboration with national program offices, EPA Region III administers 28 federal
environmental laws. Data is collected by regional staff; federal, state and local agencies;
industry; and volunteer groups. There are 350 federal monitoring programs and more
than 450 state and local government agencies, environmental groups, and private and
academic programs involved in collecting data in the mid-Atlantic states.
As environmental managers and state and local officials become more familiar with
new environmental data, including satellite imaging, for the first time, the true mosaic of
land use and vegetation is revealed, providing the agency with a better understanding of
human influences on natural resources. High-speed computers will model programs
and assess risks to prevent undesirable impacts on our resources. The information will
be available to all interested parties, in hard copy as well as on the Internet.
Father ,\*
Glade '
THE AVERAGE
5WERED LAWN MOWER EMITS MORE Th
1YDROCARBONS PER HOUR THAN THE AVERAGE CAR
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Region Ill's Population is Expected to
Increase by 15% Over the Next 30 Years
31 Million People
27 Million People
1996
2000
2005
2015
2025
Population
by State:
D.C.:4-
DE: t
MD: t
PA: t
VA: t
WV:
Region Ill's Number of Vehicles
has Increased by 82% Since 1970
20 Million Vehicles
11 Million Vehicles
1970
1980
1990
1995
Vehicles
by State:
D.C.:4-
DE: t
MD: t
PA: t
VA: t
WV: t
1997 EPA Grants to Region III States
District of Columbia
$16 Million
West Virginia
$53 Million
Virginia
$60 Million
Fiscal Year 1997 Awards as of September 30, 1997
-31
Delaware
$10 Million
>5
Pennsylvania
$113 Million
Maryland
$72 Million
ONLY 20 PERCENT OF CARBON EMISSIONS COME FROM THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR 80 PERCENT COME FROM THE STATIC USES OF ENERGY
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as one in savins no
to things like dirty water,
and "yes" to giving
our children an environment
as unspoiled as their
hopes and dreams."
President Clinton, May 1995
EVERY POUND OF RECYCLED GARBAGE SAVES TWO POUNDS OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS IF GREENHOUSE GASES
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CLEANER
W A T E R
The Chesapeake Bay is the largest, most environmentally significant estuary in North
America. Its expansive and dynamic system of water and living creatures also is one of the
most carefully monitored bodies of water in the world. The fresh waters and the salt waters
of the bay are constantly being affected by inflowing rivers, the Atlantic Ocean, the shoreline
and air, all of which change with the tides and seasons. About 40 percent of the land in the
bay's 64,000-square-mile watershed no longer is in its natural state, and wetlands are being
lost at a rate of eight acres per day. The bay is extremely productive and it is shallow,
averaging only 21 feet in depth. All this presents formidable challenges to understanding
and managing the Chesapeake.
The Chesapeake Bay Program initiated a unique partnership between the region and
federal, state and local governments. Founded
in 1983, it is considered a national and
international model for estuarine restoration
and protection programs. Since its inception,
the program's highest priority has been the
restoration of the bay's living resources its
finfish, shellfish, bay grasses, waterfowl and
other aquatic life and wildlife
The nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus are
the bay's most significant pollution threat.
Many areas of the bay have cloudy water from
an overgrowth of algae fueled by nutrients, or from too much sediment in the water. Many
of these nutrients run off from agricultural land that contains animal waste. Algae block
sunlight needed to grow aquatic grasses, an important habitat for fish and shellfish.
Urban, suburban and agricultural lands all leach more pollutants into the bay than natural
forests or wetlands. While agricultural runoff and municipal point sources are the two largest
contributors of nutrients, virtually all individuals and many industries in the bay's watershed
contribute nutrient pollution to the bay. The two largest rivers that drain the watershed, the
Susquehanna and Potomac, dump increasing volumes of wastewater into the bay from a
growing population. However, through modern wastewater treatment and bans of
phosphorus detergents, point sources of phosphorus have decreased 70 percent since the
1970s, in spite of a 40 percent increase in flows of wastewater. Recent controls are reducing
levels of nitrogen from agriculture and point sources such as industries and municipal
sewage treatment plants.
The Blue Plains sewage treatment plant in Washington, D.C. is one of the nation's largest
wastewater facilities. A new pilot project to remove nitrogen is working better than originally
anticipated, currently removing three million pounds per year.
To filter out nutrients that might reach the bay, the Chesapeake Bay Program adopted the
Riparian Forest Buffer Initiative, which preserves existing forest buffers and commits to
planting new trees on 2,010 miles of stream and shoreline by 2010.
YEARS THAN IT HAS IN
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Acid rain formed by smokestack emissions and car exhaust accounts for one-fifth of the
total nitrogen that reaches the bay's waters. The "airshed" from which pollutants contribute
to add rain is 349,000 square miles, or more than five times larger than the bay's watershed.
The bay is one of the most carefully monitored eco-systems in the world. Data used to
analyze water quality have been taken at more than 130 sites throughout the bay and its
watershed since 1984. Sophisticated computer models determine the nitrogen pollution in
the bay from the air. These monitoring data add up to some important trends.
Scientists are investigating a toxic microorganism, pfiesteria piscidda, which killed tens of
thousands of fish in the Pocomoke River and several other bay tributaries on the lower
Eastern Shore of Maryland in 1997. Fish suffered from lesions, and the single-cell organism
was linked to human health problems such as skin rashes and memory loss.
One concern is the tremendous growth of the poultry industry on the Delmarva
Peninsula, the eastern shore of the bay. Some 623 million chickens each year produce 3.2
billion pounds of raw waste containing 13.8 million pounds of phosphorus and 48.2
million pounds of nitrogen. That is as much nitrogen waste as a city of 490,000 people
produces in a year.
The region's management has been
meeting with industry leaders to explore the
possibility that poultry waste contributing
nutrients to the bay may be tied to pfiesteria.
The poultry industry has offered $1 million
to research the situation.
The Chesapeake Bay Program has a
commitment to reduce the flow of two
nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus
40 percent by the year 2000. This means
greater protection for wetlands and
expanded support for community-based
watershed restoration efforts. The measure
of success will be determined by increased
water quality that allows fish, crabs,
waterfowl, bay grasses and other living
resources to return to abundance
In June 1997, a |r u> the
viability ol the bin.
The plan out! -itrol
overfishing by both Maryland a1
clearly d<
The commercial value of the annual crab harvest in
the bay is $60 million.
RESTORING RIVERS, LAKES AND STREAMS
In addition to the Chesapeake Bay and some of the world's most important natural water
resources, the region is faced with continuing challenges that indude add pollution, safe
drinking water and making its rivers, lakes and streams safe and healthy for people and all
living things. This year marked the 25th anniversary of the Clean Water Act, which has been
responsible for significant improvements since it became law in 1972.
to con at dams ai
. 1998,
2003. By September
reopent-i:
ii. In 1998, -ral-slot
TS Dam
in Rich;
i the annual spring spawning i
i since 1803.
could be found in Maryland ami id none
;les have
i/re were more than
400 no
THE HUMAN RACE USES NEARLY ONE-HALF
rHE WORLD'S POPULATION
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coupled with
iproved
were <
Bay Grasses Recovering
Acreage has increased about 70% since the 1984 low point.
Potential Habitat (600.00P
Interim Coal (114.00'
SO
/u
I»
§ 50
S 40
30
rc
o 20
10
85 87 89 91 9J 95
Bay gr,i n, are a
had been rr- ottom,
;',e over the historic low ii
Over the years, millions of dollars in research and water treatment have been spent on add
mine drainage, yet more than 80 percent of the 4,500 miles of streams in the coal-mining
areas of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland and Virginia are still polluted. Mining
exposes air and water to iron-sulfide minerals, forming solvent acids that turn streams
reddish-orange and kill fish and other aquatic life Dead streams in turn eliminate
recreational opportunities and tourism revenues.
Another form of acid pollution comes from the atmosphere Acid rain is deposited on
both land and water. While polluting emissions have dropped significantly as a result of the
Clean Air Act, the mid-Atlantic region continues to be adversely impacted by acid rain.
To determine the degree of pollution in streams and rivers, scientists look at two sources:
point source pollution from factories and sewage plants and non-point sources, such as
farms, pastures and city streets.
In the mid-Atlantic region alone, EPA has overseen $6 billion in direct federal assistance to
local governments for sewage treatment. In 1987, Congress created a new funding
mechanism, the Clean Water State Revolving Fund, through which federal grants to states
capitalize low-interest loans for publidy owned
treatment plants, control of storm water and
even polluted runoff. In 1997, Region III
grants totaled more than $110 million for these
purposes alone bringing the regional total to
$1.5 billion since 1988.
The states have the responsibility for issuing
permits and monitoring surface water
discharges from specific sources under the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System. The EPA tracks the number of major
facilities that have compliance problems and
coordinates with state partners how best to
address the problem by means of education, training and technical assistance
The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection identified more than 58
stream miles in Lancaster and Chester counties degraded by agricultural pollution.
Water quality standards and discharge limits for various pollutants are set for specific uses
of water, whether for a trout stream, commerdal fishing, swimming, boating, drinking water
or commerdal navigation.
CLEANING A RIVER
Hundreds of streams across 13,000 square miles feed the 331-mile -long Delaware River
and bay. Within this basin are major portions of four states and more than 800
municipalities. Factories, refineries and sewage plants dumped poisons into the once
beautiful Delaware River, praised by William Perm three centuries ago as a living resource By
the 1960s, the Delaware River below Philadelphia for 100 miles to the bay was dying because
limebU
in West Virginia with
LIVE IN AREAS THAT HAVE
WARMED ONE DECREE FAHRENHEIT IN THE 20TH CENTURY
-------
it contained little or no oxygen. The Delaware River had become a death trap for migratory
fish, and unfit for boating, swimming and other recreational activities.
The Clean Water Act of 1972 breathed new life into the Delaware, one of the few
undammed major American rivers. For the first time, money was available for grants, studies,
monitoring, for controlling waste discharge permits and for enforcement powers to ensure
compliance. Millions of dollars were spent to upgrade wastewater treatment plants.
Factories and refineries incorporated environmental upgrades.
The results are evident today. When the shad make their annual spawning run from the
sea up the Delaware, the river is filled with fisherman. Philadelphia's waterfront prospers
with nightclubs, restaurants, a proposed hotel and entertainment complex, river tours,
recreational boating, and ferry rides to the New Jersey State Aquarium.
The health of the river is monitored each year during the week of Earth Day. More than
70 organizations, schools and hundreds of individuals come together for basin-wide water
quality monitoring. The Delaware River today is getting healthier and cleaner every day.
In the mid-Atlantic states, 20,000 public water systems provide drinking water to 25
million consumers every day. While 40 large systems serve half the population with safe
drinking water, many small public water systems consistently are unable to comply with all
monitoring requirements, and a few violate health and safety standards.
Amendments in 1996 to the Safe Drinking Water Act emphasize assistance to small public
water systems for preventive measures to assure safe operations and maintenance, and ways
to identify and reduce potential contamination of drinking water sources. The act also
mandates quicker notification of consumers when water is contaminated and requires water
suppliers once a year to tell customers what's in their drinking water and where it came from.
These efforts are supported by a drinking water state revolving fund to support low-interest
loans for public water systems and state and local governments. In 1997, the first grants to
Region III states and the District of Columbia were made under the new funding program,
which totals more than $80 million.
Because of continuing water problems in Washington, D.C., the EPA obtained a consent
order with the district that provided for improved operation and maintenance of the city's
water distribution system and a long-term financial plan to pay for improvements. In 1997,
because of the improved maintenance that EPA required, the quality of the drinking water in
the nation's capital significantly improved, and met all federal standards throughout the year.
The region continued working with states and local authorities to promote and
implement groundwater protection. More than 600 public water systems using
groundwater have implemented wellhead protection programs to safeguard their water
supplies. In 1997, the regional headquarters designated a large portion of the eastern shore
of Virginia as a sole source aquifer and reviewed a petition from citizens in Montgomery
County, Maryland to better protect their source of drinking water.
$6.4 n
RONIV^ INKSANDS!
BLUE
-------
New Sewage Treatment Plants
Caused Improved Water Quality.
$250
$200
$150
$100
$50
- In Million ($)
$ Awarded to States
'88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97
Water Grants to Region III States
District of Columbia
$13 Million
West Virginia
$46 Million
Delaware
$8 Million
Pennsylvania
$80 Million
Virginia
$50 Million
Fiscal Year 1997 Awards as of September 30, 1997
Maryland
$59 Million
Declining Oyster Harvests in
Maryland & Delaware
25 r Millions of Pounds
20
IS
If!
Maryland
Virginia
Reduced Pollution
Improved The Delaware River.
- Oxygen Level
Trenton Philadelphia Marcus Hook New Castle
RIVER FLOW
The Improved Delaware River
Produced Increased Numbers of Shad.
umber of Shad (in thousands) Oxygen
,000
800
600
400
200
ft
~
r-1
r*^ if
1 \f Shad
- m g^N^-J Oxygen
6
s
i
1
2
1
n
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992
1953 1959 1965 1971 1977 1983 1989 1995 1996
JEANS, RECYCLED CURRENCY OR FROM KENAF, A FIBER GROWN WITHOUT PESTICIDES A WASTE IS JUST A RESOURCE OUT OF PLACE
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This land is my land,
California
to the New York island,
From the redwood forest
ir
to the Gulf Stream waters,
This land was mad
u and me.
1
THE GLOBAL SEA LEVEL HAS RISEN BY UP TO TEN
I
N THE LAST 100 YEARS, AND IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE SIX TO 38
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The mid-Atlantic region continues to lead the nation in action and innovation. In
1997, EPA celebrated the country's 500th Superfund site cleanup. The region has 183
sites on the National Priorities List. Three out of five cleanup activities now are
completed or underway. The book was dosed on six of the most contaminated
Superfund sites in the country a national record and the region decided how to
proceed with the cleanup of 19 other sites, to eliminate all immediate threats to human
health and the environment.
Five of the six national priority sites were in Pennsylvania. Bruin Lagoon, 45 miles
north of Pittsburgh, and Hranica Landfill, which at one time contained 19,000
hazardous waste-filled drums stacked haphazardly around the site, were simultaneously
deleted from the list at a special event in
September in Butler County. The others
were Ambler Asbestos Piles in Montgomery
County; AMP, Inc., a York County plastics
manufacturer; Middletown Air Field in
Dauphin County; and Sealand Limited, Inc.,
a former waste oil recyder in New Castle
County, Delaware.
The region, which is responsible for more
than 12 percent of the total national sites,
completed deanup construction at an
additional seven locations four in
Pennsylvania, two in Virginia and one
in Delaware.
a problem,
e Bay.
An August event in New Castle County at Delaware Sand and Gravel, a national
model of Superfund success, marked the program's 445th completion. This 27-acre
site accepted industrial and chemical wastes between 1968 and 1976, and was a
major source of contaminated water and soil. Innovative technology, called
bioremediation, was used after the removal of 13,000 drums and more than 80 rail
cars of PCB-contaminated soil. The cooperative partnership between EPA and the
Delaware state government and responsible parties facilitated the deanup and saved
millions of dollars.
The Dixie Caverns Landfill outside of Roanoke, Virginia, was the nation's 460th
Superfund site completion. Others induded U.S. Titanium in Nelson County, Virginia,
and three in Pennsylvania: Brodhead Creek in Monroe County, Croydon TCE in Bucks
County, and Delta Quarries/Stotler Landfill in Blair County.
In December, construction was completed on the nation's 500th Superfund site,
Publicker Industries in Philadelphia, where liquor was stored and industrial alcohol
distilled. The 40-acre site, located in the floodplain along the Delaware River, now is
being used for recreation and harbors peregrine falcon nests. Most of the $20 million
deanup cost was recovered through litigation. The site had 440 large tanks, storage
INCHES IN TI
INVESTMENT
-------
drums, laboratories and other buildings, a power plant and several hundred miles of
pipelines above and below ground. EPA removed more than two million gallons of
hazardous materials, induding toxic and flammable gases, asbestos and PCBs.
The site, which Publicker used for nearly 75 years, will be put back into productive
use as a multi-purpose shipping terminal, part of the expansion of the Port of
Philadelphia. The project is expected to create hundreds of new jobs.
CREATIVE CLEANUP LIABILITY STRATEGIES
To encourage the sale and redevelopment of contaminated land, the agency protects
buyers from lawsuits under certain conditions.
The region leads the nation in having parties responsible for contamination pay
long-term cleanup costs. Nearly 80 percent of the Superfund deanups in the region are
financed or performed by those responsible, saving taxpayers an estimated $1.7 billion.
The agency also is finding creative
ways to resolve liability for small waste
generators who are drawn into litigation
by large toxic waste producers. A national
landmark settlement was reached with 22
communities who were small waste
contributors at the Moyer Landfill in
Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. This
marks the first case in the nation where
local governments who contributed
household-type garbage with small
amounts of hazardous chemicals such
as paint thinner and bleach will help restore a site and avoid complicated litigation.
The Keystone Sanitation Landfill outside Gettysburg, Pennsylvania is a Superfund site
that gained national attention on CBS's 60 Minutes, in The Wall Street Journal and other
news media because of the involvement of more than 700 third and fourth-party
defendants. The parties were not sued by EPA, but were brought into the case by the 11
parties who originally were sued for the deanup costs. Of $21.5 million estimated for
the total deanup, EPA removed 376 defendants from the litigation for a $4.25 million
settlement. Many of the parties were small businesses like pizza and donut shops,
restaurants, and apartment owners who could not afford lengthy litigation. Most sent
only typical household-type trash with small amounts of hazardous materials to the
site. The liability of another 187 third and fourth-party defendants was resolved with
nominal one-dollar settlements.
The EPA is working with Congress to amend the Superfund law to better protect
small defendants from runaway lawsuits.
empli
ONE DAY'S WORTH OF |UNK MAIL IN THE U.S. COULD PRODUCE ENOUGH ENERGY TO HEAT 250,000 HOMES FOR A DAY IT
-------
Children kv
aluminum
Agreements signed by Delaware and Maryland created two of the nation's first
voluntary cleanup programs that allow states that meet federal guidelines to clean
up local sites while allowing EPA flexibility to respond to emergencies and
catastrophic events.
PROMOTING REDEVELOPMENT
Vacant, abandoned and contaminated former industrial properties are being cleaned
up and put to new uses under a program called Brownfields. Of 34 sites in the U.S.,
three are in the mid-Atlantic states. A three-square-mile site not far from the front lawn
of William Penn's historic country home in Bucks County is overshadowed by steel-
industry smokestacks where downsizing in the past two decades has displaced
thousands of workers in the communities of Bristol and Mom'sville. The area
maintains the county's highest rate of unemployment and largest percentage of people
living in poverty. Abandoned and under-used buildings clutter the landscape
The goal of a site in Wilmington,
Delaware is to make the city a more com-
petitive supplier of services for businesses,
industries, residents and tourists.
Contaminated industrial properties
have reduced the inventory of developable
acreage by 24 percent. An EPA grant will
.nil cind
be spent on a cleanup and redevelopment
planning database, coordination of
community redevelopment, and efforts
to obtain $ 1 million in redevelopment
funding.
Closures and downsizing of heavy
manufacturing operations resulted in
significant job losses and created many vacant and under-used industrial properties
in the southeast corridor of Baltimore County, Maryland. Suspected environmental
contamination has impeded reinvestment. The county will receive funding to identify
and assess potential Brownfield sites and encourage prospective property owners to
participate in voluntary cleanup efforts.
RESPONSE TO EMERGENCIES
EPA responded more than 40 times to emergency removal actions throughout the
region. The responses ranged from fencing a DDT-contaminated field in Hagerstown,
Maryland, where children were riding bicycles, to investigating dangerous levels of
radioactivity in scrap metal at a Berks County, Pennsylvania recycling center.
One of the most famous sites that needed swift action was Valley Forge National
Park, where General George Washington camped with Continental Army troops during
TAKES ABOUT FOUR TIMES THE AMOUNT OF WATER TO PRODUCE FOOD
THAN ALL OTHER USES OF WATER COMBINED
-------
the Revolutionary War. Prior to Memorial Day weekend, asbestos that had been buried
70 years earlier surfaced at more than 40 park locations due to heavy rains. Fencing
kept visitors away from hazardous areas, and wetting down the asbestos prevented it
from becoming airborne. A semi-permanent cover will be placed over the asbestos.
Helping communities prepare for chemical, biological or nudear emergencies is
an increasingly important role for EPA. The ninth annual Chemical Emergency
Preparedness and Prevention Conference held in Pittsburgh in December attracted an
international audience of nearly 1,000 for the four-day event. Highlights included a
ballroom-sized diorama that simulated a domestic terrorism incident, and displays and
tours of C-130 aircraft and aerial spray equipment used in emergencies, as well as a
hands-on emergency response demonstration for children.
From on the scene to in the courtroom, there was a major civil settlement in the
Superfund's emergency removal enforcement section. After more than 100 illegal
oil spills from corroded pipelines in Western Pennsylvania and West Virginia the
largest at 10,500 gallons EPA won an $867,000 settlement against Pennzoil Products
and its Eureka Pipeline Company. It was the largest Oil Pollution Act settlement in the
region's history.
FROM SUPERFUND TO SUPER PARK
Earth Day 1997 was a most appropriate day to dedicate Liberty Land, a two-acre
community park in the Northern Liberties section of Philadelphia. The site, which
became the area's only greenspace, formerly housed tanneries, breweries and factories
employing thousands of workers. An investment group that had purchased the site
donated the property to a community association.
HD ENOUGH
ILD THE
iY THREE
-------
Funds Invested in Superfund
Cleanups in Region III
The funds include oversight of private-party cleanups
to ensure compliance with federal standards.
$150r In Millions
$120
$90
$60
$30
$0
Land Used for Development
23% of the Region's Farmland Has Been Converted to Urban Land Since 1982.
Farmland
Converted
Other
Developed Land
Turning Farmland into Pavement
Since 1982, 351,000 acres of farmland have been developed.
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
REGION
MONTHS AN ESTIMATED TWO TO THREE BILLION TIRES ARE STOCKPILED IN THE U.S. THAT'S ABOUT 7 TO 11 TIRES PER PERSON
-------
The mid-Atlantic region
of the U.S. and the Northeast
are two areas of the country
facing severe health and
ronmental effects of ozone
pollution. Ozone smo
forms in the air on hot
sunny days, when emissions
Tom automobiles and utility
power plants combine
with other sources.
AMERICANS USE UP THE EQUIVALENT OF MORE THAN 30 MILLION TREES FOR NEWSPRINT EACH YEAR. THAT'S A FOREST BIG ENOUGH TO
-------
CLEANER AIR
More than 85% of EPA Region Ill's
Philadelphia employees either take
public transit or walk to work.
CLEANER AIR
Ozone smog forms in the air on hot, sunny days, when emissions from automobiles
and power plants combine. High amounts of ozone smog can cause shortness of breath,
congestion, chest pain, and asthma attacks.
Health experts warn that some damage to the lungs from repeated exposure to ozone
smog can be permanent. People who spend time outdoors in the summer, especially
children, are more at risk. Besides causing health problems, ozone smog hurts agricultural
crop production by impairing the ability of plants to produce and store food, making
them more susceptible to disease, insects, pollution and harsh weather.
In July, the EPA established new, more stringent national health standards to better
protect millions of Americans from two types of air pollution ozone smog and
paniculate matter.
Paniculate matter is also called soot. High amounts of paniculate matter create a haze
which reduces visibility. Windblown dust, crushing and grinding operations from cement
manufacturing, and vehides driving on unpaved roads generate "coarse" particles in the
air. "Fine" particles typically come from
motor vehides, factories and power plants,
residential fireplaces and other sources.
Studies have revealed increased absences from
school and work and more emergency room
visits on days when particulates were high.
With EPA's new health standards for ozone
smog and paniculate matter, nearly 125
million more Americans, induding 35 mil-
lion children, will benefit from deaner,
healthier air.
EPA's Green Communities assistance kit provides a
tool to help communities plan for the futu
A REGIONAL APPROACH envision, http:www.epa.gov/region03/greenkit
A two-year study by the Ozone Transport
Assessment Group, an organization of 37 Eastern states and the District of Columbia in
partnership with EPA, found that ozone pollution travels hundreds of miles from its
originating sources to reduce air quality downwind. EPA has proposed a regional strategy
to reduce nitrogen oxides, a primary smog-forming pollutant, by 35 percent during the
next 10 years across the entire Eastern region.
Based on the ozone transport study, the agency identified 22 states that significantly
contribute to smog problems in other states. EPA called on these states to reduce
emissions of nitrogen oxides using the most cost-effective approach. The agency expects
to finalize its proposed plan by September 1998, offering Eastern states a flexible way to
reduce ozone smog. The 22 states will have one year to submit their plans for redudng
nitrogen oxides. EPA will identify certain locations as "transitional areas," since they will
be working to meet net regional reductions. At least 100 cities and counties in the
mid-Atlantic region will be eligible for this dassification.
COVER ABOUT ONE-THIRD OF PHILADELPHIA, OR 47 SQUARE MILES ABOUT 25-50 GALLONS OF WATER ARE NEEDED TO FILL A BATHTUB
-------
Last summer, two major metropolitan areas in Virginia Hampton Roads and
Richmond were redesignated to "attainment" of the health-based standard for ozone
smog. Both areas benefited from less-polluting reformulated gasoline and a cutback in
emissions by industrial plants during summer months.
In Pennsylvania, the Reading area met standards for "ozone attainment," and air quality
data from recent years show that many other smaller communities throughout the
mid-Atlantic region have less air pollution.
Enhanced exhaust testing programs for automobiles are underway in Maryland and
Pennsylvania. Philadelphia motorists and residents of 14 counties in Maryland now have
their vehicles inspected using a treadmill that simulates highway driving. Virginia's
comparable program will apply to motorists in northern counties in early 1998, and
the District of Columbia next year. The Pittsburgh area also tests using a modified
inspection method.
FLEXIBLE PERMITS BENEFIT COMPANIES AND
COMMUNITIES
In a small community near Elkton,
Virginia, pharmaceutical manufacturer
Merck & Co. is testing an innovative
environmental project that has won the
approval of the agency, plus state and local
officials and area residents. The company
will spend $ 10 million to convert its
coal-burning power house to natural gas
at the company's Stonewall plant. Since
natural gas is a cleaner-burning fuel, Merck
will reduce its emissions of sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides by 60 percent, and other hazardous air pollutants by 65 percent. In
addition, the company agreed to establish a plant-wide limit on the amount of other air
pollutants. Compared to recent air emissions from its plant, this cap will reduce
pollutants nearly 300 tons per year, a 20 percent decrease.
In return, Merck will have the flexibility to manufacture new products, increase
production and make production changes as frequently as needed without having
to apply for modification of its air permits. Long delays waiting for approval will
be eliminated.
The project is called "Merck XL," short for excellence and leadership, and is an initiative
worked out between the company and the mid-Atlantic regional office under President
Clinton's national Project XL program.
Merck employs 800 people at its Stonewall plant to produce a variety of antibiotics
and a new drug for the HIV virus. Flexibility allows the company to respond quickly to
changing market conditions and product demands. The overall environmental benefits
will improve visibility and reduce acid rain in and around nearby Shenandoah National
nog was no probl
the 17
IT TAKES ABOUT 1,000 ;
1R TO CROW THE WHEAT TO MAKE A TWO-POUND LOAF OF BREAD,
-------
Park. The agency and state officials will be looking to determine whether site-wide
emissions caps can create incentives for companies to minimize emissions.
Another new permitting program gaining success in the region is the agency's Title V
program, which streamlines the Clean Air Act. Companies considered major sources of
air pollution can get a single permit that spells out all dean air requirements it must meet.
A single Tide V permit replaces several other permits, making it easier for a company to
comply with environmental regulations.
In Pennsylvania, the state Department of Environmental Protection submitted 191
Title V permits for EPA to review during the first year of the program. This represents
one-third of the total permits the state expects to issue. Pennsylvania's record puts it
among the top states in the country that are managing Title V programs.
PROTI
Electricity Use in Region III Has Increased
More Than 400% Since 1960.
109,590
y'
'f
tr^
20,604
Electricity
Use by State:
DC: 65%
DE: 108%
MD: 77%
PA: 177%
VA: 113%
WV: 34%
Voluntary programs are
increasingly important at
EPA, and while small in
terms of budget and staffing,
the return on investment is
impressive. Voluntary
programs began in 1991 and
have evolved into 50 projects
in the air, water and solid
waste program offices.
Traditionally, most
environmental protection
involves controlling, treating
or cleaning up pollution. By
eliminating or minimizing pollution at the source, the pollution is never created in the
first place. Pollution prevention is potentially the most effective and efficient means of
environmental protection. By 2000, the agency anticipates some 18,500 companies will
be involved in voluntary pollution prevention programs that will save them almost
$7 billion a year in energy raw materials and waste treatment and disposal costs.
One of the first and most effective voluntary pollution prevention programs is
Green Lights. Thousands of large businesses have upgraded lighting, ait pollution and
l
saved money. Energy is the main cause of global warming because excess emissions of
carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere. Smart
switches dim office lights, put computers into "sleep mode," adjust thermostats, and nit
electric bills when offices are vacant during lunch. The workplace is instantly restored to
full productivity when employees return.
There are 100 million exit signs in the U.S., each lit by two small incandescent bulbs.
Lighting those signs costs $1 billion a year, and generates more than 13 million tons of
greenhouse gases. By switching to light-emitting diode technology, the signs will be lit just
,
TO PRODUCI
-------
as brightly using one-eighth the wattage, redudng expenditures and cutting pollution.
These diode bulbs last up to 100 u'mes longer than incandescent, and while costing twice
as much, are so inexpensive to operate that they pay for themselves in less than three years.
Some 482 businesses in the mid-Atlantic states participating in the Green Lights
program are saving $32 million a year in energy costs. These pollution prevention
measures have eliminated carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides equal to
the benefit of annually planting 100,000 acres of frees or removing 75,000 automobiles
from the roads.
Another pollution prevention program is Energy Star, which helps small businesses
conserve energy in ways that pay back costs in three years or less.
The nation's small businesses employ more than half of the nation's workforce, generate
more than half of the gross national product, and are the principal source of new jobs.
These businesses also waste more than one-third of their energy costs every year. Many
small business owners often lack the time, money and know-how to become energy-
efficient. As an Energy Star volunteer, a small business agrees to conserve energy. EPA
provides technical support and public recognition.
One company in the program installed more efficient lights and infrared occupancy
sensors to turn off lights when not needed by any of its 50 workers. The annual electric
bill was reduced more than $11,000 and 188,000 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions
were prevented each year. Another firm saved more than $21,000 in annual electric costs
while achieving comparable or improved lighting for its 100 employees.
The newest program is Green Communities. An assistance kit helps residents, business,
industry and government in towns and cities work together to protect environmental
resources. York, Pennsylvania was named the first Green Community in October 1997.
The new program helps citizens and community leaders solve problems and make
decisions in ways that allow for the unique environmental, social and economic
circumstances found in their own communities. The assistance kit is available to
communities on the Internet at .
EPA en
Smith
:NICERNS
In response to complaints about excessive unhealthful pollution in South/Southwest
Philadelphia, EPA retained Johns Hopkins University's School of Public Health to under-
take a two-year study. The goal of the pilot study, which represented a new approach to
community-based environmental protection, was to provide all stakeholders with a tool
for understanding and improving the environment and public health of the area. The
study addressed diverse community concerns and brought together community, govern-
ment and academia to address the issues heretofore raised by individuals and isolated
neighborhood groups. It was the first attempt to examine a broad array of environmental
and public health issues on a neighborhood level.
The report led to a working partnership with state and local government agencies who
have the legal authority to act on the study's findings.
itive.
)F JEANS. AND 400 GALLONS TO PRODUCE THE
-------
Region III at the Gas Pump
Gasoline use has increased by 83% since 7 960.
Billions of Gallons
11 r
11 Billion Gallons
- 6 Billion Gallons
Usage by State:
VA: +147%
MD:+131%
DE: +103%
WV: +74%
PA: +42%
D.C.: -18%
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1994
Use of Coal in Region III
Tons (In Thousands)
150
135
120
105
90
Usage by State:
D.C.:4.
DE: t
MD: t
PA: *
VA:
WV: t
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1994
Natural Gas Used by Region
Billions of Cubic Feet
1,500r
1,200
900
600
Usage by State:
DE: +440%
VA: +250%
MD: +169%
D.C.:+139%
PA: +34%
WV: -3%
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1994
Air Grants to Region III States
District of Columbia
$1 Million
West Virginia
$1 Million
Delaware
$.107 Million
Pennsylvania
$7 Million
Virginia
$3 Million
Fiscal Year 1997 Awards as of September 30, 1997
Maryland
$2 Million
COTTON IN A SHIRT IN THE SUMMER, SET CEILING FANS SO THAT WARM AIR IS PULLED UP TO THE CEILING. IN THE WINTER, REVERSE THEM
-------
EPA has allegal mandate
to enforce environmental
laws. Part of that ]ob is
7
nsure a level playin ^
iroughout the country,
.
that businesses investing
7 and resources to
protect public health and the
environment are not at a
panies in violation.
ONE QUART OF OIL CAN CONTAMINATE 375,000 GALLONS OF GROUNDWATER AMERICANS ANNUALLY AVERAGE 1,609
-------
WHEN
COMPANIES DON'T OBEY THE LAW
The agency has vigorously pursued those who violate environmental requirements.
During the fiscal year that ended September 30, 1997, the region resolved 145 penalty
cases that resulted in $20.3 million in penalties and another $53.8 million in cost
recovery. In addition, polluters committed to provide an additional $9.8 million in
environmental projects and services.
In a landmark victory for the environment and public health, a U.S. District Court
judge in Norfolk, Virginia fined Smithfield Foods, Inc. $12.6 million, the largest trial
verdict in the history of the Clean Water Act. The U.S. sued the company for polluting
the Pagan River (Virginia) with illegal levels of pollutants from its slaughterhouse,
falsifying documents and destroying water quality records. The Pagan River, which was
on the endangered list of American rivers, has been dosed to shellfish harvesting since
1970 because of high levels of coliform, an organism found in feces and often
associated with bacteria known to cause serious illness in humans.
The court's ruling reinforced EPA's authority to pursue violations despite a state order
that purportedly relaxed the permit discharge limits.
A consent decree with Conrail for
asbestos violations at a grain elevator in the
Port Richmond section of Philadelphia
required the company to pay a civil penalty
of $389,100. The settlement also required
Conrail to spend $400,000 to provide
emergency information software to response
centers in Philadelphia, Bucks, Chester,
Delaware and Montgomery counties. In the
event of a rail accident, the software allows
emergency response teams to access railroad
databases to leam the contents of freight cars
and how to handle any hazardous
substances. Conrail also agreed to plant 500 trees in the area affected by the violation.
A consent order with Consolidation Coal Company prevented a catastrophic release
of acid mine drainage into Buffalo Creek and the Monongahela River near Fairmont,
West Virginia. An underground pool of water eight miles long and 870 feet deep
collected in abandoned mines and threatened to break through the side of a mountain
until Consolidation Coal lowered the level of the pool.
After years of negotiation with EPA and Justice Department attorneys, Quaker State
Refining Corp. paid a $2.9 million penalty for violations that included improperly
handling hazardous wastes and asbestos as well as emitting hydrogen sulfide into the
air at its plant in Newell, West Virginia. The company also agreed to complete three
supplemental environmental projects at an estimated cost of $4 million, and to spend
millions of dollars to bring the plant into compliance
By contrast, the management of Weirton Steel Corp. in Weirton, West Virginia
reached agreement in only six months for similar violations involving hazardous
wastes, asbestos and excess emissions of hydrogen sulfide. The company has agreed to
Baltimore Harbor.
POUNDS OF WASTE PER PERSON, COMPARED WITH 1,389 FOR CANADIANS, 1,036 FOR THE FRENCH AND 1,036 FOR ITALIANS
-------
pay a reduced penalty of $3.1 million, based on Weirton's agreement to spend $6.4
million for environmental projects. The settlement saved the company, its employees
and stockholders countless dollars in legal expenses, fostered modernization and
improved the environment.
Westinghouse Electric Corporation agreed to pay a $100,000 penalty and spend
$300,000 on projects to settle Clean Air Act violations at its incinerators in Chester and
York, Pennsylvania, for releasing Excessive levels of air pollutants that included sulfur
dioxide, hydrochloric acid and carbon monoxide Of particular significance is a
$100,000 lead abatement project to reduce lead levels in Chester children.
Action was taken against the Philadelphia School District to clean up and properly
dispose of 29 transformers that contained polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, located
at 12 schools. The school district will dispose of all contaminated material and remove
or upgrade all of the PCB transformers within three years.
Working in partnership with the Maryland Department of the Environment, a
comprehensive settlement was reached when Bethlehem Steel Corporation agreed to
pay a $350,000 civil penalty and to correct environmental problems at the company's
3,000-acre Sparrow,s Point plant near Baltimore. Additionally, Bethlehem promised a
voluntary 50 percent reduction of overall toxic substance releases.
Forbes Steel and Wire Corp. in Delaware must pay a $12,250 penalty for violations
of the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act. The company also
will complete an environmental project at a cost of $256,000 to eliminate sulfuric use
by using a non-polluting mechanical method.
The agency also brings criminal enforcement actions. A jury convicted Kerry Ellis
and his company, Seawitch Salvage Inc., located in the Baltimore harbor area of the
Patapsco River, of seven felony counts for violations of the Clean Air Act, the Clean
Water Act, the Rivers and Harbors Act, and for making false statements. Migrant
workers were hired to salvage pipes and metals from the ships and were directed to rip
out asbestos insulation without required safeguards. The workers dumped asbestos
waste and other pollutants into the harbor.
Enforcement and settlements often involve penalties that deter other violations, as
well as obtaining formal commitments for actions that protect public health and
the environment.
-------
Trends in Toxic Substances
Industry-reported releases and transfers.
200 r ln Millions of Pounds Per Year
150
100
50
Source: Reported according to SARA Title III regs.
ABOUT 48,000 GALLONS OF WATER ARE NEEDED TO PRODUCE THE TYPICAL AMERICAN THANKSGIVING DINNER FOR EIGHT PEOPLE
-------
In the world of scien
there are man
ood science, bad s
unk science, political science
and even science fiction.
Good science is extreme!
important at EPA.
WHEN BUYING A NEW APPLIANCE, CHOOSE ONE THAT SAVES THE MOST ENERGY. UNPLUG APPLIANCES DURING EXTENDED ABSENCES
-------
SCIENCE AT
The r ''nter
is a 140,000-square-foot, 2-1 '2-story building
locate :
wings are linked b >uck to form
: . i, and
y'
Good science is important in providing valid environmental indicators and testing
for any product or substance that could be hazardous to public health, flora, fauna or
wildlife What is the scientific basis of EPA research? A score of national laboratories
and research centers provide data for the agency. Two that are part of the National
Center for Environmental Assessment are located in Cincinnati, Ohio, which are
responsible for agent-spedfic risk assessment technical assistance, and Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, which develops and publishes information on air
quality, fuels and fuel additives.
The mid-Atlantic region has its own research laboratories. One is a ship that does
marine research along the eastern seaboard. EPA also uses low-flying aircraft to study
use, pollution and habitat changes along the Atlantic coast from New Jersey to
North Carolina.
The region is building a new $48 million state-of-the-art environmental science center
and laboratory at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland. When completed and opened in late
1998, the facility will house more than 160 scientists and administrators and add
tremendously to the region's science
capabilities by encouraging unprecedented
collaboration between scientists.
The Office of Analytical Services and
Quality Assurance in Annapolis provides
scientific and technical services to customers
throughout the region. The laboratory
focuses on the eastern pan* of the region,
providing chemical analysis of water, soil,
air and other environmental samples;
microbiological analysis; technical assistance
and training to state agencies; expert witness
support for criminal investigations; and
estuarine biological studies. The laboratory in
Wheeling, West Virginia concentrates on
fresh-water biology. The field office provides a full range of environmental programs.
The region also studied the impact of a proposal by the City of Virginia Beach to dredge
more than five miles of the western branch of the Lynnhaven River to accommodate
increased use by pleasure boats. More than 400 fish were collected and examined, and
the study showed that this shallow water area was essential for many spedes of finfish,
shellfish and birds. The study helped the Commonwealth of Virginia dedde to limit the
overall dredging depth to five feet with shallower depths in more sensitive areas.
ensured ;
D.C.
RACKING ZEBR/
ELS
Cargo ships discharge millions of gallons of ballast water from their holds into U.S.
waters. Exotic alien spedes in this ballast water have infested many U.S. rivers and bays,
often at the expense of native marine life The zebra mussel was introduced into the Great
THE 10 WARMEST YEARS THIS CENTURY HAVE OCCURRED SINCE 1980 WORLDWI
-------
lukes in the late 1970s from bilge water and the bottom hulls of international ships.
Migrating to the Ohio River from Pennsylvania and on to Kentucky, the zebra mussel is
destroying the native mussels that filter and purify water, and that are used in jewelry as a
culture medium for pearl oysters.
With no predators, the zebra mussel has become a major problem. Divers from the
regional office are working with ocean experts to help the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
obtain good data on the extent of this infestatisn by looking at the changes in mussel beds
along stretches of the river in order to develop a management plan.
OUTREACH AND EDUCATION
To help the public understand and comply with various environmental regulations,
the region aggressively promotes education and outreach programs and business
assistance services.
The region's toll-free customer service hotline receives nearly 30,000 calls a year. Trained
staff members give callers information on a
wide range of environmental subjects and
all aspects of government programs. The
region also has hotlines for its Business
Assistance Center and Superfund
programs.
PROVIDING HELP FOR SMALL
BUSINESSES
enter works closely with
the dr\ : es meet
DI1S.
The Business Assistance Center was
established in 1995 to work with state
and local governments, chambers of
commerce and industry trade associations
to help small businesses in the regulated
community understand and comply with environmental issues and requirements.
Seminars and conferences were held throughout the mid-Atlantic states for printers and
graphic artists, dry cleaners, auto body shops and other small businesses. Center staff
trained small business counselors at 13 universities across Pennsylvania, developed plain-
language compliance guides for light manufacturing in Maryland, and showed 35 small
auto shops in Washington, D.C. how mishandling of liquid and solid waste from shop
operations pollutes Mickey Run, a badly degraded feeder stream to the Anacostia River.
EDUCATING THE PUBLIC
Environmental education is directed to people of all ages. All of EPA's key programs and
special initiatives have educational components. However, according to a report conducted
by the National Environmental Education and Training Foundation and the Roper polling
firm, two out of three adults flunked a simple test on environmental knowledge
The printing industry is another important business
in the mid-Atlantic states that receives help from
the region's business assistance center.
EPA members of Women In Science and
Engineering participate in Penn State's Math
Options program for young women.
USE DRIP IRRIGATION IN A GARDEN TO REDUCE WATER CONSUMPTION AND RUNOFF THE AMOUNT OF WATER IS CONSTANT,
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Vice-President Al Core and General Colin Powell
rest briefly after helping build a playground with
KaBOOM! At the Presidents' Summit for America's
:ocused on volunteerism,
Philadelphia April, 27 1997
EPA Virginia water team looking for endangered
mussels i River.
The region's Public Environmental Education Center is located in the lobby of the
Region III building. Visitors primarily students and teachers from the Philadelphia
metropolitan area learn about pollution prevention, water quality, wetlands, radon, pes-
ticides, air quality, biodiversity, endangered species, household hazards and cleanup of haz-
ardous waste sites.
EPA's website on the Internet provides the public with a wealth of information. The
mid-Atlantic region and all EPA regions can be accessed through the main home page,
. The region's home page had 750,792 visits last year.
EPA further supported environmental education by funding 27 grants totaling $ 190,000
for schools and grassroots organizations.
For the fourth straight summer, the region hosted 26 inner-city middle school students
for a six-week holistic approach to teach various environmental issues in urban
communities. Field trips reinforced dassroom skills taught by EPA employees and a
Philadelphia science teacher. The program develops communications skills coupled with
environmental knowledge, enabling the students to return to their neighborhoods and
teach others about environmental issues.
HELP FROM VOLUNTEERS
VISTA/Americorps volunteers in Chester,
Pennsylvania focused on lead poisoning,
contaminated fish caught by local residents,
and the need for community cleanup
activities problems identified by an EPA
risk study. The volunteers also helped in
community gardens. Their efforts increased
community pride and helped individuals in
neighborhoods become more self-reliant in
the production of fresh food.
Eighth grade students from Holy Reedemer School
stencil an environmental message in English and
Chinese "Don't Pollute Our Streams" -
storm drains in Philadelphia's Chinatown. The
project was sponsored by EPA's Asian/Pacific
American Council of Empiv
ACCESS TO EPA REGION III
Customer Service Hotline
Business Assistance Center Hotline
Superfund Hotline
Internet Address
Green Communities
Envirofacts
Surf Your Watershed
(800) 438-2474
(800) 228-8711
(800) 553-2509
http://www.epa.gov/region03
http:www.epa.gov/region03/greenkit
http://www.epa.gov/enviro
http:/www.epa.gov/surf/iw
AND IS RECYCLED THROUGHOUT TIME. ACTUALLY, IT IS POSSIBLE TO DRINK WATER THAT WAS PART OF THE DINOSAUR ERA
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People Employed in
Environmental Companies
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1996 Region III Total: 1,286,600
Source: Environmental Business International, Inc., San Diego, Calif.
$10,000
$8,000
$6,000
$4,000
$2,000
$0
Total Revenues
r In Millions
1994
1996
MD
1994 Region III Total: $170,436
Source: Environmental Business International, Inc., San Diego, Calif.
Companies Providing
Environmental Products & Services
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1996 Region III Total: 115,400
Source: Environmental Business International, Inc., San Diego, Calif.
Total Export Revenues
$600
$500
$400
$300
$200
$100
$0
1994 Region III Total: $10,800
Source: Environmental Business International, Inc., San Diego, Calif.
THE AVERAGE HOUSE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MORE THAN TWICE THE LEVEL OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS THAN THE AVERAGE CAR IT CAN TAKE
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THE ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRY
THE ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRY A CROWING BUSINESS
The environmental industry is a growth business and is flourishing in the
mid-Atlantic states. In 1996, 1,286,500 people were employed nationwide at 115,400
companies responsible for total revenues of $178,320,000. In the mid-Atlantic states,
133,838 people were employed at 12,450 companies that had total revenues of
$17,008,000. Of significant importance is the growth of American environmental
technology, products and services, which amounted to $15,790,000, a 50 percent
increase in just two years. This state-of-the-art technology is a popular export, helping
America's balance of trade.
INTERNATIONAL
Region III has an active international program working on projects which combine
the needs of countries with EPA expertise and
funding from USAID and the World Bank.
Those countries include, but are not limited
to, Poland, Republic of South Africa, Ghana,
China and Taiwan. Region III has developed
international training modules on
enforcement, contract procurement and
management, risk communications, risk
management and solid waste management.
We focus on building capacity for
environmental management. This
includes technical assistance, training and
demonstration projects.
A former smelter \ Katowis.,
is successfully rev<
lime mixture. The
reforestation
UP TO 45 MINUTES FOR A WATER SUPPLIER TO PRODUCE ONE GLASS OF DRINKING WATER MARIGOLDS IN A GARDEN REPEL PESTS NATURALLY
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MID-ATLANTIC STATES REGION AWARDS AND HONORS
1997
REGION III SPECIAL AWARDS
EEO AWARD
Ion Capacasa (CBPO)
INSTRUCTOR OF THE YEAR
The Seven Habits trainers: Robert Mitkus (WPD), Peter Schaul
(HWMD), Patricia Krantz (EAPD) and Leanne Nurse (OEA).
SECRETARIAL EXCELLENCE AWARD
Kim Lonasco (CBPO)
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR'S AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE
Lillian Smith (OPM)
HUMAN RESOURCES ACHIEVEMENT AWARD
Betty Inge (OPM)
LORRAINE URBIET COMMUNICATOR OF THE YEAR AWARD
Joan Goodis (EAPD)
GLEN WITMER AWARD
Christine Wagner (HWMD)
COMBINED FEDERAL CAMPAIGN AWARD
Jeffrey Burke (EAPD)
PUBLIC SERVICE AWARD
Frank Ciambrano (WPD)
EPA HEADQUARTERS HONOR AWARDS
GOLD MEDAL
Michael Burke (OEA)
GOLD MEDAL District of Columbia Drinking Water Team
Victoria Binetti (WPD)
Jeffrey Hass (WPD)
George Rizzo (WPD)
Leanne Nurse (OEA)
Leo Clark (EAPD)
Gerard Donovan (EAPD)
Gretchen Klebasko (EAPD)
Robin Costas (EAPD)
Fred Foreman (EAPD)
Marilyn Gower (EAPD)
Charles Hufhagel (EAPD)
Ronald Jones (EAPD)
Gerard Crutchley (EAPD)
George Houghton (EAPD)
Eric Bissonette (Region 1)
Kim Fox (Region 1)
Darren Lytle (Region 1)
MarkMeckes (Region 1)
Kevin Reilly (Region 1)
Maureen McClelland (Region 1)
Clive Davies (Region 1)
SILVER MEDAL Pennsylvania Air Enforcement Team
Bernard Turlinski (ARTD)
David McGuigan (ARTD)
Paresh Pandya (ARTD)
Danielle Baltera (OIG)
Carl Jannetti (OIG)
Patrick Milligan (OIG)
David Schultz (Region 5)
Brent Marable (Region 5)
PAUL G. KEOUGH AWARD FOR ADMINISTRATIVE EXCELLENCE
Laura DiCriscio (HWMD)
REGION III HONOR AWARDS
BRONZE MEDALS FOR INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENTS
Francesca DiCosmo (OEA)
Richard Ponak (ARTD)
William Muir (EAPD)
Charles Weisberg (EAPD)
Thomas Henry (WPD)
Vincent Zenone (HWMD)
Joseph Donovan (ORC)
Alan Brown (HWMD)
David West (OPM)
Kenneth Pantuck (WPD)
BRONZE MEDALS FOR GROUP ACHIEVEMENTS
BEPAC Student Environmental Development Program Team:
Romona McQueen (OPM) Vance Evans (HWMD)
Larry Brown (HWMD) Carletta Parlin-Rivers (HWMD)
Mobay Case Negotiation Team:
K. K. Wu (ARTD)
Jonathan Allen (ARTD)
Edward Cohen (ARTD)
Mikal Shabazz (HWMD)
Benjamin Fields (ORC)
Dean Jerrehian (ORC)
Henry Lau (HQ-OPPT)
Dr. DoyoungLee (HQ-OPPT)
Pittsburgh Ozone Requirements Team:
Marria Spink (ARTD) Kevin McLean (OGC)
Maria Pino (ARTD) Kendra Sagoff (OGC)
Allegheny County Settlement Group:
Thomas Casey (ARTD) Cecil Rodrigues (ORC)
Environmental Justice Enforcement Group:
Kimberly Peck (ARTD)
Tia Chambers (ARTD)
James Topsale (ARTD)
Humberto Monsalvo (ARTD)
Green Lights Team:
Mindee Denmark (ARTD)
Carol Febbo (ARTD)
Elizabeth Barnes (ARTD)
Robert Chominski (ARTD)
Richard Killian (ARTD)
Dean Jerrehian (ORC)
Angelo D'Angelo (ORC)
Donna Travia (ORC)
Ellen Fishman (ARTD)
Pennsylvania IG Group:
Tia Chambers (ARTD)
Betty Harris (ARTD)
Riparian Forest Buffers Initiative Technical Support Team:
Mary Price (CBPO) Richard Everett (USFWS)
Al Todd (USFS) Patricia Engler (NRCS)
Richard Cooksey (USFS)
Anacostia Ecosystem Initiative Group:
Beverly Baker (CBPO) Michael Burke (OEA)
Kimberly Lonasco (CBPO) Leanne Nurse (OEA)
EVERY MINUTE AN AVERAGE OF 119,292 ALUMINUM CANS ARE RECYCLED A GALLON OF GASOLINE IN MANY MARKETS NOW
-------
Anacostia Ecosystem Initiative Group Continued:
EricAshton(EAPD)
William Aiguto (HWMD)
Vemon Butler (HWMD)
Nicholas DiNardo (HWMD)
James McCreary (HWMD)
Jeffrey Pike (HWMD)
Claudette Reed (ORA)
Reginald Harris (ORA)
Frank Fritz (ORC)
Adolphus Williams (ORC)
David Arent (WPD)
Elaine Harbold (WPD)
Canaan Valley Watershed Protection Initiative Team:
John Forren (EAPD) Christopher Glower (USFWS)
John Schmidt (USFWS)
The Quality Assurance Task Force:
Thomas Slenkamp (EAPD)
Diann Sims (EAPD)
Charles Jones (EAPD)
David Friedman (HWMD)
Eric Johnson (HWMD)
Watershed Monitoring Team:
Edward Ambrogio (EAPD)
Margaret Passmore (EAPD)
Fike Settlement Team:
Eugene Wingert (HWMD)
Charlene Arnold (HWMD)
James Heenehan (ORC)
Stuart Kerzner (WPD)
Theresa Martella (CBPO)
Margaret Cardamone (ORC)
Frederick Warren (OPM)
James Smith (ARTD)
James Green (EAPD)
Denise Harris (ORC)
Nancy Flickinger (DOJ)
Weirton Multi-Media Enforcement Team:
Diane Ajl (ORC)
Daniel Boehmcke (ORC)
Philip Yeany (ORC)
Judith Hykel (ORC)
Louis Ramalho (ORC)
Virginia Cody (ORC)
Kenneth Cox (HWMD)
Joel Hennessy (HWMD)
David Friedman (HWMD)
Deborah Goldblum (HWMD)
Donna McCartney (HWMD)
Scott McPhilliamy (EAPD)
Jarnes Bailey (EAPD)
Michael loff (ARTD)
Leonard Nash (WPD)
David Arent (WPD)
Steve Sisk (Region 8)
Kenna Yarborough (Region 8)
William Hutchins (DOJ)
Quaker State Multi-Media Enforcement Team:
Estena McGhee (HWMD)
Joel Hennessy (HWMD)
Deborah Goldblum (HWMD)
David Friedman (HWMD)
Elizabeth Ann Quinn (HWMD)
Robert Greaves (HWMD)
Mary Beck (HWMD)
Elizabeth Barnes (ARTD)
Angelo D'Angelo (ARTD)
Richard Killian (ARTD)
Samantha Fairchild (ORC)
Diane Ajl (ORC)
Nancy Flickinger (DOJ)
Julie Kaplan (DOJ)
William Moore (DOJ)
Southern Maryland Wood Treating Re-Rod Team:
David Stemberg (OEA) Lesley Brunker (HWMD)
Kathryn Davies (HWMD) Stephanie Dehnhard (HWMD)
Peter Ludzia (HWMD) Roy Smith (HWMD)
Terry Stillman (HWMD)
Greenwood Chemical Communication Team:
Stephanie Branche (OEA)
Larry Brown (HWMD)
Philip Rotstein (HWMD)
Peter Schaul (HWMD)
Rex Goodnight (COE)
Regional Land Support Staff:
GeofFFala(OPM)
Gregory Pacana (OPM)
Richard Foltz (OPM)
Patricia Moyer (ARTD)
Olga Serrano (ARTD)
David Barto (EAPD)
Denise Buckingham (EAPD)
Cynthia Caporale (EAPD)
Arnold Stames (HWMD)
Alicia Walls-Morris (HWMD)
Carol OTormey (ORC)
Kelly Mallon (WPD)
Christopher Mangeri (WPD)
Maryland Wetlands Prosecution Team:
W. Martin Harrell (ORC) Charles Rhodes (EAPD)
Peter Stokely (EAPD) Douglas Parker (HQ-OECA)
William Sipple (HQ-OWOW) Leander Brown (NRCS)
Alex Dolgos (COE) Jane Barrett (U.S. Attorney's Office)
Robert Thomas (U.S. Attorney's Office)
James Howard (DOJ)
Dean Dairies Group:
Joyce Howell (ORC)
David Arent (WPD)
Robert Long (U.S. Attorneys Office)
Lynn Dodge (DOJ)
Pennsylvania Water Quality Standards Promulgation Team:
Evelyn MacKnight (WPD) Catherine Winer (OGC)
Denise Hakowski (WPD) George Denning (HQ-OW)
Christopher Day (ORC) Frederick Leutner (HQ-OW)
Robert Shippen (HQ-OW)
Construction Grants Team:
Fran Andracchio (WPD)
Harriet West (WPD)
COSTS AS LITTLE AS A BOTTLE OF WATER DO NOT BLOCK VENTS, HEATING UNITS OF DEH U M I Dl FI E R S WITH FURNITURC OK Of
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DIRECTORS
Office of the Regional Administrator
(215) 566-2900
W. Michael McCabe, Regional Administrator
Thomas C. Voltaggio, Acting Deputy Regional Administrator
Office of the Assistant Regional Administrator
For Policy and Management
(215) 566-5200
William T. Wisniewski, Assistant Regional Administrator
James W. Newsom, Deputy Assistant Regional Administrator
Office of Communications and Government Relations
(215) 556-5100
Rene A. Henry, Director
Chesapeake Bay Program Office
(410) 267-5700 / (215) 566-2200
William Matuszeski, Director
Jon M. Capacasa, Deputy Director
Office of Enforcement, Compliance and Environmental Justice
(215) 566-2627
Samantha Fairchild, Acting Director
Environmental Services Division
(215) 566-2700
Stanley L. Laskowski, Director
Diana Esher, Deputy Director
Hazardous Site Cleanup Division
(215) 566-3000
Abraham Ferdas, Acting Director
Kathryn A. Hodgkiss, Acting Deputy Director
Office of Regional Counsel
(215) 566-2600
William C. Early, Acting Regional Counsel
Lydia Isales, Acting Deputy Regional Counsel
Office of Environmental Data
(215) 566-5701
Alvin R. Morris, Director
Waste and Chemicals Management Division
(215) 566-2702
John R. Pomponio, Acting Director
John A Armstead, Acting Deputy Director
Water Protection Division
(215) 566-2300
Thomas J. Maslany, Director
Robert J. Mitkus, Deputy Director
Air Protection Division
(215) 566-2100
Judith M. Katz, Acting Director
James J. Burke, Deputy Director
REGION III SATELLITE OFFICES
Annapolis, Maryland
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Analytical Services and Quality Assurance or Facilities
Management and Services Branch
839 Bestgate Road
Annapolis, MD 21401-3013
(401)573-2600
Fax: (410) 573-2702
Environmental Protection Agency
Chesapeake Bay Program Office
410 Severn Avenue, Suite 109
Annapolis City Marina
Annapolis, MD 21403
(410) 267-5700
Toll-Free: (800) 968-7229
Fax: (410) 267-5777
Wheeling, West Virginia
Environmental Protection Agency
303 Methodist Building
llth & Ahapline Streets
Wheeling, WV 26003
(304) 234-0231
Fax: (304) 234-0257
PHOTO CREDITS FOR BACKGROUND IMAGES:
National Park Service, pg. 5
U.S. Naval Academy Public Affairs Office, pg. 7
Stephen C. Delaney, pgs. 11, 23, 33
Bob Koroncai, pg. 17
Thomas Maslany, pg. 19
Al Morris, pg. 25
Ralph Spagnolo, pg. 29
Bill Muir, pg. 37
CREATIVE
Report designed by Munroe Creative Partners, Philadelphia
Art Directors: Vicki L. Lewis, Michael Licata
Production Coordinator: Rachel M. Stine
When the Philadelphia Regional office moves to 1650
Arch Street, the 566 prefix will change to an 814 prefix.
The last four numbers will remain the same.
WATER SERVES AS NATURE'S THERMOMETER, HELPING TO REGULATE THE EARTH'S TEMPERATURE AN ACRE OF CORN GIVES OFF
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Putting information into
the hands of the public
is the single most effective
action we can take
to protect the environment.
Carol Browner
-------
About Region 3
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Philadelphia, Pa
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IN EVAPORATION 40% OF THE ATMOSPHERE'S MOISTURE FALLS AS PRECIPITATION EACH DAY
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