SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT ASSESSMENT
IN
AMERICAN 3AI10A, TH3 NORTHERN MARIANAS AND
THE TRUST TERRITORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS
DECEMBER 1979
FINAL R^POctT
GROLTiTJ WAT^R PrfOTUGITON SnANGH
OFFICJ OF DRINKIXG V,rATiJR
U. 3. SNVIHOiv-liSNTA! PROTECTION AGENCY
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SURFACE IHPOuNJdifiNT A3S2SSM3NT
CAN SAXOA, TIE tfOaTJtMN MArilANAS AND
THE TRUST T&WITCWY OF THJ3 PACIFIC ISLANDS
D3Cjj-;aiia 1979
FINAL ^HirUaT
3Y
3, W. MAi'lSiY, COi\TnACTO."i
Contract "unber 63-01-5152
LYLii .i. SILICA, PiiOJiJCT OFFICE
PRjJPA^liSD FOix
DFF1C;J OF iltli-JiilM'G WAfit
3. i^'.'VlACIfiinilTAL ?:
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TABLE OF CONTZNT3
List of Figures
List of Maps
List of Tables
Preface
Disclaimer
Chapter 1
Executive Summary
Chapter 2
Recommendations and Conclusions
SIA-rtCRA
Federal Impact
Chapter 3
Surface Impoundment Assessment Methodology
Identification of Project and Partial Concept
Acquisition of i-iaps
Personnel/Participants
Chapter ^-
Presentation and Analysis of Data
Chapter 5
Water Table Aquifers
Chapter 6
Instances of Ground-Water Pollution from Surface
Chapter 7
Evaluation of Existing Territorial Programs
Impending Changes in Government
Staffing-Funding of Programs
SIA-itCHA
Chapter S
Evaluation of Existing Federal Programs
Figures
NPUiIS Permits
Standards of Water Quality, ITPI
List of SIA Forms
Resume - Technician/Consultant
Selected Bibliography
Mans
'mTsoundments
Appendix A
Appendix 3
In Pocket
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
In Pocket
Page
ii
iii
iii
1
5
6
7
7
7
7
9
9
9
9
10
12
12
13
13
16
16
16
17
18
19
19
20
25
27
23
30
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Figure Title Appendix A
1 Tafuna Volcanic cinders which occur in the Ta-
funa-Leone?lain anuifer, Tutuila. American Samoa.
2 A small accumulation of leachate and surface
runoff from municipal solid-waste landfill 3A
mi. south of Putiga, Tutuila. American Samoa.
3 Surface Waste Impoundment, industrial fish can-
nery "slop" - abandoned, dry. On Matautuloa Penin-
sula, 280 feet a~bove mean sea level, 1.3 miles south
of Putiga. Runoff and seepage is to ocean. .Ameri-
can Samoa.
A- Site, waste and position are same as for Figure
2. Tutuila, American Samoa (industrial).
5 Pipe where industrial fish cannery "slop" is
drained from truck tank to low-relief, shallow,
natural surface waste impoundment, On Tafuna-Leone
Plain about 2.miles west southwest of Pago Pago
Airport Terminal.
6 Pipe outlet into the large industrial surface
waste impoundment of Figure 5- Tutuila, Ameri-
can Samoa.
7 Looking northeastward. Vine-covered natural de-
pression,, about 50 meters by 330 meters, into which
industrial fish cannery "slop" is dumped, seasonally.
Position is same as for Figure 5-
3 Leachate/runoff impounded at municipal solid waste
landfill. Looking southward at Tafananai. Bottom
is near mean sea level. American Samoa.
9 Municipal waste oil pit in solid waste landfill in
mango swamp, west side of Causeway Road, about 230
meters southwest of '-'ell i?, south of -lwa.il. It is not
a potential pollution threat to ground-water quality.
iloen-Truk.
ii
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LIST OF MAPS
Map No . Title In Pocket
1 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
(TTPI)
2 Tutuila, Ofu, Olesega and Tau Islands
- American Samoa
3 Tutuila Island, American Samoa
4 Ofu, Olesega, and Tau Islands
- American Samoa
5 Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands
6 Tinian, Northern Mariana Islands
7 Rota, Northern Mariana Islands
8 Yap, Yap Islands
9 Palau Islands , Xorror and Babelthaup
Islands
10 Truk Islands Moen, Dublon and Fefan
Islands
11 Ponape Island
12 Kosrae Island, Tofol District
13 Kwajalein - Commercial and Residential
1^ Majuro, DUD District Center
Marshall Islands
LIST OF TABLES
?age
Table No.
1 Surface //aste Impoundraents in Unit 15
iii
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PREFACES
Preparation for this Surface Impoundment Assessment (SIA) was com-
menced during the Spring, 1979.
A visit was made to the Washington office of the Trust Territory of
the Pacific Islands where statistical, and descriptive literature
were obtained, from Mr. Hayden, along with names and addresses of
Territorial Governors.
Two visits were made to U. S. Geological Survey offices, Reston, Vir-
ginia, where water resources and surface waste impoundments were dis-
cussed with, among others, Joshua I. Tracey, Jr, and Gerry Meyer.
The library was searched for writings on water resources, geohydrol-
ogy and surface impoundments, None on a list of maps which had been
compiled could be purchased over-the-counter. Maps on only a few
parts of the Unit (Pelau, Mariana Islands, Truk and American Samoa)
were available.
Maps and remote sensing images, suitable for the SIA were sought,
without success, from:
1. 'SPA. Environmental Photographic Interpretation Center,
Warrenton, Virginia
2. U, S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia
3. U, S. Geological Survey, San Francisco, California
<4-. SPA, Region IX, San Francisco, California
5. TT?I office, San Francisco, California
6. U. S, Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California
7. U, S. Army Corp of Engineers, Fort Shafter, Honolulu, Hawaii
8. U. S. Navy, OINC (Lt. Daley), Kolonia, Ponape
9, U. S. Navy, Naval Facility Engineering Command, Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii
10. Ketcalf and Eddy Pacific, Incorporated, Honolulu, Hawaii
11. EPA Pacific Islands Contact Office, Federal Building,
Honolulu, Hawaii
12. Defense Mapping Agency: Topo Center (AX3), Washington,
D. C., 20315
13, National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C.
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However; at U. S. Geological Survey offices, Federal Building, Hono-
lulu, Ben L. Jones, Charles Swart III and associates supplied good
topographic and development maps of Palau, Truk, Saigon and Tinian.
Also Water Resources Investigations 29-75 and 78-01, USGS pp ^03-H
and USGS Open File Report 77-739.
Appreciation is extended to W. 3, 'Forest and H. T. Hopkins, Water
Resources Division, USGS, Richmond, Virginia for requesting writings
from the USGS Library, Reston, for study in the Richmond WRD office
by the contractor.
Appreciation and thanks are extended to I-'essers Lyle Silka, Ted Swear-
ingen and Frank P. Ragonese, Office of Water, Washington, D. G. and
to Norman Lovelace, Albert Brody, Beverly A. Reed, Theodore 3. Durst,
Jose Kou and the librarians of the Region IX staff for thoughtfulness
and assistance.
On Yap, the first stop, at Golonia, the office of Harold 0, Temrae,
District Land Management Officer, TTPI, was visited, and Charles D.
Jordan, District Planning Officer was conferred with, Members of the
TTPI were met (8 June 1979) at a formal session of the Board and they
kindly gave attention to a brief description of the SIA in progress.
Nachsa Siren, Executive Officer, was present.
On Korror, Palau, Tokiwo Sumang, Area Sanitarian, was conferred with
in his office, and the District Planning office was visited where a
copy of an aerial photograph of Koror was examined.
On Saipan, information and assistance were provided by Donna Scheuring
in the office of Nachsa Siren, Executive Officer; the TTPI on Environ-
mental Protection Board. They assisted in obtaining leave to land on
Kwajalein for SIA purposes.
John Pangelinan, Department of Public Works of the Northern Mariana
Islands, described the public water supply system which includes 23
water supply wells, 2 springs, and rain catchments. 'George Chan, Chief
Sanatarian, assisted in obtaining copy of laws, provided insight into
the protection of water supplies, and conducted a trip to Tinian in
search of surface waste impoundments. Mr. Pete A. Tenoria, Executive
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Director, Marianas Public Land Corporation, provided discussion of
ground water from the perspective of land management practices, es-
pecially zoning.
On Moen, Iruk Islands, Nachsa Siren kindly guided observations of
water wells, water distribution system, sewage treatment plant and
used-oil dump pit in solid waste landfill beside the causeway. Also,
he arranged boat transportation to Dublon and Fefan Islands, guided
by Sikaret Loren, Chief Sanitarian. Vincent W. McGurl, District Plan-
ning Officer, was visited, and also Mr. Peterson, Public '.forks Offi-
cer, whose assistant confirmed that used crankcase oil from diesel-
engined electricity plant was dumped, and sometimes burned, in the pit
to which reference is made' above, A local leader on Kefan was con-
ferred with.
At the hospital, Kolonia, on Ponape, a discussion of SIA matters was
had with Carl Dennis, Area Sanatarian, and liisia Amin, Chief Sanatarian.
The Division of Lands and Surveys Office and Marvin Gilbert, Planner
at the Planning Office, were visited. Naval Lt. Daley, Officer In
Charge of Construction (OINC), was visited at his office near the
electricity-generating plant,
Scott C. Kvandall, P. 2., of Barrett, Harris and Associates, Inc., Con-
sulting Engineers, Guam, described, at Kolonia, the public sewage
(hospital and school) oxidation system at Lelu on Kosrae, Since ICos-
rae was not actually visited, i-Ir. Mena, Chief Sanatarian, and other
local officials were not interviewed, and local observations were not
made.
A conference was had with Scott H. Stege, and an associate, of the
TTPI-dwajalein Liaison office, i-:arshalls Islands District. William
F. Beierle, Construction Engineer, Logistics Support, Hunts villa ."lissle
Project, advised concerning water supply and impoundments. On jJbeye
Atol, Public Works Officer Y. L. Ching advised concerning impoundments,
and Lawrence Andrews, narshall Islands District Representative, was
consulted.
On Majuro Atol, Bujen Jacob, Chief Sanitarian, provided transportation
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and accompanied a search for impoundments.
On Tutuila Island, Territory of American'Samoa, a conference vras held
with Dr. Nofo Saliga, Dr. Tofiga Liaiga and T. M. Vaivai in the Depart-
ment of Public Health and with Titi Fa'aiuaso, Environmental Sanitar-
ian, at the Johnson Hospital. Dr. Lauvao of the Hospital Staff, guided
to a fish waste ("slop") surface impoundment, furnishing transportation.
Pati Faiai, Special Assistant to the Governor and head of the Environ-
mental Quality Division, Al Sundquist, P. E., Office of Public Water
Supply, and S. H. (Dan) liorris, Deputy Director, Department of Public
Works, furnished information and advise. To all those named above, ap-
preciation is extended.
On return to Hawaii, geohydrology and water supply in the Unit were dis-
cussed, at the u, S. Geological Survey Office, with Charles Swart, III,
Dan Davis and Benjamin L, Jones, District Chief, Water Resources Di-
vision. A telephone conversation was had with Helvin Waki, Naval Fa-
cility Engineering Command, Pearl Harbor, No maps were available.
In search of copy of early engineering reports, Metcalf and Eddy Pacific
Incorporated, was visited.
A short conversation was had, 12 July 1979, with Yield H. Tsuhaka in
the EPA Pacific Islands Contact Office, Federal Building.
Two visits were made to the Hawaii State Library where a librarian as-
sisted, to no avail, in search in Federal Information Processing System
(FIRS) codes for "Identification of Facilities", blocks 6-8, Form Xo,
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DISCLAIMER
This document is a preliminary draft. It has not been formally
released by EPA and should not at this stage be construed to repre^
sent Agency policy. It is'being circulated for comment on its
technical accuracy and policy implications.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Chapter 1.
The Surface Impoundment Assessment (SIA) program for the Trust Terri-
tory of the Pacific Islands, the Northern Marianas and American Samoa
(The Unit) includes research on the geohydrology of areas of the Unit,
formulation of a plan of action, attendance at the National meeting on
the Surface Impoundment Assessment (Dallas, Texas, April, 1979) and
visits to principal islands of the Unit to witness and describe condi-
tions and confer with appropriate governmental administrative officials.
During the SIA, 7 sites were found and 8 impoundments were assessed;
5 sites were municipal, and two were industrial. Five municipal and 3
industrial impoundments were assessed and SIA forms were filled out and
submitted (Appendix C, page 27). However, one municipal site on Kosrae
at Tofol included 3 impoundments for which only one each of SIA forms I
and II were prepared. Therefore, 10 impoundments were located (Table 1,
page 15).
No parts of the Unit had specific programs for protecting ground water
from wastes in surface impoundments. However, pursuant to TIPI PL
4C-78, Water Quality Standards have been promulgated, Part 6.1 of which
deals specifically with "fresh ground water". No current programs of
protecting ground water from wastes in surface impoundments was found in
TTPI Districts nor in Northern Mariana Islands. On Tutulla Island, Amer-
ican Samoa, non-periodic monitoring of pumpage from public supply wells
is carried out by the Department of Public Works at Uteli.
No clear position was noted to be assumed by any Unit governmental
agency with respect to surface waste impoundments and their produc-
tion of contaminants to ground water. A few Departments of Health and
Departments of Public Works are aware of potential hazard to quality of
ground vrater from wastes in surface impoundments. None appear to have
plans for dealing with surface impoundments. The concept of the SIA
was now to most and no specific plans or recommendations were found.
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Chapter 2 REGOI II I^NDATIONS AMD CONCLUSIONS
While few Health Department or Public Works Department officials pre-
sented conclusions and recommendations with respect to surface waste
impoundments, they agree and anticipate that the 3IA should be pro-
ductive of information and action to deal with the potential problem
where it exists. Mr, George Chan, Department of Health, Northern
Marianas, said there should be more cooperation and less simple an-
nouncement that regulations formulated by the U. S. government agen-
cies were in effect.
In other words, in none of the Unit areas was there an existing or
proposed program dealing with surface waste impoundments as they
might affect quality of ground water. Only in American Samoa was
there expressed awareness that such impoundments might be trans-
mitting contamination to ground water. On Moen, Truk, spills of in-
secticide in old bomb craters had raised the question, but no record
of investigation was available, although Metcalf and Sidy Pacific, In-
corporated has made a survey and plan for a drinking water distribu-
tion system using supply from wells and surface sources.
This Unit SIA data and information will facilitate RCKA Subtitles C
and D programs in restricted ways only. By means of this report,
management of open dump disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes
can contribute to gradual discontinuance. Locations and agency refer-
ences can be used. The small number of surface waste impoundments
cited will allow intelligent scoping of implementation and mechanics
of the two pertinent iiCRA subtitles,
FEUJHAL IMPACT
No evidence was found in the Unit that Federal legislation has nega-
tively or positively impacted efforts to deal with surface waste im-
poundments. Unit/Federal efforts practically are non-existent, partly
because, as a result of the relatively small volume of wastes produced,
needs for such efforts seldom are perceived.
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The opinion was heard in Northern Mariana Islands that, instead of
attempting to deal with surface waste impoundments, more Federal money
should be made available for sewage collection, treatment and dis-
posal. The biggest present threat to the quality of ground water on
Saipan is from intrusion of marine water into pumped aquifers.
With respect to the Northern Mariana Islands, personnel of Department
of Public Works and of Department of Health are aware of the threat
to ground-water quality by surface waste impoundments, It jointly
(TTPI officials, Saipan) is recommended that appropriate Environ-
mental Protection Agency (liPA) personnel work with them to develop
feasible regulation, by legislation, or by agency regulation, of sur-
face impoundments which receive waste, and which might/would contam-
inate ground water.
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Chapter 3 SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT AND PARTIAL CONCEPT
This SIA was performed under Contract No. 68-01-5152 of March 1979,
Project No. VIA 79~A15^. Mr. Lyle Silica is Project Officer, and Mr.
Frank Ragonese is Negotiator.
Initial approach included literature and map research, and personal
conference at the U. S. Geological Survey (I3GS) offices and library,
Reston, Virginia, at the USGo Water Resources Division office and
library.- Richmond, Virginia, and at EPA Region IX offices in San Fran-
cisco, where other Federal sources of maps were investigated,
ACQUISITION OF HAPS
Acquisition of appropriate maps and aerial photographs of most areas
of the Unit was unsatisfactory with respect to availability, type of
map and uniformity of scale. It became apparent that very few maps
or photographs were available anywhere. U3G3 at Reston, San Francis-
co, fienlo Park and Honolulu had very incomplete geologic and topo-
graphic maps of Unit areas. EPA Washington, Warrenton (Environmental
Photographic Interpretation Center),- San Francisco, Honolulu did not
have suitable maps nor aerial photographs or other remote sensing re-
productions. None were available at the University of Hawaii. TTPI
Office, Washington, had no maps available. Metcalf and Eddy Pacific,
Incorporated, Honolulu, could provide no maps, and no copy of a re-
port on Moen, Truk water-supply project, U. 3, Defense Happing Agency
provided only hydrographic naps (charts;.
Letters were sent to request conferences with appropriate personnel
in offices of the U. S. High Commissioner for the Trust Territories
of the Pacific Islands, in offices of the Governor, American oanoa
and in offices of the Governor, Northern Mariana Islands.
The TTPI Environmental Protection Board looks after environmental
considerations and is a source of information and assistance. Office
of the Board furnished a list of permits issued in the TTPI by EPA
under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPJES).
(Appendix 3 p,25) It was understood that NPDE3 permits had not .been
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issued in Northern iiariana Islands. A list of NPDS3 permits issued
in American Samoa was obtained from the Division of Environmental
Protection, Utuili, Island of Tutuila. (Appendix 3, p. 26 ) No list-
ing of NPDB3 permits issued in the Unit was obtained from Region IX
Enforcement Division, 31 May 1979.
Of the 2000 - plus islands in the Unit, 19 were given close scrutiny,
and of these, 15 were examined in detail, including personal recon-
naissance. liach of the 19 has significant population and development
but assurances were confirmed that on 4 (Rota - Northern Mariana, and
Olesega, Tau and Qfu - American Samoa) no waste-receiving surface im-
poundments exist. On .
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The title of technician/consultant was used by agreement with the
participant concerned "because of appropriate qualifications as set
forth in Resume, Susan Petty, Appendix D, p.23 . Qualifications in-
clude Bachelor of Science, Geology, graduation cum laude, Princeton
University, 1973.
Contractor on this SIA graduated with 33, 19^8, and with MA 1950,
Geology, from the University of Virginia. Subsequently, Ground
Water work was performed for 22 years for the Commonwealth of Vir-
ginia.
11
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Chapter 4 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
Analysis of data and information collected in the Unit indicates
little or no present pollution impact of wastes from surface im-
poundments upon ground water, Reported occurrence of coliform bac-
teria in American Samoa well 67 might not derive from fish cannery
waste ("slop:;) dumped in surface waste impoundment, less than 1,600
meters distant, but rather from people residing within short radius
from the well.
Data of all kinds is scarce, or non-existent, and not amenable to
significant statistical statements and relationships. Potential im-
pact of surface waste impoundments upon ground water is of low order
although it exists to a modified degree in many areas of the Unit.
It reasonably is certain that all surface wastes impoundments in the
Unit were located and counted. This assumption is made because:
1. Areas of probable occurrence were searched thoroughly,
2. Health Officials, including sanitarians, in each District
of the TTPI (except Xosrae), in Northern Mariana Islands
and in American Samoa, were conferred with concerning exis-
tence of such impoundments on any/all a_reas (islands) of
the Unit.
3. Gross area in which surface waste impoundments occur pro-
portionately is small and amenable to thorough examination
by personal viewing.
The only surface waste impoundment system subject to a modicum of
operational procedure is the three oxidation lagoons in series, on
Xosrae, vrhich receive waste principally from a hospital and iron a
public school. It is understood that the Xosrae system, about 3
years old, receives little attention with respect to operation and
maintenance. The bottom of the lowest of the three lagoons is at
or near the elevation of mean sea level, and the outfall is into a
small stream which flows a short distance into marine water of Lele
Bay. (Personal communication, 3. G. Xvandal, ?„ 3.)
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Chapter 5 WATHii TABLi
Data on shallow aquifers (water table aquifers) in the Unit are few
and no strictly new data were collected. Information on such aquifers
on Tutuila, American Samoa, is available in USGS V/ater Resources In-
vestigation 29075 by C. 3. Bervtley, Un southwestern Tutuila, there is
an extensive shallow aquifer between the airport and Leone where
mostly unconsolidated Leone Volcanics (Figure i) form the rough-surfac-
ed Tafuna-Leone Plain. Porous volcanics, including cinders, along with
underlying beach sands, form a shallow aquifer in which ground water
is highly susceptible to pollution from surface sources.
Specific data on shallow aquifers was not collected on the high-relief
portions of the islands of volcanic origin. Fringing land areas of such
islands typically composed of detritus from higher elevations, of beach
deposits, or of coral limestone, and these occur in varying stratigraph-
ic relationships to each other. Their widths between steep topography
on volcanics and marine water typically are a few hundred or a few thou-
sands of feet. Such areas usually are heavily vegetated. It is on
such lands that largest developments have taken place and, where wa.stes
are produced and collected, the greatest pollution threat to ground
water occurs. On such fringing land on the southwestern corner of iloen,
Truk, a hotel uses injection wells for disposal of domestic wastes.
13
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Chapter 6 INSTANCES OF GROUND WATER POLLUTION MOM
SURFACE IKPOUND;-;
Pollution of ground water due to wastes from surface impoundments
was not identified within the Unit, nor were wastes from such sources
known to pollute surface water in streams, Potential for such pollu-
t
tion conspicuously exists on Kaen (iruk) where pesticide has been
spilled in bomb craters and where public water supply pumps operate
about 100 meters distant. Such potential exists also near Tafuna-
fou (American Samoa, Tutuila Island) where wells in" the good aq_uifer
of the Tafuna-Leone plain are about 1600 meters from the fish cannery
waste ("slop'r) dumped in a natural impoundment (internal drainage)
area. If private wells should be constructed and pumped at nearby,
(minimum of approximately 400 feet;, new housing, pollution of ground
water probably would spread in a plume from the impoundment toward
such possible private wells.
Litigation, past or current, of cases of pollution of ground water
from wastes in surface impoundments was not found in the Unit.
Results of letter contacts between the Department of Health, American
Samoa, and the fish canneries, Pago Pago, were unsatisfactory to the
Department. At no other place in the Unit was it found that a govern-
ment agency had contacted an owner or operator of a surface waste im-
poundment from which ground water was polluted, or potentially might
be polluted.
On Majuro Atol, Marshall Islands, direct ground-water pollution from
land-surface deposits of human and animal feces is an apparent tlireat .
It was the opinion of a substantial citizen and of a sanitarian that
better enforcement of sanitation is needed.
In brief, instances of active pollution of ground water from waste
impoundments were not found to occur in the unit area. Although it
is possible that some pollution occurrences might have been missed,
thoroughness of investigation makes it probable that about 95/J of exist
in?- surface waste impoundments were noted. (Table 1, page 15 )
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.TABLE I
SIA SURFAG3 VASTS IMPOUNDMENTS IN UNIT
M
0>
i +»
AMERICAN ^
SAMOA
Tutuila 4
Ofu 0
Olosega. 0
Tau 0
NORTHERN
MARIANAS
Saipan 0
Tinian o
nota o
TTPI
Yap 0 ,
Palau
Xoror 1
"Babal- Q
thaup
Truk i
•
Moen : 1
Dublon .- 0
•
Fef an I 0 j
Tol 0 |
Ponapa 0 j
Kosrao , j
Tof ol i 1 |
Marshall Is.j
Kwajalein o i
Ebeye i 0 \
Ka juro j 0 ji
TOTALS i 7 !
j —
v~r< Impoundments
!
!
i
i
t
i
!
i
i
;
!
3;
•
10
TJ
O
to
«
o
ra
«
<:
5
1
1
i
|
s
w Industrial
i
2}
Municipal
i
1
3
'
!
7
Agricultural
i
03
nJ
0
•0
d
rH
•H
O
1
!
bo
^H
C
^H
Estimate of number of
existing impoundments
1
1
3
.
10
£ Percentage of existing
o impoundments assessed
100
100
ICO
V/aste Impoundments
monitored
^ Ground-water quality
monitored
X
Reported pollution of
ground water
Regulation of surface
waste Impoundments
^ Map Numbers
u> (in pocket)
! 2,4
2f*
2,^
5
! f
0
7
\ 1
3
i
Q
9
9
10 :
: 10 •
10 i
10
11
12
13
:
1^
i
15
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Chapter 7 EVALUATION OF EXISTING TSARITOHIAL PROGRAMS
Programs in the Unit dealing specifically with surface impoundments
practically are non-existent. Because of the SPA SIA, Unit govern-
mental personnel have become more aware of the importance of regu-
lating and monitoring. That awareness was quickened, apparently,
by SIA procedures locally, (from which this report is derived), but
results remain to be manifest.
IMPENDING CHANGE IN GOVE3NJ13NT
Central (Saipan) and District governments of the Trust Territory
of the Pacific Islands axe in a state of flux, with the goal of
arriving at self government, hopefully with close liaison with the
United States. One alliance under consideration is a Congress of
Micronesia, to be centered on Ponape. Northern Mariana islands are
under independent government, although many united States agencies
are functional there. American Samoa is established as a protector-
ate, operating on local revenues plus U. S. Congressional appro-
priations .
In the TTPI, the basic authority for sanitation and protection of
ground water from wastes put into surface impoundments is from the
central TTPI government, administered by the Environmental Protection
Board (EPS), Saipan. It was not apparent in any District that spe-
cific -regulations had been formulated and administered to provide
such protection. However,- EPA guidelines are in use on Yap to pre-
vent ground-water pollution, but monitoring of ground-water quality
is not continuous. On Xoen, Truk, ground-water quality is monitored
regularly at public supply wells. Stricter enforcement of such moni-
toring is thought to be needed.
In the Northern Mariana islands, no specific regulations were found
to deal with surface waste impoundments that might pollute ground
water, but the Health Department is reported to have called to task
the Department of Public Works when coli count in well water was Mgh.
Such high counts were not from wastes put into surface impoundments.
However, such action indicates effective monitoring of quality, baipan
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has a ground-water quality monitoring program, carried out "by the
Department of Health in compliance with provisions of the Safe Drink-
ing Water Act.
In American Samoa, liaison was apparent"between the Division of En-
vironmental Protection, the Department of Public Works, and the
Department of Health. Each knows what the other is doing with respect
to protection of ground water from pollution. Well(s) production
into public supply lines is monitored and reported. Also, Depart-
ment of Health had sent letters to fish canneries concerning their
dumping of waste ("slop") near Tafuna and south of Futiga, as men-
tioned in Chapter 6.
Monitoring efforts are made, therefore, by the Departments of Health
in Northern Mariana Islands and in American Samoa, and on Yap and
Moen, Truk.
Governmental surface waste impoundment programs relative to pro-
tection of ground water from pollution are not conspicuous, and are
minimal in implementation and execution, at best.
In the 6 TTPI district centers waste management is by conventional
sewage treatment plants,three of which (Moen - Truk, Koror - Palau
a,nd Colonia - Yap) were fully installed but not in operation, 3ach
was near (at) marine water, into which outfalls were constructed.
Thus no sewage waste-receiving surface impoundment is in use, and
presumably no pollution of ground water resulted from such possible
sources at the three places cited. The waste-receiving oxidation
ponds on Kosrae were at or slightly above mean sea level, and ef-
fluent is into a small stream which flows into nearby marine water,
STAFFING-FUNDING CF ElOGRAiio
It appears that certain resources are available for effective pro-
grams of regulation of surface waste impoundments in the unit.
Personnel to implement and enforce regulations are believed to be
(apparently are) in office in each TTPI District, with the possible
exception of Xosrae, not visited. Regulations promulgated by Cen-
tral TIPI Government, Saipan, are in question cocause of changing
17
-------
governmental relationships as between the Central TTPI Government
and the several Districts which are trying to organise for in-
dependent governmental status.
Adequacy, therefore, of resources appears sufficient, with the
possible exception of funding. Additional funding of governmental
agency administration undoubtedly would promote prevention of pollu-
tion of ground water from surface waste impoundments. Such funding
is estimated to be relatively small, and far from massive, but its
allocation and application should be accompanied by strict, precise
provisions that could not be diverted from the purpose of protection
of ground water from pollution by wastes in surface impoundments, in
surface streams nor from leaky sewer installations.
Existing programs in the TTPI Districts are estimated to have minor
effects only on future Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (.iGRA)
programs.
3IA - RCRA
Potentially, information in this 3IA report, and in offices of Dis-
trict Departments of Public '.v'orks can be valuable to -iCRA Subtitle
C and Subtitle D Programs, Local district health and public vrorks
agencies have locally generated maps and aerial photographs avail-
able to assist in location, and appraisal, of hydrogeological/topc-
graphical settings, but useful tabulations and analyses of system-
atically collected data from monitoring wastes in surface impound-
ments and of quality of around water are not available except on
Tutuila, American Samoa and Saipan, Xorthern Mariana Islands,
With respect to Subtitle D and surface waste impoundments, no 5-year
solid waste plans have been made anywhere in the Unit, although some
personnel interviewed were aware of the imminent opportunity to make
such plans.
Future programs will depend upon stimuli of specific funding and of
motivation of agencies concerned. It appears possible that this
would be valuable to a rlCRA program in the TTPI, as well as in Amer-
ican Samoa and in the Northern Mariana Islands.
13
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Chapter 8. EVALUATION OF ^XISTIXO F^D^.iAL PROGRAMS
No governments in the Unit are involved in Federal programs relative
to surface waste impoundments, nor in prcjrajTis relative to any surface
impoundments. There appeared to be little awareness of quality of
water in surface impoundments as such quality mi^ht affect quality of
ground water. Possible exceptions are two natural impoundments, one
on Saipan and one on Tinian, The former, lake Susupe, receives no
waste outfall, but is slightly salty and it receives a small amount
of residential solid waste. Investigators have concluded that it has
no effect on ground water in southeastern Saipan, On Tiniar,, a natu-
ral impoundment, Lake Marpo, is thought to produce pollution to water
supply wells used, only for agricultural irrigation. ;iere is an oc-
currence of a small-radius plume ground-water pollution in a saturat-
ed, nearly static condition. The irrigation well is close vs. few
meters) to the impoundment which occupies areally low topography and
which receives no waste outfall. Xo Federal nor local regulation is
applied in any pro.^ran which affects this situation,
As earlier referred to, the only sucsurf?.ce injection of waste ob-
served in the Unit was at a hotel on Xoen, Truk, Xo action .here, nor
planning, was under way with respect to the Safe ^rinkin; "."ater Act
(S'.'.'DA), nor with planning and land treatment vSections 2C3 and 2CL ,
respectively, of USPL 92-1.77/. Elsewhere in the -"nit, no action, was
detected with respect to these programs.
It appears that governments in the Unit ?_re emphasizing and are
heavily occupied with reorganisation in the direction of increase!
local autonomy, in which favorable relations with the United States
"i be incorporated.
-------
APPENDIX A
Figure 1. Tafuna volcanic cinders which occur in the Tafuna-
Leone Plain aq_uifer, Tutuila. American Samoa.
Figure 2. A srr.all accumulation of leachate and surface runoff
fron municipal solid-waste landfill three-quarters of a mile south
of Futiga, Tutuila. American Samoa.
20
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APPENDIX A
Figure 3. Surface Waste Impoundment, industrial fish cannery "slop"
- abandoned, dry. On i-iatautuloa Peninsula, 2SO feet above mean sea
level, 1.3 miles south of Futiga. Runoff and seepage is to ocean,
American Saaoa.
. Site, waste and position is same as for Figur
Tutuila, American Sanoa (industrial).
21
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APPENDIX
Figure 5. Pipe where industrial fish cannery "slop" is drained
from truck tank to low-relief, shallow, natural surface waste im-
poundment. On Tafuna-Leone Plain about 2 miles west southwest of
Pago Pago Airport Terminal.
Figure 6. .-'ipe outlet into the large Industrial surface waste i.
poundnervfc of figure 5. Tutuila, Anerican woin.oa.
-------
APPENDIX A
Figure 7. Looking northeastward. Vine-covered natural depression,
about 50 meters by 333 meters, into which industrial fish cannery
"slop" is dumped., seasonally. Position is same as for Figure 5.
'*^^i^feoa^7fag^ iiPg*-^~ i ^;^^
-------
APPENDIX A
Figure 9. ilunioipal waste oil pit in solid waste land-fill in
mango swamp, west side of Causeway r:oad, about 230 meters south-
west of '.fell 17, south of Xwan. It is not a potential pollution
threat to ground-water quality. acen-Iruk,
-------
APPENDIX 3
MtXOKANOUM rOHM Tl-i70C
TRUST TERRITORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS Office of the Higli Commissioner.
TO
: Acting Director, Office of Planning & Statistics DATE: Feb. 8, 1979
FROM : Executive Officer, T.T. Environmental Protection Board
SUBJECT: NPDES Permits Issued in the Trust Territory
According to our records, the following NPDES .permits have'been issued
in the Trust Territory:
NPDES Number
TT0110035
TT0020231
TT0020273
TT0020176
TT0020001
TT0020036
TT0020044
TT0020061
TT0020052
TT0020163
TT0020134
TT0020192
TT0020095
TT0020150
TT0020141
TT0020109
TT0020087
TT0020079
TT0020125
TT0020133
TT0020117
PROJECT
Kwajalein Missile Range, Domestic Waste Discharges
Dillingham Corp. of Micronesia, Asphaltic Concrete
Batch Facility, Saipan
Wastev/at=r
ESA Hotel. Discharge of Treated Domestic
from an Evaporation Laqoon into Ghana rro Bay, Yao
Van Camp Sea Food Co., Discharge into Malakal Harbor
Palau
Moen Wastewater Facility
Ebeye llastewater Facility
Colonia I'lastewater Facility
Ko r o r Via s t ewa t e r Fa c i 1 i ty
Kolonia Wastev/ater Facility
Yap High School
Power Barge Irripedar.ee (G'lMI)
Tofol Wastewater Facility
Palau Mobil Bulk Plant
Yap Mobil Bulk Plant
Truk Mobil Bulk Plant
Ponape Mobil Bulk Plant
Majuro Mobil Bulk Plant;
Ebeye Mobil Bulk Plant
Saipan Mobil Bulk Plant
Tinian Mobil Bulk Plant
Rota" Mobil Bui k Plant
_
Nachsa Siren
( • r- f 1 ,-,.,.- "• f •-•,•.• ->;- t',
L/1 j 1' - C. 1 i -, i , • j . v j... O! - :
inoi, i:^ -''-'".s l"7r', fro:-, offi-o o:' Jxec
-------
per Environmental
9 July 1979
itv la vi si on
2-r?D.ii3 I'lanc
A30020010
rafuna Waste Water System
.-unerican 3ai.10a C-overnnient
A30020001
Jtulei Waste '/ater Systen
American Sajioa C-overnr.ent
ASOQ0001 9
Star rCist Samoa, inc.
?ago ?a§o (not at Tafuna ciiinp;
Van
, _ncf
Pago ?a^o r.ot at Tafuna dur,\pj
-------
U S HjPA 3IA FdtHS - SiLllAL
TTPI and American Samoa
APPENDIX G
Koror , Palau
Koen, IVuk
Tofol, Kosrae
Tafunafou, Tutuila
American. Sar.-.oa
F'utiga, P-Lituila
American Samoa
Futiga, Tutuila
Site 3, Irnp't 1
American Sarr.oa
Section I
007517
007516
009671
007515
00751^4-
007513
Section II
10M63
18^80
Futi.ja, Tutvdl
'^•i-f-ir- ^ T'-i--^r-l-
Ol.L/6 J , J-..J v /
Arnerica.n Samoa
Tafauanai
American 3am oa
007513
007502
13^179
27
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U S SPA 3IA FCUMS - SERIAL
TTPI and American Samoa
APPENDIX G
Koror, Palau
Koen, Truk
Tofol, Kosrae
Tafunafou, Tutuila
American Samoa
Futiga, rutuila
American Saip.oa
Futiga, 'Putuila
Site 3, 1,-np't 1
American Samoa
Section I
00751?
007516
009671
007515
00751^
007513
ection II
18^163
124132
1 SO
Futiga, Tutuila
Site 3, Ir.p't 2
A.7ierica.n Samoa
Tafananai
(Faso Pa-o)
American oamoa
C0751;
007502
130-179
27
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APPENDIX D
RESUME
Name : Susan Pettv
Address . 3E79 Wlnam Ave.
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
Telephone: Home: 808-737-1.135 Office:
Birthdate: February 21, 1951
ffu8-948-7865
Education
\
Dates of attendance
Sept., 1976 - Aug. 1978
Sept. , 1969 - June 1973
June 6, 1971 -
July 30, 1971
Dec., 1971 - June 1972
.Employment History
Dates of employment
Dec., 1977 - Aug., 1978
Sept., 1977 - Nov., 1977
Institution
University of Hawaii
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey
Yellowstone Bighorn Research'
Association - Field Camp
West Indies Laboratory
Fairleigh Dickinson U.
St. Croix, U.S.V.I.
Employer
University of Hawaii
Water Resources
Research Center
University of Hawaii
Hawaii Institute of
Geophysics
Sept., 1976 - Aug., 1977 University of Hawaii
Jan. 27, 1974 -
Jan. 27, 1975
August, 1974 -
Jan. 1975
August, 1973 -
August, 1974
May 22 - July 30, 1973
Nov., 1970 - May, 1973
Delaware Geological Survey
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware
Self-omployed
Environmental Concern, Inc.
St. Michaels, Maryland
Princeton University and
The National Endowment for
the Humanties
Department of Geology
Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey
Degree attained
MS (expected 1978)
BS Geology, 1973
Position
Research Assistant
Research Assistant
Teaching Assistant
Lead Project
Geologist
Shoreline Erosion
Consultant
Geological
Consultant on
shoreline erosion
Research Associate
Research Assistant
23
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Research and Publications
Nov., 1970 - Dec., 1971, 'Hydrology and Geochemistry of the New Jersey
Pine Barrens', presented at 1972 meeting of the Geological Society
of America, Washington, D.C., by H, M. Kelsey and D.J.J. Kinsman.
Included calculations of hydrologic budget for several basins in
the N.J. Pine Barrens using both standard techniques and mass
balancing of ionic concentrations.
Dec., 1971 - Sept., 1972, "The role of melobesinoid algae in the
production of high magnesian calcite fine fraction of sediments
in St. Croix, U.S.V.I. Two unpublished Junior Papers, Princeton
University.
Sept., 1972 - June 1973, 'The Hydrology and Sedimentary History of the
Rock Ridge Lake Drainage Basin, Denville, New Jersey,1
Unpublished Senior Thesis, Princeton University.
J. C. Ogden, Editor, An Ecological Study of Tague Bay Reef, St. Croix,
U.S.V.I., Publication of the West Indies Laboratory, No. 1, 1972.
G. R. Petty, and Susan Petty, "The Site of the Battle of Maiden: A
study using geological methods.', Spaeculum: The Journal of the
Medieval Historical Society, Sept., 1976.
Susan Petty, 'A Mathematical Model of Clogging in Waste Water Injection
Wells.' Masters Thesis, University of Hawaii, 1978.
Awards
Cum Laude graduate, Princeton, 1973
Tony Conway Memorial Fellowship for Undergraduate Research
June,1971 and June, 1973
Special Skills and Qualifications
Certified SCUBA diver.
Skilled in all phases of water quality analysis, including use of
atomic absorption spectrometer.
Familiar with standard methods of soil analysis.
Fluent in German.
Familiar with several computer prograrraning languages and their
applications including Fortran IV, PL-1, and COBOL.
29
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AxTJil'i.LIJLA. i!i
APPENDIX
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Piper, A. M., "Water resources of Guam and Water Resources of Islands
of the Western Pacific," J. 3. G. 3. Unpublished Manuscript,
Bentley, B. G., "Ground-Water Resources of American Samoa with
Emphasis on the Tafuna-Leone Plain, Tutuila Island," U. S. Geo-
logical Survey Water-Resource Investigations 29-75, 1975.
Davis, Daniel, "Ground-Water Reconnaissance of American Samoa," U. 3,
Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper J.608-C.
Geraghty and Miller, Incorporated, "Surface Impoundments and their
Effects on Ground-Water Duality in the United States — A Pre-
liminary Survey," EPA 570/9-73-005, 1973.
LeGrand, H. E. , "Monitoring the Changes in Duality of Ground Water,"
Ground Water. Vol. 6, No. 3, pp 1>-13, 1963.
Silka, Lyle R., and Ted L. Swearingen, "A Manual for Evaluating Con-
tamination Potential of Surface Impoundments," U. S. EPA 570/9-
73-003, 1973.
Todd, D. X. , R. M. Tinlin, K, D. Schmidt, and L. G. Everett, "Moni-
toring Ground/water Duality: Monitoring Methodology, " U. S. EPA,
Report No. EPA-600/^-7o-026, Las Vegas, Nevada, 154 pp, June 1976.
U. S, Army, Far Eastern Command, "Caroline Islands - Geology-Palau
Islands," U. S. G. S. Library, Reston, 203.5 (9^0) fJn 3 nip..
U. S. Army, Far Eastern Command, "Mariana Islands - Geology - Tinian, "
U. S. G. S. Library, Reston, 203.5 O^l f'Un 3nit,
U. S. Army, Far Eastern Command, "Mariana Islands - Geology - Saimn, "
U. S. G, S. Library, rteston, 203.5 (9^0) fun 3ms.
U, S. Army, Far Eastern Commands, "Truk Islands - Geology," U. S. G.
S. Library, Reston, 203.5 (9^0j fUn 33.
U. S. Army, Far Eastern Commands, "Caroline Islands - Geology - Yap
Islands," U. S. G. 3. Library, Reston, 203.5 (9^-0) fUn 3my.
van der Brug, 0., "Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Water Sup-
ply," U. 3. G. S. Library, Reston (200; Un 3wt.
Wentworth. Chester K. , "Oceania-Geology',' U. 3. G. S, Library, Reston,
S (950) B46 v. 9 no. 15.
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/ "7 02-?, J^-u 7f
STANDARDS OF V.'AT~R QUALITY
FOR Tin-: V.'ATEHG OF THE
TRUST TERRITORY OF THE PACIFIC ISLANDS
(Release No. 17-73)
PART 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1; Under and by virtue of the provisions of Public Lav
l)C-78 (6'7TC:>0 et seq. ) of the Trust Territory, these Regulations and
any furtr•r Amendments, and any other applicable laws, the following
V/ater Qualit Standards are hereby promulgated:
PART 2 POLICY
2.1. It is the policy of the Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands that:
(a) All sevage and all vastes prior to discharge vlll receive the best
practicable treatment of control unless it can be demonstrated that a
lesser de'gre-: of treatment or control vill orovide water quality ccru~en-
surate vith t!.-- uses of waters of the Territory, and
f\. ^ TI_^ ..- .. _ _..-•_ J. .• 1 J i _ _ .• _ 1 I. j. j 1 ^.1 X _ T_ 1 J _ 1 J
standards as of the date on vhich such standards become effective vill
be maintained at their existing high qualify. These and other vate-rs of
the Territory vill not be levered in quality unless and until it has been
affirmatively demonstrated to the Environmental Protection Board or its
designee, and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Acency that
such change is justifiable as a result of necessary economic or social
development and vill not interfere vith or beeone injurious to any assigned
uses made of, or presently possible, in such vaters. Any industrial, public
or private project or development vhich vould constitute a nev source of
•icllution or an increased source of pollution to high quality vaters vill be
required, as part of the initial project design, to provide the highest and
best degree of waste treatment available under existing technology.
(c)' No direct discharges of sewage or other vacr.ec frora other than natural
causes, treated or untreated, irill be pennitted into fresh surface vaters,
or fresh ground vaters of the Territory.
(
-------
(b) "QIT-shorc waters neons nil coastal waters beyond the Units
dc* icd for "near-chore waters". "~ • -J ' •/
(c) "Coastal voters" includes "near-shore Waters", "off-shore waters",
U.1C those brnckish, fresh and salt waters that ore subject to the ebb
i_nc. How of the tide.
(d) "Best practicable treatment or control" is defined herein as
not less than: (1) Treatment in accordance with national guidelines
for discharge into off-shore waters - provided evaluation of water
current patterns demonstrates the effluent will not be brought back
to the teach or near-shore waters; (2) Secondary treatment for
discharge, into "near-shore waters" provided that such discharge will
not be r.ale in areas which arc primary contact waters for recreational
purposes or will not be r.ade into areas of un'ioue value into which it
has beer, determined no waste water .effluent is acceptable; (-3) Disin-
fection comr.inuter — acceptable only en emergency basis (period 3-6
months) with .special approval of the Director of Health Services or the
Chairman of the Environmental Protection Board.
(e) "I-'c-ccivir.s water" is that stream, aquifer, or body of water
rece':"in^ a discharge in any physical form.
(f) "jtandards of V/ater Quality" is herein defined to be synonymous
vith t.ie meaning of "water quality criteria" as defined in the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.
(g) "Primary contact waters for recreational purposes" are those
waters where such activities as swimming, wading, water skiing, surfing,
and other activities occur and in which there is prolonged and intimate
contact vith the water involving considerable risk of ingesting water
in quantities sufficient to pose a significant health hazard.
PART 4 CLASSIFICATION
The following water classifications, according to
recognized beneficial uses, are hereby designated (order of listing
is .not intended to "imply relative rank of importance):
h.l Public or Domestic Water Supply
^4.2 Industrial Water Supply
h . 3 Agricultural Water Supply
lj.li Propagation of Fish and Other Aquatic Life and Wildlife
h . 3 Special classes - (a) V/aters reserved for conservation
of native marine biota; (b) Shellfish propagation;
(c) Commercial and sports fishing; (d) Esthetic
enjoyment; (e) Recreation; (f) Special Class -
Primary Water Contact
14.6 Navigation, including harbors, small boat harbors,
marinas and waters adjacent to piers .and docks.
2 of 10
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'PART 5 STANDARDS FOR WATER QUALITY
5.1 The following shall apply to all vaters of the Trust
Terr.tory at all tines:
(a) free from visible floating materials, oils, grease, scum, foam.
and other floating natter attributable to sewage, industrial wastes, or
Other wastes.
(b) Free frcn natcriols attributable to sewage, industrial wastes, or
other w^st-c-s that will produce visible turbidity or nettle to form deposits.
(c) Free from materials attributable to sewage, industrial wastes or
other wastes that will produce color, odor, or taste, either of itself or
in combination, or in the biota.
(d) Free from substances and conditions or combination thereof attributable
to scvape, industrial wastes, or other wastes that will induce undesirable
aquatic life.
(e) Free from substances and conditions or combinations thereof attributable
to sew.-i-;e , industrial wastes, or other wastes toxic or irritant to numans ,
animal.;, points and aquatic life.
In addition to the above "Five Freedoms", the following criteria shall also
apply at all times to vaters for each of the following classifications:
PART 6 PUBLIC OR DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY
6.1 There shall be no discharge of sewage, industrial wastes, or
other wastes into waters designated for public or domestic water supply.
To the extent that such discharges are nov occurrii:g and suuh discharges
i'ct.\.-u su:-Tw waters, fecal coin'oms snail not exceed an arithmetic mean
of 20/100 ~1 in any thirty—day period. Fresh ground vaters designated for
public.- or domestic v«?.ter supply shall be protected and preserved so that they
vill meet PHS Drinking Water Standards.
6,2 Treated surface vaters used for public or domestic water
supply shall _-.eet the recommendations of the Public Health Service Drinking
•Water Standards .
6.3 Temperature from other than natural causes shall not exceed
85° F, and there shall not be more than 5°F increase nor more than a 1.0°P
hourly temperature variation due to thermal discharges or reservoir
manipulation.
6.1j Ammonia nitrogen shall be less than 0.01 ir.g/1 as N.
6.5 Dissolved oxygen in surface vat err. shall not be reduced from
natural conditions.
6.6 pH shall be within 0.1 pH units of that natural to the water.
6.7 Total phosphorus in surface waters shall be less than 0.025
ir-G/1.
6.8 Carbon chloroform extract shall be less than 0.025 rr.
3 of 10
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6.9 Mcthylcnc blue active substances shall be virtually absent.
6.10 Pesticides, herbicides, and phenols shall be absent.
PART 7 RECREATION
7-1 The fecal coliforn limit in primary contact vnters shall not
exceed a log mean of 200/100 nl nor exceed ^00/100 ml in core than 10
percent of samples during any thirty-day period.
7.2 The pH ranee shall be 7.0 to 8.3.
7-3 Visibility shall not be reduced by more than 10 percent of
natural values as measured by Secchi disc.
7-'» Temperature shall not exceed'85"°^ due to influence of other
than nvturr.l conditions.
PART 8 PROPAGATION OF FISH AND OTHER AQUATIC LIFE
8.1. Temperature shall not deviate from natural conditions by
more than 1.5°F, nor hourly deviate by more than 1.0°F.
8.2 Dissolved oxygen shall be greater than 6.0 mg/1 unless reduced
by natural caujes.
8.3 pH shall be vithin 0.1 pH unit of the natural value.
8.^4 In shellfish areas, colifom concentrations shall comply vith
Public Health Service Shellfish Standards in its latest revision.
8.5 The naturally occurring ratio of the concentrations of
nitrogen to phosphorus vill.be maintained in all waters.
PART 9 NAVIGATION
9.1 pH shall not be less than 7.0 nor more than 8.5 nor shall the
influence of these -waters, where they connect vith waters of other uses,
cause a change in the natural pK of more than 0.1 pH unit.
9.2 The free C02 shall not exceed 20 mg/1 except where due to
natural causes.
PART 10 ADDITIONAL RKQUIREI-fK.'-.'TS
10.1 In multiple-classification areas or where different values
for the same parameter are involved, the most stringent criterion will
apply.
of 10
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10.2 DO shall not be lees than 6 r.g/1 in all saline surface
vatcrs frc3 other than natural causes.
10.3 Fecal coliforn limits shall not exceed 2000/100 nl at any
time or at any place.
10.I* The concentration of radioactivity shall not: (a) exceed
1/30 of the HPC (Maxir.un Permissible Concentration in vater) values given
for continuous occupational exposure in the National Bureau of Standards
Handbook No. c9 as revised;
(b) exceed the current Public Health Service' Drinking Water Standards
for waters used for public or domestic supplies;
(c) result in accumulations of radioactivity in edible plants and
anima.'ls that present a hazard to consumers;
(d) be harmful to aquatic life.
Since human exposure to any ionizing radiation is undesirable
the con;c-i'.ration of radioactivity in natural waters will be maintained at
the lov est practicable level.
PART 11 WATER USES - IDENTIFICATION OF WATER FOR BENEFICIAL USES
11.1 Fresh Water. The topography and geology of the six admin-
istrative cisficts in the Trust Territory vary. The "lov islands" of
Majuro are cciv:osed of lev, sandy platforms. Saipan is basically limestone
and lov sandy areas; Truk , Pcr.ape, Palau ar.d Yap are of volcanic origin.
in the " ' rw islands" of Majuro, iaipan, and similar areas there are no
rivers. Ku. in fall readily percolates through the porous coraline limestone
formations to form fresh water lenses - the major sources of vater supply
for these islands. On the high volcanic islands in Pcnape, Truk, Palau
and Yap the soils are impermeable, resulting in numerous rivers, streams
and 'a natural lake in Palau. Water supplies are obtained from these streams
or springs.
Realizing the expanding need for fresh, palatable vater, and
the unique vater sources for the various islands, it is necessary to
classify all fresh surface and ground waters for public and domestic vater
supply purposes, propagation of fish and aquatic life, esthetic enjoyment
and recreation. Other beneficial uses for these waters are industrial and
agricultural vater supplies.
11.2 Ncar-.-.hore '.vaters . All near-shore waters shall be protected
for-industrial vater cunv.iies •, propagation of. fish and other aquatic life
(including waters reserved for conservation of native i:;-irine biota, shell-
fish propagation, ar.xi cornercial a:;d sport fishing), esthetic enjoynent and
recreation. Unless otherwise specified, the following m-ar-shorc waters
shaJl be protected for navigation (seafaring vessels and small craft), in
addition to uses listed above. Malakal Harbor (PaJ.au) Toi::il Harbor (Yap),
5 of 10
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Tana- -ig Harbor (S-iipan), Oror en t.'cvacho Harbor (Tr\ik), Tonupe Harbor
(Por.-:nc), and Mujuro Harbor, ir_T.edi atcly adjacent to the dock. (Refer
to r'lgurcs A, B, C, D, E and F respectively). All other waters in, around,
and adjacent to dockland piers not listed above, shall be protected for
saall boats navigation.
To the extent that nost of the lagoons in the district centers
arc highly polluted, fishing, wading or swimming in vaters reserved for
recreation and also known to be polluted shall be prohibited until such
time that they have been brought in compliance with quality standards. All
possible efforts shall be made via news media "and other means to inform the
people of the condition of these waters.
11.3 Off-shore Vnters. In recocnition of the multiple uses
(industrial water supply, propagation of fish and other aquatic life
and vi " dl; f e , esthetic enjoyment , recreation, ar.d navigation) made of
off-sr.f-e vaters, the risks of occasional ingestion by humar.s , and need
for protection to the maximum extent feasible for all uses, the most
string-:-_.t standards of those previously described shall apply to these
vaters .
11, i) Waters for Other Purposes. For precautionary measures against
accidental ingestion of pathogens or chemicals attributed to sewage discharge,
fishing, or swizm-Jr.g within close proximity of any sewage outfall inside a
lagoon or inner reef is prohibited.
P/uVT i£ A PIJUV .'•'UK l-J-'Lhl-LKriT.-Yi'lO'I AND ENFOBC~v-;;:T 0? WATER QUALITY
STANDARDS
12.1 Existir." V/aste Water Disch-'.rre. Discharge of raw sewage
orginating from housing, hospitals and oz':i^r institutions into the lagoons
is co.-.rr.on throughout the Trust Territory. A pollution abatement inventory
(Table 1") contains a list of sources of these discharges, types of was^e,
present treatment, if any, and additional treatment needed, the date when
additional treatment is required to bring the vacte discharge in compliance
with applicable vater quality standards. Any nev treatment facility shall
provide for not less than best practicable treatment or control consistent
with the policies as herein provided.
12.2 So otic Tar.ks, Cgp-r.-.^ools and Privies. Regulations for
location and construction of these facilities are being promulgated.
12.3 V.Vint r fro™. Vf;?se.1r. snd M?.rin:-3. Hegulr-tions for control
of vaste din charges from co."'jrerci al ai:d private vessel;.; and from naval
and other military vessels will be promul gated by V.ic- Trust Territory
Knvircnmcntal Protection Board and enacted before Fiscal Year ending 1973-
These regulations will be based on no di scharr.e within the territorial
rcqui rencntc .
6 of 10
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12. b Kronen nrul Cth~r Surf-ico Pr'ni .".".^e . Erosion could
be c. neriouc problem in th-j "jiij-.h" isl^-r.ds r^i(- to volcanic nature of
the .oil and the ru^cd tomograph. The problem ir> compounded by drair.nge
frcr. construction cites. There in no program for control of erosion.
Durii./', heavy rainfalls, considerable damage could be inflicted on reefs,.
lagoons and cstuarinc biota.
The Board will coordinate yith the Land Conservation
Division vithin the Department of Resources and the Department of Public
Works, to develop a program and adopt reflations before Fiscal Year
ending 1973 to prevent erosion.
12.5 Nutrients. Problems associated with nutrients in the
lagoons have not been observed. The fact that the necessary conditions
for algae ^rovth (sunlight, relatively constant temperatures, and shallov
lagoons) exist year-round in the Territory, an introduction of a sufficient
amount of nutrients into these lagoons could induce cutrophic conditions.
With proper locations of sewer outfalls supported by scientific study,
i.e., curr-nt, depth, and vind data, this problem could be prevented or
minimized.
12.6 Pesticides and Herbicides. Regulations for the controlled
use of pesticides and herbicides is partially covered under Public Health
Regulation Chapter lit. Necessary amendments vill be made as needed.
12.7 Pollution from Diffused Sources. Goon after a sever
system has been put in operation in the District, Centers , a sanitary
survey program of all diffused sources or polJ.ut:cn or contamination vill
be initiated to identify' each source of pollution, end its control.
This program '-rill continue as long as any such pollution or contamination
is knovn to exist.
PART 13 WATER MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM
13-1 The Water Quality Surveillance Program for the Territory
vil] consist of periodic inspections of treatment plants, monitoring and
sampling both surface and near-shore vaters and investigations in response
to complaints. The Chief, Division of Environmental Health vithin the
Department of ?:ealth Services, shall be responsible for administration
of this program for the ZPB. The division shall establish cooperative
support frou ether departments and agencies, both local and Federal, to
assist in performing these activities.
13-2 Monitoring pro-ram-; shr-.ll include "bacteriological,
chemical, physical, and biological exami:r_tio:i£ . Laboratory cxp.nir.atlens
of these parameters shall be required in all areas of v?.ste discharges
or outfalls to assure compliance with the standards. Each sewage treatmer.t
7 of 10
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be raaae to coordinate sampling and handling procedures , analytical tech-
niques, and reporting. The Environmental Protection Board staff shall
be responsible for training of district staff on these procedures and
evaluations of performance.
8 of
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TRUST TERRITORY
PACIFIC ISLANDS
MARIANA, CAROLINE AND MARSHALL ISLANDS
TOTAL ISLAND POPULATION ______ 80,980
97 INHABITED ATOLLS AND SEPARATE ISLANDS
OCEAN AREA APPROX 3,000.000 SQ. MILES
LAND AREA _____________ 700 SQ MILES
MA_F(SHflLL ISL ANDS PIS TRICT
POJ'ui. f.T tow . . . . t . . , i 5, riO
AILUK ATOLL MfJlT
WOT HO ATOLL ' ~ " A1OLI.)
' .UKICP ATOLt. |
'O'JE Mi
K-CAFERUT I | ^ I PONflPE DISTRICT ^ njftF ' -KWA.JALEIN ;' "l
„««,„„.„ : N;"T""au..,j -^o^7^-;_'i- ^ — .l,ul^:o«"".;.v- I
— ---^:r°' ,ul4P;>r— : 4Rf" ..... -— ' ^vV-— 'll 1»-s«lVVJ:.»,l---
.OUt., .TOIL L.MOTPf. ..OU PUI „«„.,„„ ...,«.J« .TOLL ' OBOIUK, ^-*^ .,t ,»C " P.^O VJ,, «»';0
,r»,,K .rouELl"° "°LL "' ^ «Uor,,0LL N^. . ! ~ W-. - .P,,;N_® ^- —^ ________ 1^. „, „, ____ *l°^_[ _______ ^1?."'0>
1 CAURIPIM
c \ A no
L05AP *
) $(
.
Sft' AW6N ATOLL
EA IEBN ICAflOL
PAL flu DISTRICT
iRE « .79 55 Sq Ml
I
I TRUK PIS TR1CT
I COPULATION ^__ . . 22,56-1
i AREA . . . . < 3 74 So
I
----- — -------- - „, ;iv
M AJURO AT ni_l I
r. JALUIT O.
(
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T :-:AP 2
SUHFACii' LiTGLiMU; iSfP ASS^'SoMiSKT
IN
AN SA;;OA, TIM NOitTiii'iw MARIANAS AND
THE T^LFoT muIfGUY Of' rifh,' PACIFIC I3LANJ3
Project No.: VfA 79-AI.^
Uontract No. 68-01-5152
ilfAFT FINAL UJJKWT
uii;ci';,-i B^( 1979
GROUND WATiil PIWT^OTIOIF BLlANCH
OFFICE OF miNXi;-;G \n\TAi
a. s. ^vitiu^'iju'-rAL Pi^orFcrioN AGENCY
1CPA UNIT SIA I1AP
'ERAL HIGHWAY SYSTEM MAP
i FOR THE ISLAND OF
AMERICAN SAMOA
PREPARED BY THE
'ERNMENT CF AMERICAN SAMOA
PARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS
HIGHWAY BRANCH
IN COOPEflAI ON WITH THE
FEDERAL HiGHWflf AI
LEGEND
MANU'A GROUP
-------
-------
iiPA SIA UNIT r;AP 12
oA'iCA ri-LJ MiKTIit^M MAillAVAS
.Project i\o.i i'.'A 79-A13'-
Contract -o. 68-C1.~51S2
SQJER LINE
FIGURE IV -23
EXISTING SEWER SYSTEA\
TOFOL
KOSRAE DISTRICT
-------
liPA SIA UNIT MAP
-------
iiPA SIA UNIT /;AP 12
12
o.VlCA, rill: MiAlTm^H ;-:AiUA'[;»a AND
Project i,:o, ; V.'A 79-Ai5'i
CorrV-act -o. 6Q-C1 ~5152
J.iAliT FirUL H^Utf
G;f.Cl.!;v.'.0 V'AT.^ rivU'JC'i'.'IO:! ffiA:-1^!
o/yic., or j,(i,-:.;T::G ^AT.VI
/• / X- • \\ •'—J-sis—;^ v
'^^>A^- F LT J -
^^X^A^ Y;I 'tn trij-rrirrrrrrr^—>. f-r
_x¥Ov.v!lifT~^l ] rTn
SEWER LIME
FIGURE IV -23
EXISTING SEV^ER SYSTEA\
TOFOL
KOSRAE DISTRICT
(r'ro-, ,.>..;n!i..'.-i r--n;
-------
AXLLtlCA!!
H^PO.IT MAP 13
oAi'.CA, DL] liJ.lTil^lN MAIUAIIAG AND
r.i:a.;iTOrtY o/ i'ihj PAcr^iG i.ii.A;-:j.i
Project ilo.: '.,'A 79-A15-+
Cor. tract No. 68-01-5152
\\
AIRCRAFT PARKING APRON
COMfLEX AREA
(OFT^^UMITS)
U. 3.
SIA LliUr I1AF
KWAJALKIf!
DENTAL CLINIC/BEAUTY SHOP
YOKWE YUK CLUB
YOKWE YUK TENNIS COURTS
BARBER SHOP (IN SANDS EO )
YOKWE YUK THEATER
11 TEM - TEN " STORE
HOSPITAL
OCEAN VIEW CLUB
MACY'S (RETAIL STORE)
• POST OFFICE
••SNACK BAR
• MNK OF HAWAII
-LAUNDRY / DRY CLEANING
LAUNDERETTE
•SPECIAL SERVICES
• LIBRARY • BOWLING ALLEY
• RECREATION GEAR LOCKER
BACHELORS' SWIMMING POOL
DALLY TENNIS COURTS
DALLY SOFTBALL FIELD
ARTS and CRAFTS CENTER
HANDBALL COURTS
•BRANDON SOFTBALL FIELD
BASKETBALL/VOLLEYBALL CTS.
POLICE STATION
RICHARDSON OUTDOOR THEATER
ISLAND MEMORIAL CHAPEL
KWAJ LODGE
AIR TERMINAL and
KMR HEADQUARTERS
TO GOLF CLUBHOUSE
and GOLF COURSF
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SIA UNIT HAP 13
Project \io.s '-/A 79-A15U
UonU-aoi N'o. 60-01-5152
AIRCRAFT PARKING APRON
u.
KVAJAL^IN
DENTAL CLINIC/BEAUTY SHOP
YOKWE YUK CLUB
YOKWE YUK TENNIS COURTS
BARBER SHOP (IN SANDS BO)
YOKWE YUK THEATER
" TEN - TEN " STORE
HOSPITAL
OCEAN VIEW CLUB
MACY'S (RETAIL STORE)
•POST OFFICE
•SNACK BAR
•BANK OF HAWAII
LAUNDRY / DRY CLEANING
LAUNDERETTE
SPECIAL SERVICES
•LIBRARY "BOWLING ALLEY
• RECREATION GEAR LOCKER
BACHELORS' SWIMMING POOL
DALLY TENNIS COURTS
DALLY SOFTBALL FIELD
ARTS ond CRAFTS CENTER
HANDBALL COURTS
BRANDON SOFTBALL FIELD
BASKETBALL/VOLLEYBALL CTS.
POLICE STATION
RICHARDSON OUTDOOR THEATER
ISLAND MEMORIAL CHAPEL
KWAJ LODGE
AIR TERMINAL and
KMR HEADQUARTERS
TO GOLF CLUBHOUSE
ond GOLF COURSF
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