SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT ASSESSMENT
                  IN
AMERICAN 3AI10A,  TH3  NORTHERN MARIANAS AND
THE TRUST TERRITORY OF THE  PACIFIC ISLANDS
              DECEMBER  1979
               FINAL R^POctT
     GROLTiTJ WAT^R PrfOTUGITON SnANGH
        OFFICJ OF DRINKIXG  V,rATiJR
  U. 3. SNVIHOiv-liSNTA!  PROTECTION  AGENCY

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      SURFACE IHPOuNJdifiNT A3S2SSM3NT
     CAN SAXOA,  TIE  tfOaTJtMN MArilANAS AND
THE TRUST T&WITCWY OF THJ3 PACIFIC  ISLANDS
               D3Cjj-;aiia  1979

               FINAL   ^HirUaT

                      3Y

          3,  W. MAi'lSiY,  COi\TnACTO."i
         Contract "unber 63-01-5152


      LYLii .i. SILICA,  PiiOJiJCT OFFICE


                PRjJPA^liSD FOix
          DFF1C;J OF  iltli-JiilM'G WAfit
     3.   i^'.'VlACIfiinilTAL ?:
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                           TABLE OF CONTZNT3
List of Figures

List of Maps

List of Tables

Preface

Disclaimer

Chapter 1
Executive Summary

Chapter 2
Recommendations and Conclusions
   SIA-rtCRA
   Federal Impact
Chapter 3
Surface Impoundment Assessment Methodology
   Identification of Project and Partial Concept
   Acquisition of i-iaps
   Personnel/Participants

Chapter ^-
Presentation and Analysis of Data

Chapter 5
Water Table Aquifers

Chapter 6
Instances of Ground-Water Pollution from Surface

Chapter 7
Evaluation of Existing Territorial Programs
   Impending Changes in Government
   Staffing-Funding of Programs
   SIA-itCHA

Chapter S
Evaluation of Existing Federal Programs

Figures
NPUiIS Permits
Standards of Water Quality, ITPI
List of SIA Forms
Resume - Technician/Consultant
Selected Bibliography

Mans
'mTsoundments
 Appendix  A
 Appendix  3
 In Pocket
 Appendix  C
 Appendix  D
 Appendix  E

 In Pocket
                 Page
                  ii
                 iii
                 iii

                   1

                   5
                   6
                   7
                   7
                   7
                   7
                   9
                   9
                   9
                   9
                  10
                  12
                  12

                  13
                  13
16
16
16
17
18
19
19
20
25

27
23
30

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Figure     Title                                             Appendix   A


  1        Tafuna Volcanic cinders which occur in the Ta-
           funa-Leone?lain anuifer, Tutuila. American Samoa.

  2        A small accumulation of leachate and surface
           runoff from municipal solid-waste landfill 3A
           mi. south of Putiga, Tutuila. American Samoa.

  3        Surface Waste Impoundment, industrial fish can-
           nery "slop" - abandoned, dry. On Matautuloa Penin-
           sula, 280 feet a~bove mean sea level, 1.3 miles south
           of Putiga. Runoff and seepage is to ocean. .Ameri-
           can Samoa.

  A-        Site, waste and position are same as for Figure
           2.  Tutuila, American Samoa (industrial).

  5        Pipe where industrial fish cannery "slop" is
           drained from truck tank to low-relief,  shallow,
           natural surface waste impoundment,  On Tafuna-Leone
           Plain about 2.miles west southwest of Pago Pago
           Airport Terminal.

  6        Pipe outlet into the large industrial surface
           waste impoundment of Figure 5-  Tutuila,  Ameri-
           can Samoa.

  7        Looking northeastward.  Vine-covered natural de-
           pression,, about 50 meters by 330 meters,  into which
           industrial fish cannery "slop"  is dumped, seasonally.
           Position is same as for Figure  5-

  3        Leachate/runoff impounded at municipal  solid waste
           landfill. Looking southward at  Tafananai. Bottom
           is near mean sea level.  American Samoa.

  9        Municipal waste oil pit in solid waste  landfill in
           mango swamp, west side  of Causeway Road,  about 230
           meters southwest of '-'ell i?,  south of -lwa.il. It is not
           a potential pollution threat to ground-water quality.
           iloen-Truk.
                                  ii

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                               LIST OF MAPS


Map  No .     Title                                        In Pocket

  1          Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
            (TTPI)

  2          Tutuila,  Ofu,  Olesega and Tau Islands
            - American Samoa

  3          Tutuila Island,  American Samoa

  4          Ofu,  Olesega,  and Tau Islands
            - American Samoa

  5          Saipan,  Northern Mariana Islands

  6          Tinian,  Northern Mariana Islands

  7          Rota, Northern Mariana Islands

  8          Yap,  Yap Islands

  9          Palau Islands ,  Xorror and Babelthaup
            Islands

 10          Truk Islands Moen, Dublon and Fefan
            Islands

 11          Ponape Island

 12          Kosrae Island,  Tofol District

 13          Kwajalein - Commercial and Residential

 1^          Majuro,  DUD District Center
            Marshall  Islands
                             LIST OF TABLES

                                                             ?age

Table No.

  1        Surface //aste Impoundraents in Unit                 15
                                 iii

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PREFACES
Preparation for this Surface Impoundment Assessment (SIA) was com-
menced during the Spring, 1979.
A visit was made to the Washington office of the Trust Territory of
the Pacific Islands where statistical, and descriptive literature
were obtained, from Mr. Hayden, along with names and addresses of
Territorial Governors.
Two visits were made to U. S. Geological Survey offices, Reston, Vir-
ginia, where water resources and surface waste impoundments were dis-
cussed with, among others, Joshua I. Tracey, Jr, and Gerry Meyer.
The library was searched for writings on water resources, geohydrol-
ogy and surface impoundments,  None on a list of maps which had been
compiled could be purchased over-the-counter.  Maps on only a few
parts of the Unit (Pelau, Mariana Islands, Truk and American Samoa)
were available.
Maps and remote sensing images, suitable for the SIA were sought,
without success, from:
      1. 'SPA. Environmental Photographic Interpretation Center,
             Warrenton, Virginia
      2. U, S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia
      3. U, S. Geological Survey, San Francisco, California
      <4-. SPA, Region IX, San Francisco, California
      5. TT?I office, San Francisco, California
      6. U. S, Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California
      7. U, S. Army Corp of Engineers, Fort Shafter, Honolulu, Hawaii
      8. U. S. Navy, OINC (Lt. Daley), Kolonia, Ponape
      9, U. S. Navy, Naval Facility Engineering Command, Pearl Harbor,
               Hawaii
     10. Ketcalf and Eddy Pacific, Incorporated, Honolulu, Hawaii
     11. EPA Pacific Islands Contact Office, Federal Building,
               Honolulu, Hawaii
     12. Defense Mapping Agency:  Topo Center (AX3), Washington,
               D. C., 20315
     13, National Geographic Society,  Washington, D. C.

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However; at U. S. Geological Survey offices, Federal Building, Hono-
lulu, Ben L. Jones, Charles Swart III and associates supplied good
topographic and development maps of Palau, Truk, Saigon and Tinian.
Also Water Resources Investigations 29-75 and 78-01, USGS pp ^03-H
and USGS Open File Report 77-739.
Appreciation is extended to W. 3, 'Forest and H. T. Hopkins, Water
Resources Division, USGS, Richmond, Virginia for requesting writings
from the USGS Library, Reston, for study in the Richmond WRD office
by the contractor.
Appreciation and thanks are extended to I-'essers Lyle Silka, Ted Swear-
ingen and Frank P. Ragonese, Office of Water, Washington, D. G. and
to Norman Lovelace, Albert Brody, Beverly A. Reed, Theodore 3. Durst,
Jose Kou and the librarians of the Region IX staff for thoughtfulness
and assistance.
On Yap, the first stop, at Golonia, the office of Harold 0, Temrae,
District Land Management Officer, TTPI, was visited, and Charles D.
Jordan, District Planning Officer was conferred with,  Members of the
TTPI were met (8 June 1979) at a formal session of the Board and they
kindly gave attention to a brief description of the SIA in progress.
Nachsa Siren, Executive Officer, was present.
On Korror, Palau, Tokiwo Sumang, Area Sanitarian, was conferred with
in his office, and the District Planning office was visited where a
copy of an aerial photograph of Koror was examined.
On Saipan, information and assistance were provided by Donna Scheuring
in the office of Nachsa Siren, Executive Officer; the TTPI on Environ-
mental Protection Board.  They assisted in obtaining leave to land on
Kwajalein for SIA purposes.
John Pangelinan,  Department of Public Works of the Northern Mariana
Islands,  described the public water supply system which includes 23
water supply wells,  2 springs, and rain catchments. 'George Chan, Chief
Sanatarian,  assisted in obtaining copy of laws, provided insight into
the protection of water supplies,  and conducted a trip to Tinian in
search of surface waste impoundments.  Mr. Pete A. Tenoria, Executive

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Director, Marianas Public Land Corporation, provided discussion  of
ground water from the perspective of land management practices,  es-
pecially zoning.
On Moen, Iruk  Islands, Nachsa Siren kindly guided observations of
water wells, water distribution system, sewage treatment plant and
used-oil dump  pit in solid waste landfill beside the causeway.   Also,
he arranged boat transportation to Dublon and Fefan Islands, guided
by Sikaret Loren, Chief Sanitarian.  Vincent W. McGurl, District Plan-
ning Officer,  was visited, and also Mr. Peterson, Public '.forks Offi-
cer, whose assistant confirmed that used crankcase oil from diesel-
engined electricity plant was dumped, and sometimes burned, in the pit
to which reference is made' above,  A local leader on Kefan was con-
ferred with.
At the hospital, Kolonia, on Ponape, a discussion of SIA matters was
had with Carl  Dennis, Area Sanatarian, and liisia Amin, Chief Sanatarian.
The Division of Lands and Surveys Office and Marvin Gilbert, Planner
at the Planning Office, were visited.  Naval Lt. Daley, Officer In
Charge of Construction (OINC), was visited at his office near the
electricity-generating plant,
Scott C. Kvandall, P. 2., of Barrett, Harris and Associates, Inc., Con-
sulting Engineers, Guam, described, at Kolonia, the public sewage
(hospital and  school) oxidation system at Lelu on Kosrae,  Since ICos-
rae was not actually visited, i-Ir. Mena, Chief Sanatarian, and other
local officials were not interviewed, and local observations were not
made.
A conference was had with Scott H. Stege, and an associate, of the
TTPI-dwajalein Liaison office, i-:arshalls Islands District.  William
F. Beierle, Construction Engineer, Logistics Support, Hunts villa ."lissle
Project, advised concerning water supply and impoundments.  On jJbeye
Atol, Public Works Officer Y. L. Ching advised concerning impoundments,
and Lawrence Andrews, narshall Islands District Representative, was
consulted.
On Majuro Atol, Bujen Jacob, Chief Sanitarian, provided transportation

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and accompanied a search for impoundments.
On Tutuila Island, Territory of American'Samoa, a conference vras held
with Dr. Nofo Saliga, Dr. Tofiga Liaiga and T. M. Vaivai in the Depart-
ment of Public Health and with Titi Fa'aiuaso, Environmental Sanitar-
ian, at the Johnson Hospital.  Dr. Lauvao of the Hospital Staff, guided
to a fish waste ("slop") surface impoundment, furnishing transportation.
Pati Faiai, Special Assistant to the Governor and head of the Environ-
mental Quality Division, Al Sundquist, P. E., Office of Public Water
Supply, and S. H. (Dan) liorris, Deputy Director, Department of Public
Works, furnished information and advise.  To all those named above, ap-
preciation is extended.
On return to Hawaii, geohydrology and water supply in the Unit were dis-
cussed, at the u, S. Geological Survey Office, with Charles Swart, III,
Dan Davis and Benjamin L, Jones, District Chief, Water Resources Di-
vision.  A telephone conversation was had with Helvin Waki, Naval Fa-
cility Engineering Command, Pearl Harbor,  No maps were available.
In search of copy of early engineering reports, Metcalf and Eddy Pacific
Incorporated, was visited.
A short conversation was had, 12 July 1979, with Yield H. Tsuhaka in
the EPA Pacific Islands Contact Office, Federal Building.
Two visits were made to the Hawaii State Library where a librarian as-
sisted, to no avail, in search in Federal Information Processing System
(FIRS) codes for "Identification of Facilities", blocks 6-8, Form Xo,

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                         DISCLAIMER
This document is a preliminary draft.  It has not been formally
released by EPA and should not at this stage be construed to repre^
sent Agency policy.  It is'being circulated for comment on its
technical accuracy and policy implications.

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                     EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Chapter 1.
The Surface Impoundment Assessment (SIA) program for the Trust Terri-
tory of the Pacific Islands, the Northern Marianas and American Samoa
(The Unit) includes research on the geohydrology of areas of the Unit,
formulation of a plan of action, attendance at the National meeting on
the Surface Impoundment Assessment (Dallas, Texas, April, 1979) and
visits to principal islands of the Unit to witness and describe condi-
tions and confer with appropriate governmental administrative officials.
During the SIA, 7 sites were found and 8 impoundments were assessed;
5 sites were municipal, and two were industrial.  Five municipal and 3
industrial impoundments were assessed and SIA forms were filled out and
submitted (Appendix C, page 27).  However, one municipal site on Kosrae
at Tofol included 3 impoundments for which only one each of SIA forms I
and II were prepared.  Therefore, 10 impoundments were located (Table 1,
page 15).
No parts of the Unit had specific programs for protecting ground water
from wastes in surface impoundments.  However, pursuant to TIPI PL
4C-78, Water Quality Standards have been promulgated, Part 6.1 of which
deals specifically with "fresh ground water".  No current programs of
protecting ground water from wastes in surface impoundments was found in
TTPI Districts nor in Northern Mariana Islands.  On Tutulla Island, Amer-
ican Samoa, non-periodic monitoring of pumpage from public supply wells
is carried out by the Department of Public Works at Uteli.
No clear position was noted to be assumed by any Unit governmental
agency with respect to surface waste impoundments and their produc-
tion of contaminants to ground water.  A few Departments of Health and
Departments of Public Works are aware of potential hazard to quality of
ground vrater from wastes in surface impoundments.  None appear to have
plans for dealing with surface impoundments.  The concept of the SIA
was now to most and no specific plans or recommendations were found.

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Chapter 2       REGOI II I^NDATIONS AMD CONCLUSIONS
While few Health Department or Public Works Department officials pre-
sented conclusions and recommendations with respect to surface waste
impoundments, they agree and anticipate that the 3IA should be pro-
ductive of information and action to deal with the potential problem
where it exists.  Mr, George Chan, Department of Health,  Northern
Marianas, said there should be more cooperation and less simple an-
nouncement that regulations formulated by the U. S. government agen-
cies were in effect.
In other words, in none of the Unit areas was there an existing or
proposed program dealing with surface waste impoundments as they
might affect quality of ground water.  Only in American Samoa was
there expressed awareness that such impoundments might be trans-
mitting contamination to ground water.  On Moen, Truk, spills of in-
secticide in old bomb craters had raised the question, but no record
of investigation was available, although Metcalf and Sidy Pacific, In-
corporated has made a survey and plan for a drinking water distribu-
tion system using supply from wells and surface sources.
This Unit SIA data and information will facilitate RCKA Subtitles C
and D programs in restricted ways only.  By means of this report,
management of open dump disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes
can contribute to gradual discontinuance.  Locations and agency refer-
ences can be used.  The small number of surface waste impoundments
cited will allow intelligent scoping of implementation and mechanics
of the two pertinent iiCRA subtitles,
FEUJHAL IMPACT
No evidence was found in the Unit that Federal legislation has nega-
tively or positively impacted efforts to deal with surface waste im-
poundments.  Unit/Federal efforts practically are non-existent, partly
because, as a result of the relatively small volume of wastes produced,
needs for such efforts seldom are perceived.

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The opinion was heard in Northern Mariana Islands that, instead of
attempting to deal with surface waste impoundments,  more Federal money
should be made available for sewage collection, treatment and dis-
posal.  The biggest present threat to the quality of ground water on
Saipan is from intrusion of marine water into pumped aquifers.
With respect to the Northern Mariana Islands, personnel of Department
of Public Works and of Department of Health are aware of the threat
to ground-water quality by surface waste impoundments,   It jointly
(TTPI officials, Saipan) is recommended that appropriate Environ-
mental Protection Agency (liPA) personnel work with them to develop
feasible regulation, by legislation, or by agency regulation,  of sur-
face impoundments which receive waste,  and which might/would contam-
inate ground water.

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Chapter 3       SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT AND PARTIAL CONCEPT
This SIA was performed under Contract No. 68-01-5152 of March 1979,
Project No. VIA 79~A15^.  Mr. Lyle Silica is Project Officer, and Mr.
Frank Ragonese is Negotiator.
Initial approach included literature and map research, and personal
conference at the U. S. Geological Survey (I3GS) offices and library,
Reston, Virginia, at the USGo Water Resources Division office and
library.- Richmond, Virginia, and at EPA Region IX offices in San Fran-
cisco, where other Federal sources of maps were investigated,
ACQUISITION OF HAPS
Acquisition of appropriate maps and aerial photographs of most areas
of the Unit was unsatisfactory with respect to availability, type of
map and uniformity of scale.  It became apparent that very few maps
or photographs were available anywhere.  U3G3 at Reston, San Francis-
co, fienlo Park and Honolulu had very incomplete geologic and topo-
graphic maps of Unit areas.  EPA Washington, Warrenton (Environmental
Photographic Interpretation Center),- San Francisco, Honolulu did not
have suitable maps nor aerial photographs or other remote sensing re-
productions.  None were available at the University of Hawaii.  TTPI
Office, Washington, had no maps available.  Metcalf and Eddy Pacific,
Incorporated, Honolulu, could provide no maps, and no copy of a re-
port on Moen, Truk water-supply project,  U. 3, Defense Happing Agency
provided only hydrographic naps (charts;.
Letters were sent to request conferences with appropriate personnel
in offices of the U. S. High Commissioner for the Trust Territories
of the Pacific Islands, in offices of the Governor, American oanoa
and in offices of the Governor, Northern Mariana Islands.
The TTPI Environmental Protection Board looks after environmental
considerations and is a source of information and assistance.  Office
of the Board furnished a list of permits issued in the TTPI by EPA
under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPJES).
(Appendix 3 p,25)  It was understood that NPDE3 permits had not .been

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issued in Northern iiariana Islands.  A list of NPDS3 permits issued
in American Samoa was obtained from the Division of Environmental
Protection, Utuili, Island of Tutuila.  (Appendix 3, p. 26  )  No list-
ing of NPDB3 permits issued in the Unit was obtained from Region IX
Enforcement Division, 31 May 1979.
Of the 2000 - plus islands in the Unit, 19 were given close scrutiny,
and of these, 15 were examined in detail, including personal recon-
naissance.  liach of the 19 has significant population and development
but assurances were confirmed that on 4 (Rota - Northern Mariana, and
Olesega, Tau and Qfu - American Samoa) no waste-receiving surface im-
poundments exist.  On .
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The title of technician/consultant was used by agreement with the
participant concerned "because of appropriate qualifications as set
forth in Resume, Susan Petty, Appendix D, p.23 .   Qualifications in-
clude Bachelor of Science, Geology, graduation cum laude, Princeton
University, 1973.
Contractor on this SIA graduated with 33,  19^8,  and with MA 1950,
Geology, from the University of Virginia.   Subsequently, Ground
Water work was performed for 22 years for the Commonwealth of Vir-
ginia.
                                  11

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Chapter 4       PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
Analysis of data and information collected in the Unit indicates
little or no present pollution impact of wastes from surface im-
poundments upon ground water,  Reported occurrence of coliform bac-
teria in American Samoa well 67 might not derive from fish cannery
waste ("slop:;) dumped in surface waste impoundment, less than 1,600
meters distant, but rather from people residing within short radius
from the well.
Data of all kinds is scarce, or non-existent, and not amenable to
significant statistical statements and relationships.  Potential im-
pact of surface waste impoundments upon ground water is of low order
although it exists to a modified degree in many areas of the Unit.
It reasonably is certain that all surface wastes impoundments in the
Unit were located and counted.  This assumption is made because:
      1. Areas of probable occurrence were searched thoroughly,
      2. Health Officials, including sanitarians, in each District
         of the TTPI (except Xosrae), in Northern Mariana Islands
         and in American Samoa, were conferred with concerning exis-
         tence of such impoundments on any/all a_reas (islands) of
         the Unit.
      3. Gross area in which surface waste impoundments occur pro-
         portionately is small and amenable to thorough examination
         by personal viewing.
The only surface waste impoundment system subject to a modicum of
operational procedure is the three oxidation lagoons in series, on
Xosrae, vrhich receive waste principally from a hospital and iron a
public school.  It is understood that the Xosrae system, about 3
years old, receives little attention with respect to operation and
maintenance.  The bottom of the lowest of the three lagoons is at
or near the elevation of mean sea level, and the outfall is into a
small stream which flows a short distance into marine water of Lele
Bay.  (Personal communication, 3. G. Xvandal, ?„ 3.)

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Chapter 5       WATHii TABLi
Data on shallow aquifers (water table aquifers) in the Unit are few
and no strictly new data were collected.  Information on such aquifers
on Tutuila, American Samoa, is available in USGS V/ater Resources In-
vestigation 29075 by C. 3. Bervtley,  Un southwestern Tutuila, there is
an extensive shallow aquifer between the airport and Leone where
mostly unconsolidated Leone Volcanics (Figure i) form the rough-surfac-
ed Tafuna-Leone Plain.  Porous volcanics, including cinders, along with
underlying beach sands, form a shallow aquifer in which ground water
is highly susceptible to pollution from surface sources.
Specific data on shallow aquifers was not collected on the high-relief
portions of the islands of volcanic origin.  Fringing land areas of such
islands typically composed of detritus from higher elevations, of beach
deposits, or of coral limestone, and these occur in varying stratigraph-
ic relationships to each other.  Their widths between steep topography
on volcanics and marine water typically are a few hundred or a few thou-
sands of feet.  Such areas usually are heavily vegetated.  It is on
such lands that largest developments have taken place and, where wa.stes
are produced and collected, the greatest pollution threat to ground
water occurs.  On such fringing land on the southwestern corner of iloen,
Truk, a hotel uses injection wells for disposal of domestic wastes.
                                    13

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  Chapter 6       INSTANCES OF GROUND WATER POLLUTION MOM
                           SURFACE IKPOUND;-;
Pollution of ground water due to wastes from surface impoundments
was not identified within the Unit, nor were wastes from such sources
known to pollute surface water in streams,  Potential for such pollu-
                               t
tion conspicuously exists on Kaen (iruk) where pesticide has been
spilled in bomb craters and where public water supply pumps operate
about 100 meters distant.  Such potential exists also near Tafuna-
fou (American Samoa, Tutuila Island) where wells in" the good aq_uifer
of the Tafuna-Leone plain are about 1600 meters from the fish cannery
waste ("slop'r) dumped in a natural impoundment (internal drainage)
area.  If private wells should be constructed and pumped at nearby,
(minimum of approximately 400 feet;, new housing, pollution of ground
water probably would spread in a plume from the impoundment toward
such possible private wells.
Litigation, past or current, of cases of pollution of ground water
from wastes in surface impoundments was not found in the Unit.
Results of letter contacts between the Department of Health, American
Samoa, and the fish canneries, Pago Pago, were unsatisfactory to the
Department.  At no other place in the Unit was it found that a govern-
ment agency had contacted an owner or operator of a surface waste im-
poundment from which ground water was polluted, or potentially might
be polluted.
On Majuro Atol, Marshall Islands, direct ground-water pollution from
land-surface deposits of human and animal feces is an apparent tlireat .
It was the opinion of a substantial citizen and of a sanitarian that
better enforcement of sanitation is needed.
In brief, instances of active pollution of ground water from waste
impoundments were not found to occur in the unit area.   Although it
is possible that some pollution occurrences might have been missed,
thoroughness of investigation makes it probable that about 95/J of exist
in?- surface waste impoundments were noted. (Table 1,  page 15 )

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.TABLE I
SIA    SURFAG3 VASTS IMPOUNDMENTS IN UNIT
M
0>
i +»
AMERICAN ^
SAMOA
Tutuila 4
Ofu 0
Olosega. 0
Tau 0
NORTHERN
MARIANAS
Saipan 0
Tinian o
nota o
TTPI
Yap 0 ,
Palau
Xoror 1
"Babal- Q
thaup
Truk i
•
Moen : 1
Dublon .- 0
•
Fef an I 0 j
Tol 0 |
Ponapa 0 j
Kosrao , j
Tof ol i 1 |
Marshall Is.j
Kwajalein o i
Ebeye i 0 \
Ka juro j 0 ji
TOTALS i 7 !
j —
v~r< Impoundments
!
!
i


i
t

i
!


i


i



;
!
3;

•


10
TJ
O
to
«
o
ra
«
<:
5










1


1





i


|

s
w Industrial






















i

2}
Municipal










i


1





3


'
!
7
Agricultural





















i



03
nJ
0
•0
d
rH
•H
O






















1
!


bo
^H
C
^H

























Estimate of number of
existing impoundments










1


1





3
	 .



10
£ Percentage of existing
o impoundments assessed










100


100





ICO





V/aste Impoundments
monitored

























^ Ground-water quality
monitored













X











Reported pollution of
ground water

























Regulation of surface
waste Impoundments
^ Map Numbers
u> (in pocket)
! 2,4
2f*
2,^

5
! f
0
7
\ 1
3
i
Q
9
9
10 :
: 10 •
10 i
10

11

12

13
:
1^
i
                  15

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Chapter 7      EVALUATION OF EXISTING TSARITOHIAL PROGRAMS
Programs in the Unit dealing specifically with surface impoundments
practically are non-existent.  Because of the SPA SIA, Unit govern-
mental personnel have become more aware of the importance of regu-
lating and monitoring.  That awareness was quickened, apparently,
by SIA procedures locally, (from which this report is derived), but
results remain to be manifest.
IMPENDING CHANGE IN GOVE3NJ13NT
Central (Saipan) and District governments of the Trust Territory
of the Pacific Islands axe in a state of flux, with the goal of
arriving at self government, hopefully with close liaison with the
United States.  One alliance under consideration is a Congress of
Micronesia, to be centered on Ponape.  Northern Mariana islands are
under independent government, although many united States agencies
are functional there.  American Samoa is established as a protector-
ate, operating on local revenues plus U. S. Congressional appro-
priations .
In the TTPI, the basic authority for sanitation and protection of
ground water from wastes put into surface impoundments is from the
central TTPI government, administered by the Environmental Protection
Board (EPS), Saipan.  It was not apparent in any District that spe-
cific -regulations had been formulated and administered to provide
such protection.  However,- EPA guidelines are in use on Yap to pre-
vent ground-water pollution, but monitoring of ground-water quality
is not continuous.  On Xoen, Truk, ground-water quality is monitored
regularly at public supply wells.  Stricter enforcement of such moni-
toring is thought to be needed.
In the Northern Mariana islands, no specific regulations were found
to deal with surface waste impoundments that might pollute ground
water, but the Health Department is reported to have called to task
the Department of Public Works when coli count in well water was Mgh.
Such high counts were not from wastes put into surface impoundments.
However,  such action indicates effective monitoring of quality, baipan

-------
has a ground-water quality monitoring program, carried out "by the
Department of Health in compliance with provisions of the Safe Drink-
ing Water Act.
In American Samoa, liaison was apparent"between the Division of En-
vironmental Protection, the Department of Public Works, and the
Department of Health.  Each knows what the other is doing with respect
to protection of ground water from pollution.  Well(s) production
into public supply lines is monitored and reported.  Also, Depart-
ment of Health had sent letters to fish canneries concerning their
dumping of waste ("slop") near Tafuna and south of Futiga, as men-
tioned in Chapter 6.
Monitoring efforts are made, therefore, by the Departments of Health
in Northern Mariana Islands and in American Samoa, and on Yap and
Moen, Truk.
Governmental surface waste impoundment programs relative to pro-
tection of ground water from pollution are not conspicuous, and are
minimal in implementation and execution, at best.
In the 6 TTPI district centers waste management is by conventional
sewage treatment plants,three of which (Moen - Truk,  Koror - Palau
a,nd Colonia - Yap) were fully installed but not in operation,  3ach
was near (at) marine water, into which outfalls were constructed.
Thus no sewage waste-receiving surface impoundment is in use, and
presumably no pollution of ground water resulted from such possible
sources at the three places cited.  The waste-receiving oxidation
ponds on Kosrae were at or slightly above mean sea level, and ef-
fluent is into a small stream which flows into nearby marine water,
STAFFING-FUNDING CF ElOGRAiio
It appears that certain resources are available for effective pro-
grams of regulation of surface waste impoundments in the unit.
Personnel to implement and enforce regulations are believed to be
(apparently are) in office in each TTPI District, with the possible
exception of Xosrae, not visited.  Regulations promulgated by Cen-
tral TIPI Government, Saipan, are in question cocause of changing
                                   17

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governmental relationships as between the Central TTPI Government
and the several Districts which are trying to organise for in-
dependent governmental status.
Adequacy, therefore, of resources appears sufficient, with the
possible exception of funding.  Additional funding of governmental
agency administration undoubtedly would promote prevention of pollu-
tion of ground water from surface waste impoundments.  Such funding
is estimated to be relatively small, and far from massive, but its
allocation and application should be accompanied by strict, precise
provisions that could not be diverted from the purpose of protection
of ground water from pollution by wastes in surface impoundments, in
surface streams nor from leaky sewer installations.
Existing programs in the TTPI Districts are estimated to have minor
effects only on future Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (.iGRA)
programs.
3IA - RCRA
Potentially, information in this 3IA report, and in offices of Dis-
trict Departments of Public '.v'orks can be valuable to -iCRA Subtitle
C and Subtitle D Programs,  Local district health and public vrorks
agencies have locally generated maps and aerial photographs avail-
able to assist in location, and appraisal, of hydrogeological/topc-
graphical settings, but useful tabulations and analyses of system-
atically collected data from monitoring wastes in surface impound-
ments and of quality of around water are not available except on
Tutuila, American Samoa and Saipan, Xorthern Mariana Islands,
With respect to Subtitle D and surface waste impoundments, no 5-year
solid waste plans have been made anywhere in the Unit, although some
personnel interviewed were aware of the imminent opportunity to make
such plans.
Future programs will depend upon stimuli of specific funding and of
motivation of agencies concerned.  It appears possible that this
would be valuable to a rlCRA program in the TTPI,  as well as in Amer-
ican Samoa and in the Northern Mariana Islands.
                                   13

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Chapter 8.       EVALUATION OF ^XISTIXO F^D^.iAL PROGRAMS
No governments in the Unit are involved in Federal programs relative
to surface waste impoundments, nor in prcjrajTis relative to any surface
impoundments.  There appeared to be little awareness of quality of
water in surface impoundments as such quality mi^ht affect quality of
ground water.  Possible exceptions are two natural impoundments, one
on Saipan and one on Tinian,  The former, lake Susupe, receives no
waste outfall, but is slightly salty and it receives a small amount
of residential solid waste.  Investigators have concluded that it has
no effect on ground water in southeastern Saipan,  On Tiniar,, a natu-
ral impoundment, Lake Marpo, is thought to produce pollution to water
supply wells used, only for agricultural irrigation.  ;iere is an oc-
currence of a small-radius plume ground-water pollution in a saturat-
ed, nearly static condition.  The irrigation well is close vs. few
meters) to the impoundment which occupies areally low topography and
which receives no waste outfall.  Xo Federal nor local regulation is
applied in any pro.^ran which affects this situation,
As earlier referred to, the only sucsurf?.ce injection of waste ob-
served in the Unit was at a hotel on Xoen,  Truk,  Xo action .here, nor
planning, was under way with respect to the Safe ^rinkin; "."ater Act
(S'.'.'DA), nor with planning and land treatment vSections 2C3 and 2CL ,
respectively, of USPL 92-1.77/.  Elsewhere in the -"nit, no action, was
detected with respect to these programs.
It appears that governments in the Unit ?_re emphasizing and are
heavily occupied with reorganisation in the direction of increase!
local autonomy, in which favorable relations with the United States
   "i be incorporated.

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                                                      APPENDIX  A
Figure 1.  Tafuna volcanic cinders which occur in the Tafuna-
Leone Plain aq_uifer, Tutuila. American Samoa.
 Figure 2.   A  srr.all  accumulation  of  leachate and surface runoff
 fron municipal  solid-waste  landfill three-quarters of a mile south
 of Futiga,  Tutuila.  American Samoa.
                                    20

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                                                      APPENDIX A

Figure 3.  Surface Waste Impoundment, industrial fish cannery "slop"
- abandoned,  dry.  On i-iatautuloa Peninsula, 2SO feet above mean sea
level, 1.3 miles south of Futiga. Runoff and seepage is to ocean,
American Saaoa.
        .   Site, waste and position is same as for Figur
Tutuila, American Sanoa (industrial).
                                  21

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                                                      APPENDIX

Figure 5.  Pipe where industrial fish cannery  "slop" is drained
from truck tank to low-relief, shallow, natural surface waste  im-
poundment. On Tafuna-Leone Plain about 2 miles west southwest  of
Pago Pago Airport Terminal.
 Figure  6.   .-'ipe  outlet  into  the  large Industrial surface waste i.
 poundnervfc  of  figure  5.   Tutuila,  Anerican woin.oa.

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                                                      APPENDIX A
Figure 7.  Looking northeastward.   Vine-covered natural depression,
about 50 meters by 333 meters,  into which industrial fish cannery
"slop" is dumped.,  seasonally.  Position is same as for Figure 5.


      '*^^i^feoa^7fag^ iiPg*-^~ i ^;^^
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                                                       APPENDIX A
Figure 9.  ilunioipal waste oil pit in  solid  waste  land-fill  in
mango swamp, west side of Causeway r:oad,  about  230 meters south-
west of '.fell 17, south of Xwan.  It  is not a potential pollution
threat to ground-water quality.  acen-Iruk,

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                                                               APPENDIX  3
MtXOKANOUM rOHM Tl-i70C
       TRUST TERRITORY OF THE PACIFIC  ISLANDS     Office of  the Higli  Commissioner.
TO
              :  Acting Director, Office of Planning  &  Statistics  DATE:  Feb.  8, 1979
       FROM   :  Executive Officer, T.T. Environmental  Protection  Board
       SUBJECT: NPDES Permits Issued in the Trust Territory
         According to our records, the following NPDES .permits  have'been issued
         in the Trust Territory:
         NPDES Number

         TT0110035
         TT0020231

         TT0020273

         TT0020176

         TT0020001
         TT0020036
         TT0020044
         TT0020061
         TT0020052
         TT0020163
         TT0020134
         TT0020192
         TT0020095
         TT0020150
         TT0020141
         TT0020109
         TT0020087
         TT0020079
         TT0020125
         TT0020133
         TT0020117
                                             PROJECT

                      Kwajalein Missile  Range,  Domestic  Waste Discharges
                      Dillingham  Corp. of  Micronesia,  Asphaltic  Concrete
                        Batch  Facility,  Saipan
Wastev/at=r
                      ESA Hotel.  Discharge  of Treated  Domestic
                        from an Evaporation  Laqoon  into  Ghana rro Bay,  Yao
                      Van Camp Sea  Food  Co.,  Discharge into  Malakal  Harbor
                        Palau
                      Moen Wastewater  Facility
                      Ebeye llastewater Facility
                      Colonia I'lastewater Facility
                      Ko r o r Via s t ewa t e r Fa c i 1 i ty
                      Kolonia Wastev/ater Facility
                      Yap High School
                      Power Barge  Irripedar.ee  (G'lMI)
                      Tofol Wastewater Facility
                      Palau Mobil  Bulk Plant
                      Yap Mobil Bulk Plant
                      Truk Mobil  Bulk  Plant
                      Ponape Mobil  Bulk  Plant
                      Majuro Mobil  Bulk  Plant;
                      Ebeye Mobil  Bulk Plant
                      Saipan Mobil  Bulk  Plant
                      Tinian Mobil  Bulk  Plant
                      Rota" Mobil  Bui k  Plant
               _
         Nachsa Siren
        ( • r- f 1 ,-,.,.-   "•  f  •-•,•.• ->;- t',
        L/1 j 1' - C. 1 i  -, i , • j . v j... O! - :
                                 inoi,  i:^ -''-'".s l"7r', fro:-, offi-o o:' Jxec

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per Environmental
9 July 1979
                                              itv  la vi si on
2-r?D.ii3  I'lanc


A30020010
rafuna Waste  Water System
.-unerican  3ai.10a C-overnnient
A30020001
Jtulei Waste  '/ater Systen
American Sajioa C-overnr.ent
ASOQ0001 9
Star rCist  Samoa,  inc.
?ago ?a§o  (not at Tafuna ciiinp;
                       Van
                                      ,  _ncf
                       Pago  ?a^o  r.ot at Tafuna  dur,\pj

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U S  HjPA   3IA FdtHS - SiLllAL

TTPI and  American Samoa
                                                          APPENDIX  G
Koror ,  Palau

Koen,  IVuk

Tofol,  Kosrae

Tafunafou,  Tutuila
American. Sar.-.oa

F'utiga,  P-Lituila
American Samoa
Futiga,  Tutuila
Site  3,  Irnp't 1
American Sarr.oa
Section I

007517

007516

009671

007515


00751^4-


007513
                                                           Section  II
10M63
18^80
Futi.ja,  Tutvdl
'^•i-f-ir-  ^   T'-i--^r-l-
Ol.L/6  J ,  J-..J v /
Arnerica.n Samoa
Tafauanai
American 3am oa
007513
007502
13^179
                                      27

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U S  SPA  3IA FCUMS - SERIAL

TTPI and American Samoa
                                                        APPENDIX  G
Koror, Palau

Koen, Truk

Tofol, Kosrae

Tafunafou, Tutuila
American Samoa

Futiga, rutuila
American Saip.oa


Futiga, 'Putuila
Site 3, 1,-np't 1
American Samoa
Section I

00751?

007516

009671

007515


00751^


007513
                                                           ection II
18^163
124132

   1 SO
Futiga, Tutuila
Site 3, Ir.p't  2
A.7ierica.n  Samoa
Tafananai
(Faso Pa-o)
American oamoa
C0751;
007502
130-179
                                    27

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                                                           APPENDIX  D
                              RESUME

Name     :  Susan Pettv
Address  .  3E79 Wlnam Ave.
            Honolulu, Hawaii   96813
Telephone:  Home: 808-737-1.135   Office:
Birthdate:  February 21, 1951
              ffu8-948-7865
Education
\
Dates of attendance

Sept., 1976 - Aug.  1978

Sept.  , 1969 - June  1973
June  6,  1971  -
   July  30, 1971

Dec.,  1971  -  June  1972
.Employment  History

Dates  of  employment

Dec.,  1977  -  Aug., 1978



Sept.,  1977 - Nov., 1977
    Institution

University of Hawaii

Princeton University
Princeton, New Jersey

Yellowstone Bighorn Research'
Association - Field Camp

West Indies Laboratory
Fairleigh Dickinson U.
St. Croix, U.S.V.I.
   Employer

University of Hawaii
Water Resources
Research Center

University of Hawaii
Hawaii Institute of
Geophysics
 Sept.,  1976 - Aug., 1977   University of Hawaii
 Jan.  27,  1974 -
    Jan.  27,  1975
 August,  1974 -
    Jan.  1975

 August,  1973 -
    August, 1974
 May 22 - July 30, 1973
 Nov.,  1970 - May, 1973
Delaware Geological Survey
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware

Self-omployed
Environmental Concern, Inc.
St. Michaels, Maryland
 Princeton University  and
 The  National  Endowment  for
 the  Humanties

 Department  of Geology
 Princeton University
 Princeton,  New Jersey
Degree attained

MS (expected 1978)

BS Geology, 1973
                                  Position
Research Assistant
Research Assistant
Teaching Assistant

Lead Project
Geologist
 Shoreline  Erosion
 Consultant

 Geological
 Consultant on
 shoreline  erosion

 Research Associate
                                                           Research Assistant
                                       23

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Research and Publications

Nov., 1970 - Dec., 1971,  'Hydrology and Geochemistry of the New Jersey
     Pine Barrens', presented at 1972 meeting of the Geological Society
     of America, Washington, D.C., by H, M. Kelsey and D.J.J. Kinsman.
     Included calculations of hydrologic budget for several basins in
     the N.J. Pine Barrens using both standard techniques and mass
     balancing of ionic concentrations.

Dec., 1971 - Sept., 1972,  "The role of melobesinoid algae in the
     production of high magnesian calcite  fine fraction of sediments
     in St. Croix, U.S.V.I.  Two unpublished Junior Papers, Princeton
     University.

Sept., 1972 - June 1973,  'The Hydrology and Sedimentary History of the
     Rock Ridge Lake Drainage Basin, Denville, New Jersey,1
     Unpublished Senior Thesis, Princeton  University.

J.  C. Ogden, Editor, An Ecological Study of Tague Bay Reef, St. Croix,
     U.S.V.I., Publication of the West  Indies Laboratory, No. 1, 1972.

G.  R. Petty, and Susan Petty, "The Site of the Battle of Maiden:  A
     study using geological methods.',  Spaeculum:  The Journal of the
     Medieval Historical  Society, Sept., 1976.

Susan Petty,  'A Mathematical Model of Clogging in Waste Water Injection
     Wells.'  Masters Thesis, University of Hawaii, 1978.

Awards

Cum Laude graduate, Princeton, 1973

Tony Conway Memorial Fellowship  for Undergraduate Research
     June,1971  and June,  1973

Special  Skills  and Qualifications

Certified SCUBA  diver.

Skilled  in  all  phases of  water quality  analysis, including use of
     atomic  absorption  spectrometer.

Familiar with  standard methods of soil  analysis.

Fluent  in German.

Familiar with  several computer prograrraning languages  and  their
     applications  including  Fortran  IV,  PL-1, and COBOL.
                                     29

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                                                      AxTJil'i.LIJLA.  i!i

                          APPENDIX

                   SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY


Piper, A. M.,  "Water resources  of  Guam  and  Water  Resources  of Islands
   of the Western  Pacific,"  J.  3.  G.  3.  Unpublished Manuscript,
Bentley, B. G.,  "Ground-Water Resources  of American  Samoa  with
   Emphasis on  the Tafuna-Leone  Plain, Tutuila  Island,"  U.  S. Geo-
   logical Survey Water-Resource Investigations 29-75, 1975.

Davis, Daniel,  "Ground-Water Reconnaissance  of  American  Samoa,"  U.  3,
   Geological Survey  Water-Supply Paper  J.608-C.

Geraghty and Miller,  Incorporated,  "Surface  Impoundments and their
   Effects on Ground-Water  Duality in  the United States  —  A Pre-
   liminary Survey,"  EPA  570/9-73-005, 1973.

LeGrand, H. E. ,  "Monitoring the  Changes  in Duality of Ground Water,"
   Ground Water. Vol.  6,  No. 3,  pp 1>-13, 1963.
Silka, Lyle R., and Ted L.  Swearingen,  "A Manual for Evaluating  Con-
   tamination  Potential of  Surface  Impoundments," U. S. EPA  570/9-
   73-003, 1973.

Todd, D. X. , R. M. Tinlin,  K, D. Schmidt, and L. G. Everett,  "Moni-
   toring Ground/water  Duality: Monitoring Methodology, " U. S. EPA,
   Report No.  EPA-600/^-7o-026, Las  Vegas, Nevada, 154 pp, June  1976.

U. S, Army, Far Eastern Command, "Caroline Islands - Geology-Palau
   Islands," U. S. G.  S. Library, Reston, 203.5 (9^0)  fJn 3  nip..

U. S. Army, Far Eastern Command, "Mariana Islands - Geology - Tinian, "
   U. S. G. S. Library, Reston, 203.5  O^l f'Un 3nit,
U. S. Army, Far Eastern Command, "Mariana Islands  - Geology  - Saimn, "
   U. S. G, S. Library, rteston,  203.5  (9^0) fun 3ms.

U, S. Army, Far Eastern Commands,  "Truk Islands - Geology," U.  S.  G.
   S. Library, Reston, 203.5  (9^0j fUn 33.

U. S. Army, Far Eastern Commands,  "Caroline Islands - Geology  - Yap
   Islands," U. S. G. 3. Library, Reston, 203.5 (9^-0) fUn 3my.

van der Brug, 0., "Trust Territory of  the Pacific Islands Water Sup-
   ply," U. 3. G. S. Library, Reston (200; Un 3wt.

Wentworth. Chester K. , "Oceania-Geology',' U. 3. G. S, Library,  Reston,
   S (950) B46 v. 9 no. 15.

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                                                            / "7  02-?, J^-u   7f
                          STANDARDS OF V.'AT~R QUALITY
                            FOR Tin-: V.'ATEHG OF THE
                    TRUST TERRITORY OF THE PACIFIC  ISLANDS

                               (Release No. 17-73)
PART 1           GENERAL PROVISIONS

     1.1;        Under and by virtue of the provisions of Public  Lav
l)C-78 (6'7TC:>0 et seq. ) of the Trust Territory, these Regulations  and
any furtr•r Amendments, and any other applicable laws, the following
V/ater Qualit  Standards are hereby promulgated:

PART 2          POLICY

     2.1.        It is the policy of the Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands that:
(a)    All sevage and all vastes prior to discharge vlll receive the best
practicable treatment of control unless it can be demonstrated that a
lesser de'gre-:  of treatment or control vill orovide water quality ccru~en-
surate vith t!.-- uses of waters of the Territory, and
f\. ^    TI_^	  ..-	.. _ _..-•_ J. .•	1 J i _ _ .• _ 1	I. j.	 j 1	^.1	X _ T_ 1 J _ 1	J
standards  as of the date on vhich such standards become effective  vill
be maintained  at their existing high qualify.  These and other vate-rs of
the Territory  vill not be levered in quality unless and until it has been
affirmatively  demonstrated to the Environmental Protection Board or its
designee,  and  the Administrator of the Environmental Protection  Acency  that
such change is justifiable as a result of necessary economic  or  social
development and vill not interfere vith or beeone injurious to any  assigned
uses made  of,  or presently possible,  in such vaters.  Any industrial, public
or private project or development vhich vould constitute a nev source of
•icllution  or an increased source of pollution to high quality vaters vill  be
required,  as part of the initial project design, to provide the  highest  and
best degree of waste treatment available under existing technology.
(c)'    No  direct discharges of sewage or other vacr.ec frora other than natural
causes,  treated or untreated, irill be pennitted into fresh surface  vaters,
or fresh ground vaters of the Territory.
(
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(b)   "QIT-shorc waters  neons  nil coastal waters beyond the Units
dc*  icd  for "near-chore waters".           "~  •                                 -J ' •/
(c)   "Coastal voters" includes "near-shore Waters", "off-shore waters",
U.1C  those brnckish,  fresh  and  salt waters that ore subject to the ebb
i_nc.  How of the tide.
(d)   "Best practicable treatment  or control" is defined herein as
not  less than:  (1)  Treatment  in  accordance with national guidelines
for  discharge into off-shore waters - provided evaluation of water
current  patterns demonstrates  the  effluent will not be brought back
to the teach or near-shore waters;  (2) Secondary treatment for
discharge, into "near-shore waters" provided that such discharge will
not  be r.ale in areas which arc  primary contact waters for recreational
purposes or will not be r.ade into  areas of un'ioue value into which it
has  beer, determined  no waste water .effluent is acceptable;  (-3) Disin-
fection  comr.inuter — acceptable  only en emergency basis (period 3-6
months)  with .special approval  of  the Director of Health Services or the
Chairman of the Environmental  Protection Board.
(e)      "I-'c-ccivir.s water"  is that  stream, aquifer, or body of water
rece':"in^ a discharge in any physical form.
(f)      "jtandards of V/ater Quality" is herein defined to be synonymous
vith t.ie meaning of  "water quality criteria" as defined in the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.
(g)      "Primary contact waters for recreational purposes" are those
waters where such activities as swimming, wading, water skiing, surfing,
and  other activities occur and  in  which there is prolonged and intimate
contact  vith the water involving  considerable risk of ingesting water
in quantities sufficient to pose  a significant health hazard.

PART 4         CLASSIFICATION

              The following water classifications, according to
recognized beneficial uses, are hereby designated (order of listing
is .not intended to "imply relative  rank of importance):

     h.l      Public or Domestic  Water Supply
     ^4.2      Industrial  Water Supply
     h . 3      Agricultural Water  Supply
     lj.li      Propagation of Fish and Other Aquatic Life and Wildlife
     h . 3      Special classes  -  (a) V/aters reserved for conservation
              of native marine biota; (b) Shellfish propagation;
              (c)   Commercial  and sports fishing;  (d)  Esthetic
              enjoyment;   (e)   Recreation;  (f)  Special Class -
              Primary Water Contact
     14.6      Navigation, including harbors, small boat harbors,
              marinas and waters  adjacent to piers .and docks.
                                2 of 10

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'PART 5       STANDARDS  FOR WATER QUALITY

      5.1    The  following shall apply to all vaters of the Trust
 Terr.tory  at all  tines:

 (a)   free  from visible floating materials, oils, grease, scum, foam.
 and other  floating natter  attributable to sewage, industrial wastes, or
 Other wastes.
 (b)   Free  frcn natcriols  attributable to sewage, industrial wastes, or
 other w^st-c-s that will  produce  visible turbidity or nettle to form deposits.
 (c)   Free  from materials  attributable to sewage, industrial wastes or
 other wastes that will  produce  color,  odor, or taste, either of itself or
 in combination, or in the  biota.
 (d)   Free  from substances and  conditions or combination thereof attributable
 to scvape,  industrial wastes,  or other wastes that will induce undesirable
 aquatic  life.
 (e)   Free  from substances and  conditions or combinations thereof attributable
 to sew.-i-;e ,  industrial wastes,  or other wastes toxic or irritant to numans ,
 animal.;, points and  aquatic life.
 In addition to the above "Five  Freedoms", the following criteria shall also
 apply at all times to vaters for each  of the following classifications:

 PART 6       PUBLIC  OR  DOMESTIC WATER  SUPPLY

      6.1    There shall be no  discharge of sewage, industrial wastes, or
 other wastes into waters designated for public or domestic water supply.
 To the  extent that such discharges  are nov occurrii:g and suuh discharges
 i'ct.\.-u su:-Tw waters, fecal coin'oms  snail not exceed an arithmetic mean
 of 20/100  ~1 in any  thirty—day  period.  Fresh ground vaters designated for
 public.-  or  domestic v«?.ter supply shall  be protected and preserved so that  they
 vill meet  PHS Drinking  Water Standards.

      6,2    Treated surface vaters used for public or domestic water
 supply  shall _-.eet the recommendations  of the Public Health Service Drinking
 •Water Standards .

      6.3    Temperature from other than natural causes shall not exceed
 85° F,  and  there  shall  not be more  than 5°F increase nor more than a 1.0°P
 hourly   temperature  variation due to thermal discharges or reservoir
 manipulation.

      6.1j    Ammonia nitrogen  shall be less than 0.01 ir.g/1 as N.

      6.5    Dissolved  oxygen  in surface vat err. shall not be reduced from
 natural  conditions.

      6.6    pH shall be within 0.1 pH units of that natural to the water.

      6.7    Total phosphorus  in surface waters shall be less than 0.025
 ir-G/1.

      6.8    Carbon  chloroform  extract shall be less than 0.025 rr.
                                     3 of 10

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     6.9     Mcthylcnc  blue active substances shall be virtually absent.

     6.10    Pesticides,  herbicides, and phenols shall be absent.

PART 7        RECREATION

     7-1     The  fecal  coliforn limit in primary contact vnters shall not
exceed  a log mean of 200/100 nl nor exceed ^00/100 ml in core than 10
percent of  samples during any thirty-day period.

     7.2     The  pH ranee shall be 7.0 to 8.3.

     7-3     Visibility shall not be reduced by more than 10 percent of
natural values  as measured by Secchi disc.

     7-'»     Temperature  shall not exceed'85"°^ due to influence of other
than nvturr.l conditions.

PART 8        PROPAGATION  OF FISH AND OTHER AQUATIC LIFE

     8.1.    Temperature  shall not deviate from natural conditions by
more than 1.5°F,  nor hourly deviate by more than 1.0°F.

     8.2     Dissolved  oxygen shall be greater  than 6.0 mg/1 unless reduced
by natural  caujes.

     8.3     pH shall be  vithin 0.1 pH unit of  the natural value.

     8.^4     In shellfish areas, colifom concentrations shall comply vith
Public  Health Service Shellfish Standards in its latest revision.

     8.5     The  naturally occurring ratio of the concentrations of
nitrogen to phosphorus  vill.be maintained in all waters.

PART 9        NAVIGATION

     9.1     pH shall not be less than 7.0 nor  more than 8.5 nor shall the
influence of these -waters, where they connect vith waters of other uses,
cause a change  in the natural pK of more than 0.1 pH unit.

     9.2     The  free C02 shall not exceed 20 mg/1 except where due to
natural causes.

PART 10      ADDITIONAL RKQUIREI-fK.'-.'TS

     10.1    In multiple-classification areas or where different values
for the same parameter  are involved, the most stringent criterion will
apply.
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      10.2   DO shall  not be  lees  than 6 r.g/1 in all saline surface
vatcrs frc3 other than natural  causes.

      10.3   Fecal coliforn limits shall not exceed 2000/100 nl at any
time or at any place.

      10.I*   The concentration  of  radioactivity shall not:   (a) exceed
1/30 of the HPC (Maxir.un Permissible  Concentration  in vater) values given
for continuous occupational exposure  in the  National Bureau of Standards
Handbook No. c9 as revised;
(b)   exceed the current Public Health Service' Drinking  Water Standards
for waters used for public or domestic supplies;
(c)   result in accumulations of radioactivity in edible  plants and
anima.'ls that present a hazard to consumers;
(d)   be harmful to aquatic life.

             Since human exposure  to  any ionizing radiation  is  undesirable
the con;c-i'.ration of radioactivity in natural waters  will be maintained at
the lov est practicable level.

PART 11      WATER USES - IDENTIFICATION OF  WATER FOR BENEFICIAL USES

      11.1   Fresh Water. The topography and geology  of the  six admin-
istrative cisficts in the Trust Territory vary.  The  "lov  islands"  of
Majuro are cciv:osed of lev, sandy  platforms.   Saipan  is basically limestone
and lov sandy areas;  Truk , Pcr.ape, Palau ar.d Yap   are of volcanic origin.
in the " ' rw islands" of Majuro,  iaipan,  and  similar  areas there are  no
rivers.  Ku. in fall readily percolates  through the porous coraline limestone
formations to form fresh water  lenses -  the  major sources of vater supply
for these islands.  On the high  volcanic  islands in  Pcnape,  Truk,  Palau
and Yap the soils are impermeable,  resulting in  numerous  rivers, streams
and 'a natural lake in Palau.  Water supplies  are obtained from  these streams
or springs.

             Realizing the expanding  need for fresh,  palatable  vater,  and
the unique vater sources for  the various  islands, it  is necessary  to
classify all fresh surface and  ground waters  for public and  domestic vater
supply purposes, propagation  of  fish  and aquatic life, esthetic enjoyment
and recreation.   Other beneficial  uses  for these waters are  industrial and
agricultural vater supplies.

      11.2   Ncar-.-.hore '.vaters .  All  near-shore  waters shall be protected
for-industrial vater cunv.iies •,  propagation of. fish  and other aquatic life
(including waters  reserved for  conservation  of native i:;-irine biota,  shell-
fish propagation,  ar.xi cornercial a:;d  sport fishing),  esthetic  enjoynent and
recreation.  Unless otherwise specified,  the  following m-ar-shorc waters
shaJl be protected for navigation  (seafaring  vessels  and  small  craft), in
addition to uses listed above.   Malakal  Harbor (PaJ.au) Toi::il Harbor (Yap),
                                   5 of 10

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Tana- -ig Harbor  (S-iipan),  Oror  en  t.'cvacho Harbor (Tr\ik), Tonupe Harbor
(Por.-:nc), and Mujuro  Harbor,  ir_T.edi atcly adjacent to the dock.   (Refer
to r'lgurcs A, B,  C, D,  E  and  F respectively).  All other waters  in,  around,
and adjacent to dockland piers not  listed above, shall be protected  for
saall boats navigation.

             To the extent that nost of the lagoons in the district  centers
arc highly polluted,  fishing,  wading or swimming in vaters reserved  for
recreation and  also known to  be polluted shall be prohibited until such
time that they  have been  brought  in  compliance with quality standards.  All
possible efforts  shall  be made via news media "and other means to inform the
people of the condition of these  waters.

      11.3   Off-shore  Vnters. In recocnition of the multiple uses
 (industrial water supply, propagation of fish and other aquatic  life
and vi " dl; f e , esthetic  enjoyment , recreation, ar.d navigation) made of
off-sr.f-e vaters, the risks of occasional ingestion by humar.s , and need
for protection  to the maximum extent feasible for all uses, the most
string-:-_.t standards of  those  previously described shall apply to these
vaters .

      11, i)   Waters for Other Purposes.  For precautionary measures  against
accidental ingestion  of pathogens or chemicals attributed to sewage  discharge,
fishing, or swizm-Jr.g  within close proximity of any sewage outfall inside  a
lagoon or inner reef  is prohibited.
 P/uVT  i£       A PIJUV  .'•'UK l-J-'Lhl-LKriT.-Yi'lO'I AND ENFOBC~v-;;:T 0? WATER QUALITY
              STANDARDS

      12.1    Existir."  V/aste  Water Disch-'.rre.  Discharge of raw sewage
 orginating  from housing,  hospitals and oz':i^r institutions into the lagoons
 is co.-.rr.on throughout the  Trust  Territory.  A pollution abatement inventory
 (Table 1") contains  a list of sources of these discharges, types of was^e,
 present treatment,  if  any, and  additional treatment needed, the date when
 additional  treatment is required to bring the vacte discharge in compliance
 with  applicable vater  quality standards.  Any nev treatment facility shall
 provide for not less than best  practicable treatment or control consistent
 with  the policies as herein  provided.

      12.2    So otic  Tar.ks, Cgp-r.-.^ools  and Privies.  Regulations for
 location and construction of these facilities are being promulgated.

      12.3    V.Vint r  fro™. Vf;?se.1r. snd M?.rin:-3.  Hegulr-tions for control
 of vaste din charges  from  co."'jrerci al ai:d private vessel;.; and from naval
 and other military vessels will be promul gated by V.ic- Trust Territory
 Knvircnmcntal  Protection  Board  and enacted before Fiscal Year ending 1973-
 These regulations will be based on no di scharr.e within the territorial
 rcqui rencntc .
                                       6  of 10

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      12. b       Kronen  nrul Cth~r Surf-ico  Pr'ni .".".^e .  Erosion  could
be c. neriouc problem  in th-j  "jiij-.h" isl^-r.ds r^i(-  to  volcanic  nature of
the .oil and the ru^cd tomograph.  The problem ir> compounded by drair.nge
frcr. construction  cites.  There in no program  for  control of  erosion.
Durii./', heavy rainfalls, considerable damage  could  be  inflicted on reefs,.
lagoons and cstuarinc  biota.

                 The  Board will coordinate yith the Land Conservation
Division vithin the Department of Resources  and the Department of Public
Works, to develop  a program  and adopt reflations  before Fiscal Year
ending 1973 to prevent erosion.

      12.5       Nutrients.  Problems associated with nutrients in the
lagoons have not been  observed.  The fact that  the necessary  conditions
for algae ^rovth (sunlight,  relatively constant  temperatures,  and shallov
lagoons) exist year-round in the Territory,  an  introduction of a sufficient
amount of nutrients into these lagoons could induce cutrophic  conditions.
With proper locations  of sewer outfalls supported  by  scientific study,
i.e., curr-nt, depth,  and vind data, this problem  could be prevented or
minimized.

      12.6       Pesticides  and Herbicides. Regulations for the controlled
use of pesticides  and  herbicides is partially  covered under Public Health
Regulation Chapter lit.  Necessary amendments vill  be made as  needed.

      12.7       Pollution from Diffused Sources.  Goon after  a sever
system has  been put in operation in the District, Centers , a sanitary
survey program of  all  diffused sources or polJ.ut:cn or contamination vill
be initiated to identify' each source of pollution, end its control.
This program '-rill  continue as long as any such  pollution or contamination
is knovn to exist.

PART 13          WATER MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM

      13-1        The Water Quality Surveillance Program for the Territory
vil] consist of periodic inspections of treatment  plants, monitoring and
sampling both surface and near-shore vaters and investigations  in response
to complaints.   The Chief, Division of Environmental  Health vithin the
Department  of ?:ealth Services, shall be responsible for administration
of this program for the ZPB.   The division shall establish cooperative
support frou ether  departments and agencies, both  local and Federal, to
assist in performing these activities.

      13-2        Monitoring pro-ram-; shr-.ll include "bacteriological,
chemical, physical, and biological exami:r_tio:i£ .   Laboratory  cxp.nir.atlens
of these  parameters shall  be  required in all areas of v?.ste discharges
or outfalls  to  assure  compliance with the standards.  Each  sewage treatmer.t
                                     7 of 10

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be raaae to coordinate sampling and handling procedures ,  analytical tech-
niques, and reporting.   The Environmental Protection Board staff shall
be responsible  for training of district staff on these procedures and
evaluations of  performance.
                                 8 of

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                                                                  TRUST  TERRITORY
                                                                    PACIFIC  ISLANDS

                                                                MARIANA, CAROLINE AND MARSHALL  ISLANDS
                                                                   TOTAL ISLAND POPULATION ______ 80,980
                                                                   97 INHABITED ATOLLS  AND SEPARATE ISLANDS
                                                                   OCEAN AREA APPROX 3,000.000 SQ. MILES
                                                                   LAND AREA _____________ 700 SQ MILES
                                                                      MA_F(SHflLL ISL ANDS PIS TRICT
                                                                      POJ'ui. f.T tow . . . .	t . . , i 5, riO
                                                                                          AILUK ATOLL  MfJlT
                                                                                     WOT HO ATOLL '  ~ "  A1OLI.)
                                                                                            ' .UKICP ATOLt.  |
                                                                                                'O'JE Mi

                           K-CAFERUT I    |    ^            I    PONflPE DISTRICT     ^          njftF    '  -KWA.JALEIN ;'    "l
                          „««,„„.„  :   N;"T""au..,j -^o^7^-;_'i-   ^        —   .l,ul^:o«"".;.v-  I
                          — ---^:r°' ,ul4P;>r—  : 4Rf" ..... -— '     ^vV-— 'll 1»-s«lVVJ:.»,l---
                       .OUt., .TOIL  L.MOTPf. ..OU PUI „«„.,„„ ...,«.J« .TOLL '    OBOIUK,            ^-*^        .,t ,»C " P.^O   VJ,, «»';0
                      ,r»,,K .rouELl"° "°LL "'  ^    «Uor,,0LL   N^. . ! ~ W-. - .P,,;N_® ^- —^  ________ 1^. „, „, ____ *l°^_[ _______ ^1?."'0>
1   CAURIPIM
c \ A no
                                                L05AP *

                                                 )  $(
                                                 .
                                                   Sft' AW6N ATOLL

                                        EA  IEBN   ICAflOL
 PAL flu DISTRICT

iRE «	.79 55 Sq Ml
I
I    TRUK PIS TR1CT
I  COPULATION ^__ . . 22,56-1
i  AREA .	. . . < 3  74 So
I
                                                     ----- — -------- - „, ;iv
                                                        M AJURO AT ni_l I

                                                         r. JALUIT   O.
                                                                                                    (

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                             T :-:AP   2
       SUHFACii' LiTGLiMU; iSfP ASS^'SoMiSKT
                      IN
       AN  SA;;OA,  TIM NOitTiii'iw MARIANAS AND
THE T^LFoT muIfGUY  Of' rifh,' PACIFIC I3LANJ3

          Project No.:  VfA 79-AI.^
          Uontract No.  68-01-5152

             ilfAFT FINAL UJJKWT
               uii;ci';,-i B^(  1979

      GROUND WATiil PIWT^OTIOIF BLlANCH
         OFFICE OF miNXi;-;G \n\TAi
  a.  s.  ^vitiu^'iju'-rAL  Pi^orFcrioN  AGENCY
                                                                                              1CPA UNIT SIA I1AP
'ERAL  HIGHWAY   SYSTEM    MAP
i  FOR   THE    ISLAND   OF


AMERICAN    SAMOA
     PREPARED   BY   THE

'ERNMENT  CF   AMERICAN  SAMOA
PARTMENT   OF   PUBLIC  WORKS
   HIGHWAY    BRANCH
  IN  COOPEflAI ON  WITH THE
 FEDERAL HiGHWflf  AI
LEGEND
                                                                                         MANU'A   GROUP

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                                                                                iiPA  SIA  UNIT r;AP  12
oA'iCA    ri-LJ MiKTIit^M MAillAVAS
.Project i\o.i  i'.'A 79-A13'-
Contract -o.  68-C1.~51S2
           SQJER LINE
     FIGURE IV -23
EXISTING  SEWER SYSTEA\
        TOFOL
     KOSRAE DISTRICT

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liPA  SIA  UNIT MAP

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                                                                                   iiPA SIA UNIT /;AP 12
                              12
   o.VlCA,   rill: MiAlTm^H ;-:AiUA'[;»a AND
   Project i,:o, ;  V.'A 79-Ai5'i
   CorrV-act -o.  6Q-C1 ~5152

       J.iAliT FirUL H^Utf
G;f.Cl.!;v.'.0 V'AT.^ rivU'JC'i'.'IO:!  ffiA:-1^!
   o/yic., or j,(i,-:.;T::G ^AT.VI
     /• / X- • \\  •'—J-sis—;^       v
'^^>A^- F LT J     -
  ^^X^A^ Y;I 'tn trij-rrirrrrrrr^—>. f-r
_x¥Ov.v!lifT~^l  ]     rTn
              SEWER LIME
                                                      FIGURE IV -23

                                                 EXISTING  SEV^ER  SYSTEA\

                                                         TOFOL

                                                      KOSRAE DISTRICT
                                                 (r'ro-, ,.>..;n!i..'.-i r--n;

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AXLLtlCA!!

                       H^PO.IT MAP   13
        oAi'.CA,   DL]  liJ.lTil^lN  MAIUAIIAG  AND
          r.i:a.;iTOrtY o/ i'ihj PAcr^iG  i.ii.A;-:j.i
        Project ilo.:  '.,'A  79-A15-+
        Cor. tract No.  68-01-5152
                                                                               \\

                                                                      AIRCRAFT  PARKING APRON
                                     COMfLEX  AREA

                                      (OFT^^UMITS)
U.  3.
                                                                                                        SIA LliUr I1AF
                                                                                                                KWAJALKIf!
   DENTAL CLINIC/BEAUTY SHOP
   YOKWE  YUK  CLUB


   YOKWE  YUK  TENNIS COURTS

   BARBER SHOP (IN SANDS EO )

  YOKWE  YUK  THEATER

  11 TEM - TEN " STORE

  HOSPITAL
  OCEAN VIEW  CLUB
  MACY'S  (RETAIL STORE)
  • POST OFFICE
  ••SNACK BAR
  • MNK OF  HAWAII

-LAUNDRY /  DRY CLEANING

 LAUNDERETTE
 •SPECIAL SERVICES
 • LIBRARY • BOWLING ALLEY
 • RECREATION  GEAR LOCKER
 BACHELORS'  SWIMMING POOL
 DALLY TENNIS COURTS

 DALLY SOFTBALL  FIELD
 ARTS  and CRAFTS  CENTER
 HANDBALL  COURTS
•BRANDON  SOFTBALL FIELD
 BASKETBALL/VOLLEYBALL CTS.
 POLICE  STATION

 RICHARDSON  OUTDOOR THEATER
 ISLAND  MEMORIAL  CHAPEL


 KWAJ  LODGE
                                                                                                              AIR  TERMINAL and
                                                                                                              KMR HEADQUARTERS


                                                                                                              TO  GOLF CLUBHOUSE
                                                                                                              and  GOLF COURSF

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                                                                                                        SIA  UNIT HAP 13
        Project  \io.s  '-/A  79-A15U
        UonU-aoi N'o.  60-01-5152
                                                                         AIRCRAFT  PARKING APRON
u.
                                                                                                               KVAJAL^IN
 DENTAL CLINIC/BEAUTY SHOP
 YOKWE YUK CLUB


 YOKWE YUK TENNIS COURTS

 BARBER SHOP (IN SANDS BO)

 YOKWE YUK THEATER


 " TEN - TEN " STORE

 HOSPITAL
 OCEAN VIEW CLUB
 MACY'S (RETAIL STORE)
 •POST OFFICE
 •SNACK BAR
 •BANK OF HAWAII

 LAUNDRY / DRY CLEANING

 LAUNDERETTE
 SPECIAL  SERVICES
 •LIBRARY "BOWLING ALLEY
 • RECREATION  GEAR  LOCKER
 BACHELORS' SWIMMING POOL

 DALLY  TENNIS COURTS

 DALLY SOFTBALL FIELD
ARTS ond CRAFTS CENTER
HANDBALL  COURTS
BRANDON SOFTBALL FIELD
BASKETBALL/VOLLEYBALL  CTS.
POLICE STATION

RICHARDSON OUTDOOR THEATER

ISLAND  MEMORIAL  CHAPEL


KWAJ  LODGE
                                                                                                                AIR  TERMINAL  and
                                                                                                                KMR HEADQUARTERS
                                                                                                                TO GOLF CLUBHOUSE
                                                                                                                ond  GOLF COURSF

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