United States
Environmental Protection
oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Health Effects Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park
North Carolina 27711
EPA-600/1-80-002
ORNL
Oak Ridge
National
Laboratory
Operated by
Union Carbide Corporation for the
Department of Energy
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
ORNL/EIS-142/R1
Levels of Chemical
Contaminants in
Nonoccupationally
Exposed U.S.
Residents
-------
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS RE-
SEARCH series. This series describes projects and studies relating to the toler-
ances of man for unhealthful substances or conditions. This work is generally
assessed from a medical viewpoint, including physiological or psychological
studies. In addition to toxicology and other medical specialities, study areas in-
clude biomedical instrumentation and health research techniques utilizing ani-
mals — but always with intended application to human health measures.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
-------
ORNL/EIS-142/R1
EPA-600/1-80-002
LEVELS OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN
NONOCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED U.S. RESIDENTS
by
James W. Holleman and Anna S. Hammons
Information Center Complex/Information Division
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
operated by
UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION
for the
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
Contract No. W-7405-eng-26
Interagency Agreement No. EPA-78-D-X0205
Project Officer
Donald G. Gillette
Population Studies Division
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
May 1980
Prepared for
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency
of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor
any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, contractors, subcontractors,
or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, nor assumes any
legal liability or responsibility for any third party's use or the results
of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in
this report, nor represents that its use by such third party would not in-
fringe privately owned rights.
This report has been reviewed by the Health Effects Research Labora-
tory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
ii
-------
FOREWORD
The many benefits of our modern, developing, industrial society are
accompanied by certain hazards. Careful assessment of the relative risk
of existing and new man-made environmental hazards is necessary for the
establishment of sound regulatory policy. These regulations serve to
enhance the quality of our environment in order to promote the public
health and welfare and the productive capacity of our nation's population.
The Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,
conducts a coordinated environmental health research program in toxicol-
ogy, epidemiology, and clinical studies using volunteer subjects. These
studies address problems in air pollution, nonionizing radiation, envi-
ronmental carcinogenesis, and the toxicology of pesticides as well as
other chemical pollutants. The Laboratory participates in the develop-
ment and revision of air quality criteria documents on pollutants for
which national ambient air quality standards exist or are proposed, pro-
vides the data for registration of new pesticides or proposed suspension
of those already in use, conducts research on hazardous and toxic mate-
rials, and is primarily responsible for providing the health basis for
nonionizing radiation standards. Direct support to the regulatory func-
tion of the Agency is provided in the form of expert testimony and prep-
aration of affidavits as well as expert advice to the Administrator to
assure the adequacy of health care and surveillance of persons having
suffered imminent and substantial endangerment of their health.
This report documents the chemical contaminants resulting from en-
vironmental pollutants and found in the tissue of nonoccupationally ex-
posed U.S. residents as cited in the literature for the past 30 years.
Researchers and others interested in this subject should find the tab-
ulated summaries and cited references very useful.
F. G. Hueter, Ph.D.
Director
Health Effects Research Laboratory
iii
-------
ABSTRACT
This report is a compilation of information on chemical contaminants
found in nonoccupationally exposed U.S. residents. Listed in tabular form
for each of approximately 100 elements or compounds are: the tissue the
compound was found in; the range and means or medians of concentrations
found; the number of cases; the analytical methods used for detection,
identification, and quantitation; the bibliographic reference; information
on the source and route of entry of the contaminant into the environment
and into man; epidemiological and demographical aspects; and other perti-
nent comments.
Sources of literature used in the survey cover a 30-year period, with
the bulk of the studies coming from the past 10 or 15 years. About 400
references are cited. Some substances that are not necessarily contami-
nants are included in the report for scientific interest and to establish
baselines.
IV
-------
CONTENTS
Foreword , ,.,..., iii
Abstract , . . . iv
Tables , vi
Sources of Data . , viii
Key to Analytical Terminology ix
Acknowledgements ».,.,.. x
Introduction , 1
References , , 236
-------
TABLES
1. Aldrin 3
2. Aluminum 4
3. Antimony 9
4. Arsenic 10
5. Asbestos, ferruginous bodies 12
6. Barium 13
7. a-Benzene hexachloride 17
8. 3-Benzene hexachloride 18
9. y-Benzene hexachloride (lindane) 20
10. A-Benzene hexachloride 22
11. Beryllium 23
12. Bismuth 25
13. Boron 27
14. Bromine 31
15. Cadmium 32
16. Cerium 40
17. Cesium 41
18. Chromium 42
19. Cobalt 47
20. Copper 52
21. p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl acetic acid 60
22. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane 61
23. o ,p' -Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene 64
24. p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene 65
25. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 73
26. 0,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 77
27. p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 79
28. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, total equivalent 83
29. Dieldrin 85
30. Diethylhexyl phthalate 90
31. Dysprosium 91
32. Erbium 92
33. Europium 93
34. Fluorine 94
35. Gadolinium 99
36. Gallium 100
37. Germanium 101
38. Gold 102
39. Hafnium 104
40. Heptachlor 105
41. Heptachlorepoxide 106
vl
-------
42. Hexachlorobenzene 109
43. Hexachlorophene 110
44. Holmium Ill
45. Indium 112
46. Iodine 113
47. Iridium 114
48. Kepone 115
49. Lanthanum 116
50. Lead 117
51. Lithium 134
52. Lutetium 135
53. Magnesium 136
54. Manganese 142
55. Mercury 149
56. Mirex 155
57- Molybdenum 156
58. Neodymium 161
59. Nickel 162
60. Niobium 167
61. trons-Nonachlor 168
62. Osmium 169
63. Oxychlordane 170
64. Palladium 171
65. Pentachlorophenol 172
66. Platinum 173
67. Polybrominated biphenyls 174
68. Polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated terphenyls . . . 175
69. Praseodymium 176
70. Rhenium 177
71. Rhodium 178
72. Rubidium 179
73. Ruthenium 180
74. Samarium 181
75. Scandium 182
76. Selenium 183
77. Silicon 186
78. Silver 187
79. Strontium 191
80. Tantalum 196
81. Tellurium 197
82. Terbium 199
83. Thallium 200
84. Thorium 201
85. Thulium 202
86. Tin 203
87. Titanium 209
88. Tungsten 213
89. Uranium 214
90. Vanadium 215
91. Volatile organic compounds 219
92. Ytterbium 221
93. Yttrium 222
94. Zinc 223
95. Zirconium 234
vii
-------
SOURCES OF DATA
Journals Manually Searched
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Archives of Environmental Health
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Drug Metabolism and Disposition
Environmental Health Perspectives
Environmental Research
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology
International Journal of Environmental Studies
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
Journal of Occupational Medicine
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Eealth
Pesticides Monitoring Journal
Toxicology
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry Reviews
Abstract Journals
Biological Abstracts
Chemical Abstracts
Excerpta Medica
Public Eealth
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Index Medicus
Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews
Computerized Data Files
DIALOG®
Food Science and Technology
Agricola
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux
Pollution Abstracts
Chemical Abstracts
Environline
MEDLINE
ORNL Data Base
Biological Abstracts/Bioresearch Index
TOXLINE
Other
Document collections of the Information Center Complex, Information
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences monographs
Reference document bibliographies
Trace Substances in Environmental Health, Vols. I-IX, proceedings
of annual conferences held at the University of Missouri
viii
-------
KEY TO ANALYTICAL TERMINOLOGY
AAS Atomic absorption spectrometry
ASV Anodic stripping voltammetry
C Colorimetry, spectrophotometry
CC Column chromatography
Ch Chemical
E Electrophoresis
ES Emission spectrometry
F Fluorometry
FP Flame photometry
GC Gas chromatography
GC-EC Gas chromatography, electron capture detection
GC/MS Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
H Histochemistry
IA Infrared analysis
IE Ion exchange
ISE Ion-specific electrode
M Microscopy
MS Mass spectrometry
NA Not applicable
NAA Neutron activation analysis
ND Not detected
NG Not given
NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance
R Radiometry
TLC Thin-layer chromatography
XRS X-ray spectroscopy
XRSCh X-ray spectrochemistry
IX
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to thank Donald G. Gillette, project officer, and
are grateful for the technical assistance provided by the staff of the
Health and Environmental Studies Program, the Environmental Mutagen
Information Center, the Toxicology Information Response Center, and the
Ecological Sciences Information Center of the Information Center Complex
(ICC), Information Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Appreciation
is also expressed to the Publications Office, ICC, for preparing the man-
uscript for publication. Assistance provided by the Administrative Office
of ICC is also gratefully acknowledged.
-------
INTRODUCTION
Preparation of this report was directed by the Health and Environ-
mental Studies Program, Information Center Complex, Information Division,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, for the Health Effects Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, as partial fulfillment of Interagency
Agreement DOE No. 40-673-78 and EPA No. 78-D-X0205 between the Department
of Energy and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The scope of this
report is designed to meet the obligation of the U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency as specified in Section 403c(l) of the Clean Air Act as
amended August 7, 1977. This section provides for the following:
(c)(1) Not later than twelve months after the date of
enactment of this Act the Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency shall publish throughout the United States
a list of all known chemical contaminants resulting from envi-
ronmental pollution which have been found in human tissue in-
cluding blood, urine, breast milk, and all other human tissue.
Such list shall be prepared for the United States and shall
indicate the approximate number of cases, the range of levels
found, and the mean levels found.
Work under this agreement will continue until a comprehensive final
report is prepared which will meet the additional requirements of Section
403c(2) :
(2) Not later than eighteen months after the date of
enactment of this Act the Administrator shall publish in the
same manner an explanation of what is known about the manner
in which the chemicals described in paragraph (1) entered the
environment and thereafter human tissue.
A preliminary report, of which this document is the final version,
was published in August 1978 to satisfy the requirements of Section 403
c(l). A companion report, Chemical Contaminants -in Nonoccupati-onally
Exposed U.S. Residents, ORNL/EIS-153, is being published to satisfy the
requirements of Section 403c(2).
Representative data on the human tissue levels of all chemicals con-
sidered pertinent to the intended scope of this report are included in the
subsequent tables. Demographic data or any other information considered
important for understanding the significance of the reported chemical
levels are also included. Chemical coverage reflects tissue levels re-
ported over the last 30 years, although imposed time constraints did not
allow documentation of every report. A list of the information resources
surveyed is provided at the end of this section and a reference list fol-
lowing the tables contains the sources used in the report.
Most available data result from specific surveys that determine the
tissue levels of chemicals perceived to be potential public health hazards
or from chemicals involved in incidents of gross accidental poisonings.
-------
Basic interests in the roles of trace elements and recognition of the need
to determine baseline levels of chemicals introduced into the environment
are additional factors which have motivated surveys -by individual investi-
gators. Thus, most data on chemicals in human tissues record: levels of
pesticides such as DDT and metabolites; levels of trace metals such as
lead, cadmium, and mercury; or levels of nutritionally essential elements
such as zinc, copper, manganese, and fluoride.
The considerable amount of data available on some essential elements,
such as iron and calcium, is not presented in this report because their
presence in the environment is generally not considered hazardous. Data
on several uncommon chemicals, such as indium and ytterbium, are included
basically as items of interest and to further document their presence in
healthy individuals. Baseline data were presented where available to pro-
vide perspective as to chemical levels which might be expected under con-
ditions where exposure could be considered normal or not directly related
to a pollutant source.
Approximately 400 cited surveys or investigations, most reported
within the past decade, are listed in the following tables. Ninety-five
different chemical contaminants, primarily trace metals and organochlorine
pesticides, were reported. It is estimated that over 75% of the data pub-
lished during the past 30 years on chemical contaminants derived from envi-
ronmental pollution and found in human tissue in the United States are
represented in this report. The post-World War II period covered in this
survey represents that period when the proliferation of new chemical sub-
stances emitted into the environment was increasing at an accelerated pace.
-------
Table I. Aldrin
Tissue
Number of
cases
Analytical
method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Adipose
Blood
Placenta
NG
NG
53 pairs GC
NG
53 pairs GC 0.2-0.7 ppb
62 GC, TLC 0.1-65.3 ppb
3.0-7.2 ppb
0.26 mg/kg
0.41 ppb
0.67 ppb
A. 77 ppb
Maternal blood, Louisiana
housewives
General population
Childbirth, Louisiana
housewives
Hunter, Robinson, and
Jager, 1967
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Selby, Newell,
Waggenspack, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
-------
Table 2. Aluminum
Tissue
Adrenal
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Bone
Brain
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Number of
cases
13
100
150
104
2
110
48
266
NG
NG
NG
NG
3
100
150
127
91
1
66
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
62-450 pg/g ash
0.94-51.0 micromoles/g
ash
0.76-5.2 mlcromoles/g
ash
11-140 ug/g ash
NG
18-150 ug/g ash
NG
0.040-0.045 ± 0.03
mg/100 ml
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.38-10.0 micromoles/g
ash
0.22-1.4 micromoles/g
ash
6-38 pg/g ash
13-94 pg/g ash
NG
25-180 yg/g ash
Mean level
180 ug/g ash (median)
NG
NG
29 pg/g ash (median)
6.0 ppm wet wt
47 pg/g ash (median)
0.0207 ± 0.0008 mg/100
ml
0.043 mg/100 ml
0.013 mg/100 g wet wt
0.5 mg/100 g wet wt
0.24 mg/100 g wet wt
0.004 mg/100 g wet wt
8.0 ppm wet wt
NG
NG
15 pg/g ash (median)
26 pg/g ash (median)
20.0 ppm wet wt
61 pg/g ash (median)
Comments
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
Organs from sudden accident
victims , normal
Normal individuals, Los
Angeles area
Patients, blood donors, and
normal individuals, Los
Angeles area, serum
Race and country information,
diet
Race and country information,
diet, long bone
Race and country information,
diet, rib bone
Race and country information,
diet
Organs from sudden accident
victims , normal
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
Organs from sudden accident
victims, normal
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Butt et al. , 1964
Butt et al., 1964
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 2. Aluminum (continued)
Tissue
Feces
Hair
Heart
Intestine
Cecum
Ileum
Duodenum
Jejunum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Number of
cases
2
99
18
2
NG
100
150
140
NG
6
31
82
NG
101
107
42
NG
100
150
NG
141
Analytical
method
ES
NAA
ES
MS, MS
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
NG
2.0-9.0 ppm
5.5 * 10~12 to
2.1 x 10-'% dry wt
3.7 and 4.6 yg/g dry wt
NG
0.87-20.0 micromoles/g
ash
0.37-2.0 micromoles/g
ash
10-70 ug/g ash
NG
0.0-20.0 ppm wet wt
24-780 yg/g ash
25-200 yg/g ash
18-260 yg/g ash
18-150 ug/g ash
23-340 pg/g ash
18-200 yg/g ash
NG
1.1-31.0 micromoles/g
ash
0.51-3.0 micromoles/g
ash
0-15+ mg/100 g dry wt
14-82 yg/g ash
Mean level Comments
17 ± 3 and 15 ± 2 mg/day Volunteers, balance studies
4.4 ppm Children and adults
NG White males , 15-70 years old
NG
0.056 mg/100 g wet wt Race and country information,
diet
NG
NG Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
20 yg/g ash (median)
0.087 mg/100 g wet wt Race and country information,
diet
8.0 ppm wet wt Sudden accident victims
130 yg/g ash (median)
86 pg/g ash (median)
43 yg/g ash (median)
37 yg/g ash (median)
107 yg/g ash (median)
72 yg/g ash (median)
0.042 mg/100 g wet wt Race and country information,
diet
NG
NG Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
NG
25 yg/g ash (median)
Reference
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Bate and Dyer, 1965
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 2. Aluminum (continued)
Number of
Tissue
cases
Larynx 50
Liver NG
3
100
150
10
NG
140
12
Lung NG
3
100
150
168
NG
141
141
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES, Ch
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
Range
6-51 yg/g ash
NG
0.0-12.0 ppm wet wt
1.3-18.0 micromoles/g
ash
0.62-4.4 micromoles/g
ash
NG
0-15+ mg/100 g dry
tissue
17-120 yg/g ash
NG
NG
6.0-180 ppm wet wt
49-330 micromoles/g ash
29-190 micromoles/g ash
NG
0-20+ mg/100 g dry wt
170->4000 yg/g ash
780->4000 ug/g ash
Mean level
14 vg/g ash (median)
0.16 mg/100 g wet wt
6.0 ppm wet wt
NG
NG
80.0 ± 65. 4 yg/g ash
NG
47 Ug/g ash (median)
0.69 ± 0.05 to 0.85 ±
0.3 ppm
5.94 mg/100 g wet wt
50.0 ppm wet wt
NG
NG
Min — 1700 yg, max —
80,000 yg, and retained
per year — 667 yg
NG
2500 yg/g ash
2000 yg/g ash (median)
Comments
Race and country information,
diet
Organs from sudden accident
victims, normal
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
Five white and five black
accident victims, long-term
St. Louis residents
Autopsies, low value for cir-
rhotic patients (alcoholics)
and high value for noncir-
rhotlc patients
Race and country information,
diet
Organs from suddent accident
victims, normal
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
Autopsy samples from 58 cities
and 29 nonurban areas
Autopsies, nine U.S. cities
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Perry et al. , 1973
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Vallee et al., 1957
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Schroeder, 1970Z>
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 2. Aluminum (continued)
Tissue
Muscle
Nails
Omen turn
Ovary
Pancreas
Prostate
Skin
Spleen
Stomach
Teeth
Number of
cases
NG
7
136
18
75
16
138
50
18
22
NG
3
100
150
143
NG
3
130
208
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
MS
Range
NG
0.0-12.0 ppm wet wt
6-77 pg/g ash
4.5 * 10'11 to 5.3 x
10~"% dry wt
68-1100 pg/g ash
12-150 ug/g ash
12-160 ug/g ash
12-220 ug/g ash
5.3 >: 10"11 to 4.5 *
10"9% dry wt
72-1200 ug/g ash
NG
0.0-8.0 ppm wet wt
0.95-18.0 micromoles/g
ash
0.36-4.4 micromoles/g
ash
10-120 pg/g ash
NG
7.0-40.0 ppm wet wt
16-110 pg/g ash
Mean level
0.015 mg/100 g wet wt
6.0 ppm wet wt
16 pg/g ash (median)
NG
180 pg/g ash (median)
36 ug/g ash (median)
27 Pg/g ash (median)
46 pg/g ash (median)
NG
260 pg/g ash (median)
0.13 mg/100 g wet wt
7.0 ppm wet wt
NG
NG
25 pg/g ash (median)
0.073 mg/100 g wet wt
18.0 ppm wet wt
35 pg/g ash (median)
Comments
Race and country information,
diet
Organs from sudden accident
victims, normal
White males, 15-70 years old
White males, 15-70 years old
Race and country information,
diet
Organs from sudden accident
victims, normal
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
Race and country information,
diet
Organs from sudden accident
victims, normal
Subjects less than 20 years
Reference
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Curzon and Losee, 1977
19.13 ± 3.48 ppm
8.34 ± 1.31 ppm
old, enamel:
high caries area, New
England
low caries area, South
Carolina
-------
Table 2. Aluminum (continued)
Tissue
Testis
Thyroid
Total body
content
Trachea
Urine
Uterus
Vena cava
Number of
cases
56
72
21
168
60
NG
2
32
1
Analytical
method
MS
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
1.5-54.0 yg/g
16-80 ug/g ash
35-240 yg/g ash
NG
12-890 yg/g ash
NG
NG
12-90 yg/g ash
NG
Mean level
14.0 ± 1.51 ug/g
30 ug/g ash (median)
85 yg/g ash (median)
61 mg
57 yg/g ash (median)
0.078 mg/liter
0.87 ± 0.07 and 0.72 ±
0.04 mg/day
36 yg/g ash (median)
8.0 ppm wet wt
Comments
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area
Autopsy samples from 58 cities
and 29 nonurban areas
Race and country information,
diet
Volunteers, balance studies
Organs from sudden accident
Reference
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, 1970fc
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
victims, normal
-------
Table 3. Antimony
Tissue
Blood
Brain
Hair
Heart
Kidney
Liver
Lung
Number of
cases
39
NG
NG
33
10
NG
NG
NG
NG
24
Analytical
method
XRS
NG
NG
NAA
NAA
NG
NG
NG
NG
NAA
Range
0.00-0.31 ppm
NG
NG
0.5-4.0 ppm
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
<0. 010-0. 87 yg/g wet wt
Mean level
NG
0.016 yg/ml
0.11 pg/g dry wt
1.5 ppm
0.061 ± 0.013 ppm
0.69 yg/g dry wt
0.09 yg/g dry wt
0.17 ug/g dry wt
0.19 yg/g dry wt
0.116 yg/g wet wt
Comments
Mean age 35.3 years, serum
Normal level
Normal level
Adults and children, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee
Homogenized hair
Normal level
Normal level
Normal level
Normal level
Some cases with lung cancer,
Reference
Gofman et al. , 1964
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Bate and Dyer, 1965
Obrusnik et al. , 1972
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Kennedy, 1966
Teeth
56
MS
0.02-0.34 yg/g dry wt
0.13 yg/g dry wt
some without
Less than 20-year-old teeth,
enamel
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
-------
Table 4. Arsenic
Tissue
Blood
Brain
Hair
Heart
Kidney
Liver
Placenta
Number of
cases
16
55
107
NG
NG
53
NG
160
872
43
168
NG
NG
NG
2
NG
NG
NG
58
Analytical
method
C
C
C
XRS
NG
NG
NG
AAS
AAS
Ch
C
AAS
AAS
NG
AAS, ES
NG
NC
NG
NG
Range
0.00-0.15 mg/100 g dry wt
! mg/100 g dry wt
Trace to 4.86 mg/100 g
dry wt
0.00-0.05 ppm
NG
10-360 ppb
NG
NG
0.25-0.88 ug/g
NG
20-100 ppm
0-4 ppm
NG
0.06 and 0.31 ug/g dry
wt
NG
NG t
NG
NG
Mean level
0.0529 mg/100 g dry wt
0.26 mg/100 g dry wt
NG
NG
0.03 ug/ml
32-251 ppb
0.016 ug/g dry wt
0.09 ug/g (mean), 0.08
(median)
2.60 (mean), 0.38
(median)
0.51 ug/g
0.4 ± 0.26 to 10.6 ± 7.0
ppm
50 ppm
3 ppm
0.65 ug/g dry wt
NA
0.027 ug/g dry wt
0.050 yg/g dry wt
0.057 ug/g dry wt
0.001 ± 0.000 ug/g wet
Comments
Normal children
Normal adults
Patients with suggestion of
chronic arsenic poisoning
Normal level
Six Oregon cities, correla-
tion of blood arsenic level
with arsenic levels in
drinking water
Normal level
Children in nonsmelter towns
Children in copper smelter
towns
Mean level range represents
five cities, fourth-grade
boys
Children living near smelter
Children 8 miles from smelter
Normal level
Normal level
Normal level
Normal level
Southern and southeastern
Reference
Cannon, 1936
Gofman et al. , 1964
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Whanger, Weswig, and
Stoner, 1977
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Baker et al., 1977
Baker et al. , 1977
Camp and Gant, 1949
Hammer, Finklea,
Hendricks, Shy, and
Morton, 1971
Milham and Strong, 1974
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Karp and Robertson, 1977
Skin
NG
wt
NG
High value - 5.22 mg/100 NG
g dry wt
city hospitals
Samples from patients exhib-
iting symptoms suggestive
of chronic arsenic poisoning
Cannon, 1936
-------
Table 4. Arsenic (continued)
_,. Number of
Tissue
cases
87
Urine 193
712
107
16
NG
28
NG
NG
Analytical
method
NAA
AAS
AAS
C
C
NAA
XRS
AAS
NG
0.01-3
0.05-2
NG
Range
. 50 yg/g dry wt
. 30 yg/g dry wt
Trace to 4.86 mg/100 g
dry wt
NG
NG
5-114
8-75.5
0.01-0
0.01-0
NG
yg/liter
yg/24 hr
.3 ppm
.05 ppm
Mean level
0.17 yg/g dry wt
0.10 yg/g dry wt
5.8 yg/liter (geometric
mean), 7.3 (median)
18.7 (geometric mean),
19.8 (median)
NG
0.130 mg/liter
0.023 mg/liter
20 ± 13.6 and 29.1 ±
25.3 yg/liter, 20.9 ±
11.3 and 39.1 ± 23.4
yg/24 hr
0.097 ppm
0.034 ppm
0.084 yg/ml
Comments
Arsenic history
No arsenic history
Children in nonsmelter towns
Children in copper smelter
towns
Patients exhibiting symptoms
suggestive of chronic
arsenic poisoning
Normal adults
Children
Measurements from Denver and
Seattle
Children living near smelter
Children 8 miles from smelter
Normal level
Domonkos
Baker et
Baker et
Cannon,
Cannon,
Gills et
Mathies ,
Reference
, 1959
al., 1977
al., 1977
1936
1936
al., 1974
1974
Milham and Strong, 1974
Rentoul
and Smith, 1973
-------
Table 5. Asbestos, ferruginous bodies
Number of Analytical
Tissue i, , Range
cases method
Lung 282 M 0.0-<210 particles per
lung
96
41 of 100 H NG
28 M 1-20 particles per 5 g
23 NG NG
28 of 28 M 9->201 fibers per sample
of tissue (1/106 of
total lung tissue)
1449 of M 0.0-57.0% positive
3000
28 of 28 M 3-340 fibers per sample
of tissue
24 of 28 M NG
86 M 0-251+ ferruginous
bodies per 5 g tissue
179 of 355 M NG
M
304 NG
196 NG
100 M NG
Mean level
14.20 particles per lung
12.89 particles per lung
7.42 particles per lung
10.05 particles per lung
13.55 particles per lung
NG
NG
2.8 mg/g dry wt
9.5 mg/g dry wt
6.5 x IQ3 fibers per gram
45.2 x 103 fibers per
gram
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
31.6% positive
20.4% positive
98.2% positive
95.5% positive
Comments
Duluth, 1953-1955
Duluth, 1960-1961
Duluth, 1966-1967
Duluth, 1972-1973
New York City, 1966-1968
Samples from ages 10-70
Charleston, South Carolina,
autopsies
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
autopsies
New York City autopsies
New York City autopsies
New York City random autopsies
New York City autopsies, gen-
eral population
No difference due to sex or
location
New York City autopsies
Autopsies in Florida:
males
females
Males
Females
Reference
Auerbach et al. , 1977
Cauna, Tollen, and
Gross, 1965
Gordon, Rosen, and
Savino, 1976
Gross et al. , 1974
Langer et al. , 1970;
Selikoff, Nicholson,
and Langer, 1972
Langer et al. , 1970
Langer, Selikoff, and
Sastre, 1971
Langer, Selikoff, and
Sastre, 1971
Rosen, Melatned, and
Savino, 1972
Selikoff and Hammond,
1968
Thomson and Graves, 1966
Utidjian, Gross, and
deTreville, 1968
-------
Table 6. Barium
Tissue
Adrenal
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Bone
Brain
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Feces
Hair
Numb er of
cases
13
100
150
103 of 105
106 of 110
48
266
39
NG
35
100
150
NG
66 of 129
76 of 91
66
2
267
197
2
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
XRS
NG
NAA
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
AAS, MS
Range
1.2-12 ug/g ash
0.036-0.50 micromole/g
ash
0.018-0.12 micromole/g
ash
2.5-17 ug/g ash
0.6-8.0 yg/g ash
NG
0.005-0.470 mg/100 ml
0.00-0.44 ppm
NG
1.9-17.3 ppm
0.015-0.19 micromole/g
ash
<0. 001-0. 013 micromole/
g ash
NG
<0.2-1.8 yg/g ash
<0.2-4.2 yg/g ash
0.6-1.2 yg/g ash
NG
0.054-9.29 yg/g
0.121-29.0 yg/g
NG
Mean level
6.0 yg/g ash (median)
NG
NG
7.0 yg/g ash (median)
3.4 yg/g ash (median)
0.0069 ± 0.0004 mg/100
ml
0.171 mg/100 ml
NG
0.07 yg/ml
7.0-8.5 ppm
NG
NG
0.01 yg/g dry wt
0.2 yg/g ash (median)
1.8 yg/g ash (median)
3.0 yg/g ash (median)
0.69 ± 0.08 and 0.88 ±
0.18 mg/day
0.762 ug/g
1-41 yg/g
0.60 and 0.46 ug/g dry wt
Comments
U.S. tissues
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Normal individuals, Los
Angeles area, whole blood
Patients, blood donors, and
normal individuals , Los
Angeles, serum
Males, mean age 35.3 years,
serum
Four groups: 0-3 months to
33-74 years, increased
slightly with age
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Volunteers, balance study
Three New York City areas:
children
adults
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Butt et al. , 1964
Butt et al. , 1964
Gofman et al. , 1964
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Sowden and Stitch, 1957
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Creason et al. , 1975
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
-------
Table 6. Barium (continued)
Tissue
Heart
Intestine
Duodenum
Je j unum
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Larynx
Liver
,ung
Number of
cases
100
150
NG
93 of 140
65 of 67
99 of 101
84
31
108
41 of 42
100
150
NG
121 of 142
50
100
150
10
NG
68 of 146
100
Analytical
method
ES
NG
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
Range
0.017-0.24 micromole/g
ash
<0. 001-0. 020 micromole/
ash
NG
<0. 2-3.1 yg/g ash
1.2-8.4 yg/g ash
0.9-8.4 yg/g ash
3.8-28 ug/g ash
5.4-31 yg/g ash
1.7-38 yg/g ash
2.0-37 yg/g ash
0.018-0.170 micromole/g
ash
<0. 001-0. 029 micromole/g
ash
NG
<0. 2-4.0 yg/g ash
2.4-13 yg/g ash
<0. 001-0. 12 micromole/g
ash
<0. 001-0. 015 micromole/g
ash
NG
NG
<0. 2-2.1 yg/g ash
0.068-0.340 micromole/g
Mean level
NG
NG
0.08 yg/g dry wt
0.7 yg/g ash (median)
3.7 yg/g ash (median)
4.0 yg/g ash (median)
9.2 yg/g ash (median)
18 yg/g ash (median)
6.1 yg/g ash (median)
7.2 yg/g ash (median)
NG
NG
0.06 yg/g dry wt
1.3 yg/g ash (median)
5.3 yg/g ash (median)
NG
NG
0.67 ± 0.40 yg/g ash
0.007 yg/g dry wt
<0.2 yg/g ash (median)
NG
Comments
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
Five white and five black
accident victims, long-term
St. Louis residents
U.S. tissues
Reference
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Perry, 1968
Perry et al., 1962
Perry et al., 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Perry, 1968
ash
-------
Table 6. Barium (continued)
Tissue
Muscle
Omentum
Ovary
Pancreas
Placenta
Prostate
Skin
Spleen
Stomach
Teeth
Number of
cases
150
168
139 of 140
139 of 140
77 of 136
74 of 75
14 of 16
108 of 139
58
44 of 50
22
100
150
89 of 143
126 of 130
208
Analytical
method
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
MS
Range
0.029-0.290 micromole/g
ash
NG
4.1-40 yg/g ash
<0. 2-100 yg/g ash
<0.2-2.7 pg/g ash
2.9-27 pg/g ash
<0.2-8.7 pg/g ash
<0.2-4.6 pg/g ash
NG
<0.2-9.9 yg/g ash
4.0-35 yg/g ash
0.009-0.18 micromole/g
ash
<0. 001-0. 024 micromole/g
ash
<0.2-3.3 pg/g ash
0.9-8.8 pg/g ash
NG
Mean level
NG
Min — <20 yg, max - 1000
yg, and retained per
year — 47 yg
14 yg/g ash (median)
14 yg/g ash (median)
0.3 yg/g ash (median)
7.0 yg/g ash (median)
2.9 pg/g ash (median)
1.6 yg/g ash
0.053 ± 0.01 yg/g wet wt
2.1 yg/g ash (median)
8.2 yg/g ash (median)
NG
NG
0.6 yg/g ash (median)
3.2 yg/g ash (median)
6.8 ± 2.26 ppm
2.1 ± 0.57 ppm
Comments
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
Autopsy samples from 58 cities
and 29 nonurban areas
U.S. tissues
Autopsies, nine U.S. cities
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Subjects less than 20 years
old, enamel:
high caries area, New
England
low caries area, South
Carolina
Reference
Perry et al. , 1962
Schroeder, 1970Zi
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Karp and Robertson, 1977
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Curzon and Losee, 1977
56
MS
0.8-17.0 yg/g
5.6 yg/g
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area,
enamel
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Testis
54 of 72
ES
<0.2-3.6 yg/g ash
1.1 yg/g ash (median)
U.S. tissues
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 6. Barium (continued)
Tissue
Thyroid
Total body
content
Trachea
Urine
Number of
cases
20 of 21
168
60
2
Analytical
method Ran§e
ES
NG
ES
ES
1.8-33 yg/g ash
NG
1.0-13 yg/g ash
NG
5
Mean level
.8 yg/g ash (median)
22.0 mg
5
0
.0 yg/g ash (median)
.037 ± 0.012 and
Comments
U.S. tissues
Autopsy samples from 58 cities
and 29 nonurban areas
U.S. tissues
Volunteers, balance study
Reference
Tipton
and
Schroeder,
Tipton
Tipton
and
Cook,
19702)
Cook,
, Stewart,
1963
1963
and
0.017 ± 0.003 mg/day
Dickson, 1969
Uterus
27 of 32 ES
<0.2-55 yg/g ash
2.0 yg/g ash (median)
U.S. tissues
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 7. a-Benzene hexachloride
Tissue
Adipose
Blood
Milk
Number of
cases
25
1412
1000
1436
Analytical
method Ran8e
GC NG
GC-EC 0.0-0.14 ppm
GC-EC 0.0-18.0 ppb
GC-EC <1. 0-104. 4 ppb
Mean level
<0.03 ppm
0.01 ppm (only 2.05%
positive)
<0.07 ppb
56.3 ppb
Comments
Samples from Los Angeles
Reflects the levels in the
U.S. population of the
conterminous 48 states,
1970, lipid basis
General population in Idaho
Not detectable in 1426 of 1436
Reference
Hayes, Dale, and Burse,
1965
Kutz et al. , 1974&
Watson, Benson, and
Gabica, 1970
Savage, 1976
samples, fat basis
-------
Table 8. g-Benzene hexachloride
Tissue
Adipose
Number of
cases
NG
221
25
25
Analytical
method
GC/MS
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
Range
NG
NG
0.1-0.5 ppm
0.03-2.43 ppm
0.
1.
0.
0.
Mean level
95 ppm
23 ± 0.95 ppm
2 ppm
6 ± 0.1 ppm
Comments
Biros
Texas agricultural areas, Burns,
tissues from surgery
Davies
Hayes ,
IQfi'S
Reference
and Walker, 1970
1974
et al
Dale,
. , 1971
and Burse,
1412 GC-EC 0.0-26.9 ppm
6933 GC-EC 0.0-26.9 ppm, trace to
26.93 ppm
Blood
20
10
GC
GC-EC
0.60 ppm
0.37-0.21 ppm, FY 1970-
FY 1974 (geometric
mean)
1734
240
332
202
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
5.76, 3.06, max 1973,
1974
Trace to 2.74 ppm
0.37-2.28 ppm
0.0-2.5 ppb
0.25, 0.21 ppm (geomet-
ric mean), 1973, 1974
0.31, 0.25 ppm (geomet-
ric mean), 1973, 1974
NG
0.3 ppb
350 pairs GC
0.0024-0.0184 ppm
0.0008-0.0057 ppm
0.0012-0.0133 ppm
0.0012-0.0054 ppm
0.0013-0.0208 ppm
0.0003-0.0035 ppm
NG
0.0015-0.002 ppm
0.0019-0.0042 ppm
0.0005-0.0022 ppm
0.0004-0.0094 ppm
1.0-3.0 ppb
0.0065
0.0025
0.0047
0.0026
0.0060
0.0022
± 0.0015 ppm
± 0.0005 ppm
± 0.0012 ppm
± 0.0003 ppm
± 0.0018 ppm
± 0.0004 ppm
0.042 ppm
0.0034 ppm
0.0031 ppm
0.0010 ppm
0.0036 ppm
NG
Reflects the levels in the
U.S. population of the
conterminous 48 states,
1970, lipid basis
U.S. sites reflective of
general population in
conterminous 48 states,
FY 1970-FY 1974, lipid
basis
Whites and blacks respec-
tively. Reflective of U.S.
population of conterminous
48 states, lipid basis
Autopsies in Florida
Whites in Idaho
General population, 10 males
and 10 females:
plasma, males
plasma, females
RBC, males
RBC, females
whole blood, males
whole blood, females
Females, no occupational
exposure:
Plasma
Whole blood
RBC
Serum
Mother-infant pairs, blood
pairs
Kutz et al., 1974&
Kutz, Strassman, and
Yobs, 1976, 1977;
Kutz, Yobs, and
Strassman, 1977
Kutz, Yobs, and
Strassman, 1977
Radomski et al., 1968
Wyllie, Gabica, and
Benzon, 1972
Dale, Curley, and Hayes,
1967
Dale et al., 1966
D'Ercole et al.,
1976
-------
Table 8. 0-Benzene hexachloride
T. Number of Analytical
ilssue
cases method
1619
28
8+
3568
1000
202
Brain 332
Liver 332
Milk 40
1436
57
GC
GC-EC
GC
NG
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC,
GC/MS
Range
0.0-8.0 ppb
NG
0.7-2.0 ppb
1.0-3.2 ppb
NG
0.0-15.0 ppb
0.0-15.0 ppb
Trace to 0.0
0.06 ± 0.10 to 0.12 ±
0.18 ppm
Trace to 38.0 ppb
<1. 0-9216. 6 ppb
Trace to 0.01 ppm
Mean level
0.46 ppb
1.40 ± 0.46 ppb
1.4 ± 0.46 ppb
NG
0.7 + 1.5 ppb
<0.07 ppb
0.3 ppb
NG
NG
5.6 ppb, fat basis
193.1 ppb, fat basis
0.005 ppm
Comments
General population in Hawaii
Four males and four females,
27-49 years old, 20
autopsies
Whole blood
Plasma
General population of Hawaii
Blood serum, general popula-
tion in Idaho
Blood serum, whites in Idaho
Autopsies in Florida
Autopsies in Florida
Females
National study
Selected areas of Missouri
and Arkansas, 1973, 1974,
Reference
Klemmer, Rashad, and Mi,
1973
Radomski et al., 1971
Radomski et al., 1971
Rashad et al. , 1976
Watson, Benson, and
Gablca, 1970
Wyllie, Gabica, and
Benson, 1972
Radomski et al. , 1968
Radomski et al . , 1968
Savage et al. , 1973
Savage, 1976
Strassman and Kutz,
1977; Kutz,
27% blacks, whole-milk
basis
Strassman, and Yobs,
1976
-------
Table 9. y-Benzene hexachloride (lindane)
_. Number of Analytical _
Tissue Range
cases method 5
Adipose 282 GC £0.1-12.3 ppm
994 GC 0.0-12.3 ppm
1412 GC-EC 0.0-0.18 ppm
1734 GC-EC Trace to 0.10 ppm
240 GC-EC Trace to 0.05 ppm
Blood 86 GC-EC 0.0-23.0 ppb
20 GC
<0. 0005-0. 0132 ppm
<0. 0003-0. 0019 ppm
<0. 0005-0. 0023 ppm
0.0007-0.0019 ppm
< 0.0005- 0.0080 ppm
0.0007-0.0018 ppm
28 GC 0.0-10.2 ppb
80 NG NG
553 pairs GC-EC 0.1-6.0 ppb
53 pairs GC-EC 0.1-7.4 ppb
Mean level
0.56 ppm
0.48 ppm
0.01 ppm
NG (only about 1% had
detectable levels)
4.71 ppb
2.79 ppb
3.60 ppb
0.0057 ± 0.0019 ppm
0.0008 + 0.0002 ppm
0.0008 ± 0.0002 ppm
0.0012 ± 0.0001 ppm
0.0015 ± 0.0008 ppm
0.0014 ± 0.0001 ppm
1.6 ppb
0.1 ppb
11.5 ppb
0.39 ppb
0.48 ppb
Comments
Autopsies
Reflects the levels in the
U.S. population of the
conterminous 48 states,
1970, lipid basis
Whites and blacks respec-
tively. Representative of
U.S. population of conter-
minous 48 states, lipid
basis
Blood plasma:
males
females
combined
General population, 10 males
and 10 females:
plasma, males
plasma, females
RBC, males
RBC , females
whole blood, males
whole blood, females
Blood serum, Texas females
Nonexposed controls
Exposed occupationally
General population in Louisi-
ana, mother-infant pairs
General population in Louisi-
Reference
Hoffman, Harrison, and
Schaefer, 1964
Hoffman et al., 1967
Kutz et al., 1974&
Kutz Yobs, and
Strassman, 1977
Burns and Miller, 1975
Dale, Cur ley, and Hayes,
1 QA7
iyo/
Dyment, Hebertson,
Gomes, Wiseman, and
Hornabrook, 1971
Milby and Samuels, 1971
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Feces
1000 GC-EC 0.0-24.0 ppb <0.07 ppb
32 GC Trace to 0.12 yg/day NG
per person
ana, mother-infant pairs,
total benzene hexachloride
General population in Indiana
Watson, Benson, and
Gabica, 1970
Price, Young, and
Dickinson, 1972
-------
Table 9. y-Benzene hexachloride (lindane) (continued)
Tissue Number of
cases
Milk 28
53
23
Analytical
method
GC
GC
GC-EC
Range
0.0-37.0 ppb
0.03-0.20 mg/kg
71.0-247.2 ppb
Mean level
7.2 ppb
0.115 mg/kg, fat basis
571.0 ppb, fat basis
Comments
Blood serum, Texas females
Milk fat, nursing mothers in
Pennsylvania
y-Benzene hexachloride, not
Reference
Dyment, Herbertson,
Gomes, Wiseman, and
Hornabrook, 1971
Kroger, 1972
Savage, 1976
Placenta
Urine
663
GC-EC
53 pairs GC-EC
32
EC
<1.0-1444.4 ppb
0.1-6.0 ppb
Trace to 0.06 pg/day
per person
77.7 ppb, fat basis
1.19 ppb
NG
detectable in 1413 of 1436
samples
Total benzene hexachloride,
not detectable in 773 of
1436 samples
General population in Louisi-
ana, mother-infant pairs
Savage, 1976
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Price, Young, and
Dickinson, 1972
-------
Table 10. A-Benzene hexachloride
Tissue Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Adipose
1412
GC-EC
0.0-1.11 ppm
0.01 ppm
Comments
Reference
32 cities
Kutz et al. , 197'4£>
-------
Table 11. Beryllium
Tissue
Adipose
Blood
Bone
Brain
Gastrointes-
tinal tract
Heart
Kidney
Liver
Lung
Number of
cases
1
NG
1
NG
NG
NG
1
NG
NG
NG
NG
1
2
2
1
3
NG
Analytical
method
F
NG
F
NG
F
NG
F
NG
ES
ES
NG
F
NG
NG
F
MS
ES
Range
<0.0004 ppm
NG
<0.0004 ppm
NG
<0.0004 ppm
NG
<0.0004 ppm
NG
0-0.5 mg/100 g tissue
0-1.0 mg/100 g tissues
NG
0.001 ppm
0-0.012 vg/100 g
0-0.023 yg/100 g
<0.0004 ppm
0.1-1.1 yg/100 g tissues
0-1.0 mg/100 g dry wt
Mean level
NA
0.0001 yg/ml
NA
0.002 ug/g dry wt
NA
0.002 yg/g dry wt
NA
0.002 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
0.0009 yg/g dry wt
NA
NG
NG
NA
NG
NG
Comments
Cadaver
Normal blood level
Cadaver, skeletal bone
Normal level
Cadaver
Normal level
Cadaver
Normal level
Cancer patients and autopsy
specimens
Cancer patients and autopsy
specimens
Normal level
Cadaver
One white male and one black
male
One white male and one black
male
Cadaver
Cancer patients and autopsy
Reference
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Robinson et al., 1968
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Placenta
58
NG
NG
0.013 ± 0.007 ug/g wet
wt
specimens
Southern and southeastern
hospital patients
Neyman, 1957
Karp and Robertson, 1977
-------
Table 11. Beryllium (continued)
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Teeth
Urine
56
NG
MS
NG
0.01-0.97 ug/g dry wt 0.090 ug/g dry wt
NG
0.0002 tJg/ml
Less than 20-year-old teeth
Normal level
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
-------
Table 12. Bismuth
Tissue
Adrenal
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Brain
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Heart
Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Larynx
Liver
Number of
cases
2 of 15
19 of 105
8
9 of 110
39
NG
NG
3 of 129
5 of 91
6 of 68
NG
6 of 140
8 of 68
16 of 104
12 of 84
8 of 31
14 of 109
6 of 42
NG
42 of 145
3 of 50
NG
21 of 150
Analytical
method
ES
ES
NG
ES
XRS
NG
NG
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
NG
ES
Range
<2-5 pg/g ash
<2-ll pg/g ash
10 pg/g ash
<2-<2 ug/g ash
0.00-0.20 ppm
NG
NG
<2-<2 pg/g ash
<2-<2 pg/g ash
<2-<2 pg/g ash
NG
<2-<2 pg/g ash
<2-9 pg/g ash
<2-10 pg/g ash
<2-9 pg/g ash
<2-43 pg/g ash
<2-5 pg/g ash
<2-ll pg/g ash
NG
<2-45 pg/g ash
<2-<2 pg/g ash
NG
<2-7 pg/g ash
Mean level
<2 pg/g ash (median)
<2 pg/g ash (median)
NA
<2 pg/g ash (median)
NG
0.01 pg/ml
0.1 pg/g dry wt
<2 pg/g ash (median)
<2 pg/g ash (median)
<2 pg/g ash (median)
0.08 pg/g dry wt
<2 pg/g ash (median)
<2 pg/g ash (median)
<2 yg/g ash (median)
<2 pg/g ash (median)
<2 pg/g ash (median)
<2 pg/g ash (median)
<2 pg/g ash (median)
0.09 pg/g dry wt
<2 pg/g ash (median)
<2 pg/g ash (median)
0.07 'jg/g dry wt
<2 pg/g ash (median)
Comments
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Males , bismuth found in only
one bladder
U.S. tissues
Males, mean age 35.3 years,
serum
Normal blood level, whole
blood
Normal level
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Normal level
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Normal level
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Normal level
U.S. tissues
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gofman et al., 1964
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Rentoul and Smith, 197 'j
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 12. Bismuth (continued)
Tissue
Lung
Muscle
Omentum
Ovary
Pancreas
Prostate
Skin
Spleen
Stomach
Teeth
Testis
Thyroid
Total body
content
Trachea
Uterus
Number of
cases
168
6 of 141
6 of 141
3 of 136
10 of 74
1 of 16
13 of 139
3 of 50
2 of 22
8 of 143
9 of 131
56
16 of 72
4 of 21
168
5 of 60
2 of 32
Analytical
method Ran§e
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
MS
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
<20-2600 pg (total lung)
<2-<2 yg/g ash
<2-260 yg/g ash
<2-<2 ug/g ash
<2-4 ug/g ash
<2-<2 yg/g ash
<2-<2 yg/g ash
<2-<2 ug/g ash
<2-<2 yg/g ash
<2-<2 ug/g ash
<2-<2 yg/g ash
0.02-0.07 ug/g dry wt
<2-18 ug/g ash
<2-<2 yg/g ash
NG
^2-<2 yg/g ash
<2-<2 yg/g ash
NG
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
Mean
level
Comments
Samples from 58 cities and 29
nonurban areas
ug/g ash
Ug/g ash
yg/g ash
yg/g ash
yg/g ash
yg/g ash
yg/g ash
yg/g ash
Ug/g ash
Ug/g ash
(median)
(median)
(median)
(median)
(median)
(median)
(median)
(median)
(median)
(median)
0.006 yg/g dry wt
<2
<2
yg/g ash
Ug/g ash
(median)
(median)
0.23 mg
<2
<2
yg/g ash
Ug/g ash
(median)
(median)
U.S.
tissues
Autopsies, nine U.S. cities
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
Less
U.S.
U.S.
tissues
tissues
tissues
tissues
tissues
tissues
tissues
tissues
than 20-year-old teeth
tissues
tissues
Samples from 58 cities and 29
nonurban areas
U.S.
U.S.
tissues
tissues
Reference
Schroeder, 1970S
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
Tipton
and Cook,
1963
and Shafer, 1964
and Cook,
and Cook,
and Cook,
and Cook,
and Cook,
and Cook,
and Cook,
and Cook,
Losee, Cutress,
Brown, 1973
Tipton
Tipton
and Cook,
and Cook,
1963
1963
1963
1963
1963
1963
1963
1963
and
1963
1963
Schroeder, 1970i
Tipton
Tipton
and Cook,
and Cook,
1963
1963
-------
Table 13. Boron
Tissue
Adipose
Adrenal
Alimentary
tract
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Bone
Brain
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Feces
Gastrointes-
tinal tract
Hair
Number of
cases
2
1
10 of 15
2
3 of 105
28 of 112
1
154
NG
1
2
NG
17 of 129
4 of 91
7 of 68
2
1
267
197
Analytical
method
C
C, ES
ES
C
ES
ES
C, ES
ES
NG
C, ES
C
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
C, ES
ES
ES
Range
0-0.21 ppm
NG
<10-71 yg/g ash
0.18-0.30 ppm
<10-<10 yg/g ash
<10-19 yg/g ash
NG
2.0-38.0 yg/100 g
NG
NG
0.59-0.89 ppm
NG
<10-10 yg/g ash
<10-<10 yg/g ash
<10-10 yg/g ash
NG
NG
0.03-22.0 yg/g
0.037-25.0 yg/g
Mean level
NG
0.074 ppm wet wt
10 yg/g ash (median)
NG
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
0.141 ppm
9.85 yg/100 g (median)
0.13 yg/ml
0.9 ppm
NG
0. 6 yg/g dry wt
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
0.32 ± 0.25 and 0.36 ±
0.05 mg/day
0.078 ppm wet wt
0.0881 yg/g
0.981 yg/g
Comments
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Autopsy of 46-year-old cadaver
U.S. tissues
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Autopsy of 46-year-old cadaver
Adult males from various
cities and farms
Autopsy of 46-year-old
cadaver, skeletal bone
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48) ,
skeletal bone
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Volunteers, balance study
Autopsy of 46-year-old cadaver
Three New York metropolitan
community samples:
children
adults
Reference
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Imbus et al. , 1963
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Creason et al. , 1975
-------
Table 13. Boron (continued)
Tissue
Heart
Intestine
Duodenum
Je j unum
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Larynx
Liver
Number of
cases
18
1
2
NG
11 of 140
16 of 68
26 of 104
16 of 84
3 of 31
17 of 109
8 of 42
2
1
NG
20 of 145
4 of 50
2
1
NG
37 of 150
Analytical
method
ES
C, ES
C
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
C, ES
NG
ES
ES
C
C, ES
NG
ES
Range
0.0002-0.0008% dry tissue
NG
0.28-0.51 ppm wet wt
NG
<10-<10 yg/g ash
<10-14 yg/g ash
<10-16 yg/g ash
< 10-10 yg/g ash
<10-<10 yg/g ash
<10-10 yg/g ash
<10-13 yg/g ash
0.17-0.46 ppm wet wt
NG
NG
<10-10 yg/g ash
<10-<10 ug/g ash
0.03-0.15 ppm wet wt
NG
NG
<10-10 yg/g ash
Mean level
NG
0.044 ppm wet wt
NG
0.2 ug/g dry wt
<10 ug/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 ug/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 ug/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
NG
0.248 ppm wet wt
0.5 yg/g dry wt
<10 ug/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
NG
0.114 ppm wet wt
0.48 yg/g dry wt
<10 yg/g ash (median)
Comments
18 white males, ages 15-70
years
Autopsy of 46-year-old cadaver
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Autopsy of 46-year-old cadaver
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Autopsy of 46-year-old cadaver
U.S. tissues
Reference
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Lung
0.12-0.19 ppm wet wt
NG
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
ro
oo
-------
Table 13. Boron (continued)
„. Number of
Tissue
cases
1
28
28
of 141
of 141
Analytical
method
C, ES
ES
ES
Range
NG
<10— 10 yg/g
<10-30 yg/g
ash
ash
Mean
level
0.067 ppm wet wt
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
Comments
Autopsy of 46-year-old cadaver
D.S. tissues
Autopsy cases, nine U.S.
Reference
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Muscle
Nail
Nerve
Om en turn
Ovary
Pancreas
Placenta
Prostate
Skin
Spleen
28 of 141
28 of 141
1
2
6 of 137
18
2
1
13 of 74
3 of 16
40 of 139
58
9 of 50
2
1
18
8 of 22
1
ES <10-10 yg/g ash
ES <10-30 yg/g ash
C, ES NG
C 0.017-0.4 ppm wet wt
ES <10-<10 yg/g ash
ES 0.0007-0.0060% dry wt
C 0.0-0.1 ppm wet wt
C, ES NG
ES ^10-10 yg/g ash
ES <10-17 yg/g ash
ES <10-12 yg/g ash
NG NA
ES <10-10 yg/g ash
C 0.34-0.45 ppm wet wt
C, ES NG
ES 0.0017-0.0172% dry wt
ES <10-24 ug/g ash
C NG
0.071 ppm wet wt
NG
<10 yg/g ash (median)
NG
NG
0.106 ppm wet wt
<10 ug/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
0.0
<10 yg/g ash (median)
NG
0.119 ppm wet wt
NG
<10 yg/g ash (median)
0.08 ppm wet wt
cities
Autopsy of 46-year-old
cadaver, striated muscle
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48),
striated muscle
U.S. tissues
18 white males, ages 15-70
years
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Autopsy of 46-year-old cadaver
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Southern and southeastern city
hospitals
U.S. tissues
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Autopsy of 46-year-old cadaver
18 white males, ages 15-70
years
U.S. tissues
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Karp and Robertson, 1977
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
-------
Uterus
Table 13. Boron (continued)
Tissue
Stomach
Teeth
Testis
Thyroid
Trachea
Urine
Number of
cases
21 of 143
48 of 131
56
1 nf 79
-L Ui. 1 £.
3 of 21
14 of 60
154
2
Analytical
method Range
ES
ES
MS
ES
pc
C.O
TTC
hb
ES
ES
• •
<10-10 yg/g ash
<10-20 yg/g ash
0.5-69.0 yg/g
<10-<10 yg/g ash
<10-10 yg/g ash
<10-13 yg/g ash
0-6800 yg/liter
NG
Mean level
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
18.2 yg/g
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
715 yg/liter
1.2 ± 0.1 and n.QS +
Comments
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Adult males from various
cities and farms
Vnlnnt-ppT-s . halnnne studv
Reference
Tipton and Cook,
Tipton and Cook,
Losee, Cutress,
Brown, 1973
Tipton and Cook,
Tipton and Cook,
Tipton and Cook,
1963
1963
and
1963
1963
1963
Imbus et al. , 1963
Tipton, Stewart,
and
4 of 32
ES
<10-10 ug/g ash
0.08 mg/day
<10 yg/g ash (median)
U.S. tissues
Dickson, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 14. Bromine
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
Hair
Teeth
39
56
XRS NG 4.12 ppm
MS, MS 0.17 and 1.10 yg/g dry NG
wt
MS <0.10-2.90 yg/g 1.09 yg/g
Males, average age 35.3
years, serum
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area
Gofman et al., 1964
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
-------
Table 15. Cadmium
„. Number of
Tissue
cases
Adrenal 11 of 15
Aorta 46
100
19 of 105
Bladder 34 of 112
Blood 83
123
259
119
338
520
369
47
266
39
40
Analytical
method
ES
AAS
ES
ES
ES
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
ES
ES
XRS
AAS
Range
<50-150 yg/g ash
<0.2-12.3 yg/g dry wt
<0.4-1.3 micromoles/g
ash
<50-60 micromoles/g ash
<50-66 yg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.0-2.8 yg/100 ml
NG
NG
0.00-0.23 ppm
0.42 ± 0.7 yg/100 ml
Mean level
50 yg/g ash (median)
0.3-5.5 yg/g dry wt
NG
<50 micromoles/g ash
(median)
<50 yg/g ash (median)
0.93 ± 0.115 yg/g
dry wt
0.076 ± 0.109 yg/g
dry wt
0.20 yg/100 ml (mean)
0.19 yg/100 ml (median)
0.21 yg/100 ml (mean)
0.15 yg/100 ml (median)
0.30 yg/100 ml (mean)
0.19 yg/100 ml (median)
1.2 ± 1.1 to 16.4 ± 6.3
yg/liter
0.3 yg/100 ml
0.209 ± 0.005 mg/100 ml
0.034 ± 0.002 to 0.048 ±
0.001 mg/100 ml
NG
NG
Comments
Adults
Autopsies, Chicago area
Adults
Adults
Adults, urinary bladder
Nashville, Tennessee, hos-
pitals, maternal blood
Nashville, Tennessee, hos-
pitals, fetal blood
Children in nonsmelter towns
Children in lead smelter towns
Children in zinc smelter towns
Kansas City, Missouri, and
Kansas City, Kansas, soft
and hard water areas ,
respectively, serum
Newark, New Jersey, children
1-8 years old
Normal Los Angeles residents
Los Angeles residents — blood
donors , surgical patients ,
diseased and normal indi-
viduals, serum
Men, mean age 35.3 years,
serum
Lumberyard workers in vicinity
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Marks et al., 1972
Perry, 1968
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Baglan et al., 1974
Baglan et al. , 1974
Baker et al., 1977
Baker et al., 1977
Baker et al. , 1977
Bierenbaum et al. , 1975
Bogden, Singh, and
Joselow, 1974
Butt et al., 1964
Butt et al., 1964
Gofman et al . , 1964
Hammer, Finklea,
Canrli f P_T .
100
ASV
<0.1-9.6 yg/100 ml
1.71 yg/100 ml
of fertilizer plant, plasma
18- to 58-year-old Ann Arbor,
Michigan, residents
IjiectQUlM
Keil, Priester, and
Stara, 1971
Becker et al. , 1974
-------
Table 15. Cadmium
Tissue
Brain
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Feces
Hair
Number of
cases
154
216
243
60
355
36
8
NG
0 of 129
6 of 91
1
4 of 68
216
2
160
126
872
295
482
Analytical
method
ES
MS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
Range
0.3-5.4 ug/100 g
NG
0.50-14.16 yg/100 ml
0.22-1.70 ug/100 g
0.04-1.77 yg/100 ml
0.0-0.144 yg/g wet wt
NG
NG
<50-<50 yg/g ash
<50-<50 yg/g ash
NG
<50-<50 yg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.14-6.90 yg/g
0.08-8.73 yg/g
Mean level
0.70 yg/100 g (median)
0.4 ± 0.44 to 0.9 ± 1.1
yg/100 ml
1.77 yg/100 ml
0.66 yg/100 g
0.12 yg/100 ml
0.140 yg/g wet wt
Trace, ppm wet wt
2.55 yg/g dry wt
<50 yg/g ash (median)
<50 yg/g ash (median)
Trace
<50 yg/g ash (median)
0.19 ± 0.07 to 0.30 ±
0.21 yg/g
0.030 i 0.008 mg/day
0.047 ± 0.007 mg/day
0.93 yg/g (mean)
0.51 yg/g (median)
5.34 yg/g (mean)
3.55 yg/g (median)
1.88 yg/g (mean)
1.44 yg/g (median)
5.57 yg/g (mean)
2.91 yg/g (median)
0.88 yg/g
0.76 yg/g
Comments
Men
19 cities
Children, 2 months to 13 years
old, white, middle and upper
class
250 people live in vicinity
of cadmium smelter
Fetuses
Males
Normal level
Not found within detection
limits, adults
Adults
Males
Adults
Controls included
Volunteers, balance study
Children in nonsmelter towns
Children in lead smelter towns
Children in copper smelter
towns
Children in zinc smelter towns
Three New York suburbs :
281 children
201 adults
Reference
Imbus et al. , 1963
Johnson, Tillery, and
Prevost, 1975b
Kubota, Lazar, and
Losee, 1968
Smith, 1976
Wysowski et al., 1978
Chaube, Nishimura, and
Swinyard, 1973
Koch et al. , 1956
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Johnson, Tillery, and
Prevost, 1975fc
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Baker et al. , 1977
Baker et al . , 1977
Baker et al. , 1977
Baker et al. , 1977
Creason et al. , 1975
-------
Table 15. Cadmium (continued)
Tissue
Heart
Intestine
Duodenum
Je j unum
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Number of
cases
50
168
12
216
220
50
178
129
1
2
100
NG
3 of 140
7
38 of 68
60 of 104
21 of 84
5 of 31
25 of 109
5 of 42
36
Analytical
method
AAS
AAS
AAS
MS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS, MS
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
AAS
Range
0.1-9.3 ppm
0.0-10.5 ppm
0.6-6.9 yg/g
NG
NG
30.60-530.47 ppm ash
0.8-2.0 ppm
NG
1.92 ± 0.02 yg/g
0.34 and 0.96 yg/g
dry wt
0.4-1.3 micromoles/g ash
NG
<50-<50 yg/g ash
NG
<50-85 yg/g ash
<50-100 yg/g ash
<50-60 yg/g ash
<50-50 yg/g ash
<50-60 yg/g ash
<50-50 vg/g ash
0.0-0.062 yg/g wet wt
Mean level
1.0 ppm
2 . 2 ppm
0.9-3.5 ppm
2.3 yg/g
0.6 ± 0.41 to 2.2 ± 2.10
Hg/g
1.98 + 0.14 ppm ash
158.38 ppm ash
NG
2.76 ± 0.48 yg/g
1.77 ± 0.24 yg/g
NA
NA
NG
3.34 yg/g dry wt
<50 yg/g ash (median)
0.6 ppm wet wt
50 yg/g ash (median)
50 yg/g ash (median)
<50 yg/g ash (median)
<50 yg/g ash (median)
<50 yg/g ash (median)
<50 yg/g ash (median)
0.05 yg/g wet wt
Comments
25 women
25 men
Fourth-grade boys from five
U.S. cities
Males and females, various
ages
Controls included in case
studies
Mean only for men, 220 cases
include some occupationally
exposed men and women
Correlation with age studied,
mean age — 54
95 males, ages 2-88 and 83
females, ages 14-84
82 males
47 females
Adults
Normal level
Adults
Males , small intestine
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Fetuses
Reference
Eads and Lambdin, 1973
Hammer, Finklea,
Creason, Sandifer,
Keil, Priester, and
Stara, 1971
Hinners et al., 1974
Johnson, Tillery, and
Prevost, 1975fc
Oleru, 1975
Oleru, 1976
Petering, Yeager, and
Witherup, 1973
Schroeder and Nason,
1969
Sorenson et al., 1973
Yurachek, Clemena, and
1 Q£Q
Harrison, ly&y
Perry, 1968
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al., 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Chaube, Nishimura, and
^r.T-t-ntrat-^ 1 Q 7 *3
u>
-C-
-------
Table 15. Cadmium (continued)
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
120
24
AAS
AAS
21-4771 ppm ash wt
1500 ppm ash wt
80
AAS
104
100
50
157
150
134
24
AAS
AAS
AAS
ES
ES
ES
AAS
Autopsies, black and white,
cortex: 14 cases, 4-6
years old; 106 cases, 16-19
years old
Autopsies:
6
10
160
1
38
ES
ES
AAS
NAA
NAA
400-5500
690-5300
NG
17.5-311
4.0-93.2
NG
NG
185-460
yg/g ash
yg/g ash
1700
3000
yg/g
yg/g
ash
ash
25 ppm wet wt
.4 yg/g dry wt
yg/g dry wt
ppm dry wt
ND
ND
14.8
31.1
NA
± i.
± i.
86 yg/g wet wt
63 yg/g wet wt
control (12)
emphysema cadavers (
Male accident victims
Six normal patients
Four diseased patients
Nonsmokers
Smokers
Four samples
Autopsies, cortex:
0.04-0.29 yg/g dry wt
16-305 yg/g dry wt
795-7550 yg/g ash
995-3785 yg/g ash
899-3802 yg/g ash
719-9832 yg/g ash
NG
109-9832 yg/g ash
602.56-5350.51 ppm ash
0-4300 yg/g ash
13-45 micromoles/g ash
NG
NG
0.14 ± 0.10 yg/g dry wt
104 ± 73 yg/g dry wt
2467 yg/g ash
2527 yg/g ash
2240 yg/g ash
3624 yg/g ash
2512 ± 1427 yg/g ash
2921 ± 1252 to 2478 ±
1639 yg/g ash
2539 yg/g ash
1548.82 ppm ash
0-2150 yg/g ash
NG
2940 ± 120 yg/g ash
4220 ± 390 yg/g ash
1720 ± 1470 yg/g ash
2950 ± 1340 yg/g ash
6 children
32 adults
Control (traumatic or infec-
tious diseases)
Chronic hypertensives
Cardiac or cerebrovascular
disease
Malignant disease
Control (35 males and 1
female)
Emphysematic and cancerous
lung patients (all male)
Autopsies: 32 blacks, 68
whites, 99 men; whites
higher
St. Louis children and adults,
age correlation
St. Louis adults
Accident victims (117)
Hypertensives (17)
Control patients (12)
Emphysematic patients (12)
Hammer et al., 1973
Hirst et al., 1973
Koch et al., 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Lewis et al., 1972
Lieberman and Kramer,
1970
Livingstone, 1971
Morgan, 1969
Morgan, Burch, and
Watkins, 1971
Morgan, 1972i
Oleru, 1976
Perry et al., 1961
Perry et al., 1962
Perry, 1968
Perry et al., 1972
-------
Table 15. Cadmium (continued)
Number of Analytical
Tissue ', ,
cases method
NG NG
187 ES
145 ES
Larynx 1 of 50 ES
Liver 36 AAS
120 AAS
24 AAS
5 ES
8 ES
161 AAS
80 AAS
104 AAS
50 AAS
157 ES
Range
NG
NG
1500-5100 yg/g ash
<50-<50 ug/g ash
0.0-0.133 yg/g wet wt
8-1720 ppm ash wt
14-150 yg/g ash
19-530 yg/g ash
NG
4.1-32.6 yg/g dry wt
1.9-6.7 yg/g dry wt
NG
51-440 yg/g ash
66-489 yg/g ash
69-397 yg/g ash
28-3293 yg/g ash
NG
31.20-414.95 ppm
0-2000 yg/g ash
Mean level
66.4 yg/g dry wt
2660 ± 270 to 4220 ± 390
ppm ash
2900 yg/g ash
<50 yg/g ash (median)
0.114 yg/g wet wt
180 ppm ash wt
63-230 yg/g ash
4 ppm wet wt
15.1 ug/g dry wt
1.38 ± 0.24 yg/g wet wt
2.05 ± 0.12 yg/g wet wt
171 yg/g ash
204 yg/g ash
182 yg/g ash
304 ug/g ash
170 ± 95 ug/g ash
249 ± 142 to 290 ± 155
Ug/g ash
104.83 ppm
0-335 yg/g ash
Comments
Normal level
Adults, accidental deaths,
ten cities, hypertensive
cases highest
Adults
Adults
Fetuses
Autopsies, black and white:
14 cases, 4-6 years old;
106 cases, 16-91 years old
Control (12)
Emphysematic (12)
Male accident victims
Five normal and three diseased
patients :
mean — normal patients
range — normal and diseased
patients
Nonsmokers
Smokers
Control (traumatic or infec-
tious diseases)
Chronic hypertensives
Cardiac or cerebrovascular
disease patients
Malignant disease patients
Control (35 males and 1
female)
Emphysematic and cancerous
lung patients (all male)
St.- Louis children and adults,
Reference
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schroeder, 1965
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Chaube, Nishimura, and
Swinyard, 1973
Hammer et al. , 1973
Hirst et al. , 1973
Koch et al., 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Lewis et al. , 1972
Morgan, 1969
Morgan, Burch, and
Watkins, 1971
Oleru, 1976
Perry et al., 1961
100
150
ES
ES
<0.4-6.7 micromoles/g NG
ash
0.53-3.0 micromoles/g NG
ash
age correlations
Adults
St. Louis adults
Perry, 1968
Perry et al., 1972
-------
Table 15. Cadmium (continued)
„. Number of
Tissue
cases
24
10
NG
NG
146 of 150
90
Lung 24
3
153
1
50
150
100
24
168
NG
71 of 141
71 of 141
Analytical
method RanSe
AAS
ES
NG
ES
ES
AAS
AAS
ES
AAS
NAA
AAS
ES
ES
AAS
NG
ES
ES
ES
NG
NG
NG
0-2 mg/100 g dry wt
60-340 yg/g ash
71-1720 ppm ash
21-1000 ppm ash
2.2-48 yg/g ash
20-230 yg/g ash
NG
NG
3.5-4.9 ppm dry wt
10.80-143.45 ppm ash wt
<0.4-0.89 micromole/g
ash
0.4-1.3 micromoles/g ash
NG
58-930 yg/g
0-1.0 mg/100 g dry wt
<50-100 yg/g ash
<50-270 yg/g ash
Mean level
61.4 ± 37.3 yg/g ash
228 ± 188 yg/g ash
310 ± 140 yg/g ash
6.38 yg/g dry wt
NG
180 yg/g ash (median)
288 ppm ash (geometric
mean)
139 ppm ash (geometric
mean)
19 ug/g ash
83 yg/g ash
2 ppm wet wt
0.33 ± 0.04 yg/g wet wt
0.56 ± 0.03 yg/g wet wt
NG
38.93 ppm ash wt
NG
NG
19.6 ± 13.4 yg/g ash
83.5 ± 58.3 yg/g ash
NG
NG
<50 yg/g ash (median)
•^50 yg/g ash (median)
Comments
Control (12)
Emphysetnatic individuals (12)
St. Louis males, five black
and five white
Normal level
Cancer patients and autopsy
specimens
Adults
Over 30-year period:
heart disease (28 cases)
other individuals
Control (12)
Eraphysematics (12)
Male accident victims
Nonsmokers
Smokers
Three samples
St. Louis adults
Adults
Normal men (12)
Emphysematic men (12)
Autopsies from 58 cities and
29 rural areas
Cancer patients and autopsy
specimens
Adults
Autopsy cases, nine U.S.
Reference
Perry et al. , 1972
Perry et al. , 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Voors and Shuman, 1977
Hirst et al. , 1973
Koch et al. , 1956
Lewis et al. , 1972
Lieberman and Kramer ,
1970
Oleru, 1976
Perry et al. , 1962
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1972
Schroeder, 1970&
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
cities
Milk
14
AAS
0.0088-0.1335 ppm
0.0111 ppm
12-week breast feeding average Pinkerton et al., 1972
-------
Table 15. Cadmium (continued)
Tissue
Muscle
Myocardium
Omentura
Ovary
Pancreas
Placenta
Prostate
Skin
Spleen
itomach
Number of Analytical
cases method
6 PQ
^ Ho
1 NAA
3 of 137 ES
26 AAS
31 of 74 ES
5 of 16 ES
120 of 139 ES
2 ES
554 AAS
554 AAS
58 NG
4 ES
20 of 50 ES
0 of 22 ES
3 ES
3T-li-i
ES
r) £ . . _
26 AAS
150 ES
100 ES
18 of 143 ES
4 ES
49 of 131 ES
Kange
NG
0.27-1.00 ppm dry wt
<50-<50 pg/g ash
<0. 2-4.0 pg/g dry wt
<50-100 pg/g ash
<50-78 pg/g ash
<50-200 pg/g ash
NG
Mr
INI?
NG
NG
NG
<50-95 pg/g ash
<50-<50 pg/g ash
NG
ND - 2.2 pg/g dry wt
0.1-3.8 pg/g dry wt
<0.4-0.44 micromole/g
ash
<0. 4-1.1 microtnoles/g
ash
<50-50 pg/g ash
NG
<50-80 pg/g ash
Mean level
0. 2 ppm wet wt
NG
<50 pg/g ash (median)
0.4-1.9 pg/g dry wt
<50 pg/g ash (median)
<50 pg/g ash (median)
80' pg/g ash (median)
2 ppm wet wt
0.27 ± 0.10 to 0.63 ±
0.15 micromole/g
tissue wt
0.48 ± 0.43 micromole/g
dry wt
0.037 ± 0.003 pg/g
wet wt
0.2 ppm wet wt
<50 pg/g ash (median)
<50 pg/g ash (median)
0.3 ppm wet wt
0.7 pg/g dry wt
0.6-1.8 pg/g dry wt
NG
NG
<50 pg/g ash (median)
0.4 ppm wet wt
<50 pg/g ash (median)
Comments
Males
Five samples
Adults
Autopsies, Chicago area
Adults
Adults
Adults
Males
12-month study
Houston women, normal births
Southern and southeastern city
hospitals
Males
Adults
Adults
Males
Normal individuals
Autopsies, Chicago area
St. Louis adults
Adults
Adults
Males
Adults
Reference
Koch et al. , 1956
Lieberman and Kramer,
1970
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Marks et al. , 1972
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Dawson et al. , 1968
Dawson et al., 1969
Lo
00
Karp and Robertson, 1977
Koch et al., 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Marks et al., 1972
Perry et al., 1962
Perry, 1968
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al., 1956
Tioton and Cook. 1963
-------
Table 15. Cadmium (continued)
Tissue
Teeth
Testis
Thyroid
Total body
content
Trachea
Urine
Number of
cases
56
1
11 of 72
2
14 of 21
NG
7 of 60
40
154
216
38
32
2
43
Analytical
method
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
NG
MS
AAS
ES
AAS
ES
ES
AAS
AAS
Range
0.03-6.70 yg/g dry wt
NG
<50-50 yg/g ash
NG
<50-190 pg/g ash
NG
<50-50 pg/g ash
NG
0.4-3.0 yg/liter
NG
NG
<7-22 pg/liter
NG
<0. 04-0. 81 pg/100 ml
<0. 04-1. 11 pg/100 ml
<0. 04-0. 94 yg/100 ml
Mean level
0.99 ± 0.15 pg/g dry wt
0 .4 ppm wet wt
<50 Pg/g ash (median)
0 . 8 ppm wet wt
50 yg/g ash (median)
50 rag
<50 pg/g ash (median)
1.04 pg/liter
1.15 yg/liter
0.5 ± 0.23 to 1.4 ± 1.05
yg/liter
0.75 ppb
40 ppb
6 ppb
<12.7 pg/liter
<13.0 pg/liter
0.083 ± 0.005 mg/day
0.092 ± 0.005 mg/day
0.14 yg/100 ml
0.34 pg/100 ml
0.21 pg/100 ml
Comments
Less than 20-year-old teeth,
enamel
Males
Adults
Males
Adults
Adults
Lumberyard workers near
fertilizer plant
Men
Six groups, 36 each
Normal (15)
Hypertensive (15)
Treated hypertensives (8)
Black and white men, black
and white females:
range — 24 normal individuals
mean — 24 normals and 8
cholesterolemic patients
Volunteers, balance study
Distance from cadmium smelter:
1 km
1-2 km
13 km
Reference
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Koch et nl. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, 1970?)
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Hammer, Finklea,
Creason, Sandifcr,
Keil, Pries ter, and
Stara, 1971
Imbus et al. , ]963
Johnson, Tillery, and
Prevost, 1975/>
Perry, 1968
Perry and Perry, 1959
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Wysowski et al. , 1978
Uterus
Vena cava
5 of 32
1
ES
ES
<50-50 yg/g ash
NG
<50 pg/g ash (median) Adults
Trace Males
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al., 1956
-------
Table 16. Cerium
Tissue Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
Teeth
39
56
XRS
MS
0.00-0.55 ppm
0.02-0.19 ng/g dry wt
NG
0.070 ug/g dry wt
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, serum
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area,
enamel
Gofman et al., 1964
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
-------
Table 17. Cesium
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
Teeth
39
56
XRS
MS
0.00-0.52 ppm
NG
0.02-0.10 yg/g dry wt 0.04 pg/g dry wt
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, serum
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area,
enamel
Gofman et al. , 1964
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
-------
Tissue
Adreml
Aorta
Table 18. Chromium
Bladder
Blood
Number of Analytical
cases method
Mean level
Comments
Reference
13
150
150
90 of 103
2
ES
ES
C
ES
ES
103 of 110 ES
520
AAS
2.0-16.0 pg/g ash
0.002-0.190 micromole/g
ash
0.0-19.5 ng/g ash
<0.1-10.0 pg/g ash
NG
0.4-13.0 pg/g ash
NG
9.4 pg/g ash (median)
NG
NG
2.0 pg/g ash (median)
0.2 ppm wet wt
3.4 pg/g ash (median)
0.012 ± 0.002 mg/liter
Brain
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Feces
5 GC
116 ES
39 XRS
154 ES
17 ES
NG NG
3 F
-------
Table 18. Chromium (continued)
Tissue Number of
cases
Hair
261
192
101
21
47
10
181
Analytical
u j Range
method
ES 0.06-5.30 yg/g
ES
ES NG
AAS 0.20-2.81 and 0.04-1.14
Ug/g
ES 52-692 ppb
NAA 0.530 ± 0.138 ppm
AAS NG
Mean level
0.56 yg/g
0.62 yg/g
1061 ppb
350 ppb
331 ppb
0.75 and 0.22 yg/g
NG
NG
0.70 ± 0.06 yg/g
Comments
Three New York metropolitan
community samples:
children
adults
Newborns
1 year olds
3 to 40 year olds
Values from age 20-40 years
Normal children and young
adults ages 4-32 years
Low value for males and high
Reference
Creason et al. , 1975
Hambidge and Baum, 1972
Hambidge and Rodgerson,
1969
Hambidge, Franklin, and
Jacobs, 1972
Obrusnik et al. , 1972
Schroeder and Nason,
Heart
Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
150
150
MS
ES
C
125 of 140 ES
1
7
63 of 67
88 of 101
80 of 84
31
101 of 108
42
5
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
0.96 ± 0.05 yg/g
0.65 and 5.9 yg/g dry wt NG
0.002-0.160 micromole/g
ash
0.0-82.4 yg/g ash
<0.1-8.2 yg/g ash
NG
NG
0.4-6.4 yg/g ash
<0.1-6.4 yg/g ash
0.5-12.0 yg/g ash
1.7-20.0 yg/g ash
0.5-16.0 yg/g ash
1.1-13.0 yg/g ash
0.0-2.9 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
1.5 yg/g ash (median)
0.5 ppm wet wt
1.2 ppm wet wt
2.3 yg/g ash (median)
1.7 yg/g ash (median)
4.0 yg/g ash (median)
6.2 yg/g ash (median)
3.9 yg/g ash (median)
4.1 yg/g ash (median)
1.2 yg/g dry wt
value for females aged 10
months to 102 years; none
dyed or bleached
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
High levels in children,
especially infants
U.S. adults
Sudden accident victims,
normal:
large intestine
small intestine
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
tissues
tissues
tissues
tissues
tissues
tissues
Normal subjects
1969
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Perry et al., 1962
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1962a
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
-------
Table 18. Chromium (continued)
Tissue Number of
cases
5
150
150
NG
117 of 142
Larynx 27 of 49
Liver 4
4
104
150
10
150
NG
115 of 146
Lung 3
3
150
Analytical
method
ES
ES
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
AAS
ES
ES
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
NG
0.002-0.087 micromole/g
ash
2.0-57.5 yg/g ash
0.0-1.0+ mg/100 g dry wt
<0.1-4.5 yg/g ash
<0. 1-6.0 yg/g ash
0.0-11.3 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.002-0.071 micromole/g
ash
NG
1.1-17.9 yg/g ash
0.0-1.0+ mg/g dry wt
<0.1-3.7 yg/g ash
1.8-9.6 yg/g dry wt
NG
0.063-0.95 micromole/g
Mean level
0.16 ppm wet wt
NG
NG
NG
1.0 yg/g ash (median)
0.1 yg/g ash (median)
3.3 yg/g dry wt
1.5 ppm wet wt
16.0 yg/g ash
14.6 yg/g ash
9.5 yg/g ash
9.2 yg/g ash
NG
1.38 ± 1.24 yg/g ash
NG
NG
0.7 yg/g ash (median)
3.7 yg/g dry wt
0.6 ppm wet wt
NG
Comments
Sudden accident victims,
normal
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
High levels in children,
especially infants
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
Normal sub j ects
Sudden accident victims,
normal
Males :
normals
emphysema
emphy s ema/ cancer
cancer patients
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
Five white and five black male
accident victims, long-term
residents of St. Louis
High levels in children,
especially infants
U.S. adults
Normal subjects
Sudden accident victims ,
normal
Adults who died unexpectedly.
Reference
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry et al. , 1962
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1962a
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch et al. , 1956
Morgan, 1972a
Perry et al. , 1962
Perry et al., 1973
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1962a
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch et al. , 1956
Perrv et al. . 1962
ash
St. Louis
-------
Table 18. Chromium (continued)
Tissue
Muscle
Omentum
Ovary-
Pancreas
Placenta
Prostate
Skin
Spleen
Number of
cases
168
150
NG
139
139
7
120 of 136
75
16
3
150
122 of 139
58
4
41 of 50
22
2
2
150
Analytical
method
NG
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
1.
0.
3.
0.
NG
<0
2.
0.
Range
1-85.2 pg/g ash
0-1.0+ rag/100 g dry wt
4-50.0 pg/g ash
5-120 pg/g ash
.1-5.0 pg/g ash
3-32.0 pg/g ash
7-150.0 pg/g ash
NG
0.
<0
NG
NG
<0
9.
NG
NG
0.
9-6.5 pg/g ash
.1-6.8 pg/g ash
.1-6.0 pg/g ash
0-86 pg/g ash
002-0.062 micromole/g
Mean level
Min — 5.0 yg, max —
2000 pg, and retained
per year — 4.0 yg
NG
NG
13.0 yg/g ash (median)
20 pg/g ash
0.1 ppm wet wt
1.0 pg/g ash (median)
12.0 pg/g ash (median)
2.2 yg/g ash (median)
0.3 ppm wet wt
NG
1.6 yg/g ash (median)
0.145 ± 0.090 pg/g
wet wt
0. 2 ppm wet wt
0.9 yg/g ash (median)
17 pg/g ash (median)
1.4 yg/g dry wt
0. 3 ppm wet wt
NG
Comments
Autopsy samples from 58
cities and 29 nonurban
areas
High levels in children,
especially infants
U.S. adults
Autopsy cases, nine U.S.
cities
Sudden accident victims,
normal
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
Sudden accident victims,
normal
High levels in children,
especially infants
U.S. adults
Sudden accident victims,
normal
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
Normal subjects
Sudden accident victims,
normal
Adults who died unexpectedly,
Reference
Schroeder, 1970a
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1962a
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1962n
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Karp and Robertson, 1977
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry et al . , ]9ft?
ash
St. Louis
-------
Table 18. Chromium (continued)
Tissue
Stomach
Teeth
Testis
Thyroid
Total body
content
Trachea
Urine
Number of
cases
150
113 of 143
3
118 of 130
56
1
150
66 of 72
2
18 of 21
53 of 60
NG
154
38
2
Analytical
method
C
ES
ES
ES
MS
ES
C
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
NAA
ES
ES
ES
Range
0.3-27.0 ug/g ash
<0.1-3.2 ug/g ash
NG
0.1-6.6 ug/g ash
<1. 0-31.0 ug/g
NG
1.0-3.6 ug/g ash
0.1-6.3 pg/g ash
NG
<0. 1-5.0 ug/g ash
NG
0.1-8.8 ug/g ash
NG
1.5-11.5 pg/liter
NG
NG
Mean level
NG
0.5 ug/g ash (median)
0,35 ppm wet wt
2.0 yg/g ash (median)
2.30 ± 0.69 ug/g
0.2 ppm wet wt
NG
1.6 ug/g ash (median)
1.3 ppm wet wt
1.5 ug/g ash (median)
1.8 mg
3.4 ug/g ash (median)
0.026 mg/liter
3.77 ug/liter
1.0 ppb
2.3-3.0 ppb
0.11 ± 0.01 mg/day
Comments
High levels in children,
especially infants
U.S. adults
Sudden accident victims ,
normal
U.S. adults
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area
Sudden accident victims ,
normal
High levels in children,
especially infants
U.S. adults
Sudden accident victims
U.S. adults
U.S. autopsy samples
U.S. tissues
Normal subjects
Adult men from various cities
and farms
Normals
Hypertensive patients
Volunteers, balance study
Reference
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1962a
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Losee, Cutress , and
Brown, 1973
Koch et al. , 1956
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1962a
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al., 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, 1970a
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gills et al. , 1974
Imbus et al., 1963
Perry, 1968
Tipton, Stewart, and
Uterus
28 of 32 ES
<0.1-10.0 ug/g ash
0.12 ± 0.01 ing/day
1.6 ug/g ash (median)
U.S. adults
Dickson, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 19. Cobalt
Tissue
Adipose
Adrenal
Alimentary
tract
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Number of
cases
2
1
1
1
6 of 14
2
1
21 of 104
1
1
12 of 110
520
48
48
39
Analytxcal
, , Range
method
Ch
C
ES
NAA
ES
Ch
ES
ES
NAA
ES
ES
AAS
ES
ES
XRS
0.010-0.012 ppm
NG
NG
NG
<2-ll ug/g ash
0.017-0.025 ppm wet wt
NG
<2-6 ug/g ash
NG
NG
<2-2 ug/g ash
NG
NG
0.0061-0.0063 mg/100 ml
NG
0.00-0.05 ppm
Mean level
NG
0.008 ppm wet wt
1,24 ug/g wet wt
0. 1 ppm wet wt
<2 yg/g ash (median)
NG
0.40 ug/g wet wt
<2 ug/g ash (median)
0. 04 ppm wet wt
<0.06 ug/g wet wt
<2 ug/g ash (median)
0.00 ± 0.00 rag/liter
0.146 ± 0.026 mg/liter
NG
0.0238 mg/ml
NG
Comments
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
46-year-old cadaver
Accident victims, age 56 years
old or less
U.S. tissues
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Autopsies
U.S. tissues
Sudden accident victims, age
56 years old or less
Autopsy
D.S. adults
Serum:
one-half sample from hard-
water area, Kansas
one— half sample from soft-
water area, Missouri
Los Angeles area:
serum
whole blood
Males, mean age 35.3 years
Reference
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Bierenbaum et al., 1975
Butt et al. , 1964
Gofman et al. , 1964
Bone
1
121
Ch
C
AAS
0.026-0.031 ppm wet wt
NG
NG 0.038 ppm wet wt
11.0-22.9 ug/g dry wt 16.9 ± 6.01 ug/g dry wt
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48),
skeleton
46-year-old cadaver
40 normal, 81 osteogenic
sarcomas
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Janes, McCall, and
Elveback, 1972
-------
Table 19. Cobalt (continued)
Tissue
Brain
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Feces
Gastrointes-
tinal tract
Hair
Heart
Intestine
Ileum
Number of Analytical
cases method
1 NAA
1 NAA
2 ES
2 of 129 ES
1 ES
5 of 91 ES
2 NAA
5 of 67 ES
2 ES
1 C
10 NAA
126 AAS
55 AAS
2 MS, AAS
2 Ch
1 C
2 ES
39 of 140 ES
5 NAA
1 ES
Range
NG
NG
0.05-0.37 yg/g wet wt
<2-<2 yg/g ash
NG
<2-<2 ug/g ash
NG
<2-<2 yg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.24-0.34 yg/g
0.033-0.035 ppm wet wt
NG
0.16-0.23 yg/g wet wt
<2-5 pg/g ash
NG
NG
Mean level
0.03 ppm wet wt
0.02 ppm wet wt
NG
<2 pg/g ash (median)
0.14 yg/g wet wt
<2 yg/g ash (median)
0.025 ppm wet wt
<2 yg/g ash (median)
0.034 ± 0.006 and
0.059 ± 0.008
0.008 ppm wet wt
0.084 ± 0.009 ppm
0.17 ± 0.02 yg/g
0.28 ± 0.04 yg/g
NG
NG
0.032 ppm wet wt
NG
<2 yg/g ash (median)
0.05 ppm wet wt
0.08 yg/g wet wt
Comments
Sudden accident victim
Sudden accident victim
Autopsies
U.S. adults
Autopsy
U.S. adults
Sudden accident victims
U.S. adults
Volunteers, balance study
46-year-old cadaver
Males, age 10 months to 102
years, scalp hair
Females , age 10 months to 102
years, scalp hair
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
46-year-old cadaver
Autopsies
U.S. adults
Sudden accident victims
Autopsy
Reference
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch et al. , 1956
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Obrusnik et al. , 1972
Schroeder and Nason,
1969
Schroeder and Nason,
1969
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
-------
Table 19. Cobalt (continued)
Tissue
Je j unum
Sigmoid
colon
Cecum
Ileum
Duodenum
Jejunum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Larynx
Liver
Lung
Number of
cases
2
1
10 of 31
18 of 83
6 of 67
7 of 102
21 of 108
10 of 42
2
2
3
21 of 144
3 of 50
2
1
2
10
2
63 of 149
2
1
Analytical
method Range
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Ch
NAA
ES
ES
ES
Ch
C
NAA
ES
ES
ES
Ch
C
0.04-0.17 yg/g wet wt
NG
<2-8 yg/g ash
<2-10 yg/g ash
<2-<2 ug/g ash
<2-<2 yg/g ash
<2-ll yg/g ash
<2-ll ug/g ash
0.032-0.037 ppm wet wt
NG
0.05-0.11 yg/g wet wt
<2-2 yg/g ash
<2-<2 yg/g ash
0.064-0.126 ppm wet wt
NG
NG
NG
0.12-0.28 yg/g wet wt
<2-10 yg/g ash
0.028-0.039 ppm wet wt
NG
Mean level
NG
0.01 yg/g wet wt
<2 yg/g ash (median)
<2 yg/g ash (median)
<2 yg/g ash (median)
<2 yg/g ash (median)
<2 yg/g ash (median)
<2 yg/g ash (median)
NG
0.64 ppm wet wt
NG
<2 yg/g ash (median)
<2 yg/g ash (median)
NG
0.056 ppm wet wt
0. 25 ppm wet wt
8.58 ± 5.55 yg/g ash
NG
<2 yg/g ash (median)
NG
0.018 ppm wet wt
Comments
Autopsy
Autopsy
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Sudden accident victims
Autopsies
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
46-year-old cadaver
Sudden accident victims
Five white and five black
males, accident victims
Autopsies
U.S. adults
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
46-year-old cadaver
Reference
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Koch et al. , 1956
Schroeder, Mason, and
Tipton, 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry et al. , 1973
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
-------
Table 19. Cobalt (continued)
Tissue
Muscle
Nerve
Omentum
Ovary
Pancreas
Placenta
Prostate
Psoas
Number of Analytical
cases method
169 NG
2 ES
26 of 141 ES
26 of 141 ES
2 Ch
1 C
4 NAA
6 of 136 ES
2 Ch
1 C
26 of 75 ES
0 of 16 ES
2 ES
13 of 139 ES
858 NAA
58 NG
1 ES
3 of 50 ES
2 ES
Range
<20-1400 ug/g
0.06-0.13 yg/g wet wt
<2-9 yg/g ash
<2-140 yg/g ash
0.006-0.008 ppm wet wt
NG
NG
<2-<2 yg/g ash
NG
NG
<2-12 yg/g ash
<2-<2 yg/g ash
0.07-0.12 yg/g wet wt
<2-<2 yg/g ash
NG
ND
NG
<2-<2 yg/g ash
0.05-0.22 yg/g wet wt
Mean level
NG
NG
<2 yg/g ash (median)
<2 yg/g ash (median)
NG
0.006 ppm wet wt
0.05 ppm wet wt
<2 yg/g ash (median)
0.015 ppm wet wt
0.011 ppm wet wt
<2 yg/g ash (median)
<2 yg/g ash (median)
NG
<2 yg/g ash (median)
0.023 ± 0.015 yg/g dry
wt
NG
0.11 yg/g wet wt
<2 yg/g ash (median)
NG
Comments
Autopsies from 58 cities and
29 nonurban areas
Autopsies
U.S. adults
Autopsies, nine U.S. cities
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48) ,
striated muscle
46-year-old cadaver, striated
muscle
Sudden accident victims
U.S. adults
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
46-year-old cadaver
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
Autopsies
U.S. adults
Subjects from four large
hospitals, Nashville,
Tennessee
Southern and southeastern
city hospitals
Autopsy
U.S. adults
Autopsies
Reference
Schroeder, 1970i
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Baglan et al., 1974
Karp and Robertson, 1977
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
-------
Table 19. Cobalt (continued)
Tissue
Skin
Spleen
Stomach
Teeth
Testis
Thyroid
Total body
content
Trachea
Urine
Uterus
Vena cava
Number of
cases
2
1
5 of 22
1
2
8 of 143
2
15 of 131
56
2
6 of 72
3 of 21
168
13 of 60
2
3 of 32
1
Analytical
method
Ch
C
ES
NAA
ES
ES
ES
ES
MS
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
NAA
Range
0.016-0.023 ppm wet wt
NG
<2-ll yg/g ash
NG
0.06-0.30 yg/g wet wt
<2-<2 pg/g ash
0.04-0.22 yg/g wet wt
<2-2 yg/g ash
0.01-0.26 yg/g dry wt
0.14-0.15 yg/g wet wt
<2-<2 yg/g ash
<2-3 yg/g ash
NG
<2-4 yg/g ash
NG
<2-<2 yg/g ash
NG
Mean level
NG
0.050 ppm wet wt
<2 yg/g ash (median)
0.025 ppm wet wt
NG
<2 yg/g ash (median)
NG
<2 yg/g ash (median)
0.006 yg/g dry wt
NG
<2 yg/g ash (median)
<2 yg/g ash (median)
1.5 mg
<2 yg/g ash (median)
0.24 + 0.002 and 0.23 ±
0.02 mg/day
<2 yg/g ash (median)
0.025 ppm wet wt
Comments
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
46-year-old cadaver
U.S. adults
Sudden accident victims
Autopsies
U.S. adults
Autopsies
U.S. adults
Wide geographic area
Autopsies
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
Autopsy material
U.S. adults
Volunteers, balance study
U.S. adults
Sudden accident victims
Reference
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, 1970i>
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
-------
Table 20. Copper
Tissue Number of
cases
Adrenal 2
2
12
Aorta 1
100
150
103
Bladder 2
110
Bone 40
NG
1
1
Analytical
method
C
C
ES
C
ES
ES
ES
C
ES
AAS
ES
C
C
Range
NG
0.4-7.9 pg/g dry wt
160-250 pg/g ash
NG
1.9-12.0 micromoles/g ash
0.79-2.20 micromoles/g
ash
50-140 yg/g ash
NG
76-180 pg/g ash
5.0-7.3 pg/g dry wt
NG
NG
4.5 pg/g dry wt
Mean level
2.6 pptn wet wt
4.2 mg/g dry wt
200 pg/g ash (median)
3.5 ppm wet wt
NG
NG
90 pg/g ash (median)
1.0 ppm wet wt
110 pg/g ash (median)
6.6 ± 1.74 pg/g dry wt
0.410 mg/100 g wet wt
1.190 mg/100 g wet wt
0. 4 ppm wet wt
NG
Comments
Accident victims
Normal subjects
U.S. adults
Accident victims
U.S. adults
Accident victims
U.S. adults
Rib bone
Long bone
Sudden accident victims
Sudden accident victims
Reference
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry, 1968
Perry et al., 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al., 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Janes, McCall, and
Elveback, 1972
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch, Smith, and
Blood
520
266
39
NG
100
AAS
ES
XRS
ES
ASV
NG
NG
144.60 ± 3.95 pg/100 ml
172.14 ±4.76 pg/100 ml
0.071-0.110 mg/100 ml
0.071-0.110 mg/100 ml
NG
NG
31-281 vg/100 ml
0.0711 mg/100 ml
0.102 mg/100 ml
1.29 ± 0.13 ppm
91.6 ± 2.6 pg/100 ml
107.4 ± 5.1 pg/100 ml
100 pg/100 ml
Serum:
one-half sample from soft-
water area, Kansas City,
Missouri
one-half sample from hard-
water area, Kansas City,
Kansas
Patients, blood donors, and
normal individuals, Los
Angeles area:
serum
whole blood
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, blood serum
Males
Females
McNelly, 1957
Bierenbaum et al., 1975
Butt et -al., 1964
Gofman et al., 1964
Hambidge and
Droegemueller, 1974
Hecker et al., 1974
-------
_. Number of
Tissue
cases
164
48
NG
58
243
NG
6
27 pairs
27 pairs
60
558
558
Brain NG
3
3
10
75
100
150
NG
127
Diaphragm 91
Esophagus 2
Analytical
method
AAS
AAS
ES
C
AAS
NG
AAS
NG
NG
AAS
AAS
AAS
ES
C
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
C
Table
Range
82-147 yg/100 ml
950-1280 yg/liter
950-1420 yg/liter
NG
NG
16-348 yg/ml
NG
91-128 yg/ml
12-67 yg/100 ml
118-302 yg/100 ml
0.22-1.70 yg/100 g
NG
NG
NG
NG
19.3-35.1 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
4.7-10.0 mlcromoles/g ash
3.8-8.0 micromoles/g ash
NG
240-500 yg/g ash
110-200 yg/g ash
NG
20. Copper (continued)
Mean level
107 yg/100 ml
1120 yg/liter
1170 yg/liter
0.114 mg/100 g
98 yg/100 ml
89 yg/ml
1.2 yg/ml
111 yg/ml
36 yg/100 ml
216 yg/100 ml
0.66 yg/100 g
142 ± 24.82 yg/100 ml
120.40 ± 19.68 yg/100 ml
0.40 mg/100 g wet wt
3. 6 ppm wet wt
30.0 mg/g dry wt
1.23 + 0.16 mg/100 g
2.07 + 0.16 mg/100 g
NG
NG
23.9 yg/g dry wt
360 yg/g ash (median)
140 yg/g ash (median)
3. 5 ppm wet wt
Comments
119 males and 45 females
Serum:
male
female
Accident victims
Males, 19 U.S. cities
Normals
Males, RBC analysis
Umbilical cord plasma
Maternal plasma
White children ages 2 months
to 13 years
6-year-old children, serum
12-year-old children, serum
Accident victims
Normal subjects
0 to 3 months
Above 12 months
Normals
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
Accident victims
Reference
Henkin, 1971
Hohnadel et al. , 1973
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al., 1956
Kubota, Lazar, and
Losee, 1968
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Robbins, DeKoven, and
Caruso, 1975
Scheinberg, Cook, and
Murphy, 1954
Scheinberg, Cook, and
Murphy, 1954
Smith, Temple, and
Reading, 1976
Tessmer et al . , 1973
Tessmer et al . , 1973
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Nusbaum et al., 1958
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
-------
Table 20. Copper (continued)
Tissue Number of
cases
66
Feces 2
Fetal 249
membranes
Hair 33
50
229
204
50
18
165
12
13
20
211
NG
117
Analytical
method
ES
ES
NG
NAA
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
ES
AAS
AAS
NAA
ES
AAS
NG
AAS
Range
84-200 yg/g ash
NG
17.5-21.5 ng/100 g
7.8-234.0 ppm
NG
1.01-144.0 yg/g
2.22-184.0 yg/g
10.7-41.6 ppm
11.4-61.4 ppm
0.00312-0.01280% dry wt
NG
9.4-31.0 ug/g
NG
16.0-19.5 yg/g
8-50 yg/g
5-60 yg/g
NG
NG
Mean level
120 ng/g ash (median)
1.3 ± 0.2 mg/day
1.3 ± 0.1 mg/day
NG
34 . 1 ppm
17.9 yg/g
13.0 yg/g
10.9 yg/g
12.11 yg/g
18.25 yg/g
22.6 ppm
23.0 ppm
NG
11.8, 12.6, 15.3, 22.5,
and 25 . 7 ppm
16.7 yg/g
13.27 yg/g
NG
NG
NG
23.1 yg/g dry wt
16.1 ± 1.2 yg/g
Comments
U.S. adults
Healthy 23- and 25-year-old
males, University of
Cincinnati
Compared to specimens from
lead mining region, insig-
nificant difference
Children and adults, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee
From hospital delivery ward,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 68% black,
32% white:
maternal scalp hair
maternal pubic hair
neonatal scalp hair
Three New York metropolitan
community samples : children
Three New York metropolitan
community samples : adults
Males
Females
White males, 15-70 years old
Fourth-grade boys from five
cities
Both sexes, varied ages, and
diverse geographic areas
Males
Females
Normal subjects
No dyes or bleaches, males
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Fahim, Fahim, and Hall,
1976
Bate and Dyer, 1965
Baumslag et al. , 1974
Creason et al., 1975
Creason et al., 1975
Eads and Lambdin, 1973
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Hammer, Finklea,
Hendricks, Shy, and
Horton, 1971
Hinners et al. , 1974
Mahler et al., 1970
Martin, 1964
Petering, Yeager, and
Witherup, 1971
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schroeder and Nason,
47
AAS
NG
55.6 ± 10.2 yg/g
No dyes or bleaches, females
1969
Schroeder and Nason,
1969
-------
Table 20. Copper (continued)
Tissue
Heart
Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Number of
cases
1
2
NG
21
137
100
150
NG
140
NG
1 and 9
9
67
101
84
31
108
42
NG
8
8
67
3
201
100
Analytical
method
AAS
AAS, MS
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
C
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
3.4-8.5 micromoles/g ash
3.9-7.0 micromoles/g ash
NG
250-460 yg/g ash
NG
NG
9.5-46.3 mg/g dry wt
160-420 yg/g ash
160-330 ug/g ash
170-400 ug/g ash
150-280 yg/g ash
150-340 pg/g ash
110-270 yg/g ash
NG
NG
12.4-54.3 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
NG
3.1-16.0 micromoles/g ash
Mean level
70.7 ± 0.9 yg/g
8. 7 yg/g dry wt
16. 2 yg/g dry wt
0.190 mg/100 g wet wt
2.35 ± 0.27 mg/100 g
1.83 ± 0.09 mg/100 g
NG
NG
16. 5 yg/g dry wt
350 yg/g ash (median)
0.110 mg/100 g wet wt
0.4 and 4.0 ppm wet wt
29 . 7 mg/g dry wt
260 yg/g ash (median)
230 yg/g ash (median)
240 yg/g ash (median)
220 yg/g ash (median)
210 yg/g ash (median)
170 yg/g ash (median)
0.166 mg/100 g wet wt
4. 1 ppm wet wt
30.9 yg/g dry wt
2.63 ± 0.34 mg/100 g
0.84 mg/100 g
1.77 ± 0.09 mg/100 g
NG
Comments
0 to 3 months
Above 12 months
Normal subjects
U.S. adults
Accident victims
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
Accident victims
Normal subjects
0 to 3 months
3 to 12 months
Above 12 months
Normal adults
Reference
Sorenson et al., 1973
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Nusbaum et al . , 1958
Nusbaum et al., 1958
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Perry, 1968
-------
Table 20. Copper (continued)
Tissue Number of
cases
150
NG
143
Larynx 50
Liver NG
8
8
NG
46
67
3
199
17
100
150
10
NG
148
7
Lung NG
5
5
6
72
100
150
Analytical
method
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
C
c
AAS
AAS
ES
ES
ES
AAS
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES or Ch
ES
C
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
3.0-5.4 micromoles/g ash
NG
190-340 yg/g ash
14-150 yg/g ash
NG
NG
18.5-63.0 yg/g dry tissue
NG
292-420 yg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
3.5-8.9 yg/g wet wt
7.7-32.0 micromoles/g ash
5.0-21.0 micromoles/g ash
NG
NG
320-1300 yg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
10.5-27.8 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
1.6-8.5 micromoles/g ash
1.4-2.8 micromoles/g ash
Mean level
NG
14.9 yg/g dry wt
260 yg/g ash (median)
33 yg/g ash (median)
0.710 mg/100 g wet wt
9.0 ppm wet wt
41.2 yg/g dry tissue
408 yg/g ash
394 yg/g ash
32.49 ± 1.91 mg/100 g
2.35 mg/100 g
2.76 mg/100 g dry wt
5.8 yg/g wet wt
NG
NG
1070 ± 628 yg/g ash
25.5 yg/g dry wt
510 yg/g ash (median)
5.3 ± 1.3 ppm wet wt
0.110 mg/100 g wet wt
3.0 ppm wet wt
17.7 yg/g dry wt
0.98 ± 0.21 mg/100 g
dry wt
1.21 ± 0.08 mg/100 g
dry wt
NG
NG
Comments
Normal adults
Normal subjects
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
Accident victims
Normal subjects
Males
30 white males, 16 blacks
0 to 3 months
3 to 12 months
Above 12 months
Normal adults
Normal adults
Unexpected deaths
Males , accident victims
Normal subjects
U.S. adults
Noncirrhotics
Accident victims
Normal adults
0 to 3 months
Above 12 months
Normal adults
Sudden deaths
Reference
Perry et al. , 1962
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Morgan, 1972a
Morgan, 1972a
Nusbaum et al., 1958
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Nusbaum et al., 1958
Owen et al. , 1977
Perry, 1968
Perry et al . , 1962
Perry et al . , 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Vallee et al. , 1957
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Nusbaum et al., 1958
Nusbaum et al., 1958
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
-------
Table 20. Copper (continued)
Tissue
Milk
Muscle
Nail
Omentum
Ovary
Pancreas
Placenta
Number of
cases
168
141
141
50
NG
11
6
5
136
18
18
13
20
75
16
4
4
138
554
Analytical
method
NG
ES
ES
MS
ES
C
C
C
ES
ES
NAA
NAA
ES
ES
ES
C
C
ES
AAS
Range
500-2500 yg
92-180 yg/g ash
50-250 yg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
8.0-50.3 yg/g dry wt
4.2-17.7 ug/g dry wt
50-120 yg/g ash
0.00094-0.00810% dry
tissue
17.32-91.53 yg/g
42.59-170.00 yg/g
NG
7.7-7.8 ug/g
10.6-14.8 yg/g
110-280 yg/g ash
85-180 yg/g ash
NG
5.7-27.0 yg/g dry wt
92-210 yg/g ash
NG
Mean level
NG
120 yg/g ash (median)
130 yg/g ash
0.245 ± 0.077 yg/ml
0.125 mg/100 g wet wt
4. 0 ppm wet wt
31.0 yg/g dry wt
12.4 yg/g dry wt
74 yg/g ash (median)
NG
51.13 ± 22.84 yg/g
86.36 + 44.51 yg/g
13.27 yg/g
NG
NG
190 yg/g ash (median)
120 yg/g ash (median)
2. 8 ppm wet wt
12.2 yg/g dry wt
140 yg/g ash (median)
14.40 ± 12.58 micromoles/
Comments
Autopsies from cities and
nonurban areas
U.S. adults
Autopsies, nine cities
Mature human milk
Normal adults
Accident victims
Cardiac muscle
Striated muscle
U.S. adults
White males, 15-70 years old
Adults
Children
Normal subjects
Toenails
Fingernails
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
Accident victims
Normal subjects
U.S. adults
One year collection from nor-
Ref erence
Schroeder, 1970i
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Picciano and Guthrie,
1976
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Kanabrocki et al., 1968
Mahler et al. , 1970
Martin, 1964
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Dawson et al. , 1969
554
AAS
NG
g dry wt
?.13 + 0.54 to 28.54 +
2.54 micromoles/g dry
wt
mal deliveries, Houston,
Texas
Seasonal variation
Dawson et al., 1969
-------
Table 20. Copper (continued)
Tissue
Prostate
Saliva
Skin
Spleen
Stomach
Sweat
Number of
cases
249
58
4
50
21
18
22
NG
5
5
8
73
100
150
143
NG
4
4
48
Analytical
method
NG
NG
C
ES
NAA
ES
ES
ES
C
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
C
AAS
Range
17.0-22.0 yg/100 g wet wt
NG
NG
57-140 yg/g ash
2.93-15.61 yg/100 ml
0.00074-0.00880% dry wt
80-150 yg/g ash
NG
NG
4.9-13.4 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
1.2-3.8 micromoles/g ash
1.1-2.0 micromoles/g ash
67-120 yg/g ash
NG
NG
13.3-25.4 yg/g dry wt
30-1440 yg/liter
590-2280 yg/liter
Mean level
NG
1.598 ± 0.177 yg/g wet wt
7.4 ppm wet wt
100 yg/g ash (median)
7.53 ± 3.45 yg/100 ml
NG
100 yg/g ash (median)
0.085 mg/100 g wet wt
2.0 ppm wet wt
9.2 yg/g dry wt
3.06 + 1.45 mg/100 g
1.03 ± 0.15 mg/100 g
NG
NG
89 yg/g ash (median)
0.107 mg/100 mg wet wt
5.0 ppm wet wt
19.8 yg/g dry wt
550 ± 350 yg/llter
1480 ± 610 yg/liter
Comments
Compared to specimens from
lead mining region, dif-
ference insignificant
Southern and southeastern
city hospitals
Accident victims
U.S. adults
Normal subjects
White males , 15-70 years old
U.S. adults
Normal subjects
Accident victims
Normal subjects
0 to 3 months
Above 12 months
Normal adults
Sudden deaths
U.S. adults
Normal subjects
Accident victims
Normal subjects
Male
Female
Reference
Fahim, Fahim, and Hall,
1976
Karp and Robertson, 1977
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kanabrocki et al. ,
1965i
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al., 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Nusbaum et al., 1958
Nusbaum et al., 1958
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al., 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Hohnadel et al., 1973
Teeth
208
MS
NG
0.51 ± 0.06 ppm
Enamel samples from subjects Curzon and Losee, 1977
less than 20 years old; cor-
relation of high caries with
high level, low caries with
low level
-------
Table 20. Copper (continued)
Tissue
Testis
Thyroid
Total body
content
Trachea
Umbilical cord
Urine
Uterus
Vena cava
Numb er of
cases
56
3
71
8
20
168
60
249
NG
16
NG
NG
2
32
2
Analytical
method
MS
C
ES
C
ES
NG
ES
NG
NAA
NAA, C
ES
NG
ES
ES
C
Range
0.07-208.0 yg/g
NG
58-110 yg/g ash
NG
43-240 yg/g ash
NG
25-96 yg/g ash
16.5-22.0 yg/100 g
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
73-130 yg/g ash
NG
Mean level
6.80 ± 4.01 yg/g
2.6 ppm wet wt
80 yg/g ash (median)
2. 6 ppm wet wt
94 yg/g ash (median)
72 mg
56 yg/g ash (median)
NG
0.028 rag/liter
50.37 ± 11.14 yg/day
0.034 mg/liter
0.04 yg/ml
0.022 ± 0.003 mg/day
0.042 ± 0.013 mg/day
98 yg/g ash (median)
5. 2 ppm wet wt
Comments
Subjects less than 20 years
old
Accident victims
U.S. adults
Accident victims
U.S. adults
U.S. autopsy samples
Compared to specimens from
lead mining region, dif-
ference insignificant
Normal males
Normal subjects
Normal adults
Healthy 23- and 25-year-old
males, University of
Cincinnati
U.S. adults
Accident victims
Reference
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1977
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, 1970i
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Fahim, Fahim, and Hall,
1976
Gills et al. , 1974
Kanabrocki et al. ,
1965a
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
-------
Table 21. p.,p'-Dichlorodiphenyl acetic acid
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Urine
12
46
GC-EC
IE, GC
8.1-19.0 ppb
<0.02-0.18 ppm
14.2 ppb
NG
General population of Florida Cranmer, Carroll, and
Copeland, 1969
Control population
Durham, Armstrong, and
Quinby, 1965
-------
Table 22. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane
Tissue Number of
cases
Adipose 221
30 of 44
10
215
71
25
332
54
202
Adrenal 18 of 44
10
Blood 30
7
20
Analytical
method
GC-EC
CC, GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
CC, GC-EC
GC
GC
GC-EC
GC
Range
NG
NG
0.23-14.17 ppm
0.21-0.34 ppm
0.00-3.0 ppm
0.09-0.99 ppm
0.0-1.84 ppm
NG
0.0-1.2 ppb
NG
0.91-1.45 ppm
0.0013-0.0015 ppm
0.0001-0.0027 ppm
0.0029-0.0199 ppm
0.0015-0.0066 ppm
0.0018-0.0425 ppm
0.0078-0.0319 ppm
0.0057-0.0448 ppm
0.032-0.0150 ppm
Mean level
0.10 ± 0.11 ppm
0.02 ppm
0.08 ppm
0.03 ppm
3.17 ± 2.22 ppm
NG
NG
0.45 ppm
NG
0.28 ppm
0.10 ppb
0.94 ppm of extracted
lipid
1.11 ± 0.17 ppm
0.0014 ± 0.0001 ppm
NG
0.0083 ppm
0.0037 ppm
0.0121 ppm
0.0139 ppm
0.0189 ppm
0.0079 ppm
Comments
Texas agricultural area
Perirenal fat
Mesenteric fat
Panniculus fat
Stillborn babies
Autopsies, Dade County,
Florida, diseased and
normals
Accidental deaths, Florida
New Orleans, Louisiana
Autopsies, Miami, Florida,
diseased and normal
Autopsy tissues
Surgical biopsies in Idaho
General population of Hawaii,
autopsies ages 28 weeks-
88 years
Stillborn babies
Cord blood
Pregnant women, plasma
Plasma, males
Plasma, females
Red blood cells, males
Red blood cells, females
Whole blood, males
Whole blood, females
Reference
Burns, 1974
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Deichmann and Radomski,
1968
Fiserova-Bergerova et
al., 1967
Hayes, Dale, and Burse,
1965
Radomski et al., 1968
Radomski and Deichmann,
1968
Wyllie, Gabica, and
Benson, 1972
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley and Kimbrough,
1969
Dale, Curley, and Havoc;,
1967
350 pairs GC
723 GC-EC
2.0-5.5 ppb
0-5 ppb
NG
0.28 ppb
Mother-infant pairs in
Mississippi
General population
D'Ercole et al., 1976
Finklea et al., 1972
-------
Table 22. Dichlorodlphenyldichloroethane (continued)
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Bone
Brain
Gonad
Heart
Human tissue
Kidney
Liver
53 pairs GC-EC 0.5-2.4 ppb
1000 GC-EC 0.0-27.0 ppb
202 GC-EC 0.0-4.0 ppb
30 of 44 CC, GC-EC NG
32 of 44 CC, GC-EC NG
10
10
10
71
54
GC
GC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
0.20-1.22 ppm
36 of 44 CC, GC-EC NG
1.02-5.82 ppm
115 GC-EC 1.0-76 ppb
38 of 44 CC, GC-EC NG
0.48-9.12 ppm
0.00-0.23 ppm
NG
42 of 44 CC, GC-EC NG
10
GC
0.19-2.14 ppm
1.58 (geometric mean)
0.24 ppb
0.10 ppb
1.45 ppm of extracted
lipid
0.22 ppm of extracted
lipid
0.64 ± 0.30 ppm
0.18 ppm of extracted
lipid
3.27 ± 1.10 ppm
NG
0.12 ppm of extracted
lipid
3.84 + 1.87 ppm
NG
0.017 ppm
2.43 ppm of extracted
lipid
1.01 ± 0.29 ppm
Louisiana housewives, general
population, maternal blood
General population of Idaho,
serum
Surgical biopsies in Idaho,
serum
General population of Hawaii,
autopsies, ages 28 weeks to
88 years, bone marrow
General population of Hawaii,
autopsies, ages 28 weeks to
88 years
Stillborn babies
General population of Hawaii,
autopsies, ages 28 weeks to
88 years
Stillborn babies
General population of Hawaii
General population of Hawaii,
autopsies, ages 28 weeks to
88 years
Stillborn babies
Accidental deaths, Florida
General population
General population of Hawaii,
autopsies, ages 28 weeks to
88 years
Stillborn babies
Selby et al., 1969
Watson, Benson, and
Gabica, 1970
Wyllie, Gabica, and
Benson, 1972
Casarett et al., 1968
Casarett et al., 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Casarett et al., 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Klemmer et al., 1977
Casarett et al., 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Fiserova-Bergerova et
al., 1967
Radomski and Deichmann,
1968
Casarett et al., 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
-------
Table 22. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (continued)
Tissue
Lung
Lymph nodes
Milk
Placenta
Spleen
Urine
Number of
cases
71
54
25 of 44
10
11 of 44
10
53
40
53 pairs
27 of 44
10
12
Analytical
., , Range
method °
GC-EC 0.00-1.60 ppm
GC-EC NG
CC, GC-EC NG
GC 0.31-1.05 ppm
CC, GC-EC NG
GC-EC <0. 0001-0. 0140 ppm
GC 0.04-0.30 mg/kg, fat
GC Trace to 5.0 ppb, fat
GC-EC 0.1-17.2 ppb
CC, GC-EC NG
GC 0.18-0.91 ppm
GC-EC 0.25-0.43 ppb
Mean level
NG
0.34 ppm
0.05 ppm of extracted
lipid
0.75 ± 0.13 ppm
0,03 ppm of extracted
lipid
NG
0.17 mg/kg, fat
0.70 mg/kg, fat
0.62 (geometric mean)
0.49 ppm of extracted
lipid
0.56 ± 0.21 ppm
0.34 ppb
Comments
Accidental deaths, Florida
Autopsies, general population
General population of Hawaii,
autopsies, ages 28 weeks to
88 years
Stillborn babies
General population of Hawaii,
autopsies, ages 28 weeks to
88 years
Lactating women
Nursing mothers in
Pennsylvania
Females, rural Colorado
Louisiana housewives, general
population
General population of Hawaii,
autopsies, ages 28 weeks to
88 years
Stillborn babies
General population of Florida
Reference
Fiserova-Bergerova et
al., 1967
Radomski and Deichmann,
1968
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley and Kimbrough,
1969
Kroger, 1972
Savage et al. , 1973
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Cranmer, Carroll, and
Copeland, 1969
-------
Table 23. o.p'-Dichlorodlphenyldichloroethylene
Tissue Number of Analytical
cases method Range
Adipose 25
Blood 10
10
10
10
10
10
Milk 7
Pancreas 10
Spleen 10
Urine 6
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC-EC
0.05-0.53 ppm
<0. 000 3-0. 0085 ppm
<0. 0003-0. 0025 ppm
<0. 0006-0. 0096 ppm
<0. 0006-0. 0023 ppm
<0. 0007-0. 0031 ppm
<0. 0003-0. 0039 ppm
<0. 0001-0. 0028 ppm
NG
NG
<0. 0001-0. 0010 ppm
Mean level
0.29 ppm
0.0022 ppm
0.0010 ppm
0.0036 ppm
0.0012 ppm
0.0012 ppm
0.0016 ppm
NG
0.08 ppm
0.29 ppm
NG
Comments
New Orleans, 1964
Men, general population,
whole blood
Women, general population,
whole blood
Men, general population,
plasma
Women, general population,
plasma
Men, general population, red
blood cells
Women, general population,
red blood cells
Lactating women
Stillborn babies
Stillborn babies
General population
Reference
Hayes, Dale, and Burse,
1965
Dale, Cur ley, and Hayes,
1967
Dale, Cur ley, and Hayes,
1967
Dale, Cur ley, and Hayes,
1967
Dale, Cur ley, and Hayes,
1967
Dale, Cur ley, and Hayes,
1967
Dale, Cur ley, and Hayes,
1967
Cur ley and Kimb rough,
1969
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Cueto and Biros, 1967
-------
Table 24. p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
_. Number of
Tissue
cases
Adipose NG
221
29
30
30
10
30
11
159
90
35
90
11
42
173
143 -iales
Analytical
method Range
GC/MS NG
GC-EC NG
GC-EC NG
GC-EC NG
GC-EC NG
GC 0.16-3.19 ppm
GC 0.48-10.40 ppm
GC-EC 1.9-13.2 ppm
GC-EC 0.44-23.4 ppm
GC-EG NG
GC-EG NG
GC-EC 0.9-13.80 ppm
GC-EC 3.5-20.8 ppm
GC-EC NG
GC-EC NG
GC NG
Mean level
28.71 ppm
17.37 ± 10.90 ppm
4.40 ppm, whole tissue
10.26 ppm, fat
4.48 ppm, whole tissue
9.86 ppm, fat
4.64 ppm, whole tissue
11.47 ppm, fat
1.22 ± 0.38 ppm
3.82 ppm
6.92 ppm
NG
5.5 ppm
10 . 8 ppm
5 . 5 ppm
10.5 ppm
6.69-17.91 ppm
7.33-17.91 ppm
7.4 ± 2.8 ppm
3.4 ± 1.0 ppm
8.4 ± 2.9 ppm
3.5 ± 1.0 ppm
9.3 ± 1.4 ppm
5.9 ± 1.4 ppm
11.6 ± 2.8 ppm
4.3 ± 1.5 ppm
Comments
Combined GC/MS
Agricultural area, Texas,
tissues from surgery,
1969-1972
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years, mesenteric
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years, panniculus
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years, perirenal
Stillborn babies
Three widespread geographic
areas
Autopsies, Florida
Autopsies, Florida, general
population
Autopsies, whites
Autopsies, blacks
Controls for anticonvulsant
therapy study
Controls for experiment on
reduction of pesticide resi-
dues with diphenylhydantoin
Autopsies, controls
Range of means, various
diseases, hypertension high
Female smokers, black
Female smokers, white
Female nonsmokers , black
Female nonsmokers, white
Male smokers, black
Male smokers, white
Male nonsmokers, black
Male nonsmokers, white
Smoking may induce enzymes
which metabolize dichloro-
diphenyl trich lor oe thane
Reference
Biros and Walker, 1970
Burns, 1974
Casarett et al. , 1968
Casarett et al. , 1968
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Dale and Quinby, 1963
Davies , Welke, and
Radomski, 1965
Davies et al. , 1968
Davies et al. , 1969
Davies et al. , 1969
Davies et al. , 1971
Deichmann and MacDonald,
1968
Domanski et al. , 1977
-------
Table 24. p.p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (continued)
Tissue Number Of
cases
71
61
25
43
282
994
3
50
70
130
332
54
64
62
103
202
Analytical
method
GC-EC
C
GC
C
GC
GC
C
C
GC-EC
C
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC, TLC
GC
GC-EC
Range
0.87-27.20 ppm
2-13 ppm
0.56-21.17 ppm
2.6-21.7 ppm
NG
0-56.1 ppm
0.1-0.4 ppm
ND-49 ppm
NG
1.7-30.8 ppm
3.66 ± 7.64 to 19.27 ±
6.35 ppm (normals
6.69 ± 4.07)
NG
1.8-13.5 yg/g, fat
0.195-27.302 ppm
NG
0.2-30 ppb
Mean level
NG
6 . 1 ppm
6 . 85 ppm
12.5 ppm
7.4 ± 5.3 ppm
7.0 ppm
NG
NG
4.58 ppm
7 . 8 ppm
6.67 ppm
5.1 ug/g, fat
3.70 ppm (geometric mean)
5.0 ppm
7.2 ppb
Comments
Accidental deaths
U.S. general population, 1954
People in New Orleans
Prison inmates before
experimental oral doses of
dichlorodiphenyltrichloro-
ethane, 1956
Study of progression of stor-
age of dichlorodiphenyltri-
chloroethane metabolites in
general population, 1963
Autopsies, no outstanding
differences between normals
and persons dying of a vari-
ety of diseases
Autopsy tissues, 1938-1940
Autopsy tissues , 1952
Autopsies, Arizona, 1966-1968
937. biopsy, 17, autopsy, U.S.
general population, 1961-
1962
Autopsies, Florida, 1964-1967,
range of means in various
diseases, metastatic malig-
nancy highest
General population
Autopsy tissues
Environmental vs chemical
Utah, 1967-1970
141 females, 61 males, sur-
Ref erence
Fiserova-Bergerova et
al. , 1967
Hayes, Durham, and
Cueto, 1956
Hayes, Dale, and Burse,
1965
Hayes , Dale , and
Pirkle, 1971
Hoffman, Harrison, and
Schaefer, 1964
Hoffman et al. , 1967
Mattson et al. , 1953
Morgan and Roan, 1970
Quinby et al. , 1965
Radomski et al. , 1968
Radomski and Deichmann,
1968
Rappolt and Hale, 1968
Selby, Newell,
Waggenspack, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Warnick, 1972
Wyllie, Gabica, and
gical tissues, Idaho, 1970
Benson, 1972
-------
Table 24. p,p'-Dichlorodlphenyldlchloroethylene (continued)
_,. Number of
Tissue
cases
Adrenal 18
18
10
Amniotic 70
fluid 70
Bile 5
Blood 960
3041
40
7
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
119
68
51
800
Analytical
method
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
NG
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
Range
NG
NG
0.13-1.96 ppm
0-12 ppb
1-20 ppb
0.5-5.1 ppb
6.75-34.83 ppb
NG
0.0011-0.0160 ppm
0.0004-0.0132 ppm
NG
0.0045-0.0235 ppm
0.0069-0.0499 ppm
0.0055-0.0475 ppm
0.0062-0.0367 ppm
0.0068-0.0107 ppm
0.0101-0.0416 ppm
0.0039-0.0344 ppm
2-54 ppb
NG
NG
1-78 ppb
18-67 ppb
3-163 ppb
4-180 ppb
Mean level
0.87 ppm, whole tissue
8.57 ppm, fat
1.05 ± 0.28 ppm
2.4 ppb
2.6 ppb
2.3 ppb
20.56 ppb
25.0 ± 22.0 ppb
0.0062 ± 0.0005 ppm
NG
0.0152 ppm
0.0114 ppm
0.0257 ppm
0.0198 ppro
0.0178 ppm
0.0088 ppm
0.0257 ppm
0.0135 ppm
NG
8 ppm
16 ppm
24.3 ppb
31.2 ppb
35.3 ppb
46.8 ppb
Comments
Autopsies , Hawaii , 28 weeks
to 88 years
Stillborn babies
Whites
Blacks
Elderly men, evidence of
excretion of pesticide
metabolites by liver
Michigan counties, 1968-1970
Effect of pesticides on blood
pressure
Cord blood
Pregnant women
Women with no occupational
exposure to insecticides,
serum
Blood
Plasma
Serum
Extension of above study
Males, general population
Females, general population
Males, general population,
plasma
Females, general population,
plasma
General population, Florida
General population, Florida,
1967-1968, whites
General population, Florida,
1967-1968, blacks
Whites, higher social class
Blacks, higher social class
Whites, lower social class
Blacks, lower social class
Reference
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
O'Leary, Davies ,
Edmundson, and Reich,
1970
Paschal, Roan, and
Morgan, 1974
Bloomer et al., 1977
Budy, Rashad, and Mi,
1977
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley and Kimbrough,
1969
Dale, Curley, and Cueto,
1966
Dale, Curley, and Cueto,
1966
Dale, Curley, and Hayes,
1967
Davies et al. , 1968
Davies et al. , 1969
Davies et al., 1969
Davies et al. , 1973
-------
Table 24. p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (continued)
Tissue Number of Analytical
cases method
199 GC-EC
209 pairs GC
130 pairs GC
28 GC
723 GC-EC
9 GC-EC
14 GC-EC
96 GC-EC
96 GC-EC
1619 GC
70 GC
23 GC
44 GC
8 GC-EC
10 GC-EC
Range
1-55 ppb
NG
NG
6.1-114.0 ppb
0.1-43.5 ppb
10-41 ppb
2-7 ppb
NG
NG
1-130 ppb
3-29 ppb
3-92 ppb
1-13 ppb
2-12 ppb
6.6-34.4 ppb
2-13 ppb
NG
0.0-25.9 yg/g, fat
Mean level
9.1 ppb
90 ppb
30 ppb
35 ppb
20 ppb
39.5 ppb
5.68 ppb
21 ppb
3 ppb
24.6 ± 14.2 ppb
55.2 ± 29.5 ppb
16 . 4 ppb
10.8 ppb
15.2 ppb
4.8 ppb
5.9 ppb
19.5 ppb
5.8 ppb
15.72 ± 6.51 ppb
5.1 yg/g, fat
Comments
Controls for anticonvulsant
therapy study
Agricultural area, 1972,
Mississippi, serum:
mothers , black
newborn, black
mothers , white
newborn , white
Rural and urban areas , Texas ,
relation to dichlorodiphen-
yldichloroethylene in milk,
serum
Blacks and whites, urban and
rural , plasma
Study of release of dichloro-
diphenyldichloroethylene by
tissue wasting and stress,
patients
Study of release of dichloro-
diphenyldichloroethylene by
tissue wasting and stress,
nonpatients
White children, ages 6-9
years, 1970, South Carolina,
plasma
Black children, ages 6-9
years, South Carolina,
plasma
1130 subjects from urban
Honolulu, 489 from rural
Lanai, 1968-1970, serum
Maternal blood, whites
Maternal blood, blacks
Cord blood, whites
Cord blood, blacks
Premature infants , Florida
Term infants, Florida
Florida
Newborns, fetal cord
Reference
Davies et al. , 1971
D'Ercole et al. , 1976
Dyment et al. , 1971
Finklea et al. , 1972
Hesselberg and Scherr,
1974
Hesselberg, and Scherr, oo
1974
Keil et al. , 1972
Keil et al. , 1972
Klemmer, Rashad, and Mi,
1973
O'Leary, Davies,
Edmundson, and
Feldman, 1970
O'Leary, Davies,
Edmundson, and
Feldman, 1970
Radomski et al., 1971
Rappolt and Hale, 1968
-------
Table 24. p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (continued)
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
3568
NG
NG
25.4 ± 26.7 ppb
Brain
62 GC-EC, TLC
53 pairs GC-EC
40 GC-EC
1417
GC
0.3-22.4 ppb
0.3-32.4 ppb
0.005-0.022 ppm
NG
2.56 ppb
2.65 ppb (geometric mean)
0.011 ppm
19.8 ppb
1000
24
24
202
32
10
11
71
70
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
0-383 ppb
1-121 ppb
26-78 ppb
23-98 ppb
2-70 ppb
NG
NG
0.25-1.47 ppm
0.13-0.57 ppm
0.00-0.57 ppm
NG
22.0 ppb
18.8 ppb
45.5 ppb
57.5 ppb
15.5 ppb
0.0831 ppm
1.59 ppm
0.65 ± 0.28 ppm
0.30 ppm
NG
0.084 ppm
Hawaii, community at large,
1969-1970. Presence of
p,p '-dichlorodiphenyldi-
chloroethylene may stimu-
late synthesis or release
of cholesterol in liver,
leading to an elevated
serum cholesterol. Serum
Environmental vs chemical
53 mothers, Louisiana: 36
rural, 16 urban, 1966-1967
Eskimo children, ages 6-17
years, 20 males, 20 females,
1972, maternal blood
Utah, 1967-1970, serum
Idaho, 1967-1968, ages 3-90
years, goes up with age,
serum:
males
females
Male agricultural workers,
Idaho, 1970, serum
Male agricultural workers,
Idaho, 1970, serum
141 females, 61 males, surgi-
cal patients, Idaho, 1970,
serum
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years:
whole tissue
fat
Stillborn babies
Rashad et al., 1976
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Serat et al., 1977
Warnick, 1972
Watson, Benson, and
Gabica, 1970
Watson et al., 1973
Watson et al., 1973
Wyllie, Gabica, and
Benson, 1972
Casarett et al., 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kirabrough, 1969
Davies, Welke, and
Radomski, 1965
Fiserova-Bergerova et
al. , 1967
Autopsies, Arizona, 1966-1968 Morgan and Roan, 1970
Autopsies, Florida
Accidental deaths
-------
Table 24. p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (continued)
Tissue Number of
cases
332
54
Gonad 36
36
11
71
54
Heart 10
Kidney 38
38
10
11
71
70
54
Liver NG
42
42
10
11
71
Analytical
method
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC/MS
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
Range
Trace to 0.20 ± 0.18 ppm
(normals 0.12 ± 0.19)
NG
NG
0.03-0.66 ppm
0.00-0.31 ppm
NG
1.27-4.79 ppm
NG
0.11-9.78 ppm
0.08-1.2 ppm
0.00-0.57 ppm
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.22-2.45 ppm
0.11-4.8 ppm
Trace to 2.00 ppm
Mean level
0.123 ppm
0.068 ppm, whole tissue
7.78 ppm, fat
0.27 ppm
NG
0.059 ppm
2.74 ± 0.74 ppm
0.209 ppm, whole tissue
6.32 ppm, fat
3.57 ± 1.72 ppm
0.35 ppm
NG
0.133 ppm
0.077 ppm
3.56 ppm
0.200 ppm, whole tissue
12.93 ppm, fat
0.98 ± 0.34 ppm
1.01 ppm
NG
Comments
Autopsies, Florida, 1964-
1967, range of means in
various diseases , no
disease outstanding
General population
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years
Autopsies, Florida
Accidental deaths
General population
Stillborn babies
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years
Stillborn babies
Autopsies , Florida
Accidental deaths
Autopsies, Arizona, 1966-1968
General population
Emphasis on methodology
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years
Stillborn babies
Autopsies, Florida
Accidental deaths
Reference
Radomski et al. , 1968
Radomski and Deichmann,
1968
Casarett et al . , 1968
Davies, Welke, and
Radomski, 1965
Fiserova-Bergerova et
al., 1967
Radomski and Deichmann,
1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley , Copeland , and
Kimbrough, 1969
Davies, Welke, and
Radomski, 1965
Fiserova-Bergerova et
al., 1967
Morgan and Roan, 1970
Radomski and Deichmann,
1968
Biros and Walker, 1970
Casarett et al., 1968
Curley , Copeland , and
Kimbrough, 1969
Davies, Welke, and
Radomski, 1965
Fiserova-Bergerova et
al., 1967
-------
Table 24. p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (continued)
Tissue
Lung
Lymph nodes ,
tracheo-
bronchial
Marrow, bone
Milk
Number of
cases
70
332
54
25
10
11
11
19
30
10
28
6
53
10
40
1434
57
Analytical
method Ran§e
GC-EC NG
GC-EC 0.29 to 2.44 ± 9.16 ppm
(normals 0.35 ± 0.01)
GC-EC NG
GC-EC NG
GC 0.25-1.35 ppm
GC-EC NG
GC-EC NG
GC-EC 0.0052-0.0981 ppm
GC 13.4-236.0 ppb
GC-EC 0.074-0.214 ppm
GC 0.63-4.05 mg/kg, fat
C <0.3-4.5 ppm, fat basis
GC 19-386 ppb, fat basis
GC-EC 125-214,166 ppb, fat
basis
GC-EC, 0.01-1.72 ppm
GC/MS
Mean level
0.432 ppm
0.35 ppm
0.0585 ppm, whole tissue
8.78 ppm, fat
0.85 + 0.22 ppm
1.38 ppm, whole tissue
8.31 ppm, fat
2.08 ppm, whole tissue
18.47 ppm, fat
NG
84.1 ppb
NG
2.32 mg/kg, fat
1.4 ppm, fat basis
111.6 ppb, fat basis
3520.9 ppb, fat basis
0.227 ppm
Comments
Autopsies, Arizona, 1966-1968
Autopsies, Florida, 1964-1967,
range of means in various
diseases, metastatic malig-
nancy highest
General population
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years
Stillborn babies
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
Lactating women
Mothers in rural and urban
areas in Texas, milk higher
than blood, hazard for
infant
Mothers in Arizona, 1972
Nursing mothers, Philadelphia
area, 1970
Normal mothers, four cities,
1960-1961
Normal mothers, rural Colo-
rado, 1971-1972
Five areas, national study,
1975-1976
Mothers from selected areas of
Arkansas and Mississippi,
Reference
Morgan and Roan, 1970
Radomski et al. , 1968
Radomski and Deichmann,
1968
Casarett et al. , 1968
Cur ley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Casarett et al. , 1968
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley and Kimbrough,
1969
Dyment et al. , 1971
Hagyard et al. , 1973
Kroger, 1972
Quinby, Armstrong, and
Durham, 1965
Savage et al. , 1973
Savage, 1976
Strassman and Kutz, 1977
1973-1974, 27% blacks,
whole-milk basis
-------
Table 24. p.p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (continued)
Tissue
Pancreas
Placenta
Red blood
cells
Spinal cord
Spleen
Urine
Number of
cases
10
39
53
10
20
10
27
27
10
12
10
Analytical
method
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
Range
NG
1.8-13.5 ug/g fat
0.6-65.8 ppb
0.0008-0.0049 ppm
0.0046-0.0138 ppm
0.0061-0.0151 ppm
0.30-1.16 ppm
NG
0.60-1.05 ppm
0.41-0.55 ppb
0.0114-0.0285 ppm
Mean level
0.23 ppm
5.0 yg/g fat
10.42 ppb (geometric
mean)
0.0026 ppm
0.0090 ppm
0.0091 ppm
0.73 ± 0.43 ppm
0.0305 ppm, whole tissue
6.05 ppm, fat
0.86 ± 0.13 ppm
0.42 ppb
NG
Comments
Stillborn babies
Newborns from 52 mothers ,
Louisiana, 1966-1967, 36
rural, 16 urban
Emphasis on methodology
General population, 10 males
General population, 10 females
Stillborn babies
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years
Stillborn babies
General population of Florida
General population
Reference
Cur ley, Copeland, and
Klmbrough, 1969
Rappolt and Hale, 1968
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Dale, Curley, and Cueto,
1966
Dale, Curley, and Hayes,
1967
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Casarett et al., 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Cranmer, Carroll, and
Copeland, 1969
Cueto and Biros, 1967
-------
Table 25. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
Tissue Number of
cases
Adipose NG
11
215
61
A3
282
994
1
Analytical
method
NG
GC-EC
GC-EC
C
C
GC
GC
Ch
Range
NG
0.9-4.2 ppm
2.11-6.54 ppm
2-12 ppm
2.0-12.5 ppm
0-20 ppm
0-19.0 ppm
NA
Mean level
0.8-7.4 ppm
2 . 1 ppm
NG
4 . 9 ppm
5.0 ppm
2 . 9 ppm
2 . 6 ppm
17 ppm
Comments
United States, 1955-1967
Control group
Autopsies, Florida
1954-1956, general population
Prison inmates, 24-29 years
old, 1956
Autopsies, Chicago, 1963
Autopsies, 1962-1967
1948, male subject, 37 years
Reference
Bevenue, 1976
Davies et al. , 1971
Deichmann and Radomski,
1968
Hayes, Durham, and
Cueto, 1956
Hayes, Dale, and Pirkle,
1971
Hoffman, Harrison, and
Schaefer, 1964
Hoffman et al. , 1967
Howell, 1948
35
75
0-34.0 ppm
<0.1-34 ppm
5.1 ppm
5.3 ppm
old, had worked experiment-
ally with dichlorodiphenyl-
trichloroethane and consumed
it in food, especially milk
Appears to be first report of
dichlorodiphenyltrichloro-
ethane in human milk and
fat from nonoccupational
exposure
Follow-up of Laug et al.,
1950
Adrenal
Amniotic
fluid
50
3
70
130
19
103
18
152
C
C
GC-EC
C
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC
0-40 ppm
0.3-0.6 ppm
NG
0.7-25.4 ppm
2.2-31.0 ppm
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
1.54 ppm
4.0 ppm
8.8 ppm
1 . 5 ppm
0.98 ppm, fat
0.125 ppm, whole tissue
6 ppb
14 ppb
Samples taken in 1952
Samples taken in 1938-1940
Autopsies, Arizona, 1966-1968
93% biopsy, 7% autopsy, four
U.S. cities, 1961-1962
Autopsies from accidental
deaths, 18-76 years old,
Ohio, 1964-1965
Utah, 1967-1970
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years
Whites
Blacks
Laug, Prickett, and
Kunze, 1950
Laug, Kunze, and
Prickett, 1951
Mattson et al., 1953
Mattson et al., 1953
Morgan and Roan, 1970
Quinby et al., 1965
Schafer and Campbell,
1966
Warnick, 1972
Casarett et al., 1968
O'Leary, Davies, and
Feldman, 1970
-------
Table 25. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (continued)
T. Number of Analytical
Tlssue cases method Ran6e Mean lev^
Blood 960 GC NG 5.76 ppb
96 GC-EC NG
6.6 ± 6.5 ppb
18.5 ± 11.0 ppb
192 GC-EC NG
7.8-8.9 ppb
4.7-4.8 ppb
16.5-17.7 ppb
19.9-20.5 ppb
152 NG
3-29 ppb 11 ppb
3-92 ppb 15 ppb
101 NG
3-28 ppb 9 ppb
2-47 ppb 12 ppb
Comments
Michigan general population,
1968-1970
Children, ages 6-9, South
Carolina:
whites
nonwhites
Children, ages 6-9, South
Carolina, 1970, plasma:
white males
white females
nonwhite males
nonwhite females
Normal pregnancies, Florida:
whites
blacks
Spontaneous abortions,
Florida:
whites
blacks
Reference
Bloomer et al. , 1977
Keil et al. , 1972
Keil et al., 1972
O'Leary, Davies, and
Feldm'an, 1970
O'Leary, Davies, and
Feldman, 1970
19
53
GC-EC
GC-EC
2-94 ppb
0.2-32.3 ppb
20.3 ppb
1.82 ppb (geometric mean)
Brain
Endometrium
Fat
29
9
1417
32
11
70
15
30
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
<0.002 ppm
0.002-0.003 ppm
NG
NG
0.08-0.44 ppm
NG
NG
NG
NG
6.2 ppb
0.12 ppm, fat
0.0105 ppm, whole tissue
0.24 ppm
0.022 ppm
Trace
3.14 ppm, fat
1.33 ppm, whole tissue
Autopsies from accidental
deaths, 18-76 years old,
Ohio, 1964-1965
Maternal blood, 51 white and
2 black housewives, Louisi-
ana, 36 rural, 16 urban
Eskimo children, Alaska, 6-17
years old, 20 males and 20
females, serum
Utah, 1967-1970
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years
Autopsies, Florida
Autopsies, Arizona, 1966-1968
Hawaii, maternal
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years, perirenal
Schafer and Campbell,
1966
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Serat et al., 1977
Warnick, 1972
Casarett et al., 1968
Davies, Welke, and
Radomski, 1965
Morgan and Roan, 1970
Klemmer et al., 1977
Casarett et al., 1968
-------
Table 25. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (continued)
Tissue
Fetal
Gonad
Kidney
Liver
Lung
Lymph nodes
Marrow
Milk
Number of Analytical
cases method Range
29
30
30
15
36
11
38
11
70
42
11
70
27
25
11
30
19
6
24
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
C
NG
NG
0.92-6.6 ppm
0-4.9 ppb
NG
0.04-0.40 ppm
NG
0.07-0.42 ppm
NG
NG
0.17-1.2 ppm
NG
NG
NG
NG
0-200 ppb
0.04-0.77 ppm
Mean level
2.85 ppm, fat
1.35 ppm, whole tissue
2.81 ppm, fat
1.16 ppm, whole tissue
3.79 ppm
0.4 ppb
1.53 ppm, fat
0.0150 ppm, whole tissue
0.21 ppm
1.66 ppm, fat
0.0827 ppm, whole tissue
0.21 ppm
0.030 ppm
1.75 ppm, fat
0.0467 ppm, whole tissue
0.38 ppm
0.101 ppm
2.62 ppm, fat
0.0147 ppm, whole tissue
3.73 ppm, fat
0.892 ppm, whole tissue
4.48 ppm, fat
0.411 ppm, whole tissue
30 ppb
0.14 ppm
Comments
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years, mesenteric
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years, panniculus
Autopsies, Florida
Hawaii
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years
Autopsies, Florida
Autospies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years
Autopsies, Florida
Autopsies, Arizona, 1966-1968
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years
Autopsies, Florida
Autopsies, Arizona, 1966-1968
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years, tracheobronchial
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years
Hawaii
Appears to be first report of
Reference
Casarett et al. , 1968
Casarett et al. , 1968
Davies, Welke, and
Radomski, 1965
Klemmer et al. , 1977
Casarett et al . , 1968
Davies, Welke, and
Radomski, 1965
Casarett et al. , 1968
Davies, Welke, and
Radomski, 1965
Morgan and Roan, 1970
Casarett et al. , 1968
Davies, Welke, and
Radomski, 1965
Morgan and Roan, 1970
Casarett et al. , 1968
Casarett et al. , 1968
Casarett et al. , 1968
Klemmer et al. , 1977
Laug, Prickett, and
dichlorodiphenyltrichloro-
ethane in human milk and
fat from nonoccupational
exposure
Kunze, 1950
-------
Table 25. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (continued)
Tissue
Placenta
Spleen
Total body
content
Number of
cases
24
14
53
21
77
19
Analytical
method Ran§e
C <0. 01-0. 77 ppm
C <0.3-7.7 ppm, fat
GC-EC 1.1-157.0 ppb
GC-EC NG
GC-EC 11-1350 ppb
GC-EC 22-300 mg, total body
Mean level
0.13 ppm
2.5 ppm
13.82 ppb
2.62 ppm, fat
0.0112 ppm, whole tissue
NG
NG
Comments
Follow-up of Laug et al.,
1950
Normal mothers, four U.S.
cities
Childbirth - 51 white and 2
black mothers, Louisiana
housewives, 36 rural, 16
urban, 1966-1967
Autopsies, Hawaii, 28 weeks
to 88 years
Autopsies, Hawaii, 1964-1973
Autopsies from accidental
Reference
Laug, Kunze, and
Prickett, 1951
Quinby, Armstrong, and
Durham, 1965
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Casarett et al., 1968
Klemmer et al., 1977
Schafer and Campbell,
burden
deaths, 18-76 years old,
Ohio, 1964-1965
1966
-------
Table 26. o,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
Tissue Number of
cases
Adipose NG
221
10
30
25
54
202
Adrenals 10
Bile 5
Blood 30
7
20
10
10
350 pairs
28
723
Analytical
method
GC/MS
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC-EC
Range
NG
NG
0.35-11.47 ppm
<0. 09-8. 24 ppm
<0. 01-0. 67 ppm
0.05-1.4 ppm
0.0-1.0 ppm
0.36-1.05 ppm
0.0-0.2 ppb
0.0004-0.0044 ppm
<0. 0001-0. 0126 ppm
0.0014-0.0129 ppm
0.0014-0.0039 ppm
0.0025-0.0054 ppm
<0. 0003-0. 0037 ppm
0.0014-0.0336 ppm
0.0016-0.0065 ppm
NG
<0. 0001-0. 0036 ppm
0.0005-0.0017 ppm
0.0002-0.0002 ppm
0.0003-0.0014 ppm
0.5-6.0 ppb
0.5-3.4 ppb
0.0-3.9 ppb
Mean level
0.63 ppm
0.24 ± 0.28 ppm
3.39 ± 2.70 ppm
1.30 ppm
0.06 ppm
NG
0 . 10 ppm
0.71 ± 0.35 ppm
0.06 ppb
0.0011 ± 0.0002 ppm
NG
0.0060 ppm
0.0024 ppm
0.0044 ppm
0.0022 ppm
0.0082 ppm
0.0033 ppm
0.0016 ppm
0.0013 ppm
0.0010 ppm
0.0004 ppm
0.0009 ppm
NG
NG
0.2 ppb
Comments
Emphasis on methodology
Texas agricultural area
Stillborn babies
From three widespread areas
General population in
Louisiana
General population of Florida
Surgical biopsies in Idaho
Stillborn babies
Elderly men, bile duct drain-
age, evidence of excretion
by liver
Cord blood
Pregnant women
Plasma, males
Plasma, females
Red blood cells, males
Red blood cells, females
Whole blood, males
Whole blood, females
Females, no occupational
exposure
Plasma
Whole blood
Red blood cells
Serum
Mother-infant pairs in
Mississippi
Lactating women
Urban and rural, whites and
Reference
Biros and Walker, 1970
Burns, 1974
Cur ley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Dale and Quinby, 1963
Hayes, Dale, and Burse,
1965
Radomski and Deichmann,
1968
Wyllie, Gabica, and
Benson, 1972
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Paschal, Roan, and
Morgan, 1974
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley and Kimbrough,
1969
Dale, Curley, and Hayes,
1967
Dale, Curley, and
Cueto, 1966
Dale, Curley, and
Cueto, 1966
D'Ercole et nl. , 1976
Dyment et al . , 1971
Finklea et al. , 1972
blacks
-------
Table 26. o.p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (continued)
Tissue
Brain
Heart
Kidney
Liver
Milk
Spinal cord
Spleen
Number of
cases
8
202
10
10
10
10
10
28
6
40
920 of
1436
10
10
Analytical
method
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC
Range
0,4-2.0 ppb
0.7-2.2 ppb
0.0-2.0 ppb
NG
0.57-0.68 ppm
0.29-2.07 ppm
0.22-3.42 ppm
<0. 000 1-0. 0108 ppm
0.5-3.4 ppb
0.003-0.036 ppm
Trace to 13.0 ppb, fat
<1. 0-6333. 3 ppb, fat
NG
0.45-2.94 ppm
Mean level
NG
NG
<0.1 ppb
0.84 ppm
0.63 ± 0.06 ppm
1.38 ± 0.55 ppm
1.32 ± 1.05 ppm
NG
NG
NG
1.8 ppb, fat basis
191.1 ppb, fat basis
0.47 ppm
1.70 ± 1.25 ppm
Comments
Whole blood
Plasma
Serum
Stillborn babies
Stillborn babies
Stillborn babies
Stillborn babies
Lactating women
Lactating women
From pesticide use
Females, rural Colorado
Nursing mothers, fat basis
Stillborn babies
Stillborn babies
Reference
Radomski et al., 1971
Wyllie, Gabica, and
Benson, 1972
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley , Copeland , and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley and Kimbrough,
1969
Dyment et al. , 1971
Hagyard et al. , 1973
Savage et al. , 1973
Savage, 1976
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
-------
Table 27. p,p'-Dlchlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
Tissue Number of
cases
Adipose NG
221
10
30
143
71
25
332
64
202
Analytical
method
GC/MS
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
Range
NG
NG
0.16-2.15 ppm
<0. 09-4. 97 ppm
NG
Trace to 15.6 ppm
0.15-5.99 ppm
0.0-7.7 ± 8.0 ppm
0.1-30.3 yg/g, fat
0.1-6.6 ppb
Mean level
7.65 ppm
3.48 ± 2.54 ppm
0.88 ± 0.63 ppm
1.14 ppm
2.5 ± 1.1 ppm
0.8 ± 0.2 ppm
2.4 + 0.8 ppm
0.8 + 0.4 ppm
NG
1.73 ppm
NG
4.8 yg/g, fat
1.9 ppb
Comments
Emphasis on methodology
Agricultural area, Mexican-
Americans higher content
Stillbirths
Washington, Arizona, and
Kentucky
Female, black
Female, white
Male, black
Male, white
Accidental deaths
General population in Los
Angeles
Autopsies, Miami, Florida,
diseased and normal
Autopsies
Surgical biopsies in Idaho
Reference
Biros and Walker, 1970
Burns, 1974
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Dale and Ouinby, 1963
Domanski et al., 1977
Fiserova-Bergerova et
al., 1967
Hayes, Dale, and Burse,
1965
Radomski et al . , 1968
Rappolt and Hale, 1968
Wyllie, Gabica, and
Bile
Blood
960
30
7
20
GC-EC 0.0-0.7 ppb 0.32 ppb
GC-EC 6.75-34.83 ppb 20.56 ppb
GC 0.0011-0.0155 ppm 0.0046 ppm
GC-EC <0.0001-0.0222 ppm NG
GC 0.0114-0.0490 ppro 0.0253 ppm
0.0024-0.0164 ppm 0.0086 ppm
0.0030-0.0343 ppm 0.0153 ppm
0.0023-0.0265 ppm 0.0136 ppm
0.0068-0.0844 ppm 0.0248 ppm
0.0057-0.0199 ppm 0.0131 ppm
Elderly men, bile duct drain-
age, evidence of excretion
by liver
County of residence most sig-
nificant factor, increase
with age
Cord blood
Pregnant women, plasma
Plasma, males
Plasma, females
Red blood cells, males
Red blood cells, females
Whole blood, males
Whole blood, females
Benson, 1972
Paschal, Roan, and
Morgan, 1974
Bloomer et al., 1977
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley and Kimbrough,
1969
Dale, Curley, and
Cueto, 1966
-------
Table 27. p.p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (continued)
„. Number of
Tissue
cases
10
10
800
350 pairs
28
723
1619
8
28
3568
24
1000
202
Brain 10
71
332
Analytical
method
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC-EC
NG
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
Range
0.0034-0.0305 ppm
0.0024-0.0106 ppm
0.0008-0.0049 ppm
0.0042-0.0290 ppm
NG
<2. 0-23.0 and 3.0-53.0
ppb
2.0-20.0 ppb
0.5-23.9 ppb
0-62.7 ppb
0.0-27 ppb
3.6-8.9 ppb
5.6-16.5 ppb
NG
NG
3.0-18.0 ppb
4.0-40.0 ppb
0.0-80.0 ppb
0.0-14.0 ppb
0.28-0.99 ppm
0.00-0.44 ppm
0.0-0.04 ± 0.01 ppm
Mean level
0.0119 ppm
0.0058 ppm
0.0026 ppm
0.0105 ppm
0.0077 ppm
5.1 and 10.4 ppb
NG
9.7 ppb
4.38 ppb
3.91 ppb
4.18 ± 1.83 ppb
4.18 ± 1.83 ppb
5.1 ± 5.1 ppb
8.5 ppb
13.4 ppb
4.7 ppb
4.0 ppb
0.56 ± 0.22 ppm
NG
NG
Comments
Plasma
Whole blood
Red blood cells
Serum
Females, no occupational
exposure
General population, Dade
County, Florida, increase
with age, blacks higher
levels , serum
Mother- infant pairs
Lactating women, serum
Urban and rural, blacks and
whites
Urban and rural in Hawaii
Whole blood
Plasma
Autopsies and lab workers,
Miami, Florida
General population in Hawaii,
serum
Males, ages 33-68 years,
serum:
1970
1971
General population in Idaho
Surgical biopsies in Idaho
Stillbirths
Accidental deaths
Autopsies, Miami, Florida,
Reference
Dale, Cur ley, and
Cueto, 1966
Dale, Cur ley, and
Cueto, 1966
Davies et al. , 1973
D'Ercole et al., 1976
Dyment et al. , 1971
Finklea et al. , 1972
Klemmer , Rashad , and Mi ,
1973
Radomski et al., 1971
Radomski et al. , 1971
Rashad et al. , 1976
Watson et al . , 1973
Watson, Benson, and
Gabica, 1970
Wyllie, Gabica, and
Benson, 1972
Cur ley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Fiserova-Bergerova et
al., 1967
Radomski et al. , 1968
diseased and normal
-------
Table 27. p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (continued)
Tissue
Gonads
Heart
Kidney
Liver
Lung
Milk
Number of
cases
71
10
10
NG
10
71
332
10
10
28
28
6
1436
40
57
Analytical
method
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC/MS
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC,
GC/MS
Range
0.00-0.19 ppm
1.04-4.17 ppm
0.62-7.60 ppm
NG
0.15-1.59 ppm
0.00-0.96 ppm
0.0-0.53 ± 0.14 ppm
0.57-1.01 ppm
0.0078-0.0890 ppm
4.0-47.8 ppb
4.0-56.6 ppb
0.017-0.383 ppm
<1. 0-34, 369. 3 ppb
7.0-109.0 ppb
0.01-0.84 ppm
Mean level
NG
2.17 ± 0.69 ppm
3.71 ± 1.70 ppm
0.45 ppm
0.79 ± 0.24 ppm
NG
NG
0.79 ± 0.11 ppm
NG
23.4 ppb
23.4 ppb
NG
552.7 ppb
20.8 ppb
0.092 ppm
Comments
Accidental deaths
Stillbirths
Stillbirths
Emphasis on methodology
Stillbirths
Accidental deaths
Autopsies, Miami, Florida,
diseased and normal
Stillbirths
Lactating women
Rural and urban areas in
Texas
Relation between milk and
serum
From pesticide use
11 of 1436, none detected,
fat basis
Females, rural county, fat
basis
From selected areas of Mis-
sissippi and Arkansas, 1973-
Reference
Fiserova-Bergerova et
al., 1967
Curley, Cop eland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Biros and Walker, 1970
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Fiserova-Bergerova et
al., 1967
Radomski et al. , 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley and Kimbrough,
1969
Dyment et al. , 1971
Dyment et al. , 1971
Hagyard et al. , 1973
Savage, 1976
Savage et al. , 1973
Strassman and Kutz, 1977
Pancreas
Spinal cord
10
10
GC
GC
NG
NG
0.49 ppm
0.47 ppm
1974, 27% blacks, whole-milk
basis
Stillbirths
Stillbirths
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
-------
Table 27. p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (continued)
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Spleen
,Urine
10
221
10
GC 0.48-1.04 ppm
GC-EC 8.1-19.0 ppb
GC <0.0018-0.0138 ppm
0.80 ± 0.17 ppm
14.2 ppb
NG
Stillbirths
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
General population of Florida Cranmer, Carroll, and
Copeland, 1969
Comparison of recoveries Cueto and Biros, 1967
-------
Table 28. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, total equivalent
„ . Number of
Tissue
cases
Adipose 221
90
42
31
65
22
1412
6933
1734
240
Blood 960
209 pairs
130 pairs
NG
Analytical
method
GC-EC
GC-EC
NG
NG
NG
NG
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC-EC
Range
NG
1.9-21.1 ppm
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.0-270.05 ppm
Trace to 329.77 ppm
330, 89.1 ppm (max) ,
1973, 1974
78.1, 76.4 ppm (max),
1973, 1974
9.93-46.89 ppb
NG
NG
0.005-0.030 ppm
Mean level
23.18 ± 15.36 ppm
7 . 9 ppm (median)
9 . 7 ppm
9.4 ppm
19.4 ppm
27.0 ppm
11.65 ppm
7.88-4.99 ppm (geometric
mean), FY 1970-FY 1974;
high mean in FY 1971,
7.95 ppm
5.53, 4.65 ppm, 1973,
1974 (geometric mean)
9.38, 8.33 ppm, 1973,
1974 (geometric mean)
28.86 ppb
110 and 40 ppb
45 and 20 ppb
0.017 ppm
Comments
Tissues from surgery, agricul-
tural area, Texas, 1969-1972
Patients in Florida hospital
Accidental deaths
Sparing users of home
pesticides
Moderate users
Careless users
Reflects the levels in the
U.S. population of the
conterminous 48 states,
1970, lipid basis
U.S. sites reflective of
general population in
conterminous 48 states,
FY 1970-FY 1974, lipid
basis; decline FY 1971-
FY 1974
Whites and blacks respec-
tively. Reflective of
general U.S. population in
conterminous 48 states,
lipid basis
Michigan counties, 1968-1970
Rural area, Mississippi, 1972,
black mothers and newborns
White mothers and newborns,
serum
Cotton-growing area, Missis-
Reference
Burns, 1974
Davies et al. , 1969
Deichman and MacDonald,
1971
Deichman and MacDonald,
1971
Deichman and MacDonald,
1971
Deichman and MacDonald,
1971
Kutz et al. , 1974Z?
Kutz, Strassman, and
Yobs, 1976, 1977;
Kutz et al. , 1977
Kutz, Yobs, and
Strassman, 1977
Bloomer et al. , 1977
D'Ercole et al., 1976
D'Ercole et al. , 1976
Perron and Barrentine,
53
GC-EC
0.8-50.4 ppb
5.01 ppb (geometric mean)
sippi, mosquito spraying
and house use of insecti-
cides, 1968, serum
Maternal blood, 53 mothers,
Louisiana, 36 rural, 16
urban, 1966-1967
1970
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
-------
Table 28. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, total equivalent (continued)
Tissue
Feces
Hair
Milk
Number of Analytical
cases method
32 GC
9 GC
6 GC-EC
57 GC-EC,
GC/MS
Range Mean level
Trace to 3.7 ug/day per NG
person
0.01-0.10 ppm 0.06 ppm (median)
0.093-0.575 ppm NG
0.02-2.76 ppm 0.344 ppm
Comments
Preadolescent girls
Excretion of dichlorodiphenyl-
trichloroethane and metabo-
lites in hair lipids
Mothers in Arizona
Mothers in selected areas of
Arkansas and Mississippi
Reference
Price, Young, and
Dickinson, 1972
Matthews, Domanski,
Guthrie, 1976
Hagyard et al. , 1973
Strassman and Kutz,
and
1977
Placenta
Urine
53
32
GC-EC
GC
1.8-179.3 ppb
24.07 ppb (geometric
mean)
Trace to 2.1 yg/day per NG
person
where 2,4,5-T was used,
whole-milk basis, 27%
blacks, 1973-1974
53 newborns, Louisiana,
1966-1967
Preadolescent girls
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Price, Young, and
Dickinson, 1972
-------
Table 29. Dieldrin
Tissue Number of
cases
Adipose NG
221
30
10
30
11
215
14
20
10
17
20
14
35
13
146
25
64
221
NG
Analytical
method
GC/MS
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC
NG
Range
NG
NG
NG
0.09-0.35 ppm
<0. 02-0. 36 ppm
0.08-0.38 ppm
0.21-0.73 ppm
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
<0. 05-0. 77 ppm
0.03-1.15 ppm
0.05-1.00 ppm
0.01-0.49 ppm
NG
Mean level
1.04 ppm
0.35 ± 0.23 ppm
0.06-0.17 ppm
0.24 ± 0.08 ppm
0.15 ppm
0.17 ppm
NG
0.22 ppm
0.25 ppm
0.24 ppm
0.21 ppm
0.3 ppm
0.22 ppm
0.24 ppm
0.20 ppm
0.22 ppm
0.29 ± 0.05 ppm
0.11 ppm
0.14 ppm
0.26 mg/kg
Comments
Emphasis on methodology
Agricultural area, no sex
differences , Mexican-
Americans higher content
Random samples, ages 28 weeks
to 88 years
Stillbirths
Washington, Arizona, and
Kentucky
Controls for phenytoin
experiment
Autopsies, Dade County,
Florida
Black females , smokers
Black females , nonsmokers
White females, smokers
White females, nonsmokers
Black males , smokers
Black males , nonsmokers
White males , smokers
White males , nonsmokers
Enzymes induced reduce level
Autopsies in Florida
118 of 221 positives
Reference
Biros and Walker, 1970
Burns, 1974
Casarett et al., 1968
Curley , Copeland , and
Kimbrough, 1969
Dale and Quinby, 1963
Davies et al. , 1971
Deichman and Radomski,
1968
Domanski et al., 1977
Edmundson, Davies, and
Hull, 1968
Hayes, Dale, and Burse,
1965
Hoffman, Harrison, and
Schaefer, 1964
Hoffman et al . , 1967
Hunter, Robinson, and
NG GC-EC 0.0-15.2 ppm
1734 GC-EC Trace to 5.64 ppm
240 GC-EC Trace to 3.09 ppm
0.27 ppm
0.17, 0.15 ppm, 1973
1974 (geometric mean)
0.21, 0.16 ppm, 1973
1974 (geometric mean)
Reflects the levels in the
U.S. population of the
conterminous 48 states,
1970, lipid basis
Whites and blacks respec-
tively. Reflective of
general U.S. population in
conterminous 48 states,
lipid basis
Jager, 1967
Kutz et al., 1974i
Kutz, Yobs, and
Strassman, 1977
-------
Table 29. Dieldrin (continued)
„, Number of
Tissue
cases
6932
70
332
103
202
Adrenal 18
10
Blood 960
30
7
20
10
10
800
350 pairs
Analytical
method
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
Range
Trace to 15.20 ppm
NG
NG
NG
0.0-0.7 ppb
NG
NG
0.0-0.38 ppb
0.0002-0.0015 ppm
<0. 0001-0. 0061 ppm
<0. 0012-0. 0063 ppm
<0. 0012-0. 0022 ppm
0.0021-0.0069 ppm
0.0014-0.0108 ppm
0.0010-0.0129 ppm
0.0006-0.0045 ppm
NG
0.0009-0.0037 ppm
<1. 0-11.0 ppb
<1. 0-5.0 ppb
0.1-0.7 ppb
Mean level
0.18-0.15 ppm (geometric
mean), FY 1970-FY 1974;
high mean FY 1971, 0.22
ppm
0.140 ppm
0.21 ± 0.16 and 0.73 +
0.59 ppm
0.17 ppb
0.2 ppb
0.10 ppm, fat
0.92 ppm
0.23 ppb
0.0007 ± 0.0001 ppm
NG
0.0028 ppm
0.0009 ppm
0.0043 ppm
0.0049 ppm
0.0055 ppm
0.0018 ppm
0.0013 ppm
0.0019 ppm
1.40 ppb
1.05 ppb
NG
Comments
U.S. sites reflective of the
general population in con-
terminous 48 states, FY
1970-1974, lipid basis
Autopsies, Arizona
Autopsies, Florida
Utah
Surgical biopsies in Idaho
Random samples , ages 28 weeks
to 88 years
Stillbirths
Reflect pesticide usage in
Missouri
Cord blood
Pregnant women, plasma
Plasma , males
Plasma, females
RBC, males
RBC, females
Whole blood, males
Whole blood, females
Blood serum
Whole blood, RBCs less
General population, Bade
County , Florida :
whites
blacks
Mississippi blacks and whites ,
Reference
Kutz, Strassman, and
Yobs, 1976, 1977
Morgan and Roan, 1970
Radomski et al. , 1968
Warnick, 1972
Wyllie, Gabica, and
Benson, 1972
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Bloomer et al., 1977
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley and Kimbrough,
1969
Dale, Curley, and Hayes,
1967
Dale, Curley, and Cue to,
1966
Dale, Curley, and Cue to,
1966
Davies et al., 1973
D'Ercole et al., 1976
mother-infant pairs, blood
serum
-------
Table 29. Dleldrln (continued)
Tissue
Bone
Brain
Endometrium
Fetal
Gonad
Number of
cases
28
723
115'
116
91
28
3568
53 pairs
1417
1000
202
30
32
10
332
15
15
36
Analytical
method
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC
NG
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
Range
0.0-6.0 ppb
0-6.9 ppb
NG
0.0-26.0 ppb
0-5.5 ppb
0.5-1.4 ppb
0.7-3.3 ppb
NG
0.1-1.9 ppb
NG
0.0-25.0 ppb
0.0-10.0 ppb
NG
NG
0.84-0.86 ppm
NG
0.0-7.8 ppb
0.0-4.9 ppb
NG
Mean level
1.2 ppb
0.28 ppb
2.15 ppb
1.5 ppb
1.30 ppb
1.49 ± 1.0 ppb
2.4 ± 1.4 ppb
0.26 ppb (geometric
mean)
1.8 ppb
0.5 ppb
0.3 ppb
1.3 ppb
0.9 ppb
0.41 ppm, fat
0.4 ppm, fat
0.85 ± 0.01 ppm
0.04 ± 0.01 ppm
0.6 ppb
0.7 ppb
0.62 ppm, fat
Comments
Blood serum
Urban and rural, blacks and
whites
General population, Hawaii,
blood serum
General population, Hawaii,
serum
Maternal blood
Whole blood
Plasma
General population, Hawaii
Maternal blood, mother-infant
pairs in Louisiana
Blood serum
Blood serum:
overall mean
males
females
Surgical patients in Idaho,
blood serum
Random samples, ages 28 weeks
to 88 years , marrow
Random samples, ages 28 weeks
to 88 years
Stillbirths
Autopsies, Florida
General population, Hawaii
Infants in Hawaii
Random samples, ages 28 weeks
Reference
Dyment et al., 1971
Finklea et al. , 1972
Klemmer et al. , 1977
Klemmer, Rashad, and Mi,
1973
Lloyd et al. , 1975
Radomski et al. , 1971
Rashad et al. , 1976
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Warnick, 1972
Watson, Benson, and
Gabica, 1970
Wyllie, Gabica, and
Benson, 1972
Casarett et al., 1968
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Radomski et al., 1968
Klemmer et al. , 1977
Klemmer et al. , 1977
Casarett et al. , 1968
Hair
GC
NG
<_0.01 ppm
to 88 years
Hair as excretory pathway
Matthews, Domanski, and
Guthrie, 1976
-------
Table 29. Dieldrin (continued)
Tissue
Heart
Human
Kidney
Liver
Lung
Lymph nodes
Milk
Number of
cases
10
77
38
10
NG
42
10
332
25
10
11
10
28
6
40
1160
57
Analytical
method
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC/MS
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC,
GC/MS
Range
0.08-1.02 ppm
2.0-63.0 ppb
NG
0.06-0.50 ppm
NG
NG
0.16-0.22 ppm
NG
NG
0.27-0.72 ppm
NG
0.0029-0.0146 ppm
0.0-21.0 ppb
0.0-12.0 ppb
0.0-11.0 ppb
1.0->2294 ppb
Trace to 0.05 ppm
Mean level
0.49 ± 0.28 ppm
NG
0.66 ppm, fat
0.34 ± 0.14 ppm
0 . 34 ppm
0.43 ppm, fat
0.19 ± 0.03 ppm
0.10 ± 0.19 ppm
0.16 ppm, fat
0.50 ± 0.23 ppm
0.11 ppm, fat
NG
3.3 ppb
3.0 ppb
1.7 ppb, fat basis
164.2 ppb, fat basis
0.004 ppm (trace = 0)
Comments
Stillbirths
General population, Hawaii
Random samples, ages 28 weeks
to 88 years
Stillbirths
Emphasis on methodology
Random samples, ages 28 weeks
to 88 years
Stillbirths
Autopsies, Florida
Random samples, ages 28 weeks
to 88 years
Stillbirths
Random samples , ages 28 weeks
to 88 years
Lactating women
Milk not good indicator source
Females in Hawaii
Females in Colorado
1160 of 1436 positives
Selected areas of Mississippi
and Arkansas, 1973-1974, 27%
Reference
Cur ley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Klemmer et al. , 1977
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Biros and Walker, 1970
Casarett et al., 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Radomski et al., 1968
Casarett et al., 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley and Kimbrough,
1969
Dyment et al. , 1971
Klemmer et al., 1977
Savage et al. , 1973
Savage, 1976
Strassman and Kutz, 1977
Spinal cord
Spleen
10
27
GC
GC-EC
NG
NG
0.09 ppm
1.8 ppm, fat
blacks, whole-milk basis
Stillbirths
Random samples, ages 28 weeks
to 88 years
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Casarett et al., 1968
-------
Table 29. Dieldrin (continued)
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Urine
10
10
GC
GC
0.18-0.51 ppm
0.0005-0.0019 ppm
0.31 ± 0.10 ppm
0.001 ppm
Stillbirths
Men slightly higher than
women
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Cueto and Biros, 1967
-------
Table 30. Diethylhexyl phthalate
T. Number of Analytical
llssue - - Range Mean level Comments Reference
cases method
LunS 12 TLC 0.0-91.5 ug/g dry wt NG From blood transfusion Jaeger and Rubin, 1973
plastic devices
VO
o
-------
Table 31. Dysprosium
Tissue Number °f Analytical Mean l£vel Comments Reference
cases method
Blood 39 XRS 0.0-0.26 ppm NG Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 32. Erbium
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
39
XRSCh
0.00-0.08 ppm
NG
Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 33. Europium
~. Number of Analytical „ _
Tissue cases method Range Mean level Comments Reference
Blood 39 XRS 0.00-0.52 ppm NG Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 34. Fluorine
„. Number of Analytical
Tissue ' Ranee
cases method B
Aort.n 23 NG 0. 79-65. 7 ppm wet wt
16-23 NG 2.64-166.3 ppm dry wt
23 Ch 0.0-20.3 ppm
0.0-165.1 ppm
Blood 8 maternal ISE
7 infant
0.8-26.5 uM
1.0-5.1 vM
2.3-327.0 vM
4.7-34.0 vM
0.9-25.2 uM
1.3-3.3 uM
0.1-445.0 uM
1.7-35.0 vM
NG NG NG
NG NG NG
NG ISE
0.08-4.17 pM
0.18-6.80 vM
5 NMR NG
41 ISE 0.019-0.112 ppm
NG NG NG
16 pairs ISE, Ch NG
6 ISE, C 0.06-0.14 ppm ash
Mean level
2.13-37.9 ppm wet wt
22.04 ppm dry wt
(median)
6 . 0 ppm
40 . 6 ppm
11.3 vM
2.86 vM
99.7 uW
16.8 uM
10.7 vM
2.1 vM
150.0 vM
12.3 V.M
0.165 ± 0.07 ppm
0.175 ±0.05 ppm
0.150 ±0.06 ppm
0.234 ± 0.10 ppm
0.78 uM
1.57 vM
1.6 uM
0.47 ppm
0.32 pg/ml
0.88 ± 0.12 vM
0.68 ± 0.10 vM
NG
Comments Reference
Autopsy of normals: Hodge and Smith, 1965
first mean value, zero
fluorine in water
second mean value, 4.0 ppm
fluorine in water
Smith et al . , 1960
Less calcified aortas Waldbott, 1966
Calcified aortas
Methoxyflurane analgesia and Fry and Taves, 1974
anesthesia, blood serum:
maternal, inorganic fluorine
infant, inorganic fluorine
maternal, organic fluorine
infant, organic fluorine
Anesthesia, higher dose:
maternal, inorganic fluorine
infant, inorganic fluorine
maternal, organic fluorine
infant, organic fluorine
Fetal blood: Gedalia, 1970
low fluorine intake
high fluorine intake
Maternal blood: Gedalia, 1970
low fluorine intake
high fluorine intake
Blood serum: Guy and Taves, 1972
inorganic fluorine
organic fluorine
Blood plasma, five cities Guy, Taves, and Brey,
1975
In-patients, ages 17-82, Parkins et al., 1976
blood plasma
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Maternal serum Shen and Taves, 1974
Cord blood
Singer and Armstrong,
vo
.p-
1969
-------
Table 34. Fluorine (continued)
Tissue Number of
cases
118
NG
16
106
NG
106
Bone NG
NG
11
NG
11
NG
69
Brain NG
Analytical
method
NG
NG
F
NG
Ch
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
Ch
NG
C
NG
Range
0.14-0.26 ppm
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.38 ± 0.21 to 4.3 ±
1.8 \iM
1.35 ± 0.85 vM
NG
100-4000 ppm dry, fat-
free tissue
0.052-0.134% ash
0.031-0.142% ash
0.057-0.191% ash
NG
1165-1490 ppm ash
0.08-0.69% ash
0.08-0.70% ash
0.10-0.80% ash
0.072-0.802 ppm ash
NG
Mean level
NG
0.0006 g fluorine
0.013 ppm or 0.7 ± 0.4
1.35 ± 0.85 VM
0.38 ± 0.21 to 4.3 ±
1.8 yM
0.013 ppm
NG
800 ppm dry, defatted
basis
NG
0.093% ash
0.084% ash
0.125% ash
2.547 g fluorine
NG
NG
NG
2.0 pg/g dry wt
Comments
Five areas with varied fluo-
rine content of water
Whole blood fluorine content
Blood serum
Blood serum:
organic fluorine
inorganic fluorine and low
fluorine water and in-
organic fluorine and high
fluorine water
Blood serum
Inorganic fluorine
Organic fluorine
Chicago area autopsies
High and low fluorine areas,
iliac crest
Mandible
Femur
Iliac crest
Total fluorine in bones and
teeth
Root bone
Iliac crest
Rib
Vertebra
Reference
Singer and Armstrong,
1960
Smith, 1966
Taves, 1966
Taves, Grey, and Brey,
1976
Taves, 1966
Taves, Grey, and Brey,
1976
Hefferen et al. , 1972
Hodge and Smith, 1970
Singer and Armstrong,
1962
Smith, 1966
Yoon et al. , 1960
Zipkin, 1970
Zipkin, 1960
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Extracellular NG
fluid
Heart
23
NG
NG
NG
0.32-2.14 ppm wet wt
0.002 g fluorine
0.55-1.29 ppm wet wt
Total
Autopsy of normals:
first mean value, zero
fluorine in water
second mean value, 4.0 ppm
fluorine in water
Smith, 1966
Hodge and Smith, 1965
-------
Table 34. Fluorine (continued)
„. Number of
Tissue
cases
NG
16-23
Kidney 23
NG
16-23
Liver 23
NG
16-23
Analytical
method RanSe
NG NG
NG 1.19-23.3 ppm dry wt
NG 0.30-5.45 ppm wet wt
NG NG
NG 1.35-25.6 ppm dry wt
NG 0.27-1.47 ppm wet wt
NG NG
NG 0.92-5.41 ppm dry wt
Mean level
2.0 yg/g dry wt
2.42 ppffl dry wt (median)
0,63-2.55 ppm wet wt
3.2 yg/g dry wt
4.01 ppm dry wt (median)
0.52-0.92 ppm wet wt
4.0 ng/g dry wt
2.14 ppm dry wt (median)
Comments
Various levels of fluorine in
drinking water
Autopsy of normals :
first mean value, zero
fluorine in water
second mean value, 4.0 ppm
fluorine in water
Various levels of fluorine in
drinking water
Autopsy of normals :
first mean value, zero
fluorine in water
second mean value, 4.0 ppm
fluorine in water
Various levels of fluorine in
Reference
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Smith et al. , 1960
Hodge and Smith, 1965
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Smith et al. , 1960
Hodge and Smith, 1965
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Smith et al. , 1960
Lung
Milk
Muscle
Placenta
23
16-23
NG
NG
NG
NG
Ch
NG
0.54-2.91 ppm wet wt 0.71-1.98 ppm wet wt
NG NG
16 pairs ISE, Ch
1.79-12.4 ppm dry wt
0.0-0.6 ppm
NG
NG
1.9-8.1 v
6.6-103.6
4.34 ppm dry wt (median)
NG
0.016 g fluorine
0.121 ± 0.06 ppm
0.228 ±0.09 ppm
4.42 vM
46.4 vM
drinking water
Autopsy of normals:
first mean value, zero
fluorine in water
second mean value, 4.0 ppm
fluorine in water
Various levels of fluorine in
drinking water
Higher values for mothers liv-
ing near superphosphate
plant
Total fluorine in muscle and
skin
Low fluorine intake
High fluorine intake
Organic fluorine
Inorganic fluorine
Hodge and Smith, 1965
Smith et al., 1960
Smith, 1966
Smith, 1966
Gedalia, 1970
Shen and Taves, 1974
-------
Table 34. Fluorine (continued)
T. Number of Analytical
Tissue J Range
cases method 5
Skin NG NG NG
Spleen 23 NG 0.31-1.19 ppm wet wt
16-23 NG 1.34-16.7 ppm dry wt
Teeth 18 NG NG
35 AAS 970-3120 ppm
208 MS NG
12 XRS 27.1-748.8 ppm
87 ISE NG
56 MS 70-730 pg/g
11 NG 0.0067-0.0245% ash
0.0370-0.0990% ash
0.104-0.212% ash
NG NG NG
18 groups ISE 0.234-0.774 ppm
Mean level
0.016 g fluorine
0.51-0.82 ppm wet wt
3.43 ppm dry wt (median)
56 ppm
98 ppm
2160 ± 550 ppm
73.9 ± 5.95 ppm
126.7 ± 8.63 ppm
NG
478-832 ppm
302-529 ppm
170-310 ppm
41-177 ppm
248 + 20 pg/g
0.0107% ash
0.0620% ash
0.1580% ash
2.547 g fluorine
NG
Comments
Total fluorine in skin and
muscles
Autopsy of normals :
first mean value, zero
fluorine in water
second mean value, 4.0 ppm
fluorine in water
Various levels of fluorine in
drinking water
Enamel
Dentin
School children, left maxil-
lary incisor
Subjects less than 20 years
old:
high caries area, New
England
low caries area, South
Carolina
Normals, 17-24 years old,
enamel
Children, 12-14 years old:
premolar tooth enamel
tooth surface
subsurface
inner bulk
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area
Enamel
Dentin
Cementum
Total fluorine in bones and
teeth
Cementum
Reference
Smith, 1966
Hodge and Smith, 1965
Smith et al. , 1960
Anonymous, 1959
Brudevold et al., 1975
Curzon and Losee, 1977
Hoerman et al., 1966
Little and Barrett,
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Singer and Armstrong
1962
Smith, 1966
1976
,
Stepnick, Nakata, and
62-2711 ppm ash
NG
Zipkin, 1975
Yoon et al., 1960
-------
Table 34. Fluorine (continued)
Tissue
Number of
cases
Analytical
method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Urine
NG NAA 0.39-0.43 mg/liter
1998 Ch 0.2-4.8 ppm
16 pairs ISE, Ch NG
0.41 mg/liter
NG
54 ± 6.8 ppm
Males, 15-20 years old
Maternal
Gills et al., 1974
McClure and Kinser, 1944
Shen and Taves, 1974
-------
Table 35. Gadolinium
mj Number of Analytical
Tissue ' Range Mean level Comments Reference
ess cs met nod.
Blood 39 XRS 0.00-0.26 ppm NG Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 36. Gallium
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
Lung
39
XRS
ES
0.0-0.09 ppm
NG
NG
3.5 and 6.0 yg/g ash
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, blood serum
Sudden accident victims,
normal
Gofman et al., 1964
Koch et al., 1956
-------
Table 37. Germanium
„. Number of Analytical
TlSSUe cases method Range Mean level
Blood 39 XRS 0.00-0.10 ppm NG
4 C NG 0.29 pg/ml
4 C NG 0.65 yg/ml
Urine 4 C 0.62-2.16 pg/ml 1.26 yg/ml
Comments Reference
Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
Serum Schroeder and Balassa,
1967
Red blood cells Schroeder and Balassa,
1967
Schroeder and Balassa,
1967
-------
Table 38. Gold
Tissue
Adreml
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Brain
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Hair
Heart
Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Larynx
Number of
cases
6 of 15
27 of 105
22 of 122
39
NG
NG
1 of 129
9 of 91
18 of 68
33
33
10
NG
NG
6 of 140
13 of 68
19 of 104
21 of 84
6 of 31
6 of 31
3 of 42
NG
15 of 145
3 of 50
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
XRS
NG
NG
ES
ES
ES
NAA
NAA
NAA
NG
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
Range
<10-60 yg/g ash
<10-40 yg/g ash
<10-30 yg/g ash
0.0-0.23 ppm
NG
NG
<10-40 yg/g ash
<10-40 yg/g ash
<10-22 yg/g ash
0.08 x ID'2 to 27.0 x
10 "2 ppm
NG
NG
NG
NG
<10-40 yg/g ash
<10-20 yg/g ash
<10-25 yg/g ash
<10-33 yg/g ash
<10-20 yg/g ash
<10-25 yg/g ash
<10-<10 yg/g ash
NG
<10-10 yg/g ash
<10-<10 yg/g ash
Mean level
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
NG
0.00004 yg/ml
0.5 yg/g dry wt
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
4.3 x 10" 2 ppm
0.67 yg/g
0.0267 ± 0.0046 ppm
0.05 yg/g dry wt
0.00013 yg/g dry wt
<10 ug/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
0.5 yg/g dry wt
<10 yg/g ash (median)
<10 yg/g ash (median)
Comments
Adults
Adults
Adults
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, blood serum
Adults
Adults
Adults
Children and adults, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gofman et al., 1964
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Bate and Dyer, 1965
Mahler et al. , 1970
Obrusnik et al., 1972
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 38. Gold (continued)
Tissue
Liver
Lung
Muscle
Omen t um
Ovary
Nail
Pancreas
Prostate
Saliva
Spleen
Skin
Stomach
Testis
Thyroid
Trachea
Uterus
Number of
cases
NG
4 of 150
3 of 141
3 of 141
4 of 137
NG
5 of 16
6
13
13
138
44 of 50
15
138 of 143
21 of 22
123 of 131
123 of 131
20 of 21
60
1 of 32
Analytical
method Range
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NAA
NAA
ES
ES
NAA
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
<10-<10 ug/g ash
<10-22 pg/g ash
<10-<10 pg/g ash
<10-<10 pg/g ash
7-220 pg/g ash
<10-23 pg/g ash
0.0-1.52 vg/g
0.0-2.05 pg/g
NG
18-130 pg/g ash
<5-81 pg/g ash
0.01-0.64 pg/100 ml
7-90 pg/g ash
16-120 pg/g ash
5-35 pg/g ash
5-27 pg/g ash
5-54 pg/g ash
15-120 ug/g ash
<10-<10 pg/g ash
Mean level
0.0001 pg/g dry wt
<10 pg/g ash (median)
<10 pg/g ash (median)
<10 pg/g ash (median)
<10 Pg/g ash (median)
30 pg/g ash (median)
<10 Pg/g ash (median)
0.44 ± 0.60 pg/g
0.52 ± 0.58 pg/g
0.171 pg/g
49 pg/g ash (median)
10 pg/g ash (median)
0.06 ± 0.02 pg/100 ml
27 pg/g ash (median)
46 pg/g ash (median)
12 pg/g ash (median)
12 pg/g ash (median)
12 pg/g ash (median)
44 pg/g ash (median)
<10 pg/g ash (median)
Comments
Adults
Autopsies
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Children
Adults
Fingernail
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Reference
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kanabrocki et al., 1968
Mahler et al. , 1970
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kanabrocki et al., 1965i>
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 39. Hafnium
Tissue Number °f Analytl';aX Range Mean level Comments Reference
pflfioc Tllot"n**in
cases method
Blood 39 XRS 0.00-0.41 ppm NG Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 40. Heptachlor
Tissue
Number of
cases
Analytical
method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
Milk
Placenta
106
106
1436
106
106
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
0.1-0.2 ppb
0.1-0.8 ppb
NG
2.0-52.0 ppb
0.1-54.9 ppb
0.13 ppb
0.21 ppb
NG
6.23 ppb
2.12 ppb
53 mother-infant pairs
53 mother-infant pairs
Found in <2%
53 mother-infant pairs
53 mother-infant pairs
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Savage, 1976
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
-------
Table 41. Heptachlorepoxide
„, . Number of
Tissue
cases
Adipose 221
30
29
30
10
25
25
505
53
Analytical
method
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC
GLC
Range
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.07-0.51 ppm
0.01-0.14 ppm
0.02-0.09 ppm
0.03-1.45 ppm
0.10-0.29 ppm
0.04-0.46 mg/kg
Mean level
0.11 ± 0.11 ppm
0.04 ppm
0.05 ppm
0.05 ppm
0.32 ± 0.10
0.05 ppm
0.05 ppm
0.24 ± 0.05 ppm
0 . 16 ppm
0.25 mg/kg
Comments
From surgeries
Fat basis, perirenal fat
Fat basis, mesenteric fat
Fat basis , panniculus fat
Stillbirths
Phenytoin (14 cases)
Control groups (11)
Autopsies, abdominal wall
Nursing mothers in Phila-
Reference
Burns, 1974
Casarett et al., 1968
Casarett et al. , 1968
Casarett et al., 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Davies et al. , 1971
Hayes, Dale, and Burse,
1965
Hoffman et al., 1967
Kroger, 1972
Adrenal
Blood
1412
30
GC-EC
0.0-10.62 ppm
0.17 ppm
delphia area, milk fat
Reflects the levels in the
U.S. population of the
conterminous 48 states,
lipid basis
3964
6933
1734
240
332
202
18
10
GC-EC, TLC,
MS
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
NG
Trace to 10.62 ppm
Trace to 0.85 ppm
Trace to 0.67 ppm
NG
0-1.3 ppb
NG
0.46-1.00 ppm
0.09 ppm
0.08 ppm
Geometric mean: 0.09
ppm, FY 1970-FY 1973;
0.08 ppm, FY 1974
0.09, 0.08 ppm, 1973
1974 (geometric mean)
0.10, 0.07 ppm, 1973
1974 (geometric mean)
0.16-1.12 ppm
0.1 ppb
0.01 ppm
0.73 ± 0.27
1973 (2177 cases)
1974 (1787 cases)
U.S. sites reflective of the
general population in the
conterminous 48 states, FY
1970-FY 1974, lipid basis
Whites and blacks respec-
tively. Reflective of
general U.S. population in
conterminous 48 states,
lipid basis
Autopsies, diseased organs
White males and females ,
abdominal fat
Fat basis
Stillbirths
GC
0.0002-0.0043 ppm
0.0011 ± 0.0002
Cord blood
Kutz et al.,
Kutz, Strassman, and
Yobs, 1977
Kutz, Strassman, and
Yobs, 1976, 1977
Kutz, Yobs, and
Strassman, 1977
Radomski et al., 1968
Wyllie, Gabica, and
Benson, 1972
Casarett et al., 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
-------
Table 41. Heptachlorepoxide (continued)
Tissue
Bone
Brain
Gonad
Heart
Kidney
Liver
Number of
cases
7
10
10
10
10
10
20
678
2 of 28
53
1000
202
30
32
332
36
10
38
10
42
10
Analytical
method
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC
Range
<0. 0001-0. 0033 ppm
NG
0.0002-0.0031 ppm
0.0004-0.0019 ppm
0.0004-0.0010 ppm
0.0006-0.0028 ppm
<0. 0006-0. 0036 ppm
<0. 0003-0. 0026 ppm
<0. 0003-0. 0120 ppm
0.0005-0.0051 ppm
0.01-0.1 ppb
1.0-1.8 ppb
0.1-0.6 ppb
0-5 ppb
0-2 ppb
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.30-1.56 ppm
NG
0.19-1.14 ppm
NG
0.03-1.67 ppm
Mean level
NG
0.0008 ppm
0.0011 ppm
0.0008 ppm
0.0007 ppm
0.0012 ppm
0.0012 ± 0.0004 ppm
0.0008 ± 0.0003 ppm
0.0023 ppm
0.0022 ppm
NG
NG
0.21 ppb
<0.07 ppb
0.1 ppb
0.02 ppm
<0.01
0.0 to 0.01 ± 0.01 ppm
0.01 ppm
0.80 ± 0.30 ppm
0.01 ppm
0.70 ± 0.28 ppm
0.08 ppm
0.68 ± 0.50 ppm
Comments
Pregnant women, plasma
Women , s er urn
Plasma
Blood
Red blood cells
Serum
Red blood cells :
Males (10)
Females (10)
Males (10)
Females (10)
209 black and 130 white
mother-infant pairs , serum
Lactating women, serum
Mother-infant pairs ,
maternal blood
Southern Idaho, serum
White males and females,
serum
Fat basis, marrow
Fat basis
Autopsies, brain disease
Fat basis
Stillbirths
Fat basis
Stillbirths
Fat basis
Stillbirths
Reference
Cur ley and Klmbrough,
1969
Dale, Curley, and Cueto,
1966
Dale, Curley, and Cueto,
1966
Dale, Curley, and Hayes,
1967
D'Ercole et al. , 1976
Dyment et al. , 1971
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Watson, Benson, and
Gabica, 1970
Wyllie, Gabica, and
Benson, 1972
Casarett et al., 1968
Casarett et al., 1968
Radomski et al. , 1968
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kitnbrough, 1969
Casarett et al. , 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Casarett et al., 1968
Curley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
-------
Table 41. Heptachlorepoxide (continued)
Tissue
Lung
Lymph
Milk
Placenta
Spleen
Number of
cases
332
25
10
11
10
2 of 28
40
1436
57
53
27
10
Analytical
method
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
GC
GC-EC
GC-EC,
GC/MS
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC
Range
NG
NG
0.08-0.31 ppm
NG
<0. 0001-0. 0044 ppm
1.0-1.8 ppb
Trace to 5 ppb
15.24-2050 ppb
Trace to 0.03 ppm
0.1-6.5 ppb
NG
0.10-0.52 ppm
Mean level
Trace to 0.05 ± 0.09 ppm
0.02 ppm
0.17 ± 0.07 ppm
<0.01 ppm
NG
NG
0.4 ppb
91.36 ppb
0.004 ppm (trace = 0)
1.21 ppb
<0.01 ppm
0.35 ± 0.08 ppm
Comments
Autopsies, liver disease
Fat basis
Stillbirths
Fat basis, tracheobronchial
nodes
Lactating women
Lactating women
Women, fat basis, rural
Colorado
National study, fat basis
Selected areas of Mississippi
and Arkansas, 1973-1974, 27%
blacks, whole-milk basis
Mother-infant pairs
Fat basis
Stillbirths
Reference
Radomski et al., 1968
Casarett et al., 1968
Cur ley, Copeland, and
Kimbrough, 1969
Casarett et al., 1968
Cur ley and Kimbrough,
1969
Dyment et al. , 1971
Savage et al. , 1973
Savage, 1976
Strassman and Kutz, 1977
Selby, Newell, Hauser,
and Junker, 1969
Casarett et al., 1968
Cur ley, Copeland, and
Urine
10
GC
<0.0001-0.0009 ppm
NG
Women slightly higher than
men
Kimbrough, 1969
Cueto and Biros, 1967
-------
Table 42. Hexachlorobenzene — C6C16
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
86
GC-EC
0-23 ppb
3.6 ppb
4.71 ppb
2.79 ppb
Persons living and working
near waste-disposal sites:
males
females
Burns and Miller, 1975
Milk
663 of 1436 GC-EC
<1-1444.4 ppb
77.7 ppb
National milk survey
Savage et al., 1976
-------
Table 43. Hexachlorophene
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Adipr
Milk
20
12
GC-EC 0-80 ppb 20.0 ppb
GC-EC Trace to 9.0 ppb (1971) 5.7 ppb
0-8.3 ppb (1973) NG
General population
White, urban, middle-class
mothers
Shafik, 1973
West, Wilson, and
Schaffner, 1975
-------
Table 44. Holmium
mj Number of Analytical
Tissue method Range Mean level Comments Reference
Blood 39 XRS 0.00-0.41 ppm NG Healthy men, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al . , 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 45. Indium
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
39
XRS
0.00-0.21 ppm
NG
Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 46. Iodine
Tissue
Blood
Hair
Milk
Teeth
Thyroid
Urine
Number of Analytical
cases method Ran§e Mean level
39 XRS 0.00-0.57 ppm NG
2 MS, MS 0.03-0.14 pg/g dry wt NG
5 R 0.03-28% 25% (median)
56 MS 0.01-0.07 yg/g dry wt 0.036 yg/g dry wt
5 R 20-39% 25% (median)
5 R 50-74% 53% (median)
Comments
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, serum
Methodology
Percent of administered dose
sequestered after 48 hr
Subjects less than 20 years
old
Percent of administered dose
sequestered after 48 hr
Percent of administered dose
Reference
Gofman et al. , 1964
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Weaver , Kamm , and
Dobson, 1960
Losee , Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Weaver , Kamm , and
Dobson, 1960
Weaver, Kamm, and
sequestered after 48 hr
Dobson, 1960
-------
Table 47. Iridium
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
39
XRS
0.00-0.13 ppm
NG
Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 48. Kepone
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Various
186
NG
<1-1.32 ppm
0.38 ppm
Samples taken from sites
treated with mirex during
the past ten years
Anonymous, 1976
-------
Table 49. Lanthanum
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
Teeth
39
56
XRS
MS
0.00-0.21 ppm
NG
0.02-0.12 mg/g dry wt 0.004 mg/g dry wt
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, serum
Subjects less than 20 years
old, enamel
Gofman et al., 1964
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
-------
Table 50. Lead
Tissue
Adipose
Adrenal
Aorta
Bladder
\
Blood \
\
Number of
cases
43
258
41
15
45
18
258
104
2
99 of 112
2269
70
Analytical
method
C
ES
C
ES
C
AAS
ES
ES
ES
ES
ASV
AAS
Range
NG
0.1-1.5 mg (total tissue)
NG
11-140 yg/g ash
NG
0.6-7.6 ppm wet wt
0.15-1.0 mg (total aorta)
34-280 yg/g ash
NG
<5-41 yg/g ash
NG
13.1-27.4 yg/percent
Mean level
0.04 ± 0.01 ppm wet wt
0.60 mg
0.25 ± 0.12 ppm wet wt
27 yg/g ash
1.65 ± ppm wet wt
3.5 ppm wet wt
0.22 mg
140 yg/g ash
6 ppm wet wt
13 yg/g ash
+40 yg/100 ml
20 yg%
Comments
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old
Sudden deaths, Baltimore,
Maryland
Sudden accident victims
Urban area children
Omaha, Nebraska, area chil-
Ref erence
Gross et al. , 1975
Schroeder and Tipton,
1968
Gross et al. , 1975
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gross et al. , 1975
Poklis, 1975
Schroeder and Tipton,
1968
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Anderson and Clark, 1974
Angle, Mclntire, and
104
AAS
(range of means)
1559 E
258 AAS
158 AAS
909 AAS
347 AAS
5.6-27.4 yg/100 ml
4.5-7.2 yg/100 ml
14.5-41.8 yg/100 ml
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
29.1 yg/100 ml
28.1 yg/100 ml
20.0 yg/100 ml
<20.0 yg/100 ml
16.56 yg/100 ml (mean)
15.8 yg/100 ml (median)
16.34 yg/100 ml (mean)
15.2 yg/100 ml (median)
16.36 yg/100 ml (mean)
15.4 yg/100 ml (median)
21.04 yg/100 ml (mean)
18.3 yg/100 ml (median)
dren, half Caucasian and
half Negro
Children, 10-18 years old:
blood
plasma
red blood cells
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
1- to 3-year-old children
6-year-old children
10-year-old children
11- to 18-year-old children
Children in nonsmelter towns
Children in lead smelter towns
Children in copper smelter
towns
Children in zinc smelter towns
Colucci, 1974
Angle and Mclntire, 1974
Adebonojo, 1974
Baker et al., 1977
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
_. Number of
Tissue
cases
34
450
26
119
379
84
130
122
96
48
47
5226 \
40
18
230
272
34
Analytical
method
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
ES
ES
ES
ES
/>\
'•AAS \
\
''A^
V
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
Range
<80 yg/100 ml
14-210 yg%
11-78 yg%
2-81 yg/100 ml
9-102 yg/100 ml
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG ,-x
-•""" "X
'40-60 yg/100 H.
19-81 yg/100 ml
19-71 yg/100 ml
33-68 yg/100 ml
3-70 yg/100 ml
6-136 yg/100 ml
7-80 yg/100 ml
Mean level
27-33 yg/100 ml
40.8 vg%
33.8 yg%
26.2 yg/100 ml
40 yg/100 ml
0.91 ± 0.77 yg/g
0.58 + 0.93 yg/g
0.0039 ± 0.0002 mg/100
ml
0.0027 ± 0.0005 mg/100
ml
0.0028 ± 0.0008 mg/100
ml
0.0177 ± 0.0008 mg/100
ml .
^.50' yg/100 rol
/-"" N\
./ 40.7 yg/lOO^TnJ-
"" ^^
36.9 yg/100 ml
NG
21 yg/100 ml
30 yg/100 ml
25.4 ± 17 yg/100 ml
Comments
Pistol range instructors from
Georgia
Children
Children
Illinois children
Newark, New Jersey, 1- to 8-
year-old children
Maternal blood from Nashville,
Tennessee, hospitals
Fetal blood from Nashville,
Tennessee, hospitals
Los Angeles area blood donors ,
serum
Los Angeles area surgical
patients, serum
Los Angeles area residents ,
serum
Los Angeles area residents
- ~"X
'x
JtewatTc, New Jersey ,xl- to 15-
"~ year-old children \s
Charleston, South Carolina,
^"•preschool children-, 36-42%
^^ hematocrit levels . __,-•-
Charleston, South Carolina,
preschool children, 30-35%
hematocrit levels
Children 13-67 months of age
Rural children
Urban children
Autistic and atypical children
Reference
Landrigan, McKInney,
Hopkins, Rhodes,
Price, and Cox, 1975
Rosen, 1972
Rosen, 1972
Thomas, Rising, and
Moore, 1976
Baglan et al. , 1974
Baglan et al. , 1974
Baglan et al. , 1974
Butt et al. , 1964
Butt et al. , 1964
Butt et al. , 1964
Butt et al. , 1964
Caprio, Margulis, and
Joselow, 1974
Chisolm et al. , 1974
Chisolm et al., 1974
Chisolm et al. , 1975
Cohen , Bowers , and
Lepow, 1973
Cohen, Bowers, and
Lepow, 1973
Cohen, Johnson, and
Caparulo, 1976
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
Tissue Number of
cases
10
8
37
119
54
8
37
68
1
1
3
249
253
249
253
12
381
218
39
105
33
40
385
Analytical
method
AAS
AAS
AAS
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
AAS
AAS
AAS
XRS
C
C
C
AAS
Range
9-22 yg/100 ml
NG
5-64.5 ug/100 ml
5-54.5 yg/100 ml
25-64.5 yg/100 ml
5-44.5 yg/100 ml
1-53 yg/100 ml
NG
NG
NG
4.3-120 yg/100 ml
4.6-17.5 yg/100 ml
13.1-30.1 yg/100 ml
14.3-29.1 yg/100 ml
12-60 yg/100 ml
10.0-12.6 yg/100 ml
(mean range)
7.0-11.1 yg/100 ml
(mean range)
0.07-0.53 ppm
0-100 yg/100 ml
10-27 yg/100 ml
10-53 yg/100 ml
<10-100+ yg%
Mean level
15.2 ± 4.2 yg/100 ml
41.1 ± 12.2 ug/100 ml
22.2 ± 10 ug/100 ml
NG
26 yg/100 ml
41 yg/100 ml
22 yg/100 ml
30 yg/100 ml
156 yg/100 ml
88 yg/100 ml
14 yg/100 ml
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
10.5 yg/100 ml
9.4 yg/100 ml
NG
21 yg/100 ml
21 yg/100 ml
16 yg/100 ml
NG
Comments
Normal children
Hyperactive children with his-
tory of lead poisoning
Nonhyperactive children
Hyperactive and nonhyperactive
children
Hyperactive
Hyperactive with history of
lead poisoning
Nonhyperactive
Exposed urban children, mostly
Negro, 60% female
Caucasian female
Male
Children
Fetal blood from controls
Fetal blood from patients
living in lead mining
region
Maternal blood from controls
Maternal blood from patients
living in lead mining
region
Nine children, three adults
Maternal blood, Louisiana
patients 11 to >35 years old
Cord blood, Louisiana patients
11 to >35 years old
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years
New York City residents
California residents
Ohio residents
Kansas City children 1-3 years
Reference
Cohen, Bowers, and
Lepow, 1976
David, 1974
David, Clark, and
Voeller, 1972
de la Burde and Shapiro,
1975
Dickinson et al. , 1972
Fahim, Fahim, and Hall,
1976
Fahim, Fahim, and Hall,
1976
Fung et al. , 1975
Gershanik, Brooks, and
Little, 1974
Gershanik, Brooks, and
Little, 1974
Gofman et al. , 1964
Goldwater and Hoover,
1967
Green, Wise, and Smull,
43
NG
0.21 ± 0.09 ppm wet wt
old
Cincinnati area, white males,
20-84 years old
1973
Gross et al., 1975
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
> 84, 000 AAS
116 AAS
10-110 yg/100 ml
9.4-20.9 yg/100 ml
NG
NG
New York City children of
lower socloeconomic status
School-aged males
Guinee, 1972
Hammer, Finklea,
1877
700
11
13
24
11
13
24
100
897
59
252
NG
NG
243
47
NG
NG
C
ASV
C
AAS
AAS
ES
ES
AAS
AAS
NG
NG
10-20 yg/100 g
10-20 yg/100 g
10-20 yg/100 g
10-20 yg/100 g
10-20 yg/100 g
10-20 yg/100 g
<1-81 yg/100 ml
0.001-0.060 mg/100 g
111-295 yg/liter
76-142 yg/liter
78-159 yg/liter
NG
NG
NG
0.7-7.7 yg/100 ml
<1-109.27 yg/100 ml
0.024-0.072 ug/10' RBC
0.021-0.076 yg/10' RBC
0.011-0.038 mg/100 g
0.011-0.026 mg/100 g
14.0 ug/100 g
12.5 yg/100 g
13.2 yg/100 g
12.7 yg/100 g
11.9 yg/100 g
12.3 yg/100 g
14.6 yg/100 ml
NG
160 yg/liter
96 yg/liter
114 yg/liter
16.4 0.7 yg/100 ml
10.5 0.4 yg/100 ml
0.025 mg/100 g wet wt
3.9 yg/100 ml
13.17 yg/100 ml
0.044 yg/10' RBC
0.037 yg/109 RBC
Males from 0.S. major cities
Philadelphia residents
New Haven, Connecticut,
patients, maternal venous
blood:
suburban
urban ghetto
total sample
New Haven, Connecticut,
patients, cord blood:
suburban
urban ghetto
total sample
Ann Arbor, Michigan, resi-
dents, 18-58 years old
Urban and rural area
residents
Men
Women
Women using oral
contraceptives
Los Angeles
Lancas ter
Sudden accident victims,
plasma
19 cities
47 matched pairs:
maternal blood
fetal blood
Hendricks, Hinners,
Riggan, and Shy, 1971
Hammond, 1969
Hammond, 1969
Harris and Holley, 1972
Harris and Holley, 1972
Becker et al., 1974
Hofreuter et al., 1961
Hohnadel et al., 1973
Johnson et al., 1975a
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al., 1956
Kubota, Lazar, and
Losee, 1968
Kuhnert, Erhard, and
Kuhnert, 1977
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
„,. Number of
Tissue
cases
1369
1
10
4000+
5750
46
343
5
19
NG
100
1812
28
258
Analytical
method
NG
C
MS
C
C
C
AAS
MS
AAS
NG
NG
NG
C
ES
Range
40-68 yg/100 ml
12-28 yg/100 g
NG
NG
15.5-21.6 yg/100 g
(geometric mean)
10-25 yg/100 ml
50-80 yg/100 ml
NG
0.17-0.25 yg/g
14-30 yg/100 ml
41-51 yg/100 ml
NG
NG
NG
10-200 yg/100 ml
NG
0.22-2.7 rag (total
Mean level
48 yg/100 ml
18.37 yg/100 g
7.2-21.7 yg/100 g
17.3 ± 6.4 to 19.9 ± f
yg/100 ml
23.3 yg/100 g
20.4 yg/100 ml
56.9 yg/100 ml
0.37 ± 0.15 yg/g
0.194 yg/g
22.6 yg/100 ml
45.3 yg/100 ml
0.29 ug/ml
0.03 mg/100 ml
0.027 mg/100 ml
20.8-43.9 yg/100 ml
24.2 yg/100 ml
22.0 yg/100 ml
21.5 yg/100 ml
15.2 yg/100 ml
1.4 mg
Comments
Children, >40 mg/100 ml found
in 53% of cases living with-
in 1.6 km of smelter
35 samples
Age, 25-37 years
3.1 DuPont employees from 23
locations
DuPont employees from 23
locations
125 controls
21 subjects, chosen from
low income
Children
Healthy adult males
Black children, age 4-6 years
Effect on immune exposure
Normal level
New York :
50 poisoned children
50 controls
Three neighborhoods in
Chicago, summer, from paint
Urban smokers
Urban nonsmokers
Suburban smokers
Suburban nonsmokers
Total in blood
Reference
Landrigan, Gehlbach,
Rosenblum, Shoults,
Candelaria, Barthel,
Liddle, Smrek,
Staehling, and
Sanders, 1975
Lerner, 1975
Manton, 1977
Mclaughlin, Linch, and
Snee, 1973
McLaughlin, Linch, and
Snee, 1973
Mooty, Ferrand, and
Harris, 1975
Pueschel, Kopito, and
Schwa chman, 1972
Rabinowitz, Wetherill,
and Kopple, 1975
Reigart and Graber, 1976
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Russo et al. , 1973
Sachs, 1974
Scanlon, 1971
Schroeder and Tipton,
24
NG
blood)
AAS, ASV 12-77 yg/100 ml
ASV 59-68 yg/100 ml
NG
NG
Methodology
Effect on catecholamines
1968
Searle, Chan, and
Davidow, 1973
Silbergeld and Chisolra,
1976
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
„. Number of
Tissue
cases
320
1 of 79
3 of 190
60
124
100
Bone
~%5 ]
44 I
T\5
44
120
14
15
15
NG
NG
2
258
-A 40
Brain \
\
V 39
41
Analytical
method
MS
AAS
AAS
MS
C
C
MS
AAS
ES, Ch
ES, Ch
ES
ES
ES
ES
MS
C
Range
4-86 yg/100 ml
>40 yg/100 ml
0.87-30.5 yg/100 g
NG
13.5-34.6 yg/100 g
3.8-43.0 yg/100 g
NG
NG
NG
NG
11-214 ppm ash wt
0.2-32 ppm ash wt
0.21-1.11 mg/100 g
0.67-3.59 mg/100 g
NG
NG
NG
7.5-195 mg (total
tissue)
77-237 yg/g ash
NG
NG
Mean level
36 yg/100 ml
NG
15.7 yg/100 g
23 ± 1.0 to 84 ± 5.0
yg/100 ml
NG
14"V09 -^ 11.22 ppffl wet wt
(13.81 i 9.09 ppm wet wt
7"VT4"± 4.19 ppm wet wt
4.42 ± 2.52 ppm wet wt
59 ppm ash wt
NG
0.65 mg/100 mg
1.78 mg/100 mg
1.88 mg/100 g wet wt
0.470 mg/100 g
19 ppm
110.0 mg
NG
\
0.11 ± 0.05 ppntvwet wt
0.11 ± 0.04 ppm wfet wt^-
Comments
Children, ages 1-5 years
Children:
1972
1974
White middle and upper class,
Salt Lake City
Blacks and Puerto Ricans ,
Bronx, age 1-6 years
Live near freeway
Do not live near freeway
Cincinnati area white males ,
20-84 years old:
tibia
qkull-'
rib
vertebrae
North and South Carolina
adult and pediatric
autopsies
North and South Carolina
pediatric autopsies
Autopsies, flat bone
Autopsies, long bone
Long bone
Rib bone
Total in bone
One skeletq.EL
..- \
Cincinnati area\ white males, __
2-0-84 years old:
- grey matter \
'''. white matter \
Reference
Singh, Bogden, and
Joselow, 1975
Smith, Nelson, and
Stewart, 1976
Smith, Temple, and
Reading, 1976
Sorrell, Rosen, and
Roginsky, 1977
Thomas et al. , 1967
Gross et al. , 1975
Hammer et al. , 1973
Hammer et al. , 1973
Kehoe, 1961
Kehoe, 1961
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al., 1956
Schroeder and Tipton,
1968
Strehlow and Kneip, 1969
Gross et al., 1975
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
Tissue
Connective
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Fascia
Feces
Fetal
membranes
Gas trointes-
\tinal tract
'WrX
Number of
cases
15
NG
3
NG
NG
258
89 of 129
258
75 of 91
55 of 68
43
248
117
249
253
258
160
126
872
294
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
AAS
ES
NG
NG
ES
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
Range
0.01-0.09 mg/100 g wet
wt
NG
NG
NG
NG
0-8.8 mg (total brain)
<5-39 yg/g ash
0-4.8 mg (total tissue)
<5-29 yg/g ash
<5-70 pg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
NG
9-40 yg/100 g
11-12 yg/100 g
0-3.1 mg (total organ)
NG
NG
NG
NG
Mean level
0.04 mg/100 g wet wt
0.013 mg/100 g wet wt
0. 2 ppm wet wt
0.08 ± 0.01 mg/100 g
dry wt
0.20 yg/g dry wt
0.14 mg
5 yg/g ash
1.08 mg
10 ug/g ash
10 ug/g ash
0.10 ± 0.05 ppm wet wt
0.90 ± 0.09 ug/g
1.22 ± 0.08 yg/g
0.336 mg/24 hr
NG
NG
0.15 mg
12.95 yg/g (mean)
10.1 yg/g (median)
77.29 yg/g (mean)
49.3 yg/g (median)
22.03 yg/g (mean)
18.0 yg/g (median)
41.75 yg/g (mean)
30.7 ug/g (median)
Comments
Autopsies
Above 1 year old
Normal levels
Total in brain
Total in connective tissue
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old
Before auto catalysts:
Los Angeles
Lancaster
Urban
Control patients
Patients living in a lead
mining region
Total in gastrointestinal
tract
Children in nonsmelter towns
Children in lead smelter towns
Children in copper smelter
towns
Children in zinc smelter towns
Reference
Kehoe, 1961
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schroeder and Tipton,
1968
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder and Tipton,
1968
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gross et al. , 1975
Johnson et al., 1975a
Kehoe et al. , 1940
Fahim, Fahim, and Hall,
1976
Schroeder and Tipton,
1968
Baker et al. , 1977
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
_. Number of
Tissue
cases
50
51
34
284
126
90
71
207
85
77
49
25
25
18
116
/\ /
25
37
21
38
12
230
230
188
188
Analytical
method
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
ES
AAS
AAS\^
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
Range
NG
NG
NG
2.12-100.00 yg/g
1.96-155.00 yg/g
7.6-61 ppm
10.6-50 ppm
0.0041-0.01% dry
6.5-45.9 ppm
' 0-595 pprnV
0-195 ppm
0-85 ppm
0-85 ppm
0-25 ppm
2-141 yg/g
NG
NG
NG
NG
Mean level
31.5 pg/g
16.6 pg/g
13.9 yg/g
13.47 yg/g
11.74 yg/g
14.07 pg/g
17.13 pg/g
12.21 pg/g
10.39 yg/g
14.50 yg/g
12.88 yg/g
24.1 ppm
26.7 ppm
tissue NG
NG
X""' 107.1 ppnX^
44.3 ppm /
14.3 ppm
12.1 ppm
7 . 6 ppm
34 yg/g
44.9 ± 4.3 pg/g
19.3 ± 3.1 pg/g
56.2 ± 7.0 yg/g
15.7 ± 1.3 yg/g
Comments
Maternal scalp hair, Cincin-
nati hospital patients,
mean age 22.5 years
Maternal pubic hair, Cincin-
nati hospital patients,
mean age 22.5 years
Neonatal scalp hair, Cincin-
nati hospital patients
Children:
New York City
Riverhead
Queens
Bronx
Adults :
New York City
Riverhead
Queens
Bronx
Females, 13-72 years old
Males, 9-60 years old
White males, 15-70 years old
Scalp hair from school- aged
males '\
^-' y
Reference
Baumslag et al., 1974
Baumslag et al., 1974
Baumslag et al. , 1974
Creason et al. , 1975
Creason et al. , 1975
Eads and Lambdin, 1973
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Hammer, Finklea,
Hendricks, Hinners,
Riggan, and Shy, 1971
Fourth-grade males: Hammer, Finklea,
/' lead and zinc vmining and Hendricks, Shy, and
/ smelting area\, Horton, 1971
lead and zinc smel±ing area
copper smelting area\
government and commercial area
education and farm trading
area
Scalp hair
Long hair, Los Angeles
Long hair, Lancaster
Short hair, Los Angeles
Short hair, Lancaster
Hinners et al. , 1974
Johnson et al., 1975a
-------
Table SO. Lead (continued)
_. Number of
Tissue
cases
705
NG
180
258
1
260
2
Heart 43
15
NG
NG
258
79 of 140
Intestine 45
45
NG
Large 1
intestine
Small 7
intestine,'
Analytical
method
MS
NG
MS
ES
MS
NG
MS, MS
C
ES, Ch
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
C
ES
ES
ES \
Range
NG
NG
NG
0.05-1.5 mg (total
tissue)
NG
1-2080 yg/g
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
0-0.4 mg (total organ)
<5-18 yg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG'
Mean level
118 ± 100 ug/g
27 yg/g
35 yg/g dry wt
17.8 ± 2.2 yg/g
19 ± 3 yg/g
0.75 mg
44.7 ± 0.3 yg/g
17.6-28.8 yg/g
14.5 and 21.8 yg/g dry
wt
0.08 ± 0.04 ppm wet wt
0.04 mg/100 g wet wt
0.038 mg/100 g wet wt
0.20 ± 0.01 mg/100 g
dry wt
0.02 mg
5 yg/g ash
0.12 ± 0.05 ppm wet wt
0.07 ± 0.03 ppm wet wt
0.023 mg/100 g wet wt
0 . 3 ppm wet wt
~~— -
0 .8 ppm wet wt
Comments
Age 6 months to 6 years ,
impoverished section of
Boston:
study area
controls
Normal level
117 women
47 men
Total in hair
Analytical
Traffic and desk officers,
Boston, Irish and Italian
Analytical
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old
Autopsies
Above 1 year old
Total in heart
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old, jejunum
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old, cecum
Reference
Pueschel, Kopito, and
Schwachman, 1972
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schroeder and Nason,
1969
Schroeder and Tipton,
1968
Sorenson et al. , 1973
Speizer and Ferris, 1973
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Gross et al. , 1975
Kehoe, 1961
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Schroeder and Tipton,
1968
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gross et al. , 1975
Gross et al. , 1975
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch et al. ,~"l'9~56
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
Tissue
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecuin
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Number of
cases
67 of 68
97 of 104
82 of 84
31
94 of 109
41 of 42
45
44
120
14
12
12
15
NG
6
80
100
46
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
AAS
AAS
AAS
ES, Ch
ES
ES
AAS
AAS
AAS
Range
5-82 pg/g ash
5-53 pg/g ash
5-62 pg/g ash
5-90 yg/g ash
<5-50 pg/g ash
5-77 pg/g ash
NG
NG
15-246 ppm ash wt
1.4-74 ppm ash wt
NG
NG
0.015-0.16 mg/100 g
wet wt
NG
1.3-48.7 yg/g dry wt
I
NG
16-1728 pg/g ash
34-68 yg/g ash
Mean level
25 pg/g ash (median)
13 Pg/g ash (median)
20 pg/g ash (median)
27 yg/g ash (median)
13 pg/g ash (median)
20 yg/g ash (median)
0.79 ± 0.42 ppm wet wt
0.48 ± 0.22 ppm wet wt
30 ppm ash wt
NG
120 pg/g ash
120 yg/g ash
0.05 mg/100 g wet wt
0.027 mg/100 g wet wt
17.7 pg/g dry wt
49 yg/g ash
60 yg/g ash
47 yg/g ash
50 yg/g ash
69 yg/g ash
54 yg/g ash
Comments
Cincinnati area white males ,
20-84 years old:
cortex
medulla
North and South Carolina adult
and pediatric autopsies
North and South Carolina
pediatric autopsies
St. Louis area veteran
autopsies :
controls
emphysema patients
Autopsies
Normals
Controls
Hypertensives
Heart disease
Malignant diseases
Autopsies, VA hospital,
Birmingham, Alabama
Necropsies, VA hospital,
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gross et al. , 1975
Hammer et al. , 1973
Hammer et al. , 1973
Hirst et al. , 1973
Kehoe, 1961
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Morgan, 1969
Morgan, 1972k
Morgan, 1972c
NG
ES
NG
0.36 ± 0.02 mg/100 g
dry wt
Birmingham, Alabama
Above 1 year old
Nusbaum et al., 1958
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
„. Number of
Tissue
cases
24
150
22
NG
258
NG
145
Larynx 50
Liver 45
120
14
12
12
15
NG
5
8
NG
Analytical
method
MS
ES
MS
NG
ES
NG
ES
ES
C
MS
MS
MS
ES, Ch
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
NG
0.21-1.1 micromoles/g
ash
0.40-3.8 ppm wet wt
NG
0.003-2.0 mg (total
organs)
0-1.5+ mg/100 g dry wt
42-220 pg/g ash
11-140 pg/g ash
NG
15-785 ppm ash wt
0.7-167 ppm ash wt
NG
NG
0.04-0.28 mg/100 g wet
wt
NG
4.2-26.0 pg/g dry wt
NG
NG
Mean level
0.166 mg/g ash
123 mg/g ash
NG
1.8 ppm wet wt
0.27 pg/g dry wt
0.34 mg
NG
98 pg/g ash (median)
64 pg/g ash (median)
0.98 ± 0.53 ppm wet wt
45 ppm ash wt
NG
120 pg/g ash
140 pg/g ash
0.12 mg/100 g wet wt
0.130 mg/100 g wet wt
12.1 pg/g dry wt
3. 8 ppm wet wt
0.52 ± 0.02 mg/100 g
Comments
12 emphysematous
12 controls
Adults
Sudden deaths, Baltimore,
Maryland
Normal level
Total in kidney
Cancer patients and autopsy
specimens
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old
North and South Carolina
adults and pediatric
autopsies
North and South Carolina
pediatric autopsies
St. Louis area veteran
autopsies :
control
emphysema patients
Autopsies
Normals
Sudden accident victims
Above 1 year old
Reference
Perry et al. , 1972
Ferry et al. , 1962
Poklis and Freimuth,
1976
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schroeder and Tipton,
1963
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gross et al. , 1975
Hammer et al. , 1973
Hammer et al. , 1973
Hirst et al. , 1973
Kehoe, 1961
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch et al. , 1956
Nusbaum et al., 1958
24
MS
NG
dry wt
0.141 mg/g ash
0.111 mg/g ash
12 emphysematous
12 controls
Perry et al. , 1972
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
„. Number of
Tissue
cases
150
10
22
NG
258
NG
150
Lung 42
12
12
15
NG
4
4
NG
24
150
22
168
Analytical
method
ES
ES
MS
NG
ES
NG
ES
C
AAS
ES, Ch
ES
ES
ES
ES
AAS
ES
AAS
NG
Range
0.29-1.2 micromoles/g
ash
NG
1.0-6.3 ppm wet wt
NG
0.72-13.5 mg (total
organ)
0-1.3+ mg/100 g dry wt
60-250 yg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
4.7-21.9 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
NG
0.062-0.68 micromole/g
ash
0.21-1.8 ppm wet wt
NG
Mean level
NG
276 ± 176 yg/g ash
2.5 ppm wet wt
1.7 yg/g dry wt
3.1 mg
NG
130 yg/g ash (median)
0.36 ± 0.12 ppm wet wt
130 yg/g ash
240 yg/g ash
0.02 mg/100 g wet wt
0.028 mg/100 g wet wt
10.6 yg/g dry wt
1. 6 ppm wet wt
0.23 ± 0.02 mg/100 g
dry wt
0.210 mg/g ash
0.145 mg/g ash
NG
0.85 ppm wet wt
Max - 5500, min - 50,
Comments
Adults
Accident victims, St. Louis
area
Sudden deaths, Baltimore,
Maryland
Normal level
Total in liver
Cancer patients and autopsy
specimens
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old
St. Louis area veteran
autopsies :
control
emphysema patients
Autopsies
Normals
Sudden accident victims
Above 1 year old
12 emphysema to us
12 controls
Adults
Sudden deaths, Baltimore,
Maryland
58 cities and 29 nonurban
Reference
Perry et al. , 1962
Perry et al. , 1973
Poklis and Freimuth,
1976
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schroeder and Tipton,
1968
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gross et al. , 1975
Hirst et al. , 1973
Kehoe, 1961
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch et al. , 1956
Nusbaum et al., 1958
Perry et al. , 1972
Perry et al. , 1962
Poklis and Freimuth,
1976
Schroeder, 1970ft
retained 1 year —
0 yg/year
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
Tissue
Lymph nodes
Milk
Muscle
Nails
Omen turn
Ovary
Pancreas
Number of
cases
258
66
NG
141
141
41
29
14
14
44
15
NG
8
258
65 of 136
18
72 of 74
12 of 16
45
2
Analytical
method
ES
AAS
NG
ES
ES
C
AAS
AAS
AAS
C
ES, Ch
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
ES
Range
0.05-6.1 mg (total
organs)
NG
0-1.0 mg/100 g dry wt
5-550 pg/g ash
15-140 pg/g ash
NG
0.006-0.058 pg/ml
0-0.07 pg/ml
0.0060-0.0202 ppm
NG
0.010-0.17 mg/100 g
wet wt
NG
NG
0-179.2 mg (total tissue)
<5-16 pg/g ash
0.0097-0.024% dry tissue
7-220 pg/g ash
<5-27 pg/g ash
NG
NG
Mean level
0.39 mg
0.57-1.67 pg/g
NG
67 pg/g ash (median)
47 Pg/g ash (median)
0.86 ± 0.93 ppm wet wt
0.026 0.011 pg/ml
0.02 pg/ml
0.0109 ppm
0.07 ± 0.03 ppm wet wt
0.03 mg/100 g wet wt
0.010 mg/100 g wet wt
0. 4 ppm wet wt
1.7 mg
<5 pg/g ash (median)
NG
30 Pg/g ash (median)
13 Pg/g ash (median)
0.46 ± 0.23 ppm wet wt
2. 0 ppm wet wt
Comments
Total in lung
0.57 yg/g females
1.04 pg/g males
Cancer patients and autopsy
specimens
Autopsies, nine cities
Cincinnati area white males ,
20-84 years old
U.S. residents, 23-28 years
old
Age, 21-37 years
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old
Autopsies
Sudden accident victims
Total in muscle
Healthy males, 15-70 years
old
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old
Sudden accident victims
Reference
Schroeder and Tipton,
1963
Stringer et al. , 1974
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gross et al. , 1975
Dillon, Wilson, and
Schaffner, 1974
Lamm et al. , 1973
Pinkerton et al . , 1972
Gross et al. , 1975
Kehoe, 1961
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Schroeder and Tipton,
1968
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gross et al. , 1975
Koch et al. , 1956
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
Tissue
Placenta
Prostate
. ••
Saliva
Skin
Spleen
Numb er of
cases
22
258
138
234
554
554
249
253
58
41
4
44 of 50
12
18
43
258
21 of 22
43
15
NG
Analytical
method
MS
ES
ES
AAS
MS
MS
NG
NG
NG
C
ES
ES
MS
ES
C
ES
ES
C
ES, Ch
ES
Range
0.49-1.8 ppm wet wt
0-1.1 rag (total organ)
18-130 yg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
6-8 yg/100 g
7-9 yg/100 g
NG
NG
NG
<5-81 yg/g ash
3-23 yg/100 ml
0.0252-0.134% dry
tissue
NG
0-11.8 rag (total tissue)
16-120 yg/g ash
NG
0.01-0.07 mg/100 g wet
wt
NG
Mean level
0.92 ppm wet wt
0.06 mg
49 yg/g ash (median)
1.83 ± 2.56 yg/g dry wt
0.86 ± 0.28 to 3.12 ±
0.92 micromoles/g
1.95 ± 1.42 micromoles/g
dry wt
NG
NG
0.293 ± 0.025 yg/g
wet wt
0~. 20 ±0.22 ppm wet wt)
0.2 ppm wet wt
10 yg/g ash (median)
NG
NG
0.08 ± 0.03 ppm wet wt
1.5 mg
46 yg/g ash (median)
0.33 ± 0.15 ppm wet wt
0.03 mg/100 g wet wt
0.030 mg/100 g wet wt
Comments
Sudden deaths, Baltimore,
Maryland
Total in pancreas
Nashville, Tennessee, hospital
patients
Normal term placentas
Toxemia and premature
placentas
Control patients
Patients living in lead
mining district
Southern and southeastern
city hospital. -patients
„ — - ~-~
\
Cincinnati area white males,
' 20-84 years old
Sudden accident victims
Nine children, three adults
Healthy males, 15-70 years
old
White males, 20-84 years old
Total in skin
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old
Autopsies
Reference
Poklis and Freimuth,
1976
Schroeder and Tipton,
1968
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Baglan et al. , 1974
Dawson et al. , 1968
Dawson et al. , 1969
Fahim, Fahim, and Hall,
1976
Karp and Robertson, 1977
Gross et al. , 1975
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Fung et al. , 1975
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Gross et al. , 1975
Schroeder and Tipton,
1968
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gross et al. , 1975
Kehoe, 1961
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
_,. Number of
Tissue
cases
3
3
NG
258
138 of 143
Stomach 45
NG
3
123 of 131
Sweat 33
15
11
Teeth 82
35
_
15
153
36
32
324
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
ES
ES
ES
AAS
AAS
AAS
— ES
AAS
,
AAS
AAS
NG
AAS
Range
3.4-9.6 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
0-2.2 mg (total organ)
7-90 yg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
5-35 yg/g ash
8-184 yg/liter
49-283 yg/liter
28-171 yg/liter
0.25-5.75 mg/100 g
200-3550 ppm
350-2600 ppm
NG
50-150 yg/g
120-220 yg/g
NG
Mean level
6.2 yg/g dry wt
1. 4 ppm wet wt
0.28 + 0.04 mg/100 g
dry wt
0.06 mg
27 yg/g ash (median)
0.10 + 0.05 ppm wet wt
0.022 mg/100 g wet wt
1.0 ppm wet wt
12 yg/g ash (median)
51 ± 42 yg/liter
118 ± 12 yg/liter
101 ± 49 yg/liter
1.51 mg/100 g
1790 ± 960 ppm
— -— - =-— ~.
1410 ± 660 ppm
5.0 ± 5.9 ppm
140 yg/g
218 yg/g
5.1-19.9 ppm
(geometric mean)
Comments
Normals
Sudden accident victims
Above 1 year old
Total in spleen
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old
Sudden accident victims
Males
Females
Females using oral
contraceptives
Cincinnati residents
Left maxillary central inci-
sor, Cambridge, Massachu-
setts, 9-15 years old,
enamel
Left maxillary central inci-
sor, Cambridge, Massachu-
setts, 9-15 years old,
enamel
115 donors from ages 3.5-12
years
Mostly black children, 60%
female:
control children
exposed urban children
Children in lead paint area
Reference
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch et al. , 1956
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Schroeder and Tipton,
1968
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gross et al. , 1975
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Hohnadel et al., 1973
Altshuller et al., 1962
Brudevold et al., 1975
Brudevold et al. , 1975
Chatman and Wilson, 1975
de la Surds' and Shapiro,
1975
Lockeretz, 1975
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
Tissue
Testis
Thyroid
Trachea
Umbilical
cord
Urine
Number of
cases
56
109
761
760
40
^'"'43V
1
68 of 72
40
2
20 of 21
17
60
249
253
11
4
24
92
50
4
Analytical
method
MS
AAS
NG
ASV
AAS
C
ES
ES
C
ES
ES
AAS
ES
NG
NG
ASV, AAS
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
Range
1.0-6.5 yg/g
2-700 ppm
0-80 ppm
NG
30->400 yg/g
254-336 yg/g ash
NG
NG
5-27 yg/g ash
NG
NG
5-54 yg/g ash
0.6-8.8 ppm wet wt
15-120 yg/g ash
9-11 yg/100 g
11-12 yg/100 g
22-129 yg/24 hr
NG
NG
0->241 yg/liter
0->241 yg/liter
161->241 yg/liter
Mean level
3.1 ± 0.16 yg/g
15.1 ± 109.0 ppm
11.1 ± 14.8 ppm
198 yg/g
41.7 yg/g
NG
NG
0.15 ± 0.09 ppm wet wt
0.3 ppm wet wt
12 yg/g ash (median)
0.17 ± 0 . 11 ppm wet wt
1.0 ppm wet wt
10 yg/g ash
3.0 ppm wet wt
44 yg/g ash (median)
NG
NG
NG
325 ± 167 yg/100 ml
77 ± 92 yg/100 ml
NG
146 yg/100 ml
325 yg/100 ml
Comments
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area
69 urban
40 suburban
Old housing
New housing
Philadelphia school children
One skeleton
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old
Sudden accident victims
Cincinnati area white males ,
20-84 years old
Sudden accident victims
Sudden deaths, age 17-74
years, Baltimore, Maryland
Control patients
Patients living in a lead
mining region
Children 13-67 months of age
Hyperactive children with his-
tory of lead poisoning
Nonhyperactive children after
treatment
Hyperactive and nonhyper-
. active children
Hyperactive
Hyperactive with history of
lead poisoning
Reference
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Needleman, Tuncay, and
Shapiro, 1972
Needleman et al. , 1974
Needleman and Shapiro,
1974
Strehlow and Kneip, 1969
Gross et al. , 1975
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gross et al. , 1975
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Poklis and Freimuth,
1975
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Fahim, Fahim, and Hall,
1976
Chisolm, Barrett, and
Harrison, 1975
David, 1974
David, Clark, and
Voeller, 1972
24
NG
0->241 yg/liter
77 yg/100 ml
Nonhyperactive after treatment
-------
Table 50. Lead (continued)
Tissue Number of
cases
1
110
27
40
8
438
897
402
NG
KG
4000+
5750
32
Analytical
method
NG
C
C
NG
C
AAS
ES
NG
C
C
ES
Range
NG
0-118 pg/liter
15-75 pg/liter
10-50 pg/liter
NG
NG
0.002-0.081 mg/liter
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
20.1-25.3 pg/liter
(geometric means)
NG
Mean level
86 pg/24 hr
38 pg/liter
38 pg/liter
31 pg/liter
0.06 ± 0.11 ppm
0.009-0.034 mg/100 g
NG
14.3 ± 0.7 pg/liter
10.5 ± 1.0 pg/liter
0.027 mg/liter
0.023 ug/ml
27.1 ± 16.2 to 29.0 ±
13.3 pg/liter
23.3 pg/liter
(geometric mean)
120 pg/liter
110 pg/liter
126 pg/liter
149 pg/liter
97.2 pg/liter
Comments
Caucasian female
New York City residents
California residents
Ohio residents
Cincinnati area white males,
20-84 years old
Philadelphia residents
Urban and rural area residents
Before auto catalysts:
Los Angeles, near freeway
Lancaster, desert area
Normal level
DuPont employees from 23
locations
DuPont employees from 23
locations
Normals
Females
Males
Blacks
Nonb lacks
Reference
Dickinson et al., 1972
Goldwater and Hoover,
1967
Gross et al. , 1975
Hammond, 1969
Hofreuter et al., 1961
Johnson et al., 1975a
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
McLaughlin, Linch, and
Snee, 1973
McLaughlin, Linch, and
Snee, 1973
Perry and Perry, 1959
10
AAS
0.4-4.7 pg/100 ml
NG
Searle, Chan, and
Davidow, 1973
Uterus
20 of 32
ES
<5-29 pg/g ash
5 pg/g ash (median)
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 51. Lithium
Tissue
Blood
Hair
Placenta
Number of Analytical
cases method °
260
260
277
206
58
AAS
AAS
FP
FP
NG
NG
NG
0.009-0.300 yg/g
0.009-0.228 yg/g
NG
0.
48
0.
0.
0.
Mean level
78 ± 0.01 yeq/liter
+ 0.01 yeq/liter
044 pg/g
056 yg/g
010 ± 0.002 vg/g wet
wt
Teeth
56
208
MS
MS
<0.1-4.2 ug/g
NG
1.
0.
6 ± 0.12 vg/g
35 ± 0.02 ppra
Comments
Adult residents, Kansas City,
Kansas, serum
Adult residents, Kansas City,
Missouri, serum
New York City children, ages
0-15 years
New York City adults, ages
>16 years
Southern and southeastern
city hospital patients
Subjects less than 20 years
old , enamel
New England residents less
Reference
Bierenbaum et al
Bierenbaum et al
Creason et al. ,
Creason et al. ,
. , 1975
., 1975
1975
1975
Karp and Robertson, 1977
Losee, Cutress,
Brown, 1973
and
Curzon and Losee, 1977
0.07 + 0.02 ppra
than 20 years old with high
caries, enamel
South Carolina residents less
than 20 years old with low
caries, enamel
-------
Table 52. Lutetium
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
39
XRS
0.00-0.13 ppm
NG
Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 53. Magnesium
Tissue
Adipose
Adrenal
Alimentary
tract
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Bone
Brain
Number of
cases
2
150
1
10
2
1
46
100
94
2
98
520
150
2
40
81
2
150
2
100
Analytical
method
C
ES
C
ES
C
C
AAS
ES
ES
C
ES
AAS
ES
C
AAS
C
ES
C
ES
Range
0.0060-0.063% wet wt
NG
NG
0.46-1.5 g/100 g ash
0.013-0.0213% wet wt
NG
130-1740 yg/g dry wt
230-600 micromoles/g ash
0.94-2.0 g/100 g ash
NG
0.86-2.3 g/100 g ash
NG
NG
0.168-0.191% wet wt
2.4-3.2 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
NG
260-490 micromoles/g ash
Mean level
NG
24 ± 0.2 yg/g wet wt
60 ppm wet wt
0.84 g/100 g ash
(median)
NG
140 ppm wet wt
279-919 yg/g dry wt
NG
1.4 g/100 g ash (median)
150 ppm wet wt
1.4 g/100 g ash (median)
2.03 ± 0.01 mg/liter
1.91 ± 0.01 mg/liter
38 ± 0.4 ug/g wet wt
NG
2.8 ± 0.33 yg/g dry wt
140 ppm wet wt
1100 ±25.2 yg/g wet wt
140 ppm wet wt
NG
Comments
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Accidental deaths
Sudden accident victims
Adults
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Sudden accident victims
Autopsies, 5 months to 91
years old, various
diseases , Chicago
Adults
Adults
Sudden accident victims
Adults
Half in hard-water and half
in soft-water area:
Kansas
Missouri
Accidental deaths
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48) ,
skeletal bone
Normals
Osteogenic sarcomas
Sudden accident victims
Accidental deaths
Sudden accident victims
Adults
Reference
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1969
Koch et al. , 1956 '
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Koch et al. , 1956
Marks et al. , 1972
Perry, 1968
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Bierenbaum et al., 1975
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1969
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Janes, McCall, and
Elveback, 1972
Koch et al. , 1956
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1969
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry, 1968
-------
Table 53. Magnesium (continued)
Tissue
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Feces
Number of
cases
150
108
91
2
57
2
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
C
ES
FP
NG
0.58-1.
1.2-2.5
NG
1.0-2.0
NG
Range
2 g/100 g ash
g/100 g ash
g/100 g ash
Mean level
150 ±3.4 pg/g wet wt
0.90 g/100 g ash (median)
1.7 g/100 g ash (median)
80 ppm wet wt
1.4 g/100 g ash (median)
170 ± 19 and 200 ± 13
Comments
Accidental deaths
Adults
Adults
Sudden accident victims
Adults
Healthy 23- and 24-year-old
Reference
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton, Stewart, and
Gaatrointes- 150
tinal tract
ES
NG
Hair
Heart
Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
18
12
180
2
2
100
150
122
9
60
83
77
31
ES
AAS
AAS
MS, AAS
C
ES
ES
ES
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
0.001-0.010% dry wt
15-166 pg/g
NG
NG
0.0120-0.0168% wet wt
430-860 micromoles/g ash
NG
1.1-2.3 g/100 g ash
NG
0.85-1.7 g/100 g ash
0.92-2.1 g/100 g ash
1.1-3.8 g/100 g ash
1.6-5.0 g/100 g ash
mg/day males, University of
Cincinnati
125 ±9.6 pg/g wet wt
NG
67.66 pg/g
49.7 ± 8.6 pg/g
85.7 ± 13.8 yg/g
16.4 and 14.5 ug/g dry
wt
NG
NG
180 ±5.5 pg/g wet wt
Accidental deaths
Age, 15-70 years, white
Males and females, various
ages, diverse geographic
areas
117 women
47 men
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Adults
Accidental deaths
1.6 g/100 g ash (median) Adults
150 ppm wet wt
1.3 g/100 g ash (median)
1.2 g/100 g ash (median)
1.8 g/100 g ash (median)
2.7 g/100 g ash (median)
Sudden accident victims
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Dickson, 1969
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1969
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Hinners et al., 1974
Schroeder and Nason,
1969
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Perry, 1968
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al., 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 53. Magnesium (continued)
Tissue
Slgmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Larynx
Liver
Lungs
Number of
cases
88
41
2
5
6
100
150
150
121
49
2
3
7
100
150
150
126
12
2
3
4
26
Analytical
method
ES
ES
C
NG
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
NG
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
Ch, ES
C
NG
C
AAS
Range
1.3-4.5 g/100 g ash
1.4-3.7 g/100 g ash
0.0169-0.0236% wet wt
542.1-2335.2 yg/g dry wt
NG
450-720 micromoles/g ash
360-680 micromoles/g ash
NG
0.88-1.7 g/100 g ash
0.71-1.8 g/100 g ash
0.0050-0.0081% wet wt
610-2046 yg/g dry wt
NG
390-820 micromoles/g ash
340-750 micromoles/g ash
NG
0.83-1.8 g/100 g ash
NG
0.0047-0.0069% wet wt
1123.2-1338.5 yg/g dry
wt
NG
244-820 vg/g dry wt
Mean level
2.0 g/100 g ash (median)
2.3 g/100 g ash (median)
NG
1404 yg/g dry wt
160 ppm
NG
NG
129 ±3.3 yg/g wet wt
1.2 g/100 g ash (median)
1.1 g/100 g ash (median)
NG
1332 yg/g dry wt
140 ppm wet wt
NG
NG
172 ±5.2 yg/g wet wt
1.3 g/100 g ash (median)
128 ± 44.0 ppm wet wt
103 ±28.0 ppm wet wt
NG
1205 yg/g dry wt
80 ppm wet wt
517-518 yg/g dry wt
Comments
Adults
Adults
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Normal levels
Sudden accident victims
Adults
Adults
Accidental deaths
Adults
Adults
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Normal levels
Sudden accident victims
Adults
Adults
Accidental deaths
Adults
Seven noncirrhotic
Five cirrhotic patients
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Normal levels
Sudden accident victims
Autopsies, 5 months to 9
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1972
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Vallee et al. , 1957
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch et al., 1956
Marks et al. , 1972
years old, various
diseases, Chicago area
-------
Table 53. Magnesium (continued)
Tissue
Muscle
Myocardium
Nails
Nerve
Omen turn
Ovary
Pancreas
Number of
cases
100
150
150
119
119
2
12
150
119
26
18
2
72
16
3
150
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
c
ES
ES
MS
ES
C
ES
ES
C
ES
Range
300-600 micromoles/g ash
260-550 micromoles/g ash
NG
3800-16,000 yg/g ash
0.62-1.3 g/100 g ash
0.017-0.0198% wet wt
NG
NG
0.98-2.4 g/100 g ash
613-1590 yg/g dry wt
0.0023-0.011% dry wt
0.0097-0.0107% wet wt
0.65-1.9 g/100 g ash
0.70-1.2 g/100 g ash
NG
NG
Mean level
NG
NG
71 ± 2.2 yg/g wet wt
9100 yg/g ash
0.86 g/100 g ash (median)
NG
320 ppm wet wt
189 ± 7.2 yg/g wet wt
1.5 g/100 g ash (median)
724-1290 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
1.2 g/100 g ash (median)
0.87 g/100 g ash (median)
260 ppm wet wt
160 ± 4.4 yg/g wet wt
Comments
Adults
Adults
Accidental deaths
Autopsies, nine cities
Adults
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Sudden accident victims
Accidental deaths
Adults
Autopsies, 5 months to 91
years old, various
diseases, Chicago area
Age, 15-70 years, white
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Adults
Adults
Sudden accident victims
Accidental deaths
Reference
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1969
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Koch et al. , 1956
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Marks et al. , 1972
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956'
Schroeder, Nason, and
Placenta
114
554
554
ES
AAS
AAS
15-24 g/100 g ash
NG
NG
20 g/100 g ash (median) Adults
0.98 ± 0.34 micromole/g
dry wt
0.71 ± 0.17 to 1.48 ±
0.25 micromoles/g dry
wt
Normal deliveries, Houston,
Texas
Tipton, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Dawson et al., 1969
Dawson et al., 1968
Prostate
NG
300 ppm wet wt
Sudden accident victims
Koch et al., 1956
-------
Table 53. Magnesium (continued)
Tissue
Skin
Spleen
Stomach
Teeth
Testis
Thyroid
Number of
cases
40
2
18
150
27
19
2
5
3
26
100
150
123
3
110
35
2
2
68
2
14
Analytical
method
ES
C
ES
ES
AAS
ES
C
C
NG
AAS
ES
ES
ES
C
ES
AAS
C
C
ES
C
ES
Range
1.1-2.2 g/100 g ash
0.0048-0.0102% wet wt
0.001-0.015% dry wt
NG
75-112 mg/kg dry wt
0.60-1.1 g/100 g ash
NG
NG
595-1208 yg/g dry wt
445-1080 yg/g dry wt
270-590 micromoles/g ash
NG
0.70-1.5 g/100 g ash
NG
0.90-2.0 g/100 g ash
88-5720 ppm
NG
NG
0.78-1.5 g/100 g ash
NG
0.23-1.5 g/100 g ash
Mean level
1.5 g/100 g ash (median)
NG
NG
59 ± 4.0 yg/g wet wt
NG
0.86 g/100 g ash (median)
0.0124% wet wt
85 ppm wet wt
985 yg/g dry wt
567-716 yg/g dry wt
NG
128 ± 4.2 yg/g wet wt
0.92 g/100 g ash (median)
320 ppm wet wt
1.4 g/100 g ash (median)
1650 ± 890 ppm
0.618% wet wt
150 ppm
1.0 g/100 g ash (median)
160 ppm wet wt
0.90 g/100 g ash (median)
Comments
Adults
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Age, 15-70 years, white
Accidental deaths
Adults
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Sudden accident victims
Normal levels
Autopsies, 5 months to 91
years old, various
diseases, Chicago area
Adults
Accidental deaths
Adults
Sudden accident victims
Adults
School children in Cambridge,
Massachusetts
One white male (age 60) and
one black male (age 48)
Sudden accident victims
Adults
Sudden accident victims
Adults
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1969
Subryan et al. , 1975
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Koch et al. , 1956
Ko ch , Smi th , and
McNelly, 1957
Marks et al. , 1972
Perry, 1968
Schroeder, Nason, and
Tipton, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Brudevold et al., 1975
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 53. Magnesium (continued)
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Trachea
Urine
Uterus
57
2
30
ES
FP
ES
0.71-1.8 g/100 g ash 1.2 g/100 g ash (median) Adults
NG
98+5 and 92 ± 4 mg/day Healthy 23- and 25-year-old
males, University of
Cincinnati
0.80-1.7 g/100 g ash 1.1 g/100 g ash (median) Adults
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 54. Manganese
Tissue
Adrenal
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Bone
Brain
Number of
cases
13
13
100
95
95
109
109
266
14
12
39
NG
NG
40
81
NG
91
99
100
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NAA
C
XRS
ES
NG
AAS
AAS
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
NG
24-49 yg/g ash
0.11-0.69 tnicromole/g
ash
NG
4-17 yg/g ash
NG
6-40 yg/g ash
NG
NG
0.36-0.90 ng/ml
NG
NG
NG
3.5-5.2 yg/g dry wt
2.4-10.3 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
NG
0.26-0.62 micromole/g
Mean level
36 ± 3.1 ppm ash
32 yg/g ash
NG
11 ± 1.2 ppm ash
8 yg/g ash
18 ± 1.7 ppm ash
13 yg/g ash
0.0025 ± 0.0002 mg/100 ml
0.0028 ± 0.0002 rag/100 ml
0.0013 ± 0.0001 mg/100 ml
0.0040 ± 0.0001 mg/100 ml
0.587 ± 0.183 yg/liter
8.44 ± 2.73 yg/liter
NG
0.00-0.06 ppm
0.015 mg/100 g
0.15 yg/ml
4.6 ± 1.62 yg/g dry wt
6.6 ± 4.37 yg/g dry wt
0.300 mg/100 g
0.170 mg/100 g wet wt
2 ppm ash
0.13 ± 0.01 mg/100 g
dry wt
NG
Comments
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
Adults
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
122 blood donors
96 surgical and degenerative
disease patients, serum
48 normals , serum
48 normals, whole blood
Plasma, normals
Whole blood, normals
Los Angeles, California, lab-
oratory workers, serum
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, serum
Normals
Osteogenic sarcomas
Long bone
Rib bone
Adults from 15 cities
Above 1 year old
Adults
Reference
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Perry, 1968
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Butt et al. , 1964
Cotzlas, Miller, and
Edwards, 1967
Fernandez, Sobel, and
Jacobs, 1963
Gofman et al. , 1964
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Janes, McCall, and
Elveback, 1972
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Nusbaum et al., 1958
Perry, 1968
ash
-------
Table 54. Manganese (continued)
m. Number of
Tissue
cases
NG
127
127
Diaphragm 91
91
Esophagus 66
66
Feces 2
Hair 33
498
50
18
12
13
18
12
NG
2
Analytical
method
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
FP
NAA
ES
AAS
ES
AAS
NAA
NAA
NAA
NG
AAS
MS
Range
NG
NG
10-32 yg/g ash
NG
6-32 yg/g ash
NG
6-40 yg/g ash
NG
0.08-20 ppm
0.05-12.0 yg/g
0.07-11.0 yg/g
0.8-3.2 ppm
-------
Table 54. Manganese (continued)
Tissue
Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Number of
cases
186
100
NG
139
139
NG
67
101
84
31
107
42
67
101
84
31
107
42
NG
316
150
Analytical
method
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
NG
0.27-0.86 micromole/g
ash
NG
NG
12-40 yg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
25-100 yg/g ash
32-120 yg/g ash
33-200 yg/g ash
24->400 yg/g ash
16-150 yg/g ash
11-1-80 yg/g ash
NG
NG
0.82-2.7 micromoles/g
Mean level
0.15 ± 0.01 mg/100 g
dry wt
NG
0.88 yg/g dry wt
23 ± 0.9 ppm ash
20 yg/g ash
0.035 mg/100 g wet wt
70 ± 10.0 ppm ash
68 ± 3.9 ppm ash
110 ±11.0 ppm ash
180 ±31.0 ppm ash
76 ± 9.7 ppm ash
82 ± 19.0 ppm ash
57 yg/g ash
58 yg/g ash
74 yg/g ash
110 yg/g ash
46 yg/g ash
39 yg/g ash
0.060 mg/100 g wet wt
0.30 ± 0.01 mg/100 g
dry wt
NG
Comments
Above 1 year old
Adults
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
Adults from 15 cities
Adults from 15 cities
Adults from 15 cities
Adults from 15 cities
Adults from 15 cities
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Above 1 year old
St. Louis adults who died
Reference
Nusbaum et al., 1958
Perry, 1968
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Nusbaum et al., 1958
Perry et al . , 1962
ash
unexpectedly
-------
Table 54. Manganese (continued)
Tissue Number of
cases
100
NG
143
NG
143
Larynx 35
35
Liver NG
104
315
150
100
10
NG
148
NG
7
5
148
NG
Analytical
method
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
AAS
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
Ch and /or
ES
ES
ES
Range
0.73-2.0 micromoles/g
ash
NG
NG
0-1.5 mg/100 g dry wt
45-150 yg/g ash
NG
2-18 jjg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
1.0-4.0 micromoles/g ash
1.5-4.2 micromoles/g ash
NG
NG
NG
0-1.5 mg/100 g dry wt
NG
NG
55-220 yg/g ash
NG
Mean level
NG
3.34 yg/g dry wt
91 ± 4.0 ppm ash
NG
82 yg/g ash
8 ± 1 . 1 ppm ash
6 yg/g ash
0.205 mg/100 g wet wt
138 yg/g ash
142 yg/g ash
184 yg/g ash
153 yg/g ash
0.53 ± 0.02 mg/100 g
dry wt
NG
NG
28.5 ± 114 yg/g ash
4.65 yg/g dry wt
130 ± 7.0 ppm ash
NG
1.3 ± 0.3 ppm wet wt
17 ± 0.56 ppm wet wt
100 yg/g ash
0.022 mg/100 g wet wt
Comments
Adults
Adults from 15 cities
Chicago area cancer patients
Adults
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
Male autopsies at Birmingham
hospital:
controls
emphysema
emphysema and cancer
cancer
Above 1 year old
St. Louis adults who died
unexpectedly
Adults
St. Louis area male residents
killed in accidents
Adults from 15 cities
Chicago area cancer patients
Noncirrhotic patients
Cirrhotic patients
Adults
Reference
Perry, 1968
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Morgan, 1972a
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Perry et al. , 1962
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyrean, 1957
Vallee et al. , 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, ,ind
Story, 1940
-------
Table 54. Manganese (continued)
Tissue
Lung
Muscle
Nails
Omentum
Ovary
Pancreas
Number of
cases
97
150
100
141
NG
141
141
NG
133
133
18
6
12
13
18
12
75
75
16
16
138
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NAA
NAA
NAA
NAA
NAA
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
NG
0.15-0.81 micromole/g
ash
0.25-1.3 micromoles/g
ash
NG
0-1 mg/100 g dry wt
5-170 yg/g ash
8-43 yg/g ash
NG
NG
2-14 yg/g ash
6.3 x i(Te to 3.3 x
10'7% dry wt
0.43-3.81 yg/g
0.42-1.38 yg/g
NG
NG
NG
NG
13-78 yg/g ash
NG
9-32 yg/g ash
NG
Mean level
0.18 ± 0.01 mg/100 g
dry wt
NG
NG
24 ± 2.0 ppm ash
NG
24 yg/g ash
17 yg/g ash
0.050 mg/100 g wet wt
6 ± 0.4 ppm ash
5 yg/g ash
NG
1.91 ± 1.38 yg/g
0.87 ± 0.31 yg/g
0.66 yg/g
1.199 yg/g
0.61 yg/g
48 ± 9.8 ppm ash
29 yg/g ash
18 ± 2.2 ppm ash
16 yg/g ash
110 ± 4.9 ppm ash
Comments
Above 1 year old
St. Louis adults who died
unexpectedly
Adults, 10th and 90th
percentiles
Adults from 15 cities
Chicago area cancer patients
Autopsies from nine cities
Adults
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
White males , 15-70 years old
Thumbnails :
children
adults
Controls
Dialysis patients
Uremics
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
Adults from 15 cities
Reference
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Perry et al. , 1962
Perry, 1968
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tletz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Kanabrocki et al., 1968
Mahler et al. , 1970
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, Balassa, and
138
ES
54-200 ug/g ash
98 yg/g ash
Adults
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 54. Manganese (continued)
Tissue
Placenta
Prostate
Saliva
Skin
Spleen
Stomach
Teeth
Testis
Thyroid
Number of
cases
58
50
50
21
18
22
22
NG
98
100
143
143
NG
129
129
56
72
72
21
21
Analytical
method
NG
ES
ES
NAA
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
MS
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
NG
NG
7-28 ug/g ash
0.05-0.79 yg/100 ml
2.4 x 10~9 to 6.1 *
10~7% dry wt
NG
6-17 yg/g ash
NG
NG
0.19-0.74 micromole/g
ash
NG
5-19 ug/g ash
NG
NG
22-74 ug/g ash
0.08-1.10 yg/g
NG
8-21 yg/g ash
NG
9-35 yg/g ash
Mean level
0.115 ± 0.011 yg/g
wet wt
19 ± 2.9 ppm ash
14 ug/g ash
0.28 ± 0.06 yg/100 ml
NG
22 ± 10.0 ppm ash
13 Pg/g ash
0.022 mg/100 g wet wt
0.14 ± 0.01 mg/g dry wt
NG
11 ± 0.8 ppm ash
9 yg/g ash
0.030 mg/100 g wet wt
47 ± 2.5 ppm ash
42 pg/g ash
0.32 ± 0.00 yg/g
14 ± 0.6 ppm ash
12 yg/g ash
19 ± 2.3 ppm ash
17 yg/g ash
Comments
Southern and southeastern
hospital patients
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
Normal adults
White males, 15-70 years old
Adults from 15 cities
Adults from 15 cities
Above 1 year of age
Adults, 10th and 90th
perceutiles
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
Subjects less than 20 years
old, enamel
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
Reference
Karp and Robertson, 1977
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kanabrocki et al. , 1965&
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Perry, 1968
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 54. Manganese (continued)
_. Number of
Tissue
cases
Total body 168
content
Trachea 54
54
Urine 16
NG
24
10
14
10
14
8
15
15
2
Analytical
method
NG
ES
ES
NAA
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
NG
FP
Range
NG
NG
7-24 vg/g ash
NG
NG
<12-66 vg/liter
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
Mean level
12 mg
14 ± 1.0 ppm ash
12 vg/g ash
0.82 + 0.34 vg/day
0.01 mg/liter
<26.7 vig/liter
<23.4 vg/liter
<29.1 vg/liter
<30.3 vg/liter
<25.1 vg/liter
<15.3 vg/liter
28.4 vg/liter
23.5 vg/liter
35 ppb
65 ppb
0.043 ± 0.008 mg/day
Comments
Autopsies from 58 cities and
29 rural areas
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
Dialyzed urine
Normal Americans , ages 4-69
years
Females
Males
Negroes
Caucasians
American hypercholesterolemic
patients, ages 21-63 years:
before Na2Ca EDTA
administration
during Na2Ca EDTA
administration
after Na2Ca EDTA
adminis tr ation
No rmo tensive
Hypertensive
Reference
Schroeder, 1970i
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kanabrocki et al. , 1965a
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Perry and Perry, 1959
Perry and Perry, 1959
Perry, 1968
Tipton, Stewart, and
Uterus
31
31
ES
ES
NG
7-20 vg/g ash
u.u<+j -i u.uuo mg/uay
0.053 ± 0.016 mg/day
12 ± 1.3 ppm ash
10 vg/g ash
Adults from 15 cities
Adults
Dickson, 1969
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1966
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 55. Mercury
Tissue Number Of Analytical
cases method °
Adipose 1 C NG
Adrenal 59 AAS, C 2.0-15.8 ppm
Blood 929 AAS NG
872 AAS NG
54 C 0.5-6.0 pg/10 g
NG NG
NG
NG
38 AAS
NG
NG
NG
38 AAS
NG
NG
NG
38 AAS
NG
NG
NG
38 AAS
NG
NG
NG
39 XRS 0.00-0.31 ppm
22 C 0.0-22.5 pg/100 ml
210 AAS 0-30 ppb
16 NG <1.0-2.5 ppm
NG NG
<3300 ng/ml
0.001-0.017 pg/g
Mean level
0.008 ppm
NG
0.048 ± 0.
wt
0.054 + 0.
wt
NG
52 ppb
96 ppb
5.8 ± 0.7
5.0 ± 0.8
2.6 ± 0.3
33.5 ± 5.1
22.6 ± 3.0
8.9 ± 0.9
4.5 + 0.4
5.0 ± 0.8
3.3 ± 0.5
60.2 ± 10.
32.5 ± 6.0
10.8 ± 1.6
NG
7.6 ug/100
8 ppb
1 . 0 ppm
NG
NG
044 pg/g dry
048 pg/g dry
ng/ml
ng/ml
ng/ml
ng/ml
ng/ml
ng/ml
ng/ml
ng/ml
ng/ml
0 ng/ml
ng/ml
ng/ml
ml
Comments
46-year-old cadaver
Autopsies
Four hospitals in Nashville,
Tennessee, maternal blood
Four hospitals in Nashville,
Tennessee, fetal blood
Females , ages 17-49 years ,
rural Ohio
Michigan residents:
whole blood
red blood cells
Plasma:
coastal Alaska
interior Alaska
urban mothers
Red blood cells :
coastal Alaska
interior Alaska
urban mothers
Plasma:
coastal Alaska
interior Alaska
urban infants
Red blood cells :
coastal Alaska
interior Alaska
urban infants
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, serum
Upper middle class,
Washington, B.C.
Mother, Buffalo, New York
Maternal blood:
exposed
normals
Reference
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Kevorkian et al. , 1972
Baglan et al. , 1974
Baglan et al. , 1974
Benning, 1958
Eyl, 1971
Galster, 1976
Galster, 1976
Galster, 1976
Galster, 1976
Gofman et al. , 1964
Goldwater and Nicolau,
1966
Gowdy et al. , 1977
Hartung and Dinman, 1972
Koos and Longo , 1976
-------
Table 55. Mercury (continued)
„. Number of
Tissue
cases
NG
10
10
50
50
170
NG
Brain 6
28
59
NG
Analytical
method
NG
AAS
NAA
NAA
AAS
NG
NG
CC, GC-EC
AAS, C
NAA
Range
<3000 ng/ml
0.001-0.020 yg/g
NG
NG
0.003-0.017 ppm wet wt
0.002-0.011 ppm wet wt
0-8 ppb
0-6 ppb
NG
NG
NG
1.3-34.0 ppm
0.02-2.59 ppm wet wt
Mean level
NG
1.6 ± 0.3 ng/ml
2.4 ± 0.4 ng/ml
1.0 ± 0.2 ng/ml
0.008 ppm wet wt
0.007 ppm wet wt
NG
NG
0.02 pg/ml
0.05 ppm
0.093 ppm
NG
NG
Comments
Fetal blood:
exposed
normals
Plasma:
Rochester
Alaska
Alaska
Red blood cells
Plasma
Maternal, umbilical cord:
Iowa City area
Chicago area
Normal level
Fetus, Buffalo, New York
Autopsies, age 4-74 years,
1913-1972
Autopsies
Reference
Koos and Longo, 1976
Magos and Clarkson, 1972
Massaro, Yaffe, and
Thomas, 1974
Massaro, Yaffe, and
Thomas, 1974
Pitkin et al. , 1976
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Hartung and Dinman, 1972
Kevorkian et al. , 1973
Kevorkian et al., 1972
Massaro, Yaffe, and
Diaphragm
Gastrointes-
tinal tract
Hair
113
NG
59
1
230
94
33
AAS
NG
AAS, C
C
AAS
AAS
NAA
0.006-0.965 yg/g wet wt
0.008-0.470 yg/g wet wt
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.1-33 ppm
0.132 ug/g wet wt
0.081 yg/g wet wt
2.94 yg/g dry wt
11.8 ppm
0.008 ppm
1.35 yg/g dry wt
(median)
2.73 vg/g dry wt
(median)
7.6 ppm
Autopsies, 26-week-old
fetuses, Puget Sound area,
urban and rural:
cerebellum
cerebrum
Normal level
Autopsies
46-year-old cadaver
Maternal hair, four hospitals
in Nashville, Tennessee
Fetal hair, four hospitals in
Nashville, Tennessee
Adults and children, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee
Thomas, 1974
Mottet and Body, 1974
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Kevorkian et al., 1972
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Baglan et al,, 1974
Baglan et al., 1974
Benning, 1958
-------
Table 55. Mercury (continued)
Tissue Number of
cases
1000
280
203
25
25
38
NG
327
99
10
NG
145
Heart 1
28
59
113
NG
Kidney 28
59
6
32
Analytical
method
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS, GC
AAS
AAS
NAA
NG
NG
C
CC, GC-EC
AAS, C
AAS
NG
CC, GC-EC
AAS, C
NAA
Range
0.12-139.0 ppm
0.048-11.30 yg/g
0.05-14 yg/g
0.2-12.4 ppm
0.1-30 ppm
NG
NG
NG
5.3-125 yg/g
5-90 ppm
5-100 ppm
NG
NG
492-12,000 ppb
190-6143 ppb
NG
0.047 ppm
1.1-10.4 ppm
0.012-0.704 yg/g wet wt
NG
0-0.40 ppm
1.6-27.2 ppm
0.14-2.3 yg/g dry wt
0.35-5.3 yg/g dry wt
Mean level
4.18 ppm (2.45 males,
5.90 females)
0.672 yg/g
0.774 yg/g
5 . 4 ppm
5 . 5 ppm
4.257 ± 0.621 yg/g
3.57 ± 0.740 yg/g
4.045 ± 0.796 yg/g
NG
20.4 ppm
29.6 ppm
1.243 ± 0.029 ppm
5.52 yg/g dry wt
1708 ppb
0.052 ppm
NG
NG
0.102 yg/g wet wt
1.76 ug/g dry wt
NG
NG
0.99 ± 0.84 yg/g dry wt
9.4 ± 14 yg/g dry wt
Comments
Idaho
Three New York City
communities :
children
adults
Men, age 9-60 years
Women, age 13-72 years
Coastal Alaska
Interior Alaska
Urban mothers
Los Alamos, 80 men and 147
women
Pasadena, women
Homogenized hair
Normal level
Women
Men
46-year-old cadaver
Autopsies, age 4-74 years,
1913-1972
Autopsies
Autopsies, 26-week-old
fetuses, Puget Sound,
urban and rural
Normal level
Autopsies, age 4-74 years,
1913-1972, methylmercury
Autopsies
Autopsies :
infants
adults
Reference
Benson and Gabica, 1972
Creason et al., 1975
Eads and Lambdin, 1973
Galster, 1976
Giovanoli-Jakubczak et
al., 1974
Nord, Kadaba, and
Sorenson, 1973
Obrusnik et al. , 1972
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Sell, Deltz, and
Buchanan, 1975
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Kevorkian et al . , 1973
Kevorkian et al., 1972
Mottet and Body, 1974
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Kevorkian et al., 1973
Kevorkian et al . , 1972
Livingstone, 1971
-------
Table 55. Mercury (continued)
mj Number of
Tissue
cases
32
6
113
NG
45
Liver 1
10
43
59
113
NG
20
Lung 1
59
113
47
Milk 38
NG
170
Muscle 1
59
Analytical
method
NAA
AAS
NG
AAS
C
NG
NG
AAS, C
AAS
NG
AAS
C
AAS, C
AAS
AAS
AAS
NG
AAS
C
AAS, C
Range
0.35-53 yg/g
0.14-23 yg/g
0.006-6.40 yg/g wet wt
NG
0.075-3.36 ppm
NG
0.02-0.10 ppm
<0. 01-0. 39 ppm
3.0-19.9 ppm
0.008-1.43 yg/g wet wt
NG
0.026-0.545 ppm
NG
2.0-34.4 ppm
0.0-2.763 yg/g wet wt
0.007-1.5 ppm wet wt
NG
NG
NG
<200 ng/ml
NG
NG
3.0-11.1 ppm
Mean level
9.4 yg/g
0.99 yg/g
0.759 yg/g wet wt
9.03 yg/g dry wt
0.762 ppm wet wt
0.005 ppm
0 . 06 ppm
0.06 ppm
NG
0.250 ug/g wet wt
3.66 pg/g dry wt
0.172 ppm wet wt
0.017 ppm
NG
0.251 yg/g wet wt
0.03 ppm wet wt
7.6 ± 2.7 ng/ml
3.2 ± 0.8 ng/ml
3.3 ± 0.5 ng/ml
NG
0.93 ppb
0.020 ppm
NG
Comments
Renal cortex:
adults
infants
Autopsies, 26-week-old
fetuses, Puget Sound,
urban and rural
Normal level
30 males and 15 females
46-year-old cadaver
Stillbirths, Buffalo, New York
Fetus, Buffalo, New York
Autopsies
Autopsies, 26-week-old
fetuses, Puget Sound,
urban and rural
Normal level
30 males and 15 females
46-year-old cadaver
Autopsies
Autopsies, 26-week-old
fetuses, Puget Sound,
rural and urban
30 males and 15 females
Mothers :
coastal Alaska
interior Alaska
urban
Exposed
Iowa City and Chicago areas
46-year-old cadaver
Autopsies
Reference
Livingstone, 1972
Mottet and Body, 1974
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Stein et al. , 1974
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Hartung and Dinman, 1972
Hartung and Dinman, 1972
Kevorkian et al., 1972
Mottet and Body, 1974
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Stein et al. , 1974
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Kevorkian et al. , 1972
Mottet and Body, 1974
Stein et al. , 1974
Galster, 1976
Koos and Longo, 1976
Pitkin et al. . 1976
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Kevorkian et al. , 1972
-------
Table 55. Mercury (continued)
Tissue
Nerve
Offal
Ovary
Pancreas
Number of
cases
113
1
1
59
59
113
Analytical
method RanSe
MS 0.0-0.954 pg/g wet wt
C NG
C NG
AAS, C NG
AAS, C 0.9-29.6 ppm
AAS 0.007-0.511 ug/g wet wt
Mean level
0.126 ug/g wet wt
0.047 ppm
0.024 ppm
0.2 ppm
NG
0.065 ug/g wet wt
Comments
Autopsies, 26-week-old
fetuses, Puget Sound,
urban and rural
46-year-old cadaver
46-year-old cadaver
Autopsies
Autopsies
Autopsies, 26-week-old
Reference
Mottet and Body, 1974
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Kevorkian et al., 1972
Kevorkian et al., 1972
Mottet and Body, 1974
Ovary
Pancreas
Placenta
Skin
Spleen
59
59
113
10
54
38
58
113
170
1
113
59
113
AAS, C
AAS, C
AAS
AAS
C
AAS
NG
AAS
AAS
C
AAS
AAS, C
AAS
NG
0.9-29.6 ppm
0.007-0.511 ug/g wet wt
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.010-0.803 ug/g wet wt
NG
NG
0.004-1.275 ug/g wet wt
1.8-18.8 ppm
0.012-1.205 ug/g wet wt
0.2 ppm
NG
0.065 ug/g wet wt
0.129 ± 0.161 ug/g
dry wt
1.53 ug/10 g
38.9 ± 5.1 ng/g
30.7 ± 14.8 ng/g
11.6 ± 1.3 ng/g
0.014 ± 0.001 ug/g
wet wt
0.087 ug/g wet wt
2.28 ppb
0.003 ppm
0.193 ug/g wet wt
NG
0.122 ug/g wet wt
Autopsies
Autopsies
Autopsies, 26-week-old
fetuses, Puget Sound,
urban and rural
Four hospitals, Nashville,
Tennessee
Females, age 17-49 years,
rural Ohio
Mothers :
coastal Alaska
interior Alaska
urban
Southern and southeastern
city hospitals
Autopsies, 26-week-old
fetuses, Puget Sound,
urban and rural, cord
Iowa City and Chicago areas
46-year-old cadaver
Autopsies, 26— week-old
fetuses, Puget Sound,
urban and rural
Autopsies
Autopsies, 26— week-old
fetuses, Puget Sound,
urban and rural
Baglan et al., 1974
Benning, 1958
Galster, 1976
Karp and Robertson, 1977
Mottet and Body, 1974
Pitkin et al., 1976
Forbes, Cooper, and
Mitchell, 1954
Mottet and Body, 1974
Kevorkian et al., 1972
Mottet and Body, 1974
-------
Tissue
Teeth
Testis
Thyroid
Urine
Uterus
Number of
cases
38
59
59
54
22
68 of 308
NG
NG
NG
59
Analytical
method
C
AAS, C
AAS, C
C
C
NG
NG
NG
NG
AAS, C
Table
Range
NG
1.9-7.8 ppm
NG
NG
4.5-118.5 ug/liter
0-22.5 ug/liter
0-221.0 pg/liter
<2.91 ug/ml
0.003-0.017 ppm wet wt
NG
11.7-20.5 ppm
55. Mercury (continued)
Mean level
5.3 ± 5.4 yg/g
NG
0 . 1 ppm
10-3740 pg/liter
34.0 ug/liter
4.5 ug/liter
NG
NG
0.008 ppm wet wt
0.023 ug/g dry wt
NG
Comments
California
Autopsies
Autopsies
Females, age 17-48 years,
rural Ohio
10 exposed
12 control
New York City, California,
and Ohio
Exposed mothers
Normal level
Autopsies
Reference
Kuhnlein and Galloway,
1977
Kevorkian et al., 1972
Kevorkian et al., 1972
Benning, 1958
Goldwater and Nicolau,
1966
Jacobs, Ladd, and
Goldwater, 1964
Koos and Longo, 1976
Massaro, Yaffe, and
Thomas, 1974
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Kevorkian et al., 1972
-------
Table 56. Mirex
„. Number of Analytical
TlSSUe cases method ^e Mean level
Adipose 507
NG
NG NG 5.2 ppm (highest value)
GC-EC 0.16-5.94 ppm in 6 2.50 ppm (mean of 6
Comments
8 southern states, 20% of
the samples positive
Results from National Moni-
Ref erence
Anonymous, 1978
Kutz et al. , 1974a
Human tissues 186
Milk
1436
positive cases
NG <1.0-1.32 ppm
GC-EC NG
positives)
0.38 ppm (0.08 ppm if
negatives included)
ND
toring Program, April
1971-April 1972
Samples taken in treatment
areas
Anonymous, 1976
Limit of detectability, 30 ppb Savage, 1976
-------
Table 57. Molybdenum
Tissue
Adipose
Adrenal
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Bone
Brain
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Number of
cases
177
177
10 of 13
177
3 of 104
2
177
6 of 110
229
266
39
177
3
177
3 of 129
177
3 of 91
177
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
ES
XRS
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
NG
NG
<4. 0-22.0 jjg/g ash
NG
<4.0-<4.0 yg/g ash
NG
NG
<4.0-<4.0 yg/g ash
0.50-15.73 yg/100 ml
NG
NG
0.10-0.30 ppm
NG
NG
NG
<4.0-<4.0 yg/g ash
NG
<4.0-<4.0 yg/g ash
NG
Mean level
5.1 yg/g ash
15.0 yg/g ash
15 ug/g ash (median)
<2.0 yg/g ash
<4.0 yg/g ash (median)
0.02 ppm
<2.0 yg/g ash
<4.0 yg/g ash (median)
0.50-41.0 yg/100 ml
0.0021 mg/100 ml
0.0072 mg/100 ml
NG
<4.0 yg/g ash
<0.02 ppm
2.0 pg/g ash
'4.0 yg/g ash (median)
3.0 yg/g ash
<4.0 yg/g ash (median)
<2.0 pg/g ash
Comments
Accident victims
Accident victims
Autopsies, nine U.S. cities
Accident victims
Autopsies, nine U.S. cities
Sudden accident victims
Accident victims
Autopsies, nine U.S. cities
Whole blood: 48 of 229
samples had undetectable
amounts (<0.5 yg/100 ml)
Patients , blood donors , and
normal individuals, Los
Angeles area :
serum
whole blood
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, blood serum
Accident victims
Sudden accident victims
Accident victims
Autopsies, nine U.S. cities
Accident victims
Autopsies, nine U.S. cities
Accident victims
Reference
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Allaway et al. , 1968
Butt et al. , 1964
Gofman et al. , 1964
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
Koch et al. , 1956
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
-------
Table 57. Molybdenum (continued)
Tissue
Feces
Hair
Heart
Intestine
Large
intestine
Small
intestine
Duodenum
Je j unum
11 euro
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Number of
cases
1 of 66
2
2
177
8 of 140
1
7
177
177
177
177
177
177
6 of 67
7 of 102
18 of 83
6 of 31
4 of 108
2 of 42
6
Analytical
method
ES
ES
AAS, MS
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
<4.0-<4.0 pg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
<4.0-<4.0 pg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
-------
Table 57. Molybdenum (continued)
Number of
Tissue
cases
6
177
NG
140 of 144
Larynx 177
1 of 50
Liver 5
5
29
10
177
NG
147
Lung 4
4
168
177
NG
5 of 141
5 of 141
Analytical
method
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
0.8-2.5 yg/g dry wt
15.0-31.0 yg/g ash
0.0-0.5+ mg/100 g dry wt
20.0-48.0 yg/g ash
NG
<4.0-<4.0 yg/g ash
NG
2.8-9.6 yg/g dry wt
0.15-0.86 yg/g wet wt
NG
53.0-77.0 yg/g ash
0.0-2.0 mg/100 g dry wt
32.0-140.0 yg/g ash
NG
0.2-6.1 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
0.0-0.31+
<4. 0-20.0 yg/g ash
<4.0-<4.0 yg/g ash
Mean level
1.86 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
31.0 yg/g ash
<4.0 yg/g ash
<4.0 yg/g ash (median)
0 . 7 ppm
5.2 yg/g dry wt
0.55 yg/g wet wt
228 ± 178 yg/g ash
NG
NG
75.0 yg/g ash
0.24 ppm
2.2 yg/g dry wt
Min — 20 ug, max — 200
yg, retained per
year — 0.0
2.7 yg/g ash
NG
<4.0 yg/g ash
<4.0 yg/g ash
Comments
Accident victims
Accident victims
Sudden accident victims
Noncancerous deaths
Male accident victims , five
black and five white
Accident victims
Sudden accident victims
Autopsy samples from 58
cities and 29 nonurban
areas
Accident victims
Autopsies, nine U.S. cities
Reference
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al., 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Olson, Heggen, and
Edwards, 1958
Perry et al., 1973
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton And Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Schroeder, 1970i>
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 57. Molybdenum (continued)
Tissue
Muscle
Omentum
Ovary
Pancreas
Prostate
Skin
Spleen
Stomach
Testis
Number of
cases
8
177
2 of 136
177
0 of 16
1
177
12 of 139
177
2 of 50
177
2 of 22
3
3
177
4 of 143
3
177
11 of 130
1
177
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
NG
NG
<4.0-<4.0 pg/g ash
<4. 0-12.0 pg/g ash
<4.0-<4.0 pg/g ash
NG
NG
<4.0-<4.0 pg/g ash
NG
<4.0-<4.0 pg/g ash
NG
<4.0-<4.0 yg/g ash
NG
0.0-1.2 pg/g dry wt
NG
<4.0-<4.0 pg/g ash
NG
NG
<4.0-<4.0 pg/g ash
NG
NG
Mean level
0.03 ppm
<4.0 pg/g ash
<4.0 pg/g ash
NG
-------
Table 57. Molybdenum (continued)
Tissue
Teeth
Thyroid
Trachea
Urine
Uterus
Number of
cases
56
177
1 of 21
177
1 of 60
32
23
2
177
1 of 32
Analytical
method
MS
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
Range
0.7-39.0 yg/g
NG
<4.0-<4.0 ug/g ash
NG
<4.0-<4.0 yg/g ash
12-150 yg/liter
NG
NG
NG
<4.0-<4.0 yg/g ash
Mean level
5.5 ± 0.71 yg/g
3.4 yg/g ash
<4.0 yg/g ash
<2.0 yg/g ash
<4.0 yg/g ash
29.0-46.9 yg/liter
4.5-15.0 ppb
0.11 ± 0.01 and 0.13 ±
0.01 mg/day
<2.0 yg/g ash
<4.0 yg/g ash
Comments
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area
Accident victims
Accident victims
Mixed population, ages 4-69
years
Healthy males, Cincinnati,
Ohio
Accident victims
Reference
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Perry and Perry, 1959
Perry, 1968
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1970
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 58. Neodymium
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
Teeth
39
56
XRS
MS
0.0-0.08 ppm
NG
0.02-0.09 yg/g dry wt 0.045 ug/g dry wt
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, serum
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area
Gofman et al., 1964
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
-------
Table 59. Nickel
Tissue
Adrenal
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Bone
Brain
Number of
cases
10 of 13
150
47 of 104
2
46 of 110
30 of 48
39
48
11
150
8
26
47
NG
NG
40
2
3
NG
9 of 129
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
XRS
AAS
ES
ES
AAS
AAS
NG
NG
AAS
ES
ES
NG
ES
<5.0-60
0.09-0.
ash
<5.0-20
NG
<5.0-20
NG
NG
Range
.0 yg/g ash
34 micromole/g
.0 ug/g ash
.0 ug/g ash
0.0-0.18 ppm
1.1-4.5
0.4-4.6
Ug/liter
Ug/liter
0.0-45 ug/100 g
1.0-8.5
0.8-5.2
NG
3.0-8.0
NG
23.4-81
NG
NG
NG
<5.0-<5
Ug/100 ml
Ug/liter
Ug/liter
.0 ug/g dry wt
.0 ug/g ash
Mean level
10.0 ug/g ash (median)
NG
<5.0 ug/g ash (median)
0. 7 ppm wet wt
<5.0 ug/g ash (median)
0.0053-0.0062 mg/100 ml
0.0327-0.0010 mg/100 ml
NG
3.1 ug/Hter
2.7 ug/liter
3.0 ug/100 g
3.0 ug/100 ml
2.6 ug/liter
2.6 ± 0.8 ug/liter
NG
0.03 ug/ml
51.0 ug/g dry wt
0.16 ppm wet wt
0.08 ppm wet wt
0.3 ug/g dry wt
<5.0 U8/g ash (median)
Comments
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
Sudden accident victims, ages
21-37
Normal individuals, Los
Angeles area:
serum
whole blood
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years , serum
Males
Females
Adult males, U.S. cities
Sudden accident victims , ages
21-37, plasma
Hartford, Connecticut
Elevated in some diseased
patients
Metabolism of nickel
Normal values
Possible relation to oste-
ogenic sarcoma
Sudden accident victims , ages
23-37
Sudden accident victims, ages
21-37
Normal values
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Perry et al. , 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Butt et al. , 1964
Gofman et al., 1964
Hohnadel et al. , 1973
Imbus et al. , 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
McNeeley, Nechay, and
Sunderman, 1972
McNeeley et al. , 1971
Mertz, 1974
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Janes , McCall , and
Elveback, 1972
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch et al., 1956
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 59. Nickel (continued)
Tissue
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Feces
Hair
Heart
Intestine
Large
intestine
Small
intestine
Duodenum
Jej unum
Ileum
Number of
cases
28 of 81
22 of 66
2
498
50
12
NG
180
2
150
NG
4
48 of 140
1 of 7
1 of 7
2652
35 of 67
21 of 102
52 of 84
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
NG
AAS
AAS
NG
AAS
AAS, MS
ES
NG
AAS
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
<5. 0-19.0 ug/g ash
<5. 0-27.0 yg/g ash
NG
0.036 to 11.0 yg/g
0.045 to 11.0 ug/g
0.9-7.2 ppm
0.7-7.5 ppm
0.8-15.6 yg/g
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.09-0.46 micromole/g
ash
NG
0. -43-0. 83 yg/100 g wet wt
1.6-3.0 yg/100 g dry wt
<5. 0-27.0 ug/g ash
NG
NG
NG
<5. 0-16.0 yg/g ash
<5. 0-11.0 yg/g ash
<5. 0-44.0 yg/g ash
Mean level
<5.0 yg/g ash (median)
<5.0 yg/g ash (median)
0.22 ± 0.03 and 0.35 ±
0.05 mg/day
0.51 yg/g-
0.74 yg/g
1.9 ppm
3 . 4 ppm
3-7 Ug/g
6.0 yg/g dry wt
0.97 ± 0.15 yg/g
3.96 ± 1.10 yg/g
0.45 and 3.4 yg/g dry wt
NG
0.2 yg/g dry wt
0.61 yg/100 g wet wt
2.3 yg/100 g dry wt
<5.0 yg/g ash (median)
0.08 ppm wet x*t
1.06 ppm wet wt
30 ppm ash
5.0 Pg/g ash (median)
<5.0 yg/g ash (median)
9.0 yg/g ash (median)
Comments
Healthy males, Cincinnati,
Ohio
New York metropolitan area:
children
adults
Males, 9-60 years old
Females, 13-72 years old
General population, mixed
sample
Normal values
No dyed or bleached hair:
males
females
Methodology
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
Normal values
Sudden accident victims , ages
21-37
Sudden accident victims, ages
21-37
Seven cities
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Creason et al. , 1975
Eads and Lambdin, 1973
Hinners et al. , 1974
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schroeder and Nason,
1969
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Perry et al. , 1962
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Sunderman, Nomoto, and
Nechay, 1970
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch et al. , 1956
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1962£>
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 59. Nickel (continued)
Tissue
Cecum
Slgmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Larynx
Liver
Lung
Number of
cases
29 of 31
81 of 108
2 of 24
6
6
150
NG
NG
30 of 144
18 of 50
5
5
150
10
4
27 of 148
4
4
150
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
MS
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
5.0-100.0 yg/g ash
<5. 0-55.0 yg/g ash
5.0-38.0 ug/g ash
0.0-1.4 yg/g dry wt
NG
0.09-0.19 micromole/g
ash
NG
0-0.5+ mg/100 g dry wt
<5. 0-11.0 ug/g ash
<5. 0-17.0 ug/g ash
0.3-0.8 yg/g dry wt
NG
0.09-0.19 micromole/g
ash
NG
0.52-1.32 yg/100 g wet wt
2.1-4.8 yg/100 g dry wt
<5. 0-11.0 yg/g ash
0.0-4.6 yg/g dry wt
NG
0.09-0.48 micromole/g
Mean level
21.0 ug/g ash (median)
12.0 ug/g ash (median)
16.0 yg/g ash (median)
0.6 yg/g dry wt
0.04 ppm wet wt
NG
0.2 ug/g dry wt
NG
<5.0 yg/g ash (median)
<5.0 ug/g ash (median)
0.17 yg/g dry wt
0.16 ppm wet wt
NG
2.6 yg/g ash
0.87 yg/100 g wet wt
3.20 yg/100 g dry wt
<5.0 yg/g ash
1.4 ug/g dry wt
0.24 ppm wet wt
NG
Comments
Control values
Sudden accident victims, ages
21-37
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis, Missouri
Normal values
Control values
Sudden accident victims , ages
21-37
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis, Missouri
Healthy adult males, five
white, five black, long-
term St. Louis residents
Normal values , controls
Sudden accident victims, ages
21-37
Adults who died unexpectedly,
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry et al. , 1972
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tietz, Hlrsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry et al. , 1962
Perry et al. , 1973
Sunderman, Nomoto, and
Nechay, 1970
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch et al., 1956
Perry et al. , 1962
ash
St. Louis, Missouri
-------
Table 59. Nickel (continued)
Tissue
Muscle
Omen turn
Ovary
Pancreas
Placenta
Prostate
Skin
Spleen
Number of
cases
168
137
4
NG
70 of 141
7
30 of 136
63 of 75
4 of 16
4
26 of 129
58
4
8 of 50
21 of 22
3
3
150
17 of 143
Analytical
method
NG
ES
AAS
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
NG
7-60 ppm
0.81-2.4 pg/100 g wet wt
3.3-14.6 yg/100 g dry wt
0-0.6+ mg/100 g dry wt
<5. 0-28.0 yg/g ash
NG
<5. 0-12.0 ug/g ash
<5. 0-76.0 ug/g ash
<5. 0-17.0 yg/g ash
NG
<5. 0-11.0 yg/g ash
NG
NG
<5. 0-5.0 yg/g ash
15.0-180.0 yg/g ash
0.3-1.0 yg/g dry wt
NG
0.09-0.09 micromole/g
ash
<5. 0-5.0 yg/g ash
Mean level
Min — 50 yg/year, max —
8000 yg/year, and
retained per year —
10 yg
NG
1.59 yg/100 g wet wt
8.60 yg/100 g dry wt
NG
<5.0 yg/g ash (median)
0. 14 ppm wet wt
<5.0 yg/g ash (median)
22.0 yg/g ash (median)
<5.0 yg/g ash (median)
0.16 ppm wet wt
<5.0 yg/g ash (median)
0.006 ± 0.006 yg/g wet
wt
0.04 ppm wet wt
<5.0 ug/g ash (median)
47.0 yg/g ash (median)
0.8 yg/g dry wt
0.10 ppm wet wt
NG
<5.0 yg/g ash (median)
Comments Reference
Autopsies, 58 U.S. cities and Schroeder, 1970fc
urban areas
Seven cities Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1962&
Sunderman, Nomoto, and
Nechay, 1970
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Sudden accident victims, ages Koch et al., 1956
21-37
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Sudden accident victims, ages Koch et al., 1956
21-37
Tipton and Cook, 1963
South and southeast U.S. areas Karp and Robertson, 1977
Sudden accident victims, ages Koch et al., 1956
21-37
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Control values Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Sudden accident victims, ages Koch et al., 1956
21-37
Adults who died unexpectedly, Perrv et al., 1962
St. Louis, Missouri
Tipton and Conk, 1963
-------
Table 59. Nickel (continued)
Tissue
Stomach
Sweat
Teeth
Testis
Thyroid
Trachea
Urine
Uterus
Number of
cases
3
44 of 130
48
11
56
17 of 72
2
7 of 21
31 of 60
NG
150
20
NG
24
15
2
6 of 32
Analytical
method
ES
ES
MS
MS
ES
ES
ES
ES
NAA
ES
MS
NG
ES
NG
ES
ES
Range
NG
<5. 0-18.0 yg/g ash
7-180 yg/liter
39-270 yg/llter
0.11-3.0 yg/g
<5. 0-16.0 yg/g ash
NG
<5. 0-10.0 pg/g ash
<5. 0-15.0 yg/g ash
NG
0.0-82 yg/liter
0.7-4.0 yg/liter
10-100 yg/liter"
10-70 yg/liter
NG
NG
<5. 0-6.0 yg/g ash
Mean level
0.36 ppm wet wt
<5.0 yg/g ash (median)
52 yg/liter
131 yg/liter
0.64 yg/g
<5.0 yg/g ash (median)
0.16 ppm wet wt
<5.0 ug/g ash (median)
5.0 yg/g ash (median)
<0.10 mg/liter
7.6 yg/liter
2.0 yg/liter
NG
20.1 yg/liter
16.6 yg/liter
22.6 yg/liter
3.5 ppb
0.11 ± 0.03 mg/day
<5.0 yg/g ash (median)
Comments
Sudden accident victims , ages
21-37
Males
Females
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area
Sudden accident victims , ages
21-37
Adult males, U.S. cities
Hartford, Connecticut
Metabolism of nickel
Normals, St. Louis, Missouri:
overall
females
males
Hypertensives, little
difference
Healthy males, Cincinnati,
Ohio
Reference
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Hohnadel et al. , 1973
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al., 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gills et al., 1974
Imbus et al. , 1963
McNeeley, Nechay, and
Sunderman, 1972
Mertz, 1974
Perry and Perry, 1959
Perry, 1968
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 60. Niobium
Tissue
Adipose
Aorta
Blood
Brain
Hair
Heart
Kidney
Liver
Lung
Pancreas
Spleen
Teeth
Testis
Total body
content
Urine
Number of Analytical
cases method Ran§e Mean level
1-5 C
1-5 C
39 XRS
1-5 C
1-5 C
1-5 C
1-5 C
1-5 C
1-5 C
1-5 C
1-5 C
1-5 C
56 MS
1-5 C
168 NG
1-5 C
NG 1.71 yg/g wet wt
NG 6.21 yg/g wet wt
0.0-0.16 ppm NG
0.53-0.74 yg/g wet wt NG
4.19-64 yg/g wet wt
0.31-1.05 yg/g wet wt NG
1.72-2.39 yg/g NG
0.35-0.93 yg/g wet wt NG
0.66-8.81 yg/g wet wt NG
1.84-5.76 yg/g wet wt NG
0.55-2.67 yg/g wet wt NG
0.83-1.18 yg/g wet wt NG
0.74-1.98 yg/g wet wt NG
<0. 10-0. 76 yg/g dry wt 0.31 yg/g dry wt
0.43-0.80 yg/g wet wt NG
NG 110 mg
0.24-0.29 yg/ml NG
Comments
Survey for levels
Survey for levels
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, serum
Survey for levels
Survey for levels
Survey for levels
Survey for levels
Survey for levels
Survey for levels
Survey for levels
Survey for levels
Survey for levels
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area
Survey for levels
Samples from 58 cities and 29
nonurban areas
Survey for levels
Reference
Schroeder and Balassa,
1965
Schroeder and Balassa,
1965
Gofman et al. , 1964
Schroeder and Balassa,
1965
Schroeder and Balassa,
1965
Schroeder and Balassa,
1965
Schroeder and Balassa,
1965
Schroeder and Balassa,
1965
Schroeder and Balassa,
1965
Schroeder and Balassa,
1965
Schroeder and Balassa,
1965
Schroeder and Balassa,
1965
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Schroeder and Balassa,
1965
Schroeder, 1970i>
Schroeder and Balassa,
1965
-------
Table 61. trons-Nonachlor
Tissue
Adipose
Milk
Number of Analytical
cases method Range
10 GC-EC NG
57 GC-EC, Trace to 0.01 ppm
GC/MS
Mean level
0.04 ppm
0.06 ppm
0.001 ppm (trace = 0)
Comments
Nine U.S. regions:
New England states
Southwestern central states
Selected areas of Arkansas and
Mississippi, 1973-1974, 27%
Reference
Kutz et al. , 1976
Strassman and Kutz, 1977
blacks, whole-milk basis
-------
Table 62. Osmium
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
39
XRS
0.0-0.57 ppm
NG
Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 63. Oxychlordane
Tissue
Adipose
Number of
cases
21 of 27
1734
240
Analytical
method
GC-EC, IA,
MS
GC-EC
GC-EC
Range
0.03-0.40 ppm
Trace to 1.73 ppm
Trace to 0.89 ppm
Mean level
0.41 ppm
0.12, 0.11 ppm, 1973
1974 (geometric mean)
0.14, 0.15 ppm, 1973
Comments
Whites and blacks respec-
tively. Reflective of
general U.S. population in
Reference
Biros, Walker, and
Medberry, 1970
Kutz, Yobs, and
Strassman, 1977
Milk
3906
1061 of
1436
57
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC,
GC/MS
Trace to 1.87 ppm
1.0->116.0 ppb
Trace to 0.02 ppm
1974 (geometric mean)
0.11-0.12 ppm (geometric
mean) FY 1972-FY 1974
95.8 ± 195.1 ppb
0.005 ppm
conterminous 48 states,
lipid basis
U.S. sites reflective of the
general population in the
conterminous 48 states, FY
1972-FY 1974, lipid basis
National study, fat basis
Selected areas of Mississippi
and Arkansas, 1973-1974, 27%
blacks, whole-milk basis
Kutz, Strassman, and
Yobs, 1976, 1977
Savage, 1976
Strassman and Kutz, 1977
-------
Table 64. Palladium
Tissue
Blood
Feces
Hair
Urine
Number of
cases
39
300
300
300
300
Analytical _
method Range
XRS 0.0-0.1 ppm
AAS NG
MS NG
AAS NG
AAS NG
Mean level
NG
<0.9 pg/100 ml
<0.001 pg/g
<0.02 yg/g
<0.30 yg/llter
Comments
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, serum
Several locations in Califor-
nia, before auto catalysts
Before auto catalysts
Before auto catalysts
Before auto catalysts
Reference
Gofman et al. , 1964
Johnson, Tillery, and
Prevost, 1975a
Johnson, Tillery, and
Prevost, 1975a
Johnson, Tillery, and
Prevost, 1975a
Johnson, Tillery, and
Prevost, 1975a
-------
Table 65. Pentachlorophenol
Tissue
Adipose
Blood
Urine
Number of Analytical
cases method
20
3568
290
NG
GC-EC
NG
GC
GC
5.0-52.0
NG
0.0-1840
2.2-11.2
Range
ppb
ppb
ppb
23
0.
42
2.
Mean level
.3 ppb
5 ± 1.7 ppb
.0 ppb
2-10.8 ppb
General
General
Values
posed
General
Comments
population in Florida
population in Hawaii
for occupationally ex-
workers much higher
population
Reference
Shafik,
1973
Rashad et al. ,
Bevenue
Cranmer
et al.
1976
, 1967
and Freal, 1970
-------
Table 66. Platinum
Tissue
Blood
Number of
cases
39
300
Analytical
method
XRS
AAS
Range
0.00-0.46 ppm
<3.1 ug/100 ml
Mean level Comments
NG 39 healthy men, mean age 35.3
years , serum
NG Levels of platinum, palladium,
Reference
Gorman et al. , 1964
Johnson, Tillery, and
Feces
Hair
Urine
21 various
tissues
100
300
300
1313
AAS
AAS
AAS
ES
<0.002 yg/g
<0.05 yg/g
<0.6 yg/liter
NG
NG
NG
0.003-1.46 yg/g wet wt 0.16 yg/g wet wt
and lead before auto cata-
lysts, 150 subjects living
near urban freeway, 150 in
high desert area
Levels of platinum, palladium,
and lead before auto cata-
lysts, 150 subjects living
near urban freeway, 150 in
high desert area
Levels of platinum, palladium,
and lead before auto cata-
lysts, 150 subjects living
near urban freeway, 150 in
high desert area
Levels of platinum, palladium,
and lead before auto cata-
lysts, 150 subjects living
near urban freeway, 150 in
high desert area
Before auto catalysts, Cali-
fornia: 1313 samples from
97 autopsy sets. Of 1313
samples, 62 contained plat-
inum, fat highest, none
in lung, bones, hair
Prevost, 1975a
Johnson, Tillery, and
Prevost, 1975a
Johnson, Tillery, and
Prevost, 1975a
Johnson, Tillery, and
Prevost, 1975a
Duffield et al., 1976
-------
Table 67. Polybrorainated btphenyls
m. Number of Analytical
Tissue J Range
cases method 5
Adipose 15 GC 0.104-174 ppm
111 NG
0.0-273.02 ppb
116
Blood GC
110
0.0-2.26 ppm
0.002-2.26 ppm
GC
104
0.0-0.09 ppm
0.002-0.09 ppm
NG 0.0-2.26 ppm
165
133
35 of 116 NG 0.1-28.6 ppb
Milk 6 GC 0.21-92.66 ppm
Mean level
0.53 ppm (median)
1965 ± 356 ppb
516 ± 92 ppb
226 ± 73 ppb
0.0 ppb
0.014 ppm (median)
0.035 ppm (median)
0.003 ppm (median)
0.006 ppm (median)
<0.1 ppm (est.)
NG
10.8 ppm
Comments
Missouri dairy farm residents
Exposed:
quarantined farmers
nonquarantined farmers
Nonexposed:
city residents
out-of-state visitors
Missouri dairy farm residents,
exposed:
adults
children
Missouri dairy farm residents,
nonexposed:
adults
children
Farm families:
exposed
nonexposed
Higher values for quarantined
farmers , serum
Missouri dairy farm residents
Reference
Humphrey and Hayner ,
1975
Meester and McCoy, 1976
Humphrey and Hayner ,
1975
Humphrey and Hayner,
1975
Kay, 1977
Meester and McCoy, 1976
Humphrey and Hayner,
1975
-------
Table 68. Polychlorinated blphenyls and polychlorinated cerphenyls
Tissue
Adipose
Blood
Feces
Hair
Milk
Number of
cases
2324
186
107
151
166
192
54
NG
32
4
39
39
40
57
Analytical
method
GC-EC, MS
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GC-EC
GLC
GC
GC-EC, TLC
GC-EC
GC
GC-EC,
GC/MS
Range
Traces in 40%-50%, 1-2
ppm in 29Z-35%, >2 ppm
in about 5%
0.0->2.0 ppb
0.0-20.6 ppb
0.0-29.0 ppb
0.0-22.0 ppb
0.0-16.6 ppb
NG
10-100 ppb
NG
0.34-0.76 ppm
0.04-1.00 ppm
0.04-0.10 ppm
40-100 ppb
Trace
Mean level
NG
NG
0.3 ppb
1.9 ppb
2.3 ppb
3.1 ppb
3.7 ppb
48 ppb
87.0 yg/day per person
NG
0.05 ppm, fat basis
0.04 ppm, fat basis
9.75 ppb, fat basis
Trace
Comments
Reflective of U.S. population
in 48 conterminous states,
FY 1973-FY 1974, lipid basis
Michigan general population,
98% contained trace to >2.0
ppm
Rural blacks, South Carolina,
plasma, PCB
Urban blacks, South Carolina,
plasma, PCB
Urban white, South Carolina,
plasma, PCB
Rural white, South Carolina,
plasma, PCB
Blood plasma, 11% positive
but refuse workers 81%
Whole blood, data on debili-
tated patients, none found
in normals
Preadolescent females
Excretory pathway
Eight positives of 39
Females, ages 19-33
Rural county
Selected areas of Arkansas and
Mississippi, 1973-1974, 27%
Reference
Kutz and Strassman, 1976
Price and Welch, 1972
Finklea et al. , 1972
Finklea et al., 1972
Finklea et al. , 1972
Finklea et al. , 1972
Hammer et al. , 1972
Hesselberg and Scherr,
1974
Price, Young, and
Dickinson, 1972
Matthews, Domanski, and
Guthrie, 1976
Savage et al. , 1973
Savage et al. , 1972
Savage et al. , 1973
Strassman and Kutz, 1977
Urine
32
GLC
NG
5.8 pg/day per person
blacks, traces in all samples
Preadolescent females
Price, Young, and
Dickinson, 1972
-------
Table 69. Praseodymium
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
Teeth
39
56
XRS
MS
0.0-0.13 ppm
NG
0.01-0.07 pg/g dry wt 0.027 yg/g dry wt
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, serum
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area
Gofman et al., 1964
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
-------
Table 70. Rhenium
T-f««iii» Number of Analytical
—-i--j Range Mean level Comments Reference
cases method
Blood 39 XRS 0.0-0.26 ppm NG Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 71. Rhodium
„. Number of Analytical ,
Tissue ' , Range Mean level Comments Reference
cases method 6
Blood 39 XRS 0.0-0.16 ppm NG Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 72. Rubidium
~. Number of Analytical
Tissue } Range
cases method 5
Blood NAA
712 NG
684 NG
39 XRS 0.02-0.28 ppm
21 AAS
NG
NG
15.4
17.8
NG
4.18
0.16
Mean level
±3.2 yg/g dry wt
± 4.0 yg/g dry wt
±0.62 yg/ml
± 0.03 yg/ml
Comments
10% higher for whites, Nash-
ville, Tennessee:
maternal blood
infant blood
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, serum
Normal Utah males :
RBC
plasma
Reference
Baglan et al. , 1974
Gofman et al. , 1964
Wood, 1969
Hair
Placenta
Teeth
Urine
12
826
56
21
AAS
AAS, MS
NAA
MS
AAS
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.14-0.87 yg/g
NG
4.28 ± 0.75 yg/ml
0.18 ± 0.02 yg/ml
4.10 ± 0.54 yg/ml
0.15 ± 0.02 yg/ml
0.20 and 0.23 yg/g dry
wt
25.0 ± 5.8 yg/g dry wt
0.41 yg/g
1.52 ± 0.55 yg/ml
Males:
RBC
plasma
Females:
RBC
plasma
10% higher for whites, Nash-
ville, Tennessee
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area
Wood, 1970
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Baglan et al., 1974
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Wood, 1969
-------
Table 73. Ruthenium
„, Number of Analytical _ . „ _
Tissue ., , Range Mean level Comments Rererence
cases method
Blood 39 XRS 0.0-0.23 ppm NG Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 74. Samarium
_,. Number of Analytical „ „ _ f
Tissue J Range Mean level Comments Reference
cases method
Blood 39 XRS 0.00-0.18 ppm NG Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 75. Scandium
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
39
XRS
0.0-0.3 ppm
NG
Healthy males, mean age 35.3 Gorman et al., 1964
years, serum
Hair
10
NAA
NG
0.0022 ± 0.00012 ppm
Hair cycle discussed
Obrusnik et al. , 1972
-------
Table 76. Selenium
Tissue
Adipose
Blood
Bone
Brain
Breast
Hair
Heart
Number of
cases
6
210
83
123
39
18
10
12
48
6
6
6
33
260
188
10
6
Analytical
method
F
F
NAA
NAA
XRS
NAA
F
F
F
F
F
F
NAA
AAS
AAS
NAA
F
Range
NG
10-34 yg/100 ml
NG
NG
0.05-0.15 ppm
NG
17.0-27.3 yg/100 ml
13.7-21.1 yg/100 ml
18-32 ug/100 ml
NG
0.04-0.21 ppm wet wt
NG
1-11 ppm
0.025-1.65 yg/g
0.025-1.58 yg/g
NG
0.25-0.37 ppm wet wt
Mean level
0.04 ppm wet wt
20.6 ug/100 ml
1.10 ± 0.28 yg/g dry wt
1.04 ± 0.29 ug/g dry wt
NG
1.49 ± 0.06 yg/g dry wt
21.71 ± 1.05 yg/100 ml
16.2 ± 0.75 yg/100 ml
23.6 yg/100 ml
22.3 yg/100 ml
0.42 ppm wet wt
0.13 ppm wet wt
0. 11 ppm wet wt
6 . 4 ppm
0.320 yg/g
0.303 yg/g
0.720 ± 0.132 ppm
0.28 ppm wet wt
Comments
Age, 9 months to 69 years
Blood bank donors
Four large hospitals in Nash-
ville, Tennessee, maternal
blood
Four large hospitals in Nash-
ville, Tennessee, fetal
blood
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, serum
VA hospital patients in Lou-
isville, Kentucky, serum
Normal persons, age 50-71
years
Cancer patients, age 50-71
years
Cleveland area:
21 normal women
27 normal males
Age, 9 months to 69 years
Age, 9 months to 69 years
Age, 9 months to 69 years
Adults and children from Oak
Ridge, Tennessee
Children from Queens , River-
head, and Bronx
Adults from Queens, Riverhead,
and Bronx
Age, 9 months to 69 years
Reference
Schroeder, Frost, and
Balassa, 1970
Allaway et al., 1968
Baglan et al. , 1974
Baglan et al. , 1974
Gofman et al. , 1964
McConnell et al. , 1975
Shamberger et al., 1971
Shamberger et al. , 1971
Shamberger et al,, 1973
Schroeder, Frost, and
Balassa, 1970
Schroeder, Frost, and
Balassa, 1970
Schroeder, Frost ; and
Balassa, 1970
Bate and Dyer, 1965
Creason et al., 1975
Creason et al. , 1975
Obrusnik et al. , 1972
Schroeder, Frost, and
Balassa, 1970
-------
Table 76. Selenium (continued)
Tissue
Intestine
Kidney
Liver
Lung
Milk
Muscle
Pancreas
Placenta
Saliva
Spleen
Synovial
membrane
Teeth
Number of Analytical
cases method Range
6
6
7
6
6
241
6
6
12
6
135
58
26
6
28
56
F 0.12-0.32 ppm wet wt 0
F 0.61-1.84 ppm wet wt 1
NAA NG 1
F 0.28-0.81 ppm wet wt 0
F 0.05-0.26 ppm wet wt 0
F 0.007-0.060 ppm 0
F NG 0
F 0.11-0.38 ppm wet wt 0
NAA NG 0
F 0.27-0.34 ppm wet wt 0
NAA NG 1
NG NG 0
F 1.1-5.2 ppb 3
F 0.28-0.47 ppm wet wt 0
NAA NG 0
MS 0.12-0.90 ug/g 0
Mean level
.21 ppm wet wt
.09 ppm wet wt
.73 ± 0.24 ug/g dry wt
. 54 ppm wet wt
. 15 ppm wet wt
.018 ppm
. 24 ppm wet wt
. 24 ppm wet wt
.63 ± 0.07 ug/g dry wt
. 30 ppm wet wt
.04 ± 0.29 ug/g dry wt
.114 ± 0.005 ug/g wet
wt
.1 ppb
. 34 ppm wet wt
.63 ± 0.12 ug/g dry wt
.43 ± 0.03 ug/g
Comments
Age, 9 months to 69 years,
small intestine
Age, 9 months to 69 years
VA hospital patients in Lou-
isville, Kentucky
Age, 9 months to 69 years
Age, 9 months to 69 years
Nursing mothers in or near
cities, 27.4 ± 0.3 years,
183 ± 9 days postpartum
Age, 9 months to 69 years
Age, 9 months to 69 years
VA hospital patients in Lou-
isville, Kentucky
Age, 9 months to 69 years
Four large hospitals in Nash-
ville, Tennessee
Southern and southeastern
city hospitals
Children, ages 11-12, Oregon
Age, 9 months to 69 years
VA hospital patients in Lou-
isville, Kentucky
Wide geographic area
Reference
Schroeder, Frost, and
Balassa, 1970
Schroeder, Frost, and
Balassa, 1970
McConnell et al. , 1975
Schroeder, Frost, and
Balassa, 1970
Schroeder, Frost, and
Balassa, 1970
Shearer and Hadjimarkos,
Schroeder, Frost, and
Balassa, 1970
Schroeder, Frost, and
Balassa, 1970
McConnell et al., 1975
Schroeder, Frost, and
Balassa, 1970
Baglan et al. , 1974
Karp and Robertson, 1977
Hadjimarkos and Shearer,
1972
Schroeder, Frost, and
Balassa, 1970
McConnell et al., 1975
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
-------
Table 76. Selenium (continued)
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Testis
Urine
NG
13
NAA
Ch
0.15-0.38 ppm wet wt
NG
0-15.9 yg/100 cc
0.30 ppm wet wt
0.010 rag/liter
5.0 ± 2.9 yg/100 cc
4.2 ± 1.8 yg/100 cc
Age, 9 months to 69 years
Males, Rochester, New York:
first morning specimens
consecutive specimens for
24-hr period
Schroeder, Frost, and
Balassa, 1970
Gills et al., 1974
Sterner and Lidfeldt,
1941
-------
Table 77. Silicon
Tissue
Blood
Hair
Nails
Skin
Teeth
Urine
Number of Analy-tical
cases method
NG NG
18 ES
2 MS, AAS
18 ES
18 ES
56 MS
NG NG
Range Mean level
1000-5000 Mg/liter NG
0.03-0.
10.9-27
0.17-0.
0.64-2.
100-450
NG
36% dry wt NG
.9 pg/g dry wt NG
54% dry wt NG
14% dry wt NG
yg/g 243 ± 18 pg/g
15,000 yg/liter
Comments Reference
Mertz, 1974
Age, 15-70 years, white Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Methodology Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Age, 15-70 years, white Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Age, 15-70 years, white Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Wide geographic area Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Mertz, 1974
-------
Table 78. Silver
Tissue
Adrenal
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Bone
Brain
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Hair
Number of
cases
10 of 13
63 of 105
46 of 112
122
96
41
7
39
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
3
NG
113 of 128
17 of 91
32 of 68
33
266
198
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
XRS
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
NAA
ES
Range
<0.1-3.2 yg/g ash
<0. 1-1.0 yg/g ash
<0.1-0.7 yg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.02-0.38 ppm
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
<0.1-1.6 yg/g ash
<0.1-0.5 yg/g ash
0.1-1.0 yg/g ash
0-12 ppm
0.007-6.20 yg/g
0.007-4.30 yg/g
Mean level
0.8 yg/g ash (median)
0.1 ug/g ash (median)
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
0.0004 ± 0.00003 mg/100
ml
0.0030 ± 0.0003 rag/100
ml
0.0013-0.0014 mg/100 ml
0.0024 ± 0.0003 rag/100
ml
NG
0.00+ mg/100 g
0.03 yg/ml
0.00 mg/100 g wet wt
0.01 mg/100 g wet wt
0.003 mg/100 g wet wt
0.033 mg/100 g dry wt
0.03 yg/g dry wt
0.6 yg/g ash (median)
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
3 . 8 ppm
0.205 yg/g
0.165 yg/g
Comments
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Blood donors, Los Angeles
area, serum
Surgical and degenerative
disease patients, Los
Angeles area, serum
Normal persons, Los Angeles
area, serum
Normal persons, Los Angeles
area, whole blood
Healthy males, age 35.3
years, serum
Normal level
Long bone
Rib bone
Normal level
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Three New York communities:
children
adults
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Butt et al. , 1964
Butt et al. , 1964
Butt et al. , 1964
Butt et al. , 1964
Gofman et al . , 1964
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Bate and Dyer, 1965
Creason et al . , 1975
-------
Table 78. Silver (continued)
Tissue
Heart
Intestine
Duodenum
Je j unum
Ileum
Cecum
Slgmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Larynx
Liver
Number of
cases
18
10
NG
2
NG
3
NG
31 of 138
NG
35 of 68
31 of 102
49 of 84
16 of 31
64 of 109
14 of 42
NG
3
150
NG
67 of 143
20 of 50
NG
Analytical
method
ES
NAA
NG
MS, AAS
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
Range
4.8 x 10"7-4.5 x 1CT6%
dry wt
NG
NG
0.4-2.0 pg/g dry wt
NG
NG
NC'
<0.1-0.5 yg/g ash
NG
<0. 1-1.1 yg/g ash
<0.1-1.8 yg/g ash
<0. 1-1.1 yg/g ash
<0.1-1.4 yg/g ash
<0. 1-2.0 yg/g ash
<0.1-1.4 yg/g ash
NG
NG
<0. 0009-0. 0093
micromole/g ash
NG
<0. 1-1.0 yg/g ash
<0.1-0.5 yg/g ash
NG
Mean level
NG
0.275 ± 0.038 ppm
0.9 yg/g dry wt
NG
0.00 mg/100 g wet wt
0.026 mg/100 g dry wt
0.01 yg/g dry wt
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
0.002 mg/100 g wet wt
0.1 yg/g ash (median)
0.1 yg/g ash (median)
0.1 pg/g ash (median)
0.1 yg/g ash (median)
0.1 pg/g ash (median)
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
0.00
0.026 mg/100 g dry wt
NG
0.005 yg/g dry wt
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
0.005 mg/100 g wet wt
Comments Reference
Age, 15-70 years, white Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Obrusnik et al. , 1972
Normal level Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Methodology Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Kehoe , Cholak , and
Story, 1940
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Normal level Rentoul and Smith, 1973
U.S. tissues Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Nusbaum et al., 1958
Adults who died unexpectedly, Perry et al., 1962
St. Louis
Normal level Rentoul and Smith, 1973
U.S. tissues Tipton and Cook, 1963
U.S. tissues Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
ES
NG
0.034 mg/100 g dry wt
Story, 1940
Nusbaum et al., 1958
-------
Table 78. Silver (continued)
Tissue
Lung
Muscle
Nails
Omentum
Ovary
Pancreas
Placenta
Prostate
Skin
Spleen
Number of
cases
10
150
NG
139 of 148
NG
NG
150
54 of 139
54 of 139
NG
27 of 135
18
61 of 74
7 of 16
61 of 137
58
24 of 48
18
21 of 22
NG
3
Analytical _
method RanSe
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
0.0091-0.030 micromole/
g ash
NG
0.1-3.2 yg/g ash
•NG
NG
<0. 0009-0. 0046
micromole/g ash
<0.1-12 yg/g ash
<0.1-0.5 ug/g ash
NG
<0.1-0.5 yg/g ash
4.8 x 10'8-6.5 x lQ-7%
dry wt
<0.1-1.5 yg/g ash
<0. 1-1.1 yg/g ash
<0. 1-1.0 yg/g ash
NG
<0.1-1.3 yg/g ash
1.7 x l(T6-4.5 x lQ-»7.
dry wt
0.1-4.0 yg/g ash
NG
NG
Mean level
0.96 ± 0.88 yg/g ash
NG
0.04 yg/g dry wt
0.8 vg/g ash (median)
0.004 mg/100 g wet wt
0.030 mg/100 g dry wt
NG
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
0.00 mg/100 g wet wt
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
NG
0.5 yg/g ash (median)
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
ND at yg/g level
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
NG
1.3 yg/g ash (median)
0.00 mg/100 g wet wt
0.025 mg/100 g dry wt
Comments
Five white and five black
healthy males
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
Normal level
U.S. tissues
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
Autopsy cases from nine cities
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Age, 15-70 years, white
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Southern and southeastern
city hospitals
U.S. tissues
Age, 15-70 years, white
U.S. tissues
Reference
Perry et al. , 1973
Perry et al. , 1962
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Perry et al. , 1973
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Tipton and Cnok, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Knrp and Robertson, 1977
Tipton .-mcl Cook, 1963
Coldblum, Derby, and
l.crner, 1953
Tipton ,-ind Conk, 1963
Kehoe, Chol.ik, and
Story, 1940
Nusbnuro ot nl . , 1958
-------
Table 78. Silver (continued)
Tissue
Stomach
Teeth
Testis
Thyroid
Trachea
Urine
Number of
cases
44 of 141
NG
52 of 130
NG
208
56
24 of 71
10 of 20
32 of 60
NG
24
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
NG
MS
MS
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
<0.1-0
NG
<0.1-1
NG
NG
NG
0.01-0
<0.1-0
<0.1-9
<0.1-1
NG
0.42-3
Range
.5 yg/g ash
.0 yg/g ash
.77 yg/g dry wt
.5 yg/g ash
.8 yg/g ash
.3 yg/g ash
.8 yg/liter
Mean level
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
0.00 mg/100 g wet wt
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
1.0 ppm
1.11 ± 1.04 ppm
7.43 ± 2.70 ppm
0.140 yg/g dry wt
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
<0.1 yg/g ash (median)
0.00 mg/liter
1.50-1.67 yg/liter
Comments
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Pueblo Indians, 800-year-old
enamel
Subjects less than 20 years
old:
high caries, New England
low caries , South Carolina
Wide geographic area
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
10 black and 14 white persons ,
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Anonymous , 1959
Curzon and Losee, 1977
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe , Cholak , and
Story, 1940
Perry and Perry, 1959
vo
o
age 4-69 years, St. Louis,
Missouri
Uterus
10 of 32
ES
<0.1-0.6 yg/g ash
-------
Table 79. Strontium
Tissue
Adrenal
Aorta
Blood
Bone
Brain
Number of
cases
13
100
150
103
122
96
48
47
39
2
38
5
3
35
35
100
150
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
XRS
ES
ES
AAS
MS
NG
NAA
ES
ES
Range
0.8-9.5 ug/g ash
0.12-0.87 micromole/g
ash
0.17-0.89 micromole/g
ash
15-78 ug/g ash
NG
NG
NG
NG
0.00-0.05 ppm
30-80 ppm
NG
NG
NG
<0.1-3.4 upCi/g calcium
41.6-157 ppm
0.0064-0.096 micromole/g
ash
0.0057-0.049 micromole/g
Mean level
3.5 pg/g ash (median)
NG
NG
33 pg/g ash (median)
0.0153 ± 0.0008 mg/100
ml
0.0040 ± 0.0005 mg/100
ml
0.0046 ± 0.0003 mg/100
ml
0.0039 ± 0.0002 mg/100
ml
NG
NG
0.011% ash
0.019% ash
0.57 mg/g calcium
38.91 ± 0.76 mg/g
calcium
NG
79.1 ± 20 ppm
73.8 ± 26 ppm
107 ± 23 ppm
114 + 28 ppm
NG
NG
Comments
U.S. tissues
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
U.S. tissues
Blood donors in Los Angeles
area, serum
Hospital patients in Los
Angeles area, serum
Normal persons in Los Angeles
area, serum
Normal persons in Los Angeles
area, whole blood
39 healthy men, mean age 35.3
years, serum
Skeleton, white male, age 60,
skeleton, black male, age
48
Fetal
Other samples
Fetal
Adult
Alaska, ages 4 months to 62
years
Males and females:
0-3 months
1-13 years
19-33 years
33-74 years
Adults who died unexpectedly,
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Butt et al. , 1964
Butt et al. , 1964
Butt et al. , 1964
Butt et al. , 1964
Gofman et al . , 1964
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Rosenthal, Cochran, and
Eves, 1972
Rosenthal, Cochran, and
Eves, 1972
Schulert, 1962
Sowden and Stitch, 1957
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
ash
St. Louis
-------
Table 79. Strontium (continued)
Tissue
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Feces
Hair
Heart
Intestine
Duodenum
Jej unum
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Number of
cases
127
91
65
2
18
7
2
2
100
150
140
67
100
81
31
107
42
100
150
143
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
R
R
MS
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
0.5-4.3 yg/g ash
1.4-7.8 yg/g ash
4.3-17 yg/g ash
NG
2.2 x 1(T8-9.1 x 10"*%
dry wt
11-22 pCi/g calcium
NG
NG
0.014-0.19 micromole/g
ash
0.012-0.081 micromole/g
ash
1.1-7.1 yg/g ash
2.4-25 yg/g ash
3.1-33 ug/g ash
6.0-62 ug/g ash
11-100 yg/g ash
5.5-76 yg/g ash
5.2-57 yg/g ash
0.047-0.16 micromole/g
ash
0.033-0.14 micromole/g
ash
2.8-12 yg/g ash
Mean level
1.14 yg/g ash (median)
3.3 yg/g ash (median)
8.2 yg/g ash (median)
1.7 + 0.2 mg/day
2.1 ± 0.2 mg/day
NG
15 pCi/g calcium
9.5 pCi/g calcium
1.1 yg/g dry wt
0. 75 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
2.6 yg/g ash (median)
11 yg/g ash (median)
11 yg/g ash (median)
25 yg/g ash (median)
42 yg/g ash (median)
23 yg/g ash (median)
26 yg/g ash (median)
NG
NG
5.2 yg/g ash (median)
Comments
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Healthy 23- and 25-year-old
men, University of
Cincinnati
White males , 15-70 years old
Boston and New Orleans
Phoenix
Methodology
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
U.S. tissues
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
U.S. tissues
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Moeller, Baratta, and
Leonard, 1964
Moeller, Baratta, and
Leonard, 1964
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 79. Strontium (continued)
Tissue
Larynx
Liver
Lung
Milk
Muscle
Nails
Omen turn
Ovary
Number of
cases
50
2
10
100
150
146
2
100
150
168
141
141
5
2
135
18
74
16
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
R
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
10-70 yg/g ash
0
NG
0.018-0.075 micromole/g
ash
0.008-0.040 micromole/g
ash
0.7-3.5 yg/g ash
0
0.073-0.16 micromole/g
ash
0.050-0.19 micromole/g
ash
5-460 yg
4.5-17 yg/g ash
0.5-46 ng/g ash
0.80-2.44% ingested
0.19 ± 0.5 to 0.50 ±
0.10 yyCi/kg milk
0
0.3-4.0 yg/g ash
1.6 x 10"7-3.3 x 10~6%
dry tissue
3.6-25 yg/g ash
4.0-33 yg/g ash
Mean level
25 yg/g ash (median)
ND at ppm level
1.70 ± 1.16 yg/g ash
NG
NG
1.6 yg/g ash
ND at ppm level
NG
NG
NG
8.2 yg/g ash (median)
9.8 yg/g ash
NG
ND at ppm level
1.2 yg/g ash (median)
NG
9.5 yg/g ash (median)
11 yg/g ash (median)
Comments
U.S. tissues
White male, age 60, and black
male, age 48
Five white males, five black
males, accident victims in
St. Louis
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
U.S. tissues
White male, age 60, and black
male, age 48
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
Samples from 58 cities and 29
nonurban areas, total lung
content
U.S. tissues
Autopsy cases, nine U.S.
cities
Women, ages 17-22, Ithaca,
New York, fed controlled
diet
White male, age 60, and black
male, age 48, striated
muscle
U.S. tissues
White males, 15-70 years old
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Perry et al. , 1973
Perry, 1968
Perry et al . , 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Schroeder, 1970i
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Lough, Hamada, and
Comar, 1960
Forbes, Mitchell, and
Cooper, 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Goldblum, Derby, artd
Lerner, 1953
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 79. Strontium (continued)
Tissue
Pancreas
Prostate
Skin
Spleen
Stomach
Teeth
Number of Analytical
cases method
139
48
18
21
100
150
143
130
35
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
AAS
1
5
3
4
0
0
1
3
Range
.5-9.5 yg/g
.0-48 yg/g
.2 x 10"9-4
dry tissue
.5-15 yg/g
ash
ash
.5 x 10"'%
ash
.013-0.11 tnicromole/g
ash
.012-0.068 micromole/g
ash
.1-6.0 yg/g
ash
.4-28 yg/g ash
26-132 ppm
3.
11
NG
8.
NG
NG
2.
9.
67
Mean level
3 yg/g ash (median)
yg/g ash (median)
6 yg/g ash (median)
U.S.
U.S.
White
U.S.
Comments
tissues
tissues
males, 15-70 years old
tissues
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
1 yg/g ash (median)
9 yg/g ash (median)
± 20 ppm
U.S.
U.S.
9- to
tissues
tissues
15-year-old school
Reference
Tipton and Cook,
Tipton and Cook,
Goldblum, Derby,
Lerner, 1953
Tipton and Cook,
Perry, 1968
1963
1963
and
1963
Perry et al. , 1962
Tipton and Cook,
Tipton and Cook,
Brudevold et al.
1963
1963
, 1975
15
208
208
87
87
87
AAS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
69-148 ppm
NG
NG
NG
NG
384-649.3 ppm
313-555 ppm
281.8-490.1 ppm
91 ± 21 ppm
128.9 ± 8.39 ppm
156.7 ± 10.87 ppm
104.1 ± 9.14 ppm
184.0 ± 14.68 ppm
NG
NG
NG
children in Cambridge,
Massachusetts
9- to 15-year-old school
children in Cambridge,
Massachusetts
Subjects less than 20 years
old:
New England, enamel
South Carolina, enamel
Subjects less than 20 years
old, combined areas of New
England and South Carolina:
high caries
low caries
Surface enamel, subjects 12-14
years old, Oregon, Montana,
and California
Subsurface enamel, subjects
12-14 years old, Oregon,
Montana, and California
Inner enamel, subjects 12-14
years old, Oregon, Montana,
and California
Brudevold et al., 1975
Curzon and Losee, 1977
Curzon and Losee, 1977
Little and Barrett, 1976
Little and Barrett, 1976
Little and Barrett, 1976
-------
Table 79. Strontium (continued)
Tissue
Testis
Thyroid
Total body
content
Urinary
bladder
Urine
Number of
cases
87
56
41
30
18
69
21
168
110
6
2
Analytical
method
MS
MS
NG
NG
MS
ES
ES
NG
ES
NG
ES
Range
64.6-266 ppm
21-280 ug/g
1.73-2.79 pCi/g calcium
1.72-3.54 pCi/g calcium
0.31-0.61 mg/g calcium
1.9-13 ug/g ash
5.3-21 yg/g ash
5.5-23 yg/g ash
NG
NG
Mean level
NG
121 ± 11 yg/g
NG
NG
NG
4.3 yg/g ash (median)
13 yg/g ash (median)
320 mg
12 yg/g ash (median)
25.0 yyCi/g calcium
0.12 ± 0.01 mg/day
Comments
Bulk enamel, subjects 12-14
years old, Oregon, Montana,
and California
Subjects less than 20 years
old
Children in St. Louis born
between 1950 and 1958
7- to 9-month-old fetuses,
St. Louis
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Samples from 58 cities and 29
nonurban areas
U.S. tissues
Alaska
Healthy 23- and 25-year-old
Reference
Little and Barrett, 1976
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Rosenthal et al., 1964
Rosenthal et al., 1964
Rosenthal, Cochran, and
Eves, 1972
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, 1970i
M
Tipton and Cook, 1963 5
Schulert, 1962
Tipton, Stewart, and
0.10 ± 0.01 mg/day
men, University of
Cincinnati
Dickson, 1969
Uterus
32
ES
2.3-21 yg/g ash
9.5 yg/g ash (median)
U.S. tissues
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 80. Tantalum
m. Number of Analytical
Tissue ', , Range Mean level Comments Reference
cases method
Blood 39 XRS 0.00-0.41 ppm NG Healthy men, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 81. Tellurium
Tissue
Adipose
Blood
Number of
cases
NG
39
10
2
Analytical
method
NAA
XRS
NG
NG
Range
NG
0.00-0.049 ppm
0.5-1.6 yg/ml
NG
1.8
NG
1.07
1.30
Mean
yg/g wet
±0.12
± 1.95
level
wt
yg/ml
yg/ml
Healthy
years
Comments
males, mean age 35.3
, serum
Serum
Red blood cells
Reference
Schroeder
Balassa
Gofman et
Schroeder
Balassa
, Buckman,
, 1967
al., 1964
, Buckman,
, 1967
and
and
Bone
Brain
Heart
Kidney
Liver
Lung
Muscle
Ovary
Pancreas
NG
NG
NAA
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
NAA
AAS
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
77.0 yg/g wet wt
1.88 yg/g wet wt
0.83 yg/g wet wt
0.88 yg/g wet wt
4.36-8.27 yg/g wet wt NG
0.12-0.99 yg/g wet wt NG
0.35-0.63 yg/g wet wt NG
0.14 yg/g wet wt
1.06 yg/g wet wt
Natural cycle: soil to plants Schroeder, Buckman, and
to animals; some industrial Balassa, 1967
contamination
Natural cycle: soil to plants Schroeder, Buckman, and
to animals; some industrial Balassa, 1967
contamination
Natural cycle: soil to plants Schroeder, Buckman, and
to animals; some industrial Balassa, 1967
contamination
Natural cycle: soil to plants Schroeder, Buckman, and
to animals; some industrial Balassa, 1967
contamination
Natural cycle: soil to plants Schroeder, Buckman, and
to animals; some industrial Balassa, 1967
contamination
Natural cycle: soil to plants Schroeder, Buckman, and
to animals; some industrial Balassa, 1967
contamination
Natural cycle: soil to plants Schroeder, Buckman, and
to animals; some industrial Balassa, 1967
contamination
Natural cycle: soil to plants Schroeder, Buckman, aiiJ
to animals; some industrial Balassa, 1967
contamination
Natural cycle: soil to plants Schroeder, Buckman, and
to animals; some industrial Balassa, 1967
contamination
-------
Table 81. Tellurium (continued)
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Spleen
Testis
Urine
NG
NG
NG
NAA
NAA
NG
1.01-1.86 pg/g wet wt
NG
0.26-1.09 ug/ml
NG
0.38 ug/g wet wt
NG
Natural cycle: soil to plants Schroeder, Buckman, and
to animals; some industrial Balassa, 1967
contamination
Natural cycle: soil to plants Schroeder, Buckman, and
to animals; some industrial Balassa, 1967
contamination
Natural cycle: soil to plants
to animals; some industrial
cont amination
Schroeder, Buckman, and
Balassa, 1967
-------
Table 82. Terbium
Tissue Number Of Analytical Comnents Reference
cases method
Blood 39 XRS 0.00-0.23 ppm NG Healthy men, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al. , 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 83. Thallium
Tissue
Blood
Brain
Heart
Kidney
Liver
Number of Analytical
, , Range
cases method
39
NG
320
NG
NG
NG
NG
XRS 0.00-0.03 ppm
NG NG
AAS 0.0-8.0 vg/100 ml
NG NG
NG NG
NG NG
NG NG
Mean level
NG
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
02
3
5
4
4
4
Vg/tnl
pg/100 ml
Vg/g dry wt
yg/g dry wt
IJg/g dry wt
yg/g dry wt
Comments
Healthy men, mean age 35.3
years , serum
Normal values
Children, age 1-5 years,
predominantly black and
Spanish-speaking residents
of Newark, New Jersey,
whole blood
Normal values
Normal values
Normal values
Normal values
Reference
Gofman et al. , 1964
Rentoul and Smith,
Singh, Bogden, and
Joselow, 1975
Rentoul and Smith,
Rentoul and Smith,
Rentoul and Smith,
Rentoul and Smith,
1973
1973
1973
1973
1973
o
o
-------
Table 84. Thorium
Tissue cases method Ran8e Mean level Comments Reference
Blood 39 XRS 0.00-0.10 ppm NG Healthy men, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 85. Thulium
„. Number of Analytical _
Tissue ' , Range Mean level Comments Reference
cases method
Blood 39 XRS 0.00-0.36 ppm NG Healthy men, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 86. Tin
Tissue
Adrenal
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Number of
cases
14 of 15
100
150
96 of 105
2
100 of 112
39
Analytical
, , Range
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
XRS
5-72 pg/g ash
<0. 04-0. 21 micromole/g
dry wt
0.042-0.32 micromole/g
ash
5-38 pg/g ash
NG
<5-58 pg/g ash
0.00-0.47 pptn
Mean level
23 pg/g ash (median)
NG
NG
14 pg/g ash (median)
5. 2 ppm wet wt
16 pg/g ash (median)
NG
Comments
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Sudden accident victims,
male, up to 56 years old
U.S. tissues
Healthy men, mean age 35.3
Tipton
Perry,
Perry
Tipton
Reference
and Cook, 1963
1968
et al. , 1962
and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton
Gofman
and Cook, 1963
et al. , 1964
NG
ES
years, serum
NG
0.012 mg/100 g
Bone
Brain
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Feces
NG
NG
NG
2
NG
3
NG
7 of 129
55 of 91
1
58 of 68
2
NG
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
<5-<5 pg/g ash
<5-29 pg/g ash
NG
<5-62 pg/g ash
NG
140 pg/ml
0.12 ug/ml
0.080 mg/100 g wet wt
0.050 mg/100 g wet wt
0 . 3 ppm wet wt
0.0 mg/100 g wet wt
1.0 ppm wet wt
2 pg/g dry wt
<5 pg/g ash (median)
5 pg/g ash (median)
0. 3 ppm wet wt
18 pg/g ash (median)
3.6 ± 0.7 rag/day
Long bone
Rib bone
Sudden accident
male, up to 56
Sudden accident
male, up to 56
Normal values
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Sudden accident
male, up to 56
U.S. tissues
Healthy 23- and
victims ,
years old
victims ,
years old
victims ,
years old
25-year-oli
3.6 ± 0.5 mg/day
men, University of
Cincinnati
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Mertz, 1974
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al., 1956
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al., 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
-------
Table 86. Tin (continued)
Tissue
Hair
Heart
Intestine
Large
intestine
Small
intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Number of
cases
265
191
126
90
71
2
NG
100
NG
84 of 140
150
NG
1
7
61 of 68
100 of 104
80 of 84
31
107 of 109
39 of 42
NG
6
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
MS
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
0.034-8.30 pg/g
0.048-12.00 pg/g
NG
NG
NG
<0. 04-0. 13
NG
<5-27 pg/g ash
<0. 04-0. 23 micromole/g
ash
NG
NG
NG
<5-160 pg/g ash
8-110 pg/g ash
15-430 pg/g ash
45-800 pg/g ash
10-330 pg/g ash
5-180 pg/g ash
NG
NG
Mean level
0.561 pg/g
0.785 pg/g
0.54 pg/g
0.44 pg/g
0.83 Mg/g
0.4 pg/g dry wt
0.39 pg/g dry wt
0.022 mg/100 g wet wt
NG
0.2 pg/g dry wt
5 pg/g ash (median)
NG
0.016 mg/100 g wet wt
0 .2 ppm wet wt
0.4 ppm wet wt
28 pg/g ash (median)
36 pg/g ash (median)
79 pg/g ash (median)
130 pg/g ash (median)
45 pg/g ash (median)
57 pg/g ash (median)
0.020 mg/100 g wet wt
0. 4 ppm wet wt
Comments
Children from Riverhead,
Queens , and Bronx
Adults from Riverhead,
Queens , and Bronx
Children:
Riverhead
Queens
Bronx
Methodology
Normal values
U.S. tissues
Sudden accident victims ,
male, up to 56 years old
Sudden accident victims,
male, up to 56 years old
Sudden accident victims,
Reference
Creason et al. , 1975
Creason et al . , 1975
Creason et al., 1975
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Perry, 1968
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Perry et al. , 1962
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
male, up to 56 years old
-------
Table 86. Tin (continued)
™,. Number of
Tissue
cases
6
2
100
150
NG
161
NG
140 of 145
Larynx 34 of 50
Liver NG
5
5
3
100
10
150
NG
163
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
Range
0.9-7.8 yg/g dry wt
1.1-6.0 yg/g dry wt
<0.04-0 micromole/g wt
0.042-0.39 micromole/g
ash
NG
<5-480 ppm ash
0-1.5+ mg/100 g dry wt
5-46 yg/g ash
<5-16 yg/g ash
NG
NG
3.2-21.1 yg/g dry wt
1.4-3.2 yg/g dry wt
<0. 04-0. 24 micromole/g
dry wt
NG
0.041-0.62 micromole/g
ash
NG
<5-300 ppm ash
Mean level
2.8 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
NG
0.2 yg/g dry wt
30 ppm ash
NG
16 yg/g ash (median)
8 yg/g ash (median)
0.060 mg/100 g wet wt
2.5 ppm wet wt
12.0 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
37.50 ± 16.4 ug/g
tissue ash
NG
0. 6 yg/g dry wt
35 ppm ash
Comments Reference
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Perry, 1968
Adults who died unexpectedly, Perry et al . , 1962
St. Louis
Normal values Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1964
Cancer patients Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
U.S. tissues Tipton and Cook, 1963
U.S. tissues Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Sudden accident victims, Koch et al., 1956
male, up to 56 years old
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Perry, 1968
Healthy adult males from St. Perry et al., 1973
Louis, accident victims
Adults who died unexpectedly, Perry et al., 1962
St. Louis
Normal values Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schroeder, Balassa, and
NG ES
144 of 150 ES
0-1.5+ mg/100 g dry wt
5-74 yg/g ash
NG
23 yg/g ash (median)
Cancer patients
U.S. tissues
Tipton, 1964
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 86. Tin (continued)
Tissue
Lung
Muscle
Omen turn
Ovary
Pancreas
Number of
cases
NG
4
4
5
100
150
159
168
168
NG
137 of 140
141
NG
8
26 of 137
69 of 74
13 of 16
2
73 of 169
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
NG
NG
1.6-49.1 pg/g dry wt
0.8-14.7 ug/g dry wt
<0. 04-0. 62 micromole/g
dry wt
0.093-0.93 micromole/g
ash
<5-920 ppm ash
NG
11-110 pg/g ash
<5-920 pg/g ash
NG
NG
<5-10 ug/g ash
5-48 vg/g ash
<5-210 yg/g ash
NG
<5-24 ug/g ash
Mean level
0.045 mg/100 g wet wt
3.8 ppm wet wt
22.4 ug/g dry wt
NG
NG
NG
69 ppm ash
17 pg/g ash
Max — 9200 pg, min —
200 pg
0-3.0 mg/100 g dry wt
37 pg/g ash (median)
37 pg/g ash (median)
0.011 mg/100 g wet wt
0.7 ppm wet wt
<5 pg/g ash (median)
16 yg/g ash (median)
15 pg/g ash (median)
1.0 ppm wet wt
5 Pg/g ash (median)
Comments
Sudden accident victims,
male, up to 56 years old
Normal subjects
Patients with lymphomatous
diseases
Adults who died unexpectedly,
St. Louis
Samples from 58 cities and
29 nonurban areas, amount
retained in lungs
Samples from 58 cities and
29 nonurban areas
Cancer patients
U.S. tissues
Autopsy cases, nine U.S.
cities
Sudden accident victims,
male, up to 56 years old
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Sudden accident victims,
male, up to 56 years old
U.S. tissues
Reference
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Perry, 1968
Perry et al . , 1962
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1964
Schroeder, 1970&
Schroeder, 1970b
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al., 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 86. Tin (continued)
Tissue
Placenta
Prostate
Skin
Spleen
Stomach
Teeth
Number of
cases
58
4
42 of 50
21 of 22
NG
3
3
2
100
150
120 of 143
NG
3
111 of 131
208
Analytical
method
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
MS
Range
NG
NG
<5-39 yg/g ash
7-74 yg/g ash
NG
NG
1.0-4.3 yg/g dry wt
0.9-5.1 yg/g dry wt
<0. 04-0. 11 micromole/g
dry wt
<0. 04-0. 29 micromole/g
ash
<5-35 yg/g ash
NG
NG
<5-74 yg/g ash
Mean level
0.003 ± 0.003 yg/g
wet wt
1. 5 ppm wet wt
14 yg/g ash (median)
21 yg/g ash (median)
0.022 mg/100 g wet wt
0.6 ppm wet wt
3.2 yg/g dry wt
NG
NG
NG
11 yg/g ash (median)
0.050 mg/100 g wet wt
0. 4 ppm wet wt
16 yg/g ash (median)
Comments
Southern and southeastern
city hospitals
Sudden accident victims,
male, up to 56 years old
U.S. tissues
U.S. tissues
Sudden accident victims,
male, up to 56 years old
Normal subjects
Patients with lymphomatous
diseases
U.S. tissues
Sudden accident victims,
male, up to 56 years old
U.S. tissues
Enamel, subjects less than
Reference
Karp and Robertson, 1977
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al., 1956
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Curzon and Losee, 1977
56
NG
MS
NG
NG
0.03-7.10 yg/g dry wt
NG
0.24 ± 0.08 ppm
1.35 ± 0.37 ppm
0.53 ± 0.14 yg/g dry wt
1.0 ppm
20 years old:
high caries area, New
England
low carles area, South
Carolina
Less than 20 years old
External enamel from Pueblo
Indians, 800 years old
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Anonymous, 1959
-------
Table 86. Tin (continued)
Tissue
Testis
Thyroid
Total body
content
Trachea
Urine
Number of Analytical
cases method
54 of 72 ES
2 ES
16 of 21 ES
168 NG
54 of 60 ES
NG ES
NG NG
15 ES
15
8
7
24 ES
10
14
10
14
8
8
4
3
NG NG
2 ES
Range
<5-33 yg/g ash
NG
<5-47 yg/g ash
NG
<5-50 yg/g ash
NG
10-20 yg/ml
NG
3.0-4.0 yg/liter
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
Mean level
11 yg/g ash (median)
0.2 ppm wet wt
13 Pg/g ash (median)
17 mg
12 yg/g ash (median)
0.011 mg/liter
NG
Approximately 3 ppb
Approximately 7 ppb
Approximately 4.3 ppb
Approximately 7 ppb
16.6 yg/liter
16.4 yg/liter
16.8 yg/liter
17.9 yg/liter
15.8 yg/liter
20.6 yg/liter
14.8 yg/liter
21.6 yg/liter
23.2 yg/liter
0.01 yg/liter
0.085 ± 0.011 mg/day
Comments
U.S. tissues
Sudden accident victims ,
male, up to 56 years old
U.S. tissues
Samples from 58 cities and 29
nonurban areas
U.S. tissues
Normal subjects
Hypertensive
Hypertensive, treated
Hypertensive, untreated
Normal, ages 4-69 years
Normal females
Normal males
Normal Negroes
Normal Caucasians
Hypercholesterolemic patients
before Na2Ca EDTA adminis-
tration
Hypercholesterolemic patients
during Na2Ca EDTA adminis-
tration
Hypercholesterolemic patients
one day after Na2Ca EDTA
administration
Hypercholesterolemic patients
two days after Na2Ca EDTA
administration
Normal values
Healthy 23- and 25-year-old
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder, 1970i>
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Kehoe, Cholak, and
Story, 1940
Mertz, 1974
Perry, 1968
Perry and Perry, 1969
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton, Stewart, and
Uterus
Vena cava
24 of 32 ES
1 ES
<5-65 yg/g ash
NG
0.058 ± 0.006 mg/day
10 yg/g ash (median)
NG
men, University of
Cincinnati
U.S. tissues
Sudden accident victims,
male, up to 56 years old
Dickson, 1969
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
o
oo
-------
Table 87. Titanium
Tissue
Adrenal
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Brain
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Feces
Hair
Number of
cases
8 of 13
100
150
45 of 104
43 of 110
39
100
12 of 129
33 of 91
32 of 66
2
18
2
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
XRS
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
MS
Range
<5-45 yg/g ash
<0.1-2.3 micromoles/g
ash
<0.1-0.52 micromole/g
ash
<5-25 yg/g ash
<5-29 yg/g ash
0.00-0.18 ppm
<0.1-0.42 micromole/g
ash
<5~<5 yg/g ash
<5-14 yg/g ash
<5-44 yg/g ash
0.46 ± 0.09 mg/day
0.82 ± 0.20 mg/day
0.0000032-0.0000064%
dry tissue
3.9 and 24.0 yg/g dry wt
Mean level
15 yg/g ash (median)
NG
NG
<5 yg/g ash (median)
<5 yg/g ash (median)
NG
NG
<5 yg/g ash (median)
<5 yg/g ash (median)
<5 Ug/g ash (median)
NG
NG
NG
Comments
U.S. adults
10th and 90th percentiles
Adult St. Louis area resi-
dents, unexpected deaths,
less than 50% of the val-
ues, 10th and 90th
percentiles
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
Healthy males, mean age 35.3
years, serum
10th and 90th percentiles
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
U.S. adults
Healthy 23- and 25-year-old
males
White males, 15-70 years old
Methodology
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Gofman et al. , 1964
Perry, 1968
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Heart
100
150
24 of 140
ES
ES
ES
<0.1-5.2 microraoles/g NG
ash
<0.1-0.10 micromole/g NG
ash
<5-5 yg/g ash
<5 ug/g ash (median)
10th and 90th percentiles
Adult St. Louis area resi-
dents, unexpected deaths,
less than 50% of the val-
ues, 10th and 90th
percentiles
Adults
Harrison, 1969
Perry, 1968
Perry et al., 1962
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 87. Titanium (continued)
Tissue
Intestine
Small
intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Larnyx
Liver
Number of
cases
1
25 of 67
15 of 102
36 of 84
16 of 31
36 of 108
22 of 42
1
100
150
168
22 of 144
11 of 50
1
100
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
NG
<5-23 pg/g ash
<5-5 pg/g ash
<5-21 yg/g ash
<5-ll yg/g ash
5-33 yg/g ash
<5-16 yg/g ash
NG
<0.1-0.84 micromole/g
ash
<0.1-0.12 micromole/g
ash
Trace to 0.67 yg/g a~h
wet wt
<5-5 yg/g ash
<5-10 yg/g ash
NG
<0.1-0.49 micromole/g
Mean level
5.2 ppm wet wt
<5 yg/g ash (median)
<5 pg/g ash (median)
<5 yg/g ash (median)
<5 Pg/g ash (median)
<5 yg/g ash (median)
5 yg/g ash (median)
1.2 ppm wet wt
NG
NG
NG
<5 yg/g ash (median)
<5 pg/g ash (median)
3.0 ppm wet wt
NG
Comments
Male sudden accident victim
Adult
Adult
Adult
Adult
Adult
Adult
Male sudden accident victims
10th and 90th percentiles
Adult St. Louis area resi-
dents , unexpected deaths ,
less than 50% of the val-
ues, 10th and 90th
percentiles
Urban area autopsies
Adults
Adults
Male sudden accident victims
10th and 90th percentiles
Reference
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry, 1968
Perry et al . , 1962
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1963a
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry, 1968
10
150
ES
ES
ash
NG
15.20 ± 16.20 pg/g ash
<1-0.33 micromoles/g ash NG
Healthy adult males, St.
Louis area residents, five
Caucasians and five Negroes,
accident victims
Adult St. Louis area resi-
dents , unexpected deaths,
less than 50% of the val-
ues, 10th and 90th
percentiles
Perry et al., 1973
Perry et al., 1962
-------
Table 87. Titanium (continued)
Tissue
Lung
Muscle
Nails
Omentum
Ovary
Pancreas
Prostate
Skin
Spleen
Number of
cases
168
34 of 148
2
100
150
168
samples
168
141
139 of 141
1
17 of 136
18
67 of 75
6 of 16
29 of 139
1
16 of 50
18
22
100
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
Trace to 0.50 yg/g wet
wt
<5-16 yg/g ash
NG
0.72-21 micromoles/g ash
1-15 micromoles/g ash
<50->700 yg/g
2.4-7.7 yg/g wet wt
<5->2000 yg/g ash
55-700 yg/g ash
NG
<5-5 yg/g ash
0.0000163-0.000039% dry
tissue
<5-74 yg/g ash
<5-13 yg/g ash
<5-16 yg/g ash
NG
<5-33 yg/g ash
0.000106-0.000277% dry
wt
17-100 yg/g ash
<0.1-0.59 micromole/g
Mean
NG
<5 yg/g ash
3.2 ppm wet
NG
NG
87 yg/g
NG
220 yg/g ash
level
(median)
wt
(median)
220 JJg/g ash (median)
2. 2 ppm wet
<5 yg/g ash
NG
21 yg/g ash
<5 yg/g ash
<5 yg/g ash
wt
(median)
(median)
(median)
(median)
11 ppm wet wt
<5 yg/g ash
NG
32 yg/g ash
NG
(median)
(median)
Comments
Urban area autopsies
Adult
Male sudden accident victim
10th and 90th percentiles
Adult St. Louis area resi-
dents, unexpected deaths,
10th and 90th percentiles
58 urban and 29 nonurban
autopsies
Urban area autopsies
Urban area autopsies
Adults
Male sudden accident victim
Adults
White males, 15-70 years old
Adults
Adults
Adults
Male sudden accident victims
Adults
White males, 15-70 years old
Adults
10th and 90th percentiles
Reference
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1963a
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Perry, 1968
Perry et al . , 1962
Schroeder, 1970&
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1963
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Perry, 1968
150
ES
ash
<0.1-0.29 micromole/g
ash
NG
Adult St. Louis area resi-
dents, unexpected deaths,
less than 50% of the val-
ues, 10th and 90th
percentiles
Perry et al., 1962
-------
Table 87. Titanium (continued)
Tissue
Stomach
Teeth
Testis
Thyroid
Total body
content
Trachea
Urine
Number of
cases
168
31 of 143
1
26 of 130
56
19 of 72
11 of 21
168
samples
28 of 60
2
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
ES
MS
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
Trace
<5-14
NG
<5-5 i
<0.1-^
<5-10
<5-82
9 mg
<5-72
NG
Range
to 1.0 ppm wet wt
Pg/g
Jg/g
t.80
Ug/g
Pg/8
Pg/g
ash
ash
pg/g dry wt
ash
ash
ash
Mean
level
NG
<5
6.
<5
0.
<5
5
NG
<5
0.
pg/g ash
6 ppm wet
pg/g ash
46 ± 0.13
pg/g ash
pg/g ash
pg/g ash
49 ± 0.07
(median)
wt
(median)
pg/g dry wt
(median)
(median)
(median)
and 0.47 ±
Comments
Urban area autopsies
Adults
Male sudden accident victim
Adults
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area,
enamel
Adults
Adults
58 urban and 29 nonurban
autopsies
Adults
Healthy 23- and 25-year-old
Reference
Schroeder, Balassa, and
Tipton, 1960
Tipton and Cook,
Koch et al. , 1956
Tipton and Cook,
1963
1963
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Tipton and Cook,
Tipton and Cook,
Schroeder, 1970&
Tipton and Cook,
Tipton, Stewart,
1963
1963
1963
and
0.06
males
Dickson, 1969
Uterus
5 of 32
ES
<5-5 pg/g ash
<5 pg/g ash (median)
Adults
Tipton and Cook, 1963
-------
Table 88. Tungsten
Tissue
Number of Analytical
cases method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood
39
XRS
0.00-0.18 ppm
NG
Healthy men, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 89. Uranium
Number of Analytical , „ ,
Tissue , Range Mean level Comments Reference
cases method 5
Blood 39 XRS 0.00-0.10 ppm NG Healthy men, mean age 35.3 Gofman et al., 1964
years, serum
-------
Table 90. Vanadium
Tissue
Adrenal
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Brain
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Feces
Hair
Heart
Intestine
Duodenum
Je j unum
Number of
cases
1 of 13
100
0 of 104
3 of 110
6 of 89
39
NG
0 of 129
0 of 91
5 of 66
2
267
193
126
90
71
85
77
49
0 of 140
5 of 67
4 of 102
Analytical
method
ES
NG
ES
ES
Ch
XRS
NG
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
Range
1 vg/100 ml to <2 yg/
100 ml
0.00-0.11 ppm
NG
-------
Table 90. Vanadium (continued)
Tissue
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Kidney
Larynx
Liver
Lung
Muscle
Omentum
Ovary
Pancreas
Placenta
Number of
cases
31 of 84
14 of 31
17 of 108
11 of 42
0 of 141
0 of 50
163
5 of 148
1 of 8
100
150
168
168
173
73 of 141
0 of 136
11 of 75
0 of 16
2 of 139
58
Analytical
method Range
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
NG
C
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
NG
-------
Table 90. Vanadium (continued)
Tissue
Spleen
Skin
Stomach
Teeth
Testis
Total body
content
Thyroid
Trachea
Urine
Number of
cases
1 of 1A3
3 of 21
3 of 130
56
0 of 72
168
1 of 21
0 of 60
NG
15
15
8
7
24
10
14
10
14
8
8
4
3
Analytical
method
ES
ES
ES
MS
ES
NG
ES
ES
NG
ES
ES
Range
-------
Table 90. Vanadium (continued)
_. Number of Analytical
Tissue cases m th d Range Mean level Comments Reference
Uterus 1 of 32 ES
-------
Table 91. Volatile organic compounds
Tissue
Number of
cases
Analytical
method
Range
Mean level
Comments
Reference
Blood, adult NG
and newborn
GC/MS
Blood ,
maternal
and cord
11 pairs
GC/MS
The following compounds were identified:
Acetaldehyde1 ' 3
Acetone1'2
Benzaldehyde1
Benzene1>2 >3
BHT2
2-Butanone1
Carbon tetrachloride1>2>3
Chloroform1>2>3
Superscripts: 1 — adults,
2 — newborn, 3 — identified
in municipal water supplies
in New Orleans area
Laseter and Dowty, 1977
Cyclohexane1
Cyclohexanone1
Dichlorobenzene1 >2>3
Dichloromethane1>2
1,1-Dichloro-l-nitroethane1
Dimethyl disulfide1
Dimethylethylbenzene1'2
Dipropyl ketone1
Ethylbenzene1
y-Heptalactone1
Isobutanol1
Methylcyclopentane1
Methyl ethyl ketone1
Methylfuran
Methyl isobutyl ketone1
Methyl mercaptan1
Methyl propyl ketone1'2
Pentan-2-one1
2-Propanol1
Pyridine1
Styrene1'2
Tetrachloroethylene1' 3
Toluene1>3
Trimethylbenzene1 '2
2 ,4 ^-Trimethyl-Z-pentane1
Xylene1'3
Chromatographic profiles compared.
compounds were identified:
Acetone
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
Dichlorobenzene
1,1-Dichloro-l-nitroethane
The following
Some selective transfer of
compounds to the fetus, for
instance, benzene, carbon
tetrachloride, and chloro-
form are present in cord
blood in quantities greater
than or equal to those in
maternal blood, possibility
of elution of plasticizers
from intravenous apparatus.
Dowty, Laseter, and
Storer, 1976 (see
Laseter and Dowty,
1977 for distribution
between adults and
newborns)
-------
Table 91. Volatile organic compounds (continued)
Tissue Number °f a Range Mean level Comments Reference
cases method
Dimethyl disulfide Some of the compounds are
Dimethylethylbenzene in the municipal water sup-
Ethylbenzene plies in the New Orleans
y-Heptalactone area.
Isobutanol
Methylcyclopentane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Pentan-2-one
Styrene
Toluene
Trimethylbenzene
Xylene
-------
Table 92. Ytterbium
Tissue s ^method*1 Ran8e Mean level Comments Reference
Blood 39 XRS 0.00-0.31 ppm NG Healthy males, age 35.3 years, Gofman et al. , 1964
serum
-------
Table 93. Yttrium
„. Number of Analytical
Tissue cases method Range Mean level Comments Reference
Blood 39 XRS 0.00-0.05 ppm NG Healthy males, age 35.3 years Gorman et al., 1964
Teeth 56 MS 0.01-0.17 ug/g dry wt 0.007 Ug/g dry wt Wide geographic area Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
-------
Table 94. Zinc
Tissue
Adipose
Adrenal
Amniotic
fluid
Aorta
Bladder
Blood
Number of
cases
28
3
15
15
15
46
150
100
104
112
112
704
667
282
520
48
226
502
Analytical
method
AAS
C
AAS
ES
AAS
AAS
ES
ES
ES
AAS
ES
NAA
NAA
AAS
AAS
ES
ES
NG
Range
NG
8.1-30.2 ug/g dry wt
NG
1300-2000 ug/g ash
10-65 ug/100 ml
27.9-240.0 ug/g dry wt
17-43 micromoles/g ash
15-54 micromoles/g ash
1100-2700 ug/g ash
NG
1800-4900 ug/g ash
NG
NG
150-1730 ug/100 ml
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
Mean level
1850 + 150 ug/g ash
19.2 and 99.5 g/g dry wt
1600 ± 70 ug/g ash
1600 ug/g ash (median)
32 ug/100 ml
49.9-103.0 ug/g dry wt
NG
NG
1800 ug/g ash (median)
3200 ± 130 ug/g ash
3000 ug/g ash (median)
36.5 ± 7.9 ug/g dry wt
14.9 ± 8.4 ug/g dry wt
520 ug/100 ml
1.49 ± 0.05 mg/liter
4.28 ± 0.82 mg/liter
0.466 ± 0.013 mg/100 ml
0.149 ± 0.007 mg/100 ml
0.152 + 0.018 mg/100 ml
0.130 ± 0.006 mg/100 ml
69-86 ug/100 ml
79-86 ug/100 ml
Comments
Range — normal subjects (2),
mean — normal and lympho-
matous diseased subjects
(1) respectively
Adults
Autopsies, Chicago area
St. Louis adults
Adults
Adults
Adults
Nashville, Tennessee
hospitals :
maternal blood
fetal blood
Newark, New Jersey, children,
1-8 years old
Serum:
hardwater area, Kansas City,
Kansas
softwater area, Kansas City,
Missouri
Los Angeles area, normal
individuals
Serum:
blood donors (122)
patients and diseased
individuals (96)
normal people (48)
Maternal blood:
control (249)
lead mining area (253)
Reference
Schroeder et al. , 1967
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Schroeder et al., 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Henkin, 1971
Marks et al. , 1972
Perry et al . , 1962
Perry, 1968
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder et al . , 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Baglan et al. , 1974
Bogden, Singh, and
Joselow, 1974
Bierenbaum et al. , 1975
Butt et al. , 1964
Butt et al. , 1964
Fahim, Fahim, and Hall,
1976
-------
Table 94. Zinc (continued)
m. Number of Analytical
Tissue , .
cases method
502 NG
39 XRS
117 AAS
20 ES
40 AAS
164 AAS
15 AAS
15 AAS
275 AAS, F
59 AAS
123 C
243 AAS
Range
NG
NG
0.93-1.03 ppm
72-115 yg/100 ml
63-118 yg/100 ml
NG
NG
NG
63-147 ug/100 ml
27-65 yg/100 ml
70-102 yg/100 ml
NG
NG
740-1300 yg/liter
760-980 yg/liter
820-1090 yg/liter
34-177 ug/100 ml
80-543 yg/100 ml
60-1987 yg/100 ml
Mean level
34-38 yg/100 ml
32-41 yg/100 ml
0.98 ppm
96 ± 12 yg/100 ml
89 ± 13 yg/100 ml
85.7 ± 2.2 yg/100 ml
87.9 ± 2.6 yg/100 ml
54 ± 32 yg/100 ml
92 yg/100 ml
48 ± 3 and 90 ± 3 yg/
100 ml
83 yg/100 ml
96+2 ppm
77 ± 2 ppm
950 yg/liter
860 yg/liter
920 yg/liter
120 yg/100 ml
140-216 yg/100 ml
530 yg/100 ml
Comments
Fetal blood:
control (249)
lead mining area (253)
Males, serum
Plasma:
adults (151)
children (26)
Plasma:
males
females
Lumber yard workers near
fertilizer plant, plasma
Male and female adults, serum
Range — pregnant women
Mean — pregnant women and
nonpregnant women, respec-
tively, number of nonpreg-
nant women not given, serum
Umbilical cord, serum
S er um :
normal individuals (150)
decreased taste activity
individuals (125)
Plasma:
men (33)
women (15)
women on pill (11)
Plasma:
normal individuals (58)
lymphomatous diseased
individuals (65)
Males, 19 cities
Reference
Fahim, Fahim, and Hall,
1976
Gofman et al. , 1964
Halsted and Smith, 1970
Hambidge and
Droegemueller , 1974
Hammer, Finklea,
Creason, Sandifer,
Keil, Pries ter, and
Stara, 1971
Henkin, 1971
Henkin, 1971
Henkin, 1971
Henkin et al. , 1975
Hohnadel et al. , 1973
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Kubota, Lazar, and
NG
4
14
NG NG
NG NG
Ch, ES 49-85 yg/100 ml
7 yg/ml
74-116 yg/100 ml
65.6 yg/100 ml
Normal level
Ages 16.5-19, pregnancy,
three sample times
Adult males
Losee, 1968
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schraer and Galloway,
1974
Vallee et al., 1957
-------
Table 94. Zinc (continued)
Tissue
Bone
Brain
Diaphragm
Esophagus
Feces
Number of
cases
13
121
6
91
1
36
4
84
150
100
NG
129
91
91
67
67
4
2
Analytical
method
ES
AAS
C
AAS
AAS
AAS
C
ES
ES
ES
NG
ES
AAS
ES
AAS
ES
NG
AAS
Range
155-372 ppm ash
80.5-200.0 ug/g dry wt
117-768 yg/g dry wt
18-34 and 26.4-274.7
Ug/g dry wt
NG
123-367 ug/g ash
3.75-12.08 ug/g wet wt
53.3-189.8 ug/g dry wt
NG
8.0-17.0 micromoles/g
ash
8.7-27.0 micromoles/g
ash
NG
520-1100 ug/g ash
NG
3300-7200 ug/g ash
NG
1900-4500 ug/g ash
1.54-1.92 mg/g dry wt
NG
Mean level
181 ppm ash
147.1 ug/g dry wt
465.8 ug/g dry wt
26 ug/g dry wt
210 ± 5 ug/g ash
NG
5.60 ug/8 wet wt
154.4 and 66.9 ug/g
dry wt
4.93 ± 0.21 mg/100 g
dry wt
NG
NG
39.1 ug/g dry wt
760 ug/g ash (median)
5000 ± 170 ug/g ash
4600 ug/g ash (median)
3000 ± 170 ug/g ash
2600 ug/g ash (median)
1.65 mg/g dry wt
14.0 ± 1.7 and 16.0 ±
Comments
Rib
Normal bone (40)
Osteogenic sarcomas (81)
Range — normal (2) and lympho-
matous diseased (4) sub-
jects, respectively, mean —
normal subjects
40 samples from one skeleton
Fetal brain
Range — normal subjects,
mean — normal (3) and
lymphomatous diseased sub-
jects (1) respectively
Above 1 year old
St. Louis adults
Adults
Normal level
Adults
Adults
Adults
Ages 16.5-19, pregnancy
Healthy 23- and 25-year-old
Reference
Alexander and Nusbaum,
1962
Janes, McCall, and
Elveback, 1972
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Schroeder et al. , 1967
Strehlow and Kneip, 1969
Chaube, Nishimura, and
Swinyard, 1973
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1971
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Perry et al. , 1962
Perry, 1968
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder et al., 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder et al., 1967
Tipton and Cook, 19r>l
Schraer and Galloway,
1974
Tipton, Stewart, and
1.4 tng/day
Hair
19
NG
52-119 and 120 ug/g
NG
males, Cincinnati, Ohio
Wrestlers and nonwrestlers
respectively
Dj.ckson, 1969
Anonymous, 1972
-------
Table 94. Zinc (continued)
Number of
Tissue
cases
33
144
391
50
18
168
12
43
10
211
NG
180
1
6
2
leart 163
150
100
NG
Analytical
method
NAA
AAS
AAS
AAS
ES
AAS
AAS
NAA
NAA
AAS
NG
AAS
AAS
ES
AAS, MS
ES
ES
ES
NG
Range
51-602 ppm
NG
10.50-450.0 pg/g
20.10-313.0 pg/g
75-454 ppm
65-308 ppm
0.0064 and 0.0562%
dry wt
40-260 ppm
6.4-87.0 pg/g
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
30-150 ppm
NG
NG
31-59 micromoles/g ash
26-49 micromoles/g ash
NG
Mean level
117 ppm
136 pg/g
151 yg/g
225 pg/g
90.50 yg/g
108.54 yg/g
156 ppm
173 ppm
NG
145.2 ± 30.8 to 156.6 ±
26.0 ppm
18.6 pg/g
523.5 yg/g
526.0 pg/g
517.0 pg/g
161.5 ±14.1 ppm
90-180 ppm
110-190 ppm
173 pg/g dry wt
167 ± 5 yg/g
172 ± 9.3 pg/g
189.4 ± 1.0 pg/g
119 ±4.6 ppm
246.0 and 181.0 pg/g
ash
11.85 ± 0.39 mg/100 g
dry wt
NG
NG
87.9 yg/g dry wt
Comments
Adults and children, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee
Maternal scalp (50)
Maternal pubic (51)
Neonatal scalp hair (43)
New York suburbs :
children (224)
adults (167)
Males (25)
Females (25)
White males
Fourth-grade boys, five
cities
Males and females
Control subjects (13)
Dialysis subjects (18)
Uremic subjects (12)
Homogenized hair
Various age groups :
males
females
Normal hair level
Males
Females
Seasonal variations , hair
analysis reliable
Methodology
Above 1 year old
St. Louis adults
Adults
Normal level
Reference
Bate and Dyer, 1965
Baumslag et al. , 1974
Creason et al. , 1975
Eads and Lambdin, 1973
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Hammer, Finklea,
Hendricks , Shy, and
Horton, 1971
Hinners et al. , 1974
Mahler et al. , 1970
Obrusnik et al. , 1972
Petering, Yeager, and
Witherup, 1971
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schroeder and Nason,
1969
Sorenson et al. , 1973
Strain et al. , 1966
Yurachek, Clemena, and
Harrison, 1969
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Perry et al. , 1962
Perry, 1968
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
-------
Table 94. Zinc (continued)
Tissue
Intestine
Number of
cases
140
15
Analytical
method
ES
C
Range
2000-3700 yg/g ash
32.2-90.2 yg/g dry wt
Mean level
2700 yg/g ash (median)
60.6 ug/g dry wt
Comments
Adults
Range — normal (10) and
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch, Smith, and
120
24
14
38
AAS
AAS
42.0-176.3 yg/g dry wt
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Omentum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Duodenum
Jej unum
Ileum
Cecum
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
idney
68
103
84
31
73
108
42
68
103
84
31
108
42
36
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
AAS
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
AAS
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
17(
161
17(
191
181
241
11
NAA
1700-3400 yg/g ash
1600-3100 yg/g ash
-4900 yg/g ash
1900-4400 yg/g ash
1800-4000 yg/g ash
2400-4800 yg/g ash
11.34-20.1 yg/g wet wt
726-7768 ppm ash
270-5700 yg/g ash
1300-8100 yg/g ash
83.9-550 yg/g dry wt
167.8-1038.4 yg/g dry wt
64-126 yg/g dry wt
119-448 yg/g dry wt
2500 ± 74 yg/g ash
2300 ± 67 yg/g ash
3200 ± 230 yg/g ash
3300 ± 180 yg/g ash
1700 ± 88 yg/g ash
2700 ± 79 ug/g ash
3500 ± 180 yg/g ash
2400 yg/g ash (median)
2200 yg/g ash (median)
2800 yg/g ash (median)
3500 yg/g ash (median)
2600 yg/g ash (median)
3300 yg/g ash (median)
15.77 yg/g wet wt
1832-3762 ppm ash
3500 yg/g ash
4600 yg/g ash
375 yg/g dry wt
91 yg/g dry wt
218 yg/g dry wt
lymphomatous diseased (5)
subjects respectively,
mean — normal subjects,
small intestine
Fetal kidney
Autopsies, 14 under 6 years
old, 106 adults, renal
cortex
Autopsies:
control (12)
emphysematics (12)
Range — normal (7) and lymph-
omatous diseased (7) sub-
jects, respectively, mean -
normal subjects
Autopsies:
infants (6)
adults (32)
McNelly, 1957
Schroeder et al., 1967
Schroeder et al., 1967
Schroeder et al., 1967
Schroeder et al., 1967
Schroeder et al., 1967
Schroeder et al., 1967
Schroeder et al., 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Chaube, Nishimura, and
Swinyard, 1973
Hammer et al., 1973
Hirst et al., 1973
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Livingstone, 1971
-------
Table 94. Zinc (continued)
Number of
Tissue
cases
80
104
35
244
150
62
24
100
NG
40
NG
145
Larynx 48
48
Liver 36
120
Analytical
method
AAS
AAS
AAS
ES
ES
ES
AAS
ES
NG
AAS
ES
ES
AAS
ES
AAS
AAS
Range
3267-9560 yg/g ash
2210-5858 yg/g ash
3124-10,110 ug/g ash
3689-14,598 ug/g ash
NG
61-423 ppm dry wt
60-241 ppm dry wt
NG
49-120 micromoles/g ash
1110-8200 yg/g ash
NG
35-175 micromoles/g ash
NG
NG
0.0-100+ mg/100 g dry wt
3200-7400 yg/g ash
NG
680-2300 yg/g ash
104.9-231.7 yg/g dry wt
158-60,260 ppm ash
Mean level
5168 yg/g ash
4839 yg/g ash
5204 yg/g ash
7431 yg/g ash
5307 ± 1797 yg/g ash
5055 ± 6791 yg/g ash
181 ppm dry wt
125 ppm dry wt
19.04 ± 0.64 mg/100 g
dry wt
NG
3810-3850 yg/g ash
4620 ± 1960 yg/g ash
3450 ± 1630 yg/g ash
NG
188 yg/g dry wt
287 ± 126 yg/g dry wt
NG
4500 yg/g ash (median)
1300 ± 87 yg/g ash
1200 yg/g ash (median)
167.7 yg/g wet wt
3297-6354 ppm ash
Comments
Control (traumatic or infec-
tious diseases)
Chronic hypertensives (12)
Cardiac or cerebrovascular
diseases (18)
Malignant diseases (25)
103 males, 1 female:
control (36)
emphysema and carcinoma (68)
Cortex
Medulla
Above 1 year old
St. Louis adults
St. Louis adults and children
Emphysematic (12)
Normal (12)
Adults
Normal level
Adults, no metallothionein
Adults
Adults
Fetal liver
Autopsies, 14 under 6 years,
Reference
Morgan, 1969
Morgan, Burch, and
Watkins, 1971
Netsky et al. , 1969
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Perry et al. , 1962
Perry et al. , 1961
Perry et al. , 1972
Perry, 1968
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Syversen, 1975
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder et al., 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Chaube, Nishimura, and
Swinyard, 1973
Hammer et al. , 1973
24
14
AAS
2500-10,000 yg/g ash
1900-8300 yg/g ash
223.4-517.0 yg/g dry wt
395.8 yg/g dry wt
5700 yg/g ash
5000 yg/g ash
379 yg/g dry wt
106 adults, highest level
in 0-9 year age group
Autopsies:
control (12)
emphysematics (12)
Range — normal (8) and lymph-
omatous diseased (6) sub-
jects, respectively, mean —
normal subjects
Hirst et al. , 1973
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
-------
Table 94. Zinc (continued)
Tissue Number of
cases
80
104
35
241
13
150
62
24
100
10
NG
14
NG
150
14
Lung 24
Analytical
method
AAS
MS
AAS
ES
NG
ES
ES
AAS
ES
ES
NG
AAS
ES
ES
Ch, ES
AAS
Range
3282-16,842 pg/g ash
4702-11,238 pg/g ash
2732-17,950 yg/g ash
3740-21,098 pg/g ash
NG
51-504 ppm dry wt
NG
26-48 ppm wet wt
53-101 ppm wet wt
14-26 ppm wet wt
34-92 micromoles/g ash
1400-21,000 ug/g ash
NG
44-230 micromoles/g ash
NG
NG
NG
0.0-65+ rag/100 g dry wt
2200-5900 pg/g ash
NG
100-1400 ug/g ash
96-2100 pg/g ash
Mean level
6463 pg/g ash
7028 pg/g ash
7404 pg/g ash
9678 pg/g ash
6062 ± 2311 pg/g ash
6469-7322 pg/g ash
207 ppm dry wt
21.92 ± 0.70 mg/100 g
dry wt
37.2 ppm wet wt
80 ppm wet wt
18 ppm wet wt
NG
3875-9800 pg/g ash
5040 ± 1670 pg/g ash
5780 ± 2800 pg/g ash
NG
4920 ± 1810 pg/g ash
169 pg/g dry wt
280 ± 58 pg/g dry wt
221 ± 69 pg/g dry wt
NG
3500 pg/g ash (median)
74 ppm wet wt
950 pg/g ash
990 pg/g ash
Comments
79 men, 1 woman:
control (traumatic or
infectious diseases [25])
chronic hypertensives (12)
cardiac or cerebrovascular
diseases (18)
malignant diseases (18)
103 males, 1 female:
control (36)
emphysema and carcinoma (68)
Autopsies
Above 1 year old
Control (no cancer)
Cancer patient, uninvolved
liver
Cancer patient, cancerous
liver
St. Louis adults
St. Louis adults and children
Eraphysematic (12)
Normal (12)
Adults
Five blacks and five whites,
St. Louis
Normal liver level
Adults, no metallothionein
detected:
cortex
medulla
Adults
Adult males
Autopsies :
control (12)
emphyseraatics (12)
Reference
Morgan, 1969
Morgan, Burch, and
Watkins, 1971
Netsky et al. , 1969
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Olson et al. , 1954
Perry et al. , 1962
Perry et al. , 1961
Perry et al. , 1972
Perry, 1968
Perry et al. , 1973
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Syversen, 1975
Tietz, Hirsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Conk, 1963
Vallee et al . , 1957
Hirst et al. , 1973
-------
Table 94. Zinc (continued)
„, Number of
Tissue
cases
13
26
35
86
150
24
100
168
NG
141
141
Analytical
method
C
MS
AAS
ES
ES
AAS
ES
NG
ES
ES
ES
Range
117.2-145.1 pg/g dry wt
78.2-719.8 pg/g dry wt
24.0-140.0 pg/g dry wt
53-225 ppm dry wt
NG
13-27 micromoles/g ash
NG
13-36 micromoles/g ash
6.6-31 mg
0-20+ mg/100 g dry wt
880-1800 yg/g ash
660-3100 yg/g ash
Mean level
130.8 pg/g dry wt
51.2-102.2 pg/g dry wt
85 ppm dry wt
8.63 ± 0.39 mg/100 g
NG
978 ± 410 pg/g ash
830 ± 410 pg/g ash
NG
NG
NG
1300 pg/g ash (median)
1400 yg/g ash (median)
Comments
Range — normal (5) and lymph-
omatous diseased (8) sub-
jects, respectively, mean —
normal subjects
Autopsies, Chicago area
Autopsies
Above 1 year old
St. Louis adults
Emphysematic (12)
Normal (12)
Adults
Autopsies, urban and rural
areas
Adult
Autopsies , nine cities
Reference
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Marks et al . , 1972
Netsky et al. , 1969
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Perry et al. , 1962
Perry et al. , 1972
Perry, 1968
Schroeder, 1970b
Tietz, Hlrsch, and
Neyman, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Tipton and Shafer, 1964
Membrane
Milk
Muscle
Myocardium
Nails
502
50
13
13
137
137
26
18
NG
AAS
MS
ES
MS
ES
NG
NG
62.3-297.3 pg/g dry wt
95.7-144.8 pg/g dry wt
26-30 pg/100 g
26.5-29.0 pg/100 %
1.68 + 0.78 yg/ml
213.4 ug/g dry wt
278-642 yg/g dry wt 413.6 ug/g dry wt
215.2-349.7 pg/g dry wt
NG
2900-6800 ug/g ash
102-284 pg/g dry wt
0.0116-0.308% dry wt
4800 ± 190 pg/g ash
4300 pg/g ash (median)
130-152 pg/g dry wt
NG
Fetal membrane:
control area (249)
lead mining area (253)
Range — normal (6) and lymph-
omatous diseased (7) sub-
jects, respectively, mean —
normal subjects, cardiac
Range — normal (7) and lymph-
omatous diseased (6) sub-
jects, respectively, mean -
normal subjects
Striated
Adult
Autopsies, Chicago area
White males
Fahim, Fahim, and Hall,
1976
Picciano and Guthrie,
1976
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Schroeder et al., 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Marks et al., 1972
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
-------
Table 94. Zinc (continued)
Tissue
Omentum
Ovary
Pancreas
Placenta
Prostate
Saliva
Skin
Number of
cases
43
73
16
16
9
138
811
554
554
502
58
50
50
81
275
18
7
Analytical
method
NAA
ES
AAS
ES
C
ES
NAA
AAS
AAS
SG
NG
AAS
ES
AAS
AAS
F
ES
C
Range
NG
940-2900 pg/g ash
NG
840-2700 pg/g ash
114-195 pg/g dry wt
92.4-180.6 pg/g dry wt
1500-3500 ug/g ash
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
3200-19,000 pg/g ash
NG
NG
0.002-0.0678% dry wt
6. 2-112.4 pg/g dry wt
Mean level
242 pg/g
445 yg/g
448 pg/g
1600 yg/g ash (median)
1800 ± 210 pg/g ash
1700 pg/g ash (median)
168 pg/g dry wt
2300 pg/g ash (median)
70.5 ± 13.5 yg/g dry wt
28.82 ± 20.77
micromoles/g dry wt
13.80 ± 0.39 to 50.37 ±
3.58 micromoles/g
26.5-31.0 pg/100 g
26.0-31.5 pg/100 g
10.232 ± 0.481 pg/g
wet wt
9200 ± 860 pg/g ash
7500 pg/g ash (median)
51 ± 14 ppb
10+6 ppb
51+3 ppb
10 ± 1 ppb
NG
SG
Comments
Finger :
control subjects (13)
dialysis subjects (18)
uremic subjects (12)
Adult
Adult
Range — normal (4) and lymph-
omatous diseased (5) sub-
jects, respectively, mean —
normal subjects
Adult
Nashville, Tennessee,
hospitals
Normal deliveries, Houston
Range of monthly means
Control (249)
Lead mining area (253)
Southern and southeastern
city hospitals
Adults
Parotid saliva:
normal (34)
idopathic hypogeusia (47)
Normal (150)
Decreased taste activity (125)
White males
Lymphomatous diseased subjects
Reference
Mahler et al. , 1970
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder et al., 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Baglan et al. , 1974
Dawson et al. , 1969
Dawson et al. , 1968
Fahim, Fahim, and Hall,
1976
Karp and Robertson, 1977
Schroeder et al., 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Henkin, Mueller, and
Wolf, 1975
Henkin, Mueller, and
Wolf, 1975
Goldblum, Derby, and
Lerner, 1953
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
-------
Table 94. Zinc (continued)
„. Number of
Tissue
cases
21
21
Spleen 11
26
87
150
100
142
Stomach 7
130
130
Sweat 48
Analytical
method
MS
ES
C
AAS
ES
ES
ES
ES
C
AAS
ES
AAS
Range
NG
550-1000 jjg/g ash
63.3-138.3 yg/g dry wt
92.1-130.7 yg/g dry wt
62.2-154 ijg/g dry wt
NG
15-29 micromoles/g ash
15-36 micromoles/g ash
1000-1900 yg/g ash
78.7-185 yg/g dry wt
73.7-144.2 yg/g dry wt
NG
1700-3400 yg/g ash
130-1460 yg/liter
530-2620 yg/liter
Mean level
1000 ± 230 yg/g ash
780 yg/g ash (median)
113.4 yg/g dry wt
77.9-91.0 ug/g dry wt
8.57 ± 0.38 mg/100 g
dry wt
NG
NG
1300 yg/g ash (median)
152.7 yg/g dry wt
2600 ± 69 ug/g ash
2400 yg/g ash (median)
500 yg/liter
1250 yg/liter
Comments
Adults
Range — normal (6) and lymph-
omatous diseased (5) sub-
jects, respectively, mean —
normal subjects
Autopsies, Chicago area
Above 1 year old
St. Louis adults
Adults
Adults
Range — normal (4) and lymph-
omatous diseased (3) sub-
jects, respectively, mean —
normal subjects
Adults
Men (33)
Females (15)
Reference
Schroeder et al. , 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Marks et al. , 1972
Nusbaum et al. , 1958
Perry et al. , 1962
Perry, 1968
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Koch, Smith, and
McNelly, 1957
Schroeder et al., 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Hohnadel et al. , 1973
Teeth
NG
2.47-3.49 mg/day
Testis
35
38
56
71
71
AAS
XRS
MS
AAS
ES
1210-3950 ppm
NG
42-510 yg/g
NG
900-2200 yg/g
2.84 mg/day
1620 ± 460 ppm
151.0 ± 30.5 yg/g
203 yg/g
1500 ± 64 yg/g ash
1400 yg/g ash (median)
Comparison to women on pill
showed no difference
Ages 16.5-19, pregnancy
Left maxillary central in-
cisor, 9-15 years old
Californians, dentin
Less than 20-year-old teeth,
enamel
Adults
Schraer and Calloway,
1974
Brudevold et al., 1975
Kuhnlein and Calloway,
1977
Losee, Cutress, and
Brown, 1973
Schroeder et al., 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Thyroid
21
AAS
NG
2900 ± 260 yg/g ash
Schroeder et al., 1967
-------
Table 94. Zinc (continued)
Tissue
Trachea
Umbilical
cord
Urine
Number of
cases
21
60
60
502
19
40
164
24
38
NG
4
Analytical
method
ES
AAS
ES
NG
NG
AAS
AAS
ES
NG
NG
NG
Range
1700-4000 pg/g ash
NG
450-1800 yg/g ash
NG
166-323 yg/24-hr sample
400-800 yg/24-hr sample
NG
141-779 yg/100 ml
82-740 ug/liter
NG
NG
0.49-0.82 mg/day
Mean level
2700 yg/g ash (median)
980 ± 62 yg/g ash
890 yg/g ash (median)
27-29 yg/100 g
24-29 yg/100 g
NG
630 ± 550 yg/100 ml
353 yg/100 ml
318 yg/liter
85 ppb
125 ppb
85 ppb
0.5 yg/ml
0.62 mg/day
Comments
Adults
Adults
Control area (249)
Lead mining area (253)
Wrestlers
Nonwres tiers
Lumberyard workers near
fertilizer plant
Male and female adults
Black and white males and
females
Normal subjects (15)
Hypertensive subjects (15)
Treated hypertensive subjects
(8)
Normal level
Ages 16.5-19, pregnancy
Reference
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Schroeder et al. , 1967
Tipton and Cook, 1963
Fahim, Fahim, and Hall,
1976
Anonymous, 1972
Hammer, Finklea,
Creason, Sandifer,
Keil, Priester, and
Stara, 1971
Henkin, 1971
Perry and Perry, 1959
Perry, 1968
Rentoul and Smith, 1973
Schraer and Galloway,
2
32
AAS
AAS
NG
NG
1.3 + 0.1 and 1.2 ± 0.2
mg/day
2500 ± 290 yg/g ash
Healthy 23- and 25-year-old
males, Cincinnati, Ohio
1974
Tipton, Stewart, and
Dickson, 1969
Schroeder et al., 1967
-------
Table 95. Zirconium
Number of Analytical
Tissue } , Range
cases method °
Adipose 3 C 2.94-42.27 yg/g ash
Aorta 1 C NG
Blood 39 XRS 0.00-0.20 ppm
4 C
NG
4 C
NG
Brain 4 C 0.26-6.40 ug/g ash
Diaphragm 1 C NG
Feces 2 ES NG
Gall 1 C NG
bladder
Heart 4 C 0.74-4.13 yg/g ash
Intestine 2 C 0.36-1.16 ug/g ash
Kidney 4 C 0.65-5.39 yg/g ash
Liver 3 C 1.35-9.19 ug/g ash
Lung 168 NG Max - 7890
4 C 1.18-7.49 ug/g ash
Mean level
18.71 yg/g ash
9.49 ug/g ash
NG
0.40 yg/g
1.25 yg/g
6.40 yg/g
6.02 yg/g
2.61 yg/g ash
3.49 yg/g ash
0.12 ± 0.02 and
0.059 ± 0.008 rag/day
13.92 yg/g ash
1.81 yg/g ash
0.76 yg/g ash
2.70 yg/g ash
6.28 yg/g ash
NG
3.46 yg/g ash
Comments
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
and Miami
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
and Miami
Healthy males, age 35.3 years,
serum
Serum:
18 years old
40 years old
Red blood cells :
18 years old
40 years old
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
and Miami
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
and Miami
Healthy 23- and 25-year-old
males, University of
Cincinnati
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
and Miami
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
and Miami
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
and Miami, jejunum
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
and Miami
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
and Miami
58 cities and 29 nonurban
areas
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
Reference
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Gofman et al. , 1964
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Tipton et al. , 1969
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Schroeder, 1970fc
Schroeder and Balassa,
and Miami
1966
-------
Table 95. Zirconium (continued)
Tissue
Muscle
Pancreas
Spleen
Stomach
Teeth
Testis
Total body
content
Number of Analytical Mean
cases method °
1 C NG 2.63 ug/g ash
3 C 1.32-3.50 ug/g ash 2.06 ug/g ash
4 C 0.65-3.39 ug/g ash 1.88 ug/g ash
2 C 1.52-1.76 ug/g ash 1.64 ug/g ash
208 MS
NG 0.27 ± 0.10 ppm
0.16 ± 0.09 ppm
56 MS 0.02-2.60 ug/g dry wt 0.53 ± 0.08 ug/g dry wt
4 C 0.93-2.04 ug/g ash 1.37 ug/g ash
168 NG NG 420 mg
Comments
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
and Miami, psoas muscle
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
and Miami
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
and Miami
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
and Miami
Subjects less than 20 years
old:
high caries
low caries
Subjects less than 20 years
old, wide geographic area
Autopsies: Dallas, Baltimore,
and Miami
National survey
Reference
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Curzon and Losee, 1977
Losee et al. , 1973
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Schroeder, 1970i
Urine
C
ES
NG
NG
0.0 at ug/g level
0.084 ± 0.014 and
0.18 ± 0.06 mg/day
One female, four males, age
18-80 years
Healthy 23- and 25-year-old
males, University of
Cincinnati
Schroeder and Balassa,
1966
Tipton et al., 1969
-------
236
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/1-80-002
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Levels of Chemical Contaminants in Nonoccupationally
Exposed U.S. Residents
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
James W. Holleman and Anna S. Hammons
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO,
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Information Center Complex, Information Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1HE775
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
EPA-78-D-X0205
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
27711
EPA/11
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report is a compilation of information on chemical contaminants resulting
from environmental pollution and found in nonoccupationally exposed U.S. residents.
Listed in tabular form for each of approximately 100 elements or compounds are:
the tissue the compound was found in; the range and mean or median of concentra-
tion; the number of cases; the analytical methods used for detection, identifica-
tion, and quantitation; the bibliographic reference; source and route of entry
of the contaminant into the environment and into man; epidemiological and demo-
graphic information; and other pertinent comments.
Literature coverage goes back 30 years witn special attention to the past
10 to 15 years. About 400 references are cited. Some substances which are not
necessarily contaminants are included in the report for scientific interest and
to establish baselines.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Chemical Contaminants
Toxic Substances
Human-Body Burdens
Tissue Burdens
Multi-Route Pollutants
Toxicology
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
06, F
07, B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMEN1
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
278
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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