United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Health Effects Research
Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
EPA-600/1-80-022
May 1980
Distribution of Orally
Administered
Chrysotile Asbestos in
Newborn
Baboon Body
-------
REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7 Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS RE-
SEARCH series. This series describes projects and studies relating to the toler-
ances of man for unhealthful substances or conditions. This work is generally
assessed from a medical viewpoint, including physiological or psychological
studies. In addition to toxicology and other medical specialities, study areas in-
clude biomedical instrumentation and health research techniques utilizing ani-
mals but always with intended application to human health measures.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/1-80-022
May 1980
DISTRIBUTION OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED CHRYSOTILE
ASBESTOS IN NEWBORN BABOON BODY
by
Kusum J. Patel-Mandlik
School of Public Health
University of Illinois
Chicago, Illinois 60680
Contract No. CA-8-3307-J
Project Officer
James R. Millette
Field Studies Division
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Health Effects Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names
or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
-------
FOREWORD
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency was created in response
to increasing public concern about the dangers of pollution to the health
and welfare of the American people and their environment. The complexities
of environmental problems originate in the deep interdependent relationships
between the various physical and biological segments of man's natural and
social world. Solutions to these environmental problems require an
integrated program of research and development using input from a number
of disciplines.
The Health Effects Research Laboratory was established to provide
sound health effects data in support of the regulatory activities of the
EPA. Evaluating man's exposure to environmental health hazards is a key
segment in developing such a data bank. Studies of exposure require
identification, characterization, and quantification of physical, chemical,
and biological agents found in the environment. In addition, exposure
assessment involves the determination of conditions that cause agents to
be released into the environment, the study of the routes and pathways
to man, and research into the body's ability to prevent the entrance of
environmental hazards.
This report presents the results of a study to determine if ingested
asbestos fibers can penetrate the gastrointestinal tract and be transported
to other tissues in the body. An understanding of how the body handles
asbestos is important in determining the potential adverse health effects
of asbestos in drinking water.
R. J. TGarner
Director
Health Effects Research Laboratory
111
-------
ABSTRACT
This report presents the results of transmission electron microscopic
analyses for asbestos in ten organs of the newborn baboon which was orally
administered chrysotile asbestos. The feeding period consisted of nine days
with a cumulative dose of 3 x 10^ chrysotile fibers per kilogram. Analysis
of the same ten organs of a control newborn baboon is also included.
The test tissues showed higher levels of asbestos than respective con-
trol tissues. The highest concentration of chrysotile fibers was found in
the kidney cortex followed by lymph nodes, spleen, colon, esophagus, kidney
medulla, stomach, and liver. Fiber size distribution of the fibers re-
covered from all organs is presented.
A portion of this study appeared in EPA-600/1-78-069. This report was
submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. CA-8-3307-J by the School of Public
Health, University of Illinois Medical Center, under the sponsorship of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers the period October
1, 1978 to September 30, 1979, and work was completed as of September 10,
1979.
IV
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
List of Illustrations and Tables vi
Acknowledgement vii
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions 2
3. Recommendations 3
4. Materials and Methods 4
Tissue preparation 4
Electron microscopic scanning and calculations 5
Detection limit 7
5. Results and Discussion 8
References 14
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Number Page
1 Statistical difference in the fiber levels retained by
baboon tissues - comparisons between each two tissues. . . .10
2 A cluster of chrysotile asbestos fibers recovered in the
spleen of test neonate baboon. Bar length = 1.0 pm 11
LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
1 Chrysotile Asbestos Recovered in Tissues of Neonate
Baboons 6
2 Length Data in ym of Chrysotile Fibers Recovered in
Test Baboon Tissues 12
3 Percent Frequency ot Fiber Lengths of UICC Standard
Canadian Chrysotile and Chrysotile Fibers Recovered
in Test Baboon Tissues 12
4 Fiber Diameter Data of Chrysotile Asbestos Recovered
in Test Baboon Tissues 13
5 Type and Size of Fibers Recovered in Test Baboon Tissues. . . 13
VI
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Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to M. K. Patel and T. K. Patel of the Biostatis-
tics Facility, University of Illinois Medical Center, for statistical analy-
ses.
VI1
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INTRODUCTION
Exposure to asbestos occurs to small groups of people in their work-
places or to the general population through air, food, water and bevera-
ges, d"") A few references are cited here from the extensive literature on
lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis occurring from exposure to occu-
pationally inhaled asbestos.(7-10) Hazards of orally-ingested asbestos are
not yet understood. Reports have appeared showing that the ingested fibers
penetrate, migrate between, and are recoverable from the gastrointestinal
tract and distant tissues, (H~13) as well as from urine. (***> 15)
An understanding of how the body handles ingested asbestos is important
in determining the potential health effects of asbestos in drinking water,
foods, drugs, and beverages. This report presents the results of a study to
determine if orally-administered asbestos in a nonhuman primate can be reco-
vered from tissues other than the gastrointestinal tract organs and in what
concentrations. This is an extension of a previous study wherein recovery
of high concentration of asbestos in kidney cortex of a test newborn baboon
was reported. ^ **' Preliminary results of recovery of asbestos in kidney
medulla, spleen, and liver of this baboon were given earlier.'1°) This
report includes more definitive data on kidney medulla, liver, and spleen,
and further analyses for asbestos in the gastrointestinal tract organs,
heart, liver, and lymph nodes.
-------
CONCLUSIONS
This study was dorie to investigate the distribution pattern of ingested
asbestos in an animal species closely related to humans, the baboon. Newborn
control and test baboons (Papio anubis), one each was bottle fed ad libitum
with Similac milk formula. The milk formula fed to test baboon was mixed
with UICC Canadian Standard Reference Chrysotile. Tissues taken from ten
different organs of each animal were analyzed for asbestos fibers. Chryso-
tile asbestos was found in the gastrointestinal tract organs, kidney cortex
and medulla, spleen, lymph nodes, and liver of the test baboon; whereas test
heart showed a below detection level. Among ten organs of the control neo-
nate baboon, only a very low number of fibers were recovered in each instance
except from the cecum. Test kidney cortex and lymph nodes showed highly
significant difference from the controls (P<0.001). Test kidney cortex had
the highest level of fibers among all the organs (P<0.001).
Evidence is provided indicative of penetration and migration of orally
administered chrysotile asbestos through the gut wall into and between other
organs of the body. Also, fibers of wide ranges of lengths and widths seem.
to penetrate and migrate without a particular selection mechanism.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanism by which
chrysotile fibers are degraded within the biological system.
2. Further work should be conducted to confirm that kidney is the site
of highest retention of ingested asbestos and to investigate the reason(s)
and any possible damage caused to the ultrastructure of the kidney.
3. There is a sparsity of data on retention of ingested asbestos by
cancer target organs of the body following chronic oral exposure to asbestos.
Such information could be useful to correlate it with the results of studies
on carcinogenicity of asbestos.
-------
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two neonate baboons (Papio anubis), born exactly 8 days apart, were used
as control and test animals. Each animal was maintained in an Isolette in-
fant incubator under conditions of controlled temperature, humidity and air
supply. The test animal weighed 920 grams and was bottle fed with a sus-
pension of UICC Canadian chrysotile in milk formula. See Table 3 for the
frequency distribution of UICC fiber lengths. The suspension was prepared
by swirling 10 mg of asbestos in 500 ml of distilled water which had been
previously filtered through a O.lym Millipore membrane. It was mixed 1:1
with concentrated milk formula (Similac, Ross Laboratories) prior to feeding
to give 10 mg of chrysotile per liter. Assuming 106 fibers per nanogram,
the feeding suspension contained 10^3 fibers per liter (f/H). A total of
2.8 liters was provided ad libitum over a period of 9 days beginning 24 hours
after birth. Therefore, the total dose for the test animal was 3.0 x 1013
F/kg. The control animal weighed 961 g and was bottle fed with a one to one
mixture of concentrated milk formula and distilled, filtered water; 2.6
liters were consumed over 9 days. Both animals were sacrificed at the end
of the 10-day trial.
TISSUE PREPARATION
1. Comparable weights of control and test tissues were dried in a vacuum
oven at 90°C until weights became constant.
2. Dried tissue was ashed in a low temperature plasma asher at 80 watts
for about 3 hours.
3. The resultant ash was suspended in 10 ml of 1% acetic acid and ultra-
sonicated at 50kHz for 1 minute to obtain dispersion without breakage.
Treatment with acid improved the removal of organics in the subsequent
ashing step. A check using reference UICC Canadian chrysotile indicated
that acid treatment did not disturb the morphology or diffraction
pattern under transmission electron microscopy.
4. The suspension was filtered through a O.lym Nucleopore membrane and the
latter was ashed in the plasma unit at 80 watts for 3 hours. The resi-
due was suspended in 5 ml of filtered (0.2ym Fluoropore) acetone and
sonicated for one minute.
5. The volume of acetone-tissue ash suspension to be deposited on Formvar
and carbon-coated TEM grid depended upon the dry weight of each tissue
sample. Rapid drying of the suspension delivered from a microlitre
syringe was effected by the use of an infrared lamp (250 W) at four-
five inches from the grid. Acetone suspensions were kept covered and
-------
cold to minimize evaporation of acetone during grid preparation.
6. Between samples, the syringe was rinsed several times with filtered
acetone. Syringe contamination was not a problem as evidenced by the
below-detection results obtained for several of the tissue preparations.
It is important to note that test and control tissues were prepared in
random sequence.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC SCANNING AND CALCULATIONS
The grids were examined at a magnification of 19,000 under TEM Philips
300. Morphology and occasionally selected area electron diffraction
(SAED) were used to identify chrysotile asbestos. Fifty grid holes,
25 from each of two grids prepared from same ash suspension, were
scanned for each control and test tissue. Fibers recovered in control
samples served not only as count of the control tissues, but also as
background count of all the materials and procedures used in preparing
the grids.
Fibers were counted and sized for length and width. In case of a bundle
or cluster, length of the longest fiber and width of the widest region were
measured. A bundle or cluster was counted as one fiber. Note that a bundle
is defined here as two or more fibrils touching each other along their long
axes, and a cluster is that which is composed of two or more individual
fibers and/or bundles oriented at various angles to each other, except paral-
lel at any point of contact. The fibers were identified and graded as Class
A, Class B, and Class C as follows:
Class A - Fibers which were clearly representative of chrysotile
morphology and sometimes SAED.
Class B - Fibers which were somewhat degraded, but still having a
morphology of chrysotile.
Class C - Fibers which were degraded and barely identifiable by
morphology.
The final concentration of fibers per mg dry weight of tissue was calcu-
lated by employing the total of fibers in Class A and Class B recovered in
50 grid holes per tissue. The equation used for calculations was as follows;
F X A X V
Fibers/mg dry weight of tissue =
G X A2 X V2 X M (i)
F X 80
M ...................... (ii)
where F = total number of fibers recovered per tissue
Ai= 0.07 tin? = area of a 200 mesh TEM
VT = 5 ml = volume of ash-acetone grid suspension
G = 50 = total number of grid holes examined per tissue
A2= 8 X 10~5 cm^ = area of 1 grid hole
-------
V2= y& volume deposited on grid
M = weight of dry tissue in mg
A loading factor, L, was derived to permit quick comparisons of fiber
retention (1) between control and test tissues of the same type and (2)
among different types of tissues within the test group, without conversion
of the EM scanning data to a unit of fiber concentration/mg dry wt. of tis-
sue. L equalled V2 X M.
By substituting L for V2 X M in the above equation, it can be rewritten
as F X 80
(iii)
The value of L was maintained almost equal in the test and control pairs
of tissues, as well as among the tissues by adjusting the volumes of suspen-
sions to be deposited on grids. This was, in other words, to normalize the
small variations in dry weights of tissue samples. As shown in Table 1, the
values of L for 20 tissue preparations (excluding kidney cortex preparations
since they were from a separate study) ranged from 0.89 to 1.086. Since
the volume of total suspension, Vlf is five in each case, the actual dry
weight scanned per TEM grid surface ranged within 0.18 to 0.22 mg for 20
tissues.
Table 1. Chrysotile asbestos recovered in tissues of neonate baboons
Tissue weight
in mg deposited
Kidney cortex
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Colon
Esophagus
Kidney medulla
Stomach
Liver
Duodenum
Cecum
Heart
per
Test
0.19
0.21
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
grid
Control
0.16
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.18
0.21
0.18
0.22
0.20
0.20
Loading
factor , L
Test
0.948
1.074
1.010
0.991
1.013
0.940
0.977
0.980
0.996
1.023
1.002
Control
0.798
1.066
1.000
1.019
1.046
0.910
1.051
0.890
1.086
0.994
1.023
Fibers recovered
50 grid
Test
109
24
15
12
8
4
2
1
3
5
BDLtf
holes, F*
Control
Oa
5a
2b
2b
lc
0C
1
0
3
8
0
Concentration
fibers/mg dry
wt.**
Test
7789
1415
1030
807
553
340
82
82
-
_
BDL
* Preparations from test and control kidney cortex were examined for 62 and 60 grid
holes, respectively.
** Fibers/mg dry wt. = F X 80. The values shown were after correction for control
L levels.
t Kidney cortex data was taken from Patel-Mandlik, et al.
tt Below Detection Limit
13
P <^0.001, P=0.01,CP=0.05 are for comparison between test and control tissues
-------
DETECTION LIMIT
The detection limit of this analytical technique can be calculated
by substituting values of F and L in the above equation (iii). If
one fiber was found per 50 grid holes scanned and if L was one, the
detection limit would be 80 F/mg dry weight. The detection limit
can be improved by viewing more grid holes or by increasing ^2 and/or
M, which in turn, may be limited by the amount of extraneous material
on the grid surface to obstruct in the scanning under the TEM. The
above detection limit is almost two times more sensitive than that
obtained by Cunningham, et al
-------
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tissue preparative technique reported here for TEM analysis of asbestos
fibers has the following merits:
1. It can be used for analysis of fresh, frozen or formalin preserved tis-
sues, and fresh filtered urine.(15)
2. The sample suspension can be preserved by allowing the acetone to evapo-
rate under cover and freezing it. Since leaching of asbestos metals is
prevented during such preservation in the dry state, fresh grids can be
prepared for future TEM analysis by resuspending the ash in acetone.
3. Since almost equal weights of the different tissues under analysis are
deposited on each grid surface [by adjusting the dry weight of tissue
times the volume of suspension on a grid (total volume of suspension)],
the fiber count itself permits instant comparisons of the levels of fi-
bers in the different tissues.
4. The detection limit is very good.
Two grids each prepared from the test and control kidney cortex tissues
were coded and sent to another laboratory. On uncoding, the results on the
fiber count were found to be remarkably close to those obtained at this
laboratory indicating the reliability of this analytical technique. This
technique differs from that used by Cunningham, et al (17,18) j_n two respects:
tissue ash was solubilized in acetic acid instead of hydrochloric acid; and,
the ash of the filter bearing the tissue ash was suspended in acetone in^-
stead of water for the purpose of transferring it onto a TEM grid.
Using the above technique grids were prepared for TEM analysis of; eleven
tissues each, of control and test neonate baboons. Chrysotile asbestos
count and size data were obtained by examining 50 grid holes, 25 each on tw.o
grid preparations from each tissue.1 Table 1 shows the results on the re^-
covery of asbestos in eleven tissues of a test baboon on a gradient of high
to low contents. In general, the number of fibers recovered in the tissues
of control animal was low. Concentrations of fibers (F/rog dry weight) in the
test tissues were calculated after correction for the fibers found in the
respective tissues of the control neonate baboon. Retention of fibers in
test cecum could not be evaluated because more fibers were recovered in con-
trol sample than in the test sample.
T~] Sixty-two and 60 grid holes, respectivelyf were examined on the grids
prepared from test and control kidney cortex tissues. Thanks are due to
P.J. Clark and J.R. Millette of the Health Effects Research Laboratory,
U.S. EPA, who were kind enough to provide the TEM scanning data of the
test kidney cortex grids.
8
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Each pair of test and control tissue data was compared using Welsh's
t-test,'19)and P<_0.005 was interpreted as indicating significant difference.
A highly significant difference (P<_0.001) was found between the paired means
of fibers recovered in kidney cortex and in lymph nodes.
Welsh's t-test was applied after corrections for control values to com-
pare the fiber levels among test organs. Figure 1 illustrates multicompari-
sons among concentrations of asbestos recovered in eight test tissues. The
histogram permits to read the statistical difference at P<0.5 in the fiber
levels between any two tissues; for example, when tissue no. 1 or kidney
cortex was compared individually with seven other tissues numbered as 2 thru
8 it indicated statistically significant excess of asbestos retention
(P<_0.001). There was no significant difference between the fiber levels re-
covered in spleen and colon as shown by the absence of vertical bar for com-
parison between spleen and tissue no. 4.
For evaluation of the results of this research a level of P<_0.005 was
considered as indicative of significant difference. The kidney cortex
showed a highly significant difference (P<_0.001) from all other organs under
analysis (Fig. 1). Also, a similar high P value was obtained when comparisons
were made between the fiber levels in lymph nodes and kidney medulla, lymph
nodes and stomach, lymph nodes and liver, and colon and liver. Differences
were significant P=0.005) between the fiber levels in spleen and stomach,
spleen and liver, and colon and stomach. Caution is required in drawing
inferences from the results wherever the fiber counts are very low (see
Table 1).
Nested analysis of variance was performed to test the particulate dis-
tribution on grids prepared from same sample. The difference between two
populations (grids) was significant (P=0.005) when the fiber counts derived
from all tissues were compared. Hence, comparisons were made using Welsh's
t-test between the fiber counts recovered in 25 grid holes of two grids each
for each of the ten tissues. Eight of the ten tissues did not show signifi-
cant difference (P=0.005) between the replicate counts of two grids prepared
from each. Fiber counts were significantly different between two grids pre-
pared from each kidney cortex and spleen (P=0.005).
Tables 2-5 show fiber size and distribution of chrysotile fibers recover-
ed in test tissues. The total number of fibers recovered in each tissue is
also given in the Tables because the data are meaningful only when the number
of fibers on which it is based is known. Results given in Tables 1-5 include
the data on asbestos fibers recovered in the kidney cortex published recent-
ly. (13) Tne range in length of fibers was 0.16 ym to 35.0 ym among all the
tissues, and was 0.16 ym to 9.30 ym among five gastrointestinal tract organs.
The longest fiber was recovered from test kidney cortex. The diameters rang-
ed from 0.01 ym to 1.50 ym among all the tissues and 0.02 ym to 0.16 ym among
five gastrointestinal tract organs. This indicated that fibers retained by
gastrointestinal tract were of smaller size in relation to other regions.
Wide ranges of length, diameter, aspect ratio, and recovery of bundles and
clusters in all organs (including colon wherein several bundles of degraded
morphology, class C^ were recovered) suggest that the processes of penetration
and migration occur for all sizes. A cluster of fibers recovered in test
-------
-------
spleen is illustrated in Fig. 2. Another cluster recovered in test spleen
was about three times as big as that shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. A cluster of chrysotile asbestos fibers recovered in the spleen of
test neonate baboon. Bar length = 1.0 ym
Frequency of distribution of fiber lengths (Table 3) of retained fibers
shows a general pattern almost comparable to the distribution frequency of
administered fibers.(20)
11
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Table 2.
Tissue
Kidney cortex
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Colon
Esophagus
Kidney medulla
Stomach
Liver
Duodenum
Cecum
Length data in um
baboon tissues.
Standard
Mean deviation
1.7(109) 4.38
0.86(24) 0.83
1.87(15) 3.29
0.33(12) 0.22
1.16(8) 1.04
0.42(4) o.lO
0.18(2) 0.06
4.80(1) 0.00
4.20(3) 4.54
0.52(5) 0.50
of chrysotile fibers recovered in test
Coefficient
of variation
257
97
174
64
90
22
16
0
108
94
Geometric
Maximum
35
3.30
12.80
0.80
2.84
0.50
0.40
4.80
9.30
1.40
Minimum
0.24
0.28
0.20
0.16
0.22
0.30
0.32
4.80
0.60
0.24
Median
0.50
0.56
0.60
0.14
0.70
O.SO
-
-
2.70
0.28
mean
0.73
0.65
0.87
0.29
0.76
0.42
0.36
4.80
2.47
0.40
*Figures in parentheses were total of number fibers recovered
Table 3. Percent frequency of fiber lengths of UICC standard Canadian chrysotile and chrysotile fibers
recovered in test baboon tissues
Length
in >im
0.2-05
0.5-1.0
1-2
2-5
5-10
10.25
2S-SO
SO- 100
Total Ito.
fibers ret
UICC*
30.6
33.4
19.8
13.2
1.76
0.93
0.24
0.07
of
:overed
Kidney
cortex
37.6
26.6
23.0
5.5
3.7
2.7
0.9
109
Lymph
nodes
37.5
37.5
12.5
12.5
24
Kidney
Spleen Colon Esophagus medulla
40.0 83.3 50 100
26.7 16.7 12.5
13.3 1.5
6.7 25
G.7
6.7
IS 12 8 4
Stomach Liver Duodenum Cecum Heart
100 80
33.3
20
100 J3.J
33.3
2135 BDLt
Data from Rendall, R.E.G.'20'
. Par cent frequency data should be considered In the light of total number of fibers recovered.
Below detection limit
12
-------
Table 4. Fiber diameter data of chrysotile asbestos recovered in
Tissue
Kidney Cortex
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Colon
Esophagus
Kidney medulla
Stomach
Liver
Duodenum
Cecum
Standard
Mean deviation
0.04(109j0.04
0.08(24) 0.08
0.15(15) 0.37
0.05(12) 0.04
0.07(8) 0.02
0.05(4) 0.02
0.08(2) 0.06
0.12(1) 0.00
0.08(3) 0.074
0.06(5) 0.02
Coefficient
of variation
100
107
241
74
31
40
71
0
96
34
Maximum
0.34
0.32.
1.50
0.14
0.11
0.08
0.12
0.12
0.16
0.08
Minimum
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.12
0,02
0.04
Median
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.08
0.04
-
-
0.05
0.08
Geometric
mean
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.07
0.05
0.07
0.12
0.05
0.06
*Figures in parentheses were total number of fibers recovered
Table 5. Type and size of fibers recovered in t«st baboon tissues
tissue
at
|4
£
3
£
1
a
0
u
S
tJ
*
2
a
i +
o
! O h
iH 4-1
III
Mean
Max.
Hin.
Kidney
cortex
109
0
Not
recorded
39.50
800.0
5.0
Lymph
nodes Spleen Colon Esophagus
24 IS 12 8
2 0 21 0
29 33 0 37.5
22.58 19.91 7.85 15.57
104.0 70.0 12.0 35.50
1.75 7.5 3.75 3.60
Kidney
oedulla
4
0
25
8.95
12.50
6.25
Stomach Liver Duodenum Cecum
2135
0013
SO 100 66 20
6.33 40.0 108.25 7.85
10.0 40.0 186.0 7.50
2.67 40.0 3.75 3.25
Fi'jers graded as Classes A and B were included to obtain the fiber concentration in the tissues.
Flbor- of CU-ioo C indicated tlio degradation of tiboro making it difficult to conflr. llialr uhiyootilo Identity.
13
-------
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1. Speil, S. and J.P. Leineweber; Asbestos minerals in modern technology
Environ. Res. 2:166, 1969.
2. Asbestos particles in foods and drugs, Federal Register 38 (188);27076,
1978.
3. Kanarek, M.S.: Asbestos in Drinking Water and Cancer Incidence.
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 389 pp. 1978.
4. Kay, G.H.: Asbestos in Drinking Water. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc.
66:513, 1974.
5. Maggiore, C.: Modes of Asbestos Detection in Foods and Drugs. Environ,
Health Perspect. 9:197, 1974.
6. Cunningham, H.M. and R.D. Pontefract; Asbestos Fibers in Beverages,
Drinking Water, and Tissues: Their Passage Through the -Intestinal Wall
and Movement Through the Body. Amer. Off. Anal. Chem. 56;976, 1973.
7. Hinson, K.F.W.: Cancer of the Lungs and Other Diseases After Exposure
to Asbestos Dust. Br. J. Dis. Chest 59;121, 1965.
8. Enterline, P., P. deCoufle, and V. Henderson; Respiratory Cancer in
Relation to Occupational Exposures Among Retired Asbestos Workers.
Br. J. Ind. Med. 30:162, 1973.
9. Selikoff, I.J., J. Churg, and E. C. Hammond: Asbestos Exposure and
Neoplasia. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 188:22, 1964.
10. Real, E.E.: Asbestosis and Abdominal Neoplasms. The Lancet 2;1211,
1960.
11. Carter, R.E.and Taylor, W.E.; Identification of a Particular Amphi-
bole Asbestos Fiber in Tissues of Persons Exposed to a High Oral
Intake of the Mineral. Presented before the Environ, Health Ad. Panel,
Amer. Public Health Assoc., Washington, D.C., September 1978.
12. Pontefract, R.D. and H.M. Cunningham: Penetration of Asbestos through
the Digestive Tract of Rats. Nature 243:352, 1973.
14
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13. Patel-Mandlik, K.J., W.H. Hallenbeck, J.R. Millette: Asbestos Fibers:
1. A Modified Preparation of Tissue Samples For Analysis by Electron
Microscopy: 2. Presence of Fibers in Tissues of Baboon Fed Chrysotile
Asbestos. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol., 6(2):1385, 1979.
14. Cook, P.M. and G.F. Olson: Ingested Mineral Fibers: Elimination in
Human Urine. Sci. 204:195, 1979.
15. Hallenbeck, W.H., and K.J. Patel-Mandlik: Presence of Fibers
in the Urine of Juvenile Baboon Gavaged With Chrysotile Asbestos.
Accepted, Environ. Res. Vol. 20, No. 2, 335-340, 1979.
16. Hallenbeck, W.H., and K.J. Patel-Mandlik: Fate of Ingested Chrysotile
Asbestos Fibers in the Newborn Baboon. USEPA Report No. 600/1-78-069,
16 pp., 1978.
17. Cunningham, H.M., R.D. Pontefract, and R.C. O'Brien: Quantitative
Relationship of Fecal Asbestos to Asbestos Exposure. J. Toxicol.
Environ. Health 1, 377, 1976.
18. Cunningham, H.M., E. Moodie, G. Lawrence, G., and R. D. Pontefract:
Chronic Effects of Ingested Asbestos in Rats. Arch. Environ. Contain.
Toxicol. 6, 507, 1977.
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of Statistics in Biological Research. W.H. Freeman and Company,
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20. Rendall, R.E.G.: The Data Sheets of Chemical and Physical Properties
of the U.I.C.C. Standard Reference Samples. In "Pneumoconiosis
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ed. Shapiro, H.A., Oxford University Press, pp. 23-27, 1970.
15
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/1-80-022
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Distribution of Orally Administered Chrysotile
Asbestos in Newborn Baboon Body
5. REPORT DATE
May 1980 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO,
Kusum J. Patel-Mandlik
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
School of Public Health
University of Illinois
Chicago, IL 60680
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1CC823
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
CA-8-3307-J
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Health Effects Research Laboratory - Cinn, OH
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 10/1/78 - 9/30/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/10
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
A portion of the study appeared in EPA-600/1-78-069
Project Officer - James R. Millette, HERL-Cin
16. ABSTRACT
This report presents the results of transmission electron microscopic
analyses for asbestos in ten organs of the newborn baboon which was orally
administered chrysotile asbestos. The feeding period consisted of nine days
with a cumulative dose of 3 x 10^-' chrysotile fibers per kilogram. Analyses
of the same ten organs of a control newborn baboon is also included.
The test tissues showed higher levels of asbestos than respective control
tissues. The highest concentration of chrysotile fibers was found in the
kidney cortex followed by lymph nodes, spleen, colon, esophagus, kidney
medulla, stomach, and liver. Fiber size distribution of the fibers recovered
from all organs is presented.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I Field/Group
Asbestos, Serpentine
Ingestion (biology), Laboratory
animals, Potable water
Health Effects
06 F
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
24
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
16
U S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1980-657-146/5672
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