-------
DIELDRIN
DDT
PARATHION
METHOXYCHLOR
PENTACHLORONITROBENZEHE
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
CAPTAN
ALDRIN
METHYL PARATHION
FONOFOS
Extractable parent
compound;
Extractable
metabolites;
Unext!rac table
products
10%
14 .—Mean proportions '(2) of extractable parent compound, extractable
metabolites, and unextractable products detected in the total ^C-
pesticidal residues in terrestrial animals as averaged over 5 species
(earthworms, slugs, pillbugs, caterpillars, and voles) from terrestrial
model ecosystems; only the dieldrin residue was predominately parent
compound. (Degradation within each species and the nature of the
metabolites is described in the text.)
32
-------
I
p.
§
o
1.0
0,9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0,4
0.3
0.2
0.1
VOLES FROM
SYSTEMS CONTAINING
-SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL
*Postemergent application
11.9
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
VOLES FROM
SYSTEMS
CONTAINING
VERMICULITE
B
"O
i-H
<
Fig. l^ .—Accumulations of total C-pestlcidal residues (black bars) and parent compounds
(white bars) in voles (entire body) from model ecosystems containing either a
vermiculite substrate or a silty clay loam soil. The voles were analyzed after
a 5-day exposure within a given model ecosystem. Each system was dosed with a
single pesticide at a rate simulating one Ib Al/acre; the mode of application
was either preemergent to substrate or postemergent to foliage, as indicated.
No corn germinated in the soil system treated with dieldrin; the system was
drenched with water instead of normal sprinkling.
33
-------
DIELDRIN
DDT
METHOXYCHLOR
PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
ALDRIN
PARATHION
CAPTAN
METHYL PARATHION
FONOFOS
Extractable parent
compound;
*•*.•»•*••••••••••
Extractable
metabolites;
Unextractable
_»J products
Fig. 16 .— Proportions (S) of extractable parent compound, extractable metabolites,
and unextractable products detected in the total 1/*C-pesticidal residues
in the entire vole body. (Degradation within individual vole organs and
the nature of the Qetabolites is described in the text.)
34
-------
«
o
44
40
24
20
12
CORN IN
SYSTEMS CONTAINING
SILTY CLAY LOAM
SOIL
24
20
16
12
CORN IN
SYSTEMS CONTAINING
VERMICIILITE
* Postemergent application
to foliage
94 90
14
17 .-rConcentrations of total C-pesticidal residues (black bars) and
parent compounds (white bars) in entire corn plants 14 days
postplanting, and the proportions (Z) of the residues (yg, not
concentration) located in shoots and roots. Postemergent applica-
tions directly to corn foliage were made 10 days postplanting, and
preenergent applications to soil were conducted at the time of
planting. Each system was dosed with a single pesticide at a rate
simulating one lb Al/acre.
35
-------
METHOXYCHLOR1
DDT1
PARATHION'
M.
METHYL PARATH.ON'
DIELDRIN
ALDRIN
FONOFOS
ALDR IN
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
PENTACHLORON I TROBENZENE
CAPTAN
i R
lExtractable parent
|compou".r';
Extractable
metabolites;
10%
.•.lUnextractable *Postemergent foliage
>*»1produets: application
Sh « corn shoots; R « corn roots; V » vermiculite; S - silty clay loam soil.
Fig. 18 . — Proportions (%) of extractable parent compound, extractable metabolites,
and unextractable products detected in the total ^C-pesticidal residues
from corn shoots and roots. Plants dosed by posteoergent application
were analyzed 4 days after dosing, and plants from systems treated with
a preemergent soil application were analyzed 14 days after dosing.
36
-------
APPENDIX
Detailed Fates of
Individual Pesticides
-------
METHOXYCHLOR
TOTAL RESIDUE
Coxa
Calculation of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
Animal total (I)
Corn—
Vermiculite (II)
Air
ToCflJC ^flyfTOflP TOtfll.
rlfi&Q
m*88' 8: concentration, «•"»•. W
(Mo.
(10)
(10)
(20)
(10)
( 1)
(44)
) X mass
2.78
3.46
0.0915
0.785
26.2
2.95
( 1)2122
- total w*/8
f •f •* •f **
- 27.8 2.06
• 34.6 2.09
1,83 4.22
7.85 6.29
* 26.2 0.469
98.3
- 130 13.6
- 2122 1.44
[5000 wg-(I+H
(mass) (cone.)
57.3
72.3
7.72
49.4
12.3
109
1768
3056
:)] » 1745
Total residue as
a Z of applied
dose (5000 ug)
l.i
1.4
0.2
1.0
0.2
3.9
35.4
61.1
34.9
a/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn,- -having been consumed and/or demol-
~ ished by the animals, is not present aa an entity at the termination of the system.
r!4 i
19. -Terminal environmental distribution of [ Cjmethoxychlar plus metabolites in a
vermiculite-terrestrial model ecosystem.
37
-------
oo
20
19
18
!l7.
I
I "
9
u
Ef 14
«M
O
" 13-
12
11
10
1,'
/
^{EMMX 0,'
k 4
MBTHOXYC1ILOR
CO,
2,
>
fEP 84X
13.6{ram 0.00215
i IUH 4x L
\ fEP 80X 1
30,0 {EM 7X 0,00116
i (UN lax i
1 fEP 87X '
90.9
-------
Table A .—Concentrations of methoxychlor and degradation
products in the vermiculite substrate ("soil")
of a terrestrial ecosystem 10 days after care-
fully applying the methoxychlor to the corn
foliage
Compound
I2/
M-DDE
M*/
M-DDD
II
III
mono-OH
IV
di-KJH
V
RfV
.95
.80
.71
.63
.27
.23
.18
.14
.05
.00
Methoxychlor
Acetone
extract
0.050
0.878
0.010
0.022
0.022
0.121
0.041
0.143
0.101
equivalents, ppm
MethanolS/
extract
<0.001
0.001
0.008
0.001
0.002
0.009
0.013
0.017
Total 14C?
1.388
0.051
Biosanple wt (g)
100.00
100.00
a/ Silica gel GF-254, petroleum ether : ether, 17:3 by volume.
b/ The methanol extract is from the sample previously ex-
tracted with acetone.
c/ Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
d/ Methoxychlor.
39
-------
Table 5.—Concentrations of raethoxychlor and degradation products in corn grown in a terrestrial model ecosystem.
Hethoxychlor equivalents, ppm. at indicated postplanting age
11 Days
Compound
R*'
£
Entire
Root Shoot plant
12 Days
Entire
Root Shoot plant
13 Days
Entire
Root Shoot plant
14 Days
Entire
Root Shoot plant
H-DDE
M-DDD
II
mono-OH
dt-OH
III
.97
.80
.71
.63
.39
.18
.05
.00
14
Extrectable C
Unextractable
14..
Grand Total C
0.212 0.081
3.930 2.452
0.055 75.536 47.153
0.532 0.332
0.215 0.134
0.011 0.668, 0.421
0.136 0.085
0.014 0.725 0.458
0.416 0.230
0.024 13.731 6.982
1.006 155.039 79.247
0.218 1.095 0.676
0.758 0.385
0.021 0.884 0.461
0.009 0.421 0.218
0.067 2.148 1.128
0.008 0.003
2.320 1.267
0.161 43.868 24.012
0.178 0.097
0.061
0.006 0.112 0.171
0.018 0.309 0.069
0.022 0.112 0.454
0.216 0.192 0.204
1.055 0.504
0.246 23.612 11.418
0.048 0.192 0.117
0.064 0.031
0.018 0.408 0.204
0.015 0.140 0.075
0.089 1.107 0.576
0.292 81.742 51.116 1.761 174.076 89.327 0.215 0.814 26.134 0.632 26.770 13.129
0.019 4.366 2.594 0.069 3.219 1.544 0.036 6.822 3.824 0.032 0.978 0.499
0.311 86.108 53.710 1.830 177.295 90.871 0.251 7.636 29.958 0.664 27.748 13.628
Biosaople wgt. (g) " 0.73773 1.07000 1.80773 0.97911 0.82165 1.80076 1.18650 1.42100 2.60750 1.35233 1.30851 2.6* .
a/ Silica Gel CF-254, Petroleum Ether: Ether, 17:3 by volume.
b/ Roman numerals • unknown compounds.
£/ Methoxychlor.
-------
Table 6.—Concentration* of metboxychlor and degradation products in invertebrates
after a 5-day exposure in a terrestrial model ecosystem
Methoxychlor
Compound
lS>
II
III
H-DDE
IV
V&
M-DDD
mono-OH
V
di-OH
VI
14
Extractable C
14
Unextraotabla C
Total 14C
Average biosample
"fy
1-.77
.94
.91
.80
.77-. 49
.71
.63
.18
.13 „
.05
.00
wt (g)
latribriaua
(worm)
0.031
0.055
0.209
0.316
, -0.121
0.126
0.534
1.392
0.665
2.057
2.78104
Lvoox
(slug.)
0.019
0.050
0.700
0.099
,0.209
0.115
0.701
1.893
0.192
2.085
3.45632
equivalents, ppi
Amodillidium
(pillbug)
0.055
1.102
0.208
0.130
_
0.186
1.781
3.462
0.755
4.217
0.09154
n*-'
Estigmene
(caterpillar)
0.089
0.526
2.829
0.038
0.155
•*
0.425
1.358
5.420
0.866
' 6.286
0.78475
a/ Average of triplicate determinations.
,b/ Silica Gel CT-254, Petroleum Bcher: Ether, 17:3 by volume.
£/ Roman numerals * unknown compounds.
4/ Methoxychlor. * ... " *
41
-------
Table 7.—Concentrations of methoxychlor and degradation products in the prairie vole after a 3-day exposure
in a terrestrial model ecosystem.
*-
K>
Methoxychlor equivalents, ppm
Compound
1^'
II
III
IV
M-DOE
V
M*'
VI
VII
VIII
IX
mono-Oil
X
dl-OH
XI
XII
Extiactable ~^C
unextraetable 14C
Total C
Bios ample wt (g)
R a/
.97
.95
.94
.93-. 80
.80
.80-. 68
.71
.63-. 39
.24
.22
.39-. 05
.18
.12
.05
.00-. 05
.00
Stomach
0.087
0.015
0.019
0.014
0.080
0.541
0.756
1.011
1.767
1.48535
Large
intestine
0.009
0.004
0.002
0.006
0.009
0.127
0.157
0.876
1.033
3.91635
Skin
0.106
0.101
0.035
0.212
0.021
0.054
0.020
0.549
0.205
0.754
3.42487
Small
intestine
0.001
0.002
0.015
0.007
0.006
0.023
0.041
0.095
0,373
0.468
1.57405
carcass
0.009
0.010
0.005
0.013
0.010
0.025
0.072
0.082
0.154
12.65070
Internal-
organs
0.009
0.006
0.004
0.007
0.011
0.014
0.009
0.004
•, 0.064
0.078
0.142
2.67095
Body*'
totals
0.019
0.019
0.001
0.007
0.001
0.041
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.010
0.001
0.014
0.067
0.184
0.285
0*469
a/ Silica Gel CT-254, Petroleum Ether: Ether, 17!3 by volume.
b/ Internal organs include heart, parotid gland, lungs, kidneys And adrenals, uterus, tongue, maanary gland,
liver and brain; extracts of these organs were combined and chromatographed as a single sample.
£/ Body totals were calculated using the live wet weight, 26.220 g.
A/ Roman numerals " unknown compounds.
e_/ Methoxychlor.
-------
Table 8.-«e1atIve affinities of 14 body-parts of the prairie vole^- for
[ CJmethoxychlor plus Its metabolites, and comparisons with the
relative masses of the body-parts.
Body-parts
(organs and tissues)
Large Intestine + contents
Stomach + contents
Skin
Carcass^-'
Small Intestine + contents
Liver
Heart
Tongue
Kidneys + adrenals
Uterus
Mammary glands
Lungs
Parotid glands
Brain
Residue wt in body-part
as a % of total residue
wt In entire body
32.86
21.3*
21.02
15.70
5.98
1,23
0.43
0.35
0.32
0.20
O.T7
0.16
0.15
0.09
100.00
Body-part wt as a %
of entire body wt
15.22
5.77
13. 3T
1»9.18
6.12
4.51
0.63
0.37
1.08
0.18
0.25
0.80
0.56
2.01
99.99
a/ Vole from a vermlculIte-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with
~" [™C]methOxychlor.
b/ Carcass a the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are listed
** above); It consists predominately of muscle and bone.
43
-------
DDT
TOTAL RESIDUE
(33%)
Corn
Airltnalc
Calculation of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
Animal total (I)
Corn*'
Vermiculite (II)
Air
To t&JL "F^ltTi!"™ To tuil.
Mfidn
Ba88' 8! concentration, "*ldue. "8:
(Mo.
(10)
(10)
(20)
(10)
( 1)
(44)
) 3J mass
3.21
2.23
0.0584
0.818
25.32
2.95
( 1)2160
- total P8/8
- 32.1 2.24
- 22.3 5.81
1.17 5.53
8.18 85.9
• 25.32 11.9
89.1
- 130 12.6
- 2160 1.73
[5000 vg-(I+ll
(mass) (cone.)
71.9
130
6.5
703
302
1213
1638
3737
[)] - 50
Total residue as
a Z of applied
dose (5000 wg)
1.4
2.6
0.1
14.1
6.0
24.2
32.8
74.7
1.0
a/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn, having been consumed and/or demol-
ished by the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the, system.
r!4 i
Fig. 21.-Terminal environmental distribution of [ CJDDT plus metabolites in a
vermiculite-terrestrial model ecosystem.
44
-------
Ul
20-
19-
IB •
p.
w
| U-
1
. 15
§
1,,
o
* 13
12
,
11
10
1,-
4
., X ~
3 \EM 3«
1
'
DDT
>O-EO-. ^.ga
y
SEP 531 [& 67X (EP 63X fBP 31
W35X 5.81
-------
Table 9 .-Concentrations of DOT and degradation products In the
vermlculite substrate ("soli") of a terrestrial model
ecosystem 10 days after carefully applying the DDT to
the corn foliage.
DDT equivalents,- ppm
Compound
DDE
DDMU
DDT
DDNS
DDD
&
11
III
IV
V
DDA
VI
Total }kC
Btosample wgt. (g)
Rf~
.90
.8A
.80
.70
.63
.*5
.42
.17
.13
.10
.02
.00
Acetone
extract
0.167
0.026
1.1T5
0.042
0.080
0.011
0.055
0.007
0.007
0.019
0.179
1.708
100.000
Methanol-/
extract
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.004
0.011
0.021
100.000
a/ Silica Gel GF-25A, Hexane: Diethyl ether, 2
-------
table 10.-Concentrations of DOT and degradation products in corn grown in a terrestrial model ecoayatea.
DDT equivalents, ppn,
Compound
ODE ,
DOT
DDMS
ODD
I-7
II
III
IV
V
VI
DDA
VII
R b/
Rf-
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.63
0.45
0.34
0.28
0.16
0.10
0.05
0.02
0.0
Extractable 14C
Unextractable
UC
Grand Total 14C
Blosample wgt
.
Root
0.018
0.362
0.213
0.020
0.053
0.043
0.029
0.043
0.781
0.014
0.795
0.40609
11 Days
Entire
Shoot plant
0.950 0.661
52.839 36.625
2.035 1.458
0.371 0.262
0.013
0.010
0.221 0.153
0.329 0.234
1.264 0.884
58.009 40.300
2.335 1.674
60.344 41.974
1.1498 i.5559
, at Indicated postplantlng age
12 Days
Root
0.006
0.043
0.083
0.803
0.008
0.084
0.031
0.004
0.013
^
0.275
0.009
0.284
*
Shoot
3.644
63.542
2.889
1.698
0.462
0.302
0.995
73.532
3.379
76.911
0.74740 1.1599
Entire
plant
1.956
34.077
1.548
0.944
0.001
0.003
0.034
0.013
0.002
0.248
0.166
0.533
39.525
1.856
41.381
1.9073
Root
0.01?
0.072
0.064
0.004
0.007
0.053
0.019
0.008
0.025
0.269
0.017
0.286
13 Days
Shoot
0.387
10,361
0.368
0,258
0.025
0.075
0.284
11.758
1.095
12.853
0.53034 1.4701
Entire
plant
0.298
7.881
0.279
0.211
0.001
0.002
0.013
0.005
0.021
0.063
0.216
8.990
0.828
9.818
2.0004
14 Daya
Hoot Shoot
0.038 1.255
0.297 13.803
0.271
0.170 0.347
0.009
0.018
0.013
0.003 0.109
0.083
0.548 15.868
0.023 2.089
0.571 17.957
0.79407 1.7336
Entire
plant
0.874
9.573
0.186
0.294
0.003
0.006
0.004
0.076
0.057
11.073
1.482
12.555
2.5277
£/ Roman numerals • unknown compounds; both dichlorobenzophenone and Kelthane cochromatographed at
b/ Silica Get GF 25(1, Hexane: ether, 2li:1 by volume.
Spot I (R, - 0.45)
-------
Table 11.-Concentrations of DDT and degradation products in invertebrates after
a 5-day exposure in a terrestrial model ecosystem.
DDT equivalents, potu^
Compound
DDE
DDMC
DDT
DDKS
DDD
I^7
II
III
IV
V
VI
DDA
VII
Extractable 14C
Unextractable 14C
Total UC
Average biosample vt
* e/
V-
.90
.84
.80
.70
.63
.45
.42
.33
.26
.17
.10
.02
.00
w
Lumbriaus
(worn)
0.287
1.180
0.184
0.165
0.037
0.047
0.076
1.976
0.268
2.244
3.2106
Limax
(slug)
0.300
3.873
0.034
0.766
0.034
0.017
0.010
0.021
0.043
0.366
5.464
0.346
5.810
2.2272
Axmaaillidivm
(pillbug)
1.455
3.476
0.069
0.138
*
0.069
0.104
5.311
0.218
5.S29
0.0584
Eatigmene
(caterpillar)
78.812
1.657
2.984
0.659
0.184
0.157
0.107
0.078
0.104
0.363
85.105
0.769
85.874
0.81801
£/ Average of triplicate determinations.
b/ Roman numerals " unknown coapounds; both dichlorobenxophenone and Kelthane
cochromatograpbed at Spot I (Rf * 0.43).
c/ StUca Gel GF-254, Hexane: ether, 24:1 by volume.
-------
T*M*l2fCMK«iitncl«t« «f GOT *n4 «**»4MlM fnduct* U tlM yralrU *«!•'' ftoi • Urrutrtal aoM *co^>tw.
ID
C^»4
DOt
tan '
DOT
Dm*
DM
£'
II
lit
IV
V
VI
VII
mi
BOA
IX
UOMIHCtttU UC
Cc«n4 Toc«lUC
tlOIMpl* • ( ((>
U .'
V
190
•a4
tie
-.70
,.63
.4)
.32
.23
.14
.U
tW
.0?
,0)
.02
.00
.
Kite.?*
A4x*n*l* ttamtck
19.181 16.844
^ 1.223
'l.WJ 3.87)
0.204
1.85) 0 )M
0.13* 0.20*
< '*
0.019
0.017 0.094
,
0.090
1
' . 0.0*2
0.129 0.121
0.166 0.67*
21.039 ' 24.12)
3.116 0.6»2
28.2)5 2).007
0.3)3*4 0.77900
**.
17.6*9
3.004
0.554
0.182
0.017
0.034
0.101
0.293
0.50}
*
22.401
0.74?
23.14*
0.0*520
Hurt
14.477
2.316
0.)6)
O.i4)
0.01*
0.39)
0.064
0.0)7
0.191
0.58*
18.850
0.694
0.171)2
W>
Llvtr
9.942
0.41?
.'
1.402
0.042
0.076
r
'
O.OM
0.09*
0.37?
12.49*
2.26)
14.763
1.31106
r Motv.i.
|l*ad
11.242
1.600
0.3)9
0.143
0.011
0.01*
0.131
0.16.9
0.237
13.930
0.669
14.599
0.1127)
«t« PPB
tntut.
i.134
0.094
0.214
O.OM
0.40*
0.060
0.049
0.176
0.217
O.OM
O.1O4
0.14)
0.071
0.1*3
1.547
13.14)
l.«60)8
CtrcM*
8.426
1.511
0.016
0.243
0.011
0.014
0.009
0.016
0.02*
0.016
0.106
0.0)4
10.680
0.700
11.3*0
15.0)200
1-,
6.39)
0.1*7
0.092
0.093
0 027
0 01)
0,040
0.160
O.IM
0.363
7.126
3.733
11.2)9
0.2494)
Into *M*
7.631 ).631
!.«** 1.154
0.14* 0.116
0.10* 0.02?
0.011
0.042 0.04)
0.034
0.019
0.2)4 0.1)3
0.23* 0.267
10.407 7.M7
0.121 1.419
10.528 9.314
0.535*0 2.61)29
ttunx
1.646
0.949
0.1)6
0.062
0.011
0.021
0.070
0.132
0.277
7.126
1.547
*.«91
0.1169)
lull
incut.
.742
.074
.411
.0)3
.M?
.OH
.034
0.014
O.OM
0.074
0.02*
0.066
0.313
6.40)
1.49)
7.900
2.0)?))
££
«.201
O.OM
1.373
0.022
0.3)4
0.043
0.01*
0.027
0.03)
0.010
0.019
0.027
0.027
0.127
0.264
10. M?
1.2))
11 *)2
la th« h«>oo« w>4 blch«M cochraM(o|t«pha4 *t «pol t (R( « 0.4)).
j/ Th« voU 41*4 «(t*r
b/ hNua auMrali • inkaoun
{/ Sil(tit fi»\ rt 2)4, ll«lumi Diaclyl cclMr, 24 I l>y valuna
4f Body totals were calculated using live body weight, 25.45289 g
-------
Table 13.-fte1atlve affinities of 13 body-parts of the prairie vole*7 for
[ c]DDT plus Its metabolites, and comparisons with the relative
masses of the body-parts.
Body-parts
(organs and tissues)
Carcass^7
Skin
Large Intestine + contents
Liver
Stomach + contents
Small Intestine + contents
Kidneys + adrenals
Brain
Heart
Lungs
Tongue
Mammary glands
Uterus
Residue wt in body-part
as a % of total residue
wt In entire body
56.77
8.14
8.11
6.42
6.41
5.39
3.31
1.87
1.11
0.33
0.65
0.54
0.35
100.00
Body-part" wt as a $
of entire body wt
59.45
10.41
7.35
5.18
3.05
8.13
1.40
2.12
0.68
0.98
0.34
0.45
0.47
100.01
a/ Vole from a vermiculIte-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with [ CJDDT.
b/ Carcass a the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are listed
*~ above); it consists predominately of muscle and bone.
50
-------
FONOFOS
TOTAL RESIDUE
Corn
Animals
Calculation of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Earthworms3-
Slugs ,
Pillbugs*'
Pupae
Vole
T
f^f\ft»^
«™UJ. v^.^w Mean • ">-•»-•.
mass, g: . residue, ug:
0 concentration., °
(No.
"(10)'
(10)
(20)
( 5)
( 1)
) X mass - total
3.18 -''31.8'
2.63
0.080
0.643
26.3
1.60
3.22
29.98 29.98
Vg/g
0.404
1.04
0.270
(mass) (cone.)
i (7)
10.6
(7)
3.35
8.09
Total residue as
a 2 of applied
dose (5000 ug)
' (0.14) *
0.21
(0.14)
0.07
0.16
Animal total (I)
92.9
(44) 2.93
Vermiculite (II) ( 1) 2260
Air
130
2260
1.10
0.212
[5000 yg-(I+II)]
(36)
143
479
4485
(0.72)
2.9
9.6
89.7
a/ Earthworms and pillbugs were not analyzed in this system. Since the mass of earth-
worms plus pillbugs was approximately equal to- Chat of slugs plus pupae, it was
assumed that their residues were also approximately equal.
b_/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn-, having been consumed and/or demol-
ished by the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the system.
Fig* 23.-Terminal environmental distribution of [ CJfonofos plus metabolites in a
vermiculite'-cerrastrial model ecosystem.
51
-------
K)
20
1
15
days poacplaat
S
*
8
u
>>
•g 5
0
o.:
t
2.:
212{«92Z 0,'
0,00892 \
i
(EP i6X
IJO^EM 43Z
* IUN 4ix
9.
8.1
11 0.
fEP 62X 0,0
51
-------
Table 14.-Concentrations of fonofos and degradation products In
th« vermicullte substrate ("soil") of a terrestrial
model ecosystem 20 days after applying the insecticide
to the vermicultte.
Compound
Fonofos
.1'
Oyfoxon
II
III
IV
V t ,
VI
VII
VIM
^
.80
.59
.53
.36
.25
.19
r.15 - :>
.05
.03
.00
Fonofos
Acetone
extract
0.013
0.032
0.005
0.013
0.003
0.002
t - -
0.005
0.003
0.096
equivalents, ppm
Methanol-/
extract
0.003
' .
0.005
v
0.032
Total
1*.
0.172
0.040
Btosample wt. (g)
100.00
100.00
a/ ill lea Gel Gf-254, CCl^: Eth Ac. 1;T by volume.
b/ The methanol extract is from the sample previously extracted
~ with acetone.
C/ Roman numerals equal unknown compounds.
53
-------
Table 15.-Concentrations of fonofos and degradation products In the corn from a terrestrial model ecosystem.
Fonofos equivalents, ppra. at Indicated postplantinn age
Compound
Fonofos
I-'
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Extraetable C
tfnextractable 14C
Total WC '
Bloaample wt. (g)
•/
.69
.29
.22
.20
.19
.14
.13
.09
.06
.05
.04
.02
.00
6 Days
Root Shoot
4.040 0.791
0.064
0.067
•0.288
0.081
0.404
0.869
0.032
2.130 1.052
7.443 2.375
1.202 1.266
8.645 3.641
0.9145 0.2585
Entire
plant
3.600
0.012
0.012
P. 052
0.015
0.346
0.744
0.006
2.013
6.800
1.224
8.024
1.1730*
Root
10.485
0.035
0.059
0.666
0.886
0.060
0.101
1.448
13.740
1.782
15.522
1.1640
10 Days
Shoot
0.219
0.037
0.090
0.072
0.056
0.150
0.291
0.915
1.142
2.057
0.8970
Entire
plant
5.910
0.016
0.040
0.019
0.032 '
0.033
0.025
0.369
0.491
0.067
0.033
0.056
0.932
8.023
1.484
9.507
2.0610
Root
0.302
0.009
0.048
0.020
0.525
0.904
0.434
1.338
1.3520
14 Days
Shoot
0.042
0.053
0.015
0.016
0.020
0.040
0.196
0.382
0.502
0.884
1.2365
Entire
plant
0.175
0.025
0.007
0.004
0.008
0.010
0.025
0.019
0.010
0.363
0.646
0.437
1.103
2.5885
al Silica Gel GF-254, chloroform) hexane, 20t80 by volume.
b/ Roman numerals " unknown compounds.
-------
Table 16.-Concentrations of fonofos and degradation products
in invertebrates after a 10-20-day exposure in a
terrestrial model ecosystem.
Compound
Fonofos
Dyfoxon
1
II
Ml
IV
v-,- - _
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total 14C
Biosample wt. (g)
Rf~
.80
.53
.36
.25
.15
.05
.00
'
Fonofos
Lunax—
(slug)
0.012
0.025
0.072
0.017
0.007
0.017
0;022 '
0.172
0.232
0.404
1.7724
equivalents , ppm
c/
Estzgmene—
(moth pupa)
0.365
-0.069
0.434
0.609
1.043
0.64345
aj Silica Gel GF-254, CC1,: Eth Ac, 1:1 by volume.
b/ Average-of six determinations.
c/ Average of two determinations.
55
-------
Table 17.-Concentrations of fonofos and degradation products In the prairie vole after a 5-day exposure in a terrestrial
model ecosystem.
Compound
Fonofos
1
Dyfoxon
II
III
IV
V
VI
Extractable
tlnextraetable
Total 14C
Blosample wt
Rf
.80
.62
.53
.48
.42
.20
.02
.00
C
"c
(K)
Large
intestine
0.020
0.053
0.043
0.162
0.278
0.518
0.796
1.1907
Fonofos equivalents, ppm
Kidneys
. . + Small
Stomach— Carcass adrenals Heart Tongue Intestine
0.057
0.090
0.015
0.001
0.002
0.006 0.020
0.251 0.156 0.034 0.033 0.022 0.035
0.191 0.132 0.123 0.120 0.088 0.054
0.442 0.288 0.157 0.153 0.110 0.089
1.1997 21.600 0.5021 0.2168 0.1696 1.2374
Seminal Body-
Liver vesicles Fat Brain totals
0.041
0.066
0.003
0.002
<0.001
0.001
0.011
0.011 0.023 0.016 0.006 0.136
0.059 0.030 0.008 0.011 0.134
0.070 0.053 0.024 0.017 0.270
1.6453 0.8771 0.4098 0.5787
£/ Silica Gel GF-254, CCl^s Eth Ac. 1:1 by volume.
Jfc/ The concentrations of individual degradation products In the following organs were of insufficient magnitude to be
quantitated: stomach, kidneys plus adrenals, heart, tongue, liver, seminal vesicles, fat, brain.
cj The body totals were calculated using live wet weight (29.984 g).
-------
Table 18.-fteletlve affinities of 11 body-parts of the prairie vole^ for
[ c]fonofos (Dyfonate*0 plus Its metabolites, and comparisons with
the relative masses of the body-parts.
Body-parts as*!***^
(organs and tissues) .
Carcass (Including skin)—
Large intestine * contents
Stomach + contents
liver
Small Intestine
Kidneys •+• adrenals
Seminal vesicles
H«'t
Tongue L . . <, •
Brain
Abdominal fat
a/ Vole from a vermicul Ite-terrestrlal
~ [14Cjfonofos.
*t In b
f total
ent I re
76.53
11.72
6.55
1.42
1.36
0.98
0.57
0.41
, 0.23,
0.11
0.11
99.99
model
i body*1"* of «ntire body wt
72.91
4.02
4.05
5.55
4.18
1.69
2.96
0.73
-,, - 0.57 '
1-95
t.38
99.99
ecosystem treated with
b/ Carcass «the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are listed
~* above); It Consists predominately of muscle, skin and bone.
57
-------
DIELDRIN
TOTAL RESIDUE
(VEBKICOLITE SYSTEM)
Aquatic
Corn
Vermiculite sediment
Calculation of the above estimates?
Total
Ecosystem
component
(Mo.) X maes • total
«: ****
_ _ _ _ concentration,
wg/g
Total
Ug:
(mass)(cone.)
Total residue as
a 2 of applied
doae (5000 ug)
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
( 8)
( 8)
(13)
( 8)
( 1)
3.48
4.55
0.0768
0.668
22.81
27.8
36.4
0.998
5.34
22.81
3.62
0.771
8.87
1.34
3.67
101
28.1
8.85
7.16
83.8
2.0
0.6
0.2
0.1
1.7
Terrestrial
animals/total (I)
Corn*'
Daphnia
Snails
Fish
(44)
(600)
(50)
( 3)
3.41 -
0.00344-
0.017 -
0.160 •
93.3
150
2.06
0.850
0.480
5.66
8.81
70.3
62.6
Aquatic
animal total (II)
Surface water (III) ( 1)7000
Vermic. sediment6.' (IV) ( 1)2400
Air
3.38
- 7000 0.022
• 2400 0.894
[5000 pg-(X+XZ+UX+ZV)]
229
849
18.1
59.8
30.0
108
154
2146
2363
4.6
17.0
0.5
1.2
0.6
2.3
3.1
42.9
47.3
W The terrestrial animals (and their residues) were reaovcd from the system at the ter-
mination of the terrestrial phase.
b_/ Proportion at 14 days postplantlng; the corn, having been consumed and/or demolished by
the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the terrestrial phase, and
Its residue is distributed among animals, air, and vermiculite.
£/ The direct Interaction of corn, air, and terrestrial animals with the vermiculite
occurred prior to flooding the system.
Fig. 25.-Terminal environmental distribution of [ CJdieldrin plus metabolites in a
vermiculite-terrestrial model ecosystem.
58
-------
Ul
VO
fco BAT fEP 90Z
20 1
.
•
IS-
•
9 •
ft
J 10 •
y
I .
fft
1 •
*
ct
I'
•8
«
0
Ifii /*•* vw* 7 C7xou **
.MlW iz» • 3.6/SEM 4Z
2,(
0,00358 f lus *x
I
0.01
f fEP 67Z
5.66SEM 25Z
'561 , fEp n fEP 72Z fEP 861 fEF 95Z
3.62
-------
32 1
3
u
9
!"•
& 26-
•«
g 25-
U
• 24-
o
« 23.
22 .
21.
20-
0,
0,
0,
0.
0.
0,
0,
D1ELDIUN
^OT-
[EP 4ix [EP 92X [EP 89Z
0220
-------
Table 19.-Concentration* of p*c]dieldrin and degradation products in the
vemiculite of a node! ecosystea 20 days after application of
[14c]dieldrin to the veroiculita
Compound
x£/
zx
Dieldrin
XXX
W
V
VX
vxx
VXIX
»
X
XX
XXX
xxxx
•* • " **"
Sxtraetable 14C
Sa^I* «« (?)
BfV
.93
.90
.85
.79
.69
.6«
.49
.41
.34
.25
.17
.06
.03
.00
Dieldrin
equivalents, ppn
Acvton* extract Methanol extract^/
0.0085
0.0412
1.1441
0.0067
0.0034
0.0274
0.0020
0.0046
0.0526
0.0072
0.0028
0.0082
0.0228
1,3315
100.000
0.0005
0.0038
0.0686
0.0004
0.0017
0.0001
0.0002
0.0031
0.0004
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0004
0.0798
100.000
*/ Silica gel GE-.254* £-Junaae i diethyl ether, 3r2 by volon.
b/ Methanol extract i» txtm the -staple previonsly extracted with acetone.
vf Raeum aumeral* « unknown
61
-------
Table 20.-Concentrations of [14c]
-------
Table 21.-Concentrations of [ c]dieldrin and degradation products in the
from a vermiculite nodal ecosystem
Compound
*
11
Dieldrin
III
IV
^ '
.92
.89
.86
.67
.00
Dieldrin equivalents,
Trap l^/
0.00002
0.00039
0.00513
O.OOOO3
0.00004
ppm
Trap 2^
Total 14C
Sum 14C, Traps 1 s 2
0.00561
0.00050
0.00611
Air sample- wt
108.0
a/ Air vaa trapped for, a 3-hour daylight period at a flow rate of 10 ml/sec
5 days after application" of •-[14c] dieldrih to the vermiculite'.
b/ Silica gel GF-254, n_-hexane : diethyl ether, 3:2 by volune.
c/ Trap 1 was connected directly to the ecosystem container and contained
75 ml of acetonitrile as the trapping solvent; the trapping solvent was
chromatographed.
• d/ Trap 2 was .connected in series to trap 1 and -contained 75 ml of trapping
solvent (ethanolamine : 2-methoxyethanol, 1:2 by volume); the trap 2
solvent was- not chromatographed.
«/ Roman numerals » unknown compounds.
f/ One liter of air was assumed to weigh 1 g.
-------
Table 22.— Concentrations of [cl^ieldrin and degradation products in inverte-
brates after a 5-day exposure in a vermiculite model ecosystem.
Dieldrin equivalents, ppm—
Compound
Dieldrin
1-S/
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total 1AC
Average
biosample wt. (g)
Rf~
.80
.71
.59
.31
.24
.20
.03
.00
Armadillidiun
(pillbug)
7.594
0.014
0.208
0.028
0.041
7.885
0.986
8.871
0.077
Eetigmene
(caterpillar)
1.263
0.032
0.006
0.005
1.306
0.030
1.336
0.668
Limes:
(slug)
0.554
0.057
0.033
0.023
0.009
0.022
0,017
0.715
0.056
0.771
4.554
LunibricuB
(worm) i
0.255
3.062
0.028
0.037
0.008 f
0.018
0.010
3.418
0.202
3.620 '
3.475
a/ Average of triplicate determinations.
jb/ Silica gel GF-254, n-hexane : diethyl ether, 3:2 by volume.
c/ Roman numerals • unknown compounds.
64
-------
Ta»l* 23.-Coat«n«ratt O.MS
Haeeury
(land* Uterua
40.614 11. Ml
0.12S 0.160
0.1}7 O.UM
O.M5
40.»74 21.206
O.OS1 0.0*4
41.027 21.170
O.OM O.MS
* Kidney*
1 and
Skin adrenal*
i.
S.126 4.104
e.ois ~ o.eit
' J.
0.024 0.020
r
0:014 0.0*1
1.401 " 4.4S4
1.080 0.074
6.441 4.512
2.12S 0.171
Stonach
0.112
1.105
0.020
0.099
O.O4S
0.019
0.044
0.102
0.147
1.411
oim
4.02}
1.1B1
Carcaa*
1.4)2
O.Olt
0.010
0.027
1.141
0.101
1.644
11.741
Liver Too§tM Bearc
2. 414 2.241 2.241
0.02S 0.017
0.01*
0.014
0.111
0.1M 0.014 0.014
1.741 1.1*4 1.2U
0.114 0.010 0.041
2.47* 1.144 1.121
1.111 0.0*5 0.111
Iot..t<»e
0.012
O.*ll
O.OM
fl.lH
0.114
1.144
0.111
1.411
1.1S*
•odr
loot* 4r*te total*
0.012
0.7*0 0.171 1.141
0.001
0.011
O.OM «0.091
0.011
0.001
0.011
0.011
0.022 0.002 0.0)1
0.412 O.S41 M17
0.04* 0.011 0.111
0.441 O.SM 1.471
0.144 0.540 II.OIO*'
(lite* «
-------
Table 24.-«elatlve affinities of 13 body-parts of the prairie vole*-' for
[ cjdleldrln plus Its metabolites, and comparisons with the
relative.masses of the body-parts. s
Body-parts
(organs and tissues)
Carcass
Skin
Intestines + contents
Stomach + contents
Pectoral fat
Liver
Mammary glands
Kidneys + adrenals
Uterus
Heart
Brain
Tongue
Lungs
Residue wt In body-part
as a % of total residue
wt in entire body
51.30
17.99
6.26
6.16
4.90
M7
3.88
2.02
1.81
0.62
0.41
0.27
0,19
100,00
Body-pert wt as a %
of entire body wt
54.66
10.78
15-12
5.94
0.44
5.63,
0.37
1.73
0.30
1.03
2.69
0.44
0,87
a/ Vole from a vermlculIte-terrestHsl model ecosystem treated with
[™c]d!eldrin.
b/ Carcass* the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are
*~ listed above); It consists predominately of muscle and bone.
66
-------
er.
Table 25. -Concentrations of
7 days after flooding
[ c]dieldrin and degradation product
ing the ecosystem with water*/
.• in the water of a veniculite aodel ecosyctM
Compound
Dieldrin equivalent*, ppm
Surface water
Leachate^/
Ether-extract able
before hydrolysis
Ether-extractable
after hydrolysis^/
Ether-extractable
before hydrolysis
Ether-ex tractable
after hydrolysis
IS/ .93
Dieldrin .88
II .80
III .76
IV .72
V ' .65
VI .56 .
VII .S3
VIII .49
ix ".46 ;
X .39
XI .34
XII .30
XIII .20
XIV .It
XV .12
XVI .09
XVII .05
XVIII .03
XIX .00
Extractable 14C
Unextractable 14C
Total extractable 14C
0.00899
0.00019
0.00017
0.00010
0.00009
0.00045
0.00097
0.00115
0.00017
0.00008
0.00007
0.00063
0.01306
0.01612
-
0.00018
0.00002
0,00002
0.00009
0.00007
0.00019
0.00038
0.00171
0.00040
0.00306
0.00209
Unextractable 14C after hydrolysis 0.00209
14C loss during hydrolysis
Initial 14C in water
Sample volume (1)
0.00380
0.02201
1.000
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after
b/ One liter of water was
application of
0.00053
0.03013
0.00043
0.00007
0,00025
0.00054
0.00017
0.00029
O.O0124
0.00167
0.00174
0.00053
0.00072
0.00165
0.03996
0.04726
0.00436
O.O1080
0.06242
1.000
[14c]dieldrin to the vermiculite
0.00126
o.ooooe
O.OOOO4
0.00007
0.00008
0.00010
0.00045
0.00083
0.00175
0.00217
0.00047
0.00730
0.00436
»
withdrawn through the tap at the jar bottom over a period of 25 min.
c/ Silica gel GF-254, n-hexane > diethyl ether, 3:
d/ The "unextractable" of
the preceding column was
2 by volume.
adjusted to 0
T
.012 N HC1 and maintained at 55-56°C for 18-24 hr
e/ Roman numerals « unknown compounds.
-------
Table 26.-Concentrations of [14c]dieldrin and degradation products in aquatic
organisms of a vermiculite model ecosystem flooded with water*/
Dieldrin equivalents, ppm=
1 r
Compound
IS/
XI
Dieldrin
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
attractable 14C
Dnextractable 14C
Total 14C
Average bio-
sample wt (g)
*?
.92
.89
.83
.66
.38
.31
.26
.03
.00
GambnsiaS/
(fish)
0.101
1.612
58.066
0.276
1.190
0.143
0.147
61.535
1.055
62.590
0.160
(snail)
0.267
2.270
62.942
0.626
0.224
2.063
0.418
0.095
0.073
68.978
1.368S/
70.346
0.017
Daphnia*/
(water flea)
0.228
8.048
0.113
0.279
0.017
0.014
8.699
0.106
8.805
1.032
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [14c] dieldrin
to the vermiculite.
b/ Average of triplicate determinations for fish; average of duplicate deter-
minations for snails; single determination for water fleas.
c/ Silica gel 6F-2S4, iv-hexane : diethyl ether, 3:2 by volume.
d/ Fish were added 4 days after flooding the ecosystem, removed 3 days later,
and processed^individually.
e/ Snails were added on the day of flooding, removed 7 days later, and processed
in 2 batches of 15 snails each; average batch weight • 0.252 g.
{/ Daphnia were added on the day of flooding, removed 7 days later, and
processed as a batch; many organisms constituted the biosample.
g/ Roman numerals - unknown compounds.
h/ Part of concentrated extract was added to residue pellet during processing.
68
-------
Table 27.-Concentrations of [I4c]dieldrin and degradation products in the
vennjculite sedioent of a nodal ecosystem 12 days after flooding
the ecosystem with water8/
Compound
&
IX
Dieldrin
III
-IV.
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
Extractable 14C
Sample wt (g)
Dieldrin
equivalents , ppm
«Sr Acetone extract Methanol extractS/
.93
.90
.85
.79
.66
.49
.43
.41
.34
.31
.25 , -
.22
.17
.03
' .00
0.0055
0.0503
0.6925
0.0039
0.0154
0.0071
0.0028
0.0026
0.0216
0.0034
« 0.0069
0.0013
0.0043
0.0044
0.0070
0.8290
100.000
0.0006
0.0073
O.OS20
0.0006
0.0013
0.0004
O.O001
O.OO02
0.0010
0.0001
0.0004
O.OO02
0.0002
0.0004
0.0648
100.000
1
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [14cjdieldrin
to the vermiculite.
h/ Silica gel GP-2S4. jv-haxane .t.diethyl a the*,' 3:2 by volume.
c/ Methanol extract is from the sample previously extracted with acetone.
d/ RoBan nu&erals • unknown
69
-------
ALDRIN
TOTAL RESIDUE
(MEAN OF VERMICULITE
SYSTEMS A AND B)
Animals
Calculation of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
Animal total (I)
Com
Vermiculite (II)
Air
Total ffiff Total
»— ' 8: concenlration. resldue» "*:
(Mo
( 8)
( 8)
(13)
( 8)
( 1)
(44)
.) X mass •
3.98
2.52
0.0335
0.744
34.0
3.41 -
( 1)2400
total
31.8
20.2
0.436
5.95
34.0
- 92.4
150
2400
[5000
Vg/g
4.13
2.58
3.22
3.38
1.31
8.05
0.882
wg-(I+I]
(mass) (cone.)
131
52.1
1.40
20.1
44.5
249
1208
2117
0] - 2634
Total residue as
a Z of applied
dose (5000 pg)
2.6
1.0
<0.1
0.4
0.9
4.9
24.2
42.3
52.6
a/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn, having been consumed and/or demol-
ished by the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the system.
r!4
Fig. 28.-Mean terminal environmental distribution of [ Cjaldrln plus metabolites in
vermiculite-terrestrial model ecosystems A and B.
70
-------
20 i
15 •
it
«
§ 10 -
a
a
41
5 •
*
0 -
0,
i
2,1
JQ., /EP 142
>e* 1EM 862
0,0
8i(
5,;
9,(
)3 0,(
(EP 19%
EM 742
UN 72
fEP 252 0-0
'9 SEM 692
[UN 62
(EP 492
11
-------
ALDRIN
TOTAL RESIDUE
(VERMICULITE SYSTEM A)
Corn
Animals
Calculation of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
Animal total (I)
Corn*7
Vermiculite (II)
Air
Total maximum „ Total
xiean
"aM» g: concentration, residue' »8:
(No.
( 8)
( 8)
(13)
( 8)
( 1)
(44)
) X mass »
3.98
2.52
0.0335
0.744
26.1
3.41 -
( 1)2400
total
31.8
20.2
ug/g
31.2
2.06
0.436 3.62
5.95
26.1
84.5
150
2400
4.32
2.14
7.77
0.954
[5000 vg~(I+I]
(mass) (cone.)
99.2
41.6
1.58
25.7
55.9
224
1166
2290
:)] - 2486
Total residue as
a Z of applied
dose (5000 vg)
2.0
0.8
<0.1
0.5
1.1
4.4
23.3
45.8
49.7
a/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn, having been consumed and/or demol-
ished by the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the system.
rlA 1
Fig. 30.-Terminal environmental distribution of [ CJaldrin plus metabolites in
vermiculite-terrestrial model ecosystem A.
72
-------
19Z
OJ
id •
'8 postplaating
i—
Ul >
8 10
1
o
V
5
t
•
0,00631
j
7,3
4
-
'
Q | \
. /EP i9X
7
-------
Table 28/Concentrations of [ cj Aldrin and degradation
products in the vermiculite substrate ("soil")
of the terrestrial model ecosystem A,20 days
after applying the [ CJAldrin to the substrate.
Aldrin equivalents, ppm
Compounds
Aldrin
Dieldrin
1^
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
Total 14C
Sample
wt. (g)
IU*/
.97
.90
.82
.73
.69
.36
.46
.39
.35
.31
.27
.17
.09
.04
.00
Acetone
extract
0.175
0.459
0,047
0.011
0.003
0.003
0.024
0.005
0.018
0.009
0.008
0.021
0.125
0.908
100.00
Methanol-^
extract
0.011
0.015
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.013.
0.046
100.00
a/ Silica Gel GF-254, n-hexane : diethyl ether,
3 : 2 by volume.
b_/ The methanol extract is from the sample previously
extracted with acetone.
cj Roman numerals * unknown compounds.
74
-------
Table 29.-Concentrations of £ CJAldrln and degradation products Irr corn grown In the
varmteulIte-terrestrlal model ecosystem A.
Aldrln equivalents,
Compound
Aldrln
Oleldrln
£'
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Extrae table
Unextractable
Total '*C
Blosample wt.
*'
.97
.87
.74
.58
.48
.42
.38
.18
.11
.06
.04
.00
c
l*c
(g)
Root
4.473
3.891
0.306
0.125
0.265
0,086
0.358
0.593
10.097
0.406
10.503
1.225
6 Days
Shoot
0.848
0.664
0.665
0.126
0.094
0.224
2.621
0.051
2.672
0.340
EntOe
plant
3.683
3.188
0.384
0.098
0.207
0.095
0.300
0.512
8.467
0.329
8.796
1.565
ppm, at Indicated
Root
3.
6.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
11.
0.
11.
0.
221
019
475
399
086
049
205
573
027
513
540
748
10 Days
Shoot
0.069
0.068
0.154
0.317
0.290
0.113
0.020
„
0.208
1.239
0.061
1.300
0.852
Ent i re
plant
1.460
2.693
0.296
0.178
0.162
0.176
0.063
0.011
0.038
0.022
0.090
0.369
5.558
0.262
5.820
1.600
postplanting age
Root
3.058
7.396
1.206
0.660
0.107
0.061
0.300
0.987
13.775
0.977
14.752
0.785
14 Days
Shoot
0.081
0.080
0.181
0.372
0.340
0.133
0.024
0.244
1.455
0.087
1.542
0.860
Entire
plant
1.486
3.533
0.664
0.196
0.179
0.311
0.070
0.012
0.050
0.029
0.142
0.594
7.266
0.504
7.770
1.645
a/ Silica Gel GF-254, n^-hexane: dlethyl ether, 60:40 by volume.
b/ Roman numerals » unknown compounds.
75
-------
Table 30.-concentrations of [14c]aldrin and degradation products in inverte-
brates after a 5-day exposure in the vermiculite-terrestrial model
ecosystem A
Aldrin equivalents, ppmSr
Compound •„.
Aldrin
Oieldrin
l£/
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Extractable 14C
Onextractable 14C
Total 14C
Average bio-
sample wt (g)
*f
.98
.90
.80
.73
.41
.36
.27
.08
.04
.00
Lumbricus
(worm)
0.165
0.235
2.345
0.053
0.015
0.045
0.040
2.898
0.226
3.124
4.51656
Umax
(slug)
0.207
1.640
0.068
_
0.007
0.009
0.018
0.010
0.022
1.981
0.075
2.056
1.35427
Armadillidium
(pillbug)
0.290
2.029
3
0.065
0.137
0.167
0.026
0.030
2.744
0.878
3.622
0.02628
Estigmene
(caterpillar)
0.220
3.627
0.327
0.051
0.034
4.259
0.064
4.323
0.84410
a/ Average of triplicate determinations for pillbugs and caterpillars; average
of duplicate determinations for slugs; single determination for worm.
b/ Silica gel GF-254, n-hexane : diethyl ether, 3:2 by volume.
c/ Roman numerals •* unknown compounds.
76
-------
Table 3l.-Concentrationa of [ CJAldrin and degradation products in the prairie vole after a 5-day exposure in the
vermicullte-terrestrial model ecosystem A.
Aldrln equivalents, ppn
Compound
Aldrin
Dleldrin
I*/
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Extractable l4
Unextractable
Total C
Blosaople wt
»«/
f
.97
.94
.84
.48
.42
.34
.28
.23
,15
.10
.05
.00
C
"c
(8)
Kidneys
and
Adrenals
7.405
0.009
0.027
0.024
0.006
7.471
0.036
7.507
0.50313
Liver
5.577
0.027
0.043
0.060
0.011
0.012
0.017
0.101
5.848
0.264
6.112
1.21509
Uterus Heart Brain
0.038
2.413 2.027 1.742
0.008
0.030
0.016
0.015 0.011
"•
0.003 0.016
0.031
0.106
0.027 0.012 0.043
2.443 2.070 2.025
0.073 0.076 0.111
2.516 2.146 2.136
O.Q8726 0.33518 0.52473
Carcass
0.026
1.924
0.016
0.009
0.013
0.010
1.998
0,106
2.104
12.71500
Intest.
0.033
1.339
0.030
0.011
0.008
0.001
0.005
0.015
0.013
1.455
0.192
1.647
2.88175
Stomach
0.029
1.193
0.026
0.010
0.007
0.001
0.005
0.014
0.011
1.296
0.328
1.624
0.48150
Skin
0.050
0.482
0.011
0.005
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.557
0.818
1.375
6.90475
Body
Lungs Bladder Parotids Totals
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.233 0.
0.083 0.
1.316 0.
0.32015 0.
Oil
451
010
004
003
002
005
004
490 0.045
345 0.003
835 0.048
09848 0.09918
0.290
1.445
0.007
0.011
0.004
0.006
0.001
0.003
0.001
0.002
0.012
0.013
1.821-'
0.314
2.135
26.16620
a/ Silica Gel GF-254, n-hexane : diethyl ether, 3:2 by volume.
b/ Roman numerals • unknown compounds.
~" 14
c/ This value represents total extractable C in all organs; two organ extracts were not subjected to TLC separation.
-------
Table 32.-Re1atIve affinities of 12 body-parts of the prairie vole for
[ CJaldrfn plus Its metabolites, and comparisons with the'
relative masses of the body-parts; the vole Is from
vermlcul-Mte-terrestrial model ecosystem A.
Body-parts
(organs and tissues^).
Carcass-
Skin
Liver
Intestines + contents
Kidneys + adrenals
Brain
Stomach + contents
Heart
Lungs
Parotid glands
Uterus + ovaries
Bladder + contents
Residue wt In body-part
as a % of total residue
wt In entire body
47.90
16.98
13.29
8.49
6.76
2.01
1.40
1.29
0.76
0.59
0.39
0.15
100.01
Body-part wt as a %
of enti re body wt
48.59
26.39
4.64
11.01
1.92
2.01
1.84
1.28
1.22
6.38
0.33
0.38
'99.99
a/ Carcass »the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are
listed above); it consists predominately of muscle and bone.
78
-------
ALDRIN
TOTAL RESIDUE
(VERMICULITE SYSTEM B)
f C25Z) }
Corn
Animals
Calculation of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
Animal total (I)
Corn5''
Vermiculite (II)
Air
Total ma-rttmm u
mass, g: ****
' * concentration
(No.) X mass
( 8) ' 3.98
( 8) 2.52
(13) 0.0335
( 8) 0.744
( 1) 41.8
(44) 3*41
( 1)2400
• total
, 31.8 "
20.2
0.436
5.95
41.8
100
- 150
- 2400
[5000
»g/g
5.1'4
3.10
2.81
2.43
0.478
8.33
0.809
jig-(i+r
Total
residue, vg:
• ^ lm ^
(mass) (cone.)
~ ' 164"
62.5
1.22
14.5
20.0
262
1250
1942
O] - 2796
Total residue as
a Z of applied
dose (5000 ug)
3.3
1.2
ois
0.4
5.2
25.0
38.8
55.9
a/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting.;.. the corn,- having been consumed and/or demol-
ished by the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of( the system.
Fig. 32.-Terminal environmental distribution of'[ CJaldrin plus metabolites in
• vermiculite-terrestrial model ecosystem B.
79
-------
»
ng
plan
I
M
Vfl
10
00
o
I
0.809 {*
, g
0,00872
(E
-------
r!4 i
Table 33.-Concentrations of [ CjAldrln and degradation
products in the vermiculite substrate ("soil")
of the terrestrial model ecosystem B, 20 days
r!4 T
after applying the I CjAldrin to the substrate.
Aldrin equivalents, ppm
Compounds
Aldrin
Dieldrin
I±'
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
Total. 14C -
Sample
wt (g)
R a/
.97
.90
.82
.73
.69
.56
.46
.39
.27
.17
.09
.04
,00
Acetone
extract
0.053
0.346
0.040
0.017
0.010
0.005
0.025
0.008
0.036
0.009
0.006
0.022
0.179
- 0.756
100.00
Methanol-''
extract
0.010
0.018
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.017
0.053
100.00
a/ Silica Gel GF-254, n-hexane : diethyl ether,
3 : 2 by volume.
b/ The'methanol extract is 'from the sample previously
extracted with acetone.
c/ Roman numerals * unknown compounds.
81
-------
Table 34.-Concentrations of [ CJAldrln and degradation products In corn grown In the
vermlculite-terrestrta) model ecosystem B.
Aldrin eauivalents, ppm, at indicated
Compound
Aldrin
Dleldrin
£7
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIM
IX
X
XI
XII
Extractable 'V
Unextractable '*C
Total C
Biosample wt (g)
Rf
.97
.87
.74
.68
.58
.48
.42
.38
.18
.16
.11
.06
.04
.00
Root
6
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
11
1
.706
.707
.207
.108
.044
.049
.082
.157
.232
.292
.484
.776
.071
6 Davs
Shoot
0.670
0.344
0.377
0.043
0.045
0.067
1.546
0.035
1.581
0.3^2
postplanting afe
10 Days
Entire
plant
5.191
2.863
0.249
0.081
0.033
0.037
0.072
0.129
0.190
8.845
0,371
9.216
1.433
Root
2.130
3.532
0.377
0.248
0.026
0.013
0.139
0.340
6.805
0.439
7.244
0.954
Shoot
0.078
0.077
0.173
0.356
0.325
0.1i7
0.023
0.233
1.392
0.056
1.U8
0.683
Entire
plant
1.255
2.060
0.288
0.147
0.134
0.143
0.052
0.009
0.015
0.007
0.080
0.291
4.481
0.277
4.758
1.637
Root
3.356
8.556
0.939
0.219
0.702
0.103
0.132
0.250
0.731
14.988
1.021)
16.012
0.861
.14 Days
Shoot
0.082
0.081
0.182
0.374
0.341
0.133
0.024
0.245
1.462
0.063
1.525
0.989
Entire
plant
1.619
4.061
0.538
0.103
0.199
0.182
0.330
0.071
0.013
0.048
0.062
0.117
0.474
' 7.817
0.515
8.332
"1.850
a/ Silica Gel GF-254, n^hexane: diethyl ether, 60:40 by volume.
b_/ Roman numerals • unknown compounds.
82
-------
Table 35.-Concentration* of [ CJAldrin and degradation products In
Invertebrates after a 3-day exposure In the verniculite-
terreatrial model ecosystem B.
Compound
Aldrln
Dieldrin
1&
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
viii
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable c
Total UC
Average bio-
sample wt (g)
Aldrin equivalents. ppa~
, . Uaabricm Limax Annadillidiua Estigmene
Rf-' (worm) (slug) (pillbug) (caterpillar)
.98
.90
.80
.63
.41
.36
.27
.08
.04
'.00
0.281
0.402
4.009
0.091
0.025
0.077 ^
0.069^
4.954
0.185
5.139
0.63275
0,156
2.678
0.053
0.026
0.030
0.011
0.034
0.039
3.027
0.071
3.098
0.93990
0.204
1.389
0.052
0.159
0.093
0.007
t ,>
0 .045
1.94»
0.863
2.812
0.02050
0.139
1.958
0.244
0.031
_
o.oia
2.390
0.037
2.427
0.82119
£/ Average of triplicate determinations for caterpillars; average of duplicate
determinations for pillbugs-; single determination for worm (dead at sampling)
and slug. . . \ •. *
b/ Silica Gel 3F-234, g-hexane : diethyi ether> 3 : 2 by volume.
c/ Roman numerals z unknown compounds«•
83
-------
Table 36.-Concentration* of [ CJAldrln end degradation product! in the prattle *»!• efter a )-day eiiposare In tin veralcullte-terrettrjal eodtl ecmyafenl
00
Udtln equivalent!, ppa
Coaipound »[-
Aldrln .97
Dleldrln .9*
£' 44
It .*•
Ill .»2
I* .3*
V .19
n .2)
VII .13
Vllt .10
IX .01
X .00
Intractable
»*e
Unextreet*
eble l C
Total l*C
Bleaaaple
»t (*\
Cent re 1
neck Uterine Pectoral
gland fat fat Uterae Stoueh Tongue Careaae
0.012 0.007
1.693 0.771 O.tM O.381
0.011 O.OM
0.00*
0.003
0.001
0,002
0.00)
0.009 0.009 0.00) 0.001
2.601 2.1*9 1.702 0.782 0.521 0.696 0.**)
O.OM. 0.011 0.00* 0.020 0.0*9 0.101 0.0)7
2.«1), 2.160 1.706 0.802 0.57J 0.797 0.481
0.1S88) Oi711« 0.444M 0.10)121.11592 0 AM)) 20,10254
Llvnr Lunge Parotid!
0.1M
0.002
0.00)
O.OU4
o.oni
0.001
0.001
0.00?
0.401 0.450 0.17$
O.OS6 0.008 0.044
0.4C7 0.»6* \>.«H
1.919810.20)11 0.12110
Int«itln*
0.00)
0.196
0.00*
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.212
0.179
0.391
2.8506*
rtaaoary
Heart Skin Gland!
O.Olt
0.3*0 0.02) 0.170
0.00)
0.00)
0.00) 0,00)
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002 0.001 0.001
O.M8 0.061 0.172
0.010 0.280 0.011
0.168 0.141 0.201
0.19100 11.0)5)* 0.94*18
Kldneyi
and
•rein Afeenala
0.001
0.072 0.00*
•
0.001
0.001
1
0.001
0.00*
0.002
0.08) 0.00*
0.071 0,01)
0.154 0.01*
Body
TMile
0.011
O.J67
0.029
«o.oot
<0 001
0.001
«O.OOI
"0.031
•0.001
•0.001
0.001
0.002
o.»»*>
O.llt
0.*78
0480060.7285*41.7781
V
Silica Cal Cf-25*. n-bexene i dlethyl ether, ) t 2 by volme.
lonaa emerala - unknown eoKpounde.
Ttale value represents total extrseteble 1*C in ell organa) ftv« organ estrnte were not eubjeeted to TLC eeparatton.
-------
Tabt« 37. -Relative affinities of 16 body-parts of the prafrle vole for
plus Its metabolites, and comparisons with the relative
masses of the body-parts; the vole Is from vermicullte-terrestrial
model ecosystem B.
Body-parts
(organs and 1 1 saves)
Carcass-7
Skin
Uterine fat
Intestines * contents
Pectoral fat
Liver
Stomach + contents
Ventral central neck gland
. Mammary glands
Heart
Lungs
Brain
Uterus * ovaries
Tongue
Parottd glands
Kidneys + adrenals
Residue wt In body-part
as a % of total residue
wt In entire body
49.04
18.97
8.15
5.58
A. 65
4.48
3.19
2.4?
0.98
0.55
0.47
0,45
0.42
0.28
0.25
0.07
100.00
Body-part wt as a %
of entire body wt
48.60
26.42
1.80
6.82
1.30
4.60
2.67
0.45
2.31
0.70
0.49
1.39
0.25
0.16
0.29
1.74
99-99
a/ Carcass »the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are listed
~ above); It consists predominately of muscle and bone.
85
-------
ALBRIN
TOTAL RESIDUE
(MEAN OF SOIL
SYSTEMS A AHD B)
Animals
Calculation of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
Animal total (I)
Corn*7
Soil (II)
Air
Total max:
mass, |
(No.) X mass
( 8) 3.98
( 8) 2.52
(13) 0.0335
( 8) 0.744
( 1) 44.3
(44) 3.41
( 1)4000
• «... lin
Lnp7*p
j:
" total
31.
20.
0.
5.
44.
103
- 150
m 4000
Mean
concentration,
Wg/g
8 1.26
2 0.391
436 0.870
95 0.502
3 0.421
0.721
1.26
[5000 vg-U+II)]
Total
residue, tig:
(mass) (cone.)
40.1
7.90
0.379
2.59
18.7
70.1
108
5040
- -40
Total residue as
a 2 of applied
dose (5000 ug)
0.8
0.2
<0.1
0.1
0.4
1.5
2.2
101
MI.O
&l Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn, having been consumed and/or demol-
~ ished by the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the system.
Fig. 34.-Mean terminal environmental distribution of [ CJaldrin plus metabolites in
soil-terrestrial model ecosystems A and B.
86
-------
00
20 •
•
IS -
i. '
m
•3
1 -
5 •
0 -
ifft S5 o.«iS«
1,5
0,01
fEp i6z
0,721
-------
ALDRIN
TOTAL RESIDUE
(SOIL SYSTEM A)
Com
Animals
Calculation of Che above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Earthworks
Slugs
Pillbuge
Caterpillars
Vole
Animal total (I)
Corn*7
Soil (II)
Air
Total maximum
mass, g:
(No.
( 6)
( 8)
(13)
( 8)
( 1)
(44)
) X
3.
2.
0.
0.
33.
3.
mass
98
52
0335
744
7
41
( 1)4000
- tota
31
20
0
5
33
92
- 150
. 4000
Mean
concentration,
1 Vg/g
.8
.2
.436
.95
.7
.1
[5000
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
V
.26
.513
.29
.523
.633
.698
.24
Total
residue, yg:
(mass) (cone . )
40.
10.
0.
3.
21.
75.
105
4960
)J - -35.
1
4
562
11
3
5
5
Total residue as
a 2 of applied
dose (5000 ug)
0
0
<0
0
0
1
2
99
"*
.8
.2
.1
.1
.4
.5
.1
.2
.0
ej Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn, having been consumed and/or demol-
ished by the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the system.
Fig. 36.-Terminal environmental distribution of [ cjaldrin plus metabolites in soil-
terrestrial model ecosystem A.
88
-------
20
20
•4 1S
10
CO
0,00378
fEP 2X
,633
-------
r!4 i
Table 38.-Concentrations of [ CjAldrin and degradation
products in the soil substrate of the terrestrial
model ecosystem A, 20 days after applying the
[ CJAldrin to the substrate.
ft
Compounds
Aldrin
Dieldrin
&
II
III
IV
V
y.i
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total 1AC
Sample
wt. (g)
Aldrin
Rfi/
.97
.90 -
.82
.73
.56
.46
.39
.27
.17
.09
.04
.00
equivalents, ppm
Acetone Methanol—
extract extract
0.830 0.002
0.293 OiOll
0.021
•
0.003
0.007
0.012
0.010
0.007 0.002
0.038 0.004
1.221 0,019
100.00 100.00
a/ Silica Gel G£-254, n-hexane : diethyl ether,
3 : 2 by volume.
b/ The methanol extract is from the sample previously
extracted with acetone.
c/ Roman numerals * unknown compounds.
90
-------
Table ^.-Concentrations «f [ CJAldrln and degradation products In corn grown In the
soil-terrestrial model ecosystem A.
Aldrln equivalents, pom, at indicated
Compound
Aldrln
OleldrJn
£'
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
j
IX
X
XI
',*•'
.97
.87
.74
.65
.54
.42
.38
.18
.11
, - -°6
.04
.03
.00
6 Days
Root
1.193
0.896
0.106
0.027
0.014
£.015,,
0.035
0.083
Shoot
0.097
0.064
0.056
0.009
0.020
0.011
0.028
Cntire
plant
0.707
0.527
0.084
0.015
0.008
.,-0.013
0.029
0.005
0.059
Root
0.661
0.784
0.143
0.018
0.038
0.054
0.127
po» tpl ant ing age
10 Days
Shoot
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
«
0.
015
023
040
066
066
047
007
056
Entire
plant
0.291
0.348
0.085
0.039
0.039
0.028
0.004
0.008
0.016
0.023
0.088
Root
0.315
0.987
0.155
0.034
0.020
0.010
0.055
0.180
14 Days
Shoot
0.012
0.018
0.031
0.051
0.051
0.037
0.006
'
0.044
Entire
plant
0.092
0.275
0.063
0.037
0.037
0.009
0.026
0.004
0.005
0.003
0.015
0.079
Extractable C
Unextractabl* C
Total 14C
Btosampl» wt. (g)
2.36"$ 0.285 1.447 1.825 0.320 0.969 1.756 0.250 0.645
0.103 0.016 0.064 0.108 0.015 0.053 0.146 0.019 0.053
2.472 0.301 1.511 1.933 0.335 1.022 1.902 0.269 0.698
0.627 0.500 1.127 0.561 0.869 1.430 0.426* 1.048 1.474
£7 Silica C«T GP-254, nj-hexane: die thy 1 ether, 60:40 by volume.
b/ Roman numera-ls- • uifknown compounds.
91
-------
Table 40.-Concentrations
brates after a
system A
of ["c]nldrin and degradation product* in inverte-
5-day exposure in the soil-terrestrial node! ecc—
Compound Rx~"*
Aldrin .98
Dieldrin .90
l£/ ,80
II .73
III .45
IV .27
V .08
VI .04
VII .00
Extractable 14C
Unextractable 14C
Total 14C
Average
biosample wt (g)
Lumbricus
(worm)
0.470
0,053
1.048 '
0.003
0.010
0.007
0.005
0.011
1.207
0.054
1.261
3.59419
Aldrin equivalents, ,ppm£i
tiaax Armadillidium
(slug) (pillbug)
0.015 ' 0.147
0.422 0.723
0.012
0.033
0.482 0.870
0.031 0.420
0.513 1.290
3.08918 0.03095
/
Estigmene
(caterpillar)
0.038
0.344
0.111
O.002
0.001
0.005
0.501
0.022
0.523
0.58810
a/ Average of triplicate determinations.
b/ Silica gel (7-254, n-hexane t dietbyl ether, 3s2 by volume.
£/ Roman numerals «= unknown compounds.
92
-------
Table 41.-Concentration* of [ c]*ldrln and degradation product* tn the prairie vole after a J-day espoaure In the aoll-terreatrlal Model ocoayatea A.
Aldrtn equivalent*. yf»
Ventral
Central Kldneya
.Uterine Pectoral neck HamMry and , Body
Compound R(- (at (at gland glande Uterua Adcenala Parotida Stoawch Llyer Carcaae Heart Skin Inteatlo* Brain Tongue Lunge locale
Aldrlo .97 0 496 0.173 0,013 0.011
Dleldrln .94 3.294 4.291 3.233 3.077 2.303 1.010 1.212 0 976 0.622 0.37O 0.318 0.301 0.217 0.022 0.243 0.124 0.338
I-' .84 * O.003 0.268 0.003
II .72 0.043 0,001
III .340.066 0.024 0.016 ' 0.001 0.001
IV .23 O.419 0.029 0.002
V .13 0.004 <0,OOI
VI .10 0.384 0.022 0.003 0.00* 0.002
VII .03 0.023 • 0.006 0.001
VIII .00 0.948 0.003 0.391 0.010 0.192 0.039 0.147 0.117 0.008 0.002 0.018 0.007 0.024 0.011 0.029 0.013 0.016
bt [actable
3.619 4,296 3.644 3.116 2.497 1.379 1.3*9 1.093 0.648 O.S83 0.3S6 0.308 0.243 0.313 0.272 0.11* 0.373
BMxtraet'-
able l*C 0.038 0.032 0.008 0.010 0.007 0.033 0.022 0.0311 0.048 0.066 0.020 0.034 0.039 0.003 0.037 0.033 0.038
local 14C 3.637 4.148 3.632 3.126 2.504 1.414 1.391 1.131 0.696 0.631 0.376 0.362 0.328 0.316 0.309 0.192 0.633
Bioaavpl*
wt (g) 0.083830.09200 0.127100.324320.073490.387620.19180 0971681.6324217.18918 0.189338.008613.60730 0.38913 0.08491 OJ7119 33.74423
*' Slllta Gel Cf 234. o ht.ooe - dlctllyl other. 3 I 2 by voluw.
£• toaan nuMiala - Unknown cooDounda.
-------
Table «2.-ftelatlve affinities of Ifi body-parts of the prairie vole for
-1i .
[ .jCJaldrln plus Its metabolites, and comparisons with the relative
masses of the body-parts; the vole Is from soil-terrestrial model
ecosystem A.
Body-parts
(organs and tissues)
Carcass-
Skin
Liver
Stomach + contents
Intestines + contents
Mammary glands
Kidneys + adrenals
Uterine fat
Ventral central neck gland
Pectoral fat
Parotid glands
Uterus + ovaries
Brain
Heart
Lungs
Tongue
Residue wt in body-part
as a % of total residue
wt In entire body
52.53
13.59
5.39
5.1*
5.10
4. 75
3.90
2.22
2.18
1.88
1.25
0.86
0.58
0.33
0.15
0.12
99.99
Body-part wt as a %
of ent! re body wt
50. 9»i
, 23-73
A. 90
2.88
10.69
0.96
1.7*
0.25
0.38
0.27
0.57
0.22
1.15
0.56
0,51
0.25
100.00
a/ Carcass* the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are listed
*~ above); It consists predominately of muscle and bone.
94
-------
ALDRIN
TOTAL RESIDUE
(SOIL SYSTEM B)
(2Z)
Cora"
Ani
Calculation of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Earthworms - -
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
Animal total (I)
Corn*/
Soil (II)
Air
Total maximum „
nean
****» 8* concentration.
(No.
( 8)
( 8)
(13)
( 8)
( 1)
(44)
) X mass
' 3.98
2.52
0.0335
0.7-44
54.8
3.4-1
( 104000
• total
-31.8" "
20.2
0.436
5.95
54.8
113
» .150 ...
A 4000
[5000
M/g ,
(r.26)^
0.269
0,450
0.480
0.208
'0,744
1.28
vg-d+n
Total
residue, ug:
(mass) (cor.c.)
' '• (40. 1)-''
5.42
0.196
2.86
11.4
(60.0)
112-
5120
)] - -180
Total residue as
a % of applied
dose (5000 ug)
" (0.8)-^ '
0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.2
(1.2)
2.2
102
•vO.O
a/ Extrapolated from replicate aldrin-soil system.
b/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn, having been consumed and^or demol-
ished' by the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the system.
rl4 T
Fig. 38.-Terminal environmental distribution of [ Cjaldrln plus metabolites in soil-
terrestrial model ecosystem B,
95
-------
?n 1 9R» «•
IEP 22
0.208 00209
0
ALDRIN
i
i^^T"r~l^ira
i r« p
"""^IM— ' ""-^ ^-"
o J 1.25 0,00
Cl
Soil Corn Air Slug, ' ' Plllbug Caterpillar Vole
PPM
Fig* 39.—Summary of the fate of [ .c] aldrln in the soil-terrestrial model-ecosystem B. The total C-realdues are
expressed as aldrln equivalents, ppra (w/w), and their subdivisions are: EP,r extractable parent compound,
EM - extractable metabolites of the parent compound, and UN - unextractable products remaining in the'
processed sample. On day zero,the corn seeds were planted and the soil was treated with aldrln at one
Ib Al/acre; the Invertebrates and vole were added to the system 10 and 15 days later, respectively. The
vole died 3% days after placing It In the system.
-------
Table 43.-Concentrations of [ CJAldrin and degradation
products in the soil substrate of the terrestrial
model ecosystem B,20 days after applying the
[ CJAldrin to the substrate.
Aid r in equivalents, ppm
Compounds
Aldrin
Dieldrin
1^
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIM. -
Total UC
Sample
vt. (g)
Ra/
.97
.90
.82
.73
.36
.46
.27
.09
.04
• • .-oo
Acetone Methanol—
extract extract
0.846 0.003
0.329 O.Q01
0.022
0.001
0.001
0.004
0.009
0.007
0.012 0.004
0,031 0.007
1.261 0.016
100.00 100.00
a/ Silica Gel GF«=254, n-hexane : diethyl ether,
3 : 2 by volume.
b_/ The methanol extract is from the sample previously
extracted with acetone.
c/ -Roman numerals s unknown compounds.
97
-------
Table ^.-Concentrations of [ cjAldrln and degradation products in corn grown In the
soil-terrestrial model ecosystem B.
Aldrin equivalents, ppm
Compound
Aldrin
Dietdrin
\y
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
*r7
.97
.87
.74
.65
.54
.42
.38
.18
.11
.06
.04
.03
.00
6 Days
Root Shoot
0.784 0.091
0.528 0.061
0.090 0.053
0.008
0.011
0.010 0.006
0.018
0.010
0.042 0.011
, at indicated
oostplantintj aqe
• 10 Days
Entire
plant Root
0.490 0.186
0.330 0.419
0.074 0.079
0.004
0.006 0.009
0.008 0.007
0.010 0.026
0.004
0.029 0.050
Shoot
0.007
0.011
0.018
0.030
0.030
0.022
0.003
0.026
Entire
plant
0.094
0.209
0.048
0.016
0.016
0.012
0.002
0.004
0.003
0.013
0.038
Root
0.471
0.958
0.237
0.026
0,027
0.020
0.022
0.180
14 Days
Shoot
0.009
0.013
0.023
0.037
0.037
0.026
0.004
0.032
Ent i re
plant
0.138
0.277
0.082
0.027
0.027
0,007
0.019
0.003
0.008
0.006
0.006
0.073
Extractable 1Z*C
Unextractable 1
-------
Table 45--Concentrations of [ C]Aldrin and degradation products in
invertebrates after a 5-day exposure in the soil-terrestrial
model ecosystem B.
Aldrin equivalents, ppm—
Compound *f~~
Aldrin .98
Oleldrln .90
I-' .80
II .45
III .27
I? .00
14
Retractable C
14
Unextxactable C
Total 14C
Average bio-
sample wt (g)
Limax
(slug)
0.010
0.215
0.008
0.008
0.241
0.028
0.269
3.25515
Armadillidium
(pillbug)
0.042
0.205
-
0.247
0.203
0.450
0.06U5
Estigmene
(caterpillar)
0.025
0.335
0.093
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.461
0.019
0.480
0.71533
a/ Average of triplicate determinations for slugs and caterpillars; average
of duplicate determinations for pillbugs.
b/ Silica Gel GF-254, Q-hexane » diethyl ether, 3 : 2 by volume.
cj Roman numerals " unknown compounds.
99
-------
Table <6. Ceneentrattons of [ t JAldrln Mid degradation products In the prairie vole after * S-day enpoaure la th« soil terrestrial angel ecoeyVtwTB1,
O
o
Aldrln equivalents, ppei
Ventral
Central
. Pectoral Nanoary Uterine neck
Compound »f- fat glands Parotids fat (land Stonach Skin
Aldrln .97 0.032
Oleldrln .94 0.225 0.577 0.154 0.214 0.2B1 0.257 0.076
1^' .84 0 094
II .72
III .34 0.005 0.004
IV .25 0.028
V .11
VI .10 0.025
VII .05
Vllt .00 0.315 0.002 0.041 0.062 0.014 0.011 0.002
Cxtractable
»*C 0.6H 0.584 0.197 0.165 0.317 0.288 0.078
Oftextraet
able **C 0.000 0.002 0.031 0.007 0.007 0.021 0.215
Total1(C 0.634 0.586 0.430 0.171 0.124 0.111 O.»l
BiosMple
wt (*) 0.72571 0.271300.57989 1,696020.771411.7313510.71948
Kidneys
aid
Adrenals Carcass Uterus tongue Intestine
0.016
0.095
0.004
0.001
o.eoi
0.002
0.002
0.006
0.129
0.051
0.182
0.63*59
0.005
0.118 0.109 0.097 0.081
0.027
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001 0.009 0.012 0.010
0.154 0.118 0.109 0.093
0.014 0.024 0.025 0.022
0.1«8 0.142 0.114 0.115
29.43900 0.15276 0.10755 4.079O4
Body
Liver Lungs Heart Brain Total*
0.004
0.077 0.047 0.014 0.001 0.118
0.016 0.016
'O.OOI
•0.001
0.002
o.ooi «».ooi
. 0.001 0.001 0.002
0.001 . 0.001
0.001 0.006 0.004 0.001 0.010
0.080 0.051 0.018 0.019 0.151
0.022 0.041 0.024 O.OQ1 0.055
0.102 0.094 0.06) 0.02} 0.208
. 2.25017 0.58104 0.456000*1419 54.81771
Silica Gel CF-2M. a-hcunc I dlathyl ttbtr. 1 « 2 by voluM.
' Return mewrat* - unknown eonpounds.
-------
Table 47.-Relative affinities of 16 body-parts of the prairie vole for
[ c]aldrin plus Its metabolites, and comparisons with the relative
masses of the body-parts; the vole Is from soil-terrestrial model
ecosystem 8.
Body-parts aTa^f'tota^res'ldu'l Body-part wt as a %
(organs and tissues) " a *, ., fft*'au8 of entire body wt
wt in entire oooy
Carcass-
Skin
Uterine fat
Stomach + contents
intestines + contents
Pectoral fat
Parotid glands
Ventral central neck gland
Llyer „
Mammary glands
Kidneys + adrenals
Lungs
Heart
Uterus + ovaries
Tongue
Brain
43.81
27.68
5.55
4.76
4.13
4.05
2.20
2.20
' 2',03 , , "
1.41
1.01
0.48
0.25
0.19
0.12
0.11
99.98
53.68
19.58
3.09
3.16
7.44
1.32
1.06
1.41
- - 4.10
0.50
1.16
1.06
0.83
0.28
0.20
1.12
99-99
a/ Carcass - the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are listed
~ above); it consists predominately of muscle and bone.
101
-------
X
Terrestrial animals
trial animals V Water
,—^ ^*y-x
// no \(
»..,-
Corn
DIELDRIN
TOTAL RESIDUE
(SOIL SYSTEM)
Aquatic organisms
Soil sediment
Calculation of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
Total maadjnuffl „ Total
M8S- *! concentration, residue' "*:
(No.
( 8)
( 8)
(13)
( 8)
( 1)
) X
3.
4.
0.
0.
38.
mass • total
85
40
060
931
17
30.8
35.2
0.78
7.45
38.17
v* 8 (mass) (cone.)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
698
184
475
275
947
21
6
0
2
36
1
.5
.48
.371
.05
.1
Total residue as
a Z of applied
dose (5000 ug)
0
0
<0
<0
0
.4
.1
.1
.1
.7
Terrestrial
animalf/total (I)
Cornk/
112
66.5
1.2
Algae
Snails
Fish
(3.5)
(50)
( 3)
0.
0.
0.
241
014
113
Aquatic
organism total (II)
Surface water (III) ( 1)7000
Soil sediment0.' (IV) ( 1)4000
Air
0.844 6.19
0.700 8.70
• 0.339 7.61
1.88
- 7000 0.0039
• 4000 0.762
[5000 ug-d+m-m+iv)] -.
5
6
2
13
27
3048
1844
.22
.09
.58
.9
.3
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
61.
36.
1
1
1
3
5
9
_a/ The terrestrial animals (and their residues) were removed from the system at the ter-
mination of the terrestrial phase.
b/ No corn germinated in this model ecosystem; untreated chard and soybean plants were
supplied for food.
£/ The direct interaction of air and terrestrial animals vith the soil occurred prior to
flooding the system.
Fig. 40.-Terminal environmental distribution of
terrestrial model ecosystem.
[ CJdieldrin plus metabolites in a soil-
102
-------
'"1
o
OJ
. *"'
I IS-
u
I .'
A
B
1 .'
S*
10
0
o
*
5
0
t
•
»»\F"» „ f»«
!> . 0,00070 0.947<« 4x
t t
I fEP IX fEP 74Z fEP 2« fEP 94Z
0.00146 0.698 f. the fate of [ cjdieldrln In,the terrestrial phase of a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem. The
total *4Oresldues are expressed as dieldrln equivalents, ppm (w/w), and their subdivisions are: EP •
extractable parent compound, EM - extractable metabolites of the parent compound, and UN • unextractable
products remaining in the processed sample. On day zero, the corn seeds were planted and the soil was
treated with dieldrin at one Ib Al/acre. The system was drenched with water, Instead of the usual
sprinkling, and none of the corn seeds germinated; extraneous foliage was added later. The invertebrates
and vole were added to the system 11 and IS days later, respectively.
-------
32.
M
5
|
O.
w 27 •
41
a
S. 26-
•3
I 25
w
M
1 a*.
})I IcuT cci
^CH" NccT
fEP 40Z
0,00390<™ i« 6.]
A IUN 44Z i
*p >
0.00372
0,00320
0.00306
O.OC
O.OC
1301
1277
1
0.00132 O.C
fEP 72Z
[9
-------
Table 48.-Concentrations of [14c]dieldrin and degradation products in the
of a model ecosystem 20 days after application of [14c]dieldrin to
the soil
Compound
&
II
Dieldrin
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
Extractable WC
Sample wt (g)
Dieldrin
equivalents, ppm
JtfSr Acetone extract Methanol extract—'
.93
.90
.85
.79
.66
.49
.41
.34
.25
.17
.03
.00
0.0064
0.0256
0.6068
0.0105
0.0112
0.0015
0.0017
0.0240
0.0035
0.0009
0.0020
0.0043
0.6984
100. OOO
0.0006
0.0051
0.1151
"
0.0022
0.0003
0.0004
0.0038
0.0006
0.0002
0.0004
0.0009
0.1296
100.000
a/ No corn germinated in this ecosystem.
b/ Silica gel GF-254r n-hexane : diethyl ether, 3:2 by volume.
c/ Methanol extract is from the sample previously extracted with acetone.
d/ Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
105
-------
Table ^.-Concentrations of [ c]dieldrin and degradation products in the air—/
from a soil— model ecosystem
'
Compound
Dieldrin
I^/
Rf£/
.86
.00
Dieldrin equivalents, ppm
Trap 1= Trap 2— /
0.00049
0.00001
Total 14C
Sum 14C, Traps 162
Air sample wt (g) 3/
0.00050 0.00168
0.00218
108.0
a/ Air was trapped for a 3-hour daylight per
5 days after application of [14c]dieldrin
period at a flow rate of 10 ml/sec
to the soil.
b/ No corn germinated in this ecosystem.
£/ Silica gel GF-254, n-hexane : diethyl ether, 3:2 by volume.
d/ Trap 1 was connected directly to the ecosystem container and contained 75 ml
of acetonitrile as the trapping solvent; the trapping solvent was chromato-
graphed.
e/ Trap 2 was connected in series to trap 1 and contained 75 ml of trapping
solvent (ethanolamine : 2-methoxyethanol, 1:2 by volume); the trap 2
solvent was not chromatographed.
f/ Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
g/ One liter of air was assumed to weigh 1 g.
106
-------
Table 50.—Concentrations of [14C]dieldrin and degradation products in inverte-
brates after a 5-day exposure in a soil3/ model ecosystem
Dieldrin equivalents, ppn£/
Armadillidium Eatigmene
Compound 'M.Sf (pillbug) (caterpillar)
Dieldrin .80 0.138 0.257
& .71
II .59
III .36
IV .31
V .24 0.142
VI ,09
VII .03
VIII • .00 0.004 0.003
Extractable 14C 0.284 0.260
Onextractable 14C 0.191 0.015
Total 14C 0.475 0.275
Average
biosample wt (g) 0.060 0.931
Limax
(slug)
0.137
0.009
0.005
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.004
0.157
0.027
0.184
4.397
Lurabricus
(worm)
0.011
0.625
0.004
0.004
0.001
0.004
0.002
0.651
0.047
0.698
3.850
a/ No corn germinated in this ecosystem; untreated soybean plants and chard
were supplied for food.
'b/ Average of triplicate determinations for caterpillar and slugs single deter-
mination for pillbug and worm.
c/ Silica gel GF-254, n-hexane : diethy1 ether, 3:2 by volume.
d/ Roman numerals•= unknown compounds.
107
-------
TabU 31*>Ci»
Ventral Kidney*
_ b_/ Uterine Abdoatnal ttonaiary central Pectoral and
Compound t~ fit fnt (loniH Muck p.l ud fnrxlJn fit 5K(n adtcnala Carcaaa Utftrna Liver
Oleldrln .81 3.6«2 3.479 3.467
l*f .37
11 .30 0.060 0.077 0.053
111 .20 0.039 0,049 0.047
IV .09
f .03
11 .00 0.002 0.013 0.003
Intractable 3.763 3,*20 3.370
1 C
tfneatract-
oble 1*C 0.01) 0,030 0.025
Total U6 3.778 3.630 3.593
•loaaepla vt
(() 0.547 0.746 0.539
3.033 2.934 2.726 1.476 0.760 0.704 0.724 0.416
0.047 0.062 0.034 0.023 0.014 0,011
O.Q42 0.061 0.039 0.013 0.010 0.032
0.033
0.010 0.001 0.016 fO.OOl 0.004 0.035
3.122 3,067 2.819 1.317 0.776 0.729 0.728 0.327
0.022 0.049 0.012 0.2*6 0.023 0.039 0.024 0.063
3.144 3 116 2.831 1.783 0.8O1 0.768 0.732 0.392
0.313 0.294 0.498 3.273 0.438 13.380 0.142 1.972
Heart Tongue Slowich
0.337 0.307 0.233
0.006
0.003
0*003 0.009
0.337 0.312 0.233
0.022 0.033 0.028
0.379 0.34$ 0.261
0.148 0.081 1.743
tnttttlite U>n|*
0.183 0.131
O.O08
0.003
0.004
0.003 0.003
0.201 0.138
f
0.047 0.028
0.248 0.164
6.616 0.227
lody
Irata tetala
0.086 0.843
0.001
0.013
0.012
0.002
0.001
0.001 0.004
0.087 0.878
0.006 0.069
0.093 0.947
O.S43 38. 17flt!
*l So corn geminated In thla systw; untreated aoybean plante and chard vet* auppllad for food.
fc/ Silica «el Cf 254. n hexane I dlethyl ether. 3(2 by volv—e.
el Keaan atnerala • anknoun compound!.
d/ Live bodf oelght.
-------
Table 52.-Relative affinities of 17 body-parts of the pralrte vole^- for
[14 i
Cjdleldrln plus Its metabolites, and comparisons with the
relative masses of the body-parts.
Body-ixirts "••'*!• ?'" J^VM" Body-part wt as a *
«,„.„, «* „„„, "^.r^^v""' •'-«"*«»«
Carcass— •
Skin
Abdominal fat
Uterine fat
Mammary glands
Intestines * contents
Ventral central neck gland
Pectoral fat
Liver
Parotid glands
Stomach^* contents?
Kidneys 4- adrenals
Heart
Uterus
Brain
Lungs
Tongue
33.13
26.04
7.53
5.72
5.56
4.55
4.46
3.90
3-23
2.53
1.35,
0.37
0.40
0.30
0.14
0.10
0.08
99.99
43-25
14.64
2.07
1.52
t.55
T8.37
1.42
1.38
5.47
0.82
4.84 '
1.22
0.69
0.39
1.51
0.63
0.22
99.99
r14 i
a/ Vole from a so-Il-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with [_ Cjdieldrin.
b/ Carcass**the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are listed
above); It consists predominately of muscle and bone.
109
-------
Table 53.-Concentrations of [14cjdieldrin and degradation products in the water of a soil8/ model ecosystem
7 days after flooding the ecosystem with waterS/
Compound
Dleldrin equivalents, ppm
Surface water
L.eachateS/
Ether extractable
before hydrolysis
Ether-extractable
after hydrolysis^/
Ether-eXtractable
before hydrolysis
Ether-extractable
after hydrolysis
ll/
Dleldrin
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
Extractable
.93
.68
.72
.56
.49
.46
.39
.34
.30
.20
.12
.09
.07
.05
.03
.00
14C
0.00005
0.00157
0.00002
0.00002
0.00015
0.00008
0.00012
0.00004
0.00004
0.00008
0.00217
Unextractable 14C
O.OOO01
0.00001
0.00002
0.00005
0.00025
0.00042
0.00076
0.00047
0.00087
0.00002
0.00004
0.00024
0.00007
0.00007
0.00003
0.00012
0.00146
0.00192
0.00008
0.00004
O.OO006
0.00031
0.00032
0.00022
0.00103
0.00066
Total extractable 14C
Unextractable 14C after hydrolysis
14C loss during hydrolysis
Initial 14G in water
Sample volume (1)
0.00293
0.00047
0.00050
0.00390
1.000
0.00249
0.00066
0.00042
0.00357
1.000
a/ No corn germinated in this ecosystem.
b/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [ CJdleldrin to the soil.
c/ One liter of water was withdrawn through the tap at the Jar bottom over a period of about 24 hours.
d/ Silica gel GF-254, n-hexane t diethyl ether, 3:2 by volume.
e/ The "Unextractable" of the preceding column was adjusted to 0.012 N HC1 and maintained at 55-56°C for 18-24 hr.
t/ Roman numerals * unknown compounds.
-------
Table 54.-Concentrations of p^CJdieldrin and degradation products in aquatic
organisms of a soil*' model ecosystem flooded with waters/
Oieldrin equivalents,
Compound
&
IX
Dieldrin
?«
XV
V
Exttactable 14C
Onextxactable 14C
Total 14C
Average bio-
sample wt (9)
at GanbusiaS/
"^ (fish)
.92
.89
.83 7.253
.79
.31 0.212
.00 0.027
7.492
0.118
7.610
0.113
Physa*/
(snail)
0.349
8.018
0.182
0.016
8.565
0.130
8.695
0.014
ppm£/
Algae2/
0.068
4.426
0.632
0.147
0.036
5.309
0.880
6.189
0.241
a/ Ho com germinated in this system.
A -*
b/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [ CJdieldrin
to the soil. .
c/ Average of triplicate determinations for fish; average of duplicate deter-
minations for snarls; single determination for algae.
d/ Silica gel -G?-254, in-hexane : diethyl ether, 3:2 by volume.
«/ ,Piah were added 4*d&yV after flooding'the ecosystem, removed 3 days later,
and processed individually.
f/ Snails were added on the day of flooding, removed 7 days later, and processed
in 2 batches of IS snails each; average batch weight =* 0.204 g.
g/ Algae were filtered from the surface water 7 days after flooding the ecosystem.
h/ Koaan numerals <* unknown compounds.
Ill
-------
Table 55.-Concentration* of [ CJdieldrin and degradation products in the •oil5/
sediment of a model ecosystem 12 days after flooding the ecosystem
with
Compound
i£/
II
Dieldrin
XXI
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Extractable 14C
Sample wt (g)
Dieldrin
equivalents, ppm
Rf£/ Acetone extract Methanol extract3/
.93
.90
.85
.79
.66
.49
.41
.34
.31
.25
.17
.03
.00
0.0041
0.0183
0.6062
0.0054
-0.0107
0.0058
0.0040
0.0108
0.0032
0.0037
0.0026
0.0022
0.0049
O.6819
100.000
0.0007;
0.0022,
0.0716
• 0.0005
0.0012$
0.0005
0-0002
0.0013-
0.0005
0.0003
0.0003
0.0007
0.0800
100. OOO
a/ No corn germinated in this ecosystem.
b/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [14c]dieldrin
~" to the soil.
c/ Silica gel GF-254, c-haxane s diethyl ether, 3:2 by volume.
d/ Methanol extract is from the sample previously extracted with acetone.
c/ Roman numerals • unknown compounds.
112
-------
PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE
TOTAt. RESIDUE
Animals
Calculation of the above estimates;
Ecosystem
component
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
Animal total
Corn^7
Soil (II)
Air
Total maximum
mass, g:
(No.
""( 8)
( 4)
(13)
( 8)
( 1)
(I)
(28)
)' X
3.
9.
0.
0.
25.
3.
mass ™
36' •
09 -
0333 -
890 -
5
39 -
( 1)3718
^^ Total
concentration, «*"««> »•«'
total W8/8
26.
36.
0.
7.
25.
96.
94.
3718
9
4
433
12
5
4
9
[5000
1
0
1
2
0
9
0
V
:39
.441
.77
.44
.677
.25
.858
g-(I+II
(mass) (cone.)
37.
16.
0.
17.
17.
88.
878
3190
:)] - 1721
4
0
766
4
3
9
Total residue as
a % of applied
dose (5000 ug)
0.
0.
<0.
0.
0.
1.
17.
63.
34.
7
3
1
3
3
6
6
8
4
a/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn, having been consumed and/or demol-
ished by the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the system.
Fig. 43.-Terminal environmental distribution of [ CJpentachloronitrobenzene plus
metabolites in a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem.
113
-------
20 i
:planeing
i—
Ul
t>
o
o>
»
.
u
n
-------
27 •
26 "•
f "'
1».
* "
* 22 •
9
1
21 '•
20
fEP 2*
0.00878 {EM 102 1,(
•• I {UN 881
; 1 Before
rt nnoac hydrolysis
UtUUoaO
; O-.OC
, o.oc
o.oc
o.oc
'o.oc
m
816
761
668
fEP 22Z fEP 10Z
JQ
-------
Table 56.-Concentrations of [ CJpentachloronitrobenzene and degradation.
""products in the soil of a model -ecosystem 20 days after application
of [ c]pentacaloronitrobenzene to the soil
Compound
PCNBS/
«a^
IS/
n
in
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Extractable 14C
Unextractable 14C
Total 14C
Sample wt (9)
Rf*/
.98
.91
.75
.62
.49
.46
.33
.25
.18
.10
.03
.00
Pentachloronitrobenzene equivalents, ppoi
Acetone extract Methanol extract—/
0.351 0.018
O.U7 0.011
0.024
0.006
0.010
0.092 0.009
0.004
0.005
0.010
• 0.010
0.029
0.078 0.035
0.736 0.073
0.049
0.858,
100.000
a/ Silica gel GF-254, diethy1 ether : n-hexane, 7:3 by volxime.
b/ Methanol extract is from the sample previously extracted with acetone.
c/ Pentachloronitrobenzene.
d/ Pentachloroaniline.
e/ Roman numerals * unknown compounds.
116
-------
Table 57 .-Concentrations of [ c]Pentachloronitrobenzene and degradation
products in cornS/ after a 14-day exposure in a model ecosystem
Pentachloronitrobenzene equivalents, ppm^/
Compound KfS/
KSB&/ 0.97
PCA£/ o.sa
I?/ 0.46
II 0.22
III 0.19
IV 0.11
V 0.05
VI O.OO
Extractable 14C
Unextractable ?-4C , _ . . ^
Total 14C
Average bio-
sample wt (g)
Root
2.649
2.043
0.538
0.119
0.140
0.220
7.369
13.078
10.612 _(.
23.690
0.715
Shoot
0.098
0.036
0.020
0.001
0.002
0.009
0.021
0.098
0.285
. ' 0.477 -
0.762
1.334
Entire plant
1.081
0.815
0.219
0.001
0.047
0.060
0.095
2.706
5.024
4.223
9.247
2.049
a/ ^cPentachloronitrobenzene was applied to the soil beneath each seed.
b/ Average of triplicate determinations.
c/ Silica gel G)?-'2S4f diethyl ether j ii-hexane, 7:3 by volume.
d/ Pentachloronitrobenzene»
e/ Pentachloroaniline.
f/ Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
117
-------
Table 58.-Concentrations of [c]Pentachloronitrobenzene and degradation
products in invertebrates after a 5-day exposure in a model ecosystem
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Compound
PCNB^ "
PCA^/
1^
II
III
IV
V
VI
Extractable 14C
Dnextraetable 14C
Total 14C
Average bio-
sample wt (g)
*£*/
.94
.84
.40
.29
.14
.06
.03
.00
Armadi 1 lidiun£' Estigmene
{pillbug) (caterpillar)
0.511
0.033
<0,001
0.010
0.063
0.617
1.152
1.769
0.033
0.973
0.588
0.014
0.014
0.101
1.690
0.748
2.438
0.890
equivalents ,
Liroax
(slug)
0.042
0.032
0.005
0.051
0.030
0.013
0.137
0.310
0.131
0.441
9.092
pp^/
Lumbricus
(worm)
0.146
0.037
0.015
0.111
0.053
0.061
0.125
0.548
0.844
1.392
3.355
a/ Average of duplicate determinations for caterpillars and worms; single
determination for pillbugs and slug.
b/ Silica gel GF-254, diethyl ether : ri-hexane, 7:3 by volume.
c/ Three pillbugs were processed together; batch weight = 0.100 g.
d/ Pentachloronitrobenzene.
e/ Pentachloroaniline.
f/ Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
118
-------
Table 59.-Concentrations of [ CJpentachloronitrobenzene and degradation products in the prairie vol«
5-day exposure in a model ecosystem
after a
Pentachloronitrobenrene equivalents, ppta
_. Remaining
Compound RfS/ JJ
PCNB4/
DT*H^/
ri««Vi r •
&
XI
in
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Extractable 14C
Unextractable 14
Total 14C
Biosample wt (g)
96
82
76
55
46
20
19
12
05
00
C
0.^39
0.753
0.027
0.018
0.107
0.320
1.364
0.912
2.276
5.155
Uterine
Skin Uterus Liver
0.036 0.051 0.092 0.018
0.634 0.266 0.231 0.137
0.004
' . 0.012
• 0.005
..„ 0.006
0.006 0.037
0.007 ./; 0.011 0.045 0.029
0.683 , 0.357 0.368 0.221
0.035 , 0.320 0.078 0.175
0.718 - 0.677 0.446 0.396
0.130 3.729 0.019 1.364
Brain Carcass
0.037 0.024
0.045 0.091
0.117
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.012 0.001
0.013 0.003
0.224 0.126
0.012 0.038
0.236 0.164
0.585 13.594
Body
totalsS/
0.051
0.251
0.003
<0.001
0.009
O.003
O.002
0.002
0.025
0.070
0.416
0.261
0.677
a/ Silica gel GF-254, diethyl ether > rv-hexane. 7:3 by volume.
b/ Internal organs,'other than those specified,'were combined and processed as an individual sample.
c/ Body totals were calculated using live body weight (25.527 g).
d/ Pentachloronitrobenzene.
e/ Pentachloroaniline.
£/ Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
-------
Table 60.-Relat!ve affinities of 7 body-parts of the prairie vole^- for
f Cjpentachloronltrobenzene plus Its metabolites, and
'•-.rr.
comparisons with the relative masses of the body-parts.
Body-parts
(organs and tissues)
Skin
Carcass^7
Liver
BraiTi
Uterine fat
Uterus
Remaining organs-
Residue wt in body-part
as a 1 of total residue
wt in enti.re body
14.62
12.89
3.13
0.80
0.54
0.05
67.96
99.99
Body-part" wt as a %
of enti re body wt
15.17
55.31
5.55
2.38
0.53
0.08
20.98
100.00
a/ Vole from a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with
pentach 1 oron i t robenzene .
b/ Carcass * the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are
listed above); it consists predominately of muscle and bone.
£/ The gastrointestinal tract + contents, kidneys + adrenals, heart,
lungs, mammary g.lands, ventral central neck gland, parotid glands
and small amounts of fat tissue were analyzed collectively; most
(ca. 3/4) of the mass consisted of the gastrointestinal tract •*•
contents.
120
-------
Table 61.-Concentrations of [ CJpentachloronitrobenzene and degradation products
in the water of a model ecosystem 7 days after flooding the ecosystem with
Peatachloronitrobenzene equivalents, ppm
Compound
PCNB*/
PCA2/
•&
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV ' ' ' '
XV
Extractable 14C
Unextractable 14C
Total extractable
Unextractable 14C
b/ Ether-extractable Ether-extractable
~ before hydrolysis after hydrolysis^/
.96
.84
.68
.59
.46
.44
.33
.23
.20
.16
.10
.09
.07
.05
.04
"" .02 .
.00
"c
after hydrolysis
0.00015
0.00034
0.00007
0.00003
0.00003
0.00023
O.O0002
0.00002
0.00005
0.00004
0.00008
0.00106
0.00760
14C loss during hydrolysis
14
Initial C in water
Sample volume (1)
0.00017
0.00027
0.00004
0.00002
0.00004
0.00043
0.00024
0.00006
0.00006
0.00003
0.00006
0.00063
0.00205
0.00484
0.00311
0.00484
0.00083
0.00878
l.OOO
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [14c]penta-
chloronitrobenzene to the soil.
b/ Silica gel GF-254, da-ethyl ether : iv-hexane, 7:3 by volume.
c/ The "Unextractable" of the preceding column was adjusted to 0.012 N HC1 and
maintained at 55-56°C for 18-24 hours.
d/ Pentachloronitrobenzene.
e/ Pentachlbroaniline.
f/ Roman numerals <* unknown compounds.
121
-------
Table 62.-Concentrations of [14c]pentachloronitrobenzene and degradation
products in aquatic organisms in a model ecosystem flooded with
waterS/
Compound RfS/
PCNB5-/ .92
PcavS/ .79
iV .65
II .45
III .06
IV .00
Extractable 14C
Unextractable 14C
Total 14C
Average bio-
sample wt (g)
Pentaehloronitrobenzene
Gambusia*/
(fish)
0.171
0.684
0.062
0.007
0.060
0,984
0.734
1.718
0.343
equivalents, pp»='
PhysaS/
(snail)
0.350
0,544
0,026
0,096
0.039
0.133
1.188
0.413
1.601
0.012
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [14c]penta-
chloronitrobenzene to the soil.
b/ Average of triplicate determinations for fish; single determination for
snails.
c/ Silica gel GF-254, diethyl ether : iv-hexane, 7«3 by volume.
d/ Fish were added 4 days after flooding the ecosystem, removed 3 days later,
and processed individually.
e/ Snails were added on the day of flooding; 15 snails were removed 7 days
later and processed as single batch; batch weight «= 0.183 g.
t/ Pentachloronitrobenzene.
g_/ Pentachloroaniline.
h/ Roman numerals » unknown compounds.
122
-------
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
TOTAI, RESIDUE
(16%)
Corn
Animals
•Calculation of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
Animal total
Corn^
Soil (II)
Air
Total max:
mass, |
(No.) X mass
(8) 3.78
( 4) 6.31
(13) 0.033
( 8) Q.937
( 1> 45.3
(I) .
(38) 3.39
( 1)3766
ffMtftt
P
- total
30.
25.
0.
7.
45.
109
• 129
- 3766
Mean
concentration,
ug/s
•v ••
2 0.551
2 0.212
429 0.618
50 1.45
5 0.530
6.30
0.-634
[5000 ug-(I+n
Total
residue, tig:
,
(mass) (cone.)
16.7
5.35
0.265
10.9
24.1
57.3
812
2388
->] - 2555
Total residue as
a % of applied
dose (5000 ug)
0.3
0.1
<0.1
0.2
0.5
1.1
16.2
47.8
51.1
a/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn, having been consumed an<}/or demol-
ished by the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the system.
Fig.. 46.-Terminal environmental distribution of [ CJpentachlorophenol plus metabolites
in a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem.
123
-------
K>
20 1
15
B
•H
U
3
IX
CO
8.
• 10
3 .
I
*
w 5 •
$ .
0
^ 0,1
i
{EP 19Z
CM 21Z
UN «* 0,0'
j
fEP 16Z
6,30377 c^L L
0.04422 I
1,25 0,0 0,01860
Soil . Corn Air Earthworm Slug Plllbug Caterpillar Vole
PPM
Fig. 47.—Suomary of the fate of [ G]pentachlorophenol In a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem. The total C-
resldues ate expressed as pentachlorophenol equivalents, ppm (w/w), and their subdivisions are EP •
extractable parent compound, EM - extractable metabolites of the parent Compound, and UN - unextractable
products remaining In the processed sample. On day zero, the corn seeds were planted and the soil wasr
treated with pentachlorophenol at one Ib Al/acre. On days 10 and IS, the Invertebrates and the Vole were
added, respectively.
-------
27. •
26 •
1* 25 •
J
1 " '
w
1
. 23 •
4J
HI
m 22
o
I?
21 •
20
fa? 8*
0,00818
-------
Table 67.-ReJatfve affinities of 7 body-parts of the prairie vole^ for
[ ' (fjpentachlorophenol plus Its metabolites, and comparisons
wi'ih the relative masses of the body-parts.
Body-parts
(organs and tissues)
Liver
Carcass-
Skin
Brain
Uterine fat
Uterus
Remaining organs-
Residue wt In body-part
as a % of total residue
wt In entire body
15.58 ,
11.65
5.1*
0.78
O.Mi
0.15
66.27
100.01
Body-part wt as a %
of enti re body wt
\.t
5.72
A3. 19
13.75
1.26
2.12
0.26
33.70
100.00
a/ Vole from a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with
['^(fjpentachlorophenol.
b/ Carcass = the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are
listed above); it consists predominately of muscle and bone.
£/ The gastrointestinal tract + contents, kidneys + adrenals, heart,
lungs, mammary gVands, ventral central neck gland, parotid glands
and small amounts of fat tissue were analyzed collectively; most
(ca. 3A) of the mass consisted of the gastrointestinal tract +
contents.
130
-------
Table 68 .-Concentrations of [ ^pentachlorophenol and degradation products
in tha water of a model ecosystem 7 days after flooding the ecosystem
with
Pentachlorophenol equivalents, ppm
Rf*/
Ether-extractable
before hydrolysis
Ether-extractable
after hydrolysis^/
»d/ gg
J*** .90
iV .73
PCP— ' .69
II .54
III .46
IV .36
V .34
VI .31
VII .22
VIII .19
IX .16
X .12
XI .05
XII .04
XIII - : .00
Extractable 14C
Onextractable 14C
Total extractable WC
Onextractable 14C after hydrolysis
14C loss during hydrolysis
Initial 14C in water
Sample volume (1)
0.00051
0.00005
0.00069
0.00002
0.00001
0.00003
0.00004
,Qi 00004 '
0.00139
0. 00695
0.00010
0.00044
0.00001
<0. 00001
0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00002
0.00002
0.00001
0.00003
0.00004
0.00007
t-J, v ' 0.0001-1
0.00089
0.00296
O.OO228
0.00296
0.00324
0.00848
l.OOO
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [14c]penta-
cblorophenol to the soil.
b/ Silica gel GF-2S4, benzene : n-hexane : acetic acid, 90t5:5 by volume.
c/ The "unextxactable'* of the preceding column was adjusted to 0.012 N HC1 and
maintained at 55-56°C for 18-24 hours.
£/ Chloxanil (tetrachloro-£-benzoquinone).
e/ Ronan numerals * unknown compounds.
f/ Pentachlorophenol.
131
-------
Table 69.-Concentration* of [c]pentachlorophenol and degradation products
in aquatic organisms in a model ecosystem flooded With
Compound
&
PC*S/
jh/
XX
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Extractable 14C
Onextractable 14C
Total 14C
Average bio-
sample wt (g)
-*
.92
.65
.64
.52
.40
.37
.16
.07
.04
.00
,
Pentachloropbenol
Caabusia3/
(fish)
0.082
0.779
-
0.161
0.021
0.010
0.016
0.055
1.124
0.636
1.760
0.310
equivalents, ppm=«
PhvsaS/
{snail)
0.041
0.046
0.006
0.186
O.«17
0.024
0.029
0.035
0.113
0.353
0.850 .
1.665
2.515
0.016
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [14c]penta-
chlorophenol to the soil.
b/ Average of triplicate determinations for fish; single determination for
snails.
c/ Silica gel GF-254, benzene : n-hexane : acetic acid, 90:5:5 by •volume.
d/ Fish were added 4 days after flooding the ecosystem, removed 3 days later,
and processed individually.
e/ Snails were added on the day of flooding; 15 snails were removed 7 days
later and processed as a single batch; batch weight » 0.243 g.
f/ Chloranil (tetrachloro-£-benzoquinone).
£/ Pentachlorophenol.
h/ Roman numerals * unknown compounds.
132
-------
CAPTAN
TOTAL RESIDUE
Animals
Calculation of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
Animal total (1)
Corn^
Soil (11)
Air
Total maximum
mass, g:
(NO.
('»)
( 3)
(13)
( 8)
( 1)
(27)
) X
3.
5.
0.
0.
24.
3.
mass -
37
20
0336
722
54
39 -
( 1)3842
Mean
concentration,
Total
residue, ug:
total wg/g (mass) (cone.)
'27.
15.
0.
5.
24.
73.
91.
3842
o v
6
437
78
54
4
5
[5000
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
US
181
069
470
299
119
396
165
-]
4.
1.
0.
1.
2.
10.
36.
634
- 4355
88
08
205
73
93
8
2
Total residue as
a Z of applied
dose (5000 yg)
0
<0
<0
<0
0
0
0
12
87
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.7
.7
.1
a/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn, having been consumed and/or demol-
ished by the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the system.
r!4
Fig. 49.-Terminal environmental distribution of [ Cjcaptan plus metabolites in a soil-
terrestrial model ecosystem.
133
-------
20 .
15
9 '
-------
27
Ul
I
u
I
I
t
I
IM
O
«
25
23
22
21
20
IBP OZ
I 8,00291
-------
Table 70.-Concentrations of [ CJeaptan and degradation products in the* soil
of a model ecosystem 20 days after application of [*4c]captair to
the soil
Compound
IS/
II
III
Captan
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Extractable 14C
Unextractable 14C
Total 14C
Sample wt (g)
MS/
.98
.89
CO. QlSf
• 3* » OJL
.51
.18-. 38
.15
.06
.04
.00
Captan equivalents, ppm
Acetone extract Methanol extract-
O.OOO8
0.0038
0.0025
0.0017 0.0001
0.0011
0.0006
0.0020 0.0001
0.0002
0.0092 0.0029
0.0217 0.0033
0.1397
0.1647
100.0000
a/ Silica gel GF-254, diethyl ether : n_-hexane, 7:3 by volume.
b/ Methanol extract is from the sample previously extracted with acetone.
c/ Roman numerals « unknown compounds.
d/ Rf range denotes streak on TLC plate.
136
-------
Table 71.-Concentrations of [*4c]captan and degradation products in corn*'
after a 14-day exposure in a model ecosystem
Compound
&
II
III
IV
Cap tan
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
Extractable 14C
Unextractable 14C
Total 14C
Averager bio-
sample wt (g)
RfS/
0.97
0.89
0.83
0.72
0.51
0.34-0.54S/
0.32
0.29
0.24
0.13
0.06
0.00
Root
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.065
0.073
0.294
0.367
0.672
Captan equivalents.
Shoot
0.006
0.010
0,007
0.005
0.004
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.011
0.018
0.064
0.130
0.28O
0.410
1.491
ppm&/
Entire plant
0.005
0.007
-------
Table 72.-Concentrations of { cjcaptan and degradation products in invertebrates^
after a 5-day exposure in a model ecosystem
Captan equivalents , ppm— -
Compound
X*
II
III
Captan
IV
V
VI
VII
14
Ex tract able C
14
Unextractable C
Total 14C
Average bio-
sample wt (g)
_-b/ Anuadillidium— Estigmene
(pillbug) (caterpillar)
.95 0.119 0.086
.30-.74S/
.70 0.014
.49 0.053 0.019
.30
.05-. 30
.05 0.013
.00 0.167 0.066
0.339 0.198
0.131 0.101
0.470 0.299
0.034 0.722
Limax
(slug)
0.020
0.005
0.004
0.027
0.064
0.005
0.069
5.204
Lumbricus
(worm)
0.033
0.01$
0.089
0.137
0.044
0.181
3.366
a/ Average of duplicate determinations for caterpillars and worms; single
determination for pillbugs and slug.
b/ Silica gel GF-254, diethyl ether : n-hexane, 7:3 by volume.
£/ Three pillbugs were processed together; batch weight * 0.101 g.
d/ Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
e/ Rf range denotes streak on TLC plate.
138
-------
c
Table 73".-Concentrations of [i4c]captan and degradation products in the prairie vole after a 5-day exposure in
a model ecosystem
Captan equivalents, pptn
Compound RfS<
l& .89
II .80
III . •' .71 '
G
Captan . 46
IV ' ' . .05
V .00
Extractable 14C
pnextractable 14C
Total 14C
Biosample wt (g)
Uterus Brain
0.326 0.228
0.018
0.013
0.040 0.001
0.366 0.260
0.076 0.019
0.442 0.279
0.019 0.473
< Liver
- 0.124
,
0.022
" 0,006
0.051
, 0.203
0.065
0.268
1.234
Remaining
organs!?
0.033
0.056
0.089
0.129
0.218
6.790
Skin
0.029
0.044
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.078
0.046
0.124
3.092
Uterine
Carcass
fat
O.OO7
0.021
0.010
O.O42 0.001
-------
Table 74.-Relative affinities of 7 body-parts of the prairie vole^-7 for
rl Jf~T
I CJcaptan plus its metabolites, and comparisons with the
?rt
relative masses of the body-parts.
Body-part
(organs and tissues)
Carcass-
Skin
Liver
Brain
Uterine fat
Uterus
Remaining organs-
Residue wt in body-part
as a % of total residue
wt in entire body
19.71
13.09
11.31
A. 51
0.41
0.27
50.70
100.00
Body-part wt as a %
of entire body wt
*i*f
51.18
12.90
5.15
1.97
0.39
0.08^
28.33
100.00
a/ Vole from a soi1-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with <
[1J*c]captan.
bY Carcass » the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are
listed above); it consists predominately of muscle and bone.
£/ The gastrointestinal tract +• contents, kidneys + adrenals, heart,
lungs, mammary glands, ventral central neck gland, parotid glands
and small amounts of fat tissue were analyzed collectively; most
(ca. 3A) of the mass consisted of the gastrointestinal tract +
contents.
140
-------
Table 75--Concentrations of [ cjcaptan and degradation products in the water
Of a model ecosystem 7 days after flooding the ecosystem with water*
Compound
&
II
III
Captan
IV
V
VI
VIX
VIII
XX
Extractable 14C
Onextractable 14C
Total extractable
Onextractable 14C
Captan
equivalents, ppm
fb/ Chloroform-extractable Chloroform- extractable
^^ before hydrolysis after hydrolysis^/
.98 0.000002
.79 0.000004
.58 0.000003
.55 0.000003
.25 0.000006
.18
.13
.08
.02 0.000008
.00 0.000023
0.000049
0.002555
14C
after hydrolysis
**C loss during hydrolysis
Initial C in water
Sample volume (1)
0.000003
0.000012
0.000014
0.000019
0.000004
0.000018
0.000070
0.001143
0.000119
0.001143
0.001682
0.002944
1.000
a/ .Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [-^c]captan
to the soil.
b/ Silica gel GF-254, dxethyl ether : iv-hexane, 7:3 by volume.
cf Tha "unextractable" of the preceding column was adjusted to 0.012 N HC1
and maintained at 55-56°C for 18-24 hours.
d/ Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
141
-------
Table 76..-Concentrations of [ cjcaptan and degradation products in aquatic
organisms in a model ecosystem flooded with water^/
Compound RfS'
!•£/ .98
II .97
Captan .57
III .27
IV .05
V .00
Extractable 14C
Unextractable 14C
Captan equivalents,
Gambusia*/
(fish)
0.715
0.021
O.OO4
0.056
0.296
0.082
ppmb/
PhysaS/
(snail)
0.026
0.018
0.048
0.032
0.039
0.104
0.267
0.558
Total 14C
0.378
0.625
Average bio-
sample wt (g)
0.243
0.016
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [14c]captan
to the soil.
b/ Average of triplicate determinations for fishj single determination for
snails.
c/ Silica gel GF-254, diethyl ether : £-hexane, 7:3 by volume.
d/ Fish were added 4 days after flooding the ecosystem, removed 3 days later,
and processed individually.
e/ Snails were added on the day of flooding; 15 snails were removed 7 days
later and processed as a single batch; batch weight * 0.238 g.
f/ Roman numerals ** unknown compounds.
142
-------
Terrestrial animals
PARATHION
TOTAL RESIDUE
Aquatic animals
Coco
Soil sediment
Calculation of th« above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole ,
Total maximum
mass, g:
(
(
(No.)
8)
5)
(13)
(
%(
8)
1)
X
4.
7.
0.
0.
32.
Mean
concentration ,
mass " total
29 34
58
032
277
37
0
2
0 32
.3
.9
.416
.22
.0
ug/8
1.29
2.31
9.71
13.5
- ,0.304
Total
residue, tig:
(mass) (cone.)
44
87
4
30
. 9
.3
.5
.04
.0
.73
Total residue as
a Z of applied
dose (5000 yg)
0.9
1.8
0.1
0.6
- 0.2
Terrestrial
animal4/total (I)
Cornfe/
Soails
Fish
Aquatic
animal total (II)
Surface water (III)
Soil sediment^' (IV)
Air
(30) 3.39 -
(50) 0.008O -
( 3) 0.392 -
< 1)7000
( 1)3272 -
107
102
0.400
1.18
1.58
7000
3272
42.9
1.35
0.223
0.00741
0.&30
[5000 iig-(I+II+III-HV}]
176
4376
0. 540
0.263
0.803
51.9
2061
- 2710
3.6
87.5
0.011
0.005
0.016
1.0
41.2
54.2
a/ The terrestrial arlma1? (and their residues) were removed from the system at the ter-
mination of the terrestrial phase.
W Proportion at 14- days postplantittg; the corn, having been consumed and/or demolished by
~ Che animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the terrestrial phase, and
Its residue is distributed among animals, air, and soil.
_c/ The direct interaction of corn, air, and terrestrial animals with the soil occurred prior
to flooding the system.
Fig. 52.-Terminal enviranaeaeil-distribution-of '[l C-]parachion plus metabolites la a soil-
terrestrial model ecosystem.
143
-------
o
a.
n
20 '
19 .
18 '
14 -
12 •
11 -
10 -
0.!
4
O.C
[EP 182
577 { EM 152 0.3
. I. UN 67Z '•
0.05059 PARAT.UON
0.01
_ „ (EP 252
42.9
-------
32 ..
5
u
1
S- 27 .
i
1 "
•3
25 •
1
U
£ 24 -
w
*N
0 23
1
22 •
21 .
20
0,
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0,
0,
«tt
ffip 45,
00741 JEM 22% l.j
V ^
>*y hydrolysis
1
00740
1
00662
1
00618
1
00526
I
00451
1
C0116 0,i
PARAT1UON
S
| yy Vy
0 V *^-\ y-**°«
55 {EM " 0.2
> ' c i
*
0,(
v
;
1
0,63
i
{EP 4Z
EM47Z
UN49Z
1
0,5?
[EP sz
fl^EM 13Z
k Ira 82Z
Water
removed
(EP 18Z
EM 1SZ
UN 67Z
r 12
if
VI
postflood;
6 £
1
5 .
S
• * &
a
•H
3 o
41
•S?
. 2 *
. 1
. 0
Surface water
Snails
Pish
Sediment
PPM
Fig.
54.—Sunmary of the fate of [ CJparathion in the aquatic phase; an extension of a soil-terrestrial
model ecosystem (see Fig. S3). The barren terrestrial phase was flooded 20 days postplantlng
and sna s, Daphnia and mosquito larvae were added to the system; the fish were added 4 days
later, ihe total C residues are expressed as parathion equivalents, ppm (w/w), and their
subdivisions arc EP a extractable parent compound, EM - extractable metabolites of the parent
compound, and UN <* unextractable products remaining in the processed sample.
-------
Table 77 .-Concentrations of [ CJparathion and degradation products in the
soil and sediment of a model ecosystem
— Parathion equivalents, ppm
Compound
Parathion
!§/
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
Extractable *4C
Onextractable 14C
Total 14C
Sample wt (g)
Rf£/
.96
.78-. 93S/
.79
.69
.20-. 68
.55-. 66
.58
.45-. 52
.52
.20-. 47
.43
.37
.18-. 31
.30
.17
.13
.09-. 12
.04-. 08
.07
.04
.01-. 04
.00
Acetone
extract
0.0825
0.0037
0.0009
0.0072
0.0008
0.0008
0.0005
0.0008
0.0010
0.0026
0.0037
0.0052
0.0147
0.0025
0.0044
0.0244
0.1557
SoilS/
Methanol
extract!/
0.0216
0.0020
O.OO05
0.0002
0.0012
0.0010
0.0033
0.0004
0.0014
0.0006
0.0047
0.0369
0.3839
0.5765
100.0000
Sediment*/
Acetone
extract
0.0286
0.0035
0.0025
0.0007
0.0004
0.0009
0.0021
0.0009
0.0037
0.0040
0.0173
0.0039
0.0051
0.0219
0.0955
Methanol
extract
0.0008
0.0013
•
0.0017
0.0048
0.0023
0.0052
0.0161
0.5179
0.6295
100.0000
a/ Soil samples were taken 10 days after crop treatment.
b/ Sediment samples were taken 22 days after crop treatment, 12 days after
flooding the ecosystem with water. i
c/ Silica gel GF-254, diethyl ether : nj-hexane, 7:3'by volume.
&/ Methanol extract is from the sample previously extracted with acetone.
e/ Roman numerals « unknown compounds.
f/ Rf range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
146
-------
Table 78.-Concentrations of [14c]parathion and degradation products in cover' grown
in a model ecosystem
Parathion equivalents
Compound
Parathion
I*/
II
HI
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII *
XIII
Extr actable
*,
.94
.91
.60
.52
.41-.50S/
.26-. 45
.35
.25
.11-. 20
.17
.14
.09
' "<:.OS"
.00
14C
Onextzactable 14C
Total 14C
"
Average biosanple wt (g)
Root
0.183
0.028
0.009
0.069
0.002
0.003
0.002
0.008
* 6.005
0.155
0.464
0.598
1.062
0.557
Day 12
Shoot
49.305
1.724
0.101
0.597
0.045
0.306
0.527
0.260
01361'-'
9.054
62.280
17.923
SO. 203
1.196
Entire
plant
31.608
0.012
0.003
1.161
0.072
0.379
0.033
0.215
0.001
0.001
0.371
0.164
* 0.223
6.174
40.417
12.283
52.700
1.753
Root
0.168
0.012
0.004
0.007
0.003
O.001
O.104
" 0.015
0.325
0.639
1.071
1.710
0.693
, ppn-'
Day 14
Shoot
15.185
2.898
1.125
0.314
0.068
0.202
0.307
" "0.622
20.526
41.247
21.513
62.760
1.322
Entire
plant
10.853
0.004
1.931
0.744
0.197
0.054
0.001
0.141
0.231
0.425
13.672
28.253
14.685
42.938
2.015
a/ [c] Parathion was applied to the com leaves 10 days after planting the seeds;
plants were harvested on indicated post-planting days.
b/ Average of triplicate determinations.
c/ Silica gel GF-254, diethyl ether : n-hexane, 7:3 by volume.
d/ Roman numerals ° unknown compounds.
a/ ftf range denote)) & streak on the TLC plate.
147
-------
Table 79. — Concentrations of [ cjparathion and degradation products in the air of a model ecosystem 0, 1, and 2
*-
00
r-14
days after applying the [_ Cjparathion to the foliage.
R a/
Compounds f
Parathlon . 94
li' .33
II .02-. 33^'
III .03 .32
IV .04-. 23
V .03
VI .00
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Sum traps 1 & 2
14
Pre-extraction C
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Extraction losses
Air sample wt. (g)-
Parathlon equivalents.
Day 0
Hexane- Hexane-
extractable. , extractable ,
from trap 1- froa trap 2-
0.01838
0.00003
0.00008
0.00031
0.01880 0.00054
0.05226 0.00115
0.07723
0.01934
0.05341
0.00448
108.00
ppm
Day 1
Hexane- Hexane-
extractable extractable
from trap 1 from trap 2
0.00679
0.00005
0.00004
0.00002
0.00690 0.00018
0.03866 0.00109
0.04933
0.00708
0.03975
0.00250
108.00
Day 2
Hexane Hexane-
extractable extractable
from trap 1 from trap 2
0.00448
0.00005
0.00005
0.00012
0.00470 0.00003
0.03306 0.00069
0.04031
0.00473
0.03375
0.00183
108.00
£/ Silica gel GF-254, dlethyl ether : hexane, 7:3 by volume.
b/ in-Hexane extract of trapping solvent (ethanolamlne:2-methoxyethanol, 1:2 by volume) in trap 1, the trap connected
directly to the ecosystem container.
c/ The n-hexane extract of* the trapping solvent (ethanolamlne : 2-methoxyethanol,'-l:2 by volume) in trap 2.vas not
chromatographed; trap 2 was connected In series to trap 1.
&l Roman numerals » unknown compounds.
e/ R« range denotes a streak on TLC plate.
II Air wa. trapped for 3 hr during daylight at a flow rate of 10 ml/sec, and 1 t of air was assumed to weigh 1 g.
1 I
-------
Table 80.—Concentrations of [ cjparathion and degradation products in inverte-
brates after a 5-day exposure in a model ecosystem.
Parathion equivalents, ppn—
Compounds
Parathion
I*'
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
14
Extractable C
Unextractable C
Total 14C
Average bio-
sample wt. (g)
Rf~
.88
.56
.34
.30
.22
.18
.12
.08
.04
.00
Lwnbricua
(worm)
0.556
0.048
0.044
0.027 ,
0.675
0.617
1.292
4.286
Limox
(slug)
1.472
0.452
0.005
0.008
0.003
0.016
0.064
0.158
2.178
0.128
2.306
7.578
Axmodi. I liditon^-
(pillbug)
1.969
0.759
0.156
0.359
3.243
6.463
9.706
0.032
Eatigmene—
(caterpillar)
3.188
1.238
0.006
0.083
0.027
0.178
0.338
5.058
8.468
13.526
0.277
&f Average of duplicate determinations for worm and caterpillar; single determina-
tion for slug and pillbug..
b/ Silica gel GT-254, diethyl ether : n-hexane, 7:3 by volume.
cj Two pillbugs were analyzed together as the extract; both were dead when sampled.
Aj One determination was based on a dead caterpillar.
e/ Roman numerals • unknown compounds.
149
-------
Table 81.-concentrations of [14c]parathion and degradation products in the prairie vole after a 5-day
in a model ecosystem
Parathion equivalents, ppra
Compound Rf— '
Parathion . 87
•& .63
II .15
III .04
IV .00
Retractable 14C
Unextractable 14C
Total 14C
Biosample wt (g)
Remaining
organs^/
0.078
0.023
0.037
0.118
0.256
0.837
1.093
7.085
a/ [ cj Parathion was applied to the
b/ Silica gel GF-254
c/ Internal organs.
d/ Autoradiographic
e/ Body totals were
f/ Roman numerals =
, diethyl ether s
other than those
Liver
0.006
0.015
0.021
0.128
0.149
2.162
Skin
0.028
0.001
0.001
0.030
0.101
0.131
5.948
corn foliage 5 days
n_-hexane »
specified,
Uterus Uterine
and ovaries*/ CarcaSS fat*/ Brai"
0.037
0.028
0.065
0.164
before the
0.016
0.001 0.010
0.017 0.035 0.010
0.036 0.015 0.018
0.053 0.050 0.028
15.824 0.173 0.639
vole was added to the ecosystem.
Body
totals^/
0.013
0.017
0.006
0.008
0.028
0.073
0.231
0.304
31.995
7:3 by volume.
were combined and analyzed as one sample.
analysis of extracts of these organs
calculated using
unknown compounds
the sum of
.
was unsuccessful because of low radioactive
the weights of dissected organs; live body weight -
content.
31.596 g.
-------
82.'-Relative affinities of 7 body-parts of the prairie vole^- for
[ c}parathIon plu? Its metabolites, and comparisons with the
relative masses of the body-parts.
isody-parts
lorgans and tissues)
Carcass^'
Skin
Liver
Brain
Uterus + ovaries
Uterine fat
Remaining organs-
Residue wt In body-part
as a % of total residue
wt in enti re body
8.71
8.00
3.31
0.18
0.10
0.09
79.61
100.00
Body-part wt as a %
of entire body wt
49.46
18.59
6.76
2.00
0.51
0.5*»
22. 14
100.00
a/ Vole from a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with
~ 1*C pa rath I on.
pa rath I
b/ Carcass * the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are
listed above); it consists predominately of muscle and bone.
c/ The gastrointestinal tract * contents, kidneys •*• adrenals, heart,
~ lungs, mammary glands, ventral centra) neck gland, parotid glands
and small amounts of fat tissue were analyzed collectively; most
(ca. 3/4) of the mass consisted of the gastrointestinal tract +
contents.
151
-------
Table 83.-Concentrations of [14c]parathion and degradation products in the water
of a model ecosystem 7 days after flooding the ecosystem with water*/
Parathion equivalents-, ppm
Compound
Ether-extr actable
before hydrolysis
Ether-extractable
after hydrolysis^/
Parathion . 90
l3/ .73-.84S/
II .68
III .39-. 66
IV .59
V .10-. 46
VI .35
VII .29
VIII .24
IX .17-. 22
X .16
XI .11
XII .07
XIII .03
XIV .00
Extractable 14C
Dnextractable 14C
Total extractable 14C
Unextractable ^4C after hydrolysis
* C loss during hydrolysis
Initial 14C in water
Sample volume (1)
0.00029 ' 0.00013
0.00006
Q. 00013 ' 0.00009
0.00007
0.00003
0.00017
0.00004
0.00003
0.00002
0.00003
0.00012
0.00070
0.00012 0.00013
0.00010
0.00032 0.00031
0.00193 0.00096
0.00545 0.00379
0.00289
0.00379
O. 00073
0.00741
1.000
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [14c]parathion
to the corn foliage.
b/ Silica gel GF-254, diethy1 ether : in-hexane, 7:3 by volume.
c/ The "un ex tractable" of the preceding column was adjusted to 0.012 N BC1 and
maintained at 55-56°C for 18-24 hours.
d/ Roman numerals » unknown compounds.
e/ Rf range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
152
-------
r!4
Table 84.-Concentrat Ions of [ CJ pa rath Ion and degradation product? In
aquatic organisms from a model ecosystem flooded with water^- .
Parathion equivalents, j>pm—
Compounds R.—
Parathion .95
|iX .I8-.903/
II .72
III .14
IV ' .03'. 12
V .09
VI .00
Extractable 1AC
14
Unextractable C
Total 14C
v t *
Average biosample wt. (g}'
G ambus la—
(fish)
0.008
0.029
0.016
0.014
0.047
0.114
0.109
0.223
"0.392 '
Physa^
TsnaTl)
0.023
0.080
0.039
0.132
0.274
1.080
1.354
0.0083
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of the
[^CJparathion to tn« foliage.
b/ Average of triplicate determinations for fish; single determination
for snal1.
£/ S'HIca gel GF-254, diethyl ether : nrhexane, 7:3 by volume.
jd/ Fish were added 4 days after flooding the ecosystem, removed 3 days
later, and processed individually.
«/ Snajls were added on the day of flooding, removed 7 days later, and
processed In one batch of 15 snails; total batch weight = 0.124 g.
f/ Roman numerals " unknown compounds.
£/ R, range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
153
-------
METHYL PARATHION
TOTAL RESIDUE
Aquatic animals
Soil sediment
Calculation of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Total naximua
mass, g:
(No.) X nass • total
„
Total
resldue'
Total residue as
concentration, _"_ _ 1 ^.81 a Z of applied
Vg/g
(mass) (cone.)
dose (5000 jig)
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
( 8)
( 5)
(13)
( 8)
( 1)
3.86
5.59
0.077
0.930
20.1
30.9
28.0
1.00
7.44
20.1
3.07
0.955
6.66
2.36
0.532
94- B
26.7
6.66
17.6
10.7
1.9
0.5
0.1
0.4
0.2
Terrestrial
animali'total (I)
Cornt'
Snails
Fish
(32) 3.39
(50) 0.013
( 3) 0.329
87-4
108
0.650
0.987
24.5
1.19-
0.236
156
2658
0.774
0.233
3.1
53.2
0.015
0.005
Aquatic
animal total (II)
Surface water (III)
Soil sediment^/ (IV)
Air
( 1)7000
( 1)3435
1.64
- 7000 0.00667
- 3435 0.455
[5000 ug-(M-IM-IIM-IV)]
1.01,
46.7
1563
- 3233
0.020
0.9
31.3
64.7
a/ The terrestrial animals (and their residues) were removed from the system at the termina-
tion of the terrestrial phase.
b/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn, having been consumed and/or demolished by
the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the terrestrial phase, and
its residue is distributed asong animals, air, and soil.
£/ The direct interaction of corn, air, and terrestrial animals vith the soil occurred prior
to flooding the system.
r!4 T
Fig. 55.-Terminal environmental distribution of [CJmethyl parathion plus metabolites in a
soil-terrestrial model ecosystem.
154
-------
Cn
Ui
20'
19 '
. 18 '
§
£ 16
a
•!"'
"8
»p 13
12
11 -
10
0,3
t
•
0,(
fBT « -
EH UZ 0,!
Uff 82X t
METHYL PARATHION
, 0,0;
j
0,2;
fEP 21
21.5 ed) 0,1
mi "
^o*
•-
'647 3,(
^
i
< ^ }
!777
t.
1950 ,
1029 0.(
{EP 3Z fEP 6Z fEP 2Z
EM 55Z 0,955 *
fEP 1Z
>32
-------
32 •
'
j?
4J
§
.-4
a.
S 27 •
o
o.
n tr
1 26 •
I " '
n
S? 24 •
«4
0
„ 23 .
2
22 -
21 .
20 .
METHYL PARATinON
m __
-HO.
TEP ix
0,00667 36
-------
Table 85.-Concentrations of [ c]methyl parathlon and degradation products
in the soil and sediment of a model ecosystem
Methyl parathion
Compound
IS/
Methyl parathion
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
Extractable 14C
Onextractable 14C
Total 1«C
Sample wt (g)
RfS/
.98
.93
.88
76-. 86^
.80
.70
58-. 67
20-. 67
48-. 64
.45
28-. 44
18-. 42
.25
16-. 21
.19
.16
.13
.08
03-. 07
.03
.00
Acetone
extract
0.0024
0.0133
0.0025
O.0137
0.0014
0.0006
0.0012
0.0008
0.0009
.
0.0019
0.0048
0.0037
0.0127
0.0599
SoilS/
Methanol
extracts/
0.0004
0.0015
0.0001
0.0039
0.0002
0.0005
'
0.0003
0.0006
0.0007
0.0006
0.0032
0.0120
0.3256
0,3975
100.0000
equivalents
, ppm
Sediment^/
Acetone
extract
0.0018
0.0011
0.0076
0.0020
0.0032
0.0017
0.0004
0.0021
0.0005
0.0009
0.0038
0.0043
0.0118
0.0412
0
0
100
Methanol
extract
0.0006
0.0002
<0.0001
0.0005
0.0006
0.0002
0.0002
0.0007
0.0016
0.0020
0.0066
.4069
.4547
.0000
a/ Soil samples were taken 1O days after crop treatment.
b/ Sediment samples were taken 22 days after crop treatment, 12 days after
flooding the ecosystem with water.
c/ Silica gel GF-254, diethyl ether : rt-hexane, 7:3 by volume.
d/ The methanol extract is from the sample previously extracted with acetone.
e/ Roman .numerals =» unknown compounds.
tf Rf range denotes a streak on the TIC plate.
157
-------
Table 86.-Concentrations of [c] methyl parathion and degradation products in corn^/
grown in a model ecosystem
Methyl parathion equivalents, ppm"/
Compound
IS/
Methyl parathion
XI
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
Retractable 14C
Dnextractable 14C
Total 14C
Average biosample
"Rf£/
.96
.90
70-. 88^
.84
.73
.67
37-. 66
47-. 63
21-. 62
.44
.36
22-. 34
.25
03-. 24
.22
.17
04-. 16
.15
.11
.08
.04
.00
wt (g)
Root
0.005
0.030
0.004
0.014
0.076
0.008
0.008
0.023
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.301
0.489
0.480
0.969
0.1)25
Day 12
Shoot
12.826
0.047
2.495
10.549
0.280
0.826
0.031
0.045
0.055
0.234
0.206
0.416
0.216
0.950
21.573
50.749
15.244
65.993
1.268
Entire
plant
0.002
8.933
0.001
0.031
2.018
7.251
0.001
0.229
0.521
0.025
0.008
0.037
0.002
0.002
0.038
0.164
0.001
0.135
0.271
0.172
0.651
14.919
35.412
10.661
46.073
1.793
Day 14
Root Shoot
0.017 0.919
0.095
0.075 8.505
0.348
0.027
0.003
0.004 0.175
0.008 0.121
0.308
0.097
0.463
0.557 14.495
0.691 25.526
0.397 12.029
1.088 37.555
0.595 1.074
*
Entire
plant
0.596
0.061
5.486
0.223
0.010
0.001
0.115
0.080
0.198
0.061
0.295
9.505
16.631
7.869
24.500
1.669
a/ [14c] Methyl parathion was applied to the corn leaves 10 days after planting the
seeds; plants were harvested on indicated post-planting days.
b/ Average of triplicate determinations.
£/ Silica gel GF-254, diethyl ether t n-hexane, 7:3 by volume.
d/ Roman numerals * unknown compounds.
e/ Rf range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
158
-------
TableS7. — Concentrations of [ c]methyl parathion and degradation pro-
duets in the air of a model ecosystem one day after applying
r!4 i
the I CJmethyl parathion to the foliage.
Methyl parathion equivalents, ppw
Compounds
Methyl parathion
Id/
II
14
Extractable C
14
Uhextractable C
a/ Hexane-extractable
f*~ from trap li/
.84 0.00012
.38 0.00001
.00 0.00000
0.00013
0.04624
Hexane-extractahle
from trap 2°-'
0.00002
0.00025
Sum traps. 1 & 2
14
Pre-extraction C
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
1 Extraction Tosses ~
Air sample vt. (g)-
0.04950
0.00015
0.04649
0.00286
108.00
a./ Silica gel CF-254, diethyl ether : hexane, 7:3 by volume.
Jb/ tv-Hexane extract of trapping solvent (ethanolaalne : 2-methoxyethanol,
1:2 by volume) in trap 1, the trap connected directly to the eco-
system container.
c/ The n-hexane extract of the trapping solvent (ethanolamine : 2-
methoxyethanol, 1:2 by volume) in trap 2 was not chrooatographed;
-' trap 2 was' connected In series to trap 1.
&/ Rooanr numerals = unknown compounds.
ej Air was trapped tot 3 hr'during daylight at "a flow irate of 10 ml/sec,
and 1 L of Air was assumed to weigh 1 g-
159
-------
invt
Table 88.—Concentrations of [ C]methyl parathlem and degradation products in
invertebrates after a 5-day exposure in a model ecosystem.
Compounds
i"
Methyl parathion
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total 1AC
Average
biosample wt. (g)
V"
.97'
.81
.66
.60
.54
.20
.12
.08
,04
.00
Methyl
Lvmbnaite
(worm)
0.092
0.020
0.415
0.004
0.011
0.074
1.164
1.780
1.291
3.071
3.858
parathion
Limax
(slug) •
-
0.053
0.428
0.005
0.021
o.oao
0.197
0.784
0.171
0.955
5,587
eouivalents,.
(pillbug)
0.029
0.150
0.093
1,653
0.064
0.757
2.746
3.911
6.657
0,077
PP«a/ j,
i&/ Estigmene
(caterpillar)
0.169
0.224
0.540
0.259
1.192
1.164
2.356
0.930
£/ Average of duplicate determinations for worm and caterpillar; single determina-
tion for slug and pillbug.
b/ Silica gel GF-254, diethyl ether : £-hexane, 7:3 by volume,
jc/ Three pillbugs were analyzed together as the extract.
&l Roman numerals •= unknown compounds.
160
-------
Table 89.-Concentrations of [c]methyl parathion and degradation products in the prairie vole after a 5-day
exposure in a model ecosystem
Methyl parathion equivalents! ppn
Compound Rf-/
Methyl parathion ,81
II .25-.74S/
III .68
IV . .53
V .39
VI .15-. 39
VII .22
VIII .14'
IX .06
X .00
Bxtractable 14C
Unextr actable 14C
Total 14c
Biosample wt (g)
Remaining
organsfZ/
0.011
0.027
0.027
0.043
0.083
0.122
0.313
1.511
1.824
5.206
» * «ui.ver
and ovariesS.'
-
_,
0.285
0.069 ,
0.354
0.080-
0.004
0.002
0.005
0.009
0.020
0.196
0.216
1.044
Skin
0.015
0.004
0.006
0.025
0.078
0.103
2.969
Carcass
0.006
0.006
0.003
0.001
0.001
0.003
0.020
0.042
0.062
10.140
M.
0.012
0.012
0.044
0.056
0.622
totals?/
O.003
0.005
0.001
0.003
0.007
<0.001
Q.007
0.001
O.013
0.021
0.035
0.097
0.435
0.532
a/ [14CJMethyl parathion was applied to the corn foliage 5 days before the vole was added to the ecosystem.
b/ Silica gel GF-254, diethyl ether : jn-hexane, 7:3 by volume.
o/ Internal organs, other than those specified, were combined and analyzed as one sample.
d/ The extract of these organs was not chromatographed.
e/ Body totals were calculated using live body weight (20.140 g).
ij Roman numerals = unknown compounds,
3/ Rf range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
-------
Table 90.-Relative-affinities of 6 body-parts of the prairie vole^- for
[ c]methyl parathion plus Its metabolites, and comparisons
with the relative masses of the body-parts.
Body-parts
(organs and tissues)
Carcass-
Skin
Liver
Brain
Uterus + ovaries
Remaining organs-
Residue wt in body-part
as a % of total residue
wt in entire body
5.81
2.88
2.11
0.33
0.26
88.61
100.00
Body-part wt as a %
of entire body wt
50.55
U.80
5.20
3.10
0.40
25.95
. 100.00
a/ Vole from a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with
"~ parathion.
b/ Carcass «= the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are
listed above); it consists predominately of muscle and bone.
£/ The gastrointestinal tract + contents, kidneys + adrenals, heart,
lungs, mammary glands, ventral central neck gland, parotid glands
and small amounts of fat tissue were analyzed collectively; most
(ca. 3A) of the mass consisted of the gastrointestinal tract +
contents.
162
-------
Table 91.-Concentrations of [ cjmethyl parathion and degradation products in
the water of a model ecosystem 7 days after flooding the ecosystem with
Methyl parathion equivalents, ppa
Compound
RfS/
Ether-extractable
before hydrolysis
Ether-extractable
after hydrolysisS/
Methyl parathion
li/
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
Extractable 14C
Unextractable 14C
Total extractabla
Onextractable 14C
.94 0.00009
.81 0.00002
.72 O.OO014
.19-.712/ 0.00010
.63
.53-. 61
.50
.34-. 47
.32
.18-. 30
.18
.14 O.OOOO7
.12 0.00020
.07 0.00003 ,
, V03 , ^ >
.00 0^00025
0.00090
0.00427
14C
after hydrolysis
MC loss during hydrolysis
Initial 14C in water
Sample volume (1)
0.00006
0.00004
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
0.00003
0.00001
0.00003
0.00003
0.00006
0.00002
0.00008
0.00013
0.00028
0.00083
0. 00326
0.00173
0.00326
0.00168
0.00667
l.OOO
a/ Ecosystem w, 3 flooded with water 20 days after application of P4cJmethyl
parathion to the corn foliage.
b/ Silica gel GF-254, diethyl ether : n_-hexane, 7i3 toy volume.
c/ The "unextractable" of the preceding column was adjusted to 0.012 N HC1 and
maintained at 55-S6°C for 18-24 hours.
d/ Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
e/ R£ range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
163
-------
Table 92.—Concent rat ions of P Cjmethyl parath Ion and degradation products in
T"3<_^r< /
aquatic organisms from a model ecosystem flooded with Mater— .
Methyl perathion equivalents, pog?—
Compounds R,—
& .99
Methyl para th ion .89
II .2A-.752-'
Ill .60
IV .20
V .05-. 16
VI .05
VII .00
Extractable lJ*C
Unextractable C
Total C
Average biosample Ytt. (g)
Gambus I a—
(fi£hj
0.038
O.OU
0.011
0.017
0.080
0.156
0.236
•i >
0.329
Physa^-7
(snai 1)
0.00& -
0.052 '
0.008
0.010
0.005
0.072
0.155
1.036
U91
0.013
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of the
parathion to the foliage.
b/ Average of triplicate determinations for fish; single determination for
*~ snail.
£/ Silica gel GF-25'ii diethyl ether : ^-hexane, 7=3 by volume.
d_/ Fish were added ^ days after flooding the ecosystem, removed 3 days later,
~ and processed individually.
e/ Snails were added on the day of flooding, removed 7 days later, and
processed in one batch of 15 snails; total batch weight " 0.192 g.
f/ Roman numerals • unknown compounds.
£/ R, range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
164
-------
Terrestrial animals
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
TOTAL RESIDUE
(soybean system)
t / XN
,*•-/ X
Aquatic animals
.62
Soybeans Soil (Drummer) sediment
Calculations of the above estimates:
Total maximum
Ecosystem
component
(No.) X mass - total
Mean Total
residue, us:
concentration, __ J^ _ _
vg'8 (mass)(cone.)
regldue
a z of applied
dose (500° "8)
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
(10)
{ 8)
(20)
(10)
( 1)
3.62
6.76
.0697
1.18
21.6
36.2
54.1
1.39
11.8 *
21.6
4.46
.195
1.53
.656'
.695
161
10.5
2.13
7.74
15.0
3.2
.2
.04
.2
.3
Terrestrial
animal*/ total (I)
Soybeans^/ (34)
Snails (50)
Fish ( 3)
125
.718 » 24.4 1.15
.101 - 5.05 .801
.168 - .504 2.38
196
28.1
4.05
1.20
3.9
.6
.08
.02
Aquatic
animal total (II)
Surface water (III)
Soil sediment^.' (IV)
Air
( 1)7000
( 1)4130
5.55
• 7000
• 4130
[5000 ug-(IH
.00117
.829
•II+UI+IV)
5.25
8.19
3424
] - 1367
.1
.2
68.5
27.3
a/ The terrestrial animals (and their residues) were removed from the system at the termina-
tion of the terrestrial phase.
b_/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting; cha soybeans, having been consumed and/or demolished
by the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the terrestrial phase,
and its residue is distributed among animals, air, and soil.
£/ The direct interaction of soybeans, air, and terrestrial animals with the soil occurred
prior to flooding the system.
r!4 i
Fig. 58.'Terminal environmental distribution of [ Cjhexachlorobanzene plus metabolites in a
soil-terrestrial model ecosystem.
165
-------
ON
20-
-
15-
I -
4J
c
a
§,10-
* -
)t system
Ul
i i i
vy
or
s-
_
0-
1.
J
fEP 97% fEP 70%
06SEM " fEP 99% 0.695{EM 26%
^ IUH 2% 0.01882 JEM 0% ^ VJ» "
J
1.
>
fEP 69% O'W
L5
-------
ON
0.829
CEP 90X
§•
•w
g 23 -
u
1
o 22 -
1
21
20 -
^ v"" »*
i
t^ 45Z
EM 10Z O.E
im 45Z ,
T
0,00123 ,
0,0!
)099
0,00118
*
0,00113
0.00094
0,00091
0,0(
1070 °
,01 Im III 2.
•*
0,
[EP571 i
58 <( EM 30Z •
Lira isz
3
^
•
HEXACIILOROBENZENE
(Soybean system)
j*
j^?^V
\ H'
''"T^1
'o - i.
Water
removed
ftP 97Z
nr < EM IZ
UD l^ujj 2Z
8
• 7
6
!
1 5 I
*H
S
s.
' * »
J^
•8
3 §
B
S?
H4
• 2 °
»
2
• 1
- 0
Surface water
Snails
Fish
Sediment
PPM
Fig. 60 .—Summary of the fate of £ CJhexachlorobenzene (soybean system) In the aquatic phase; an extension of a
soil-terrestrial model ecosystem (see Fig. ). The barren terrestrial phase was flooded 20 days post-
planting, and snails, daphnia and mosquito larvae were added to the system) the fish were added 4 days later.
The total l^C-reslduea are expressed as hexachlorobenzene equivalents, ppm (u/w), and their subdivisions
are EP - extractable parent compound, EM - extractable metabolites of the parent compound, and UN •
unextractable products remaining in the processed sample.
-------
r!4 i
Table 93. — Concentrations of [ Cjhexachlorobenzene and degradation products
in the soil and sediment of a node! ecosystem in which soybeans
were grown.
Hexachlorobenzene equivalents ,
PPm
Soil-7 . Sediment^'
Compound f
HCB^ .94
I-' .49
II .42
III .27
IV .22
V .00
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total 16C
Sample wt (g)
Acetone Methanol Ace pone
extract extract^./ extract
0.9180 0.1051 0.6879
0.0020
0.0007
0.0003
-
0.0038 0.0066 0.0003
0.9218 0.1117 0.6912
0.0252 0.
1.0587 0.
Methanol
extract
0.0612
'-
-
0.0004
0.0001
0.0001
0.0618
0760
8290
100.0000 100.0000
a/ Soil samples were taken 20 days after application of [ Cjhexachlorobenzene
to the soil.
b/ Sediment samples were taken 28 days after application of [ cj hexachloro-
benzene to the soil, 8 days after flooding the ecosystem with water.
£/ Silica gel GF-254; _n-hexane : acetone : acetic acid, 40:10:1 by volume.
d_/ Methanol extract is from the sample previously extracted with atetone.
el Hexachlorobenzene.
fj Roman numerals » unknown compounds.
168
-------
Table 94.—Concentrations of [ C]hexachlorobenzene and degradation pro-
ducts in soybean plants — after a 14-day exposure in a model
ecosystem.
Compound
HCB^7
I*7
PCP
V
vni
X
XI
XIV
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total 14C
Average bio-
sample wt (g)
V
.92
,90
.48
.40
.30
.20
.03-. IS^7
.00
*
Hexachlorobenzene equivalents, ppm—
Root
1.096
0.340
0.052
0 015
-
0.006
0.017
0.011
1.537
• 0.036 '
1.573
0.516
Shoot
0.024
0.011
0.005
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.051
0.005
0.057
0.202
Entire plant
0.794
0.248
0.039
0.011
<0.001
0.005
0.013
0.009
1.119
0.028
1.147
0.718
a/ |_ cjHexachlorobenzene was applied to the soil beneath each seed.
W The roots of 6 soybean plants were combined and analyzed as an Individual
sample; the shoots were similarly processed.
e/ Silica gel GF-254; ti-hexane : acetone : acetic acid, 40:10:1 by volume.
&J HCB • hexachlorobenzene; PCP - pentachloxophenol.
e/ Roman numerals ** unknown compounds.
f/ R, range denotes a streak on the TIC plate.
*— £
169
-------
Table 95. — Concentrations of £ C]hexachlorobenzene and degradation products in the air^- from a model
ecosystem in which soybeans were grown.
Compound
R C/
Rf~
Hexachlorobenzene equivalents, ppm
Trap l£/
Day 0
Day 1
Day 5
Day llj
Day 15
Day 19
HCB^
II
PCP
III
IV
V
.97
.82
.71
.57
.50
.27
.00
0.05090
14
Total C, Trap 1
Total 14C, Trap 2-'
14
Sum C, Traps 1 & 2
Sample vt (g)5-
0.05090
0.00019'
0.05109
0.01422
8.00102
0.00032
0.00018
0.00027
0.00014
0.01615
0.00018
0.01633
0.00740
0.00245
0.00537
0.00024
0.01862
0.00007
0.00015
0.00762
0.00012
0.00774
0.00245
0.00007
0.00252
0.00561
0.00018
0.00579
0.01862
0.00020
0.01882
108.00000 108.00000 108.00000 108.00000 108.00000 108.00000
&l Air was trapped for a 3-hour daylight period at a flow rate of 10 ml/sec on specified days after
application of[l^c]hexachlorobenzene to the soil.
W Trap 1 was connected directly to the ecosystem container and contained 75 ml of acetonitrile as the
trapping solvent; the trapping solvent was ehromatographed.
c/ Silica gel GF-254; iv-hexane : acetone : acetic acid, 40:10;1 by volume.
&/ HCB •* hexachlorobenzene; PCP •» pentachlorophenol.
e/ Roman numerals «* unknown compounds.
£_/ Trap 2 was connected in series to trap 1 and contained 75 ml of trapping solvent (ethanolamine :
~ 2-methoxyethanol, 1:2 by volume); the trap 2 solvent was not ehromatographed.
gj One liter of air was assumed to weigh 1 g.
-------
Table 96. —Concentrations of [C]hexachlorobenzene and degradation products
in invertebrates after a 5-day exposure in a model ecosystem con-
taining soybean plants.
Hexachlorobenzene equivalents, ppm
Compound
HCBi/
I*'
PCP
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
DC
14 '
Extrac table C
14
Unextractable C
Total IAC
Average biosample
_ a/ Aimadillidium — E8tigmen&~
V (pillbug) (caterpillar)
.89
.59
.51
.45
.39
.34
.25
.18
.07
.03
.00
"•
wt (g)
1.488
-
-
0.005
-
-
-
-
-
0.002
0.002
1.497
0.037
1.534
0.070
0.564
0.017
0.002
0.003
0.001
0.001
0.001
-
0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.590
0.065
0.655
1.180
Limax-
(S!UR)
0.153
0.006
0.006
0.001
0.001
-
<0.001
0.012
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.182
0.013
0.195
6.756
Lumbricue^-
(earthworm)
4.100
0.103
0.028
0.019
0.006
0.005
0.003
-
0.002
0.002
0.002
4.270
0.191
4.461
3.616
£/ Silica gel GF-254; n-hexane : acetone : acetic acid, 40:10:1 by volume.
b_/ Three pillbugs were processed together; batch weight » 0.209 g.
c/ Three caterpillars were processed together; batch weight - 3.541 g
d/ Three slugs were processed together; batch weight - 20.268 g.
e/ Three earthworms were processed together; batch weight • 10.849 g.
fj HCB * hexachlorobenzene; PCP » pentachlorophenol.
£/ Roman numerals • unknown compounds.
171
-------
Table 97 . — Concentrations of £ C] hexachlorobenzene and degradation products in the prairie vole after a 3-dayS-
exposure in a model ecosystem in which soybeans were grown.
Hexachlorobenzene equivalents,
ppra
e.
_ b/ Remaining
Compound f
«»y*p°f n *>
HLir~ . o<£
I*/ .62
II .56
III .48
IV .42
V .36
VI .34
VII .29
VIII .28
IX .15 .
X .21
XI .16
XII .11
XIII .05
XIV .00
Extractable I4C
14
Unextractable C
Total C
Biosanple wt (g)
1
0
0
0
0
37-fc
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
Skin
.419
-
-
.110
.046
-
.011
.006
-
-
.003
.002
.002
.001
.002
.602
.108
.710
.762
organ s^.'
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
1.
2.
159
-
-
064
030
-
Oil
008
-
-
003
002
005
002
002
286
050
337
292
Carcass
0.296
0.127
0.047
0.015
0.023
0.006
0.003
0.003
0.004
-
0.002
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.534
0.015
0.549
11.843
a/ The vole died 3 days after being placed In the ecosystem,
remaining in the ecosystem when the vole
b_/ Silica gel CF 254
c/ Internal organs.
d/ Body total's were
was added
; n-hexane : acetone : acetic acid.
other than those
calculated using
specified, were
intact
dead body
Brain
0.250
0.049
-
-
0.027
-
-
0.015
-
-
-
-
-
0.013
0.354
0.002
0.356
0.452
probably from
Liver
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
.048
.013
.022
.032
.017
-
-
-
.010
-
-
.004
.008
.005
.159
.014
.173
.171
starvation;
GI
0
0
0
0
0
<0
<0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
the
tract
.088
.016
.016
.005
.003
.001
.001
-
-
-
.001
.001
.001
.002
.001
.134
.017
.151
.566
Body ..
totals^'
0.484
0.073
0.029
0.031
0.024
0.003
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.001 •
0.002 -
0.001
0.002
0.002
'0.003
0.665
0.030
10.69S ,'
-
few soybean shoots
had been consumed.
40:10:
1 by volume.
combined and processed
weight
(21.639 g).
as
•
an individual sample.
e/ Hexachlorobenzene.
Jf/ Roman numerals ~
fj Rj range denotes
unknown
a streak
compounds
.
on the TLC plate.
-------
Table 93.—'Relative affinities of 6 body-parts of the prairie vole^ for
r!4 i
{_ CJhexachlorobenzene (soybean system) plus its metabolites,
and comparisons with the relative masses of the body-parts.
Body- part
(organs and tissues)
Carcass-
Skin'
GI tract
Liver
Brain
Remaining organs-
Residue wt in body-part
as a % of total residue
wt in entire body
43.25
3U39
2.57
1.34
1.07
20.37
99.99
Body-part wt as a %
of entire body wt
• 56.17
13.10
12.17
5.55
2.14
10.87
100.00
a/ Vol« from a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with
hexachlorobenzene.
b/ Carcass » the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are
listed above); it consists predominately of muscle and bone.
£/ The kidneys + adrenals, heart, lungs, mammary glands, ventral central
neck gland and paratid glands were analyzed collectively.
173
-------
rl4
[Jit •
CJhexachlorobenzene and degradation products in the water of a model ecosystem
(in which soybeans were grown) 7 days after flooding the ecosystem with waterS/.
Hexachlorobenzene equivalents, ppm
Surface water
Leachate—
Rc/
Compound f
Ether-extractable
before hydrolysis
Ether-extractable
After hydrolysis
Ether-extractable
before hydrolysis
Ether-ext raqtable
after hydrolysis
HCB£/
PCP
nil/
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
14
Extractable
Unextractable
.90
.59
.44
.37
.27
.23
.17
.10
.06
.03
.00
5*c
0.00053
0.00003
0.00004
0.00001
-
0.00001
0.00001
- ,
-
0.00001
<0. 00001
0.00064
0.00007
0.00002
0.00003
0.00001
0.00001
0.00003
<0. 00001
0.00008
0.00002
0.00002
-
0.00029
0.00027
0.00105
0.00005
0.00003
0.00002
-
0.00001
0.00001
-
-
0.00001
<0. 00001
0.00118
0.00004
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
<0. 00001
<0. 00001
<0. 00001
<0. 00001
<0. 00001
0.00009
0.00027
Total extractable C
Unextractable l^C after hydrolysis
* C loss during hydrolysis
Initial 14C in water
Sample volume (1)
0.00093
0.00027
-0.00003
0.00117
1.00000
0.00127
0.00027
0.00028
0.00182
1.00000
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [ (fjhexachlorobenzene to the soil.
b/ One liter of water was withdrawn through the tap at the jar bottom over a period of 1 hr.
£/ Silica gel GF-254; iv-hexane : acetone : acetic acid, 40:10:1 by volume.
Al The "unextractable" of the preceding column was adjusted to 0.012 N HC1 and maintained at 55-56 C for
18-24 hr.
ej HCB - hexachlorobenzene; PCP - pentachlorophenol.
if Roman numerals «• unknown compounds.
,-t.
-------
1-14
Table 100—Concentrations of [ c] hexachlorobenzene and degradation
products in aquatic organises In a model ecosystem (In which
soybeans had been grown) flooded with water— .
Compound
uafil
&
ii
in
IV
V
VI
VIX
VIII
IX •"'''* ' "•' '
X
14
Extract able C
14
Unextractable C
Total UC
Average biosample wt
Rf~
.92
.77
.61
.47
.42
.38
.24
.19
.10
.05 l
.00
(g)
Hexachlorobenzene
Gambuaiar-
(fish)
1.361
-
-
0.041
'
0.057
0.024
-
0.295
>"•--- ' 6.067
0.237
2.082
0.300
2.383
0.168
equivalents, ppra
Phye^
(snail)
0.458
0.061
0.087
-
0.036
0.039
0.005
0.015
-
0.050
0.017
0.768
0.033
0.801
0.101
rl4 1
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [ Cj-
hfWachlorobenzen* to the soil.
b/ Silica gel GF-234; n-hexane : acetone : acetic acid, 40:10:1 by volume.
£/ Fish were added 4 days after flooding the ecosystem; 2 fish (alive)
~ were removed 3 days later and processed together.
d/ Snails were added on the day of flooding; 15 snails were removed 7 days
later and- processed as a batch; batch weight * 1.510 g.
ef Rexachlorobenzene.
f/ Roman* 'riumer-al's » unknown compounds.
175
-------
Terrestrial animals
-*-/
I 4%
V
x ^'
Corn
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
TOTAL RESIDUE
(corn system)
Aquatic animals
Soil (Drummer) sediment
Calculations of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
Total maximum „ Total
MS6' S: concentration, "^due- «'•
(No.
(10)
( 8)
(20)
(10)
( 1)
) X mase -
3.71 -
6.50 «
.0695 -
.829 -
46.5
total
37.1
52.0
1.39
8.29
46.5
. Ug/g
.584
.228
4.09
.347
2.88
(mass) (cone.)
21.7
11.9
5.69
2.88
134
Total residue as
a % of applied
dose (5000 ug)
.4
.2
.1
.06
2.7
Terrestrial
animal^' total (I)
Cornk/ (46)
Snails (50)
Fish ( 3)
1.64
.095
.182
145
75.4
4.75
.546
2.64
.546
1.13
176
199
2.59
.617
3.5
4.0
.05
.01
Aquatic
animal total (II)
Surface water (III)
Soil sedimentS.' (0V)
Air
( 1)7000
( 1)4352
5.30
• 7000 .00173
• 4352 .818
[5000 ug-d+II+III+IV)]
3.21
12.1
3560
- 1249
.06
.2
71.2
25.2
a/ The terrestrial animals (and their residues) were removed from the system at the ter-
mination of the terrestrial phase.
b/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting, the corn, having been consumed and/or demolished by
the aninals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the terrestrial phase, and
its residue is distributed anong animals, air, and soil.
c/ The direct interaction of corn, air, and terrestrial animals with the soil occurred prior
to flooding the system.
Fig. 61>-Terminal environmental distribution of [ c]hexaehlorobenzene plus metabolites in a
soil-terrestrial model ecosystem.
176
-------
20-
15-
postplanti
M
o
w
5 -
I "
M
& 5-
,
W 2\ 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0
s T
'\
HEXACHLOROBENZENB
fEP 99% * (Corn system)
[373 JEM 0%, a
^ L-LJC
IT
2775 {EP 99%, EM 0%, UW 1% °'
1.25 0.0 0. 03106 (EP 99%, EM o%, UN 1%
Soil
Corn
Air
earthworm Slug
PPM
Pillbug
Caterpillar
Vole
Fig. 62 •—Summary of the fate of [ c]hexachlorobenzene (corn system) in a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem. The
total 14C residues are expressed as hexachlorobenzene equivalents, ppm (w/w), and their subdivisions are
EP = extractable parent compound, EM = extractable metabolites of the parent compound, and UN = unextract-
able products remaining in the processed sample. On day zero, the corn seeds were planted and the soil
was treated with hexachlorobenzene at one Ib Al/acre. On days 10 and 15, the invertebrates and the vole
were added, respectively. ,'
-------
00
28 •
27 •
26 •
M
B
*4
U
3 25 -
0.
4J
0>
O
a.
B 24 •
1
I 23 -
01
° 22 -
9)
<
21 •
22 -
fEP 452
0, 00173 i EM 92 0.5
A l™ «6*
0.00096
0,00075
0,00075
0,00077
0,00063
0,00060
O.OC
-048 0,
fEP 592
46 « EM 372 1,
. I.UN 42 ,
fEP 372
13
-------
r!4 -i '
Table 101. — Concentrations of (_ Cjhexachlorobenzene and degradation products
la the soil and sediment of a model ecosystem in which corn is
grown.
Hexachlorobenzene equivalents ,
ppra
Soil-' Sediment-'
Compound f
nr»tiS/ o£
nl*ij™^ «5ns
I-^ .52
II .44
III .27
IV .18
V .00
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total UC
Sample wt (g)
Acetone Methanol Acetone
extract extract^/ extract
0.8310 0.0729 0.6287
0.0023
0.0016
0.0009
_
0.0040 0.0007
0.8310 0.0769 0.6342
0.0411 0.
0.9490 0.
100.0000 100.
Methanol
extract
0.0724
-
-
-
0.0001
-
0.0725
1111
8178
0000
£/ Soil samples were taken 20 days after application of [ cjhexachlorobenzene
to the soil.
b/ Sediment samples were taken 28 days after application of [ cjhexachloro-
benzene to the soil, 8 days after flooding the ecosystem with water.
c/ Silica gel GF-254; n-hexane : acetone : acetic acid, 40:10:1 by. volume.
d/ Methanol extract Is from the sample previously extracted with acetone.
e/ Hexachlorobenzene.
ft Kenan numerals •» unknown compounds..
179
-------
-14
[14 T
CJhexachlorobenzene and degradation pro-
ducts in corn— after a 14-day exposure in a model ecosystem.
Compound
HCB^7
!«/
II
III
IV
PCP
V
VI
VII
IX
X
XII
XIII
XIV
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total 1AC
Average bio-
sample wt (g)
Rc/
Rf
.94
'.90
.61-.8&£7
.58
.51
.44
.42
.37
.35
.21-. 35
.18
.14
.06
.00
Hexachlorobenzene equivalents, ppm-
Root
2.912
1.607
-
0.516
0.099
0.052
0.057
-
0.036
-
0.023
0.016
0.018
0.030
5.366
0.145
5.511
0.758
Shoot
0.037
0.018
0.069
0.017
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.002 ••
-
0.004
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.162
0.018
0.180 .
0.883
Entire plant
1.365
0.752
0.037
0.247
0.048
0.026
0.027
0.001
0.017
0.002
0.011
0.008
0.010
0.015
2.566
0.077
2.643
1.641
t!4 ~\
CI Hexachlorobenzene was applied to the soil beneath each seed..
b/ The roots of 6 corn plants were combined and analyzed as an individual
sample; the shoots were similarly processed.
c/ Silica gel GF-254, n-hexane : acetone : acetic acid, 40:10:1 by volume.
d/ HCB • hexachlorobenzene; PCP » pentachlorophenol.
e/ Roman numerals «• unknown compounds.
fj R, range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
180
-------
00
Table 103- — Concentrations of [ CJhexachlorobenzene and degradation products in the air— from a model
ecosystem in which corn was grown.
R £/
Compound f
HCB^ . 96
Te/ .
I— .41
II .26
Total 14C, Trap 1
Total UC, Trap 2-f
Sum C, Traps 1 & 2
Sample wt (g)^
Hexachlorobenzene
Trap
Day 0
0.03089
-
-
0.03089
0.00017
0.03106
108.00000
Day 1
0.02759
-
-
0.02759
0.00016
0.02775
108.00000
Day 5
0.01357
-
-
0.01357
0.00016
0.01373
108.00000
equivalents,
Day 11
0.00387
0.00001
0.00003
0.00391
0.00010
0.00401
108.00000
p-pm
Day 15
0.00504
-
-
0.00504
0.00013
0.00517
108.00000
Day 19
0.02570
-
-
0.02570
0.00026
0.02596
108.00000
£/ Air was trapped for a 3-hour daylight period at a flow rate of 10 ml/sec on specified days after appli-
cation of [ G]hexachlorobenzene to the soil.
W Trap 1 was connected directly to the ecosystem container and contained 75 ml of acetonitrlle as the
trapping solvent; the trapping solvent was chromatographed.
£/ Silica gel GF-254; ii-hexane : acetone : acetic acid, 40:10:1 by volume.
d/ Hexachlorobenzene
£/ Roman numerals *> unknown compounds.
1] Trap 2 was connected in series to trap 1 and contained 75 ml of trapping solvent (ethanolamine : 2-methoxy-
ethanol, 1:2 by volume); the trap 2 solvent was not chromatographed.
£/ One liter of air was assumed to weigh 1 g.
-------
Table 104.-Concentrations of [ Cj hexachlorobenzene and degradation products
in invertebrates after a 5-day exposure in a model ecosystem con-
taining corn plants.
Hexachlorobenzene eauivalents, opm
Compound
HO*/
!*/
PCP
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total UC
Average biosample
R a/ Armadillidiuir- Eetigmene—
f (pillbug) (caterpillar)
.90 3.848
.64
.55
.46
.39
.32
.23
.17
.07 0.031
.03 0.039
.00 0.041
3.959
0.133
4.092
wt (g) 0.070
0.286
0.012
0.002
0.001
0.001
<0.001
0.001
-
0.006
0.008
0.013
0.330
0.016
0.346
0.829
d/
(slufO
0.156
0.006
0.015
0.001
0.001
-
0.001
0.027
0.003
0.002
0.003
0.215
0.013
0.228
6.503
e/
(earthworm)
0.530
0.024
0.006
0.002
0.001
0.001
<0.001
-
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.564
0.020
0.584
3.709
a/ Silica gel GF-254; n-hexane : acetone : acetic acid, 40:10:1 by volume.
b_/ Three pillbugs were processed together; batch weight = 0.209 g.
£/ Three caterpillars were processed together; batch weight = 2.488 g.
d/ Three slugs were processed together; batch weight - 19.510 g.
ej Three earthworms were processed together; batch weight = 11.127 g.
if HCB = hexachlorobenzene; TCP = pentachlorophenol.
£/ Roman numerals = unknoxm compounds.
182
-------
Oo
to
Table 105.-Concentrations of I QJ hexachlorobenzene and degradation products in the prairie vole after a 5-day
exposure in a model ecosystesa in which corn was. grown.
Hexaehlorobenzene equivalents, ppm
Compound. •
sr
ii
in
IV
V
VI
VII
IX
X
XI
XTI
XIII -
XIV
Extract able
D ^
. f
.84
.59
.57
.49
.42
.40
.32
.27
.15-. 43^
.22
.17
.11
.05
.00
"c
14
Unextractable C
Total UC
Biosample wt
(B)
Fat
9.497
-
0.195
0.129
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9.821
0.040
9.861
2.395
Remaining
organs?-'
5.128
-
0.179
0.058
-
-
-
-
0.014
-
-
-
0.015
5.394
0.040
5.435
6.136
Skin
2.877
f —
0.199
0.083
-
0.020
0.014
-
0.006
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.002
3.211
0.239
3.450
5.623
Carcass
1.328
0.289
0.126
0.147
0.101
0.044
-
-
-
0.017
0.012
0.010
0.007
0.011
2.092
0.128
2.220
22.799
Brain
0.841
0.125
-
0.025
0.060
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.021
0.016
1.088
0.008
1.096
0.771
a/ Silica gel GF-254; o-hexane : acetone : acetic acid, 40:10:1 by volume.
b/ Internal organs, other than those specified, were combined and processed as
cj Body totals were calculated using live body weight (46.481 g).
d/ Hexachlorobenzene.
GI tract
0.676
0.028
0.033
0.007
-
0.003
-
-
0.001
0.001
0.003
0.002
0.005
0.759
0.042
0.801
5.616
an individual
Liver
0.112
0.018
0.029
0.120
0.066
-
-
-
0.025
-
-
0.007
0.024
0.009
0.410
0.090
0.500
2.903
sample.
Body .
totals^'
2.269
0.145
0.067
0.141
0.080
0.021
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.011
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.009
2.768
0.110
2.878
-
e/ Roman numerals » unknown compounds.
f/ R. range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
-------
Table 106. -Relative affinities of 7 body-parts of the prairie vole^ for
r!4 n
L Cjhexachlorobenzene (corn system) plus its metabolites, and
comparisons with the relative masses of the body-parts.
Body-part
(organs and tissues)
Carcass-
Fat
Skin
GI tract
Liver
Brain
c/
Remaining organs-
Residue wt in body-part
as a % of total residue
wt in entire body
37.84
17.66
14.50
3.36
1.08
.63
24.92
99.99
Body-part wt as a %
of entire body wt
49.30
5.18
12.15
12.14
6.28
1.67
13.27
99.99
&l Vole from a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with
L Cjhexachlorobenzene.
b/ Carcass = the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are
listed above); it consists predominately of muscle and bone.
cJ The kidneys + adrenals, heart, lungs, mammary glands, ventral central
neck gland, parotid glands and small amounts of fat tissue were
analyzed collectively.
184
-------
oo
01
Table 107.-Concentrations of [C]hexachlorobenzene and degradation products in the water of a model ecosystem
(in which corn was grown) 7 days after flooding the ecosystem with water8./.
Hexachlorobenzene equivalents, ppm
Surface water
Compound
yf
ii
PCP
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
14
Extractable
Unextraccable
„£/
Rf
.92
.70
.65
.58
.44
.38
.28
.24
.18
.10
.06
.03
.00
C
14C
Ether»extr actable
before hydrolysis
0,00078
-
0.00006
0.00004
0.00002
-
0.00001
0.00001
-
-
0.00001
<0. 00001
0.00093
-
Ether-extractable
after hydrolysisS/
0.00015
0.00001
-
0.00001
0.00002
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
-
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
<0. 00001
0.00025
0.00022
Leachate—
Ether-extractable
before hydrolysis
0.00295
-
0.00018
0.00006
0.00004
-
0.00002
0.00001
-
-
0.00002
0.00001
0.00329
-
Ether-extractable
after hydrolysis
0.00015
0.00003
0.00003
0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00002
0.00002
0.00002
0.00003
0.00002
<0. 00001
0.00001
0.00037
0.00035
14
Total extractable C
Unextraccable ^C after hydrolysis
^C loss during hydrolysis
Initial 1*C in water
Sample volume (1)
0.00118
0.00022
0.00033
0.00173
1.00000
0.00366
0.00035
-0.00009
0.00392
1.00000
£/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after applicatior of [ c]hexachlorobenzene to the soil.
b/ One liter of water was withdrawn through the tap at the jar bottom over a period of 1 hr.
£/ Silica gel GF-254; jv-hexane : acetone s acetic acid, 40:10:1 by volume. Q
dj The "unextractable1 of the preceding column was adjusted to 0.012 N HC1 and maintained at 55-56 C for
18-24 hr.
e/ HCB - hexachlorobenzene; FCP = pentachlorophenol.
T/ Roman numerals ° unknown compounds.
-------
Table io&.-Concentrations of [1AC]hexachlorobenzene and degradation
products in aquatic organisms in a model ecosystem (in which
/
corn had been grown) flooded with
Compound
HCB^/
I#
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
14
Extractable C
14
Unextr actable C
Total 14C
Average biosample wt
*y
.92
.75
.59
.47
.43
.39
.24
.18
.10
.04
.00
(g)
Hexachlorobenzene
Gambusic^-
(fish)
0.420
-
-
0.020
-
0.014
0.006
-
0.063
0.098
0.229
0.850
0.277
1.127
0.182
eauivalents, pom
(snail)
0.319
0.046
0.044
-
0.032
0.021
0.008
0.009
-
0.027
0.017
0.523
0.023
0.546
0.095
hexachlorobenzene to the soil.
b_/ Silica gel GF-254; n-hexane : acetone : acetic acid, 40:10:1 by volume.
£/ Fish were added 4 days after flooding the ecosystem; 2 fish (alive)
were removed 3 days later and processed together.
&l Snails were added on the day of flooding; 15 snails were removed 7 days
later and processed as a batch; batch weight » 1.429 g.
e/ Hexachlorobenzene.
fj Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
186
-------
Terrestrial
PHORATE
TOTAL RESIDUE
(Drummer sllty clay loam soil system)
Aquatic animals
Corn
Soil (Drummer) sediment
Calculations of the above estimates:
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole _ ,
Total maximum
mass, g : con
(No
(10)
( 8)
(20)
(10)
( 1)
. ) X mass "
3.85 -
8.58 -
.0478 <•
.980 -
20.3 *"' -
total
38.5
68.6
.956
9.80
20.3
Mean
icentration.,
Ug/g
.457
.376
.864
.459
,. .128
Total T<
residue, ug: i
(mass) (cone.)
17.6
25.8
.826
4.50
2.60
3tal residue as
i 2 of applied
lose (5000 ug)
0.4
0.5
.02
.09
.05 '
Terrestrial
animal**/ total (I)
Cornk' (50) 1.48
Snails (50) .118
Fish (6) .156
Aquatic
animal total (II)
Surface water (III) ( 1)7000
Soil s«diments£/ (IV) ( 1)4505
Air
138
74.0
5.90
.93*
1.59
.226
.527
6.84
7000 .0471
4S05 .546
[5000 ug-d+IH-III+IV)]
51.3
118
1.33
.493
1.82
330
2460
2157
1.0
2.4
.03
.01
.04
6.6
49.2
43.2
a/ The terrestrial animals (and their residues) were removed from the system at the ter-
mination of the terrestrial phase.
b/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn, having been consumed and/or demolished by
the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the terrestrial phase,
and its residue is distributed among animals, air, and soil.
£/ The direct Interaction of corn, air, and terrestrial animals with the soil occurred prior
•to flooding tha system.
• r!4 1
Fig. 64.-Terminal environmental distribution of [ CJphorate plus metabolites in a soil
(Druanaer)-terrestrlal model ecosystem.
187
-------
00
oo
20-
15-
SP •
post plants
H
O
OT
1 -
§ '
in
m 5-
o
o
S -
0-
0.
1.
tsp is
EM 84ft
, w m o.o:
/
fEp 2% o.o:
1.59-^EM 55%
. lUN 43%
/^ v
K n
0.0(
o.o:
!E? 20
SM 42ft
,„,» - „ M5W
, tun 99%
fEP 3» fEP 15 fEP 0% fEP OS fEP 11<5
.131
-------
CD
VO
(EP 4Z
n OiR i EM 71Z
28 •
27 -
26 •
Jf
'u
a
extractable parent compound, EM • extractable metabolites of the parent compound, and UN -
unextractable products remaining in the processed sample.
-------
r!4 -i
Table 109.-Concentrations of |_ Cjphorate and degradation products in the
Drummer silty clay loan eoil and sediment of a model ecosystem.
Phorate equivalents , pprc
Compound
PS/
pso2
Px
II
V
PxS02
PSO
VI
VII
VIII
PxSO
IX
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total 14C
Sample wt (g)
Rc/
Rf
.9,
.fiS
.78
.65
.58
41-. 48^
.37
.31
.21
11-. 20
.09
.06
.00
Acetone
extract
0.0086
0.3495
0.0011
0.0032
-
0.0075
0.2625
0.0063
0.0017
0.0036
0.0033
0.0081
0.6554
Soil*7
Methanol
extract^'
0.0010
0.0309
0.0001
0.0010
-
0.0002
0.0285
0.0001
0.0003
0.0004
0.0003
0.0049
0.0677
0.1286
0.8517
100.000
Sediment-
Acetone
extract
0.0165
0.1916
0.0014
0.0004
0.0017
0.0013
0.0051
0.1570
0.0007
0.0014
0.0010
0.0040
0.0076
0.3897
0.
0.
100.
Methanol
extract
0.0054
0.0092
O.OOOj.
0.0001
0.0002
-
0.0001
0.0033
-
-
-
0.0002
0.0008
0.0194
1364
5455
0000
1-14 -I
soil.
r!4 i
W Sediment samples were taken 28 days after application of [_ Cjphorate to
the soil, 8 days after flooding the ecosystem with water.
£/ Silica gel GF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
d/ Methanol extract is from the sample previously extracted with acetone.
e/ P-phorate; PSO, » phorate sulfone; Px » phoratoxon; PxSO- = phoratoxon
sulfone; PSO ° phorate sulfoxide; PxSO = phoratoxon sulfoxide.
_f/ Roman numerals ° unknown compounds.
£/ Rf range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
190
-------
Table 110.-Concentrations of [ CJphorate and degradation products in conA
after a 14-day exposure in a model ecosystem containing Drummer
silty clay loam soil.
Compound
&
pso2
Px
11^
III
PxS02
PSO
V
VI
VXI
PxSO
VIII >
IX
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total l*C
Average Bio-
sample wt (g)
RC/
Rf
.93
.76
.57
.48
.41
.34
.30
.18-. 28^
.14
.10
.06
-.03
.00
Phorate
Root
0.011
0.412
0.014
0.004
0.004
0.039
0.068
0.032
0.022
0.013
0.027
- 0.041 ,
0.022
0.709
0.747
- 1.456
0.534
equivalents ,
Shoot
0.053
0.597
0.014
0.004
0,007
0.041
0.224
0.015
0.011
0.011
0.010
0.015
0.023
1.025
0.647
1.672
0.946
ppm-
Entire plant
0.038
0.530
0.014
0.004
0.006
0.041
0.168
0.021
0.015
0.012
0.016
0.024
0.022
0.911
0.683
1.594
1.480
r!4 T
a/ L C]Phorate was applied to the soil beneath each seed.
b/ The roots of 6 corn plants were combined and analyzed as an individual
sample; the shoots were similarly processed.
cj Silica gel CF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
dy P » phorate;'PS02 » phorate sulfone; Px - phoratoxon; PxS02 - phoratoxon
sulfone; PSO • phorate sulfoxide; PxSO ° phoratoxon sulfoxlde.
.&/ Roman- numerals • unknown compounds.
f/ Rr range denotes a atreak on the TLC plate.
^™ t • * * 4
191
-------
vo
K>
Table 111•-Concentrations of [ c]phorate and degradation products in the air— from a model ecosystem
containing Drumner silty clay loam soil.
Phorate equivalents, ppm
Trap ik/
Compound
&
PS02
I-
II
PSO
III
IV
V
14
Total C, Trap 1
14 o/
Total C, Trap 2&'
Sum C, Traps 1 & 2
Sample wt (g)-''
Rf-
.95
.83
.b7
.45
.38
.20
03-. 16^
.01
Day 0
0.02730
-
-
0.00008
0.00236
0.00004
- 0.00005
0.00003
0.02986
0.07001
0.09987
108.00000
Day 1
0.01022
-
-
-
0.00043
-
-
-
0.01065
0.08683
0.09748
108.00000
Day 5
0.00115
-
-
-
0.00007
-
-
-
0.00122
0.02545
0.02667
108.00000
Day 11
0.00001
0.00015
-
-
0.00002
-
-
-
0.00018
0.00163
0.00181
108.00000
Day 15
0.00033
-
0.00002
-
0.00003
0.00002
-
-
0.00040
0.01091
0.01131
108.00000
Day 19
0.00014
0.00002
-
-
0.00003
-
-
-
0.00019
0.02775
0.02794
108.00000
a/ Air was trapped for a 3-hour daylight period at a flow rate of 10 ml/sec on specified days after appli-
cation of |/^c] phorate to the soil.
b/ Trap 1 was connected directly to the ecosystem container and contained 75 ml of acetonitrile as the
trapping solvent; the trapping solvent was chromatographed.
£/ Silica gel GF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
cl/ P • phorate; FSC^ ~ phorate sulfone; PSO «• phorate sulfoxide. ;
e/ Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
fj Rj range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
£/ Trap 2 was connected in series to trap 1 and contained 75 ml of trapping solvent (ethanolaraine s 2-methoxy-
ethanol, 1:2 by volume); the trap 2 solvent was not chromatographed.
h/ One liter of air was assumed to weigh 1 g.
-------
Table 112.-Concentrations of [ CJphorate and degradation products in inverte-
brates after a 5-day exposure in a model ecosystem containing
Drummer silty clay loam soil.
Phorate equivalents, ppm
Compound
pl/
pso2
I*/
11
PSO
III
PxSO
V
VI
VII
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total UC
Average biosample
R a/ Armadi.llidi.um-' Estigmene^
*f (pillbug) (caterpillar)
,92
.75
.68
.51
.28
09-. 26^
.08
.05
.03
.00
wt (g)
-
0.029
0.179
0.021
-
0.283
-
0.018
0.060
0.590
0.274
0.864
0.048
0.049
0.030
0.012
0.024
-
0.006
-
0.003
0.014
0.138 " '
0.320
0.459
0.980
Limas~
(slue)
-
0.014
0.234
-
-
0.085
0.004
-
0.004
0.341
0.035
0.376
8.579
Lumbriaus—
(earthworm)
0.003
0.005
0.047
0.006
0.081
0.012
0.005
0.003
-
0.003
0.165
0.292
0.457
3.848
&/ Silica gel GF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
b/ Three pillbugs were processed together; batch weight = 0.143 g.
£/ Three caterpillars were processed together; batch weight •» 2.941 g.
d/ Three slugs were processed together; batch weight = 25.737 g.
e/ Three earthworms were processed together; batch weight = 11.545 g.
fj " P « phorate; PSO- " phorate sulfone; PSO = phorate sulfoxide; PxSO
phoratoxon sulfoxide.
£/ Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
h/ R. range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
193
-------
V£>
rl4
Table 113.-Concentrations of \_ CJ phorate and degradation products in the prairie vole after a 5-day
in a model ecosystem containing Drummer silty clay loam soil.
exposure
Phorate equivalents, ppm
Compound
Ra/
f GI tract
P^X .95
I- .69-. 91-'
II
III ,4
IV
V
PSO
VII
PxSO
VIII
IX
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total UC
Blosample wt (g)
.67
1-.93
.54
.42
.28
.12
.09
.04
.00
ai/ Silica gel GF-254; benzene
b/ Internal organs
0.003
0.007
0.009
-
0.019
0.037
0.032
-
0.006
0.004
0.008
0.125
0.266
0.391
3.075
: acetone,
Liver
<0.001
0.001
0.001
-
0.005
0.017
0.013
0.002
0.001
0.004
0.005
0.049
0.067
0.116
1.015
4:1 by
, other than those specified,
c/ Body totals were calculated using live body
AJ P = phorate; PSO = phorate
e/ Roman numerals
sulfoxide
; PxSO =
Remaining
organs^/
-
0.002
-
0.002
0.042
0.003
-
0.005
0.001
0.003
0.058
0.035
0.093
1.908
volume.
were combined
weight (20.302
Skin
0.001
0.003
0.006
-
0.010
0.011
0.004
-
<0.001
-
0.035
0.048
0.083
2.476
and processed
E).
Carcass
0.002
0.003
0.008
-
0.003
0.0)2
0.006
-
0.006
-
0.003
0.043
0 033
0.076
11.051
Brain
0.002
-
0.010
0.019
0.011
0.004
-
0.004
0.001
0.003
0.054
0.017
0.072
0.640
Body
totals^/
0.002
0.003
0.006
<0.001
0.007
0.019
0.010
<0.001
0.005
0.001
0.003
0.056
0.071
0.128
-
as an individual sample.
phoratoxon sulfoxide.
« unknown compounds.
f_/ Rf range denotes a streak
on the TLC
plate.
-------
Table 114 .- Relative affinities of 6 body-parts of the prairie vole^' for
CJphorate (Drummer-soil system) plus its metabolites, and
comparisons with the relative masses of the body-parts.
Body-part
(organs and tissues)
Remaining organs—
Residue wt in body-part
as a % of total residue
wt in entire body
Body-part wt as a
of entire body wt
61 tract
Carcass
Skin
Liver
Brain
46.37
32.51
7.92
4.55
1.77
15.25
54.80
12.28
5.03
3.17
6.87
9.46
99.99
99.99
aj Vole from a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with
[, CJphorate.
b/ Carcass = the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are
listed above); it consists predominately of muscle and bone.
c/ The kidneys + adrenals, heart, lungs, mammary glands, ventral central
neck gland, and parotid glands were analyzed collectively.
195
-------
Table 115.—Concentrations of [ cjphorate and degradation products in the water of a model ecosystem (con-
taining Drummer silty clay loam soil) 7 days after flooding the ecosystem with waterS/.
Phorate equivalents, ppm
Surface water
Leachate—
Compound
Ether-ex tract able
before hydrolysis
Ether-extractable
after hydrolysis^
/
Ether-extractable
before hydrolysis
Ether-extractable
after hydrolysis
V- .94
PS02 .85
Li/ .78
II .60
Px .57
III .53
IV .47
V .43
PxS02 . 40
PSO .32
VII .13
PxSO . 08
IX .03
X .00
14
Extractable C,
Unextractable C
14
Total extractable C
Unextractable * 'C after
0.00005
0.02055
0.00017
-
0.00030
0.00004
-
0.00003
0.00009
0.00381
0.00006
0.00024
-
0.00020
0.02554
-
0
hydrolysis 0
l^C loss during hydrolysis 0
Initial 14C in water
Sample volume (1)
0
1
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days
b/ One liter of uater
c/ Silica gel GF-254;
d/ The ' Unextractable'
ej P = phorate; FS(J2 =
PxSO = phoratoxon
was withdrawn through
benzene : acetone, 4:1
0.00002
0.00021
0.00006
0.00009
0.00005
-
f
-
-
0.00053
0.00019
0.00010
0.00011
0.00026
0.00162
0.01576
.02716
.01576
.00418
.04710
.00000
0,00019
0.07557
0.00280
•-
O.OOC9C
0.00009
-
0,00012
0.00020
0.00842
0.00011
0.00054
-
0.00032
0.08934
-
0
0
0
0
1
0.00004
0.00053
0.00029
-
0.00053
-
0.00026
-
0.00014
0.00040
0.00033
0.00056
0.00045
0.00113
0.00466
0.05261
.09400
.05261
.00929
.15590
.00000
after appllcatJon of [ cj phorate to the soil.
the tap at the jar
by volume.
of the preceding column was adjusted to
phorate sulfone; Px
sulf oxide.
= phoratoxon; PxS02
bottom over a period of 1
.
0.012 N HC1 and maintained
= phoratoxon sulfone; PSO
hr.
*•»
at 55-56 C for 18-24 hr
= phorate sulfoxide;
f/ Roman numerals » unknown compounds.
-------
116. -Concentrations of
rate and degradation products in
aquatic organisms in a model ecosystem containing Drummer
a/
Kilty clay loam soil and flooded with water— .
Compound
p*/
pso2
Px
II
III
PxS02
PSO
V
VI
PxSO
VII
VIII
IX
14
Extractable C
14
Onextractable C
Total UC
Average biosample wt
Rb/
.95
.85
.74
.66
.61
.45
.39
.34
.14
.11
.08
.05
.02
.00
(g>
Phorate
Gcmbuaicf-
(fish)
.0.063
0.090
0.016
0.003
0.006
-
0.004
0.065
0.006
0.018
0.011
0.009
0.015
0.015
0.321
0.207
0.528
0.156
equivalents, ppm
Physo^
(snail)
0.004
0.054
0.010
-
0.004
0.002
0.001
0.013
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.014
0.109
0.117
0.226
0.118
_./ w _ _ j £i _j_j • ._t_ * ^rt j— _ £ •_ i j A.J £ \ ^ r*\ .
phorate to the soil.
b/ Silica gel GF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
c/ Three fish were added 4 days after flooding the ecosystem; 3 fish
(dead) were removed 2 days later; 3 more fish were added 6 days
after flooding the ecosystem; 3 fish (alive) were removed 1.3 days
later; the fish were processed in 2 batches (as removed); since the
parent compound and metabolite contents of the 2 batches were
similar, the results were averaged.
d/ Snails were added on the day of flooding; 15 snails were removed /
days later and processed as a batch; batch weight *• 1.776 g.
£/ P - phorate; PSO- = phorate sulfone; Px = phoratoxon; PxSO_ * phoratoxon
~~ sulfone; PSO = phorate sulfoxide; PxSO - phoratoxon sulfoxide.
tl Roman numerals <* unknown compounds.
197
-------
x
Terrestrial animals
t / N
'—< X
(10,5%;
PHORATE
TOTAL RESIDUE
(Bloomfield loamy sand system)
Corn
Soil (Bloomfield) sediment
Calculations of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
Total maximum „ Total
Mean . ,
mass, g: . residue, vg:
' 6 concentration, He
(Ko
(10)
( 8)
(20)
(10)
( 1)
.) X mass -
2.13 -
1.79 •=
.0507 =
.872 -
22.8
total
21.3
14.3
1.01
8.72
22.8
Ug/g
1.91
2.03
1.40
2.01
.335
(mass) (cone.)
40.7
29.1
1.42
17.5
7.64
Total residue as
a % of applied
dose (5000 ug)
0.8
0.6
0.03
0.4
0.2
Terrestrial
animal!/ total (I)
Corn£/ (50) 1.62
Snails (50) .0997
Fish ( 8) .170
68.1
81.0
4.99
1.36
6.48
.821
.772
96.4
525
4.09
1.05
Aquatic
animal total (II)
Surface water (III)
Soil sediment£/ (IV)
Air
( 1)7000
( 1)3770
6.35 5.14
7000 .0832 582
3770 .281 1059
[5000 pg (I+II+III+IV)] - 3257
2.0
10.5
.08
.02
.1
11.6
21.2
65.1
a/ The terrestrial animals (and their residues) were removed from the system at the ter-
mination of the terrestrial phase.
b_/ Proportion at 14 davs postplanting; the corn, having been consumed and/or demolished by
the animals, is not present as an entity at the temination of the terrestrial phase,
and its residue is distributed among animals, air, and soil.
£/ The direct interaction of corn, air, and terrestrial animals with the soil occurred prior
to flooding the system.
Fig. 67.-Terminal environmental distribution of [ CJphorate plus metabolites in a soil
(Bloomfield)-terrestrial model ecosystem.
198
-------
VO
20-
•
1 ii-
& •
3
i '
s- •
a10-
CO
>,
3 -
I ;
o
a
.
0-
0.
i
f£p 1% [EP 1%
518 \ EM 84* ( 0,335S EN m
™ 1 1 I7D ft* W«^^^l
. IIM ic» (BP "% |m| «i»
v ^u« o» Q^ Qij2i}9
-------
O
O
28 0,281 |EM s*z
1
27
26 -
CO
•H-
c 25 -
«
*-H
a
u
CO
8. 24 -
«
5"
•o
B 23 -
1 -JEM29Z 0.
fEP 10Z
772 < EM 61Z
|^UN 29Z
%
0.0
PHORATE
(Bloorofield sand system)
f
«C^jO),P S CH, S Crt
0 0,51
Water
removed
*
t
{EP 1Z
EM 84Z
UN 15Z
8
. 7
. 6
to
c
"8
5 ^
u
2
i
4 Q
>>
•o
, §
u
to
X
ID
1
• 0
Surface water
Snails
Fish
Sediment
PPM
r!4
Fig. 69. — Summary. of the fate of [ Cjphorate (Bloomfleld loamy sand system) In the aquatic phase; an extension
of B soil-terrestrial model ecosystem (see Fig. ). The barren terrestrial phase was flooded 20 days
postplanting, and snails, daphnia and mosquito larvae were added to the system; the fish were added 4 days
later. The total ^C-reslduea are expressed as phorate equivalents, ppjn (w/w) , and their subdivisions
are EP - extractable parent compound, EM *• extractable metabolites of the parent compound, and UN -
unextractable products remaining In the processed sample.
-------
Table 117.-Concentrations of £ Cjphorate and degradation products in the
Bloomfield loamy sand soil and sediment of a model ecosystem.
Phorate equivalents, ppm
Soil^
Compound
P£;
PSO
J.f/2
Px
II
III
IV
V
PxS02
PSO
VI
VII
VIII
PxSO
IX
14
Extrac table C
14
Unextractable C
Total C
Sample wt (g)
Rf~
.96
.87
.77
.65
.58
.52
.47
39-. 4fra/
.37
.32
.22
10-. 20
.09
.06 ,
.00
Acetone
extract
0.005?
0.2703
0.0013
0.0011
0.0082
0.0006
0.0007
0.0020
0.0096
0.0991
0.0006
0.0014
0.0024
0,0025
0.0070
0.4126
0
0
100
Methanol
extract^/
0.0015
0.0095
0.0001
0.0003
-
-
0.0003
0.0002
0.0057
-
-
0.0001
0.0003
0.0108
0.0288
.0770
.5184
.0000
Sediment^'
Acetone
extract
0.0043
0.0838
0.0011
0.0002
0.0009
0.0005
0.0005
0.0007
0.0044
0.0408
0.0004
0.0011
0.0005
0.0023
0.0036
0.1451
0.
0.
100.
Methanol
extract
0.0069
0.0141
0.0003
0,0001
0.0004
-
-
-
0.0002
0.0027
-
-
-
0.0003
0.0022
0.0272
1088
2811
0000
a/ Soil samples were taken 20 days after application of [_ Cjphorate to the
soil.
r!4 i
b/ Sediment samples were taken 28 days after application of |_ Cjphorate to
the soil, 8 days after flooding the ecosystem with water.
£/ Silica gel GF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
&l Methanol extract is from the sample previously extracted with acetone.
e/ P = phorate; PSO_ - phorate sulfone; Px » phoratoxon; PxSO, •» phoratoxon
~~ sulfone; PSO ° pHorate sulfoxide; PxSO = phoratoxon sulfoxide.
SJ Roman numerals " unknown compounds.
£/ R. range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
201
-------
Table 118.-Concentrations of [ c] phorate and degradation products in corn^-
after a 14-day exposure in a model ecosystem containing Bloomfield
loamy sand soil.
Compound
id/
PS02
is/
Px
11
III
IV
PxSO.,
PSO
V
VI
VII
PxSO
VIII
IX
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total UC
Average biosample
R*'
Kf
.94
.88
.78
,70
.62
.54
.46
.40
.33
.16-. 30^
.15
.08
.05
.02
.00
wt (g)
Phorate
Root
0.015
0.976
0.027
0.013
0.024
0.007
0.015
0.204
0.64B
0.068
0.033
0.222
0.255
0.276
0.531
3.314
2.036
5.350
1.169
eauivalents
Shoot
0.062
2.160
0.047
0,030
0.025
0.016
0.027
0.337
0.694
0.118
0.041
0.196
0.278
0.355
2.403
6.789
2.629
9.418
0.447
b/
, pom-
Entire plant
0.028
1.304
0.032
0.018
0.024
0.009
0.01,8
0.241
0.661
0.082
0.035
0.215
0.261
0.298
1.049
4.275
2.200
6.476
1.616
r!4
r i
a/ [ Cj Phorate was applied to the soil beneath each seed.
b_/ The roots of & corn plants were combined and analyzed as an individual
sample; the shoots were similarly processed.
£/ Silica gel GF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
d/ P «= phorate; PS02 = phorate sulfone; Px = phoratoxon; PxSO, = phoratoxon
sulfone; PSO • phorate sulf oxide; PxSO = phoratoxon sulf oxide.
e/ Roman numerals " unknown compounds.
£./ Rf range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
202
-------
Table 119.-Concentrations of |_ CJphorate and degradation products in the air— from a model ecosystem
containing Bloomfield loamy sand soil.
Phorate equivalents, ppm
Trap l£'
Compound
Day 0
Day 1
Day 5
Day 11
Day 15
Day 19
pi/
PSO,
II '
lit
PSO
IV
V
VI
PxSO
VII
.96
.85
.79
.74
.57
.40
.27
.23
.14-.2
.11
.00
14
Total C, Trap 1
Total IAC, Trap 2&/
14
Sum C, Traps 1 & 2
Sample wt
-------
Table ^.-Concentrations of [14C]phorate and degradation products in inver-
tebrates after a 5-day exposure in a model ecosystem containing
Bloomfield loamy sand soil.
Phorate equivalents , ppm
Compound
P£/
pso2
I*/
II
PxS02
PSO
III
rv
PxSO
V
VI
VII
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total UC
Average biosample
_ a/ Armadillidiion- Estigmene^-
f~ (pillbug) (caterpillar)
.88
.76
.67
.52 0.551
.33
.27 0.023
10-. 28^
.11
.08 0.429
.05
.02 0.022
.00 0.076
1.101
0.297
1.398
wt (g) 0.051
0.172
0.158
" -
0.075
0.016
0.042
-
0.014
0.037
-
0.044
0.138
0.696
1.311
2.007
0.872
Limas-
(slue)
-
0.129
0.015
1.218
-
0.081
-
0.014
0.063
0.005
-
0.009
1.534
0,499
2.033
1.788
Lumbriews—
(earthworm)
0.014
0.314
-
0.136
0.007
0.236
0.025
0.052
-
0.014
0.014
0.021
0.833
1.077
1.910
2.129
a/ Silica gel GF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
b/ Three pillbugs (alive.) were processed together; batch weight = 0.152 g.
_£/ Three caterpillars (alive) were processed together; batch weight = 2.616 g.
&J Three slugs (dead) were processed together; batch weight «= 5.363 g.
_e/ Three earthworms (dead) were processed together; batch weight « 6.387 g.
_£/ P " phorate; PSOj " phorate sulfone; PxSC>2 ° phoratoxon sulfone; PSO =
phorate sulfoxide; PxSO = phoratoxon sulfoxide.
_£/ Roman numerals * unknown compounds.
h/ R range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
204
-------
N>
o
en
[14 T
CJphorate and degradation products In the prairie vole after a 5-day
in a model ecosystem containing Bloomfleld loamy sand soil.
exposure
Phorate equivalents, ppm
Compound
&
I*/
II
III
IV
V
PSO
VI
PxSO
VIII
IX
14
Ex tract able C
14
Unextractable C
Total 14C
Blosample wt (g)
Ri'
Rf
.96
75-. 93^
.69
48-. 94
.55
.43
.31
.17
.09
.04
.00
Gt tract
0.009
0.017
0.030
-
0.181
0.148
0.008
0.011
0.009
0.015
0.028
0.456
0.113
0.569
4.395
Liver
0.002
0.013
0.006
-
0.009
0.028
0.033
0.003
0.007
0.021
0.022
0.144
0.419
0.563
1.255
Remaining
organs—^
-
0.006
-
0.009
0.050
0.006
-
0.005
0.002
0.009
0.087
0.251
0.338
1.048
Skin
0.003
0.008
-
0.049
0.018
0.023
-
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.105
0.171
0.276
3.200
Carcass
0.003
0.006
0.004
-
0.020
0.025
0.016
-
0.007
-
0.004
0.085
0.166
0.251
12.248
Brain
0.009
-
0.040
0.015
0.016
0.018
-
0.005
0.005
0.007
0.115
0.084
0.199
0.655
Body .
totals^
0.004
0.008
0.010
0.001
0.054
0.049
0.016
0.002
0.006
0.004
0.009
0.163
0.172
0.335
22.801
aj Silica gel GF-254,* benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
W Internal organs, other than those specified, were combined and processed as an individual sample.
£/ P « phorate; PSO •* phorate sulf oxide; PxSO
AJ Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
phoratoxon sulf oxide.
e/
range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
-------
Table 122rRelative affinities of 6 body-parts of the prairie vole^- for
[ CJphorate (Bloomfield soil system) plus its metabolites,
and comparisons with the relative masses of the body-parts.
Body-part
(organs and tissues)
Carcass—
GI tract
Skin
Liver
Brain
c/
Remaining organs-
Residue wt in body-part
as a % of total residue
wt in entire body
40.15
32.71
11.55
9. 24
1.71
4.63
99.99
Body-part wt as a %
of entire bodv wt
53.72
19.28
14.03
5.50
2.87
4.59
99.99
_a/ Vole from a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with
[14CJphorate.
b_/ Carcass = the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are
listed above); it consists predominately of muscle and bone.
c/ The kidneys f adrenals, heart, lungs, mammary glands, ventral central
neck gland, and parotid glands were analyzed collectively.
206
-------
Table 123.-Concentrations of [ C] phorate and degradation products in the water of a model ecosystem (containing
Bloomfield loamy sand soil) 7 days after flooding the ecosystem with waters./.
to
o
Phorate equivalents, ppm
Surface water
c/
Compound -f
P*' .92
PS02 .81
Ii/ .74
II .68
Px .57
III .53
V .42
PxS02 . 38
PSO . 31
VI .23
VII .15
VIII .09
PxSO ,08
IX .03
X .00
14
Extractable C
Unextractable **C
14
Total extractable C
Ether-extractable
before hydrolysis
0.00010
0.03313
0.00063
-
0.00040
0.00004
0.00003
0.00030
0.00361
-
0«0001S
-
0.00037
-
0.00017
0.03891
_
0
Unextrectable C after hydrolysis 0
*-^C loss during hydrolysis 0
Initial 14C in water
Sample volume (1)
0
1
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days
b/ One liter of water
£/ Silica gel GF-254;
j|/ The "unextractable
e/ P = phorate; PS02
~ PxSO » phoratoxon
was withdrawn through
benzene : acetone, 4:1
Leaehate— '
Ether-extractable Ether-extractable
_ after hydrolysi&H/ before hydrolysis
0.00007
0.00050
0.00016
0.00014
0.00012
-
-
i. 0.00010
: 0.00055
0.00005
0.00021-
0.00011
0.00030
-
0.00028
0.00259
0.02484
.04150
. 02484
. 01684
.08318
.00000
0.00030
0.12212
0.00124
-
0.00068
0.00014
0.00022
0.00054
0.01243
-
0.00023
-
0.00074
-
0.00052
0.13916
_
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
Ether-extractable
after hydrolysis
0.00018
0.00435
0.00027
0.00034
0.00007
0.00022
_
0.00020
0.00056
0.00012
0.00044
0.00028
0.00041
0.00033
0.00034
0.00811
0.06068
14727
06068
01911
22706
00000
r!4 i
after application of |_ CJ phorate to the soil.
the tap at the jar
by volume.
" of the preceding column was adjusted to
«• phorate sulfone; Px
sulfoxide.
= phoratoxon; PxS02
-*
bottom over a period of 1
hr.
0.012 N HC1 and maintained at 55-56uC for 18-24 hr.
• phoratoxon sulfone; PSO
•= phorate sulfoxide;
fj Roman numerals « unknown compounds.
-------
rl4
table i24rConcentrations of [ CJphorate and degradation products in
aquatic organisms in a model ecosystem containing Bloomfield
loamy sand soil and flooded with
Compound
&
PSO,
*y
Px
II
III
PxS02
PSO
IV
V
VI
PxSO
VII
VIII
IX
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total UC
Average bio sample wt
Rb/
Rf
.94
.85
.7?
.65
.60
.48
.39
.34
.15
.13
.10
.08
.05
.02
.00
(g)
Phorate
Gambusi^
(fish)
0.075
0.161
0.019
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.009
0.171
0.009
0.005
0.017
0.022
0.009
0.017
0.023
0.547
0.225
0.772
0.170
ecmivalentSj ppm
Fhysc^-1
(snail)
0.019
0.122
0.012
-
0.007
0.006
0.003
0.015
-
0.004
0.005
0.002
0.002
0.004
0.056
0.257
0.565
0.822
0.100
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of [ CJ-
phorate to the soil.
b_/ Silica gel GF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
cj Three fish were added 4 days after flooding the ecosystem; 2 fish
(dead) were removed 1 day later and 1 fish (dead) 1.2 days later;
2 more fish were added 5 days after flooding the ecosystem; 2 fish
(dead) were removed 1 day later; 3 more fish were added 6 days after
flooding the ecosystem; 2 fish ( sick' ) and 1 fish (dead) were re-
moved 1.3 days later; the fish were processed in batches (as removed);
since the parent compound and metabolite contents of the 5 batches were
similar, the results were averaged.
&l Snails were added on the day of flooding; 15 snails were removed 7
days latez and processed as a batch; batch weight «= 1.77* g.
£/ P «• phorate; PSO- « phorate sulfone; Px «= phoratoxon; PxSO. • phoratoxon
sulfone; PSO = phorate sulfoxide; PxSO = phoratoxon sulfoxide.
fj Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
208
-------
Terrestrial animals
SIHAZINE
TOTAL RESIDUE
Aquatic animals
Corn
Soil (Drummer) sediment
Calculations of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
component
Total maximum Total To£al resldue ag
__ •"••_»! concentration, JTl ^1 H.8! a % of applied
(No.) X mass- total «'« (mass) (cone.) dose (5000 pg)
Earthworms
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
( 8)
(20)
(10)
( 1)
2.91
.100
.909
23.8
m ^
a
s*
"
23.3
2.0
9.09
23.8
4.90
2.01
.444
.0771
114
4.02
' 4.04
1.83
2.3
.08
.08
.04
Terrestrial
animali'total (I)
Cornk/
Snails
Fish
Aquatic
animal total (II)
Surface water (III)
Soil sediments/ (IV)
Air
(37) 2.67
(50) .155
( 3) .275
( 1)7000
( 1)4306
58.19
98.8
7.75
.825
1.39
.133
.207
124
137
1.03
.171
8.58 1.20
7000 .0586 410
4306 .888 3824
[5000 ug-(I+II+III+IV)J - 641
2.5
2.8
.02
.003
.02
8.2
76.5
12.8
a/ The terrestrial animals (and their residues) were removed from the system at the termina-
tion of the terrestrial phase.
b_/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn, having been consumed and/or demolished by
the animals, is not presented as an entity at the termination of the terrestrial phase,
and its residue is distributed among animals, air, and soil.
c/ The direct interaction of corn, ajr, and terrestrial animals with the soil occurred prior
to flooding the system.
Fig. 70 .-Terminal environmental distribution of
terrestrial model ecosystem.
[14
'cjsimazine plus metabolites in a soil-
209
-------
20-
15
postplant
M
O
n
•o
I :
ST
«» 5-
o
$ .
_
0-
1.
CEP 71* CEI> 2«
Mi01 3* fa n% 0.0771^EM15%
^ ^UN26% o.on^J™ ?% * I™ e«
y
1.
CEP 32% 0.01
39
-------
0,888
2B •
'27 -
26 -
* 25 -
a
u
i
a 24 •
(Q
•o
*
*. 23 •
a
X
a>
•M
0 22 .
41
21
* i
20 J
^ \UN 38Z
*" 1
fEP SOZ
0, 05859 1 KM ez 0,1
|
0,05516
0,05171
0,0^
1958
0,01391
0,03835
0,02812
fEP 77 Z
53
-------
f-14 T
Table 125.-Concentrations of [ CJsimazine and degradation products in the
soil and sediment of a model ecosystem.
Simazine eauivalents, ppm
Soil*7
Compound f
Simazine . 68
I-1 .35
A-7 .26
II .04
III .00
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total UC
Sample wt (g)
Acetone
extract
0,8741
0.0009
0.0284
0.0022
0.0050
0.9106
0.
1.
100.
Methanol
extract^/
0.1408
0.0001
0.0071
0.0013
0.0019
0.1512
3733
4351
0000
Sediment-7
Acetone
extract
0.4703
0.0010
0.0137
0.0014
0.00-41
0.4905
0.
0.
100.
Methanol
extract
0.0559
0.0002
0.0024
0.0004
0.0007
0.0596
3382
8883
0000
r!4
&l Soil samples were taken 20 days after application of [_ CJsinazine to
the soil.
b/ Sediment samples were taken 28 days after application of [ CJsimazine to
the soil, 8 days after flooding the ecosystem with water.
£/ Silica gel GF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
d/ Methanol extract is fron the sample previously extracted with acetone.
e/ Romar numerals *= unknown compounds.
fj 2-chloroi 4-amino, 6- ethylamino-£-triazine.
212
-------
Table 126-Concentrations of [ CJslmazlne and degradation products in
corn— after a 14-day exposure in a model ecosystem.
Compound
Simazine
II
&
III
IV
V
VI
VII
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total 1AC
Average biosample
Rf
.61
.25-. 52^
.38
.29
.22
.15
.08
.04
.00
wt (g)
Simazine
Root
0.593
0.003
0.015
0.011
0.006
0.008
0.037
0.375
1.048
0.335
1.383
2.022
equivalents
Shoot
0.079
-
-
0.016
0.013
0.024
0.177
0.794
1.103
0.293
1.396
0.651
b/
, PPm-
Entire plant
0.448
0.019
0.003
0.011
0.012
0.008
0.012
0.071
0.477
1.061
0.325
1.386
2.673
r-14
—I [ CjSimazine was applied to the soil beneath each seed.
b/ The roots of 3 corn plants were combined and analyzed as an individual
sample; the shoots were similarly processed.
_£/ Silica gel GF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
d/ Roman numerals «• unknown compounds.
e/ R, range denotes a streak on the TLC plate.
£/ 2-Chloro, 4-amino, 6-ethylamino-^-triazine.
213
-------
Table 127.-Concentrations of [_ cjsimazine and degradation products in the air— from a model ecosystem.
10
Compounds
Id/
II
Simazine
III
A-7
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Total 1 C, Trap 1
Total UC, Trap I-1
14
Sum C, Traps 1 St 2
E/
Sample wt (z)
R c/
Rf
.89
.76
.70
.41
.30
.26
.18
.13
.09
.04
.00
Simazine equivalents, ppm
Trap Lk/
Day 0
0.00001
-
0.00005
-
<0. 00001
<0. 00001
<0, 00001
0.00003
0.00001
0.00001
-
0.00011
0.00056
0.00067
108.00000
Day 1
0.00001
<0. 00001
0.00007
<0. 00001
-
-
<0. 00001
-
-
-
-
0.00008
0.00020
0.00028
108.00000
Day 5
0.00001
0.00001
0.00010
-
<0. 00001
-
-
-
-
-
<0. 00001
0.00012
0.00022
0.00034
108.00000
Day 11
<0. 00001
0.00001
0.00012
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
<0. 00001
0.00013
0.00034
0.00047
108.00000
Day 15
0.00001
<0. 00001
0.00005
-
0.00001
-
-
-
-
-
-------
r!4 i
Table 128 ^Concentrations of |_ Cjsimazine and degradation products in inverte-
brates after a 5-day exposure in a model ecosystem.
Simazine equivalents,
Compound
£/
Simazine
II
i&
III
IV
V
VI
VII
14
Extractable C
14
Unextrac table C
Total UC
Average- biosaaple
V"
.74
.58
.39
.22
.12
.07
.06
.04
.00
vt (g)
Amadi I lidium-
(pillbug)
-
0.213
0.022
0.365
0.026
-
0.209
-
0.157
0.992
1,022
2.014
-0.100
Estigmene^-
(caterpillar)
-
0.292
-
0.052
-
-
-
0.003
' 0.006
0.353
0.091
0.444
0.909
ppra
iMmbricus—
(earthworm)
0.076
3.244
-
0.662
0.051
0.069
0.095
0.099
~ 0.367
4.663
0.236
4.900
2.909
a/ Silica gel GF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume,
b_/ Three pillbugs were processed together; batch weight =» 0.301 g.
£/ Three caterpillars were processed together; batch weight - 2.727 g.
df Three earthworms were processed together; batch weight - 8.728 g.
_e/ Roman numerals « unknown compounds.
tj 2-ChloroT 4-amina, 6-ethylamiao-£-triazin«.
215
-------
N>
Table 129.-Concentrations of £ CJsimazine and degradation products in the prairie vole after a 5-day exposure in
a model ecosystem.
Simazine equivalents, ppm
Compound
&
Simazine .
II
III
A-'
IV
V
B
VI
VII
VIII
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable
Total UC
Biosample wt (g)
'i
94
86
7i
58
JS
25
20
13
08
04
00
C
Skin
-
0.0615
0.0263
0.0094
0.0010
0.0002
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
0.0004
0.0007
0.1012
0.0627
0.]639
3.8457
Liver
_
0.0020
-
-
0.0004
-
-
0.0008
0.0005
-
0,0005
0.0042
0.1349
0.1391
1.2176
Remaining
organsS.'
-
0.0054
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
0.0054
0.0601
0.0655
1.7057
GI tract
0.0037
0.0127
0.0044
0.0010
0.0007
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0008
0.0013
0.0022
0.0278
0.0284
0.0562
4.0524
Carcass
-
0.0077
0.0007
0.0004
o.oooe
0.0003
0.0004
0.0008
0.0002
0.0001
0.0007
0.0119
0.0434
0.0553
11.3177
Fat
-
0.0039
-
-
•
-
-
0.0010
O.C017
-
0.0002
0.0068
C.0480
0.0548
0.7254
Brain
_
0.0029
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.0012
0.0041
0.0397
0.0438
0.7117
Body .
totals^1
0.0006
0.0164
0.0053
0.0019
0.0006
0.0003
0.0003
0.0006
0.0004
0.0004
0.0009
0.0277
0.0494
0.0771
-
af Silica gel GF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
b/ Internal organs, other than those specified, were combined and processed as an individual sample.
£/ Body totals were calculated using live body weight (23.8200 g).
d/ Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
£/ A - 2-chloro, 4-amino, 6-ethylamino-£-triazine; B = 2-chloro, 4,6-diamino,-£-triazine..'
-------
Table 130.-Relative affinities of 7 body-parts of the prairie vole^ for
r!4 i
[^ Cjsimazine plus its metabolites, and comparisons with the
relative masses of the body-parts.
Body-part
(organs and tissues)
Skin
Carcass-'
GI tract
Liver
Fat
Brain
Remaining organs-
Residue wt in body-part
as a % of total residue
wt in entire body
34.32
34.10
12.40
9.22
2.17
1.70
t. 6.09 , ,
100.00
Body-part wt as a %
of entire body wt
16.31
48.00
17.19
5.16
3.08
3.01
7.23
99.98
a/ Vole from a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem
~~ [14c]siraazine.
treated with
b/ Carcass » the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are
listed above); it consists predominately of muscle and bone.
cJ The kidneys + adrenals, heart, lungs, mammary glands, ventral central
neck gland, parotid glands and small amounts of fat tissue were
analyzed collectively.
217
-------
Table 131.—Concentrations of [ CJsimazine and degradation pro-
ducts in the water of a model ecosystem 7 days after
a/
flooding the ecosystem with water— .
Compound f
Simazine .57
A— 77
A • ££
1^ .03
II .00
14
Extractable C
14 e/
Unextractable C—
14
C Loss during extraction
14
Initial C in water
Sample volume (1)
Simazine equivalents, ppm
Surface water
0.04684
0.00315
0.00009
0.00005
0.05013
0.01033
-0.00187
0.05859
1.00000
&/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of
1-14 1
|_ CJsimazine to the soil.
b/ Silica gel GF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
cj 2-Chloro, •i-aminoj 6-ethylamino-£-triazine.
d_/ Roman numerals =» unknown compounds.
&J The water, after ether extraction, was not subjected to the
usual hydrolysis procedure.
218
-------
[1A <•
Cjsimazine and degradation products in
aquatic organisms in a model ecosystem flooded with water—
Compound
I*/
Simazine
t&
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
• 14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total 1AC
Average biosample wt
*(y
.86
.65
.31
.27
.21
.14
.10
.06
.00
'
(8)
Simazine
Gambuaia*
(fish)
0.022
0.096
0.018
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.010
0.153
" " 0.054
0.207
0.275
equivalents, ppm
Phyea^
(snail)
-
0.103
0.005
-
-
-
-
0.003
0.002
0.113
0.020
0.133
0.155
Simazine to the soil,
b/ Silica gel GF-254; benzene : acetone, 4:1 by volume.
£/„ Fish were added 4 days after flooding the ecosystem; 2 fish (dead)
were removed 1 day later and 1 fish (dead) 2 days later; fish were
processed individually and the results averaged.
d/ Snails were added on the day of flooding; 15 snails were removed 7
days later and processed as a batch; batch weight = 2.324 g.
e/ Roman numerals » unknown compounds.
ff 2-Chloro, 4-amino, 6-ethylamino-s_-triazine.
219
-------
Terrestrial animals
TRIFLURALIN
TOTAL RESIDUE
Aquatic animals
Soybeans Soil (Drummer) sediment
Calculations of the above estimates:
Total maximun,
Ecosystem
component
Total
(No.) X mass - total
concentration,
V8/8
(mass)(cone.)
Total residue gs
a % of appUed
d°8e (5°°° vg)
Earthworms
Slugs
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
( 8)
( 1)
(20)
( 5)
( 1)
1.90 =
.545 -
.0798 •=
.850 -
18.3
15.2
.545
1.60
4.25
18.3
4.29
.472
.587
.326
.224
65.2
.257
.937
1.39
4.10
1.3
.005
.02
.03
.08
Terrestrial
animals/total (I)
Soybeans^/ (21) .486
Snails (50) .182
Daphnia (1) .907
Pish (12) .224
Aquatic
animal total (XI)
Surface water (III) ( 1)7000
Soil Bediment£/ (IV) ( 1)4204
Air
39.9
10.2
9.10
.907
2.69
12.7
- 7000
4204
sooo M
[s
1.56
.571
,146
.0591
.00913
.882
71.9
15.9
5.20
.132
.159
5.49
63.9
3708
1151
1.4
.3
.1
.003
.003
.1
1.3
74.2
23.0
a/ The terrestrial animals (and their residues) were removed from the system at the termina-
tion of the terrestrial phase.
b_/ Proportion at 14 days postplanting, the soybeans, having been consumed and/or demolished
by the animals, is noc present as an entity at the termination of the terrestrial phase,
and its residue is distributed among animals, air, and soil.
£/ The direct interaction of soybeans, air, and terrestrial animals with the soil occurred
prior to flooding the system.
Fig. 73.-Terminal environmental distribution of [ cjtrifluralin plus metabolites in a soil-
terrestrial model ecosystem.
220
-------
Ni
NJ
20-
-
15-
B
19
r-l
I10;
1 •
8
ti '
sr 5-
IH
0
. -
0-
{EP 79% (EP 27%
EM 11% , - f 0.221^ 39%
UN ld% n mil,?} A 4.UN 34%
0. 03143 \ EM 4% T
/
fEP3a% o.o:
1.56^EM 32%
,
[UN 30%
0.0(
0.0(
0.0(
v [UN 9%
CEP 76% (EP 55% TEP 54% TEP 31% (EP 64%
L713
-------
28
27 -
N>
N)
KJ
a
o
M
•o
o
o
•-i
5 a
o
o.
09
X
- 4 -3
I
IJ
a
1 >>
J 0)
o
o
- 2 •£
1
0
Surface water Snails Daphnia Fish Sediment
PPM
Fig. 75. — Summary of the fate of [ c]trlfluralln In the aquatic phase; an extension of a soil-terrestrial model
ecosystem (see Fig. ). The barren terrestrial phase was flooded 20 days postplantlng and snails,
Daphnia, and mosquito larvae were added to the system; the fish were added 4 days later. The total
l^C-resldues are expressed as trlfluralln equivalents, ppm (w/w), and their subdivisions are EP »
extractable parent compound, EM - extractable metabolites of the parent compound, and UN • unextract-
able products remaining in the processed sample.
-------
Table 133<-Concentrations of [ c] trifluralin and degradation products in
the soil and sediment of a model ecosystem.
Trifluralin equivalents, ppm
Soila/
Compound
l^
jj/
II
A
III
IV
V
B
VI
C
0
VII
VIII
IX
E
X
XI
XII
XIII
Extractable C
14
Unext rateable C
Total 14C
Sample wt (g)
Rf-
.95
.91
.87
.81
.72
.68
.61
.55
.46
.39
.33
.27
.25
.21
.15
.10
.07
.03
.00
Acetone
extract
-
0,7872
-
0.0213
-
0.0032
-
0.0115
-
0.0047
0.0118
0.0015
-
0.0020
0.0092
0.0045
0.0061
0.0079
0.0237
0.8946
0.
1.
100.
Methanol
extract^:'
-
0.1008
-
0.0033
-
0.0005
-
0.0015
-
0.0007
0.0016
0.0002
-
0.0002
0.0006
0.0018
'0.0013 "
0.0018
0.0068
0.1211
1116
1273
0000
Sediment-
Acetone
extract
0.0072
0.0905
0.0061
0.0070
0.0024
0.0028
0.0061
0.0382
0.0049
0.0074
0.0149
0.0106
0.0054
0.0114
0.0183
0.0087
0.0159
0.0355
0.1300
0.4233
0.
0,
100.
Methanol
extract
0.0011
0.0155
0.0017
0.0010
0.0003
0.0004
0.0007
0.0107
0.0008
0.0008
0.0020
0.0014
0.0010
0.0009
0.0023
0.0019
0.0038
0.0093
0.0194
0.0750
3841
8824
0000
rl4 T
a/. Soil samples were taken 20 days after application of |_ CJ trifluralin to
the soil.
rlA T
W Sediment samples were taken 28 days after application of [ Cj trif luralin
to the soil, 8 days after flooding the ecosystem fcith water.
£/ .Silica gel GF-2545 n_-hexane : acetone, 10:1 bv volume.
Mettianol extract is from the sample previously extracted with acetone.
Roman numerals - unknown compounds.
-d/
£/
f/
T •» trifluralin; A - a,a,a-trlfluora-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p_-toluidiue;
B » IJ,»-dipropyl-3-nitro-5-trifluoromethyl-o_-phenylenediamine; C - 2,6-
dlnitr*-4-trifluoromethylaniline; D - 2-ethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-7-nitro-l-
propylbenzimidazole; E « 2-ethyl-5-trifluorotnethyl-7-nitrobenzinidazole.
223
-------
Table 134^Concentrations of [ c]trifluralin and degradation products in
a/
soybean plants' after a 14-day exposure in a model ecosystem.
_ , Trifluralin equivalents .
Compound
Tl/
A
l-f
II
B
C
D
III
IV
V
E
VI
VII
VIII
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total 1AC
Average bio sample
Rf
.84
.68
.63
.55
.46
.36
.31
.26
.22
.18
.13
.09
.05
.00
wt (g)
Root
0.866
0.044
0.011
0.043
0.018
C.024
0.103
0.015
0.012
0.015
0.013
0.023
0.117
0.172
1.476
0.599
2.076
0.334
b/
ppm-
Shoot Entire plant
0.005
0.079
-
-
0.002
0.005
0.010
-
-
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.018
0.111
0.243
0.164
0.407
0.151
0.598
0.055
0.007
0.029
0.013
0.018
0.074
0.011
0.008
0.012
0.011
0.017
0.086
0.153
1.092
0.464
1.556
0.486
a/ [ CJTrifluralia was applied to the soil beneath each seed.
b/ The roots of 3 soybean plants were combined and analyzed as an individual
sample; the shoots were similarly processed.
£/ Silica gel GF 254; n_-hexane : acetone, 10:1 by volume.
d/ T = trifluralin; A •=
-------
NJ
Table 135rConcentrations of [ C]trifluralln and degradation products in the air— from a model eco-
system.
Compound
T-X
A
B
C
D
I—
II
E
III
IV
V
VI
VII
14
Total .,C, Trap lf/
Total C, Trap 2-
Sum l^C, Traps 1 & 2
R/
Sample wt (g)^
R £/
.78
.67
.47
.32
.26
.22
.16
.12
.09
.07
.05
.03
.00
Trifluralin equivalents,
Trap ll/
Day 0
0.00009
0.00005
0.00114
0.00066
0.00119
0.00136
0.00603
0.00079
0.00048
0.00098
0.00">47
0.00551
0.00644
0.02719
0.00042
0.02761
108.00000
Day 1
0.00530
0.00003
0.00001
0.00001
0.00002
0.00001
-
0.00004
-
-
0.00004
0.00003
0.00008
0.00557
0.00036
0.00593
108.00000
Day 5
0.00279
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
-
0.00004
-
-
0.00003
0.00002
0.00005
0.00298
0.00135
0.00433
108.00000
Day 11
0.00278
• 0.00001
0.00001
-
0.00001
<0. 00001
-
0.00003
-
-
0.00002
0.00001
0.00006
0.00293
0.00218
0.00511
108.00000
ppm
Day 15
0.01293
0.00009
0.00002
0.00002
0.00002
0.00001
-
0.00015
-
-
0.00010
0.00008
0.00027
0.01369
0.00344
0.01713
108.00000
Day 19
0.02738
0.00019
0.00006
0.00004
0.00005
0.00002
-
0.00027
-
-
0.00018
0.00016
0.00033
0.02868
0.00275
0.03143
108.00000
a/ Air was trapped for a 3-hour daylight period at a flow rate of 10 ml/sec on specified days after
application of [ cjtrifluralin to the soil.
b/ Trap 1 was connected directly to the ecosystem container and contained 75 ml of acetonitrile as the
trapping solvent; the trapping solvent was chromatographed.
£/ Silica gel GF-254; ri-hexane : acetone, 10:1 by volume.
d/ T = trifluralin; A = a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p_-toluidine; B = ]J,N-dipropyl-3-nitro-5-
trifluoromethyl-o-phenylenediamlne; C= 2,6-dinitro-4 trifluoromethylanillne; D" 2-ethyl-5-
trifluoromethyl-7-nitro-l-propylbenzlmidazolej E = 2-ethy1-5-trifluoromethy1-7-nitrobenzimidazole.
e/ Roman numerals " unknown conpounds.
J?/ Trap 2 was connected in series to trap 1 and contained 75 ml of trapping solvent (ethanolamlne :
2-methoxyethanol, 1:2 by volume); the trap 2 solvent was not chromatographed.
£/ One liter of air was assumed to weigh 1 g.
-------
r!4 -i
Table 136.-Concentrations of [ Cjtrifluralin and degradation products in inverte-
brates after a 5-day exposure in a model ecosystem.
Trifluralin equivalents, ppin
Compound
Ti/
A
!*/
8
C
D
II
E
III
IV
V
VI
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total UC
Average biosample
Rr
.84
.77
.75
= 59
,42
.34
.29
.17
.11
.09
.04
.00
wt (g)
Armadiliidium— Estigmene^-
(pillbug) (caterpillar)
0.182 0.209
0.067
-
-
-
0.017 0.009
-
-
-
-
0.093
0.129 0.025
0.421 0.310
0.166 0.016
0.587 0.326
0.080 0.850
Limas—
(slug)
0.257
0.019
0.007
0.003
0.010
0.005
-
-
-
0.018
0.028
0.057
0.404
0.069
0.473
0.545
e/
(earthworm)
2.349
0.075
-
0.039 .
0.048
0.120
0.036
0.039
0.085
0.050
0.306
0.443
3.590
0.700
4.291
1.902
ji/' Silica gel GF-254; n-hexane : acetone, 10:1 by volume.
b/ Three pillbugs were processed together; batch weight «= 0.239 g.
_£/ Two caterpillars were processed together; batch weight = 1.700 g.
&f Only one slug (dead) was recovered from ecosystem and processed.
ej Two earthworms were processed together; batch weight «• 3.804 g.
f/ T = trifluialin; A = a,a,a-tnfluoro-2,6-dinitro-lv-propyl-p_-toluidine;
B » N^N^dipropyl-S-niuro-S-trifluoromethyl-o-phenylenedianine; C = 2,6-
dinitro-4-trifluoromethylaniline; D = 2-ethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-7-nitro-l
propylbenzimidazole; E = 2-ethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-7-nitrobenzimidazole.
%J Roman numerals » unknown compounds.
226
-------
N>
ro
Table 137."Concentrations of [ cjtrifluralin and degradation products in the prairie vole after a 1.75-day^
exposure in a model ecosystem.
Trifluralin equivalents, ppm
Compound
I*>
Tl/
A
B
C
D
II
E
III
IV
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total C
Biosample wt (g)
R b/
f
.90
.80
.66
.52
.39
.31
.17
.10
.04
.00
GI tract
0.007
0.142
0.008
0.010
0.001
0.004
0.007
0.023
0.023
0.093
0.318
0.184
0.502
3.400
Skin "
0.017
0.197
0.012
0.006
0.004
0.036
0.009
0.012
0.017
0.031
0.341
0.116
0.457
2.431
Remaining
organs^.'
-
0.018
0.005
0.006
0.002
0.007
0.012
0.010
0.022
0.078
0.160
0.091
0.251
1.139
Liver
—
-
-
-
0.002
0.002
0.004
-
-
0.083
0.091
0.057
0.148
0.909
Brain
-
-
-
-
—
0.011
-
-
0.102
0.113
0.007
0.121
0.541
Carcass
_
0.014
0.003
0.002
0.003
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.013
0.048
0.033
0.081
9.860
Body
totals
0.004
0.061
0.005
0.004
0.002
0.007
0.005
0.009
0.011
0.041
0.149
0.076
0.225
18.281
&J The vole died 1.75 days after being placed in the ecosystem, probably from starvation; essentially no
soybean shoots were present in the ecosystem when the vole was added; rabbit chow was added but not eaten.
jb/ Silica gel GF-254; jn-hexane : acetone, 10:1 by volume.
c/ Internal organs, other than those specified, were combined and processed as an Individual sample.
d/ Roman numerals • unknown compounds.
e/ T =• trifluralin; A » ct,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N^propyl-£-toluidine; B - ^,N-dipropyl-3-nitro-
5-trifluoromethyl-jn-phenylenedian>ine; C - 2,6-dinitro-4-trlfluoromethylaniline; D - 2-ethyl-5-
trifluoromethyl-7-nitro-l-propylbenzimidazole; E » 2-ethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-7-nitrobenzimidazole.
-------
Table 138:-Relative affinities of 6 body-parts of the prairie vole^- for
f 14 i
L Cjtrifluralin plus its metabolites, and comparisons with
the relative masses of the body-parts.
Body-part
(organs and tissues)
GI tract
Skin
Carcass-
Liver
Brain
c/
Remaining organs-
Residue wt in body-part
as a % of total residue
wt in entire body
41.58
27.11
19.46
3.28
1.59
6.98
100.00
Body-part wt as a %
of entire body wt
18.60
13.30
53.94
4.97
2.96
6.23
100.00
ajj Vole from a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with
[14c]trifluralin.
b_/ Carcass = the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are
listed above); it consists predominately of muscle and bone.
cj The kidneys t adrenals, heart, lungs, mammary glands, ventral central
;, neck gland, and parotid glands were analyzed collectively.
1
228
-------
Table 139.-Concentrations of [ cjtrifluralin and degradation pro-
ducts in the water of a. model ecosystem 7 days after
a/
flooding the ecosystem with water— .
Compound
D£/
E
1^
II
III
14
Extractable C
Unextractable 14C-/'
T> k/
Rf
.26
.12
.06
.02
.00
14
C Loss during extraction
14
Initial C in water
Sample volume (1)
Trifluralin equivalents, ppm
Surface water
0.00093
0.00028
0.00043
0.00127
0.00162
0.00453
0.00453
, 0.00007
0.00913
1.00000
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of
[14CJtrifluralin to thfe soil.
b/ Silica gel GF-254; ii-hexane : acetone, 10:1 by volume.
£/ D = 2-ethy1-5-trifluoromethyl-7-nitro-l-propylbenzimidazole;
~~ E •» 2-ethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-7-nitrobenzimidazole.
d/ Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
£/ The water, after ether extraction, was not subjected to the
usual hydrolysis procedure.
229
-------
Table 1/iOrConcentrations of [ c]trifluralin and degradation products in
aquatic organisms in a model ecosystem flooded with water— .
Trifluralin equivalents
Compound
£'
1&/
A
B
C
D
II
III
E
IV
V
VI
VII
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total UC
Average bios ample
Rb/
Rf
.87
.77
.62
.43
.33
.31
.27
.22
.12
.08
.06
.04
.00
wt (g)
Garribusia—
(fish)
0.015
0.007
0.001
0.007
0.002
-
0.002
-
0.002
-
-
0.006
0.008
0.050
0.009
0.059
0.224
a/ Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days
"~ trif luralin to the soil.
b/ Silica gel GF-254; iv-hexane :
£/ Three fish were added 4 davs
acetone, 10
(snail)
0.016
0.170
0.011
0.069
0.013
0.004
0.011
0.007
0.014
0.012
0.019
0.067
0.098
0.511
0.060
0.571
0.182
after application
:1 by volume.
after flooding the ecosystem;
, ppm
Daphn-U^-'
(water flea)
_
0.012
0.002
0.037
0.003
0.004
-
-
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.009
0.043
0.116
0.031
0.147
0.907
, rU-T
°f L cj-
3 fish (dead
were removed 5 hr later; 3 more fish were added 4.2 days after flooding
the ecosystem; 3 fish (dead) were removed 17 hr later; 3 more fish were
added 5 days after flooding the ecosystem; 2 fish (dead) were removed 1 hr
later and 1 fish (dead) 2.5 hr later; 3 more fish were added 5.14 days
after flooding the ecosystem; 3 fish (dead) were removed 0.5 hr later;
the fish were processed in batches (as removed), and the results averaged.
&/ Snails were added on the day of flooding; 15 snails were removed 7 days
later and processed as a batch; batch weight * 2.730 g.
e/ Daphnia were added on the day of flooding, removed 7 days later, and pro-
cessed as a batch; many organisms constituted the biosample.
f_/ Roman numerals * unknown compounds.
&/ T " trif luralin; A = a,o,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N^propyl-£-toluidine;
B = N^-dipropyl-3-nitro-5-trifluoromethyl-o-phenylenediamine; C *> 2,6-
dinitro-4-trifluoromethylaniline; D - 2-ethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-7-nitro-l-
propylbenzimidazole; E « 2-ethyl-5-trifluoroaethyl-7-nitrobenzimidazole.
230
-------
2A5-T
(Isooctyl ester)
TOTAL RESIDUE
Terrestrial animals
Aquatic animals
Com
Soil (Drummer) sediment
Calculations of the above estimates:
Ecosystem
Component
Total maximum Mean Total regldue ag
__nass'8: concentration, ^""^ »*j_ a 2 of applied
Wo.) i^als"- total U8/8 TmassKconc.) dose (500° «>
Earthworms
Pillbugs
Caterpillars
Vole
< 8)
(20)
(10)
( 1)
i v ' 1
2.15 -
.0580 -
.912 -
26.3
17.2'
1.16
9.12
26.3
1.81
2.69
.163
.0361
31.1
3.12
1.49
.949
.6
.06
.03
,.02
Terrestrial
aniraaia/ total (I)
Cornk/
Snails
Daphnia
Fish
(45)
(50)
( 1)
( 6)
2.76
.168
.367
.233
53.8
124
8.40
.567
1.40
1.09
.193
.231
.149
36.7
135
1.62
.131
.208
.7
2.7
.03
.003
.004
Aquatic
animal total (II)
Surface water (III)
Soil sediment^ (IV)
Air
( 1)7000
( 1)4306
10.4
- 7000 .0673
• 4306 .795
• [5000 yg-(I+II+III+IV)]
1.96
471
3423
• 1067
.04
9.4
68.5
21.3
a/ The terrestrial animals (and their residues) were removed from the system at the termina-
tion of the terrestrial phase.
W Proportion at 14 days postplanting; the corn, having been consumed and/or demolished by
the animals, is not present as an entity at the termination of the terrestrial phase, and
its residue is distributed among animals, air, and soil.
£/ The direct interaction of corn, air, and terrestrial animals with the soil occurred prior
to flooding che system.
r!4 i
Fig. 76 .-Terminal environmental distribution of [ CJ2,4,5-T (isooctyl ester) plus metabolites
la a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem.
231
-------
EP
to
CO
to
20 1
.
-
15 •
§ -
t;
5r '
», 5-
o
41
-
-
0-
1,07^EM3^% fEP 17% 0.0361^EM 5A
>
^ yjM 01* Q Q117CJEH 8% i V.1™ 46
/ 'l
fEP 2% 0.0
1.09sEM 66%
/
, (JUN 32%
0.0
0.0
k [UN 75%
[EP 18% [EP 0% [EP 0% [EP 22%
37651EM 9% 1.81
-------
Ni
co
CO
2ft -
27 -
26 .
S 25 -
o.
0
o
P.
a 24 .
•o
« 23
a
X
a
flooding
••^
u
0)
a
•°
a
^ u
10
a
o
' 2 u
<
1
0
Surface water
Snails
114,
Daphnla
Fish
Sediment
PPM
Fig. 78 . — Summary of the fate of [ C]2,4,5-T in the aquatic phase; an extension of a soil terrestrial model
ecosystem (see Fig. ). The barren terrestrial phase was flooded 20 days postplantlng and snails,
Daphnla, and mosquito larvae were added to the system; the fish were added 4 days later. The total
l^C-resldues are expressed as 2,4,5-T equivalents, ppm (w/w), and their subdivisions are EP - extract-
ire parent compound, EM » extractable metabolites of the parent compound, and UN • unextractable
products remaining In the processed sample.
-------
r!4 T
Table 141.-Concentrations of L C]2,4,5-T (ieooctyl ester) and degradation
products in the soil and sediment of a model ecosystem.
2,4
,5-T (ester)
Soil*'
Compound
2,4,5-T (ester)
I-7
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable C
Total UC
Sample wt (g)
Rc/
Rf
.88
.77
.34
.28
.11
.08
.04
.00
Acetone
extract
0.0321
0.0043
0.0207
-
0.0043
0.0034
0.0039
0.2265
0.2952
0.
1.
100.
Methanol
extract^/
0.0076
0.0014
0.0095
-
0.0010
0.0008
0.0127
0.0853
0.1183
6612
0747
0000
equivalents ,
ppm
Sediment-
Acetone
extract
0.0224
0.0033
0.0300
0.0173
0.0029
0.0023
0.0360
0.2354
0.3496
0
0
100
Methanol
extract
0.0036
-
0.0047
0.0019
-
-
0.0041
0.0459
0.0602
.3855
.7953
.0000
r!4 1
a/ Soil samples were taken 20 days after application of [_ Cj 2,4,5-T (isooctyl
ester) to the soil.
b/ Sediment samples were taken 28 days after application of [ CJ 2,4,5-T
(isooctyl ester) to the soil, 8 days after flooding the ecosystem with
water.
cl Silica gel CT 254; n-hexane : acetone, 10:1 by volume.
&l Methanol extract is from che sample previously extracted with acetone.
e/ Roman numerals « unknown compounds.
234
-------
r!4 i
Table 142:-Concentrations of [ Cj2,4,5-T (isooctyl ester) and degradation pro-
ducts in corn— after a 14-day exposure in a model ecosystem.
t 2,4,5-T (ester) equivalents, ppm^'
Compound
2,4,5-T (ester)
&
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
14
Extract able C
14
Unextractable C
Total UC
Average Biosample
Rf~
.88
.42
.33
.17
.13
.10
.06
.03
.00
wt (g)
Root
0.029
0.031
-
0.006
0.002
0.005
0.025
0.611
0.372
1.081 ,
0.498
1.579
1.740
Shoot
0.003
0.008
0.005
-
-
-
0.005
0.076
0.073
0.170
0.089
0.259
1.024
Entire plant
0.019
0.022
0.002
0.004
0.001
0.003
0.018
0.413
0.261
0.743 "
0.347
1.090
2.764
r!4
a/ [ CJ2,4,5-T (isooctyl ester) was applied to tha soil beneath each seed.
b_/ The roots of 3 corn plants were combined and analyzed as an individual
sample; the shoots were similarly processed.
£/ Silica gel GF-254; n-hexane : acetone, 10:1 by volume.
d/ Roman numerals - unknown compounds.
235
-------
NJ
U>
cr>
Table 143.-Concentrations of [ c]2,4,5-T (isooctyl ester) and degradation products In the air^ from &
model ecosystem.
2,4,5-T (ester) equivalents, ppm
., Trap lA/
Compound
2,4,5-T (ester)
l-f
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Total 14C, Trap 1
14 e/
Total C, Trap 2-
14
Sum C, Traps 1 & 2
Sample wt (g)—
Rf~
.80
.32
.27
.19
.14
.09
.04
.00
Day 0
0.00170
0.00003
0.00001
<0. 00001
0.00001
<0. 00001
0.00003
0.00046
0.00224
0.00038
0.00262
108.00000
Day 1
0.00097
0.00003
-
0.00001
<0. 00001
<0. 00001
<0. 00001
0.00001
0.00102
0.00058
0.00160
108.00000
Day 5
0.00127
0.00060
-
-
0.00002
0.00001
0.00001
0.00003
0.00194
0.00310
0.00504
108.00000
Day 11
0.00134
0.00045
-
-
0.00006
0.00003
0.00005
0.00006
0.00199
0.00143
0.00342
108.00000
Day 15
0.00136
0.00054
-
-
-
0.00006
0.00003
0.00003
0.00202
0.00563
0.00765
108.00000
Day 19
0.00195
0.00076
-
-
-
0.00006
0.00005
0.00007
0.00289
0.00887
0.01176
108.00000
&l Air was trapped for a 3-hour daylight period at a. flow rate of 10 ml/sec on specified days after
application of [^CJ2,4,5-T (isooctyl ester) to the soil.
b_/ Trap 1 was connected directly to the ecosystem container and contained 75 ml of acetonitrile as the
trapping solvent; the trapping solvent was chromatographed.
£/ Silica gel GF-254; n-hexane : acetone, 10:1 by volume.
Al Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
e/ Trap 2 was connected in series to trap 1 and contained 75 ml of trapping solvent (ethanolamine :
2-methoxyethanol, 1:2 by volume); the trap 2 solvent was not chromatographed.
f/ One liter of air was assumed to weigh 1 g.
-------
rl4 T
Table 144-Concentrations of [ CJ2,4,5-T (isooccyl ester) and degradation pro-
ducts in invertebrates after a 5-day exposure in a model ecosystem.
Compound
2,4,5-T (ester)
I-X
II
III
IV
V
VI'
14
Extractable C
14
Unextractable' C
Total 14C
Average biosample
V"
.82
.39
.27
.09
.04
.02
.00
,
wt (g)
2,4,5-T
Azmadi 1 lidium—
(pillbug)
-
-
0.009
-
-
-
1.284
1.293
1.402
2.695
0.058
(ester) equivalents
Estigmene^-
(caterpillar)
0.035
0.010
0.022
-
-
-
0.068
0.135
, , 0.027
0.163
0.912
, pom
Liaribricus—
(earthworm)
0.007
-•
0.052
0.019
0.627
0.197
0.287
1.189
' 0.626
1.815
2.147
£/ Silica gel CT-254; ii-hexane : acetone, 10:1 by volume.
W Three pillbugs were processed together; batch weight = 0.174 g.
c/ Three caterpillars were processed together; batch weight •* 2.736 g.
d/ Only one earthworm was recovered from ecosystem and processed.
e/ Roman numerals ° unknown compounds.
237
-------
N>
U>
00
C14 n
Cj2,4,5-T (Isooctyl ester) and degradation products in the prairie vole after a
5-day exposure in a model ecosystem.
2,4,5-T (ester) equivalents, ppm
R a/
Compound £
Td/
i. •
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
14
Extractable C
14
Unex tract able
Total UC
Biosample wt (g)
48
41
31
23
13
06
00
C
Remaining
organs*!/
0.0017
-
-
0.0012
0.0025
-
0.0411
0.0465
0.0342
0.0807
1.5449
Skin
-
-
-
0.0054
-
-
0.0187
0.0241
0.0425
0.0666
4.3030
GI tract
0.0006
0.0019
0.0031
0.0018
0.0018
0.0184
0.0127
0.0403
0.0233
0.0636
3.5239
Liver
0.0003
0.0003
0.0007
0.0003
0.0003
0.0012
0.0155
0.0186
0.0122
0.0308
1.5488
Fat
0.0022
-
-
-
0.0029
-
0.0082
0.0133
0.0127
0.0260
0.6983
Carcass
_
-
0.0007
-
-
-
0.0112
0.0119
0.0073
0.0192
12.5614
Brain
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.0083
0.0083
0.0037
0.0120
0.5371
Body .
totals-
0.0003
0.0003
0.0008
0.0012
0.0005
0.0025
0.0138
0.0194
0.0167
0.0361
-
a/ Silica gel GF-254; n-hexane : acetone, 10:1 by volume.
b_/ Internal organs, other than those specified, were combined and processed as an individual sample.
c_/ Body totals were calculated using live body weight (26.2900 g).
d/ Roman numerals « unknown compounds.
-------
Table 146.-Relative affinities of 7 body-parts of the prairie vole^ for
r!4 n
L CJ2,4,5-T (isooctyl ester) plus its metabolites, and com-
parisons with the relative masses of the body-parts.
Body-part
(organs and tissues)
Skin
Carcass—
GI tract
Liver
Fat
Brain
c/
Remaining organs-
Residue wt in body-part
as a % of total residue
wt in entire body
30*19
25.43
23.64
5.02
1.91
• - - -68
13.14
100.01
Body-part wt as a %
of entire body wt
17.41
50.82
14.26
6.26
2.83
2.18 < '
6.25
100.01
aj Vole from a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with
[L4CJ2,4,5-T (isoQctyl ester).
W Carcass = the eviscerated body (the removed organs and tissues are
listed above); it .consists predominately of muscle and bone.
c/ The kidneys + adrenals, heart, lungs, mammary glands, ventral central
neck gland, parotid glands and small amounts of fat tissue were
naljrzed -collectively,
239
-------
r!4
Table 147/-Concentrations of [ CJ2,4,5-T (isooctyl ester) and
degradation products in the water of a model ecosystem
a/
7 days after flooding the ecosystem with water— .
Compound
1^
II
III
IV
V
VI
14
Extractable C
Unextractable 14C-/
Rf
.39
.26
.11
.06
.02
.00
14
C loss during extraction
14
Initial C in water
Sample volume (1)
2,4,5-T (ester) equivalents, ppm
Surface water
0.00007
0.00007
0.00007
0.00022
0.00048
0.00061
0.00152
0.06454
0.00124
0.06730
1.00000
aj Ecosystem was flooded with water 20 days after application of
[ Cj2,4,5-T (isooctyl ester) to the soil.
b/ Silica gel GF-254; n_-hexane : acetone, 10:1 by volume.
cf Roman numerals = unknown compounds.
jd/ The watet, after ether extraction, was not subjected to the
usual hydrolysis procedure.
240
-------
rl4
Table 148.-Concentrations of [ CJ2.4.5-T (isooctyl ester) and degra-
dation products in aquatic organisms in a model ecosystem
flooded with water^.
Compound
ii/
2,4,5-T (ester)
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
14
Extractable C
14 '
Unextractable C
Total 14C
Average biosample
V"
.80
.73
.40
.25
.19
.11
.07
.05
.00
-
wt (g)
2,4,5-T
Gambuaice—
(fish)
0.004
0.007
0.002
0.037
0.005
0.003
0.001
0.017
0.028
0.104
0.045
0.149
0.233
(ester) equivalents, ppm
Phyec^
(snail)
-
0.009
-
0.021
0.003
0,008
0.006
0.029
0.094
0.170
0.023
0.193
0.168
Dophnior-
(water flea)
-
0.014
-
0.021
0.009
0.002
0.001
0.005
0.140
0.192
0.040
0.232
0.567
~~ 2,4,5-T Cisooctyl ester) to the soil.
b_/ Silica gel GF-254; tv-hexane : acetone, 10:1 by volume.
_c/ Three fish were added 4 days after flooding the ecosystem; 2 fish
(dead) vere removed 5 hrs later and 1 fish (dead) 1 day later;
three more fish were added 5 days after flooding the ecosystem; 1
fish (dead) was reiooved 15 hrs later and 2 fish (dead) 1 day later;
the fish were processed individually or in pairs (as removed), and
the results averaged.
d/ Snails were added on the day of flooding; 15 snails were removed 7
~~ days later and processed as a batch; batch weight - 2.525 g.
e/ Daphnia were added on the day of flooding, removed 7 days later, and
processed as a batch; many organisms constituted the biosample.
£/ Roman numerals ° unknown compounds.
241
-------
TV le 149,
-------
14
Table 150. Total C metabolites expressed as alclrin equivalents, ppm,
in individual orcanisms of different species from four model
ecosystems; two systems contained a vermiculite substrate and two
contained a Drummer loam soil substrate; the statistics are the
arithmetic mean » standard error, and analvsis of variance K values
with significant differences indicated by an asterisk (factors are nt
soil and vermiculite). .
Verniculite
A
svstens
3
Drumnor
A
loan soil svstens
B
CORII (entire plant)
3.801
8.789
5.306
6.331
6.720
8.32''
7.462+0.629
Between fictors,
,
1.918
2.194
2.056-0.138
Between factors,
12.86<5
5.566
3. 956
5.559
7.934
3.67"
7.436*1.297
FO.OOl[L,2j°170
-
3.099
("3.099)
Vosri^r1"-*
1.565
1.453
0.506
1.540
0.749
0.650
1.077+1.201
O,1** wit'iin factors
' SLUGS '"-
0.2C6
0.533
0.7'n
0.5n+n.12'»
,A within factors,
CATLRPTUJVUS
5.146
4.232
S.Si1
4.323:0.463
Between factors,
4.5/0
3.757
2.539
3.622+0.590
Between factors,
'.017
2. 399
''.633
2.42TS-*0.205
^o.ioii^r9-04
r
'2.1J56 -
2.669
2.313±0.144
Fn infi ,1*«.»
0.235
0./83
0.7<»7
0.521*". 14"
' O.lo£2j8jj* "'
ILL'BUCS
1.207'
1.376
1.213
1.290+0.0/9
;* wit'iin factors.
0.635
1.415
0.419
0.570
0.947
0.533
0.767'0
F0.05i'A5r15!3
0.71?
0.433'
0.23"
0.480+0
0.663
0.238
0.451*0
p r ..«•> in
n ml •» « 1 •
.150
0.0466
.nil
»124
.213
243
-------
14
Table 151. Total C-metabolites expressed as aldrln equivalents, ppm,
in duplicate corn samples at each of three postplanting ages (6, 10,
and 14 days) from four different model ecosystems; two of the systems
(VA and VB) contain a vermiculite substrate and two (SA and SB)
contain a natural soil substrate.
0)
-------
14
Table 152. Ecosystems containing vermiculite: total Ometabolites expressed as
aidrin equivalents, ppm, in the individuals of various species, and the
variation within individual samples.
Ecosysten A
Age,
days
6
10
14
15
15
15
Component
Corn
Corn
Corn
Slug
Caterpillar
Pillbug
Xl
8.801
5.306
6.720
1.918
5.146
4.570
8
6
8
2
4
3
y Y
X2 X3
.789
.331
.822
.194
.282 3.542
.757 2.539
8
5
7
2
4
3
X
.795
.819
.771
.056
.323
.622
s
0.008
0.725
1.436
0.195
0.803
1.022
C.V
0.
12.
19.
9.
18.
28.
.(%)
097
5
1
48
6
2 '
Ecosystem B
6
10
14
15
15
15
Corn
Corn
Corn
Slug
Caterpillar
Pillbug
12.868
J.956
7.994
3.099
2.017
2.956
5
5
8
2
,2
.566
.559
.670
.599 2.663
.669
9
4
8
2
2
.217
.758
.332
.426
.813
5.163
1.133
0.473
0.356
0.203,
56.
23.
5.
14.
7.
0
8
74
7
21
Summary of
Systems
s
0.008
0.195
0.203
0.356
0.478
0.725
0.803
1.022
1.133
1.486
5.163
Average
within
vidual
A and R
C.V.(%)
0.097
5.74
7.21
9.48
12.5
14.7
18.6
19.1
23.8
23.2
56.0
C.V.
indi-
s amplest
18%.
245
-------
14
Table 153' Ecosystems containing Drummer loan soil: total C-netabolites
expressed as aldrin equivalents, ppm, in the individuals of various species,
and the variation within individual samples.
Ecosvstem ,A
Age,
days
6
10
14
15
15
15
15
6
10
14
15
15
15
Component
Corn
Corn
Corn
Slug
Caterpillar
Earthworm
Pillbug
Corn
Corn
Corn
slug
Caterpillar
Pillbug
Xl
I.b65
0.506
0.749
0.286
0.2S5
1.205
1.207
T*
0.685
0.419
0.947
0.245
0.712
0.663
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
\ X3
.453
.540
.650
.533 0.720
.488 0.797
.897 0.681
.376 1.288
4V
1.509
1.023
0.700
0.513
0.523
1.261
1.290
s
0.079
0.731
0.070
0.218
0.258
0.610
0.085
C.V
5
71
10
42
49
48
6
.(%)
.25
.5
.0
.4
.3
.4
.55
cosvstcn B
1
0
0
0
0
0
.415
.570
.538
.275 0.282
.438 0.239
.238
1.050
0.495
0.743
0.267
0.480
0.451
0.516
0.107
0.23°
0.020
0.215
0.301
49
21
38
7
44
66
.1
.6
.9
.36
.7
.6
Sunmry of
Systens
s
0.020
0.070
0.079
0.035
0.107
0.215
0.218
0.258
0.289
0.301
0.516
0.610
0.731
Average
within
vidual
A nnd B
C.V. (%)
5.25
6.55
7.36
10.0
21.6
38.9
42.4
44.7
43.4
49.1
49.3
66.6
71.5
C.V.
indi-
samples:
36%
246
-------
Table 154.-Pesticides in the aquatic phase subsequent to the terrestrial
phase— .
Parent compound
14
Total C-pesticidal residue, ppm
(with %• parent cotrpound in parentheses)
Accumulation in wate
7 days after flooding
b/
Mean accumulation in
fish and snails^/
FUNGICIDES
PCP
PCNB
HCB
Captan
0.00848
0.00878
0.00173
0.00294
( 8)
( 2)
(47)
(0.1)
2.14
1.66
0.838
0.602
(23)
(16)
(48)
( 6)
Trifluralin (soybeans) 0.00913 ( 0)
2,4,5-T (isoo<:tyl aster) 0.06730 ( 0)
Simazine 0.05860 (80)
HERBICIDES
0.315
0.171
0.170
(21)****
( 5)***
(62)**
INSECTICIDES
Dieldrin (no crop)
ParathioniL/ , ,
Methyl parathion—
Phorate
0.00390
0.00741
0.00667
0.04710
(40)
( 4)
( 1)
(0.1)
VARIABLE SOIL /CROP
Dieldrin (vertaiculite)
Phorate (loamy sand)
HCB (soybeans)
0.02200
0.08320
0.00117
(41)
(0.1)
(42)- •
8.16
0.787
0.713
0.377
(94)
( 3)
( 8)
( 7)*
(CO! IP ARE ABOVE)
66.4
0.796
1.59
(91)
( 6)**
(57)
aj Except where indicated, all systems contained silty clay loam soil
and .corn. • • . .
b/ -.The mass of water was ca. 1.75 x greater than the mass of soil.
£/ Fish were exposed for 3 days, unless they died earlier, and snails
for 7 days. - .
d/ The-parathions were applied.to corn foliage 10 days prior to flooding,
all others were applied to soil 20 days prior to flooding.
* Asterisks demark those residues that were lethal to fish; the more
numerous the asterisks, the more rapid the kill.
247
-------
Table 155.-Transfer of pesticides to surface water subsequent to their
.exposure to a terrestrial environment: the total C-pesti-
cidal residue in water seven days post-flooding, expressed
as a percent of the initial pesticide application
Fungicides
PCNB 1 . 23 %
PCP 1.19 %
Captan 0.412 %
HCB 0.242 %
Herbicides
2,4,5-T (iso- 9.42 %
octyl estei)
Simazine 8.20 %
Trifluralin 1.28 %
Insecticides
Phorate 6.60 %
Parathion 1.04 %*
Me. parathion 0.934 %*
Dieldrin 0.546 %
* Applied to corn foliage 10 days prior to flooding; all of the other
compounds were applied to soil (silty^clay loam) 20 days prior to
flooding.
248
-------
Table 156TA synopsis of Che differences in the terrestrial environmental
fates of phorace as Induced by varying the type of
compound
Phorate in S.C.L.
Phorace in L.S.
Total 14C-insecticidal residue
Persistence in soil 20
days after application^'
61Z (1)-'
35Z (1)
Mean accumulation in
terrestrial animals^-'
0.457 ppm (3)
1.54 ppa (2)
a/ S.C.L. * silty clay loam soil; L.S. » loamy sand.
W Percent of the applied dose.
cl Five species exposed for five days.
d_/ Each value in parentheses is the percent parent compound in the total
residue; it describes the parent compound's resistance to degradation.
Table 1" —A synopsis of the differences in the terrestrial environmental
fates of aldrin as induced by varying the type of soiUL'
Total 16C-insecticidal residue
Parent
compound Persistence in soil 20 Mean accumulation in
days after application^/ terrestrial animalsi'
Aldrin in S.C.L. ca. IOOZ (67)1/ 0.689 ppm (6)
Aldrin in vertnic. 42Z (14) 2.92 ppm (7)
a/ S.C.L. » silty clay loam soil; vermic. « vermiculite.
W Percent of the applied dose.
cj Five species exposed for five days. , . • < -
A/ Each value in parentheses is the percent parent compound in the total
residue; it describes the parent compound's resistance to degradation.
Table 158.-A synopsis of the differences in the terrestrial environmental
fates -of HCB2/ as induced by varying the type of crop
Total ^C-fungicidal residue
Parent _________________________^___-_^_^___
compound Persistence in soil 20 Mean accumulation in
days after, application^' terrestrial animals^'
BCB (soybeans) 74Z (96)1/ 1.51 ppm (85)
HCB (corn) &7Z (95) 1.63 ppm (83)
a] Hexachlorobenzene was applied to silty clay loam soil, not the crop.
b_/ Percent of the applied dose.
c/ Five species exposed fur five days.'
d_/ Each value in parentheses is the percent parent compound in the total
residue; it describes the parent compound's resistance to degradation.
249
-------
Table 159rINSECTICIDES applied *o Vertniculitc. a synopsis and differentia-
tion of their terrestrial environmental fates
Parent
compound
Dieldrin
Aldnn
Fonofos
Total C-insecticidal residue
Persistence in vermiculitc .
20 days after application-^
68%
42%
9%
<86>£/
(14)
( 8)
Mean accumulation in
terrestrial animals"/
3.65 ppm (70)
2.92 ppm ( 7)
0.571 ppn ( 1)
a/ Percent of applied dose.
b/ Five species exposed for five days (only caterpillar and vole data
available for fonofos).
c/ Each value in parentheses is the percent parent compound in the total
residue it describes the parent compound's resistance to degradation.
Table 160."^NSECTICIDDS applied to Corn growing in Silty Clay Loam Soil*
a synopsis and differentiation of their terrestrial environ-
mental fates
Parent
compound
Parathion
Methyl parathion
Total 14C-insecticidal residue
Accumulation in soil
10 days after application^'
0.577 ppm (18)£/
0.398 ppm ( 4)
Mean accumulation in
terrestrial animals—
5.42 ppra (31)
2.72 ppm ( 4)
a/ Maximum value possible in soil 1 25 ppm.
b/ Five species exposed for five days.
c/ Each value in parentheses is the percent parent compound in the total
residue; it describes the parent compound s resistance to degradation.
Table 161-INSECTICIDES applied to Corn growing in Vermiculite a synopsis
and differentiation of their terrestrial environmental fates
Parent
compound
DDT
Methoxy ch lor
Total 14C insecticidal residue
Accumulation in vermiculite
XO days after application—
1.73 ppm (65)^
1.44 ppm (62)
Mean accumulation in
terrestrial animals.—
22.3 ppm (39)
3.03 ppm (26)
a/ Maximum value possible in vermiculite - 2.08 ppm.
b/ Five species exposed for five days.
£/ Each value in parentheses is the percent parent compound in the total
residue, it describes the parent compound s resistance to degradation.
250
-------
Table 162."FUNGICIDES applied to Silty Clay Loam Soil, a synopsis and dif-
ferentiation of their terrestrial environmental fates
Parent
compound
HCB
PCNB
PCP
Captan
Total *4C-fungicidal residue
Persistence in soil 20
days after application^
67% OS)5/
64% (43)
48% (19)
13% ( 1)
Mean accumulation in
terrestrial animals"'
1.63 ppia (83)
1.34 ppm (19)
0.672 ppm (15)
0.228 ppm (12)
a/ Percent of the applied doso.
b/ Five species exposed for five days.
£/ Each value in parentheses is the percent parent compound in the total
residue; it describes the parent compound's resistance to degradation.
Table 163.-HERBICIDES applied to Silty Clay Loam Soil: a synopsis and dif-
ferentiation of their terrestrial environmental fates
Total 14C-herbiCiiial residue
Parent .
compound Persistence in soil 20 Mean accumulation in
days after application^.' terrestrial animals°-'
Simazine
Trifluralin
2,4,5-T isooctyl
ca.
ester
100%
78%
74%
(70)£/
(79)
f 4)
1
1
1
.86
.36
.17
ppra
ppm
ppm
(41)
(44)
( 5)
a/ Percent of the applied dose.
b/ Four species (no slugs) exposed for five days.
c/ Each value in parentheses is> the percent parent compound in the total
residue; it describes the parent compound's resistance to degradation.
Table 144.-INSECTICIDES apJ>l4>edi_to.Silty Clay LoBW-Soi-1 a synopsis and
differentiation of" their terrestrial environmental fates
Total ^C-msecticidal residue
Parent
compound' " ' Persistence ifir soil 20 Heart accumulation ip
* days after application— terrestrial animals—
Alarm ca. 100* (67)-' 0.689 ppm (6)
Phorata 6U ( 1) 0.457 ppm (3)
a/ Percent of the applied dose.
b/ Five species exposed for five days.
c/ Each value in parentheses is the percent parent compound in the total
residuat it describes the parent compound's resistance to degradation.
251
-------
Table 165.-Grand summary: fate of C-fungicides in terrestrial-modular model ecosystems^'
NJ
Ln
to
Ecosystop.
component and
postplanting age
at analysis
(cays)
Substrate (^0)
Air (5)^X
Corn (14)
Earthworm (15)
Slug (15)
Pillbug (15)
CaterpUlar (15)
Vole (20)
Water (?7)
Sediment (28)
Srail (27)
Fish (27)
Total 14C-fungicidal Extractable parent Resistance to degradation
residues (ppm) 14C-fungicidal compounds (ppm) <% of extractable parent com-
pound present in total residue)
HCB
0.949
0.014
2.64
0.584
0.228
4.09
0.347
2.88
0.0017
0.818
0.546
1.13
PCNB
0.858
0.017
9.25
1.39
0.441
1.77
2.44
0.677
0.009
...
1.60
1.72
PCP
0.634
0.078
6.30
0.551
0.212
0.618
1.45
0.530
0.008
2.52
1.76
Captan HCB PCNB PCP Captan HCB PCHB PCP Captan
0.165 0.904 0.369 0.119 0.002 95.26 43.01 18.77 1.09
0.094
0.396 1.36 1.08 1.01 0.004 51.52 11.68 16.03 1.01
0.181 0.530 0.146 0.046 0.0 90.75 10.50 8.35 0.0
0.069 0.156 0.042 0.035 0.028 68.42 9.52 16.51 40.58
0.470 3.85 0.511 0.022 0.053 94.13 28.87 3.56 11.28
0.299 0.286 0.973 0.541 0.019 82.42 39.88 37.31 6.35
0.119 2.27 0.051 0.037 0.002 78.82 7.53 6.98 1.68
0.003 0.0008 0.0002 0.001 <0.0001 47.06 1.71 ^ 8.14 0.10
0.701 '•• ••' •" 85.70 "• . "•
0.025 0.319 0.350 0.046 0.048 58.42 21.88 1.83 5.82
0.378 0.420 0.171 0.779 0.021 37.17 9.94 44.26 5.56
a/ Ecosystems contained Drummer silty clay loam
b_/ Total l^C-fungicidal residues only; percent
soil; C-fungicides were applied to the soil on Day 0.
extractable parent compound was not determined.
-------
DDT*
DIELDRIN
METHOXYCHLOR*
ALDRIN
FONOFOS
ALDRIN
DIELDRIN
(No corn
germinated)
PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE,,
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
PARATHION'
METHYL PARATHION*
CAPTAN
Substrate:
V - venniculite
S - silty clay loam soil:
a
Animals;
Air; *Postemergent
application; 10%
Fig. 79 . — Environmental distributions of the total C-pesticidal residues (% of
the"applied dose) at the termination of the terrestrial phase of various
model ecosystems dosed with a given pesticide. The plants, having been
consumed and/or demolished by the animals, are not present as an entity
at the termination of the system. (Calculations and more detailed
distributions are presented in the text.)
253
-------
0.030
0.027
0.024
B
o.
o.
oi 0.021
0)
u
-------
2.50
0.00
Days Postplanting
14,
Fig. 81 . —Translocations of total C-pestic±dal residues from soil to air during
3-hour daylight trapping periods. In the PCNB and captan systems, pesti-
cide was applied to the soil on Day 0 (equivalent to 1.25 ppm). In the
parathlon system, pesticide was applied to corn foliage on Day 10.
255
-------
SOIL
PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
* * * • •
PARATHION
METHYL PARATHION
• • • •
CAPTAN
• *•••••••»«
• ••••••••••
• •••••••••I
SEDIMENT
PARATHION
METHYL PARATHION
• • • I
Extr^ctable parent
compound;
Extractable
metabolites;
Unextractable
products
10%
Fig. 82.—Proportions (%) of extractable parent compound, extractable metabolites,
and unextractable products detected in the total l^C-pesticidal residues
in soil and sediment.
256
-------
Ln
0 100
0 075
i 0.050
E
0 023
Ca
AIR
nay 5
PCP
IHCB
1
•
10.0
S
H
8
J
2.3
CORN
(Z maye)
Day 14
PCP
Cap
JL
1.23
0.94
0.63
0.31
4.0
3.0
2.0
i.o
SOIL
(alley clay loan)
Day 28
,v™
PCP
A"
HCB
Cap
1
CATERPILLARS
IE aarea)
Day 15
PCNB
"
3.0
2.0
1.0
4.0
3 0
2.0
VOLES
I'M. oohrogaeter)
Day 20
HCB
I
PCP
4.0
3.0
2.0
1 0
Md
1
HCB
PILLBUGS
(A. oulgare)
Day 15
PCNB
il
HCB
—
I
£. maxunue)
Day 15
4 0
3.0
2.0
1.0
PCHB
PCP • HCB
% m I n
EARTHWORMS
(L. terrestne)
Day 15
Aid
I
PCP
1 n
Fig.
83. — Total C-pesticidal residues (black bars) and parent compounds (white bars) in the components
of terrestrial model ecosystems at the indicated postplanting periods. The silty clay loam soil
in each system was treated at planting with a single pesticide at a rate simulating one Ib AI/
acre. Invertebrate animals were added to the systems at Day 10, and the voles at Day 15. All
animals were analyzed after a 5-day exposure within the systems, and the plants after 14 days.
-------
ro
m
oo
c
o
S
o
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
2 0.004
0 0.003
0.002
0.001
PCNB
WATER
PCP
Dield
Cap
HCB
FISH
(G. affinis)
Dield
I
PCNB
PCP
SNAILS
(Physa ep)
Dield
I
PCP
- Cap
Pig. 84 .— Total l^C-pesticidal residues (black bars) and parent compounds (white bars) in the aquatic
phase of a soil-terrestrial model ecosystem treated with [14c]dieldrin compared with those
treated with fungicides. The barren terrestrial phases were flooded 20 days after dosing the
--oils. The snails were added at i.he time of flooding, and the fish were added 4 days later;
water, fish and snails were analysed 7 days postflooding.
-------
8, 5
a
o
-------
DIELDRIN
DDT
-f^^r .^r J^T ^^r .^r- ^J^J^J
; .^r ,^r ^r ^r ^ V^v^vC
PARATHION
METHOXYCHLOR
PENTACHLORONITROBESZEWE
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
ALDRIN
ETHYL PARATHION
FONOFOS
Extractable parent
compound;
Extractable
metabolites;
Unextrac table
products
j^ »[
Fig. 86 . — Mean proportions (%) of extractable parent compound, extractable
metabolites, and unextractable products detected in the total l^C-
pesticidal residues in terrestrial animals as averaged over 5 species
(earthworms, slugs, pillbugs9 caterpillars, and voles) from terrestrial
model ecosystems; only the dieldrin residue was predominately parent
compound. (Degradation within each species and the nature of the
metabolites is described in the text.)
260
-------
1
o.
o
g
u
o
o
Fig.
87
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
VOLES FROM
SYSTEMS CONTAINING
-SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL
*Postemergent application
c
Tt
M
t-t
V
o
I
o.
o
o
W
u
H
J=
U
CO
CO
Pu
11.9
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
VOLES FROM
SYSTEMS
CONTAINING
VERMICULITE
14
•Accumulations of total C-pesticidal residues (black bars) and parent compounds
(white bars), in'voles (entire body) from modeJ, ecosystems containing either a
vermiculite substrate or a silty clay loam soil. The voles were analyzed after
a 5-day exposure within a given model ecosystem. Each system was dosed with a
single pesticide at a rate simulating one Ib Al/acre; the mode of application
was either preemergent to substrate or postemergent to foliage, as indicated.
No corn germinated in the soil system treated with dieldrin; the system was
drenched with water instead ot normal sprinkling.
261
-------
DIELDRIN
DDT
METHOXYCHLOR
PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
ALDRIN
PARATHION
CAPTAN
METHYL PARATHION
FONOFOS
Extractable parent
compound;
Extractable
metabolites:
Imextractable
products
10%
88 •"" Proportions (%) of extractable parent compound, extractable metabolites,
and unextractable products detected in the total 1/*C-pesticidal residues
in the entire vole body. Oesradation within individual vole orsans and
ttie nature of tae metabolites is described in the text.)
262
-------
DDT
DIELDRIN w
DIELDRIN (s)
ALDRIN (s)
ALDRIN w
HG (soybeans)
HCB (corn)
SIMAZfNE
2,14,5-T (iaooctyl ester)
PRORATE (sand)
TRIFLURALIN
^PHORATE (s) , -
CAPTAN
METHOKYCHLOR
PCNB
PCP
P/VRATHION
RETH?L PARATHION ' • '
• •*••*••*•••••*<
»*•***•••••*•••
*•••••*«••••••!
• •••••*••*•*•••
QBZJ Skin
I5(f3 (washed.),
.•ermiculite; S !
D Other orpins,
especially liver;
• soil
10%
Gastrointestinal
tract + contents
(•approxiaate where
indicated).
Fi9-89 —Proportions- (%) of the total 14C-pesticidal residue (jjg) detected in
the entire vole located in- various organs. These are distributions
of sc'tuaj. quantities, not concentrations. The carcass is the body
m&nus i*ts viscera and skin; it Consists predominately of muscle and
bone (Detailed distributions are described in the text and are
compared with the relative masses of the organs.)
263
-------
D.
c
o
c
HI
u
o
o
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
VOLES FROM
SYSTEMS CONTAINING
SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL
" *Postemergent application
11.4
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.4
2.0
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
VOLES FROM
SYSTEMS
CONTAINING
VERMICULITE
*
I
I
I
Fig. 90-—Accumulations of total "C-pesticidal residues (black bars) and parent com-
pounds (white bars) in voles (carcass) from model ecosystems containing
either a vermiculite substrate or a silty clay loam soil. The voles were
analyzed after a 5-day exposure within a given model ecosystem. Each system
was dosed with a single pesticide at a rate simulating one Ib Al/acre; the
mode of application was either preemergent to substrate or postemergent to
foliage, as indicated. No corn germinated in the soil system treated with
dieldrin; the system was drenched with water instead of the normal sprinklin
264
-------
DIELDRIN
PARATHION
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
PENTACHLORONITROBEN2ENE
DDT
METHYL PARATHION
METHOXYCHLOR
CAPTAN
ALDRIN
Extractable parent
compound;
Extractable
metabolites;
^7*3 Unextractable
!•!«! products
10%
Fig. 91 .— Proportions (%) of extractable parent compound, extractable metabolites,
and unextractable products detected in the total l^C-pesticidal residues
in the vole carcass. The carcass is the body minus its viscera and skin;
it consists predominately of muscle and bone. (Degradation within other
vole organs and the nature of the metabolites is described in the text.)
265
-------
*
o
I
(X
c
o
C
0)
u
c
44
40
24
20
16
12
CORN IN
SYSTEMS CONTAINING
SILTY CLAY LOAM
SOIL
CO
C-
4J
a)
o
a
c.
o
TICTTLITF
* Poster^ergdnt application
to foliage
u
o
(U
24
76
6
94
98
2
99!
i :
14
Fig.92 .—Concentrations of total C-pesticidal residues (black bars) and
parent compounds (white bars) in entire corn plants 14 days
postplanting, and the proportions (%) of the residues (ug, not
concentration) located in shoots and roots. Postemergent applica-
tions directly to corn toliage were made 10 days postplanting, and
preemergent applications to soil were conducted at the time of
planting. Each system was dosed with a single pesticide at a rate
simulating one Ib Al/acre.
266
-------
METHOXYCHLOR*
DDT'
'•'••••••••••••••••••••'p
METHYL PARATHION
DIELDRIN
ALDRIN
FONOFOS
IN
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE
IExtractable parent
conpou:-*!':
Extractable
metabolites;
10%
•^Unextractable *Posteinergent foliage
products; application
Sh » corn shoots; P' * corn roots; V » vermiculite; S * silty clay loam soil.
Fig.93 .—Proportions (%) of extractable parent compound, extractable metabolites,
and unextractable products detected in the total ^C-pesticidal residues
from corn shoots and rootsv Plan-ts dosed by post emergent application
were analyzed 4 days after dosing, and plants from systems treated with
a preemergent soil application were analyzed 14 days after dosing.
267
-------
METHOXYCHLOR
DDT
PARATHION*
METHYL PARATHION
DIELDRIN
ALDRIN
V
FONOFOS
ALDRIN
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE s
CAPTAN
10%
Extractable
parent compound;
venniculite; S «= silty clay loam soil.
Extractable
metabolites;
Unextractable
products;
*Postemergent
foliage
application
Fig. 94 .—Proportions (%) of extractable parent compound, extractable metabolites, and
unextractable products detected in the total ^C-pesticidal residues from
entire corn plants from terrestrial model ecosystems. Plants dosed by post-
emergent application were analyzed 4 days after dosing, and plants from
, systems treated with a preemergent soil application were analyzed 14 days
after dosing.
268
-------
25
20
S
a.
o.
e
o
6
a
o
15
10
CORN ROOTS
(Z. mays)
Day 14
25
20
15
a.
u
10
CORN SHOOTS
CZ. wot/sj '
Day 14
O-i
CJ
P-.
Fig. 95".—Total C-pesticidal residues (black bars) and parent compounds (white
bars) in corn roots and shoots 14 days after treating, at the time of
planting, the silty clay loam soil in each system with a single pesti-
cide at a rate simulating one Ib Al/acre.
269
-------
MATERIALS AND METHODS
MODEL ECOSYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The basic ecosystem unit was a 19-liter wide-mouth glass carboy 46 cm
high with a base diameter of 26 cm. The metal lid, which was on the carboy
only when air was being trapped, was equipped with inlet and outlet stain-
less steel tubing to periodically monitor pesticide vapors in air, and a
plastic stopcock containing a copper wire-mesh filter was added at the base
of the carboy to sample leachates. Each carboy contained either 400 g of
vermiculite (Terra-Lite, W. R. Grace and Co., Cambridge, Mass.) or 3000 g
of Drummer silty clay loam soil (Particle diameter 2.4-4.8 mm). Fifty corn
seeds (Zea mays, Pioneer Hi-Bred 3334A, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.,
St. Joseph, 111.) were planted in each ecosystem carboy at a depth of 1 cm.
Vermiculite ecosystems were sprinkled with two liters, and soil ecosystems
with one liter, of standard reference water (Freeman 1953) containing
the following concentrations of salts, in ppm: MgSO^, 34.6; K2S04, 6.5;
MnS04, 0.135; CaCl2, 14.0; NaHCOs 25: NfyNOs, 3.0; K.2HP04, 0.84; CaC03,
57.5; Na2Si03, 26.9; and FeCl3} 0-72, at a final pH of 7.9. Each ecosystem
was weighed after planting and initial watering, and again 7 and 14 days
later at which times enough distilled water (ca. 600—700 ml) was added
with a sprinkler to restore the initial wet weight of the system, thus
simulating two rains and compensating for the evaporation of water. Both
the vermiculite and the soil, when used in conjunction with the standard
reference water, provided satisfactory mineral nutrition and texture for
the growth of corn, cotton and soybeans. Both substrate-water combinations
also sufficiently supported, for the duration of the experiments, the
various invertebrate and vertebrate animals added during the terrestrial
phase of the ecosystems. Furthermore, both substrates readily permitted
extraction and determination of radiolabeled components. Flooding the
ecosystem with 7 liters of standard reference water on Day 20 provided
sufficient mineral nutrition to maintain the various aquatic organisms for
the duration of the aquatic phase.
The ecosystem units were housed in a 244 x 132 x 198-cm walk-in
environmental growth chamber (PGW 36, Controlled Environments, Pembina,
N. Dak.) which was operated at the following parameters: Light/dark phase,
12:12 hours; continuous air circulation; day air temperature, 26°C;
night air temperature, 19°C; day substrate temperature, 24-26°C; night
substrate temperature 20-21°C; relative humidity, 50%; light intensity at
substrate surface, 1000 foot-candles. The individual ecosystem carboys
were open (covered with nylon mesh screening) to the surrounding "controlled
environment" during most of the 27-day experimental period. They were
semi-closed only during the hours when air was being trapped. (The
semi-closed state accounted for only 2.8% of the total experimental time
in those ecosystems with preemergent pesticide applications, and only 2.3%
of the total time in those ecosystems with postemergent application.)
270
-------
MODEL ECOSYSTEM OPERATION
For preemergent application of the pesticide, a total of 5 rag of radio-
labeled compound in one ml of acetone was injected (20 pi per injection) at
a depth of one cm into the substrate immediately beneath each of the 50
uniformly dispersed corn seeds at the time of planting (Day 0). For post-
emergent application of the pesticide, a total of 5 mg of radiolabeled
compound in one ml of acetone was applied to the surface of each leaf of each
corn plant (20 ji per plant) on Day 10 postplanting. The 5-mg rate of
application for the 545-cm2 growth area of the model ecosystem corresponds
to about one pound of active ingredient (AI) per acre for 1.12 kg/ha),
thus simulating the commonly used treatment rate in the field. For each
type of application, a control ecosystem unit similarly planted with corn
seeds and maintained under the same conditions as the experimental unit
was teated with acetone alone.
The ecosystems were maintained for a total of 27 days, the first 20
days as the terrestrial phase and the last; 7 days as the aquatic phase
(Figs. 96 and 97); several pesticides were investigated using only the
terrestrial phase. In the preemergeat application (Day 0) ecosystems,
air was sampled for '3 daylight hours on Days 0, 1, 2, 5, 11 and 19, and
two corn plants were removed for analysis on Days 6, 10 and 14. In the
postemergent application (Day 10) ecosystem, air was sampled for three
daylight hours on Days 10, 11, 12, 15 and 19, and three corn plants were
removed for analysis on Days 12 and 14. In all ecosystems, invertebrate
animals usually 20 pillbugs and 10 each of the caterpillars, slugs and
earthworms) were added on Day 10' (after corn plant-sampling or after pes,ticide
application). Three of each type of invertebrate animals were removed for
analysis on Day 15 (after air.sampling, if applicable). The-vole was
added to the ecosystem on Day 15, supplied with a cup of fresh water daily,
and removed for analysis on Day 20. Any readily visible plant shoots and
invertebrate animals remaining in the terrestrial phase were removed on
Day 20 and discarded; the Substrate was then mixed well and sampled for
analysis* ^ After substrate sampling on Day 20r the ecosystem was flooded
with 7 liters of standard reference water, and 50 snails, about 300
'mosquito larvae and about 300 daphnia were added; the latter two organisms
were supplied primarily to serve as food for the fish. The surface water
was mixed slightly and sampled for radioactive content daily. Three fish
were added on Day 24 (4 days after flooding) and removed for analysis on
Day 27; snails, any algae, and any remaining daphnia were also removed
for analysis on Day 27. One liter of surface water and, if desired, one
liter of leachate were collected for analysis on Day 27. The remaining
surface water was decanted from the ecosystem and discarded. In earlier
ecosystems, the wet sediment was left in the ecosystem container for 5
days and then mixed and sampled for analysis. In more recent ecosystems,
the wet sediment was sampled on Day 28.
271
-------
K>
Plant
seeds
Add
invertebrates
Sample
invertebrates;
add vole
Analyze vole;
remove
remaining
plants
and animals;
s.imple
substrate
Analyze flshk
snails, algae
and daphnia;
Add sample Sample
fish leachate sediment
Sample air
or
Day 0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9 -10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-25-26-27-28 32
Apply
pesticide
to
substrate;
add water
Sample plants
Add
water
Add
water
Terrestrial Phase
Sample surface water
Flood
ecosystem;
add nails,
mosquito larvae
and daphnia
Decant
water
Aquatic Phase
Fig. 96. Time sequence for the model ecosystem (preemergent pesticide application)
-------
Plant
seeds
Add
invertebrates
Sample
invertebrates;
add vole
Analyze vole;
remove
remaining
plants
and animals;
sample
substrate
Analyze fish,
snails, algae
and daplmia;
Add sample Sample
fish leacliate sediment
Sample air
Ml
or
Add
water
Add Apply
water pesticide
, to plants
J
Sample-
plants
Add
water
Terrestrial Phase
I I I I I I II
Sample surface water
Flood Decant
ecosystem; water
add snails,
mosquito larvae
and dapltnia
Aquatic Phase
Day 0-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9 -10-11-12-13-U-15-16-17-18-19-20-21-22-23-24-25-26-27-28 32
Fig. 97 . Time sequence for the model ecosystem (postemergent pesticide application)
-------
MODEL ECOSYSTEM ORGANISMS
Miarotu£ ochrogaster (Wagner), the prairie vole, was selected as the
apex of the food web of the model ecosystem because voles ("field mice")
are possibly the most abundant mammals in the world, and the praicie vole
is particularly abundant in the central portion of the United States.
Jameson (1947) states that the activities of voles, especially those of the
genus Microtus, attracted the attention of Aristotle, who wrote: "The
rate of propagation of field mice in country places, and the destruction
that they caus"e, are all beyond telling. In many places their number is
so incalculable that very little of the corn crop is left to the farmer..."
The voles utilized in the ecosystems were from a laboratory colony derived
from wild animals captured in Illinois. The animals were bedded on cleaned,
processed and unground rice hulls (J. B. Hunt Co., Stuttgart, Ark.) and
Pel-I-Cel Pelleted Corn Cob Laboratory Animal Waste Absorbent (Paxton
Processing Co., Inc., Paxton, 111.) in standard metal mouse cages,, and
maintained on a diet consisting of Purina Laboratory Rabbit Chow Checkers
(Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Mo.). The vole is present in the model
ecosystem during the terminal 5 days of the terrestrial phase, and at the
end of this period, it not uncommon to find that many of the other or-
ganisms of the system have been consumed. In those systems containing corn,
the first food preference of the vole appears to be corn, and the garden
slugs appear to be the least palatable.
Estigmene acrea (Drury), the saltmarsh caterpillar, was chosen
principally because of the considerable amount of information available
in our laboratory regarding its ability to metabolize a variety of pesticides.
It is the insect component of the model ecosystem, and thus represents the
reportedly most abundant form of terrestrial life in nature. The early
fifth instar larvae are active feeders on all of the crops that have been
tested in the model ecosystem. The caterpillars were reared in 1-oz
plastic pill cups containing a synthetic diet modified from that of
Vail et al. (1967) by the addition of sorbic acid, cholesterol, wheat
germ oil, linolenic acid and inositol.
L-imax maximus L. 3 a garden slug representing the phylum mollusca, was
chosen because it is the most hardy of the slugs tested from the surrounding
agricultural area. In abundance of species, mollusks comprise the largest
invertebrate phylum aside from the arthropods. The animals were success-
fully maintained at 15°C in 8-inch-tall round or rectangular glass battery
jars containing 3-4 cm of sand and covered with perforated aluminum foil.
The sand was moistened with distilled water and sprinkled with Purina
Dog Chow. Jars were cleaned and the sand and food replaced twice weekly.
Lumbriaus tevrestx^is L.,an earthworm belonging to the phylum
Annelida, was used in the model ecosystem because it is representative of
the abundant invertebrate fauna that lives predominately beneath the soil
surface. They were successfully maintained at 15°C in a large porous wooden
box containing 3-4 inches of rehydrated Buss Bed-ding (Buss Manufacturing
Co.,Lanarck, 111.). The bedding was kept moist with distilled water. Each
cubic foot of bedding was sufficient to support 150 small worms or 50 large
worms.
274
-------
Armad-il'Lidium vulgare (Latretlle) is one of the pillbugs, which are
the only terrestrial representatives of the crustaceans. Pillbugs possess
several similarities to the Insecta including a chitinous exoskeleton and
problems of maintaining water balance during the elimination of nitrogenous
metabolic wastes. Evaluation of the metabolic potential and the tendency
for pesticides to accumulate in pillbugs will provide valuable information
for comparison to the data already available on the interactions of pesti-
cides in insects. They were maintained at 21°C and 70% relative humidity
in plastic cake boxes (perforated lids) containing 2-3 cm of a moistened
mixture of soil, gravel and wood chips, and were fed sweet alyssum
(Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.) and small pieces of potato tuber.
The following organisms were used in the aquatic phase of the model
ecosystem: Daphnia magna (water flea), Culex pipiens quinquefaaeiatus
(mosquito larva), Physa sp. (snail) and G
-------
phorate j),0-diethyl _S-(2-ethylthio)-methyl phosphorodithionate [CH_- C]
(9.7 mCi/tnmol)-A
14
hexachlorobenzene [ring U- Cj (20- mCi/mmol)-N
pentachlorophenol [ring-D- C] (14.05 mCi/mmol~N
14
pentachloronitrobenzene [ring U- C (14.5 mCi/mmol)-N
captan N- (trichlorornethylthio-4-cyclohexane-l, 2-dicarboxlmide
[14C-C13] (23.8 mCi/mmol)-n
14
simazine 2-chloro-4,6-(ethylamino)-syrn-triazine [ring D- C]
(18.27 mCi/mmol)-n
trifluralin 1? ,N-dipropyl-2,6-dinitro-4,trifluromethylaniline
[ring U-14C] (15.16 mCi/mmol)-N
14
2,4,5-T isoctyl ester isoctyl 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate [ring-U- C]
(11.81 mCi/mmol-N
Before application to the model ecosystems, the radiolabeled chemicals
were adjusted to the following specific activities:
dpm/ g mCi/mmol
DDT 22,163 3.54
methoxychlor 10,340 1.61
aldrin 18,851 3.10
dieldrin 21,263 3.68
parathion 31,736 4.16
methyl parathion 47,258 5.60
fonofos 24,366 2.70
phorate 72,150 8.45
hexachlorobenzene 41,518 5.33
pentachlorophenol 21,238 2.55
pentachloronitrobenzene 32,463 4.32
code A - Amersham Corp., M = Malinckrodt Chemical Works, N = New England
Nuclear Corp., S = synthesized by Dr. J. R. Sanborn.
276
-------
captan 22,063 2.99
simazine 44,179 4.00
trlfluralin 46,751 7.05
2,4,5-T isooctyl ester 42,156 6.95
SUBSTRATE ANALYS-JS
Substrates analyzed by this procedure included soil or vermiculite
sampled on Day 20 of the ecosystem, and soil or vermiculite sediment sampled
on Day 28 or 32, after the aquatic phase (8 or 12 days after flooding the
ecosystem and 1 or 5 days after removing the surface water). The substrate
was thoroughly mixed with a spatula and three random 100-g samples taken.
One sample was stored in the refrigerator in an air-tight container for
future use, if necessary; the second was placed in a 130°C oven for dry
weight determination, the third sample was analyzed for radioactive
components according to the following procedure (Fig. 98).
Repeated comparisons of Soxhlet extraction of a soil sample with 500
ml of acetone for a 24-hour period, followed by a similar extraction with
500 ml of methanol, with the homogenization-filtration procedure outlined
below indicated that the latter was a more efficient procedure. The sample
was homogenized with 200 ml of acetone in a 200-ml Sorvall Omni-Mixer cup
at Setting 6 for 15 minutes. The cup was kept on ice during the procedure.
The homogenate plus two 20-ml acetone'rinses of the cup were suction-
filtered through Whatman No. 2 filter paper in a Buchner funnel at full
bench vacuum. The filter cake was rinsed twice, each with 20 ml of
acetone, and the total acetone filtrate retained for further processing.
The filter cake was then returned to the Omni-Mixer cup, 200 ml of
absolute methanol added and the homogenization and filtration procedures
repeated, with appropriate methanol rinses. The total methanol filtrate
was retained for further processing. In earlier ecosystems, the filter
cake was discarded without further analysis. In more recent ecosystems,
the filter cake was dried to constant weight and aliquots were combusted in
a Packard Tri-Carb Sample Oxidizer in order to determine the unextractable
radioactive content.
..The -acetone and methanol filtrates (extracts) were transferred, with
appropriate rinses of the filtration flasks, to 250-ml volumetric flasks,
made up t'o' the volume mark" with the appropriate solvent, and mixed thoroughly.
Triplicate 0.1-ml samples of the acetone extract and L.0-ml samples of the
methanol extract were added to scintillation vials containing Aquasol
(Universal L.S.Ck Cocktail, New England Nuclear, Boston, Mass.) in order
to determine the radioactive content.
The acetone extract was then transferred to a 1-liter separatory funnel
along with 400 ml of diethyl ether and -a. few grams (5-6) of sodium
bisulfite. The residual acetone extract was rinsed out of the volumetric
flask with portions of the ether. The separatory funnel was shaken well,
277
-------
Substrate - 100 g
Homogenize in large
Sorvall Qnsni—Mixer cup
with 200 ml acetone;
suction-filter, with
cup rinses
I
Filtrate
Filter cake
Sample for radio-
activity; add a
few grams sodium
bisulfite; extract
with 400 ml ether
Homogenize in ilarge
Sorvall Omni-Mixer
cup with 200 ml
methanol; suction-
filter, with cup
rinses
Acetone/ether
phase
Water
phase
Filtrate
Filter cake
Sample
for radio-
activity;
concen-
trate
Sample
for radio-
activity
Sample for
radioactivity;
concentrate
Dry to
constant
weight
TLC
Discard
Auto-
radiography
TLC
Auto-
radiography
Combust to
determine
"unextract-
able 14C"
Fig. 98 . Substrate analysis procedure (vermiculite/soil/sediaent)
278
-------
accompanied by frequent venting, and the water phase permitted to settle out.
The water phase was collected, the volume measured, and triplicate
1.0-ml samples added to Aquasol vials. The water phase was then discarded.
The volume of the acetone/ether phase (extract) was measured, and triplicate
0.2 or 0.5-ml samples were added to Aquasol vials.
The acetone/ether and methanol extracts were concentrated individually
to small volumes in a rotary evaporator. The evaporation flask contents were
then transferred, with appropriate rinses, to 15-ml screw-capped centrifuge
tubes for final concentration under a stream of nitrogen. Samples of the
concentrated extracts were analyzed by means of thin-layer chromatography
and autoradiography.
AIR TRAPPING AND ANALYSIS
The ecosystem carboy was fitted with a metal lid containing two pieces
of stainless steel tubing, the inlet tubing projecting into the carboy about
28 cm (ending about 10 cm above the surface of the substrate in the terrestrial
phase), and the outlet tubing projecting into the carboy only about 4 cm.
The inlet tubing was connected by means of silicone rubber tubing to a
needle valve which in turn was connected to a Silent Giant aquarium pump
(Aquarium Pump Supply, Inc., Prescott, Ariz.), providing a slight positive
pressure within the carboy. The outlet tubing was attached by means of a
short piece of silicone rubber tubing to the first of two gas traps which
were connected in series and terminated with a flow meter. (The vapor
trap preceding the two gas.traps shown .in the illustration (Fig. 1)
was not routinely used in these experiments; it was used only in con-
comitant studies involving long-term gas trapping.) The gas traps consisted
of 125-ml gas washing bottles fitted with teflon joint sleeves and standard
taper tops containing glass tubing which terminated in fritted glass
cylinders of extra coarse porosity. The two bottles were mounted in
4-liter Dewar flasks packed with crushed ice. The first trap (closest
to the ecosystem carboy) contained 75 ml of either acetonitrile of a mixture
of 2-methoxyphenol and ethanolamine (2:1 by volume), and the second trap
contained 75 ml of the aforementioned mixture. The air was routinely
trapped for a three-hour daylight period at a flow rate of 10 ml/sec
on Days 0, 1, 2-, 5, 11 and 19 of those ecosystems which had received
preemergent application (Day 0) of the pesticide to the substrate, and
on Days 10, 11, 12, 15 and 19 of those ecosystems in which the pesticide
had been applied to the corn foliage (postemergent) on Day 10.
Following each trapping period (Fig- 9S)» the tubing between the
ecosystem carboy and Trap 1 was rinsed with fresh Trap 1 solvent and the
rinse added to Trap 1. Similarly, the tubing between Trap 1 and Trap 2
was rinsed with fresh Trap 2 solvent and the rinse added to Trap 2.
The contents of each trap were mixed thoroughly, the volume measured,
and triplicate 1.0-ml samples added to scintillation vials containing
Aquasol in order to determine the level of radioactivity.
279
-------
Aquarium pump
Ecosystem jar
Trap 1
(75 ml acetonitrile or mixture*- }
Rinse tubing
and trapping
bottle with
fresh trap-
ping solvent
Trap 2
(75 ml mixture^)
Flow meter
(10 ml/sec)
Aceto-
nitrile
or
Mixture
Sample for
radioactivity;
concentrate
TLC
Auto-
radiog-
raphy
Sample for
radioactivity;
extract with
hexane 2 x 50 ml
Rinse tubing and
trapping bottle
with fresh trap-
ping solvent;
sample for
radioactivity;
extract with
hexane 2 x 50 ml
Hexane
extract
Mixture
phase
Hexane
extract
I
Mixture
phase
Sample
for radio-
activity;
concentrate
Sample
for radio-
activity
Sample
for radio-
activity ;
concentrate
Sample
for
radio-
activity
TLC
Discard
TLC
Discard
Auto-
radiography
Auto-
radiography
a/ 2-methoxyethanol : ethanolamine, 2:1 by volume
Fig.99 . Air trapping and analysis procedure
280
-------
Where acetonitrile was the trapping solvent, the acetonitrile after
trapping was evaporated to a small volume in a rotary evaporator. The
evaporation flask contents were then transferred, with ether rinses, to a
15-ml screw-capped centrifuge tube for final concentration under a stream
of nitrogen. Samples qf the concentrate were analyzed by means of
thin-layer chromatography and autoradiography.
Where the mixture was the trapping solvent, the mixture after trapping
was transferred to a 250-ml separatory funnel and extracted two times,
each with 50 ml of hexane. The hexane extracts were combined, the volume
measured, and triplicate 1.0-ml samples added to vials containing dioxane-
based scintillation fluid. The extract was concentrated as usual and
analyzed by Tieans of thin-layer chromatography-autoradiography. The
mixture phase was collected, the volume measured, and triplicate 1.0-ml
samples added to Aquasol vials. The remainder of the mixture phase was
discarded.
WATER ANALYSIS
Daily, after gentle stirring of the surface water, triplicate 1.0-ml
samples were withdrawn and added to scintillation vials containing Aquasol
in order to determine radioactive content. On Day 27 of the ecosystem
(7 days after flooding), one liter of surface water was withdrawn and
analyzed by the procedure outlined below (Fig. 100). For selected eco-
systems, one liter of leachate was drained from the bottom of the ecosystem
on Day 27 and also analyzed by the following procedure.
The water was transferred to a 2-liter separatory funnel and extracted
three times, each with 250 ml of diethyl ether (or chloroform if the
pesticide was insoluble in the ether). The ether extracts were combined,
the volume measured, and triplicate 1.0-ml samples added to scintillation
vials containing dioxane.-based scintillation fluid- The ether extract
was retained for further processing.
The water phase was collected, the volume measured, and triplicate
1.0-ml samples added to Aquasol vials. The water was then transferred
to a 2-liter standard taper Erlenmeyer flask, followed by 1 ml of
concentrated hydrochloric acid (= final concentration of 0.012 N, pH 0.2)
and a magnetic stirring bar. The flask was fitted with a Snyder column
and heated at 556-56°C, with stirring, for 18-24 hours in order to hydrolyze
conjugated compounds present in the water. After the hydrolysis period,
the water was cooled to''room temperature, the volume measured, and triplicate
1.0-ml samples added to Aquasol vials.
The hydrolyzed water was then transferred to a 2-liter separatory
funnel and extracted with ether (or chloroform) as before. The ether
extracts were combined, the volume measured, and triplicate 1.0-ml samples
added to vials containing dioxane-based fluid. The ether extract was
retained for further processing. The water phase was collected, the
volume measured, and triplicate 1.0-ml samples added to Aquasol vials.
The remainder of the water phase was discarded.
281
-------
Water - 1 liter
Sample for radioactivity;
extract with ether 3 x 250 ml
Ether extract
Water phase
Sample for
radioactivity;
concentrate
TLC
Auto-
radiography
I
Ether extract
Sample for radioactivity;
add 1 ml cone. HC1 (=*•
0.012N); hydrolyze 18-24
hours at 55-56°C; sample
for radioactivity; ex-
tract with ether 3 x
250 ml
1
Water phase
Sample
for radio-
activity ;
concentrate
Sample for
radioactivity
TLC
Discard
Auto-
radiography
Fig.100. water analysis procedure (surface water/leachate)
282
-------
The two ether extracts, before and after hydrolysis, were concentrated
Individually to small volumes in a rotary evaporator. The evaporation
flask contents were then transferred, with appropriate rinses, to 15-ml
screw-capped centrifuge tubes for final concentration under a stream of
nitrogen. Samples of the concentrated extracts were analyzed by means of
thin-layer chromatography and autoradiography.
CORN ANALYSIS
Two corn plants were removed from the substrate on Days 6, 10 and 14
of those ecosystems which had received preemergent application (Day 0)
of the pesticide to the substrate, and three plants were removed on Days
12 and 14 of those ecosystems in which the pesticide had been applied to
the corn foliage (postemergent) on Day 10. Care was taken to retain the
maximum portion of the root system of each plant. Roots were rinsed
free of adhering substrate and blotted dry. The plant was severed
at the crown, and the root and shoot portions weighed. Root and shoot
portions were processed individually (Fig. 101). Any readily visible
plant shoots still present at the end of the terrestrial phase (Day 20)
were removed and discarded.
The sample was cut into small pieces and homogenized with 10 ml of
acetone in a 50-ml Sorvall Omni-Mixer cup at Setting 6 for 5 minutes.
The homogenate was transferred to a 15-ml screw-capped graduated centrifuge
tube, along with a 5-ml rinse of the cup, and centrifuged in a clinical
centrifuge at medium speed for 5 minutes. The supernatant was transferred
to a, 25-ml graduated cylinder. The pellet was resuspended in 5 ml of
acetone, mixed well, and again centrifuged. This supernatant was combined
with the first supernatant and mixed well, the volume was measured, and
triplicate 0.1 or 0.2-ml samples were added to scintillation vials
containing Aquasol in order to determine radioactive content. The
supernatant (extract) was retained for further processing.
.... The centrifuge tube containing the pellet (residue) was rotated so
that the contents coated the lower walls of the tube. The residue was
permitted to air-dry, and was then pulverized with a pointed spatula or a
glass rod. A small amount (about 0.5 ml) of distilled water was added
to saturate the residue, followed by 3 ml of Protosol (Tissue and Gel
Sol'ubilizer, New England Nuclear, Boston, Mass.). The tube contents
were thoroughly mixed by vortexing and/or with a glass rod. The tube
was tightly capped and incubated in a 50°C .water bath for 48 hours with
shaking; at least once during the incubation period the tube contents
were'again thoroughly mixed. The dissolved residue was then diluted to
10 ml with Aquasol and mixed well. Triplicate 0.1 or 0.2-ml or other
appropriate-size samples were added to Aquasol vials; when a 0.5 or 1.0-m
sample was used, 0.05 or 0.1 ml of glacial acetic a'c-i'd was added in order
to neutralize the vial contents and minimize chemiluminescence.
The remainder of the diluted residue was discarded.
283
-------
Plant
Rinse off adhering substrate;
blot dry; sever at crown;
weigh shoot and root
Shoot
Root
- - -Process separately-
.J
Cut into small pieces; homogenize in
small Sorvall Omni-Mixer cup with 10 ml
acetone; centrifuge, with cup rinses
Supernatant
Sample for
radioactivity;
concentrate
TLC
Auto-
radiography
Pellet
Combine
Re suspend in 5 ml acetone;
mix well; centrifuge
Supernatant
Pellet
Air-dry; pulverize;
add few drops water
and 3 ml Protosol;
mix well; incubate
at 50°C 48 hours
with shaking;
dilute to 10 ml
with Aguasol;
sample for radio-
activity
Discard
Fig.
101
Plant analysis procedure
284
-------
The acetone extract was concentrated to a small volume in a rotary
evaporator. The evaporation flask contents were then transferred, with
acetone and ether rinses, to a 15-ml screw-capped centrifuge tube for
final concentration under a stream of nitrogen. Samples of the concentrated
extract were analyzed by means of thin-layer chromatography and auto-
radiography.
INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS ANALYSIS
Organisms analyzed by this procedure (Fig. 102) included pillbugs,
slugs, caterpillars and earthworms. These animals had been added to the
ecosystem on Day 10 (during the terrestrial phase). Representative live
specimens (usually three of each type of animal) were removed 5 days
later for analysis; any invertebrate animals still present in the ecosystem
on Day 20 were removed and discarded. Slugs, caterpillars and earthworms
were processed individually, and pillbugs either individually or in
batches of three. If necessary, earthworms and slugs were rinsed free of
adhering substrate and blotted dry. The animals were weighed and then
frozen.
The organism was minced into small pieces and homogenized, a few
pieces added at a time, in a glass tissue grinder with a 8 ml (small
organism - pillbug, caterpillar) or 10 ml (large organism - slug, earthworm)
of acetone. The homogenate was transferred to a 15-ml screw-capped graduated
centrifuge tube, along with a 3 or 5-ml rinse of the grinder, and centrifuged
in a clinical centrifuge at medium speed for 10 minutes. The supernatant
was transferred to -either -another graduated centrifuge tube (small
organism) or a 25-ml graduated cylinder (large organism). The pellet
was resuspended in 4 or 5 ml of acetone, mixed well, and again centrifuged.
This supernatant was combined with the first supernatant and mixed well.
In the case of the large organisms, the pellet wash was repeated if the
supernatant was still highly colored (yellow). The supernatant volume
was measured, and triplicate 0.1 or 0.2-ml samples were added to scintilla-
tion vials containing Aquasol in order to determine radioactive content.
The supernatant (extract) was concentrated and analyzed by the same procedure
used for corn extracts.
The centrifuge tube containing the pellet (residue)was rotated so that
the contents coated the lower walls of the tube. The residue was permitted
to air-dry, and was "then pulverized with a pointed spatula or a glass rod.
Each small organism residue was processed en toto. For the large organisms,
however, the total weight of the pulverized residue was recorded; triplicate
100-mg samples were weighed out and processed individually. The residues
were processed by the same procedure used for corn residues except that
only 2 ml of Protosol were added to each tube.
VOLE ANALYSIS
The prairie vole, which had been added to the ecosystem on Day 15,
was removed from the ecosysteraon Day 20, the end of the terrestrial phase,
and sacrificed by ether inhalation. The animal was weighed, washed under
running tap water, rinsed in a water-acetone mixture, and air-dried
(Fig. 103.) After removal of the skin, the following internal organs and
285
-------
Organism
Rinse off adhering substrate, if
necessary; blot dry; weigh; freeze
Frozen organism
Mince into small pieces; homogenize
in glass tissue grinder with 8-10 ml
acetone; centrifuge, with grinder
rinses
Supernatant
Sample for
radioactivity;
concentrate
TLC
Auto-
radiography
Pellet
Combine
Resuspend in 4-5 ml acetone;
mix well; centrifuge
Supernatant
Pellet
Repeat pellet wash
if supernatant
still colored
Air-dry; pulverize;
if large pellet, re-
cord total weight
and then weigh out
100-rog samples; add
few drops water and
2 ml Protosol; mix
well; incubate at
50°C 48 hours with
shaking; dilute to
10 ml with Aguasol;
sample for radio-
activity
Discard
Fig. 102. Invertebrate animal analysis procedure (pillbugs/slugs/caterpillars/
pupae/earthworms)
286
-------
Vole
I
Frozen snail organs
(ProcBS* indlviduilly or
in various combinations)
Sacrifice; weli'h; wa«h.
rlnoc; dry dissect;
vclph organs; freeze orpans
I
Frozen tkln, carcass
(Process indlvlduilly)
I r—
Supernatant
for radio-
activity,
conceit-
trite
TLC
Auto- %
rrtdloi-rapiy
Mince into snail
hot-ioKPnLze in ~l*os tissue
"rindur with 3-10 ml acetone;
centrifuge, with
Tinaen
Pulloc
Supocnatant
Con! ino
Rcsuspend in
A-S ol acetone;
nix well.
centrifuge
Su|>cro3tant
I
Pellet
repeat
pellet
wash if
supernatant
still
colored
Saraplo
(or radio
activity;
concen-
trate
Preparative
TLC
-------
tissues were dissected from the animal, weighed individually, and frozen:
brain; heart; lungs; liver; kidneys and adrenal glands; uterus and ovaries;
gastrointestinal tract and contents, abdominal, pectoral and uterine
adipose tissues, when present; mammary, parotid, and ventral central neck
glands. The skin and carcass were weighed individually and then frozen. * •
Individual internal organs were homogenized and analyzed by the same
procedure used for small invertebrate animals; when several 'internal' organs
were combined to be processed en masse, the procedure for large inverte-
brate animals was used. The skin and carcass were processed'individually
as follows. The sample was cut into small pieces with scissors or a razor
blade and then homogenized with 100 ml of acetone in a 200-ml Sorvall
Omni-Mixer cup at Setting 6 for 15 minutes (the skin pieces did not fully
homogenize). The homogenate was transferred to five 30-ml Corex centrifuge
tubes, along with two 10-ml rinses of the cup, and centrifuged in a
Sorvall RC2-B centrifuge at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatants
were transferred to a 250-ml graduated cylinder. The pellets were combined
into two tubes, resuspended in 15 ml of acetone each, mixed well, and again
centrifuged. These supernatants were combined with the first supernatants
and mixed well. In the case of the carcass, the pellet wash was repeated
if the supernatants were still highly colored (yellow). The supernatant
volume was measured, and triplicate 0.1 or 2-ml samples were added to
scintillation vials containing Aquasol in order to determine radioactive
content. The supernatant (extract) was retained for further processing.
The two pellets for each sample were permitted to air-dry and were
then combined and weighed. Combined carcass pellets were pulverized with
a mortar and pestle, and triplicate 100-mg samples weighed out. Skin •
pellets consisted of loose hair and small pieces of intact skin; triplicate
representative 100-mg samples were weighed out. The residues were processed
by the same procedure used for corn residues except that only 2 ml of
Protosol were added to each tube.
Each acetone extract was concentrated to a small volume in a rotary
evaporator. The evaporation flask contents were then transferredt with
acetone and other rinses, to a 15-ml screw-capped centrifuge tube ^or final
concentration under a stream of nitrogen. At this stage, both the carcass
extract and the skin extract were largely oil; the oil layer in each case
contained essentially all of the radioactivity. The bulk of the radio-
activity was recovered from the oil layer by means of preparative thin-layer
chromatography on silica gel-impregnated glass fiber sheets (ITLC-SG,
20x20 cm sheets, Gelman Instrument Co., Ann Arbor, Mich.) using acetonitrile
as the developing solvent. The total non-oily area between the origin and
the solvent front of each sheet was cut into small squares and the
radioactive components eluted by leaching with about 40 ml of acetone
containing about 1% water, followed by an acetone rinse. Elutes and rinses
from replicate sheets were combined and centrifuged to remove suspended
silica gel particles. The resulting carcass and skin supernatants (extracts)
were concentrated and analyzed by the same prodedure used for corn extracts.
288
-------
AQUATIC ORGANISM ANALYSIS
Organisms analyzed by this procedure (Fig. 104) included fish, snails,
daphnia and algae. They were removed from the ecosystem on Day 27, the
end of the aquatic phase, the fish after a 3-day exposure, and the other
organisms after a 7-day exposure. The three fish were processed individually,
the snails in hatches of 15, the daphnia en iuasse as a single sample,
and the algae as a single sample. Fish and snails were blotted dry and
then weighed; daphnia and algae were suction-filtered to damp dryness and
then weighed. If organisms could not be processed immediately, they were
frozen.
The organism was minced into small pieces (necessary only for fish)
and homogenized in a glass tissue grinder with 8 ml of acetone. The
homogenate was transferred to a 15-ml screw-capped graduated centrifuge
tube, along with a 5-ml rinse of the grinder, and centrifuged in a clinical
centrifuge at medium speed for 10 minutes. The supernatant was transferred
to a 25-ml graduated cylinder. The pellet was resuspended in 5 ml of
acetone, mixed well, and again centrifuged. This supernatant was combined
with the first supernatant and mixed well; the volume was measured,
and triplicate 0-1 or 0.2-ml samples were added to scintillation vials
containing Aquasol in order to determine radioactive content. The super-
natant (extract) was concentrated and analyzed by the same procedure used
for corn extracts.
The pellets (residues) were processed by the same procedure used for
corn residues except'that only 2 ml of Protosol were added to each tube.
RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
The radioactive content of samples was measured by liquid scintillation
counting in a Packard Model'3320 Tri-Carb Liquid Scintillation Spectrometer.
Aquasol was used for counting samples dissolved in aqueous or polar organic
solvents. Samples dissolved in nonpolar organic solvents were counted in
a dioxane-based cocktail of the following compositions naphthalene, 120 g;
p-bis-[2-(5-pheny1-oxazolyl)] benzene (POPOP), 0.05 g; 2,5-diphenyloxazole
(PPO), 7.0 g; and 1,4-dioxane, 1 liter. All samples were counted for 10-
minute periods. All counts were corrected for background and counting
efficiency.
THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND AUTORADIOGRAPHY
Thin-layer chromatographic analyses were carried out using 20x20-cm
and occasionally 5x20-cm glass plates coated with 0.25 or 0.5-mm-thick
layers of Silica Gel GF-254 (E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The plates
were activated in a 100° oven for one hour and stored in a desiccator box
until used.
289
-------
Organism
(Process fish individually, other organisms • in batches)
Blot dry or suction-filter
damp-dry; weigh; freeze if
not processed immediately
Fresh or frozen organism
Mince into small pieces, if
necessary; homogenize in
glass tissue grinder with
8 ml acetone; centrifuge,
with grinder rinses
Supernatant
Sample for
radioactivity;
concentrate
TLC
Auto-
radiography
Pellet
Combine
Resuspend in 5 ml
acetone; roue well;
centrifuge
Supernatant
Pellet
Air-dry; pulverize;
add few drops water
and 2 ml Protosol;
mix well; incubate
at 50°C 48 hours
with shaking;
dilute to 10 ml
with Aguasol;
sample for radio-
activity
Discard
Fig. 104. Aquatic organism analysis procedure (fish/snails/daphnia/algae)
290
-------
In most cases, a. sufficient quantity of concentrated extract was
applied to assure the presence of at least 10,000 dpm in the spot. If the
extract contained less than this quantity of radioactivity, the total or
some fraction of the extract was applied so as to maximize the quantity
of radioactivity present in the spot without overloading the spot with
extract material. Extract samples were co-chromatographed with authentic
unlabeled parent compound and any available metabolites of the parent
compound. These unlabeled compounds were also spotted in a separate lane
on each plate. A delimiting solvent front line was marked 15 cm above
the orign on each plate.
The following solvent systems were employed for development of the
chroma to grams:
DDT: n-hexane:diethyl ether (24:1 by volume)
Methoxychlor: petroleum etheridiethyl ether (17:3 by volume)
Fonofosi carbon tetrachloride:ethyl acetate (1:1 by volume),
preferably n^hexane:chloroform; (4:1 by volume), used for corn
Aldrin, dieldrin: ia-hexane:diethyl ether (3:2 by volume)
Pentachlorophenol: benzene :n_-hexane: acetic acid (18:1:1 by volume)
Parathion, methyl parathion, pentachloronitrobenzene, captan: - '
dlethyl ether:n-hexane (7:3 by volume)
Phorate, simagine; benzene:acetone (4:1 by volume)
Trifluralin, 2,4,5-T isooctyl ester: n-hexane:acetone (10:1 by volume)
Following total evaporation of the solvent from the plates, the plates
were set with 8x10-inch sheets of x-ray film (Kodak Blue Brand film, BB-5,
•Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N.Y.) for a period of 2 weeks if the initial
spot contained at least 10,000 dpm, or increasing lengths of time if the
spots contained lower levels of radioactivity. Following the exposure
period, the films were developed (Kokak Liquid X-ray Developer and Replenisher),
fixed (Kodak Rapid Fixer with Hardener), washed with tap water, and air-dried.
The resulting autoradiograms were traced, and the tracing outlines stippled
onto the chromatograms by means of a dissecting needle. The chromatograms
were examined under short-wave ultraviolet light for the location of
authentic compound spots (UV-absorbing against the fluorescent background).
Coincidence of the authentic compound spots with the outlined spots was
coasldered sufficient for tentative identification of the radiolabeled
(outlined) spots» . The outlined spots were scraped into scintillation vials
containing dioxane-based scintillation fluid in order to determine radioactive
ftontent.
291
-------
COST ANALYSIS OF MATERIALS AND METHODS
The terrestrial model ecosystems developed under this Contract were
designed for; operation in any reasonably well equipped biological laboratory.
Thereforej the design has been kept as simple as possible with especial
emphasis on the development of compact units that can be handled
economically in standard controlled environmental chamber equipment with
high intensity fluorescent lighting for plant, growth. The most economical
sized chambers for routine work using the terrestrial model ecosystem
would appear to be the approximately 200 cubic* foot models such as
Sherer Gillette CEL 37-14 or Percival PT-80. These are equipped to
maintain temperatures within + 2°F, under programmed conditions^and are
provided with light intensities of 5000 foot candles. Units of this size
can handle 6 of the terrestrial model ecosystems simultaneously. Their
cost is about $5000 each. Larger walk-in environmental plant growth
chambers costing $8000-$10,000 can provide space for 10-12 terrestrial
model ecosystems with somewhat more convenience in working space. Such
units are routinely used in almost every biological laboratory and. have a
life-time of many years. Therefore, we have not included their price
in this Cost Analysis.
Similarly, the provision of laboratory facilities for rearing the
test animals and for working up the information from each individual
terrestrial model ecosystm, using extraction, thin-layer chromatography,
radioautography and liquid scintillation counting involves standard
laboratory equipment. Therefore, we have not included these facilities
in our Cost Analysis.
RADIOLABELED PESTICIDES
These were provided by the Environmental Protection Agency specifi-
cally for the studies made under the "Substitute Chemicals Program." The
individual cost is not known to us but can be estimated from comparable
prices by commercial suppliers. The average cost of the following
l^C Labeled pesticides selected from the manufacturers catalogues I/:
aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, lindane, 2,4-D, hexachlorobenzene, paraquat, and
nicotine was $472 for 250 microcuries. This quantity of radioactivity is
sufficient to treat 4 to 8 model ecosystems. Therefore, the average cost
of the radiolabeled pesticide is estimated at $100 per individual ecosystem.
Custom syntheses of new materials is somewhat more expensive but these are
almost always available through the manufacturer who uses them routinely
in satisfying pesticide registration requirements.
— Amersham Corp. 1978-79, New England Nuclear Corp. 1978
292
-------
MODEL ECOSYSTEM UNITS
The costs involved with the basic terrestrial model ecosystem units
are outlined in Table 166. These, averaged for the 22 terrestrial model
ecosystems as developed, were $8.03 per individual model ecosystem.
ECOSYSTEM BIOTA
The costs involved in operating the terrestrial model ecosystems
including the plants and animals are very modest and are indicated in
Table 166. These averaged $1.34 per individual ecosystem.
CHEMICALS AND SUPPLIES
The costs of the chemicals and supplies utilized for the basic
ecosystem units are itemized in Table 167. These averaged $135.41 per
individual model ecosystem.
REARING SUPPLIES
The costs of the dietary materials and supplies and in rearing the
various animals utilized in the model ecosystem units, i.e. isopod, slug,
salt marsh caterpillar, vole, mosquito larva, fish, etc. are itemized in
Table 168. These averaged $12.18 per individual model ecosystem.
MISCELLANEOUS CONSUMABLE SUPPLIES
- - The costs of miscellaneous items involved in evaluating ttie results
of the model ecosystem studies, e.g. TLC plates, X-ray film for radio-
autography, chemicals for trapping volatiles, etc. are itemized in Table
^69. These averaged $22.70 per individual model ecosystem.
TOTAL COST OF INDIVIDUAL MODEL ECOSYSTEM EVALUATION
Based on the itemization in Tables 166-169 and calculated as the average
cost of the 22 model ecosystems run under this Contract the following
cost is obtained for each individual model ecosystem determination.
radiolabeled compound $100.00
model ecosystem unit 8.03
biota 1.34
chemicals 135.41
rearing supplies 12.18
miscellaneous consumable supplies 25.70
Total $282.66
This figure does not include labor or depreciation of standard laboratory
equipment.
293
-------
Table 166. Costs of Terrestrial Model Ecosystem Units
NJ
vO
*-
A.
B.
Expected
Eros>stera inic
1. Glass cjrbo>, 19-liter, wide-mouth,
'«ith metal screw-on lid
2. Stainless °teel tubing, 7.5 mm
ID x 3/8 OD
3. Silver solder
4. Neoprene '0 ring gasket, 13 cm OD
5. Polyeth>lene twistcock tap
6. Cooper raes'.i screening, 1" x 2"
7. Vinyl tubii-g, 1/2" ID x 1/8" wall
8. Silicone cement
9. Kylon itesh fabric, coarse, 8" x 8"
10. Rubber band, 1/8' x 2-1/2"
Ecosystem unit contents (excluding
animals)
1. Venalculite
or
Drcioirer silty clay loam soil
or
Bloonuield loamy sand
2. Corn seeds
or
Soybean seeds
3. Distilled water
4. Plastic cup, 2-oz
5. Tap water
Animals
1. PillbJg
2. Saltmarsh caterpillar
3. G?ide.i slug
4. Esrthwomi
5. Prairie vole
6. Snail
7 . Daphnia
8. Mosquito larvae
9. Mosquito fish
Quantity
per eco-
system
1
30'1
2g
1
1
1
2 cm
1/10 tube
1
6
400 g
or
3000 g
or
3000 g
50
or
50
2.1
3
60 ml
20
10
10
10
1
50
300
300
3
cost
per
Purchase Unit initial
unit price ecosystem
ea 9.00
ft 1.50
9.00
4.50
oz 12.00 12.00
ea .40
ea .75
sq. ft. 3.00
5 ft .96
tube 2 . 00
yd .59
1/4 Ib box .40
24 Ib bag 9.49
Collected free
Collected free
Free from seed company
Free from seed company
No charge
500/pkg 5.00
No charge
Collected free
Maintained in colony
Collected free
doz .75
Maintained in colony
Maintained in Indoor pond
Maintained in indoor pond
Maintained in insectory
Maintained in aquarium
.40
.75
3.00
.96
2.00
.59
.40
9.49
5.00
.75
Actual
cost per
initial
ecosystem
9.00
4.50
12.00
.40
.75
3.00
.96
2.00
.59
.40
9.49
5.00
.75
Expected
cost per
22 eco-
sys terns
144.00
4.50
12.00
4.80
3.75
3.00
.96
2.00
1.18
.40
'
9.49
5.00
•
15.00
Actual
cost per
22 eco-
systems
144.00
4.50
12.00
4.80
3.75
3.00
.96
2.00
1.18
.40
9.49
5.00
15.00
-------
Table 167. Costs of Laboratory Chemicals for Terrestrial Model Ecosystems
in
Chemicals
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
$.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
K2S04
7H,0
CaCla . 2H20
NaHCO}
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
2i.
23.
24,
25.
i'».
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
. 3H20
CaO
Ha2Si03 . 9H20
FeClj . 6HjO
Distilled water
Acetone, bulk technical
Acetone, reagent grade
Kcthanol-
Etaer (diethyl)
Hexane
or '
Benrene
or
Chloroform
or-
Petroleum ether
or
£' hyl acetate
Ethanol
Sodiun bisulfite
Iodine crystals
Cone. HC1
Glacial acetic acid
Protosol
(14c) Toluene standard
Dioxnne
PI'fJ
)•!« 01'
Nii>l tlali-nc
Aqucsol
Drierite desiccant (indicating)
Dekasol radioactive decontatalnant
Sod'um dichronate
Cone, sulfuric acid, technical
Quantity
per eco-
system
639 mg
58.5 mg
1.8 mg
167.4 og
225 mg
27 mg
9.9 mg
289.8 rag
563.4 mg
10.8 mg
8 1
3 gal
2 1.
1 1.
4 1.
1 1.
or
1 1.
or
1 1.
or
1 1.
or
1 1.
SO ml
10 g
100 g
2 ml
100 ml
100 ml
5 ml
JO I.
70 g
•"> R
1.2 kg
3 1.
1 Ib
50 ml
2.5 Ib
15 btls
Purchase
unit
Ib
Ib
Itf
Ib
Ib
Ib
Ib
Ib
Ib
iV
No charge
5 gal
gal
gal
12 x 1 Ib
qt
Pt,
*
pt >
gal^.
*
Pt
pt-
Ib ^
Ib "-
6 Ib btl
5 Ib brl
500 ml -btl
10 ml
gal
100 8
j a
2.5 Ib
4-1. bti
Ib
qt
5 Ib
10 Ib btl
Unit
price
2.03
1.93
2.03
1.98
.97
1.66
1.68
1.35
5.00
2.24
11.75
4.04
4.46
22.05
3.28
.88
1.53
4.1Q
2.02
.94
2.27
9.97
2.86
8.16
57.00
25.00
14.49
16.80
5.f>0
8.46
45.00
2.71
6.00
5.02
.43
Expected
cost per
initial
ecosystem
2.03
1.93
2.03
1.98
.97
1.66
1.68
Io35
5.00
2,24
11.75
4.04
4.46
22.05
Actual
cost per
initial
ecosytem
11.75
4.04
4.46
22.05
Expected
cost per
22 eco-
sys terns
2.03
1.93
2.03
1.98
. .97
1.66
1.68
1.35
5.00
2.24
164.50
48.48
31.22
264.50
Actual
cost per
22 eco-
systems
164.50
48.48
31.22
264.50
avg.3.25
.94
2.27
9.97
2.86
8.16
57.00
25.00
43.47
16.80
•>.(>0
8.46
45.00
2.71
6.00
5.02
6.02
3.25
.94
2.27
9.97
2.86
8.16
57.00
43.47
16.80
5.60
8.46
45.00
2.71
6.00
5.02
6.02
71.50
1.88
2.27
9.97
2.86
8.16
171.00
25.00
883.89
268.80
lf>.BO
186.12
765.00
8.12
6.00
10.04
12.04
71.50
1.88
2.27
9.97
2.86
8.16
171.00
883.89
268.80
H>.80
186.12
765.00
8.13
6.00
10.04
12.04
-------
Tabla 168. Costs of Rearing Supplies for Terrestrial Model Ecosystem
Quantity
per eco-
system
Teed di°t components
1 .
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
J6.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24
25.
26.
honey
Is p water
Ijar
Casein, vitamin free
Alfalfa meal
Sucrose
Hheit germ
Wesson's salts
Alphacel
KOH
Vanderzant vitamin mixture
Sorbic acid
Methyl p-hydroxy benzoate
Ascorbic acid
Aureomycin
Cholesterol
Choline chloride
Wheat germ oil
Lxnolenic acid, technical
Inesitol
Fornaldehyde (37*)
Sweet alyssum
Dog chow
Fnbbit chow
Kouse chow
Tropical 'ish food
.4
760
12.
32
14
24
27
9
4.
1
9
1.
1.
3.
.
.
1
1.
.
.
1
8
ml
5 g
g
g
g
8
g
5 g
g
g
7 8
^ e
3 g
25 g
6 8
g
8 Lll
5 ml
6 g
ml
2 plants
1
5
5
.
Ib
Ib
Ib
25 oz
Purchase Unit
unit price
Ib
No charge
Ib
5 Ib
10 Ib
1 Ib
5 Ib
5 Ib
5 Ib
1 Ib
1 kg
200 «
100 g
50 g
5 g
25 g
200 g
Ib
250 g
100 g
Pt
Maintained
5 Ib
50 Ib
50 Ib
2 oz
1
11
10
5
1
t>
7
4
1
24
2
3
1
11
2
2
4
5
3
.09
.00
.95
.00
.89
.00
.30
.29
.21
.08
.50
.21
.75
.25
.44
.11
.35
.20
.00
.92
Expected
cost per
Initial
ecosystem
1
11
10
5
1
4
7
4
1
24
2
3
1
11
2
2
4
5
3
.09
.00
.95
.00
.89
.00
.30
.29
.21
.08
.50
.21
.75
.25
.44
.11
.35
.20
.00
.92
Actual Expected
cost per cost per
initial 22 eco-
ecosystem systems
1.
22.
10.
5.
5.
4.
7.
4.
1.
24.
2.
3.
5.
22.
2.
2.
4.
5.
3.
.
09
00
95
00
67
00
30
29
21
08
50
21
25
50
44
11
35
20 •
00
92
Actual
cost per
22 eco-
systems
t
in greenhouse
1
6
11
2
.46
.78
.97
.89
1
6
11
2
.46
.78
.97
.89
1.46 • 1.
6.78 13.
11.97 23.
2.89 14.
46
56
94
45
1.46
13.56
23.94
14.45
Rearing supplies
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Moist newspaper
Cedar rhips
Crave]
Plastic pill cup, 1-oz
Cardboard lid for pill cup
Pill cup tray
Cotton dental wick
Ccllucotton circle, 8 inch diara
Brown wrapping paper, 15' x 600 ft
Fine nylon mesh, 10" x 10"
Cardboard ice cream carton w/lid, gal
Sand
Distilled water
Aluminum foil, 12" x 10 Ib
3
1
2
35
35
1
2
1
2
1
. 1
5
3
slits
cup
cups
ft
Ib
cups
ft
No charge
25 Ib
Collected
5000/pkg
1000/pkg
C.I
1000/box
300 ft rl
600 ft rl
yd
50/cs
100 Ib
No chge
10 Ib
3
.64
3
.64
3.64 3.
64
3.64
free
35
2
6
12
6
3
15
2
12
.50
.00
.50
.56
.94
.35
.00
.54
.24 '
.82
35
2
1
6
.50
.00
.00
.56
Included
6
3
15
.35
.00
.54
Inlcuded
Included
35.
2.
5.
6.
under III, fl. 8
6.
3.
15.
under I. D. 11
under I. D. 13
50
00
00
56
35
00
54
-------
Table 169. Miscellaneous Consumable Supplies Specifically Required
1. Acetonlcrlle
2. Ethanolamlne
3. 4-Me thoxyphenol
4. Silica gel Impregnated TLC
plates, 20 cm*
5. Silica gel GF-254
6. Combustion cones for Packard
oxldlzer
7. X-ray film 8"xlO"
8. X-ray developer
9. X-ray fixer
10. Sand
11. Aluminum foil. 12" wide
12. Vinyl tubing 1/8' ID x 1/16" wall
13. Sillcone tubing 3/16" ID x 3/32" wall
14. Teflon joint sleeve
15. Wooden applicators
Quantity
per eco-
system
600 ml
150 ml
300 ml
8
100 g
10
12
1 qt
1 qt
5 Ib
2 ft
3 ft
8 in
2
5 dot
Purchase
unit
1 gal
1 gal
7 Ib btl
25/pkg
500 e
1000/pkg
50/pkg
1 Sal
1 gal
100 Ib
10 Ib rl
10 ft
1 ft
6/pkg
72 doz/bx
Unit
price
12.04
14.60
8.35-
24.25
15.82
65.20
25.00
2.47
2.03
2.24
12.82
0.63
0.46
1/.50
1.91
Expected
cost per
initial
ecosystem
12.04
14.60
8.35
24.25
15.82
6S.20
25.00
2.47
2.08
2.24
12.82
0.63
0.46
14.50
1.91
Actual
cost per
initial
ecosystem
12.04
14.60
8.35
24.25
15.82
65.20
25.00
2.47
2.08
2.24
12.62
0.63
0.46
14.50
1.91
Expected
cost per
22 cco-
systems
48.16
14.60
16.70
145.50
47.46
65.20
IjO CO
1A..82
12.48
2.24
12.82
1.2S
1.38
29.00
3.82
Actual
cost per
22 eco-
systens
43.16
14.60
16.70
U5.50
47.46
65.20
150 00
14.32
12.48
2.24
12.82
1.26
1.'3
2<).00
3.82
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REFERENCES
Jameson, E. Natural History of the Prarie Vole (Microtus).
University of Kansas Museum, Pubs. Natural History, Vol. 1,
No. 7 (1947).
Vail, P.V., T.J. Henneberry, and R. Pengalden. An artificial diet
for rearing salt marsh caterpillar, Estigmene acrea (Lepidoptera;
Arctiidae), with notes on the biology of the species.
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 60, 134 (1967).
298
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