HYCOVIRUS
   BIBLIOGRAPHY
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
  ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
       CINCINNATI, OHIO

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                RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES

 Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
 Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
 gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
 vironmental technology. Elimination of  traditional grouping was consciously
 planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
 The nine series are:

      1.   Environmental Health Effects Research
      2.   Environmental Protection Technology
      3.   Ecological Research
      4.   Environmental Monitoring
      5.  Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
      6.  Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
      7.   Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
      8.  "Special" Reports
      9.  Miscellaneous Reports
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia  22161.
  COVER PHOTO:
    Electron micrograph of the virus AS-1 which infects the unicellular
 blue-green algae Anacystisnidulansand Synechococcus cedrorum.

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                                 EPA-600/9-77-008
                                 May 1977
        PHYCOVIRUS
       BIBLIOGRAPHY
           "Compiled by
     Robert S. Safferman Ph.D.
               and
         Mary-Ellen Morris
               1977
            VIROLOGY SECTION
        BIOLOGICAL METHODS BRANCH
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
     OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
    U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
          CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268

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                        DISCLAIMER
   This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Monitoring and
and Support Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and
approved for publication. Mention of trade  names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
                             11

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                                     PREFACE
   A literature search program was developed for phycoviruses as part of earlier efforts to
provide adequate coverage of relevant research. It was accomplished primarily through the use
of an in-depth data base from which source material could be compiled in a continuous and
comprehensive form. The citation index that resulted has been shared with those needing
background information on algal lysing agents. The need for a formal publication soon became
evident from the many  requests for such material. The first  edition of the bibliography was
published in 1974 and updated in 1975.

   The present edition  retains  the organization and scope  of preceding  editions with the
citations divided into two sections. The first, pertaining to viruses of procaryotic algae, has
been more thoroughly researched and thus is better understood. Owing to these advances, the
term "phycoviruses", introduced  to  denote algal  viruses in general,  has become almost
synonymous with blue-green algal  viruses.  The  second section, dealing with viruses of
eucaryotic algae, is virtually unchanged from that of the preceding edition. Clearly, isolation of
these viruses has presented a formidable obstacle to researchers. Of the reports listed, none
have penetrated the obscurity that has surrounded their identification and assessment.

   Reflecting on the procaryotic organization shared by bacteria  and blue-green algae, it is
evident that many morphological  and chemical similarities  are likely  to  exist between the
viruses infecting them. Some authors have in fact followed bacterial workers and used the term
"cyanophage" for viruses of blue-green algae. As with "cyanophages" and bacterial viruses, a
parallel relationship might be foreseen between viruses of eucaryotic algae yet to be confirmed
and  those viruses known to infect higher plants. At present, available evidence is plagued by
vagueness and confusion with no promise of an early answer.

   The number of citations in the bibliography has nearly doubled during the three years that
have elapsed since publication  of the first edition.  This exhaustive  survey of the literature
reflects on the different directions that phycovirus research has taken. It provides an insight to
the current state-of-the-art which we hope will serve as a stimulus  for future  research and
discussions on the subjects.

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                  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
   We  are grateful to the following colleagues  from Environmental
Research Center Library Services who have assisted in the phycovirus
literature search program:  Dottie  Brofft,  Lillian Bosworth,  Mary
Calkins, Dora Rusk and Maxine Smith. We also  owe  a special debt to
Rebecca Blazek for her invaluable help in providing secretarial and
typing assistance.
                              IV

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                           INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS
   These introductory remarks are intended to bring to the readers' attention the significant
 trends in the developing field of phycovirus research. Although this field may appear to be of
 limited scope in the overall context of virology, its domain is nevertheless extensive. It includes
 divergent lines of development that open to exploration the many facets of basic and applied
 virus research. Many early problems have yet to be resolved affording investigators a wide
 variety of research opportunities.

   Although phycoviruses were still unknown in the early  1960's, we considered it unlikely
 that the biological characteristics of the algal cell were such that the entire group would be
 immune to viral infection. During this time waste stabilization ponds became the focal point of
 our search for this viral type. Supporting a dense and fluctuating algal population, these ponds
 offered a unique environment from which to isolate the elusive phycovirus. In 1963 a pond in
 Indiana yielded the first definite evidence that such a disease existed in algae. The discovered
 infectious agent was the LPP-1 virus which caused lysis in several blue-green algal species of
 the genera Plectonema,  Phormidium,  and Lyngbya. Confirmation of data supporting the
 existence of this virus group  soon followed, as did the  interesting aspect  of their wide
 geographic distribution.

   Historically, no notice was taken of phycoviruses during the nearly 50 years following the
 first description of a filterable virus of bacteria. This time lapse between the two discoveries was
 perhaps inevitable in that, unlike bacteria, algae had neither been closely associated with
 animal or human diseases nor  had they  been demonstrated  as a pathogenic agent of
 agricultural crops. Also important was the fact that culturing was non-essential in many earlier
 studies as algae were readily  recognizable in samples collected directly from their natural
 habitats.

   The events which ultimately led to the detection of phycoviruses originated from a need to
better  understand the underlying factors  responsible for algal decomposition. With the
discovery of the phycovirus, a new concept in algal pathology evolved since these viruses had
the capacity to exercise a far-reaching effect on the development of algal communities. Our
knowledge is still too limited  to relate their activity directly  to specific incidences of algal
fluctuations. However, the magnitude and distribution of one group of these viruses have led
some to believe that their lytic activity precludes several susceptible algal species from attaining
objectionable proportions. At a time of increasing concern about algal overabundance in the
aquatic environment,  the very nature  of  the  phycovirus clearly  points to  its possible
development  as an alternative to chemical control. Such application has popular appeal and

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support in offering a basic approach to algal population ecology and control. Early attempts to
establish a broad collection of these viruses led to extensive surveys of the environment that
consistently yielded the LPP viral  types from  which our  early concepts were developed.
Considering  their  distribution  and  ease of detection,  it is difficult to comprehend the
infrequency with which other phycovirus  groups have  been isolated. These  ecological
considerations, however, afford only one view of the experimental aspects realized from their
discovery.

   Much of the current interest is focused on the inherent properties of the phycovirus-host
system. It is not surprising that this work has closely followed the lead taken by bacteriophage
studies. Like the phage  system, the  phycovirus system can be manipulated with ease and
provide clearly-defined  conditions  often  not attainable  in higher organisms.  Its  basic
application as a  model to further our understanding of the function and  organization of
photosynthesizing cells seems destined to lead to the numerous inroads in molecular biology
that have already been realized through studies with phage-bacteria systems.
                                          VI

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                        VIRUSES  OF   PROCARYOTIC  ALGAE
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Adolph, K.W. and Haselkorn, R. Photosynthesis and the development of blue-green algal virus N-l. Virology
   47:370-374,1972.

Adolph, K.W. and Haselkorn, R. Comparison of the structures of blue-green algal viruses LPP-1M and LPP-2
   and bacteriophage T7. Virology 47:701-710,1972.

Adolph, K.W. and Haselkorn, R. Blue-green algal virus N-l: physical properties and disassembly into structural
   parts. Virology 53:427-440, 1973.

Adolph, K.W. and Haselkorn, R. Isolation and characterization of a virus infecting a blue-green alga of the genus
   Synechococcus. Virology 54:230-236, 1973.

Allen,  M.M. and Hutchison, F. Effect of some environmental factors on cyanophage  AS-1  development in
   Anacystisnidulans. Arch. Microbiol. 110:55-60, 1976.

Asato, Y. Ultraviolet light inactivation and photoreactivation of AS-1 cyanophage in Anacystis nidulans. Jour.
   Bact. 126:550-552, 1976.

Barkley, M.B. Ultrastructure of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans infected with the AS-1 virus.  Ph.D.
   Thesis, University of California, Riverside, 1976.

Booth, S.J.  Isolation,  identification, and  partial  characterization of cyanophage  LPP-2N. Ph.D. Thesis,
   University of Nebraska, 1975.

Borbely, G., Kolcsei, M., Farkas, G.L. Post-maturational cleavage of 23S ribosomal-RNA in Anacystis nidulans
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Brown, R.M., Jr. Algal viruses. Adv. Virus Research 17:243-277, 1972.
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  Brown, R.M., Jr., Smith, K.M., and Walne, P.L. Replication cycle of the blue-green algal virus LPP-1. Nature
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  Cannon, R.E. The effect of stress and non-stress conditions upon the interaction of Plectonema boryanum and the
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  Cannon, R.E. and Shane, M.S. The effect of antibiotic stress on protein synthesis in the establishment of lysogeny
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 Cowlishaw, J. and Mrsa, M. Co-evolution of a virus-alga system. Appl. Microbiol. 29:234-239,1975.

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 Desjardins, P. and Barkley, M. AS-1 virus adsorption to cells and spheroplasts of Synechococcus cedrorum. 30th
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 Dhaliwal, A.S. and Dhaliwal, G.K.  Physiology of algae  and the  in-vivo  multiplication of algal virus. Adv.
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 Fjerdingstad, E. Gas vacuoles and other virus-like structures in blue-green  algae. Schweiz. Zeitsch. Hydrologie
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 Fox, J.A., Booth, S.J., and Martin, E.L. Cyanophage SM-2: a new blue-green algal virus. Virology 73:557-560,
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 Ginzberg, D., Padan, E., and Shilo, M. Metabolic aspects of LPP cyanophage replication in the cyanobacterium
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 Goldstein, D.A. Some biological, chemical and physical properties of blue-green algal virus LPP-1. Ph.D. Thesis,
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Goldstein, D.A. and Bendet, I.J. Physical properties of the DNA from the blue-green algal virus LPP-1. Virology
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Goldstein, D.A., Bendet, I.J., Lauffer, M.A., and Smith, K.M. Some biological and physicochemical properties of
   blue-green algal virus LPP-1. Virology 32:601-613,1967.


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Karbysheva,  E.A., Goryushin, V.A., Mikhailyuk, D.P., and Shestakov, S.V. A  study on  the survival of
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Kaushik, B.D. and Venkataraman, G.S. Isolation of a new cyanophage, TAuHN-1. Current Science 42:395-396,
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Kozyakov, S.Ya. and Efremova, L.P. A comparative study of the cyanophages of Anabaena  variabilis by the
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  Luftig, R.B. Studies on cyanophage LPP-1. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, 1967.

  Luftig, R. and Haselkorn, R. Morphology of a virus of blue-green algae and properties of its deoxyribonucleic
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  Luftig, R. and Haselkorn, R. Studies on the structure of blue-green algae virus LPP-1. Virology 34:664-674, 1968.

  Luftig, R. and Haselkorn, R. Comparison of blue-green algae virus LPP-1 and the morphologically related virus
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  Mackenzie, J.J. An investigation of the blue-green algae virus SM-1. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, 1972.

  Mackenzie, J.J. and Haselkorn, R. Physical properties of blue-green algal virus SM-1 and its DNA. Virology
     49:497-504,1972.

  Mackenzie, J.J. and Haselkorn, R. An electron microscope study of infection by the blue-green algal virus SM-1.
     Virology 49:505-516,1972.

 Mackenzie, J.J. and Haselkorn, R. Photosynthesis and the development of blue-green algal virus SM-1. Virology
     49:517-521,1972.

 McLaughlin, T. and Lazaroff, N. Photosensitization of cyanophage N-l. Jour. Gen. Virology 25:171-174, 1974.

 Mendzhul, M.I., Bobrovnik, S.P., and Lysenko, T.G. Study  of cyanophage LPP-1 adsorption on cells of
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 Mendzhul, M.I. and Zhygir, V.V. Electron microscopic investigation of the caudal process structure of the virus
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 Mendzhul, M.I., Zhygir, V.V., Bobrovnik, S.P., and Lysenko, T.G. Identification of virus LPP-1 isolates from
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 Mendzhul, M.I., Zhygir, V.V., Bobrovnik, S.P.,  and Lysenko, T.G. Some biological properties of cyanophage
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Mendzhul,  M.I., Zhygir,  V.V., and Lysenko, T.G. Concentration of LPP-1  virus using polyethylene glycol.
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Moskovets, S.M., Mendzhul, M.I., Nesterova, N.V., Dyachenko, N.S., Vantsak, N.P., and Lysenko, T.G.
    Infection of HeLa cells with nucleic acids of LPP group algophages. Mikrobiol. Zh. 36:43^6,1974.

Moskovets, S.M., Mendzhul, M.I., Nesterova, N.V., Khil, O.S., and Zhygir, V.V. A virus lysing certain species of
    blue-green algae. Biol. Nauki. 14:88-91,1971.

Moskovets, S.M., Nesterova, N.V., Votselko, S.K., Stepaniuk, V.V., Mendzhul, M.I., and Pilipenko, V.G.
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Nesterova, N.V., Pilipenko, V.G., Mendzhul, M.I., and Votselko, S.K. Study of structural proteins of LPP-1 A
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Nesterova, N.V., Sagun, T.S., Pilipenko, V.G., and Aleksandrushkina, N.I. Nucleotide composition of DNA in
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Padan, E., Ginzburg, D., and Shilo, M. The reproductive cycle of cyanophage LPP-1G  in Plectonema boryanum
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Padan, E., Raboy, B., and Shilo, M. Endogenous dark respiration of the blue-green alga, Plectonema boryanum.
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Padan, E., Rimon, A., Ginzburg, D., and Shilo, M. A thermosensitive cyanophage (LPP-1G) attacking the blue-
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Padan, E. and Shilo, M. Spread of viruses attacking blue-green algae in  freshwater ponds and their interaction
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Padan, E. and Shilo, M.  Distribution  of cyanophages in natural habitats. Verh. Internal. Verein.  Limnol.
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Padan, E. and Shilo, M. Cyanophages—viruses attacking blue-green algae. Bacteriol. Reviews 37:343-370, 1973.

Padan, E., Shilo, M., and Kislev, N. Isolation of "cyanophages" from freshwater ponds  and their interaction with
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Padan, E., Shilo, M., and Oppenheim, A.B. Lysogeny of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanumby LPP-2 SPI
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Padhy, R.N. and Singh, P.K. Mutation to resistance for virus N-l in the blue-green alga  Nostoc muscorum. Arch.
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Pearson, N.J., Small, E.A., and Allen, M.M. Electron microscopic study of the infection of Anacystis nidulansby
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Pilipenko, V.G., Nesterova, N.V., Mendzhul, M.I., and Bobrovnik, S.P. Certain properties of lytic enzymes of
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Rimon, A. and Oppenheim, A.B. Isolation and genetic mapping of temperature-sensitive mutants of cyanophage
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Rimon, A. and Oppenheim, A.B. Heat induction of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum lysogenic for the
    cyanophage SPIctel. Virology 64:454-463,1975.


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 Safferman, R.S. and Morris, M.E. Algal virus: isolation. Science 140:679-680, 1963.

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    1964.

 Safferman, R.S. and Morris, M.E. Growth characteristics of the blue-green algal virus LPP-1. Jour. Bacteriol.
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Shane, M.S., Cannon, R.E., and DeMichele, E. Pollution effects on phycovirus and host algae ecology. Jour.
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Sherman, L.A. and Connelly, M. Isolation and characterization of a cyanophage infecting the unicellular blue-
    green algae A. nfdufansand S. cedrorum. Virology 72:540-544, 1976.

Sherman, L.A., Connelly, M., and Sherman, D.M. Infection of Synechococcus cedrorum by the cyanophage AS-
    1M. I. Infrastructure of infection and phage assembly. Virology 71:1-16,1976.

Sherman, L.A. and Pauw, P. Infection of Synechococcus cedrorum by the cyanophage AS-1M. II. Protein and
    DNA synthesis. Virology 71:17-27,1976.

Sherman, L.A. Infection of Synechococcus cedrorum by the cyanophage AS-1M. III. Cellular metabolism and
    phage development. Virology 71:199-206,1976.

Sherman, L.A. and Haselkorn, R. LPP-1 infection of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum. I. Electron
    microscopy. Jour. Virology 6:820-833, 1970.

Sherman, L.A. and Haselkorn, R. LPP-1  infection  of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum. II. Viral
    deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and host deoxyribonucleic acid breakdown. Jour. Virology 6:834-840, 1970.

Sherman, L.A. and Haselkorn, R. LPP-1 infection of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum. III. Protein
    synthesis. Jour. Virology 6:841-846,1970.

Sherman, L.A. and  Haselkorn, R. Growth of blue-green algae virus LPP-1 under conditions which impair
    photosynthesis. Virology 45:739-746,1971.

Shilo, M. Biological agents which cause  lysis of blue-green algae. Mitt. Internal. Verein. Limnol. 19:206-213,
    1971.

Shilo, M. The ecology of cyanophages. Bamidgeh 24:76-82,1972.

Singh, P.K. Occurrence and distribution of cyanophages in ponds, sewage, and rice fields. Arch. Mikrobiol.
    89:169-172,1973.

Singh, P.K. Isolation and characterization of a new virus infecting the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum.
    Virology 58:586-588, 1974.

Singh, P.K. Lysogeny of blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum by long tailed virus. Molec. Gen. Genet.
    137:181-183,1975.

Singh, P.K. Photoreactivation of UV-irradiated blue-green  algae and  algal virus LPP-1. Arch. Microbiol.
    103:297-302,1975.

Singh, P.K. Sensitization of algal virus to UV by the incorporation of 5-bromouracil and mutations of host alga
    Plectonema boryanum. Zeitsch. Allg. Mikrobiol. 15:547-552,1975.

Singh, R.N. and Kashyap, A.K. Mutagenesis in cyanophage LPP-1. Mutat. Res. 37:19-26,1976.

Singh, R.N. and Singh, P.K. Isolation of cyanophages from India. Nature 216:1020-1021, 1967.

Singh, R.N. and Singh,  P.K.  Transduction and lysogeny in blue-green algae. In T.V.  Desikachary (ed.),
    Taxonomy and Biology of Blue-green Algae, University of Madras Press, India, p. 258-261,1972.
                                                -7-

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  Singh, R.N., Singh, P.K., Kashyap, A.K., Sarma, T.A., Dhar, B., Chaube, I.J., and Choudhury, I.D. Isolation and
     characterization of new cyanophages and mutations of LPP-1 and host alga Plectonema boryanum. In T.V.
     Desikachary (ed.), Taxonomy and Biology of Blue-green Algae, University of Madras Press,  India, p.
     585-591,1972.

  Smedberg, C.T. and Cannon, R.E. Cyanophage analysis as a biological pollution indicator—bacterial and viral.
     Jour. Water Pollution Control Federation 48:2416-2426, 1976.

  Smith, K.M.,  Brown, R.M., Jr., Goldstein, D.A., and Walne, P.L. Culture methods for the blue-green alga
     Plectonema boryanum and its virus with an electron microscope study of the virus-infected  cells. Virology
     28:580-591,1966.

  Smith, K.M., Brown, R.M., Jr., and Walne, P.L. Ultrastructural and time-lapse studies on the replication cycle of
     the blue-green algal virus LPP-1. Virology 31:329-337,1967.

 Smith, K.M., Brown, R.M., Jr., Walne, P.L., and Goldstein, D.A. Electron microscopy of the infection process of
     the blue-green alga virus. Virology 30:182-192,1966.

 Stepaniuk, V.V., Mendzhul, M.I., Zhygir, V.V., Bobrovnik, S.P.,  and Nesterova, N.V. Electron microscopic
     study of DNA from the virus of Plectonema boryanum. Mikrobiol. Zh. 34:748-753, 1972.

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     Microbiology in Agriculture,  Fisheries and Food, Symposium Series #4, Academic Press,  New York, p.
    63-90, 1976.

 Topatschewsky, A.V. and Sirenko, L.A. Ecophysiological aspects of blooming and the problem  of pure water.
    Verh. Internal. Verein. Limnol. 18:1338-1347,1973.

 Udvardy, J., Sivok, B., Borbely, G., and Farkas, G.L. Formation, in the dark, of virus-induced deoxyribonuclease
    activity in Anacystisnidulans, an obligate photoautotroph. Jour. Bact. 126:630-633, 1976.

 Venkataraman, G.S. and Kaushik, B.D. Cyanophages. New Botanist 1:96-102,1974.

 Venkataraman, G.S.,  Kaushik,  B.D.,  Subramanian,  G., Shanmugasundaram, S.,  and  Govindarajan, A.
    Cyanophage AC-1: a phage infecting unicellular and colonial blue-green algae. Current Science 42:104-105,
    1973.

 Vorontsova, G.V., Karbysheva, E.A., Goryushin, V.A., and Shestakov, S.V. Effect of caffeine and acriflavine on
    survival of UV-irradiated cyanophage AM-1 in the cells of radiosensitive mutants of Anacystis  nidulans. Biol.
    Nauki, #11, p. 107-110, 1974.

 Werbin, H.,  Wu, J.H., and Lewin, R. In vivo and  in vitro photoreactivation studies with a blue-green alga,
    Plectonema boryanum and its virus, LPP-1. Texas Jour. Science 19:436-437, 1967.

 Wu, J.H., Choules, G.L., and Lewin, R.A. Early stages of the infection process in a blue-green algal virus system,
    as affected by KCN and light. In Biochemical Regulation in Diseased Plants or Injury, The Phy topathological
    Society of Japan, Tokyo, p. 153-160,1968.

Wu, J.H., Lewin,  R.A., and Werbin, H. Photoreactivation of UV-irradiated  blue-green algal virus LPP-1.
    Virology 31:657-664, 1967.
                                                -8-

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Wu, J.H. and Shugarman, P.M. Effect of virus infection on rate of photosynthesis and respiration of a blue-green
   alga, Plectonema boryanum. Virology 32:166-167,1967.

Zatula, D.G., Pilipenko, V.G., Mendzhul, M.I., Nesterova, N.V., and Lysenko, T.G. Studies in intracellular
   development and dynamics of biosynthesis of lytic enzymes of cyanophage LPP-1A in Plectonema boryanum
   cells. Proceedings Academy Science, URSR, #2, p. 178-181,1976.
                                               -9-

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       VIRUSES  AND  VIRUS-LIKE  AGENTS  OF  EUCARYOTIC  ALGAE
 Baker, J.R.J.  and Evans,  L.V. The ship fouling alga Ectocarpus. I. Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of
    plurilocular reproductive stages. Protoplasma 77:1-13,1973.

 Chapman, R.L. and Lang, N.J. Virus-like particles and  nuclear inclusions in  the red alga Porphyridium
    purpureum (Bory) Drew et Ross. Jour. Phycology9:117-122, 1973.

 Clitheroe, S.B. and Evans, L.V. Viruslike particles in the brown alga Ectocarpus. Jour. Ultrastructure Research
    49:211-217,1974.

 Gibbs, A., Skotnicki, A.H., Gardiner, J.E., Walker, E.S., and Rollings,  M. A tobamovirus of a green alga.
    Virology 64:571-574,1975.

 Gromov, B.V. and Mamkaeva, K.A. Electron microscope examination of Bdellovibrio chlorellavorus parasitism
    on cells of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris. Cytology 14:256-260,1972.

 Hoffman, L.R. and-Stanker, L.H. Virus-like particles in the green alga Cylindrocapsa. Canad. Jour. Botany
    54:2827-2841, 1976.

 Lee, R.E. Systemic Viral material in cells of the freshwater red alga Sirodotia tenuissima (Holden) Skuja. Jour.
    Cell Science 8:623-631,1971.

 Mamkaeva, K.A. Studies of lysis in cultures of Chlorella. Mikrobiologiya 35:853-859, 1966.

 Markey, D.R. A possible virus infection in the brown alga Pylaiella littoralis. Protoplasma 80:223-232,1974.

 Mattox, K.R., Stewart, K.D., and Floyd, G.L. Probable virus infections in four genera of green algae. Canad. Jour.
    Microbiol. 18:1620-1621, 1972.

 Moestrup, O. and Thomsen, H.A. An ultrastructural  study  of the flagellate Pyramimonas orientalis with
    par^ular emphasis on Golgi apparatus activity and the flagellar apparatus. Protoplasma 81:247-269,1974.

 Moskovets, S.M., Mendzhul, M.I., Zhygir, V.V., Nesterova, N.V., and Khil, O.S. The morphology of the lytic
    agent of CA/ore//apyreno/
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Toth, R. and Wilce, R.T. Virus-like particles in the marine alga Chorda tomentosa Lyngbye (Phaeophyceae). Jour
   Phycology 8:126-130,1972.

Zavarzina, N.B. A lytic  agent  in cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Pringh. Doklady Akad. Nauk. SSSR
   137:435-437,1961.

Zavarzina, N.B. Lysis of Chlorella cultures in the absence of bacteria. Mikrobiologiya 33:561-564,1964.

Zavarzina, N.B. and Protsenko, A.E. On lysis of a culture of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Pringh. Doklady Akad.
   Nauk. SSSR 122:936-939,1958.
                                               -11-

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                                       TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
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  1. REPORT NO.
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  4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

       Phycovirus Bibliography
               5. REPORT DATE
                   May 1977    (issuing date)
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  7. AUTHOR(S)

       Robert S. Safferman,  Mary-Ellen Morris
                                                                 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
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   Environmental Monitoring and Support  Lab.
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  15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
  16. ABSTRACT
            The  volume  comprises  a comprehensive  survey of the phycovirus
       literature.  It  covers the period  from their  isolation to the
       present time.
 17.
                                   KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                    DESCRIPTORS
                                                  b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS  C.  COSATI Field/Group
      Viruses
      Algae
      Bibliography
      Phycoviruses
                    6M
                    5B
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                   18
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