United States &EFA Environmental Protection Laboratory Agency Cincinnati OH 45268 Environmental Monitoring and Support EPA GOO 9 79 013 April 1979 The Practical Directory to PHYCOVIRUS LITERATURE ------- RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate- gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en- vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields. The nine series are: 1. Environmental Health Effects Research 2. Environmental Protection Technology 3. Ecological Research 4. Environmental Monitoring 5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies 6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR) 7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development 8. "Special" Reports 9. Miscellaneous Reports This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa- tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. COVER PHOTO: Electron micrograph of the virus AS-1 which infects the unicellular blue-green algae Anacystis nidulans and Synechococcus cedrorum. ------- EPA-600 9-79-013 April 1979 The Practical Directory to Phycovirus Literature Compiled by Robert S. Safferman, Ph.D. and Mary-Ellen Rohr 1979 Virology Section Biological Methods Branch Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 ------- Disclaimer This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ------- Preface This literature search program is an outgrowth of our earlier efforts to achieve in-depth coverage of accruing developments in phycovirus research. Compilation of such material in a continuous and comprehensive form led to integrating traditional retrieval procedures with those of computerized literature searches. By 1974 inquiries on the subject had increased to where there was a need for a formalization of this index. Thus, 88 phycovirus reports on file at that time were compiled and referenced in a publication titled "Phycovirus Bibliography." Editions were updated in 1975, 1977, and now in 1979 with the present list of publications totalling more than 200 citations. By compiling these bibliographic citations, we have set out to create an index that will fulfill the needs not only of those who require a general overview of the subject but also of those who require a comprehensive, practical reference source for their studies. We hope that it will also serve as a stimulus for future research and discussion on the subject, while at the same time enabling the reader to denote the different directions phycovirus research has taken. Every effort has been made to achieve an exhaustive indexing of phycovirus literature. In this endeavor, we have been fortunate in receiving indispensable support and cooperation from investigators who have been closely associated with research in this field. The 1979 edit ion retains the organization and scope of preceding editions with citations divided into two sections. Section One lists citations that pertain to viruses of procaryotic algae, whereas Section Two contains those publications that deal with viruses of eucaryotic algae. In assessing the two sections, it is readily apparent that viruses of the procaryotic algae have been the more thoroughly researched and thus the better understood of the two groups. As a result, the term "phycovirus," introduced to denote algal viruses in general, has become almost synonymous with blue-green algal viruses. Reflecting on procaryotic organization in common among bacteria and blue-green algae, it is evident that many morphological and chemical similarities are likely to exist between the viruses infecting them. As studies further document this relationship, more and more phycovirus researchers have used the term "cyanophages" when referring to viruses of blue-green algae. A parallel relationship might be foreseen between viruses of eucaryotic algae yet to be confirmed and those viruses known to infect higher plants Unfortunately, researchers are faced with formidable obstacles in their attempts to isolate or even demonstrate the presence of viruses of eucaryotic algae. Evidence of these viruses is vague with one exception—a rod-shaped virus, which shares many properties with those of the tobamovirus, has been isolated from Chara corallina. In this connection, it is worth pointing out that the disposition of Chara poses a difficult problem to the taxonomist. Because of its unique features, it is unclear whether Chara appears to resemble more closely the characteristics of bryophytes or those of algae. This edition is to be submitted to the Bacteriophage Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses where it is to serve as a practical guide to viruses of the blue-green algae. In keeping with this new role, the title "Phycovirus Bibliography" has been changed with the 1 979 edition to "The Practical Directory to Phycovirus Literature." Authenticating the growing number of reported phycoviruses is beyond the scope of this Directory Nevertheless proper documentation of phycovirus strains should be comprehensively broached Clearly, this increases the need for long-term preservation of these strains and their housing in a central depository from which they would be readily accessible to the scientific community. ------- Acknowledgements In preparing this edition, the authors are especially indebted to Joan G. Lobitz and Lady Fay Holmes for their invaluable secretarial services. The authors also wish to express their appreciation to the following colleagues from the Environmental Research Center Library Services who have assisted in the phycovirus literature search program: Mary Calkins, Maxine Smith, Lilian Bosworth and Dottie Brofft. IV ------- Introductory Remarks These introductory remarks are intended to bring to the reader's attention significant trends in phycovirus research. Although research in this field may appear to be of limited scope in the overall context of virology, its domain is nevertheless extensive. It includes divergent lines of development from which many early problems have yet to be resolved affording investigators a wide variety of basic and applied research opportunities. Although phycoviruses were still unknown in the early 1960's, we considered it unlikely that the biological characteristics of the algal cell were such that the entire group would be immune to viral infection. During this time waste stabilization ponds became the focal point of our search for this viral type. Supporting a dense and fluctuating algal population, these ponds offered a unique environment from which to isolate the elusive phycovirus. In 1 963 a pond in Indiana yielded the first definite evidence that such an infestation existed in algae. The discovered infectious agent was the LPP-1 virus which caused lysis in several blue-green algal species of the genera Plectonema. Phormidium, and Lyngbya. Confirmation of data supporting the existence of this virus group soon followed, as did the interesting aspect of their wide geographic distribution. Historically, no notice was taken of phycoviruses during the nearly 50 years following the first descrip- tion of a filterable virus of bacteria. This time lapse between the two discoveries was perhaps inevitable in that, unlike bacteria, algae had neither been closely associated with animal or human diseases, nor had they been demonstrated as a pathogenic agent of agricultural crops. Also important was the fact that culturing was non-essential in many earlier studies as algae were readily recognizable in samples collected directly from their natural habitats. The events which ultimately led to the detection of phycoviruses originated from a concerted effort to better understand the underlying factors responsible for algal degeneration. With the discovery of the phycovirus, a new concept in algal pathology evolved since these viruses had the capacity to exercise a far-reaching effect on the natural balance of algal communities. Our knowledge is still too limited to attribute specific incidences of algal fluctuations directly to virus activity. However, the magnitude and distribution of one group of these viruses have led some to believe that their lytic activity precludes several susceptible algal species from attaining objectionable proportions. At a time of increasing concern about algal overabundance in the aquatic environment, .the very nature of the phycovirus clearly points to its possible development as an alternative to chemical control. Such application has popular appeal and support in offering a basic approach to algal population ecology and control. Early attempts to establish a broad collection of these viruses led to extensive surveys of the environment that consistently yielded the LPP viral types from which our early concepts were developed. Considering their distribution and ease of detection, it is difficult to comprehend the infrequency with which other phycovirus groups have been isolated. These ecological considerations, however, afford only one view of the experimental aspects realized from their discovery. Much of the current interest is focused on the inherent properties of the phycovirus-host system. It is not surprising that this work has closely followed the lead taken by bacteriophage studies. Like the phage system, the phycovirus system can be manipulated with ease and provide clearly-defined conditions often not attainable in higher organisms. Its basic application as a model to further our understanding of the function a nd organization of photosynthesizing cells seems destined to lead to the numerous inroads in molecular biology that have already been realized through studies with phage-bactena systems. ------- Viruses of Procaryotic Algae Adolph K.W. Isolation and characterization of viruses infecting blue-green algae. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, 1972. Adolph, K.W. and Haselkorn, R. Isolation and characterization of a virus infecting the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum. Virology 46:200-208, 1971. Adolph, K.W. and Haselkorn, R. Photosynthesis and the development of blue-green algal virus N-1. Virology 47:370-374, 1972. Adolph, K.W. and Haselkorn, R. Comparison of the structures of blue-green algal viruses LPP-IMand LPP-2 and bacteriophage T7. Virology 47:701-710, 1972. Adolph, K.W. and Haselkorn, R. Blue-green algal virus N-1: physical properties and disassembly into structural parts. Virology 53:427-440, 1973. Adolph, K.W. and Haselkorn, R. Isolation and characterization of a virus infecting a blue-green alga of the genus Synechococcus. Virology 54:230-236, 1 973. AI-Musavi, R.A. Effect of photosynthesis and respiration on growth of cyanophages of Anabaena variabilis. Mikrobiologiya 46:725-729, 1977. Allen, M.M. and Hutchison, F. Effect of some environmental factors on cyanophage AS-1 development in Anacystis nidulans. Arch. Microbiol. 110:55-60, 1976. Amla, D.V. Genetics of cyanophyceae and cyanophages. Ph.D. Thesis, Banaras Hindu University, India, 1976. Amla, D.V. Photoreactivation of ultraviolet irradiated blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans and cyanophage AS-1. Arch. Virology 59:173-179, 1979. Asato, Y. Ultraviolet light inactivation and photoreactivation of AS-1 cyanophage in Anacystis nidulans. Jour. Bact. 126:550-552, 1976. Barkley, M.B. Ultrastructure of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans infected with the AS-1 virus. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Riverside, 1976. Barkley, M.B. and Desjardins, P.R. Simple, effective method for purifying the AS-1 cyanophage. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:971-974, 1977. Bobrovnik, S.A., Mendzhul, M.I., and Lysenko, T.G. Kinetics mechanism and thermodynamics of cyanophage A-1 adsorption on the cells of algae-host. Biofizika 23.489-493, 1978. Booth, S.J. Isolation, identification, and partial characterization of cyanophage LPP-2N. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nebraska, 1975. ------- Borbely, G., Kolcsei, M., and Farkas, G.L. Post-maturational cleavage of 23S ribosomal-RNA in Anacystis nidulans is inhibited by infection with cyanophage AS-1. Molec. Biol. Rpts. 3:139-142, 1976. Brown, R.M., Jr. Algal viruses. Adv. Virus Research 17:243-277, 1972. Brown, R.M., Jr., Smith, K.M., and Walne, P.L. Replication cycle of the blue-green algal virus LPP-1. Nature 212:729-730, 1966. Cannon, R. Field and ecological studies on blue-green algal viruses. Proc. Symp. Water Quality Management Through Biological Control, Rpt. No. ENV-07-75-1, Dept. Environ. Eng. Sci., University of Florida, 1975. Cannon, R.E. The effect of stress and non-stress conditions upon the interaction of Plectonema boryanum and the LPP-phycoviruses. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Delaware, 1973. Cannon, R.E. and Shane, M.S. The effect of antibiotic stress on protein synthesis in the establishment of lysogeny of Plectonema boryanum. Virology 49:130-133, 1972. Cannon, R.E., Shane, M.S., and Bush, V.N. Lysogeny of a blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum. Virology 45:149-153, 1971. Cannon, R.E., Shane, M.S., and DeMichele, E. Ecology of blue-green algal viruses. Jour. Environ. Eng. Div., ASCE, 100:1205-1211, 1974. Cannon, R.E., Shane, M.S., and Whitaker, J.M. Interaction of Plectonema boryanum (Cyanophyceae) and the LPP-cyanophages in continuous culture. Jour. Phycol. 12:418-421,1976. Chaubey, I.J. Genetics of blue-green algae and their viruses: isolation, characterization and mutagenesis of cyanophages. Ph.D. Thesis, Banaras Hindu University, India, 1973. Choudhury, I.D. Genetics of blue-green algae and their viruses. Ph.D. Thesis, Banaras Hindu University, India, 1973. Cocito, C., Boucau. B., and Goldstein, D. Induction of a lytic cycle in lysogenic cyanophyces. Internal. Colloquia of the National Center for Scientific Research #261. Nucleic acids and protein synthesis in plants. Strasbourg, France, p. 657-662, 1976. Cocito, C. and Goldstein, D. Inhibition of lytic induction in lysogenic cyanophyces. Jour. Virology 23:483-491, 1977. Cowie, D.B. and Prager, L.K. Cyanophyta and their viruses. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Yearbook 1968-1969, p. 391-397, 1970. Cowlishaw, J. and Mrsa, M. Co-evolution of a virus-alga system. Appl. Microbiol. 29:234-239, 1975. Daft, M.J., Begg, J., and Stewart, W.D.P. A virus of blue-green algae from freshwater habitats in Scotland. New Phytology 69:1029-1038, 1970. Delaney, S.F., Herdman, M., and Carr, N.G. Genetics of blue-green algae. 4. Cyanophages. In R.A. Lewin, (ed.), The Genetics of Algae, University of California Press, Berkeley, p. 15-16, 1976. Desjardins, P. and Barkley, M. AS-1 virus adsorption to cells and spheroplasts of Synechococcus cedrorum. 30th Ann. Proc. Electron Microscopy Soc. Amer., p. 332-333, 1972. Desjardins, P.R., Barkley. M.B., Swiecki, S.A., and West, S.N. Viral control of blue-green algae. Report #169, California Water Resources Center, University of California, 1978. ------- Dhaliwal, A.S. and Dhaliwal, G.K. Chromatographic purification of blue-green algal virus LPP-1. Adv. Frontiers Plant Sci. 21:195-203, 1968. Dhaliwal, A.S. and Dhaliwal, G.K. Physiology of algae and the in-vivo multiplication of algal virus. Adv. Frontiers Plant Sci. 24:65-74, 1970. Dhar, B. Genetics of blue-green algae and their viruses. Ph.D. Thesis, Banaras Hindu University, India, 1972. Fjerdingstad, E. Gas vacuoles and other virus-like structures in blue-green algae. Schweiz. Zeitsch. Hydrologie 34:135-154, 1972. 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Comparison of blue-green algae virus LPP-1 and the morphologically related viruses Gill and coliphage T7. Virology 34:675-678, 1968. Mackenzie, J.J. An investigation of the blue-green algae virus SM-1. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, 1972. Mackenzie, J.J. and Haselkorn, R. Physical properties of blue-green algal virus SM-1 and its DNA. Virology 49:497-504, 1972. Mackenzie, J.J. and Haselkorn, R. An electron microscope study of infection by the blue-green algal virus SM-1. Virology 49:505-516, 1972. Mackenzie, J.J. and Haselkorn, R. Photosynthesis and the development of blue-green algal virus SM-1. Virology 49:517-521, 1972. McLaughlin, T. and Lazaroff, IM. PhotoGensitization of cyanophage N-1 Jour. Gen. Virology 25:1 71 - 174, 1974. McMillan, J.A. S-2, a new virus of unicellular cyanobacteria. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1976. Mendzhul. M.I., Bobrovnik, S.P., and Lysenko, T.G. Study of cyanophage LPP-1 adsorption on cells of cyanophyceae (Plectonema boryanum). 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Cyanophages viruses attacking blue-green algae Bactenol Reviews 37: 343-370, 1973 Padan, E., Shilo, M., and Kislev, N. Isolation of "cyanophages" from fresh water ponds and their interaction with Plectonema boryanum. Virology 32 234-246, 1967 Pndan, E., Shilo, M., and Oppenheim, A.B. Lysogenv of the blue green alga Plectonema boryanum by LPP2-SPI cyanophage. Virology 47:525-526, 1972. ------- Padhy. R.N. and Singh, P.K. Mutation to resistance for virus N-1 in the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum. Arch. Virology 52:85-90, 1976. Padhy, R.IM. and Singh, P.K. Effect of physical and chemical agents on the blue-green alga I virus N-1. Acta Virologica 21:264-267, 1977. Padhy, R.N. and Singh, P.K. Effect of temperature on the adsorption and one-step growth of the Nostoc virus N-1. Arch. Microbiol. 115:163-167, 1977. Padhy, R.N. and Singh, P.K. Effect of pH and EDTA on multiplication of the blue-green algal virus N-1. Microbios Letters 5:135-139, 1977. Padhy, R.M. and Singh, P.K. 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Nesterova, N.V., Mendzhul, M.I.. and Bobrovnik. S.P. Certain properties of lytic enzymes of LPP-1A cyanophage Mikrobiol. Zh. 37:460-467, 1975. Polukhina, L.E., Karbysheva, E.A., and Shestakov, S.V. Reactivation of ultraviolet irradiated cyanophage AS-1 in cells of the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans. Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. VI, Biol. Pochvoved. 31:30-33, 1976. Raboy, B., Padan, E., and Shilo, M. Heterotrophic capacities of Plectonerna boryanum. Arch. Microbiol 110:77-85, 1976 Reim, R.L., Shane, M.S., and Cannon, R.E. The characterization of a-bacillus capable of blue-green bactericidal activity. Can J. Microbiol. 20:981-986, 1974. Rimon, A. and Oppenheim, A.B. Isolation and genetic mapping of temperature-sensitive mutants of cyanophage LPP2-SPI Virology 62.454-569, 1974. Rimon, A. and Oppenheim, A.B. Heat induction of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum lysogenic for the cyanophage SPIcfsL Virology 64:454-463, 1975. Rimon, A. and Oppenheim, A.B. 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Assembly site of cyanophage LPP-2- SPI in Plectonema boryanum. Virology 77:437-440, 1977. Singh, P.K. Occurrence and distribution of cyanophages in ponds, sewage, and rice fields. Arch. Mikrobiol. 89:169-172, 1973. Singh, P.K. Isolation and characterization of a new virus infecting the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum. Virology 58:586-588, 1974. Singh, P.K. Lysogeny of blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum by long tailed virus. Molec. Gen. Genet. 137:181-183, 1975. - _ Singh, P.K. Photoreactivation of UV-irradiated blue-green algae and algal virus LPP-1. Arch. Microbiol 103:297-302, 1975. Singh, P.K. Sensitization of algal virus to UV by the incorporation of 5-bromouracil and mutations of host alga Plectonema boryanum. Zeitsch. Allg. Mikrobiol. 15:547-552, 1975. Singh, R.IM. The genetics of cyanophyceae and cyanophages: problems and prospects. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 50A:401-415, 1971. Singh, R.N. and Chaubey, I.J. Induction of rapid lysis mutation by hydroxylamine in cyanophage LPP-1. J. Cytol. Genet. 11:116-121, 1976. Singh, R.N. and Kashyap, A.K. Mutagenesis in cyanophage LPP-1. Mutat. Res. 37:19-25, 1976. ------- Singh, R.IM. and Kashyap, A.K. Induction of mutations in the blue-green a\qa Plectonema boryanum Gomont. Mutat. Res. 43:37-44, 1977. Singh, R.IM. and Kashyap, A.K. Isolation and characterization of temperature sensitive mutants of cyanophage LPP-1. Molec. Gen. Genet. 154:31-34, 1977. Singh, R.N. and Singh, P.K. Isolation of cyanophages from India. Nature 216:1020-1021, 1967. Singh, R.IM. and Singh, P.K. Ultraviolet damage, modifications and repair of blue-green algae and their viruses. In T.V. Desikachary (ed.). Taxonomy and Biology of Blue-Green Algae, University of Madras Press, India, p. 246-257, 1972. Singh, R.IM. and Singh, P.K. Transduction and lysogeny in blue-green algae. In T.V. Desikachary (ed.), Taxonomy and Biology of Blue-green Algae, University of Madras Press, India, p. 258-261, 1972. Singh, R.IM., Singh, P.K., Kashyap, A.K., Sarma, T.A., Dhar, B., Chaubey, I.J.. andChoudhury, I.D. Isolation and characterization of new cyanophages and mutations of LPP-1 and host alga Plectonema boryanum. In T.V. Desikachary (ed.), Taxonomy and Biology of Blue-green Algae, University of Madras Press, India, p. 585-591, 1972. Singh, S.P. and Kashyap, A.K. Manganese toxicity and mutagenesis in two blue-green algae. Environ. & Exptl. Bot. 18:47-53, 1978. Sirenko, L.A., Myslovich, V.O., Goryushin, V.A., and Mikhailyuk, D.P. Effect of infection with cyanophage AM-1 on the metabolism of the blue-green alga. Fiziol. Rast. 23:1214-1218, 1976. Smedberg, C.T. and Cannon, R.E. Cyanophage analysis as a biological pollution indicator-bacterial and viral. Jour. Water Pollution Control Fed. 48:2416-2426, 1976. Smith, K.M., Brown, R.M., Jr., Goldstein, D.A., and Walne, P.L. Culture methods for the blue- green alga Plectonema boryanum and its virus with an electron microscope study of the virus- infected cells. Virology 28:580-591, 1966. Smith, K.M., Brown, R.M., Jr., and Walne, P.L. Ultrastructural and time-lapse studies on the replication cycle of the blue-green algal virus LPP-1. Virology 31:329-337, 1967. Smith, K.M., Brown, R.M., Jr., Walne. P.L., and Goldstein. D.A. Electron microscopy of the infection process of the blue-green alga virus. Virology 30:182-1 92, 1966. Stanley, J.L. and Cannon, R.E. Serological typing and chlorination resistance of wastewater cyanophages. Jour. Water Pollution Control Fed. 49:1993-1999, 1977. Stenz, E. and Menzel, G. Effect of 1,3,5-triazines on several prokaryote viruses and their hosts. Zeitsch. fur Allge. Mikrobiol. 18:115-121, 1978. Stepaniuk, V.V., Mendzhul, M.I., Zhygir, V.V., Bobrovnik, S.P., and IMesterova, N.V. Electron microscopic study of DNA from the virus of Plectonema boryanum. Mikrobiol. Zh. 34:748-753, 1972. Stewart, W.D.P. and Daft, M.J. Algal lysing agents of freshwater habitats. In F.A. Skinner and J.G. Carr (ed.). Microbiology in Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Symposium Series #4, Academic Press, New York, p. 63-90. 1976. Stewart, W.D.P. and Daft, M.J. Microbial pathogens of cyanophycean blooms. In M.R. Droop and H.W. Jannasch (ed.), Advances in Aquatic Microbiology, Vol. 1, Academic Press, London, p. 177-218, 1977. 10 ------- Topatschewsky, A.V. and Sirenko, L.A. Ecophysiological aspects of blooming and the problem of pure water. Verh. Internal. Verem. Limnol. 18 1338-1347, 1973. Udvardy, J., Sivok, B., Borbely, G., and Farkas, G.L. Formation in the dark of virus-induced deoxyribonuclease activity in Anacystis nidulans, an obligate photoautotroph. Jour. Bact. 126:630-633, 1976. Venkataraman, G.S. and Kaushik, B.D. Cyanophages. New Botanist 1:96-102, 1974 Venkataraman, G.S., Kaushik, B.D., Subramanian, G., Shanmugasundaram, S.. and Govindarajan, A. Cyanophage AC-1: a phage infecting unicellular and colonial blue-green algae. Current Science 42:104-105, 1973. Vorontsova, G.V., Karbysheva, E.A., Goryushin, V.A., and Shestakov, S.V. Effect of caffeine and acriflavine on survival of UV-irradiated cyanophage AM-1 in the cells of radiosensitive mutants of Anacystis nidulans. Biol. Nauki, #11, p. 107-110, 1974. Werbin, H., Wu, J.H., and Lewin, R. In vivo and in vitro photoreactivation studies with a blue-green alga, Plectonema boryanum and its virus, LPP-1. Texas Jour. Science 19436-437, 1967 Wu, J.H., Choules, G.L., and Lewin, R.A. Early stages of the infection process in a blue-green algal virus system, as affected by KCN and light. In Biochemical Regulation in Diseased Plants or Injury, The Phytopathological Society of Japan, Tokyo, p. 153-160, 1968 Wu, J.H., Lewin, R.A., and Werbin, H.P. Photoreactivation of UV-irradiated blue-green algal virus LPP-1. Virology 31.657-664, 1967. Wu, J.H. and Shugarman, P.M. Effect of virus infection on rate of photosynthesis and respiration of a blue-green alga, Plectonema boryanum. Virology 32:166-167, 1967. Zatula, D.G., Pilipenko, V.G., Mendzhul, M.I., Nesterova, N.V., and Lysenko, T.G. Studies in mtracellular development and dynamics of biosynthesis of lytic enzymes of cyanophage LPP-1 A in Plectonema boryanum cells. Proc. Acad. Sci., URSR, #2, p. 178-181, 1976. 1 1 ------- Viruses and Virus-Like Agents of Eucaryotic Algae Baker, J.R.J. and Evans. L.V. The ship fouling a\gaEctocarpus: I. Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of plunlocular reproductive stages. Protoplasma 77:1-13, 1973. Chapman, R.L. and Lang, N.J. Virus-like particles and nuclear inclusions m the red alga Porphyridium purpureum (Bory) Drew et Ross Jour Phycology 9:117 122, 1973 Clitheroe, S.B. and Evans, L.V. Virus-like particles in the brown alga Ectocarpus Jour Ultra- structure Research 49:211-217, 1974. Franca, S. On the presence of virus-like particles in the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium resplendens (Hulburt) Protistologica 12:425-430, 1976 Gibbs, A., Skotnicki, A.H., Gardiner, J.E., Walker, E.S., and H oil ings, M. A tobamovirus of a green alga. Virology 64 571-574, 1975 Gromov, B.V. and Mamkaeva, K.A. Electron microscope examination of Bdellovibrio chlorellavorus parasitism on cells of the green alga Chlorella vulyaris. Cytology 14 256-260, 1972 Hoffman, L.R. Virus-like particles in Hydrurus (Chrysophyceae). J. Phycol 14110-114, 1978. Hoffman, L.R. and Stanker, L.H. Virus-like particles in the green alga Cylindrocapsa. Canad Jour Botany 54 2827-2841, 1976 Kawakami, H. and Kawakami, l\l. Behavior of a virus m a symbiotic system, Paramecium bursar/a Zoochlorella. J. Protozool 25 217-225, 1978 LaClaire, J.W., II and West, J.A. Virus-like particles in the brown alga Streblonema Protoplasma 93 127-130, 1977 Lee, R.E. Systemic viral material in cells of the freshwater red alga S/rodotia tenuissinin (Holden) Skuja Jour. Cell Science 8:623-631, 1971 Lemke, P.A. Viruses of eucaryotic microorganisms. Ann. Rev. Microbiol 30 105-145, 1976. Mamkaeva, K.A. Studies of lysis m cultures of Chlorella Mikrobiologiya 35 853-859, 1966 Markey, D.R. A possible virus infection in the brown alga Pylaiolla littorj/is Protoplasma 80 223 232. 1974 Mattox, K.R., Stewart, K.D., and Floyd, G.L. Probable virus infections in four genera of green algae Canac! Jour Microbiol 1816201621.1972 Moestrup, O. and Thomsen, H.A. An ultrastructural study of the flagellate Pyramimonas onenta/is with particular emphasis on Golgi apparatus activity and the flagellar apparatLis Protoplasma 81 247-2G9. 1974 ------- Moskovets. S.M., Mendzhul, M.I., Zhygir, V.V., Nesterova, N.V., and Khil, O.S. The morphology of the lytic agent of Chlorella pyrenoidosa Pringh. Voprosy Virusologii 16:98-100, 1971. Oliveira, L. and Bisalputra, T. A virus infection in the brown alga Sorocarpus uvaeformis (Lyngbye) Prmgsheim (Phaeophyta, Ectocarpales) Ann. Bot. 42:439-445, 1978. Pearson, B.R. and Morris, R.E. Intranuclear virus-like particles in the marine alga Platymonas sp. (Chlorophyta, Prasmophyceae). Phycologia 13:5-9, 1974. Pickett-Heaps, J.D. A possible virus infection in the green alga Oedogonium. Jour. Phycology 8:44- 47, 1972 Pienaar, R.IM. Virus-like particles in 3 species of phytoplankton from San Juan Island, Washington. Phycologia 15:185-190, 1976. Skotnicki, A.. Gibbs, A., and Wrigley, I\!.G. Further studies on Chara coraltina virus. Virology 75: 457-468, 1976. Tikhonenko, A.S. and Zavarzina, IM.V. Morphology of the lytic agent of Chlorella pyrenoidosa Mikrobiologiya 35:850-852, 1966. Toth, R. and Wilce, R.T. Virus-like particles in the marine alga Chorda tomentosa Lyngbye (Phaeophyceae). Jour. Phycology 8:1 26-1 30, 1972 Tripodi, G. and Beth, K. Unusual cell structures in tumor-hke formations of Gracilana (Rhodophyta). Arch Microbiol 108 167-174, 1976 Zavarzina, IM.B. A lytic agent in cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa Pringh Doklady Akad. Nauk. SSSR 137435-437, 1961. Zavarzina, IM.B. Lysis of Chlorella cultures in the absence of bacteria Mikrobiologiya 33:561-564, 1964 Zavarzina. N.B. and Protsenko, A.E. On lysis of <) culture of Ch/orella [)yreno/dosa Pringh. Doklady Akad Nauk SSSR 122936 939 1958 13 ------- TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing) 1. REPORT NO. :PA-60Q/9-79-013 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO. 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE The Practical Directory to Phycovirus Literature April 1979 (issuing date) 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR(S) Robert S. Safferman, Mary-Ellen Rohr 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Environmental Monitoring and Support Lab. Office of Research and Development U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati. Ohio 45268 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. - Cin., OH 1BD884 11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO. In-house 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED Same as above 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE EPA/600/06 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 6. ABSTRACT The volume comprises a comprehensive survey of the phycovirus literature. covers the period from their isolation to the present time. It It • Viruses j Algae ' Bibliography DESCRIPTORS KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS fii.lDENT!FIEPS/O°EN ENDED TERMS !c. COSATI Held/Group Phycoviruses 6M 5B '13. Cj'STRiBUTiON STATEMENT RELEASE TO PUBLIC |"l9. SEcTjRITYV;i_ASS ''I'M?'Report) j 21. NO. OF PAGES unclassified 20. SECURITY CLASS (This page) unclassified 20 22. PRICE EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73) 14 £ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979-657-060/1656 Region No. 5-11 ------- |