United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research and
Development
Washington DC 20460
EPA/600/K-94/004
June 1994
Robert S. Kerr
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Research Program
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EPA/600/K-94/004
June 1994
Robert S. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory
Revised
June 1994
Compiled by
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Printed on Recycled Paper
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CONTENTS
RSKERL Background 1
USEPA Office of Research and Development 3
RSKERL Organizational Chart 4
Active Projects 5
Project Descriptions
Site Characterization 15
Contaminant Transport and Transformation 24
Subsurface Remediation 33
Underground Injection Control 59
Wellhead Protection 60
Mathematical Modeling 67
Technical Assistance and Information Transfer 77
Publications (1992-1994) 78
ni
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RSKERL BACKGROUND
The enactment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in 1961 provided for the construction of a number of
regional laboratories to address increasing water pollution problems indigenous to the areas they would serve. In
1966 one of these was placed in Ada, Oklahoma. It was named for Robert S. Kerr, a long time U.S. Senator from
the State, in honor of his dedication and concern for conservation and the development of our natural water resources
and his pioneering environmental legislation.
Initially the Laboratory provided technical assistance, presented training, and conducted research to solve water
pollution problems in Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. In 1970, the Laboratory's role was
expanded and it became one of fifteen research facilities administered through EPA's Office of Research and
Development in Washington, D.C. In 1979, the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory (RSKERL)
was designated as EPA's center for ground-water research by the Assistant Administrator of the Office of Research
and Development.
Today the Laboratory focuses its activities on research, technical assistance, and information transfer in the areas of
soil and ground-water protection and restoration. Although the research activities at RSKERL are extremely varied,
they center in great measure on understanding, modeling, and applying the basic principles involved in the physical,
chemical, and biological processes which control contaminant transport and transformation in the subsurface. For
the purposes of this document, the active research investigations are discussed according to the following categories.
Site Characterization
Contaminant Transport and Transformation
Subsurface Remediation
Underground Injection Control
Wellhead Protection
Mathematical Modeling
In addition to its inhouse researchers and support personnel, the RSKERL research mission is advanced by a cadre of
extramural researchers representing universities, national laboratories, other federal agencies, the National Center for
Ground Water Research, and on-site contractors. RSKERL currently has more than 50 active research projects. In
addition to those being carried out by RSKERL scientists, others under the auspices of the Laboratory are being
carried out in 18 states while working with 22 Universities, 7 other federal agencies, and 3 state agencies. RSKERL
is conducting research cooperatively with Canada, Sweden, and the People's Republic of China.
Technical assistance at RSKERL falls within the purview of the Technology Support Center (TSC) which carries
out its mission in close association with the Laboratory's research scientists. Assistance is provided by direct
participation in field investigations and decision criteria primarily at specific Superfund and RCRA sites. Assistance
is also provided to Regions, States, and municipalities related to the underground injection control and wellhead
protection programs. Technology transfer endeavors include issue papers and briefing documents, workshops,
seminars, conferences, and training courses. The RSKERL Technology Support Center consists of a core team of
scientists and engineers supported by RSKERL and extramural researchers, the National Center for Ground Water
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Research, the RSKERL Center for Subsurface Modeling Support (CSMoS), and an on-site technology support
contractor with off-site subcontractors and consultants. The RSKERL TSC is discussed in greater detail elsewhere in
this document.
While many inroads have been made toward the solution of environmental problems, new challenges are now in
evidence for which there are no immediate answers. In addition to the myriad of hazardous waste sites which have
contaminated the subsurface environment, other agricultural and domestic practices graphically illustrate a lack of
knowledge concerning the disposal of waste products and the protection of ground-water quality.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Assistant Administrator for Research
and Development
J.
Office of Modeling
Monitoring Systems &
Quality Assurance
Office of Environmental
Processes & Effects Research
Office of Environmental
Engineering & Technology
Demonstration
Office of Health &
Environmental Assessment
Office of Health
Research
Athens Environmental
Research Laboratory
Duluth Environmental
Research Laboratory
Gulf Breeze Environmental
Research Laboratory
R.S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
Corvallis Environmental
Research Laboratory
Narragansett Environmental
Research Laboratory
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Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Organizational Chart
Office of the Director
Clinton W. Hall
Director
Administrative Support
Staff
Jimmie L. Kingery
Chief
Processes and Systems
Research Division
Dr. Stephen G. Schmelling
Director
Extramural Activities
and Assistance Division
Marion R. Scalf
Director
Subsurface
Processes
Branch
Dr. Michael D. Jawson
Chief
Subsurface
Systems
Branch
Vacant
Extramural Activities
and Evaluation
Branch
James F. McNabb
Chief
Applications and
Assistance
Branch
John E. Matthews
Chief
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ACTIVE PROJECTS
Site Characterization
Hydrological Studies and Data Base Development
for the Walnut Creek Watershed in Support of
the MASTER Project
USDA - National Soil Tilth Laboratory 15
The Impact of Agriculture on
Subsurface Ecology
Purdue University 16
Assessment of the Hydrology of Walnut
Creek Watershed near Ames, Iowa
USDA - National Soil Tilth Laboratory 16
Landscape Classification for Ground-Water Row and
Nitrogen Load Modeling (Chesapeake Bay Watershed)
USGS Towson, Maryland 17
Fracture Characterization and Fluid Flow
National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences 17
Reclamation by Biopiling of Excavated Soil
Contaminated with Semivolatile Petroleum Organics
University of Texas 17
Laser Fluorescence EEM Probe for
Cone Penetrometer Pollution Analysis
Tufts University 18
Stable Isotope Evaluation of Soil Metal
Speciation by Selective Extraction
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Waterways Experiment Station 18
Capture Zone Delineation in a
Fractured Carbonate Aquifer
Undecided 19
Characterization of the Test Site at Hill AFB
for the Demonstration of Enhanced Source Removal
for Aquifer Restoration
TyndallAFB 19
Implications of Colloidal Mobility for the
Collection of Representative Ground Water Samples
Cooperative Agreement 20
Mobilization of Naturally Occurring Heavy
Metals by Reductive Dissolution
Cooperative Agreement 20
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Ground Water Sampling
RSKERL 20
Evaluation of Methods of DNAPL
Site Characterization
Cooperative Agreement 21
Site Characterization Using a
Cone Penetrometer
RSKERL 21
Dielectric and Resistivity Method for Detecting
Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid Contaminants in Multiphase Systems
RSKERL 21
Environmental Buffer Criteria for the
Assessment of Soil Quality in Agroecosystems
USDA 22
Subsurface Ecology
RSKERL 22
Geohydrology and Nitrate Loadings of the Ground-Water
Systems Impacting the Chesapeake Bay
RSKERL 23
Site Characterization Using a Hydraulically
Driven Soil Gas and Ground-Water Probe
RSKERL 23
Contaminant Transport and Transformation
Separation and Identification
of Aquifer Organic Matter
ManTech/RSKERL 24
Characterization of Organic Matter
in Soils and Aquifer Solids
Western Michigan University 25
Assimilative Capacity of Subsurface for the
Pesticides Atrazine, Alachlor, and Nitrate
USDA - National Tilth Laboratory 25
Spectroscopic Studies of Organic
Films on Mineral Surfaces
ManTech/RSKERL 26
Augmenting Natural Recharge of Ground Water
with Reclaimed Wastewater, Stormwater,
and Irrigation Return Flow
National Academy of Sciences 26
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Three-Dimensional Modeling of Subsurface Flow,
and Fate and Transport of Microbes and Chemicals
Penn State University 27
Validation of the Approximate
Multiphase Flow Models
RSKERL 27
Heavy Metal Transport in a Sand and Gravel
Aquifer with Variable Chemical Conditions
U.S. Geological Survey 28
Transport and Transformation of Arsenic
and Chromium in Ground Water
RSKERL 28
Compilation of Saturated/Unsaturated Zone
Models and Development and Application of
Testing Methods and Benchmark Cases
Colorado School of Mines 29
Subsurface Processes Controlling Sorption and Transport
of lonizable and Polar Organic Compounds
University of Florida 29
Use of the Assimilative Capacity Concept to
Develop Agrichemical Usage Guidance and
Determine the Fate of Atrazine in a Wet Meadow
in the Central Platte Valley Alluvium of Nebraska
Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality 30
Subsurface Transport Properties
in Layered Media
RSKERL 30
Laboratory Electronic Measurements and Data
Collection Systems for RSKERL Artificial Aquifers
RSKERL/ManTech 31
Transformation of Pesticides
RSKERL 31
Biodegradation of Pesticides
in Aquifers
RSKERL/ManTech 32
Subsurface Remediation
Anaerobic Processes in the
Subsurface Environment
RSKERL 33
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Surfactant Enhanced Solubilization
of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
RSKERL 34
Field-Evaluation of Cosolvent-Enhanced
In-situ Remediation
University of Florida 34
Development of a Data Evaluation/Decision Support
System for Bioremediation of Subsurface Contamination
Rice University 34
Assessment of Solvent-Enhanced Desorption
and Mobilization of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
RSKERL 35
Rapid Phase Identification of Mixed Crystalline
Solids Using Surface Analytical Techniques for
Assessment of In-Situ Aquifer Remediation
Oregon Graduate Institute 35
Decision Support System for Evaluating Remediation
Performance with Interactive Pump-and-Treat Simulator
Rice University 36
Modeling and Design of Bioremediation Systems for
a JP-4 Jet Fuel Spill at Eglin AFB, Florida
Rice University 36
Studies on the Sulfur Mediated Biological
Denitrification Process
Orange County Water District 37
Innovative Methods for Remediation of
Subsurface Chromium Contamination
Rice University and University of Oklahoma 37
Microbial Characterization and Treatability Study
for a JP-4 Jet Fuel Spill at Eglin AFB, Florida
Rice University 38
Great Plains-Rocky Mountain Hazardous
Substance Research Center, U. of Iowa
University of Iowa 38
Response of Subsurface Microbial Communities
to the Introduction of Contaminants
Cooperative Agreement 39
Surfactant Enhanced Remediation
of Subsurface DNAPL Contamination
University of Oklahoma 39
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Evaluation of Technologies for Cleanup
of DNAPL Contaminated Sites
University of California 40
Site Characterization of Ground-Water Row
and Transport in Fractured Rock Systems for
Improvement of Pump-and-Treat Remediation
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 40
Investigation of Surfactant Enhanced
Remediation of Aquifers Contaminated
by Dense, Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs)
University of Michigan 41
Super Computer Simulation of Pump-and-Treat
Methods for Aquifer Restoration
University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 41
Artificial Aquifer Studies - East Aquifer
ManTech/RSKERL 42
Passive Anaerobic Remediation of BTEX
Compounds in Ground Water
North Carolina State University 42
Forced Aeration for On-Site Remediation
of Hydrocarbon Spills
U.S. Park Service 43
Design and Operating Parameters for the
Remediation of a Fuel Oil Contaminated
Soil Using Composting Technology
Howard University 43
Remediation of Contaminated
Soils by Solvent Flushing
University of Florida 44
Microbial Metabolism of Munitions
Wastes in Anoxic Aquifers
Rice University 44
Three-Dimensional NAPL Fate
and Transport Model
University of Texas 45
Methods for Determining Multiphase Characteristic Curves
for Use in Designing Subsurface Bioremediation Systems
University of California at Davis 45
Development of a Data Evaluation/Decision Support
System for Bioremediation of Subsurface Contamination
MIT 45
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Development of Techniques for In Situ Bioremediation
of Chromium Contaminated Soil and Ground-water:
Phase I Laboratory Evaluation
University of Oklahoma
Bioremediation of BTEX, Naphthalene, and
Phenanthrene in Aquifer Material Using Mixed
Oxygen/Nitrate Electron Acceptor Conditions
Johns Hopkins University [[[
Bioremediation of Fuel-Contaminated Aquifers
Using Mixed Electron Acceptor Conditions
University of Waterloo [[[
Evaluation of In-Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated
Hydrocarbon Contaminated GW at Air Force Plant 44
Western Region Hazardous Substance Research Center, Stanford University ............................... 47
H202 and Microbial System Interactions
RSKERL/ManTech [[[ 48
A Pilot-Scale Demonstration of Surfactant-Enhanced
Subsurface Remediation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
University of Oklahoma [[[ 48
China-US Soils & Ground Water Remediation Research
Sino-US International Agreement [[[ 49
Treatment of Process Off-Gases Contaminated with
TCE Using Ex-Situ Soil Based Aerobic Bioreactors
USGS [[[ 49
Evaluation of Passive Remediation Techniques at
Mixed-Waste Sites Using Geochemical Barriers
Cooperative Agreement [[[ 49
Design Manuals for the Extraction of Contaminants
from Unconsolidated Subsurface Environments
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Oxygen Consumption in Clay Soils
Contaminated by #2 Fuel Oil
RSKERL 51
Chemically Enhanced Dissolution and
Mobilization of Residual Contaminants
RSKERL 51
Remediation of Chromium Contaminated Soils
and Ground Water at a Chrome Plating Site
RSKERL 52
Sorption of Polar Organic Compounds
to Colloidal Particles
RSKERL 52
Pore-Scale Investigation of the Behavior
of Remedial Fluids
Cooperative Agreement 52
Changes in Subsurface Wetting Behavior
in the Presence of NAPLs
RSKERL/ManTech 53
Abiotic Reduction of Chrome from
Zero-Valence Iron Dissolution
RSKERL/ManTech 53
Evaluation of Proposed Closure
Criteria at Remediated Sites
Cooperative Agreement 54
Natural Attenuation of Ground Water
Contaminants at Air Force Installations
RSKERL (US Air Force) 54
Denitrification for Bioremediation of a
Refinery Spill Park City, Kansas
RSKERL 55
Bioventing to Remediate a JP-4 Spill at the
USCG Site at Elizabeth City, North Carolina
RSKERL 55
Feasibility Study on Enhancement of Nitrate-Based
Bioremediation Using Surfactants
RSKERL 56
Vinyl ChlorideVTCE at St. Joseph, MI Site
RSKERL 56
Aerobic Co-Oxidation of TCE Vapors
RSKERL 56
Reductive Anaerobic Biological In-Situ Treatment
RSKERL
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Petroleum Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Under
Mixed Denitrifying/Microaerophilic Conditions
RSKERL 57
Prepared Bed Bioremediation in Buried Lifts as
Affected by O2 Concentrations in Soil Gas
Utah State University 5?
Biological Treatment of Trichloroethylene
Contaminated Process Off-Gas
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Waterways Experiment Station 58
Underground Injection Control
Injection Well Mechanical Integrity
East Central University 59
Potential for Invasion of Underground Sources
of Drinking Water Through Mud-Plugged Wells:
An Experimental Appraisal
Oklahoma State University 59
Wellhead Protection
Hydrogeologic Mapping to Delineate
Wellhead Protection Zones Around Springs
State of Utah 60
The Development of a Risk Management
Strategy for Wellhead Protection
University of Miami 60
Determination of Subsurface Assimilative Capacity
RSKERL 61
Delineation of Wellhead Protection Zones:
Consideration of Virus Transport
University of Arizona 61
Demonstration of the Analytical Element
Method for Wellhead Protection
Indiana University 62
Capture Zone Delineation:
Models and Experiments
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology 62
Capture Zone Delineation Using the EPA
WHPA Model and Other Codes: A Comparative
Study in Ellis County, Kansas
RSKERL 63
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Technical Assistance and Technology
Transfer in Wellhead Protection
RSKERL 63
Contaminant Identification and Classification
University of Oklahoma 64
Ground-Water Flow in a Carbonate
Aquifer, Southern Oklahoma
USGS 64
System Analysis for Evaluating
Aquifer Assimilative Capacity
Rice University Consortium 65
Economic Value of Ground Water
National Research Council 65
Risk Management Decision Support System (RMDSS)
for Wellhead Protection
RSKERL 66
Mathematical Modeling
Multiphase Flow in Soils: Modeling
and Experimental Study
University of Colorado 67
Three-Dimensional Modeling of Subsurface Flow,
and Fate and Transport of Microbes and Chemicals
Penn State University 67
Validation of the Approximate
Multiphase Flow Models
RSKERL 68
Three-Dimensional Multiphase Flow and
Contaminant Transport Mathematical Model
University of Vermont 68
Screening Methods for Hydrocarbon
Spills and Recovery
Rice University and University of Texas 69
Compilation of Saturated/Unsaturated Zone
Models and Development and Application of
Testing Methods and Benchmark Cases
Colorado School of Mines 69
Evaluation of Ground-Water Pump-and-Treat
Systems at the Gilson Road Superfund Site,
Nashua, NH, with Ground-Water Models
University of Cincinnati 70
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Application of Electromagnetic Tomography
to Monitoring DNAPL
University of Arizona 70
Four-Dimensional Electrical Imaging of Subsurface
Contaminants with Applications to a Controlled Spill
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 71
A Computer Program to Model Bioventing of Organic
Contaminants in Unsaturated Geological Material
University of Michigan 71
Modeling Flow through Fractured Media-Testing
Continuum vs. Discrete Conceptualizations
RSKERL 72
Evaluation of Multiphase Flow and Transport
Models in a Large Two-Dimensional Physical Model
Cooperative Agreement 72
Determination of Mass Transfer Rates between
Mobile/Immobile Soil-Air Regions
RSKERL 72
Evaluation of Dual Source Gamma
Ray Absorption System
RSKERL 73
Development of Lagrangian Methods for
Subsurface Contaminant Transport Analysis
RSKERL 73
Soil Vacuum Model
RSKERL 73
Intermediate-Scale Evaluation of Subsurface
Transport and Fate Models
Cooperative Agreement 74
Parameter Sensitivity Evaluation of Selected
Unsaturated Zone Models
RSKERL 74
Sensitivity of Model Predicted Chemical Transport
to Boundary Conditions at the Soil Surface
RSKERL 74
BIT Inverse Solution
RSKERL 75
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SITE CHARACTERIZATION
Site characterization research is conducted in order to improve the ability to assess
risks associated with a contaminated site, evaluate the need for corrective action,
and select as well as evaluate the effectiveness of proper remediation technologies.
Exposure assessments must be based on an awareness of the geologic, hydrologic,
geochemical, and biological characteristics of the site. Research in this area is
aimed at the development of methods of investigation and interpretation in order to
determine the parameters which describe a site and define their spatial distribution.
Hydrological Studies and Data Base Development
for the Walnut Creek Watershed in Support of
the MASTER Project
INSTITUTE USDA National Soil Tilth Laboratory
(Michael Jawson, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1067
PROJECT PERIOD: 03/92 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: J.L. Hatfield (515)294-5723
ABSTRACT: With respect to hydrological studies, the object of the project is to quantify the coupling between the ground
and surface water in the upper reaches of the Walnut Creek watershed and the movement of water in the shallow alluvium.
Also included is the assessment of ground-water flow and quality in the Skunk River alluvium. Available information on
ground-water will be compiled with respect to agricultural chemicals in the Western Cornbelt Ecoregion. Data elements
collected by each MASTER investigator will be incorporated into a compatible and accessible data base for use by all
investigators.
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The Impact of Agriculture on
Subsurface Ecology
INSTITUTE: Purdue University
(Michael Jawson, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1072
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/92 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Ronald Turco (317) 494-8077
ABSTRACT: The objectives of the project are assess community diversity and size, and develop a set of ecological
indicators that can be used to estimate the environmental status of the subsurface and changes which occur as a consequence
of environmental stresses, particularly those resulting from agricultural chemicals and practices. The spatial variability in
microbial activity and community structure will also be assessed. Microbial community structure and metabolic processes
will be determined using root zone, vadose zone, and aquifer samples at the Indiana Water Quality Field Station and an Iowa
Midwest System Evaluation Area site. Microbial community structure will be analyzed using whole bacteria population
DNA-reassociation curves to assess species diversity, percent G+C content by DNA the bisbenzimide binding method to
assess the bacterial community makeup, and phospholipid fatty acid pattern (PLFA) and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)
analysis to assess bacterial biomass size and community composition. Metabolic process studies will be used to assess the
response to stresses imposed by agrichemicals. Microcosm samples will be spiked with radiolabelled 2,4-D and catechol.
Small-scale spatial variability will be assessed using samples taken horizontally from the root and vadose zones which will
be analyzed by PLFA and FAME procedures to determine microbial community structure, and 2,4-D mineralization to
determine microbial activity. A final report on the impact of agriculture on subsurface ecology will be completed in
December, 1994.
Assessment of the Hydrology of Walnut
Creek Watershed near Ames, Iowa
INSTITUTE: USDA National Soil Tilth Laboratory
(Steve Kraemer, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1084
PROJECT PERIOD: 07/93 06/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: M.R. Burkhart (515) 294-5809
ABSTRACT: The specific objectives of this project include: (1) conduct a hydrogeologic reconnaissance of the watershed;
(2) determine the ground water/surface water interactions in proximity of the Walnut Creek channel; (3) determine the
influence of the loss of water in the stream bed on the Skunk River alluvial aquifer; (4) extend the development of the
analytic element ground-water model of the watershed; and (5) screen, document, and qualify data that will be used to meet
the objectives of MASTER and MSEA. Outputs of the project will be GIS coverages and Journal Articles.
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Landscape Classification for Ground-Water Flow and
Nitrogen Load Modeling (Chesapeake Bay Watershed)
INSTITUTE: USGS Towson, Maryland
(Steve Kraemer, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1085
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: L. Bachman (401)828-1535
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to associate land use patterns with ground-water nitrate loadings to the
Chesapeake Bay. The initial effort is on data reconnaissance and database creation. A hydrogeomorphic landscape classi-
fication system based on multivariate statistics is proposed. Outputs will include a Database and ARC/INFO CIS coverages.
Fracture Characterization and Fluid Flow
INSTITUTE National Research Council/National Academy
of Sciences (Stephen Schmelling, P.O.)
TASK NO: 2052
PROJECT PERIOD: 07/91-05/93
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Peter Smealie (202) 334-3137
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to review, synthesize, and integrate recent research concerning techniques and
approaches to fractured rock characterization and fluid flow in fractured geologic settings. A committee composed of
approximately 10 recognized experts from the fields of geology, geomechanics, geophysics, hydrology, and geochemistry
met July 23-26, 1991, to review the status of current research, identify problem areas, explore mechanisms to advance the
field, and offer guidance to federal agencies. The work will culminate in a report on Fracture Characterization and Fluid Flow.
Reclamation by Biopiling of Excavated Soil
Contaminated with Semivolatile Petroleum Organics
INSTITUTE: University of Texas
(Don Kampbell/John Matthews, P.O.)
TASK NO: 2065
PROJECT PERIOD: 08/92 - 08/97
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Ray Loehr (512)471-5602
ABSTRACT: The objective of the project is to develop emergency response technology on the rate and extent of
bioremediation of soil containing crude oil or heavy refined petroleum products by treatment cell bioventing at field spill
sites. The first step of the project will be to locate a field site suitable for research studies. The contaminated material will
be excavated and transferred to a forced aeration soil pile constructed on site. Kinetics information on depletion will be
determined and compared with laboratory data. A Final Report of research activities will be completed.
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Laser Fluorescence EEM Probe for
Cone Penetrometer Pollution Analysis
INSTITUTE: Tufts University
(Bob Lien, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3076
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 09/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: J. Kenny (617) 627-3397
ABSTRACT: Locating and mapping the distribution of oily phase material in the subsurface is one of the most difficult and
uncertain processes in the Remedial Investigation process at hazardous waste sites. Traditional methods using hollow stem
auger rigs and core samples are much too expensive for extensive mapping of wastes. Monitoring wells often fail to detect
oily phase material. Recently, multi-sensor cone penetrometers have been developed for hazardous waste characterization.
Existing proof-of-concept cone penetration sensor modules have been developed that introduce a fiber optic cable into the
subsurface with the cone penetrometer. Lasar light beamed down the fiber optic cable illuminates the subsurface material
adjacent to the cone through a sapphire window. Certain oily wastes, such as TCEand naphthalene, will fluoresce. The
fiber optic cable collects the fluorescence and brings it back to the surface for analysis by a spectrophotometer. Existing
equipment is specific on one type of waste. This project will develop and field test a Raman shifter that will allow multiple
channel spectral analysis of the returned fluorescence. This will allow for the simultaneous analysis of several compounds
(up to ten) with different fluorescence responses. The following outputs will be produced: A user's manual for the new
sensor system and a final report, describing the field scale performance of the new sensor system during characterization of
oily waste at a hazardous waste site.
Stable Isotope Evaluation of Soil Metal
Speciation by Selective Extraction
INSTITUTE: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Waterways Experiment Station
(Robert Puls, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3084
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/93 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: M. Bricka (601) 634-3799
ABSTRACT: Reliable, validated methods to discriminate between forms of metals in soil would be extremely valuable for
assessing hazards of metals contaminated sites and evaluating alternatives for soil remediation. Extraction methods for
isolating metals associated with various soil components have been used for many years to make decisions on soil
nutritional status, toxicity, and environmental mobility. Unfortunately, very little definitive work has been performed to
ascertain the validity and shortcomings of these extraction techniques. Stable isotope studies on model and amended
natural soils offer a tool to investigate the selectivity and completeness of selective extraction techniques, and thus
evaluate the usefulness of extraction in metal speciation/contaminated soil characterization. Inductively coupled
plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) provides the analytical selectivity and sensitivity needed to effectively conduct the
isotope studies. The proposed work would combine the analytical advantages of ICP/MS with metal stable isotope
experimentation to evaluate and improve the usefulness of soil extraction procedures for metals speciation. A Final Report
on Stable Isotope Evaluation of Soil Metal Speciation by Selective Extraction will be prepared.
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Capture Zone Delineation in a
Fractured Carbonate Aquifer
INSTITUTE: Undecided
TASK NO: 0384-001
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposal
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this task is to examine the capture zone of a pumping well in a carbonate aquifer. The project
will integrate computer modeling with field observations. The field component will be broadly multidisciplinary including
remote sensing, surface and borehole geophysics, and aquifer testing. The modeling component will emphasize both
conceptual modeling and code development and application.
Characterization of the Test Site at
Hill AFB for the Demonstration of Enhanced
Source Removal for Aquifer Restoration
INSTITUTE: Tyndall AFB
(Carl Enfield, P.O.)
TASK NO. 0935-003
PROJECT PERIOD: 04/94 - 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Capt. Jeffrey Stinson (904) 283-6254
ABSTRACT: An essential part of any aquifer remediation project is a site characterization that provides the information
necessary to select, design, operate, and evaluate an appropriate remedial technology. Before the field demonstrations can
be conducted, the test site must likewise be thoroughly characterized. Site characterization will involve the use of ground-
penetrating radar, cone penetrometer, fiber optic spectroscopy, and possibly seismic techniques. The entire project will
involve two different test sites to determine the feasibility of a number of technologies to enhance the performance of
pump-and-treat systems. The first test site will be at Hill AFB, the second has yet to be determined.
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Implications of Colloidal Mobility for the
Collection of Representative Ground Water Samples
INSTITUTE: Cooperative Agreement
TASK NO: 0940-001
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposal
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is address the implications of colloidal mobility on the collection of ground
water samples. The research would address factors such as the effects of low-flow purging and sampling techniques on
sample quality, filtration effects, sampling methodologies in fractured rock, and sampling methodologies in tight
formations. This project will complement ongoing in-house research at RSKERL. The investigation will result in a Project
Report and Research Brief.
Mobilization of Naturally Occurring Heavy
Metals by Reductive Dissolution
INSTITUTE: Cooperative Agreement
TASK NO: 0940-002
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposal
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project will be to investigate those specific geochemical factors that promote surface
chemical reactions that mobilize naturally occurring arsenic and other heavy metals at waste disposal sites. The approach
will be largely laboratory based and will be coordinated with work at field sites where this phenomenon has been observed.
Ground Water Sampling
INSTnUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0940-RSRP5
PROJECT PERIOD: 01/94 - 06/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Robert Puls (405) 436-8543
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is determine the impacts of different sampling methodologies and devices on
contaminant concentrations in recovered ground-water samples. The approach will be to conduct field and laboratory
studies to compare different sampling devices as well as different sampling methodologies. The investigation will result in
a Project Report and a Research Brief.
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Evaluation of Methods of DNAPL
Site Characterization
INSTITUTE Cooperative Agreement
TASK NO: 0946-005
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposal
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to evaluate innovative direct and indirect methods that have been proposed or
recently developed to characterize hazardous waste sites contaminated by DNAPLs. A Project Report or Research Brief, and
an Issue Paper will be prepared.
Site Characterization Using a
Cone Penetrometer
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0946-RSBL1
PROJECT Period: 08/93 09/95
Principal
INVESTIGATOR: Bob Lien (405) 436-8555
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to develop methods and techniques for site characterization at hazardous waste
sites using a cone penetrometer testing system. The development of methodology for site characterization will involve:
(1) literature reviews, (2) basic cone penetrometer testing at local field site, (3) development of a site characterization
strategy, (4) development and integration of innovative sensor modules, (5) upgrading of data acquisition systems, and (6)
proof-of-concept field testing of an innovative cone penetrometer system at hazardous waste sites.
Dielectric and Resistivity Method for Detecting
Nonaqueous-Phase Liquid Contaminants in Multiphase Systems
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0946-RSBL2
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 09/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Bob Lien (405) 436-8555
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to investigate the feasibility of applying dielectric and resistivity methods to
detection of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) contamination at hazardous waste sites. The feasibility of using dielectric and
resistivity methods for detecting NAPL contamination will be evaluated in both laboratory and field experiments.
Laboratory column studies will be used to determine the feasibility and sensitivity of dielectric and resistivity methods. If
these prove successful, the next step will be to construct probes that can be used with a cone penetrometer and test them in
the field.
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Environmental Buffer Criteria for the
Assessment of Soil Quality in Agroecosystems
INSTITUTE: USDA
(Michael Jawson, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3190-001
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposal
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: Soil, because of its position n the interface between air and water as well as its function in altering the
composition and availability of air and water, is crucial to ecosystem well being. Soil is the basic resource necessary for
sustainable agricultural systems, purifying water and support of terrestrial life. One of the major functions of soil is as an
environmental buffer. This function is especially important in agroecosystems because of the intentional releases and
stresses from agrichemicals. This recognition of the importance of soil in an ecosystem context is unfortunately quite
recent and although implicitly recognized throughout the ages in terms of crop production it is not until recently (within
the last 2 years) the concept and term "soil quality" has received attention of the soil science community. Criteria and
methods to quantify soil quality are just beginning. This task is focused on determining the criteria important to the
environmental buffer component of soil quality and will be tied into efforts where the sustainable agriculture component is
being conducted. The research will result in a journal article on environmental buffer criteria for soil quality indexes and a
report that assesses soil quality from an ecological effects view point.
Subsurface Ecology
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 3190-RPMJ3
PROJECT PERIOD: 01/94 06/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Michael Jawson (405) 436-8560
ABSTRACT: Determining ecological effects is a foremost scientific priority of EPA. The subsurface, considered here to
extend from the soil surface through the saturated zone, is a basic component of the global ecosystem. Unfortunately,
despite the essential roles played by subsurface ecosystems, it is the least characterized, quantified and appreciated
component of the ecosystem. Despite our lack of knowledge of this environment, the subsurface receives more waste and
contaminants annually by weight than any other medium. Life as we know it would not be possible without the
biogeochemical cycling and other functions performed by subsurface microorganisms, yet only 5% of the earth's microbial
species are known. Determining ecosystem risk will not be possible until the characteristics and activities of the subsurface
component are quantified. This project is focused on the following two themes: (1) quantification of transformations within
the subsurface and of the fluxes of materials to other ecosystem components; and (2) characterization of the subsurface
ecosystem including the development of ecocriteria. Needed is an understanding of the subsurface components, both biotic
and abiotic, and their interrelationships. Lack of knowledge about the structure and diversity of the subsurface has two
important impacts. First, we do not have bioindicators (ecocriteria) of environmental stress in the subsurface and,
therefore, must depend upon direct contaminant detection - a trying task given the physical, spatial and temporal obstacles.
Secondly, modeling the processes and predicting risks is quite limited without an understanding of subsurface communities,
their geo-physical and chemical environment, and their interactions with the other components of the ecosystem. A
journal article on the importance of the subsurface in ecosystem analyses will be prepared as well as a report for the
MASTER program that provides an assessment of subsurface (soil) quality at the Walnut Creek, Iowa MSEA site.
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Geohydrology and Nitrate Loadings of the Ground-Water
Systems Impacting the Chesapeake Bay
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO- 3192-RSSK4
PROJECT PERIOD: 11/93 09/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Steve Kraemer (405) 436-8549
ABSTRACT: The objective of this RSKERL in-house research project is to develop understanding of the hydrologic
interactions between Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifers and the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal and non-tidal rivers, and use this
understanding to estimate the potential loadings of nitrate via ground-water pathways. Computer models are being built to
represent the shallow geohydrologic systems at the ground-water shed and drainage basin scales. A mass balance for nitrate
will be estimated using the modeling approach. This research is being performed in collaboration with the USGS
(Towson.MD) through Interagency Agreement. A USEPA Project Summary and Research Report on the Geohydrology and
Nitrate Loadings of the Ground Water Systems Impacting the Chesapeake Bay will be prepared.
Site Characterization Using a Hydraulically
Driven Soil Gas and Ground-Water Probe
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 3364-RPDK2
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/92 12/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Don Kampbell (405) 436-8561
ABSTRACT: Most conventional site characterization is two dimensional, while the distribution of contamination in
aquifers is strongly three dimensional. New tools are needed that allow vertical characterization of the extent of
contamination. This task will evaluate the Geoprobe, a new tool on the market that can rapidly and economically sample
soil gas, ground water, and sediments from shallow unconsolidated aquifers. The tool also allows a measure of the local
hydraulic or pneumatic conductivity at the depth interval that produces a sample. Field work will be conducted as an in-
house research project by EPA staff. The following outputs will be produced, including: Text and slides for a training
course on the use of a Geoprobe for site characterization and a journal article describing the use of the Geoprobe to
determine the fluid flow properties of the subsurface.
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CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION
Research is aimed at describing the hydrologic, abiotic, and biotic processes which
influence contaminant transport and transformation characteristics in the subsurface
environment. A knowledge of subsurface transport and transformation processes is
the foundation for all environmental protection activities related to the subsurface.
The more commonly occurring processes are reasonably well understood, but
predictions can only be made with reasonable certainty for simple hydrogeologic
systems and dissolved contaminants. The knowledge of many other transport and
transformation processes is emerging from laboratory and small-scale preliminary
field experiments, but is not yet at a point where it can be generalized for routine
application to remediation or prevention activities. Examples include facilitated
colloidal transport, contaminant transport in complex wastes, gas-phase transport
and transformation, subsurface transport of microorganisms, the interaction of
separate processes, and natural degradation.
Separation and Identification
of Aquifer Organic Matter
INSTITUTE: RSKERL/ManTech
(Candida West/Roger Cosby, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1051
PROJECT PERIOD: 03/90 10/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Bill Lyon (405) 436-8666
ABSTRACT: The objects of this project are to: (1) test density methods for separation of aquifer organic matter from sandy
aquifer material; (2) scale-up the process to obtain sufficient material for bulk measurements; (3) obtain pyrolysis-GC/MS
patterns for comparison to soil organic matter; (4) obtain IR and elemental analysis of the aquifer organic matter; and, (5)
apply techniques to analyze the pyrolysis and IR data. The purpose of the project is to obtain analytical data that can be
used to study the basic characteristics of aquifer organic matter in order to: (1) determine the validity of the normalization of
sorption coefficients by total organic carbon for aquifer organic matter; and, (2) compare the variability in composition of
aquifer organic matter to soil organic matter. Milestones include progress reports on GC-Pyrolysis and IR/Elemental
Analysis. A final internal report will be prepared on the Separation and Identification of Aquifer Organic Matter.
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Characterization of Organic Matter
in Soils and Aquifer Solids
INSTITUTE: Western Michigan University
(Candida West, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1053
PROJECT PERIOD: 03/91 03/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Michael Barcelona (616) 387-5501
ABSTRACT: The overall goals of the project are to develop and test a systematic methodology to characterize the organic
matter in subsurface soil and aquifer solids. The methodology should provide a means to identify and quantify natural and
anthropogenic organic matter in solid materials. A characterization methodology will be developed using TOC/TIC
analyses, carbon isotopic methods to determine relative amounts of natural and anthropogenic organic compounds, and
extraction techniques to determine sorbed, bound, and occluded fractions and the identification of specific organic
compounds. In addition to interim reports, a final report will be prepared on Characterization of Organic Matter in Soils
and Aquifer Material.
Assimilative Capacity of Subsurface for the
Pesticides Atrazine, Alachlor, and Nitrate
INSTITUTE: USDA/National Soil Tilth Laboratory
(Michael Jawson, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1069
PROJECT PERIOD: 08/92 0/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Thomas Moorman (515) 294-2308
ABSTRACT: Sites in Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, and Ohio will be utilized to: (1) quantify the fate of atrazine
and alachlor including their principal metabolites; (2) determine the kinetics of degradation or immobilization processes
for atrazine and alachlor, and (3) determine if reliable indexes of assimilative capacity can be identified or developed. An
integrated mass balance approach is being used to determine the fate of the herbicides. Measurements of parent compounds
provided data on the amount of readily extractable and presumably available and/or leachable unaltered pesticide. The
measurement of principal metabolites will supply data on the extent transformation proceeds to these intermediate stages.
The measurement of 14CO2 provides an indication of the amount of mineralization of the parent compound while the
residual I4C provides information on the amount of compound bound to surfaces and organic matter and presumably
unavailable to microorganisms or leaching.
The Iowa Walnut Creek watershed will be used to: (1) determine the denitrification potential in the intermediate vadose
zone, and (2) determine the denitrification activity in the upper reaches of the water table, and evaluate the source of the
electron donors for this process. A series of incubation treatments and nitrate amendments will be used to determine factors
limiting denitrification. Investigations will also be carried out to determine the magnitude of denitrification and the
electron donor involved in the process.
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Spectroscopic Studies of Organic
Films on Mineral Surfaces
INSTITUTE: RSKERL/ManTech
(Candida West/Roger Cosby, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1078
PROJECT PERIOD: 01/91 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Bill Lyon (405) 436-8666
ABSTRACT: The project is designed to expand the current understanding of natural and anthropogenic organic carbon
coatings on aquifer solid matrices and their capacity to retard the movement of organic contaminants in the subsurface.
Artificial and natural coatings of humic and other organic materials will be characterized and studied spectroscopically.
Sorption experiments will be conducted.
Augmenting Natural Recharge of Ground Water
with Reclaimed Wastewater, Stormwater,
and Irrigation Return Flow
INSTITUTE: National Academy of Sciences
(Carl Enfield, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1083
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 - 08/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: C. Elfring (202) 334-3422
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to have an expert panel assess the current state of knowledge relative
to the use of reclaimed wastewater, storm water, and irrigation return flows to augment natural recharge of ground
waster.
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Three-Dimensional Modeling of Subsurface Flow,
and Fate and Transport of Microbes and Chemicals
INSTITUTE: Perm State University
(Thomas Short, P.O.)
TASK NO: 2055
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/91 10/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: George Yeh (814) 863-2931
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this project are to develop a three-dimensional numerical algorithm for the solution of the
saturated-unsaturated transport equations for multiple components that undergo mutual reactions based on the LEZOOM
approach and to analyze test data produced from physical model aquifers at RSKERL. A mathematical code will be developed
which is capable of simulating experimental runs on RSKERL physical model aquifers. The results produced by the code
will be compared with experimental data to determine if the proposed mathematical description of the mechanisms involved
is adequate. A report with the same title as the project will be prepared.
Validation of the Approximate
Multiphase Flow Models
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 2059
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/91 10/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: James Weaver (405) 436-8545
ABSTRACT: The object of the project is to test the KOPT (Kinematic Oily Pollutant Transport) portion of the HSSM
(Hydrocarbon Spill Simulation Model) by comparison with laboratory data. Several oils will be released into specially
designed columns which are packed with various porous media. The ponding depth and depth of the oil front will be
recorded as functions of time. Independent measurements of the model parameters will be made on the column. The average
values of the parameters will be used as KOPT model input data. The model results will be compared with the laboratory data
experiments. Monte Carlo simulation will be used to assess the impact of uncertainty in the values of the parameters.
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Heavy Metal Transport in a Sand and Gravel
Aquifer with Variable Chemical Conditions
INSTITUTE: U.S. Geological Survey
TASK NO: 2075
PROJECT PERIOD: 07/92 06/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: James Davis FTS: 459-4484
ABSTRACT: The objectives of the work are to obtain a more complete understanding of the geochemical processes that
effect metal transport in ground water and the mechanisms that couple these processes with hydrologic processes. A large-
scale tracer test will be conducted at the Otis Air Force Base USGS Field Site on Cape Cod in Massachusetts. This will be the
first such large-scale tracer test performed using conservative and conservatively transported metal contaminants in such a
highly instrumented field site. The large-scale tracer test will exploit the vertical gradient in ground-water chemistry at the
site to study transport under variable chemical conditions. Prior small-scale tracer tests and related laboratory experiments
will be analyzed to determine the exact composition of the tracer injections to achieve the stated objectives. Following the
injection, subsequent sampling and data interpretation will follow for more than 14 months. Reactive transport modeling
of the test will then be initiated. Products of the investigation will include a journal article describing the transport of
chromium (VI), a journal article describing the transport of copper and zinc, and a final environmental research brief.
Transport and Transformation of Arsenic
and Chromium in Ground Water
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 2082
PROJECT PERIOD: 12/93 12/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Robert Puls (405) 405-8543
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to determine the chemical and microbiological factors controlling arsenic and
chromium transport and transformation on subsurface environments. Data will be collected in laboratory experiments
using core material from hazardous waste sites where elevated levels of arsenic and chromium are observed to elucidate the
processes responsible for their mobilization and transport. A journal article will completed at the end of the project.
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Compilation of Saturated/Unsaturated Zone
Models and Development and Application of
Testing Methods and Benchmark Cases
INSTITUTE: Colorado School of Mines
(James McNabb, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3038
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/91 - 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Paul van der Heijde (303)273-3800
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this project are to enhance the existing knowledge of ground-water models and their utility
and performance, develop guidance in applying quality assurance in model development, and address other scientific issues
related to the use of ground-water models. The approach to carrying out this project will be: (1) to enhance existing data
bases on ground-water models, (2) characterize and analyze models for their utility and performance, (3) develop and apply
testing and validation procedures to prominent public domain models, (4) develop and provide detailed guidance in the
development of models, and (5) develop issue papers on critical topics in ground-water modeling. A Report on Analytical
Solutions will be prepared along with a Report on the Status of Ground-Water Models.
Subsurface Processes Controlling Sorption and Transport
of lonizable and Polar Organic Compounds
INSTITUTE: University of Florida
(Susan Mravik, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3083
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 09/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: P. Nkedi-Kizza (904) 392-1951
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to collect data on the mechanisms for the sorption of polar and ionizable
organic compounds to subsurface materials. These data will be used to develop mechanistic models of the sorption process
which can be used in subsurface transport and fate models. Batch and column studies will be used to provide data on both the
extent and kinetics of the sorption process.
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Use of the Assimilative Capacity Concept to
Develop Agrichemical Usage Guidance and
Determine the Fate of Atrazine in a Wet Meadow
in the Central Platte Valley Alluvium of Nebraska
INSTITUTE: Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality
(Michael Jawson, P.O.)
TASK NO: 5002
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 - 09/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: D. Jenson (402) 471-4700
ABSTRACT: This project supports two of Region VII's strategic directions for FY93-96: (1) Pesticide and Nitrate Risk
Reduction and (2) Ecosystem Assessment and Protection (the Platte River Ecosystem Management Initiative). It also
implements EPA's strategic themes of improved science/data, pollution prevention, and geographic targeting on an
ecosystem basis. This project has two major objectives: (1) to study the transport and fate of atrazine in ground water
through a selected wet-meadow area in the central Platte valley of Nebraska and (2) to develop decision aids to guide
agrichemical usage which take into account the environment's assimilative capacity. A set-meadow area within the
Kearney-to-Grand Island reach of the Platte valley will be selected for study. The wet meadow will be immediately
downgradient from rowcrop-production land on which atrazine (and probably other chemicals) has been applied. Although
data from adjacent areas likely will be useful, the primary study area will be an elongate area on the order of 0.5 mile along a
ground-water flow path. A network of observation-well nests will be installed, for which water-level and water-quality data
will be obtained to define spatial variations and seasonal and shorter-term temporal variations. The network will consist of
about eight nests of two wells each. Age-dating and tracer techniques will be used to help determine flow patterns and
velocities. Chemical parameters measured in the field will be temperature, specific conductance, pH, and dissolved oxygen.
An immunoassay method will be used on all samples to determine atrazine and associated compounds semiquantitatively:
GC-MS and complete inorganic chemical analyses will be conducted on selected samples. In addition, agrichemical usage
guidance based upon assimilative capacity will be developed by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Agronomy
Department. Using an expert systems type of approach, the known effects of environmental parameters (such as pH,
temperature, clay, and organic matter content) on agrichemical dissipation and transformation will be used to develop the
decision aids for application levels of agrichemicals taking into account the amount of attenuation that occurs between the
application point and the receptor locations (e.g., the water resources of the Platte Basin the Platte River, wetlands, and
ground water). Outputs will include a Report and journal article on the fate of atrazine in wetlands and a Guidance document
(e.g., decision aid fact sheet) and report on agrichemical use which will protect ground and surface waters."
Subsurface Transport Properties
in Layered Media
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0932-1001
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposal
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to conduct laboratory experiments to elucidate subsurface transport properties
that result from the strong horizontal layering that is commonly found in natural geologic environments. This project will
coordinate in-house EPA research and work with an extramural organization.
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Laboratory Electronic Measurements and Data
Collection Systems for RSKERL Artificial Aquifers
INSTITUTE: RSKERL/ManTech
TASK NO: 0946-1003
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposal
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to design, assemble, install, and evaluate measurement systems that can be
used to collect electromagnetic tomography and time domain reflectometry systems data for the movement of nonaqueous-
phase liquids (NAPLs) in RSKERL's large physical models.
Transformation of Pesticides
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 3191-RPMJ2
PROJECT PERIOD: 01/94 12/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Michael Jawson (405) 436-8560
ABSTRACT: The objective of this task is to tie together RSKERL's pesticide projects to ascertain the comprehensive fate
of pesticides in relationship to their vertical environment (surface soil, vadose zone and saturated zone) across an extensive
(mid continent) area. This should also enable predictions to be made as to the transfer of the pesticides to other
environmental media. When the results from all the studies in this project are available, the data will be analyzed to discern
the "big picture" in terms of which factor determines the fate and assimilative capacity of the pesticides studied.
Appropriate statistical and other data analysis approaches will be utilized after consultation with statisticians and QA
specialists to resolve the comprehensive fate of these pesticides. The work will result in a report, journal articles, and
decision support systems on the environmentally acceptable usage of pesticides.
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Biodegradation of Pesticides
in Aquifers
INSTITUTE: RSKERL/ManTech
TASK NO: 3191-RE104
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposal
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: •
ABSTRACT: It is well established that the rate of biodegradation of xenobiotic organic substances decreases below the root
zone. Relatively little work has been done on the fate of pesticides in the subsurface, however. Available studies have
indicated that the rate of pesticide biodegradation also declines with depth. The objectives of this project are to determine if
pesticide biodegradation occurs in the subsurface, at what rate, and what the products of the biodegradation are. These
experiments are being carried out in sediments from several sites. Site specific differences as well as the history of
pesticide application and other factors may affect the rate of pesticide biodegradation. Atrazine is only one of several
pesticide contaminants of ground water, and its behavior in subsurface samples may differ from that of other pesticides. To
find out how other pesticides besides atrazine biodegrade in subsurface samples, several known pesticide contaminants of
ground water were selected for pesticide experiments. A journal article and report on the fate of pesticides in aquifer
materials will be prepared.
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SUBSURFACE REMEDIATION
In addition to developing technologies which protect and restore the subsurface
environment, research in this area must assure that such methods are cost effective
without being unnecessarily complex, and do not unduly resrtict other land use
activities.
Anaerobic Processes in the
Subsurface Environment
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 1041
PROJECT PERIOD: 03/89 10/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Guy Sewell (405) 436-8566
ABSTRACT: Anaerobic conditions predominate in contaminated aquifers and are common in uncontaminated areas.
Comparatively little is known about degradative processes and nutrient cycling under anaerobic conditions. However, it is
apparent that these processes are fundamentally different and more complex than aerobic processes. The objective of this
research is to define and study anaerobic microbial metabolic processes which occur in the subsurface environment to
further understand the fate of contaminants in that environment.
Three areas will be investigated using microbiological, biochemical, and molecular biological techniques, with emphasis
in three major areas:
1. Metabolism of aromatic compounds under sulfate reducing conditions. In this study the breakdown and
metabolism of fuel aromatics (primarily benzene, toluene, and xylenes) by sulfate-reducing isolates and
consortia will be examined.
2. Metabolic processes at the aerobic/anaerobic interface. The role of mixed aerobic/anaerobic conditions
on the metabolism of organic compounds is unclear. An attempt will be made to identify and spatially
locate the processes and microbes which exist at and near the interface.
3. Effects of altered oxidation/reduction balance on anaerobic metabolism. Anaerobic chemoheterotrophs
generate useable metabolic energy (ATP or electro-chemical gradients) from oxidizable substrates via
fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Alterations in the O/R balance of these organisms may broaden
the range of electron donors and acceptors.
Project outputs to date include an Article on Reductive Dechlorination of Tetrachloroethane and Trichloroethane in Fuel
Spill Plumes, and a Journal Article on Reductive Dechlorination. A journal article is under way on Anaerobic Degradation.
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Surfactant Enhanced Solubilization of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 1068
PROJECT PERIOD: 02/91 - 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Candida West (405) 436-8551
ABSTRACT: The objective of the investigation is to examine interactions between chlorinated solvents and non-ionic
surfactants in solution with emphasis being on determining the fundamental relationship between contaminant water
solubility and structures on contaminant solubilization. Initial, batch sorption experiments will be conducted tq determine
solubilization of PCE, TCE, and DCE by selected surfactants. After single solute systems are completed a series of
experiments will then be carried out to determine the effect of multiple solutes and temperatures on the solubilization of the
solutes by the same series of surfactants.
Field-Evaluation of Cosolvent-Enhanced In-situ Remediation
INSTITUTE: University of Florida
(Lynn Wood, P.O.)
TASK NO. 1086
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 10/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: M. Annable (904) 392-3294
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to evaluate the feasibility of using miscible organic cosolvents such as
alcohols to remediate subsurface environments contaminated by hydrophobic organic chemicals. The project will be
carried out as a pilot-scale field study using sheet piling cells to provide hydraulic containment. A Report on the
Feasibility of using Organic Cosolvents to Enhance Removal of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds will be prepared.
Development of a Data Evaluation/Decision Support
System for Bioremediation of Subsurface Contamination
INSTITUTE: Rice University
(Mary Randolph, P.O.)
TASK NO. 1087
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 09/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: P. Bedient (713) 527-4953
ABSTRACT: Develop a computer based system which will accept both "hard" and "soft" data, in three-spatial dimensions
plus time and allow interpretation into a conceptual model(s) of the hydrogeologic environment. It is desirable to be able
to display graphically the confidence in the conceptual model(s) based on sound statistical techniques. Visualization of the
conceptual model(s) will be on a platform. A Data Evaluation/Decision Support System for Bioremediation of Subsurface
Contamination will be developed.
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Assessment of Solvent-Enhanced Desorption
and Mobilization of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 2062
PROJECT PERIOD: 02/91 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Lynn Wood (405) 436-8552
Susan Mravik (405) 436-8553
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this project are to assess the efficacy of solvent mixtures for desorbing and mobilizing
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in contaminated soils and aquifer materials and to formulate a strategy for optimizing
contaminant mobilization in laboratory systems. Soils and aquifer materials contaminated with PCBs will be obtained
from appropriate field sites. Selected batch equilibration tests will be conducted as a screening tool to determine
equilibrium distribution constants for various cosolvent mixtures and to assist in the selection of appropriate column
experiments. Dynamic column experiments will be the primary technique used to evaluate solvent-mediated desorption and
mobilization. These experiments will be used to determine cosolvency parameters for solvent/solute/sorbent systems used
in the study, to assess the impact of nonequilibrium sorption on PCB removal, and to evaluate the effects of solvents on the
inherent sorptive and hydrodynamic properties of the sorbents. If initial laboratory results are promising, and if support
and funding are available, this technique will be evaluated in larger and more realistic systems in the laboratory or field. A
Journal Article Describing the Experimental Procedures and Initial Results of Solvent Enhanced Desorption of PCBs will be
written. This will be followed at the end of the project by a Journal Article on the Impact of Solvents on the Rate of PCB
Desorption.
Rapid Phase Identification of Mixed Crystalline
Solids Using Surface Analytical Techniques for
Assessment of In-Situ Aquifer Remediation
INSTITUTE: Oregon Graduate Institute
(Bob Puls, P.O.)
TASK NO: 2066
PROJECT PERIOD: 07/92 02/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Carl Palmer (503) 690-1977
ABSTRACT: The objective of this investigation is to develop computer software techniques at metal sites for scanning
tunneling microscopy with x-ray analysis for rapid and routine use as a site characterization and aquifer remediation
assessment tool.
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Decision Support System for Evaluating Remediation
Performance with Interactive Pump-and-Treat Simulator
INSTITUTE: Rice University
(David Burden/Dick Scalf, P.O.)
TASK NO: 2069
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/92 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Philip Bedient (713) 527-4953
ABSTRACT: The goal of the project is to develop a Decision Support System (DSS) for evaluating the effectiveness of
pump-and-treat networks at Superfund sites. The approach is divided into two phases. Phase I focuses on developing the
architecture and the different components of the DSS utilizing the OASIS system computing environment. Phase II
involves porting the DSS into the PC environment. Extensive research and evaluation of programming tools will be
completed in Phase I to ensure that portability can be successfully implemented in Phase II. An interim DSS report will be
completed in late 1993 and the final DSS delivery will be completed approximately one year later.
Modeling and Design of Bioremediation Systems for
a JP-4 Jet Fuel Spill at Eglin AFB, Florida
INSTITUTE: Rice University
(James McNabb/Stephen Hutchins, P.O.)
TASK NO: 2073
PROJECT PERIOD: 11192 11 /95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Herb Ward (713) 527-4086
Philip Bedient (713) 527-4953
ABSTRACT: The objective of the project is to use site characterization and modeling to provide design for bioremediation
systems to be used in field demonstration project "Nitrate-Based Bioremediation, Eglin Air Force Base." Cone
penetrometery, aquifer tests, and infiltration tests will be conducted at the Eglin AFB to obtain physical and chemical
information on the aquifer. This information will be used in modeling to design a spray irrigation/recirculation system for
nitrate-based bioremediation treatment for iron precipitation. An interim nitrate-based bioremediation design report will
be prepared followed by the final evaluation/corrective measures design in October 1994.
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Studies on the Sulfur Mediated Biological
Denitrification Process
INSTITUTE: Orange County Water District
(Stephen Hutchins, P.O.)
TASK NO: 2074
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/92 - 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Mike Davidson (714)963-5661
ABSTRACT: The objective of the project is to conduct studies on denitrification with autotrophic microorganisms which
use inorganic sulfur as an energy source, and to incorporate these process parameters into a reactor design for treatment of
nitrate-contaminated ground water. Batch tests will be conducted to delineate basic process control parameters and reaction
kinetics, and column studies will be conducted to evaluate reactor design and systems performance. If time permits, a
laboratory-scale, complete treatment unit incorporating biological process and ion exchange will be constructed to test the
treatment strategy and provide data for economic assessment. A final report on the feasibility of this treatment train will be
prepared.
Innovative Methods for Remediation of
Subsurface Chromium Contamination
INSTITUTE: Rice University and University of Oklahoma
(James McNabb, Robert Puls, P.O.)
TASK NO: 2079
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/72 08/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Herb Ward (713) 527-4086
David Sabatini (405)325-5911
ABSTRACT: The project is designed to determine an optimal system that will significantly enhance the remediation of
subsurface environments contaminated with chromium. Laboratory batch and column tests will be used along with some
field testing to assess chromium desorption from soils and sediments and chromate recovery from contaminated ground
water.
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Microbial Characterization and Treatability Study
for a JP-4 Jet Fuel Spill at Eglin AFB, Florida
INSTITUTE: Rice University
(Stephen Hutchins, P.O.)
TASK NO: 2080
PROJECT PERIOD: 11/92 11/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Herb Ward (713) 527-4086
J.M. Thomas
ABSTRACT: The objective of the project is to conduct treatability studies to evaluate and optimize the remedial design and
to determine the effects of nitrate-based bioremediation on the microbial ecology of subsurface material contaminated with
JP-4 jet fuel. RSKERL will conduct an in-depth laboratory treatability study to determine the feasibility of using nitrate-
based bioremediation for aquifer restoration at Eglin AFB, FL. Rate constants will be used to design the remediation
system. Rice University will conduct microbial characterization during the project to assess changes in microbial ecology
and ecotoxicity once remediation is complete. The treatability studies will be completed in June 1994, and the final project
report will be issued in July 1995.
Great Plains-Rocky Mountain Hazardous
Substance Research Center, U. of Iowa
INSTITUTE: University of Iowa
(John Wilson, P.O.)
TASK NO. 2084
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 05/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: L. Erickson (913) 532-5584
ABSTRACT: The objectives of the proposed research include the following: (1) to determine the effect of redox conditions
(electron acceptor) on transformation of CT; (2) to identify pathways and metabolites of CT transformation; (3) to
investigate the abiotic degradation of CT under reduced conditions; and (4) to determine the effect of CT concentration on
transformation of CT. A progress report on modeling development will be developed.
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Response of Subsurface Microbial Communities
to the Introduction of Contaminants
INSTITUTE Cooperative Agreement
(Guy Sewell, P.O.)
TASK NO. 2085
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/95 09/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Undecided
ABSTRACT: The introduction of soluble contaminants into ground water initiates a series of complex and poorly
understood responses by subsurface microorganisms. Field and laboratory research suggests that multiple, physiologically-
defined-communities develop which are spatially and chronologically separate. These communities are most likely
ecologically defined by the flux of biologically available electron donors and acceptors. Contaminants may serve as
electron donors (e.g., fuel components), as electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate) or as both (e.g., 3,4-D). These biological
processes are potentially useful as natural attenuation mechanisms and as indicators of the extent and severity of the
release. The objective of this program will be to develop biological markers for native and contaminant induced microbial
populations and to develop a conceptual model for the ecology of contaminant impacted populations in the subsurface and
for native degradative capacities. A Report on the
Conceptual Model and Final Report of Study will be prepared.
Surfactant Enhanced Remediation
of Subsurface DNAPL Contamination
INSTITUTE: University of Oklahoma
(Candida West, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3035
PROJECT PERIOD: 11/91 10/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: David Sabatini (405)325-5911
ABSTRACT: The project is designed to develop an environmentally acceptable surfactant system for enhancing pump-and-
treat remediation technology specifically for dense, nonaqueous phase liquids. The approach involves measuring the
efficiency and effectiveness of specific classes of surfactant systems for solubilizing and mobilizing residual and free phase
DNAPLs. Studies will be conducted to test chosen systems for ionic matrix sensitivities, biodegradability, solid phase
interactions and transport properties. Two outputs will result from this effort including a Journal Article on
DNAPL/Surfactant/Soil Interactions from Batch Studies, and an Environmental Research Brief on Surfactant Enhanced
Remediation of Subsurface DNAPL Contamination.
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Evaluation of Technologies for Cleanup
of DNAPL Contaminated Sites
INSTITUTE: University of California
(Steve Schmelling, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3039
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/91 - 06/93
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Nicholas Sitar (415) 643-8623
ABSTRACT: The project is designed to prepare a comprehensive assessment of the current state of in-situ treatment
technologies for the remediation of ground-water contaminated by DNAPLs. A review and compilation of information on
in-situ DNAPL treatment technologies will be followed by an assessment of the applicability and limitations of these
technologies. A synthesis of this information will be presented in a Final Report.
Site Characterization of Ground-Water Flow
and Transport in Fractured Rock Systems for
Improvement of Pump-and-Treat Remediation
INSTITUTE: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
(Steve Kraemer, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3040
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/91 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Kenzi Karasaki (415) 486-4289
ABSTRACT: The project is designed to investigate the effects of fractured network complexity on the efficiency of the
pump-and-treat methods of aquifer remediation. The approach is to make a step-wise progressive analysis of fractured rock
conceptualizations against field observations and experiments. Geophysical and hydrologic tests will be compared to
computer model simulations. A final report describing the Behavior of Pump-and-Treat Systems in Fractured Rock Settings.
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Investigation of Surfactant Enhanced
Remediation of Aquifers Contaminated
by Dense, Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs)
INSTITUTE University of Michigan
(Candida West, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3041
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/91 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Linda Abriola (383) 763-9664
ABSTRACT: The objective of this investigation is to develop procedures for the design of effective, efficient, and
environmentally sound surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) strategies. Using two model DNAPLs, surfactant
systems will be systematically examined with respect to solubilization and mobilization enhancement. Various parameter
effects such as system temperature, ionic strength, Krafft temperature, and cloud point and sorptive properties will be
examined. After selection of an "optimal" surfactant system using batch and column experiments, model validation will be
explored. A Research Brief will be prepared on the Design of Effective, Efficient, and Environmentally Sound Surfactant
Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR) Strategies.
Super Computer Simulation of Pump-and-Treat
Methods for Aquifer Restoration
INSTITUTE: University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill
(Eva Davis, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3042
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/91 08/93
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Cass Miller (919) 966-2643
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this project are to evaluate through a modeling exercise alternative pumping schemes for
enhancing pump-and-treat ground-water remediation systems. Models will be used that take into account heterogeneity i n
the subsurface and non-ideal chemical transport phenomena, such as non-linear and non-equilibrium adsorption. A second
objective is to evaluate the capital and operating costs associated with these alternative pump-and-treat schemes. The
approach to be used for this project is to use 2- and 3-dimensional flow and transport models to simulate the effects of
various conditions on pump-and-treat ground-water remediation. The analysis will include evaluation of different initial
source conditions, different types of contaminants (NAPLs), and the effects of alternative pumping rates and schedules.
Heterogeneity of the subsurface physical and chemical parameters, such as hydraulic conductivity, and sorption parameters
and rates, will also be evaluated. An economic analysis will be performed for all simulations to show the cost for
remediation as a function of the pump-and-treat scheme used. A Report on Enhancing the Efficiency of Pump-and-Treat
Systems will be prepared.
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Artificial Aquifer Studies - East Aquifer
INSTITUTE: ManTech/RSKERL
(Carl Enfield/Roger Cosby, P.O.)
TASK NUMBER: 3046
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/91 12/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Debra Ross (405) 436-8677
ABSTRACT: The project aim is to evaluate the transport and fate of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) which are
spilled or have leaked into the subsurface. Techniques for monitoring the flow of DNAPLs will be developed and evaluated
as part of the experimental project. The remediation of the subsurface by means of pump-and-treat systems, vapor phase
extraction, and surfactant addition will also be studied. Conductivity, time domain reflectometry, and conductivity
tomography probes have been installed in the artificial aquifer. The hydraulic properties of the aquifer will be determined
using tritium or conductivity tracer studies. DNAPL selection and method of application is to be determined by the use of
applicable numerical models. A final DNAPL migration report will be prepared.
Passive Anaerobic Remediation of BTEX
Compounds in Ground Water
INSTITUTE: North Carolina State University
(John Wilson, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3060
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/92 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Robert Borden (919)515-7665
ABSTRACT: The objective of the investigation is to generate data on the rate and extent of passive anaerobic
bioremediation of BTEX compounds in ground-water plumes from fuel spills. The existing data base will be extended by
examining plumes in more heavily weathered geological material with lower pH and little buffering capacity. Laboratory
microcosm and field studies will be performed to determine the rate and extent of passive anaerobic bioremediation of BTEX
compounds. Laboratory studies will be done with core material from existing plumes which show evidence of anaerobic
processes. Field studies will compare the kinetics of depletion along flow paths in plumes to the laboratory data. An
Internal Report will be completed followed by a Final Report 07/94.
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Forced Aeration for On-Site Remediation
of Hydrocarbon Spills
INSTITUTE: U.S. Park Service
(Don Kampbell, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3061
PROJECT PERIOD: 08/92 07/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: S. Yancho (616)362-5134
»
ABSTRACT: The project is designed to develop, implement, and evaluate a system for on-site remediation of geological
materials contaminated with fuel spills. A demonstration will be conducted at the Casey's Canoe Livery Site at Sleeping
Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Empire, Michigan. Contaminated material will be excavated and transferred to a forced
aeration soil pile constructed on site. The Park Service and their contractor will develop and implement the system. A
university researcher in Michigan will do the evaluation with support from the Great Lakes and Mid Atlantic Hazardous
Research Center. An 08/92 Preliminary Internal Report will be followed by a Final Report in 08/94.
Design and Operating Parameters for the
Remediation of a Fuel Oil Contaminated
Soil Using Composting Technology
INSTITUTE: Howard University
(John Wilson/Dale Manty, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3066
PROJECT PERIOD: 05/92 08/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: James Johnson (202) 806-6570
ABSTRACT: The investigation will assess and determine the feasibility of composting fuel contaminated soil on site, as
an alternative to excavation and removal or incineration. It will also provide engineering design parameters for a field-
scale demonstration of forced aeration composting of a fuel spill. Soil from the demonstration site will be characterized. A
laboratory-scale compost reactor will be used to define optimum operating ranges for moisture, aeration, bulking agents,
inocula, and control of volatile emissions. A journal article on composting technology will be prepared.
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Remediation of Contaminated
Soils by Solvent Flushing
INSTITUTE: University of Florida
(Lynn Wood, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3069
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/92 03/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: P.S.C. Rao (904)392-1951
ABSTRACT: The project is designed to determine the ability of cosolvents to enhance the recovery of organic
contaminants from waste disposal and spill sites by in situ solvent flushing. Computer models to describe the desorption,
dissolution, and mobilization of organic chemicals from contaminated soils will be developed. Laboratory experiments
will be conducted to obtain data for the evaluation of these models. The models will be used to assess the efficiency of in
situ solvent flushing under various scenarios. A journal article will be prepared in June 1994.
Microbial Metabolism of Munitions
Wastes in Anoxic Aquifers
INSTITUTE: Rice University
(Guy Sewell, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3071
PROJECT PERIOD: 05/94 - 04/97
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Karen Petay (405) 325-4757
ABSTRACT: The objective of the investigation is to determine the metabolic fate of munitions wastes under defined
anaerobic conditions. The project will result in a number of outputs including:
• Journal Article on Pathways
• Journal Article on Stimulation
• Final Report on Microbial Metabolism of Munitions Wastes in Anoxic Aquifers
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Three-Dimensional NAPL Fate and Transport Model
INSTITUTE; University of Texas
(Jong Soo Cho, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3075
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 09/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Gary Pope (512) 471-3235
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to develop a three-dimensional model that describes subsurface contaminant
transport and transformation in a ground-water aquifer with spatially and temporally varying conditions. The eventual use
of the model will be as a planning and design tool for subsurface remediation projects. The model will incorporate
physical, chemical, and microbiological processes that are known to occur in the real world but are not well accounted for in
the current transport and fate models. A computer code with a user's manual will be developed and a workshop will be hosted
for model users.
Methods for Determining Multiphase Characteristic Curves
for Use in Designing Subsurface Bioremediation Systems
INSTITUTE: University of California at Davis
(James Weaver, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3077
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 09/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Mark Grismer (916)752-3243
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to develop rapid methods for determining capillary pressure/saturation curves
for multiphase subsurface systems. The data from these measurement techniques is needed as input data for models of fluid
flow and contaminant transport for multiphase fluid systems, such as water, air, and nonaqueous-phase liquids.
Development of Data Evaluation/Decision Support
System for Bioremediation of Subsurface Contamination
INSTITUTE: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(Mary Randolph, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3078
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 09/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Dennis McLaughlin (617)253-7176
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to develop computerized interpretation capabilities for both soft (qualitative)
and hard (quantitative) field data of hydrogeologic environments. The computer aided conceptual model is to integrate
knowledge of physical transport processes in terms of flow and transport model with statistical techniques and geologic
formation processes. Output includes 3-D image of hydrogeologic environment, spatial and temporal distribution of
contamination, and where to obtain samples to optimally refine the conceptual model.
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Development of Techniques for In Situ Bioremediation
of Chromium Contaminated Soil and Groundwater:
Phase I Laboratory Evaluation
INSTITUTE: University of Oklahoma
(Guy Sewell, P.O.)
TASKNO: 3079
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 09/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Michael Mclnerney (405) 325-4321
ABSTRACT: Design, evaluate and develop an in situ treatment technology for the use of microorganisms to reduce Cr (VI)
to the more immobile and less toxic Cr (III). Chromium contamination of the subsurface is a common environmental
problem associated with its use in many different industries and products including: electro-plating, tanning, fungicides,
corrosion inhibitors, printing inks, and photographic films. In the subsurface, chromium occurs in either the oxidized Cr
(VI) or reduced Cr (III) forms. The reduced form is relatively insoluble and has low toxicity, while the oxidized form,
chromate (CrO42-), is highly soluble, mobile and carcinogenic. Conventional pump-and-treat technologies utilized to
remediate chromium contaminated subsurface sites have limitations in terms of time, cost and effectiveness. Recently it
has been recognized that some micro-organisms can utilize oxidized metal species [including Cr (VI)] as terminal electron
acceptors for anaerobic respiration. Microbial based treatment technologies for the degradation of organic wastes have
shown great promise as a method for dealing with these compounds in situ. While metals cannot be degraded by
microorganisms, it is possible that the ability of microorganisms to alter the oxidation states of metals could be useful in
controlling the mobility and relative toxicity of contaminant metals in the subsurface, thereby mitigating their potential
human health and ecological hazard. Further information on microbial oxidation/reduction processes is needed before
efficient treatment technologies can be designed. Outputs of the project will include a Biosystems Presentation and a Final
Report.
Bioremediation of BTEX, Naphthalene, and
Phenanthrene in Aquifer Material Using Mixed
Oxygen/Nitrate Electron Acceptor Conditions
INSTITUTE Johns Hopkins University
(Steve Hutchins, P.O.)
TASKNO: 3081
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 09/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Edward Bouwer (410) 516-8668
ABSTRACT: The objective of this research is to develop a better understanding of the effect of oxygen alone, nitrate alone
or a combination of oxygen and nitrate on the biodegradation of certain mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
contaminated aquifer materials. Specifically, the proposed research will include batch studies to assess stoichiometry and
kinetics of biodegradation of target compounds under strict aerobic, strict denitrifying and mixtures of oxygen and nitrate,
column studies to simulate single continuous flow injection well, multiple injection wells and pulsed or intermittent
injection schemes under mixed electron acceptor conditions. Outputs will include a Final Report on Bioremediation of
BTEX, Naphthalene, and Phenanthrene in Aquifer Material Using Mixed Oxygen/Nitrate Electron Acceptor Conditions.
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Bioremediation of Fuel-Contaminated Aquifers
Using Mixed Electron Acceptor Conditions
INSTITUTE: University of Waterloo
(Steve Hutchins, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3082
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 09/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: J.F. Barker (519)885-1211x2103
ABSTRACT: This task will establish the role of nitrate as an electron acceptor for anaerobic biotransformation of BTEX
compounds, and to investigate whether any advantage can be expected under mixed conditions where both nitrate and
oxygen are provided. The specific objective is to evaluate the potential for degradation of benzene under conditions where
both nitrate and oxygen are available. A final report will be prepared.
Evaluation of In-Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated
Hydrocarbon Contaminated GW at Air Force Plant 44
INSTITUTE: Western Region Hazardous Substance Research Center
Center, Stanford University
(Scott Ruling, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3085
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/93 09/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Perry McCarty (415)723-4131
ABSTRACT: The USAF/CEVR is funding the U.S. EPA, RSKERL, Ada, OK, to develop a two-year project with EPA's
Western Region Hazardous Waste Research Center (Stanford and Oregon State Universities) to evaluate the efficacy and
efficiency of an in-situ bioremediation process for contaminated ground water at Air Force Plant 44. Activities will relate to
treatability studies at Stanford University and Moffett Field, California, and full-scale design, operation, and evaluation at
Plant 44 in Tucson, Arizona. A report will be prepared on the evaluation of in-situ bioremediation of chlorinated
hydrocarbon contaminated ground water at Air Force Plant 44.
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H202 and Microbial System Interactions
INSTITUTE: RSKERL/ManTech
(Roger Cosby, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3086
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/93 12/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Scott Ruling (405) 436-8610
ABSTRACT: The objective is to quantify the oxidative potential of H202 decomposition during enzymatic and
nonenzymatic catalyzed reactions and to evaluate H202 persistence in different chemical and biological solutions. The
experimental data will greatly improve the conceptual model of the oxidative effects of H202 in microbially active aquifer
material. This will help develop the theoretical and experimental framework for understanding and quantifying the effects
of H202 on parameters influencing microbial mobility, i.e., microbial and collector surfaces, and ultimately, microbial
mobility and activity in subsurface environments. Additionally, this will also help quantify the effects of microbial
populations in engineered oxidation systems and to evaluate the effects of H202 on microbial toxicity. An Internal Report
on H202 and Microbial System Interactions will be prepared.
A Pilot-Scale Demonstration of Surfactant-Enhanced
Subsurface Remediation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
INSTITUTE: University of Oklahoma
(Candida West, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3087
PROJECT PERIOD: 03/94 - 02/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Robert Knox (405)325-5911
ABSTRACT: A small-scale field study of surfactant-enhanced contaminant removal using a recirculating well system will be
conducted at the US Coast Guard Station in Traverse City, Michigan. The choice of surfactant system to be used will be
based on laboratory research conducted under Task 3035. A Report on Small-Scale Field Evaluation of Surfactant-Enhanced
Contaminant Removal will be written as the output for this project.
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China-US Soils & Ground Water Remediation Research
INSTITUTE: Sino-US International Agreement
(Bert Bledsoe, P.O.)
TASK NO: 4025
PROJECT PERIOD: Continuing
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: Strengthen scientific ties with the People's Republic of China (PRC) by conducting a cooperative research
program to study the remediation of an aquifer contaminated with diesel fuel, soil contaminated with heavy oil, and their
eventual impact on the beneficial use of the ground water. Outputs for this project include:
• Internal Report on Soils Remediation
• Internal Report on Aquifer Remediation
• Article on Soils & Aquifer Remediation
Treatment of Process Off-Gases Contaminated with
TCE Using Ex-Situ Soil Based Aerobic Bioreactors
INSTITUTE: U.S.G.S.
(John Wilson, P.O.)
TASK NO. 5001
PROJECT PERIOD: 04/94 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Theodore Ehlke (609)771-3924
ABSTRACT: This effort will develop information on the kinetics of biological TCE co-oxidation supported by JP-4,
Stoddard Solvent, Technical Grade Toluene, and Phenol. An open-file USGS report will be written.
Evaluation of Passive Remediation Techniques at
Mixed-Waste Sites Using Geochemical Barriers
INSTITUTE: Cooperative Agreement
TASK NO: 0935-001
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposed
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to evaluate the effectiveness of passive geochemical barriers for mixed waste
composed of chlorinated solvents and chromium. The project will be conducted at field scale at a well-characterized waste
site. The project will be closely interlinked with ongoing and planned laboratory research to elucidate and understand the
mechanisms at work in the field setting. A Report on the Evaluation of Passive Geochemical Barriers for Mixed Waste Sites
will be prepared.
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Design Manuals for the Extraction of Contaminants
from Unconsolidated Subsurface Environments
INSTITUTE: Cooperative Agreement
TASK NO: 0935-002
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposed
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to do a side-by-side comparison of several enhanced extraction techniques for
remediating sites with residual NAPL contamination. Techniques to be evaluated will include the addition of surfactants, the
addition of cosolvents, and the addition of thermal energy. This will be a pilot-scale field study with supporting laboratory
work. The various techniques will be compared using side-by-side cells made of sheet piling. The project will be conducted
at two or more sites to determine the effect of hydrogeologic setting on the effectiveness of the remediation technology. A
Design Manual for Extraction of Contaminants from Unconsolidated Subsurface Environments will be developed.
Evaluation of Pulsed Pumping for Improving the
Efficiency of Pump-and-Treat Remedial Actions
INSTITUTE: US Air Force
TASK NO: 0935-003
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposed
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to evaluate the improvement in efficiency that can be achieved for pump-and-
treat remedial actions through the use of pulsed pumping. The project will be a pilot-scale field study that will compare a
variety of pumping schemes. A Report on the Evaluation of Pulsed Pumping for Improving the Effectiveness of Pump-and-
Treat Remedial Actions will be written.
Evaluation of Cosolvent Flushing for
Increasing Mobility of NAPLs
INSTITUTE Cooperative Agreement
TASK NO: 0935-004
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposed
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to evaluate the feasibility of using miscible cosolvents to increase the
mobility of residual NAPLS in subsurface environments. The project will be conducted as a pilot-scale field study using
small sheet-piling cells to provide hydraulic containment.
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Transformation and Transport Processes of
Hydrocarbon Vapors in the Vadose Zone
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0935-RSFB3
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Frank Beck (405) 436-8546
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to identify the volume of hydrocarbon vapors being transported to the soil
surface by plants. The large lysimeters at the RSKERL field site will be used to examine emissions from plants growing
above contaminated soil to monitor emission enhancement by plants. A journal article will result from this project.
Oxygen Consumption in Clay Soils
Contaminated by #2 Fuel Oil
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0935-EADG2
PROJECT PERIOD: 03/94 03/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Dominic DiGiulio (405) 436-8607
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to determine the feasibility of introducing air into silty clay soils
contaminated by #2 fuel oil, and to determine the correlation of oxygen consumption rates with in-situ petroleum
hydrocarbon degradation rates using a reference alkane. This project will be carried out in the field with supporting
laboratory measurements.
Chemically Enhanced Dissolution and
Mobilization of Residual Contaminants
INSTITUTE- RSKERL
TASK NO: 0935-RSLW3
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 12/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Lynn Wood (405)436-8552
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to assess the ability of organic cosolvents to enhance the removal of residual-
phase organic contaminants by in-situ soil flushing. Soil columns containing residual NAPLs will be eluted with mixtures
of water and organic cosolvents. The rates and extent of NAPL dissolution and mobilization will be assessed under differing
experimental conditions. Successful laboratory results will be evaluated in the field in cooperation with the University of
Florida under Task 1086. Outputs for the project include a Journal article and a Research Brief or Issue Paper on Solvent
Flushing for Subsurface Remediation.
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Remediation of Chromium Contaminated Soils
and Ground Water at a Chrome Plating Site
/
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 2072
PROJECT PERIOD: 06/92 - 09/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Robert Puls (405) 436-8543
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to use a chrome plating site at Elizabeth City, North Carolina to develop and
test innovative remediation techniques for metal-contaminated waste sites. The project will include laboratory and field
testing of soil washing, in-situ mobilization, and ground water sampling techniques. Project outputs will include a Journal
article and an EPA Issue Paper on Remediation of Chrome Plating Waste Sites.
Sorption of Polar Organic Compounds
to Colloidal Particles
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0940-RSSM3
PROJECT PERIOD: 08/92 11/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Susan Mravik (405) 436-8553
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to investigate the relationship between the characteristics of polar, ionizable
organic compounds and their sorption to particles with different properties such as clay mineralogy, surface charge, and
organic carbon content. The approach will be to select compounds for study that will cover a range of pKa and log Kow
values. Sorbents that will provide a range in clay mineralogy and organic carbon content will be selected. The project will
be initiated with batch studies at various values of pH. The results of the batch studies will be used to plan column studies to
investigate transport of the ionic compounds.
Pore-Scale Investigation of the Behavior
of Remedial Fluids
INSTITUTE: Cooperative Agreement
TASK NO: 0946-001
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposed
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: Laboratory and numerical investigations will be carried out concerning the behavior of pore-scale phenomena
that are expected to influence the successful application of chemical additives for the removal of nonaqueous-phase liquids.
A Report on the Pore-Scale Behavior of Remedial Fluids will be developed.
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Changes in Subsurface Wetting Behavior
in the Presence of NAPLs
INSTITUTE: RSKERL/ManTech
TASK NO: 0946-002
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposed
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The wetting properties of aquifer materials are one of the important factors controlling the migration of
NAPLs and the likelihood of successful removal. Although these materials are normally water wet, there is evidence that
they may become oil wet under long-term exposure to NAPLs. This project will collect laboratory data to measure the
extent of these changes in wetting behavior and the conditions under which it occurs. The output for this project will be a
Report on Changes in Subsurface Wetting Behavior in the Presence of NAPLs.
Abiotic Reduction of Chrome from
Zero-Valence Iron Dissolution
INSTITUTE: RSKERL/ManTech
TASK NO: 0946-004
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposed
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to develop data on the mechanisms of chrome reduction kinetics in the
presence of elemental iron, the kinetics of the electrolytic reduction process, the effect of sulfate and other anionic species
on both processes, the effect of soil mineralogy, and the potential for reactivating the iron surface following the
development of an oxidized coating. The work will be carried out in laboratory-scale stirred batch reactors to evaluate the
effects of variations of critical parameters. The results of these laboratory studies will be used to plan possible field
evaluation of this methodology for remediation of sites with chromium contamination.
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Evaluation of Proposed Closure
Criteria at Remediated Sites
INSTITUTE: Cooperative Agreement
TASK NO: 0948-001
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposed
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to evaluate different approaches that have been proposed for establishing
scientifically soil cleanup levels or closure criteria for hazardous waste sites. This effort will use a combination of
laboratory work and evaluation of the approaches by an expert panel. The output from this task will be a report delineating
the suitability of various screening tools for specific applications including site specific methodologies that would require
a more detailed analysis of the hydrogeologic system. The project will result in a Report on the Evaluation of Proposed
Soil Screening Level Criteria.
Natural Attenuation of Ground Water
Contaminants at Air Force Installations
INSTITUTE: RSKERL (US Air Force)
TASK NO: 0949-001
PROJECT PERIOD: 06/93 - 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: John Wilson (405) 436-8532
ABSTRACT: The bioremediation research team of RSKERL has developed a provisional strategy to evaluate the rate and
extent of natural attenuation of organic contaminants in ground water. Under this IAG, the bioremediation research team
will apply the provisional strategy to two plumes located on U.S. Air Force Installations. Samples will be taken at
locations extending from the source of each plume, along the midline to the periphery of each plume. Soil and ground-water
samples from the plumes will be analyzed for the concentrations of contaminants, nutrients, and electron acceptors. This
information will be input to the BIOPLUME II model, which will be used to estimate attenuation. The project will produce a
Draft Guidance on Assessing Natural Attenuation of Ground Water Contaminants at Air Force Installations.
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Denitrification for Bioremediatiun of a
Refinery Spill - Park City, Kansas
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 3031
PROJECT PERIOD: 02/92 08/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: John Wilson (405) 436-8532
ABSTRACT: The objective is to evaluate the relative efficacy of (1) BTEX fermentation, (2) BTEX denitrification, and (3)
BTEX denitrification supplemented with oxygen for remediation of subsurface contamination with refined petroleum
hydrocarbons. A spill from a refinery pipeline in Park City, Kansas will be subdivided into six plots of about an acre each.
One plot will recirculate ground water amended with ammonium chloride to stimulate fermentation of BTEX compounds. A
second plot will recirculate ammonium chloride and sodium nitrate, and a third plot will recirculate ammonium chloride,
sodium nitrate, and oxygen. This task will provide the following output.
• A journal article describing the success of nitrate for bioremediation of a fuel spill in a full-scale remediation
Bioventing to Remediate a JP-4 Spill at the
USCG Site at Elizabeth City, North Carolina
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 3064
PROJECT PERIOD: 06/92 09/93
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: John Wilson (405) 435-8532
ABSTRACT: Air Sparging and Air Injection are new techniques for in situ bioremediation. They are finding wide
application, but there is little documentation of their performance at field scale. This project will carry out Air Injection at
a JP-4 spill site. We will document the performance of Air Injection with respect to reduction in contaminant mass in
ground water and soil. A Journal Article Describing the Efficacy of Air Injection for Treatment of Subsurface Fuel Spills will
be developed.
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Feasibility Study on Enhancement of Nitrate-Based
Bioremediation Using Surfactants
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0949-RPBW1
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/93 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Barbara Wilson (405) 436-8993
ABSTRACT: Conduct laboratory studies of biorestoration supported by denitrification aided by use of surfactants. A series
of experiments will be conducted to determine whether denitrification using nitrate can be significantly enhanced by
increasing bioavailability of fuel components through the process of micellization. This process would be unique in that
the surfactant chosen would be nonbiodegradable under denitrifying conditions (anaerobic), but would be readily degraded
under aerobic conditions, and in fact, aid in the final "polishing11 step, the aerobic biodegradation of any residual
contaminant components. Studies will be conducted using contaminated aquifer materials collected from field sties. The
results of these studies will be evaluated to determine if further studies are warranted. The investigation will result in the
following outputs:
• ACS Presentation
• Journal Article
Vinyl Chloride/TCE at St. Joseph, MI Site
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0949-RPDK4
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/93 08/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Don Kampbell (405) 436-8564
ABSTRACT: The project is designed to determine amount of TCE plume entering nearby Lake Michigan. A final report on
on Vinyl Chloride/TCE at St. Joseph, MI Site will be prepared.
Aerobic Co-Oxidation of TCE Vapors
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0949-RPDK3
PROJECT PERIOD: 01/90 12/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Don Kampbell (405) 436-8564
ABSTRACT: Demonstrate enhanced cometabolic degradation of TCE and other chlorinated analogs in the presence of
petroleum hydrocarbon microbial utilizers. A Journal Article on Aerobic Co-Oxidation of TCE Vapors will be published.
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Reductive Anaerobic Biological In-Situ Treatment
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0949-RPGS3
PROJECT PERIOD: 01/93 12/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Guy Sewell (405) 436-8566
ABSTRACT: Design and field test (pilot scale) reductive anaerobic bioremediation. To date bioremediation technologies
have focused on the use of bacteria to oxidize organic contaminants under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The
organisms may utilize the contaminant as a metabolizable carbon source or nutrient, or be induced to co-metabolize it in the
presence of the proper inducer. Biotransformation also can occur where the targeted contaminant serves as terminal
electron acceptor and is thereby reduced. Many contaminants which are recalcitrant to bio-oxidative attack have been
shown to undergo reductive biotransformations. These reductive biotransformations can lead to detoxification,
mineralization and/or mobility alterations of the target compounds. Two model compounds have been identified for
possible targets of reductive anaerobic bioremedial in-situ technologies (RABIT); chromate (CR VI) and tetrachloroethene
(PCE). The investigation will result in the development of a Treatment Design and Operational Protocol.
Petroleum Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Under
Mixed Denitrifying/Microaerophilic Conditions
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0949-RPDM3
PROJECT PERIOD: 03/93 10/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Dennis Miller (405) 436-8567
ABSTRACT: To conduct laboratory treatability studies of biorestoration supported by mixed denitrifying/microaerophilic
conditions for clean-up of a fuel spill in a selected aquifer. A Journal Article on Use of Low Oxygen Levels to Enhance
Nitrate-Based Bioremediation will be published.
Prepared Bed Bioremediation in Buried Lifts as
Affected by Oz Concentrations in Soil Gas
INSTITUTE: Utah State University
(Scott Ruling, P.O.)
TASK NO: 0949-003
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/93 - 03/96
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Ron Sims (801) 750-2926
ABSTRACT: The project is designed to determine whether contaminants in buried lifts in land treatment units continue to
degrade with time. A project report will be developed at the end of the investigation.
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Biological Treatment of Trichloroethylene
Contaminated Process Off-Gas
INSTITUTE; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Waterways Experiment Station
(John Wilson, P.O.)
TASK NO: 0949-004
PROJECT PERIOD: 04/94 - 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Mark Zappi/Capt. R. Morgan (601)634-2856
ABSTRACT: This investigation is designed to evaluate a variety of candidate column packings for support of key microbial
consortia for treatment of a TCE contaminated gas stream. A final report will be prepared.
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UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL
Research in support of the Underground Injection Control Program is directed at
developing methods to assure the mechanical integrity of the injection well itself,
and that wastes remain in the zone of injection. Research is also aimed at
determining the fate of wastes that enter the injection zone.
Injection Well Mechanical Integrity
INSTITUTE East Central University
(Jerry Thomhill, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1060
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/91 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Bob Benefield (405) 332-8000
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this project are to test methods for determining internal (no significant leaks in casing,
tubing, and packer) and external (no significant fluid movement through vertical channels adjacent to the injection well
bore) mechanical integrity of injection wells to assure that the use of such wells will not endanger underground sources of
drinking water, public health, or the environment. The approach to the project is to evaluate various production logging
techniques to track fluid movement within and behind pipe, and through leaks to zones other than the designated injection
zones. Specific well conditions will be simulated in a series of research wells. Tools and techniques will be evaluated to
determine how they work, what they measure, and how these measurements are related to flow. At the end of the project a
Report will be prepared discussing the Tests for Flow Behind Pipe.
Potential for Invasion of Underground Sources
of Drinking Water Through Mud-Plugged Wells:
An Experimental Appraisal
INSTITUTE: Oklahoma State University
(Don Draper, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1065
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/91 -09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Marvin Smith (405)744-5711
ABSTRACT: The objective of the project is to determine whether a predictable relationship exists between the standard
measured properties of drilling mud, the in-situ well plugging fluid, the adjacent reservoir permeability, and the differential
pressure which causes invasion of reservoirs. In order to accomplish these objectives two systems and five subsystems are
to be designed and constructed. Pre-test procedures will be required for cores and fluids. Tests to be performed will be well
system simulation, mudcake, effective permeability, and mud setting. A final report of the findings will be prepared.
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WELLHEAD PROTECTION
The 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act require the delineation of
protection areas around public water wells to protect water systems. RSKERL is
conducting research to advance the fundamental scientific knowledge of subsurface
processes, develop new wellhead protection methods, and provide technical
assistance on basic scientific and engineering wellhead protection issues. The
audiences for research results are EPA's Regional Offices, state and local officials,
and public water suppliers.
Hydrogeologic Mapping to Delineate
Wellhead Protection Zones Around Springs
INSTITUTE: State of Utah
(Steve Acree, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1052
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/90 02/93
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Mark Jensen (801)531-6459
ABSTRACT: The project is designed to develop and field test an applicable hydrogeologic mapping method to delineate
wellhead protection zones around springs. The use of hydrogeologic mapping techniques will be used to determine the zone
of contribution to two springs in differing hydrogeologic settings, then verify the zone of contribution with chemical
analyses and hydrologic studies. A Final Report titled "Methods for Delineating Wellhead Protection Zones Around
Springs" will be prepared.
The Development of a Risk Management
Strategy for Wellhead Protection
INSTITUTE: University of Miami
(David Burden, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1054
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/91 08/93
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: David Chin (305) 284-3391
ABSTRACT: The principal objective of the project will be to develop a risk-management strategy for wellhead protection
that can be directly utilized in formulating land use controls within a protection area. Using the risk management strategy,
contaminant source fluxes and attenuation characteristics are taken as random variables, and the probability distribution of
the resulting contaminant concentration in the pumped water is then estimated. By defining maximum allowable
contaminant levels at the wellhead, the risk of exceeding these allowable levels for given land uses may be calculated. As a
consequence to defining an acceptable level of risk, land use controls may then be implemented within the protection area
based on a clearly defined quantitative measure. A Final Report titled "Development of a Risk-Management Strategy for
Wellhead Protection" will be prepared.
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Determination of Subsurface Assimilative Capacity
INSTITUTE- RSKERL
TASK NO: 1057
PROJECT PERIOD: 01/91 12/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Michael Jawson (405) 436-8560
ABSTRACT: This project is designed to develop a method for delineating wellhead protection areas based on the use of the
assimilative capacity criterion which; (a) can be applied by the majority of the states, (b) is scientifically defensible, and
(c) can be used to address significant contamination threats to public water supply wells. The initial tasks are the
identification and classification of contaminants that currently present the greatest health threat to public ground-water
supplies, and to evaluate the processes which contribute to the assimilative capacity in order to develop integrated
assimilative capacity precepts. Eventually, a model incorporating assimilative capacity into the delineation of wellhead
protection zones will be developed either by modifying an existing model or through the development of a new model. An
Interim Report for the Application of Assimilative Capacity Criteria to Wellhead Protection Delineation Methods will be
prepared as well as a Report on Contaminant Identification and Classification.
Delineation of Wellhead Protection Zones:
Consideration of Virus Transport
INSTITUTE: University of Arizona
(Guy Sewell, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1058
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/91 05/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Charles Gerba (602)621-6906
ABSTRACT: The objective of the study is to enable EPA to delineate wellhead protection zones with respect to source areas
contributing bacteria and viruses into ground water. The approach will be to examine the effects of changes in pH, ionic
strength, and water content on the retention and release of sorbed viruses. The Final Report will discuss the Delineation of
Wellhead Protection Zones with Respect to Virus Transport.
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Demonstration of the Analytical Element
Method for Wellhead Protection
INSTITUTE: Indiana University
(Stephen Kraemer, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1059
PROJECT PERIOD: 06/91 12/93
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Henk Haitjema (812)855-0731
ABSTRACT: The purpose of the project is to demonstrate and adopt the new solution technique known as the Analytical
Element Method for application in wellhead protection. The objective will be accomplished by developing a public domain
model with manual and user's guide supporting EPA personnel in developing proficiency with the technique, and
demonstrating the applicability of the technique at a field site to be selected in consultation with EPA staff. The following
outputs will result from this investigation:
• Prototype versions of programs released for testing.
• Beta version with on screen editor and draft manuals.
• Final version of programs.
• Final Report of the Demonstration of the Analytical Element Method for Wellhead Protection.
Capture Zone Delineation:
Models and Experiments
INSTITUTE: New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
(Stephen Kraemer, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1062
PROJECT PERIOD: 07/91 01/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: John L. Wilson (505) 835-5308
ABSTRACT: A series of field experiments and computer modeling simulations will be applied at the Borden Site in Ontario,
Canada. The objectives include: (1) the validation or invalidation of existing capture zone delineation methods, (2) an
improvement in understanding the behavior and nature of capture zones in real aquifers, and (3) the investigation of new and
improved concepts and methods for delineation. The field experiments will involve detailed head measurements and
observations of tracer breakthrough curves during pumping at a well. The experimental design will be assisted by the use of
existing computer programs. The observed time-of-travel delineated capture zones will be compared to the predicted zones
in order to contribute a level of validation of existing modeling techniques. Improvement of existing models will be
suggested by the field results. A Final Report on the Validation of Models for Delineating Capture Zones in Wellhead
Protection will be prepared at the end of the project.
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Capture Zone Delineation Using the EPA
WHPA Model and Other Codes: A Comparative
Study in Ellis County, Kansas.
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 1063
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/90 09/92
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: David Burden (405) 436-8606
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project was initially to assist the City of Hays, Kansas, in the establishment of a
Wellhead Protection Program. Since the initial meeting with the Ellis County Water Wellhead Protection Committee,
RSKERL has been providing assistance in the form of actual computer modeling of the wellfield. The purpose is to conduct
in-house research on the effectiveness of EPA's WHPA Model and compare the results with other popular delineation codes
being used in wellhead protection. The approach will initially consist of using EPA's WHPA Model Version 1.0 to
delineate capture zones. This will be followed by using the Version 2.0 of the WHPA Model and comparing the results of
both WHPA models with other computer codes used to delineate capture zones. The final phase of the project will involve
incorporating the results of the capture zones into a Geographic Information System. The Final Report will be an
Evaluation of the Wellhead Protection Area Delineation Methods, including the use of the WHPA Code at Hays, Kansas.
Technical Assistance and Technology
Transfer in Wellhead Protection
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 1064
PROJECT PERIOD: Continuing
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: David Burden (405) 436-8606
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to provide technical assistance and technology transfer to communities,
towns, and cities desiring to know and learn more about establishing a wellhead protection program in their area. The basic
approach includes conducting seminars and making presentations about the EPA Wellhead Protection Program.
Presentations typically consist of explaining the basic idea of a wellhead protection program, discussing RSKERL's current
research activities in this area, and if requested, providing software demonstrations of EPA's WHPA Model.
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Contaminant Identification and Classification
INSTITUTE University of Oklahoma
(Michael Jawson, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1066
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/91 12/92
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Larry Canter (405) 325-5202
ABSTRACT: The primary objectives of this project are to identify and prioritize those contaminants and their associated
sources which present the greatest health threat in public ground-water supplies. Five tasks will be undertaken. The initial
task involves specific decision making and detailed planning to be done in conjunction with EPA Headquarters. Task two
involves the documentation of problems experienced with public ground-water supplies including the identification of
contaminants and their sources as well as potential future contaminants. The third Task consists of the development of a
classification system. Task four will highlight case studies selected from the survey of Task two and will be used to
illustrate those findings and the applicability of the classification system. The final Task will be to prepare the summary
report. The first output of the project will be the Identification and Classification Report. This will be followed by a report
of findings of the Survey of Major Contaminants Impacting Public Drinking Water Wells.
Ground-Water Flow in a Carbonate
Aquifer, Southern Oklahoma
INSTITUTE: USGS
(Stephen Kraemer, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1074
PROJECT PERIOD: 03/93 02/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Ronald Hanson (405)231-4256
ABSTRACT: The overall objective of this study is to develop, improve, and test methods to quantify and describe deeply
circulating ground-water flow in carbonate aquifers. The tools and technologies will be used to characterize the Simpson
Arbuckle Aquifer in south-central Oklahoma. Activities include: database construction; borehole logging of a single open
hole; design packer hydraulic tests and a geochemical sampling; and sampling three wells for carbon, hydrogen isotopes,
dissolved cations and anions to assist in age dating the water. Reports will be prepared describing the results of the
investigation.
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System Analysis for Evaluating
Aquifer Assimilative Capacity
INSTITUTE Rice University Consortium
(David Burden, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1075
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/92 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Herb Ward (713) 527-4086
Phil Bedient (713) 527-4953
ABSTRACT: The result of this research will be a highly organized system of models and databases which will be applied to
a demonstration aquifer for defining and calculating assimilative capacity under a variety of assumptions. Aquifer data will
be mapped using a GIS and models will be applied from the surface through the unsaturated and saturated zones to the nearest
major water supply well having a wellhead protection zone. Dilution, sorption, and biodegradation of a variety of organic
contaminants will be carefully evaluated, as they relate to transport and fate mechanisms in the subsurface. As a result, the
project will combine both computational and experimental approaches to evaluating aquifer and subsurface assimilative
capacity. Ground-water flow and transport models, aquifer databases from fate and transport research, and decision support
tools will be integrated in a systems analysis approach of aquifer assimilative capacity. Activity will center on a specific
aquifer selected on the basis of available data, appropriateness of descriptive models, and use.
Economic Value of Ground Water
INSTITUTE: National Research Council
(James McNabb, P.O.)
TASK NO: 1081
PROJECT PERIOD:
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this effort is to evaluate approaches for assessing the long-term economic value of ground
water and the economic impacts if ground water is contaminated or depleted. The study will be carried out by the National
Academy of Sciences/National Research Council over a period of two-years. The NRC will appoint a committee of experts
to (1) review and critique various approaches for estimating the future value of the subsurface and uncontaminated ground
water; (2) delineate preferred approaches; (3) outline what needs to be done to implement the recommended approaches; and
(4) illustrate through examples how recommended procedures would be applied in practice for representative applications.
The investigation will result in a NAS/NRC Report on Assessing the Future Value of Ground Water
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Risk Management Decision Support System (RMDSS)
for Wellhead Protection
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 1082
PROJECT PERIOD:
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: David Burden (405) 436-8606
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to build a decision support system for calculating the risk to ground water
caused by numerous types of human activities. The system will correlate commercial/residential activities and land use with
the probability of a deleterious effect at the wellhead. The probability of occurrence of an accident within the zone of
contribution will be incorporated into existing codes that estimate the risk that the ground water at the wellhead will be
contaminated and the path and arrival time of that contaminant at the wellhead. A Risk Management Decision Support
System (RMDSS) for Wellhead Protection will be produced by the project.
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MATHEMATICAL MODELING
RSKERL scientists are developing and testing a variety of mathematical models that
describe and predict contaminant transport in porous and fractured media under a
variety of conditions from biodegradation to immiscible flow. From planning and
evaluating remediation scenarios, to identifying wellhead protection areas and
permitting injection wells, mathematical modeling is becoming an increasingly
important tool in Agency decision making.
Multiphase Flow in Soils: Modeling
and Experimental Study
INSTITUTE; University of Colorado
(James Weaver, P.O.)
TASK NO: 2036
PROJECT PERIOD: 07/90 05/92
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Tissa Illangasekare (303) 492-6644
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this project is to make detailed laboratory measurements of the distribution of water, an oily
phase, and air during and after simulated spills and rainfall events. The purpose is also to measure the necessary model
parameters so that experiments can be used to test simple models developed at CU and RSKERL. The existing dual-gamma
system at UC-Boulder will be used to determine fluid distributions in laboratory columns after intermittent applications of
the oily phase and water. Several scenarios, which correspond to assumptions in the models to be tested, will be simulated.
Saturated conductivities and capillary pressures will be measured using a flow-pump technique in order to determine the basic
data needed by the models. Experiments will also be run in a two-dimensional tank to evaluate the usage of one-
dimensional models. A final report will be prepared on Laboratory and Modeling Studies of Multiphase Flow.
Three-Dimensional Modeling of Subsurface Flow,
and Fate and Transport of Microbes and Chemicals
INSTITUTE: Penn State University
(Thomas Short, P.O.)
TASK NO: 2055
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/91 12/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: George Yeh (814) 863-2931
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this project are to develop a three-dimensional numerical algorithm for the solution of the
saturated-unsaturated transport equations for multiple components that undergo mutual reactions based on the LEZOOM
approach and to analyze test data produced from physical model aquifers at RSKERL. A mathematical code will be developed
which is capable of simulating experimental runs on RSKERL physical model aquifers. The results produced by the code
will be compared with experimental data to determine if the proposed mathematical description of the mechanisms involved
is adequate. A report with the same title as the project will be prepared.
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Validation of the Approximate
Multiphase Flow Models
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 2059
PROJECT PERIOD: 09/91 09/93
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: James Weaver (405) 364-8545
ABSTRACT: The object of the project is to test the KOPT (Kinematic Oily Pollutant Transport) portion of the HSSM
(Hydrocarbon Spill Simulation Model) by comparison with laboratory data. Several oils will be released into specially
designed columns which are packed with various porous media. The ponding depth and depth of the oil front will be
recorded as functions of time. Independent measurements of the model parameters will be made on the column. The average
values of the parameters will be used as KOPT model input data. The model results will be compared with the laboratory data
experiments. Monte Carlo simulation will be used to assess the impact of uncertainty in the values of the parameters.
Three-Dimensional Multiphase Flow and
Contaminant Transport Mathematical Model
INSTITUTE: University of Vermont
(Thomas Short, P.O.)
TASK NO: 2076
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/92 10/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: George Finder (802) 656-3390
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to develop mathematical modeling of the processes involved in the movement
of mixtures of nonaqueous phase liquids through the vadose zone into the aquifer. The model will include the presencs of a
vapor phase, solid phase, and the nonaqueous phase. The model will be three-dimensional and be applicable to both dense
nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) and light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs). This model will be used to evaluate
experimental data being collected in an ongoing research project using a large-scale physical model aquifer. In addition,
the model will be applicable to full-scale contamination sites. A final report of the investigations will be issued in October
1995.
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Screening Methods for Hydrocarbon
Spills and Recovery
INSTITUTE: Rice University and University of Texas
(Jim Weaver, P.O.)
TASK NO: 2078
PROJECT PERIOD: 02/92 -12/95
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Herb Ward (713) 527-4086
Randy Charbeneau (713) 471 -0070
ABSTRACT: The objective of the project is to extend the Hydrocarbon Spill Screening Model to include additional
processes and geologic settings. Five areas are proposed for the extension of the model. These include heterogeneous
media in the vadose zone, volatilization of the chemical, flow of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), biodegradation
in the saturated zone, and flow of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in the capillary fringe. For each of these extensions,
the current understanding of the processes involved will be used to develop further conceptualizations. Based on the
qualitative and quantitative understanding, an appropriate mathematical model will be developed. The models will, to the
degree that is possible, be based on analytic or semi-analytic solutions of the mathematical models. The resulting models
will be incorporated into existing Microsoft Windows user interface. The computer simulation models, user documentation,
and Window user interface will be completed in December, 1995.
Compilation of Saturated/Unsaturated Zone
Models and Development and Application of
Testing Methods and Benchmark Cases
INSTITUTE: Colorado School of Mines
(James McNabb, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3038
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/91 10/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Paul van der Heijde (303) 273-3800
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this project are to enhance the existing knowledge of ground-water models and their utility
and performance, develop guidance in applying quality assurance in model development, and address other scientific issues
related to the use of ground-water models. The approach to carrying out this project will be: (1) to enhance existing data
bases on ground-water models, (2) characterize and analyze models for their utility and performance, (3) develop and apply
testing and validation procedures to prominent public domain models, (4) develop and provide detailed guidance in the
development of models, and (5) develop issue papers on critical topics in ground-water modeling. A Report on Analytical
Solutions will be prepared along with a Report on the Status of Ground-Water Models.
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Evaluation of Ground-Water Pump-and-Treat
Systems at the Gilson Road Superfund Site,
Nashua, NH, with Ground-Water Models
INSTITUTE: University of Cincinnati
(Randall Ross, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3068
PROJECT PERIOD: 10/92 09/94
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Milovan Beljin (513) 556-5421
ABSTRACT: The objective of the project is to maximize the efficiency of the existing ground-water pump-and-treat system
by modifying and enhancing previous ground-water modeling efforts at the site and to recommend system modifications to
increase system efficiency. A database will also be prepared for use with GIS. Historical site information will be used to
modify and enhance previous ground-water modeling efforts at the site to evaluate the performance of the existing ground-
water remediation and determine the changes necessary to increase the efficiency of that system. A database will also be
constructed to be utilized during future site assessments. An interim report will be prepared and a final report on the
investigation will be prepared in September 1994.
Application of Electromagnetic Tomography
to Monitoring DNAPL
INSTITUTE: University of Arizona
(Carl Enfield, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3073
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposal
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to develop methods of mapping the movement of NAPLs through
unconsolidated soils. The approach will be to evaluate the use of changes in dielectric permittivity to assess the spatial
location of DNAPLs as a function of time. Data to evaluate the method will be supplied from studies taking place in
RSKERL's large physical models. Output from this project will be available for evaluating models of DNAPL movement.
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Four-Dimensional Electrical Imaging of Subsurface
Contaminants with Applications to a Controlled Spill
INSTITUTE Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(Carl Enfield, P.O.)
TASK NO: 3074
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposal
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to develop methods for three-dimensional mapping of the movement of
NAPLs through unconsolidated soils. The approach will be to use low frequency current and evaluate induced polarization
by organic chemistry. Data for this project will be supplied by RSKERL from studies taking place in its large physical
models. Output from this project will be available for evaluating models of vadose zone transport of NAPLs.
A Computer Program to Model Bioventing of Organic
Contaminants in Unsaturated Geological Material
INSTITUTE University of Michigan
(Candida West, P.O.)
TASKNO: 3080
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposal
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: Bioventing is the process of delivering oxygen to the unsaturated zone through the advective flow of air.
This task will develop and validate a 2-dimensional (vertical cross section) computer model that describes the transport and
biotransformation of volatile organic compounds in the unsaturated zone. The model will incorporate physical, chemical,
and microbiological processes that are known to occur in the real world, but are not well accounted for in current transport
and fate models. This task will provide an improved computer model of bioventing (source codes and compiled versions,
including a user's manual).
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Modeling Flow through Fractured Media-Testing
Continuum vs. Discrete Conceptualizations
INSTITUTE RSKERL
TASK NO: 0384-RSSK1
PROJECT PERIOD: Pending
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Steve Kraemer (405) 436-8549
ABSTRACT: The objective of this task is to build conceptual understanding of flow through fractured media by testing
mathematical representations within a computer model. The computer program will be used to test discrete fracture
networks for their replacement by equivalent porous medium representations. Graphical output from the computer program
will be used to document the emergence of preferred flow pathways within random distributions of fractures. Discrete flow
can be a critical factor when designing wellhead protection areas or pump-and-treat systems for aquifer remediation.
Evaluation of Multiphase Flow and Transport
Models in a Large Two-Dimensional Physical Model
INSTITUTE Cooperative Agreement
TASK NO: 0939-001
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposal
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to evaluate subsurface multiphase flow and transport models in a large two-
dimensional physical model. A dual gamma system will be used to provide quantitative data on fluid composition and
movement. Visual observations will be made to provide qualitative information on the fluid behavior. Many of the most
commonly used multiphase codes are two dimensional, but there is a paucity of data with which to evaluate these models to
determine their suitability for risk assessment and other decision making needs.
Determination of Mass Transfer Rates between
Mobile/Immobile Soil-Air Regions
INSTITUTE RSKERL
TASK NO: 0939-EADG1
PROJECT PERIOD: Pending
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Dominic DiGiulio (405) 436-8607
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this project are: (a)to modify mobile/immobile soil-water theory for application in gas flow
models: quantify mass transfer rates between immobile gas/liquid regions and mobile gas regions in unsaturated soils; and
(c) determine mass transfer rates as a function of volumetric moisture content and pore-gas velocity. Laboratory studies will
be conducted using conservative gas tracers in soil columns to assess the effects of selected parameters on mass transfer
rates. Models used for aqueous systems will be modified for gas flow use.
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Evaluation of Dual Source Gamma
Ray Absorption System
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0939-RSED1
PROJECT PERIOD: Pending
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Eva Davis (405) 436-8548
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to test, and calibrate a dual energy gamma ray absorption system for making
both quantitative and qualitative measurements of multiphase fluid flow in one- and two-dimensional physical models. The
output for the project will be a User's Guide Dual Source for Gamma Ray Absorption.
Development of Lagrangian Methods for
Subsurface Contaminant Transport Analysis
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0939-RSJW4
PROJECT PERIOD: Pending
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: James Weaver (405) 436-8545
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to evaluate the use of specific Lagrangian methods for the simulation of
subsurface contaminant transport in heterogeneous porous media. A numerical model of subsurface contaminant transport
which is particularly suited for coding for massively parallel computers will be developed using the concepts of Lagrangian
fluid mechanics. A second phase of the project will particularly emphasize solutions for heterogenous geologic settings.
The results of the model will be compared with known analytic solutions or data from physical models. A journal article
will be published.
Soil Vacuum Model
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0935-RSJC1
PROJECT PERIOD: Pending
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Jong Soo Cho (405) 436-8547
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to obtain data for parameters for a first-order kinetic model of soil vacuum
extraction (SVE) under the operating conditions of laboratory soil columns, and for removal rates of volatile organic
compounds from these columns under various operating conditions. The output chemical concentrations and residual mass
of VOCs inside the soil will be fit to the proposed model with the least square method. The output of the project will be a
peer-reviewed journal article.
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Intermediate-Scale Evaluation of Subsurface
Transport and Fate Models
INSTITUTE: Cooperative Agreement
TASK NO: 0948-002
PROJECT PERIOD: Proposal
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to use large-scale physical models or pilot-scale field sites to develop data sets
that can be used to evaluate subsurface transport and fate models. The intermediate-scale evaluations will be conducted in
conjunction with necessary laboratory work to independently evaluate model parameters. A Report on the Intermediate-
Scale Evaluation of Subsurface Transport and Fate Models will be developed.
Parameter Sensitivity Evaluation of Selected
Unsaturated Zone Models
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0948-EAJW1
PROJECT PERIOD: Pending
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Joe Williams (405) 436-8608
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to evaluate the ability of various unsaturated zone models to predict the
transport and fate of hazardous constituents remaining in soils following remediation. Sensitivity analysis will be
performed on ten unsaturated zone models to quantitatively evaluate model result sensitivity to variations in model input
parameters. Activities carried out under this task will compile the findings of related activities under Task Nos. 3036,
3037, and 3058.
Sensitivity of Model Predicted Chemical Transport
to Boundary Conditions at the Soil Surface
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0948-EAJW2
PROJECT PERIOD: Pending
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Joe Williams (405) 436-0608
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project is to evaluate the sensitivity of contaminant flux within the soil profile and at
the water table to surface boundary conditions for water and chemicals. The approach will be to use the LEACHM model for
the prediction of water movement and contaminant transport in the unsaturated zone to determine the degree of detail needed
in surface boundary conditions for water recharge. Information will be developed to base decisions for recharge estimates
for the determination of soil cleanup levels for remediation design purposes. The work will result in a project report or
issue paper.
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EIT Inverse Solution
INSTITUTE: RSKERL
TASK NO: 0948-RS JC3
PROJECT PERIOD: Pending
PRINCIPAL
INVESTIGATOR: Jong Soo Cho (405) 436-8547
ABSTRACT: The objective is to solve the inverse resistivity problem for a three dimensional heterogeneous media based
on experimental data obtained from physical model at RSKERL. Future allocations will be used to expand the solution to
include dialectric properties in addition to the resistive properties. The electrical properties of an aquifer are made up of two
primary components: resistivity and permittivity.
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TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND
INFORMATION TRANSFER
The application of research results through technical assistance on a
variety of environmental issues has been a tradition at the RSKERL
since its beginning in 1965. Even though the Laboratory gained a
national and international reputation for its research, it was not until
1986 that events occurred which led to a structured program in
technical assistance and made it an integral part of the Laboratory's
activities, particularly with regard to the remediation of soil and
ground water at hazardous waste sites.
Following the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, Regional decision makers, charged with
administering cost-effective and permanent restoration technologies at Superfund Sites, quickly became overburdened
by the technical complexity of this responsibility. Informed decisions concerning soils and ground-water remediation
required a broad, interdisciplinary, state-of-the-science level of expertise in a rapidly developing and complex
environmental field.
In 1987, in order to make EPA's Office of Research and Development scientists more accessible to Regional decision
makers, the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) provided direct funding to ORD laboratories
in Las Vegas, Cincinnati, Athens, and Ada to establish Superfund Technology Support Centers.
The goal of the RSKERL Technology Support Program is to provide state-of-science technical support to those
charged with making decisions concerning ground water protection and restoration, especially site remediation
decision makers, Remedial Project Managers (RPMs), and On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs). This is accomplished
through (1) direct, site-specific technical assistance, (2) state-of-the-science information on subsurface remedial
technologies and the transport and fate of subsurface contaminants, and (3) improved modeling and assessment tools
for dealing with Superfund sites. The RSKERL Technology Support Program completed its sixth year of service at
the end of 1993. In addition to its technology transfer activities, the TSC has 725 active or completed site specific
projects encompassing an involvement at a total of over 375 Superfund and RCRA sites.
The RSKERL-Ada Technology Support Program operates the Center for Subsurface Modeling Support (CSMoSJ,
the Subsurface Remediation Information Center (SRIC), and the Ground Water Remediation Technologies Analysis
Center (GWRTACJ. CSMoS provides direct technical support to EPA and State decision makers in subsurface
model applications, in addition to managing, distributing and supporting the ground water and vadose zone models
and databases resulting from research at RSKERL. SRIC is a database designed to provide site specific information
concerning subsurface contamination and remediation activities presently being conducted or proposed at hazardous
waste sites throughout the United States. GWRTAC is a joint undertaking with industry, academia, professional
societies, EPA and other Federal Agencies to develop a knowledge base of the status of ongoing in-situ ground-water
remediation technology development and demonstration efforts with emphasis on evaluating those efforts with
respect to their applicability to remediating subsurface contamination at hazardous waste sites.
In addition to Superfund, which remains the major client, the RSKERL TSC provides assistance to Headquarters,
Regional, and State personnel responsible for RCRA corrective actions, Underground Storage Tanks, Pesticides, the
Underground Injection Control Program, and the Wellhead Protection Program.
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PUBLICATIONS
During RSKERL's tenure of operation, a large number of reports and other types of documents dealing with
environmental problems have been published. A list of those publications for the period 1992 to the present is
presented in this section. These can be obtained as described below. A full list of publications (1967-1994) is
available upon request from RSKERL.
Publications containing an NTIS number should be obtained from:
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
Springfield, VA 22161
(703) 557-4560
Other publications can be requested from:
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
P.O.Box 1198
Ada, OK 74820
(405)436-8651
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1992 ABIOTIC TRANSFORMATION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF SULFIDE
AND MINERAL SURFACES
M.R. Kriegman-King and M. Reinhard
American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry; preprints of papers presented
at the 203rd ACS National Meeting; April 5-10, 1992, San Francisco, CA, 2(2):495-498
EPA-600/A-92-097, NTIS PB 92-179738
ACQUISITION OF REPRESENTATIVE GROUND WATER QUALITY SAMPLES FOR METALS
R.W. Puls and R.M. Powell
Special "focus" issue of Ground Water Monitoring Review, Summer 1992, 12(3): 167-176
EPA-600/J-92-308, NTIS PB 92-227487
AN EXACT PEAK CAPTURING AND OSCILLATION-FREE SCHEME TO SOLVE ADVECTION-
DISPERSION TRANSPORT EQUATIONS
G. Yeh, J. Chang and T.E. Short
Water Resources Research, 28(11 ):2937-2951
EPA-600/J-92-409, NTIS PB 93-131845
AN OPTIMAL ADAPTIVE LOCAL GRID REFINEMENT APPROACH TO MODELING
CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT
G. Yeh, K.A. Kane and T.E. Short
Computational Methods in Water Resources IX (1): Numerical Methods in Water Resources,
Computational Mechanics Publication, pp. 659-667
EPA-600/A-92-182, NTIS PB 92-217314
APPLIED GEOLOGIC, MICROBIOLOGICAL, AND ENGINEERING CONSTRAINTS OF IN-SITU
BTEX BIOREMEDIATION
L. Kennedy and S.R. Hutchins
Remediation, Winter 1992/1993, 3(1):83-107
EPA-600/J-92-450, NTIS PB 93-141497
*BASIC CONCEPTS OF CONTAMINANT SORPTION
Superfund Technology Support Center for Ground Water, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Res. Lab.
EPA-540/S-92-016, NTIS PB 93-146835
*BEHAVIOR OF METALS IN SOILS
J.E. McLean and B.E. Bledsoe
EPA-540/S-92-018, NTIS PB 93-131480
*BIODEGRADATION OF ATRAZINE IN SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENTS
J.L. Sinclair and T.R. Lee
EPA-600/S-91-001
BIOREMEDIATION
J.M. Thomas, C.H. Ward, R.L. Raymond, J.T. Wilson and R.C. Loehr
Book Chapter in the Encyclopedia of Microbiology, l(A-C): by Academic Press, Inc., 1992
EPA-600/A-93-004, NTIS PB 93-149193
*Publications denoted by an asterisk (*) are readily available from RSKERL.
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BIOSORPTION OF DICHLORODIPHENYLTRICHLOROETHANE AND HEXACHLOROBENZENE IN
GROUND WATER AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR FACILITATED TRANSPORT
R. Lindqvist and C.G. Enfield
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58(7):2211-2218
EPA-600/J-92-452, NTIS PB 93-141513
*A BIOVENTING APPROACH TO REMEDIATE A GASOLINE CONTAMINATED SUBSURFACE
D.H. Kampbell, J.T. Wilson and CJ. Griffin
Published in: Emerging Technologies for Hazardous Waste Management, 1991 Book of Abstracts
for the Special Symposium, Atlanta GA, Industrial & Eng. Chemistry Div., American Chemical
Society, Oct. 1-3, 1991
EPA-600/A-92-220, NTIS PB 93-119816
BIOVENTING RECLAMATION PILOT PROJECT-AVIATION GASOLINE SPILL
D.H. Kampbell, J.T.Wilson, C.J. Griffin and D.W. Ostendorf
Tech Trends, June 1992
CAPTURE ZONE DELINEATION USING THE ANALYTIC ELEMENT METHOD: A COMPUTER
MODELING DEMONSTRATION FOR THE ELLIS COUNTY (KANSAS) WELLHEAD PROTECTION
COMMITTEE
Stephen R. Kraemer and David S. Burden
Ground Water Mgmt. Book 9 of the Series Proceedings of the 1992 Solving Ground Water
Problems with Models Conference, p. 697
CELL DENSITY AND NON-EQUILIBRIUM SORPTION EFFECTS ON BACTERIAL DISPERSAL IN
GROUND WATER MICROCOSMS
R. Lindqvist and C.G. Enfield
Microbial Ecology, 24:25-42, Nov. 1992
EPA-600/J-92-451, NTIS PB 93-141505
*CHEMICAL ENHANCEMENTS TO PUMP-AND-TREAT REMEDIATION
C.D. Palmer and W. Fish
EPA-540/S-92-001, NTIS PB 92-180074
COLLOIDAL TRANSPORT IN SANDY AQUIFER MATERIAL: SURFACE AND AQUEOUS
CHEMICAL EFFECTS
R.W. Puls, D.A. Clark and C.J. Paul
In: Proceedings, 1992 Fall Meeting American Geophysical Union, A Supplement to EOS, H12A,
p. 167, Oct. 1992
COLUMN STUDIES ON BTEX BIODEGRADATION UNDER MICROAEROPHILIC AND
DENITRIFYING CONDITIONS
Stephen R. Hutchins, S.W. Moolenaar and D.E. Rhodes
Ground Water: The Problem and Some Solutions, Proceedings: 4th Annual Symposium The Gulf
Coast Hazardous Substance Research Center, Beaumont, TX, April 2-3, 1992, pp. 67-90
EPA-600/A-92-080, NTIS PB 92-179050
Jnl. of Hazardous Materials, 32:195-214, 1992, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam
EPA-600/J-93-042, NTIS PB 93-158962
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COMPARISON BETWEEN MODEL SIMULATIONS AND HELD RESULTS FOR IN-SITU
BIORESTORATION OF CHLORINATED ALIPHATICS: PART 2. COMETABOLIC
TRANSFORMATIONS
L. Semprini and P.L. McCarty
Ground Water, 30(l):37-44, January-February, 1992
COMPARISON OF GROUND-WATER SAMPLING DEVICES BASED ON EQUILIBRATION OF
WATER QUALITY INDICATOR PARAMETERS
C. Paul and R. Puls
In: Proceedings, National Ground Water Sampling Symposium, Washington, DC,
11-30-92, pp. 21-39
EPA-600/A-93-005, NTIS PB 93-149201
CRITICAL EVALUATION OF TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE
TO PUMP-AND-TREAT SYSTEMS
S.G. Schmelling, C.G. Enfield and J.W. Keeley
Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York, for SCI Water and Environmental Group.
Proceedings of Contaminated Land Treatment Technologies, pp. 220-234
EPA-600/A-92-224, NTIS PB 93-119857
*DENSE NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS-A WORKSHOP SUMMARY
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
EPA-600/R-92-030, NTIS PB 92-178939
*DETECTING WATER FLOW BEHIND PIPE IN INJECTION WELLS
J.T. Thomhill and B. G. Benefield
EPA-600/R-92-041, NTIS PB 92-239532
DISTRIBUTION, SPECIATION, AND TRANSFORMATION OF CHROMIUM IN CONTAMINATED
SOILS
Robert W. Puls, D.A. Clark, and C.J. Paul
203rd American Chemical Society National Meeting, San Francisco, CA,
April 5-10, 1992, 32(l):455-457
EPA-600/A-92-084, NTIS PB 92-179092
EPA's MASTER RESEARCH PLAN
M.D. Jawson, R. Swank, A.R. Carlson, C.A. Ribic and M. Hewitt
Agronomy Abstracts, Nov. 1-6, 1992, Minneapolis, MN, p. 328
EPA's SUPERFUND TECHNICAL SUPPORT PROJECT
M.R. Scalf
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 32(2+3): 313-319, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam
* Not available NTIS
ESTIMATING AQUIFER PROPERTIES BY NONLINEAR LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS OF PUMP
TEST RESPONSE
R.A. Johns, L. Semprini, and P.V. Roberts
Ground Water, 30(l):68-77, January-February 1992
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*EVALUATION OF SOIL VENTING APPLICATION
D.C. DiGiulio
EPA-540/S-92-004, NTIS PB 92-232362
*FUNDAMENTALS OF GROUND-WATER MODELING
J. Bear, M.S. Beljin and R.R. Ross
EPA-540/S-92-005, NTIS PB 92-232354
*GENERAL METHODS FOR REMEDIAL OPERATION PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
EPA-600/R-92/002, NTIS PB 92-166842
IMPROVED METALS SAMPLING TECHNIQUES FOR GROUND WATER
R.W. Puls
Tech Trends, 7:2, December 1991
EPA-540/M-91-005
INHIBITION OF ALKYLBENZENE BIODEGRADATION UNDER DENITRIFYING CONDITIONS BY
USING THE ACETYLENE BLOCK TECHNIQUE
S.R Hutchins
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58(10):3395-3398, Oct. 1992
EPA-600/J-92-393, NTIS PB 93-121242
*IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER
J.L. Sims, J.M. Suflita and H.H. Russell
EPA-540/S-92-003, NTIS PB 92-224336
*IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF GROUND WATER
Superfund Technology Support Center for Ground Water
EPA-540/S-92-017, NTIS PB 93-146850
IN-SITU TRANSFORMATION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE AND OTHER HALOGENATED
COMPOUNDS RESULTING FROM BIOSTIMULATION UNDER ANOXIC CONDITIONS
L. Semprini, G.D. Hopkins, P.L. McCarty, and P.V. Roberts
Env. Sci. and Tech., 26:2454-2461, 1992
LANDFILL LEACHATE EFFECTS ON SORPTION OF ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS ONTO
AQUIFER MATERIALS
T. Larsen, T.H. Christensen, P.M. Pfeffer and C.G. Enfield
Jnl. Contaminant Hydrology, 9(4):307-324, April 1992
EPA-600/J-92-235, NTIS PB 92-198597
LANDFILL LEACHATE EFFECTS ON TRANSPORT OF ORGANICS IN AQUIFER MATERIALS
P.M. Pfeffer and C.G. Enfield
Transport and Remediation of Subsurface Contaminants, ACS Symposium Series 491,
June 1991, pp. 194-204
EPA-600/A-92-142, NTIS PB 92-198225
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LARGE-SCALE NATURAL GRADIENT TRACER TEST IN SAND AND GRAVEL, CAPE COD,
MASSACHUSETTS, s. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY VARIABILITY AND CALCULATED
MACRODISPERSIVITIES
K.M. Hess, S.H. Wolf and M.A. Celia
Water Resources Research, 28(8):2011-2027, August 1992
EPA-600/J-92-359, NTIS PB 93-107050
LIMITING FACTORS IN GROUND-WATER REMEDIATION
C.W. Hall and J.A. Johnson
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 32(1992):215-225, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam
* Not available NTIS
*LNAPL DISTRIBUTION AND HYDROCARBON VAPOR TRANSPORT IN THE CAPILLARY
FRINGE
D.W. Ostendorf, E.E. Moyer, R.J. Richards, E.S. Hinlein, Y. Xie and R.V. Rajan
EPA-600/R-92-247, NTIS PB 93-157550
* A MANUAL OF INSTRUCTIONAL PROBLEMS FOR THE U.S.G.S. MODFLOW MODEL
P.P. Anderson
EPA-600/R-93-010
METALS IN GROUND WATER: SAMPLING ARTIFACTS AND REPRODUCIBILITY
R.W. Puls, D. Clark, B. Bledsoe, R.M. Powell and CJ. Paul
Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, 9(2): 149-162
EPA-600/J-92-307, NTIS PB 92-227479
*METHODOLOGIES FOR EVALUATING IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED
SOLVENTS
L. Semprini, D. Grbic-Galic, P.L. McCarty, and P.V. Roberts
EPA-600/R-92-042, NTIS PB 92-146943
MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF TOLUENE UNDER SULFATE-REDUCING CONDITIONS AND
THE INFLUENCE OF IRON ON THE PROCESS
H.R. Beller, D. Grbic-Galic and M. Reinhard
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58(2):786-793, March 1992
EPA-600/J-92-139, NTIS PB 92-166735
MOBILIZATION OF NATURALLY PRESENT ARSENIC FROM ALTERATION OF AQUIFER
GEOCHEMISTRY DUE TO WASTE DISPOSAL
R.W. Puls, D.A. Clark, B. Bledsoe and CJ. Paul
Poster Presentation at ASA-CSSA-SSSA 1992 Annual Meeting, November 1-6, 1992,
Minneapolis, MN
Agronomy Abstracts: pp. 54, Nov. 1992
MODELING CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT THROUGH SUBSURFACE SYSTEMS
R.J. Charbeneau, J.W. Weaver
In: Proceedings, 4th Annual Symposium Ground Water: The Problem and Some Solutions,
Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas, April 2-3, 1992, pp. 179-198
EPA-600/A-92-086, NTIS PB 92-179118
Jnl. of Haz. Materials, 32(1992):293-311, EPA-600/J-93-027, NTIS PB 93-156313
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MODELING VADOSE ZONE CHEMICAL TRANSPORT IN MULTIPHASE FLOW SYSTEMS
J.W. Weaver and B.K. Lien
Agronomy Abstracts, November 1-6, 1992, pp. 230-231
*MULTIPHASE CHEMICAL TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA
J.F. Guarnaccia, P.T. Imhoff, B.C. Missildine, et al.
EPA-600/S-92-002, NTIS PB 92-205640
A NEW TWO-PHASE FLOW AND TRANSPORT MODEL WITH INTERPHASE MASS EXCHANGE
J.F. Guarnaccia and G.F. Finder
Computational Mechanics Publications; co-published with: Elsevier Applied Science,
2: Mathematical Modeling in Water Resources, June 1992, pp. 281-288
EPA-600/A-92-156, NTIS PB 92-206564
OVERVIEW OF DNAPL RESTORATION
R. R. Ross and S.D. Acree
In: Pre-Conference Seminar Proceedings, "Detection and Restoration of DNAPLs in Groundwater
at Hazardous Waste Sites," New Orleans, LA, Sep. 19-20, 1992, pp. 67-73. Water Environment
Federation, Alexandria, VA.
PARALLEL GROUNDWATER COMPUTATIONS USING PVM
MJ. Eppstein, J. F. Guarnaccia and D.E. Dougherty
Computational Mechanics Publications; co-published with: Elsevier Applied Science,
1: Numerical Methods in Water Resources, June 1992, pp. 713-720
EPA-600/A-92-157, NTIS PB 92-206572
PILOT SCALE FIELD STUDIES ON IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS
L. Semprini, G.D. Hopkins, P.V. Roberts, and P.L. McCarty
Jnl. Hazardous Materials, 32:145-162, 1992
PNEUMATIC PUMP TEST FOR DESIGN OF SOIL VACUUM EXTRACTION
J.S. Cho and D.C. DiGiulio
Environ. Progress. II: (3):228-233, Sep. 92
EPA-600/J-92-391, NTIS PB 93-121234
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON SOIL VENTING
Sponsors: Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK and National Center for
Ground Water Research, Rice University, Houston, TX
Presented at the Symposium on Soil Venting, Houston, TX, April 29-May 1, 1991
EPA-600/R-92-174, NTIS PB 93-122323
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL GAS, WATER QUALITY, AND CORE MATERIAL AT AN
AVIATION GASOLINE SPILL SITE
D. Kampbell and J. Wilson
In: Proceedings, Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, May 29 and 30,1991,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, pp. 579-587
SCREENING MODEL FOR SUBSURFACE HYDROCARBON SPILLS
RJ. Charbeneau, J. Tauxe, J.W. Weaver and B.K. Lien
Agronomy Abstracts, Nov. 1-6, 1992, p. 79
84
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SIMULATING SOLUTE TRANSPORT USING LABORATORY-BASED SORPTION PARAMETERS
T.C. Harmon, L. Semprini, and P.V. Roberts
Journal of Environmental Engineering, 118(5):666-689, September-October 1992
STABILITY AND TRANSPORT OF INORGANIC COLLOIDS THROUGH CONTAMINATED
AQUIFER MATERIAL
R.W. Puls, R.M. Powell and T.F. Rees
In: Proceedings, U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program Technical
Meeting, Monterey, CA, March 11-15, 1991, pp. 507-510.
EPA-600/A-92-068, NTIS PB 92-164839
STIMULATION OF REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION OF TETRACHLOROETHENE (PCE) IN
ANAEROBIC AQUIFER MICROCOSMS BY ADDITION OF SHORT-CHAIN ORGANIC ACIDS OR
ALCOHOLS
S.A. Gibson and G.W. Sewell
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58(4): 1392-1393, April 1992
EPA-600/J-92-266, NTIS PB 92-206465
SUBSURFACE CONTAMINATION BY DENSE NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUIDS-AN OVERVIEW
J.W. Weaver and S.G. Huling
In: Pre-Conference Seminar Proceedings, "Detection and Restoration of DNAPLs in Ground water
at Hazardous Waste Sites," New Orleans, LA, Sep. 19-20, 1992, pp. 3-22, Water Environment
Federation, Alexandria VA.
SURFACE-CHARGE REPULSIVE EFFECTS ON THE MOBILITY OF INORGANIC COLLOIDS IN
SUBSURFACE SYSTEMS
R.W. Puls and R.M. Powell
American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series 491, pp. 40-54
EPA-600/A-92-118, NTIS PB 92-191139
SURFACTANTS AND SUBSURFACE REMEDIATION
C.C. West and J.H. Harwell
Environmental Science Technology, 26(12):2324-2330
EPA-600/J-93-005, NTIS PB 93-149854
SURFACTANT-ENHANCED SOLUBILIZATION OF TETRACHLOROETHYLENE AND
DEGRADATION PRODUCTS IN PUMP AND TREAT REMEDIATION
C.C. West
American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series 491, pp. 149-158
EPA-600/A-92-117, NTIS PB 92-191121
*TCE REMOVAL FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL AND GROUND WATER
H.H. Russell, J.E. Matthews and G.W. Sewell
EPA-540/S-92-002, NTIS PB 92-224104
TRANSFORMATION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF SULFIDE, BIOTITE,
AND VERMICULITE
M. Kriegman-King
Environ. Sci. Tech., 26(11):2198-2206
EPA-600/J-92-414, NTIS PB 93-135713
85
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TRANSPORT OF INORGANIC COLLOIDS THROUGH NATURAL AQUIFER MATERIAL:
IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT
R.W. Puls and R.M. Powell
Environ. Sci. Techno!., 26(3):614-621, 1992
EPA-600/J-92-113, NTIS PB 92-158690
VIRTUS, A MODEL OF VIRUS TRANSPORT IN UNSATURATED SOILS
M.V. Yates and Y. Ouyang
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58 (5):1609-1616, May 1992
EPA-600/J-93-142, NTIS PB 93-185890
1993 AEROBIC SOIL MICROCOSMS FOR LONG-TERM BIODEGRADATION OF HYDROCARBON
VAPORS
RJ. Richards, D.W. Ostendorf and M.S. Switzenbaum
Hazardous Wastes & Hazardous Materials, 9(4):397-410,1992
EPA-600/J-93-131, NTIS PB 93-181196
BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS IN THE VADOSE ZONE
D.H. Kampbell and B.H. Wilson
In: Proceedings, In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation. The 2nd Internationa] Symposium,
San Diego, CA, April 5-8, 1993
EPA-600/A-93-175, NTIS PB 93-221935
*BIOREMEDIATION USING THE LAND TREATMENT CONCEPT
D.E. Pope and I.E. Matthews
EPA-600/R-93-164, NTIS PB 94-107927
BIOTRANSFORMATION AND MINERALIZATION OF ALKYBENZENES UNDER DENITRIFYING
CONDITIONS
S.R. Hutchins
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 12(8): 1413-1423, August 1992
BIOTREATABILITY OF A VADOSE ZONE SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH DIOCTYL PHTHALATE
D. Kampbell, D. Fine and J. Anderson
In: Symposium on Bioremediation of Hazardous Wastes: Research, Development, and Field
Evaluations, Dallas, TX, May 4-6, 1993
EPA-600/R-93-054,
EPA-600/A-93-177, NTIS PB 93-221950
COMBINING TREATABILITY STUDIES AND SITE CHARACTERIZATION FOR RATIONAL
DESIGN OF IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION USING NITRATE AS ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
S.R. Hutchins, D.H. Kampbell, M.L. Cook, P.M. Pfeffer, R.L. Cosby, and J.T. Wilson
In: Symposium on Bioremediation of Hazardous Wastes: Research, Development, and Field
Evaluations, Dallas, TX, May 4-6, 1993, pp. 90-99
EPA-600/R-03-054
EPA-600/A-93-172, NTIS PB 93-221901
86
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COMPARISON OF BIO VENTING AND AIR SPARGING FOR IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF
FUELS
D. Kampbell, C.J. Griffin, F.A. Blaha
In: Symposium on Bioremediation of Hazardous Wastes: Research, Development, and Field
Evaluation, Abstract, Dallas, TX, May 4-6, 1993, pp. 61-67
EPA-600/R-93-054
*COMPILATION OF GROUND-WATER MODELS
P.K.M. van der Heijde and O.A. Elnawawy
EPA-600/R-93-118, NTIS PB 93-209401
*COMPLEX MIXTURES AND GROUND WATER QUALITY
M.L. Brusseau
EPA-600/S-93-004
DETERMINATION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS BY ION-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH
NON-SUPPRESSED CONDUCTIVITY AND OPTICAL DETECTORS
M.Y. Ye, K.D. Hill and R.C.Walkup
Chromatographia, 35(3/4): 139-141
EPA-600/J-93-133, NTIS PB 93-181212
DETERMINATION OF CAPILLARY PRESSURE-SATURATION CURVES INVOLVING TCE,
WATER AND AIR FOR A SAND AND A SANDY CLAY LOAM
J.H. Dane, M. Oostrom and B.C. Missildine
EPA-600/R-94-005, NTIS PB 94-130754
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF BOREHOLE FLOWMETERS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT
F.J. Molz and S.C. Young
The Log Analyst, January-February, 1993, pp. 13-23
EPA-600/J-93-134, NTIS PB 93-185817
DEVELOPMENT OF SPLIT-OPERATOR, PETROV-GALERKIN METHODS TO SIMULATE
TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION PROBLEMS
C.T. Miller and A.J. Rabideau
Water Resources Research, 29(7):2227-2240, July 1993
EPA-600/J-93-421, NTIS PB 94-101722
DNAPL SITE EVALUATION
R.M. Cohen and J.W. Mercer
EPA-600/R-93-022, NTIS PB 93-150217
EVALUATING PARAMETER ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN VADOSE ZONE
MODELING
J.W. Weaver, J. Johnson, V. Ravi, and B.K. Lien
In: Proceedings, "1993 Ground Water Modeling Conference," June 9-12,1993, Golden, CO,
pp. 1-115 through 1-126. International Ground International Ground Water Modeling Center,
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO.
EPA-600/A-93-148, NTIS PB 93-212371
87
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EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR IN SITU AQUIFER
RESTORATION PROCESSES
T.E. Short and G.T. Yeh
Advances in Hydro-Science and Engineering, 1(B): 1807-1812
EPA-600/A-93-147, NTIS PB 93-212363
GEOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION OF BTEX
D.H. Kampbell, J.T. Wilson, S.R. Hutchins, L.G. Kennedy and B.H. Wilson
Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, June 1 & 2, 1992, pp. 563-575
HIERARCHICAL APPROACH TO MODELING SURFACE-GROUNDWATER INTERACTIONS:
THE WALNUT CREEK (IOWA) WATERSHED IN REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE
H.M. Haitjema and S. Mitchell-Bruker
Extended abstract to appear in the proceedings of the conference, "Agricultural Research to Protect
Water Quality," Soil and Water Conservation Society, Minneapolis, MN, February 21-24, 1993
HOT WATER ENHANCED REMEDIATION OF HYDROCARBON SPILLS
E.L. Davis
In: Proceedings of ACS-I&EC Symposium, September 27, 1993, Atlanta, GA
HYDROCARBON VAPOR DIFFUSION IN INTACT CORE SLEEVES
D.W. Ostendorf, Z.E. Moyer, Y. Xie and R.V. Rajan
Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, 13(1): 139-150, Winter
EPA-600/J-93-132, NTIS PB 93-181204
*IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED UNSATURATED SUBSURFACE SOILS
J.L. Sims, R.C. Sims, R.R. Dupont, J.E. Matthews and H.H. Russell
EPA-540/S-93-501, NTIS PB 93-234565
*IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED VADOSE ZONE SOIL
Superfund Technology Support Center for Ground Water
(Summary paper) EPA-540/S-93-502
IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF GROUND WATER AND GEOLOGICAL MATERIAL: A REVIEW
OF TECHNOLOGIES
R.D. Norris, R.E. Hinchee, R. Brown, P.L. McCarty, L. Semprini, J.T.Wilson, D.H. Kampbell,
M. Reinhard, EJ. Bouwer, R.C. Borden, T.M. Vogel, J. Thomas and C.H. Ward
EPA-600/R-93-124, NTIS PB 93-215564, (Project Summary) EPA-600/SR-93-124
LABORATORY STUDY ON THE USE OF HOT WATER TO RECOVER LIGHT OILY WASTES
FROM SANDS
E.L. Davis and Bob K. Lien
EPA-600/R-93-021, NTIS PB 93-167906
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE STABILITY AND TRANSPORT OF INORGANIC COLLOIDS
THROUGH NATURAL AQUIFER MATERIAL
R.W. Puls and R.M. Powell
Manipulation of Groundwater Colloids for Environmental Restoration, Chapter 49
pp. 305-307, 1993
EPA-600/A-93-072, NTIS PB 93-175537
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LNAPL RETENTION IN SANDY SOIL
D.W. Ostendorf, R.J. Richards, and P.P. Beck
Ground Water, 31(2): 285-292, March-April 1993
* Not available from NTIS
LOSS OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN SOIL: PURE COMPOUND TREATABILITY STUDIES
R.C. Loehr and J.E. Matthews
Journal of Soil Contamination, 1(4):339-360, Oct-Nov-Dec 1992
MECHANICAL INTEGRITY TESTING AND TRAINING FACILITY
J.T. Thornhill
Jnl. Applied Ground-Water Remediation, l(l):37-43
MICROCOSM AND IN SITU FIELD STUDIES OF ENHANCED BIOTRANSFORMATION OF
TRICHLOROETHYLENE BY PHENOL-UTILIZING MICROORGANISMS
G.D. Hopkins, P.L.McCarty and L. Semprini
Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 59(7):2277-2285
MODELING TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUBSURFACE FLOW, FATE AND TRANSPORT OF
MICROBES AND CHEMICALS
J.C. Cheng, G. Yeh and T.E. Short
Presented at 1993 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering and International Symposium on
Engineering Hydrology, July 25-30, 1993, San Francisco, CA
*Not available from NTIS
MOLECULAR SIZE EXCLUSION BY SOIL ORGANIC MATERIALS ESTIMATED FROM THEIR
SWELLING IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS
W.G. Lyon and D.E. Rhodes
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, pp. 1405-1412, July 1993
PASSIVE SAMPLING OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS WITHOUT PURGING:
MULTILEVEL WELL CHEMISTRY AND TRACER DISAPPEARANCE
R.M. Powell and R.W. Puls
Journal Contaminant Hydrology, 12:51-77, Feb. 93
EPA-600/J-93-129, NTIS PB 93-181170
PERFORMANCE AND COST EVALUATION OF BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUES FOR FUEL
SPILLS
C.H. Ward, J.T. Wilson, D.H. Kampbell, and S.R. Hutchins
In-Situ Bioremediation Symposium 92, Sep. 20-24, 1992, pp. 15-21
EPA-600/A-93-073, NTIS PB 93-175545
PERFORMANCE OF PILOT SCALE BIOVENTING AT AN AVIATION GASOLINE SPILL SITE
D.H. Kampbell
Book Chapter to be published in the Proceedings of the Environmental Restoration Technology
Transfer Symposium held on January 26-27, 1993, at Elgin AFB, San Antonio, Texas.
Sponsored by the U.S. Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence.
EPA-600/A-93-176, NTIS PB 93-221943
89
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PRACTICAL SIMULATION OF COMPOSTING IN THE LABORATORY
A.M.T. Magalhaes, PJ. Shea, M.D. Jawson, E.A. Wicklund and D.W. Nelson
Waste Management & Research, 11:143-154, 1993
EPA-600/J-93-271, NTIS PB 93-222099
PROTOZOA IN SUBSURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM SITES CONTAMINATED WITH AVIATION
GASOLINE OR JET FUEL
J.L. Sinclair, D.H. Kampbell, M.L.Cook, and J.T. Wilson
Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 59(2):467-472, Feb. 1993
EPA-600/J-93-279, NTIS PB 93-221919
*QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND
APPLICATION OF GROUND-WATER MODELS
P.K.M. van der Heijde and O.A. Elnawawy
EPA-600/R-93-011, NTIS PB 93-178226
RAPID PHASE IDENTIFICATION OF MIXED CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
J.T. Stanley II, C.D. Palmer, D.A. Dunham, et al.
Book Chapter, Proceedings of Symposium, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society,
TMS Mtgs. 2/93, pp. 433-445
EPA-600/A-93-146, NTIS PB 93-212355
RETROSPECTIVE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ON IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION SITE
CHARACTERIZATION
J.T.Wilson and D.H. Kampbell
Symposium on Bioremediation of Hazardous Wastes: Research, Development, and Field
Evaluation, Dallas, TX, May 1993, pp. 3-9
EPA-600/A-93-173, NTIS PB 93-221919
SOIL SORPTION OF VOLATILE AND SEMIVOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN A MIXTURE
B.T. Walton, M.S. Hendricks, C.W. Francis, W.H. Griest, R. Merriweather,
JJ. Beauchamp, T.A. Anderson
Journal of Environmental Quality, 21(4):552-558
EPA-600/J-93-130, NTIS PB 93-181188
SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY OF GEOCHEMICAL AND HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS
AFFECTING METAL TRANSPORT IN GROUND WATER
J.A. Davis, J.A. Coston, C.C. Fuller, E. Dixon and K.M. Hess
EPA-600/S-93-006, NTIS PB 94-114774
*SUGGESTED OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR AQUIFER PUMPING TESTS
P.S. Osborne
EPA-540/S-93-503, NTIS PB 94-107943
SURFACE CHEMICAL EFFECTS ON COLLOID STABILITY AND TRANSPORT THROUGH
NATURAL POROUS MEDIA
R.W. Puls, D.A. Clark and C.J. Paul
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspect, 73(1993):287-300,
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam
90
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SURFACTANT ENHANCED SOLUBILIZATION OF RESIDUAL DODECANE IN SOIL COLUMNS
1. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
K.D. Pennell, L.M. Abriola and WJ. Weber, Jr.
Env. Sci. & Tech., 27(12):2322-2340
EPA-600/J-94-052, NTIS PB 94-137023
SURFACTANT ENHANCED SOLUBILIZATION OF RESIDUAL DODECANE IN SOIL COLUMNS
2. MATHEMATICAL MODELING
L.M. Abriola, TJ. Dekker and K.D. Pennell.
Env. Sci. & Tech., 27(12):2341-2351
EPA-600/J-04-053, NTIS 94-137015
TESTING BIOREMEDIATION IN THE FIELD
J.T. Wilson
(Book Chapter) In Situ Bioremediation: When Does It Work?, October 1993, pp. 160-184
EPA-600/A-93-260, NTIS PB 94-114709
A THREE-DIMENSIONAL AIR FLOW MODEL FOR SOIL VENTING: SUPERPOSITION OF
ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS
J.S. Cho
Jnl. Hazardous Materials, 35:31-51, 1993
EPA-600/J-93-461, NTIS PB 94-112851
1994 ABIOTIC TRANSFORMATION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE AT MINERAL SURFACES
M. Kriegman-King and M. Reinhard
EPA-600/R-94-018, NTIS PB 94-144698
DISTRIBUTION OF AREAL RECHARGE TO A DISCRETE FRACTURE NETWORK (FRACNET)
MODEL USING THE ANALYTIC ELEMENT METHOD
S.R. Kraemer
Oral presentation at Analytic Element Modeling of Groundwater Flow International Conference,
Indianapolis, Indiana, April 19-21,1994
EVALUATION OF UNSATURATED/VADOSE ZONE MODELS FOR SUPERFUND SITES
D.L. Nofziger, J. Chen, and C.T. Harm
EPA/600/R-93-184
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF COMPLETE DISSOLUTION OF A NONAQUEOUS PHASE
LIQUID IN SATURATED POROUS MEDIA
P.T. Imoff, P.R. Jaffee, and G.F. Finder
Water Resources Research, 30(2):307-320, February 1994
FIELD TRAPPING OF SUBSURFACE VAPOR PHASE PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS
E.E. Moyer, D.W. Ostendorf, D.H. Kampbell and Y. Xie
GWMR, Winter 1994, pp. 110-119
91
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A FULL SCALE FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF THE USE OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE FOR IN-
SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF AN AVIATION GASOLINE-CONTAMINATED AQUIFER
J.T. Wilson, J.M. Armstrong, H. Rafai and W.M. Korreck
Book Chapter (16), published in Bioremediation: Field Experience. CRC Press, Inc.,
Lewis Publishers, 1994, pp. 333-359
THE HYDROCARBON SPILL SCREENING MODEL (HSSM), VOLUME 1: USER'S GUIDE
J.W. Weaver, R.J. Charbeneau, J.D. Tauxe, B.K. Lien, and J.B. Provost
EPA/600/R-94/039a
IDENTIFICATION AND COMPILATION OF UNSATURATED/VADOSE ZONE MODELS
P.K.M. van der Hiejde
EPA/600/R-94/028
A NEW APPROACH TO PURGING MONITORING WELLS
R.W. Puls
Ground Water Age, 28(5): 18-19
NITRATE-MEDIATED BIODEGRADATTON OF BTEX IN JP-4-CONTAMINATED SOIL AND
GROUNDWATER: A FIELD PILOT-SCALE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
W.C. Downs, S.R. Hutchins, J.T. Wilson, R.H. Douglass and D.J. Hendrix
Book Chapter (17), published in Bioremediation: Field Experience,
Lewis Publishers, 1994, pp. 361-379
*Not Available NTIS
A SCREENING MODEL FOR NONAQUEOUS PHASE LIQUID TRANSPORT IN THE VADOSE
ZONE USING GREEN-AMPT AND KINEMATIC WAVE THEORY
J.W. Weaver, R.J. Charbeneau, and B.K. Lien
Water Resources Research, 30(1):93-105
USE OF CATIONIC SURFACTANTS TO MODIFY SOIL SURFACE TO PROMOTE SORPTION
AND RETARD MIGRATION OF HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
J. Wagner, H. Chen, BJ. Brownawell and J. Westall
Environ. Sci. & Tech., 28(2):231-237, 1994
92 {lU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1994 - 550-001/80406
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