DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO MEASURE HUMAN
EXPOSURE TO FUEL ADDITIVES
SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
PREPARED FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1 MARCH 1974
DISTRIBUTED BY:
National Technical Information Service
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before compi
..i, nil i mi, i ii.u nil
1. RfcPORT NO.
EPA-650/1-74-003
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
"Development Of Analytic Techniques To Measure
Human Exposure To Fuel Additives"
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODt
ti. Ml- COM I I>A I I
March
1974
7. AUTHOR(S) '
Donald E. Johnson, John B. Tillery, John M. Hosenfeld
and James W. Register
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Sourhwest Research Institute
Post Office Drawer 28510
8500 Culebra Road *
San Antonio, Texas 78284
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-0595
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmentap Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The principal objective of this investigation has been to develop analytical and
sampling methods to accurately measure human exposure to fuel additives. An
additional objective was to obtain some preliminary information about the quantities
of certain additive residues in body burdens of individuals exposed to relatively
high concentrations of internal engine exhaust emissions. This project was designed
to measure body burdens of five heavy metals, namely cadmium, copper, lead, manganese
and zinc. Four substances (blood, urine, hair and feces) were selected to provide
data on the total body burdens of these metals. Measurement of the metals in blood
and urine provides an indicator of total body burdens and will also reflect short
term exposure. The design of the project, selection of experimental subjects,
collection of samples and methods of analysis of samples are presented. This report
demonstrates that it is possible to survey free living populations for body burdens
of trace metals and to relate these body burdens to air borne exposures additional
data, results and conclusions are presented. This study provides a considerable quan-
tity of base line data.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIEHS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Held/Group
Air pollution
Adults
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Zinc
Spectrophotometer
Chemical analysis
Exhaust emission
Fuel additives
Traffic
Total body burden
Human exposure
13B
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
UNLIMITED
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Post Office Drawer 28510, 8500 Culebra Road
San Antonio, Texas 78284
"DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES TO
MEASURE HUMAN EXPOSURE TO FUEL ADDITIVES"
by
Donald E. Johnson
John B. Tillery
John M. Hosenfeld
James W. Register
FINAL REPORT
SwRI Project 01-3451-001
Contract No. 68-02-0595
Prepared for-.
Environmenlal Protection. Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Attn: Dr. Douglas L. Worf
Project OH'ieer
March 1, 1974
APPROVED:
John T. Goodwin
Technical Vice President and Director
Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering
t
II.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. OBJECTIVE 1
II. INTRODUCTION 2
III. EXPERIMENTAL 5
A. Design of Project 5
B. Selection of Experimental Subjects 5
C. Collection of Samples 13
D. Methods of Analysis of Samples 16
E. Results 29
IV. CONCLUSIONS 36
References 40
Appendix A . Questionnaire Form
Appendix B. Information Sheets Used in Surveys
Appendix C. Listing of Residence, Employment, Health,
Smoking Habits, and Personal Data for
Volunteer Participants
Appendix D. Clinical Data
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I. OBJECTIVE
The, principal objective of this investigation has been to develop
analytical and sampling methods to accurately measure human exposure
to fuel additives . An additional objective was to obtain some preliminary
information about the quantities of certain fuel additive residues in body
burdens of individuals exposed to relatively high concentrations of internal
engine exhaust emissions. Once the analytical and sampling methods were
perfected, then they could be utilized by the Environmental Protection
Agency to monitor human exposure to some of the more important and
commonly used fuel additives on a continuing basis. This will permit the
quantitation of the exposure to humans and provide the basis for prediction
of the expected effects of long term, low level exposures.
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II. INTRODUCTION
The Environmental Protection Agency has been charged with the
responsibility of measuring the exposure of humans to various air
pollutants and determining whether the amounts of these pollutants are a
potential hazard. They have the responsibility for setting acceptable
pollution levels and for enforcing the regulations to maintain levels below
the standards. This responsibility includes the residues resulting from
fuel additive components.
Fuel additives containing heavy metals are one of the more
important types of fuel additives currently in use in the United States. It
has been shown that trace metals may accumulate in various tissues and
possibly contribute to the incidence of carcinogenic, mutagenic and
teratogenic processes. Lead, manganese,, copper, zinc, boron, calcium,
and silicon are all important trace element constituents in fuel additives .
There are other trace elements present as impurities, such as cadmium,
chromium, vanadium, nickel, and lithium. Many health officials consider
the optimum procedure for determing exposure to air pollutants to be via
measurement of body burden levels. This approach has been particularly
useful for monitoring heavy metals. The amounts of metal-containing
fuel additives used in the U.S. is large. The types of additives used may
vary, especially with the discontinuation of leaded gasolines.
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This project was designed to measure body burdens of five
heavy metals, namely cadmium, copper, lead, manganese and zinc .
Four substances (blood, urine, hair and feces) were selected to provide
data on the total body burden of these metals. Measurement of the metals
in blood and urine provides an indicator of total body burdens and will
also reflect short term exposure. Hair has been used as an indicator of
body burdens of the five metals and, in general, reflects a longer term
of exposure than do blood and urine. Feces measurements for lead and
cadmium were included to provide an estimation of the dietary contribution
to the total body burden of these two metals. It is known that 10% or less
of orally ingested lead and cadmium is absorbed, whereas 30% to 50% is
absorbed via inhalation. The project included three groups of individuals
exposed to relatively high concentrations of internal engine exhaust
emissions with each of the groups having its own matched control group.
Each of these six groups of individuals were to be sampled at four
separate times. Collection of blood, urine and feces samples was made
at specific times during the testing period, and hair samples were
collected over a four-month period at random times. The general plan
was to compare the body burdens of these metals in the individuals before
and after a weekend and before and after a vacation. This experiment
was designed to test the premise that short term changes in the levels of
the various pollutants in the environment would be reflected in changes in
the body burden levels of the metals. The design was also capable of
comparing body burdens of these compounds between each heavily exposed
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group and its matched control group. For three of the metals - namely
zinc, manganese and copper - an important aspect was to determine
whether or not body burdens could be related to environmental exposure
(primarily air). These three metals are present as normal biochemical
substances .
The exposed groups selected were (1) policemen working on foot
in downtown Houston, Texas , (2) individuals working in covered garages
and (3) individuals living within two blocks of a major expressway in
metropolitan Houston. Each of these groups had a control group matched
for variables such as age, sex, smoking habits, education and ethnic
background. Other studies of this type have indicated that these variables
are important with regard to1 body burden levels of heavy metals. The
policemen and garage attendants were all male subjects; thus, the
individuals in the corresponding control groups were all male. Those
individuals living near a freeway and their controls were female.
Individuals between the ages of 18 and 53 were selected for study.
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III. EXPERIMENTAL
A. Design of Project
The program was designed to monitor six groups of individuals.
For convenience, these groups are labeled as follows:
Group 1 - Policemen
Group 1A - Control group for policemen
Group 2 - Garage attendants
Group ZA - Control group for garage attendants
Group 3 - Females living near freeway
Group 3A - Control group for females living near freeway
There were to be 36 people in each of the above groups, or a
total of 216 for the complete test. Each individual was to be sampled
four separate times for blood, urine, hair, and feces. Measurements for
lead, cadmium, manganese, zinc and copper were to be made on all
samples of blood, urine and hair. On the feces samples, lead and
cadmium were to be measured. Hematocrits were to be run on all blood
samples; for all of the urine samples, specific gravities, total urine
volume, creatinine and coproporphyrin were to be measured.
The project was designed so that the first set of matched samples
were to be taken before and after a weekend. The second set of matched
samples (the third and fourth samples) were to be taken before and after
a vacation period.
B. Selection of Experimental Subjects
Initial contacts with potential human volunteer subjects were
made using several approaches. For the policemen and their controls,
the initial contacts were coordinated with the director of personnel in
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charge of employees working for the City of Houston. During these
contacts, information was supplied regarding the objectives of the
program and by whom the program was supported, and detailed
information sheets concerning the overall program were given to the
personnel director. Permission was obtained to talk to potential
volunteers for the survey. Through this personnel office, appointments
were arranged with supervisory personnel for the police department
and for office employees in City Hall. The latter group was the source
of control subjects for the policemen.
The subjects for the women living near freeways and their controls
plus the controls for garage attendants were obtained through the
personnel offices of a large hospital in the Houston area and a medical
school. Permission to contact the subjects was obtained through the
personnel offices of these two organizations, and arrangements were made
to meet with potential volunteers as a group. Announcements were posted
on bulletin boards giving brief information about the survey and the time
and place of a meeting.
The garage attendants were contacted by visiting a number of the
covered parking garages, talking with the managers, and leaving information
sheets and instructions that there would be someone to visit the garage
within a day or so to talk to interested volunteers. Because of the limited
number of potential volunteers working in any one parking garage,
between 10 and 12 covered parking garages were contacted in the initial
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stages. In each of these initial contacts, the emphasis was to obtain
permission from the highest level necessary,followed by contacts with
the immediate supervisors and then the announcement of a meeting to
follow generally from 1 to Z days to obtain information about the survey.
Initially, there was interest in obtaining the controls for the garage
attendants from large buildings in the downtown Houston area served by
a building custodian services group. A number of contacts were made
with these organizations, since for one of these buildings, several
hundred building custodians were employed daily- These contacts
resulted in none of the groups providing permission to talk with the
building custodians.
The initial contact with the potential human volunteer subjects
was in the form of a meeting to explain the general format of the survey,
to answer questions, and to pass out questionnaire forms to be filled out
by those interested in volunteering = A sample of the questionnaire form
used in the survey is presented in Appendix A. The questionnaire was
designed so that all information necessary for making a proper selection
was included. Some seventeen questions regarding the occupation, place
of residence, health, and personal statistics of the potential subject were
included.
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At the meetings, information sheets were distributed to those
interested, and any questions regarding the study were answered.
Those subjects who volunteered were told that questionnaires would be
examined and they would be notified via letter whether or not they had
been chosen for the survey. They were told at this initial meeting that
they would be paid $35 for the complete study - that is, to provide four
samples each of hair, blood, urine and feces. They were also told that
there would not be a partial payment of money for partial completion and
that they had to complete the full study in order to receive payment of
$35. Copies of the information sheets provided to the interested
volunteers are shown in Appendix B.
The response to the survey was excellent for the policemen and
their controls and for the females living near freeways and their controls;
however, the response of the parking garage attendants and of the building
custodians and attendants and orderlies in hospitals who served as controls
for the parking garage attendants was not nearly as good. To obtain a
sufficient sample for the parking garage attendants, a considerable
amount of effort was expended in contacts with covered garages in downtown
Houston to solicit volunteer participants.
The design goal was forty-five subjects from each group to allow
for selection between the various volunteers to match the exposed and
control groups with respect to age, sex, smoking habits, education, and
ethnic background. The exposed groups (groups 1, 2, and 3) were selected
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first, and then the controls (1A, ZA and 3A) were matched as closely
as possible to the exposed groups with regard to the variables specified
above. For the parking garage attendants and their controls, there was
no surplus of volunteers, so the selection was minimal.
In the contacts with supervisors, managers, and other individuals
in charge of various groups contacted, it was emphasized that the
participation of their employees in the survey would not interfere with
their duties during working hours. The sampling was to be taken either
at the beginning of their work day or at the end, and arrangements would
be made to meet the individuals and obtain samples in as rapid and
efficient manner as possible. Only with these assurances was it possible
to obtain permission to utilize these human subjects. The emphasis
throughout the survey was to bring the people who would take samples of
' \
blood and collect urine and feces samples to the point where the
individuals were working. The alternate procedure, and one which would
have taken considerably less time and effort for the survey team, was to
provide a central location with the facilities for drawing blood, etc. and
have the human subjects travel to this spot. This was not followed
because of the probable poor response from potential volunteers and the
fact that the intent of the project was to sample at a specific time during
the week and during the day. The large number of subjects to be sampled
during the project and the fact that four different matched samples of
blood, urine, hair and feces had to be taken required a much greater
degree of control than the central location would permit.
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The first sampling period was to coincide with a Friday and a
Monday to represent before and after a weekend. Letters were sent out
to the subjects selected for the study, indicating the time and place for a
meeting which was to be held on a Thursday, and the survey would
begin on the next day and a second sampling date on the following Monday.
A Houston telephone number was given for those subjects not able to
attend the meetings. An alternate weekend was offered to these subjects.
When these meetings were held, the subjects were again informed of the
intent of the project and the details of the sampling schedule, and other
information was provided as needed.
Once the subjects were fully informed about the program, those
that wanted to participate were requested to fill out and sign an informed
consent form. They were told that this was a requirement of the
Department of Health, Education and Welfare and were informed of the
purposes of this form. Each subject was given instruction sheets
specifying sample collection procedures, and each was given two containers
for collection of urine, two containers for fecal material and four plastic
bags for hair samples with four pre-addressed and postage paid envelopes
to be mailed to the SwRI laboratories.
A higher percentage of subjects dropped out of the program
(45 selected, 36 needed) than was expected. Some of the reasons given
were: too little money for the amount of trouble involved; too much hair
required for each sample; and fear of the collection of blood samples. It
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is probable that the amount of money paid was marginal for the amount
of participation needed. Participation of many of the subjects was based
on the desire to assist in understanding the air pollution problems in
their area. For these subjects, the money paid was not the primary
inducement, but it was welcomed. For the garage attendants and their
controls, the money paid appeared to be one of the primary factors in
their participation in the survey.
The data contained in the questionnaire forms for the volunteer
participants were keypunched according to the format described in
Appendix A. The keypunched cards were sorted and listed for use in
selection matching between the exposure groups and respective control
groups of volunteer participants. For the analysis, ordered listings were
obtained regarding age, education, ethnic background, hair color, and
smoking habits of the volunteers.
An ordered listing of the Card 2 data (Card 2 contains the pertinent
parameters data obtained from the questionnaire forms) is presented in
Appendix C. This listing is ordered according to participant ID number
and contains data for all volunteers who were selected to participate and
who successfully fulfilled the sample collections. Table I presents in
summary form the data for the participants who volunteered for the project
Table II shows these same data in schematic form. The principal
differences between the control and exposed groups are in the policemen
and their controls. The controls are much better educated than the
policemen. The controls were selected from the male
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office staff in the City Hall of Houston, Texas, and many were engineers,
architects and other college graduates. The garage attendants are
slightly younger than their controls.
The Card 1 data containing names and addresses of the volunteer
participants are on file at Southwest Research Institute and will be
maintained, in confidence, for future reference if a justified requirement
arises in the future. The Card 1 data provide a direct correspondence
between the arbitrarily assigned ID numbers and the names and addresses
of specific volunteers.
As stated earlier, one of the objectives of this project was to
compare a group of people exposed to relatively high concentrations of
engine exhaust to a matched control group of people exposed to lesser
quantities of engine exhausts. From the data shown in Tables I and II, it
would appear that the groups were matched quite well for the variables
of interest. The control subjects all worked in the central part of
Houston, Texas. Each worked inside an air conditioned building. The
majority of these subjects lived within the Houston City limits (control
females lived more than 2 blocks from a freeway); thus, each was exposed
to higher concentrations of air pollutants than individuals that lived and
worked in a rural area. It is important to understand that these control
groups should have been exposed to lower concentrations of engine exhaust
fumes than the group of subjects they were matched with, but they do not
represent low exposure groups.
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C . Collection of Samples
As mentioned above, the first set of samples was taken on a
Friday and the following Monday. The second set of samples was
taken before the Christmas vacation (December 20, 197Z) and after
Christmas vacation (January 2, 1973). A short meeting was held the
day before each sampling period to instruct the participants on how to
collect the samples and to pass out urine and feces containers for that
sampling period.
The urine samples were overnight specimens. The subjects
were instructed to begin collecting urine in the container provided
any time after supper (generally between 6 and 10 PM) and to continue
collecting the total urine output until they reported to the sample
collection survey team, or SAM the next morning. Urine was collected
in wide-mouth polyethylene containers, one-half gallon size . The
polyethylene containers were washed thoroughly with deionized water
prior to their use on the project. Subjects were cautioned against putting
anything into these urine containers other than their urine. The
polyethylene containers for fecal samples were also washed with
deionized water, and the subjects were instructed to collect the fecal
sample anytime during the interval that the urine was collected that was
convenient for them. The subjects were instructed to bring the urine
and fecal samples with them at the time and place assigned for collection
of their blood sample. At that time, 20ml of whole blood was taken from
each individual using a B&D vacutainer. low lead content (0.5 micrograms
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or less) containing sodium heparin as an anticoagulant. The collection
of blood samples was conducted by laboratory technicians under the
supervision of a physician. The blood samples were placed in styrofoam
boxes containing wet ice. The fecal samples were placed in styrofoam
containers with dry ice.
The policemen and their controls were sampled as they came on
duty (between 6 and 8 AM and 3 and 4 PM). The females living near
freeways and their controls plus the controls for the garage attendants
were sampled at the end of their work day (5 to 7 PM). The garage
attendants were sampled at different times during the day to
accommodate the different work shifts of the garage attendants. Generally,
this covered a time period from 8 AM to 5 PM, Most of the garage
attendants worked shifts ranging from 4 to 8 hours in length.
Four subjects from group 3 and four subjects from group 3A were
selected at random, and each was asked to collect samples of dust from
their vacuum cleaners and samples of tap water from their homes.
Once all samples had been collected for a particular day, they
were transported to the SwRI laboratories located in Houston. The blood
samples were processed for hematocrit determinations and to collect
blood plasma. A small amount of whole blood was needed fo.r certain
analyses, and the remainder was used for preparation of plasma via
centrifugation. Once this had been conducted, the whole blood and blood
plasma samples were frozen. For the urine samples, the volume was
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determined, specific gravity measurements made, and then approxi-
mately a. 250-milliliter aliquot was put into a polyethylene container and
made to approximately 1% acetic acid and then frozen. The frozen
samples of urine, blood and feces were then transported to the San
Antonio laboratories and kept frozen until analyses were made.
The subjects were instructed to collect four separate hair
samples (at least 2 to 3 grams per sample) at their usual haircut or at
intervals of approximately one month during the testing period. It was
suggested that they could collect hair from their combs or brushes on a
daily basis to accumulate the required quantities of hair. The subjects
were cautioned against including hair from someone else. The subjects
were instructed to put the hair clippings into the plastic bags provided
and then mail them to the SwRI laboratories. They were told that when
they had completed the sampling for four urines, four bloods, and four
feces and in addition had mailed in four samples of hair, their checks
for $35 would be mailed to them.
The principal problem in the collection of samples was one of
subjects forgetting to show up at the proper time and place or forgetting
to bring the proper samples. Every effort was made to accommodate the
subjects, including making visits to their homes to pick up their samples.
Collection of the samples from garage attendants located at some six
different locations was probably the most difficult part of the collection.
Because of the poor response to our survey request, there were small
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numbers of individuals located at each of these garages. The survey
team had to make numerous stops to complete the sample collection
for this group. Although the decision to send the survey team to the
individuals participating in the survey resulted in considerable effort,
it probably is the optimum procedure to obtain samples at the correct
time and place from this number of individuals.
D. Methods of Analysis of Samples
1. Metal Analyses
a. HAIR
Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Manganese and Zinc
Preparation of human scalp hair for analysis by atomic
(1)
absorption spectrophotometry'was based on the method of Hammer et al
(2)
and Harrison et al . The washing procedure was modified in that the
E.D.T.A. wash was eliminated. All five metals were determined by
aspiration of the digested hair solution into an acetylene-air flame using
a single-slot burner head. Wavelength, slit setting, hollow cathode
(3)
current, and gas flow rates were set as suggested by the manufacturer.
A Deuterium Background Corrector was used with all metal determinations,
and for the zinc analysis a 1:40 dilution with deionized water was necessary.
b. BLOOD
Cadmium ,and Lead
Cadmium and lead analyses were carried out on whole
blood using the procedure of Ediger and Coleman . The "method of
addition^'was used to establish a blood standard which was then used to
* A Perkin-Elmer 306 Atomic Absorption instrument was used
for the trace metal analyses.
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quantitate the unknown blood samples . A Deuterium Background
Corrector was used with both analyses.
Copper and Manganese
Whole blood, diluted with deionized water 1:15 for copper
analysis and 1:1 for manganese analysis, was analyzed using a graphite-
furnace by the methods of Matousek and Stevens . A Deuterium
Background Corrector was used with both metals analyzed. Instrument
operating parameters were:
Copper:
Wavelength .... 324.7 nm Dry 30secatlOO°C
Slit 3.0 mm Ash 40 sec at 800 °C
Source 15 mA Atomize ... 7 sec at 2500 °C
Damping No . 1 Ga s N^ at 20 psi /No. 3 .5
Sample Volume. . 5 jal
Manganese:
Wavelength 279. 5 nm Dry 30 sec at 100 °C
Slit 1.0 mm Ash 70 sec at 600°C
Source . 16 mA Atomize ... .7 sec at 2400 °C
Damping No. 1 Gas N? at 20 psi/No. 3 . 5
Sample Volume. . 10 |al
Zinc
Zinc was determined in a 1:40 dilution of plasma with deionized
water using the methods of Dawson and Walker and Sprague and Slavin .
The diluted plasma was aspirated into an air-acetylene flame using the
instrumental operating parameters recommended by the manufacturer
A Deuterium Background Corrector was utilized.
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c. URINE
Cadmium
Cadmium in urine was analyzed by a modification of
(10) (11) (4)
the Hauser et al , Kahn and Sebestyen , and Ediger and Coleman
procedures. A lOOjJ. aliquot of acidified urine was used in the Delves
cup procedure and analyzed using the instrument manufacturer's
recommended parameters . The Deuterium Background Corrector
was also used. Matrix effects were corrected for by using the "method
of additions" to establish a urine standard.
Copper, Lead, and Manganese
The graphite furnace was utilized in the analysis of
these three metals. The procedures used were patterned after those of
(7) (12)
Amos et al and Davidson and Secrest . It was necessary to dilute
the urine 1:1 with dilute HC1 (0.1N) before analyzing for manganese.
The Deuterium Background Corrector was used on all three metal
determinations, as was the "method of addition", to establish a urine
standard. The following instrumental parameters were used:
Copper
Wavelength 324.7 nm Dry 30 sec at 100°C
Slit 3.0 mm Ash 25 sec at 1000°C
Source 16 mA Atomize .... 7 sec at 2500°C
Damping No. 1 Gas N2 at 20 psi/No .5
Sample Volume . 25^ (grooved graphite tube)
Lead
Wavelength 283. 3 nm Dry 30 sec at 100 °C
slit 1.0mm Ash 30 sec at 450°C
Source 8mA Atomize... 7 sec at 2100 °C
Damping No. 1 Gas NZ at 20 psi/No.4
Sample Volume . lOfj.1 (grooved graphite tube)
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Manganese
Wavelength 279.5 run Dry 30 sec at 100 °C
Slit 1.0 mm Ash 50 sec at 600°C
Source 16 mA Atomize .... 5 sec at 2200 °C
Damping No. 1 Gas N2 at 20 psi/No.4
Sample Volume . . 25ul (grooved graphite tube)
Zinc
Zinc in urine was determined by the method of Dawson
(8)
and Walker using the aspiration into an air-acetylene flame of a 1:1
dilution of the urine with deionized water. Instrument parameters are
those recommended for zinc analysis by the manufacturer . The
Deuterium Background Corrector was utilized, and the "method of
additions" used to establish a urine standard.
d. FECES
Cadmium and Lead
(13)
A wet-digestion procedure similar to that of Adrian
was used to digest the feces. Heavy-walled, 100-ml centrifuge bottles
were used to digest 5-gram samples of the feces. A perchloric acid:nitric
acid solution 1:1 was used for the digestion. The acid digest was filtered
through a Reeves Angel, glass fiber filter and rinsed three times with 1%
HNO The filtrate and rinses were collected in a 25-ml volumetric
flask and made to volume with deionized water prior to analysis.
Cadmium and lead were determined on the digested feces
utilizing the graphite furnace. The Deuterium Background Corrector was
used in both cadmium and lead analysis. The "method of addition" was
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used for both metal determinations to establish a feces standard to
calculate the concentration of the unknown samples. Instrument settings
were:
Cadmium
Wavelength.... 228. 8 nm Dry .._..... .30 sec 100°C
Slit 1.0mm Ash.. 30 sec 300° C
Source 10mA At omize . . . . .7 sec 1500° C
Damping No. 1 Gas N2 at 20 psi/No.4
Sample Volume. . 15ul (grooved graphite tube)
Lead
Wavelength 283.3 nm Dry. 30 sec at 100°C
Slit 1.0 mm Ash 30 sec at 450 °C
Source 8 mA Atomize 7 sec at 2100°C
Damping No. 1 Gas NZ at 20 psi/No.4
Sample Volume. . 10(jl (grooved graphite tube)
e. PRECISION ACCURACY & RECOVERY STUDIES
Methods used to collect data on the precision and
recovery studies were performed under the same conditions (i.e. sample
preparation, dilutions, instrument operating parameters, etc.) that were
used to prepare and analyze the samples.
(1) Detection Limit
Detection limit is defined as that concentration of
metal which, under the given operating conditions, will produce a response
(signal) that is twice the average background noise (i.e. a signal-to-noise
ratio of 2:1). This value is calculated from the peak produced by a low
concentration spike sample.
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(2) Sensitivity
Sensitivity is defined as that concentration of
analyte which will give 1% absorption (Abs.). This value is also
calculated from the peak produced by a low concentration spike sample.
(3) Quality Controls
To overcome the matrix effect of the samples, a
"sample standard" was made by spiking a given sample (e.g. blood, urine,
etc.) with several different concentrations of analyte. The "method of
additions" was used to determine the natural concentration of the metal of
interest in that "sample standard". This "sample standard" was then run
after every 5 to 10 samples as a quality control and as a means to obtain
a factor to calculate the metal concentrations in the unknown samples.
Periodically, this sample standard was made up fresh
and recalibrated with a frequency depending upon the rate of degradation
of the sample matrix. The concentration factor applied to the unknown
samples was calculated using the average values of the quality controls
which bracket those samples. This way, a continuous check was maintained
upon the analytical parameters.
(4) Blood
Two approaches were used in determining the precision
of the analytical methods for blood (and plasma). First, five to ten
individual blood samples (same blood) were spiked at a low and a high
concentration of the analyte. These samples were each analyzed 3 to 8 times
for each metal. Second, data from the quality controls actually analyzed
-------
22
with the samples were collected and used to calculate the precision.
Since both methods gave similar results, the data
from the quality control samples have been reported.
(a) Cadmium
Analysis of six (6) unspiked bloods (quality
control samples) for cadmium by the Delves Cup technique gave a mean
concentration of l.l^g/lOOml blood, a standard deviation of 4; 0.3 |jg/100ml
blood, and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 25.7%. Analysis of seven (7)
spiked blood quality control samples (1. 0|j.g/100ml) gave a mean concentration
of 1.3 (jLg/100ml, a standard deviation of + 0.3 [xg/lOOml, and a RSD of 19.5%.
Using these operating parameters, the detection
limit is 0. 38 (j.g/100 ml, and the sensitivity is 0. 02 (j.g/100 ml for 1% Abs .
(b) Copper
Ten (10) unspiked blood samples were analyzed
by the graphite furnace for copper. The mean concentration was
60 (j.g/100 ml, a standard deviation of 4- 3 .5 jig/lOOml, and a RSD of 5 .8%
Ten blood samples spiked (Cu) at 75 (jtg/lOOml gave a standard deviation of
+_ 5.4 |j.g/100ml and a RSD of 4.0%. The calculated detection limit for
this method is 3.5^/100 ml, and the sensitivity is 0 .96 fig/100 ml for
1% Abs.
(c) Manganese
Unspiked blood samples (5) diluted with water,
(1:1), were analyzed for manganese by the graphite furnace technique. Mean
-------
23
concentration was 0.7 jj.g/100 ml, standard deviation was +_ 0.14 |jig/100ml,
and RSD was 20.0%. Ten spiked blood samples (1.5 fig/100ml) were also
analyzed for manganese. The standard deviation was +_ 0.12 fig/100 ml,
and the RSD was 5.5%. Detection limit is 0.16 fxg/100 ml, and the
sensitivity is 0.05 ng/100 ml for 1% Abs.
(d) Lead
Lead analysis by the Delves Cup method on
nine (9) unspiked bloods (quality controls) gave a mean concentration of
17 |ag/100 ml, a standard deviation of j- 3.7 |xg/100 ml, and a RSD of 22. 1%.
Nine (9) spiked bloods (25 (ig/100 ml) analyzed for lead gave a standard
deviation of jf 9.2 fig/100 ml and a RSD of 22.0%. Detection limit of the
Delves Cup technique is 4.8 jag/lOO ml, and the sensitivity is 0.65 (j.g/100 ml
for 1% Abs .
(e) Zinc
Zinc was analyzed on ten (10) unspiked plasma
samples (quality controls) by aspirating the diluted (1:1) plasma into an
air-acetylene flame. The mean concentration was 93 |jLg/100 ml, the
standard deviation was 4- 2.3 |ig/100 ml, and the RSD was 2.5%. Eight (8)
spiked plasmas (100 jig/100 ml) were analyzed for Zn by the same method.
The standard deviation was +_ 9.6 p.g/100 ml, and the RSD was 5.0%. The
detection limit is 9.8 jj.g/100 ml, and the sensitivity is 1.8 jig/100 ml
for 1% Abs.
-------
24
(5) Urine
Only the data from the quality control samples run
with the analysis of the urine samples were used to calculate the
precision of the urine analysis.
(a) Cadmium
Ten (10) unspiked urine quality controls
analyzed by the Delves Cup technique were used for cadmium determinations,
The mean concentration was 1.0 (jig/liter, a standard deviation was
J-0.4 (Jig/1, and the RSD was 40.6%. Twelve spiked urines (Ifig/l) gave
a standard deviation of + 0.5 [j.g/1 and a RSD of 26.1%. Calculated
detection limit for this method was 0.63 (o.g/1 with a sensitivity of 0.02 jag /I
for 1% Abs.
(b) Copper
Unspiked urine quality controls (6) analyzed for
copper by the graphite furnace technique gave a mean concentration of
13.2 (j.g/1, a standard deviation of + 1.1 (ig/1, and a RSD of 8.4%. Quality
control urine (5) spiked at 10 jag/l gave a standard deviation of + 3.5 |j,g/l
and a RSD of 15.0%. The detection limit is 1.1 (j.g/1, and the sensitivity
is 0.2 (ig/1 for 1% Abs.
(c) Manganese
Manganese determined by the graphite furnace
in the unspiked urine quality controls (4) gave a mean concentration of
1.8 ug/1, a standard deviation of-h 0.6 (jig/1 and a RSD of 35.6%. Ten
spiked quality controls (5ug/l) gave a standard deviation of + 1.2 (j.g/1 and a
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25
RSD of 18,4%. Detection limit iw 0.51 (jg/1, -uul I he ru-un il iv il y i
0.14 |og/l for 1% Abs.
(d) Lead
Unspiked urine quality controls (8) analyzed
for lead by the graphite furnace gave a mean of 26|j.g/l, a standard
deviation of _+ 4.0 (o.g/1, and a RSD of 15.7%. Four spiked urine (100 [u.g/1)
quality controls gave a standard deviation of + 3.7 (j.g/1 and a RSD of 3.7%.
The detection limit is 4.6 (j.g/1 with a sensitivity of 1.3 (o.g/1 for 1% Abs.
(e) Zinc
Nine (9) unspiked urine quality controls were
used for the determination of zinc by flame technique. The mean
concentration was 13.2 jj.g/1, standard deviation was + 0.6 (j.g/1 and the
RSD was 4.5%. Nine (9) spiked quality controls (50 (j.g/1) gave a standard
deviation of + 3.2 p.g/1 and a RSD of 5.1%. Calculated detection limit of
this method is 2.3 fJ.g/lf and sensitivity is 0.31 (J.g/1 for 1% Abs.
(6) Hair
All hair analyses were done by the flame technique.
A large quantity of hair (approximately 30g) from one
individual was used in the precision and recovery study. A total of 45
spiked and unspiked hair samples and standards were analyzed using the
conditions previously stated for each analyte metal. Spikes were added to
the individual hair samples immediately after the digestion acids had been
added.
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26
Recovery of analyte is based on 10 ml standard
solutions that have been spiked with the analyte metals at the same
concentrations as the spiked hair samples final volume (10 ml) should
be if all the metal were recovered.
Summary of the results is given below .
Sample
Cadmium
unspiked
spiked
(1.25 |ig)
Copper
unspiked
spiked (5ug)
Manganese
unspiked
spiked (5ug)
Lead
unspiked
spiked (5ug)
Zinc
unspiked
spiked (lOug)
n
5
5
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
mean
^^d£2i
1.
3.
17.
21.
0.
5.
14.
19.
154
164
«_v^^_
98
16
0
5
3
2
6
2
.
Detection
Std.Dev. RSD % Limit
ug/g % Recovery ug/g
+ 0.
+ 0.
+ 0.
± °-
+ 0.
± °'
+ 0.
± °'
+ 6.
+ 5.
12
13
45
25
1
3
52
70
5
7
5
4
2
1
26
4
3
3
4
3
.8 --- 0.31
.0 80.0
.6 4.4
.1 88.3
7 "- 0.42
.9 94.0
6 0.40
.6 97.5
2 --- 3.2
.5 100
Sensitivity
ug/g for
1% Abs.
0.05
2.4
0.03
0.03
2.2
(7) Feces
A homogenized feces sample combined from several
samples was used in this study. Approximately 5 grams of the homogenized
feces were used per sample. A total of 47 spiked (0.25 to 10(o.g/g) and
unspiked samples were analyzed by the method given previously for feces
-------
27
analysis. Spikes were added immediately after the digestion acids had
been added to the feces. Recovery of the analyte is based upon the
comparison of the spiked feces with standards spiked at the appropriate
levels (i.e. spiked at the levels that would be found in the final volume
of the spiked feces samples if there were 100% recovery).
(a) Lead
The unspiked feces samples (5) analyzed by
the graphite furnace technique for lead content gave a mean concentration
of 1. 35 |a.g/g, a standard deviation of + 0 .01 jig/g, and a RSD of 0 .7%. Five
spiked feces samples (2.5}ig/g) analyzed for lead gave a mean concentration
of 2.8 |J.g/g> a standard deviation of + 0.6 fig/g, and a RSD of 22.9%.
Detection limit for lead by this method is 0.07 (J.g/g with a sensitivity of
0.04 |og/g for 1% Abs. Lead recoveries in spiked feces samples ranged
from 94.8 to 103.1 %.
(b) Cadmium
Cadmium determination in unspiked feces
samples (5) gave a mean concentration of 0.55 |J.g/g, a standard deviation
of +_ 0.11 (Jtg/g, and a RSD of 20.4%. Five (5) spiked feces samples
(0 . 25 |J.g/g) gave a mean of 0 . 8 |o.g/g, a standard deviation of + 0 . 08 (a.g/g,
and a RSD of 10%. The calculated detection limit is 0.02p.g/g, and the
sensitivity is 0.01 |o.g/g for 1% Abs. Recoveries ranged from 75.8 to
82.3%.
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28
(8) Summary
The methods of analysis used to measure the trace
metal content of blood, hair, urine, and feces were adequate (i.e.
R .S.D.<25%) except for (1) cadmium in blood and urine and (2)
manganese in urine and hair.
The analytical methods used for each trace metal
determined were consistent with the state-of-the-art of that particular
atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique used. Improved
procedures are necessary, especially for cadmium in blood and urine.
2. Clinical Analyses
Specific Gravity - Urine
After all samples had been picked up from the subjects,
specific gravities were determined, usually at the end of the day, using
a urinometer.
Total Volume - Urine
Urinary volume was measured at the same time as specific
gravity. Volume measurements were obtained by weighing the urine in
the sample bottle, subtracting the bottle weight and applying the specific
gravity factor. A 250-ml aliquot with 1% acetic acid was frozen and
shipped to the analytical laboratory.
-------
29
Hematocrits
The capillary tube method was used to run hematocrits on
each blood sample. Convenience and blood collection times during the
day made it necessary to run the hematocrits at the end of the day.
Creatinine in Urine
Urinary creatinine was determined According to the method
described in Manual of Clinical Laboratory Procedures, 2nd edition, 1970,
published by the Chemical Rubber Company.
Coproporphyrin in Urine
Urinary coproporphyrin was determined following the
procedure of Talman, E.L., "Porphyrins in Urine", in Standard
Methods of Clinical Analysis, vol. 2, D. Seligson, ed. (1958).
E. Results
1. Clinical Data
The data from the subjects for hematocrits, coproporphyrin
creatinine, urine volume and urine specific gravity are in Appendix D.
The average hematocrits and standard deviation for the six groups ase
as follows:
Standard Deviation
3.99
2.93
3.92
3.41
3.24
2.32
Group 1
Group 1A
Group 2
Group 2A
Group 3
Group 3A
Average
45.2
45.6
46.7
43.4
39.7
39.7
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30
These values appear to be normal for each group. There is a
statistically significant difference between Groups 2 and 2A which may
be due to the slight age difference between these two groups. The
median ages of the groups are shown in Table in.
2. Trace Element Pata
The complete raw data from the analyses of hair, blood,
urine and fecal samples for the trace elements are included in Appendix D.
Copper, manganese, lead and cadmium are reported as (j.g/100 ml of
whole blood, while zinc values are (j.g/100 ml of blood plasma. Hair
values are listed as (J.g/g of washed hair. Urine values are in jag per
liter. Cadmium and lead in feces are listed as (JLg/g.
The data are compiled by groups and by tests. The code for
the groups are as follows:
Group 1 - Policemen
Group 1A - Control for Policemen
Group 2 - Garage Attendants
Group 2A - Control for Garage Attendants
Group 3 - Females near Freeways
Group 3A - Control for Females
The four collections of samples are listed as tests 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Blood, urine and fecal samples were taken at four specific times from
the volunteers, and they are matched samples. Tests 1 and 2 were before
and after a weekend. This sampling period was in November of 1972.
Tests 3 and 4 represented before and after a vacation. These samples
were taken in late December, 1972 and early January, 1973 to cover the
Christmas holidays.
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31
Hair samples were collected by the individual volunteers
at random time intervals over a four-month period. The first sample
collected was Test 1, the second Test 2, etc.
The data were examined statistically by use of a t test using
paired comparisons. These calculations produced the test statistic tc
which is based upon Student's t distribution:
s
where x is any random variable, (j. is the true mean of the distribution of
x, and s is a sample standard deviation. For the test of the difference
between means of two groups, t is defined as
(5T. - x,)
where
xl - X2
Sx - x
1 2
IT^-W* (nz-l) S/l
n . + n ., - 2
nl + n2
_nl*n2 _
with
n . , the size of sample 1
n_ , the size of sample 2
S, , sample variance of sample 1
S , sample variance of sample 2
L*
The presumptions are
1) pi = 0
2) The populations from which the two samples
were drawn have equal variances.
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32
Then t within acceptable limits implies a mean of zero, which
c
implies
N- »z= °
^l=fX2
Comparisons were made between the groups (positive
versus control) for all tests and between the groups for each test. In
addition, comparisons were made within groups between Tests 1 and 2
and Tests 3 and 4. These statistical comparisons are considered the
minimum necessary to understand the significance of these data. It is
understood that the Environmental Protection Agency will conduct a
thorough statistical treatment of these data.
a.) Copper
The arithmetic means for copper levels in blood, urine
and hair for the six groups of subjects (all four tests combined) are shown
in Table IV. Along with the means are the standard deviations and
sample sizes. At the bottom of the table are shown the results of the
statistical analysis of this data. At a 95% confidence limit (p = .05),
there are significant differences between groups for blood and urine.
For policemen (1) and their control (1A), there is a negative correlation
in blood and a positive correlation in urine. For garage attendants (2)
and females living near freeways (3), there are positive correlations in
blood but no significant differences in urine or hair. From these data, it
is not clear whether or not the differences seen are related to exposure to
exhaust products .
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33
Although not examined statistically, there are larger
quantities of copper in females than males in blood, urine and hair. It
has been reported that females have higher levels of copper than males.
It has also been shown that oral contraceptives increase copper levels.
Table V shows the averages for each test for copper
in blood, urine and hair. These data were also examined using the t test
for differences between groups for each test and for differences within
groups between Tests 1 and 2 and Tests 3 and 4. The differences between
groups for each test were similar to the statistical data between groups
for all the tests. There were few significant differences between Tests
1 and 2 and Tests 3 and 4. This is summarized in Table VI for blood and
urine samples. Similar comparisons with hair showed no significant
differences. There was no indication that copper levels were affected
by weekends away from work or short vacations.
b.) Manganese
Table VII shows the results obtained for manganese.
There are five significant differences between groups, but four of these
are negative (control group higher than exposure group). The large
standard deviation seen in group 3A hair is due in large part to relatively
high values for one individual. This was the only female Mexican-American
in the study.
Table VIII shows the averages for each test. Table IX
summarizes the statistically significant differences between Tests 1 and 2
and between Tests 3 and 4 for blood and urine samples. No significant
differences were seen in hair samples.
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34
c .) Zinc
The results for zinc are shown in Table X. There
are only two significant differences - one positive and the other negative.
There are lower levels of zinc in blood and urine of females, while
higher levels are found in hair. It has been reported that oral contra-
ceptives lower zinc levels in blood and urine. The average values are
considered within normal ranges for females.
Table XI shows the average values for each test.
Statistical comparisons within groups produced the results in Table XII.
d.) Cadmium
A summary of the data for cadmium is shown in
Table XIII. The levels of cadmium are low in all specimens. These low
levels pushed the analytical methods to the limit of their effectiveness.
There are five significant differences at the 95% confidence limits, with
three of these positive and two negative. The differences between 3 and 3A
for blood would have been significant except for the large standard
deviations. This is also true for hair levels between 2 and 2A.
Table XIV shows the averages for each test. The
statistical comparison of groups test by test shows that the differences
between 1 and 1A and 2 and 2A in urine are consistent in all four tests.
Table XV summarizes the statistical comparisons within groups. No
significant differences were found with the hair samples. It is
possible that the levels of cadmium in urine are related to the exposure
to exhaust products.
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35
e.) Lead
Table XVI includes the comparison between groups
(all tests) for lead. There are significant differences for the male
volunteers (policemen-1 versus controls-lA and garage attendants-2
versus controls-2A) in blood and hair. There were slightly higher levels
(significant at 0. 1 level) in females living near freeways -3 than their
controls - 3A in blood. In urine, there are significant differences
between groups 1 and 1A and 3 and 3A. In this same table are shown
data for urine coproporphyrin. There is a highly significant difference
between females living near a freeway and their controls (tc = 4.0351).
Table XVII shows the averages for each test. The
statistical comparisons between groups for each test are very similar
to the overall comparisons. Table XVIII summarizes the statistical
comparisons within groups. There were no statistical differences within
groups for hair or fecal samples.
f.) Water and Vacuum Cleaner Dust
Table XIX shows the results of analysis of water samples
from homes of individuals in Groups 3 and 3A and water samples from places
of work for Groups 1, 1A, 2A, 3 and 3A. The water from City Hall is
high in zinc; however, high zinc levels were not found in Group 1A.
Table XX shows the data for house dust of subjects
selected at random from Groups 3 and 3A. The data are similar for the two
groups. The lead levels are low (4.6-24.3 (J-g/g) compared with data from
other studies of lead in household dust of urban areas (500-900(j.g/g).
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36
IV. CONCLUSIONS
1. It has been demonstrated that it is possible to survey free
living populations for body burdens of trace metals and to relate these
body burdens to airborne exposures. In order to make these comparisons,
it is essential that the test group of subjects be well matched with a
control group for variables such as age, sex, hair color, smoking
habits, occupation, ethnic background, place of residence and socio-
economic status.
2. Good participation was achieved for four of the six groups of
subjects. For policemen and females living near freeways and their
controls, there were 180 subjects selected from those that volunteered,
and 144 completed the study (80%). Many of these subjects participated
because of a real interest in air pollution in their city. The participation
from garage attendants and their controls was not nearly as good. Over
300 potential volunteers were contacted, and less than 90 filled out a
questionnaire. Only 56 of these completed the study. It appeared that
the sum of money offered to these individuals ($35) was borderline for
the amount of participation required.
For future studies that include populations of the latter type, it is
recommended that the subjects be paid as much as $50 for their services.
This assumes that the same extent of participation is required, i.e.,
four matched samples, of blood, urine, feces and hair.
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37
3. Body burdens of copper, manganese and zinc were not
significantly elevated as a result of exposure to internal combustion
engine exhaust products. This study has provided a considerable quantity
of base line data which can be utilized for comparison with data generated
in the future. When the quantities of lead fuel additives consumed are
substantially decreased, it is likely that the usage of other fuel additives
will be increased. Several of the candidate fuel additives contain these
three trace metals. Two hundred subjects, both male and female, have
been sampled four times for three different specimens for data on these
three metals. The test groups of subjects (policemen, garage attendants,
and females near freeways) were exposed to predominantly air pollution
from internal combustion engine exhaust products with a smaller portion
from industrial sources.
4. Levels of lead in blood and hair samples from male subjects
appear to be rather high in both test and control groups . In a previous
(1)
study by Hammer et al on school boys, there were listed five metal
exposure rankings according to their expected exposure. Their two
highest rankings were in lead smelting areas. The levels of lead of
subjects in these two areas were 20.9 and 15.6 ^g/100 ml of blood
(arithmetic means). The lowest ranking level had 5.4 |j,g/100 ml of blood.
In this study, blood levels were 28.3, 23.1, 21.3 and 18.4 fig/100 ml of
blood for the male subjects exposed predominantly to airborne lead from
internal combustion engine exhaust products. The average age of the
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38
subjects in this study was between 25 and 30. It has been shown in
numerous studies that young children have higher lead levels than do
adults.
Hair levels for the school boys in the two highest exposure
rankings were 80.2 and 32.3 (ig per gram of hair. For the study
reported here, the values were 47.6, 29.7, 23 .!5 and 13.1 p.g/g of hair.
5. There are significant differences (95% confidence limits) between
i
policemen and their matched controls for lead in blood, urine and hair.
For the garage attendants and their controls, there are significant
differences for blood and hair. For females living near freeways, there
were higher levels than their control subjects for lead in blood, urine
and hair, although only urine was statistically significant at the 95%
confidence limit.
There were no significant differences for any of the test groups
versus their controls for lead in fecal samples. Measurement of fecal
lead provides an indicator for the relative amounts of lead consumed in
food or drink. Since there were very little differences for fecal lead
between groups, it is concluded that the differences seen in blood, urine
and hair Veflect exposure to airborne lead. It is likely that the majority
of this arises from lead used as a fuel additive.
6. There are differences between males and females for levels of
lead in blood and hair. Males had blood lead levels between 28.3 and
18.4, while females were 12.9 and 11.9 |o.g/100 ml of whole blood.
Hair levels for males were 47.6 to 13.1 ng/g of ihair, and females hair
-------
39
values were 7.4 and 6.0. Lead in urine and t'eces wore simil.-ir lot-
males and females.
The female subjects (both positive and control) worked in the
same buildings with the control subjects for the garage attendants.
From these data, it appears that females metabolize lead differently
than do males.
7. A part of this study was to find out if short periods of time
(1 to 9 days) away from work would alter body burdens of the five trace
metals. The preliminary statistical treatment of the data indicates that
the levels of the five trace metals were not changed as a result of a
weekend or a short vacation.
8. Cadmium levels in urine appeared to reflect exposure to airborne
cadmium for male subjects but not for females. The differences seen
in hair and blood of males did not vary with the expected exposure
gradient.
9. Future studies of the type reported here should include children
and perhaps elderly people.
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40
REFERENCES
(1) Hammer, D.I., F. Finklea, R.H. Hendricks, T.A.Hinners,
W. B. Riggan and C. M. Shy, "Trace Metals in Human Hair as
a Simple Epidemiologic Monitor of Environmental Exposure",
Trace Substance in Environmental Health V, (1972). A
Symposium, D.D. Hamphill, ed. , University of Missouri,
Columbia.
(2) Harrison, W.W., J. P. Vurachek and C.A. Benson, "The
Determination of Trace Elements in Human Hair by Atomic
Absorption Spectroscopy", Clinica Chimica Acta, 23 (1969) 83-91.
(3) "Analytical Methods for Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry",
Perkin-Elmer Corp, March 1973, Norwalk, Conn.
(4) Ediger, R.D., and R . L. Coleman, "Determination of Cadmium
in Blood by a Delves Cup Technique", Atomic Absorption
Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 1, (1973).
(5) Ediger, R.D. and R. L. Coleman, "A Modified Delves Cup Atomic
Absorption Procedure for the Determination of Lead in Blood",
Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 2 (1972).
(6) Matousek, J.P. and B. J. Stevens, "Biological Application of
the Carbon Rod Atomizer in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, 1.
Preliminary Studies on Mg, Fe, Cu, Pb, and Zn in Blood and
Plasma", Clinical Chemistry, Vol. 17, No. 5 (1971).
(7) Amos, M.D., P.A. Bennett, K.G. Brodie, P.W.V. Lung and
J. P. Matousek, "Carbon Rod Atomizer in Atomic Absoprtion and
Fluorescence Spectrometry and its Clinical Applications",
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 43, No. 2 (1971)
/
(8) Dawson, J.B. and B.E. Walker, "Direct Determination of Zinc
in Whole Blood, Plasma and Urine by Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy", Clinica Chemica Acta, 26 (1969) 465-475.
(9) Sprague S. and W. Slavin, "Determination of Ion, Copper, and
Zinc in Blood Serum by an Atomic Absorption Method Requiring
Only Dilution", Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 4, 228 (1965).
(10) Hauser, T.R., T.A. Hinners.and J. L. Kent, "Atomic Absorption
Determination of Cadmium and Lead in Whole Blood by a Reagent-
Free Method", Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 44, No. 11 (1972).
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41
(11) Kahn, H.L. andJ.S. Sebestyen, "The Determination of Lead
in Blood and Urine by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry,
with the Sampling Boat System", Atomic Absorption Newsletter,
Vol. 9, No. 2. (1970).
(12) Davidson, I.W.F. andW.L. Secrest, "Determination of Chromium
in Biological Materials by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using
A Graphite Furnace Atomizer", Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 44,
No. 11, (1972).
(13) Adrian, W. J., "A New Wet Digestion Method for Biological
Materials Utilising Pressure", Atomic Absorption Newsletter,
Vol. 10, No. 4 (1971).
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TABLE I.
PROJECT 01-3451
ANALYSIS OF PARTICIPANTS
EXPOSED VS. CONTROLS
Participant
Classification
1/1A
Police
2/2A
Garage
Employees
3/3A
Females
Parameter
Age
Education
Ethnic
Age
Education
Ethnic
Age
Education
Ethnic
Parameter
Grouping
18-26
27-35
36 -
0-12
13-16
-Degree
White
Non- White
18-26
27-35
36-
0-12
13-16
Degree
White
_Non-. White
18-26
27-35
36-
0-12
13-16
Degree
White
Non- White
Total Participants
Exposed Controls
10
17
10
13
22
2
37
0
22
7
3
16
12
4
16
16
25
7
2
2
13
19
33
1
(27)
(46)
(27)
(35)
(59)
(5)
(100)
(0)
(69)
(22)
( 9)
(50)
(38)
(13)
(50)
(50)
(74)
(21)
(6)
(6)
(38)
(56)
(97)
(3)
(22)
(49)
(29)
(7)
(32)
(61)
(93)
(?)
(37)
(33)
(30)
(50)
(35)
(15)
(44)
(56)
(67)
(33)
(0)
(8)
(19)
(72)
(94)
(6)
9
20
12
3
13
25
38
3
10
9
8
13
9
4
12
15
24
12
0
3
7
26
34
2
Smoker Participants
Exposed Controls
6
9
9
9
14
1
24
0
8
5
2
8
6
1
6
9
15
3
i
2
10
7
18
1
(25)
(38)
(38)
(38)
(58)
(4)
(100)
(0)
(53)
(33)
(13)
(53)
(40)
(7)
(40)
(60)
(79)
(16)
(5)
(11)
(53)
(37)
(95)
.(5)
(23)
(38)
(38)
(12)
(42)
(46)
(92)
(8)
(38.)
(38)
(25)
(50)
(44)
(6)
-<38)
(63)
(71)
(29)
(0)
(5)
(24)
(71)
(100)
(0)
6
10
10
3
11
12
24
2
5
7
4
8
7
1
6
10
15
6
0
1
5
15
21
0
Non-Smoker Participants
Exposed Controls
4
8
1
4
8
1
13
0
14
2
1
8
6
3
10
7
9
5
1
0
3
12
15
0
(31)
(62)
(8)
(31)
(62)
(8)
(100)
(0)
\82)
(12)
(6)
(47)
(35)
(18)
(59)
(41)
(60)
(33)
(7)
0
(20)
(80)
(100)
(0)
(20)
(63)
(13)
(0)
(13)
(87)
(93)
(7)
(i:)
(18)
(36)
(55)
(18)
(27)
(55)
(45)
(60)
(40)
(0)
(13)
(13)
(73)
(87)
(13)
1
J
10
2
0
2
13
14
1
5
2
4
6
2
3
6
5
9
6
0
2
2
11
13
2
f\
**
>, >,
cv
A
Numbers in parentheses are percentages
-------
TABLE II. SCHEMATIC ANALYSIS OF PARTICIPANTS
43<
Education
Ethnic
Smoking
Hair Color
18-26 27-35 36-
0-12 13-16 Peg
Non-
White White
Non-
Smoke Smoiae
Brown Stack Red Blonde Wmte
Group I/IA
Group n/ILA
Group m/IIIA
Exposed Grou
-------
TABLE m. MEDIAN AGE OF SUBJECTS
44
Group
1
1A
2
2A
3
3A
Median
31
30
25
30
26
25
Range
20-46
19-53
18-45
22-50
18-47
21-32
-------
TABLE IV. COPPER
4!
Grp.
1
1A
2
2A
3
3A
BLOOD pg/lOOml,
Std. Sam.
Mean* Dev. Size
63.1 19.69 139
74.8 14.06 153
66.9 17.34 119
57.8 18.01 98
96.3 31.06 118
74.1 20.81 134
URINE jig /liter
Std . Sam .
Mean* Dev . Size
8.8 5.35 142
7.6 4.93 153
7.4 6.47 113
8.7 5.68 98
13.5 8.94 110
12.4 7.45 128
HAIR fjig/g
Std.
Mean* Dev .
12.5 6.34
14.1 7.98
12.8 8.62
14.7 7.89
32.0 24.75
27.4 28.30
#Arithmetic mean
Statistical Differences Between Groups (All Tests)
BLOOD
Sig.
p=.05 tc
L vs 1A yes -5.8738
! vs ZA yes 3.7841
, vs 3A yes 6.7258
F
URINE
Sig.
=.05 tc
yes 2.0259
no -1.4762
no 1.0134
RA.IR
Sig.
p=.05 tc
no -1.8748
no -1.4581
no 1.2813
Sam
Size
136
153
72
99
104
126
-------
46
TABLE V. COPPER
Test GROUPS
Blood
K g/lOOml
1
2
3
4
1
87.8
57.3
53.0
55.0
1A
78.6
74.9
71.3
74.5
2
74.4
75.3
60.0
57.5
2A
51.8
47.8
47.1
83.9
3
96.2
103.0
101.1
84.1
. 3A
74.6
69.3
75.1
78.1
Urine
\J-g /liter
Hair
Mg/g
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
9.3
7.8
9.6
8.3
13.3
12.6
12.8
11.5
7.7
7.7
6.9
8.0
14.2
14.3
14.3
13.8
8.5
9.1
5.8
6.1
13.1
12.5
13.2
12.7
5.4
8.8
9.7
10.9
16.2
13.7
15.3
13.6
10.5
12.2
13.8
18.1
29.8
31.0
29.5
37.3
9.3
11.9
13.9
15.4
30.2
26.5
25.2
27.8
-------
47-
TABLE VI. COMPARISONS OF TESTS
WITHIN GROUPS - Copper
1
1A
Blood 2
2A
3
3A
Test 1 vs Test 2
significant p =. 05
yes
Test 3 vs Test 4
significant p = .Q5
-yes
yes
Urine
1
1A
2
2A
3
3A
-yes
-------
TABLE VIL MANGANESE
Grp.
1
1A
2
2A
3
3A
BLOOD |ig/100ml
Std . Sam .
Mean* Dev. Size
2.0 1.22 139
2.7 1.85 153
2.4 .97 117
2.1 .88 95
2.1 .77 117
2.4 .93 132
URINE p.g /liter
Std . Sam .
Mean* Dev . Size
6.6 4.39 142
7.8 8.94 153
5.3 5.79 115
10.1 9.80 98
12.2 12.42 110
8.4 11.44 117
HAIR jjig/g
Std . Sam
Mean* Dev . Size
3.5 4.65 127
2.9 3.23 146
7.9 10.44 66
7.6 6.76 82
3.4 2.88 105
7.0 18.44 119
^Arithmetic mean
Statistical Differences Between Groups (All Tests)
BLOOD
Sig.
p=.05 tc
vs 1A yes -3.9830
vs 2A no 1.9402
vs 3A yes -2.6090
URINE
Sig.
p=.05 tc
no -1.4813
yes -4.3677
yes 2.4428
HAIR
Sig.
p=.05 tc
no 1.2004
no .2526
yes -1.9745
-------
TABLE VIII. MANGANESE
GROUPS
Blood
ji g/100 ml
Urine
H.g /liter
Hair
Hg/g
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2.2
2.1
2.1
1.6
5.0
6.2
4.6
10.7
4.1
3.2
3.8
2.9
1A
3.1
2.8
2.6
2.6
12.6
10.3
3.2
5.3
2.9
2.7
2.8
3.3
2
2.1
2.5
2.2
2.7
5.7
4.4
5.7
5.6
7.6
6.8
8.9
8.9
2A
2.7
2.1
2 .0
1.7
5.0
9.3
14.4
11.7
6.5
7.9
7.3
8.5
3
2.1
1.8
2.0
2.4
14.0
9,4
8.8
17.1
3.6
2.8
3.4
3.8
. 3A
2.5
2.6
1.9
2.3
15.0
3.4
9.6
4.7
8.3
6.4
6.2
7.3
-------
50-
TABLE IX. COMPARISONS OF TESTS
WITHIN GROUPS - Manganese
Blood
1
1A
2
2A
3
3A
Test 1 vs Test 2
significant p = .Q5
Test 3 vs Test 4
significant p =. 05
yes
1
1A
Urine 2
2A
3
3A
. yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
-------
TABLE X . ZINC
Grp.
1
1A
2
2A
3
3A
BLOOD (jig /100ml
Std. Sam.
Mean* Dev. Size
339.9 51.26 141
306.5 45.99 153
317.5 70.92 117
309.9 59.61 98
254.3 49.73 116
251.4 66.06 132
URINE ,jjug /liter
Std . Sam .
Mean* Dev . Size
305 186.8 141
308 186.1 154
449 251.4 109
218 131.8 96
167 112.6 112
177 106.7 125
HAIR ji.g/g
Std.
Mean5'1 Dev .
171.0 47.56
172.3 45.77
173.4 109.88
166.2 99.93
221.2 72.26
250.1 114.76
*Arithmetic mean
Statistical Differences Between Groups (All Tests)
BLOOD URINE
Sig . Sig .
p=.05 tc p=.05 tc
vs 1A yes 5.8747 no - .1108
vs 2A no .8411 yes -8.0978
vs 3A no .3850 no - .7280
HAIR
Sig.
p=.05 tc
no - .2303
no .4364
yes -2.2429
Sam
Size
127
154
72
99
105
126
-------
TABLE XI. ZINC
Test GROUPS
Hair
52<
Blood
(i g/lOOml
Urine
H-g /liter
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
354.4
369.7
316.8
317.8
196.
220.
455.
358.
1A
340.8
294.9
272.2
314.9
260.
332.
251,
392.
2
278.6
311.2
343.2
339.1
505.
496.
470.
304.
2A
329.7
299.4
308.1
304.1
190.
181.
278.
223.
3
280.7
234.3
236.1
265.5
141.
180.
186.
163.
. 3A
247.5
210.1
259.3
297.3
215.
172.
151.
164.
1
2
3
4
174.3
167.0
168.7
174.2
168.7
185.2
167.7
167.5
197.7
182.6
153.8
151.5
186.6
173.7
148.4
156.5
206.0
230.3
228.8
220.6
243.1
253.8
259.4
244.4
-------
53-
TABLE Xn. COMPARISONS OF TESTS
WITHIN GROUPS - Zinc
Blood
1
1A
2
2A
3
3A
Test 1 vs Test 2
significant p =. 05
yes
yes
yes
Test 3 vs Test 4
significant p = . 05
- yes
yea
yes
Urine
1
1A
2
2A
3
3A
yes
yes
yes
yes
-------
TABLE XIII. CADMIUM
54
Grp.
1
1A
2
2A
3
3A
BLOOD pg/K
Std.
Mean* Dev.
.5 .67
.7 .85
.5 .52
-4 .44
.9 1.1
.8 1.7
*Arithm,etic mean
Grp.
1
1A
2
2A
3
3A
)0ml URINE fig /liter
Sam. Std. S
Size Mean* Dev. S
139 1.4 1.05 1
155 .6 .44 1
120 .8 .63 1
98 .5 .23
120 .6 .67 1
135 .6 .40 1
HAIR (jcg/g
am . Std . Sam
Ize Mean* Dev. Size
42 1.1 2.09 119
55 1.1 2.02 150
14 1.0 .97 71
98 2.2 2.10 98
10 .6 .41 101
17 .7 .55 113
FECES (ag/g
Std . Sam .
Mean* Dev. Size
.19 .07
.20 .11
.30 .21
.24 .13
.27 .16
.23 .13
141
130
93
98
105
124
Statistical Differences Between Groups
vs 1A
vs 2A
vs 3A
BLOOD
p=.05 tc
yes -2.7122
yes 2.4093
no .8695
URINE HAH
P=.Q5 tc p=.05
yes 8.7999 no
yes 5.1880 yes -4
no - .1671 no -1.
(AD Tests)
* FECES
tc p=.05 tc
.1073 no -1.0536
.4842 yes 2.3505
6070 yes 2. 0704
-------
TABLE XIV .CADMIUM
Test GROUPS
1
Urine 2
jig/liter 3
4
1
Hair 2
Hg/g 3
4
1
Feces 2
3
4
1
.-7
.6
.4
.4
2.5
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.1
. 17
. 18
. 19
.21
1A
.6
.4
.4
1.6
.7
.5
.5
.9
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
.21
.22
.21
. 16
2
.8
.8
.3
.3
1.1
.9
.8
.5
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.2
.24
.23
.44 -
.27
2A
.5
.5
.2
.2
.5
.5
.5
.5
2.4
2.5
2.1
1.9
.23
.22
.27
.22
3
.9
1.0
.9
.9
.3
.8
.5
.8
.6
.6
.6
.6
. 31
.23
.26
.26
. 3A
1.7
.7
.3
.2
.6
.8
.5
.6
.7
.6
.7
.7
. 22
. 19
.27
. 24
-------
56 <
TABLE XV. COMPARISONS OF TESTS
WITHIN GROUPS - Cadmium
Test 1 vs Test 2 Test 3 vs Test 4
significant p = .Q5 significant p = .Q5
1
1A -- -yes
Blood 2
2A
3
3 A yes
1 yes
1A yes -yes
Urine 2 " yes
2 A
3 -yes -yes
3 A
-------
TABLE XVI. LEAD
57
Grp.
1
1A
2
2A
3
3A
BLOO1
Mean*
23.1
18.4
28.3
21.3
12.9
11.9
D fig/K
Std.
Dev.
9.21
7.38
10.33
9-70
4.47
4.28
)0ml
Sam .
Size
141
150
119
95
120
117
URINE \ig /liter
Std. Sam.
Mean* Dev. Size
24.8 21.89 144
19.0 19.64 160
26.5 25.38 124
27.8 19.80 100
32.0 25.47 120
19.5 21.25 144
HAIR fJ-g/g
Mean*
25.5
13.1
47.6
29.7
7.4
6.0
Std.
Dev.
38.61
15.92
46.42
29.62
10.61
5.51
Sam
Size
136
149
73
100
106
121
*Arithm tic mean
Grp.
1
1A
2
2A
3
3A
F
Mean*
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.2
2.9
2.7
ECES
Std.
Dev.
2.87
2.72
1.68
2.44
2.18
3.94
URINE
Hg/g Coproporphyrin (o.g/100 ml
Sam . Std . Sam .
Size Mean Dev. Size
141 3.1 2.55
125 3.5 L.56
92 3.8 4.22
96 3.1 2.61
105 3.0 2.41
123 2:0 1.54
144
160
124
100
128
144
Statistical Differences Between Groups (All Tests)
1 vs 1A
2 vs 2A
3 vs 3A
J3-L.UU.U
p=.05 tc
yes 4.7726
yes 5.0098
no 1.8926
UKllNJt,
p=.05 tc
yes 2.4464
no - .4254
yes 4.3452
rtn.j_K
p=.05 tc
yes 3.0185
yes 3.0823
no 1.2754
r tL,^i^^>
p=.05 tc
no .5648
no .4107
no .3474
-------
TABLE XVH. LEAD °
Test GROUPS
1
Urine 2
|J.g/liter 3
4
1
Hair 2
M^ g/g 3
4
1
Feces 2
H-g/g 3
4
1
25.0
26.1
17.3
23.7
39.1
32.8
20.0
7.2
38.5
21.7
19.9
13.1
2.5
3.1
2.0
2.3
1A
18.3
22.6
17.6
15.1
20.6
18.1
21.6
15.5
16.0
12.9
11.2
12.3
2.6
2.1
2.4
2.0
2
29.6
31.3
25.8
26.4
11.9
37.0
28.7
28.2
52.7
47.2
50.8
38.3
2.3
1.8
2.4 '
3.1
2A
17.4
25.9
22.4
19.2
32.4
25.5
22.7
30.5
34.5
30.3
26.7
27.4
3.2
2.6
1.6
1.5
3
12.6
14.0
12.1
13.0
28.3
33.7
36.3
29.7
9.9
9.3
4.0
6.1
3.5
2.7
2.5
2.9
3A
13.0
11.1
11.1
12.6
19.6
11.4
26.9
20.0
5.4
6.3
5.7
6.5
2.5
2.1
2.7
4.1
-------
TABLE XVIII. COMPARISONS OF TESTS
WITHIN GROUPS - Lead
Blood
1
1A
2
2A
3
3A
Test 1 vs Test 2
significant p= .05
-yes
-yes
Test 3 vs Test 4
significant p = . 05
- yes
Urine
1
1A
2
2A
3
3A
yes
-yes
yes
-------
TABLE XIX. WATER ANALYSIS
Sample Identification Cd_
Group 3 (Homes)
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
Average
concentration in jog/liter
Cd Cu Mn Pb
0.5
44
5.0 0.5
Zn
a. 4
1.1
0.3
0.3
0.6
6
74
58
0
22
1.4
10.3
5.5
6.8
0.8
0
2.5
0
0
0.1
72
48
36
462
0
124
Group 3A (Homes)
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
Average
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.4
11
12
6
7
4
0.7
2.2
5.3
12.7
0.8
0
0
0.6
0.7
0
189
144
243
513
674
0.4
4.3 0.7
353
Group 1
Police Station
0.2
360
9.0 0
164
Group 1A
City Hall
0.5
Groups 2A, 3, 3A
Baylor Col. of Med. 0.7
Methodist Hosp. 0.4
85
92
88
8.3 0.2
8.9 2.8
5.1 7.6
1113
738
328
-------
TABLE XX. DUST ANALYSIS
Concentration in (j.g/gram
Sample Identification Cd Cu Mil Pb Zn
Group 3 (Homes)
No.l 0.5 3.1 4.7 6.3 16.2
No. 2 0.4 9.3 7.3 20.6 52.1
No. 3 0.3 5.9 5.8 4.9 17.2
Average 0.4 6.1 5.9 10.6 28.5
Group 3A (Homes
No.l
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
Average 0.8 5.2 5.0 11.3 29.1
2.7
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.3
9.7
4.3
6.2
5.0
2.8
3.3
5.9
9.8
3.1
2.9
5.4
3.0
24.3
4.6
10.4
9.8
9.0
9.4
20.7
14.6
61.8
25.3
23.8
28.7
-------
APPENDIX A
QUESTIONNAIRE FORM
-------
63-
The questionnaire form used during the study to obtain information
for selecting participants among those volunteering their services is
presented in this Appendix. The form was designed to obtain the necessary
information regarding address, occupation, health status, and personal
statistics from each potential participant so that proper selection could
be made. The form was designed for keypunching into two keypunch cards.
Card 1 contains name and address data and Card 2 the occupation,
health, and personal data required for the selection criteria employed.
The numbers in parenthesis throughout the questionnaire form are the
keypunch coding. Information obtained from the respective questions
were punched in the columns specified in parenthesis in either Card 1
or Card 2, as indicated. A unique three-digit identification number was
assigned to each potential volunteer for which a questionnaire was
obtained, and the questionnaire form was labeled with this number.
The unique ID number was keypunched into all data cards related to
the volunteer subject and was used throughout all sampling procedures
to label samples and results from a specific volunteer.
Specific instructions regarding keypunching the questionnaire form
are given in the final three pages of this Appendix.
-------
CARD 1(1)
64
FORM APPROVED
By: Environmental
Protection Agency
I.D. #
(2 - 4)
EXPOSURE TO FUEL ADDITIVES
QUESTIONNAIRE
NAME:
(5 - 24)
ADDRESS:
Street (25 - 44)
City (45 - 59)
Zip (60 - 64)
TELEPHONE:
(65 - 71)
Please write on the lines above -
your full name, street address, city,
Zip Code and telephone number (ex-
clude Area Code).
The information requested in this
questionnaire will be held in strict
confidence.
P. E. G.
C.G.
1 2 3 (72)
11 22 33 (73 - 74)
-------
CARD 2
I.D. #
».}
(i)
i.
What is your present occupation?
(5 - 6)
2. Do you currently have a second full-time or part-time occupation
in which you are frequently exposed to irritating smoke, dust, or
fumes ?
1.
2.
Yes
No
(7)
IF YOU ANSWERED "NO" TO QUESTION
THREE QUESTIONS BELOW.
2", SKIP THE NEXT
2a. If the answer to question 2 is "Yes, " what kind of irritant are you
exposed to? (For example: auto exhaust fumes, coal dust, cutting
oils, smelter fumes, raw cotton dust. )
(8 - 9)
2b. If the answer to question 2 is "Yes, " what kind of work do you
perform in this job? (For example: maintenance, assembly line,
supervisor.)
(10 - 11)
2c. If the answer to question 2 is "Yes, " how long have you been ex-
posed to the irritant stated?
1. Less than one year
2. One to five years
3. Six to ten years
4. More than ten years
3. Have you ever smoked as many as five packs of cigarettes, that is,
as many as 100 cigarettes during your entire life?
(13)
1.
2.
Yes
No
-------
Do you now smoke eigaro11c-a ?
(I-I)
1.
2.
Yes
No
If you are a current or an ex-cigarette smoker, how many cigarettes
do (did) you smoke per day?
1. Less than 1/2 pack per day (1-5 cigarettes per day)
2. About 1/2 pack per day (6 - 14 cigarettes per day)
3. About 1 packiper day (15 - 25 cigarettes per day)
4. About 1 - 1/2 packs per day (26 - 34 cigarettes per day)
5. About 2 packs per day (35 or more cigarettes per day)
If you are a current or an ex-cigarette smoker, how old were you
when you first started smoking?
Years
If you are an ex-cigarette smoker, how old were you when you last
gave up smoking?
Years
What is your marital status?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Single
Married
Separated
Divorced
Widowed
9. What educational level has been completed by the head of the
household?
1. Elementary School
2. Part of High School
3. High School Graduate
4. Trade, Technical or Business School Beyond High School
5. Part of College
6. College Graduate
7. Graduate School Including Advance and Professional
Degrees
(15)
(16 -
(18 - ]
(20)
(21)
-------
10.
How long have you lived in your present city or town? (Check
one answer only)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Less than one year
One year
Two years
Three years
Four years
Five years
Six years
Seven years
Eight years
Nine years
Ten years
Eleven years
Twelve years or more
11.
12.
What was your age in years on your last birthday?
Years
What is your sex?
1.
2.
Male
Female
13. What is the natural color of your hair?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Brown
Black
Red
Blond
Gray
White
14.
Have you ever had any of the lung related problems listed below?
(Indicate all that apply)
1. Asthma
2. Emphysema
3. Tuberculosis
4. Histoplasmosis
5. Bronchiectasis
(24 - 25)
(26)
(27;
(28)
-------
15. Have you ever had a thyroid problem?
1. Yes
2. No
16. Do you live within two blocks of a freeway?
1. Yes
2. No
YOU HAVE FINISHED THE QUESTIONNAIRE
THANK YOU
(29)
(31)
17. DO NOT MARK BELOW THIS LINE
(32)
1.
2.
3.
4.
-------
63
CARD #1
Item Columns Comments
Card ff 1 The number 1 is punched
in the column
ID# 2-4 Three Digit Number Assigned
Name 5-8 Initials
9-24 Last Name
Address 25-64 ' As Shown
Telephone 65-71 As Shown
-------
70-
Item
Card #
ID#
Q1 -Occupation
Q2-Other Emp.
Q2a-Irritants
Q2b-Duties
Q2c-How Long
Q3-Have Smoked
Q4-Do Smoke
Q5-How Many
Q6-When Started
Q7-When Quit
CARD #2
Column
2-4
5-6
7
8-9
10-11
12
13
14
15
16-17
18-19
Comments
The number 2 is punched in
this column
(The same as Card #1)
1 - Policeman
2 - Attendant
3 - Custodian
4 - Orderly
5 - Clerk/Secretary
6 - Hospital Technician or
Nurse
7 - Police Control Group
9 - Other
As Shown
1 - Auto Exhaust
2 - Coal Dust
3 - Cutting Oils
4 - Smelter Fumes
5 - Raw Cotton Cust
6 - Cigarette/Cigar Smoke
7 - Other
1 - Guard
2 - Maintenance
3 - Assembly Line
4 - Supervisor
5 - Waitress
6 - Sales
7 - Secretary
8 - Other
As Shown
As Shown
A s Shown
As Shown
As Shown
As Shown
-------
Card #2 (Continued)
Q8-Married
Q9-Education
Q10-Length Lived in Town
Qll-Age
Q12-Sex
Q13-Color of Hair
Q14-Lung Problems
Q15-Thyroid
Q16-Live Near Fwy
Q17-Ethnic
Location Code
20
21
22-23
24-25
26
27
28
29
31
32
35
Group Identification
79-80
71-
As Shown
As Shown
As Shown
As Shown
As Shown
A s Shown
As Shown (6 is key-punched
for any multiple problem)
A s Shown
As Shown
1 - White
2 - Negro
3 - Mexican-American
4 - Other
0 - Baylor College of Medicine
1 - Travis Garage
2 - HNG Garage
3 - Ten-Ten Garage
4 - 1st City Nat. Bk Garage
5 - Texas Nat. Bk of Commerce
Garage
6 - Texas Medical Ctr Garage
7 - Houston PD
8 - Houston Civic Center
9 - Methodist Hospital
1/1A - Police/Police Control
2/2A - Garage/Garage Control
3/3A - Females/Females
Control
-------
72-
APPENDIX B
INFORMATION SHEETS USED IN SURVEYS
-------
73-
STUDY TO MEASURE HUMAN EXPOSURE TO FUEL ADDITIVES
FOR The Environmental Protection Agency
BY Southwest Research Institute
AT Houston, Texas
Southwest Research Institute is conducting a study for the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Contract No. 68-02-0595) to
measure human exposure to fuel additives. The design of this study
is that certain trace metals will be measured in hair, blood and urine
samples from people ordinarily exposed to relatively high levels of engine
exhaust fumes and in individuals with lesser exposure to these pollutants.
To conduct this study, some two hundred and forty volunteer
participants are needed. The following types of volunteers will be
selected:
Policemen and City Office Staff
40 Daytime Shift, outside work, regular exposure to
auto exhaust fumes
40 Any shift, indoors, away from regular exposure to
auto exhaust fumes
Housewives, Nurses, Female Office Staff, Female Building Custodians
40 Living near (within two blocks) a freeway
40 Not living near a freeway
Male Garage Attendants
40 Working in area of covered auto garage.
Male Building Custodians
40 Working away from regular exposure to auto exhaust fumes
-------
74-
The information obtained will assist the Environmental Protection Agency
to assess the types and quantity of pollutants to which populations which
make large use of freeways are exposed. This type of data is essential
to insure that the air we and our children breathe is safe. Each parti-
cipant will be informed of the results of the project when it is completed.
Samples will be collected four times during the project (4-6
months) for each of the three types: scalp hair, blood and urine. Samples
will be taken after a work day, after a non-work day and before and after
a vacation. A small amount of the participants' hair clippings will be
saved at the time of normal hair cut. Participants will be given sample
containers which can be mailed to us. The night before giving a blood
sample the participants will collect all urine (in a contained supplied by
us) beginning after supper (6-8 PM) and continuing until the next morning
when a blood sample will be given (8-10 AM). Twenty mllliliters of
blood will be taken by a nurse and under a physicians supervision. All
aspects of these experiments involving human subjects will be conducted
in accordance with the PHS Surgeon General's issuance, "Protection of
the Individual as a Research Subject" dated May 1, 1969. Each participant
will be paid $25 for the complete study - that is, four samples of blood,
urine and hair clippings.
INFORMATION REGARDING SOUTHWEST RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
Southwest Research Institute is a public service organization devoted
to applied research and franchised under the laws of the State of Texas
as a not-for-profit corporation. A staff of 1150'persons at facilities
in San Antonio, Houston, and Corpus Christi, Texas, Bloomfield,
Connecticut, and Washington, D. C. , provide a broad spectrum of
highly competent personnel with professional, technical, and administrative
training. The research activities of this institute include investigations
into virtually all areas of physical, engineering, behavioral, or social
sciences.
REFERENCES
Mr. George W. Bichsel, Associate City Manager, City of San Antonio, Texas
Mr. Robert J. MacDonald, Director of Intergovernmental Services,
City of San Antonio, Texas
-------
',>
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
STUDY TO MEASURE HUMAN EXPOSURE TO FUEL ADDITIVES
1. Initial Meeting with Employers
Employer Permission
Information Regarding Access to Bulletin Board,
Auditorium, etc.
2. Advertisement of Study to Potential Participants
Bulletin Boards
Handouts
Employer Announcement
3. Meeting with Potential Participants to Fill Out Questionnaires
Information Regarding Study
Fill out Questionnaires
4. Selection of Participants
5. Initial Gathering of Samples Before and After a Work Day
(Near Place of Work)
6. Gathering of Samples Before and After Vacation (At Southwest
Research Institute Office, 3600 S. Yoakum Blvd , Houston,
Texas 77006, Phone: 713-522-0726
7. Payment of 25 dollars to each participant completing study.
MAJOR STUDY POINTS
240 Volunteer Participants
4 Collections of Blood, Urine, Hair Clippings
No Interference with Normal Work Activities
$25 to Each Participant
-------
76-
EVERYONE TALKS ABOUT POLLUTION
HERE'S YOUR CHANCE TO HELP DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT
NEED 80 MALE VOLUNTEERS FOR A RESEARCH STUDY
HOUSTON PD - 40 DAYTIME SHIFT OUTDOORS (ON FOOT OR 3 WHEEL VEH. )
PASADENA PD - 40 ANY SHIFT INDOORS OR IN PATROL CARS
Southwest Research Institute is conducting a study for the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Contract No. 68-02-0595) to
evaluate human exposure to fuel additives. The study will involve
the measurement of certain metals in hair, blood and urine of subjects
who in their normal course of work are exposed to exhaust fumes from
internal combustion engines.
We need your assistance in contacting potential volunteers.
The participation of these individuals in this study will not interfere
with their jobs. We need male policemen between the ages of 18 and
45 who work a daytime shift outside. They should work primarily
within the downtown Houstca Area. At least 40 volunteers will be
needed for this group. A control group of policemen (same age group)
of at least 40 will also be required. These volunteers should have jobs
that require them to spend most of their time indoors or in patrol cars.
The control subjects will be from the Pasadena P. D.
Urine, blood and hair samples will be collected from each
subject four times during the study. The subjects will be paid $25
for their services. Collection of samples will be under the supervision
of a physician and the collections will be made outside of working hours.
Information covering all aspects of the project will be supplied to the
subjects. All aspects of these studies involving human volunteer subjects
will be conducted in accordance with the PHS Surgeon General's issuance,
"Protection of the Individual as a Research Subject", dated May 1, 1969.
EARN AN EXTRA $25
COMPLETE INFORMATION REGARDING THIS PROGRAM WILL BE GIVEN OUT
Where: Roll Call Area
When: 30 minutes preceding morning and afternoon roll call, Tuesday,
October 17, 1972.
-------
77<
MALE OFFICE STAFF
EVERYONE TALKS ABOUT POLLUTION
HERE'S YOUR CHANCE TO HELP DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT
NEED 40 MALE VOLUNTEERS FOR A RESEARCH STUDY
Work Inside
Any Shift
Southwest Research Institute is conducting a study for the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Contract No. 68-02-0595) to
evaluate human exposure to fuel additives. The study will involve
the measurement of certain metals in hair, blood and urine of subjects
who in their normal course of work are exposed to exhaust fumes from
internal combustion engines.
We need your assistance in contacting potential volunteers.
The participation of these individuals in this study will not interfere
with their jobs. We need male office staff between the ages of 18 and
45 who are employed by the City of Houston. These volunteers should
have jobs that require them to spend most of their time indoors away
from auto emissions.
Urine, blood and hair samples will be collected from each
subject four times during the study. The subjects will be paid $25
for their services. Collection of samples will be under the supervision
of a physician and the collections will be made outside of working hours.
Information covering all aspects of the project will be supplied to the
subjects. All aspects of these studies involving human volunteer subjects
will be conducted in accordance with the PHS Surgeon General' s issuance,
"Protection of the Individual as a Research Subject", dated May 1, 1969.
EARN AN EXTRA $25
COMPLETE INFORMATION REGARDING THIS PROGRAM WILL BE GIVEN OUT
-------
78
GARAGE ATTENDANTS
EVERYONE TALKS ABOUT POLLUTION
HERE'S YOUR CHANCE TO HELP DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT
NEED 40 MALE VOLUNTEERS FOR A RESEARCH STUDY
Southwest Research Institute is conducting a study for the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Contract No. 68-02-0595)
to evaluate human exposure to fuel additives. The study will involve
the measurement of certain metals in hair, blood and urine of subjects
who in their normal course of work are exposed to exhaust fumes from
internal combustion engines.
We need your assistance in contacting potential volunteers.
The participation of these individuals in this study will not interfere
with their jobs. We need males between the ages of 18 and 45 who
work primarily within a covered parking lot. At least 40 volunteers
will be required.
Urine, blood and hair samples will be collected from each
subject four times during the study. The subjects will be paid $25
for their services. Collection of samples will be under the supervision
of a physician and the collections will be made outside of working hours.
Information covering all aspects of the project will be supplied to the
subjects. All aspects of these studies involving human ^olunteer subjects
will be conducted in accordance with the PHS Surgeon General's issuance,
"Protection of the Individual as a Research Subject", dated May 1, 1969.
EARN AN EXTRA $25
COMPLETE INFORMATION REGARDING THIS PROGRAM WILL BE GIVEN OUT
Where:
When:
-------
/ .
MALE HOSPITAL BUILDING CUSTODIANS
EVERYONE TALKS ABOUT POLLUTION
HERE'S YOUR CHANCE TO HELP DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT
NEED 40 VOLUNTEERS FOR A RESEARCH STUDY
Southwest Research Institute is conducting a study for the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Contract No. 68-02-0595) to
evaluate human exposure to fuel additives. The study will involve
the measurement of certain metals in hair, blood and urine cf subjects
who in their normal course of work are exposed to exhaust fumes from
internal combustion engines.
We need your assistance in contacting potential volunteers.
The participation of these individuals in this study will not interfere
with their jobs. We need male building custodians between the ages
of 18 and 45. At least 40 male volunteers will be needed and they will
serve as a control group for comparison to results for males regularly
exposed to exhaust fumes in their normal course of work.
Urine, blood and hair samples will be collected from each
subject four times during the study. The subjects will be paid $25
for their services. Collection of samples will be under the supervision
of a physician and the collections will be made outside of working hours.
Information covering all aspects of the project will be supplied to the
subjects. All aspects of these studies involving human volunteer subjects
will be conducted in accordance with the PHS Surgeon General's issuance,
"Protection of the Individual as a Research Subject", dated May 1, 1969.
EARN AN EXTRA $25
COMPLE TE INFORMATION REGARDING THIS PROGRAM WILL BE GIVEN OUT
Where:
When:
-------
80 <
NURSES, FEMALE OFFICE STAFF, AND FEMALE BUILDING CUSTODIANS
EVERYONE TALKS ABOUT POLLUTION
HERE'S YOUR CHANCE TO HELP DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT
NEED 80 FEMALE VOLUNTEERS FOR A RESEARCH STUDY
40 LIVING NEAR (WITHIN 2 BLOCKS) OF A FREEWAY
40 NOT LIVING NEAR A FREEWAY
Southwest Research Institute is conducting a study for the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Contract No. 68-02-0595) to
evaluate human exposure to fuel additives. The study will involve
the measurement of certain metals in hair, blood and urine of subjects
who in their normal course of work are exposed to exhaust fumes from
internal combustion engines.
We need your assistance in contacting potential volunteers.
We need females between the ages of 18 and 45 who live within 2 blocks
of a freeway in the metropolitan Houston Area. At least 40 volunteers
will be needed for this group. An additional 40 female volunteers (same
age group) who do not live near a freeway and preferably live on the
fringe of the metropolitan Houston Area.
Urine, blood and hair samples will be collected from each
subject four times during the study. The subjects will be paid $25
for their services. Collection of samples will be under the supervision
of a physician and the collections will be made outside of working hours.
Information covering all aspects of the project will be supplied to the
subjects. All aspects of these studies involving human volunteer subjects
will be conducted in accordance with the PHS Surgeon General's issuance,
"Protection of the Individual as a Research Subject", dated May 1, 1969.
EARN AN EXTRA $25
COMPLETE INFORMATION REGARDING THIS PROGRAM WILL BE GIVEN OUT
Where:
When:
-------
81-
APPENDIX C
LISTING OF RESIDENCE, EMPLOYMENT,
HEALTH, SMOKING HABITS, AND PERSONAL DATA
FOR VOLUNTEER PARTICIPANTS
-------
A listing of the keypunch card data for Card 2 (as defined in
Appendix A) for all volunteer participants who successfully fulfilled the
sample collections. The volunteer participants are identified by
the assigned arbitrary three-digit ID number (columns 2-4) and this
listing is ordered, numerically, regarding the ID number. Personal
data for all human subjects on which the conclusions of this study are
based are included in this listing. Conversely stated, data for persons
who for some reason were not selected as participants or for some reason
failed to complete the required sample collections (and, thus, were
removed from the study data base) are not included in the listing.
-------
APPENDIX D
CLINICAL DATA
Hematocrits
Coproporphyrin
Creatinine
Volume/Specific Gravity
Trace Elements - Blood
Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Zinc
Trace Elements - Hair
Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Zinc
Trace Elements - Urine
Cadmium, Copper; Lead, Manganese, Zinc
Trace Elements - Feces
Cadmium, Lead
-------
Hematocrits
Coproporphyrin
Creatinine
Volume/Specific Gravity
8-1
-------
85'
HEMATOCRIT
GROUP NO. 1
GROUP NO. 1A
Test
I.D. No.
022
046
054
035
038
024
013
029
019
030
020
033
015
016
069
036
040
049
008
039
027
055
032
042
034
023
045
026
053
012
047
014
017
067
071
070
1
50
43
48
45
48
47
44
55
45
47
48
43
49
47
51
43
46
45
54
49
49
44
45
48
49
45
49
44
47
37
48
46
48
45
49
47
2
49
43. 5
48
44
47
44
44
45
45
46
49
42
47
46
46
40
45
44
51
46
47. 5
42. 5
44
43
45
47
48
46
46
38
45
44
46
46
49
44
3
35
44
49
29
45
45
44
50
47
47
43
40
21
41
-
40
49
45
47
48
44
42
34
46
46
43
47
46
46
37
47
46
50
45
44
42
4
49
43
44
46
46
42
44
49
41
45
47
45
46
_
44
45
43
46
48
-
46
43
46
45
48
47
49
46
44
38
46
46
47
46
47
44
Test
I.D. No.
350
348
323
312
347
334
329
285
336
326
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
258
343
283
327
330
351
337
314
338
315
349
324
328
341
286
325
333
345
316
319
331
1
47
49
4o
_
44
43
51
49
47
44
_
46. 5
47
45
49
44
46
48
48
54
45
46
45
47
44
45
46
47
_
46
49
43. 5
49
46
45
48
46
45
48
2
45
45
47
42
43
40
40
49.5
38
42
51
_
45
43
47
44
46
44
48
47
_
40
46
42
43
43
-
46
42
45
47
45
54
49
42
45
44
42.5
-
3
44
45
42
-
43
-
49
49
40
43
53
49
_
_
49
44
4b
43
45
48
45
41
44
48
45
42
43
43
46
45
48
45
49
46
43
46
47
46
49
1
4
47
45
45
45
43
-
48
47
50
46
49
41
45
44
49
46
37
37
45
49
46
46
45
46
43
45
47
44
45
47
47
44
53
46
43
46
45
46
48
-------
HEMATOCRIT
GROUP NO. 2
Test
I. D. No.
503
279
264
004
273
281
003
001
504
502
269
270
262
266
405
066
402
058
404
006
005
065
276
002
501
275
278
061
505
277
271
i
1
46. 5
55
48
55
50
44. 5
45
__
43
44
44
45
45
46
51
44
45
49
46
46
47
42. 5
50
50
46
46
51
47. 5
48
50
47
2
45
53
46. 5
52.5
49. 5
45
45
43
44. 5
46
43
44
44
44
50
45
41
47. 5
47. 5
48. 5
47
42
50
53
47. 5
49
51
46. 5
49
48
45
3
43
58
47
53
47
45
42
40
42
42
39
42
42
43
49
41
43
49
44
46
43
43
49
51
45
46
46
44
47
44
45
4
58
63
48
55
50
45
45
45
43
44
45
44
-
-
52
-
44
48
47
47
42
53
-
47
48
51
51
45
48
47
45
GROUP NC
I. D. No.
246
298
259
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
304
309
249
257
305
288
400
251
255
292
290
261
250
301
601
>. 2A
1
43
48
47
47. 5
47
41
46. 5
36
45
42
39
34
44
46. 5
45
48
46
45
40. 5
_
41
43
46
40
42
T e £
2
42
46. 5
46
35
47
40
47
40
45
42
41
45
44
49
44
-
42
44
41
45
40
45
45
40
48
3 t
3
40
42
46
48
45
42
47
47
46
42
44
44
44
39
48
44
44
44
39
46
41
43
46
42
48
4
42
48
49
50
43
38
41
43
34
41
~
38
39
45
44
46
42
44
42
43
37
46
43
_
48
-------
HEMATOCRIT
GROUP NO. 3
Test
I.D. No.
Ill
112
141
180
142
311
221
187
133
203
236
297
149
176
080
161
177
600
110
139
230
129
204
296
222
094
210
098
122
224
294
295
1
40
40. 5
35
36
46
41
43.5
40
31
38
39
42
41
40
40
40
39
41
38
32
41
40
46
35
42
37
43
45
38. 5
42. 5
38
44
2
40
41
34
36. 5
44
38
42
39
31
38
38
42
42
38
41
41. 5
36
42
39
35
35
41
45
37. 5
42.5
37
41
37
40. 5
41
40
45
3
42
43
36
38
44
41
43
-
33
36
_
41
41
-
42
45
40
43
_
34
40
42
43
37
_
40
40
39
40
43
-
-
4
40
41
34
37
46
38
40
_
38
38
_
43
40
41
39
43
39
41
38
34
39
40
39
47
35
38
43
39
45
39
-
-
GROUP NO. 3A
Test
I.D. No.
091
131
165
227
083
245
136
215
160
120
097
226
213
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
225
134
166
125
170
123
182
214
186
172
244
234
118
109
169
206'
1
41
40
37
43
38
39
39.5
42
37
43
39
40
37
41. 5
43. 5
36.5
41
40
38
41
38
36. 5
39
38
38
38
36
37. 5
42
42
43. 5
40. 5
40
38
37
37. 5
40
2
39
42
40
43
39
38
40
43
37
43
38. 5
38
40
42
40
35
41
40
40
40
39
38. 5
37
39
38
_
38
40
43
43
42
40. 5
37
37
38
38
39
3
38
_
40
41
41
39
38
39
_
44
39
41
36
_
42
36
43
37
42
41
45
36
42
-
38
39
37
36
39
42
40
42
39
_
_
41
_
4
44
_
41
41
41
40
39
_
_
41
42
44
35
43
41
36
40
40
39
42
34
40
42
_
37
41
39
37
_
43
-
44
39
44
39
_
_
-------
URINE - Creatinine
88-
Group 1
(smokers) 1
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
069
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
(non
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
67
148
116
120
119
103
135
194
73
94
122
173
63
161
102
108
147
204
122
55
44
108
89
206
smokers)
91
119
150
180
144
168
122
118
46
114
151
106
.9
.7
.9
.7
.0
.0
.1
.6
.5
.1
.8
.9
.3
.7
.2
.5
.3
.7
.8
.3
.8
.5
.9
.8
.3
.0
.8
.6
.5
.0
.8
.6
.9
.4
.5
.4
mg/100 ml
Test Group 1A
2
125.6
84.3
136.1
113.4
146.3
189.7
136.1
177.4
150.5
198.1
144.2
154.7
164.8
175.3
175.3
90.6
169.0
185.5
30.8
51.4
92.7
164.8
196.0
181.6
131.9
74.2
181.6
247.4
144.2
144.2
154.7
127.7
76.3
102.9
247.4
105.0
3
117.0
127.6
95.7
88.3
49.4
129.4
120.5
76.4
83.4
146.4
88.5
99.7
57.4
100.4
56.1
82.1
146.7
81.4
85.3
41.8
45.7
132.6
67.7
135. 1
61.8
88.0
233.3
50.2
106.1
109.6
83.8
29.0
74.2
108.8
70.0
4 (smokers) 1
75.2
100.3
125.4
65.2
102.8
127.9
145.5
47.6
160.6
160.6
77.7
190.7
92.8
155.5
40. 1
26.1
95.6
82,8
72.7
143.0
145.5
138.0
125.4
97.8
47.6
107.9
130.4
125.4
165.6
140.5
82.8
62.7
75.2
. 125.4
148.0
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337
346
314
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
(non
323
312 i
347
334
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
110.
214.
46.
189.
163.
110.
44.
125.
105.
114.
174.
139.
156.
123.
267.
102.
119.
147.
78.
88.
184.
176.
110.
119.
154.
3
0
3
7
3
3
1
7
9
7
3
0
6
5
0
7
1
9
0
3
8
6
9
1
0
T e s t
2
158.1
139.6
156.1
98.6
172.5
112.9
28.7
195.1
149.9
174.6
__
131.4
195.1
78.0
76.0
82.1
135.5
162.2
90.3
43.1
146.3
174.6
73.9
154.0
88.3
3
206.5
239.5
253.6
277.3
264.5
179.0
151.1
254.2
120.3
254.9
38.1
54.9
258.8
255.1
84.5
152.2
209.3
135.8
55.9
305.2
229.6
156.3
63.7
167.2
4
70.1
127.4
129.5
121.0
174.2
97.7
29.7
180.5
108.3
118.9
101.9
40.3
180.5
93.4
45.0
118.9
110.4
78.6
40.3
118.9
110.4
38.2
180.5
104.0
smokers)
1 200.
260.
46.
192.
211.
141.
118.
176.
133.
39.
201.
176,
127.
195.
188.
195.
8
6
3
0
8
2
3
5
5
°-
3
7
3
1
9
1
225.9
156.1
156.1
193.0
92.4
123.2
205.4
108.8
63.6
225.9
92.4
215.6
149.9
203,3
262.8
292.0
253.6
144.9
202.8
163.3
186.2
271.9
283.2
164.1
266.9
178.3
271.9
283.0
190.2
195.4
159.3
150.9
129.5
140.2
106.2
97.7
116.8
108.5
63.7
131.7
74.3
89.2
106.2
93.4
91.3
-------
URINE - Creatinine
mg/100 ml
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
004
273
281
504
270
262
266
405
066
058
002
275
061
Test
1
229.1
172.9
197.9
27.0
191.6
62.5
162.5
181.2
172.9
108.3
56.2
93.7
187.5
2
196
63
140
17
107
153
262
249
135
236
61
287
54
118
168
.9
.4
.0
.5
.2
.8
.4
.9
.6
.6
.5
.0
.7
.1
.5
3
51.5
48.0
151.1
45.7
32.2
208.3
82.4
84.7
128.2
215.2
208.3
70.9
100.7
145.9
4
190.8
37.3
123.1
102.5
22.5
194.9
100.5
246.2
114.8
86.1
114.8
61.5
(non smokers)
279
003
001
502
269
402
404
006
005
065
276
501
278
505
277
271
79.1
145.8
108.3
291.7
210.4
147.9
191.6
154.1
284.5
22.9
158.3
208.3
166.6
162.5
166.6
143.7
39
295
176
148
120
111
225
246
266
34
164
218
109
262
164
144
.3
.0
.3
.8
.3
.6
.5
.0
.5
.8
.0
.8
.4
.6
.1
.4
27.4
206.0
98.4
194.6
155.7
77.8
27.4
119.0
107.6
20.6
70.9
171.7
162.5
194.6
167.1
100.7
63.6
147.7
118.9
88.2
162.0
96.4
182.6
110.7
32.1
164.1
57.4
180.5
77.9
142.2
Group 2 A
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
1
70.6
70.6
66.3
40.6
194.8
278.4
158.4
128.4
299.8
126.3
201.3
181.6
199.6
167.7
53.9
Te
2
67.8
169,6
30.2
195.1
226.2
164.5
265.1
36.4
226.2
215.2
168.6
106.9
39.0
167.3
203.6
st
3
88
102
193
34
125
76
144
221
158
195
111
163
67
83
144
.5
.5
.6
.9
.8
.9
.5
.4
.5
.8
.8
.1
.6
.9
.5
4
65.2
100.2
233.1
102.5
37.2
74.5
95.5
100.2
125.8
195.1
186.4
116.5
186.4
181.8
(non smokers)
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
205.5
253.5
288.6
273.0
278.4
175.6
321.2
219.6
175.6
83.7
308.5
308.5
246.8
90.3
64.5
294.8
133.7
100.7
123.4
70.8
97
76
130
165
58
102
86
102
135
149
.9
.9
.5
.5
.2
.5
.2
.5
.2
.1
88.5
144.5
149.1
132.8
191.1
114.2
167.8
144.5
139.8
-------
URINE - Creatinine
Group 3
(smokers) 1
112
141
180
142
221
187
236
149
176
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
(non
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
224
129
296
222
094
167
44
277
53
72
97
174
209
116
94
58
58
197
174
83
233
smokers)
278
90
134
148
130
174
183
197
199
92
69
230
125
144
.4
.1
.0
.4
.0
.5
.2
.1
.1
.9
.0
.1
.5
.2
.6
.6
.8
.6
.7
.7
.1
.2
.5
.5
.8
.9
.7
.0
.4
.0
Te
2
150.2
106.3
212.7
217.4
97.1
161.9
180.4
178.6
277 .5
80.9
141.0
283.3
215.1
141.0
194.2
69.3
231.2
122.5
254.4
120.2
96.8
129.5
173.4
168.8
124.9
219.7
161.9
80.9
mg/100 ml
st Group 3A
3
134.8
109.5
162.2
258.6
185.4
_ -
139.0
231.7
75.8
159.2
37.9
252.8
160.1
158.0
111.6
126.4
111.6
88.4
80.0
126.4
153.8
126.4
103.2
111.6
103.2
210.6
179.'0
115.8
4 (smoke
273.9
178.9
132.7
208.5
134.8
_ _
84.2
71.6
195.9
94.6
168.5
269.6
179.0
255.0
252.8
139.0
130.6
210.6
109.5
120.0
153.8
168.5
69.1
187.4
252.8
273.9
42.9
130.6
091
131
227
245
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
214
186
172
244
109
169
(non
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
rs) 1
31.
54.
133.
98.
19.
148.
156.
62.
94.
71.
110.
173.
185.
46.
193.
136.
39.
113.
113,
101.
83.
3
1
9
7
9
1
7
6
0
2
9
8
2
4
7
7
8
9
1
6
1
^fU^
Te
2
39.7
99.2
114.1
124.1
4.9
52.1
100.1
91.8
63.2
69.5
144.1
91.8
19.5
147.8
91.8
32.2
176.2
101.6
129.3
97.0
st
3
19.0
196.3
247.2
212.3
89.1
157.0
212.1
80.6
148.5
180.3
196.3
63.6
82.7
44.5
70.0
133.9
157.0
129.3
4
50.9
135.8
189.4
53.0
201.5
201.5
201.5
97.6
144.2
167.6
167.6
233.4
57.2
212.1
106.0
161.6
219.4
smokers )
136.
162.
151.
156.
196.
79.
170.
133.
105.
79.
48.
99.
56.
207.
64.
7
4
0
7
6
7
9
9
4
7
4
7
9
8
6
76.9
139.0
121.6
89.3
96.8
69.5
111.7
94.3
99.2
81.9
35.1
38.1
194.1
177.8
103.9
178.2
228.8
116.7
254.6
166.3
275.8
256.4
133.6
73.3
108.2
89.1
92.3
127.3
123.0
131.5
_ _
115.4
190.9
233.4
106.0
73.3
275.8
177.8
147.8
-------
URINE - Coproporphyri n
p.g /1 00 ml urine
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
069
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
1
3.5
7.3
2.5
7.0
6.0
6.3
2.6
6.0
3.6
3.1
2.3
5.8
1.5
1.5
9.9
2.4
8.7
4.7
8.1
1.3
1.8
2.5
0.4
5.2
Te
2
4.5
9.3
1.1
6.6
4.9
1.9
3.1
2.3
3.7
3.5
5.9
3.1
5.0
3.5
9.4
1.5
0.8
3.4
2.9
5.0
3.4
5.9
5.7
7.4
st
3
2.3
4.9
1.3
4.1
1.4
3.0
0.4
0.5
0.2
2.0
0.7
2.4
1.6
3.0
2.0
2.3
1.8
2.2
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.8
0.2
4
1.1
2.2
2.0
1.1
1.8
0.4
0.5
0.8
0.7
1.0
0.8
1.1
1.8
5.6
0.8
0.8
1.1
2.2
1.2
2.1
2.2
0.9
1.2
Group 1A
(smokers)
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337
346
314
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
1
2.1
4.0
2.5
1.3
7.9
9.4
1.0
5.6
4.3
3.0
1.3
4.0
4.2
6.1
1.1
2.5
2.8
3.8
1.2
3.0
2.2
8.1
2.1
1.8
3.3
2
4.9
4.5
7.5
4.4
3.3
4.4
1.3
6.1
7.1
7.1
8.5
2.8
5.0
2.5
0.3
4.5
4.5
6.3
2.8
7.4
1.3
6.1
8.9
5.6
Test
3
4.4
1.9
1.9
2.2
1.3
4.4
0.9
5.3
4.7
2.6
2.0
1.1
1.5
2.7
2.7
3.7
1.2
1.9
1.5
5.3
3.9
2.6
1.4
1.1
(non smokers)
(non smokers)
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
3.0
9.7
3.3
6.4
10.0
4.2
2.5
8.4
1.0
5.7
9.6
3.1
3.2
1.1
3.0
7.8
2.4
2.1
3.3
11.2
2.9
3.7
9.5
3.2
2.2
1.2
1.4
4.1
3.3
0.9
0.8
2.1
0.4
1.2
4.0
1.0
2.0
0.5
1.5
2.9
1.0
1.0
0.4
1.1
1.2
0.8
2.2
1.4
323
312
334
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
2.2
7.9
10.7
5.0
7.6
2.6
9.2
1.8
0.3
6.0
1.4
0.2
8.9
5.6
5.4
4.0
4.5
9.4
3.0
4.2
9.2
3.5
0.4
6.1
3.4
8.9
4.4
8.1
1.8
1.3
12.8
0.8
1.2
0.4
1.1
0.9
0.9
3.7
4.6
0,8
0,9
0.6
3.4
1.5
1.8
2.4
4.8
3.6
6.9
0.9
1.6
3.2
3.9
3.3
2.2
2.3
5.7
2.6
1.8
0.8
6.8
1. 1
1.8
4.7
1.5
5.5
1.9
2.0
4.0
3.3
3.9
2.7
3.9
1.3
5.4
2.2
2.0
2.3
4. 1
4.7
-------
URINE - Coproporphyrin
32°
(jig/lOo ml
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
004
273
281
504
270
262
266
405
066
058
002
275
061
1
0.4
4.2
11.1
1.4
5.6
2.7
7.0
16.6
6.0
2.4
23.3
4.3
Te
2
0.4
2.5
8.1
0.8
1.7
1.6
17.0
23.3
3.3
3.6
4.7
2.0
16.3
5.4
st
3
1.3
2.6
9.5
1.6
2.9
5.0
1.8
3.3
1.3
2.3
6.7
0.8
1.9
2.9
4
2.7
3.0
5.8
2.9
2.0
11.4
1.3
2.6
3.6
1.5
0.6
2.5
(non smokers)
279
003
001
502
269
402
404
006
005
065
276
501
278
505
277
271
6.0
2.8
9.7
6.9
9.4
14.0
6,3
5.5
0.4
2.2
5.2
4.3
6.5
4.9
2.9
2.5
1.9
0.6
1.0
3.5
2.9
2.0
8.8
7.7
6.7
2.6
4.3
8.6
2.3
6.8
3.5
0.8
0.9
2.3
3.0
4.3
2.7
1.1
2.0
1.5
1.3
0.8
2.0
0.8
2.6
1.6
1.2
i.i
3.4
4.0
3.9
2.9
2.6
4.4
0.8
1.5
2.3
1.1
2.2
1.9
2.0
urine
Group 2A
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
1
2.4
1.2
0.4
1.9
12.3
3.8
2.0
0.2
9.5
0.6
13.8
1.1
6.3
2.4
0.8
Te
2
0.4
1.7
0.7
2.8
6.2
2.9
0.3
1.5
2.0
2.5
1.3
1.3
0.5
1.5
3.0
st
3
4.3
1.7
1.5
1.8
2.8
0.8
2.0
2.3
2.1
1.1
4.1
1.5
0.7
4.0
4.1
4
6.2
3.6
1.5
2.6
2.1
4.7
3.5
3.3
2.7
3.8
7.1
6.3
2.2
3.0
(non smokers)
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
6.5
9.4
3.7
4.4
10.8
4.5
8.6
6,6
4.5
1,2
3.3
5.2
3.9
1.1
1.3
2.0
4.4
5.2
0.5
1.8
2.0
0.8
3.1
1.1
3.3
1.8
2.3
0.8
2.2
2.1
3.8
7.3
1.6
3.2
4.1
3.2
1.6
1.0
1.7
-------
URINE - Coproporphyrin
93"
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
294
295
221
187
236
149
176
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
1.2
1.7
9.5
2.2
1.7
2.9
1.4
4.5
4.1
6.9
1.1
1.2
1.1
0.5
2.4
2.1
3.0
(non smokers)
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
224
129
296
222
094
8.2
3.2
6.8
1.9
2.2
1.7
4.5
2.7
8.8
0.5
3.8
2.1
1.9
2.1
jj.g/100 ml urine
Te
2
2.2
1.4
2.7
5.1
3.2
1.5
3.5
1.2
1.4
5.8
2.2
1.9
4.3
6.2
3.9
2.1
1.5
3.2
3.2
2.5
1.9
1.1
3.6
_ _ _
1.7
0.7
3.0
3.7
4.8
2.5
st
3
1.6
1.0
1.1
-
3.6
5.0
10.3
7.7
2.2
1.6
2.7
5.4
5.9
2.2
3.2
1.2
2.2
1.8
7.6
8.5
4.3
6.4
0.8
3.2
3.5
5.8
2.7
A
4.5
2.2
3.9
6.4
1.6
2.9
5.7
0.9
3.2
4.8
5.5
11.8
3.9
3.5
4.6
2.3
2.3
1.6
3.0
1.9
0.5
6.8
6.8
2.3
3.9
Group 3 A
(smokers)
091
131
227
245
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
214
186
172
244
109
169
1
0.4
1.2
1.2
2.0
0.8
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.8
3.3
0.9
1.6
3.6
0.6
0.9
1.6
4.4
1.6
1.8
2.3
2.5
(non smokers)
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
2.3
2.0
5.7
2.2
2.0
1.2
1.5
2.7
1.6
1.5
3.6
1.1
0.5
3.4
0.8
0.8
2.0
1.2
2.3
0.2
1.7
0.8
2.5
1.1
1.6
1.3
2.1
0.4
6.1
3.1
0.8
6.7
1.5
2.1
0.4
0.5
1.5
3.3
1.7
0.8
0.6
2.6
1.4
2.2
0. 5
1.3
0.5
1.2
1.6
1.8
0.9
2.6
4.0
0.8
2.0
3.6
3.6
0.8
2.0
1.5
2.7
2.6
2.6
3.2
4.4
3.5
3.4
4.7
2.2
4.0
1.6
5.8
4.1
2.9
2.0
2.3
2.5
0.5
2.9
2.5
2.3
0.5
2.0
4.4
4.1
2.2
3.4
.0
.1
6.5
1.8
1.9
5.0
1.9
3
5
3.2
1.3
2.9
2.0
5.8
5.1
2.3
0.4
3.2
1.7
-------
URINE
GROUP NO.
Volume
(ml)
Specific
Gravity
I.D.
No.
022
046
054
035
038
024
013
029
019
030
020
033
015
016
069
036
040
049
008
039
027
055
032
042
034
023
045
026
053
012
047
014
017
067
071
070
1
965
815
869
773
544
497
437
774
639
1367
459
578
619
345
657
614
699
574
674
734
759
869
1131
971
1278
784
994
504
1028
1554
1417
978
907
834
_ 162
712
T
2
598
1044
420
1154
516
466
278
902
1111
904
182
593
939
843
525
750
764
899
641
644
485
1097
522
1535
1025
878
1171
737
1602
1554
470
646
509
526
313
768
e s t
3
958
672
603
831
778
1001
308
227
670
1276
182
476
566
391
_
819
445
585
531
474'
188
1332
468
1128
1261
1221
952
386
691
1329
1813
1602
399
992
600
435
4
1053
1244
984
1173
169
871
419
762
583
793
194
402
519
1184
_
505
408
856
897
383
745
984
262
1381
664
1443
1116
613
534
1030
311
532
685
609
330
408
1
1. 010
1. 015
1.021
1. 017
1. 021
1. 019
1. 025
1. 022
1. 021
1. 015
1. 022
1. 020
1. 022
1. 020
_
1. 026
1. 023
1. 025
1. 015
1. 008
1.025
1. 019
1. 012
1. 013
1. 004
1. 020
1. 017
1. 024
. 018
. Oil
. 005
. 018
. 015
. 024
. 018
1. Oil
T <
2
1.021
1. 023
1. 025
1.014
1.021
1. 023
1. 035
1. 024
1.023
1.027
1.027
1.023
1,020
1. 020
1.020
1.031
1.024
1. 024
1. 021
1.023
1. 028
1. 018
1.023
1.008
1. 012
1. 014
1. 030
1.029
1.010
1.010
1. 015
1. 025
1.024
1. 031
1.030
1. 013
2 S t
3
1.025
1.024
1.029
1.0.17
1.021
1. 015
1.031
1.025
1.022
1.015
1. 020
1.017
1.026
1.023
1. 012
1.028
1.025
1.017
1. 020
1. 016
1. 013
1. 025
1. 008
1. 005
1. Oil
1.025,
1.033
1.018,
1. 005
1.011
1. 010
1. 023
1.023
1. 007
1. 014-
:
.
4
1. 020
1. 019
1.023
1. 015
1.025
1.024
1.028
1.020
-
1. 023
1.026
1.035
1.032
1.015
-
1. 034
1. 028
1.030
1.016
1.032
1. 023
1.023
-
1. Oil
1.016
1.009
1.018
1. 018
1.015
_
1. 025
1.030
_
1. 025
1. 026
1.027
-------
URINE
95
3ROUP NO. 3A
Volume
(ml)
Specific
Gravity
I.D.
No.
091
131
165
227
083
245
136
215
120
097
226
213
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
225
134
166
125
170
123
182
214
186
172
244
234
118
109
169
1
1933
1000
737
481
444
308
345
445
736
325
2400
211
533
211
965
904
724
397
224
507
452
1092
432
538
982
983
333
805
1492
898
965
315
749
477
174
T
2
740
570
650
588
802
307
267
453
698
301
2400
340
886
242
465
559
812
445
_
471
537
551
887
835
343
1173
107
469
1593
126
576
254
629
437
774
--^----- -- --
e s t
3
1061
-
315
299
456
209
355
442
373
130
2400
281
1429
544
484
726
536
298
163
607
240
1175
-
229
766
590
-
-
1787
925
376
520
-
384
389
4
837
_
292
699
842
240
266
_
709
_
2400
447
509
160
308
934
1150
522
356
277
206
1298
-
546
399
475
418
-
1337
-
278
285
510
329
_
1
1.010
1.010
1. 024
1.027
1.017
1. 025
1.023
1. 022
1.019
1.025
1.000
1.026
1.017
1. 021
1.021
1.010
1. 015
1. 019
1.028
1. 024
1.025
1.006
1.020
1. 006
1.012
1.005
1. 027
1.015
1. 015
1. 012
1. 010
1.027
1. 014
1. 013
1. 022
T <
2
1.010
1.018
1.020
1.028
1.015
1.026
1. 025
1.024
1.015
1.030
1.002
1.029
1.016
1. 022
1. 023
1. 014
1.012
1. 022
_
1.024
1.01Q
1.020
1.015
1.010
.028
.010
.025
.025
. 010
. 026
1.011
1.030
1. 010
1. 022
1. Oil
3 S t
3
1.002
_
1.020
1.028
_
1.022
1.014
1.022
1. 023
1.025
1.001
1.028
1.010
1. Oil
_
1. Oil
1. 015
1. 028
1. 010
1. 016
1. 018
1.015
-
1.015
1. 015
1.009
-
1.010
1.011
1. 014
1.019
-
1. 017
1. 025
4
1. 005
_
1. 019
_
1.013
1. 025
1. 020
_
1. 020
_
1.005
1.024
1.015
1. 028
_
1. 008
1. 014
1. 030
_
1. 026
1. 025
1. 009
.-
1. 006
1. 017
1.007
1. 029
1.011
1. 014
1. 029
_
1. 025
-
-------
UR INE
GROUP NO.
Volume
(ml)
Specific
Gravity
I. D.
No.
1 1 1
112
141
180
142
311
221
187
133
203
236
297
149
176
080
161
177
600
110
224
139
230
129
204
296
222
094
210
098
122
i
32 5
305
800
278
470
795
740
276
626
597
471
430
786
474
460
266
664
207
643
555
1093
760
532
656
190
793
807
354
303
173
T
2
358
310
217
234
511
496
887
146
310
616
273
_
316
398
712
590
_
736
762
730
897
367
964
532
400
530
461
398
283
483
e s t
3
216
357
106
273
35
710
302
_
616
760
_
574
323
307
823
_
813
1046
506
780
366
1617
701
537
267
386
699
191
250
403
4
532
444
86
469
278
639
330
_
256
_
_
681
652
872
728
365
395
391
84
523
479
927
575
286
109
568
861
361
228
220
1
1 nzo
1 030
1.007
1.020
1.008
. 025
. 015
.025
. 017
. 010
1.018
1.021
1. 019
1. 009
1. 027
1. 020
1.019
_
1.020
1. 016
U n 1 4
1 01 n
1 016
1 01 5
1. 020
1.012
1.015
1. 020
1. 005
1. 022
T (
2
1.017
1.030
1.013
1.020
1.015
1.028
1.011
1.018
1.021
1.025
1.027
-
1. 026
1.023
1.023
1.017
_
1. 012
1. 026
1.019
1.018
1.025
1.022
1.025
, 1.030
1. 022
1. 019
1.021
1.020
1.013
3 S t
3
1.015
1.027
1. 028
1.035
1.034
1.022
1.030
-
1. 022
1.013.
-
1.019
1. 018
1. 022
1. 021
-
1. 026
1. 015
1. 020
1.017
1.021
1.005
1. 016
1. 023
1. 021
1.019
1.011
1. 020
1.016
1.026
4
1.014
1.027
1. 031
1.026
1.025
1. 020
1.014
-
1.022
-
-
1.017
1.013
1.016
1.016
1.027
1. 020
1.019
1.021
-
1. 016
_
1. 020
1. 026
1. 021
1.011
1.0)5
1. 008
1. 016
1.016
-------
URINE
3ROUP NO.
2A
Volume
(ml)
537
Specific
Gravity
I.D.
No.
246
298
25«?
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
304
309
249
257
305
288
400
251
255
292
290
261
250
301
601
1
1179
282
352
1231
517
692
701
799
506
705 .
815
934
709
780
690
345
1268
518
914
378
1925
501
631
474
1273
T
2
632
1300
421
1040
574
914
821
224
713
730
1137
782
1127
2500
476
265
922
644
738
869
2400
462
646
1258
888
e s t
3
1343
595
640
619
146
1366
602
510
621
425
704
368
455
1325
585
44
1196
760
812
278
955
584
439
608
539
4
398
252
-
1372
113
1011
1170
815
585
743
487
258
796
320
488
198
968
581
617
989
1739
254
-
1440
584
1
1.024
1. 010
1.022
1. 010
.006
. 005
.010
1.009
1. 022
1.016
1. 021
1. 026
1.020
1. 014
1.014
1. 023
1. 012
1. 025
1.010
1.027
1. 024
1. 022
1. 009
1. 027
1. 013
T (
2
1.023
I. 006
1.012
1. 009
. 003
. 018
. 015
.007
1. 020
1.024
1.025
1.026
1. 020
1. 012
1.028
1.022
1.016
1.023
1. 022
1. 010
1.025
1.010
1.017
1.034
1.003
- s t
3
1.019
1.011
1.012
1.018
1. 026
1.005
1.020
1. 007
1.018
1.025
1. 020
1. 029
1. 031
1.009
1.027
1. 024
1. 015
1. 019
1. 021
1. 020
1. 023
1.016
1. 029
1. 025
1. 010
4
1.015
1. 014
_
1. 013
1. 030
1. 012
1. 005
1.009
1. 016
1. 020
1. 020
1. 024
1.019
1.010
1. 015
1.018
1. 020
1. 021
1. 016
1. 010
1.025
1. 017
-
1. 016
-
-------
URINE
GROUP NO. 2
Volume
(ml)
Specific
Gravity
I. D.
No.
503
279
264
004
273
281
003
001
504
502
269
270
262
266
405
066
402
058
404
006
005
065
276
002
501
275
278
061
505
277^
271
1
562
230
619
82
2400
1095
470
669
642
861
665
522
465
926
825
492
830
-
1496
537
467
162
1352
674
690
1251
749
145
1263
529
671
T
2
438
375
714
125
2400
1780
355
193
722
1473
1201
382
557
699
-
359
1188
864
1145
258
484
187
1256
1742
298
938
1479
696
795
529
273
e s t
3
311
111
812
195
,
1862
293
470'
1420
842
492
260
957
958
1137
141
757
395
1399
340
655
165
1197
1897
159
1014
535
712
648
407
81
4
4.43
383
591
77
_
1565
547
190
1489
1010
445
361
-
774
401
-
535
645
535
161
-
81
-
1552
247
426
1350
476
330
1284
120
1
1 035
1.010
1.020
1. 030
1.001
1.022
1.023
1.023
.014
. 040
. 030
1. 023
1.027
1.012
1. 025
1.010
1.019
_
1.018
1.020
1.028
1. 005
1.025
1.027
1.029
1.015
1.026
1.023
1.032
1.024
_
t
T <
2
1.032
1.010
1. 012
1.023
1. 003
1.013
1.035
1.027
1.013
1.030
1. 023
1.027
1. 026
-
1. 010
1. 015
1.020
1.014
1.029
1.026
1.007
1. 014
1. 010
1. 030
1. 013
1.016
1.024
1. 032
1. 032
_
3 S t
3
-
1. 006
1. 010
-
-
1. 012
1.029
1. 023
1.008
1. 026
1. 022
1. 026
1. 012
1. 008
-
1. 020
1.015
1. 027
1. 009
1. 005
1.011
1. 008 ;
1. 027 .
1. 014
1.029
1. 029
1. 027
1. 025 .
1. 025 :
4
. ., .1
_
1.011
-
-
1.023
1.027
1.022
-
1.022
-
1.027
-
-
-
-
_
1.011
1. 024
-
-
-
_
1.008
1.016
. -
1.018
_
-------
U R I N 1-J
GROUP NO. 1A
Volume
(ml)
Specific
Gravity
I. D.
No.
350
348
323
312
347
334
329
285
336
326
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
258
343
283
327
330
351
337
314
338
315
349
324
328
341
286
325
333
345
316
319
331
1
767
394
474
340
497
228
581
391
340
873
980
2400
880
1036
589
533
1154
1068
622
553
355
756
254
491
491
1344
496
558
1386
705
362
295
1591
652
344
1047
594
363
879
T
2
519
880
357
375
363
279
744
-
553
1130
676
2400
348
790
380
_.
917
716
534
594
294
755
711
284
557
847
-
564
1130
884
507
862
1284
268
460
1160
721
354
1272
,
e s t
3
760
858
391
240
460
425
451
360
451
1020
1202
1727
480
757
631
581
1628
939
640
514
627
516
106
441
444
635
426
756
822
472
764
1000
1722
196
363
1411
159
821
1329
4
1037
553
435
41
174
_
592
170
454
908
848
1420
312
690
780
794
1257
741
395
500
469
660
131
299
550
1029
485
614
1234
712
645
488
1331
421
553
1462
406
382
968
1
1.015
1. 020
1. 029
1. 034
1. 005
1. 022
1. 025
1. 024
1. 027
1. 014
1. 008
1. 003
1. 021
1. 015
1. 019
1. 017
1. 020
1. 023
1. 015
1. 020
1. 019
1. 013
1. 003
1.027
1. 025
1. 015
1. 021
1. 022
1.035
1.005
1.019
1.024
1.009
1. 021
1. 025
1. 019
1. 014
1.027
1. 018
T <
2
1.023
1.023
1. 028
_
1.022
1.030
1. 028
_
1. 026
1. Oil
1. 013
1.005
1. 033
1. 020
_
_
1.026
1.020
1. 023
1. 026
1. 019
1 . 0 1 &
1.019
1.026
1. 021
1. 020
-
1. 022
1.038
1 020
1.030
1. 020
1. 010
1.026
.025
. 017
. 027
. 025
.015
> B t
3
1.012
1. 015
1. 030
1.033
1. 010
1. 017
1. 027
1. Oil
1.035
1. 007
1.012
1.005
1. 025
1.015
1. 019
_
1.019
1. 020
1.015
1.011
1. 020
1. 026
1. 009
1. 020
1. 014
1. 018
1. 027
1. 016
1. 028
1. 020
1.020
1. 012
1. 003
1. 025
1.025
1. 013
1. 005
1. 012
1. 009
4
1. 017
1. 016
1. 030
1. 028
1. 015
_
1. 027
1.024
1. 033
_
1. 016
1.006
1. 028
1. 023
1. 020
_
1. 022
1. 030
1.022
1. 027
1. 022
1. 022
1. 010
1,. 030
1.016
, 1.021
1.022
1. 020
1.019
1.015
1.016
1.026
1.009
_
1. 016
1. 008
1. 027
1, 020
1. 017
-------
100-
Trace Elements in Blood
-------
BLOOD - Cadmium
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
069
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
(non
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
6.
0.
smokers)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1
36
76
41
50
63
68
29
50
72
54
26
40
48
38
31
39
27
42
43
37
35
3
54
60
82
37
36
32
51
36
21
27
56
75
Te s 1
2
0.27
0. 19
1. 16
4. 75
0. 57
0. 64
0. 31
0. 31
0. 17
0. 36
0. 18
0. 18
0. 57
0. 57
0. 33
0. 69
0. 87
0. 54
0. 62
0. 75
0.46
0. 23
0. 30
0. 47
0.26
0. 63
0.46
0.46
0. 39
0.23
0.44
0.57
0. 78
0.42
0. 09
0. 13
M-g/
t
3
0. 76
0. 59
0.28
0. 54
0.76
0. 78
0. 35
0. 11
0. 78
0. 60
0. 33
0
0.70
0.25
0. 53
0. 18
0
0. 18
0. 63
0. 30
0
0. 33
0
--
0. 59
0. 90
0. 90
0.25
0. 14
0. 16
0. 23
0. 22
0
0. 21
0
100 ml Blood
Group 1A
4
0.43
0.41
0. 32
0. 32
0. 73
0. 73
0
0.42
0. 30
0. 39
0. 35
0. 50
0. 68
0.25
0. 37
0.25
0. 18
0. 17
1.45
0. 39
0. 10
_ -
0.49
0.27
0. 33
0.21
0. 56
0. 97
0
0.26
0. 21
0.21
0. 27
0. 33
0. 10
(smokers)
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337
346
314
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
352
(non
323
312
334
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
0.
0.
2.
3.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
smokers)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1
99
47
97
08
21
_ _
42
61
11
18
08
14
96
44
24
64
36
65
55
40
76
21
16
31
27
42
--
21
38
46
38
63
47
41
17
08
19
36
13
0
101-
Te s 1
2
0
1.00
0
0. 88
0
0.22
0. 31
0
0.41
0
0
0
0
1. 70
0. 64
0. 29
1.47
0. 22
0.42
0. 30
0. 30
0. 23
0. 21
0
0.21
0. 35
0
0.47
0
0. 35
2. 12
1. 34
0
1. 60
0
0. 35
--
0. 18
1. 35
0.27
0. 54
,--
t
3
0.29
2.39
0. 38
0.49
0.41
0.27
0. 17
0. 15
0. 17
0. 14
0.41
0. 19
0. 55
0. 31
0.21
_ _
0. 28
0. 22
0.22
0. 78
0.25
0. 33
0. 25
0. 39
0. 32
0
0. 94
0.25
0. 56
0. 15
0.26
0. 30
0. 18
0.25
0.28
0.22
0. 20
0
0. 30
0.25
4
3. 32
0. 71
1. 78
1. 33
1. 51
1. 25
1. 11
0. 80
1. 70
1. 51
1. 73
0. 68
1.41
0. 87
1. 55
.
1. 03
2. 25
1. 64
2. 41
5. 86
2.42
2. 67
1.92
3. 10
0. 91
1. 77
--
0. 63
0. 55
0. 61
1. 10
0. 90
1. 04
1. 48
1. 46
0. 49
0. 81
1. 20
1. 71
-------
RI.OOD - Cadmium
H-g/100
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
004
273
281
504
270
262
266
405
066
058
002
275
061
1
0.47
0. 91
0.42
0. 62
1. 84
1. 13
0.22
1. 55
0.28
0. 33
0. 77
0. 75
0. 32
0. 46
0.99
Test
2
0. 65
1.27
0. 74
0. 82
1.35
_ _
0. 50
0. 32
0. 92
0. 51
0. 96
0. 82
0. 37
0. 89
0. 62
3
0.48
0. 38
0.26
0.26
0. 17
0. 39
0. 30
0.27
0. 39
0.25
0. 29
0.40
0. 34
0.26
0.21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ml Blood
4
. 14
.27
. 30
.27
.23
. 19
. 30
_ _
. 32
_ _
.29
. 16
.25
.28
Group 2 A
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
J
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
39
14
29
24
28
09
32
42
54
18
25
_ -
37
17
102-
T e s t
2
0. 15
0.25
0.29
0.29
0. 94
0.43
2. 14
0.46
0.25
0. 15
0.25
0. 36
0. 15
0. 99
0. 99
3
0.22
0.25
0. 26
0.26
0. 51
0.20
0
0.20
0.41
0.23
0.23
0.28
0. 54
0.23
0. 20
4
0.23
0. 31
0. 15
0.09
0. 17
0. 17
0
0. 33
0.20
0. 18
0.24
0.20
0. 35
0. 69
0.29
(non smokers)
(non smoker
279
003
001
502
269
500
402
404
006
005
065
276
501
278
505
277
271
s)
0.42
1.09
--
0. 39
0. 84
0.25
0.92
0.41
0. 24
0. 53
0. 34
0. 36
0. 90
0. 51
3,03
1. 64
0. 93
3. 17
0.44
0. 62
1. 17
0.44
0. 59
0. 32
0. 32
2.39
0.48
0. 85
0. 66
1.05
0. 55
0. 57
0. 62
0. 15
0. 31
0. 36
0. 23
0. 21
0,20
0. 33
0 . 2'3
0T 16
0. 59
0. 13
0. 14
0. 15
0. 20
0.22
0. 17
0.09
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. 12
. 12
. 17
.25
.21
. 17
.20
. 21
. 12
.21
_ _
. 15
. 22
.44
. 17
. 13
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
0.
0.
0.
2.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
52
44
86
86
31
32
15
26
36
11
1.73
0.46
0. 33
0. 69
0. 35
0. 55
0.21
0.25
0. 31
0. 15
0. 11
0.08
0. 36
0. 31
0
0.28
0. 15
0. 34
0.11
0. 18
0. 16
0. 14
0. 19
0.09
0. 31
0.20
0. 18
0. 31
0.29
0. 12
-------
BLOOD - Cadmium
Group 3
(smokers) :
112
141
180
142
294
295
221
187
236
149
176
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
(non
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
224
129
296
222
094
0.
0.
0.
1.
2.
0.
0.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
smokers)
5.
0.
3.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1
22
19
29
28
00
18
11
61
24
91
97
30
48
18
36
30
44
50
27
18
71
93
30
18
27
85
36
84
24
42
18
42
jig /1 00 ml Blood
Test Group 3A
2
0. 17
0. 17
0. 15
0. 64
0.44
0. 32
2.48
0.23
0. 17
0. 14
1.47
0. 18
0. 18
0.49
3. 63
2.25
1.23
0. 51
1. 18
0. 36
1.04
0.25
0.20
0.39
0. 31
1.02
0. 14
0.49
3.02
0. 66
8. 70
0. 77
3
0.66
0. 70
0. 84
0. 37
_
- -
0. 96
0. 72
0. 75
1.03
0. 56
0.49
0. 76
1.20
0. 89
0. 61
1. 34
0. 78
0. 90
1.00
0. 74
1.02
0. 89
0. 77
1.47
0.69
0. 78
1.03
1.03
1. 50
4
0. 72
0.46
0.87
1. 79
_ _
_ _
1.07
_ _
1.22
0. 33
1.92
1.92
1. 18
2.51
0.26
0.97
0.24
0. 59
0. 94
1. 18
2. 11
0. 39
0. 61
0
0
0
0
0
2.51
1.63
0. 37
(smokers)
091
131
227
245
206
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
214
186
172
244
109
169
(non
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
2.
0.
9.
0.
2.
0.
2.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
smokers)
0.
1.
0.
14.
9.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
2.
1.
0.
0.
2.
103<
Test
1
86
30
93
63
86
29
33
04
79
31
69
20
26
56
70
34
59
32
59
98
20
43
76
20
33
63
31
43
08
35
74
46
56
00
38
21
64
2
0.25
0. 58
0. 24
3.02
0. 30
0. 60
0. 56
0. 93
0.44
0. 36
0.40
0. 73
1. 09
0. 59
0. 50
0.23
0. 18
2. 52
0. 32
0. 34
0.46
0. 22
0. 86
0. 33
0. 53
0. 71
0. 47
0. 30
0. 52
0.41
0.29
3. 58
0. 18
0. 25
0.27
1. 71
3
0. 17
0.47
0. 30
_ _
0. 23
0
0.28
0
0.28
0. 28
0.49
0
0.25
0. 39
0. 16
0.20
0. 62
0. 16
0. 35
0. 16
0. 1 1
0. 21
0. 34
0. 57
0. 30
--
0.42
0. 34
0. 38
0. 43
0. 64
0.27
0. 23
0. 14
4
0. 14
_ _
0. 19
0. 12
0. 47
0. 21
0. 16
0. 10
0. 16
0. 11
0. 13
0. 21
0. 40
0. 27
0. 62
0. 24
0. 27
0. 24
0. 31
--
0
0. 11
0. 24
--
0. 14
0. 12
0. 18
0
0. 33
--
0. 33
0
0. 60
0. 22
-------
1,000 - c. o pp«- i-
. - .. , .. . -. -»
p,g/ 100 ml whole blood
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
069
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
(non smoke
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
Test
i
82. 9
93.4
72.0
99.2
77.0
65.0
115. 5
82. 9
79. 4
108. 5
75. 9
73. 5
77. 0
87. 5
95. 7
85.2
96. 9
72.4
-
91. 0
110. 9
78. 2
93. 4
99. 2
rs)
-
107. 0
70. 0
119.0
61. 9
92.2
108. 5
58. 4
75.9
75. 9
107. 4
95. 7
2
86. 7
55.2
49.9
76.2
85.0
55.4
54. 4
45. 7
62.2
82. 6
55.4
37. 9
40. 8
53. 1
55. 5
57.2
58.0
53. 1
46. 6
75.2
51. 7
51. 7
54. 2
73. 3
3
64.6
43,9
58. 8
60. 5
50; 5
44. 7
70.4
_
67. 1
57.2
37. 3
39. 7
54.0
54. 0
57.2
54.0
48. 5
42. 1
79. 2
59.6
46. 6
48. 2
50. 6
4
49.3
53.3
37. 3
44. 7
41. 3
76.9
51.0
63. 0
51. 9
60.2
42. 6
67. 1
_
48. 3
53.0
93.0
64.0
65.0
61.0
101.0
62. 0
60.0
51. 0
75. 0
Group 1A
(smokers)
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337
346
314
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
1
74.0
79.5
86.4
86.4
108. 3
-
85.0
55.2
58. 6
71. 8
106. 1
65.2
72. 9
70. 7
65. 5
62. 3
85. 9
82. 7
_
69. 1
62. 1
79. 7
75.0
76.2
72. 6
Te
2
72.0
78. 1
93.7
112. 9
112. 9
99.9
96. 7
62.3
74. 1
69. 8
74. 1
93. 4
67. 7
56. 9
69.2
51. 9
68.2
73. 3
66. 1
42. 0
54. 0
72. 0
56. 0
61.0
75. 0
s t
3
75.2
77. 3
61.2
63.4
91.3
82. 7
69. 8
59. 1
80. 6
55.9
69. 8
66. 6
91. 3
66. 8
72. 2
-
83. 2
78. 8
65.7
63. 4
60. 1
69. 8
72. 0
65. 5
92. .4
4
75.4
63.8
70. 8
69.6
80.0
93. 5
88.8
65. 1
85.2
73.4
73.4
76. 9
76. 9
78. 5
89.8
80. 7
75. 1
73. 9
69. 6
60. 3
75.. 4
83. 5
69. 6
55.7
(non smokers)
49. 9
42. 9
42. 1
77. 1
47. 3
65. 1
48. 6
55. 5
58. 8
49. 8
55, 8
53. 3
38. 1
64. 6
50. 5
79. 0
57. 2
63. 0
38. 9
36. 5
47. 7
42. 1
52. 3
43. 3
40.0
46. 0
40. 7
58. 7
29. 3
52. 8
39.4
44,0
63.0
51.0
40.0
47. 0
323
312
334
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
97.4
_
87. 8
74. 0
120. 7
65.2
78.4
106. 1
62. 3
70. 9
67.7
78. 4
97. 7
83.2
69. 1
85. 3
75. 7
81. 7
73. 3
116. 5
72. 0
63. 4
52. 9
73. 3
100. 7
_
61. 0
77.0
77. 0
58. 0
62. 3
72. 0
66. 6
60. 1
68. 7
70. 0
55. 9
65. 5
106. 2
68. 9
64. 6
67. 8
83. 8
67. 7
67. 7
66. 1
63. 8
_
96. 3
95. 1
75. 8
42. 6
63.7
76.2
66.0
75. 1
74.2
94. 0
66. 1
71. 9
-------
B LOOP - Copper
fj.g/100 ml whole blood
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
004
273
281
504
270
262
266
405
066
058
002
275
061
Test
1
77.3
59.0
143.5
67.2
77.3
62.1
68.4
58.0
74.4
56.3
77.9
68.4
60.0
81.4
2
74.
71.
102.
65.
60.
63.
65.
44.
80.
77.
91.
105.
58.
87.
3
2
8
1
0
-
2
8
1
5
9
8
1
0
9
3
58.0
41.0
67.8
53.5
57.1
47.3
64.2
44.6
53.5
55.3
75.8
68.7
58.0
53.2
69.4
4
57.
50.
65.
50.
60.
49.
77.
58.
63.
49.
51.
64.
1
8
3
8
7
8
9
-
-
0
-
2
3
7
3
Group 2A
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
Test
1
67.9
44.7
51.4
43.9
39.8
67.1
55.5
47.2
71.3
50.5
46.4
44.7
45.6
2
55.1
63.1
42.8
37-0
38.4
54.4
47.1
49.3
66.0
43.5
51.6
57.3
39.2
55.1
45.7
3
57.3
45.8
41.5
42.2
43.0
53.0
51.6
58.0
60.8
48.8
46.7
43.9
41.7
48.8
50.9
4
102.1
82.4
76.6
80.0
60.3
88.2
91.6
89.3
110.2
75.4
81.2
100.5
100.5
70.9
98.0
(non smokers)
(non smokers)
279
003
001
502
269
500
402
404
006
005
065
276
501
278
505
277
271
64
86
_ -
66
108
88
42
93
64
87
87
67
53
58
93
67
71
.1
.5
_ _
.1
.9
.3
.4
.5
.1
.5
.5
.2
.9
.0
.6
.2
.2
67.2
103.8
63.1
78.4
61.5
_ __ _
46.7
77.0
60.6
77.9
89.7
47.1
79.8
85.2
126.0
64.3
82.5
55.3
67.8
54.4
57.1
66.9
45.5
60,7
97.3
52.3
65.6
66.6
37.1
48.5
59.0
84.6
68.5
64.7
50.8
70.7
54.4
54.4
58.0
67.5
70.1
50.2
60.6
63.2
41.5
38.4
51.7
57.2
65.8
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
53
49
69
48
48
46
44
55
47
52
.0
.7
.6
.1
.9
.4
.7
.5
.4
.2
43.5
39.9
50.0
49.3
54.5
40.6
39.9
42.1
50.8
39.9
41.5
40.1
48.8
46.0
45.3
43.1
43.9
51.6
46.7
37.5
71.9
67.3
89.3
82.4
80.0
68.4
68.4
76.6
104.4
82.5
-------
B LO OD - Lead
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
069
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
1
26.7
22.8
26.7
20.3
23.1
20.8
24.4
25.3
38.9
18.3
21.7
30.6
30.3
32.8
22.1
25.8
26.8
21.9
19.1
10.9
18.4
18.9
19.1
30.8
Te
2
40.2
39.1
16.4
20.3
23.1
22.4
26.6
36.7
27.6
46.1
16.2
20.5
35.0
22.6
20.5
29.6
41.8
27.9
24.6
13.9
17.6
17.4
27.2
25.2
^g/100
st
3
23.2
17.9
16.9
15.6
13.8
20.7
12.0
9.3
18.9
14.4
19.1
18.6
12.2
16.0
18.4
17.3
17.2
18.8
18.8
33.6
23.0
22.3
18.8
ml whole blood
4
35.5
29.3
23.4
15.7
18.7
16.2
16.7
15.3
9.3
15.7
17.7
11.3
16.2
21.6
16.7
14.1
17.8
15.0
46.0
48.8
40.8
66.7
35.7
Group 1A
(smokers )
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337 ,
346
_-3 14
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
Test
1
17.0
12.6
16.3
14.8
13.3
25.9
20.0
22.7
17.4
40.1
28.8
12.2
25.3
33.1
20.0
21.8
21.8
19.2
17.3
5.8
12.2
14.7
16.6
2
21.
23.
27.
23.
21.
13.
29.
21.
17 .
42.
21.
24.
10.
24.
16.
22.
17.
37.
14.
12.
28.
19.
23.
6
7
4
7
1
j
7
5
6
9
1
1
2
2
9
1
9
6
1
8
6
1
3
0
3
19.
14.
18.
20.
13.
24.
13.
14.
17.
16.
36.
19.
36.
13.
33.
15.
17.
15.
17.
17.
4.
17.
21.
15.
7
2
1
5
0
4
4
9
3
5
2
2
4
9
1
9
9
9
6
6
6
6
4
3
4
7.6
10.7
18.4
14.5
19.9
14.1
12.2
15.4
11.9
20.8
9.5
8.9
12.5
32.1
17.7
14.0
10.3
21.3
13.3
10.0
17.3
17.3
12.7
(non smokers)
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
_ _ _ _
24.7
19.2
24.4
26.7
23.3
19.6
22.1
26.3
26.6
56.6
30.8
28.0
22.0
28.0
22.4
19.9
27.3
28.6
30.3
22.2
38.1
15.1
18.1
13.4
11.6
7.8
21.7
13.6
17.6
10.1
23.9
8.0
27.3
17.2
17.6
23.0
16.0
195
-*/'
32.5
26.3
24.6
11.8
24.6
24.9
13.1
24.4
23.5
(non smokers)
323
312
334
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
14.1
14.1
17.0
20.0
16.6
19.2
32.2
22.7
13.9
10.9
7.7
20.5
9.6
10.9
21.
28.
22.
28.
13.
21.
17.
19.
18.
44.
25.
31.
13.
14.
1
9
1
4
7
5
6
5
5
9
4
7
7
1
15.
\ A
4. O
13.
13.
14.
12.
16,
25.
17.
17.
9.
19.
17.
13.
9.
7
K
J
4
4
9
6
5
8
2
2
9
8
2
2
9
14.5
, / A
13.0
16.8
7.9
16.5
38.8
12.2
15.0
12.2
13.0
24.0
7.3
8.0
-------
BLOOD - Coppe r
(j.g/100 ml whole blood
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
293
221
187
236
149
176
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
Test
1
74.3
153.6
145.5
83.4
68.2
61.1
83.0
78.0
59.0
77.0
136.7
126.4
135.7
61.1
110.8
144.0
109.8
2
67.2
104.0
139-9
66.3
84.7
62.6
75.0
60.0
93.0
103.0
160.1
158.9
172.8
82.4
106.7
146.2
Hi. 4
3
64.0
200.6
152.2
105.0
68.9
-__
52.1
124.8
128.8
135.7
77.7
114.2
81.0
110.5
88.4
54
131
113
74
_ _
65
- -
60
101
88
108
78
51
70
115
62
4
.8
.0
.9
.1
_
.5
-
_
.1
.5
.0
.7
.7
.6
.6
.9
.2
(non smokers)
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
224
129
296
222
094
119.1
73.3
65.0
85.0
98.0
71.0
122.0
67.0
96.3
77.7
106.7
76.6
93.2
124.3
109.6
51.6
93.0
68.0
76.0
80.0
125.0
77.0
112.5
107.9
161.2
74.2
120.6
141.5
139.0
72.5
53.2
74.9
99.1
107.2
104.2
57.0
133.7
65.9
114.2
82.9
122.4
101.3
113
54
63
61
72
66
109
55
103
111
100
66
99
101
.9
.8
.4
.2
.0
.3
.8
.9
.6
.9
.1
.4
.1
.2
Group 3 A
(smokers)
091
131
227
245
206
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
214
186
172
244
109
169
1
54.8
62.2
80.1
61.2
90.5
58.9
84.3
69.8
105.1
104.2
66.2
41.7
47.5
88.8
88.8
50.1
46.6
86.0
76.0
85.0
93.0
92.0
1C7-
Te
2
52.3
47.5
46.6
43.7
78.0
79.8
79.8
68.9
106.0
116.9
69.8
48.0
52.6
100.8
71.4
45.5
46.4
65.1
110.6
76.7
97.3
st
3
50
88
51
71
88
112
99
95
82
95
44
85
81
67
45
73
66
100
117
81
.0
_
.3
.8
_
.4
.4
.3
.4
.7
.9
.7
.2
.6
.6
.9
.2
.7
.8
.3
.0
.6
4
51.5
91.7
62.7
88.9
63.0
79.9
96.7
97.5
77.3
44.6
52.1
122.7
75.0
83.9
88.3
83.0
83.9
80.3
(non smokers)
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
62.2
112.8
101.2
63.7
60.1
101.5
48.0
58.9
46.6
93.2
61.5
100.2
79.1
59.0
81.0
51.3
104.6
83.7
59.0
39.9
82.5
48.9
64.3
55.3
63.4
40.2
100.8
66.9
60.7
56
96
54
58
71
38
54
50
85
90
79
66
.2
.4
.4
.9
-
.4
.4
.3
.6
.5
-
.4
.6
.8
.
63.6
111.3
60.8
101.0
50.5
98.2
52.1
70.6
109.8
79.4
67.8
54.4
-------
B LOOD - Lead
1CJ&
Group 2
(smokers) 1
503
264
004
273
281
504
270
262
266
405
066
058
on?
\J \J L-,
275
061
(non
279
003
001
502
269
500
402
404
006
005
065
276
501
278
505
277
271
30
27
40
29
20
15
34
25
35
39
54
57
26
34
smokers)
27
28
--
21
27
24
15
29
30
40
41
24
24
21
19
21
22
.6
.1
.3
.8
.1
.8
.1
.4
.0
.4
.3
.0
.3
.5
.1
.9
--
.9
.1
.5
.0
.3
.0
.5
.3
.8
.0
.0
.5
.0
.5
jig /1 00 ml whole blood
Test Group
2
22.2
23.0
47.6
32.0
21.4
21.4
23.0
20.5
36.1
37.8
45.2
51.4
21.4
42.9
23.0
27.9
31.2
19.7
44.4
21.4
19.3
36.4
43.9
66.4
32.1
15.0
20.4
42.9
21.4
2~6.8
3
29.9
17.8
38.1
27.2
18.1
19.9
41.7
20.8
34.4
34.4
36.9
45.6
?n o
L*\J \J
20.4
33.0
17.8
29.0
27.2
21.8
30.8
18.1
13.4
15.7
26.7
31.4
37.7
21.2
21.2
15.7
26.7
11.8
20.4
4
31.5
18.9
34.2
25.2
16.2
14.4
27.0
_
_ _ _ _
36.0
41.4
40 7
T: \J 1
23.5
43.4
18.9
23.4
19.8
19.8
29.7
11.5
20.4
29.3
37.5
43.9
23.5
18.5
18.5
14.6
30.5
2A
( sm oke r s) 1
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
(non
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
26.
19.
17.
17.
13.
17.
16.
17.
16.
16.
24.
24.
1
9
9
9
8
2
5
9
5
9
-
0
0
Te
2
31.7
20.4
19.7
28.2
20.4
29.6
28.2
30.4
22.4
30.4
46.4
36.8
21.6
28.0
st
3
24.2
18.4
15.0
20.7
17.8
24.7
22.4
15.5
15.0
16.1
11.5
56.0
20.4
80.0
18.7
4
30.9
19.3
17.7
23.2
13.2
26.7
14.9
24.2
14.9
22.9
19.8
29.1
27.7
19.2
18.0
smokers)
21.
9.
11.
16.
13.
14.
12.
21.
_ _
16.
3
6
0
5
8
1
7
1
_
9
25.4
19.0
39.2
25.6
19.2
23.2
17.6
18.4
19.2
20.0
17.3
17.8
12.7
15.0
9.2
29.3
29.3
21.3
24.0
8.0
17.7
20.4
9.9
19.8
14.3
19.2
14.9
14.3
18.6
8.5
-------
B LOOD - Lead
(ig/lOO ml whole blood
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
294
£j /^
295
trf /-/
221
187
J. \J 1
236
Cr-SU
149
176
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
Test
1
19.6
16.0
14.9
20.6
17 .8
10 .0
17.8
20 6
LJ \J \J
14 ?
J- * LJ
6.1
7.6
4.4
9.2
18.5
11.3
12.5
9.0
10.1
2
16.2
10.1
10.8
25.2
17 3
J- 1 * _/
12 6
JL LJ \J
19.8
-1,9 8
jJ / * \J
1 ? 7
J- £j 1
10.5
14.5
11.9
11.1
16.3
16.3
7.7
9.6
8.1
3
10.
7.
9.
9.
10.
6.
7.
13.
13.
24.
20.
11.
18.
14.
0
7
2
2
0
2
7
8
1
6
3
5
0
7
4
22.
14.
17.
15.
8.
12.
17.
16.
10.
15.
8.
8.
11.
10.
Group 3 A
8
4
1
2
0
2
1
0
0
0
8
8
3
0
(non smokers)
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
224
129
296
222
094
14.9
20.0
17.8
14.2
10.5
10.9
8.7
13.5
8.3
10.9
4.8
7.6
11.3
9.8
10.8
17.3
20.8
15. 1
11.9
12.7
12.7
19.8
11.1
13.7
11.9
13.2
15.8
9.6
8.
8.
10.
7.
9.
13.
13.
22.
6.
16.
13.
11.
8.
14.
1
1
6
3
6
1
8
9
6
4
1
5
2
7
15.
15.
22.
15.
13.
15.
13.
15.
7.
7.
10.
8.
13.
5.
2
2
0
2
3
2
3
2
5
5
5
0
8
0
(smokers)
091
131
227
245
706
L*\J\J
776
Li L-I \J
126
779
L* L* 7
1 95
J. / *J
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
214
186
172
244
109
169
Test
1
13.8
20.9
9.4
10.5
A 7 A
J. 1 . ±
47 1
-L i-t , J.
9.4
4 4 ^
J. T: , j
13 6
J. _J U
16.0
13.6
17.6
14.4
13.6
16.0
16.0
5.6
12.8
21.6
19.2
12.6
9.1
2
14.9
28.6
11.4
8.0
44 A
J. J. . T
I ft Q
J- O . 7
9.1
9 -1
7 . J-
8 4
tJ * ~
9.8
9.8
7.0
9.1
10.5
8.4
11.9
9.1
16.4
11.1
7.7
10.1
3
9-7
7. 7
8.7
17 7
j. i i
14.4
16 3
J. U _)
9 8
/ *-*
9.2
14.4
13.1
11.8
12.4
12.4
15.0
6.3
9.2
11.2
17.0
7.3
7.8
4
25.3
11.7
11.7
12.7
15.3
19-9
30.6
11.0
19.2
14.6
21.6
9.2
16.0
13.1
9.7
(non smokers)
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
12.7
15.4
8.8
8.8
11.0
8.3
8.8
5.0
4.0
17.6
17.6
8.0
21.6
9.7
13.7
12.6
8.6
8.6
9.7
10.3
12.0
7.7
11.9
9.8
4.9
18.9
11.6
10.6
9.7
9.2
12. 1
9.2
6.7
8.7
8.5
14.4
10.5
9.8
14.4
9.7
8.7
23.8
9.2
9.7
12.1
18.2
25 .2
17.3
20.4
22.3
7.3
9.2
-------
B LOOP - Manga n e s e
IK)"-
jig/ 100 ml Blood
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
069
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
1
4.3
1.8
2.4
1.2
2.5
12.7
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.5
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.0
2.3
1.0
1.0
2.9
3.0
Te
2
3.2
1.2
1.5
1.6
3.1
2.2
3.3
1.5
2.2
1.1
1.4
1.7
1.1
2.2
1.6
0.8
2.7
3.4
3.2
3.8
1.2
1.6
1.4
2.9
st
3
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.3
2.3
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.2
3.0
2.6
0.9
1.1
2.0
1.6
2.7
2.1
3.1
5.1
1.9
2.8
1.8
2.3
4
2.9
1.2
1.3
0.7
1.9
1.7
0.9
1.1
0.7
0.9
1.0
3,1
1.3
1.0
1.3
2.8
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
Group 1A
(smokers)
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337
346
314
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
1
1.6
2.5
1.0
3.6
3.4
2.5
9.4
2.2
4.2
2.0
2.2
2.5
1.4
3.4
2.8
1.5
4.0
7.2
3.2
3.1
1.4
1.8
5.3
Te
2
3.3
0.8
2.2
2.9
0.9
6.4
4.5
6.4
1.9
2.2
2.6
1.3
5.8
1.4
2.4
1.8
3.7
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.8
3.4
st
3
2.8
1.4
7.9
0.9
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.9
2.2
1.5
2.1
7.9
3.7
1.2
2.1
_ _ _
1.2
3.5
5.9
1.6
1.4
3.6
3.7
3.1
4.8
(non smokers)
(non smokers)
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
2.1
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.8
2.2
4.8
1,7
3.0
1.3
3.4
1.9
1.1
2.0
2.3
1.7
2.2
1.7
3.1
1.4
1.3
1.8
4.0
1.2
1.4
1.5
2.1
1.4
2,6
2.8
2.0
2.5
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.6
1.2
3.1
1.4
2.0
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.1
0.8
2.4
323
312
334
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
1.0
_
10.0
0.8
2.2
1.8
7.2
4.9
3.3
1.8
3.1
1.2
1.4
0.9
1.6
2.1
10.8
6.4
2.2
2.8
1.7
2.5
1,5
1.9
1.9
2.2
1.7
6.1
2.0
0.5
1.5
1.2
1.7
0.8
4.7
2.3
4.0
1.3
1.5
3.0
1.9
4.8
1.9
0.8
1.8
1.3
6.3
1.4
2.2
2.0
3.7
4.3
1.4
2.3
2.8
3,8
3.0
2.0
3.6
2.4
1.6
1.4
1.9
1.7
2.3
1.9
2.6
2.9
0.6
1.8
2.0
3.7
2.5
2.9
4.8
2.0
4.1
2.2
3.2
2.6
1.8
2.9
-------
BLOOD - Mangane s e
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
004
273
281
504
270
262
266
405
066
058
002
275
061
5.1
1.7
2.6
3.9
2.5
2.0
2.3
1.6
1.1
1.4
2.4
2.0
1.8
1.6
(non smokers)
279
003
001
502
269
500
402
404
006
005
065
276
501
278
505
277
271
2.9
2.1
1.6
2.6
2.1
1.9
1.6
1.2
2.0
1.8
1.4
2.7
1.9
2.5
1.0
1.5
Hg/100ml Blood
Te
2
2.0
1.5
2.3
2.4
3.2
--
2.7
1.8
2.9
2.9
1.5
3.5
4.3
1.9
6.0
st
3
1.5
1.3
4.4
1.7
1.9
2.3
2.4
3.0
2.6
1.7
1.9
2.7
1.2
1.8
3.7
4
3.6
2.1
4.3
3.2
3.7
1.3
2.9
2.2
1.6
2.8
1.5
2.7
Group 2A
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
1
1.9
3.7
3.4
4.9
1.9
3.2
2.6
2.4
2.7
2.4
_
2.8
6.2
(non smokers)
1.5
2.6
3.8
1.7
2.9
2.4
3.6
2.0
.9
0
1.9
2.7
1.6
3.1
2.8
1.4
1.9
1.1
2.1
2.4
2.0
1.3
1.8
1.6
1.4
2.3
3.2
2.3
3.1
4.3
2.0
2.2
1.4
......
3.3
2.1
1.5
2.3
1.9
2.4
6.3
2.9
3.3
3.4
1.5
2.5
1.6
2.6
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
1.8
2.2
2.4
2.9
1.1
2.3
2.8
2.0
1.7
T
2
2.7
3.7
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.8
2.6
1.9
1.6
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.3
2.2
2.2
2.2
3.9
1.3
2.6
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.3
est
3
1.1
2.1
5.3
1.5
2.1
1.8
2.4
3.1
1.4
2.0
2.0
.9
2.1
2.2
2.3
.8
2.9
1.6
1.2
1.3
2.4
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.5
2.1
2.3
1.1
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.7
1.3
1.8
1.5
2.2
1.9
2.9
1.1
2.3
1.6
2.0
1.8
1.0
-------
BLOOD - Manganese
112-
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
295
221
187
236
149
176
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
2.3
2.8
2.9
2.9
1.1
1.7
1.4
2.4
2.4
1.6
1.9
2.9
1.6
1.2
3.0
1.6
(non smokers)
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
224
129
296
222
094
2.1
1.5
2.1
1.8
2.1
1.5
1.5
2.5
1.2
4.0
2.6
1.6
2.1
1.5
(ig/100ml Blood
Te
2
1.7
2.5
1.7
1.6
1.3
2.3
1.3
1.7
2.4
2.4
1.7
2.4
2.4
1.6
1.0
1.9
2.2
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.7
2.5
1.6
2.2
2.1
1.2
2.1
1.9
1.7
2.3
1.5
st
3
3.6
2.3
2.0
3.2
_
1.5
_ __
1.9
4.4
1.6
1.7
1.9
2.0
1.4
2.8
1.3
1.0
1.2
3.8
1.8
2.1
1.4
1.0
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.2
2.6
1.3
1.4
4
2.0
4.0
3.0
2.9
_ __
1.2
__ =
2.3
2.2
1.6
3.7
4.7
2.0
1.4
4.1
1.6
1.4
1.2
3.0
2.0
3.0
1.9
3.3
2.5
2.0
2.7
1.9
3.1
1.8
1.6
Group 3A
(smokers)
091
131
227
245
206
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
214
186
172
244
109
169
1
2.4
1.4
3.7
1.6
1.9
2.9
1.9
3.2
2.4
2.9
1.7
1.9
2.3
2.5
2.5
3.4
4,5
2.4
2.1
1.9
3.0
3.1
(non smokers)
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
2.1
2.0
1.5
2.1
2.0
3.9
1.2
3.3
2.9
1.6
2.6
3.2
4.7
2.1
2.7
2.9
3.7
3.4
2.5
2.4
1.6
1.7
2.6
3.9
2.9
3.3
2.4
1.9
2.4
3.3
2.5
1.2
2.3
2.5
2.8
2.5
2.1
1.6
4.1
2.4
1.4
2.8
1.2
2.1
7.2
2.2
2.3
1.2
2.9
1.2
3.4
1.1
3.0
2.6
2,
1.
,0
,0
1.9
2.2
1.4
1.8
2.1
2.5
2.3
1.2
2.6
2.0
2.1
2. 5
1.4
1.0
2.2
1.1
1.8
3.2
1.2
1.0
1.6
2.7
2.7
1.2
2.5
4
2.1
2.9
2.8
2.3
1.5
3.1
1.8
1.4
2.3
1.7
2.9
2.6
1.6
3.1
2.6
2.3
1.6
2.3
2.4
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.6
2.2
2.6
3.0
1.7
3.1
5.9
-------
PLASMA - Zinc
113-
|ig/100ml Plasma
Group 1 Test Group 1A Test
(smokers) 1 2 _3 4 (smokers) 1 2 3 4
022 310 400 300 360 350 362 292 218 278
054 362 360 284 362 348 370 396 310 382
038 346 432 300 278 347 340 354 282 356
029 342 372 292 384 329 292 292 280 330
030 334 350 306 312 336 314 276 316 316
020 320 302 292 292 321 378 328 242 316
033 398 400 338 356 313 382 378 280 312
016 378 492 352 380 284 362 254 256 304
069 468 410 344 320 280 324 --- 294
036 374 392 338 254 340 306 300 196 368
040 312 396 356 260 253 376 206 234 242
008 336 370 346 308 318 350 280 266 386
039 308 320 312 --- 339 376 236 266 382
027 378 380 262 332 283 366 312 322 346
032 320 432 320 406 337 296 296 284 268
042 344 382 398 326 346 300 382
023 330 540 338 386 314 310 236 276 290
026 330 261 288 302 315 322 268 280 268
053 402 325 264 362 349 426 306 284 264
012 326 296 338 260 286 320 284 252 322
047 406 367 324 244 325 354 314 280 294
014 336 293 346 362 333 398 328 350 378
017 382 341 332 344 345 256 278 218 348
071 360 319 364 270 316 362 264 262 318
331 260 264 298 308
(non smokers)
(non smokers)
046 310 332 292 256
035 298 382 266 306 323 338 268 296 290
024 314 416 282 270 312 286 286 --- 260
013 354 320 288 300 334 284 290
019 374 380 278 412 285 376 286 276 346
015 --- 400 352 260 326 322 338 204 290
049 378 386 350 296 258 314 314 318 272
055 398 506 314 338 343 356 314 298 364
034 364 292 262 290 327 384 244 256 334
045 386 322 360 332 330 376 268 238 308
067 340 312 348 282 351 292 260 274 286
070 386 328 306 296 338 346 --- 246 334
324 396 298 312 326
328 372 278 288 304
341 352 302 232 268
319 382 308 308 316
-------
114-
PLASMA - Zinc
jig/100 ml Plasma
G roup 2
(smokers)
503
264
004
273
281
504
270
262
266
405
066
058
002
275
061
1
349
341
514
300
214
197
184
211
218
327
169
335
--
297
282
Test
2
301
433
359
294
228
290
425
379
332
298
356
298
--
433
193
3
288
324
392
392
336
392
381
374
320
290
312
428
396
378
294
4
426
266
324
_ _
240
377
337
_ _
318
378
318
382
378
(non smokers)
279
003
001
502
269
402
404
006
005
065
276
501
278
505
277
271
288
456
284
206
290
301
169
188
227
197
293
238
360
279
312
331
240
414
209
329
290
278
433
313
247
259
286
182
348
321
240
329
320
284
296
340
356
385
414
305
312
428
370
294
352
341
254
290
350
434
270
327
340
326
333
300
551
285
326
326
292
318
296
Group 2A
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
1
492
282
279
322
358
311
337
442
400
374
345
180
242
337
Test
2
321
262
313
306
369
302
229
299
211
258
236
316
294
261
323
3
240
487
261
269
305
334
254
320
236
436
276
330
334
287
261
4
356
385
301
293
367
400
282
257
148
278
326
347
286
265
278
(non smokers)
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
232
326
337
323
297
396
312
2,90
370
358
391
261
316
349
280
378
312
316
225
280
338
276
254
391
240
425
280
298
290
319
286
274
381
378
278
274
290
257
294
-------
115
PLASMA - Zinc
(ig/100 ml Plasma
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
221
187
236
149
176
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
(non smoker
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
224
129
296
222
094
1
221
390
217
241
241
269
315
222
256
252
253
335
324
364
324
200
s)
221
277
241
322
298
210
214
319
277
315
284
297
333
390
Test
2
219
172
143
210
210
224
239
283
201
239
250
210
216
335
227
301
243
214
219
291
196
201
201
294
288
283
250
199
238
233
3
305
272
171
223
240
- -
223
204
223
232
309
260
208
230
208
232
268
203
223
171
250
213
223
232
213
299
234
252
291
4
256
311
226
286
306
191
195
286
195
286
337
332
217
318
151
216
341
306
271
243
248
238
248
338
235
295
281
281
Group 3A
(smokers)
091
131
227
245
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
214
186
172
244
109
169
1
244
231
272
175
228
250
290
165
264
255
201
353
265
265
175
218
196
235
243
188
162
Test
2
254
168
281
177
241
178
173
197
216
277
164
244
192
220
352
230
253
220
173
220
220
3
212
_ _
249
221
286
304
328
268
314
231
291
309
314
248
248
296
276
253
191
234
253
4
286
240
324
274
247
277
290
412
243
316
321
433
244
220
267
403
267
(non smokers)
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
351
194
198
295
268
226
299
313
384
346
184
316
341
188
132
141
127
163
186
141
186
--
202
216
253
234
183
211
277
183
194
217
221
217
--
249
295
226
295
272
_ _
357
234
195
215
240
236
202
244
307
334
230
..
267
520
478
286
-------
Trace Elements in Hair
-------
HAIR - Cadmiu
m
117-
|JLg/g Hair
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
(non smokers)
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
_1
.2
.4
. 1
3.9
.8
--
.2
1.9
8.3
. 1
. 3
.4
.8
1. 1
2.4
--
. 7
.2
1.2
. 1
. 7
. 5
.2
.2
4. 3
. 5
. 3
. 8
.2
1.4
1.0
. 3
. 7
.7
0
Test
2
.3
. 7
. 7
3.0
1.0
1. 1
. 1
2.0
9. 1
. 1
. 5
. 5
.9
1.3
2.2
. 3
. 6
. 3
. 8
. 3
. 8
. 3
. 5
.2
. 4
. 5
. 3
.8
.4
1.9
.4
. 7
1.2
1.2
0
3
0
.4
.2
2.4
. 7
--
0
1.2
15.2
0
0
.3
1.0
. 5
2.7
. 3
. 1
1. 1
.2
. 6
. 5
. 5
0
0
. 3
. 3
. 5
0
1.0
. 5
.4
1.2
. 7
0
4
0
. 3
.2
2.9
.6
1.0
0
2.8
12. 1
0
0
.6
. 7
.7
1. 8
. 3
. 3
. 1
. 3
. 2
. 7
. 3
. 4
0
. 1
. 1
.3
. 4
0
1.0
. 5
.4
1.2
.4
0
Group 1A
(smokers) 1
350
348 1.
347
329
336
321
313
284 15.
320
340 1.
253 1.
318
339 1.
283
337
314
315
349 1.
286 2.
325 1.
333
345
316
331
(non smokers)
323
312 2.
334
285 1.
326
258
343
327
330 0
351
338
324
328
341
319
2
7
9
6
5
8
5
0
4
3
7
2
1
3
1
4
2
7
0
1
4
2
1
6
0
8
1
6
5
3
3
6
4
7
8
3
3
Test
2
. 1
1.8
. 7
. 6
. 3
. 5
.2
13. 5
.9
1. 3
1.8
.2
1.0
.3
. 1
.2
.2
3. 6
2.0
1.0
. 5
4. 7
.3
. 1
. 7
2.2
1.0
. 5
. 6
.4
.2
.2
. 1
.6
.4
. 7
. 8
. 3
.2
3
. 1
.9
. 6
. 5
. 5
. 5
.4
7. 8
. 5
1.4
. 1
1. 3
.4
.2
. 1
. 8
. 3
7. 0
2. 4
.9
. 6
. 3
. 1
. 6
2. 1
1.0
. 5
.4
. 2
1. 3
_ _
. 1
. 6
. 4
. 6
. 4
. 2
. 3
4
0
1.2
. 5
. 5
.4
. 5
. 3
8.4
.4
. 8
1. 3
0
1. 2
. 3
. 1
. 3
. 3
5. 7
3. 6
1.0
. 6
4. 7
. 3
. 3
2. 2
2.2
1. 1
.4
. 3
. 5
.2
. 2
. 1
. 6
. 6
. 6
. 4
. 3
. 3
-------
H A 1 K
in i u u v
(jig/g Hair
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
270
266
405
058
002
275
061
(non smokers)
279
003
001
502
269
402
404
065
501
278
505
277
1
. 1
.4
.7
_
2.0
2.8
. 7
. 5
1.2
.2
1.9
.3
2. 1
. 5
. 6
.8
. 3
__
. 3
Test
2
.4
.3
.9
_ _
2.6
2. 3
. 7
. 6
0
.4
.8
.4
1.2
. 4
. 5
1. 1
.4
3. 1
. 3
3
.2
.4
1.2
_ _
1.7
3.8
.8
.6
.6
.2
1. 5
.4
1.2
. 6
.6
1.4
.2
--
4
.3
. 1
1. 1
5.4
1. 1
2.0
. 6
. 7
1.4
.2
2.2
1.2
.2
1. 5
. 7
. 6
. 3
1. 6
. 3
3.0
. 5
Group 2A
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
1
1.0
10. 1
1.9
5.9
1.0
2.9
.8
1.4
2.0
1. 7
5. 3
.6
5. 1
. 6
2.9
Test
2
8.7
8.4
3.7
5.6
.9
2.0
1.0
. 5
2.4
5. 5
1. 5
3. 1
. 7
2. 7
3
5. 0
5.2
1. 6
6.5
.9
2. 6
1.0
. 6
1.9
1. 8
4. 8
.4
1. 6
1. 1
3. 1
4
. 3
5.4
2. 1
6. 1
.9
1.9
.5
.4
2.2
1. 1
5.4
i.i
1. 5
.8
2.9
(non smokers)
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
.2
5.5
1. 5
. 3
1.6
1. 5
.2
. 3
3.4
2.2
. 1
--
1.4
. 3
1.2
.7
.2
1.2
2.7
2.2
. 2
4. 9
2. 3
. 2
2.0
. 7
.4
. 1
2.0
1. 6
.2
2. 5
1. 5
. 3
2. 1
.9
.2
. 1
5.6
2. 5
-------
HAIR - C adm ium
119-
Group 3
(smokers) 1
112 .4
141 . 7
180 1.2
142 .4
295
236
149 . 5
600 .9
139 . 1
230 . 8
204 . 3
210 1.0
098 . 7
122 .4
(non smokers)
ill . 3
311 .2
133 . 8
203 1.7
297 .2
080 1.1
161 . 5
177 . 5
110 .7
224 . 6
129 .2
296 .9
222 . 3
094 .2
fig/g Hair
Test
2
.4
.6
.8
.8
_ _
. 5
.5
.4
. 1
.4
.2
.6
. 7
. 1
_ 2
.2
1.0
2.4
. 1
1. 3
.4
.7
. 8
1.0
.3
. 8
0
. 1
3
.4
_ _
.7
. 3
_ _
_ _
.2
1.0
0
.8
1.0
.8
.6
. 3
.4
. 1
1. 1
1.2
.2
.8
.4
. 5
.6
. 6
. 1
.4
0
.4
4
.5
. 6
1.6
.7
. 5
_ _
-_
.6
. 1
.2
.8
.9
. 7
. 3
.3
. 1
.9
2.0
. 1
.9
. 5
. 5
.4
.6
.2
.9
. 1
1. 1
Group 3A
(smokers) 1
091
131
227 0
245
226
126
229 1.
195 1.
233
175
157
209
188 0
123 0
182 1.
186
172 1.
244 2.
109
(non smokers)
165
083 1.
136
215
160 1.
120
097
213
225
134 0
166
125
170
234 1.
118
4
3
7
8
0
2
3
3
3
5
8
2
0
9
8
8
0
3
4
6
5
1
6
2
2
9
6
1
Test
2
.2
0
.3
.6
1. 1
.9
2. 1
.2
. 6
.2
.4
.9
0
. 5
.2
.9
1.4
.9
1.2
.2
.7
.9
.2
. 1
. 5
.2
0
. 1
. 2
1. 5
. 7
. 4
1
9
. 3
. 6
1.6
.9
1.9
. 3
. 6
. 1
.4
0
0
. 6
.2
1. 4
1. 5
.9
.9
.9
. 1
. 4
. 7
. 5
.6
. 2
0
. 2
.8
1. 2
. 2
.4
. 5
1.8
. 3
.8
.9
1. 1
1.7
.4
.4
0
. 3
0
. 1
1. 4
. 1
1. 1
2. 3
.9
. 7
.2
. 3
. 8
. 3
. 5
. 2
0
. 1
.2
. 8
.9
-------
HAIR - Copper
(j.g/g Hair
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
270
266
405
058
002
275
061
1
5.0
30.2
10.7
_ _
6.5
12.5
33.3
11.6
20.2
Te
2
5.5
36.1
12.9
_ _
6.6
10.8
35. 3
9.8
3.9
s t
3
3.5
40.9
15.9
_ _
5.7
14. 3
38.4
10. 8
7.4
4
5.0
30.5
15.2
11.6
7.2
10.2
34.0
12.3
9.0
(non smokers)
279
003
001
502
269
402
404
065
501
278
505
277
7. 1
9.2
5.9
13.0
16.6
9.0
- -
7.6
11.0
--
12. 7
10.0
8. 6
5.8
8. 3
16. 1
11. 5
- -
7. 6
9.8
12.9
13. 5
7. 1
10. 1
5.4
7.5
16.7
10.0
- -
7.5
9.6
7,0
10. 8
10. 5
6.0
9.6
18. 6
1C.O
13.2
8. 3
10. 5
12. 3
15.0
Group 2A
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
1
12.2
15.0
10. 8
14. 1
11. 5
22.5
8.0
17.2
14.4
17.2
10.2
11. 8
18. 8
11.0
15.0
T e s i
2
3.8
9.6
11.7
13.3
10.0
20. 6
13.2
13. 6
17. 5
9.6
10. 3
7. 8
10. 3
11.4
t.
3
8.4
13. 5
13. 1
16.9
11. 5
25. 6
17.2
13. 5
13.7
18.4
7.7
9.9
9.0
11. 8
11. 5
4
5.4
13.2
11.3
16.5
10.0
20.6
9.4
12.8
13.7
14.1
8.8
12.0
11.0
12. 1
11.5
(non smokers)
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
11. 1
25.2
32.4
24.4
9.3
19. 7
41.4
9.2
10. 7
11.3
8. 5
21.9
28. 7
8.9
6.5
13. 1
41.9
8.7
12. 5
14. 6
8. 7
26. 1
32.2
8.8
9. 6
12. 5
46.2
10.0
12.4
14. 5
8. 1
15.0
30. 7
9.4
9,9
15. 5
36.3
10. 1
10.0
12.4
-------
HAIR -
Co
ppe r
fig/g Hair
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
1
6.8
17.7
6.5
8.7
10. 5
--
6.5
13.9
19.9
10. 9
7. 8
19.9
11. 7
12. 5
9.0
11. 2
13. 1
36. 7
9.7
15.4
8.2
9.4
Te
2
8.3
7.4
8.9
8. 6
11. 8
13.0
7.6
14. 9
16.9
11.2
8.2
13.9
12.4
16. 8
8. 1
6. 8
11.4
11. 3
13. 9
10. 1
21. 3
7. 6
10. 6
st
3
9.2
16. 6
17.0
7. 5
12. 7
- -
7. 3
12.6
21.0
13. 3
8. 5
17. 7
13.0
12. 3
9.0
--
9.3
12. 5
11. 3
10. 6
13. 5
9.0
10. 9
4
8.
12.
10.
9.
11.
13.
7.
28.
19.
10.
7.
12.
11.
12.
7.
7.
9.
11.
9.
10.
11.
7.
9.
2
2
4
0
5
0
8
7
1
9
9
3
5
5
7
4
3
2
9
2
9
4
3
Group 1A
(smokers)
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337
314
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
1
10. 2
10.0
9.0
26.0
9.6
12. 0
14. 6
13.6
24.4
21. 5
13.7
7.0
29. 1
8. 5
8.4
8. 7
13.0
11.6
8. 7
13. 4
12.7
--
18. 9
10. 3
T e s
2
7. 3
8.9
6.3
?.9. 8
8. 1
7.6
7.6
11.7
38. 7
21.0
11. 3
24. 6
24. 6
10.0
7.6
8.0
16.4
10. 9
11. 3
12. 5
13. 2
13. 5
20. 1
6.9
t
3
8.
8.
9.
21.
9.
9.
12.
11.
26.
22.
7.
26.
21.
8.
7.
8.
28.
10.
8.
14.
11.
15.
6.
5
7
3
1
7
1
1
2
6
4
7
8
1
6
6
5
4
2
7
6
9
9
8
4
8.0
8. 3
8.9
23. 5
9. 5
11. 8
14. 6
12. 1
40. 1
12. 1
18. 9
7. 1
27.4
9.8
7.9
7. 5
25.0
10. 1
10. 0
13.0
11.4
12. 4
14. 3
6.0
(non smokers)
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
7.0
5.9
12. 3
8.4
16. 1
6.8
32.2
37. 8
7. 5
11. 7
12.9
13.0
7. 4
9.3
14.7
9.0
11. 1
7. 6
31. 3
37. 1
7. 6
20. 3
12. 1
12.9
8. 3
,9.0
13.4
7. 6
12. 1
7. 7
21. 3
34. 8
7.9
20. 2
13. 3
12.4
9.
8.
11.
8.
9.
6.
20.
26.
7.
11.
11.
12.
2
4
8
0
5
9
5
2
4
2
5
9
(non smokers)
323
312
334
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
11. 8
12.0
42. 7
9. 3
14. 1
20.0
29.9
7.2
6.7
7.9
9.0
19. 8
10. 7
7. 7
16.3
13.4
13.6
35.2
8. 1
11.4
19.2
28.4
8.7
6.9
8. 6
9.3
19. 7
11. 0
8.0
17. 9
12.
13.
38.
9.
12.
28.
26.
6.
7.
8.
18.
9.
7.
14.
0
0
0
3
8
5
8
2
7
6
0
7
5
4
6.7
13. 6
38. 7
8. 7
13. 7
20. 7
27. 3
7. 1
6. 0
7.4
8. 8
19. 3
9.4
7. 7
13.0
-------
HAIR - Copper
|j.g/g Hair
122-
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
295
236
149
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
Te
1
13. 1
32.4
45.7
54. 2
18. 8
21. 3
14. 5
17.6
5. 7
23.0
54. 8
51.4
2
12.
31.
44.
62.
17.
20.
14.
14.
5.
21.
44.
62.
9
4
5
7
9
2
4
4
9
5
0
6
s t
3
13. 1
_ _
32. 7
51. 1
_ _
18. 9
23.2
13.0
19. 1
5.0
20. 1
56.3
63. 3
4
11.
33.
59.
58.
40.
125.
36.
12.
11.
5.
53.
47.
53.
3
7
6
6
0
1
6
7
9
1
4
7
6
(non smokers)
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
224
129
296
222
094
13. 1
13.4
18. 9
35. 8
8. 5
24. 1
19. 1
32. 1
101. 5
36.9
11. 0
66.2
10.4
32. 5
15.
14.
21.
44.
8.
26.
18.
34.
120.
34.
9.
66.
10.
29.
2
2
7
5
9
5
4
4
7
0
9
2
0
8
14. 5
13. 0
22.4
22.2
8. 7
28.4
17. 7
30. 6
92. 0
70. 5
11.4
40. 6
17.4
32. 1
15.
14.
23.
43.
8.
30.
18.
32.
113.
52.
11.
63.
11.
19.
5
2
1
2
9
7
6
7
5
1
3
3
4
8
Group 3 A
(smokers)
091
131
227
245
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
186
172
244
109
Test
1
19.5
--
20. 2
15. 1
21. 1
31. 2
36.7
12. 6
26. 6
91. 4
8.9
57. 8
11.2
9. 3
27. 6
25. 6
45. 8
170. 7
13. 6
2
18. 7
--
20.2
14. 5
20. 6
37.4
35. 8
13.9
35.9
136.4
8. 1
41. 5
14. 6
11.1
11. 1
20. 2
35. 9
97. 3
13. 4
3
19. 3
--
13. 1
12. 1
20. 6
27.0
37. 3
14. 7
33. 1
111.4
7.9
42. 2
11. 7
10. 1
10. 7
22. 8
39. 3
115. 9
14. 2
4
19.5
27.4
13. 6
10.4
19. 1
28. 5
33. 9
10.2
40. 5
152. 3
7.4
32. 5
10. 7
7.0
17.2
20. 5
39. 3
118. 5
(non smokers)
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
23. 1
9.7
14. 2
29.3
70. 8
16. 1
21.0
20.0
12. 1
32. 8
23. 2
26. 3
16. 0
7.4
22. 7
12.4
13.4
28. 6
40. 6
11.4
20. 5
17. 5
10. 9
12.0
24.4
25.0
13. 3
8.4
18. 2
8. 0
13. 9
27. 0
28. 9
17. 3
_ _
16. 7
10. 3
11. 9
21. 2
21. 6
11. 7
11. 2
17. 8
6.2
15.2
34. 1
39.6
15.4
- -
17.4
11.0
9.8
26. 9
24. 1
22.7
13. 5
-------
HAIR - Lead
123
Hg/g Hair
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
1
8.8
19. 1
13.2
37. 3
26.8
35.7
2.5
56.0
76.4
68.9
85. 5
79.4
54.4
77.0
376. 9
4. 1
10. 6
9. 1
20. 5
2.4
19. 1
19.9
4. 3
Test
2
8.4
23.0
20. 7
31. 3
21.0
32.0
2.6
24.6
89.4
4.4
14.0
22.4
22.0
41. 7
34.7
3.9
22. 8
12.0
34. 8
6.0
37.2
16.4
13. 6
3
8.7
19.6
50.7
27. 8
21. 1
2. 1
18.6
197. 5
3.8
6.0
9.0
18. 1
7.9
24. 6
6.2
11.4
15. 6
3.5
16.7
17.2
5.8
4
6. 6
18,4
35. 6
33. 3
19.4
3. 7
30. 8
41.4
4. 8
7.4
12.2
12. 6
9.6
14. 6
4. 6
11. 5
8. 5
2.4
14. 4
12.0
6. 7
Group 1A
(smokers)
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337
314
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
1
2.0
77. 3
20. 5
26.8
14. 6
11.4
18. 9
48. 6
13. 8
15. 8
34. 3
2. 5
28. 9
1.4
4. 1
7.7
0. 8
27. 9
6.5
4. 5
1. 1
76.6
1. 1
4. 3
Te s
2
0.2
57. 3
20. 5
28.9
17. 5
8.4
8.0
0.2
14.4
16.2
34.9
5.0
18.3
0.2
2.0
5. 7
1.0
23.8
7. 3
3. 3
0. 8
62.2
1.0
2.2
t
3
1. 7
32. 5
12.9
24. 8
20. 8
18.0
9. 1
22.9
12. 6
16.7
1, 2
20. 3
3. 1
0. 6
2. 8
3. 1
5.0
25. 3
9.3
6. 5
1. 3
1. 3
1. 1
4
0.2
42.2
11.2
33. 8
17.2
9.0
11.0
35.4
14.0
7. 6
27.4
1.2
25. 6
1.0
1. 8
5. 3
3.9
23.7
1 1. 0
4. 3
2. 8
4. 7
1. 6
(non smokers)
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
3.0
9.4
11. 1
5. 5
17. 7
17.4
54.8
46.8
6. 1
43. 3
23.8
2.4
3. 1
13.0
14. 5
8. 1
17.0
27.0
31.4
35. 7
9.6
7. 1
52. 8
1.6
21.9
7.9
16.5
6.9
16.9
9.8
26.4
24.4
5.4
11.0
16.4
2. 8
4. 0
8. 8
8.8
4. 9
12. 6
9.0
26.6
17.4
5.4
11.2
10.4
1. 8
(non smokers)
323
312
334
285
326 i
258
i i
343
327
330
351
324
328
341
319
9.7
59.3
16.9
10. 6
8. 5
4. 3
8.9
3. 3
2.6
10. 6
5. 6
14.2
0. 5
0.9
10. 1
65. 5
22. 5
6.0
5.8
3.4
6.7
2.8
1.2
10. 3
1. 6
14. 9
0. 8
0.4
10. 3
59. 3
21.7
5. 8
6.0
5. 3
16.5
3. 7
1.9
10. 0
4. 1
10. 5
5. 8
1. 1
4.4
65.0
28. 5
4. 4
6.8
4.2
5. 8
2.0
1. 4
9.4
1. 8
10. 2
0
1. 8
-------
HAIR - Lead
Hair
Group Z
(smokers
503
264
270
266
405
058
002
275
061
1
5.
18.
23.
191.
106.
105.
31.
16.
119.
5
2
0
8
2
2
7
3
2
Test
2
10.9
32. 6
88.0
-_
95.9
156.0
19.8
23.2
84. 1
3
8.8
43. 6
98.4
-
102.5
198.3
23.0
19.0
104. 6
4
8.
18.
48.
--
56.
74.
28.
23.
in.
9
3
9
8
9
3
7
7
(non smokers)
279
003
001
502
269
402
404
065
501
278
505
277
1.
124.
18.
12.
114.
10.
31.
26.
48.
10.
74.
16.
0
1
9
2
2
4
9
7
8
6
3
8
2.0
14.4
17. 3
99.0
21. 8
22.4
--
64. 7
9.4
71.4
17.4
3. 1
--
14. 5
19.3
102.3
12.4
20.0
66.4
7.6
20.4
i.
--
11.
22.
111.
12.
22.
69.
9.
--
17.
5
8
4
5
9
6
8
2
8
Group 2A
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
1
13.5
43.0
94.3
51.2
6. 6
21.7
24. 5
14.2
81.9
63.3
10. 3
16.9
44. 3
12.8
18.5
Test
2
11. 6
43.7
8.5
47. 5
6.4
17.7
26.6
13.2
55.7
136. 5
8.3
11.3
57. 1
8. 5
16.5
3
9.5
20.4
5.4
38.9
5.4
23. 6
11.6
8.9
67.7
27.8
7. 7
15. 1
51. 5
18.4
19. 5
4
12.4
21.4
17.7
37.5
4.8
21.0
18. 6
4.6
47.4
64. 1
9.3
20.4
22.7
10.3
10.9
(non smokers)
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
4.5
60. 9
41. 1
8.8
18. 7
32.9
9.2
4. 7
104. 7
59. 3
2.2
79. 6
45. 8
9.6
19. 8
12.7
9.4
2.9
92.4
13.4
2. 8
105. 6
41. 7
2.2
22. 6
10. 7
5.0
5.0
11.5. 5
25. 6
2.8
71.2
47. 7
5.0
24.2
22. 6
8. 1
4.2
119. 3
56.7
-------
HAIR - Lead
fig/g Hair
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
295
236
149
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
Test
1
4.7
44.0
20.9
4.6
8.2
--
4.6
12.3
1.0
8.2
17. 8
2.2
5.7
4.7
2
8. 1
85.8
30. 1
2.4
--
2.4
4.3
18.0
0.6
4.4
16. 1
3.8
5. 1
2.2
3
4. 3
4. 3
6. 1
5.0
- -
_ -
2.7
6.3
1.0
3.0
12.9
4. 7
3.5
2.2
4
4. 7
17. 8
18.2
2. 6
_ _
2.4
8.7
0.4
3.6
14.3
4.9
6.7
2.5
(non smokers)
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
224
129
296
222
094
8.6
1.8
1.2
11.3
2.9
17. 1
8.9
4. 1
2.8
9.8
6.8
8.9
39.0
4.8
4. 6
2.4
1.8
4.4
1. 6
3.7
6.0
2. 4
1. 2
5. 5
10. 1
4.6
17. 1
2.8
6.3
0.9
2.4
3. 3
2.8
6.4
4.8
2.0
0. 7
3.0
5.4
0. 5
6.6
1.8
4. 1
2.4
1. 1
6.0
2.0
5. 5
4. 5
2.6
1. 7
5.4
4. 5
3.8
26.4
2. 4
Group 3A
(smokers)
091
131
227
245
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
186
172
244
109
(non smoker
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
1
3. 1
4.0
0
6.8
3. 3
5. 5
5. 5
2.0
0. 3
5. 3
1.8
5. 5
0
2.0
2. 7
11. 6
2.8
4. 1
5.2
s)
5. 5
19. 3
10. 7
3. 6
12. 8
11.9
7. 6
1.2
1. 6
3.9
0. 8
9. 5
1.4
11.2
1.0
Test
2
1.4
_ _
0
5. 3
5.0
2.4
7.4
5.9
1.8
3.8
0. 6
1. 6
2.2
1. 6
4.6
7.9
8.7
4.2
6. 5
6. 1
20.0
9.7
4. 8
16. 2
9. 5
6.9
1. 8
3.2
3.6
2.8
3.6
15.8
19. 1
3
1.8
_ _
4. 5
6.2
1. 7
2. 6
4. 7
5. 1
2. 0
2. 8
0. 6
2.6
0
1. 1
5.4
6.0
4. 9
3. 6
5. 8
10. 6
17. 8
13. 7
6.4
14. 7
16. 1
--
1. 7
3. 1
2. 3
9.4
1. 1
10. 6
0. 8
4
2. 7
_ _
4.2
6. 7
3. 3
2. 7
5. 8
2.4
1. 2
6. 3
0.9
2.2
0
3. 6
2. 6
6. 6
6. 6
4. 2
10. 8
40.4
10. 2
7. 3
5. 4
11.4
1. 2
4. 6
2. 2
15. 3
1. 3
11. 4
-------
HAIR - Manganese
126-
|jig/g hair
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038 0
029
030
020
033
016
036 2
040
008 0
039
027
032
042
023 0
026
053
012 1
047
014
017
071
(non smokers)
1
.25
.07
.09
.12
.18
.10
.66
.35
.12
.81
.21
.12
.37
.16
.29
.03
. 14
.32
.14
.36
2
.13
.47
.41
.29
.40
.13
.07
.71
1.68
.18
.30
.44
.22
.10
0
0
.24
.18
69
.20
.28
.20
.36
Test
3
.22
.32
.24
.18
.28
0
.48
2.24
.08
.18
1.45
.43
.24
.39
.22
.17
.54
.24
.59
.29
.46
4
.26
.44
.20
.13
.22
.06
.72
2.41
.19
.26
.36
.26
.22
.21
.09
.09
.37
.11
.50
.21
.39
Group 1A
(smokers)
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337
314
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
1
.16
.40
1.29
.64
.20
.36
.22
1.34
.24
.14
.42
.21
.34
.04
.13
.17
.13
.28
.06
.18
.15
.10
.22
.06
Te
2
.06
.28
1.29
.35
.12
.13
.02
1.73
.35
.14
.37
.12
.24
.04
.08
.22
.20
.39
0
.10
.08
.12
.10
.06
s t
3
.14
.25
1.19
.42
.17
.27
.17
.79
.23
.16
.12
.54
.29
.02
.15
.27
.44
.59
.04
.08
.15
.08
0
4
.12
.30
1.07
.08
1.12
.34
.38
.85
.32
.16
.38
. 12
.46
0
. 18
.34
.60
.70
0
.08
.07
.16
.10
(non smokers)
046
035 0
024
013 0
019
015 0
049
055
034
045 3
067
070
.04
.12
.04
.33
.29
.04
.04
.19
.04
.38
.31
.18
.02
.31
.18
.51
.18
.04
.61
.20
.04
.08
.14
.10
.73
.18
.05
.24
.37
.17
.63
.32
.07
.09
.17
.07
.04
.19
.13
.26
.21
.06
.51
.15
.04
323
312
334
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
.08
.42
.16
.16
1.44
.40
.14
.22
.06
.18
.15
.11
.24
.14
.09
0
.44
.15
.12
1.30
.20
.08
.12
.04
.25
.02
.06
.21
0
.06
.06
.38
.24
,12
1.04
.40
.54
.31
.04
.17
0
.08
.10
,06
.15
.02
.46
.37
.19
1.12
.27
.21
.27
.16
.10
.18
.02
.14
0
.06
-------
HAIR - Mangane s e
Hg/g hair
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
270 1.
266 Z.
405
058 2.
002
275
061 1.
(non smokers)
279
003 1.
001
502
269 7.
402
404
065
501
278
505 1.
277
1
16
44
7
40
82
69
40
42
34
1Z
84
33
ZO
7
34
63
59
38
50
14
23
Te
Z
.Z7
.70
1.37
.84
2.74
.4Z
.35
1.44
.18
.18
.Z2
.67
.34
.52
_ _ _
.30
.40
1.10
.23
st
3
.11
1.22
5.84
.56
2.39
.31
.36
1.22
.06
.33
.19
.15
.29
.37
.43
.48
_
4
.17
.14
4.48
.49
3.00
.28
.06
.17
.32
0
.22
.46
Group ZA
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
1
.54
0
.52
0
.03
2.66
.24
1.44
.86
1.05
.12
0
.28
0
.36
Te
2
.24
0
1.06
.15
0
3.71
.99
.69
.92
0
.60
1.46
.09
.32
st
3
.41
.89
1.06
.51
0
2.36
.79
.95
1.03
1.30
.22
.89
.98
.24
.44
4
1.28
.87
1.09
.28
.12
2.94
.75
.72
1.12
1.46
.15
.71
. 18
.16
.19
(non smokers)
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
.09
.95
.45
0
.06
.76
.30
0
.81
.88
.17
0
0
.28
.43
.22
0
1.44
.62
.03
1.59
0
.12
.25
.67
.22
.13
1.15
.47
.16
1.71
1. 10
0
.41
1. 19
.06
0
1.49
1.38
-------
HAIR - Manganese
|jLg/g hair
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
295
236
149
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
(non smokers)
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
224
129
296
222
094
1
26
26
42
86
21
18
28
48
14
38
70
52
34
22
12
20
58
22
82
22
58
34
64
60
14
08
15
13
Te
2
.17
.31
.23
1.15
_ _ _
_ _ _
.23
.18
.14
.18
.56
.40
.12
.06
.04
.27
.16
.12
.72
.23
.56
.35
.76
.08
.14
.08
.06
.07
st
3
.31
.38
.38
.69
_ _ _
,
.38
.38
.15
.36
.57
.63
.16
.14
.18
.23
.16
.22
.82
.22
.91
.27
.60
.07
.18
.12
.10
.19
4
.22
.23
.41
1.98
,_
_ _ _
.41
.24
.18
.68
.14
.10
.11
.12
.18
.18
.12
.72
.27
.82
.29
.80
.19
.22
.10
.13
.72
Group
3A
(smokers) 1
091
227
245
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
186
172
244
109
(non
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
.25
.02
.02
.19
.56
.71
1.63
.33
.22
0
1.77
0
0
1.10
.02
.51
.30
.53
smokers)
.20
. 11
.20
.17
1.02
.13
.39
.85
12.09
.14
.04
.24
.36
.60
.10
Te
2
. 14
.10
.06
.20
.58
.74
.40
.19
.16
.10
1.44
.50
0
.20
.10
.18
.04
.29
.28
.04
. 14
.12
.70
.08
.42
.44
10.38
.16
.26
.42
.35
.50
s t
3
.45
.18
.08
.12
.63
.67
.84
.26
.41
.24
1.71
.14
.03
.32
.07
.40
.16
.51
.28
.24
.06
.15
.73
. 10
.63
8.28
.16
.24
.30
.40
.40
4
.27
.07
.10
.13
.67
.75
.63
.27
.18
.15
1.27
0
.02
.94
0
.74
.20
.19
.09
.14
. 14
.28
.09
.54
10.37
.16
.53
.34
.36
-------
HA IR
7, i n c
Hg/g Hair
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
1
141.3
161.2
128.3
325.2
194.1
116.0
135.8
146.0
201.7
177.0
181.7
355.3
184.8
153.3
206.7
157.3
172.6
141.8
267.3
157.2
166.5
149.5
203.4
Te
2
163.0
148.8
142.6
115.6
167.8
116.0
127.8
152.0
141.5
164.3
177.5
341.0
167.9
285.9
169.1
157.3
166.3
159.8
137.2
156.8
158.2
161.4
198.5
st
3
164.4
148.5
300.5
122.7
179.2
143.3
146.9
156.9
173.0
180.2
185.7
171.6
212.6
186.6
156.3
145.5
170.1
151.7
172.7
220.6
4
246.9
162.2
137.8
152.1
180.5
149.9
156.0
159.1
186.6
179.0
340.7
169.5
156.6
172.9
175.9
153.5
135.6
159.8
146.9
167.9
182.8
Group 1A
(smokers)
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337
314
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
T e
1
147.0
196.6
206.2
153.3
156.7
136.7
101.7
138.3
168.3
117.8
165.0
142.1
188.7
171.9
150.4
166.2
172.8
108.1
132.5
192.3
164.6
143.5
214.7
145.5
2
128.
196.
193.
135.
395.
121.
158.
168.
248.
120.
376.
127.
169.
171.
168.
160.
174.
138.
127.
182.
164.
138.
228.
147.
5
9
3
0
0
4
3
3
3
8
6
0
5
6
2
0
3
8
5
4
8
5
2
9
s t
3
147.
173.
195.
151.
140.
134.
108.
133.
183.
120.
125.
184.
228.
173.
176.
165.
240.
135.
148.
195.
165.
201.
148.
4
3
4
8
6
9
4
2
1
1
5
6
5
5
7
0
0
0
3
0
0
7
3
4
148.6
157.8
200.1
146.4
161.1
151.0
105.7
136.9
190.3
116.0
188.7
131.8
183.8
178.2
168.6
158.3
216.7
123.3
138.3
183.8
188.1
198.3
180.0
(non smokers)
(non smokers)
046
035
024
013
049
055
034 .
045
067
070
133.6
125.8
125.8
160.5
153.7
223.6
149.5
126.4
133.7
195.4
148.8
128.2
102.9
167.1
158.3
196.1
153.3
132.0
132.4
316.2
156.6
142.1
101.7
151.0
12'7.7
212.5
180.8
159.1
146.9
192.3
162.2
206.7
309.0
151.0
125.4
161.4
168.1
143.8
134.0
165.3
323
312
334
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
162.2
152.5
220.2
278.7
190.0
246.7
210.0
162.1
154.9
154.1
114.6
236.4
146.9
155.4
212.0
168.
151.
200.
155.
178.
220.
349.
321.
145.
162.
109.
221.
134.
148.
213.
3
7
4
0
3
4
9
2
3
6
7
1
9
3
7
165.
144.
211.
145.
164.
213.
189.
167.
163.
160.
126.
227.
150.
161.
206.
3
6
2
7
3
5
6
4
3
3
9
3
0
5
7
124.1
149.5
226.1
163.0
161.3
235.9
219.6
163.0
166.7
171.7
126.8
215.0
141.7
150.0
200.0
-------
130
HAIR - Zinc
Hg/g Hair
Group 2
(smokers) 1
503
264
270
266
405
058
002
275
061
(non
279
003
001
502
269
402
404
065
501
278
505
277
144.
169.
124.
248.
142.
140.
178.
218.
187.
smokers)
151.
124.
197.
126.
964.
142.
136.
144.
108.
173.
139.
186.
5
9
7
8
3
8
5
2
1
6
4
1
6
6
8
4
9
4
2
8
3
Test
2
140. 9
172.2
141. 3
_ _
181. 5
157. 8
181. 5
155.7
269. 5
159. 6
--
193. 1
119. 3
524. 9
146.2
139. 5
--
95.4
161.4
136. 7
210.7
Group 2A
3
148.4
159. 8
139.7
_ _
133.0
135. 7
171.4
150. 1
122. 7
151. 2
200.2
117. 6
199. 1
146. 2
166.3
86.2
163.0
--
223. 7
4
149.3
161.8
141. 8
112.8
151.4
168.4
256.6
99.0
146.2
186. 5
124. 3
155. 5
166.7
131. 6
95. 8
175.9
--
--
(smokers) 1
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
(non
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
1084.
169.
168.
100.
125.
240.
143.
193.
92.
' 128.
156.
234.
156.
117.
152.
smokers)
228,.
179.
159.
141.
122.
98.
201.
154.
106.
92.
8
3
4
4
5
4
6
4
2
7
7
9
4
6
6
7
8
5
4
4
5
8
1
6
2
Test
2
324.0
245. 8
161.7
88. 2
129.0
251. 5
171. 6
179.7
128. 1
161. 7
144.2
141. 5
120.9
101. 3
200. 9
185. 9
162. 5
150. 3
91. 5
132. 3
196. 0
158.4
97.7
444. 6
3
166.5
162.9
162. 1
106. 5
123.9
249. 5
170.7
187. 5
96.4
147. 6
157. 3
141. 3
135. 3
105. 5
103. 3
191.0
157. 5
156. 6
144. 6
116.0
131. 9
200.2
155. 7
89. 7
151. 1
4
271.0
155. 7
181. 6
106. 5
130. 3
252. 7
158. 9
176.4
87. 8
118. 9
165. 3
147. 7
161. 7
135. 1
109. 6
190. 7
145.2
160.0
146.2
116.0
133. 5
205.0
189. 1
98.0
169.3
-------
HATH /.in.
Hah
131
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
295
236
149
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
Test
1
162.7
198.7
239.4
235.1
225.3
187.5
222.5
241.0
161.2
153.3
187.8
222.3
203.4
222.1
2
197.9
192.3
252.7
272.1
229.6
237.9
165.3
163.7
187.5
419.9
244.7
222.5
3
162.4
216.0
230.2
479.1
228.6
214.5
170.7
152.9
195.5
452.1
222.3
201.8
4
168.
152.
268.
240.
220.
161.
163.
197.
242.
279.
220.
0
3
9
6
0
2
4
6
1
5
9
(non smokers)
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
224
129
296
222
094
159.6
148.9
82.9
159.6
184.6
178.7
170.3
201.9
358.5
264.5
357.2
225.3
227 .2
186.4
165.3
157.7
316.2
174.8
184.3
230.7
165.4
212.9
367.1
223.7
381.4
222.5
210.3
189.9
153.0
99.9
321.7
149.8
181.3
187.6
184.5
205.0
315.4
198.7
337.5
257.0
242.3
189.7
160.
142.
331.
167.
196.
176.
181.
212.
382.
231.
168.
213.
196.
441.
4
6
2
8
1
5
2
4
1
1
4
9
1
5
Group 3 A
(smokers)
091
131
227
245
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
186
172
244
109
1
206.4
326.8
251.4
195.4
334.7
387.6
247.0
73.7
137.1
212.7
229.0
368.3
153.7
160.8
187.4
178.5
298.1
544.5
244.7
Te
2
215.9
.. « _
314.1
204.1
347.9
367.4
272.1
95.8
165.4
335.4
228.9
321.2
182.8
175.7
172.2
173.9
294.0
321.2
244.7
st
3
223
_
187
185
313
324
255
110
156
327
208
355
164
173
160
180
285
394
240
.8
.5
.7
.6
.1
.8
.4
.9
.6
.5
.7
.7
.5
.9
.5
.5
.2
.0
4
198.0
227.0
189.4
345.9
382.5
121.8
95.2
166.1
362.4
202.9
327.6
173.9
158.5
173.9
169.0
303.8
410.0
(non smokers)
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
175.7
361.9
262.6
484.0
283.1
174.5
169.8
156.9
265.6
179.4
187.7
166.6
145.7
384.0
128.7
204.1
468.6
314.1
528.7
274.6
142.0
182.8
163.3
280.8
207.6
184.6
189.9
403.8
143.7
175
317
332
502
284
185
164
253
189
166
152
937
131
.8
.1
.9
.8
.8
.7
-
.7
.7
.2
.4
.4
.0
.5
166.9
395.3
316.6
417.6
287.3
197.7
166.6
248.7
190.4
172.0
153.7
368.2
-------
132-
Trace Elements in Urine
-------
URINE - Cadmium
Group 1
(smokers) I
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
069
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
(non
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
1
2
1
4
1
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
4
2
9
1
1
1
0
1
1,
1.
2.
smokers)
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
I
. 3
.6
.4
. 5
. 1
. 1
. 3
. 1
. 5
. 1
.4
. 3
. 1
. 5
.7
. 6
. 7
. 7
. 6
.9
.4
.6
.9
, 7
6
0
5
5
2
6
7
9
9
2
9
3
Test
2
1.5
1.2
1. 3
0. 6
0.9
0.9
1.5
1.4
1. 5
1.2
0.9
0.4
0.8
1. 8
1.5
2. 1
0. 8
1.0
0. 6
1.3
1. 7
1. 2
1.9
1.4
0.7
1. 7
1. 5
0.7
1.4
1. 1
1.4
0. 8
2.3
0. 6
1. 5
0. 6
fj.g/liter of urine
Group 1A
3 4
1. 7
0.7
1.2
1. 1
0.6
1.2
0. 6
1. 5
_ _
0.8
1.8
1. 3
0.9
1. 1
0.9
1.0
0. 6
1.0
1.7
0. 3
0. 5
0.9
1. 3
0.9
0. 7
0. 5
0.8
0.8
0.7
1.0
2. 3
0.9
1.2
1.6
2.9
0.9
0. 8
1. 3
1.2
0.9
0.9
2.5
0. 5
0. 6
_ _
0.9
0.6
0.8
2.0
0.9
0.6
1.8
0.9
0.4
1. 2
1. 3
1.4
1. 2
1.2
0.6
1. 3
0. 5
1.2
1. 1
1.2
0. 3
0.9
0.7
0. 5
0. 1
1. 1
0. 6
(smokers) 1
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337
346
314
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
352
(non
323
312
334
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
mm .
0.
0.
2.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
1.
1.
0.
0.
0.
smokers)
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
4
4
2
3
6
6
5
3
3
3
0
9
6
1
2
6
4
6
1
9
6
2
8
7
6
5
5
6
2
8
4
7
6
5
6
2
3
4
1
0
X0«.
Test
2
1.0
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0. 5
1.0
0.9
0.2
0.2
_ _
1. 1
0. 7
0.4
0.4
0.2
0. 3
0. 3
0.9
0.2
0. 5
0.6
0.2
0. 3
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0. 3
0.4
0. 5
0.4
0. 5
0. 6
1.0
0.2
0. 3
0. 1
0. 3
r
3
0. 1
0. 9
0.2
0.2
0. 8
0.4
0.2
0. 7
0. 2
0. 7
0.2
0.4
0. 6
0. 8
1. 0
_ _
0. 7
1.0
0. 3
0. 3
0. 6
0. 7
0. 3
0.2
0. 3
_ _
0. 5
0. 9
0. 2
0. 2
0. 3
0. 3
0. 5
0.4
0. 3
0. 7
0. 8
0. 2
0. 2
0. 3
0. 2
4
0.6
0. 6
0.4
0. 6
0. 7
2.2
0. 3
1. 8
2.2
0. 7
0. 5
0. 9
1. 3
1.4
0. 8
-
1. 8
0. 5
0. 7
0. 9
0.8
0. 6
1. 1
1. 4
0.2
1. 1
1. 1
0.4
0. 6
0. 8
1. 7
0. 3
1. 5
0.9
0. 3
0. 4
0. 5
0. 9
0. 6
-------
URINE - Cadmium
134
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
004
273
281
504
270
262
266
405
066
058
002
275
061
(non
279
003
001
502
269
402
404
006
005
065
276
501
278
505
277
271
2.
0.
2.
0.
0.
1.
1.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
smokers)
4.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
1.
1.
0.
0.
1
6
7
3
2
7
1
5
7
. _
3
.-
2
2
3
5
3
6
5
7
1
4
9
5
3
8
5
3
9
4
2
^g /liter of
Test
2
0.6
1.4
0.8
0.3
2. 3
0. 5
1.1
0. 5
1.0
2.4
0. 5
0. 5
0.4
0. 5
0.4
1. 6
1. 0
0.4
0. 5
1. 3
0. 7
2. 8
1. 7
0.4
0. 5
0. 8
0. 5
0.6
0. 7
1.6
3
0.7
1.0
0. 7
_ _
0. 7
0.7
1. 1
1.0
0.9
0.3
1.9
0.8
1.0
0. 7
1. 1
0. 6
1.2
0. 5
1.2
0.6
0. 6
0.3
0.4
0. 5
0. 5
1. 6
1.0
0.8
1. 1
0.9
0.7
4
0.4
0. 6
0. 3
_ _
0.2
0.4
1.4
_ _
0.6
0.8
_ .
0.7
0. 6
0. 3
0.7
0. 7
0.3
0.4
0.4
1.0
0.4
0.6
0. 5
_ -
0.5
_ _
0. 3
0. 3
0. 8
0. 6
0.4
urine
Group 2 A
(smokers) :
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
(non
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
1.
0.
0.
smokers)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
t
4
3
2
8
3
3
5
7
2
4
0
8
4
5
3
8
4
6
4
3
4
4
6
6
6
Test
2
0, 3
0. 3
0. 3
0.9
0.3
0.7
0.5
1.0
0.4
0.4
0. 9
0.2
0.7
0. 3
0. 3
0.7
0. 3
1.0
0.3
0.2
1. 1
0.8
0. 3
0. 6
0. 7
3
0. 5
0.4
0. 5
0.4
0. 5
0.4
0.2
0.9
0.4
0.4
0. 5
0. 5
0.4
0.8
0.4
0.2
0. 3
0. 5
0.4
0.3
0. 5
0.4
0.6
0. 6
0. 6
4
0. 3
0. 6
0. 5
0. 7
0.4
0.3
0. 3
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.8
0.4
0. 7
0.6
~
0. 6
_ _
0.6
0. 3
0. 3
0.4.
0. 6
0. 5
0.4
0. 5
-------
URINE - Cadmium
13 G
[ig/liter of urine
Group 3
(smokers) 1
112
141
180
142
221
187
236
149
176
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
(non
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
224
129
296
222
094
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
smokers)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
6
3
5
5
4
4
4
1
1
2
2
2
2
4
3
1
6
1
3
2
2
3
3
5
1
2
1
4
2
3
T
e s
t
2
0.
0.
0.
6.
1.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
0.
0.
-
0.
0.
_
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
8
5
7
1
3
3
3
3
5
4
3
2
5
3
3
2
9
6
6
2
_
4
2
_
7
4
3
5
4
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
. 3
. 3
. 6
.2
.4
» _
.3
. 5
. 7
. 5
. 8
. 6
. 6
. 3
.4
. 5
.6
.7
. 5
.4
.4
.4
.4
. 3
.6
.4
.7
. 3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
4
.6
.3
. 6
.9
_ _
__
_
.4
.2
. 7
. 5
.9
. 3
.6
.9
. 5
.0
.3
--
.4
. 3
. 7
.2
. 3
.0
.2
. 7
.6
. 6
Group 3A
(smokers )
091
131
227
245
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
214
186
172
244
1
0.4
0. 7
0. 7
0. 5
0.2
0.6
0. 7
0. 5
0.6
0.4
0.4
1.0
0.4
0.4
0.9
0.7
1. 1
_ _
0. 7
Test
2
0.8
0. 7
0.6
0. 3
0.4
0.6
0.8
0. 3
0. 5
0.4
0.8
_ _
0.6
0. 7
2. 3
0.9
1. 2
1. 8
1. 6
3
0.6
0. 6
1.0
0. 7
0.2
0. 3
0.4
0. 3
0. 5
0. 3
0.6
0.4
0.2
--
1. 8
0.4
0. 8
4
1. 8
0. 6
1. 0
0.4
0. 8
0. 2
0.4
0. 4
0. 3
0. 8
0. 8
0. 7
0.2
0. 4
0. 3
1. 3
(non smokers)
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
0.4
0. 7
0.2
0.4
0. 7
0. 3
0. 5
0.2
0. 3
0. 3
0. 3
0. 8
1.9
0.2
0. 5
0. 3
0.6
1.8
0.8
0. 7
0.9
0. 7
0.4
0.2
0.4
1.2
0. 9
0. 5
0. 5
0.2
0.2
0. 6
0. 5
0. 3
0.4
0. 3
0. 1
0.2
0. 6
0. 7
0. 7
0. 4
--
--
0. 3
--
0. 3
0. 6
0.2
0. 3
0. 6
0. 5
-------
URINE - Copper
fig/liter of urine
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
069
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
Test
1
5.4
12.0
16.9
13.9
8. 6
11. 5
12. 1
17. 9
5. 5
9.6
10. 5
10. 6
7. 2
6. 7
5.9
7. 8
6.7
4.2
5. 2
3.9
2. 5
3. 6
4. 9
25. 0
2
10. 1
5.4
4. 5
2.8
4.0
12.5
3.7
9.2
4.2
11. 7
4.7
14. 5
8.0
10. 1
7. 1
7. 5
7. 5
4.7
1. 5
7. 8
19. 0
5.7
12. 3
23. 3
3 i
9.5
11.0
8.0
8.2
3. 1
16.3
5.9
17. 1
-
8. 2
16. 8
9. 5
11.0
8.4
25.9
2.5
3. 3
10. 0
11. 7
1.9
3. 3
1. 6
24. 1
0. 1
\ 4
5.2
6.6
16.9
4.4
17.4
8.8
7.7
11.6
-
12.0
11.0
4. 1
27. 6
4. 3
13. 3
10.2
2. 5
1.6
3,9
9. 1
10, 5
9.9
1.6
12.0
(non smokers)
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
9. 9
10. 2
9.9
19.2
11. 8
16. 2
9. 3
4. 7
10.2
2. 3
6.9
7.9
3.0
2.0
10. 9
6.7
4.2
5.0
11. 7
6. 1
3.0
7. 7
14. 5
4. 8
17.9
5. 1
8. 6
19.4
8. 3
13. 7
11.4
6.9
1.6
10.4
9.3
6.4
4. 1
1. 6
8.0
6. 1
7.9
7.5
10.4
8. 1
5. 3
2.8
7.4
9. 5
Group 1A
(smokers)
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337 -
346
314
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
13G<
Test
1
1. 3
10.0
1. 1
8.4
8.0
2.9
1.6
7.4
9.3
7.2
17. 5
2.4
4. 2
4.8
15. 2
6.8
4. 8
10. 7
6. 6
9. 1
12. 5
4.4
8. 2
12.7
7. 8
2
10. 6
6.6
2.7
3. 5
13. 9
6.5
1. 8
13.2
2.8
14. 3
-
2. 6
3. 7
3.0
6. 1
1. 9
1.7
14.8
1. 7
3.4
7. 3
7. 1
20.2
9.2
2.0
3
3. 3
2.9
3. 3
7.0
11. 8
12.9
2.0
9.7
3. 5
8. 1
1. 7
1. 9
5.4
4.4
6. 1
-
3. 6
5. 1
3. 4
2. 1
12. 0
19.2
22. 6
4. 2
16. 1
4
5. 5
5. 3
9.2
7.8
14. 5
3.8
0.9
10.4
11.9
1. 6
2. 1
3.7
6.8
8. 5
8.2
-
8.0
8. 5
3. 5
20. 4
6.4
9. 1
6.2
10. 5
1. 8
(non smokers)
323
312
334
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
10. 1
10.0
9.9
10. 7
3.0
7. 1
6.9
4.0
2- 5
14. 5
6. 1
6. 5
12.4
9.3
9.7
19.6
8.9
11.2
_
_
9.4
5. 5
3. 5
14. 1
18.0
_
5. 8
10.4
2. 1
7.3
11. 8
17. 3
5. 5
3. 5
2. 6
2.2
4. 2
7. 5
2.4
8.9
5. 1
8.2
9.2
2.0
5. 1
25. 3
11.0
_
5.4
1. 1
4.2
8. 5
3. 1
11. 6
14.2
2. 1
11. 1
9. 1
14. 1
9.0
-------
157
URINE - Co
fig /liter of urine
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
004
273
281
504
270
262
266
405
066
058
002
275
061
Test
1
-
2. 3
17.4
5.5
8. 5
1.2
14. 5
7. 3
-
14. 3
8.0
-
14.5
9.2
8.6
2
6.9
3.0
18. 1
2. 3
5.8
24. 6
10. 1
9.3
7. 3
-
2. 3
11.7
2.4
2.4
6.9
3
8.5
2. 1
8.4
-
1.4
1.0
12. 1
3. 5
2. 6
2.5
15. 1
10. 1
1.9
2.2
6.6
4
7. 6
8.3
11.9
_
3.9
1. 1
10.4
_
-
15.0
_
2.8
1.7
1.4
1.7
(non smokers)
279
003
001
502
269
402
404
006
005
065
276
501
278
505
277
271
3. 7
3.2
8.9
13.4
15. 6
2. 1
9.8
10. 7
3.9
1.9
3.7
14. 5
3. 7
16. 5
5. 9
9.0
3.0
8. 3
11. 5
4. 1
5.0
4.2
4.2
11. 7
7.8
1. 8
1.9
16.6
3.2
19. 9
7. 5
49. 6
1. 1
6.0
9.8
13.4
6.9
2.5
1.4
3.2
1. 7
1.9
2. 1
9.5
9. 1
16. 0
7. 8
4. 3
1. 5
4.4
11. 7
5.5
14.4
2.0
7.6
7. 1
_
6.0
-
6.2
1. 1
14.4
1. 6
2. 6
Group 2 A
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
Test
1
1. 8
2. 2
2. 3
3. 3
1.9
5.2
6.4
4.0
6.9
9.8
2. 5
4. 9
1.4
9.0
0. 9
2
1.4
2.2
0.7
1.4
3.2
6.7
8.7
13. 3
12.4
19.0
24. 8
4. 6
6.4
5.9
15.9
3
8.2
4.8
10. 6
8. 8
5. 7
13. 9
14.2
12. 5
8. 5
9. 1
14. 4
8. 7
9.4
18. 7
9.8
4
12.4
6.8
15.0
5. 7
2. 6
30. 2
8. 6
11. 7
18. 8
12.0
17.4
3. 3
15. 6
8.5
-
(non smokers)
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
2. 7
6.3
7. 2
6. 3
8.0
1. 6
5. 3
8. 1
2. 8
23. 5
,3. 3
3. 7
5.9
15.7
9.8
5.6
8.4
3.2
9.2
18. 1
6. 3
4. 1
8. 3
19. 3
8.4
6.7
4. 7
4.9
9. 1
14. 4
7.0
-
10. 6
15.4
8. 1
14. 1
5. 3
6. 1
9.7
6. 5
-------
138-
URINE - Coppe r
(a,g /liter of urine
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
221
187
236
149
176
600
139
230
204
210
098
'122'
Test
1
12. 8
9.6
17. 5
7.3
4. 8
13.0
7. 3
5. 3
3.4
29.0
8. 3
3.0
11.0
13. 3
4.0
9. 7
2
10. 5
4. 3
15.8
13.0
3.4
12.2
17.0
25.4
12.0
6.0
7.8
4. 1
24.8
14. 3
24. 3
8. 8
3
16.0
24. 1
19.2
35. 3
19.8
_
-
8.4
15.9
6.3
17. 5
20.9
15.8
12.9
15. 1
11.0
4
33. 6
45.3
-
35. 1
37.2
-
-
4.9
8.0
11.2
9.2
5.0
21.7
6.5
14.9
35.7
(non smokers)
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
1 10
224
129
296
222
094
13. 1
8. 3
6. 5
8.9
11.4
35. 7
13. 5
7. 2
14. 0
11. 6
6.2
11. 3
2.0
6.0
10. 3
8. 1
16. 7
10. 2
-
12. 8
9.0
-
18. 1
13.6
3.9
14.5
14. 1
7.4
12. 3
10. 9
9.6
11. 1
12. 5
13. 3
-
17. 6
9.9
6.0
5. 3
11.7
10.8
4.8
5. 1
40. 3
_
4. 5
15.3
9.7
12.9
10.2
35.4
6.0
23. 1
16. 1
6.6
Group 3 A
(smokers)
091
131
227
245
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
214
186
172
244
109
169
1
7.9
3.5
7.6
21. 1
5.0
12.4
19.8
5.0
3. 6
5.0
6.8
15. 6
5.8
9.9
8.6
7.7
7. 8
11. 1
9.5
11. 5
6.9
Te
2
6.3
6.7
8.4
19.9
3.0
8.2
26.0
11.0
6.0
7.2
11.9
_
29.7
5.0
25.0
14.7
5.0
28.8
7.4
16.4
7.2
st
3
2.9
-
17.0
17.4
8.4
4.2
7. 5
19. 1
24. 8
10. 7
8.9
33. 9
8.9
9.8
_
_
11.0
8.9
16. 1
17.0
11. 6
4
3.5
-
6.3
21.7
4.0
13.2
29.9
17.0
32.2
11.6
13. 7
14.9
27. 1
40.0
10.8
«.
5.5
-
20. 1
12. 8
-
(non smokers)
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
6.2
7.9
6. 1
5.9
10. 3
6. 1
7.2
6.2
17. 1
9.4
6.9
18. 3
19.5
6. 1
9.3
12.8
12. 1
8.4
11. 3
7.5
10.8
7.0
9.9
11.9
8.5
8.4
24.2
15. 1
6.7
11.2
13.0
7.8
12. 0
_
14. 2
15.4
16. 8
13.9
38.4
w
17. 7
7. 1
11.4
_
7.4
9.6
8.6
_
9.7
_
15. 3
18.0
7.7
18. 3
11.2
26.3
13.7
-------
URINE - Lead
Group 1
(smokers) 1
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
069
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
(non
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
18
41
48
63
51
92
44
81
14
32
28
12
48
88
32
16
48
72
36
12
0
20
12
40
smokers)
41
62
44
41
63
51
24
48
24
24
24
8
.5
.1
.2
.0
.9
.6
.5
.5
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.9
.5
.1
.0
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
jig /liter of urine
lest Groun
2
40.0
16.7
26.7
85.4
80.8
46.2
53.9
42.3
92.3
53.9
3.9
27.7
40.1
38.9
7.7
0.0
0.0
53.3
0.0
0.0
36.4
37.7
24.7
39.0
46.7
29.9
36.7
46.7
46.2
57.7
12.3
7.7
0.0
6.1
37.7
5.2
3
42.1
33.0
25.0
21.6
17.1
13.7
34.1
28.4
15.9
26.2
23.5
29.8
18.5
23.5
7.4
9-9
40.8
11.1
7.4
11.1
9.9
24.7
19.8
21.6
19.3
17.1
50.0
22.8
13.7
23.5
13.6
0.0
18.5
8.7
17.3
4
14.5
9.7
8.1
0.0
8.1
0.0
6.5
0.0
14.5
6.5
4.5
47.0
1.5
18.2
9.1
10.6
0.0
7.6
0.0
9.1
4.6
9.1
1.5
0.0
0.0
1.6
9.7
6.5
24.2
1.5
12.1
12.1
1.5
0.0
0.0
r
1A
(smokers) 1
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337
346
314
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
(non
323
312
334
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
0
18
0
20
45
2
0
13
11
13
85
12
21
9
109
29
14
37
46
9
12
0
25
34
--
.0
.6
.0
.9
.3
.7
.0
.3
.9
.3
.3
.2
.9
.8
.7
.2
.6
.5
.8
.4
.5
.0
.0
.4
-
1353
T e
2
0.0
0.0
76.6
0.0
0.0
3.3
0.0
36.6
0.0
46.6
_ _ _
0.0
23.8
0.0
23.8
0.0
0.0
28.5
0.0
4.7
70.3
45.3
26.6
43.8
26.6
<^
s t
3
19.2
11.5
«*
44.9
51.3
25.6
2.6
38.5
14. 1
29.5
1.3
18.2
22.7
30.7
36.8
21.6
21.6
26.1
0.0
15.8
28.9
3.9
0.0
6.6
4
21.6
8.3
38.3
24.9
44.9
19-9
3.3
46.6
28.3
4.9
28.3
14.9
20.9
8.0
9.7
6.5
6.5
0.0
16.1
0.0
1.6
0.0
smokers)
0
56
26
28
19
0
12
21
7
39
0
0
25
12
0
.0
.9
.6
.9
.9
.0
.2
.9
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
23.3
0.0
3.3
0.0
4.7
0.0
33.3
19.0
18.7
70.3
31.3
64.1
66.7
51.3
30.8
21.8
19.2
15.9
12.5
31.8
0.0
26.1
35.2
15.8
36.8
14.5
14.5
31.7
43.3
48.3
8.3
3.2
12.9
8.0
3.2
32.3
1.6
19.4
22.6
19.4
12.9
-------
URINE - Lead
140"
jig /liter
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
004
273
281
504
270
262
266
405
066
058
002
275
061
of urine
Test
1
29.7
8.1
5.4
0.0
2.7
0.0
9.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.9
0.0
23.5
2
53.0
3.0
59.1
4.5
31.8
13.6
53.0
48.5
24.2
1.5
52.9
15.3
19.9
65.8
3
64.5
8.6
52.7
9.7
4.3
51.6
20.4
16.1
12.9
49.4
106.0
12.0
16.9
56.6
4
30.
3.
51.
___
33.
0.
60.
21.
52.
49.
32.
25.
37.
3
0
5
3
0
6
2
5
1
4
9
9
(non smokers)
279
003
001
502
269
402
404
006
005
065
276
501
278
505
277
271
6.8
13.5
2.7
1.3
41.9
11.7
17.6
41.1
38.2
5.8
97.1
2.9
0.0
5.8
0.0
0.0
4.5
48.5
83.3
45.4
37.9
12.9
18.8
68.2
88.2
0.0
7.0
47.1
21.1
51.7
88.2
78.8
1.1
37.6
35.5
52.7
67.7
16.8
15.6
19.2
36.1
0.0
24.1
22.9
16.9
28.9
18.0
15.7
10.
50.
90.
25.
52.
17.
24.
32.
29.
34.
0.
52.
13.
42.
1
5
9
3
5
6
9
4
6
2
9
7
8
6
Group 2A
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
Test
1
27.9
4.9
21.3
0.0
13.1
32.8
54.1
26.9
20.5
46.2
62.8
43.6
0.0
32.1
0.0
2
10.0
15.0
0.0
52.5
30.0
1.3
39.9
34.7
19.9
37.3
49.3
19.9
9.3
0.0
26.7
3
1.
32.
46.
0.
37.
1.
17.
33.
20.
33.
24.
49.
58.
47.
17.
6
3
7
0
1
6
7
9
9
9
1
0
8
1
6
4
10.5
15.8
33.3
24.6
0.0
0.0
43. 1
62.7
60.1
44.4
63.9
20.9
54.8
41.8
(non smokers)
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
96.7
98.4
32.1
32.1
20.5
7.7
25.6
16.7
46.2
48.8
50.0
30.0
38.7
22.7
17.3
18.6
19.9
23.9
31.9
38.7
14.
11.
14.
17.
8.
5.
21.
29.
11.
11.
5
3
5
7
0
9
6
4
7
7
24.6
26.1
20.9
20.9
43.1
32.6
45.7
40.5
31.3
-------
141
URINE - Lead
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
221
187
236
149
176
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
(non smokers)
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
224
129
296
222
094
1
49. 3
33. 3
51.9
7.9
23. 9
43. 9
21.3
13. 3
13. 3
71. 9
25.7
10.0
7. 1
22. 8
0.0
20. 0
i)
42. 7
53. 3
30. 7
21.3
53. 3
63.9
47. 9
29. 3
15.9
18. 6
12. 8
24.2
0. 0
18/5
Test
2
73. 6
5. 2
66. 6
17. 5
8. 7
54. 3
43. 8
36. 8
61.4
10. 8
19.9
49.9
28. 3
24. 9
83. 3
33. 3
36. 8
21. 0
47. 3
57. 8
_ _
47. 3
37. 8
29.7
19. 9
11. 6
36. 6
26. 6
19. 9
|xg/l of urine
Group 3A
3
32.7
39.9
56.3
25.4
83. 8
--
9.6
58.0
9.6
66. 1
24. 1
46. 7
69. 3
20.9
35.4
10. 9
36.3
51.6
0.0
9.6
24. 1
_ _
61.2
20. 9
17. 7
90. 3
85.4
69. 3
33. 8
4
38.
66.
64.
9.
8.
11.
149.
19.
21.
60.
2.
41.
10.
_.
16.
61.
--
13.
21.
46.
58.
39.
36.
8.
21.
0.
60.
(smokers) 1
3
6
9
9
3
6
9
5
7
8
1
3
8
6
6
3
6
6
3
1
9
6
7
0
8
091
131
227
245
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
214
186
172
244
109
169
(non
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
17
5
31
41
0
8
38
5
5
0
4
34
14
0
84
23
6
17
5
15
35
smokers)
14
1
21
8
10
0
66
47
30
3
15
21
_
53
15
. 8
. 3
.4
.0
. 0
. 3
. 8
. 5
. 5
. 9
. 6
. 2
. 8
.0
. 7
. 8
.6
. 1
. 7
.2
.2
. 2
. 7
.4
.9
. 7
. 0
. 6
. 2
. 5
. 7
. 2
.9
_
.3
. 2
Test
2
15. 5
20. 6
16. 3
22.4
9.4
9.4
13. 7
2.2
8. 8
0. 0
9. 9
23. 3
0. 0
37. 9
5. 7
0.0
9. 1
0. 0
3. 4
0.0
13. 7
15. 5
9.4
15. 5
25. 8
13. 7
22.4
19.8
17.7
7.7
0.0
2.2
35. 5
4. 5
0. 0
3
0
_
28
73
0
_
29
49
6
31
48
57
21
7
-
-
12
30
25
37
53
11
28
38
69
--
28
64
51
21
26
-
43
12
57
_
. 0
_
. 5
. 8
.0
_
. 2
. 9
. 0
. 7
. 7
.3
. 9
. 3
-
-
. 1
. 4
. 6
. 8
. 6
.9
. 5
.0
. 0
.0
. 6
.2
.9
. 8
-
. 9
. 1
. 3
-
4
0. 0
_ _
25. 7
142.4
0.0
15. 8
43. 9
21.9
1. 2
2. 4
42. 6
14. 6
34. 3
5. 9
37. 3
14. 9
32. 8
20. 8
--
31. 8
13. 6
31. 8
--
--
--
--
31. 7
25. 3
0. 0
28. 3
31. 3
56.7
14. 9
-------
URINE - Manganese
(xg /liter of urine
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
069
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
1
3.3
3.2
3.0
6.3
8.5
3.1
2.5
2.4
3.9
3.8
13.3
1.6
5.4
6.6
4.8
3.0
6.4
3.4
7.3
2.5
4.5
3.0
14.1
5.1
Te
2
4.4
2.8
3.4
2.1
4.2
2.1
3.3
3.4
3.1
8.4
5.5
10.1
8.1
5.0
15.6
3.1
6.1
9.3
4.6
6.2
6.0
8.7
5.8
13.0
st
3
2.9
11.2
3.6
6.3
3.9
4.8
5.6
4.3
1.4
9.0
2.5
3.9
2.3
5.3
9.2
4.1
7.9
1.4
9.0
4.6
8.3
5.6
2.0
4
25.1
7.8
11.0
6.1
11.6
12.4
23.8
6.1
12.2
10.1
13.6
18.5
6.5
10.2
11.0
7.4
2.8
5.9
12.1
6.1
5.3
16.2
13.2
(non smokers)
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
2.9
3.1
5.2
7.8
4.4
4.9
2.2
5.6
3.1
6.4
4.3
9.1
4.3
3.2
2.8
3.8
11.1
7.5
14.2
9.4
3.6
7.2
6.4
6.2
4.2
6.9
1.4
3.0
2.5
3.9
3.1
4.8
2.3
1.9
2.8
4.1
5.3
18.6
9.1
8.0
20.7
6.3
11.6
7.2
8.5
4.8
8.6
9.6
Group 1A
(smokers)
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337
346
314
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
Test
1
9.8
4.2
9.1
7.9
9.8
47.4
8.0
19.1
6.1
5.4
8.9
10.7
4.0
9.1
10.2
7.2
24.2
8.0
4.1
15.6
8.0
8.8
22.3
6.2
19.1
2
7.2
12.0
6.0
22.4
8.9
8.1
3.4
21.5
5.8
10.3
15.9
13.0
13.4
2.4
5.2
7.4
7.6
13.2
7.5
10.6
5.8
6.2
13.0
4.5
3
4.8
2.9
2.7
3.5
2.6
1. 1
0.5
1.7
2.4
2.8
1.9
1.9
2.4
1.8
7.3
0.9
1.6
3.8
3.5
2.9
1.5
1.7
0 .3
10.6
4
1.3
16.9
4.2
2.2
7.2
2.6
4.3
7.4
4.9
3.5
4.9
3.7
10.2
8.5
3.6
14.4
6.9
9.3
4.2
3.6
4.3
1.3
8.9
3.6
(non smokers)
323
312
334
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
5.6
8.5
10.0
10.0
2.2
12.8
13.1
6.4
12.4
9.1
7.1
6.4
86.2
9.3
11.3
7.1
11.1
15.5
_____
_ _
6.2
7.9
8.4
4.4
16.0
14.2
7.7
35.9
3.3
1.9
3.4
7.8
5.6
3.3
1.9
8.9
3.5
2.7
2.7
7.2
2.3
2.3
0.6
2.5
2.7
4.0
_
3.1
2.7
6.0
2.5
2.1
1.2
6.1
3.4
4.8
5.1
5.0
11.2
-------
143-
URINE - Manganes e
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
004
273
281
504
270
262
266
405
066
058
002
275
061
(non smokers)
279
003
001
502
269
402
404
006
005
065
276
501
278
505
277
271
1
2.3
4.6
4.3
9.5
6.9
5.1
7.6
8.6
9.8
4.3
1.5
2.4
4.7
)
12.7
5.7
2.5
7.5
3.8
2.0
11.9
4.2
9.4
2.4
6.7
5.0
2.5
6.2
8.5
2.5
Te
2
5.4
4.6
19.9
0.2
2.3
1.1
6.6
9.3
4.6
5.9
2.2
1.2
3.7
2.2
3.4
3.2
4.2
4.4
6.1
3.0
2.4
2.0
2.0
4.2
2.8
8.4
2.0
8.4
2.3
3.8
jig/liter of urine
s t Group 2A
3
25.3
1.2
47.6
6.5
2.4
2.0
1.3
2.6
1.5
2.5
1.7
3.2
5.1
1.5
2.7
3.4
3.5
1.5
6.6
11 .0
2.3
2.6
3.2
0.4
4.3
2.0
5.4
4.1
4.5
8.8
4
11.
1.
2.
3.
4.
3.
-_
2.
3.
2.
5.
4.
1.
4.
3.
3.
12.
9.
4.
2.
5.
23.
3.
1.
17.
2.
6.
(smokers) i
3
9
5
3
4
2
6
5
-
7
2
6
5
1
1
6
7
3
6
0
6
-
7
-
3
5
1
6
8
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
261
250
601
(non
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
4.
5.
2.
2.
4.
5.
3.
4.
13.
1.
4.
2.
26.
6.
5.
8
4
9
7
1
3
1
3
2
6
7
7
4
1
2
Test
2
1.5
12.2
1.5
2.2
2.1
2.7
11.0
3.2
7.7
13.7
39.8
7.3
16.8
10.6
4.4
3
12
13
18
4
34
8
8
17
12
31
10
11
5
13
5
.6
.2
.1
.8
.4
.2
.2
.3
.7
.3
.3
.6
.8
.1
.3
4
8.5
4.9
9.2
4.5
6.1
5.0
21.7
13.3
9.0
17.5
7.1
12.6
21.2
3.2
smokers)
2.
2.
3.
1.
2.
4.
6.
2.
4.
2.
5
7
5
3
1
5
7
2
5
5
1.4
7.1
1.9
9.0
5.4
6.6
32.3
7.5
9.3
15.8
12
11
7
6
11
10
14
65
6
7
.4
.5
.2
.5
.5
.9
.0
.0
.8
.4
10.5
11 .2
5.6
7.2
7.5
12.9
42.4
13.3
15.2
-------
URINE - Manganese
[jig/ liter of urine
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
221
\ 07
4. O f
?^A
t- -J l_>
149
176
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
(non smokers)
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
Test
1
19.2
14.2
27.5
12.1
14.9
8 A
o . o
8 6
<-> \J
2.0
47.7
18.8
13.5
8.5
10.3
9.3
6.8
13.5
19.5
6.6
10.6
5.8
8.2
10.0
20.4
16.5
10.4
224 45.0
129
296
222
094
4.0
11.5
5.1
12.1
2
30.4
5.3
5.9
2.0
3.8
? 5
d ~J
^4 9
J.T: . /
14.9
6.8
8.7
8.2
11.8
14.7
12.6
8.2
3.5
9.9
23.1
12.9
12.9
2.9
2.3
7.0
3.7
12.0
10.7
6.5
4.0
3
5.9
6.8
9.8
2.8
4.5
5.9
7.4
6.6
9.9
5.0
8.8
10.3
26.9
7.9
10.2
6.5
21.1
4.9
10.4
18.4
2.6
5.0
4.6
4.7
6.5
14.7
9.3
4
4.6
4.0
10.8
8.5
3.6
7.8
8.6
89.1
11.4
39.3
5.2
3.7
4.4
Group 3A
(smokers)
091
131
227
245
226
126
J. t-4\J
229
4-* t-i /
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
214
186
172
244
1
52.9
9.7
6.7
7.0
12.2
4 . 0
5 . 1
6.1
10.7
15.0
6.6
24.0
19.1
15.9
2.0
3.3
5.2
11.9
2.5
(non smokers)
8.7
58.5
44.8
6.7
10.9
6.9
21.1
13.4
4.8
35.8
6.6
7.3
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
20.9
17.4
4.2
69.6
6.6
21.6
11.6
7.0
3.6
3.1
3.0
24.1
68.8
Test
2
1.0
9.1
2.4
1.9
2.6
3.3
5.7
5.2
2.2
2.3
3.4
3.7
3.7
1.2
4 C.
A . *J
2.4
2.8
6.6
0.9
1.7
7.4
? 4
tj » ^
2.6
4.0
6.5
2.6
4.1
^ 5
-j -*
3.3
3.8
2.3
^
5.7
9.9
6.0
4.5
6.7
3.5
6.5
3.5
3.5
5.7
4.5
28.6
51.9
5.4
4.5
6.9
3.7
3.9
10.7
2.9
6.6
28.8
12.7
7.4
2.8
7.8
9-9
15.3
4
7.0
8.6
7.7
3.1
3.6
4.4
8.8
2.9
3.0
5.2
6.1
3.4
4.4
4.4
5.5
3.8
6.2
2.7
4.2
9.5
3.1
2.7
1.8
2.5
4.1
4.1
-------
URINE - Zinc
(Jig/liter of urine
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
069
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
(non smoker
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
1
153.
158.
124.
110.
113.
230.
241.
269.
263.
115.
67.
249.
168.
334.
252.
188.
308.
84.
53.
216.
87.
126.
182.
631.
s)
153.
198.
90.
173.
167.
308.
188.
297.
109.
160.
224.
252.
T
2
170.
133.
90.
173.
144.
193.
210.
144.
462.
119.
360.
377.
351.
363.
336.
102.
207.
105.
21.
237.
126.
180.
404.
463.
e s t
3
466.
437.
239.
288.
260.
592.
221.
423.
104.
346.
638.
749.
558.
491.
189.
568.
437.
279.
354.
419.
354.
1085.
518.
4
218.
235.
410.
335.
427.
680.
559.
241.
298.
261.
593.
255.
627.
235.
221.
403.
153.
261.
122.
153.
479.
667.
421.
Group 1A
(smokers)
350
348
347
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
253
318
339
283
337
346
314
315
349
286
325
333
345
316
331
1
215.
393.
77.
261.
358.
143.
235.
126.
163.
189.
175.
88.
143.
71.
458.
264.
198.
194.
445.
224.
316.
397.
150.
185.
217.
Te
2
358.
606.
744.
141.
342.
169.
405.
138.
694.
505.
612.
237.
232.
603.
277.
214.
201.
201.
432.
128.
356.
171.
204.
115.
st
3
224.
272.
227.
164.
977.
164.
164.
346.
312.
249.
45.
167.
269.
82.
229.
171 .
203.
707.
145.
191.
272.
29.
78.
168.
4
106.
465.
575.
267.
695.
204.
730.
634.
344.
587.
135.
67.
408.
115.
357.
381.
186.
634.
412.
169.
499.
534.
219.
514.
(non smokers)
116.
82.
90.
278.
210.
261.
263.
180.
148.
153.
503.
175.
592.
334.
184.
502.
423.
460.
620.
577 .
239.
453.
964.
552.
252.
129.
381.
476.
461.
680.
114.
426.
--
224.
482.
278.
323
312
334
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
341.
530.
146.
430.
131.
111.
278.
352.
243.
366.
475.
224.
465.
399.
226.
556.
339.
295.
113.
395.
138.
50.
132.
564.
198.
613.
389.
412.
269.
542.
153.
181.
90.
184.
173.
490.
92.
287.
510.
307.
330
205.
156.
383.
361.
767.
175.
196.
608.
710.
244.
647.
254.
186.
352.
646.
129.
-------
UR INE - Zinc
p.g/liter of urine
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
004
273
281
504
270
262
266
405
066
058
002
275
061
1
461.
473.
618.
395.
563.
202.
705.
793.
711.
637.
570.
189.
582.
508.
Te
2
492.
167.
1032.
320.
527.
493.
543.
1245.
550.
222.
257.
458.
182.
652.
684.
st
3
496.
361.
1361.
103.
491.
334.
587.
642.
192.
551.
540.
4
505.
110.
480.
154.
129-
537.
393.
303.
449-
199
228.
290.
(non smokers)
279
003
001
502
269
402
404
006
005
065
276
501
278
505
277
271
444.
457.
775.
632.
1250.
260.
450.
231.
376.
378.
594.
181.
194.
319.
876.
505.
300.
596.
540.
400.
477.
497.
236.
102..
503.
278.
1307.
352.
272.
408.
746.
317.
767.
318.
295.
248.
253.
417.
414.
294.
519.
561.
745.
554.
177.
189.
522.
445.
471.
423.
162.
334.
353.
181.
312.
55.
_
71.
_ _ _
Group 2A
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
1
174.
122.
174.
61.
165.
174.
227.
337.
249.
223.
260.
355.
289.
295.
34.
(non smokers)
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
92.
150.
204.
135.
141.
150.
91.
100.
204.
355.
Test
_2 3 4
141. 174. 184.
93. 275. 165.
25. 447. 511.
115. 95. 85.
122. 301. 79.
117. 340. 247,
209. 194. 181.
321. 596. 485.
347. 485. 250.
515. 713. 287.
470. 718.
167. 457. 367.
177. ___ 477.
160. 204. 284.
83. 243.
138. 113. 118.
103. 158.
235. 200. 155,
103. 226. 167.
96. 121. 73.
215. 217. 280.
160. 97. 40.
86. 108. 157.
222. 230. 180.
392. 220. 143.
-------
URINE - Zinc
fig/liter of urine
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
221
187
236
149
176
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
1
296.
65.
29.
127.
172.
277.
29.
62.
11.
297.
101.
175.
198.
153.
35.
237.
Te
_2
419.
74.
21.
213.
91.
186.
118.
112.
204.
132.
122.
445.
312.
254.
289.
199.
st
3
465.
382.
99.
755.
168.
_
79.
104.
152.
248.
101.
276.
203.
159.
184.
4
467.
171.
82.
505.
133.
_ .
_ _. _
28.
31.
302.
178.
200.
260.
123.
156.
153.
(non smokers)
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
110
224
129
296
222
094
68.
87.
136.
110.
217.
184.
92.
132.
132.
235.
143.
117.
87.
234.
77.
152.
240
115.
52.
66.
207.
217.
196.
122.
109-
305.
92.
82.
155.
118.
125.
76.
124.
184.
124.
108.
127.
162.
184.
82.
73.
187.
Group 3A
(smokers)
091
131
227
245
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
214
186
172
244
109
169
1
42. .
168.
402.
653.
63.
225.
222.
139.
152.
225.
206.
458.
276,
232.
355.
78.
201.
158.
220.
360.
77.
Te
2
53.
244.
198.
252.
26.
72.
74.
421.
110.
244.
153.
_ _ _
200.
122.
428.
102.
118.
334.
193.
311.
49.
st
3
14.
v « _
215.
211.
45.
47.
85.
254.
82.
108.
79-
448.
133.
170.
90.
183.
186.
189.
131.
4
52.
_ _ _
108.
372.
59.
104.
w _.
286.
100.
50.
83.
215.
275.
162.
291.
98.
311.
(non smokers)
127.
92.
66.
213.
162.
184.
98.
133.
45.
140.
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
227.
208.
104.
208.
144.
110.
203.
219.
235.
207.
81.
301.
282.
90.
149.
334.
145.
126.
169.
99.
149.
91.
157.
275.
39.
137.
216.
137.
107.
97.
260.
19.
120.
81.
224.
216.
308.
119.
228.
90.
96.
138.
91.
104.
191.
291.
84.
177.
93.
213.
142.
-------
Trace Elements in Feces
-------
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
069
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
(non
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
smokers)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1
20
25
-
30
-
15
20
20
15
10
15
15
15
15
10
10
20
11
06
13
14
14
21
15
28
25
35
20
15
10
15
25
10
20
04
Test
2
0. 12
0. 19
0. 16
0. 19
0. 13
0. 18
0. 19
0. 17
0. 18
0. 13
0. 16
0. 13
0. 15
0. 19
0. 19
0. 19
0. 12
0. 22
0. 19
0.06
0. 12
0. 19
0. 19
0. 13
0. 17
0. 33
0. 18
0. 30
0. 16
0.20
0.23
0. 12
0.41
0.05
0.25
0.08
FECE
S Ca
, -*-!«-*
a m i u m
H-g/g Feces
firm-
3
0. 18
0. 20
0.27
0. 14
0.20
0.21
0.26
0.21
0. 16
0.27
0.07
0.23
0.21
0.24
0. 17
0. 14
0. 19
0. 20
0, 24
0. 20
0. 31
0. 20
0.28
0.27
0. 13
0. 13
0.21
0. 19
0. 11
0. 10
0. 14
0. 12
0. 15
0. 19
0.22
0. 15
4
0.22
0. 17
0. 30
> 0.27
0.20
0. 18
0. 19
0. 18
0. 18
0. 17
0. 14
0. 18
0. 38
0. 30
0. 11
0. 13
0. 14
0. 33
0. 37
0.05
0. 36
0. 13
0.24
0. 15
0.22
0.21
0.28
0. 18
0.25
0.20
0.26
0.08
0.26
0.08
0.26
0. 15
ip 1A
(smokers)
350
348
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
318
339
283
337
346
352
314
315
349
286
325
345
316
331
(non
323
312
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
_
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
smokers)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
-
0.
0.
0.
0.
1
11
13
13
21
11
14
16
26
09
30
16
_
24
37
11
21
13
17
27
20
36
57
40
28
28
14
23
16
10
19
18
23
-
20
34
17
16
Test
2
0. 15
0. 36
_ _
0. 21
0. 03
0. 15
0.20
0. 32
_ _
0. 45
0. 19
0. 14
0. 17
0.24
0.09
0. 20
0. 15
0. 18
0. 21
0. 32
0. 30
0. 24
0.28
0.09
0. 43
0. 15
0.21
0. 12
0. 19
0. 31
0. 24
0.22
0. 17
0.26
0.28
0. 28
0. 13
3
0. 15
0. 14
_
0.24
_ _
0. 12
0. 15
_ _
_ _
0. 50
0. 14
0. 68
0. 14
0. 14
0. 14
0. 10
0. 13
0. 73
0. 19
0. 17
0.21
0.09
0. 11
--
0. 12
0. 11
0. 16
--
0. 15
0. 18
0. 16
4
0. 15
0. 18
0. 15
0. 02
0. 01
0. 04
0. 14
0.44
0. 14
0. 19
0. 13
0. 09
0. 12
0. 18
0. 09
0. 26
0. 10
0. 18
0. 28
0. 08
0. 12
0. 11
0. 26
0. 07
0. 10
0. 20
0. 12
0. 17
0. 15
0. 17
0. 32
0. 18
0. 25
0. 22
0. 10
-------
FECKS - Cad in i u m
Kg/g
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
004
281
504
262
405
066
058
002
275
061
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1
25
22
26
21
20
35
14
05
29
16
17
18
T e s i
2
0. 19
0. 12
0.29
0.24
0.41
0. 15
0. 14
0.20
0.41
0.28
t
3
0.41
0.36
0.08
0.25
0. 36
1. 78
0. 38
0. 35
0.20
0. 36
0.48
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fe c~ e s
4
.39
. 19
.06
.20
.02
--
. 37
. 32
.23
(non smokers)
279
003
001
502
269
402
404
006
005
065
276
501
278
505
277
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
-
0.
13
14
38
14
27
30
30
33
23
15
21
13
21
-
90
0. 16
0. 08
0. 34
0. 39
0. 33
0.28
0.25
0. 19
0. 10
0. 22
0.22
0. 17
--
0. 17
0. 38
0. 23
0. 25
0. 59
0. 35
0. 37
1. 02
0. 34
0.41
0. 32
0. 32
0. 38
0. 53
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.26
.22
.20
. 31
--
.24
.28
. 36
.21
_ _
. 38
.45
. 31
. 38
Group 2A
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
1
0. 33
0.29
0.28
0.41
0. 19
0. 14
0.26
0. 14
0.26
0.28
0. 18
0.01
0. 18
0.04
0.27
Test
2
0. 33
0.26
0. 37
0. 33
0.07
0.43
0.23
0. 13
0. 15
0.02
0. 09
0.07
0. 15
0. 34
0. 51
3
0. 19
0.22
0.42
0. 38
0.29
0.22
0. 14
0.24
0. 16
0. 17
0.24
0. 95
0. 18
0. 11
0.29
4
0. 39
0.27
0.28
0. 38
0. 25
0. 12
0.21
0. 23
0. 19
0.07
0. 34
0. 00
0. 07
0. 20
--
(non smokers)
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
0. 2.2
0. 24
0.20
0.25
0. 30
0. 30
0. 37
0. 10
0. 18
0.28
0. 18
0.08
0. 09
0. 62
0. 17
0.21
0. 23
0.06
0. 15
0. 31
0. 24
0. 16
0. 16
0. 17
0.28
0.40
0. 30
0. 27
0. 31
0.27
0.25
0. 19
0. 31
0.24
0. 05
0.27
0. 18
0. 30
0.25
-------
FECES - Cadmium
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
221
187
236
149
176
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
(non smokers)
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
224
129
296
222
094
1_
0. 38
0.23
0.41
0. 17
0. 17
0. 10
0.22
0.21
0. 35
0.27
0.28
0. 13
0. 31
0. 31
0.42
0.41
0
__
0. 17
0.24
0.40
0.42
0.21
0.29
1. 45
0. 34
0. 13
0. 38
0. 18
0.22
Test
2
0.24
0.27
0.22
0.29
0.06
0. 11
0.23
0.22
--
0.24
- -
0.07
0.29
0.26
0. 11
0. 14
0.26
0. 14
0.25
0.23
0. 12
0.25
0. 52
0. 18
0.27
0.28
0.39
0. 34
M-g/g
3
0.27
0. 16
0.40
0.26
0.41
--
0. 35
0.23
0.26
0.42
0.25
0.24
0. 15
0.07
0.06
0. 30
0. 34
0. 14
0. 30
0. 20
0. 12
0. 53
0.21
0.29
0.28
0. 18
0. 17
0. 33
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Feces
Group 3A
4
. 23
.48
.29
. 13
--
. 12
.49
.25
_ _
.35
.20
. 37
. 14
. 13
.25
. 10
.24
.40
.08
.25
.24
. 20
.32
.22
.47
. 30
(smokers) J
091
131
227
245
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
214
186
172
244
109
169
(non
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
0.
0,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
smokers)
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
L
27
17
25
28
26
22
19
26
14
15
18
31
19
15
15
24
14
14
10
03
34
11
33
26
31
27
17
54
24
22
23
30
04
27
24
17
T
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
e s t
2
.21
. 15
.03
. 17
. 20
.21
. 13
. 25
.02
. 12
.21
. 31
.23
.26
. 12
. 10
. 18
. 30
. 35
. 17
. 30
.05
.25
.30
. 16
. 17
--
. 14
. 15
.01
.05
. 35
.26
.28
3
0. 31
0.20
0.44
0. 19
0. 21
0.41
1.20
0.08
0. 15
0. 13
0.24
0. 20
0.40
0. 15
0. 16
0. 13
0. 21
0. 37
0. 30
0.24
0.29
0. 24
0. 31
--
0.28
0.25
0.29
0. 37
0. 22
--
0. 04
0.21
0. 23
4
0.28
0. 24
0. 17
0. 24
0.41
0. 28
0. 12
0. 27
0. 20
0. 17
0.21
0. 22
0.20
0. 21
--
0. 11
0. 35
0. 17
0.27
0. 32
--
0.24
0. 26
0. 18
0. 28
0. 27
-------
FECES - Lead
.52-
Group 1
(smokers)
022
054
038
029
030
020
033
016
069
036
040
008
039
027
032
042
023
026
053
012
047
014
017
071
1
1.1
2.2
8.6
1.4
2.5
0.5
2.2
1.3
1.0
1.3
2.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
19.4
2.8
1.2
2.0
4.3
6.2
2.1
Te
2
22.1
2.1
2.0
3.2
7.5
1.7
2.8
1.5
3.1
4.9
2.6
4.4
2.8
0.8
2.9
2.4
1.7
3.4
3.0
0.9
2.2
1.9
4.7
0.6
st
3
1.3
2.2
3.0
5.1
2.3
2.2
4.3
2.8
1.0
2.5
0.6
1.5
2.9
0.6
1.1
0.7
1.3
1.8
2.8
2.8
2.3
2.2
2.5
2.2
w/g
4
1.1
16.7
1.3
1.0
2.5
2.2
1.2
1.5
4.9
1.4
1.2
2.2
2.8
2.0
1.3
1.0
1.3
3.2
3.1
0.9
2.3
0.9
1.6
1.4
(non smokers)
046
035
024
013
019
015
049
055
034
045
067
070
0.6
0.9
0.7
1.0
0.7
1.8
1.0
2.9
1.9
1.0
5.2
0.3
2.1
1.6
4.1
0.2
1.6
1.4
2.1
5.5
1.1
2.6
1.1
1.2
2.4
3.2
2.6
1.9
1.0
0.7
0.9
2.0
1.6
2.1
1.2
1.2
1.4
0.9
2.4
1.4
4.6
0.8
1.5
4.8
0.7
3.5
1.9
Group 1A
(smokers)
350
348
329
336
321
313
284
320
340
318
339
283
337
346
314
315
349
286
325
345
316
331
1
0.7
0.3
0.8
2.3
0.4
2.5
0.9
4.3
0.8
4.9
4.2
4.1
2.5
26.0
2.7
0.7
1.3
0.9
2.6
0.6
1.5
Te
2
1.3
1.5
1.2
0
1.0
0.9
1.8
6.3
13.1
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.5
2.0
1.4
3.8
2.0
1.6
0.8
3.2
st
3
1.3
0.7
2.9
3.5
2.0
2.8
2.5
2.4
4.1
1.6
5.8
1.8
1.7
--,-
2.8
(non smokers)
323
312
285
326
258
343
327
330
351
338
324
328
341
319
1.6
1.8
0.7
4.8
1.3
1.2
1.0
2.3
4.8
_
1.2
1.0
1.2
0.9
0.7
2.9
0.6
2.0
0.1
3.3
1.6
2.3
2.4
0.9
2.2
2.5
0.9
0.4
1.6
3.1
0.5
4.7
0.6
0.7
1.9
_ _ _
2.5
4.1
_ _ _
_ _ _
0.5
2.1
2.2
7.8
0.2
1.3
0.7
2.2
0.4
1.8
3.7
0.6
1.3
4.6
2.0
2.5
0.5
3.7
2.5
0.6
2.0
1.3
3.4
1.2
3.5
2.5
2.2
2.2
1.1
4.0
1.2
1.3
1.3
0.9
1.9
-------
153
FECES - Lead
Group 2
(smokers)
503
264
004
281
504
262
405
066
058
002
275
061
1
2.0
3.5
2.4
1.1
0.7
0.7
4.6
0.6
6.7
0.9
2.2
2.3
Te
2
1.3
1.7
1.7
1.3
3.0
3.5
2.4
0.6
1.5
4.4
st
_3
7.5
2.8
1.5
1.2
0.1
2.0
2,1
_ _ _
6.8
0.9
1.8
3.3
«/.
4
7.3
2.4
0.7
2.2
0.6
_ __
_ _ _
1.7
2.0
_ - _
3.3
(non smokers)
279
003
001
502
269
402
404
006
005
065
276
501
278
505
277
1.1
0.8
1.6
1.7
6.6
1.9
1.9
4.2
2.6
3.4
1.3
0.7
4.3
0.2
2.5
0.6
2.3
2.3
1.2
2.3
1.5
1.5
2.3
1.8
0.6
0.8
0.8
5.2
1.5
0.9
1.0
0.7
3.7
0
2.1
1.9
3.4
1.4
1.2
2.5
2.1
2.0
3.0
5.5
2.0
5.8
3.6
6.4
3.0
2.0
2.8
2.7
Group 2A
(smokers)
298
307
291
287
248
299
303
401
309
305
288
292
601
261
250
1
5.5
3.1
12.6
2.6
1.5
4.7
1.9
1.3
1.5
3.4
1.5
0.0
1.8
0.4
2.3
Te
2
3.8
11.8
12.3
2.8
0.8
4.5
3.0
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.4
5.5
st
3
6.1
2.2
2.4
4.0
0.2
3.9
1.2
1. 8
1.5
0.9
0.3
0.1
1.7
0.3
0.4
(non smokers)
246
259
304
249
257
400
251
255
290
301
3.5
1.0
1.1
5.2
2.2
1.2
2.4
3.2
1.0
11.3
0.2
0.9
2.6
1.9
1.6
1.1
5.0
0.4
1.0
2.2
3.6
2,6
0.9
0.7
0.6
1.1
0.6
1.5
1.7
1.0
1.4
3.0
1.9
0.3
1.5
1.3
1.8
1.7
0.9
0.7
0.2
1.7
1.0
1.0
2.4
2.0
2.4
0.5
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.4
-------
FECES - Lead
j.54
Group 3
(smokers)
112
141
180
142
221
187
236
149
176
600
139
230
204
210
098
122
1
2.9
4.7
4.0
1.0
2.0
2.1
0.9
3.2
7.0
3.0
3.3
2.4
2.0
2.4
0.7
0.7
Te
2
2.1
4.3
2.8
2.5
1.4
2.0
2.0
3.2
2.1
0.5
0.7
3.1
1.8
2.6
st
3
1.3
2.4
1.9
1.4
2.3
___
_ _ .
1.8
2.6
2.1
4.3
1.8
1.5
2. .5
2.1
2.3
""
4
0.8
1.3
7.5
0.8
_ __
1.4
2.6
1.6
4.0
0.9
2.4
1.5
2.5
(non smokers)
111
311
133
203
297
080
161
177
224
129
296
222
094
1.8
7.3
3.9
5.7
1.5
16.1
6.4
3.7
3.0
2.6
1.4
2.5
2.1
1.0
3.4
3.8
2.8
6.0
9.7
1.5
2.5
2.9 '
1.5
2.5
1.1
2.9
2.4
8.5
3.0
1.1
2.5
1.5
4.3
3.2
2.2
1.4
2.1
1.4
0.3
3.4
2.3
4.6
3.4
5.5
1.9
2.5
4.9
5.4
6.4
Group 3A
Jsmokers)
091
131
227
245
226
126
229
195
233
175
157
209
188
123
182
214
186
172
244
109
169
1
3.6
0.6
0.5
0.1
3.2
11.7
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.1
0.1
2.2
0.6
0.6
0.6
3.1
2.4
1.1
2.0
12.0
3.6
T
2
15.9
0.6
1.3
1.2
1.4
4.8
3.3
0.5
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.4
2.0
1.7
0.6
0.1
0.6
1.8
7.6
e s t
3
3.9
1.2
3.2
1.6
2.4
1.5
2.5
0.9
2.4
2.4
2.9
1.8
0.7
2.0
0.0
0.5
0.7
6.8
4.2
4
2.1
---
0.7
1.6
1.1
2.6
1.5
0.2
1.1
0.1
1.8
30.4
2.0
1.9
0.9
4.0
(non smokers)
165
083
136
215
160
120
097
213
225
134
166
125
170
234
118
0.8
1.4
4.2
0.8
3.6
0.2
4.6
2.1
1,5
6.7
2.0
0.3
2.4
3.2
2.5
0.2
3.5
2.0
2.5
4.1
0.7
1.0
1.4
1.2
0.5
0.3
1.3
1.1
0.4
1.1
2.2
3.4
0.5
14.7
2.2
3.5
1.3
3.3
0.0
2.3
2.3
1.6
6.1
2.6
1.8
3.1
_ _ -
20.3
6.2
0.2
4.8
3.3
«
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