Ecological Research Series
Studies of Effects of Thermal Pollution
in Biscayne Bay, Florida
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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August
STUDIES OF EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION
IN BISCAYNE BAY, FLORIDA
By
Martin A. Roessler
Durbin C. Tabb
Project 18080 DFU
Program Element 1BA032
Project Officer
Tom Rousch
Ecological Processes & Effects Division
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20U60
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, DC 20k60
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ABSTRACT
Field studies on the effects of thermal additions from the Florida
Power & Light Company's discharge at Turkey Point have been con-
ducted to determine the effects of this effluent on the macro-
invertebrates and fishes of the area.
Replicate samples with a 3 m (10 foot) otter trawl lined with
.63 mm (1/4 in.) bar mesh were made monthly at 20 stations. Data on
temperature, salinity and oxygen were collected during each sampling
period. Additional chemical data were collected when opportunity
existed.
The experimental results suggest that maximum summer temperatures
above 32°C cause detrimental changes in the environment which are
reversible in the winter while temperatures above 33°C cause damage
which does not recover during the cooler months. Intermitant flow
of discharge water is not as damaging as constant flow. Card Sound
appears to be as productive as Biscayne Bay and temperatures exceeding
33°C will also cause damage in Card Sound.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant numbers WP-01351-
01-A1 and DI FWPCA-18050 DFU under the sponsorship of the Water
Quality Office, Environmental Protection Agency.
iii
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CONTENTS
Section Page
I CONCLUSIONS 1
II RECOMMENDATIONS 3
III INTRODUCTION 5
IV BACKGROUND INFORMATION 7
V OBJECTIVES 11
VI METHODS 13
VII TEMPERATURE AT TURKEY POINT 27
VIII CHEMISTRY AT TURKEY POINT 41
IX EXCLUSION AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES 45
X ANIMAL DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE 52
XI CARD SOUND STUDIES 107
XII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 113
XIII LITERATURE CITED 115
XIV APPENDICES 122
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FIGURES
Page
1 LOCATION OF STATIONS IN BISCAYNE BAY, FLORIDA 15
2 LOCATION OF STATIONS IN CARD SOUND, FLORIDA 17
3 MONTHLY SALINITY OBSERVATIONS AT AN INSHORE STATION Nil,
A MIDBAY STATION SE III AND OFFSHORE STATIONS SE V/S V 24
4 TEMPERATURE AND TIDAL CYCLE FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1970
AT STATION I. 26
5 TEMPERATURE PROFILE IN °C IN A-WINTER, B-SPRING,
C-SUMMER, AND D-FALL 28
6 THERMAL PLUME AXIS IN 1969 and 1970. 29
7 TIDAL CHANGES IN SURFACE TEMPERATURE PROFILE AT A) LATE
FLOOD, B) EARLY EBB,C) LATE EBB AND D) EARLY FLOOD 31
8 BOTTOM WATER AND SEDIMENT TEMPERATURES A) BOTTOM WATER,
B) 1 CMS DEPTH, C) 10 CMS DEPTH AND D) 20 CMS DEPTH 32
9 TEMPERATURE AND TIDAL CYCLE FOR THE PERIOD 10 - 15 JULY,
1969; THE HOTTEST DISCHARGE TEMPERATURES RECORDED 33
10 DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT CONTROL
STATION D IN 1970 - 1971 34
11 DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT
STATION A IN 1969 - 1970 36
12 DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT
STATION F IN 1969 - 1970 37
13 DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT
STATION SE I IN 1969, 1970 and 1971 38
14 DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT
STATION I IN 1970 - 1971 40
15 ISOHALINES IN BISCAYNE BAY A) DRY SEASON AND B) WET
SEASON 42
vi
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16 DIURNAL VARIATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN (MLS 02/L): A. 0810-
0945,B. 1154 - 1306,C. 1455 - 1625 HOURS DST IN AUGUST 1969
SOLID LINES ARE SURFACE VALUES - DASHED LINES ARE BOTTOM
VALUES. 44
17 EXCLUSION AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR A) MOLLUSKS AND B)
CRUSTACEANS 47
18 EXCLUSION AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR A) FISH B) ECHINODERMS
C) COELENTERATES AND D) PORIFERA 48
19 EXCLUSION AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR 354 SPECIES OF ANIMALS
COLLECTED AT TURKEY POINT 49
20 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF BULLA UMBILICATA AT STATIONS A) N III
B) F C) S II AND D) SE I 75
21 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERITHIUM MUSCARUM AT STATIONS A) NE
II B) F C) S II AND D) S I 76
22 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MITRELLA LUNATA AT STATIONS A) NE I
B) H C) S II AND D) S I 77
23 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MODULUS MODULUS AT STATIONS A) N III
B) H C) S II AND D) SE I 78
24 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRUNUM APICINUM AT STATIONS A) N II
B) H C) F AND D) SE I 86
25 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF TRICOLIA AFFINIS AT STATIONS A) NE
III B) F AND C) S II 87
26 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF VERMICULARIA SPIRATA AT STATIONS
A) NE III AND B) SE II 88
27 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF HIPPOLYTE PLEURACANTHA AT STATIONS
A) N I B) F C) SE II AND D) SE I 89
28 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THOR FLORIDANUS AT STATIONS A) NE II
B) S II C) F AND D) S I 91
29 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEOPANOPE PACKARDII AT STATIONS
A) N III B) S II C) F AND D) SE I 92
30 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PAGURUS BONAIRENSIS AT STATIONS
A) N I B) N II C) S II D) S I AND E) G 94
31 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHONDRILLA NUCULA AT STATIONS
A) D B) S II AND C) SE II 95
vii
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Page
32 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF LEPTOSYNAPTA PARVIPATINA AT
STATIONS A) E B) SE II AND C) S II 96
33 CATCHES OF A) BULLA UMBILICATA. B) CERITHIUM EBERNEUM
C) CERIT-iHUM MUSCARUM AND D) MITRELLA LUNATA COMPARED TO THE
TEMPERATURE ANOMALY AT TURKEY POINT. 102
34 CATCHES OF A) MODULUS MODULUS. B) PRUNUM APICINUM. C) TRICOLIA
AFFINIS AND D) VEGETATION COMPARED TO THE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY
AT TURKEY POINT. 103
35 CATCHES OF A) HIPPOLYTE PLEURACANTHA B) THOR FLORIDANUS
C) NEOPANOPE PACKARDII AND D) PAGURUS BONAIRENSIS COMPARED
TO THE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY AT TURKEY POINT. 105
36 COMPARISON OF CATCHES OF ANIMALS BETWEEN CARD SOUND AND
BISCAYNE BAY 108
37 COMPARISON OF THE CATCH OF ANIMALS PER POUND OF VEGETATION
BETWEEN CARD SOUND AND BISCAYNE BAY 109
viii
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TABLES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Physical and Chemical Data for Biscayne Bay & Card
Sound Trawl Stations
Temperature and Vegetation Data for Biscayne Bay
Trawling Stations
Exclusion and Optimum Temperatures for Animals in
Biscayne Bay, Florida
Equation and Constants to Calculate Exclusion Temperatures
Night-Day Comparison of Catches at 20 Stations at Turkey
Point
Catch and Catch Per Tow of Aequipecten irradians
Catch and Catch Per Tow of Lima pellucida
Catch and Catch Per Tow of Triphora nigrocincta
Catches of Callinectes by Species and Station and Catch/Tow
of C. sapidus and C. spp.
Catches of Penaeus by Station and C/E of Penaeids
Summary of Catches, E log (Catch + 1), for the Period
July - December, 1968
Summary of Catches, E log (Catch + 1), for the Period
January, 1969 - June, 1970
Analysis of Variance Among Months and Among Stations.
July - December, 1968
Analysis of Variance Among Months and Among Stations.
January, 1969 - June, 1970.
Simple Correlation Matrices Between Catches of Abundant
•*• "&»-
18
21
46
51
54
57
58
61
64
65
70
71
79
82
Animals, log (Catch + l)/Tow, Vegetation Weight, 98
Temperature, and Salinity.
16. Summary of Stepwise Regression Between log (Catch + I)/
Tow, Vegetation Weight, Temperature and Salinity 99
ix
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
(1) Average temperature elevations above 4°C caused almost barren
conditions where few animals and almost no macroalgae or seagrasses
occurred. The area at Turkey Point which was elevated above 4°C
with two fossil fuel units and 1230 cfs flow was approximately 75 acres.
(2) Average temperature elevations between 3 and 4°C above ambient
summer water temperatures caused serious depletion in the biota;
and this damage was not compensated for by increased production due
to warming in winter. At Turkey Point the area between 3 and 4°C
was approximately, 100 acres.
(3) Average temperature elevations between 2 and 3°C caused damage
to the biota in summer; but this was reversed by increased produc-
tivity in winter. At Turkey Point the area between +2 and 3°C
was approximately 125 acres.
(4) A total area of about 300 acres showed a decline in abundance
of animals which was statistically measureable for at least part
of the year. In approximately 125 acres the increased winter catches
compensated for the low summer catches and in approximately 250
acres winter recovery indicated that there would be relatively rapid
recolonization if the discharge were stopped. The inner barren zone
of about 50 acres would recover slowly if at all due to the death of
the rhizomes of the Thalassia and changes in the sediment.
(5) The optimal temperature for diversity of species and maximum
numbers of individuals was between 26 and 28°C.
(6) The fifty percent upper exclusion temperature for fishes, mollusks,
crustaceans, porifera, coelenterates, echinoderms and for all species
combined was between 30 and 34°C, the 75 percent upper exclusion temper-
ature was between 35 and 39°C.
(7) Areas with fluctuating temperature were not as severly damaged
as those areas constantly exposed to elevated temperatures.
(8) Most animals were caught in areas where red algae Laurencia or
Digenia were abundant; less were taken in Thalassia and least where
little or no algae or seagrasses occurred.
(9) With the increased temperature and increased flow expected
with the nuclear generators, the area of damage will increase;
unless alternate methods of cooling are implemented.
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(10) On an annual basis Card Sound was as productive or slightly
more productive than southern Biscayne Bay. Catches were greatest
in winter and least in late spring and summer.
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
From the field observations in the Turkey Point - Card Sound area
several recommendations can be made.
(1) Maximum summer discharge temperature should not exceed 33°C
at the site of the discharge. Alternately a temperature anomaly of
+3°C should be the maximum permitted.
(2) An alternating discharge - non discharge cycle would decrease
the amount of damage.
(3) A discharge into Card Sound has greater possibilities for
lessening the damage to the benthic organisms than the Turkey Point
discharge. This is because of mixing possibilities with a "jet
discharge" in the deeper Card Sound Basin.
(4) A closed cooling pond system with make-up water borrowed from
the bay and/or Florida City Canal seems to be the most practical
solution to the dilema - environmental protection vs. need for
electric power.
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
Concern over the effects of thermal additions from steam electric
stations has been expressed by numerous scientists and conservation
organizations. Adams (1968) reviewed most of the pertinent
literature at that time in an 87 page manuscript. Since 1968
research and the literature on the effects of power plant operations
has expanded exponentially (see Coutant 1969, 1969b, 1970 and
Ulrikson and Stockdale 1970). Until recently, little work has
been done on the problem in tropical or subtropical estuaries.
However, extensive research is now being conducted in Puerto
Rico by M. J. Cerame-Vivas, and by P. L. Jokiel in Hawaii, and in
South Florida by the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric
Science which has an ongoing multi-disciplinary study of the
problem in Biscayne Bay.
This paper presents data on the diversity and abundance of
invertebrates and fishes collected in this Biscayne Bay study and
attempts to relate these findings to variables measured by
other parts of the program including temperature, chemical
factors and algal abundance. It also offers a mathematical
model which predicts the effects of temperature on the diversity
of the fauna.
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SECTION IV
BACKGROUND
Biscayne Bay is approximately 35 miles long and its maximum width is
8 miles. The "A:-shaped bay is enclosed to the east by a series of
barrier islands which extend north and south, leaving a shoal area
"the safety valve" in the center. The greatest depths of 4 m occur
in the southern and central area. Shoaling occurs toward the main-
land and barrier islands. The mainland side of the southern bay
is fringed by mangrove swamps and soft organic sediments. The
southern portion of the bay is separated from the central bay by
Featherbed Bank. Turkey Point is a narrow spit of land which projects
from the mainland into the bay 2/3 of the way between Featherbed
Bank and Cutter Bank which separates Biscayne Bay from Card Sound.
Biscayne Bay is connected to Card Sound by several small channels and
the dredged Intracoastal Waterway channel. Card Sound is bordered
to the south by Card Bank.
Sibenaler (1953) reviewed the status of the Biscayne Bay commercial
fisheries. U.S. Fish and Wildlife statistics indicate that Biscayne
Bay currently supports fisheries which land over 600,000 pounds of
seafood, 95% of the value of which (ca $250,000) consists of bottom-
living invertebrates: sponges, spiny lobsters and stone crabs (Idyll,
1967). In addition there is a valuable (ca $400,000) bait shrimp
fishery (Tabb and Kenney, 1967). There is considerable sport-
fishing, and the Bay serves as a nursery for many finfish and
shellfish. Many species of wading birds feed in the shallows and
nest in the uninhabited Arsenicker Keys which have long been known
as a frigate bird roost. Pumpkin Key in Card Sound is often visited
by white crown pigeons.
The hydrography of the northern portion of the bay was briefly
discussed by Milliken (1949) and reviewed by Hela at al (1957). The
southern portion of the bay and Card Sound have been investigated by
Richardson (1966) Pritchard and Carpenter (1968) Dean (1970) Michel
(1970a, 1970b, 1971) Taylor (1971), Lee and Rooth (1971) and Schneider
(1969). Most of these studies were done in connection with the Power
plant siting. In general the western portion of the bay and sound
have tidal currents which are generally along shore flowing southerly
on a flood tide and northerly on an ebb tide. The discharge from
Florida Power & Light Company causes a constant N.E. flow around
Turkey Point. The eastern portion of the bay is generally quite well
mixed with ocean water due to tidal exchange through the inlets
among the upper Keys (Taylor, 1971; Michel, 1971).
Chemistry studies of Biscayne Bay were almost non existant prior to
the building of the power plant at Turkey Point. McNulty (1970)
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provided data on nutrients in north bay. After the power plant constru-
tion chemical studies were conducted by Bader (1969), Bader & Tabb
(1970), Nugent (1970), Gerchakov, Segar and Stearns (1971) and Segar,
Gerchakov and Johnson (1971). In general these authors concluded that
the operation of the power plant has influenced the chemical balance
of the area immediately adjacent to the effluent, but that the
changes were minor and probably did not significantly alter the eco-
system.
The sediments of Card Sound were studied by Early and Goodell (1968),
Wanless (1969) and.additional sediment work has been reported by
Iversen and Roessler (1970) and by Segar, Gerchakov and Johnson (1971).
The small phytoplankton and epiphyton of the bay are poorly known.
Bsharah (1957) and Miller and Moore (1953) reported on aanno-
plankton from stations east of Biscayne Bay. Reyes-Vasquez (1965)
and Sprogis (1971) reported on benthic diatom populations of the
bay with the latter study being conducted in the Turkey Point area.
The sea grasses and macro algae have been investigated by Voss and
Voss (1955), Voss (1959) Moore (1963) McNulty (1961) Zieman (1968 and
1970) Jones (1968) and Thorhaug (1965 and 1971). Additional work on
the thermal tolerance of selected algae has been reported by Thorhaug
et al (1971).
The benthic communities and fish fauna of Biscayne Bay have received
more study. Fouling organisms and benthic organisms associated with
sewage pollution in north bay have been studied by Joseph and Nichy
(1955) McNulty (1961 and 1970) and Moore and Frue (1959). H. B.
Moore and his associates have presented data on benthic communities
and the ecology of numerous species of urchins, pelecypods, gastro-
pods and brittle stars from the central bay. A summary of 20 years-
work is presented in Moore (1971). Roessler (1965) collected fishes
in the central bay by trawling. Kohout and Kolopinski (1964) studied
the effects of fresh water springs on the biota. Since 1968 when the
thermal addition studies began, reports by Roessler and Zieman (1970) ,
Hagan and Purkerson (1970), Bader; Roessler and Thorhaug (1970),
Iversen and Roessler (1971) and Roessler et al (1971) have summarized
findings on the benthic communities in the vicinity of Turkey Point
and in Card Sound. Nugent (1970) reported on fishes and invertebrates
within the canal system at Turkey Point. In addition Bunt (1971)
and Fell, et al (1971) have discussed some aspects of the benthic
microorganisms.
Zooplankton was studied in the northern and central bay by Smith et al
(1950) Woodmansee (1958) and Reeve (1964a and 1964b and 1966).
Additional plankton studies in southern Biscayne Bay have been
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conducted by de Sylva (1970), Reeve (1970), and Reeve and Cosper
(1971a & b). The latter four of these reports are concerned with
the effect of the Turkey Point Plant.
The above is not an exhaustive literature review of Biscayne Bay
but merely is an indication of the scant knowledge which was
available prior to the interest sparked by Environmental Protection
Agency's interest in the Turkey Point problem and the broad
environmental program which has developed with the aid of support
from the Environmental Protection Agency, Atomic Energy Commission,
Florida Power & Light, National Science Foundation, (Sea Grant),
National Institute of Health and National Oceanographic & Atmospheric
Administration (Sea Grant).
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SECTION V
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study were (1) to predict the effects of the
heated discharge from the Turkey Point nuclear power units on the
benthic fauna, (2) to measure the effects of the fossil fuel
units and (3) to study the benthic fauna and fishes of southern
Biscayne Bay and Card Sound.
11
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SECTION VI
METHODS
Hydrographic Studies
Temperature was recorded during each trawling trip at each sampling
station with a mercury thermometer or thermister probe. In addition
continuous recording Ryan Model F thermographs were maintained at
stations SE I, I, A, B, D, E and F (Figure 1).
Chemistry
Surface and bottom measurements of salinity and oxygen were made at
each trawling station during each trawling trip. Oxygen was measured
with a YSI model 54 in situ recorder. Salinity was determined with
a American Optical refractometer, with a Beckman RS5-3 portable
salinometer or by determination on the Wheatstone conductivity bridge.
Biology
Seven trawl samples were taken at each of the trawl stations at monthly
intervals. A 3 meter foot rope length otter trawl lined with .63 mm bar
mesh was used for all samples. The tows were made with the wind and
the net covered approximately 30-35 meters during each tow. The net
was emptied into wash tubs at the completion of each tow. After seven
tows were completed the contents of each tub were rough sorted. The
kind and weight of vegetation were recorded and the animals preserved
in a 10 percent formalin solution. Later the reduced samples were sort-
ed ad counts of each species made. Polychaetes were not identified or
counted. Amphipods, isopods, the gastropod Batillaria minima and the
pelecypod Brachiodontes exustes were not counted because of their high
abundance and small size which allowed escapement and inadequate
sampling.
Day catches were compared to night catches with a non parametric paired
T test using each species taken by trawling at 20 stations. Night
samples were collected within 24 hours of the day samples. Five
stations were sampled each month for 4 months. Two tows were made at
each night station and those were compared with 2 daylight tows which
had vegetation catches similar to the night tows.
Analysis
Statistical treatment was confined to major taxa and species that
comprised more than 1 percent of the total animal catch. For major
taxa a Friedman's non parametric analysis of variance was used to
13
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detect differences among stations with the effects of month removed
by coding. A simple arithmetric mean and 95 per cent confidence
limit was used to judge which stations produced high and low catches.
For the more abundant species the logarithm of the catch plus one
was determined and the total catch calculated by summing these log
values for the seven tows. Parametric analysis of variance was
performed for the 20 stations and 24 months using the average catch
per tow at each station month combination. The interaction was tested
against the error term and the principal components against the
pooled error and interaction (Brownlee, 1965). Confidence limits
were calculated for row means and column means. Observations outside
the confidence interval were considered significant.
A stepwise multiple regression with logarithm (catch + l)/tow as
the dependent variable and vegetation weight, temperature and
salinity as independent variables was conducted for each of the
major species to evaluate which environmental variable was most
important and to attempt to evaluate the role of temperature.
Selection of Sampling Stations
Initially 20 stations were chosen on a pattern radiating from the
Turkey Point Power Plant. The transects were chosen to run north-
ward along the shoreline, northeast parallel to the "Barge Canal",
eastward on a line from the effluent canal to the Florida Keys and
southeastward from the effluent canal to marker 14 of the Intra-
coastal Waterway system on the border of Card Sound. Five stations
were located on each transect, approximately 1/4, 1/2, 1, 3, and
5 miles from the plant but spacing was varied to place stations
near landmarks which would facilitate finding the stations.
By the end of six months of study it was obvious that the effect of
the thermal pollution would not reach the 3 and 5 mile stations on
any of the transects while the oil burning units were in operation.
However, it was still possible that the additional volume of cooling
water needed for the proposed nuclear generators might increase the
effected area to such an extent that the 1 mile stations would no
longer serve as controls. Therefore quarterly samples were taken
at the 3 and 5 mile stations from January 1969 through June 1970.
An additional 8 stations (A-G) were added in Turkey Point area in
order to better deliniate the area of damage and to obtain controls
with similar sediment type and vegetation, (Figure 1). One of these
stations, A, was added in September and routinely investigated from
that period onward. This station, located off the mouth of the Little
River, a minor discharge canal, showed little damage despite being close
to a discharge point. This was of sufficient interest to include
the area as a regular station.
14
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FENDER
PT. ONY
BISCAYNE BAY
MANGROVE PT.
SY Oj
CARD SOUND
FIGURE 1. LOCATION OF STATIONS IN BISCAYNE BAY, FLORIDA
15
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In the early summer of 1969 Florida Power & Light announced a plan to
change the discharge site to Card Sound. By the spring of 1970 work
had begun on the extension canal to Card Sound. As a consequence
stations were located in Card Sound and stations north of the plant
were reduced to three control stations; B, SE IV, SE V were also
discontinued. An additional 3 stations I, J, K were added in Biscayne
Bay to fill in regions elevated more than 2°C and in the mouth of
the Little River where algae, Thalassia and Diplanthera were present
despite high temperatures. Stations S IV and S V were reinstated
as monthly stations in anticipation of potential changes when the
nuclear units went on line and the discharge into Card Sound was at
a peak. The pattern in Biscayne Bay was adequate to monitor damage
while the effluent was still discharged into Biscayne Bay and to
measure if recovery occurred after the discharge was stopped. Ten
stations were added in Card Sound to obtain base line data in this
basin and to measure changes which probably would occur when the
discharge through Model Land Company Canal begins, (Figure 2).
Table 1 is a summary of physico-chemical variables, depth, sediment
type and depth for each station. It can be seen that four basic
bottom cover types were sampled (Table 2). Stations N I, N II, N III,
N IV, N V, NE I, NE II, NE III, SE II, SE III, S I, S III, A, F, H,
J and K were characterized by the red algae Digenia or Laurencia
and the sea grass Thalassia testudinum. Stations B, D, E, I, NE V,
SE IV, and SE V were in relatively pure turtle grass Thalassia
communities although the grass was very sparce at NE V. Stations
NE IV and C were located where there was sand and scattered Udotea,
Penicillus and Acetabularia. Stations S IV and S V had sponges,
alcyonarians and corals as the dominant bottom cover but some
Thalassia was also present. Stations G, S I and SE I which were
bare or with scattered algae and sea grasses probably belong in
the first category except for the power plant effect (Zieman, 1970).
Two divisions of the stations can be made on the basis of sediment
depth. One group has relatively deep sediments and the other has
only a few centimeters of coarse sediment. In general the deeper
sediments occur along the mainland shore, near the Arsenicker Keys
and near the Florida Keys. Wanless (1969) has adequately discussed
the origin and composition of the sediments in this region. In
general where there is more than 50 cm of sediment Thalassia
predominated (Zieman, 1970) and this relation can be seen in Tables
1 & 2.
There is a relationship between the kinds aid numbers of benthic
animals and fishes caught and the types of bottom cover present.
Areas where Laurencia or Digenia occur produced the most animals.
Pure Thalassia was less productive but had greater numbers of
animals of sport or commercial value. Bare sand with scattered
algae or sponge-alcyoncian areas were least productive.
16
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0404 0404 0405
0606
CARD
SOUND
0 1/2 I 2 3
I^M
SCALE of MILES
FIGURE 2. LOCATION OF STATIONS IN CARD SOUND, H.ORIDA
17
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TABLE 1
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA FOR BISCAYNE BAY
& CARD SOUND TRAWL STATIONS
Station
N I
N II
N III
N IV
N V
NE I
NE II
NE III
NE IV
NE V
SE I
SE II
SE III
SE IV
SE V
Distance
Effluent
(m)
2075
2890
4220
5965
12760
1945
2815
3740
5590
6850
185
1370
2945
4705
8295
from
Shore
(m)
165
150
480
1465
665
150
630
1555
3425
4685
165
1075
75
520
405
Sediment
Type
coarse sand &
shell fragments
soft mud
coarse sand,
shell fragments
& mud pockets
coarse sand
coarse sand
with some mud
coarse sand &
shell fragments
mud & sand
coarse sand &
shell fragments
coarse sand &
shell fragments
sand & broken
shell
mud & fibrous
peat
sand & some
mud
mud— sand
sand & mud
sand & mud
Sed.
Depth
(cm)
31
14
58
5
15
32
19
26
1
14
20
20
108
91
116
Water
Depth
(m)
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.9
2.5
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.3
1.6
Bottom
Salinity
(PPt)
Max.
37.7
37.3
37.7
28.9
20.1
38.1
38.5
38.5
32.9
32.9
38.5
37.3
38.1
34.5
35.3
Min.
14.5
15.7
15.7
13.3
•5.0
16.9
18.9
20.1
24.1
24.5
19.3
20.1
20.1
23.3
27.3
Bottom
Dissolved Oxygen
Max. Min.
8.1
8.9
7.8
8.0
9.0
8.8
8.3
8.1
8.0
7.0
8.1
8.5
8.4
8.0
7.0
5.0
2.8
4.0
4.0
5.0
4.9
4.7
4.8
4.0
4.0
4.4
4.5
4.7
4.0
3.5
18
-------
TABLE 1 cone.
Bottom
Station
S I
S II
S III
S IV
S V
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Distance
Effluent
(m)
185
815
1390
4870
7465
980
1705
4705
4165
2335
760
90
1833
537
870
1445
from
Shore
(ra)
150
610
1075
315
1035
220
165
2535
2520
1295
520
90
222
75
833
500
Sediment
Type
soft mud
coarse sand &
shell
coarse sand &
shell fragments
sand & mud with
with some bare
rock
sand
muddy sand
sandy mud
coarse sand &
mud pockets
sandy mud
sand
sand & mud
muddy sand &
peat
coarse sand &
mud pockets
soft mud
mud & sand
sand & mud
Sed.
Depth
(cm)
84
8
5
18
24
5
28
10
79
23
28
39
16
54
11
25
Water
Depth
(m)
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.2
2.2
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.0
2.0
1.7
1.3
1.4
2.0
1.6
2.0
Salinity
(ppt)
Max.
38.5
38.5
38.9
32.9
33.7
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.5
43.8
43.7
43.8
Min.
17.3
19.3
19.3
24.5
24.5
18.5
18.9
22.9
23.3
20.9
20.1
18.1
18.5
28.1
30.6
29.8
Bottom
Dissolved Oxygen
Max. Min.
7.9
8.1
8.5
6.0
7.0
8.2
9.5
7.9
8.1
9.1
10.0
7.7
7.8
9.7
7.3
7.8
4.0
3.0
4.5
3.0
4.0
3.8
4.3
4.9
5.3
5.1
4.9
3.0
4.9
3.7
4.7
3.6
19
-------
TABLE 1 cont.
CARD SOUND
Station
0104
0204
0208
0304
0306
0403
0404
0405
0503
0504
0603
0604
0606
0608
0703
0704
0803
0804
0805
1004
Distance Sed.
from Sediment Depth
Shore (m) Type (cm)
30
407
741
537
2259
40
870
1815
40
1019
40
889
1445
50
40
1000
40
1037
1963
1241
muddy sand
mud & sand
calcareous
sand
sand
sand
sand
sand
sand
sand & fibrous
peat
sand
mud
sand
sand & mud
muddy sand
muddy sand
sand
mud & sand
sand
sand
mud & sand
44
50
140
1
30
30
1
24
25
18
107
1
3
15
137
1
105
1
11
9
Water
Depth
(m)
1.5
2.0
1.0
2.5
2.5
1.0
2.5
3.0
1.0
3.0
2.0
3.0
3.5
2.0
1.0
3.0
1.0
3.0
3.0
2.5
Bottom Bottom
Salinity Dissolved Oxygen
(ppt) (ppm)
40.9
41.1
37.7
40.6
39.4
40.8
40.2
40.2
41.3
40.3
41.5
40.9
40.6
41.7
41.2
41.2
41.8
41.3
41.2
41.9
30.4
33.3
30.4
32.1
35.3
33.7
34.5
30.4
30.8
30.5
30.9
30.4
35.3
30.7
31.3
34.5
32.9
34.9
35.3
30.3
8.4
8.1
8.0
8.5
8.0
7.9
8.0
8.2
7.8
7.8
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.7
7.8
7.7
7.8
8.0
4.7
5.2
4.4
5.4
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.6
4.6
5.3
5.8
5.6
5.6
5.9
5.7
6.0
6.0
5.7
20
-------
TABLE 2
TEMPERATURE AND VEGETATION DATA FOR BISCAYNE BAY
TRAWLING STATIONS JULY-DECEMBER 1968
Station
N
N
N
N
N
I
II
III
IV
V
Bottom Temp .
Maximum Minimum
37
36
30
30
37
.6
.6
.4
.7
.3
13
15
15
13
14
.5
.7
.4
.8
.2
At
-0.
-0.
25
-0.
-0.
17
68
.08*
85
02
Dominant Vegetation
LaurencLa
Laurencia
Laurencia
Laurencia
Digenia &
Thalassia
& Diplanthera
Thalassia
Thalassia
Laurencia
Average
pounds/tow
7
6
5
3
17
.32
.68
.70
.77
.29
NE I
30.4
14.2
-0.76
NE II
NE III
NE IV
NE V
SE I
SE II
SE III
SE IV
SE V
S I
S II
S III
S IV
38.1
32.2
30.4
30.5
37.5
36.3
37.8
31.4
38.7
38.0
32.9
31.8
30.1
14.8
15.3
15.4
15.6
22.4
20.4
16.5
17.6
17.7
22.7
18.0
18.1
20.0
-0.35
-0.11
-0.41
-0.63
+5.25
+2.20
+1.17
+1.31
+0.37
+5.26
+2.25
+0.93
+1.05
Thalassia
Laurencia, Diplanthera & 7.69
Thalassia
Laurencia Thalassia
peat
Batophora &
S V 30.8 18.2 +0.41
* = Average Ambient Temperature
Laurencia & Thalassia
Udotea Penicillus &
sponges
Thalassia
Digenia &
Laurencia,
Thalassia
Laurencia
Thalassia
Thalassia
Diplanthera
Laurencia &
Laurencia & Thalassia
Some Thalassia &
sponges
Alcyonarians & sponges
Thalassia
Laurencia
Thalassia
9.46
5.23
1.33
0.01
1.78
4.1J
6.31
1.29
0.23
1.23
3.75
1.43
0.7.3
0.03
TEMPERATURE AND VEGETATION DATA FOR BISCAYNE BAY
TRAWLING STATIONS JANUARY 1969-JUNE 1970
Station
N I
N II
N III
NE I
NE II
NE III
SE I
SE II
Bottom Temp.
Maximum Minimum
30.2
32.0
31.5
30.9
31.0
30.7
34.1
34.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.5
15.8
15.1
19.8
16.1
At
+0.35
+0.29
+0.24
+0.57
+0.60
+0.27
+3.59
+0.74
Average
Dominant Vegetation pounds/tow
Laurencia & Thalassia
Laurencia & Diplanthera
Laurencia & Thalassia
Laurencia, Thalassia &
Diplanthera
Laurencia & Thalassia
Laurencia & Thalassia
Diplanthera, Laurencia &
peat
Laurencia, Thalassia &
Batophora
11.46
9.36
20.67
10.70
13.25
9.87
3.12
7.91
21
-------
TABLE 2 cont.
Station
SE III
S I
S II
S III
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Bottom
Maximum
32.1
35.3
34.2
34.1
31.5
31.1
31.9
31.0
32.0
35.0
34.5
35.0
Temp.
Minimum
14.8
21.0
19.4
16.1
15.8
15.9
15.4
15.2
15.1
15.8
22.5
18.2
At
+0.26
+3.65
+2.39
+0.75
+;.48
+0.89
+0.18
mean
ambient
24.13
+0.31
+1.82
+4.56
+1.46'
Dominant Vegetation
Thalassia & Laurencia
Dlplanthera
Laurencia & Thalassia
Laurencia & Thalassia
Laurencia & Thalassia
Thalassia & Laurencia
& sand
Udotea Penicillus
Thalassia
Laurencia & Thalassia
Thalassia, Digenia &
Laurencia
Acetabularia (winter) &
blue-green-diatom mat
Laurencia & Thalassia
Average
pounds /tow
4.97
1.30
11.16
6.09
6.06
4.53
3.69
2.00
3.66
15.79
0.09
9.91
TEMPERATURE AND VEGETATION DATA FOR CARD SOUND
TRAWL STATIONS 1 JULY 1970 MAY 1971
Station
0104
0208
0405
0503
0504
0603
0604
0608
0703
1004
Bottom
Maximum
30.4
30.4
30.9
30.8
31.0
30.9
30.4
30.7
31.3
30.3
Temp.
Minimum
13.5
14.2
16.2
16.5
16.3
16.5
16.5
15.1
16.8
16.8
At
24.13
24.35
24.63
24.89
24.75
24.95
24.67
24.82
25.15
24.78
Dominant Vegetation
Thalassia
Thalassia
Laurencia
Laurencia
Laurencia
Diplanthera
Laurencia
Thalassia
Laurencia
Laurencia & Thalassia
Average
pounds /tow
4.57
0.42
4.56
10.23
7.15
3.52
11.44
0.72
2.87
3.52
SEPTEMBER 1970-MAY 1971
0204
0304
0306
0403
0404
0606
0704
0803
0804
0805
27
28
27
27
27
28
28
27
28
28
.9
.0
.9
.9
.9
.1
.0
.9
.0
.0
16
16
14
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
.4
.5
.8
.2
.6
.2
.5
.6
.8
.8
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
.42
.38
.03
.53
.34
.38
.45
.66
.46
.45
Thalassia
Laurencia
Thalassia
Laurencia
Laurencia
Thalassia
Laurencia
Laurencia
Laurencia
Laurencia
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
Laurencia
Thalassia
Thalassia
Laurencia
Thalassia
Thalassia
Thalassia
5
21
4
11
11
10
11
5
18
10
.86
.15
.67
.47
.56
.30
.83
.59
.22
.75
22
-------
Salinity at the inshore stations was variable and followed the seasonal
pattern of rainfall and runoff of the area. The stations closer to
the Florida Keys were more stable and remained close to 35 ppt due to
the influence of tidal influxes of oceanic waters from the passes
through the Keys (Figure 3). The salinity influenced the distribution
of animals. The sponges, alcyonarians, corals and echinoderms were
prevalent on the eastern side of the bay where salinities remained
relatively stable but were almost absent near the mainland shore where
salinities fluctuated widely and dropped to low levels following the
spring and fall rainy seasons. Other Crustacea such as Portunus
spinimanus. Portunus gibbesi, and fishes Monacanthus cilatus, M. hispidus
and Alutera schoepfi, were also apparently restricted to the areas of
high, relatively constant salinity. In this region reef and reef flat
forms occasionally occurred. A number of organisms including the
pelecypods, Crassostrea Virginia, Brachiodontes exustus, the fish
Sphoeriodes testudinus. and Crustacea Callinectes similus, Callinectes
ornatus, Alpheus normani etc. are common only along the mainland shore-
line.
Station G was characterized by temperatures 4.5°C (9°F) above the
ambient bay water, stations S I and S II were characterized by
temperatures 3.5°C (7.2°F)above ambient stations S II was character-
ized by temperatures 2.5°C above ambient. A, F and H were
characterized by temperatures between 1 and 2°C above ambient, stations
SE II, S III and B average between .7 and 1°C above ambient, stations
N I, N II, N III, N IV, N V, NE I, NE II, NE III, NE IV, NE V, SE III,
SE IV; SE V, S IV, S V, C, D and E were considered controls in terms
of temperature.
All of the stations in the heated area were in the zone in which
sediment was relatively deep and were probably characterized by
red algae and Thalassia or pure Thalassia bottom cover. Additional
data on monthly observations of temperature salinity and oxygen
are presented in Appendix Tables 1-3.
Station N V located off Moody Canal had variable types of bottom cover.
During the initial months of the study, the red alga Digenia simplex
was dominant. During the early autumn the flood gates on Moody
Canal were opened and the Digenia disappeared. Later when the
salinity rose again the area was colonized by Laurencia spp.
Stations N I and NE I were located at the landward end of the Barge
Canal and were separated by the width of the 100 m wide channel.
The bottom type, depth and vegetation were similar. However,
differences in catches could result from greater currents at N I
or some recirculated discharge water passing over NE I.
Station B was located in the bight immediately south of Turkey
Point. This area received less tidal mixing than other stations,
and essentially was excluded from influence of the thermal plume
by the geography of the area.
23
-------
40
30
20
(0
40
30-
20
10
40
30
20
(0
SE Y
S Y
NIL
SHORE
R = 12.1 - 42.9
SE HI
MID-BAY
R = 20.1 - 42.6
S E Y/S Y
KLA. KEYS
R = 27.3- 39.3
J A S O N D J F M A M J J A SONDJFMAMJJA
-i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—r~
SONDJFMAM
1971
1968
1969
1970
FIGURE 3. MONTHLY SALINITY OBSERVATIONS AT AN INSHORE STATION N II, A
MID-BAY STATION SE III AND OFFSHORE STATIONS SE V/ S V
-------
Station D located on the Thalassia flat called Pelican Bank was
used as a temperature control station because it was a shallow
station removed from the influence of the thermal discharge and
land runoff. Prior to the establishment of station D in January
1969, NE III was used as a measure of ambient temperatures.
Although physical and chemical data are reported for stations I, J
and K they were only sampled for benthic fauna after July 1970.
Insufficient data was collected to warrant analysis. However,
station I which was located in the mouth of the Little River
provided data which indicated a.pulsed flow of hot water may be
less harmful than a continuous discharge. Animal catches at
this station were not as low as at those stations receiving continuous
flow and the sea grasses and macro algae were present in all seasons.
The temperature varied greatly with the tide stage. On an ebb tide
heated discharge water covers the station but on the flood tide
the station is covered with cooler bay water. Thus the benthic
community is subjected to alternating periods of warm and cool
water. Figure 4 is a copy of a thermograph strip chart for the
period 3-30 July 1970 with the tidal and solar cycle. The tempera-
ture was affected by the solar radiation (indicated by maximum
temperatures occurring when the flood-ebb transition occurs near
noon) and the tidal cycle as indicated by the approximately 6 hr.
periods between temperature maxima. The temperature averaged
2.64°C above that of the control station D. However, the stage of
the tide influenced this average and since the monthly observation
was made during the new moon period during the morning hours when
the tide was high the average difference is probably low.
The vegetation at station SE I varied seasonally and reflected the
temperature on the effluent. In summer the station was almost
devoid of plants except for diatoms, blue green algae, scattered
Acetabularia and some Digenia. In winter and spring the area was
colonized by Diplanthera wrightii which was often coated with
the diatoms Campylostylus and Synedra. Vegetation at station
G was virtually absent. A few specimens of Acetabularia crenulata
were observed in winter and a blue green algal diatom mat was
present. Occasionally the red alga Dasya was present in the
winter months.
For several stations the abundance, growth and productivity of
algae and sea grasses measured by Zieman (1970) and Thorhaug
(1971)or the epiphytic diatoms recorded by Sprogis (1971) were
compared to our animal data because the same stations were
occupied by the trawling survey. Trawl station A was located
near algae station 23, trawl station F was equivalent to algae
station 24. Trawl station SE II was near algae station 45. Trawl
station S II was near algae station 26 and trawl station H was
near algae station 16. The seasonal pattern of algae and grass
production can therefore be compared with animal catches at these
stations in Biscayne Bay.
25
-------
STAT I ON I - JULY 1970
NEW MOON
c
IE
Ul
0.
28 29
JULY — DAYS OF THE MONTH
i-
UJ
FIGUKE 4. TEMPERATUEE AND TIDAL CYCLE FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1970 AT STATION I
-------
SECTION VII
TEMPERATURES AT TURKEY POINT
During the period of the study Florida Power and Light Company
has operated two fossil fuel plants each of which produces
432,000 KWe and utilizes 630 cu. ft./sec. of cooling water
borrowed from the bay north of Turkey Point. Water tempera-
ture is raised 6 - 7°C when passing through the plant. There
is a drop of 1 - 2°C as the water passes from the plant to the
mouth of Grand Canal (See Nugent, 1970). Water entering the
bay is usually elevated 5°C above ambient.
t
Temperature measurements for each trawling station are shown in
Appendix Table 1. Supplementary temperature data taken at 32
hydrographic stations and at times other than during trawling
were presented by Segar, Gerchakov and Johnson (1971). Station
N III near Homestead Bayfront Park was used as a measure of
ambient temperature during the first six months of the study
and station D located on Pelican Bank, a shallow grass flat out
of the influence of land runoff was used as a measure of ambient
starting in January 1969. A few stations outside the normal
thermal plume showed excessively high temperatures which were
possibly the result of hot pockets or may have resulted from
reader error. Because the duration of exposure to such hot
pockets if they exist is very short and because the temperature
was 10° cooler at the surrounding stations than at the anomalous
stations. These temperatures have been reduced by 10°C in
calculating average temperatures and deviations from ambient and
in the regression analyses. The subtraction of 10°C from these
anamalous readings decreased the average temperature and
deviations by 0.4°C at the stations which were anamalous in
September 1968. In the regression analyses, 484 cases were
examined and the inclusion of 7 anamolous stations reduced to
the mean temperature (ie the loss of 7 degrees of freedom)
would not change the results. The optimum and exclusion temp-
erature calculations used the observed temperatures. Additional
temperature information is available in Tebo, Estes and
Lassiter (1968) and Hagan and Purkerson (1970).
The average winter ambient temperature is about 17°C. The
lowest temperature observed was 9°C. In summer the ambient
temperature averages near 31°C with maximum occurring near 33°C.
The effleunt averages 5°C above ambient at the outfall. The
highest temperature recorded was 40°C. Lee and Rooth (1971)
have predicted temperature fields and have compared their
predictions with infrared aerial measurements of the temperature
plume at Turkey Point
27
-------
A-WINTER
B-SPRING
®
C-SUMMER
D-FALL
N
I
270
®
N
I
FIGURE 5. TEMPERATURE PROFILE IN °C IN A-WINTER,
B-SPRING, C-SUMMER AND D-FALL
28
-------
EFFLUENT.:/
CANALS;
N
4-
FIGURE 6. THERMAL PLUME AXIS IN 1969 and 1970
29
-------
An area of approximately 30 - 50 acres was elevated +5°C, and area
of 75 acres +4°C, and area of 170 acres +3°C, and area of 300
acres +2°C. Gerchakov, Segar and Stearns (1971a). Figure 5
shows a typical winter, spring, summer and fall isotherm pattern
adjacent to Turkey Point.
In general the thermal plume was orientated in a northeasterly
direction. Out of eighty-six observations the thermal plume
was directed in a northeasterly direction in eighty cases and
was deflected to the east of southeast only during periods
of strong northwesterly winds which usually accompany cold fronts
during the winter months (Figure 6). This northeasterly transport
is relatively constant and occurred on both ebb and flood tides.
Figure 7 shows the temperature plume at three hour intervals during
a full tidal cycle in September, 1969. The isotherms during (A)
late flood, (B) early ebb, (C) late ebb and (D) early flood,
all indicate a northeast movement of the effluent. The plume
reached around Turkey Point and recirculation results.
Stratification occurred only during ebb tides and only during
periods of calm (0-5 mph) winds which lasted for 12 hours or
more. Such low wind speeds are unusual in the Miami area and
climatological data from Homestead Air Force Base (approximately
3.5 miles west of Turkey Point) indicated that wind speeds less
than 5 mph occurred only 13 percent of the year. This varies
seasonally; the largest percent of calm wind (17 percent) occurred
in August and the smallest (9 per cent) occurred in March.
It was believed that the long-term average properties of the thermal
plume could be ascertained by measurements of the temperature
distribution in the sediments. This assumption was based on the
theory that the sediment temperature is determined by the diffusion
of heat from the water-sediment interface and would provide a
history of the thermal conditions of the waters above.
Figure 8 indicates the temperature of (A) the bottom water,
(B) the sediment surface, (C) the sediment at 10 cm, and (D) the
sediment at 20 cm on 12 August 1969. In view of the persistence of
the thermal plume axis, it was not surprising that the thermal
pattern in the sediments was similar to the water above. Gerchakov,
Segar and Stearns (1971b) have discussed the sediment temperature
profiles in detail.
Diurnal variations of 2 - 3°C or more were common. Figure 9
shows thermograph traces at two stations SE I and A during a
5-day period during July, 1969 when temperatures were extremely
high. The effects of tide indicated by the lower curve: ESSA
Coast and Geodetic Tide Tables (1969) corrected by data from
Schneider (1969), plant load, solar radiation, and time of high
tide combine to produce maximum temperature around noon during
30
-------
o
FIGURE 7. TIDAL CHANGES IN SURFACE TEMPERATURE PEOFILE AT A) LATE FLOOD,
B) EARLY EBB, C) LATE EBB AND D) EARLY FLOOD
31
-------
31 \J
L.
FIGURE 8. BOTTOM WATER AND SEDIMENT TEMPERATURES A) BOTTOM WATER, B) 1CMS
DEPTH, C) 10 CMS DEPTH AND D) 20 CMS DEPTH
32
-------
z
o:
I
LU
Q.
LI
30H
ftJ
o-
2OOYARDS NORTHEAST
OF THE EFFLUENT
CANAL MOUTH,
AMBIENT BAY
TEMPERATURE
A/WWWWV,
4-
COAST & GEODETIC SURVEY
TIDAL PREDICTION
-t-
10 NOON 11 NOON 12 NOON 13 NOON 14 NOON 15 NOON
FIGUBE 9. TEMPERATURE AND TIDAL CYCLE FOR THE PERIOD 10-15 JULY, 1969;
THE HOTTEST DISCHARGE TEMPERATURES RECORDED
-------
STATION 0 -- I 9 T 0
' """.,"""'1"' ,,'.„
'n
(f\J\ I I \,
STATION D -- 197 I --
FIGURE 10. DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT CONTROL
STATION D IN 1970-71
34
-------
spring tides. The temperature was not elevated as much during
neap tides when high water occurred in morning and evening hours.
The seasonal pattern of daily maximum, minimum and average temperature
(based on 8 three-hourly intervals starting at 0000 hours) for
station D is shown in Figure 10. The Ryan thermographs have a
30°C range and the lower limit was 15 or 20°C. Therefore temperatures
below these values were not recorded.
The thermograph was in continuous operation from January 1970
until March 1971. Minor gaps in June and November were due
to instrument repair. Temperature drops were obvious in the
general warming trend during March and April. The cold front
activity is again observed in November and throughout the winter
months. During the summer temperatures remain relatively constant
except for diurnal variations. Heavy thunder showers, when they
occur near low tides, can cause large diurnal variation. At
station D the average daily temperature reached 33°C during a single
day in June' 1970. The maximum daily temperature exceeded 33°C
on 17 days and exceeded 35 °C only on one day.
A thermograph was in operation at station A from February 1969
through December 1970. Figure 11 indicates the daily maximum,
minimum and average temperature is about 1.5°C higher than at station
D. The large daily variation is the result of tidal influence which
allows the thermal plume to pass over this station during the ebb
tide and retards it on the flood tide.
Average daily temperature exceeded 35°C on one day in July 1969.
The maximum daily temperature exceeded 35°C on 5 days in July and
4 days in August 1969 and 2 days in June, 1 day in July and 3 days
in August 1970. The average daily temperature exceeded 33°C on
11 days in July and 6 days in August 1969 and on 2 days in June,
2 days in July and at least 5 days in August 1970. The daily
maximum was above 33°C on 4 days in June, 18 in July at least 16
days in August and 2 days in September 1969 and 7 days in June, 15
days in July and almost all of August and early September of 1970.
The thermograph data for station F which averages about 2°C above that
at station D is shown in Figure 12. This station was generally in
the path of the thermal plume and also exhibits greater daily temper-
ature fluctuations than D.
At station F average daily temperature exceeded 33°C for 5 days in
August, 1969 and the daily maximum exceeded 35°C on 2 days. In
1970 average daily temperatures exceeded 35°C on 6 days in June,
10 in July and from mid August through early September. Average
daily temperatures exceeded 33°C from mid June through September or
for a period of about 4 months.
35
-------
ST»T ION • -- 1969 --
1.^'i"" JA
Ill'
'mi}!
STATION A -- (970 --
. !
I" |, 'Hi j "i||i
l'll l'il> !
I I
"
li'lti
II'
ll
FIGURE 11. DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT STATION A
IN 1969-70
36
-------
STATION F -- I969--
jllll
|| II' "liii"
Illll' ''I
Ul 20 •
0.
a
AUG SffT
STATION F -- 1970 --
I,Hi in!,. I
'il!
!'!, mm
FIGUSE 12. DAILT MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
AT STATION F IN 1969-70
37
-------
STATION SE I -- 1969 --
I*!.
»' l
UP!!1
STATION SE I -- 1970 —
iiliif1
III,,,I1,1
L..
T A T 1 ON SE I -- (971
••J
A I f
y v
FIGURE 13. DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT STATION
SE I IN 1969, 1970 AND 1971
38
-------
Thermograph data for station SE I is presented in Figure 13. This
station located 185 m NE of the mouth of the effluent canal is
continuously in the thermal plume. Temperatures at this station
averaged 3.5°C or more above those at station D. Maximum temperatures
in excess of 35°C were recorded from May through October 1969,
June through September 1970 and in May, 1971. Daily averages
exceeded 35°C in May through August, 1969, and June through September
1970. The maximum and average daily temperatures exceeded 33°C in
April through October of 1969 and April through September of 1970.
Thus the temperature exceeded 33°C for a period of six months.
Station I located in the mouth of Little River a minor discharge
canal which receives about 8 percent of the discharge is subjected
to tidal variations in temperature (Nugent, 1970). The flood tide
backs up the canal and cooler bay water covers the station. On
ebb tides the effluent covers the station and high temperatures
are experienced.
A copy of the thermograph trace and adjusted tidal cycle is
shown in Figure 4. This results in about a 5°C difference between
daily maximum and minimum temperatures (Figure 1A). Thus although
the daily maximum temperatures exceeded 33°C from June through mid-
September 1970 and part of April and May 1971 the average daily
temperature only exceeds 33°C on 7 days in July and 4 days in
August 1970. The daily average temperature never exceeds 35°C
but the maximum daily temperature was in excess of 35°C on 23
days during the summer of 1970 and on 3 days in May, 1971. More
detailed analysis of the temperature structure within the canal
system was given by Nugent (1970).
Baseline temperature data in Card Sound were gathered for approxi-
mately one year. These data are presented in Appendix Table 1,
and in Segar, Gerchakov and Johnson (1971). An analysis of these
data and additional temperature measurements were presented by
Lee and Rooth (1970) in their consideration of circulation and
flushing in Card Sound.
39
-------
STAT ION I — 1970- 71 --
,!!, « ,IH
hJH *
FIGURE 14. DAILY MAXIMUM, MINIMUM AND AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT STATION
I IN 1970-71
40
-------
SECTION VIII
CHEMISTRY AT TURKEY POINT
During each trawling trip measurements of salinity and dissolved
oxygen were made. The results are summarized in Appendix
Tables 2 and 3 and additional measurements were presented by
Segar, Gerchakov and Johnson (1971) and Lee and Rooth (1971).
Salinity in Biscayne Bay was correlated with rainfall values but
this relation was somewhat modified by the influence of runoff
when flood control dams on Florida City Canal, Mowry Canal,
Moody Canal, etc., were opened to permit drainage. Normally
there was a salinity gradient with low salinity near the western
shore and an upward gradient as one proceeded eastward. This
phenomenon is also discussed by Kohout and Kolopinski (1964).
During the 1970-71 drought period the salinity gradient was
reversed. Figure 15 illustrates a typical wet season and
dry season isohaline distribution.
The mainland shore stations were subjected to large salinity
fluctuations, those in mid bay experienced a smaller range of
salinity and those stations near the passes which connect
directly to the ocean received the least salinity variation
(Figure 3).
Lee and Rooth (1971) have examined the salinity in Card Sound
and have indicated that the normal salinity gradient implied little
miximg of the western portion of the Sound wLth the Atlantic
except during periods of strong northwesterly winds such as
accompany cold fronts.
Data on salinity at 32 additional hydrographic stations in
Biscayne Bay and at times other than when trawling was done are
summarized by Segar, Gerchakov and Johnson (1971).
Additional salinity data for Biscayne Bay and Card Sound are
available, Tebo, Estes and Lassiter (1968), Lee and Rooth
(1971) and Rooth and Lee (1971).
Meausrements of dissolved oxygen indicated that the water was
generally well oxygenated. Subsequent to passage through the
plant a slight reduction in oxygen occurred probably due to
simple equilibration with the atmosphere at the elevated
temperature. An additional decrease occurred when large
amounts of organic materials were being contributed by runoff
from the mangrove region adjacent to the plant (Nugent, 1970).
-------
10.0 14.0 |6.0 18.0 20.0 23.0 24.0
FIGURE 15. ISOHALINES IN BISCAYNE BAY DURING A) DRY SEASON AND B) WET SEASON
-------
Diurnal oxygen cycles were particularly evident on calm days.
Oxygen values were low in early morning hours and increased to
supersaturated conditions by afternoon. This was the result of
photosynthesis by sea grasses and macroalgae. A typical
diurnal pattern is shown in Figure 16. Extreme oxygen values
ranged from 83 per cent saturated (3.4 mis. 02/1) to 230 per-
cent saturation (11.1 mis. 02/D.
In the area immediately around the canal mouth supersaturation was
rarely observed. This was probably due to the lack of macroalgae
and sea grass combined with the swift currents and high turbulence.
Generally oxygen values followed a natural seasonal curve with
higher values occurring in the colder winter months and lower
values in the warm summer months. The supersaturated conditions
which occurred in summer over dense grass or algae beds was an
exception to this pattern but can easily be attributed to
photosynthesis and little wind-induced mixing of the water.
Monthly oxygen measurements for each trawling station are
presented in Appendix Table 3. Additional data for 32 hydrographic
stations and for times other than during trawling operations were
summarized by Segar, Gerchakov and Johnson (1971).
Other chemical parameters could not be related to animal distribution
due to the sporadic nature of collection and analysis of water samples
and the lack of funds to continue the chemistry program. Data
collected under the support of the AEC were summarized by Segar,
Gerchokov and Johnson (1971) and interpreted by Gerchakov, Segar
and Stearns (1971).
Measurements of the nutrients nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, total
phosphorous, silicate, total dissolved inorganic carbon, and total
dissolved organic carbon were made as well as measurements of
dissolved iron, copper, zinc, pH, alkalinity and Eh of the sediments.
In addition, in Card Sound, measurements of gross alpha and gross beta
radiation were made together with gamma spectra analysis for selected
ions.
Segar, Gerchakov and Johnson (1971: IV-60-62) summarized their
findings and stated that micronutrients (N03, N02, Si 03 and PO*)
were slightly enriched in the discharge water. The carbon dioxide/
carbonate system of the heated water may have been altered by
plant operation. Trace transitional metals (Fe, Cu, Zn) are
enriched in the area of heated water.
-------
FIGURE 16. DIURNAL VARIATION OF DISSOLVED pXYGEN (MLS, 02/L): A. 0810-0945,
B. 1154-1306, C. 1455-1625 HOURS DST IN AUGUST 1969. SOLID LINES
ARE SURFACE VALUES - DASHED LINES ARE BOTTOM VALUES
-------
SECTION IX
EXCLUSION AND OPTIMAL TEMPERATURES
For each of the 354 species collected in the trawl samples a 10
by 45 matrix of catch per tow at each 5 ppt salinity increment
and 1°C increment was constructed. The matrix was made by summing
the catch for each species collected at each station each month
and dividing this by the effort. This value was then placed
in the proper temperature row and salinity column. A count was
kept of the number of c/e enteries and the average catch per
tow was calculated.
The use of the average catch per tow calculated by (p) when c _> 1
for the 7 tows at the particular station - month combination caused
no difficulty in selecting upper and lower temperatures at which
the species was found but the catch per tow at extreme temperatures
was unjustly weighted. That is if 10 animals were caught per drag
once at 40°C and 0 per drag on 9 occasions the result would be 10
per drag with the first method but only 1 per drag with the
latter more preferred formula. The preferred Zc/Ze was not used
because of computer limitations. The mathematical weighting plus
high catches of animals at stations with anomalously high temperatures
in September 1968 (see Appendix Table 1) resulted in large catches of
some species at high temperatures .
For each species it was possible to select the highest temperature
at which the species was caught, the lowest temperature at which the
species was caught and, the temperature at which the highest catch
per tow occurred.
From the maximum temperature data it is possible to construct an
upper exclusion temperature curve. If the cumulative percent of
the number of species is plotted against the maximum temperature
at which they were observed an ogive results. A probit transfor-
mation provides a straight line relating temperature to the exclusion
of species due to heat. From this relation the exact temperature
that would have protected a given percentage of the species is
determined.
From the minimum temperature data similar relations can be obtained and
the lower exclusion temperature can be calculated to protect any
percentage of the species.
The intersection of these two curves is of considerable interest
because it represents an optimal temperature. That is, the temperature
at which the greatest diversity of species can exist. Some species are
excluded at this temperature and these represent summer (high temper-
ature) or winter (low temperature) immigrants . These animals depend
45
-------
on the seasonal cycling of temperature.
A third curve, the maximum catch curve, is derived from the maximum
catch per tow data. A plot of the cummulative percentage of the
number of species which exhibit maximum catch per tow at or below
each temperature against temperature can be used to calculate the
temperature which will produce the maximum numbers of individuals.
These three curves were plotted and the regressions calculated for
fish, mollusks, crustaceans, porifera, coelenterates, echinoderms
and all species combined (Figures 17 - 19).
For each of these taxonomic groupings six values were calculated, the
lower exclusion temperature at which 75 percent of the species were
excluded due to cold, (LETyij) the lower exclusion temperature at which
50 percent of the species was excluded due to cold (LET^Q) , the optimal
temperature for numbers of individuals (max. c/e) the optimal
temperature for diversity of species, (max. div.) the upper exclusion
temperature at which 50 percent of the species were excluded due to heat
(UET5Q) and the upper exclusion temperature at which 75 percent of the
species were excluded due to heat (UETj^). Theffisults are summarized
in Table 3.
TABLE 3
EXCLUSION' AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR ANIMALS IN
BISCAYNE BAY, FLORIDA
Taxa
Fish
Mollusks
Crustaceans
Porifera
Coelenterates
Echinoderms
Combined
LET75
15.6
15.3
14.8
0.2(1
13.0
15.4
14.3
LET5Q
21.1
19.7
19.6
91 (1
• -L
18.2
20.5
19.3
Max c/e
25.9
25.5
25.8
24.9
17.2(2
26.2
25.7
Max Div.
26.6
26.0
26.0
24.3
26.0
27.3
26.3
UET50
31.8
32.7
33.3
31.4
29.9
31.8
33.4(3
UET75
37.8
37.4
38.7
35.5
32.5
35.2
38.6
i critical lower threshold near 15-16°C which produces non-normal
curve.
Believed to be low because salinity excludes corals and alcyonarians
from inshore stations subjected to heated effluent.
3curve tends to exhibit positive kurtosis actual UETcn probably lower.
46
-------
MOLLUSCS 147 Species
UPPER EXCLUSION »»--•-••
LOWER EXCLUSION
-------
FISH SO Species
UPPER EXCLUSION .__._«.. *
LOWER EXCLUSION '—•—-.—•.—.
MAXIMUM c/6
20 ZZ 21 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Temperature "c
ECHINODERMS ZSSpecies
UPPER EXCLUSION ______
I 0 W £ R EXCLUSION •^•^r^r.
MAXIMUM c/e ~~"^
20 22 24 26 26 30 32 34
Temperature *C
COELENTERATES IBSpeciel
UPPER EXCLUSION mmmmmmm
LOWER EXCLUSION mr*r~—r.
MAXIMUM C/e ^^^^^^
PORIFERA Z2 Species
UPPER EXCLUSION m«
LOWER EXCLUSI ON ••—-.•
MAXIMUM C/e ^^
Tempera ture C
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 38 38 40
Tempe r a ture °C
FIGURE 18. EXCLUSION AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR A) FISH, B) ECHINODERMS,
C) COELENTERATES AND D) PORIFERA
48
-------
ALL t
UPPER
LOWER
M AXiM
\
U
N
E X
E X
M
MA
C LU
C LU
c/e
L
S 1
S 1
S
0
0
N
N
354 S
^mmm^mm
pecie
•
i •
s
lOOi-
E
3
o
10
16
18
22 24 26
Temperatur e
FIGURE 19. EXCLUSION AND OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES FOR 354
ANIMALS COLLECTED AT TURKEY POINT
'ECIES OF
49
-------
In general there was good agreement among the groups and between the
optimum temperatures based on the maximum catch per tow and the
intersection of the two exclusion curves. This consistancy indicated
the use of catch per tow only in successful tows had little effect
on the calculation of critical temperatures.
An examination of Figure 18D indicates that there is a threshold
temperature for porifera near 15 - 16 °C below which these animals
virtually disappear. This threshold is not adequately represented
by the model. Sponges are restricted to mid-and eastern bay
stations and excluded from the western bay by salinity fluctuations.
Special studies are in progress to further clarify the tolerance
limits of sponges which were poorly represented in trawl catches.
The calculated temperature for numbers of coelenterates was too
low. The corals and alcyonarians were poorly represented in trawl
studies and were excluded from the area of thermal stress due to
the salinity changes near the western shore of the bay. The
tolerance limits of these animals are being investigated by Mr. Lee
Purkerson of Environmental Protection Agency and by Clark, Joy
and Rosenthal (1970).
In the combined species the calculated UETcQ and UETy^ appeared too
high because the number of species which were excluded between
30 and 32.5°C were greater than expected. Linear interpolation
between actual data points indicated a UETcn of 32°C and a UET7-
°
The optimal temperatures were close to the annual average bay
temperature and the 50 percent exclusion temperatures are near the
winter and summer averages. Thus the observed fauna appears to have
evolved to withstand the normal temperature variations and have little
ability to withstand increases above the normal summer average temper-
ature or decreased below normal winter average.
The most sensitive inshore group of animals were the fishes. The
for these was 31.8°C. However, fishes generally will move from an
area before being killed and thus we believe the regulations should
be based on UETcn of mollusks or crustaceans which is approximately
33°C.
Due to the controversial nature of selecting the percent of species
to be protected a table of constants based on two years of field
observations on 354 species is presented which will allow the
calculation of temperature needed to protect any percentage of
species desired, by the regulatory personnel (Table 4) - The percen-
tage of species permitted to be excluded must exceed the percentage
of species present at the optimal temperature for diversity of species.
50
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TABLE 4
EQUATION AND CONSTANTS TO CALCULATE EXCLUSION TEMPERATURES
X=
Y-y +bx
b
X = temperature in °C
x = mean temperature
Y = probit value for percent of species excluded (cannot be less than
percent of species at optimal temperature)
y = mean of probit values
b = slope of regression between temperature and probit of Y
Taxa
Fish
(80 sp)
Mollusks
(147 sp)
Crustaceans
(66 sp)
Porifera
(22 sp)
Coelenterates
(13 sp)
Echinoderms
(23 sp)
All species
(354 sp)
curve
LET
Max c/e
UET
LET
Max c/e
UET
LET
Max c/e
UET
LET^1
Max c/e
UET
LET
Max c/e'2
UET
LET
Max c/e
UET
LET
Max c/e
UET
4.3
5.1
4.4
4.0
5.2
4.2
4.2
5.1
4.2
3.9
4.7
4.5
4.2
5.8
5.3
4.7
5.2
4.6
4.0
5.1
4.2
.1225
.1636
.1302
.1540
.1842
.1445
.1415
.1649
.1250
.0758
.1628
.1615
.1293
.1287
.2571
.1323
.2028
.1964
,1349
.1814
.1297
27.0
26.5
27.0
26.0
26.5
27.0
25.0
26.5
27.0
23.0
23.0
28.0
24.5
23.5
31.0
22,
23,
31.0
27.0
26.5
27.0
51
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SECTION X
ANIMAL DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE
In July 1968 - June 1970, 3360 samples produced about 288,000 animals
from Biscayne Bay in the vicinity of the Turkey Point power plant.
The catch of each species at each station was reported by Bader and
Roessler (1971 Tables V-l and V-2). Analysis of the data must be
separated into two time periods because of differences in station
locations and sorting techniques.
Analysis of the 20 stations sampled from July 1968 - December 1968
indicated that a total of 48,128 animals were collected. Non -
parametric analysis of variance indicated that the abundance of
organisms at the 20 stations was not homogeneous, catches were
significantly higher than the average (57 animals per drag) at
stations N V, SE II and SE III. Table 2 summarizes the vegetation
type and abundance for each of the stations and examination of these
tables indicates that the three stations with greatest abundance of
animals share large catches of vegetation, principally Laurencia or
Digenia.
Catches were below average at stations N II, NE IV, NE V, SE I, SE IV,
SE V, S I and S V. These stations all produced low catches of
vegetation as well as low animal catches. There appears to be three
major causes for low catches of vegetation at certain stations. First,
Zieman (1970) Roessler and Zieman (1970) and Thorhaug (1971), have shown
that in an area of about 300 acres from the mouth of the Turkey Point
effluent canal the amount of algae and sea grass is seasonally reduced
by temperature effects. At stations N II and N V located near the
mouth of the Florida City Canal and Moody Canal the vegetation is killed
during periods of freshwater discharge. This was particularly evident
at station N II located 150 m from the mouth of Florida City Canal and
less so at N V located 300 m from the mouth of Moody Canal. However,
at N V the dense Digenia growth observed in July and August 1968 was
totally killed in September but quickly replaced by Laurencia. The
freshwater influence at station N V was also indicated by the presence
of the pelecypods Crassostrea virginica, Amygdalum papyria, Congeria
leucophaeta and, Anomalocardia cuneimeris. The third reason for low
catches of vegetation is due to stations located on Thalassia flats.
The otter trawl does not uproot the Thalassia but only catches the
dead fragments of the blades. The Thalassia beds are dominant on the
shallows near the Arsenicker Keys on Pelican Bank and near the Florida
Keys on the eastern side of the bay.
Thus we believe the low abundance of animals at stations S I and SE I
which were in the thermal plume and were elevated 5.26 and 5.25°C
above ambient was the direct result of temperature increases or indirect
result of temperature which adversly effected the algae and sea grass,
52
-------
used as food and shelter by the animals. Further study is needed to
separate these alternatives. The low catches at station N II are
probably caused by fresh water discharge from a point source at the
mouth of the Florida City Canal. And low catches at Stations NE IV,
NE V, SE IV, SE V and S V result because these offshore stations have
sparse vegetation or nearly pure Thalassia communities with little
unattached vegetation.
After January 1969 a washing technique was used in field sorting
which made the collection of small mollusks and other animals more
efficient. In this period 2,520 samples produced about 240,000
animals. Despite the lack of offshore stations which were found
to be significantly below average producers in the first six months
the differences in catches among stations were found to be
significant (Pr <_ .01). Catches were above the average of 96
animals per tow at stations N III, S II and F and below average at
stations SE I, S I, B, C, D, and G (Pr <_ .01). The above average
catches were from stations with high catches of Laurencia. Of these
stations N III was considered unaffected by temperature. Station S II
was elevated about 2.4°C and Station F was elevated 1.9°C. Low
catches were associated with higher temperatures. Thus station SE I
was elevated 3.6°C, station S I was elevated 3.7°C and G was elevated
4.6°C. Low catches at stations B, C, and D appear to be related to
the vegetation which was predominately Thalassia and therefore
produced only between 2 and 4.5 Ibs. of Laurencia and other algae per tow.
Although the total numbers of organisms showed no change or perhaps
a slight increase up to a At of +2.4°C and a marked drop in numbers
at stations elevated 3.5°C, it is of considerable interest to examine
the individual natural groupings of animals involved. In cases
where abundance permits or where the species is of economic importance,
statistical evaluation of the dominant species follows.
Fishes were poorly represented in the trawl samples. The total fish
catch, 7,478 individuals, comprised 2.23 percent of the total organisms
collected. Although the trawl will not adequately collect the larger
fast swimming species nor the snapper and grunt populations which
prefer to congregate around rock ledges, coral heads, or submerged
trees, gear selectivity is not the only reason for low abundance of
fishes. Roessler (1965) Tabb and Manning (1961) and Tabb (unpubl.)
have used the same gear and trawling techniques and have collected
significant quantities of fishes. Observations made by diving to
obtain an estimate of the efficiency of the gear in the Turkey Point
area indicated few fishes were present.
Roessler (1965) indicated that night samples produced significantly
greater numbers of fishes. Difficulties of navigation and sample
handling preclude routine night sampling. However, series of day-
night comparisons were made in the Turkey Point area during the
summer of 1969. The results (Table 5) indicated no significant
differences between day and night catches of fishes. However,
53
-------
significantly more mollusks and crustaceans were collected at night.
Other animals such as sponges and echinoderms were caught in equal
abundance in daylight and night samples. Despite the greater abundance
of mollusks and Crustacea at night no species were caught which were
not taken in daylight samples.
TABLE 5
NIGHT-DAY COMPARISON OF CATCHES AT 20 STATIONS
AT TURKEY POINT
Taxa No. species Z Pr.
Fishes
Mollusks
Crustaceans
Porifera
Echinoderms
19
57
19
8
8
.28
2.63
2.61
.11
.42
.400 ns
.004 **
.005 **
.460 ns
.340 ns
** Significantly different Pr. <_ .01
Examination of fish catches in the period July - December 1968
indicated significantly higher than average catches (3.27 fish/tow)
at station N V and lower than average catches at stations SE I and
S I. The low catches at stations S I and SE I are probably the
result of elevated temperatures and the resulting lack of algae and sea
grasses (Table 2).
During the period January 1969 - June 1970 catches were above
average (1.65 fish/tow) at stations N II, N III and F and below
average at stations S I, S III, B, D, and G. Of these stations
S I and G were in the thermal plume and elevated 3.7 and 4.6°C
respectively. Stations B and D are located in Thalassia and produced
little red algae (4.5 and 2.0 Ibs/tow). The reason for low catches
at S III is not known.
No fish comprised as much as 1% of the total catch of aiimals. The
dominant species of fishes collected were Lucania parvat Micrognathus
crinigerus, Opsanus beta and Gobjosoma robustum. These comprise 23,
16, 14, and 24 percent of the fishes caught respectively.
Lucania parva, the rainwater killifish occurred along the mainland
shore particularly off the mouth of drainage canals. Eighty-nine
percent occurred at stations along the north (N) transect or at stations
NE I and NE II. These fish are known to prefer low salinity (Tabb
and Manning 1961) and can occur over a wide salinity range (Roessler, 1970)
54
-------
Micrognathus crinigerus. the fringed pipefish occurred at all stations
but was most abundant at the mid-bay stations with large amounts of
Laurencia. Catches at stations SE II, SE III, NE II and NE III com-
prised 50 percent of the total catch. Catches were low at stations N II
and N V probably due to freshwater and at stations SE I, S I and G due
to temperature elevations associated with the thermal discharge. Catches
were also low at stations NE V, SE V, S IV and S V because of the low
abundance of red algae at these outer stations.
Opsanus beta, the Gulf toadfish is known to hybridize with £. tau in
Biscayne Bay (Schultz and Reid, 1937) and some of the 1083 specimens
may have been 0_. tau or hybrids but the majority were 0_. beta. They
were most abundant at stations with large catches of red algae
Laurencia or Digenia.
Stations N III, N V, and F produced 47 percent of the specimens. No
Opsanus were taken at station G elevated 4.6°C above ambient and catches
were low at stations S I and SE I, elevated 3.7 and 3.6°C respectively.
Catches were also low at stations NE IV, NE V, SE IV, SE V, S V and
B. The first five of these are offshore stations which had little red
algae. The reason for low catches at B is not known but may be related
to poor water circulation.
The most abundantly collected fish was Gobiosoma robustum the code
goby. Catches at stations N III, N V and F produced 57 percent of
the 1783 specimens collected. No Gobiosoma were taken at NE V, SE V,
or S V. Catches were low at NE IV, S III, S IV, C, D, and E which
had little red algae and at stations SE I, S I, and G which were ele-
vated over 3.5°C. Catches at station S II elevated 2.4°C were
normal. Catches at stations A, F, and H, elevated 1.5, 1.8 and 1.5°C,
were also close to average. Thus it appears that the critical tempera-
ture for Gobiosoma robustum is between 2.5 and 3.5°C above ambient.
Other fishes collected included silver perch Bairdiella chrysura,
sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus, barracuda Sphyraena barracuda,
sea trout Cynoscion nebulosus, snappers Lutjanus analis, L_. apodus,
L_. griseus, L_. jocu, L_. synagris, pinfish Lagodon rhomboides. gag
Mycteroperca microlepis, grunts Orthopristis chrysopterus and Haemulon
spp. and flounder Paralichthys albigutta which have some value as pan
or sport fishes.
Of these only Lutjanus griseus and Lagodon rhomboides were common.
Lut janus griseus prefers rocks or stumps and was not adequately
sampled. Nugent (1970) has conducted studies on this species within
the effluent canal system and found gray snapper to be relatively
temperature tolerant. They migrate from the effluent canals only
during the hottest period of summer.
55
-------
Lagodon rhotnboides does not appear to be adversly effected on an annual
basis by the temperatures observed. Too few specimens were available
to examine seasonal patterns. Nugent (1970) trapped these fish in the
effluent canals. He found that pinfish were more abundant in the
heated canal in winter and less abundant in summer than in his control
station. The dependence of this species on the sea grasses or attached
algae is well documented and (Caldwell 1957; Darnell, 1958 and Springer
and Woodburn, 1960) indicated that these fishes feed on vegetation.
Mollusks were the most abundant group of animals in our collections.
We obtained 178,315 individuals comprised of 147 species. This
represented 53 percent of the total animal catch. Brachiodontes
exustus and Bittium varium were excluded from the counts.
Analysis of the mollusk data indicated a significant difference in
catches among stations during the period July -December 1968. Catches
were above the average of 21.7 mollusks per tow at N V and SE III.
Catches were low at stations NE V, SE I, SE V, S I and S V (Pr _< .05).
The high catches at stations N V and SE III correspond with high catches
of red algae Digenia simplex and Laurencia poitei. The mollusk catch
at station N V was comprised mostly of Crassostrea virginica, Amydalum
papyria and an unidentified hydrobiid gastropod which were abundant
in July when the salinity was 12 ppt and 36 Ibs/tow of algae, mostly
Digenia, was taken. The high abundance of individuals and lack of
variety of species indicated the unstable conditions which were due
to the Moody Canal discharge. In the following months the Digenia was
killed by fresh water and later replaced by Laurencia.
Low catches of mollusks were related to low catches of algae
(Table 2). The low abundance of algae at stations S I and SE I
can be attributed to the effluent which elevated temperatures
+5.26 and 5.25°C during this period.
In the period January 1969 - June 1970 catches were above the
average of 51 mollusks per tow at stations N III and F and below
average at SE III, S I, B, C, D, and G. Again the high catches of
mollusks were associated with high catches of algae and low mollusk
abundance with low catches of algae. Station S I was elevated 3.7°C
and station G was elevated 4.6°C. Stations SE III, B, D, and C were
in areas where Thalassia was dominant and little Laurencia was taken.
Only three species of mollusks were taken which could be considered
to be of commercial or sport fishery value. These were the oyster,
Crassostrea virginica and the scallops Aequipecten irradians and A.
gibbus nuculus. Several other species can be eaten but are either
seldom used or rare in the area of study.
Aequipecten gibbus nuculus was represented by 26 specimens. Half
of these occurred at station SE V near the Caesar's Creek Inlet and
92 percent were taken in mid-bay and eastern bay stations. This
species appeared to prefer the more oceanic water found on the
eastern side of the bay (See Lee and Rooth 1971).
56
-------
TABLE 6
CATCH AND CATCH PER TOW OF AEQUIPECTEN IRRADIANS
Station Number C/E
x = .53
S- = .20
N I
N II
N III
N IV
N V
NE I
NE II
NE III
NE IV
NE V
SE I
SE II
SE III
SE IV
SE V
S I
S II
S III
S IV
S V
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
25
2
219
318
4
34
49
55
4
0
0
175
179
82
17
0
14
80
119
4
6
24
10
25
43
42
0
5
.15
.01
1.29
5.30
.07
.20
.29
.32
.07
.00
.00
1.03
1.05
1.37
.28
.00
.08
.47
1.98
.07
.04
.19
.08
.20
.33
.33
.00
.04
95% C.I.»
.13 < .53 < .93
57
-------
TABLE 7
CATCH AND CATCH PER TOW OF LIMA PELLUCIDA
Station Number C/E
N I
N II 10 .06 x = .42
N III 66 .39 S^ = .11
N IV 24 .40 95% C.I.=.20 <.42 < .64
N V
NE I
NE II
NE III
NE IV
NE V
SE I
SE II
SE III
SE IV
SE V
S I
S II
S III
S IV
S V
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
1
10
66
24
1
3
28
274
14
16
12
415
58
5
1
6
79
190
9
41
3
4
51
29
175
129
0
14
.01
.06
.39
.40
.02
.02
.16
1.61
.23
.27
.07
2.44
.34
.08
.02
.04
,46
1.12
.15
.68
.02
.03
.40
.23
1.37
1.01
.00
.11
58
-------
A. irradians was widely distributed throughout the study area. It
was collected at all stations except NE V, SE I, SI and G.
These stations produced low catches of algae. Stations SE I,
S I, and G were elevated more than 3.5°C and this increased tem-
perature caused the algae to disappear from the area. Table 6 shows
the catch per tow at each station. The average catch was .53
Aequipecten per tow. Stations N II, N V, NE IV, S II, S V, A,
C, and H were below average while N III, N IV, SE II, SE III,
SE IV, and S IV were high producers. In the first summer these
animals were relatively abundant and appeared to migrate from the
southern stations northward. Young specimens were taken in winter
and appeared to migrate northward as they grew. After the first
summer few adults were seen but this is not unexpected because
the bay scallops are known to have extensive migrations and dis-
appear from a region for extended periods of time.
The concentrations of oysters at station N V during the summer of
1968 was discussed earlier.
A list of all mollusks taken and the catches at each station was report-
ed by Bader and Roessler (1971). The columbellids, Columbella mercatoria.
Columbella rusticoides and juvenile Columbella spp (probably mostly
£. rusticoides) were an important group which together comprise 1.26
percent of the animal catch. Catches were generally low at the inshore
stations and high at mid-bay and eastern bay stations provided the
red alga Laurencia was common. Thus the off shore stations NE V, SE IV,
SE V, and S IV and S V produced low catches (Pr < .05) because of
low algal abundance (Table 2). Stations heated more than 3.5°C
ambient produced low catches of columbellids.
Tabb and Manning (1961) found these gastropods to be abundant in the
Thalassia communities in the Everglades estuary. In the present
study £. mercatoria was collected over a temperature range from 15
to 35°C with the highest catch per tow at 25°C. Columbella juveniles
were taken in the range 16 to 39°C with the highest catch per tow at
35°C £. rusticoides was collected from 15 to 39°C with highest catches
per tow at 26°C.
C. mercatoria was taken from 0 - 5 to 35 - 40 ppt with highest catch per
tow occurring between 30 and 35 ppt. Columbella juveniles were observed
from 5 - 10 to 35 - 40 ppt with maximum catch per tow at 35 - 40 ppt. £.
rusticoides was observed from 10 - 15 to 35 - 40 ppt and had its highest
catch per tow at 35 - 40 ppt. Data from Everglades estuary collected by
Tabb showed £. mercatoria at a salinity of 34.2 ppt and a range of
8.9 to 60.4 ppt for £. rusticoides.
Lima pellucida, the Antillean lima was represented by 1658 specimens
which comprised 0.49 percent of the animal catch. The catch per
tow is shown in Table 7. The average catch per tow was 0.42. Lima
were collected at all stations except G, which was elevated 4.5°C
59
-------
above ambient and had virtually no macroalgae present. Catches were
below average at stations N I, N II, N V, NE I, NE II, SE I, SE IV,
SE V, S I, S IV, A, B, G, and H. Catches were above average at NE III,
SE II, S III, SV, E and F. The distribution was spotty throughout
the bay. Catches were low at stations G, SI, SE I elevated more than
3.5°C; catches at station S II (+2.5°C) were average and SE II (+0.75°C)
were above average. Again this indicated a 3°C increase above ambient
appeared to be the maximum allowable increase.
Lima pellucida was observed over a range of temperatures from 15 to
35°C with the highest catch per tow occurrring at 19°C. The
salinity range was from 10-15 ppt to 35-40 ppt with the highest
catch per tow at 20-30 ppt. Tabb (unpublished) found a salinity
range of 24.6 to 54.8 ppt. in the Everglades estuary.
Triphora nigrocincta, the black-lined triphora, was represented by
1749 specimens which comprised 0.52 percent of the animals and 0.98 percent
of the mollusks collected. This small gastropod was never collected
at stations NE V, SE V, S I, S IV, and S V. These are mid-bay
and eastern bay stations except for station S I which was elevated
more than 3.5°C above ambient. The catch per tow for each station
is shown in Table 8. Catches at stations N I, N II, N V, NE IV,
SE III, SE IV, C, D, and G were below the mean of 0.47 Triphora
nigrocincta per tow and catches were above average at stations
N III, F and H. These stations elevated 0.2, 1.5 and 1.8°C
respectively produced 80 percent of the specimens. Sixty-one percent
came from F and H. Temperatures between 1 and 2°C above ambient
therefore did not lower the crop of Triphora. Station S II
elevated 2.4°C had near average catches and therefore 2.5°C did
not appear critical. Station S I elevated 3.7°C produced catches
significantly below average as did station G elevated 4.6°C.
Therefore the critical temperature appeared to fall between +2.5
and +3.5°C. The catch rate of 0.18 T_. nigrocincta at SE I elevated
3.5°C but still with some Laurencia indicated the importance of
benthic macroalgae.
T_. nigrocincta was collected over a temperature range from 16 to
35°C with the highest catch per tow at 18°C. The salinity range
was 10-15 to 35-40 ppt with the highest catches occurring at
20-25 ppt. Tabb (unpublished) found that in the Everglades
estuary these animals occurred over a range of 31.8 to 50.0 ppt.
Turbo castaneus, the chestnut turbin, was represented by 1884
specimens which comprised 0.56 percent of the animals caught; 1.1
percent of the mollusks. Two stations SE III and D which were shallow
water, mid-bay stations characterized by deep sediments and dense
Thalassia communities produced 87 percent of the specimens.
Tabb and Manning (1961) recorded this species only from Sandy Key
Basin in the Everglades estuary. This was a relatively clear
water, stable salinity station with Thalassia as the dominant
vegetation. Thus the habitat preference in Biscayne Bay and the
Everglades appears similar.
60
-------
TABLE 8
CATCH AND CATCH PER TOW OF TRIPHORA NIGROCINCTA
Station Number C/E
N I
N II 8 .05 x = .47
N III 169 .99 S- = .20
N IV 46 .77 95% C.T. = .07 < .47 < .87
N V
NE I
NE II
NE III
NE IV
NE V
SE I
SE II
SE III
SE IV
SE V
S I
S II
S III
S IV
S V
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
6
8
169
46
1
29
88
52
1
0
31
24
3
3
0
0
66
42
0
0
63
22
7
3
20
564
3
498
.03
.05
.99
.77
.02
.17
.52
.31
.02
.00
.18
.14
.02
.05
.00
.00
.39
.25
.00
.00
.40
.17
.05
.02
.16
4.41
.02
3.89
61
-------
Turbo was collected over a range of temperature from 16°C to
39°C with the highest catch per tow occurring at 17°C. The
salinity range was 5 - 10 to 35 - 40 ppt with highest catches be-
tween 25 - 35 ppt.
The crustaceans were the second most abundant group of animals in
our collections. We obtained 111,179 specimens comprised of 66
species. This represented 33 percent of the animal catches. No
isopods or amphipods were counted or identified although they contri-
buted significantly to the Biscayne Bay productivity.
Analysis of the crustacean catch data indicated significant
differences in catch among stations during the period July -
December 1968 (Pr < .01). Catches at N II, NE IV, NE V, SE I,
S IV, and S V were below the mean catch of 27.5 mollusks per tow.
Station N II located off the mouth of Florida City Canal, experienced
periods of low salinity. Stations SE I and S I were elevated 5°C
above ambient. The remaining stations were eastern bay stations
which produced little red algae and low numbers of animals.
Catches were above average at stations N I, N IV, N V, NE I,
NE II, SE II, and SE III. These were generally inshore stations
which also had high catches of the red algae Laurencia or Digenia.
The high catches at station N V (off Moody Canal) were primarily
the result of Alpheus heterochaelis, Neopanope packardii, Pagurus
bonairensis, Palaemonetes intermedius and Hippolyte pleuracantha
which were abundant in July - September, 1968, when N V was covered
with dense stands of Digenia simplex. The remaining stations with
high catches generally had high catches of Laurencia poitei
(Table 2). During the period January 1969 through June 1970 the
mean catch per tow of crustaceans for the 20 stations was 39.8.
Catches were below average (Pr < .05) at stations N II, SE I, S I,
A, B, D, E, and G. Station N II was subjected to lowered salinities,
stations SE I, SI and G were subjected to temperatures elevated
more than 3.5°C above ambient and stations A, B, D, and E were
Thalassia stations with little red algae or sponge cover. Catches
were significantly above average at stations N III, NE I, NE II,
NE III which produced high catches of Laurencia and at stations
SE II, S II and F which were heated between 0.7 and 2.4°C above
ambient and also produced sizeable catches of Laurencia poitei.
Several crustaceans of economic value were collected during the
study. These included the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. stone
crab Menippe mercenaria, spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, and
shrimps of the genus Penaeus. Most of the penaeid shrimp collected
were juveniles (less than 10 mm carapace length) which are difficult
to identify to species. P_. aztecus, P_. braziliensis and P_. duorarum
were the dominant species. The portunid crabs of the genus
Callinectes were also represented by several species including
£. sapidus, £. ornatus, £. similus and juveniles which were not
62
-------
identified to species. Other swimming crabs of this family,
Portunus depress±frons, P_. gibbessi, P_. spinimanus and P_. sebae were
collected but were uncommon. Most of the Portunus were collected at
mid-bay or eastern bay stations.
The average catch of £. sapidus was 0.034 blue crabs per tow.
Catches were above average at stations N II, SE I, S I and G.
Station N II was influenced by freshwater discharge from Florida
City Canal and stations SE I, S I, and G were in the path of the
effluent and averaged more than 3.5°C above ambient. Thus it appears
that the heated effluent does not adversely affect catches of blue
crabs. Catches were generally high along the shoreline and low in
mid-bay or in the more oceanic regime near the Florida Keys.
Other members of the genus Callinectes showed a similar trend.
P_* similis occurred in greatest abundance at the three stations
(SE I, SI, and G) elevated more than 3.5°C. Catches were above the
average of 0.26 Callinectes spp. per tow at stations N V, SE I, S I,
and G (Table 9). Station N V was influenced by freshwater runoff
while stations SE I, S I and G were off the effluent canal and
averaged more than 3.5°C above ambient.
The genus Callinectes appears to prefer shoreline habitats along
the mainland shore and is replaced at the Florida Keys stations by
various members of the genus Portunus. This was also apparent in
more northern areas of Biscayne Bay (Park, 1969).
Only 38 Menippe mercenaria were collected and these were all
juveniles. Adult stone crabs burrow in soft mud in Thalassia
beds or hide in rocky areas. Therefore they were not adequately
sampled by the trawl gear. During a fish kill in the effluent
canal (Hagan & Purkerson, 1970) reported that numerous stone
crabs were killed by temperature in excess of 37°C. Thorhaug
et al. (1971) have experimentally determined lethal limits for
juvenile and larval stone crabs and these were: eggs, 36.3-38.5;
first zoea, 34.4-36.0; second zoea, 33.1-34.2; fifth zoea,
34.7-35.5; megalopa, 36.0-37.0; juveniles, 28.9-30.5.
The commercially valuable shrimp of the genus Penaeus were
represented by 7 P_. aztecus, 4 P_. braziliensis, 254 P_. duorarum
and 594 undetermined juveniles most of which were probably
P_. duorarum. Costello and Allen (1966) discussed the occurrence
of other Penaeids in bait catches in Biscayne Bay. The
nocturnal habits of these shrimps makes our estimates minimal
but since all areas were fished equally the relative numbers
should reflect trends in distribution. The catch of each species
and catch per tow of the total penaeid catch is shown in Table
10. Catches were above the average of 0.22 shrimp per tow
at stations N V, SE I, and S I. Catches at station G fell within
63
-------
TABLE
CATCHES OF CALLINECTES BY SPECIES AND STATION AND CATCH/TOW OF C. SAPIDUS AND C. SPP.
Station
N I
N II
N III
N IV
N V
NE I
NE II
NE III
NE IV
NE V
SE I
SE II
SE III
SE IV
SE V
S I
S II
S III
S IV
S V
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Total
ornatus
38
31
6
2
27
33
23
29
3
2
89
11
18
0
4
131
28
20
11
0
3
0
18
0
0
27
40
22
616
sapidus
9
19
5
0
2
4
7
0
0
0
41
3
0
0
0
30
6
2
0
0
4
1
0
0
0
5
12
3
153
similis
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
6
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
14
0
30
£.. Juv.
9
2
5
0
8
24
22
6
0
0
35
4
6
0
0
61
11
1
0
0
0
0
4
2
0
13
11
22
246
Total
56
52
16
2
39
61
52
36
3
2
167
18
25
0
4
228
47
23
11
0
7
1
23
2
0
46
77
47
1045
Effort
170
170
170
60
60
170
170
170
60
60
170
170
170
60
60
170
170
170
60
60
156
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
3572
C/T!/
.059
.112
.029
.000
.017
.024
.041
.000
.000
.000
.241
.018
.000
.000
.000
.176
.035
.012
.000
.000
.026
.007
.000
.000
.000
.039
.094
.023
C/T-/ and
Total
.33
.31
.09
.02
.65
.36
.31
.21
.05
.02
.98
.11
.15
.00
.07
1.34
.28
.14
.18
.00
.04
.01
.18
.02
.00
.36
.60
.37
C^. sapidus
x = .034
S3c = .011
95% CI =
.01 <_ .03 £ .05
C_, spp.
x = .26
Sic = .06
95% CI =
.14 < .26 < .38
I/ C . sa.pidu.s
2J C^. spp.
-------
TABLE 10
CATCHES OF PENAEUS BY STATION AND C/E OF PENAEIDS
Station P. aztecus P. braziliensis
Total Effort C/E
Cn
N I
N II
N III
N IV
N V
NE I
NE II
NE III
NE IV
NE
SE
SE II
SE III
SE IV
SE V
S I
S
S
S
II
III
IV
S V
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Total
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
4
9
37
21
6
35
22
5
8
2
2
95
8
11
3
2
204
14
27
9
0
3
2
2
0
3
8
32
24
594
10
56
32
8
40
26
8
12
3
2
139
12
13
3
4
289
20
33
17
1
8
17
10
2
7
14
39
34
859
170
170
170
60
60
170
170
170
60
60
170
170
170
60
60
170
170
170
60
60
156
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
.059
.329
.188 x = .22
.133 Sx = .07
.667 95% CI =
.153 .09 < .22 < .35
.047
.071
.050
.033
.818
.071
.076
.050
.067
1.700
.118
.194
.283
.017
.051
.133
.078
.016
.055
.109
.304
.266
-------
the 95% confidence interval. Elevated temperatures did not
reduce the catches of shrimp unless the heated sediments pre-
vented burrowing and made the shrimp more available to daylight
samples. The low catches at mid-bay and eastern bay stations
probably reflects the distribution of bottom sediment. The
offshore stations are characterized by solid coraline rock out-
croppings which are not suitable for burrowing.
Thorhaug et al. (1971) experimentally established critical upper
temperatures for larval and postlarval shrimp. These were:
nauplii, 30.5-31.5; first protozoea, 36.0-37.6; third protozoea,
36.8-37.8; third mysis, 36.8-37.8; first post larvae, 37.9-40.7;
juvenile, 36.3-38.5. However, since shrimp do not enter the
estuary before they are advanced postlarvae temperature does not
appear to be critical.
A total of 6291 sponges were collected. These were comprised
mainly of Chondrilla nucula, the chicken liver sponge, which
will be analyzed below and an unidentified brownish sponge which
can survive in salinity below those usually tolerated by marine
sponges. The greatest diversity of sponges occurred at the
offshore stations.
A non parametric analysis of variance indicated a significant
difference in the catch of sponges among the 20 stations sampled
from July-December, 1969. Sponges were absent from inshore
stations N II, N III, SE I, SI, S II and S III. Except for the
last two stations, these were all located along the shoreline and
were subjected to salinity fluctuations beyond the range tolerated
by marine sponges. The few sponges taken in the inshore area were
the chicken liver sponge, Chondrilla nucula. the "brown bay sponge",
the fire sponge Tedania ignis or drifting sponges of other species
usually found attached in mid-bay stations. Sponge catches were
above average at stations NE IV, S IV and S V. These stations
were far enough from the mainland to receive little influence from
runoff and were generally subjected to oceanic water exchange through
the tidal passes (See Lee and Rooth, 1971).
During the period January, 1969-June, 1970 there were differences
in catches among stations. Sponges were collected at each of the
20 stations except S I, and were significantly below the average
catch of 1.96 sponges per tow at the inshore stations N II, SE I,
B and G. Station N II was subjected to freshwater discharge from
Florida City Canal and SE I, SI and G were in the power plant
discharge. Station B was located in the bight south of Turkey Point
and received little circulation by water currents. The remaining
inshore stations including N I, N III, NE I, NE II, NE III, SE II,
S II, A and H produced catches which fell within the 95 percent
confidence interval and therefore it is felt that fresh water
66
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and heated discharge reduced the catches of sponges. Catches were
above average at D and F and these high catches were primarily due
to the chicken liver sponge Chondrilla nucula.
During the study about 6-12 commercial sponge boats worked in
Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. They fished the mid-bay region
from the Featherbed Banks through Card Sound. The shallows
near Featherbed Bank and near the Arsenicker Keys and areas
close to the Florida Keys were most frequently exploited. The
principle species landed were grass sponge, Spongia graminea;
glove sponge, Spongia cheiris; and Hippiospongia lachne, the wool
sponge. Although these sponges were occasionally taken in trawl
samples, sparse collections and intolerance of the low salinity
found near the effluent precludes determination temperature effects
on the individual species except for Chondrilla discussed later. The
work by Storr (1964) should be consulted for temperature affects on
sponge growth and reproduction. Additional studies on sponges in
Card Sound are in progress to determine tolerance limits.
Coelenterates, mostly corals and alcyonarians, were present and
comprised about 0.10 percent of the catch. The firmly attached corals
and alcyonarians are not adequately sampled by trawls. Mr. L.
Purkerson is studying these animals and additional studies have been
reported by Clark, Joy, and Rosenthal (1970) for specimens located
near a desalinization plant in Key West which also discharges heated
effluents. The work of Mayer (1914) should also be consulted.
In general the corals and alcyonarians were more abundant in the
eastern half of the bay and scarce on the western side. This
reflects the salinity tolerances of these animals. An attempt to
predict optimal and exclusion temperatures is important because in
Card Sound, the proposed discharge site, these forms occur close to
the mainland shore due to the lower runoff into Card Sound and
consequent stable salinity. None of the species were of commercial
value and none were taken in sufficient numbers to warrant separate
discussion.
Echinoderms were represented by 8079 individuals comprised of
23 species. They represented 2.4 percent of the animal catch.
During the period July - December, 1968, the mean catch for the 20
stations was 3.56 echinoderms per tow. Echinoderms were absent
from stations N I, N II, N V and SE I. Catches were low at N IV,
NE II, NE V, SE I, SE IV and S I (Pr < .05). These are generally
inshore stations which are subjected to wide ranges of salinity.
The low catches at NE V may reflect the low amount of vegetation
and sponges which appear to be habitats favored by echinoderms.
67
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The reasons for low catches at SE IV are unknown. Catches were
above average at stations N IV, NE IV, SE II, SE III, SE V,
S II and S IV (Pr * .05). These stations are located in the middle
or eastern part of the bay except for N IV, SE II, and S II
where most of the echinoderm catch consisted of the small holothurian
Leptosynapta parviaptina.
Analysis of catch data for the 20 stations occuppied from January,
1969 - June, 1970 indicated differences in catches among stations
(Pr < .01). The mean catch was 1.54 echinoderms per tow. The
reduction in catch per effort from that observed in the period
July - December, 1968, reflected the concentration of stations
in the inshore region and deletion of offshore stations. Catches
were below average at stations N I, N II, N III, NE I, SE I,
S I, S II, A, B, F and G which were inshore stations. Stations G,
S I, SE I, S II and F were in the effluent plume but the widespread
low abundance near the mainland shore indicated salinity was the
controling factor, Catches were high at offshore stations NE II,
SE II, SE III, S III, C and E which generally produced relatively
high catches of vegetation and had stable salinity conditions.
A considerable bank of data exists on the sea urchins of the Miami area
due to the long term studies of Dr. H. B. Moore and many of his students.
The most common urchin in southern Biscayne Bay is Lytechinus variegatus.
This urchin comprised 9 percent of the echinoderm catch. Ninety-eight
percent of the Lytechinus were taken at four eastern bay stations (NE V,
SE V, S IV and S V). They appeared to prefer areas of stable salinity
averaging near 35 ppt and only areas where Thalassia was present.
The starfish Echinaster sentus comprised 14 percent of the echinoderms.
This starfish appeared to avoid areas of extreme salinity variations and
was most commonly captured in dense Laurencia stands. The brittlestar
Ophiactis savignyi comprised 14 percent of the echinoderm catch. It was
most commonly caught in Laurencia stands where salinity changes were not
extreme.
The remaining taxa including Platyhelmintb.es, Tunicata and Bryozoa
were taken too infrequently and were too few in number (i.e., they
represent about 0.08 percent of the animal catch) to be discussed further.
The dominant species in order of decreasing abundance were hermit crab,
Pagurus bonairensis; the lunate dove shell, Mitrella lunata; the caridean
shrimp, Thor floridanus; the fly-speckled cerith, Cerithium muscarum;
the Atlantic modulus, Modulus modulus; the striate bubble shell, Bulla
umbilicata; a second cardiean shrimp, Hippolyte pleuracantha; the
checkered pheasant shell, Tricolia affinis; the worm shell gastropod,
Vermicularia spirata; Atlantic marginella, Prunum apicinum; the ivory
cerith, Cerithium eberneum; the sea cucumber, Leptosynapta parviaptina;
the paper mussel, Amygdalum papyria and the chicken liver sponge Chondrillj.
nucula.
68
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These species were represented by 74,594 (22.3 per cent of total
animal catch), 47,146 (14.0 per cent), 38,312 (11.4 per cent),
23,040 (6.9 per cent), 10,815 (3.2 per cent), 9.694 (2.9 per cent),
9.446 (2.8 per cent), 8.915 (2.7 per cent), 6,838 (2.0 per cent),
5,919 (1.8 per cent), 4,706 (1.4 per cent), 4,215 (1.3 per cent),
3,863 (1.2 per cent), 3,785 (1.1 per cent) and 3,686 (1.1 per cent)
individuals respectively. Thus these 15 species comprised 76
per cent of the total catch and the remaining 339 species comprised
only 24 per cent of the catch. Other dominant organisms, the
mussel Brachiodontes exustus and the variable bittium Bittium varium,
were not counted because of the difficulty of separating Brachiodontes
spat from the red algae Digenia simples or because of the minute size
and extreme abundance of Bittium varium.
The above nine species of mollusks, four species of crustaceans,
one sponge and one echinoderm occurred in sufficient abundance to
permit further analysis. Tables 11 and 12 show the sum of the trans-
formed, data for each station for the periods July 1968 - December
1968 and January 1969 - June 1970 respectively with the 95 per cent
confidence interval indicated in the last columns. Stations in which
no individuals were taken were not included in the analysis of variance
nor considered in calculating the 95 per cent confidence limits. The
transformed catches for each month and each station were presented by
Bader and Roessler (1971: Table V-3). A trend is obvious. Those
stations which produced little algae had low catches of animals while
those stations which had large populations of algae, mostly the red
algae Laurencia spp. and Digenia simplex, produced high catches of
animals.
In the first 6 months of the study station S I located in the thermal
plume and 5.25 degrees above the ambient temperature recorded at
station N III produced low catches of Cerithium muscarum (fly-
speckled cerithium) , Vermicularia spirata (worm shell gastropod),
Hippolyte pleuracantha (caridean shrimp), Thor floridanus (caridean
shrimp), and Pagurus bonairensis (hermit crab). Station SE I also
elevated 5.25 by the thermal plume produced low catches of Bulla
striata (striate bubble shell), Modulus modulus (Atlantic modulus),
Vermicularia spirata, Hippolyte pleuracantha, Thor floridanus,
Pagurus bonairensis and Leptosynapta parvipatina (small sea cucumber).
Stations N II and N V were located off the mouths of Florida City
Canal and Moody Canal respectively. During the rainy season (August
and September) salinity at these stations was lowered and at station
N V the red algae Digenia simplex was killed leaving bare sand for
several months. The area was later recolonized by Laurencia. At
station N II the dominant vegetation was Diplanthera wrightii (Cuban
shoal weed) which is a faster colonizer and more tolerant species of
sea grass than the usual grass Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass).
The relatively stenohaline forms such as the sea cucumber Leptosynapta,
chicken liver sponge, Chondrilla. checkered pheasant, Tricolia affinis
and the gastropod Vermicularia spirata which is generally found part-
ially inbedded in sponges were scarce or absent at these stations.
69
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TABLE 11
SUMMARY OF CATCHES, Z
LOG (CATCH + 1) , FOR
THE PERIOD JULY - DECEMBER 1968
95% Confidence
Limits
Species
Amydalum papyria
Bulla umbilicata
Cerithium muscarum
Mitrella lunata
Modulus modulus
Prunum apicinum
Tricolia affinis
Vermicularia spirata
Hippolyte pleuracantha
Thor floridanus
Neopanope packardii
Pagurus bonairensis
Chondrilla nucula
Leptosynapta parvipatina
N I
0.60
2.90
8.84
8.15
10.62
5.52
1.08
0.60
15.14
26.14
18.56
49.31
0.00
0.00
N II
1.20
11.53
9.31
7.62
4.63
6.39
0.60
0.78
12.43
7.70
1.85
17.44
0.00
0.00
N III
0.60
7.82
12.27
4.14
9.46
3.15
0.00
0.30
7.39
16.25
18.93
44.53
0.00
0.90
N IV
0.90
11.24
8.68
6.86
26.26
2.58
0.00
7.68
5.40
24.96
30.97
55.38
0.30
16.83
N V
43.20
4.38
12.44
13.32
0.60
3.76
1.08
0.00
6.94
1.50
52.96
13.53
0.30
0.00
NE I
0.00
9.74
10.84
10.83
9.59
2.28
0.30
0.00
13.84
26.47
20.78
44.43
0.60
5.33
NE II
0.30
8.95
8.53
5.75
7.43
1.68
2.98
2.88
11.67
34.58
28.09
48.27
4.90
9.46
NE III
0.00
3.42
8.25
1.90
2.98
1.30
8.23
4.96
3.16
27.83
18.47
30.57
2.04
7.45
NE IV
0.00
0.90
1.50
0.30
1.08
0.00
5.56
10.09
1.08
12.18
8.26
17.69
0.00
7.95
NE V lower
0.00 0.42
1.50 1.68
1.00 3.36
0.00 0.84
0.60 2.10
0.00 0.00
1.00 0.00
2.52 5.88
0.00 0.84
4.68 10.92
1.98 8.82
1.64 17.64
0.00 0.00
2.58 2.94
upper
8.82
10.08
13.44
8.40
10.50
7.56
7.14
12.18
9.24
26.88
21.42
34.44
3.36
14.70
95% Confidence
Limits
Species
Amydalum papyria
Bulla umbilicata
Cerithium muscarum
Mitrella lunata
Modulus modulus
Prunum apicinum
Tricolia affinis
Vermicularia spirata
Hippolyte pleuracantha
Thor floridanus
Neopanope packardii
Pagurus bonairensis
Chondrilla nucula
Leptosynapta parvipatina
SE I
0.60
0.30
9.00
5.72
1.68
0.60
0.78
0.90
0.60
5.89
9.98
13.98
1.38
0.00
SE II
0.30
10.99
15.88
0.90
6.44
4.38
5.74
29.01
3.70
41.58
15.57
41.36
1.20
29.10
SE III
0.00
6.97
14.23
0.90
15.57
12.94
15.69
8.62
4.54
49.93
19.85
36.23
6.53
13.25
SE IV
0.00
0.60
4.94
0.30
3.34
0.00
6.32
2.28
0.30
17.36
3.78
8.60
0.30
6.84
SE V
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.30
0.00
0.90
1.30
0.00
2.98
0.78
1.15
0.60
0.48
S I
0.60
3.81
1.68
4.79
2.64
0.30
0.78
2.28
0.60
5.58
9.19
8.73
0.90
0.60
S II
0.78
18.90
29.10
2.58
14.00
7.30
0.30
31.81
0.78
26.52
16.18
48.12
2.10
16.13
S III
0.30
3.30
7.03
0.90
2.28
0.60
1.80
13.53
0.00
25.75
4.68
32.09
0.60
21.65
S IV
0.00
1.80
6.52
0.30
5.10
0.00
1.68
21.70
0.30
14.93
3.60
4.56
0.78
1.68
S V lower
0.00 0.42
0.00 1.68
0.30 3.36
0.00 0.84
0.60 2.10
0.00 0.00
0.90 0.00
2.38 5.88
0.30 0.00
4.26 10.92
0.00 8.82
0.90 17.64
1.38 0.00
3.06 2.94
upper
8.82
10.08
13.44
8.40
10.50
7.56
7.14
12.18
9.24
26.88
21.42
34.44
3.36
14.70
-------
TABLE 12
SUMMARY OF CATCHES, E LOG (CATCH + 1) , FOR THE PERIOD JANUARY, 1969 - JUNE, 1970.
Species
Amygdalum papyria
Bulla umbllicata
Cerithium eberneum
Cerlthium muscarum
Mitrella lunata
Modulus modulus
Prunum aplcinum
Tricolla affinis
Vermicularia spirata
Hippolyte pleuracantha
Thor floridanus
Neopanope packardii
Pagurus bonairensis
Chondrilla nucula
Leptosynapta parvipatina
N I
0.00
37.98
3.01
62.98
78.02
77.97
29.46
20.11
0.90
87.46
30.07
12.00
152.03
1.38
0.00
N II
2.28
40.51
8.82
102.36
72.89
90.49
76.37
1.20
0.48
61.85
4.56
8.10
95.18
0.60
0.30
N III
10.84
54.00
4.55
151.97
182.42
38.34
84.52
4.94
5.08
99.93
70.92
39.08
195.33
3.33
0.30
NE I
0.00
89.73
0.60
44.02
103.32
82.82
30.07
12.63
1.50
92.94
59.57
31.39
167.36
1.68
0.00
NE II
0.00
54.19
2.76
59.71
97.06
63.82
24.61
32.61
4.56
94.29
112.70
29.98
176.62
1.90
0.00
NE III
0.00
12.96
13.08
13.94
33.77
29.43
14.85
50.28
54.07
35.37
110.35
43.62
150.45
9.45
26.07
SE I
0.00
17.98
12.16
79.53
70.77
3.64
11.59
1.68
0.00
11.42
13.78
12.64
65.41
2.88
0.00
SE II
0.30
23.31
25.14
25.08
20.00
46.35
15.91
24.04
83.62
22.44
121.58
29.43
134.86
27.95
54.44
SE III
0.00
16.82
5.46
33.64
10.67
27.67
7.42
46.77
15.57
16.61
85.82
29.71
103.10
20.87
38.70
95% Confidence
Limits
S I lower upper
0.48
5.65 21.42
1.08 5.04
19.61 41.58
32.30 45.36
2.76 34.02
0.78 17.64
0.60 11.34
1.50 16.38
2.76 30.24
4.68 51.66
5.06 13.86
46.26 98.28
0.00 10.08
0.00 13.86
44.10
20.16
66.78
73.08
56.70
35.28
31.50
34.02
52.92
81.90
28.98
128.52
25.20
31.50
-------
TABLE 12 (con't.)
KJ
Species
S II S III
D
H
95% Confidence
Limits
lower upper
Amygdalum papyria
Bulla umbilicata
Cerithium eberneum
Cerithium muscarum
Mitrella lunata
Modulus modulus
Prunum apicinum
Tricolia affinis
Vermicularia spirata
Hippolyte pleuracantha
Thor floridanus
Neopanope packardii
Pagurus bonairensis
Chondrilla nucula
Leptosynapta parvipatina
0.90
61.63
87.26
113.44
102.82
83.79
29.39
12.07
58.05
26.43
115.47
42.69
172.60
9.86
10.10
0.00
24.67
12.43
18.74
22.62
18.18
6.24
32.88
72.25
29.71
113.67
12.97
107.12
14.10
56.25
0.00
42.57
3.45
64.02
61.31
65.36
25.75
15.06
1.20
35.80
48.41
7.24
83.50
20.91
0.00
0.30
17.96
1.08
19.61
50.23
50.53
16.21
12.76
11.99
33.14
36.29
6.69
89.08
3.34
2.94
0.00
4.26
5.51
2.88
5.86
14.16
2.94
30.71
33.02
17.20
70.46
21.94
67.07
3.98
44.13
0.00
0.78
0.00
5.73
4.44
3.66
0.00
46.17
7.09
12.54
39.16
8.24
33.95
110.52
10.79
0.00 0.30
10.91 80.21
4.94 15.40
5.60 141.74
3.88 134.17
14.78 96.79
1.08 55.99
33.32 27.23
49.80 31.49
13.61 47.16
64.51 142.40
5.76 62.58
63.29 207.77
3.00 77.09
42.16 0.60
0.00
0.90
0.00
1.20
3.24
0.00
0.00
0.90
0.00
0.00
0~.30
0.78
14.10
0.00
0.00
0.60
63.29
14.07
113.00
94.86
49.52
40.67
10.53
10.45
58.74
79.58
18.13
141.37
1.68
3.76
21.42
5.04
41.58
45.36
34.02
17.64
11.34
16.38
30.24
51.66
13.86
98.28
10.08
13.86
44.10
20.16
66.78
73.08
56.70
35.28
31.50
34.02
52.92
81.90
28.98
128.52
25.20
31.50
-------
Other animals which were closely associated with Laurencia were also
significantly lower in the catches. This was especially noted for the
caridean shrimp, Thor floridanus. Catches of the paper mussel shell,
Amygdalum papyrium, the lunate dove shell, Mitrella lunata and the
xanthid crab, Neopanope packardii were above average at N V, but the
bulk of the catch was made during the summer when salinities were re-
latively normal and the station was covered with the red algae Digenia
simplex.
Stations NE IV, NE V, SE IV, SE V, S IV and S V were midbay or offshore
stations which had relatively stable salinity, only natural temperature
fluctuations and little red algae. Their location off the nearshore
sediment wedge which produces the greatest amount of benthic macroalgae
probably led to the low catches of most animals.
Due to the differences in the offshore station populations and the
desire to obtain better resolution of the effect of the thermal additions
stations N IV, N V, NE IV, NE V, SE IV, SE V, S IV and S V were dis-
continued after December 1968 and stations A - H were added. At the
same time an improved field sorting technique which retained more of
the smaller organisms was initiated. Thus catches for the two periods
are not equivalent and should be treated separately.
Stations SE II and S II elevated 2.25°C above the ambient control station
temperature produced above average catches of Cerithium muscarum (fly-
speckled cerith), Modulus modulus (Atlantic modulus), Vermicularia
spirata (worm shell gastropod) and Thor floridanus (caridean shrimp).
In the analysis of data collected between January 1969 and June 1970,
it was even more obvious that Tricolia, Vermicularia, Chondrilla and
Leptosynapta were midbay or offshore forms, as was the ivory cerith
Cerithium eberneum.
Amongst the typical inshore species there is a significant decrease
in abundance of all species analyzed at station G which has an average
temperature deviation of 4.5°C above the ambient measured at station
D on Pelican Bank. Station S I elevated 3.5 degrees above the ambient
also showed lowered catches of all species. Station SE I elevated
3.5° had reduced catches of all species except the ceriths, Cerithium
eberneum, £. muscarum and the chicken liver sponge, Chondrilla nucula.
All of the~~£. eberneum were taken in October, 1969 when the temperature
was 28.5°C. All of flie Chondrilla were taken during the winter and
spring of 1969 when the temperature was low. £. muscarum occurred
throughout the year and was apparently not killed or forced to emigrate.
The presence of this cerith probably reflects the 3 Ibs. per tow of
vegetation taken at SE I. The algae seem to be essential to the
cerith for food or shelter.
Catches of the mollusks of the sediment shelf; Bulla umbillicata,
Cerithium muscarum, Mitrella lunata, Modulus modulus and Prunum
apacinum were low at the stations located more than 1250 meters from
73
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shore (NE III, C, D, E). The crustaceans Hippolyte. Thor, Neopanope and
Pagurus although abundant at station NE II, were scarce at stations
C, D and E. Station NE III produced more than 9 Ibs. of algae per tow,
while C, D and E in Thalassia beds produced considerably less. Thus
these crustacea appear to depend on red algae for feed and shelter.
At stations S II, F and H which averaged 2.39°, 1.82° and 1.46°C
respectively above the ambient temperature measured at station D the
catches were significantly high. Station SE II, elevated + 0.74°C
had above average catches of Cerithium eberneum, Neopanope packardii,
Thor floridanum, Pagurus bonairensis, Chondrilla nucula and Leptosynapta
parvipatina. Catches of Cerithium muscarum, Mitrella lunata, Prunum
apacinum, vermicularia spirata and Hippolyte pleuracantha were sig-
nificantly low.
In all of the analysis of variance tests the interaction between months
and stations was significant. For all species tested the catches were
significantly different among stations. For all species except Tricolia
affinis and Chondrilla nucula in the July 1968 - December 1968 period
catches were different among months. Usually the differences in catch
among stations was greater than that among months, (Tables 13 and 14).
In order to try to understand the interaction terms, graphs of the catches
indicated by triangles and temperature represented by solid circles at
selected stations were made for each species. For the striate bubble
shell, Bulla umbilicata, catches were generally low in winter and high
in summer, however the stations heated by 3.5°C or more produced low
catches in summer (Figure 20). The catches of the ivory cerith, Cerithium
eberneum were sporadic and no seasonal trends were evident. The fly-
speckled cerith, Cerithium muscarum produced highest catches in spring,
(Figure 21). At a number of control stations the abundance dropped in
the 1969-70 winter and did not recover in the spring. Other stations did
recover and this produces the significant interaction. The biological
reasons are not apparent from the data. Catches of the lunate dove shell,
Mitrella lunata. were generally highest during the months of January
through May and lowest from August through November, catches increased
at heated stations in winter and decreased in summer (Figure 22) but this
trend was also evident at control stations. At station S I production
fell below the control station NE I in March, 1969 when the heated
station temperature was 31.3°C. At stations S II and H production fell
below the control in July when the water temperature was 34.2 at S II
and 35.0 at station H. After the low production period during the
summer there was a lag after bay temperatures began to drop in which
the catches at stations S II and H were below NE I until November. This
lag probably reflects the period of time needed for the algae population
to recolonize the area and for immigration and larval settlement of
Mitrella.
Catches of the Atlantic modulus Modulus modulus (Figure 23) indicate
that stations elevated 1.5 to 2.5°C above ambient produced high catches
in summer while control station N III and station SE I elevated 3.5 did not.
74
-------
-t-
o
o
o
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
12.0
IO.O
ao
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
A. STATION NO!
B. STATION F
C. STATION SJI
D. STATION SET
J FMAMJ JAS ONDJFMAMJ
1969 1970
YEARS
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
IS
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
O
e
UJ
a:
o:
UJ
a.
2
UJ
FIGURE 20. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF BULLA UMBILICATA AT
STATIONS A) N III B) F C) S II AND D) SE I
75
-------
C9
O
_l
w
10.0 -
ao
6.0
4.0 -
2.0 -
0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
60
4.0
2.0
0
10.0
ao
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
A. STATION NEH
B. STATION F
C. STATION SIT
D. STATION SI
1969
1970
YEARS
35
30
25
20
15
10
JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJ
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
35
30
25
20
IS
10
LU
DC.
tr
u
o.
2
UJ
FIGURE 21. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CERITHIUM MUSCARUM
AT STATIONS A) NE II B) F C) S II AND D) S I
76
-------
o
12.0
10.0
ao
6.0
4.0
£0
0
14.0
12.0
IO.O
8.0
6.0
4.0
20
0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
ao
ao
4.0
2.0
0
10.0
ao
ao
4.0
2.0
0
A. STATION NE I
B. STATION H
C. STATION SJT
D. STATION SI
JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJ
1969
1970
YEARS
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
I 5
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
35
30
25
20
15
10
o
LJ
o:
cr
u
o.
5
LLJ
FIGURE 22. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MITRELLA LUNATA AT
STATIONS A) NE I B) H C) S II AND D) S I
77
-------
o
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
A.STATION Nffl
I I I I
B. STATION H
J I
C. STATION SH
D.STATION SEI
1—i.
JFMAIWJ JASONDJFMAMJ
1969 1970
YEARS
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
O
o
LU
DC
ID
UJ
a.
FIGURE 23. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MODULUS MODULUS AT STATIONS
A) N ILI B) H C) S II AND D) SE I
78
-------
TABLE 13
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AMONG MONTHS AND AMONG STATIONS.
JULY - DECEMBER, 1968.
Species
Amygdalum
papyria
Bulla
umbilicata
Cerithium
muscarum
Mitrella
lunata
Modulus
modulus
Prunum
apicinum
source
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
df
5
10
50
396
446
461
5
17
85
648
733
755
5
19
95
720
815
839
5
16
80
612
692
713
5
19
95
720
815
839
5
13
65
504
569
587
ms
.33
3.93
.33
0.02
0.06
0.14
.40
.61
.20
.05
.06
.08
0.40
1.07
0.20
0.06
0.08
0.10
.25
.38
.13
.03
.04
.05
.39
1.03
.10
.04
.05
.07
.34
.28
.12
.03
.04
.05
F F'
5.50**
65.50**
16.50**
6.67**
10.17**
4.00**
5.00**
13.38**
3.33**
6.25**
9.50**
4.33**
7.80**
20.60**
2.50**
8.50**
7.00**
4.00**
79
-------
TABLE 13 (con't)
Species
Tricolia
af finis.
Vermicularia
spirata
Hippolyte
pleuracantha
Thor
floridanus
Neopanope
packardii
Pagurus
bonairensis
source
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
df
5
17
85
648
733
755
5
17
85
648
733
755
5
16
80
612
692
713
5
19
95
720
815
839
5
18
90
684
Ilk
797
5
19
95
720
815
839
ms
.06
.30
.28
.03
.06
.07
.43
2.32
.15
.05
.06
.11
.56
.64
.19
.03
.05
.07
4.55
4.47
.78
.13
.20
.34
.28
3.94
.35
.09
.12
.21
1.19
8.54
.77
.13
.21
.44
F F'
1.00ns
5.00**
9.33**
7.17**
38.67**
3.00**
11.20**
12.80**
6.33**
22.75**
22.35**
6.00**
2.33**
32.83**
3.89**
5.67**
40.67**
5.92**
80
-------
TABLE 13 (con't)
Species
source
df
tns
Ff
Chondrilla
nucula
Leptosynapta
parvipatina
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
5
14
70
540
610
629
5
15
75
576
651
671
.01
.08
.02
.01
.01
.02
2.07
1.67
.34
.07
.10
.15
1.00ns
8.00**
2.00**
20.70**
16.70**
4.86**
F' tested against pooled error and interaction
** significant at 99% level
81
-------
TABLE 14
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AMONG MONTHS AND AMONG STATIONS. JANUARY, 1969
1970
Species source df ms F F'
Bulla
umbilicata
Cerithium
eberneum *
Cerithium
muscarum
Mitrella
lunata
Modulus
modulus
Prunum
apicinum
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +.
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter
Total
17
19
323
2160
2483
2519
11
17
187
1296
1483
1511
17
19
323
2160
2483
2519
17
19
323
2160
2483
2519
17
18
306
2052
2358
2393
17
17
289
1944
2233
2267
1.64
5.70
.57
.06
.13
.18
1.91
2.48
.45
.04
.09
.13
2.00
18.44
.78
.08
.17
.32
4.70
19.53
.85
.10
.20
.38
1.96
9.78
.42
.07
.12
.20
.56
4.75
.32
.05
.09
.13
12.62**
43.85**
9.50**
21.22**
27.56**
11.25**
11.76**
108.47**
9.75**
23.50**
97.65**
8.50**
16.33**
81.50**
6.00**
6.22**
52.78**
6.40**
- JUNE
82
-------
TABLE 14 (con't)
Species
Tricolia
affinis
Vermicularia
gpirata
Hippolyte
pleuracantha
Thor
floridanus
Neopanope
packardii
Pagurus
bonairensis
source
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error t
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter.
Total
df
17
19
323
2160
2483
2519
17
17
289
1944
2233
2267
17
18
306
2052
2358
2393
17
19
323
2160
2483
2519
17
19
323
2160
2483
2519
17
19
323
2160
2483
2519
ms
1.29
2.06
.39
.07
.11
.14
1.26
5.95
.27
.07
.09
.15
2.11
7.85
.44
.07
.12
.19
4.16
15.14
.97
•14
.25
.39
.64
2.18
.13
.05
.06
.08
4.28
24.96
.96
.15
.25
.46
F F'
11.73**
18.73**
5.57**
14.00**
66.11**
3.86**
17.58**
65.42**
6.29**
16.64**
60.56**
6.92**
10.67**
36.33**
2.60**
17.12**
99.84**
6.40**
83
-------
Species
source
df
TABLE 14 (con't)
F F'
ms
Chondrilla
nucula
Leptosynapta
parvipatina
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter .
Total
month
station
month x
station
error
error +
inter..
Total
17
17
289
1944
2233
2267
18
12
216
1391
1607
1637
.27
7.16
.13
.05
.06
.11
.75
3.82
.28
.05
.08
.11
4.50**
119.33**
2.60**
9.38**
47.75**
5.60**
F1 tested against pooled error and interaction
** significant at 99% level
1 July 1969 - June 1970
84
-------
Catches of the common Atlantic marginella, P run vim apicinum, (Figure 24)
were high in spring at the control N II but these peaks were not as
pronounced at heated stations. At station H elevated 1.5°C the catches
dropped when temperature exceeded 32.5 and recovered in the fall when
temperatures fell below 30°C. However, at station F elevated 1.8°
the catches were highest in July when temperature was close to 35°C,
at this time large quantities of detritus formed by dying Laurencia
were present at station F. Thorhaug, Moore and Albertson (1971) have
shown this gastropod to have a short term temperature tolerance up
to 43°C in laboratory experiments. It is likely that exclusion occurs
when the food and shelter gained from algae are destroyed. At station
SE I elevated 3.5°C the catches dropped when temperatures rose above
32.5°C. The temperature remained above 32.5 from June through October,
and although catches began to recover in December and January 1970,
they did not recover to the extent noted in the previous year or at
cooler stations.
Catches of the checkered phesant shell, Tricolia affinis, (Figure 25)
were high in the winter and spring of 1969. At the control station NE II
catches fell in July when temperature exceeded 30°C and salinity
fell below 20 ppt. In September, when temperature fell below 30°C
and salinity rose above 25 ppt the catches recovered. Catches decreased
again in the winter of 1970 and remained low until the end of the study.
Station F, averaging 1.8°C above the ambient measured at D, exhibited
high catches in the winter and spring of 1969. In June when the
temperature exceeded 30°C, the catches fell to zero. Recovery in the
fall of 1969 was slight and only a slight increase was noted in the
spring of 1970. Station S II averaging 2.4°C above ambient produced
Tricolia during the winter and spring of 1969. In July the temperature
reached 34.2°C above ambient and catches fell to zero, some recovery
was observed in March - June, 1970. Stations averaging 3.5°C above
ambient or more, produced only a few scattered individuals.
Like the above species the worm shell gastropod, Vermicularia spirata
appeared to prefer offshore stations with stable salinity. Catches
at the control station NE III were highest in winter and lowest in
spring and early summer. At station SE II averaging 0.74°C above
ambient catches were high in March 1969 fell in late spring, recovered
in July and then declined steadily until the end of the project (Figure
26).
The caridean shrimp Hippolyte pleuracantha was most abundant in winter
and less common in summer. At the control station, N I, catches were
relatively high throughout the year (Figure 27). Low catches were
recorded in May, October, and November, 1969 and in June, 1970. These
low catches correspond to periods of low salinity. At station F
averaging 1.8°C above ambient catches were higher in winter than in
summer. In April when the temperature exceeded 25°C, the catches fell
but specimens were collected in June when the temperature was 32°C.
85
-------
n.o
lo.o
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
Z.O
1.0
0
6-0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
A. STATION NH
B. STATION H
C. STATION F
D. STATION SEI
JFMAMJ JASONDJFMAMJ
1969 (970
YEARS
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4Q
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
O
UJ
ac.
ID
o:
UJ
a.
S
UJ
FIGURE 24. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRUMJM APICINUM AT STATIONS
A) N II B) H C) F AND D) SE I
86
-------
o
o
W
6.0 -
5.0 -
4.0 -
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
A. STATION NEIL
B. STATION F
C. STATION SIT
J F M A M J J A S 0
1969
YEARS
i ^^ f. )/ i T i I
NO J F M A M J
1970
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
O
LJ
tr
te
UJ
Q.
•s.
UJ
FIGURE 25. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF TRICOLIA AFFINIS AT STATIONS
A) NE III B) F AND C) S II
87
-------
+
o
10.0-
9.0 -
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
A. STATION NEJH
J L
i i i I 1 I I I I L
B. STATION SEJT
_L
J F M
1969
AMJ JASON
YEARS
J F M
1970
AMJ
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
bJ
o:
UJ
o.
2
UJ
FIGURE 26. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF VERMICULAR!A SPIRATA AT
STATIONS A) NE III AND B) SE II
88
-------
o
o
u)
8-0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
A. STATION NI
j 1 i i i
i i i i i i i i i i
B. STATION F
i i i i i i i i i
C. STATION SEE
0. STATION SEI
JFMAMJ JASONDJFMAMJ
1969
1970
YEARS
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
Ul
CC
tr
ui
a.
•5.
u
FIGURE 27. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF HIPPOLYTE PLEURACANTHA AT
STATIONS A) N I B) F C) SE II AND D) SE I
89
-------
When temperature exceeded 32°C, catches fell to zero and did not recover
until October when the temperature fell below 32°C. Catches were highest
in January 1970, and remained relatively high until the end of the project
in June when the temperature was 30°C. At station SE II averaging 2.5°C
above ambient the averall catch was depressed. When temperature exceeded
27°C in April, 1969, catches fell and remained low until the following
December. Winter and spring catches at this station showed recovery.
At station SE I averaging 3.5°C above ambient the catch rate was low.
During the winter of 1969 a few specimens were caught but when the temp-
erature exceeded 27.5°C catches decreased. In June, 1969 the species
was present at 32.5°C but in July when the temperature was 34°C the
catches fell to zero. Recovery did not occur until November when temper-
atures of 24°C were recorded. In the following spring catches fell to
zero in March when the temperature rose to 25°C but subsequent recovery
till the end of the project was noted.
The caridean shrimp, Thor floridanus, exhibited relatively low catches
in winter and high catches in summer at control stations such as NE II
(Figure 28). At station S II averaging 0.75°C above ambient the annual
catch was greater than at the control station, but summer catches were
depressed and spring and fall catches were higher. In July the tempera-
ture exceeded 33°C and no Thor were taken. At station F averaging
1.8°C above ambient catches were relatively high in winter but depressed
in July and August. In these summer months temperature exceeded 33°C.
This reversal in pattern compared to NE II, the control, could account
for the interaction significance. The annual production was not reduced
at station F because of higher abundance during the winter and the geometric
mean for the 18 month period was higher at station F than at control stations.
Station S I averaging 3.7°C above ambient had depressed catches in all
seasons compared to the control. The seasonal distribution of Thor at
stressed stations closely followed the pattern of algal abundance des-
cribed by Zieman (1970). It's possible that this shrimp is dependent on
algae and its distribution is controlled by the abundance and type of
vegetation. When summer temperatures exceed 33°C the algal abundance
and catches of Thor dropped. If the duration of exposure to high tem-
perature was less than two months recolonization in the fall and winter
permitted the annual crop to match that of control stations. If the
duration of exposure exceeded two months, there was only partial recovery
and the annual crop was depressed below that taken at control stations.
The mud crab Neopanope packardii provided low catches in summer and fall
at the control station N III, relatively high catches in summer at
stations S II and F which averaged 2.4 and 1.8°C above ambient and low
catches at all seasons at station SE I which averaged 3.6°C above ambient
(Figure 29). Catches of Neopanope averaged over all stations were low
in November and December 1969 but above average in January and February
1969 and March 1970. Thus there does not appear to be a temperature
related seasonality and only stations with temperatures exceeding 3.5°C
on the average and low catches of algae produced depressed catches.
90
-------
4-
o
o
o
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0 -
0
A. STATION NEH
I l
I i
B. STATION SI
I
C. STATION F
D. STATION SI
J F M A M J JASONDJFMAMJ
1969 1970
YEARS
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
UJ
tr
OL
LJ
a.
^
UJ
FIGURE 28. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THOR FLORIDANUS AT
STATIONS A) NE II B) S II C) F AND D) S I
91
-------
CD
O
1969
1970
UJ
a:
o
<
a:
UJ
0.
5
UJ
J FMAMJJ ASONDJ FMAMJ
YEARS
FIGURE 29. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEOPANOPE PACKARDII AT
STATIONS A) N III B) S II C) F AND D) SE I
92
-------
The hermit crab Pagurus bonairensis produced highest catches in spring
and summer at control stations N I and N II (Figure 30). At station
S II which averaged 2.4°C above the control station D, the annual catch
was about equal to that of the controls, but catches were highest in
winter. At station S I which averaged 3.6°C above ambient, catches were
moderate in winter and low in summer. A sharp decline in catch rate
was apparent in spring when the temperature rose above 30°C. No hermit
crabs were caught in July, August or September when temperatures ex-
ceeded 31.5°C. The low catches in summer depressed the annual catch
below that taken at control stations. At station G averaging 4.6°C
above ambient the annual production was low compared to control stations,
A few hermit crabs were taken in the winter and spring of 1969 but
catches dropped to zero from July through October. Recovery in the
winter and spring of 1970 was spotty and did not match the production
in the previous year.
The chicken liver sponge, Chondrilla nucula, was scarce at all inshore
stations probably due to salinity. Considering all station, catches
were highest in January, 1969 and lowest in April, 1970. At station
D, a control station, catches were highest in fall and winter and
lowest in spring and summer. At stations S II averaging 2.4°C above
ambient and station SE I averaging 3.6°C above ambient the annual
catch rate was depressed but the seasonal pattern was the same as found
at D (Figure 31).
Catches of the small sea cucumber, Leptosynapta parvipatina, were
generally high in winter and low in summer. Station E, considered
a control, showed a peak in catch in March 1969, reduced catches
during the summer, a second peak in December, 1969 and a third peak
in March, 1970. At station SE II averaging 0.75°C above the control
station catches were high in January, 1969, decreased throughout the
spring and summer and then recovered in the following winter (Figure
32). Catches fell again in the spring of 1970 and reached zero in
May. Station S II, averaging 2.4°C above control station D, produced
less Leptosynapta annually than control stations. The catches were
relatively high in March, 1969 fell to zero in July when the temp-
erature exceeded 33.5 and did not recover until the following April.
Catches fell to zero again in June, 1970 when the temperature exceed-
ed 30°C.
In general those species which exhibited maximum catches in summer
at control stations were depressed in summer at heated stations. Thus
producing a significant interaction term in the analysis of variance.
Those species with maximum catches in winter appeared to coinside
with salinity controlled species which were generally scarce at inshore
stations during the summer rainy season.
93
-------
o
o
o
JFMAM
1969
JJASONDJFM
1970
YEARS
a.
S
Ld
I-
AMJ
FIGURE 30. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PAGURUS BONAIRENSIS AT
STATIONS A) N I B) N II C) S II D) S I AND E) G
94
-------
+
o
O
_l
W
12.0
11.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2O
1.0
0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
A. STATION 0
B. STATION SH
C. STATION SE I
JFMAMJ JASONDJFMAMJ
1969 1970
YEARS
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
O
UJ
QC
a:
UJ
0.
ZE
LJ
FIGUBE 31. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHONDRILLA NUCULA AT
STATIONS A) D B) S II AND C) SE II
95
-------
o
o
o
_J
w
7.0
6.0 -
5.0 -
4.0
3.0 h
2.0
1.0
0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
i.O
0
A. STATION E
B. STATION SEE
C. STATION SH
F M A M
1969
JASONDJ FMAMJ
1970
YEARS
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
40
35
30
25
20
I 5
10
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
o
o
UJ
13
6
£E
UJ
CL
S
UJ
H
FIGURE 32. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF LEPTOSYNAPTA PARVIPATINA
AT STATIONS A) E B) SE II AND C) S II
96
-------
A linear stepwise multiple regression was attempted to indicate the
relative importance of temperature, salinity, and vegetation on the
catches of the dominant organisms. The high degree of relatedness
(Table 15) of the independent variables (temperature, salinity and
vegetation weight) implies extreme caution should be used in inter-
preting the results of the stepwise regression.
The variable most important in predicting the catch of the gastropods
Bulla, Cerithium eberneum. £. muscarum, Mitrella, Modulus and
Prunum was vegetation weight. The catches of the crustaceans Hippo-
lyte, Thor, Neopanope and Pagurus were also best correlated with
vegetation. The gastropods Tricolia and Vermicularia, the chicken
liver sponge Chondrilla and the sea cucumber Leptosynapta were best
correlated with salinity.
The significance of adding temperature and salinity to the predictive
equation after adjusting the catch for the effect of vegetation can
be seen in Table 16.
For Bulla, Cerithium eberneum, £. muscarum and Neopanope temperature
appeared as the secondary variable. In the case of £. eberneum the
effect of temperature was not significant. For Mitrella, Modulus,
Prunum, Hippolyte, Thor and Pagurus the secondary variable was
salinity. In the case of Prunum salinity was not significant.
Temperature was significant as the tertiary variable for Mitrella,
Hippolyte and Thor.
The effect of vegetation and temperature on catches of Tricolia,
Vermicularia, Chondrilla and Leptosynapta after adjusting for
salinity is shown in Table 16. The secondary varible for these
four species was vegetation. Leptosynapta was not significantly
related with vegetation. The tertiary variable temperature was
significant only for Chondrilla.
To visually examine the effect of temperature on catches of the
dominant species scatter diagrams of the average of the transformed
catch data were compared with the average temperature anomaly for
each of the 20 stations. The mean catch value for all stations
occurring at each 1°C anomaly interval was calculated and a trend
line drawn through these points.
The striate bubble Bulla umbilicata was collected over a temperature
range of 14 - 39°C. Highest catches occurred at 31°C and the catch
.rate fell sharply at temperatures in excess of 36°C. Figure 33a
indicates that catches of Bulla are not related with temperature
anomalies between 0 and +1°C. In this range vegetation and bottom
type appear to be the controlling factors. Temperature increases
averaging between 1 and 3°C above ambient produce average or above
average catches on an annual basis. Catches are reduced at stations
which average more than 3°C above ambient aid fall to near zero at
the single station (G) averaging 4.5°C above ambient.
97
-------
TABLE 15
SIMPLE CORRELATION MATRICES BETWEEN CATCHES OF ABUNDANT
ANIMALS, LOG (CATCH + 1)/TOW, VEGETATION WEIGHT.
TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY.
Species
Bulla umbilicata
Catch
Veg.
Temp.
Sal.
Cerithium eberneum
Catch
C. muscarum
Catch
Mitrella lunata
Catch
Modulus modulus
Catch
Prunum apicinum
Catch .
Tricolia affinis
Catch
Vermicular ia spirata
Catch
Hippolyte pleuracantha
Catch
Thor floridanus
Catch
Neopanope packardii
Catch
Pagurus bonairensis
Catch
Chondrilla nucula
Catch
Leptosynapta parvipatina
Catch
Catch
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
Veg.
.666
1.000*
.419
.795
.742
.748
.771
.377
.418
.781
.709
.650
.843
.352
.247
Temp.
.573
.685*
1.000*
.346
.623
.557
.610
.505
.455
.515
.562
.706
.580
.791
.381
.417
Sal.
.530
.665*
.961*
1.000*
.331
.590
.586
.591
.487
.472
.520
.590
.699
.554
.800
.408
.446
* same for all species
most significant variable
98
-------
TABLE 16
SUMMARY OF STEPWISE REGRESSION BETWEEN LOG (CATCH + 1)/TOW,
VEGETATION WEIGHT, TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY.
Species
Bulla umbilicata
Vegetation
Temperature
Salinity
Cerithium eberneum
Vegetation
Temperature
Salinity
Cerithium muscarum
Vegetation
Temperature
Salinity
Mitrella lunata
Vegetation
Salinity
Temperature
Modulus modulus
Vegetation
Salinity
Temperature
Prunum apicinum
Vegetation
Salinity
Temperature
Hippolyte pleuracantha
Vegetation
Salinity
Temperature
Thor floridanus
Vegetation
Salinity
Temperature
Neopanope packardii
Vegetation
Temperature
Salinity
Pagurus bonairensis
Vegetation
Salinity
Temperature
Tricolia af finis
Salinity
Vegetation
Temperature
b
.021
.008
-.005
.009
.002
.041
.007
-.004
.042
.014
-.012
.030
.003
< .001
.024
.001
< .001
.031
.009
-.008
.030
.006
.005
.017
.005
-.001
.056
.017
-.002
.005
.003
-.001
R2
.443
.469
.477
.176
.182
.182
.633
.644
.647
.550
.566
.583
.560
.578
.578
.771
.772
.772
.610
.619
.638
.502
.595
.598
.423
.457
.457
.710
.813
.813
.223
.230
.231
F =ug
130.69**
18.37**
7.09**
36.81**
1.01ns
,09ns
349.82**
9.77**
3.17**
275.79**
33.36**
20.44**
233.13**
2.53**
.Olns
425.82**
1.35ns
< .Olns
756.05**
11.37**
25.01**
112.47**
5.31**
3.06**
107.56**
7.04**
.45ns
429.40**
43.85**
,40ns
9.91**
4.58**
.17ns
99
-------
Species
TABLE 16 (con't)
/b V2
R2 F = \sb/
Vermicularia spirata
Salinity .004 .270 179.04**
Vegetation .004 .279 6.30**
Temperature .002 .281 .80ns
Chondrilla nucula
Salinity .005 .166 12.71**
Vegetation .004 .178 8.47**
Temperature -.002 .182 2.49*
Leptosynapta parvipatina
Salinity .006 .199 16.75**
Vegetation -.002 .203 2.10ns
Temperature -.001 .204 .47ns
* significant 95% level
** significant 99% level
ns not significant
100
-------
The ivory cerith, Cerlthium eberneum. catches were fairly uniform from
0 to +1°C above ambient. Catches at station S II averaging 2.4°C above
ambient were high and this point may bias (Figure 33b). Catches at
station G averaging 4.5°C above ambient were zero. Thus it appears
that there is little effect of temperature on this species until temp-
erature anomalies reach +4°C. Above this additional temperature will
cause a decline. This corroborates the findings in the multiple
regression, analysis.
The fly-speckled cerith, Cerithium muscarum, occurred in samples taken
over a temperature range of 14 - 39°C. The species also was tolerant
to salinity, occurring from 5-40 ppt. A preference was indicated by
highest catches per tow between 15 - 30 ppt. Stations averaging
0 - 3°C above ambient temperature had variable catches but they were
generally high at inshore stations with red algal populations. Stations
elevated between 3 and 4°C were high if algae were present and low if
algae were scarce, (Figure 33c). Station G, averaging more than 4°C
above ambient, produced only 4 specimens.
The lunate dove shell, Mitrella lunata was taken over a temperature
range of 14 - 39°C; the highest catch per tow as at 33°C. The high
catch per tow resulted from a single observation at this temperature
and the optimum is probably lower. Mitrella was observed over the
entire range of salinity encountered in the study but was seldom
taken below 10 ppt. The trend line (Figure 33d) indicates an increase
in catches with increasing average temperature anomaly between 0 and
+3°C. Between +3 and +4° there is a decrease in catches and station
G elevated 4.5°C produced significantly fewer lunate dove shells.
The Atlantic modulus, Modulus modulus, was caught over a temperature
range of 14 - 39°C. Highest catch per tow occurred at 36°C but
dropped rapidly when this temperature was exceeded. Zero catches at
this temperature also occurred and the largest total number of Modulus
occurred at temperatures lower than 36°C and the optimum is probably
near 30°C. The species was collected over the range of salinity
observed in the study. Catches at stations averaging between 0 and
3°C above ambient were relatively high while those averaging more than
3.5°C over ambient produced low catches (Figure 34a).
The common Atlantic marginella, Prunum apicinum, was collected over
a temperature range from 16 to 39°C. The catches at the highest
temperature occurred in September, 1969 when several "control" stations
exhibited temperatures 10°C above the expected temperature. If these
were not recorder errors, the duration of exposure to a pocket of
heated water was short and did not cause mortalities. The maximum
catch per tow occurred at 21°C and this temperature is probably close
to optimal for the species. The salinity range observed for this
gastropod was 10 - 40 ppt. The highest catch per tow occurred between
15 and 25 ppt. This salinity range is similar to that reported by
101
-------
A. Bullo umbilicota
B. Cerithium eberneum
U
LU1-5
1.4
O 1-3
>
I.I
1.0
< .9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
D.-Mitrello lunata
C. Orithium muscorum
23450
AT ("O
FIGURE 33. CATCHES OF A) BULLA UMBILICATA B) CERITHIUM
EBERNEUM C) CERITHIUM MUSCARUM AND D) MITRELLA
LUNATA COMPARED TO THE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY AT
TURKEY POINT
102
-------
FIGURE 34. CATCHES OF A) MODULUS MODULUS, B) PRUNUM APICINUM
C) TRICOLIA AFFINIS AND D) VEGETATION COMPARED TO
THE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY AT TURKEY POINT
103
-------
Tabb and Manning (1961) in Everglades Park but subsequent work indicated
a salinity range from 8.9 - 66.0 ppt in the Everglades estuary. Stations
averaging between 0 and 3°C above ambient produced relatively high
catches of Prunum while those elevated more than 3°C had reduced catches,
(Figure 34b). Station G elevated 4.5°C above ambient produced no common
Atlantic marginella.
The checkered pheasant shell, Tricolia affinis, was collected at temper-
atures ranging from 15 to 39°C. The highest catch per tow occurred at
23°C. The observed salinity range was from 5-40 ppt. Highest catches
occurred between 20 and 30 ppt and this variable is important in limit-
ing abundance. Temperature anomalies of +2.5°C or less did not appear
to significantly affect catch rate of Tricolia, but there was a severe
reduction in catches at +3.5°C and no Tricolia were taken in the zone
elevated 4.5°C, (Figure 34c).
The worm shell gastropod, Vermicularia spirata, occurred over a tempera-
ture range of 15 to 30°C. Although this gastropod occurred over a
salinity range from 0 - 40 ppt the optimal salinity indicated by maxi-
mum catch per tow was between 20 and 25 ppt. Salinity seems to be the
dominant variable controlling abundance, probably through limiting the
distribution of the sponges commonly associated with Vermicularia.
Thus although temperature anomalies of 3.5°C and higher produce low
catches of Vermicularia, the absence of observations of high temperature
in areas where salinity was close to 35 ppt consistantly precludes
conclusions about the effect of temperature on this species.
The caridean shrimp, Hippolyte pleuracantha, was collected over a temper-
ature range from 14 - 39°C. The salinity range was from 0-40 ppt with
the highest catches occurring between 20 - 25 ppt. In Everglades Park
Tabb (unpublished) found this species to occur from 8.9 - 60.6 ppt but
Tabb and Manning (1961) reported Hippolyte was most frequently taken
in Thalassia in Florida Bay and uncommon in the less saline Coot and
Whitewater Bays.
Hippolyte pleuracantha appears to be more susceptable to elevated temp-
eratures than most of the dominant species. Figure 35a indicates that
average temperature increases less than 2°C above ambient have little
effect on the catches of Hippolyte but increases 2.5°C and more result
in decreased catches.
Thor floridanus, a caridean shrimp, with wide tolerance and wide dis-
tribution, was caught over a temperature range from 14 to 39°C. The
salinity range was from 0 to 40 ppt. Tabb and Manning (1961) reported
this species was abundant in the Everglades estuary but it preferred
salinities near 35 ppt. Tabb's unpublished data indicated a range of 15.0
to 60.6 ppt could be tolerated.
104
-------
1.2
I.I
1.0
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
• I
u
(D
O
O
>
<
LoJ
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
I.I
1.0
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3 -
.2 -
.1 -
A. Hippolyte pleuraconthg
-I L_
C. Neopanope packardii
B. Thor floridanus
D. Pagurus bonairensis
450
/Of
AT (°C)
FIGURE 35. CATCHES OF A) HIPPOLYTE PLEURACANTHA B) THQR
FLORIDANUS C) NEOPANOPE PACKARDII AND D) PAGURUS
BONAIRENSIS COMPARED TO THE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY AT
TURKEY POINT
105
-------
The catches of Thor appeared to have little relation to elevated temper-
atures at stations averaging 0 - 2°C above ambient. The influence of
bottom type, sediment depth and vegetation were dominant. Stations
averaging between 2 and 3°C above ambient produced catches of Thor equal
to or greater than the ambient stations. Stations elevated more than
3°C produced almost no Thor (Figure 35b).
The mud crab, Neopanope packardii, was collected over a temperature
range of 14 to 39°C. The observed salinity range was from 0-40 ppt.
The highest catches occurred between 5 and 15 ppt. Tabb (unpublished)
recorded this xanthid over a salinity range of 8.9 to 58.0 ppt. The
highest catches in the Everglades estuary were at high salinities. Two
reasons for the discrepancy in salinity preference may be postulated.
First Neopanope is closely related to red algae distribution, and the red
algae are found in near shore areas of Biscayne Bay where salinity is
seasonally lowered while in the Everglades the algae are located offshore
in more stable salinity areas. Second in the Everglades Neopanope is
replaced in the brackish waters by another euryhaline xanthid
Rithropanopeus harrisii.
Odum (1970) found Rithropanopeus in his North River study and stated it
was primarily a detritus feeder with a few copepods, amphipods, and
isopods included in the diet. We believe Neopanope fills a similar niche
in the red algae (Laurencia - Digenia) community in Biscayne Bay.
Catches of Neopanope at stations averaging from 0 to 2.5°C above
ambient did not appear to be correlated with the temperature anomaly.
Catches at stations elevated 3°C or more were low (Figure 35c).
The hermit crab, Pagurus bonairensis, was collected over a range of
temperature from 14 to 39°C. The observed salinity range was from
0 to 40 ppt. Tabb and Manning (1961) reported (P_. annulipes =)
P_. bonairensis from a wide range of areas in the Everglades estuary.
The apparent replacement of P_. bonairensis by Paguristes tortugae
in Card Sound probably reflects a preference for the thick near
shore sediment wedge and associated red algae (Laurencia - Digenia)
community by Pagurus in Biscayne Bay and a preference for the hard
bottom green algae (Halimeda, Udotea, Penicillus) community by
Paguristes in Card Sound.
Catches of Pagurus appeared independent of temperature or perhaps in-
creased slightly between the range of + 0 to 3°C above ambient but
there was a sudden decrease in catches at stations where the average
temperature increase exceeded +3.0°C (Figure 35d).
The chicken liver sponge, Chondrilla nucula, was collected over a
range of temperatures from 16 to 39°C with the highest catch per tow
recorded at 24°C. The observed salinity range was from 10 to 40 ppt
with maximum catches occurring at the upper end of the salinity range.
The small sea cucumber, Leptosynapta parvipatina, was caught over a
range of temperatures from 14 to 39°C and over a salinity range of
0-40 ppt.
106
-------
SECTION XI
CARD SOUND STUDIES
Sampling at 10 stations in Card Sound was begun in July 1970.
These stations were concentrated near the Model Land Company
canal which was the proposed discharge point into Card Sound.
A list of the physical parameters is given in Table 1 and algae
catches are summarized in Table 2. Additional physical and
chemical data are presented in Appendix Tables 1-3.
A list of animals collected and their catch and catch per tow
was presented by Bader and Roessler (1971). In general the catches
were greater than those in Biscayne Bay. Figure 36 shows the
catches taken in Biscayne Bay and in Card Sound during the month
of October, 1970. In both areas 20 stations were sampled and 140
tows made. The amount of vegetation and number of animals was
nearly double in Card Sound. The catches were greatest where
Laurencia was dominant and Figure 37 indicated that for most
of the taxa the catch per pound of weed was comparable in
Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Sponges, echinoderms and some
mollusks appeared more abundant in Card Sound. This was probably
the result of more stable salinity and clear water at the mainland
shore stations in Card Sound.
The high standing crop found in Card Sound is contradictory to
the low catches found by Iversen and Roessler (1970). However,
in the late spring and during the summer of 1971 catches of
Laurencia diminished and the animal catches also decreased.
Thus there may be a seasonal pattern with low abundance in spring
when the study of Iversen and Roessler was conducted. Low catches
in the spring of 1971 may also be the result of the drought induced
high salinity of 47 ppt.
Card Sound in which about 1500 samples were taken, produced 24
species not collected in Biscayne Bay. Most of these were
brittle stars, mollusks and crustaceans associated with the
sponge community found in Card Sound. Biscayne Bay has produced
153 species not yet encountered in Card Sound. Because of the
much greater effort (approximately 5000 samples) in Biscayne Bay
this is not unexpected. Most of the species unique to Biscayne
Bay were mainland sediment shelf forms which are tolerant of
lowered salinity.
Two rare or unique forms have been found quite common in Card
Sound. One of these the nudibrauch Felimare bayeri was known
only from two specimens described by Marcus and Marcus (1967)
from Biscayne Bay near the Rickenbacker Causeway.
107
-------
Veg.
in Ibs.
Fishes Mo/lusks Crustaceo Sponges Echinoderms Totals
I 4,0 00
I 2,0 0 0 :
10,00 0
9,0 0 0
8,0 00
7,000
6 ,00 0
5,00 0
4,00 0
3,00 0
2,000
I ,00 0
800
600
400
200
TOTAL CATCH-OCT. 1970
Biscayne Bay
Card Sound
FIGURE 36. COMPARISON OF CATCHES OF ANIMALS BETWEEN CARD SOUND AND
BISCAYNE BAY
108
-------
Fishes, Mollusks Crustacea Sponges Echinoderms Totals
14-
13-
12-
II •
10 •
9
8
7-
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 -
_|
CATCH/POUND
OF
"Al
%
^TjA
1
.Gfi
^E-
OC
T.
97
GZ
o K
d
\B\
]Ca
sea
rd
|
^
^
^
1
yne
Sou
i
Ba
nd
y
FIGURE 37. COMPARISON OF THE CATCH OF ANIMALS PER POUND OF
VEGETATION BETWEEN CARD SOUND AND BISCAYNE BAY
109
-------
A small rissoid gastropod which is probably an undescribed
member of the genus Barleeia appeared commonly near the
Arsenicker Keys. Of the 165 specimens collected 97% occurred at
S V and S IV. The remainder were taken at various stations in
Card Sound.
Because less than a full year of sampling was possible before
the termination of this project no detailed analysis was attempted.
However, the catch data is adequate to serve as a baseline to
compare post operational population levels after the opening of the
Card Sound discharge canal. Additional samples at a reduced
number of stations are being collected with U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission support this will permit further definition of the
Card Sound discharge.
110
-------
REQUIRED RESEARCH
With the present plans to build a cooling system of ponds or canals
and interim discharges into Biscayne Bay and Card Sound at
various rates a unique opportunity exists to have before and after
studies in Card Sound and to measure the possible recovery and
rate of recovery in Biscayne Bay. These studies are especially
important because of the temporary plans of many power plants
to discharge into bays and estuaries until cooling ponds or
towers are constructed. They will determine if damage caused
by hot water is reversible and how soon recovery will occur.
Also essential are studies of the community dynamics. Standing
stock estimates are useful for proving damage but the energy flow
and dynamic pathways are important to the well being of the
ecosystem and its use by man.
Ill
-------
SECTION XII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The advise and criticisms of Dr. D. C. Tabb in planning, executing
and analyzing this stydy is acknowledged with sincere thanks. The
cooperation of Drs. Bader, Bunt, deSylva, Fell, Gerchakov, Lee, Michel,
H. B. Moore, Nugent, Reeve, Rooth, Stearns, Thorhaug, Wood and Zieman
who all participated in some aspect of the ecological survey of Turkey
Point and Card Sound and freely made data available from projects
supported by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, National Institute of
Health, National Science Foundation, National Oceanographic and
Atmospheric Administration, Florida Power & Light Company as well as
Environmental Protection Agency, is greatly appreciated.
The officials of the Florida Power & Light Company, especially Messrs.
R. Gardner, N. Kincaid, McGregor-Smith, and B. Crostic were helpful
with logistics problems and provided data on plant operations as
well as scientific data collected by the company.
Mr. N. Kenny prepared the figures for this report. Dr. C. R. Robins
helped with fish identifications, Mr. R. C. Work and Dr. D. Moore helped
with invertebrate identifications, Messrs. N. Kenny, G. Beardsley,
R. Smith, R. Hixon, I. Brook, C. Hoberg, S. Berkeley, M. Greenberg,
J. Norris and Mrs. D. Merritt performed most of the sorting of samples
and identification of animals.
The support of the project by the Water Quality Office, Environmental
Protection Agency, and help provided by R. A. Wade, E. Lomasney,
L. Purkerson, J. Hagan, C. Tarzwell, J. Prager, D. Phelps, G. LaRoche,
D. Hilden, and R. Irwin of the Environmental Protection Agency staff
is acknowledged with sincere thanks. R. A. Wade, the Grant Project
Officer, was especially helpful because of his experience in the area
being studied.
113
-------
SECTION XIII
LITERATURE CITED
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99 (1957).
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23. Jones, J. A., "Primary Productivity by the Tropical Marine
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27- Mayer, A. G., "The Effects of Temperature Upon Tropical Marine
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28. McNulty, J. K., "Ecological Effects of Sewage Pollution in
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30. Michel, J. F., "An Analysis of the Physical Effects of the
Discharge of Cooling Water into Card Sound by the Turkey Point
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Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Spec.
Rep.. 23 p. (mimeo) (1970a).
31. Michel, J. F., "Addendum to Technical Report Dated May, 1970,
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35. Moore, D. R., "Distribution of the Sea Grass, Thalassia, in the
United States", Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Carib.. 13, pp. 329 -
342 (1963).
36. Moore, H. B., "Aspects of Stress in a Tropical Marine Environment",
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37- Moore, H. B. and A. D. Frue, "The Settlement and Growth of
Balanus improvisus, JB. eberneus, and ]J. amphitrite in the Miami
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38. National Marine Water Quality Laboratory, "A Study of Biscayne Bay
Plankton Affected by the Turkey Point Thermoelectric Generating
Plant During July and August 1970", Environmental Protection Agency
Report. (1970).
39. Nugent, R. S., Jr., "The Effected Thermal Effluent on Some of
the Macro-Fauna of a Subtropical Estuary", Univ. of Miami, Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Sea Grant Tech. Bull.,
No. 1. 198 p. (1970).
40. Odum, William, "Pathways of Energy Flow in a South Florida Estuary",
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Quart. Jour. Fla. Acad. Sci.. 32. No. 1, pp. 12-20 (1969).
42. Pritchard, D. W. and C. A. Carpenter, "Movement, Dispersion and Recir-
culation of Condenser Cooling Water Discharge from the Turkey Point
Power Station", — Results of Dye Studies Carried Out During Period
22 .April - 2 May 1968. 17 p. (1970).
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Sagitta" Nature.. London. Vol. 201 pp. 211 - 213. (1964a).
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in a Marine Sub-tropical In-shore Environment", Bull. Mar. Sci.
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45. Reeve, M. R., "Observations on the Biology of a Chaetognath",
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Biscayne Bay and Some Problems of Assessing the Effects on the
Zooplankton of Naturla and Artificial Thermal and Other Fluctua-
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47. Reeve, M. R. and Cosper, E., "Acute Thermal Effects of Heated
Effluents on the Copepod, Arcartia tonsa, from a Subtropical Bay
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48. Reeve, M. R. and Cosper, E., "Zooplankton. IN; An Ecological
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51. Roessler, M. A., "An Analysis of the Variability of Fish Popula-
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121
-------
SECTION XIV
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TABLE 1. TEMPERATURE (°C) BY MONTH AND
1968
STA.
NI S
(1) B
Nil S
(2) B
NIII S
(3) B
NIV S
(4) B
NV S
(5) B
NE I S
(6) B
NE 11 S
(7) B
NE III S
(8) B
NE IV S
(9) B
NE V S
(10) B
SE I S
(-11) B
SE II S
(12) B
SE III S
(13) B
SE IV S
(14) B
SE V S
(15) B
JUL.
30.5
29.8
32.4
32.0
30.5
31.5
30.6
30.7
29.5
27.8
34.0
31.5
30.8
32.2
29.5
AUG.
32.9
33.0
30.1
30.7
30.1
30.4
30.8
30.7
31.5
31.5
30.1
30.4
31.7
31.8
31.9
32.2
30.2
30.4
30.5
30.5
37.0
37.5
31.3
31.1
31.6
31.7
31.4
31.4
31.2
31.2
SEPT.
37.8
37.6
36.9
36.6
27.4
26.9
26.8
26.6
37.6
37.3
26.7
26.6
38.8
38.1
29.2
28.2
28.9
27.5
28.0
27.5
30.5
30.1
35.5
36.3
37.6
37.8
29.4
29.8
33.7
38.7
OCT.
27.2
27.3
27.7
27.2
27.6
28.2
26.4
26.2
26.8
26.8
26.0
26.2
26.4
25.9
26.1
26.0
25.6
25.6
25.7
25.7
30.7
28.4
26.4
26.4
26.6
26.6
26.4
26.4
26.4
26.4
NOV.
17.6
17.6
16.4
16.4
17.3
17.2
16.2
16.2
19.2
20.1
17.2
17.0
17.2
17.2
17.4
17.4
19.6
19.6
19.7
19.6
29.6
29.6
23.6
23.5
24.7
24.3
20.0
20.0
19.4
19.2
DEC.
13.4
13.5
16.1
15.7
15.6
15.4
14.2
13.8
14.3
14.2
13.8
14.2
14.2
14.8
16.2
is. 3
16.1
15.4
15.7
15.6
22.5
22.4
20.4
20.4
16.5
16,5
17.8
17.6
17.8
17.7
JAN.
18.5
18.6
19.8
19.8
19.7
19.9
19.0
19.5
19.4
19.5
18.2
18.4
21.6
21.6
18.7
18.7
18.6 .
18.6
FEB.
19.9
19.8
19.5
19.0
20.0
20.0
19.5
19.0
18.0
18.0
19.9
19.8
19.0
19.0
19.0
19.0
19.0
19.0
18.5
19.0
22.5
23.0
19.7
19.8
19.0
19.0
19.0
18.8
19.0
19.0
STATION
1969
MAR. 1
25.0 :
25.0 :
24.8 :
24.8 :
24.2 :
24.2 :
23.5 :
23.7 :
24.8 :
24.8 I
24.3 :
24.8 :
24.0 :
24.0 :
23.5 :
23.5 :
23.0
23.0
23.0
22.5
28.5
28.5
25.0
25.0
24.5
24.7
24.0
24.0
23.5
23.5
APR. MAY JUNE
26.0 25.7 29.0
26.0 25.5 30.0
25.5 25.3 31.0
25.3 25.2 32.0
25.2 25.3 31.0
25.1 25.3 31.0
25.0 25.5 31.5
25.0 25.2 31.9
25.5 25.4 32.0
25.3 25.2 32.0
26.0 25.8 29.5
26.0 24.8 29.9
26.5 25.9 29.0
26.5 25.2 29.0
25.3 26.5 30.0
25.2 26.1 30.0
25.0 26.5 32.0
25.0 26.0 31.0
25.4 25.9 30.5
25.3 25.5 29.5
29.0 29.8 33.0
29.1 29.9 32.5
28.0 27.4 30.0
27.1 27.0 30.0
26.0 26.2 30.0
26.0 26.1 30.0
24.0 26.0 30.0.
24.0 26.0 30.0
25.0 30.0 32.0
25.0 30.0 32.0
122
-------
1968 1969
STA.
S I
(16)
S II
(17)
JUL. AUG. SEPT.
S 35.7 37.5 30.0
B 38.0 29.4
S 33.2 32.8 26.8
B 32.9 26.8
S III S 31.8 31.7 27.5
(18)
S IV
(19)
S V
(20)
A S
(21)
Bq
(22)
C S
(23)
D S
(24)
S
(25)
F S
(26)
G S
(27)
H S
(28)
(29)
J S
(30)
K S
(31)
31.8 27.5
S 29.0 30.1 28.0
30.1 27.9
S 29.8 31.6 28.3
B 30.8 28.3
30.1
B 29.1
B
B
B —.I-- --_— _-
B — — — — — _.»_
__—
B — — — — — — — -. — — —
— — —
— — —
B
B
OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN.
27.9 38.2 22.2 22.
27.9 38.2 22.7 22.
27.8 26.6 -18.0 20.
26.6 26.5 18.0 20.
26.6 20.6 18.3 19.
26.4 20.5 18.1 19.
26.2 23.8 20.0
26.2 23.6 20.0
26.4 19.5 18.2
26.4 19.5 18.2
26.3 27.7 20.1 18.
26.4 27.6 20.0 18.
19.
18.
18.
18.
19>
22.
— — — - — — — — — 22 •
24.
lo.
~" 18v
3
3
3
3
5
4
_
_
-
9
9
8
6
9
1
6
4
4
4
2
2
-
FEB.
22
22
21
21
19
19
19
19
20
20
19
19
19
19
19
20
19
IS
19
20
20
23
21
—
.0
.5
.0
.3
.5
.5
.0
.2
.5
.3
.9
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.8
.1
.2
.0
• 5
—
MAR.
30.0
30.0
28.0
28.0
25.0
25.0
23.8
23.9
23.5
23.5
26.5
26.3
25.7
24.0
24.0
23.5
23.5
23.7
23.0
23.0
29.9
26.0
27.2
28.0
APR.
28.
28.
28.
28.
25.
25.
26.
26.
26.
25.
27.
27.
26.
25.
24.
25.
25.
26.
26.
26.
28.
26.
3
9
4
5
9
9
1
1
0
5
9
9
2
0
8
0
3
0
0
0
5
2
-
MAY
30.
29.
28.
27.
27.
27.
27.
26.
27.
26.
27.
27.
25.
26.
26,
26.
26.
ZD.
26.
28.
28.
30.
27.
0
8
0
2
7
3
0
8
0
8
3
0
0
3
0
1
0
1
5
7
0
5
JUNE
35.0
33.0
34.0
32.6
31.0
31.0
29.0
29.5
29.0
29.5
29.0
30.0
31.0
31.0
30.0
31.0
30.5
30.0
32.0
31.0
34.0
31.0
123
-------
STA.
196^9
JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV.
DEC.
1970
JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE
N I S
U) B
N II S
(2) B
N III S
(3) B
N IV S
(4) B
N V S
(5) B
NE I S
(6) B
NE II S
(7) B
NE III S
(8) B
NE IV S
(9) B
NE V S
(10) B
SE I S
(11) B
SE II S
(12) B
SE III S
(13) B
SE IV S
(14) B
SE V S
(15) B
30.1
30.2
29.8
30.1
31.0
31.5
29.9
30.2
30.0
30.2
31.0
30.9
31.0
31.0
30.1
30.7
31.3
31.2
31.3
31.2
34.0
34.1
33.1
34.0
32.1
32.1
32.2
32.1
32.2
32.4
30.0
30.1
30.1
30.6
29.9
29.9
30.1
30.2
32.2
32.0
30.1
30.2
30.0
30.1
30.2
30.5
30.9
30.6
30.8
30.9
33.0
33.1
31.5
31.2
31.7
31.6
31.1
31.2
31.0
31.0
28.5
29.5
28.9
30.0
29.0
30.0
28.5
29.2
29.5
29.5
28.7
29.5
29.0
29.9
29.9
30.1
29.4
29.0
28.8
28.4
33.1
31.9
29.1
30.0
29.1
29.4
28.9
29.1
28.4
28.6
29.0
29.0
28.1
28.0
28.0
28.0
27.7
27.9
27.4
27.7
28.7
29.0
28.4
28.5
28.5
28.6
28.2
28.5
29.0
29.0
33.1
33.2
28.4
28.5
28.7
28.8
29.1
28.3
28.6
28.7
21.0
21.1
20.8
21.1
21.0
21.1
20.9
20.9
20.5
20.9
20.9
21.2
21.0
21.0
20.5
20.8
20.2
20.2
20.2
20.3
22.2
23.0
21.1
21.2
20.9
21.0
21.0
21.1
21.0
21.5
24.2
24.5
23.6
23.9
23.1
23.0
22.2
22.1
22.4
22.3
24.0
.24.1
24.5
24.8
22.5
22.9
22.2
22.2
22.0
22.0
24.1
24.8
22.8
22.6
22.7
22.5
22.3
22.3
22.6
22.2
18.0
18.5
18.1
18.5
17.9
18.0
17.2
17.9
17.0
17.5
18.1
18.5
18.0
18.6
18.0
18.1
17.1
17.7
17.0
17.5
19.1
19.8
17.3
17.9
17.1
17.2
17.0
17.1
17.1
17.3
14.0
15.0
14.1
15.0
14.1
15.0
13.9
14.8
14.0
14.9
14.9
15.5
15.0
15.8
14.5
15.1
14.0
15.1
14.5
15.5
21.3
22.0
15.1
16.1
14.0
14.8
13.8
14.8
14.1
15.1
21.1
21.1
20.8
20.2
20.3
20.1
20.1
20.0
21.0
20.2
22.1
22.0
22.8
22.3
22.5
22.3
20.5
20.0
20.0
20.0
25.0
24.5
20.5.
20.2
20.3
20.3
20.2
20.0
20.1
20.0
28.0
27.9
27.2
27.1
26.9
26.9
26.8
26.8
26.7
26.8
27.4
27.3
27.6
27.8
27.0
27.1
27.1
27.1
27.1
27.1
30.6
30.4
27.8
27.8
27.9
27,9
27.9
27.9
27.6
27.6
22.8
22.9
23.1
23.2
23.1
23.1
23.1
23.1
23.0
23.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
23.9
24.1
24.1
23.8
23.9
23.9
24.0
26.5
26.5
24.8
24.9
23.3
23.2
23.3
23.6
24.0
24.0
26.4
26.1
25.6
25.6
25.6
25.6
25.6
25.6
25.4
25.4
27.6
27.6
28.0
28.0
26.6
26.6
25.8
25.8
26.0
26.0
31.2
31.1
25.9
25.8
25.8
25.8
25.8
25.8
25.9
25.8
124
-------
1969
SIA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR_ MAY JUNE
SIS 35.2 33.7 33.2 3.1.0 23.5 23.3 21.1 21.5 22.0 30.G 28,1. 31.0
(16) B 35.3 34.5 31.5 31.0 23.9 23.8 21.0 22.4 21.2 29.6 23.5 31.1
S II S 34.4 31,1 29.5 28.0 22.1 23.1 19.1 21.3 21,1 29.2 25,6 .30.4
(17) B 34.2 31.2 29.9 28.0 22.7 23.1 19.4 22.2 21.0 29.0 25.8 30.6
S III S 34.1 32.1 29.0 28.0 22.9 22.6 17.5 15.5 21.0 27.6 23.7 25.8
(18) B 34.1 31.9 29.2 28.1 22.1 22.5 18.0 16.1 20.4 27.9 23.8 25.9
S IV S 33.9 32.4 29,4 29.0 21.8 22.0 16.9 14.1 21.0 27.9 23.2 25.9
(19) B 33.5 32.6 29.8 29.1 21.8 22.1 17.0 14.9 20.3 27.9 23.3 25.9
S V S 32.9 31.8 29.5 29.1 22.2 22.2 16.8 14.9 20.1 27,3 24.1 26.6
(20) B 32.7 31.8 29.5 29.0 22.1 22.1 17.1 15.2 20.0 27.7 24.2 26.5
A S 30.9 31.1 31.1 29.9 21.5 26.0 18.1 15.1 24.1 29.3 24.0 28.5
(21) B 31.1 31.5 31.2 29.9 21.5 26.3 18.3 15.8 24.0 29.3 23.9 28.3
B S 30.8 30.8 31.0 28.5 21.1 25.8 16.5 15.0 22.8 28.5 24.0 26.4
(22) B 31.0 30.9 31.1 28.8 21.3 26.0 16.9 15.9 22.8 28.5 24.2 26.4
C S 32.0 31.0 30.5 28.6 20.4 22.2 17.5 14.8 20.5 26.9 23.8 25.8
(23) B 31.9 31.0 29.4 28.7 20.8 22.1 17.9 15.4, 20.0 27.0 23.9 25.8
D S 30.9 31.1 28.9 28.6 20.7 22.1 17.6 14.8 20.0 26.8 23.5 25.8
(24) B 31.0 31.0 29.0 28.5 20.8 22.0 17.9 15.2 19.9 26.9 23.4 25.4
E S 32.1 31.2 29.2 28.3 20.8 22.1 17.6 14.3 20.1 27.8 23.8 25.8
(25) B 32.0 31.2 29.4 28.5 21.0 22.0 18.0 15.1 20.1 27.8 23.9 25.9
F S 35.0 33.0 31.0 31.0 21.5 24.0 17.1 15.2 23,5 28.6 24.5 29.9
(26) B 35.0 33.1 31.0 31.3 21.6 24.1 17.8 15.8 23.7 28.6 24.3 30.0
G S 34.0 34.1 34.0 30.5 24.4 25.1 22.1 22.5 23.9 32.5 27.0 31.1
(27) B 34.2 34.1 34.3 32.0 24.7 25.5 22.5 23.1 23.9 33.0 27.1 31.0
H S 35.0 30.9 29.9 31.0 22.8 22.9 18.9 18.1 21.0 29.4 24.5 25.9
(28) B 35.0 30.9 30.1 31.0 22.8 23.0 19.1 18.9 21.6 29.3 24.6 25.8
I S
(29) B
j s 21.2 24.9 17.9 14.8 22.0 27.9 24.3 26.5
(30) B 21.5 24.5 18.3 15.3 21.7 27.9 24.4 26.5
K s 22.0 23.2 17.1 14.8 24.0 27,5 24.4 28.5
/51) B 22.0 23.2 17.9 15.1 23.9 27.9 24.3 28.5
125
-------
1970 1971
STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT._ NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY
N I S 28.5 30.8 28.2 28.5 26.2 15.2 17.4 15.7 24.2 22.9 25.8
(1) B 28.9 30.8 28.3 28.5 25.9 15.1 17.3 15.9 24.3 22.9 25.8
N II S 28.8 30.7 29.0 27.7 26.2 15.1 17.4 16.1 24.8 22,6 26.3
(2) B 28.5 30.6 28.9 27.7 26.4 15.1 17.2 16.1 24.8 22.6 26.3
N III S
N IV S
(4) B
N V S
(5) B
NE I S 29.9 28.9 25.9 15.1 18.0 16.5 25.0 23.8 28.5
(6) B 29.6 28.9 25.7 15.2 18.0 16.4 25.1 23.5 27.8
NE II S 28.3 31.3 29.9 28.9 25.9 15.2 18.2 16.1 24.8 23.8 27.0
(7) B 29.5 31.3 29.9 29.0 26.0 15.2 18.2 16.1 24.8 23.5 27.2
NE III S 29.0 28.8 25.8 15.2 18.8 .15.9 24.1 22.9 27.9
(8) B 29.1 28.8 26.1 15.1 18.8 16.0 24.1 22.7 27.9
NE IV S
(9) B
NE V S
SE I S 32.7 36.0 33.8 33.5 29.2 20.5 22.1 21.0 27.5 27.0 32.5
(11) B 32.1 36.0 33.8 31.1 28.0 20.6 22.1 21.0 27.5 27.0 32.0
SE II S 30.5 31.4 30.8 29.3 29.5 15.8 19.0 18.0 25.1 24.4 31.0
(12) B 30.3 30.8 30.6 28.8 27.3 15.7 19.0 18.0 25.1 23.9 30.0
SE III S 29.5 30.3 30.2 28.9 27.0 16.1 17.9 16.1 24.0 23.5 31.0
(13) B 29.6 30.4 30.2 28.6 27.1 16.1 17.9 16.1 24.0 23.5 30.0
SE IV S
126
-------
1970 1971
STA.
SIS
(16) B
S II S
(17) B
S III S
(18) 3
S IV S
(19) B
S V S
(20) B
A S
(21) B
B S
(22) B
C S
(23) B
D S
(24) B
E S
(25) B
F S
(26) B
G S
(27) B
H S
(28) B
I S
(29) B
J S
(30) B
K S
(31) B
JUL.
35.0
32.7
32.9
31.1
29.7
29.8
29.9
29.9
30.0
29.9
31.5
31.6
28.8
29.1
29.7
30.1
30.9
31.4
34.2
34.9
31.2
31.2
29.3
30.3
30.6
30.9
30.6
30.9
AUG.
36.0
36.0
35.2
35.4
30.6
30.6
30.1
30.1
30.3
30.3
32.2
32.2
30.1
30.1
30.3
30.3
32.8
33.0
36.0
36.0
30.8
30.9
32.8
32.7
33.7
33.2
32.1
32.0
SEPT.
35.9
34.0
33.1
33.0
30.3
30.2
30.1
30.0
30.5
30.2
31.8
31.8
30.6
29.2
28.9
28.9
29.1
28.9
29.5
29.3
32.8
32.5
35.9
35'. 9
30.8
30.7
32.6
32.5
30.5
30.2
31.5
31.2
OCT.
32.2
30.9
30.6
30.5
28.8
28.5
28.6
28.6
28.6
28.4
30.6
30.6
29.2
29.3
28.0
28.0
27.8
27.8
28.2
28.2
30.1
30.2
34.2
34.2
29.7
29.4
30.7
30.5
29.0
28.7
29.4
29.5
NOV.
30.7
29.7
29.5
28.9
28.7
28.0
26.5
26.5
26.5
26.5
26.4
26.3
26.2
26.1
26.0
25.8
26.1
26.1
26.0
26.1
26.3
26.4
31.5
31.6
28.3
28.1
28.3
28.5
26.4
26.5
26.1
26.0
DEC.
21.6
21.9
20.0
20.1
16.3
16.2
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
15.1
15.2
15.1
15.2
15.7
15.8
15.8
15.9
15.7
15.6
15.9
16.0
22.2
22.2
17.3
17.3
16.9
17.0
16.0
16.0
15.1
15.1
JAN.
22.0
22.0
21.7
22.0
18.2
18.1
17.9
17.9
18.0
18.0
19.9
20.0
18.4
18.3
17.9
17.9
17.6
17.8
18.1
18.1
21.2
21.2
21.5
21.7
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.6
19.8
19.9
20.0
20.1
FEB.
21.8
22.0
22,0
21.1
18.1
18.2
16.1
16.2
16.0
16.0
16.9
17.0
16.8
16.9
16.0
16.1
15.9
15.9
16.3
16.4
18.0
18.0
22.1
22.3
19.0
19.1
18.1
18.1
17.8
17.8
17.0
17.0
MAR.
27.0
27.0
26.5
26.5
26.0
26.1
25.0
25.0
23.8
23.9
26.1
26.1
25.1
25.1
24.9
24.8
23.7
23.7
24.1
24.0
26.5
26.5
27.1
27.1
26.1
26.1
26.0
26.0
25.1
25.1
26.0
26.0
APR.
26.6
26.7
26.6
26.6
25.3
25.1
23.6
24.1
23.1
23.2
25.0
24.9
24.8
24.6
22.3
22.3
22.7
22.4
23.2
23.0
25.4
25.5
27.0
27.2
25.9
26.1
27.4
27,4
26.4
25.9
25.3
25.2
MAY
32.0
32.0
32.0
31.0
29.1
29.0
29.0
29.0
27.0
27.0
29.0
29.0
28.0
28.5
27.1
27.0
26.8
27.0
27.0
28.0
30.0
30\0
33.0
33.0
29.0
29.0
31.0
30.5
30.0
30.5
27.0
27.5
127
-------
1970 1971
STA.
0104 S
(32) B
non/. o
/oo\ -D
(JJ) O
0208 S
(36) B
non/. c
/OQN D
(.jo; e>
0306 S
(39) B
0403 S
C41") B
0404 S
(42) B
0405 S
(A3) B
0503 S
(45) B
0504 S
(46) B
0603 S
(48) B
0604 S
(49) B
DAflA Q
(c-\ \ -D
V->-L^ D
0608 S
(52)
0703 S
(53) B
JUL.
29.6
29.7
30.1
30.1
30.7
30.9
30.2
30.7
30.2
31.0
30.4
30.6
30.1
30.1
30.5
30.6
30.5
30.8
AUG.
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.3
30.4
30.6
30.8
30.5
30.5
31.1
30.9
30.3
30.4
30.7
30.7
30.8
31.3
SEPT.
28.2
28.2
97 ^
97 7
27.2
27.2
77 ^
97 ^
27.9
27.9
28.0
27 9
27.2
27 7
27.8
27.9
27.8
27.9
27.9
27.9
27.8
27.8
28.0
28.0
9ft n
9R n
28.0
28.0
28.0
27.9
OCT.
28.0
28.0
9R 9
97 S
27.9
27.8
97 7
97 7
28.0
27.9
27.9
27.9
27.7
27 9
27.9
27.9
27.9
27.8
28.0
27.9
29.9
28.9
27.9
27.8
9 o rv
97 Q
Z / . 7
28.2
28.2
29.1
28.9
NOV.
24.0
23.6
9"} S
9A ft
25.0
24.0
9^ n
9T Q
23.0
23.0
25.0
24 5
24.1
24 0
23.7
23.8
24.9
24.8
25.1
24.1
24.5
24.6
24.1
24.0
o/i n
9Q Q
Z j . O
24.0
24.0
25.0
25.0
DEC.
20.1
20.1
90 n
90 n
20.1
20.1
9n n
9n n
20.2
20.2
20.0
20 0
20.1
20 2
20.1
20.2
20.2
20.1
20.1
20.2
20.0
20.1
20.1
20.1
9/-\ i
ZU •!
9fi i
ZU .1
20.5
20.5
20.1
20.1
JAN.
24.5
24.5
94 9
9A S
24.1
24.1
9A S
9A ^
24.2
24.2
24.2
24 5
24.1
24 1
24.2
24.1
24.5
24.5
24.0
24.0
24.9
24.1
24.0
24.2
9/, 9
/4 . L
9/. T
ZH • X
24.5
24.5
24.9
24.9
FEB.
14.9
13.5
160
1 ft A
14.0
14.2
1 A ^
•1 £ C
13.9
14,8
15.9
16.2
16,0
16 6
16.2
16.2
16.1
16.5
16.0
16.3
16.2
16.5
16.2
16.5
1 C Q
j.j. y
1 £. 9
lo • z
15.3
15.1
16.5
16.8
MAR.
21.0
20.8
?0 3
9f) 9
21.3
21.3
9O ^
90 A
19.9
19.7
21.3
20.9
20.4
20 3
20.3
19.9
21.0
20.8
20.6
20.3
20.9
20.8
20.6
20.4
«£U . 4
/U.I
21.0
20.7
20.9
21.0
APR.
19.8
19.5
ng
21 8
21.8
20.7
90 9
99 1
21.7
21.7
22.4
22.4
22.0
22 0
21.7
21.8
21.1
22.2
22.0
22,0
22.3
22.4
22.0
22.0
2.2. . 1
2.2.. 1
22.2
22.3
22.3
22.1
MAY
27.1
27.1
27 8
97 Q
28.0
28.0
97 R
98 0
27.7
27.9
27.2
27.5
27.2
27 3
27.6
27.8
27.5
27.9
27.6
28.0
27.2
27.7
27.6
27.9
2o. 0
Zo. 1
28.5
28.5
27.5
27.9
128
-------
197J3 1973,
STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB._ MAR. APR. MAY
0704 S 28.0 28.0 24.0 20.1 24.2 16.2 20.6 22.2 27,2
(54) B 28.0 28.0 24.0 20.1 24.0 16.5 20.4 22.2 27.8
0803 S 27.9 28.2 25.0 20.2 24.7 16.2 21.1 22.3 27.8
(56) B 27.9 27.9 25.0 20.2 24.2 16.6 20.9 22.3 27.9
0804 S 28.1 27.9 24.5 20.1 24.2 16.5 20.6 22.2 27.2
(57) B 28.0 27.8 24.5 20.1 24.0 16.8 20.4 22.2 27.3
0805 S 28.1 27.9 24.0 20.1 24.5 16.5 20.9 22.0 27.5
(58) B 28.0 27.8 24.0 20.1 24.1 16.8 20.2 22.1 27.9
1004 S 30.0 30.3 27.8 28.6 24.5 20.5 24.5 16.8 21.2 22.3 27.2
(63) B 30.3 30.3 27.8 28.3 24.0 20.5 24.0 16.8 20.5 22.3 27.8
129
-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2. SALINITY (ppt) BY MONTH AND STATION
1961 1969
STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. _NOV_. DECA JAN. FEB. MAR^ APR. MAY JUNE
N I S 24.9 32.1 23.3 10.5 18.5 24.9 22.1 28.9 31.3 27.3 31.7 11.7
(1) B 31.3 24.5 10.9 17.7 .24.9 21.7 28.9 31.3 27.7 31.7 21.3
N II S 23.3 27.7 13.7 12.1 17.7 22.9 22.0 25.7 31.3 28.5 31.3 12.9
(2) B 25.7 20.5 13.7 17.7 23.3 22.0 25.7 31.3 28.9 30.5 20.9
N III S 22.5 28.1 20.1 11.7 16.1 22.5 20.9 21.7 30.9 27.3 29.3 13.7
(3) B 28.9 24.1 16.9 18.1 22.5 20.9 22.5 31.7 27.7 28.9 21.7
N IV S 23.3 28.1 15.3 13.7 17.7 22.5 24.9 30.1 23.3 28.1 09.3
(4) B 28.9 13.3 16.5 17.7 21.7 25.3 30.1 23.3 27.7 20.5
N V S 12.1 16.1 20.1 05.0 09.7 17.3 18.9 25.7 23.3 19.3 06.5
(5) B 18.5 20.1 05.0 13.3 17.7 19.3 25.7 23.7 17.7 14.5
NE I S 25.7 27.7 23.3 12.5 17.7 24.9 22.5 29.3 31.3 26.1 31.3 10.9
(6) B 27.7 24.1 13.5 18.1 25.7 22.9 28.9 31.3 27.3 31.3 21.7
NE II S 25.7 28.5 17.7 14.1 20.1 25.7 23.2 28.9 31.3 28.1 31.3 12.1
(7) B 28.5 23.7 17.3 20.1 25.7 23.7 28.9 31.3 28.1 31.7 23.2
NE III S 26.5 29.7 18.5 22.1 20.9 25.7 24.5 29.7 31.7 29.3 33.7 14.5
(8) B 29.7 24.1 22.5 21.7 26.5 25.7 29.7 31.5 29.3 33.3 25.3
NE IV S 28.1 32.5 26.9 23.7 27.3 27.3 30.9 34.9 33.7 33.7 21.3
(9) B 32.9 28.1 24.1 26.5 28.1 31.3 34.9 33.7 33.3 27.7
NE V S 29.3 32.5 27.7 24.5 28.9 30.1 32.9 35.7 34.1 34.1 25.7
(10) B 32.9 28.9 24.5 28.9 30.5 32.9 35.7 34.5 32.5 29.3
SE I S 26.9 31.7 18.1 19.3 20.9 25.3 22.9 28.9 30.9 27.3 31.3 16.9
(11) B 32.1 20.9 20.9 20.5 25.3 23.3 28.9 30.5 27.3 31,3 20.1
SE II S 26.9 32.1 26.1 22.5 26.1 25.3 23.3 29.3 30.9 31.7 32.1 20.9
(12) B 32.9 26.1 22.5 26.1 25.3 23.3 29.3 30.7 31.7 32.1 24.1
SE III S 32.9 33.3 26.5 23.7 25.7 25.7 25.3 29.3 32.1 33.7 34.1 25.7
(13) B 33.7 25.9 23.7 25.3 25.7 25.7 30.5 32.1 33.7 33.7 26.5
SE IV S 34.5 32.1 29.3 24.9 23.3 30.5 30.9 33.7 35.3 33.7 29.7
(14) B 30.5 32.1 24.9 23.3 30.5 31.7 33.3 34.9 33.7 29.7
SE V S 35.3 34."5 35.7 32.1 26.5 33.7 31.7 35.3 36.1 33.3 33.7
(15) B ' 33.8 35.3 32.1 27.3 33.7 34.9 35.3 36.1 33.3 33.7
130
-------
1968 1969
STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE
SIS 26.5 32.1 24.1 15.3 20.9 25.7 22.5 28.9 31.3 29.3 34.1 17.7
(16) B 32.1 23.7 15.3 20.1 25.7 22.5 28.9 31.3 28.9 32.1 20.9
S II S 26.1 28.9 23.3 18.5 21.7 24.9 22.5 29.3 31.3 28.9 32.5 18.5
(17) B 28.7 24.9 22.5 21.7 24.9 22.5 29.3 32.1 28.5 32.1 22.5
S III S 27.7 32.1 26.5 19.3 21.7 24.9 23.3 29.3 31.3 32.1 33.3 22.5
(18) B 32.9 26.5 22.1 21.3 24.9 23.3 29.3 31.3 32.1 33.7 24.9
S IV S 32.9 30.5 29.7 23.7 25.7 28.9 30.5 33.3 35.3 32.9 29.7
(19) B 32.1 29.7 23.3 25.7 28.9 30.9 33.3 34.9 33.3 29.7
S V S 33.7 32.1 32.9 24.5 27.3 30.5 32.9 34.5 34.9 26.8 32.1
(20) B 32.1 32.9 24.5 26.5 30.5 32.9 34.1 35.3 33.7 32.1
A s 20.1 20.9 18.5 25.3 22.1 27.7 30.5 27.7 27.0 20.9
(21) B 21.3 20.9 20.1 24.9 22.1 27.7 30.5 27.7 31.7 20.9
B S —- 24.1 28.1 30.7 27.3 25.0 20.5
(22) B 24.1 28.5 30.9 26.9 30.9 21.3
C S 27.3 29.7 33.3 32.3 26.0 17.7
(23) B 28.9 30.5 34.1 32.3 33.3 26.1
D s 28<1 31>7 34>1 32i5 26.0 22.1
(24) B 29.3 32.1 33.7 32.1 33.7 26.5
E s 24<1 30>9 32-5 33%7 26.1 20.5
(25) B 24.1 30.9 32.5 33.4 33.7 28.5
F S ~ 24.1 29.7 31.0 29.3 28.7 20.9
(26) B 24.1 29.3 31.3 28.9 32.1 23.7
G S 23.7 28.1 31.3 27.3 30.5 17.7
(27) B 27.7 28.1 30.5 27.3 32.1 17.7
H S 24.1 28.9 30.5 32.5 27.1 20.9
(28) B 24.5 28.9 30.5 33.3 33.7 20.9
I S
(29) B
J S
(30) B —
K S
(31) B
131
-------
1969 1970
STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE
N I S
(1) B
N II S
(2) B
N III S
(3) B
N IV S
(4) B
N V S
(5) B
NE I S
(6) B
NE II S
(7) B
NE III S
(8) B
NE IV S
(9) B
NE V S
(10) B
SE I S
(11) B
SE II S
(12) B
SE III S
(13) B
SB IV S
(14) B
SE V S
(15) B
SIS
(16) B
14.1
14.5
11.7
15.7
14.9
15.7
08.1
16.9
04.5
06.1
15.3
16.9
18.1
18.9
19.3
20.1
24.9
24.9
24.1
24.6
18.5
19.3
22.9
23.3
26.1
26.5
29.3
29.3
31.7
31.7
16.9
17.3
27.3
26.9
27.3
26.1
25.7
26.9
24.9
27.3
26.9
27.3
26.5
27.3
27.3
27.7
27.7
28.1
30.1
30.1
29.3
31.7
26.9
26.9
28.1
28.9
28.9
29.3
28.9
28.5
33.7
33.9
26.9
26.9
17.3
22.5
18.5
25.3
20.1
26.1
16.9
25.7
19.5
21.3
16.9
25.7
16.5
28.1
25.3
29.7
23.7
31.3
21.3
32.9
22.1
22.9
23.7
25.3
29.7
30.1
32.5
32.5
30.9
33.3
22.5
22,9
22.1
22.1
20.1
20.1
20.1
21.7
22.1
22.1
16.1
15.7
22.5
22.5
21.7
21.7
22.1
22.5
25.7
25.7
27.3
28.1
21.3
21.3
25.7
25.7
28.1
28.1
28.1
27.7
32.1
32.5
16.5
18.5
20.1
20.1
20.1
20.9
17.7
22.5
21.7
21.7
16.9
16.1
20.1
20.1
20.1
20.9
20.9
20.9
23.3
23.3
24.9
24.9
19.3
19.3
20.1
20.1
20.1
20.1
22.5
23.3
27.3
29.7
19.3
19.3
20.5
20.5
20.9
20.9
21.3
21.3
20.9
20.9
16.9
16.5
20.5
20.5
20.5
20.5
21.7
21.7
24.9
24.1
25.3
25.7
21.7
21.3
23.3
23.7
25.7
25.7
28.1
28.1
32.5
32.5
20.9
21.3
22.5
22.7
22.1
22.5
21.7
22.5
21.3
21.3
18.5
18.1
22.5
22.9
22.9
22.9
24.3
24.5
29.1
28.9
29.1
30.1
23.3
23.7
26.1
26.1
26.5
26.9
27.3
27.3
32.9
33.3
.24.1
24.1
24.9
24.9
22.5
22.5
20.1
20.9
25.7
25.7
14.5
13.7
24.9
25.7
24.9
24.9
26.5
26.5
28.9
28.9
29.7
28.9
26.5
25.7
28.1
27.3
29.7
29.7
30.5
30.5
33.7
33.7
25.7
25.7
21.7
21.7
22.9
22.5
22.1
22.5
20.5
21.3
21.3
21.3
23.3
22.9
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
28.5
28.5
30.5
30.5
23.7
23.7
25.3
25.7
30.5
30.5
32.1
32.1
34.9
35.2
26.1
26.1
33.7
34.1
33.7
33.7
33.7
33.8
33.3
33.7
32.5
33.7
34.1
34.1
33.7
34.1
34.1
34.5
35.3
35.3
36.. 1
36.1
33.7
33.7
34.1
34.1
34.1
33.7
34.5
34.1
36.1
36.1
33.7
33.7
37.3
37.7
37.3
37.3
37.3
37.7
37.7
37.7
36.5
36.9
38.5
38.1
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.9
38.5
38.5
38.5
37.3
37.7
38.1
38.1
38.5
38.9
38.9
38.5
38.5
35.1
35.0
35.7
35.8
35.2
36.0
34.2
33.9
20.5
20.0
36.3
36.1
36.2
36.4
35.6
35.6
36.9
37.1
37.1
36.6
35.8
35.8
36.2
36.2
36. S
36.3
36.0
36.0
36.4
36.4
35.9
35.9
132
-------
1969 1970
STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE
S II S 16.5 26.5 25.3 21.7 19.3 20.5 24.1 25.7 26.1 33.7 38.5 36.0
(17) B 22.1 27.3 26.9 22.1 19.3 20.1 24.3 25.7 25.7 33.7 38.5 36.3
S III S 20.1 28.1 25.7 26.5 19.3 -23.3 25.7 28.1 27.3 33.7 38.5 36.3
(18) B 23.7 28.5 28.5 26.5 19.3 23.3 25.7 28.1 27.7 34.9 38.9 36.3
S IV S 27.3 27.3 32.9 26.9 21.7 26.9 27.1 29.7 32.1 33.7 38.1 35.8
(19) B 27.7 27.3 32.9 26.9 21.7 26.9 27.3 29.7 32.1 34.1 38.1 35.8
S V S 28.5 28.1 32.5 29.3 24.9 28.1 28.9 32.1 32.1 35.3 38.1 35.8
(20) B 28.5 30.1 32.5 29.3 25.7 28.1 28.9 32.1 32.1 35.3 38.1 35.8
A S 18.1 27.3 22.9 19.3 20.1 21.7 24.1 24.9 23.7 33.7 38.5 35.6
(21) B 18.5 27.3 23.3 19.3 20.1 21.7 24.1 24.9 23.3 33.7 38.5 35.5
B S 19.3 27.3 23.7 19.3 20.1 22.1 24.1 27.3 23.3 33.9 38.5 35.1
(22) B 18.9 27.3 25.3 19.7 20.1 22.1 23.7 27.3 23.7 33.9 38.5 35.0
C S 22.9 28.9 29.4 24.5 22.5 23.7 28.1 28.9 26.9 35.3 38.5 36.6
(23) B 22.9 28.9 24.1 24.5 23.3 23.7 28.1 28.1 27.3 34.9 38.5 36.6
D S 27.0 30.1 20.1 28.5 23.3 25.3 28.4 29.7 28.9 35.3 38.5 36.3
(24) B 27.3 30.1 31.3 28.5 23.3 25.7 28.1 28.9 28.5 35.3 38.5 36.4
E S 22.9 28.1 22.5 27.3 20.9 24.1 26.1 30.5 28.9 34.1 38.5 36.4
(25) B 23.7 28.5 31.3 26.5 20.9 24.1 26.1 29.7 28.9 34.5 38.5 36.4
F S 19.7 27.3 23.3 21.3 20.1 20.5 24.5 28.1 23.7 33.7 38.5 36.1
(26) B 20.5 26.9 27.7 21.3 20.1 20.9 24.5 28.1 23.7 33.3 38.5 36.1
G S 18.5 26.5 22.1 20.9 19.3 21.7 24.1 25.7 23.7 33.7 38.5 35.8
(27) B 18.1 26.9 21.7 21.3 20.1 21.3 24.1 25.7 23.7 33.7 38.5 35.8
H S 14.9 27.3 27.7 16.5 19.3 -20.5 24.1 25.7 28.9 33.7 38.5 36.1
(28) B 23.3 27.3 28.1 18.5 18.5 20.5 24.1 24.9 28.9 33.7 38.5 36.1
•Q __M_ ____ ____ ____ _.« — ....__ __«_ ___.. _-_ —_ — — — — — — — — — —«•
j s 20.1 23.2 25.3 27.3 24.1 33.7 38.5 35.2
(30) B 20.9 23.2 25.3 28.9 24.5 33.7 38.5 35.3
K S 20.1 20.5 24.5 27.3 24.1 33.7 38.5 36.2
(31) B 20.1 21.3 24.5 27.3 24.1 33.7 38.5 36.2
133
-------
1970 1971
STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY
N I S 29.6
(1) B 31.2
N II S 27.9
(2) B 27.9
(6) B
NE II S 28.9
(7) B 31.7
(8) B
SE I S 30.5
(11) B 30.9
SE II S 36.0
(12) B 36.4
SE HIS 34.1
(13) B 34.0
n si R — -
SIS 32.1
(16) B 32.1
34.
34.
34.
34.
34.
34.
33.
33.
34.
35.
36.
36.
32.
33.
6
6
6
6
-
6
6
—
7
7
6
1
2
2
9
7
40.1
39.7
40,1
40.1
AH Q
40.9
40.5
40.1
O Q O
JJ * J
39.3
40.1
40.1
38,5
38.9
38.1
38.1
39.3
40.1
33.5
33.4
30.3
30.4
00 £
33.7
34.4
34.4
OA C
Jt . J
34.6
32.5
34.6
35.2
35.7
36.0
36.0
33.0
34.6
27.1
27.4
26.2
26.5
97 ^
28.8
27.6
29.2
9ft R
29.1
28.3
29.6
29.2
30.7
30.4
30.5
28.9
28.9
30.5
29.7
30.5
30.5
on «;
30.9
30.5
30.9
O O 1
32.1
31.3
32.1
32.1
32.1
32.1
32.5
31.3
31.3
34.5
34.5
34.1
34.1
«j4 • O
34.5
34.5
34.5
Ti T.
J J . J
35.3
34.9
35,3
34.9
34.9
35.3
35.3
34.9
34.5
37.7
37.7
37.3
36.9
07 7
37.3
37.3
37.7
07 7
•j f . /
37.7
37.7
37.7
37.3
37.3
38.5
38.5
37.7
37.7
38.1
38.1
37.7
38.1
O Q C
OO • J
38.1
38.1
38.1
^7 7
37.7
38.5
38.5
38.1
38.1
37.7
37.7
38.1
38.1
38.9
39.0
38.8
38.7
on 2
39.1
39.2
39.1
00 Q
38.9
____
38.9
39.2
39.6
39.6
39.0
42.6
42.6
42.9
42.9
49 Q
42.6
42.6
42.7
A? 7
43.1
43.2
43.0
43.0
43.1
42.7
42.6
43.0
43.3
134
-------
1970 1971
STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY
S II S 31.5 34.5 40.1 34.4 28.9 31.3 34.5 37.7 38.1 39.0 43.4
(17) B 32.5 33.7 40.1 34.6 29.4 30.9 34.9 37.7 38.1 39.0 43.3
S III S 32.6 35.4 38.5 35.6 29.7 31.3 34.9 37.7 38.1 39.3 43.9
(18) B 34.1 35.4 38.5 35.9 30.2 31.3 34.9 37.3 38.1 39.2 43.7
S IV S 34.3 36.9 37.7 35.9 30.3 30.9 36.1 38.1 37.7 39-5 41.2
(19) B 34.3 36.9 37.7 35.9 30.2 30.9 36.1 38.1 37.7 39.3 41.1
S V S 35.2 36.1 37.7 35.4 34.0 33.7 36.5 37.7 37.7 38.6 39.7
(20) B 35.1 36.1 37.7 35.4 34.1 33.7 36.9 38.1 37.3 38.o 39.3
A S 30.9 34.3 40.1 34.0 30.0 30.5 34.9 37.7 38.1 39.2 43.2
(21) B 31.8 34.4 40.5 34.1 30.3 30.5 34.9 37.3 38.1 39.0 43.0
B S
(22) B
C S
(23) B
D S
(24) B
E S
(25) B
F S
(26) B
G S
(27) B
H S
(28) B
I S
(29) B
J S
(30) B
K S
(31) B
33.9
34.7
33.0
34.0
30.5
32.9
30.2
32.2
31.5
31.5
28.0
30.0
32.1
32.9
32.3
32.6
36.3
36.3
35.9
36.1
34.6
34.6
33.7
33.7
35.3
35.2
34.9
34.8
33.7
34.5
34.3
34.3
40.5
40.1
38.1
38.1
38.5
38.5
37.7
37.7
40.1
40.1
39.3
39.7
38.5
38.5
40.1
40.1
39.7
40.1
40.1
40.1
33.4
33.6
35.6
35.7
36.2
36.2
36.0
36.0
34.6
34.6
32.9
32.8
34.7
33.8
30.9
31.1
35.2
35.3
34.7
34.7
29.3
29.4
31.8
32.5
33.0
33.1
29.7
30.3
30.2
30.5
28.8
29.1
29.5
29.5
27.7
28.1
30.4
30.6
29.8
29.8
30.9
30.5
32.9
32.9
33.7
33.7
31.3
31.7
30.5
30.9
31.3
32.1
29.7
29.7
30.9
30.9
31.3
31.3
31.3
31.3
35.3
34.9
36.1
36.1
36.1
36.1
35.3
35.3
34.5
34.9
34.9
34.9
34.9
34.5
34.9
34.9
35.3
34.9
34.9
34.9
37.7
37.7
38.1
38.1
37.7
37.7
37.3
37.3
37.3
37.3
37.7
37.7
37.7
37.3
37.7
37.7
37.7
37.7
36.9
36.9
38.1
38.1
38.1
38.5
38.1
37.7
37.7
37.7
38.1
38.1
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.1
38.1
38.1
38.1
38.1
38.1
39.2
39.1
38.4
38.3
38.5
38.4
39.1
39.4
38.8
39.1
39.3
39.3
39.1
38.9
39.1
38.8
43.1
43.2
41.5
41.5
41.9
41.9
43.1
43.2
43.2
43.1
43.0
43.1
44.4
44.3
43.7
43.3
43.0
43.1
43.1
42.8
135
-------
1970 1971
STAA JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB^. MAR. APR^ MAY
0104 S 33.6 30.4 37.7 33.5 33.7 30.5 37,3 37.7 37.9 39.3 40.9
(32) B 33.5 30.A 37.7 34.2 33.7 31.3 37.3 37.7 38.0 39.3 40.9
0204 S 37.3 30.1 34.5 32.1 37.3 37.3 37.7 38.8 41.2
(33) B 37.3 34.3 34.5 33.3 37.3 37.3 37.7 38.9 41.2
0208 S 36.0 30.4 36.5 37.5 35.3 35.3 37.3 37.3 36.5 38.0 37.9
(36) B 36.3 30,4 36.5 37.0 35.3 35.3 37.7 37.7 36.5 38.0 37.7
0304 S 36.9 34.4 34.5 32.5 36.9 37.7 37.6 39.1 40.6
(38) B 37.3 34.9 35.3 32.1 36.9 37.3 37.7 39.1 40.6
0306 S 37.7 36.5 35.3 34.9 37.3 38.1 37.3 38,6 39.4
(39) B 37.7 36.4 35.3 35.3 37.7 38.1 37.4 38.5 39.4
0403 S 36.9 34.1 38.5 33.7 36.9 37.3 38.1 39.0 40.8
(41) B 36.9 34.7 35.3 33.7 36.9 37.3 37.8 39.2 40.8
0404 S 37.7 34.3 36.1 34.5 36.9 37.3 37.7 38.9 40.3
(42) B 37.7 35.6 36.1 34.5 37.3 37.7 37.5 38.8 40.2
0405 S 35.2 30.3 36.9 36.2 33.7 35.3 37.3 38.1 37.4 38.7 40.1
(43) B 35.5 30.4 36.9 36.1 33.7 34.9 37.3 38.1 37.5 38.6 40.2
0503 S 33.5 30.6 36.9 34.3 33.7 32.5 36.9 37.7 38.1 39.0 41.4
(45) B 33.7 30.8 37.3 34.2 34.5 32.5 36.9 38.5 37.9 38.8 41.3
0504 S 33.6 30.5 37.7 36.2 34.5 34.5 36.9 37.7 37.7 38.8 40.4
(46) B 35.3 30.5 37.7 36.2 34.5 34.9 36.9 37.7 37.6 38,8 40.3
0603 S 32.3 31.1 36.9 32.6 34.5 35.3 36.9 38.5 37.8 38.9 41.3
(48) B 33.9 30.9 36.9 33.6 34.5 35,7 36.9 37.7 37.8 39.0 41.5
0604 S 33.5 30.3 37.3 34.3 35.3 34.5 36.9 37.7 37.7 38.8 41,0
(49) B 34.8 30.4 37.3 35.0 35.3 34.9 37.3 37.7 37.7 38,0 40,9
0606 S 36.9 36.1 35.3 35.3 37.3 38.5 37.3 38.7 40.3
(51) B 36.9 36.1 35.3 35.3 37.3 38.5 37.3 38.6 40.6
0608 S 35.1 30.7 36.5 36.6 36.1 35.3 37.3 38.1 37.2 38.0 41.6
(52) B 35.9 30.7 36.5 36.6 36.1 35.3 37.3 38.1 37.4 38.4 41.8
0703 S 32.5 30.8 37.3 33.9 35.3 35.7 36.5 38.1 37.7-39.2 41.3
(53) B 33.9 31.3 36.9 33.9 35.3 35.7 36.5 37.7 37.7 39.3 41.2
136
-------
1970 1971
STA. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEE. MAR. APR. MAY
0704 S 37.3 34.8 35.3 34.5 36.5 37.7 37.6 38.841,1
(54) B 37.3 34.8 35.3 34.5 36,5 38.1 37.6 38.9 41.2
0803 S 37.3 33.8 35.3 33.3 36.1 38.1 37.8 39.2 41.9
(56) B 37.3 34.0 35.3 32.9 36.5 37.7 37.8 39.1 41.8
0804 S 37.7 34.5 35.3 34.9 36.1 37-7 37.6 38.9 40.8
(57) B 37.7 35.1 35.3 34.9 36.1 38.1 37.6 38.9 41.3
0805 S 36.9 35.3 35.3 35.3 36.1 37.7 37.5 38.6 41.3
(58) B 36.9 35.8 35.3 35.3 36.1 37.7 37.4 38.6 41.2
1004 S 32.9 30.3 36.9 35.1 35.3 34.5 36.1 38.1 38.0 39.5 42.0
(63) B 34.3 30.3 36.9 35.4 35.3 34.9 36.1 37.7 38.0 39.4 41.9
137
-------
APPENDIX TABLE 3. OXYGEN (ppm) BY MONTH AND STATION
1968 1969
STA.
N I S
(1) B
N II S
(2) B
N III S
(3) B
N IV S
(4) B
N V S
(5) B
NE I S
(6) B
NE II S
(7) B
NE III S
(8) B
NE IV S
(9) B
NE V S
(10) B
SE I S
(11) B
SE II S
(12) B
SE III S
(13) B
SE IV S
(14) B
SE V S
(15) B
JUL.
6.0
4.0
9.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
7.0
8.0
5.0
AUG.
7.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
6.0
7.0
5.0
5.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
SEPT.
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
7.0
6.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.0
8.0
5.0
5.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
OCT.
7.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
9.0
8.0
6.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
7.0
6.5
7.0
7.0
5.0
8.0
5.5
7.0
NOV.
8.0
7.0
7.0
6.0
10.0
10.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
8.0
6.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
DEC.
7.5
7.0
8.0
7.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
6.0
7.0
6.0
7.5
7.0
9.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
6.0
6.5
4.5
6.5
4.0
4.0
5.5
3.5
JAN.
5.0
5.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
— _
7.0
8.0
5.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
3.0
6.0
3.5
4.5
3.0
3.5
FEB.
6.8
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.1
6.0
6.7
6.6
8.2
8.1
7.1
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.0
6.9
7.6
7.5
7.2
7.1
7.4
7.4
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.3
7.3
7.6
7.7
7.6
MAR.
6.5
6.6
7.2
7.2
7.5
7.5
7.0
7.0
7.6
8.0
6.0
6.0
7.1
7.1
6.6
7.1
6.7
6.7
6,8
6.7
7.7
7.7
6.7
6.8
7.1
7.2
6.5
6.3
6.0
6.0
APR.
6.6
6.5
5.8
5.8
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.4
6.3
5.9
5.8
5.9
5.8
6.6
6.4
6.5
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.2
7.3
7.3
7.5
6.5
6.4
MAY
5.9
6.0
5.9
5.7
5.4
5.3
6.0
6.0
5.2
5.5
5.3
5.2
5.6
5.6
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.1
6.2
6.1
6.2
6.1
6.2
6.1
6.8
6.8
6.3
6.4
6.2
6.2
JUNE
6.6
8.1
6.4
8.0
6.2
6.7
5.8
7.4
4.2
5.4
6.6
7.9
6.4
9.2
6.6
8.3
6.3
6.2
6.4
6.5
5.9
8.1
6.5
8.5
7.5
8.4
6.7
6.6
6.6
6.6
138
-------
STA.
SIS
(16)
S II
(17)
S III
(18)
S IV
(19)
S V S
(20)
A
(21)
B
(22)
C
(23)
D
(24)
E
(25)
F
(26)
G
(27)
H
(28)
I
(29)
J
(30)
K
(3D
1968,
JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB.
5.0 5.0 4.0
B 5.0 5.0
S 5.0 7.0 7.0
B 8.0 7.0
S 9.0 5.0 7.0
B 4.0 7.0
S 3.0 5.0 6.0
B 5.0 6.0
4.0 5.0 6.0
B 4.0 7.0
S 6.0
B 8.0
B
S
B ~ ~
s — — ~ ~
B
S
B
S
B J-"J1 ~JU" " ~
s — — —
B
s — —
B ~
S ~ ~ ~ ~
B
s — —
B
7.0 7.0 4.0 3.
7.0 o.O 5.0 4.
6.0 6.0 6-. 5 4.
5.0 7.0 7.0 3.
6.0 6.0 7.0 5.
6.0 6.0 5.5 4.
5.0 6.0 4.0 --
6.0 6.0 4.0
7.0 7.0 3.0 ~
6.0 7.0 5.0 --
7.0 7.0 4.0 4.
7.0 8.0 5.0 4.
.
•~~— 6.
Q
___ ___ 7
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
7
7
8
8
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
6
6
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
.9
-3
.2
.1
.8
.9
.5
.5
.7
.7
.9
.6
.9
.8
.3
.2
.6
.7
.0
.9
.3
.3
.1
.1
.4
.5
1969
MAR.
6.
6.
7,
7.
7.
7.
6.
6.
6.
6.
5.
5-
6.
6.
7.
7.
6.
6.
7.
7.
7,
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
3
2
2
2
0
0
8
9
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
6
7
0
0
5
4
APR .
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
6
6
7
7
6
6
6
7
.9
.8
-5
.4
.4
.3
.8
.2
.8
.8
.4
.3
.6
.7
.7
.6
.5
.6
.9
.9
.1
.0
.7
.6
.9
.0
MAY
6.9
/.O
6.6
6.9
6.3
6.5
6.3
6.5
6.3
6.3
5.2
4.9
5.1
5.1
6.1
6.1
6.8
7.0
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.2
5.7
5.5
6.8
6.9
JUKI
5.7
6.7
5.6
6.5
7.0
8.4
6.3
6.2
6.4
6.3
6.9
8.2
5.9
9.5
6.4
6.4
6.7
6.8
6,7
9.1
7.0
10.0
6.3
6.6
6.3
6.5
139
-------
1969
STA.
N I S
(1) B
N II S
(2) B
N III S
(3) B
N IV S
(4) B
N V S
(5) B
NE I S
(6) B
NE II S
(7) B
NE III S
(8) B
NE IV S
(9) B
NE V S
(10) B
SE I S
(11) B
SE II S
(12) B
*
SE III S
(13) B
SE IV S
(14) B
SE V S
(15) B
JUL.
5.6
5.3
5.7
2.8
5.4
5.0
5.7
4.9
3.1
3.0
5.8
5.3
5.5
5.4
5.6
5.5
5.6
5,4
5.4
5.4
6.3
4.6
5.6
6.0
5.0
5.8
5.5
5.5
5.7
5.6
AUG.
5.8
6.2
3.3
7.9
5.8
6.3
5.9
5.8
5.9
11.0
5.6
5.5
4.0
4.7
4.9
5.3
6.1
6.1
6.5
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.4
6.6
5.4
6.2
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.5
SEPT.
5.1
5.9
3.9
7.2
3.7
5.4
4.5
5.2
4.1
4.1
4.9
4.9
4.3
5.0
4.3
4.8
4.3
5.8
5.1
5.6
4.1
4.4
4.7
5.0
5.4
6.3
5.3
5.2
5.3
5.2
OCT.
4.9
5.7
3.8
5.6
5.6
5.0
5.4
5.5
5.3
5.3
4.9
4.9
5.1
5.0
5.1
5.0
5.9
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.2
5.1
5.6
5.6
6.2
6.3
5.4
5.4
5.5
5.5
NOV.
7.9
8.0
8.4
8.9
7.6
8.0
7.8
7.8
8.5
8.5
7.6
8.8
8.1
8.3
8.0
8.1
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
8.1
7.9
8.1
8.1
8.5
8.4
7.6
7.7
7.1
7.3
DEC.
5.8
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.3
6.3
6.7
6.7
6.3
6.2
5.7
5.7
6.0
6.0
6.7
6.6
6.8
6.8
5.9
5.9
6.4
6.3
6.5
6.5
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.5
6.5
JAN.
6.6
6.7
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.3
6.4
7.5
7.5
6.9
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.9
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.7
7.8
6.6
6.6
7.5
7.6
7.9
8.0
7.8
7.8
7.5
7.5
FEB.
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.8
8.0
8.2
7.7
7.9
8.0
8.1
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.6
7.8
7.8
8.0
6.8
6.8
7.3
7.0
7.7
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.9
8.0
1970
MAR.
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.9
7.0
6.4
6.5
7.8
7.8
8.0
8.1
7.5
7.5
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.4
7.4
7.0
7.1
7.6
7.8
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
APR.
5.2
5.0
5.6
5.7
6.8
6.1
5.5
5.7
5.6
5.0
5.1
5.0
5.3
5.3
5.8
5.7
6.2
6.2
5.9
5.9
4.4
4.3
4.9
5.1
4.8
4.7
4.9
4.7
5.2
4.7
MAY
7.1
7.2
5.6
6.6
5.5
5.7
6.0
6.3
5.4
5.8
6.1
6.1
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.7
6.1
5.8
6.0
5.9
5.5
5.7
5.9
5.4
5.8
6.0
5.8
5.7
6.0
5.5
JUNE
6.6
5.6
6.1
5.8
6.5
6.0
6.7
6.2
6.4
6.1
5.9
5.8
5.9
5.9
6.5
6.4
6.7
6.1
6.1
6.5
7.2
7.7
6.1
5.9
6.4
6.3
5.9
5.8
6.3
5.9
140
-------
1969 IITO
STA.
SIS
(16) B
S II S
(17) B
S III S
(18) B
S IV S
(19) B
S V S
(20) B
A S
(21) B
B S
(22) B
C S
(23) B
D S
(24) B
E S
(25) B
F S
(26) B
G S
(27) B
H S
(28) B
I S
(29) B
J S
(30) B
K S
(31) B
JUL.
5.7
5.7
4.3
7.4
5.6
7.8
6.5
6.5
5.7
5.7
4.4
4.4
4.8
4.7
5.1
5.9
5.8
6.1
5.6
6.1
5.8
5.6
6.8
6.7
6.0
6.5
AUG.
5.3
5.3
3.8
4.7
7.0
7.2
8.0
8.1
6.1
6.5
4.4
5.3
5.7
7.5
6.0
5.9
7.4
8.1
5.8
8.2
6.4
6.6
5.0
5.0
5.8
5.9
SEPT ,
3.6
5.2
3.9
5.3
4.7'
5.2
6.7
6.7
5.3
5.2
4.2
5.3
4.3
6.8
3.9
4.9
5.3
6.3
4.6
5.6
4.2
5.3
3.5
3.4
4.9
4.9
. OCT.
5.1
5.2
5.4
5.4
6.0
6.0
6.9
7.0
6.1
6.2
4.0
3.8
4.3
4.3
5.8
5.8
6.7
6.8
5.9
6.0
5.2
5.3
5.1
5.0
5.1
5.2
NOV.
8.3
7.9
8.0
7.8
8.4
8.5
7.5
7. 4
7.0
6.9
7.7
8.1
8.2
8.0
7.7
7.5
8.1
8.1
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.9
7.7
7.9
7.8
8.0
8.3
8.9
8.9
DEC.
6.3
6. 3
6.7
6.7
6-8
6.8
7.0
7.0
6.8
6.8
6.2
6.2
6.6
6.6
6.7
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.1
6.7
6.7
5.6
5.6
6.6
6.7
JAN.
7.1
7.0
7.1.
7.4
7.5
7,8
7.8
7.5
7.5
7,0
7.1
7.6
7.7
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.3
7.4
7.1
7.6
6.8
6.8
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.9
8.1
~Eb.
h. 2
6.2
6.5
6.5
7.6
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.8
7.7
7.8
8.2
8.3
7.7
7.9
7.7
7.9
7.6
7.8
7.3
7.3
6.0
6.0
7.2
7.2
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.4
MAR.
7.1
7,1
7.1
7-1
7.2
7.2
7-5
7.5
6.9
6.9
7.1
7.1
7.8
7.8
7.0
7.1
7.0
7.1
7.0
7.1
6.9
6.9
7.1
6.9
7.2
7.2
7.4
7.4
7.6
7,6
APR.
'4.7
4.5
4.9
5.2
4.9
4.8
4.9
4.8
4.3
4.3
4.9
4.9
6.3
6.1
5.7
5.3
5.2
5.1
4.9
4.9
4.2
4.2
4.9
5.0
5.0
5.4
5.3
5.3
MAY
q r
5.7
5.;
5.5
5.8
6.1
6.2
6.1
5.7
5.8
5.6
5.7
6.3
6.3
7.0
5.8
6.0
6.4
6.0
5.5
5.5
5.8
5.5
5.7
5.7
5.6
6.3
6.2'
6.2
6.2
JUNE
6.3
6.0
6,5
5-9
6.0
5.9
6.5
6.5
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.3
6.6
6.4
6.1
6.8
6.2
6.3
6.2
6.1
5.8
5.7
5.3
6.5
6.2
6.6
6.2
6.5
6,1
141
-------
STA. JUL. AUG.
N I S 4.8 4.8
(1) B 5.1 4.8
N II S 5.3 4.6
(2) B 4.9 4.5
(3) B
N IV S
(4) B
N V S
(5) B
NE I S
(6) B
NE II S 5.3 4.7
(7) B 4.9 4.4
NE III S
(8) B
NE IV S
(9) B
(10) B
SE I S 4.4 5.4
(11) B 4.5 5.7
SE II S 5.2 4.7
(12) B r.O 5.1
SE III S 5.2 5.3
(13) B 5.2 5.3
SE IV S — -
(14) B —
(15) B
1970
SEPT. OCT.
5.
5.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
7.
7.
2
2
9
9
5
4
2
1
8
6
3
5
7
7
3
3
4.4
4.3
5.8
5.3
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.6
4.9
6.2
7.4
7.2
8.4
9.3
8.9
NOV.
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.8
6.2
5.7
5.8
5.4
6.1
6.2
5.5
5.2
5.6
6.3
8.4
8.4
DEC.
6.5
6.7
6.4
6.8
6.4
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.5
6.8
6.4
6.5
5.8
6.0
7.2
7.2
JAN.
7.6
7.7
7.3
7.4
7.0
7.0
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
8.0
8.0
7.3
7.3
7.9
8.0
FEB.
6.5
6.7
6.7
6.8
6.4
6.5
6.5
6.7
6.6
6.7
6.4
6.5
6.2
6.2
6.7
6.9
1971
MAR. APR.
5.7
5.7
5.1
5.2
4.7
4.7
5.6
5.5
5.8
5.9
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.6
6.2
6.2
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
5
6
7
7
.1
.0
.6
.8
.7
.4
.7
.4
.3
.2
.1
.5
.2
.4
.5
.6
MAY
5.1
5.4
5.1
4.8
5.0
5.2
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.8
6.0
6.1
6.1
6.2
8.1
8.1
142
-------
STA.
SIS
(16) B
S II S
(17) B
S III S
(18) B
S IV S
(19) B
S V S
(20) B
A S
(21) B
B S
(22) B
C S
(23) B
D S
(24) B
E S
(25) B
F S
(26) B
G S
(27) B
H S
(28) B
I S
(29) B
J S
(30) B
K S
(31) B
JUL.
5.1
3.9
4.2
4.4
5.6
5.2
5.3
5.2
5.6
5.2
4.0
3.8
5.3
4.2
4.9
4.0
4.2
3.9
5.2
5.1
4.6
4.5
4.8
4.6
4.7
4.7
3.9
3.6
AUG.
5.5
5.8
5.0
5.2
4.9
4. ,9
5.4
5.6
5.2
5.3
4.3
4.3
^—
5.2
4.9
5.5
5.9
4.3
4.4
5.1
4.8
5.1
4.9
3.8
3.7
4.1
4.9
4.6
4.7
1970
SEPT. OCT.
5.0
5.2
5.1
5.0
5.3
5.5
6.5
6.4
6.1
6.1
5.1
5.2
4.9
4.9
5.4
5.4
6.2
6.0
5.5
5.4
5.0
5.0
4.7
4.7
5.6
5.6
5.3
5.4
5.3
5.3
4.8
4.6
6.7
7.3
6.8
7.1
7.0
7.8
8.1
8.7
7.0
6.9
6.0
6.5
4.2
4.3
5.4
5.3
5.9
6.0
7.1
6.8
6.4
6.5
6.4
6.5
7.1
7.7
6.2
9.7
6.9
6.9
5.1
5.1
NOV.
5.7
5.8
5.4
7.2
5.4
6.3
6.2
6.4
5.9
5.9
4.8
5.7
6.1
5.8
6.2
6.0
5.7
5.8
5.7
6.0
5.3
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.4
5.9
4.6
4.6
5.3
6.1
5.8
6.0
DEC.
6.0
6.0
6.5
6.6
6.9
7.0
6.8
6.8
6.5
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.4
6.6
6.4
6.6
5.7
5.8
5.5
5.7
6.5
6.5
6.2
6.4
5.6
5.7
6.0
6.0
6.3
6.4
5.7
6.0
JAN.
8.0
8.0
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.5
7.9
7.9
7.6
7.7
6.5
6.6
6.1
6.3
7.7
7.8
7.5
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.3
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.1
7.5
5.9
5.9
7.3
7.1
7.1
7.1
FEB.
6.6
6.7
7.1
7.1
6.5
6.4
6.6
6.8
6.7
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.8
6.9
6.5
6.6
6.6
6.6
5.9
5.9
6.3
6.4
5.8
6.0
6.5
6.5
6.8
6.8
1971
MAR. APR.
6.8
6.9
6.8
6.9
5.7
5.7
6.1
6.1
5.7
5.8
5.5
5.6
5.3
5.2
5.9
6.0
6.3
6.3
6.0
6.0
5.6
5.6
4,7
4.7
6.2
6.2
5.0
5.0
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.7
7.3
7.5
7.8
7.9
6.5
6.7
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.7
5.1
5.2
5.6
5.7
6.6
6.5
6.6
6.6
6.3
6.4
5.2
5.2
5.3
5.3
6.3
6.2
6.5
6.6
5.6
6.6
5.8
6.0
MAY
6.4
6.4
6.7
6.7
6.8
6.7
7.5
7.5
6.8
6.8
5.7
5.6
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.9
6.9
6.1
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.6
6.9
6.9
6.1
6.2
6.1
6.1
5.1
5.2
143
-------
1970
STA.
0104 S
(32) B
0204 S
(33) B
0208 S
(36) B
0304 S
(38) B
0306 S
(39) B
0403 S
(41) B
0404 S
(42) B
0405 S
(43) B
0503 S
(45) B
0504 S
(46) B
0603 S
(48) B
0604 S
(49) B
0606 S
(51) B
0608 S
(52) B
0703 S
(53) B
0704 S
(54) B
JUL.
5.8
6.0
4.4
4.4
_ —
6.5
6.2
5.8
5.8
6.1
5.6
5.8
6.4
6.0
5.3
— —
5.9
5.7
5.6
5.7
AUG.
4.7
4.7
__~
4.9
4.8
_ __
5.9
6.0
5.4
6.1
6.1
6.1
4.1
4.6
4.6
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.8
6.0
SEPT.
6.0
5.9
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.7
5.7
5.9
6.0
5.6
5.7
5.6
5.7
5.5
5.5
5.8
5.9
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
OCT.
___
B
R
0
K
E
N
0
X
Y
G
E
N
M
E
T
E
R
__—
____
— ~*
— —
NOV.
6.3
5.3
4.2
5.2
6.0
5.9
5.7
5.4
5.9
5.6
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.8
6.0
5.7
5.9
5.7
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.0
5.7
5.8
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.2
DEC.
6.1
6.3
6.0
6.2
6.5
6.9
6.4
6.5
6.5
6.7
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.3
6.6
6.5
6.5
6.6
7,3
7.3
6.0
6.0
6.5
6.6
7.4
7.4
6.8
6.8
6.5
6.6
6.6
6.7
JAN.
7.8
8.4
7.1
7.3
6.6
6.7
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
7.1
7.7
6.6
6.7
6.5
6.7
6.7
6.9
6.4
6.7
5.8
6.5
6.6
6.3
6.3
6.7
6.7
7.0
6.6
6.3
6.4
6.4
FEB.
7.2
7.1
6.6
6.4
6.5
6.4
6.1
5.9
6.5
6.3
5.9
6.0
5.8
5.9
5.9
6.0
5.8
6.0
5.7
5.9
5.6
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.0
6.1
5.9
6.3
5.8
6.1
6.0
6.0
1971
MAR.
7.3
7.4
7.6
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.7
7.5
7.9
7.9
7.7
7.8
7.7
7.8
7.7
7.8
7.5
7.7
7.7
7.8
7.4
7.6
7.9
7.8
7.6
7.6
8.0
7.9
7.4
7.6
7.8
7.7
APR.
6.3
6.0
7.0
7.0
6.9
6.8
7.2
6.9
B
R
0
K
E
N
0
X
Y
G
E
N
P
R
0
B
E
_ — _
__«
MAY
5.5
5.5
5.8
5.7
6.5
6.3
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.9
5.8
5.7
5.9
5.9
6.3
6.2
5.6
5.6
5.9
6.0
5.6
5.6
5.9
5.8
5.9
5.8
6.1
6.1
5.7
5.6
6.0
5.9
144
-------
1970
1971
STA.
0803 S
(56) B
0804 S
(57) B
0805 S
(58) B
1004 S
(63) B
JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY
6.0
5.9
5.9
6.0
5.7
5.7
5.9
6.0
5.9
6.0
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.7
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.1
6.2
6.6
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.8
6.7
6.8
6.6
6.6
6.4
6.5
6.4
6.5
6.3
6.3
5.8
6.1
5.9
6.1
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
7.8
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.6
7.5
7.9
5.8
5.7
6.1
6.2
5.8
5.8
145
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
.REPORT NO.
EPA-660/3 - 74-014
[3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION«NO.
|4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Studies on Effects of Thermal Pollution
in Biscayne Bay, Florida
5. REPORT DATE
August
J6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
|7. AUTHOR(S) ~~
Dr- Martin A. Roessler & Dr. Durbin C. Tabb
|8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
(9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric
S cience
University of Miami
Maimi, Florida
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Grant WP-0135-01A
18080DFU
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT '•
Field studies on the effects of thermal additions from the Florida
Power & Light Company's discharge at Turkey Point have been conducted
to determine the effects of this effluent on the macroinvertebrates
and fishes of the area.
Replicate samples with a 3 m (10 foot) otter trawl lined with
.63 mm (1/4 in.) bar mesh were made monthly at 20 stations. Data on
temperature, salinity and oxygen were collected during each sampling
period. Additional chemical data were collected when opportunity
exis ted.
The experimental results suggest that maximum summer temperatures
above 32°C cause detrimental changes in the environment which are
reversible in the winter while temperatures above 33°C cause damage
which does not recover during the cooler months. Intermitant flow
of discharge water is not as damaging as constant flow. Card Sound
appears to be as productive as Biscayne Bay and temperatures exceeding
33°C will also cause damage in Card Sound.
17-
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATl Field/Group
*Thermal Pollution, *Water Pollution!
Waste Heat
*Environmental Effects *Estuaries
Heated Water Biscayne Bay
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
154
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
unclass ified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
------- |