United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region IV
Water Management Division
EPA 904-B-93-001
July 1993
WASTE-HANDLING AT
RECREATIONAL BOATING
FACILITIES
A GUIDE TO THE
ELIMINATION OF GARBAGE
DISPOSAL AT SEA
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DISCLAIMER
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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PREFACE
This guidance document was prepared for the Water Management Division, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Region IV under Contract No. 68-C8-0105, Work
Assignment No. 3-205, Amendment 2 to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of
Wetlands, Oceans, and Wetlands.
The guidance document was prepared by Battelle Ocean Sciences and A.T. Kearney, Inc.
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Waste-handling at Recreational totaling facilities
CONTENTS
List of Figures v
List of Tables v
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Problem 1-1
A Step toward the Solution 1-2
The Current Project 1-3
2.0 OVERVIEW OF PORTS AND TERMINALS IN REGION IV
Commercial Shipping Ports in Region IV 2-1
Commercial Fishing 2-2
Recreational Boating 2-2
Military 2-2
Other 2-3
Certificate of Adequacy for Garbage Reception Facilities 2-3
Ports and Terminals Not Required To File a COA 2-3
3.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE-HANDLING
AT RECREATIONAL BOATING FAOLTnES
Key Sources of Information 3-1
Administrative Arrangements 3-2
Waste-Stream Characterization 3-5
Equipment and Service Alternatives 3-5
Equipment Spatial Requirements and Siting 3-8
Recycling 3-9
Financing and Cost Recovery 3-12
Coordination of Recreational Boating Facilities and Boater Requirements 3-12
Handling Facilities for Vessel Maintenance Wastes 3-13
MARPOL Annex V Awareness 3-14
Other Issues Related to Solid-Waste Management 3-15
Summary of Findings, Observations, and Conclusions 3-16
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Waste-buiulliiig at Recreational Boating Facilities
4.0 STRATEGY TO ENCOURAGE PROPER WASTE-HANDLING PRACTICES AT
RECREATIONAL BOATING FAOLmES
Module 1: Marine Debris and MARPOL Annex V 4-1
Module 2: Assessment of Solid-Waste Management Practices 4-3
Module 3: Benefits of Recycling 4-5
Module 4: How To Start a Recreational Boating Facility Recycling Program 4-6
Module 5: Special-Handling Requirements for Vessel Maintenance Wastes 4-10
Module 6: How To Start a Program To Recycle Vessel Maintenance Wastes 4-11
Module 7: Recreational Boating Facilities Role in Promoting Solutions to Marine Debris 4-14
Module 8: Boater/Community Awareness Program 4-15
5.0 REFERENCES
Appendix: SELECTED READINGS
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Waste-handling tit Recreational Boating facilities
UST OF FIGURES
1-1 Six-State Study Area 1-0
1-2 Summary of Garbage Disposal Discharge Requirements under
MARPOL Annex V...., . 1-3
2-1 Top 10 Ports in Region IV for Vessels Entering and Clearing
U.S. Customs in the Foreign Trade of the United States 2-1
3-1 Summary of Site-Visit Locations ., ....3-1
3-2 Waste-Handling Alternatives. 3-6
3-3 Examples of Trash Receptacles ...... 3-7
3-4 Siting of Receptacles Alternatives .. - 3-9
4-1 Strategy To Encourage Proper Waste-Handling Practices at
Recreational Boating Facilities.., . 4-0
4-2 Assessment of Solid-Waste Management Practices 4-4
4-3 How To Start a Recreational Boating Facility Recycling Program 4-7
4-4 How To Start a Program To Recycle Vessel Maintenance Wastes 4-12
I-IST OF TAKLES
2-1 Overview of Ports and Terminals in Coastal States of Region IV 2-1
2-2 Registered Boating Data by Slate, - .....2-3
3-1 Summary of Selected Characteristics of Recreational Boating
Facilities Visited.. ..... ................ . ~ 3-2
4-1 Twelve Most Abundant Items Reported from 1990 Beach Cleanup ~..4-3
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Waste-handling tit Recreational Boating facilities
Figure 1-1. Six-State Study Area.
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Waste-bantlliiig (it Recreational Boating Facilities
1.O INTRODUCTION
On December 31,1988, in response to at-sea garbage
disposal limitations that went into effect worldwide,
the way mariners handle disposal of vessel-generated
garbage changed. On that date, Annex V of the
International ConventionforthePrevention of Pollution
from Ships, 1973 (MARine POLlution 73/78) was
entered into force. Formally, MARPOL Annex V is
entitled, "Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution
by Garbage from Ships." Simply, MARPOL Annex V
prohibits at-sea disposal of plastic materials and
specifies the distance from shore that all other materials
may be dumped. It also requires reception facilities for
garbage at ports and terminals, which includes
recreational boating facilities (i.e., marinas).
MARPOL 73/78 is a convention of the International
Maritime Organization, a specialized agency of the
United Nations. It is designed to address the problem
of marine pollution from vessels on a global scale
through five annexes, each of which focuses on a
particular type of marine pollution. Under the terms of
MARPOL 73/78, signatory nations agree to implement
Annexes I and n, which address pollution from oil and
bulk liquid substances, respectively. These annexes
are in force internationally. Annexes III, IV, and V,
however, are optional and need not be accepted by
parties to the convention at the time when they ratify
MARPOL 73/78. Annex HI applies to packaged
hazardous materials, Annex TV deals with sewage, and
Annex V deals with disposal of garbage from vessels.
Each optional annex goes into effect 1 year from the
date of its ratification by at least 15 nations, representing
50% of the world's shipping tonnage. For MARPOL
Annex V, this was December 31,1988.
Increasingly, adequate port reception facilities for
garbage are being cited as a key in the successful
implementation of MARPOL Annex V, with inadequate
reception facilities for garbage being cited as an
impediment to compliance. This study focuses on
reception facilities for garbage at recreational boating
facilities in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,
Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi (see Figure 1-1) and
how these facilities contribute to the solution of the
problem of persistent plastics in the marine
environment.
THE PROBLEM
Mariners have traditionally disposed of garbage at-
sea. It is a convenient and inexpensive way to dispose
of garbage. Until relatively recently, garbage disposed
of at-sea was food stuffs, glass,
metal, paper, wood, or rope,
all of which disintegrate or
otherwise disappear into the
marine environment.
Increasingly, plastics have
replaced some of these
materials and have become
incorporated into every
industrial and commercial
sector. Thequalitiesthatmake
plastics successful
lightweight, durable, strong,
sometimes colorful make
plastics potentially hazardous in the marine
environment. They make plastics a different kind of
trash.
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Wtiste-binidUnv at Recreational Boating
Persistent plastics in the ocean are a hazard for
marine wildlife, pose a threat to human health and
safety, and can be costly to coastal communities. Plastic
debris has entangled marine mammals, fish, turtles,
crustaceans, and seabirds, resulting in death by
drowning, loss of limbs, starvation, and increased
susceptibility to predation. Some marine wildlife, such
as fish, whales, porpoises, turtles, and seabirds,mistake
plastic debris for food. Ingestion of plastic can result in
death through suffocation, intestinal blockage,
ulceration, toxic accumulation, and starvation. Plastic
debris poses a threat to human health and safety as a
navigational hazard and through entanglement of divers
and propellers. Plastic debris also washes up on shore
as beach fitter, where it is unattractive and costly to
clean up.
All marine user groups commercial shipping,
commercial fishermen,recreational boaters, recreational
fishermen, military vessels, offshore platforms, cruise
vessels, research vessels have been identified as
contributors to the problem of plastics in the marine
environment. Land-based sources, such as plastics
manufacturing and processing activities, sewage and
wastewater treatment and disposal systems, solid-
waste disposal sites, degraded docks and marinas, and
deliberate or accidental dumping by the general public,
also contribute to the plastic debris problem.
A STEP TOWARD THE SOLUTION
In recognition of these problems worldwide, disposal
of vessel-generated garbage is the focus of MARPOL
Annex V. In the United States, the Senate gave its
consent to U.S. ratification of MARPOL Annex V in
November 1987. The implementing legislation for
MARPOL Annex V in the United States is the Marine
Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act (MPPRCA) of
1987, Title II of Pub.L. 100-220. The United States Coast
Guard (USCG) has the responsibility for developing,
implementing, and enforcing regulations on the pollution
prevention requirements of MARPOL Annex V.
MARPOL Annex V applies to vessels and ports of
signatory nations and vessels in the waters of signatory
nations. For the United States, this means that it applies
to all vessels (from the largest supertanker to the Smallest
recreational boat) operating in all navigable waters of
the United States (including rivers, lakes, bays, sounds,
and the Intracoastal Waterway) and the 200-mile
exclusive economic zone, and to vesselsoverwhichthe
United States has jurisdiction everywhere that they
opera te (except certain government-owned or -operated
vessels). It also applies to ports and terminals serving
all marine user groups.
MARPOL Annex V provisions apply to five types of
garbage: plastics; floating dunnage, lining and packing
materials; food wastes; all other garbage; and mixed
garbage types. Garbage generally means all kinds of
food, domestic, and operational waste (excluding fresh
fish) generated during normal operation of a vessel
and likely to be disposed of continuously or periodically.
MARPOL Annex V prohibits at-sea disposal of plastics
and restricts at-sea disposal of other types of garbage,
depending on the distance from shore (see Figure 1-2).
MARPOL Annex V requires the provision of
reception facilities for garbage at ports and terminals.
These facilities are the temporary link between vessel
and land waste-disposal systems. Under U.S.
regulations, ports and terminals must be capable of
receiving garbage from vessels that normally do
business with the port or terminal (33 CFR 158). The
term terminal as it applies to MARPOL Annex V includes
recrea tional boating facilities that can provide wharfage
or other services to 10 or more recreational vessels at
the same time (USCG, 1989).
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-buntUiiig tit RecreationalBoating 'Facilities'
THE CURRENT PROJECT
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
the responsibility to aid in development of methods
that result in the reduction of debris in the marine
environment. Increasingly, adequate port reception
facilities for garbage are being cited as a key in the
successful implementation of MARPOL Annex V, with
inadequate reception facilities for garbage being cited
as animpediment to compliance. To help to assess both
the status of solidrwaste management facilities and
practices and any impediments to compliance with
MARPOL Annex V at recreational boating facilities,
EPA sponsored this study of reception facilities for
garbage at recreational boating facilities in the coastal
states of Region IV (North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi). The
objectives of the study were to
Characterize reception facilities, waste-handling
practices, and impediments to compliance at
recreational boating facilities in the coastal states of
EPA Region IV
Develop a strategy to increase waste-handling
efficiency and encourage proper waste-handling
practices at recreational boating facilities.
The study used secondary source information to
develop estimates of the number of ports and terminals
affected by MARPOL Annex V in the six-State study
area and in the characterization of reception facilities,
waste-handling practices, and impediments to
complianceatrecreationalboating facilities. Inaddition,
24 site visits were made to recreational boa ting facilities
in the study area and were used to characterize reception
!)ฃ. lakes, flfoers*
Eaysป souafe and a
ani. front fee store
Plastic Metal
Paper Crockery
Rags Dunnage
Glass Food
3tol2nml.
Plastic
If not ground to
less than 1 in.
Paper Crockery
Rags Dunnage
Glass Food
>Metal
12 to 25 ml.
IMIKil&IL Uฎ MW9
Plastic Dunnage
Outside 25 ami.
QIULiKMG. tf(
Plastic
Restrictions apply outside special areas when more restrictive garbage discharge requirements apply.
Special Area designation Is pending for the Wider Caribbean, which Includes the Gulf of Mexico.
Figure 1-2. Summary of Garbage Disposal Discharge Requirements under MARPOL Annex V.
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Waste-handling tit Recreational Boating Facilities
facilities, waste-handling practices, and impediments
to compliance. The results of a literature review and
information collected during the site visits were used
to develop strategies to increase waste-handling
efficiency and to encourage proper waste-handling
practices at recreational boating facilities.
The remainder of this document is divided into
three sections. Section 2.0 presents an overview of the
types of ports and terminals in the six-State study area.
Section 3.0 is a synthesis of the information gathered
during the site visits and the literature review. Finally,
Section 4.0 presents a strategy to encourage proper
waste-handling practices at recreational boating
facilities.
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Waste-handling at Recreational Boating Facilities
2.O OVERVIEW OF PORTS AND TERMINALS IN REGION IV
This Section provides an overview of ports and
terminals serving mariners in Region IV. There are an
estimated 2,665 ports and terminals in the coastal States
of Region IV (see Table 2-1). For purposes of this
discussion, seven categories of ports and terminals are
considered: port authorities and port authority lease
holders; private marine terminals; waterway and barge
terminals; commercial fishing facilities; recreational
boating facilities; military facilities; and other. These
ports and terminals serve commercial shipping and
commercial passenger vessels, commercial fishing,
recreational boating, the military, and other vessels
(e.g., offshore oil and gas vessels, research vessels,
vessels operated by U.S. Government agencies, and
industrial vessels).
Table 2-1. Overview of Ports and
Terminals in Coastal States of Region IV.
Primary Marine
User Group
Commercial
Shipping
(including
commercial
passenger vessels)
Commercial Fishing
Recreational Boating
Military
Other
Total
Type of Port
, or Terminal
Port Authority/Port Authority
Lease Holders
Private Marine Terminals
Waterway and Barge Terminals
Fishhouses
Recreational Boating Facilities
Military Installations
Miscellaneous
Estimated Kou
inRegfetilV
~100
-100
~150
~400
~1800
~15
100+
2665
Source: NOAA, 19S9a.b; NMFS, 1991; Waleiway Guide. 1991a,b;FI. Dep. Hal. Resour., 1985;
HCDiv. olHealth Sen., 1987; SC Coastal Counc.. 1991; Coastal Ga. Reg. Dev. Cent., 1990:
Miss. Dep. olEcon. Community Dev., 1991; Ala. Dep. Consent., 1991; Owen, 1991; and Dep.
Del., 1990
COMMERCIAL SHIPPING PORTS IN REGION IV
Each of the coastal states in Region IV has at least one
principal commercial port. The top 10 Region IV ports for
RANKINGS
E: EntoMces
C: Clearances
South
Carolina
Charleston
E:12,C:9
Savannah
E:9,C:6
Sara ftp o/Cammras 1SSD
Figure 2-1. Top 10 Ports in Region IV for Vessels
Entering and Clearing U.S. Customs
in the Foreign Trade of the United States.
the numberofvesselsentering and clearing U.S. Customs
in the foreign trade of the United States are concentrated
in Florida (see Figure 2-1).
Entering or clearing U.S.
Customs isagood indication
of vessel numbers and
activity but does not relate
directly to the volume or
value of cargo. Seven of the
top 10 ports for vessel
entrances are in Florida,
whereas six of the top 10
ports for vessel clearances
are also in Florida (Dep.
Commerce, 1990). Miami is
the number one port for
entrancesand for clearances
ofvesselsengagedinforeign
trade. Otherprincipal ports
(notin the top 10) for vessels
engaged in the foreign trade
of the United States in the
six-State area include
iksonvllle
E:6,C:11
Florida \PortCanaveral
E:4,C:4
Tampa
:5,C:3
' \ .::,:- :
Port Everglades
E:2,C:2
West Palm
iBeach
E: 1'D: 1
Wilmington,North Carolina;
Beaufort-Morehead City,
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Wtistc-bnndling at Kecivntiontil 'Routing rm
North Carolina; Brunswick, Georgia; Key West, Florida;
and Pensacola, Florida.
Commercial ports typically serve commercial ships
and commercial passenger vessels, but can serve also
offshore oil and gas operations, research vessels, and
vessels operated by U.S. government agencies. Some
commercial ports, such as Wilmington, North Carolina,
Jacksonville, Florida, and Mobile, Alabama, have
shipyards and repair facilities for deep-draft vessels.
Individual terminals at commercial ports are owned
and operated by port authorities, owned by the port
authority and operated by port authority lease holders
under long-term contracts, or owned and operated by
private enterprises. Several of these owner/operator
combinations of facilities typically are present at any
given port.
Port Authority/Port Authority Lease Holders. Port
authorities function typically in three areas: management
of ports and enforcement of regulations; provision of
maritime and transportation infrastructure; and economic
development. Some port authorities conduct all or some
of the operations at port facilities. Others lease out
facilities on a long-term basis. Vessels pay to use the
facilities operated by port authorities or port authority
lease holders. Port authorities and port authority lease
holders are distributed throughout Region IV.
Private Marine Terminals. Private marine
terminals, as the name implies, are owned and operated
by private companies. They may be owned and
operated by the same company or owned by one
company and operated by another, and typically are
found in conjunction with a plant or facility. These
terminals handle a variety of cargo. Some are bulk-
handling facilities. Some are general cargo terminals.
Others are oil terminals. Some private marine terminals
are used exclusively by vessels owned or operated by
the same company that owns or operates the marine
terminal. Others are used by vessels owned or opera ted
by a variety of companies. Private marine terminals are
distributed throughout Region IV.
Waterway and Barge Terminals. Some private
and public terminals serve barges, some of which are
oceangoing vessels. These terminals sometimes serve
other types of commercial ships as well. Inland
waterway and barge terminals in Region IV are located
on the Alabama River, the Chattahoochee-Flint-
Apalachicola River System, the Tennessee River, the
Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, the Warrior-
Tombigbee System, and the Intracoastal Waterway.
COMMERCIAL FISHING
Commercial fishing facilities consist generally of
fishhouses or fish buyers. These operations are the
primary point of landing for commercial fishermen
where seafood product, or catch, is bought, sorted, and
packaged, or processed, for shipment to secondary
retail markets. In addition to buying and processing
services, fishhouses provide services such as berthing,
fuel, and ice.
RECREATIONAL BOATING
Recreational boating facilities, for purposes of this
discussion, are multislip facilities serving 10 or more
recreational boats. By far, the majority of these facilities
in Region IV are located in Florida, and within Florida
most are located in the coastal counties. These facilities
in the Region serve both the local boating population
and transient boaters who move from northern areas
south in the fall and from the southern states north in
the spring. As shown in Table 2-2, each of the six States
ranks 24 or higher in terms of number of registered
boats in the United States and its territories.
MILITARY1
Military installations with port and terminal facilities
are distributed throughout the Region and serve a
variety of functions. For example, the Naval stations in
Pascagoula, Mississippi, and Mobile, Alabama, serve
1 Under the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act (MPPRCA), which implements MARPOL Annex V in the United States, the military is
given until December 31,1993, to come into compliance. The United States Navy has an ongoing program, developed in response to the requirements
of the MPPRCA, that includes onboard changes in technology for solid-waste handling, recycling, and changes in supply.
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\\'(istc'-hnn(lfinii at Rccrc'dtioiidl Rotttinu l
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Waste-handling at Recreational Boating Facilities
3.O CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE-HANDLING- AT
RECREATIONAL BOATING- FACILITIES
This Section characterizes the reception facilities
and waste-handling practices and impediments to
compliance with MARPOL Annex V, at recreational
boating facilities. The Section is a synthesis of
information obtained from primary (site visits) and
secondary (literature) sources. The key sources of
information are described briefly below. A list of
references is included at the end of this document.
Following the discussion of the sources of information,
waste-handling at recreational boating facilities is
characterized in terms of
administrative arrangements
waste-stream characterization
equipment and service alternatives
equipment spatial requirements and siting
recycling
financing and cost recovery
coordination of facility and boater requirements
handling facilities for vessel maintenance wastes
MARPOL Annex V awareness, and
Other issues relating to solid-waste management
issues.
KEY SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Site Visits to Recreational Boating Facilities.
In September 1991, site visits were conducted at
24 recreational boating facilities in the six-State
Figure 3-1. Summary of Site-Visit Locations.
study area (see Figure 3-1). The facilities were
selected after consultation with the Sea Grant College
Program in each State to identify a range of facilities in
terms of size, location,
years in business, and
involvement with
environmental issues.
The site-visit selection
process also considered
the distribution of
recreational boating
facilities in the six-State
area, travel schedule and
budget constraints, and
willingness of the facility
operatortobe interviewed
for the project. The intent
was to select recreational
boating facilities with
varying characteristics,
rather than a statistically
representative sample
since the sample size was
so small. Information on
the solid-waste
management practices at
these facilities was
gathered through
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'Waste-haiulliHg at Recreational Ktmting Facilities
observation and interviews with dockmasters,
recreational boating facility managers, and owners.
Some of the characteristics of the recreational boating
facilities visited are summarized in Table 3-1.
Port of Newport, Oregon, Project The National
Marine Fisheries Service Marine Entanglement
Research Program sponsored a 15-month pilot project
at the Port of Newport, Oregon, to develop trash-
reception facilities and mariner awareness about marine
debris. [The term trash is used throughout the remainder
of this document, instead of garbage (which is the term
used with MARPOL Annex V) because trash better
reflects common language usage for nonwet wastes.]
The port supplies moorage and services to recreational
boaters and commercial fishing vessels. There is a two-
berth deep-draft shipping terminal where a small
number of ships a :.d barges are loaded with logs for
domestic and foreign markets. The recreational boating
facility, commercial fishing moorage, and the
commercial shipping terminal are located in distinct
geographic areas of the port and are under separate
management. The pilot project was successful in
increasing trash reception capacity and expanding trash
services in the areas serving recreational boats and
commercial fishing vessels. A recycling program also
was initiated. Thechanges in the trash-handling system
increased the efficiency of port operations and red uced
port labor handling.
A number of publications and conference papers
were prepared detailing this pilot project and the lessons
learned from it (NOAA, 1988a,b; Recht, 1988, 1990,
1991; Recht and Lasseigne, 1990). Other projects have
built on the lessons learned from the initial work on
port reception facilities for trash conducted at the Port
Table 3-1. Summary of Selected Characteristics
of Recreational Boating Facilities Visited.
Ownership
No. of public facilities
No. of private for profit facilities
No. of private clubs
No. of Slips
25 to 50
5110100
101 or more
Range
25 to 600 slips
No. with Liveaboards
Type of Vessels Served
No. exclusively power boats
No. mixed power boats/sailboats
4
19
1
4
4
16
12
3
21
of Newport (Recht, 1988; Mullin, 1988; Mudar, 1991;
Pac. States Mar. Fish. Comm., 1990; Wash. Sea Grant
Mar. Advis. Serv., 1989,1990).
Recycling Programs at Recreational Boating
Facilities. Recycling programs have been
implemented at several ports as a mechanism for
reducing the amount of vessel-generated trash that
must be disposed. Documents on recycling at
recreational boating facilities include those that present
an overview of recycling programs (Recht, 1990,1991;
Pac. States Mar. Fish. Comm., 1990) and documents
based on specific projects (NJDEP, 1990a,b; Coastal
Resour. Cent., 1990).
ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS
The administrative management structure for waste-
handling present at the recreational boating facilities
visited lie in the following four categories.
Owner/operator (financial decision maker) in
charge of daily operations with all employees
participating in waste-handling
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Waste-handling at Recreational Boating Facilities'-
Administrative manager, with financial decision-
making authority, in charge of daily operations;
dedicated staff responsible for waste-handling
Administrative manager without financial
decision-making authority (i.e., overseeing
operations for acting, absentee owner/operator)
in charge of daily operations; dedicated staff
responsible for waste-handling
Dockmaster/harbormaster/manager, where the
facility is part of a larger complex, involved in
daily operations; acting for owner/operator.
The following is a description of how the waste-
handling strategies at the recreational boating facilities
visited differed by the type of administrative
arrangements present.
Owner/Operator Involvement. This
administrative arrangement was found most often
among the "mom and pop" type of operation as well as
at some of the larger facilities where the owner takes an
active role in the management of the facility.
Owners/operators of facilities are more apt to be
aware of the effect (in the formof good public relations)
that a clean appearance has on their business and they
understand that clean surroundings affect their profit.
As a result, the more involved the financial decision
maker is in daily operations of the facility, the more
emphasis was found to be placed on waste-handling
issues and environmental concerns. These owners/
operators place a high level of importance on providing
a clean facility for the facility users, including adequate
waste-disposal receptacles, favorable esthetic
appearance of waste-disposal receptacles, and clean
water in the facility moorage and dockage area.
In this type of administrative arrangement, the entire
staff is involved in waste-handling. All employees are
involved in policing the facility for trash and proper
disposal of vessel maintenance wastes. During several
of the interviews, while walking around the grounds,
the owners were constantly picking up litter off the
ground and placing it in receptacles. At one facility
visited, a part-owner of the operation was actually
inside a dumpster separating recyclable materials to be
removed from the dumpster and placed in recycling
bins. This type of management activity and
environmental awareness sets the tone for the other
employees and boaters at the facility. The motivation
for concern with the appearance of the facility does no t
stem from environmental activism, although this
certainly may be a factor; it ultimately comes from a
business-related decision to provide a high-quality
service to the customer. In other words, it is just a good
business practice.
Administrative Manager with Financial
Decision-Making Authority. This administrative
arrangement closely parallels the first example. The
major difference is the size of the recreational boating
facility. Many of the larger recreational boating facilities
visited are too big to manage using the single owner/
operator setup. In these cases, the administrative
manager of the facility may have ownership interest in
the business and, thus, has financial decision-making
authority within the facility.
As wJ;h owner/operator involvement, this
administrative structure leads to close proximity of the
financial decision-maker to the day-to-day operations
of the facility, including waste-handling. The "good
business" incentive of the financial decision-maker is
again prevalent. The correlation between providing a
clean environment and quality service to the facility
user compels the manager to provide effective waste-
handling and disposal methods at the recreational
boating facility.
Because of the size factor in these large recreational
boating facilities, a staff to specifically handle waste
disposal is necessary. At the facilities visited, one or
two staff members are assigned the responsibility for
emptying the receptacles (in facilities using interim
collection receptacles). The advantage of this
arrangement is obvious: greater efficiency and clear
lines of responsibility. However, the downside is that
employee roles may become too compartmentalized.
Examples of this were cited by two recreational boating
facility managers visited. At these facilities, one or two
employees were given the responsibility for emptying
the trash receptacles. During this time, other employees
were observed ignoring trash on the ground instead of
picking it up and placing it in the trash receptacle;
presumably with the thought that trash was "somebody
else's problem." When the managers at these facilities
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Wiiste-btiHtlling (it Recreational Boating facilities
changed the job descriptions so that all employees
were mandated to participate in the proper disposal of
trash, including policing the grounds for litter, that
problem disappeared.
Administrative Manager without Financial
Authority. This arrangement was found at the larger
facilities visited. The increased demands of larger
facilities create a need for the owner/operator to have
a facility manager. Here, the administrative manager
is responsible for the daily operations of the facility,
while the owner still retains authority to make decisions,
in particular, financial decisions.
In this administrative structure, the owner/operator
is not close enough to the day-to-day operations to
realize the benefits of a progressive waste-handling
strategy. In addition, the administrative manager of
the boating facility does not have the incentive to
improve the quality of the waste-handling; the manager
is not concerned with how a progressive, or efficient,
waste-handling strategy can positively impact the
financial situation of the facility. Because waste-
management issues are decided by upper management,
it is more difficult to implement an efficient,
environmentally sound waste-management strategy
with this type of arrangement. Typically, the owner is
not intimately familiar with the situation, including the
waste-management issues, and the manager is
concerned only with carrying out the requests of the
owner.
At the facilities visited that use this type of
administrativearrangement, a dedicated staff of usually
one or two employees is responsible for emptying the
waste receptacles. While this is an efficient system with
clear lines of responsibility, the danger, as mentioned
above, lies in the perception among employees that
trash and litter at the facility are somebody else's
responsibility.
Dockmaster/Harbormaster/Manager Where
the Facility Is Part of a Larger Complex. This
type of administrative arrangement was present at
both public recreational boating facilities and at facili ties
connected with hotels or condominium complexes.
The manager (dockmaster/harbormaster/manager) is
responsible for the day-to-day operations of the facility,
but is governed by the overall concerns and regulations
of the complex.
Again, with this type of administrative structure the
owner/operator of the complex has little familiarity
with the daily operations of the facility. Managers find
themselves in the position of lobbying for facility
interests to the owners of the complex. As a result, it is
often difficult to convince top management of the
benefits of an efficient waste-handling strategy. In this
situation, waste-handling is generally thought of as a
necessary but disliked chore, as opposed to other
facilities where a well-planned waste-management
strategy is viewed as a public relations benefit and a
cost savings vehicle for the facility.
Depending on the size of the complex, the manager
can have varying degrees of involvement with the
waste disposal. At the facilities visited, the manager's
office space typically is connected to the dock area.
This location affords direct observation of the waste-
handling of the facility and often leads to participation
with disposal efforts.
The importance of management support was also
demonstrated in some pilot projects related to trash-
reception facilities. Support by port management was
cited as critical to the success of the Port of Newport
project (NOAA, 1988a). In a demonstration project, to
encourage proper handling and recycling of marine
debris completed at three small ports in New Jersey,
the ports were selected because the operators at these
facilities had previously demonstrated sound
environmental practices (NJDEP, 1990b). Programs
targeting other aspects of solid-waste management
have also concluded that management support is critical
to their success (Chertow, 1989).
The term facility director is the generic term used in
this Section to represent the individual responsible for
daily operations of the facilities.
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Waste-handling (it Recreational Boating Facilities
"WASTE-STREAM CHARACTERIZATION
Wastes at recreational boating facilities lie in three
categories. The categories, including representative
examples of the types of wastes involved, are as follows.
Galley Wastes
Plastics
Papers
Aluminum cans
Food scraps
Other miscellaneous galley items
Vessel Maintenance Wastes
Used oil
Batteries
Paint
Antifreeze
Filters
Other miscellaneous operational items
Recreational Wastes
Monofilament fishing line
Fish carcasses
Other miscellaneous recreational wastes
None of the facilities visited had undertaken an
assessment of their waste stream. From their
perspective, there is no need. Indeed for some of the
facilities visited, other issues such as runoff are far
more serious. Most facilities were able to state, with
reasonable certainty, their highest-volume items. Many
of the items cited are recyclable materials. In most
cases, galley wastes such as aluminum cans, paper, and
plastics were cited as the highest-volume items. At
some of the facilities visited with a large number of
transients and/or liveaboards, newspapers are the
highest-volume item.
At most of the facilities visited, there is an awareness
of the regulations surrounding the disposal of the
vessel maintenance wastes, especially used oil. Facilities
have dealt differently with the need for special care of
these wastes; some provide separate receptacle facilities,
others prohibit the disposal on their property.
Recreational wastes, such as monofilament fishing
line and fish carcasses, make up a very small percentage
of the volume of wastes at any facility. These wastes,
however, make up a large proportion of environmental
problems when not disposed of properly. Several
recreational boating facilities visited singled out these
wastes as specific problem areas that need to be better
addressed. Solutions to deal with these wastes have
been implemented at individual facilities. Recycling of
monofilament fishing line and grinding of fish carcasses
are examples of facilities' efforts to avoid improper
disposal.
From other studies, there is some information
available about waste-generation rates at recreational
boating facilities. A waste-generation study at the
Nantucket Boat Basin in Massachusetts found that
transient recreational boats produced between 0.7 and
1.4 Ib of solid waste per day per person, assuming an
average of four passengers per boat or two passengers
per boat, respectively (Mudar, 1991). For purposes of
calculating trash reception facility capacity, a second
rule of thumb is 4 to 6 gal of reception capacity needed
per person per vessel per day. A cubic-yard dumpster
holds 216 gal of trash (Recht, 1988).
EQUIPMENT AND SERVICE ALTERNATIVES
Four types of equipment and service alternatives for
waste-handling were found at the facilities visited.
These are as follows, based on accessibility to boaters.
Dumpster only Trash disposed of in dumpster;
trash picked up on scheduled basis by municipal or
commercial hauler
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\\tistt' bnn til KccwtitioiHtl Kotitiitj* Ituilitics
1 Dumpster primarily, receptacles accessibleTrash
disposed of primarily in dumpster; facility staff
empties receptacle contents into dumpster; trash
picked up on scheduled basis by municipal or
commercial hauler
1 Receptacles primarily, dumpster accessible Trash
disposed of primarily in receptacles; receptacles
emptied by staff intodumpstcr;somcdirect disposal
of trash by boaters into dumpster; dumpster or
sometimes receptacles themselves emptied on
scheduled basis by municipal or commercial hauler
Receptacles only, dumpster inaccessible Trash
disposed of primarily in receptacles; receptacles
emptied by staff into dumpster; dumpster emptied
on scheduled basis by municipal or commercial
hauler.
The waste-handling process depends on the choice
of equipment used (see Rgure 3-2). Facilities with trash
receptaclesand a dumpster must use facility employees
to collect the trash from the receptacles and dispose of
it in the dumpster. In contrast, facilities using only a
dumps tereliminate the need for intermediate handling.
At many of the facilities visited, small trash
receptacles are kept in the on-site store or behind
counters, but for practical purposes the boater is
required (and encouraged) to use the dumpster to
dispose of trash. In addition, all facilities visited have
dumpstcrs. However, many times these dumpslersare
kept in locations inaccessible to the boater (e.g., across
streets, in enclosed locked shelters, etc.), In those cases,
boaters are required to use the smaller receptacles to
dispose of trash.
Boater
Directly to
dumpster
Hauled to oMslto
disposal
Boater
To
receptacle
Staf 1 taket ID
dump*ter
Hauled to ofltlte
disposal
Boater
To
Superoan
Hauled to olfilte
disposal
Figure 3-2. Waste-Handling Alternatives.
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WasU'-hantlliug tit Kecrc'titioniil lionting Facilities
55-gal metal
Wood decor
Stationary
55-gal with lid
plastic
Mobile/plastic
"Supercan"
Wooden/metal container with lid
Stationary
Metal with openings
Stationary
Figure 3.3. Examples of Trash Receptacles.
A variety of trash receptacles was found at the
facilities visited, ranging fromopen, metal 55-gal drums
to smaller plastic receptacles comptetelyenclosed within
an immobile wooden structure. Plastic 55-gal drum
equivalent "supercans" are used, both mobile and
stationary. Some receptacles have lids; others do not.
Plastic liners are used in all types of trash receptacles.
At some facilities, esthetic considerations are balanced
with functional needs to provide a receptacle with an
outside covering to match the wood or metal decor of
the dock area.
Examples of the types of trash receptacles used
include (see also Figure 3-3):
55-gal, metal
55-gal, plastic (with/without lid)
55 gal, plastic, chained, (with/without lid)
Large plastic, mobile, with fastened lid; "supercan"
Container within enclosed wood/metal structure,
with and without a structure cover.
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Waste-handling (it Recreational Boating Facilities
Some dumpsters are in central locations, in open
settings; others are inside environmental shelters, or
windscreens. There are three reasons for the
windscreens: to provide a more esthetically appealing
area, to fence the area off from use by unauthorized
personnel, and to prevent trash from blowing away. At
some facilities, more than one dumpster is provided for
boater use. Facilities use dumpsters that range in size
from 6 to 9 yd3. In addition, several facilities visited
have compacting dumpsters on the premises.
The size of the trash receptacle used often dictates
the schedule for trash collection. Among the facilities
visited, several use small trash receptacles that are
emptied several times a day. Other facilities use larger
trash receptacles that are emptied less frequently, often
once a day or, in one case, once a week. Similarly, those
facilities using smaller dumpsters may require a more
frequent schedule of trash pickup than facilities using
larger or compacting dumpsters.
As a means of encouraging boaters to return their
trash to shore for disposal, some recreational boating
facilities have offered special trash-disposal programs.
For example, a project called Trashmaster was
undertaken at a recreational boating facility in New
Hampshire by the University of New Hampshire Sea
Grant Extension Program (Doyle and Barnaby, 1989).
Boaters paid a $5 registration fee to participate in the
project and then received a season's (4 months long)
supply of trash bags, a Trashmaster pennant, and a
lapel button. The boaters were asked to fill the trash
bags while boating and to return the filled bags to the
facility at the end of their trip. When they turned in
their filled trash bag, they received a receipt that was
entered into a monthly drawing for $100 worth of
supplies and services at the facility.
EQUIPMENT SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS AND SITING
The spatial and siting alternatives used at the
recrea tional boating facilities visited lie in five categories
as follows.
Dumpster only Requiring boaters to leave dock
area and dispose of trash in central location, such as
parking lot area
Dumpster primarilyMay be one or two alternative
receptacles; boaters primarily leave dock area and
dispose of trash in dumpster in central location
Receptacles at the base of dock area Receptacles
placed in well-traveled, visible locations; boaters
required to leave slip area
Receptacles on the dock approximately every third
slip Boaters find receptacles within easy reach of
every slip area
Receptacles on the dock for every slip area Boaters
have receptacles at the base of every slip; very easy
access.
At the recreational boating facilities visited, key
among the factors affecting the location of waste-
handling equipment are facility size and manpower
limitations. Some facilities covering acres of land could
not be adequately served by a single central location for
trash disposal. On the other hand, a single waste-
disposal location may be sufficient for a smaller facility
with a very small work force.
At several facilities visited, an important siting
consideration was the desire to avoid placing trash
receptacles on the docks. The reason behind this was
twofold: first, the placement of receptacles on the
docks increases the chance for trash to end up in the
water through either inadvertent mistakes by the
boaters, or by the wind blowing loose trash or entire
receptacles into the water. Some facility directors
interviewed were adamant that trash receptacles not
be located on a dock. Second, facility directors wish to
make trash disposal a participative activity for the
boater. If receptacles are placed within a few feet of
each boat, disposal of trash becomes almost a passive
activity. The requirement that boaters leave the slip
area and take their trash to a central (but not *
inconvenient) location makes the disposal of trash a
much more cooperative activity and ultimately means
that the flow of trash at the facility is easier to control for
-------
Waste-handling (it Recreational Boating Facilities
the facility employees. Trash is less likely to end up in and the labor needed to empty fewer receptacles is
the water, signage and/or lighting is easier to place, obviously less (see Figure 3-4).
L
Alternative A
\ \ T
rrn rrn rm rm
Alternative B
...I I L
..I I L
rm ocni rm on
4vt4titn
umctt
m m:
Figure 3-4. Siting of Receptacles Alternatives.
RECYCLING
Recycling efforts at the recreational boating facilities facilities through scavenging. The types of products
visited are, in general, not well developed. Only two of that are being recycled in these facilities include
thefacilities visited haveaformalizedrecyclingprogram
in place that includes a variety of recyclable materials. Aluminum cans
At another facility there is a recycling program for Glass
aluminum cans initiated and run by an outside Paper
organization. Informal recycling occurs at some Cardboard
Newspaper.
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Waste-handling at Recreational Boating Facilities
In addition, some products specifically used at
boating facilities are being recycled. These products
include
Old batteries
Waste oil
Monofilament fishing line.
Facility Benefits of Recycling. For the facilities
that had initiated recycling efforts, the incentives for
recycling include
Environmental sensitivity
Involvement in community organized or directed
program for good public relations
Satisfying requests of boaters for recycling
Cost savings due to reduction in volume of trash
disposed.
The facilities that have recycling programs in place
responded to a combination of all of these reasons.
Environmental awareness seems to be the
overwhelming benefit to the recycling efforts of the
facilities. As time has elapsed, these facilities have
noticed a cost savings. These savings are realized when
the overall volume of trash is reduced through recycling.
The reduced trash volume means that the dumpsters
will require less frequent servicing by a commercial or
municipal trash hauler, which, in turn, lowers the cost
of waste disposal.
Facility directors are also reacting to the requests of
the boaters for recycling programs. Several facility
directors reported an
interest in recycling
owing to the popular
demand of their boaters.
This type of appeal is
not prevalent, but may
continue to grow. Recycling
may become an area where facility directors see a
public relations benefit to having a program in place.
At this point, municipal recycling programs are not
developed enough to facilitate large profits for
aluminum cans, glass, paper, and other recyclable
materials. Facilities instituting recycling programs are
content with reducing their disposal wastes and earning
small amounts of money for their recycling efforts.
One facility visited uses the money earned from the
recycling of aluminum cans, glass, and newspaper to
pay for the landscaping of the recreational boating
facility. Another facility uses the money earned from
recycling aluminum cans to pay for company parties.
While this money may not be substantial, it is considered
a positive investment to the facility and, together with
the other benefits, becomes a worthwhile program.
Within the last 2 years, each of the six States in the
study area has enacted legislation to promote recycling
and source reduction as part of an integrated solid-
waste management system. Each State, except South
Carolina, has set Statewide phased solid-waste
reduction goals, goals that must be met through
recycling. For example, Alabama has set a goal to
reduce its solid-waste stream by 25% by 1995. These
laws also pass down much of the responsibility for
these goals to the County or local government level.
Again using Alabama as an example, Section 8 of Act
No. 89-824, provides for the development of County
and Municipal plans on solid-waste management; this
will require each County and Municipality to develop
recycling programs. Most of the State/County/
Municipality recycling programs in the study area, and
indeed around the country, have concentrated on
residential recycling which has ready-made and
easily targeted participants. There is a trend, in other
parts of the country, toward mandatory commercial
recycling programs. For example, in New Jersey recent
legislation requires that
many new commercial
facilities be designed
with recycling
receptacles or programs
in mind. As the programs
mature, they will grow to
encompass other audiences.
Recreational boating facilities should be able to tie into
these programs, as the programs grow stronger, and
should be able to enhance their solid-waste management
systems.
Project ROSE (Recycled Oil Saves Energy), a
nonprofit conservation program sponsored by the
-------
-hnniiliiig tit Recreatitntal liouting Facilities-
University of Alabama, isanexampleofawelldesigned
and implemented recycling program with potential
ties to recreational boating facilities. It has been in
existence since 1977. The program provides a
combination of services to do-it-yourself (DIY) oil
changers to safely dispose of used motor oil. Project
ROSE provides more than 300 collection services to
include curbside pickup, collection centers (service
stations, garages, etc.), and 55-gal drum dropoff centers
around the State to collectused oil. Newspaper, radio,
and television advertisements were
used to inform the public. In
addition, the program
operates two tollfree, in-
State hotlines. Because
ฐ* me conver"ence to
DIYs and the effective
advertising campaign, in 1
year Mobile's used-oil
recycling rate went from
300,000 gal of used oil reclaimed to 750,000 gal (EPA,
1989). Recreational boa ting facilities are ideal locations
for the 55-gal drum dropoff centers.
It should also be mentioned that many municipal
recycling programs currently do not accept plastics
a prohibition of particular concern to those who view
recycling as a method for gaining MARPOL Annex V
compliance. Under State legislation, only Alabama,
Florida, and North Carolina, in the study area, specify
that plastics are to be collected. The plastics recycling
industry is not well-developed; plastic is more difficult
to reprocess, or recycle, than such recyclable materials
as newspapers and aluminum cans. Because of these
technological difficulties, there are limited markets
available for collected plastics; and, it may not pay a
facility tocollectplasticsforrecycling. However, interest
in plastics recycling is booming. Many industry groups,
such as beverage manufacturers, are experimenting
with new packaging made from recycled plastic.
Additionally, the legislation described above is driving
the industry further. It will soon become mandatory in
many States to recycle plastics.
Facility Challenges to Instituting a Recycling
Program. While recycling efforts were not widespread
at the facilities visited, most facilities would not be
opposed to participating in a recycling program if it
were convenient. According to the facility directors,
however, the negative aspects of recycling outweigh
the benefits. The problems in developing a recycling
program include
For a program based on boater source separa tion of
recyclable materials: The lack of space for separate
recycling containers and the perception that it is
inconvenient for boaters to separate trash, especially
on board ship while out at sea
For a pi ogrambased on the collection of commingled
recyclable materials (i.e., mixed recyclable materials
brought to a recycling container by a boater): The
need for the facility to separate the materials or to
find a market that will accept commingled materials
General impression that the volume of recyclable
trash is too low to make recycling efforts worthwhile
Lack of available manpower to oversee boater's
recycling efforts and/or separate recyclable items
Absence of municipal program to ensure adequate
disposal of recyclable items.
These obstacles, while not prohibitive, are serious
concerns for the facilities. Several facilities visited are
interested in starting a recycling program but could not
reasonably solve one or more of these problems. In
addition, withoutalocalgovemmentorStateor Federal
regulation specifically requiring recycling, most
facilities stated that they would not go to the trouble to
develop solutions and start a recycling program.
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Waste-handling at Recreational Boating Facilities
FINANCING AND COST RECOVERY
Financing and cost recovery among facilities visited
do no t vary to a large degree. The facilities are interested
in finding the least expensive hauling contract that
meets trash disposal needs. In general, no innovative
ideas related to waste-management financing were
identified. The basic waste-management costs and
related fees for the facilities visited were as follows.
Facilities are on monthly contracts with either
commercial or municipal waste-haulers, or, in the
case of a recreational boating facility connected with
a larger hotel complex, with the owning corporation.
None of the facilities visited separates out waste-
management fees to their clients. All fees, including
utilities, security, and cable television, are built into
monthly or daily rates.
Also, some facilities impose a surcharge for
additional services rendered. Several facilities charge
an extra fee to boaters who are liveaboards, request
pumpout, or, in some facilities, request disposal of
used oil.
Cost recovery may be an issue that will receive
consideration as recycling programs become more
widespread. Because the monthly contracts with
commercial firms are based on the number of dumps
per month, recreational boating facilities are basically
paying for these services on a per-dump basis. This
opens the possibility for facilities to save money by
reducing the number of times a dumpster is emptied.
Some facilities are already realizing a cost savings for
waste disposal owing to a decreased volume of trash
resulting from recycling programs. As these programs
grow, facilities may be able to factor the cost savings
and money earned from recycling into their waste-
management program.
COORDINATION OF RECREATIONAL BOATING FACrLTITES
AND BOATER REQUIREMENTS
Generally, the coordination of waste-management
requirements for boaters and facilities does not pose a
problem. The facilities visited are concerned about
providing a quality service for facility users as well as
a desire to make good use of the financial and labor
resources available to them. A common sense approach
is used to balance the requirements of these two interests.
The coordination factors include
Costs
Adequate containers for boater's trash disposal
Ease of boater and hauler access to disposal
receptacles
Variations in seasonal demands
Accommodating operational, recreational, and
galley wastes
Instructions to boaters about disposal methods
Maintaining an esthetically pleasing environment
Vermin/rodent control and other general health
concerns.
A variety of methods are employed to adequately
meet all of these requirements. While some facilities
meet all the criteria by having one dumpster in a central
location, others use many small receptacles in special
protective coverings and more than one dumpster. In
some cases, inefficient systems are used. Examples of
these cases include too many receptacles which requires
intensive use of labor for emptying; receptacles too
close to the water, which requires additional labor to
remove trash from the water; and, inconvenient location
of dumpsters.
Several facilities visited did notprovide lights around
their trash receptacles or signs or maps to their trash-
receptacles. The presence of such items makes waste
disposal easier for boaters and helps to prevent
inappropriate trash disposal (e.g., used oil in the
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Waste-handling at Recreational Koating Facilities
dumpster and bags of trash left on the dock). Directions
on how and where to dispose of different operational,
recreational, and galley wastes were not always easily
ascertained or available. Lighting and signs were not
always provided.
HANDLING FACILITIES FOR VESSEL MAINTENANCE WASTES
Vessel maintenance wastes typically handled by
recreational boating facilities include
Used oil
Batteries
Paint.
Used Oil Handling. Waste oil is certainly the most
prevalent vessel maintenance waste substance handled,
among the facilities visited. Most of the facilities visited
had a process for disposing of waste oil. Some facilities
had 500-gal (or larger) receptacles expressly for the
disposal of used oil. Other facilities did not themselves
have receptacles, but had agreements with nearby
facilities or service stations to dispose of the oil. On the
other hand, some of the facilities did not have any
method available for boaters to dispose of used oil. It
was the boater's responsibility to find an alternative
disposal site.
At several facilities visited where
there were no receptacles for used
oil, there was a problem with
boaters leaving gallons of
used oil on the dock
as they left. Many
boaters, especially
transients on longer
journeys, are severely
inconvenienced by the lack of available used-oil
disposal. This underscores the need for adequate
disposal receptacles for used oil at recreational boating
facilities.
Another issue facing the facilities offering disposal
of used oil is whether to pass on to the facility users the
costs of having the used oil hauled away. The costs of
having a commercial firm with appropriate credentials
empty a large used-oil receptacle are not excessive, but
can be substantial in some cases. Different facilities
offered different solutions. Some charge a nominal fee
to the facility users who wish to dispose of used oil, and
some offer the service free of charge to their customers
as an incentive to use the used-oil receptacle instead of
the dumpster (or other inappropriate disposal method).
The majority of facilities visited prefer not to charge the
customers a fee for each time used. Instead, they
distribute the costs of having the receptacle emptied
evenly among all the facility users on monthly or daily
contracts.
A related issue is the problems associated with
havinga "public" receptacle for used oil. Some facilities
found that a receptacle available for all to use, even
with large signs, sometimes was used in ways other
than was intended (i.e., used oil was contaminated
with other substances including water and bilge
pumpout, which created a much more complicated
disposal problem). To alleviate this problem, the used-
oil receptacle at some facilities is locked. A facility
employee must be present during disposal and is
responsible for ensuring that only
appropriate, uncontaminated
waste oil is disposed. This
method does
V ^\ ^MKJ1"-*CT""ฐ" ensure that only
used oil is
disposed.
However, it also limits somewhat
the boater's willingness to use the receptacle, as it has
proven to be inconvenient.
Batteries and Paint Disposal As with used oil,
many facilities have appropriate methods for disposal
of old batteries and empty paint cans. A number of
facilities visited stack old batteries in storage areas to be
reclaimed by an outside organization. Several facilities
provide signs and paint-mixing supplies to ensure that
only empty paint containers end up in the dumpsters.
One facility constructed a "paint rack" on which near-
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\\iistc hiintUiiig tit Recreational Koatiiig Facilities
empty paint canisters could be placed upside down to visited reported a lack of cooperation or misuse of
drip dry the paint can, thereby ensuring that no paint disposal methods for batteries and paints.
would end up in the dumpsters. None of the facilities
MARPOL ANNEX V AWARENESS
There is limited awareness of MARPOL Annex V
among the directors of the facilities visited. Of all the
facilities, not one director was aware of MARPOL
Annex V by name and all the implications that it has on
recreational boating facilities. Only a few were vaguely
aware of MARPOL Annex V by name. Most directors
were familiar with a regulation concerning the dumping
of plastics and other trash in the ocean and other
waters, but were unfamiliar with the name
MARPOL Annex V or many of its
implications on facilities and boaters.
Several facility directors interviewed
were unaware of both MARPOL
Annex V and the regulations
concerning the dumping of plastics
and other trash in the ocean. Yet, all
the facilities had disposal receptacles
for boater's wastes.
The perception of MARPOL Annex
V among facility directors visited is
that it has very little to do with
recreational boating facilities. Their
impression is that MARPOL Annex V
applies to boaters alonebecause of the
USCG requirement for a placard
detailing the disposal restrictions for
vessels 26 ft or more in length. Some ship's
stores at the recreational boating facilities carry a placard
thatmeets the USCG requirement. Atmost, thedirectors
see their facilities as a support to educational efforts on
marine pollution. In addition, for the facility directors,
there seems to be little connection between adequate
waste-handling facilities and regulations prohibiting
the dumping of plastics and other trash in the ocean.
Yet, two facility directors volunteered that their staffs
spend several hours each week retrieving floating
trash from their dock and slip areas. The decision to
have trash receptacles and a waste-management system
is for common sense and "good business" reasons, not
in response to regulations on port reception facilities
for trash required by MARPOL Annex V.
While none of the facility directors
interviewed was aware of MARPOL Annex
V by name, several posters and other
messages about plastic trash were
observed at the facilities visited. In
at least two of the facilities, MARPOL
Annex V posters are displayed in
the facility director's office,
including the Popeye Poster stating
"I hopes ya swabs won't be thro win'
no plastics overboard," and another
poster with the message "Marine
Litter - more than a mess its against
the law." Another recreational
boating facility initiated a program
for boaters to sign a pledge to "Clean
up the Gulf," which prohibits the
dumping of plastics and other trash
in the Gulf of Mexico. While some facilities
are making these efforts, other facilities are unaware of
any attempt to help to clean up the water, and especially
their role in the process. At one facility visited, during
the course of a discussion concerning MARPOL Annex
V, which was taking place on the dock area, the director
turned and threw his cigarette butt into the water.
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-hdiulling at Kecredtionul Routing I ticilitic's
OTHER ISSUES RELATED TO SOLID-WASTE MANAGEMENT
Handling Facilities for Sewage. A major issue
facing recreational boating facilities in general,
according to the facility directors interviewed, is the
lack of sewage pumpout facilities (i.e., a device that
cleans out the sewage holding tanks of boats). While
outside the scope of M ARPOL Annex V, when speaking
of solid-waste management issues, the subject of
sewage-handling came to the forefront at virtually
every occasion. Lack of sewage pumpout facilities to
service the boating population was cited as a problem
in each geographic area visited. In addition, because
there is no enforcement of sewage pumpout regulations,
even those facilities that are equipped with a pumpout
capability are not using them with regularity. The
result is a marked decline in water quality within
bodiesofwaterwhereboatersaresuspected of dumping
sewage overboard.
The major issues surrounding the sewage-handling
for boaters at facilities include
Within boating communities (i.e., facilities within
the same physical locations), there is an inadequate
number of facilities with sewage pumpout
capabilities for the boater.
In some cases, facilities would like to provide sewage
pumpout services to their clients. However, a maze
of Federal, State, and local environmental regulations
have made it difficult to comply, thereby prohibiting
the facility from installing the pumpout.
Facilities without pumpouts often pass requests for
those services on to those facilities that do have the
capability. This has created friction among certain
facilities because those facilities with pumpouts feel
burdened by not only the chore (which can be messy)
but by having to bear all the costs of the system as
well.
There is a great deal of confusion surrounding which
boaters actually need to use shore-based, sewage-
handling facilities and which have sewage systems
on board that are USCG-approved. Many boaters
with sewage macerator systems on board (that may
not be approved) are encouraged by facilities to
dump their sewage overboard.
The USCG does not currently enforce restrictions on
dumping sewage overboard. Because it is so
inconvenient to find a sewage pumpout facility in
many areas, the majority of all boaters (99%,
according to many directors) dump their sewage
out in the water.
Regulations in many areas require that new, or
expanding, recreational boating facilities be equipped
with sewage pumpout capabilities. This may be
appropriate. However, there seem to be pitfalls to this
system. According to many directors, oftentimes
facilities have a sewage pumpout device on the grounds
to meet the regulation, but it is out of service. An
example of this occurred during an interview with a
facility that operated a pumpout. A call came into this
facility from another local facility requesting to send a
boat over for pumpout. The facility requesting to send
the boat over had stated, in an earlier interview, that it
had a pumpout on site. This type of occurrence is not
uncommon, according to facility directors, because a
pumpout is an expensive system to install and operate,
and, in addition, is an undesirable chore for the
employees who must operate the device.
HandlingFacilities for Fish Carcasses. Another
issue that was frequently mentioned as a problem is the
disposal of dead fish carcasses. Some facilities visited
have fairly large charter fishing boat populations as
regular customers. These fishing boats generally have
a large number of fish carcasses to dispose of upon
completion of their journeys. The method of disposal
currently being used at most facilities is to simply
dump the carcasses overboard. This disposal method
can severely deplete the oxygen content of a body of
water that does not have good water flow. Since many
recreational boating facilities are constructed on
enclosed bodies of water, this is becoming a problem.
Several facilities visited have tried solutions to the
problem, including the use of a fish grinder that funnels
the ground up portions of fish into more open-water
areas, and the prohibition of any dumping of fish
carcasses while in the dock area.
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Waste-handling at Recreational Boating facilities
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, OBSFJIVATIONS, AND CONCLUSIONS
Summarized below are the findings, observations,
and conclusions about waste-handling facilities,
practices, and impediments to compliance with
MARPOL Annex V at recreational boating facilities.
Administrative Structure
Management support iscritical to a successful waste-
handling strategy. Decisions about waste-handling
are made by upper management, not delegated to
administrative personnel. Management must
commit or buy in to the examination of the existing
waste-handling strategy and the provision of
adequate and convenient reception facilities for trash.
This commitment is most likely to be made because
of common sense or good business practice, rather
than because of USCG regulations implementing
MARPOL Annex V.
They are organized into four groups administrative
structure, approach to solid-waste management,
recycling, and MARPOL Annex V.
Good business practice for recreational boating
facilities mandates a sound environmental program,
including a solid-waste management program.
Someone must be put in charge of the solid-waste
management program. A sense of involvement can
be created through the use of an advisory committee
or simply asking facility users and employees.
Keeping both users and employees aware of the
waste-handling strategy is important to its success.
Approaches to Solid-Waste Management
A variety of approaches to providing waste-handling The equipment used and its siting affect the level of
serviceisused atrecreationalboatingfacilities. Some boater participation required.
of the approaches require more participation on the
part of boaters than others.
Recycling
Recycling offers the opportunity to examine the
waste stream and waste-handling efforts and in the
process increases the adequacy and convenience
to the total waste-handling strategy.
Many items in the waste stream of recreational
boating facilities are recyclable materials.
MARPOL Annex V Awareness
There is limited knowledge about the requirements
of MARPOL Annex V for recreational boating
facilities among the facility owners and operators.
There is also limited understanding among facility
owners and operatorsof theat-sea garbage disposal
restrictions on recreational boaters and even more
limited understanding of the MARPOL Annex V
requirements for recreational boating facilities.
There is room for growth of recycling efforts at
recreational boating facilities. There is a need for
information about recycling programs at
recreational boating facilities directed at facility
owners and operators. This includes both the
benefits of recycling and how to start a recycling
program at recreational boating facilities.
There is a need to continue basic marine debris and
MARPOL Annex V awareness efforts. Typically,
these include articles and public service
announcements in professional and popular
journals, media coverage of beach cleanups,
demonstration projects at recreational boating
facilities, and direct mailings to facilities.
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Waste-bundling at Recreutioniil Boating Facilities
A two-tiered approach is needed to encourage
owners and operators of recreational boating
facilities to increase waste-handling efficiency and
ensure proper waste-handling practices. This
includes first an awareness program on the problem
and second information on how to get started on (1)
an assessment of solid-waste management practices,
(2) recycling, (3) handling vessel maintenance wastes,
and (4) a boater/community marine debris/
MARPOL Annex V awareness program.
-------
at Recreational Boating l-dcilitu'
4.O STRATEGY TO ENCOURAGE PROPER WASTE-HANDLING
PRACTICES AT RECREATIONAL BOATING FACILITIES
This Section outlines a strategy to encourage proper
waste-handling at recreational boating facilities. The
strategy is based on the characterization of waste-
handling at recreational boating facilities and the
findings, observations, and conclusions discussed in
Section 3.0.
The strategy, shown in Figure 4-1, is made up of
eight modules organized around two themes
awareness and how to get started. These two themes
are further organized around two types of waste (trash
and vessel maintenance wastes), recycling, and facility
involvement in promoting solutions to marine debris.
The strategy stems from the conclusion that no one
approach will be effective or is appropriate for all
recreational boating facilities since knowledge and
awareness of the issues among facility owners and
operators varies as does their knowledge about how to
develop and implement waste-management
procedures. Therefore, there is need for both awareness
and instruction on how to develop and implement
waste-management procedures, and the role that
recreational boating facilities can play in promoting
solutions to marine debris. Each of the eight modules
is discussed below.
MODULE 1: MARINE DEBRIS AND MARPOL ANNEX V
This module is directed at the recreational boating
facility owner or operator who has yet to make a
commitment to proper waste-handling practices.
Getting commitment from the top management of
recreational boating facilities is a driving force in ha ving
adequate and convenient trash-reception facilities at
recreational boating facilities. Since this commitment
is needed to achieve the overall goal in solving the
problem of marine debris, it then is a key part of the
overall strategy. Much of what is presented below was
discussed in the Introduction. However, given the
importance of understanding the problem and the
steps toward the solution, the information bears
repeating.
The Problem. Boaters have traditionally dumped
their trash overboard. It is convenient and inexpensive
for the boater in the short run, but potentially hazardous
to marine life and costly to vessel owners, recreational
boating facilities, and coastal communities in the long
run. Increasingly, plastic material has replaced other
material such as paper, glass, and metal. The special
qualities of plasticslight weight, durable, and strong
make plastic items ideal for use on recreational
boats. However, plastic does not easily disintegrate
and disappear into the marine environment. Therein
lies the problem.
Persistent plastics are a hazard for marine life. Some
marine animals become entangled in plastic debris
such as six-pack rings. Other marine animals mistake
plastic items for food. In either case, they can die.
Plastic debris also poses a threat to human health and
safety as a navigational hazard or through entanglement
of divers and propellers. When plastic debris washes
up on shore as beach litter, it is costly to coastal
communities through lost tourism dollars and
expenditure of funds for cleanup efforts. A list of
selected reading materials on the problem of marine
debris and persistent plastics is included at the end of
this document.
Trash is ugly. Good business practice suggests that
trash and litter in and around a recreational boating
facility, on land or in the water, be picked up and
removed immediately. Also plastic and other debris
that floats into a recreational boating facility is costly to
the facility owner through the labor and effort required
to pick up and remove the floating trash.
Since 1988, beach cleanups have been coordinated
Nationally as part of COASTWEEKS, a 3-week period
each fall that celebrates the beauty and value of the
-------
Waste-handling at Recreational Boating Facilities
Nation'scoasts. In 1990,duringtheNational
beach cleanup, about 36,350 volunteers in
the six-State shady area cleaned 1791 miles
of beach and collected an estimated 934,700
Ib of debris in about a 3-h period (Cent, for
Mar. Conser., 1991). The 12 most abundant
items (by numbers of items) reported by
State from the cleanup are ranked in Table 4-
1. In each of the six States, over half of the
most abundant items collected were made
from plastic.
A Step toward the Solution. On
December 31, 1988, an international treaty
went into effect worldwide to help to reduce
the problem of persistent plastics in the
marine environment. MARPOL Annex V is
implemented in the United States by the
Marine Plastic Pollution Research and
Control Act (MPPRCA) of 1987, Title II of
Pub.L. 100-220. MARPOL Annex V prohibits
disposal of plastics at-sea and restricts a t-sea
disposal of other vessel-generated trash. It
also requires shore reception facilities for
the plastics and other trash brought to shore
for disposal.
The USCG is responsible for developing,
implementing, and enforcing regulations on
the pollution-prevention requirements of MARPOL
Annex V. According to these regulations, recreational
boating facilities, along with other ports and terminals,
are required to have a trash reception facility that is
capable of receiving trash from those vessels that do
business with them (33 CFR 158). The approach used
to provide "adequate" trash-reception facilities is,
however, left to the port or terminal.
Reasons to Comply. Successful implementation
of MARPOL Annex V will rely heavily on voluntary
efforts because of competing priorities for enforcement
Table 4-1. Twelve Most Abundant Items Reported
from 1990 Beach Cleanup.
(Ranked 1-12 by State)
Plastic caps/I ids
Foamed plastic pieces
Cigarette filters
Plastic pieces
Plastic beverage bottles
Paper pieces
Metal beverage cans
Glass beverage bottles
Foamed plastic cups
Plastic cups/utensils
Glass pieces
Metal bottle caps
Plastic straws
Plastic food bags/wrappers
Lumber pieces
Miscellaneous paper
'r;'Ala|tijina-;:;N::;;|f'
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
n
T3
EC
8
4
1
2
12
7
5
3
9
11
6
10
IB
ff
ce
C3
12
3
2
7
9
11
1
6
4
10
8
5
j
8
3
2
6
9
10
1
7
11
12
4
5
J
j=
10
6
1
3
5
4
2
7
8
12
11
9
if
1
o
CO
6
1
4
9
3
2
8
10
12
7
5
11
Source: Cent. Mar. Conserv., 1991
efforts. Reasons to provide "adequate" reception
facilities for trash include the following.
It makes good business sense.
It indicates an environmental awareness.
If those two reasons are not sufficient,
It is required by regulation for recreational
boating facilities.
-------
-ljtiiidlhig tit Recreational Koatiiig Facilities
Awareness
Module!: Marine Debrb
and MAflPOL Annex V
The problem
Entanglement
Ingestion
Human health and safety
Beach litter
A step toward the solution - MARPOL Annex V
Reasons to Comply
Module 3; Benefits of Recycling
Reduction in amount of wastes to be disposed
Possible earnings from recyclable materials
Improved public relations
Direct boater involvement in waste-
management issues
Module & Special-Handling Requirements
for Vassal Maintenance Wastes
Can be difficult to handle
Physical state
Hazardous to human health
Hazardous to the environment
May be regulated under Federal, State, or local
environmental legislation
Module 7: Recreational Boating Facilities Role
In Promoting Solutions to Marine Oebrfs
1 Opportunity for leadership role
Increase efficiency of solid-waste
management system
Potentially save money
Improve communication with users
Gain positive publicity and public recognition
for efforts
Haw to Get Started
Module fc Assessment tf Solid Waste
Put someone in charge
Define facility needs
Assess the existing solid-waste management
system for adequacy and convenience
Options to change the solid-waste management
system
Inform employees and users of changes
Evaluate new system and adjust as needed
Module 4: How To Start a
Recycling Program
Obtain management commitment
Put someone in charge
Evaluate the recyclable materials generated
Find a market for the recyclable materials
Choose handling methods and operations
Publicize the recycling program
Start the program
Keep the program going
Module & How Tป Start a Program
To Recycle Vessel Maintenance Wastes
Put someone in charge
Evaluate the recyclable materials generated
Evaluate the recyclable materials for special
handling needs
Find a market for the recyclable materials
Choose handling methods and operations
Handle all wastes in compliance with
Federal/State regulations
Tie into the general recycling program
Module 8: Boater/Community
Awareness Program
Tie into existing activities
Facility initiated activities
Figure 4-1. Strategy To Encourage Proper Waste-Handling Practices
at Recreational Boating Facilities.
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\\'(tslv-l)tni(lling tit Itca'i'ntioiidl Botitiu^ rucilitii's
MODULE 2: ASSESSMENT OF SOLID-WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
This module is directed at the recreational boating
facility owner or operator who wants to assess the
facility's solid- waste management system for adequacy
and convenience. Itfocusesprimarily on trash, al though
recycling and vessel maintenance wastes are touched
upon briefly. Recycling and vessel maintenance wastes
are discussed as separate modules later in the overall
strategy to encourage proper waste-handling at
recreational boating facilities. An assessment of solid-
waste management practices is undertaken in a series
of activities as outlined in Figure 4-2. Each of these
activities is described briefly below.
Put Someone in Charge
This is a recurring theme in the provision of reception
facilities for wastes at recreational boating facilities.
Someone must be given the responsibility to determine
adequacy of the facility's solid-waste management
practices. There are three options for assigning the
responsibility. First, the facility can hire a commercial
hauler who will recommend options for type of
receptacles, placement of receptacles within the facility,
and a pick-up schedule. Alternatively, management
can volunteer the facility as a pilot program for proper
waste-handling at recreational boating facilities. Or,
managementcanassignafacility employee to undertake
the task.
Define Facility Needs
Facility Characteristics. Facility needs depend
in part on the facility's characteristics in terms of users,
types of wastes generated, facility layout, existing
equipment, and labor availability.
Boater Requirements. Boaters need to be able to
dispose of their wastes. The best way to identify
specific boater needs is to askeither in person out on
the docks or through surveys. Facility newsletters or
an insert in the account statementareother mechanisms
to ask for information on boater needs. Formation of an
advisory committee is another way to help to identify
boater needs.
Facility Requirements. Facility requirements
for waste-handling center on the health and safety of its
employees, vermin/rodent control, esthetics, and costs.
Facility employees should also be asked for their
thoughts on the waste-handling system when defining
facility waste-handling needs.
Assess the Existing Solid-Waste
Management System for
Adequacy and Convenience
Waste-Stream Characterization. The types of
wastes collected at the facility are significant since they
have implications for needed capacity and for the types
of collection systems needed - i.e., whether a separate
system for collecting vessel maintenance wastes is
needed and whether recycling is a possibili ty. Seasonal
differences in the amount of trash brought to shore for
disposal will affect the amount of capacity needed and
will possibly affect trash pickup schedules. Also, the
type and amount of wastes to be disposed on shore are
affected by how individual boaters handle their own
trash.
Equipment. The types and features of the
equipment used to collect, store, and dispose of solid
waste, along with the labor requirements of the existing
waste-handling system, and the collection pickup
schedule are part of the solid-waste management
strategy. Specific problems in the collection areas such
as overflowing cans, litter, bees, and birds need to be
identified.
Equipment Siting. Siting considerations for trash
receptacles include convenience and ease of access for
facility users and access for haulers. High traffic areas
are good locations for receptacles because of the easy
access. Lighting and signs contribute to receptacle
visibility.
Options to Change the
Solid-Waste Management System
Capacity. Waste-handlingcapacitycanbechanged
in a number of ways. These include adding receptacles,
changing the size (either larger or smaller) of the
receptacles, compacting wastes, increasing the
frequency of trash pickup, and diverting recyclable
materials to a recycling program.
-------
Waste-handling at Recreational -Boating Facilities
1
Volunteer facility
for a pilot project
Put Someone in Chargs
Hire a commercial hauler to
make recommendations/
provide options
Assign a facility
staff member
Define Facility Needs
Facility Characteristics
No. of vessels in use
No. ofliveaboards
No. of transients
Types of wastes
Layout and access to docks
Existing equipment
Labor availability
Boater Requirements
Access to receptacles
Need to dispose of galley wastes
Need to dispose of operational wastes
Need to know facility's requirements
for disposal of trash, recyclable
materials, and vessel maintenance
waste
Facility Requirements
Health and safety of
employees and facility users
Esthetics
Vermin/rodent control
Cost
Waste-Stream
Characterization
Gal ley wastes
Operational wastes
Recreational wastes
Recyclable materials
Seasonal differences
Non boat-generated wastes
Equipment
Type of receptacles
Receptacle features
Labor requirements
Cleanliness of collection areas
Pickup schedule
Equipment Siting
Placement
Lighting
Signs
Visibility
Ease of access
Capacity
Add more receptacles
Change size of receptacles
Use compactors
Increase frequency of refuse pickup
Divert recyclable materials
Siting
Designate collection areas
Add windscreens, lids,
enclosures
Add/change lighting
Add/change signs
Increase visibility/access
Inform Empowers ant Usars at CbaagK
., . ' .t..
Figure 4-2. Assessment of Solid-Waste Management Practices.
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Waste-handling at Recreational Boating Facilities
Siting. Changes to the collection sites can also be
made. These include establishment of centralized
collection areas, addition of windscreens or shelters
for receptacles, addition or changes to lighting, addition
or changes to signs, and changes to the visibility of or
access to receptacles.
Inform Employees and
Users of Changes
Both employees and facility users need to be made
aware of changes in the solid-waste management
system. Employees need to be informed since they
interact with facility users and need to be able to
answer questions. Facility users can be informed of
changes through newsletters, bill inserts, notices within
the facility, and by word of mouth.
Evaluate New System and
Adjust as Needed
The solid-waste management system needs to be
evaluated periodically to identify adjustments needed
in response to changes in facility users, problems with
operations and equipment, and costs. Baseline records
for such things as costs, labor time, amount of trash,
trash handling, and user compliance with the system
can be established for comparison purposes before and
after changes are made.
MODULE 3: BENEFITS OF RECYCLING
This module is directed at the recreational boating
facility owner or operator who may not be aware of the
benefits recycling can bring to the facility. Recycling
can be an important component of a facility's solid-
waste management program. A well-planned and
executed recycling program can provide both tangible
and intangible benefits for a facility. These benefits
include a significant reduction in the amount of waste
to be disposed, with a correlated reduction in waste
disposal fees; possible earnings from recyclable
materials; improved public relations with both the
community at large and individual boaters; and direct
boater involvement in the waste-management issues.
These are discussed in more detail below.
Reduction in the Amount of Waste To Be
Disposed. Most recreational boating facilities' waste-
disposal costs are calculated on a per-dump basis. That
is, the facility is charged each time a dumpster is
emptied. Recycling can reduce the dump rate and
thereby lower the service charges for waste disposal.
Simply put, the more materials that can be identi fied as
recyclable and sorted out of the waste stream, the less
waste that has to be disposed. At one facility, it was
estimated that as much as 62% of the waste stream
consisted of the following recyclable materials:
corrugated cardboard, plastic containers and bags,
newspaper, glass, tin and steel cans, scrap metal and
wood (Coastal Resour. Cent., 1990). This did not
include recoverable items such as used oil and batteries.
If this facility recycled all of these materials, it could
reduce its dumpster service rate by almost two-thirds.
Possible Earnings from Recyclable Materials.
Waste-disposal cost savings also can be offset by any
profits realized from selling recyclable materials to
markets or end users. These costs can be used for other
purposes. For example, one facility visited put any
recycling profits into its landscaping operations. It
should be mentioned that prices for recyclable materials
fluctuate widely, but profits can be made.
ImprovedPublic Relations. Recycling just makes
good business sense. A recycling program that is well
thought out can significantly reduce litter at a facility,
both in the water and on shore, making the facility
more attractive to boaters. Also, at some facilities,
individual boaters have expressed an interest in
recycling. Finally, concern for the environment is
rampant in the general community today. A facility
with effective waste-management, including an
effective recycling program, can be seen as part of a
community's solution to pollution rather than a cause,
thus generating good feelings toward the facility from
both the community at large and individual boaters.
Direct Boater Involvement in Waste-Management
Issues. The results of recycling pilot 'projects at
-------
Waste-haiitlliiig'tit Recreational Boating racih'ties
recreational boating facilities have suggested that, if
recycling is made convenient and easy for boaters they
will likely participate, and will have pride in what they
are doing (NOAA 1988a; NJDEP, 1990b; Coastal Resour.
Cent, 1990). Generally, if a recycling program is
successful, the boaters will be more likely to police
themselves and less likely to inappropriately dispose
of wastes, whether recyclable or nonrecydable.
MODULE 4: HOW TO START A RECREATIONAL BOATING FACILITY
RECYCLING PROGRAM
This module is directed at the recreational boating
facility owner or operator who wants to integrate a
recycling program into the facility's solid-waste
management system. A recycling program must be
well-planned and well-executed. Figure4-3 shows the
steps that should be followed to successfully design
and implement a recycling program. Each step is
discussed in more i*etail below.
Obtain Management Commitment
Studies have shown that, to be successful, a recycling
program must also have complete support from top
management, including the financial decision makers
(NOAA, 1988b; Recht and Lasseigne, 1990).
Management must understand not only the benefits of
recycling but also how recycling can fit into a general
solid-waste management program. Management must
understand and be committed to the following.
Without complete management support, the
recycling program will falter and eventually fail.
Time, staff, and financial support (at least initially)
for the program must be established. Someone
must be assigned the responsibility for the program.
Put Someone in Charge
Once management has decided to support a recycling
program, someone must be chosen to run the program.
This individual will be responsible for researching the
available recycling options and for designing and
implementing the program and, generally, the day-to-
day operations of the program. That person will also
identify and correct any problems with the program
and work with State and local officials. Management
can usually assign program responsibility to one of the
following.
In-House Staff Member. This is a facility staff
member whose job description has time built in
specifically for recycling. In some cases, recycling and
other waste-management issues may be that
individual's entire job. This person is responsible for
the program from start to finish, including working
with boaters to ensure appropriate waste handling.
Outside Commercial Service. Alternatively,
the facility can hire a commercial waste handler to run
the program from start to finish. This can be more cost-
effective and less labor-intensive for the recreational
boating facility. An experienced commercial recycler
can set up a system quickly, using its equipment and
service arrangements. The facility buys an existing
program, saving time and money that would be spent
to develop a program from scratch. It is also possible
that the facility may be able to expand its existing
waste-disposal contract to include recycling services.
With this option, the facility does not have to pay a staff
member to handle recycling per se, but a staff member
will still need to work with the boaters to ensure
appropriate waste handling.
Tie into an Existing Municipal Program or
Ask for Community Volunteers. Often, a
recreational boating facility can tie into an existing
municipal recycling program or find a committed
volunteer to run the program. To comply with recycling
and source-reduction legislation and regulations
recently promulgated in the six-State study area, many
local governments have already instituted recycling, or
are in the process. A recreational boating facility often
can tie into these municipal programs easily and
cheaply, as the program will usually provide equipment
and pickup at little or no cost. Alternatively, the facility
can ask for a volunteer from the community, such as
church groups or Boy/Girl Scouts. These groups are
-------
ecreational Koatwv Facilities
vUato Management Cooaitmeat
Tie into an existing municipal program or ask for
community volunteers
Other outside groups or services
Special handling needs
Contact State and local governments for help
Contact local waste haulers or dealers
What if markets fail?
Containers
Signage
Frequency of pickup
Transportation from facility
Associated fees
Local media
In-house communication
Start the Program
. H =, u* ซ ^- P'ace Shortly Wdre pfฐ9ram is scheduled to start
Have a kickoff meeting or celebration
Regularly evaluate the program tor effectiveness
Reward participants
Be willing to make
in ttie program where necessary
Figure 4-3. How To Start a Recreational Boating
Facility Recycling Program.
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Waste-handling tit Recreational Routing Facilities
generally willing to help and will often split any profits
with a facility. Both of these options provide the facility
with good community relations. The facility will still
have to work with boaters to answer questions or help
to solve problems. Also, the success of the program
depends on people outside the control of management.
Other Outside Groups or Services. State
government, universities, and corporations may
sometimes be willing to set up and operate programs
or issue grants for programs. Management can
volunteer its facility for these programs. Again, the
facility will still have to work with boaters to answer
questions or help to solve problems. Again, the success
of the program depends on people outside the control
of management.
No matter who it is, the person who is responsible
for the recycling program [hereafter referred to as the
recycling coordinator (RC)], will go through the same
steps to design and implement a recycling program
suited to the individual facility.
Evaluate the Recyclable Materials
Generated
The solid-waste stream at recreational boating
facilities is similar to that generated in the home to
include glass, newspaper, cardboard, aluminum cans,
tin and steel (or bimetal) cans, and plastics. These
materials are commonly recycled. To determine what
recyclable materials are generated at a particular facility
and thus what should be included in the recycling
program, the RC must examine the waste stream for
those materials. The evaluation should include the
following.
Type. The waste stream should be evaluated for the
types of recyclable materials generated. Every facility
is different. The waste must be categorized into
nonrecyclable materials, such as food wastes, and
recyclable materials such as newspapers; aluminum
cans; bimetal cans; plastics, to include beverage bottles
and plastic bags; and others.
Amount. Once the recyclable materials have been
identified, the RC must calculate the amount of
recyclable materials generated. If a facility does not
generate enough of a recyclable, it may not be profitable
or possible to recycle that material. The RC must
include consideration of any seasonal variations in
amount. For example, does the facility generate more
waste during the busy summer boating season?
SpecialHandllng Needs. The RC must determine
if any of the recyclable materials, particularly from
vessel maintenance operations such as used oil and
batteries, have special-handling requirements.
Based on this evaluation, the RC must then choose
which recyclable materials are appropriate for collection
at the facility.
Find a Market for the Recyclable
Materials
Collection is only one part of a successful recycling
program. If the recyclable materials collected by a
facility are not purchased or accepted by a buyer, or
market, the recyclable materials are often considered
trash and are disposed of as nonrecyclable trash
trash that the facility must pay to dispose of. The RC
must find markets for each recyclable to be collected. To
identify markets, the RC should do the following.
Contact State and Local Governments for
Help. Often, State environmental agencies will have
information regarding available recyclable markets.
Usually, this information consists of a list of end users
or midpoint buyers. Also local government offices or
the local chamber of commerce may have this type of
information.
Contact Local Waste Haulers or Dealers. The
RC can also call local waste-collection services. These
commercial haulers often buy recyclable materials
themselves or can refer the RC to an appropriate end
user.
What If Markets Fail? The RC must also make
provisions for recyclable disposal if markets fail. Often,
the recyclable materials can be included in the general
solid-waste management program. The RC can also
search for other markets. Given the fluctuations in the
value of recyclable materials, particularly newspaper,
market stability must be considered.
Choose Handling Methods and
Operations
Once a market has been found, the RC can then turn
to the nuts and bolts of the program: how the recyclable
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Waste-handling (it Recreational Moating Facilities
materials will be collected and taken off site. This
includes equipment, collection method, service.
frequency, and financing. The RC should consider the
following.
Commingled vs Separated Recyclable
Materials. Will the program accept commingled
recyclable materials, or will it require the boaters to
separate the recyclable materials before depositing in
an appropriate container? This decision affects
everything else about the program.
Containers. The RC must determine the size,
number, engineering considerations (lids, plastic liners,
materials of construction, etc.), and spatial requirements
of the collection equipment to be used. Appropriate
equipment selection and siting are critical for program
success. Equipment does not have to be expensive or
complicated it has to work. For example, an open-
topped plastic, 55-gal drum could be a very functional
collection device for both trash and recyclable materials.
But, if the recyclable drum looks like the standard trash
receptacle, boaters may not distinguish between the
twothey could contaminate the recyclable materials
with trash. Paint the recyclable drum a bright color -
different from the trash receptacle, however - and the
boater will be able to tell them apart.
Signage. TheRCmustprovideappropriatesignage.
The program must be clearly and simply explained to
boaters to encourage participation and to ensure that
the recyclable materials are not contaminated. The
containers must be marked. Posters and /or signs must
be placed around the facility both to show where to
discard recyclable materials and to encourage program
participation.
Frequency of Pickup. The containers must be
emptied on a regular basis. If containers overflow,
boaters will view the area as messy and associate it with
trash. Recyclable materials will become contaminated
and will lose market value.
Transportation from Facility. The RC must get
the recyclable materials removed off site. Often, the
buyer or end user will pick up recyclable materials.
The facility may be able to make arrangements with its
trash-collection service to haul the recyclable materials
off site, for no charge or for a share in any profits. The
facility also can arrange to transport the recyclable
materials themselves.
Associated Fees. The RC must examine the costs
for the program. How much will the containers, signage,
and transportation cost? Can the RC negotiate a reduced
waste-disposal fee for the facility? Will the program
reduce the facility's waste-disposal fees?
Publicize the Recycling Program
Once the equipment and service arrangements for
the program have been made, the RC must inform the
boaters about the new program. The public awareness
campaign should begin shortly before the start of the
program. In addition to the signage discussed above,
the program must provide a public awareness campaign
to explain how the program works, where boaters can
go if they have questions, and the benefits of recycling.
If the boaters do not know that the program exists or do
not know how the program works, the program will
fail.
Local Media. The facility can place advertisements
or public service announcements in local newspapers
and/or local radio stations. Often, local media will
provide an announcement of this type at no cost. The
RC must provide simple and direct copy that explains
the program in detail. A side benefit from this is
improved public relations in the communityboaters
are not the only ones who will see the announcement.
In-House Communication. The facility can
provide in-house communication, such as newsletters,
posters, and flyers. Again, the copy should be simple
and direct, with appropriate graphics and diagrams.
Start the Program
At this point, the RC has identified which recyclable
materials will be collected, has found markets for those
recyclable materials, has chosen the equipment and
operation procedures, and hasadvertised the program.
The program is ready to go. To ensure success, the RC
must do the following.
Get the Containers and Signage in Place
Shortly before the Program Is Scheduled To
Start. The containers should not be put into place too
long before the public awareness campaign/start of
the program. If boaters do not understand how the
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-haiidUtig tit Recreational Routing Facilities.
containers are to be used, they will get into the habit of
using the containers incorrectly. Conversely, if the
containers are put into place after the start of the
program, boaters will not immediately have a place to
put recyclable materials and will feel that the program
is neither thought out or well-designed.
Have a Kickoff Meeting or Celebration. Have
a celebration or meeting at the start of the program. All
participants should be invited to make sure that
everyone has an opportunity to ask questions and to
fully understand the program from start to finish.
Keep the Program Going
It is not enough to start a program. The progress of
the program must be monitored and the boaters must
be kept interested and participating after the initial
enthusiasm has faded. To make the program a
continuing success, the RC must be sure to do the
following.
Regularly Evaluate the Program for
Effectiveness. Occasionally review the results of the
collection program. Have the amount of recyclable
materials collected increased? Are boaters actively
participating? Have boaters complained about any of
the procedures? The RC must measure the success of
the program.
Communicate the Results of the Program
Regularly. Keep the boaters informed about the
program, via newsletter or other means. Let them
know how much recyclable material has been collected
and where there is room for improvement. Provide a
forum for any questions or complaints.
Reward Participants. Keep participating boaters
interested in the program. Offer posters, stickers, and
other handoutsthese make people feel good and are
another promotional method. Reward exceptional
participants with stickers, "gold stars," or performance
certificates. If boaters feel that they are part of pollution
prevention, they will participate more eagerly.
Be Willing To Make Changes in the Program Where
Necessary. No recycling program is set in stone.
Collection methods can prove ineffective, markets for
recyclable materials can fail, money for programs can
dry up. Be prepared to make changes in the program
based on these reasons and/or feedback from boaters.
MODULE 5: SPECIAL-HANDLING REQUIREMENTS
FOR VESSEL MAINTENANCE WASTES
This module is directed at the recreational boating
facility owner or operator who may not be aware that
vessel maintenance wastes may have special-handling
requirements. These wastes can be difficult to handle
because of their physical state (liquids or bulky
materials) or because they may be hazardous to human
health or the environment. Vessel maintenance wastes
include such materials as used motor oil, paint and
paint solvents, and used batteries. Unlike most wastes
in a facility's solid-waste stream, these items are liquids
or are bulky and heavy solids. These wastes can also be
ignitable, corrosive, toxic, and /or incompatible. They
must be collected in separate containers that are
appropriate to their physical state and hazard category.
Vessel maintenance wastes may also lie in waste
categories thatare specifically regulated under Federal,
State, or local environmental legislation, including the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
These regulations have specific handling procedures
and operations for hazardous wastes and materials.
These regulations dictate the way in which recreational
boating facilities handle these wastes, and will require
significant paperwork.
For example, used motor oil is not currently regulated
as a hazardous waste under the RCRA. However, there
is a move in some states (New Jersey has already
passed such legislation) to regulate used oil as a
hazardous waste, and, there is speculation that used oil
will become regulated under the RCRA in general.
This means that used motor oil will come under stringent
manifesting and storage requirements, and that those
facili ties that store used oil for more than 90 days before
final disposal or removal off site will come under
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-binitlliHg tit Kc'cwtitiomil Boating Iticilitu's
Federal scrutiny as a hazardous-waste storage
operation.
To avoid such scrutiny or to avoid special waste-
management practices, recreational boating facilities
may prohibit these wastes at their facility. For example,
some facilities visited do not allow boaters to paint
their vessels at the facility, thereby eliminating waste
paint or waste-paint solvent handling requirements.
Also, some of the facilities do not provide for used oil
dropoff or recycling. If management does allow such
wastes at their facility, the wastes must be properly
disposed of and, if appropriate, recycled.
Facility directorsmust work with Federal, State, and
local agencies to find out which regulations may apply
to their facilities and to determine which, if any,
collection and disposal methods will be employed. The
facility may also consider recycling these vessel
maintenance wastesasan alternative to disposal. There
are lively markets for used oil and batteries. Steps for
establishing a recycling program are discussed in the
next module. If facility management does not choose to
recycle these materials,itissuggested that management
either ban these materials from the facility or work with
their existing waste-management contractor to safely
dispose of these materials.
MODULE 6: HOW TO START A PROGRAM TO RECYCLE VESSEL
MAINTENANCE WASTES
This module is directed at the recreational boating
facility owner or operator who wishes to explore the
possibility of recycling vessel maintenance wastes.
The steps are very similar to those provided in Module
4: How To Start a Recreational Boating Facility
Recycling Program (see Figures 4-3 and 4-4). As for a
general recycling program, management must be
committed to recycling vessel maintenance wastes,
and someone must be chosen to run the program. This
person (organization) can be
An in-house staff member
An outside commercial service
An existing municipal program or community
volunteers
Other outside groups or services.
Again, as in the general recycling program, the
responsible individual or recycling coordinator (RC)
will go through the same steps to design and implement
a recycling program suited to the individual facility.
Evaluate the Recyclable Materials
Generated.
The solid-waste stream at recreational boating
facilities is similar to that generated in the home but
also includes vessel maintenance wastes. To determine
what recyclable materials are generated at a particular
facility and, thus, what should be included in the
recycling program, the RC must examine the waste
stream for recyclable materials. The evaluation should
include the following.
Type. The waste stream should be evaluated for the
types of recyclable materials generated. Every facility
is different. The waste must be categorized into
nonrecyclable materials, such as food wastes; standard
recyclable materials such as newspapers, aluminum
cans, bimetal cans, plastics; and recyclable vessel
maintenance wastes.
Amount. Once the recyclable materials have been
identified, the RC must calculate the amount of
recyclable materials generated. If a facility does not
generate enough of a recyclable, it may not be profitable
or possible to recycle that material. The RC must
include consideration of any seasonal variations in
amount.
Evaluate the Recyclable Materials
for Special Handling Needs
Standard recyclable materials such as newspaper,
aluminum cans, and plastic bottles are nonhazardous
solids. Recyclable vessel maintenance wastes need to
be handled carefully, depending on the physical and
hazardous characteristics of the recyclable materials.
-------
In-houss staff member ซ Existing municipal program or community volunteers
ซ Outside commercial service ซ Other outside groups or services
1 Type
Amount
the Meeyelaole for Special Handling fiessis
ป Physical state
Bulk
ซ Hazardous
Contact state and local governments for help
Contact local waste haulers or dealers
What if markets fail?
Handling Methods mi iterations
' Containers
Signage
* Frequency of pickup
ป Transportation from facility
Associated fees
MM
AM Wastes in Compliance with Federal/State Regulations
' The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
State and local laws
ฑ
Tie Mi the General Recycling Program
Publicize the program
1 Start program operations
1 Review the program for success
4-4. How To Start A Program To Recycle Vessel Maintenance Wastes.
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Waste handling at Recreational Boating Facilities
These characteristics drive the choice of handling
methods and operations. Characteristics to consider
include the following.
Physical State. Liquid recyclable materials (used
motor oil, paints, and paint solvents) are more difficult
to handle than solids. The potential for spills and leaks
exists. The RC needs to determine how these wastes
will be collected. For example, will the boaters bring
sealed small plastic containers to a larger containment
area? Will the facility collect containers from the dock
area and take them to a central collection point?
Bulk. Used batteries are bulky and inconvenient to
collect in the limited space available at many facilities.
An appropriate area (paved, preferably with a
containment dike placed around the area) must be set
aside for batteries. Paint cans and containers of used
oil must also have a special designated space.
Hazardous. Recyclable vessel maintenance wastes
that are corrosive, ignitible, reactive, and/or
incompatible must be stored in separate, distinct areas
appropriate for the physical state of the recyclable.
Find a Market for the Recyclable
Materials
Collection is only one part of a successful recycling
program. If the recyclable materials collected by a
facility are not purchased or accepted by a buyer or
market, the recyclable materials are often considered
nonrecyclable wastes. These nonrecyclable wastes can
be designated as hazardous wastes that ha ve very high
disposal costs. The RC must find markets for each
recyclable to be collected. To identify markets, the RC
should do the following.
Contact State and Local Governments for
Help. Often, State environmental agencies will have
information regarding recyclable markets available.
Usually, this information consists of a list of end users
or midpoint buyers. Also, local government offices or
the local chamber of commerce may have this type of
information.
Contact Local Waste Haulers or Dealers. The'
RC can also call local waste-collection services. These
commercial haulers often buy recyclable materials
themselves, or can refer the RC to an appropriate end
user.
What If Markets Fail? The RC must also make
provisions for recyclable disposal if markets fail. Often,
the recyclable materials can be included in the general
solid-waste management program. The RC can also
search for other markets. Given the fluctuations in the
value of recyclable materials, market stability must be
considered.
Choose Handling Methods and
Operations
Once a market has been found, the RC can then turn
to the basics of the program: how the recyclable
materials will be collected and taken off site. This
includes equipment, collection method, service
frequency, and financing. The RC should consider the
following.
Containers. As in general recycling, the RC must
determine the size, number, engineering considerations
(lids, materials of construction, etc.), and spatial
requirements of the collection equipment to be used.
Appropriate equipment selection and siting is critical
for program success. For example, to prevent
contamination, at one facility boaters could place used
motor oil in the recycling container only in the presence
of a facility staff member. The staff member had to
unlock the recycling container to allow the boater
access. This proved to be inconvenient to the boaters,
and the program has been deemed less than successful.
Signage. TheRC must provide appropriate signage.
The program must be clearly and simply explained to
boaters to encourage participation and to ensure that
the recyclable materials are not contaminated. Any
potential hazards to human health from the recyclable
materials must be explained. The containers must be
marked. Posters and/or signs must be placed around
the facility both to show where to discard recyclable
materials and to encourage program participation.
Frequency of Pickup. The containers must be
emptied on a regular basis. If containers overflow or
leak, boaters will view the area as messy and associate
it with trash. Recyclable materials will become
contaminated and will lose market value.
Transportation from Facility. TheRC must get
the recyclable materials removed off site. Often, the
-------
buyer or end user will pick up recyclable materials.
The facility maybe able to make arrangements with its
trash collection service to haul the recyclable materials
off site, for no charge or for a share in any profits. The
facility can arrange to transport the recyclable materials
themselves.
Associated Fees. The RC must examine the costs
for the program. How much will the containers, signage,
and transportation cost? Can the Renegotiate a reduced
waste-disposal fee for the facility? Will the program
reduce the facility's waste-disposal fees?
Handle All Wastes in Compliance
with Federal/State Regulations
The Federal and most State governments have
established regulations for handling, disposing of, and /
or recycling both solid and hazardous wastes.
Hazardous-waste management in particular is
monitored closely by regulators. Any recyclingprogram
that handles hazardous materials must consider the
following, at a minimum.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA). This program operates at both the
Federal and State levels. The program sets the standard
for waste-management practices, with a particular
emphasis on hazardous wastes.
State and Local Laws. These laws include litter
control, recycling, or solid-waste management laws, if
applicable. The RC should contact the appropriate
State and local officials to inquire as to the status of RC's
program.
Tie into the General Recycling
Program
At this point, the RC should consider tying the
vessel maintenance waste recycling program into an
existing general recycling program at the facility. It
makes sense to combine vessel maintenance waste
recycling into the general recycling program. Resources
can be maximized and shared to
Publicize the program
Start program operations
Review the program for success.
MODULE 7: RECREATIONAL, BOATING FACILITIES ROLE
IN PROMOTING SOLUTIONS TO MARINE DEBRIS
There is heightened public awareness of the problems
of marine pollution through highly publicized events
such as medical wastes closing beaches and local and
National beach cleanup efforts. Recreational boating
facilities have an opportunity to take a leadership role
in promoting solutions to marine debris. They come in
contact with a large segment of the recreational boating
and fishing community and are, therefore, a means of
getting information to boaters.
The benefits of a recreational boating facility taking
a leadership role in promoting the solutions to marine
debris include increasing the efficiency of the facility's
solid-waste management system; potentially saving
money; improving communications with users; and
gaining positive publicity and public recognition for
the facility's efforts.
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'waste-handling at Recreational Boating Facilities
MODULE 8: BOATER/COMMUNITY AWARENESS PROGRAM
There are two ways for a recreational boatingfacility
to become involved in a boater and community marine
debris awareness program: either tie into activities
sponsored by other groups or initiate activities
themselves.
Tie into Existing Activities. The annual National
beach cleanup is an obvious activity with which
recreational boating facilities could get involved. The
cleanup is held during COASTWEEKS, usually in late
September. State coordinators generally come from
the Sea Grant College Program, the state Department
of Environmental Management, the state Department
of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks, or the Center for Marine
Conservation (headquartered in Washington, DC).
Facility Initiated Activities. The following are some
boater/community marine debris awareness activities
thathavebeeninitiatedatrecreational boating facilities.
The time requirements of these activities ranges from
minimal to considerable, but each is a step in increasing
boater and community awareness about marine debris
and the requirements of MARPOL Annex V.
Establishment of an advisory panel to develop and
implement environmental education
Display of notices about MARPOL Annex V
requirements for boaters at centralized locations
such as the restrooms, laundry room, public
telephones, ice freezers, and fuel pumps
Display of posters about marine debris at
centralized locations
- Displays including photographs of entangled
animals, propellers entangled in monofilament
fishing line, and beaches and waterways littered
with trash
Reprint or original articles on marine debris,
MARPOL Annex V, waste-handling, and
recycling in facility newsletter
Inserts such as brochures on marine debris and
MARPOL Annex V or waste-handling at the
facility in account statements sent to facility users
Display of brochures, stickers, and factsheets in
the ship's store or other centralized location in the
facility
Use of a boater's pledge statement to be part of the
marine debris solution
Display of signs about proper waste disposal at
receptacles and other centralized locations
Show video or slide shows on the marine debris
issue a' regularly scheduled or special meeting of
facility users
Cooperation with Boy/Girl Scouts or other local
organizations in waterfront cleanup activities and
environmental awareness programs
Stock or distribution of the USCG required
placard in the ship's store for boats of 26 ft or
more
Display or provision of a sample waste-
management form for vessels of 40 ft or more.
Marine debris educational materials are available at
minimal or no charge from the NOAA Marine Debris
Information Office, operated under contract by the
Center for Marine Education, 1725 DeSales Street, NW,
Washington, DC 20036; (202) 429-5609.
-------
5.O REFERENCES
Ala. Dep. Conserv. 1991. Alabama Liveiy, 1990-91. Alabama Department of Conservation, Marine Police Division,
Montgomery, AL.
Chertow, M. 1989. Garbage Solutions- A Public Official's Guide to Recycling and Alternative Solid Waste Management
Technologies. Report prepared for the National Resource Recovery Association, The United States Conference of Mayors.
Cent. Mar. Conserv. 1991. Cleaning North America's Beaches. 1990 Beach Cleanup Results. Center for Marine Conservation,
Washington, DC.
Coastal Ga. Reg. Dev. Cent. 1990. Coastal Georgia Fishing. Coastal Georgia Regional Development Center, Brunswick, G A.
Coastal Resour. Cent. 1990. Marine Debris Recycling Program. Coastal Resources Center, San Francisco, CA.
Dep. Commerce. 1990. Vessel Entrances and Clearances. 1989 Annual Report. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, Washington, DC.
Dep.Def. 1990. Base Structure Report Fiscal Year 1991. Department of Defense, Washington, DC.
Doyle, B., and R. Barnaby. 1989. Reducing Marine Debris: A Model Program for Marinas. Report prepared for the University
of New Hampshire Sea Grant College Program.
EPA. 1989. Recycling Works! State and Local Solutions to Solid Waste Management Problems. EPA/ 530-SW-89-014.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC.
Fl. Dep. Nat. Resour. 1985. Toward a Proactive Statewide Marina Siting Program: Summary Report and Recommended
Implementation Strategies. Florida Department of Natural Resources, Division of State Lands, Tallahassee, FL.
Miss. Dep. Econ. Community Dev. 1991. Directory of Advertisers. Mississippi Department of Economic and Community
Development. American Directory Publishing Co., Omaha, NE.
Mudar, M.J. 1991. Reducing Plastic Contamination of the Marine Environment under MARPOL Annex V. A Model for
Recreational Harbors and Ports. Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.
Mullin,P. 1989. Marine Debris: The Bellingham Demonstration Project. P. 65 in Goodwin, R.F. (Ed.), Boating and Moorage in
the'SOs. Proceedingsofaconference, 19-21 October 1988, Seattle, WA. Washington Sea Grant Marine Advisory Services,
Seattle, WA.
NC Div. Health Serv. 1987. Survey of Multi-Slip Docking Facilities in Coastal North Carolina. North Carolina Division of
Health Services, Shellfish Sanitation Office, Morehead City, NC.
NJDEP. 1990a. How To Recycle Your Marina in New Jersey. Ne w Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ.
NJDEP. 1990b. Pilot Project To Encourage Proper Handling and Recycling of Marine Debris at a Series of Small Ports in New
Jersey. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ.
NMFS. 1991. Processors and Wholesale Dealers of Fishery Products in the United States. [Computer printout] National
Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD.
NOAA. 1988a. Dealingwith Annex VReference Guide for Ports. NMFSTech. Mem. NMFS F/NWR-23. National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration. A report prepared for the Marine Entanglement Research Program, Seattle, WA.
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NOAA. 1988b. Report on a Port-Based Project To Reduce Marine Debris. MWAFC Processed Rep. 88-13. National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration. Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, Seattle, WA.
NOAA. 1989a. United States Coast Pilot. Vol. 4: Atlantic Coast: Cape Henry to Key West. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, National Ocean Service, Washington, DC.
NOAA. 1989b. United States Coast Pilot. Vol. 5: Atlantic Coast: Gulf of Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Washington, DC.
Off. Fed. Reg. 1990. Code of Federal Regulations. 33 CFR158.
Off. Fed. Reg. 1991. Federal Register 56(69):14577-14592. April 10,1991.
Owen, D. (Ed.). 1991. Inland River Guide. The Waterways Journal, Inc., St. Louis, MO.
Pac. States Mar. Fish. Comm. 1990. Port Recycling Systems. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Depoe Bay, OR.
Recht, F. 1988. Dealing with Garbage: Obligations and Opportunities. P. 57 in Goodwin, R.F. (Ed.), Boating and Moorage in
the '90s. Proceedings of a conference, 19-21 October 1988, Everett, WA.
Recht, F. 1990. West Coast Marine Debris Recovery Project. Report prepared for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Washington, DC.
Recht, F. 1991. [Manuscript in preparation] Marina refuse and recycling facilities: Obligations and opportunities under Annex
Vof MARPOL. Paper prepared for the Coastal Zone Management Conference (CMZ '91). Available Marine Debris and
Habitat Project, Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Depoe Bay, OR.
Recht, F., and S. Lasseigne. 1990. Providing Refuse Reception Facilities. P. 921 in Shomura, R.S., and M.L. Godfrey (Eds.),
Proceedings of theSecond International Conference on Marine Debris, 2-7 April 1989, Honolulu, HI. NOAA Tech. Mem.
NMFS NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-154.
SC Coastal Counc. 1991. Marinas in South Carolina Coastal Counties. South Carolina Coastal Council, Charleston, SC.
USCG. 1989. MARPOL 73/78 Annex V Garbage Reception Facility Certification and Enforcement Program. United States
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USCG. 1991. Boating Statistics 1990. United States Coast Guard, Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.
Wash. Sea Grant Mar. Advis.Serv. 1989. Getting a Grip on Marine Debris atSqualicum Harbor. Washington Sea Grant Marine
Advisory Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Wash. Sea Grant Mar. Advis. Serv. 1990. Getting a Grip on Marine Debris at Port of Seattle Facilities. Washington Sea Grant
Marine Advisory Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Waterway Guide. 1991a. Mid-Atlantic 1991. Communication Channels, Inc., Atlanta, GA.
Waterway Guide 1991b. Southern 1991. Communication Channels, Inc., Atlanta, GA.
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Waste-haiidl/tis ai Recreational Boating facilities
Appendix
SELECTED READINGS
-------
Waste-bundling til Recreational Homing Facilities
SUGGESTED READINGS
Augerot,X. 1988. Plasticinthe Ocean: What Are WeDoingToCleanltUp. Report prepared the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Office of Sea Grant and Extramural Programs, NTIS No. PB88-244348/XAB, Rockvffle, MD.
Balazs,G.H. 1985. Impact of ocean debris on marine turtles: Entanglement and ingestion. Pp. 387-429 in Shomura, R.S., and
Y.O. Yoshida (Eds.), Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, 27-29 November 1984, Honolulu,
HI. Department of Commerce, NO A A Tech. Mem. NMFS NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-54 Washington, DC.
Bean, MJ. 1987. Legal strategies for reducing persistent plastics in the marine environment. Mar. Pollu. Bull. 18(6B):357-360.
Bourne, VV.R.P. 1989. Oil and garbage in the Gulf. Mar. Pollu. Bull. 20(2)^0.
Brillat,T. 1988. MARPOL Annex V: How It Can Affect You. Rhode Island Sea Grant, Providence, RI.
Center for Environmental Education. 1987. Plastics in the Ocean: MoreThan a Litter Problem. Center for Environmental Education,
Washington, DC.
Curlee, T.R. 1986. Plastic recycling: Economic and institutional issues. Conservation and Recycling. 9:335-350.
Curlee,T.R. 1986. The Economic Feasibility of Recycling: A Case Study of Plastic Wastes. Praeger Publishing Co., New York, NY.
EPA. 1989. The Solid Waste Dilemma: An Agenda for Action. Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Solid Waste Task
Force, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, DC.
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