-------
                                                          fr  /   /     -
                                                          &'       *     ^'r-1
                                                            4      T    f
       BOTTOM  FLOW WITH
     STRONG  NORTHWEST  WIND
               IN
LAKE  ERIE - WESTERN  BASIN
          (DIRECTION ONLY)

-------
     N
 o\
 o\
o
c
3)
m

04
            SURFACE  FLOW WITH

          STRONG NORTHEAST  WIND
        LAKE  ERIE - WESTERN BASIN

             (DIRECTION  ONLY)
SCALE

-------
                                                9v. /  S   .A
                                                 '«?'' /  /    't^S
                                                 X '   ^  -f
                                                X  /*   x  c
                                                   .'  (  S
                                                   c^v I   V-s
                                                 ^~A'   \ ^
                                                 ^^'v       V
    BOTTOM FLOW WITH
  STRONG NORTHEAST WIND
LAKE  ERIE - WESTERN BASIN
     (DIRECTION  ONLY)

-------
      I.  Concentrations of contaminants from the Detroit, Raisin, and
         Maumee Rivers may build up along the west shore under the
         conditions of dominant flows, both surface and bottom.

      2.  Concentrations of contaminants may similarly build up to
         even higher values under  ice cover since wind then has  less
         effect.

      3.  Winds cause mixing and redistribution of contaminants over
         the entire basin in  ice-free periods.

      4.  A portion of central Lake Erie water may recirculate in and
         around the island area of the western basin.

CENTRAL BASIN CIRCULATION

      The effect of wind Is over-riding in the water circulation of the
central basin of Lake Erie.  The orientation of the basin, with  its
long  axis essentially parallel to the prevailing southwesterly winds
makes this effect especially  important.

      The predominant summer surface water movement In central  Lake Erie
is as illustrated in Figure 33, based on the results of drift card,
drift bottle, and drogue studies made by several other agencies.  This
pattern of surface movement has been determined from investigations
carried out primarily during the summer months.  The pattern should be
similar for winter months but with a decided shift to movement more
toward the southeast and south as a result of the more frequent oc-
currence of northwesterly winds.  It should be noted that surface cur-
rents do not exactly parallel  the wind direction but move somewhat to
the right of it because of the Coriolis effect.  It should also be
understood that the predominant pattern is essentially that of result-
ant movement over an extended period, and at any one time, surface
movement may be greatly different or even reversed, responding quickly
to wind changes.

     Bottom currents In central  Lake Erie are not similar to surface
currents.  Because surface currents are generally moving water in much
greater quantity than can be removed from the basin, the balancing
movement must be subsurface and essentially a return flow over most
of the basin, responding less quickly to wind changes.  The predominant
bottom flow pattern for summer is shown In Figure 34.   In this case
bottom flow means the motion at the lake bottom in unstratlfled water,
but where the lake is thermally stratified it means the predominant
movement at the bottom of the epilimnion.   It is this bottom flow, be-
tween 30 to 60 feet below water level, that the metering program in
the central  basin of Lake Erie has measured.   The stations at  which It
was measured were E-l  through  E-ll  (Figure 23).   Table 7 lists,  in
brief, examples of some of the monthly flows  at these stations in terms
                                 •68

-------
  |43°00-
   30
c
10
m

OJ
CM
                        v      -         —~
                        V     —       —
                                                                            DOMINANT SUMMER SURFACE

                                                                                 FLOW  PATTERN
                                                                                        IN
4,0
                                                                                  LAKE  ERIE

                                                                                (DIRECTION ONLY)

-------
     •5*30'
                  M*
                             SO*
                                         M°
                                                     30'
                                                                •1°
   45°OO-
                                                                                                                    fFALC
    30'
o
c
•x
m

O4
A
OHIO
NOTE: FLOW PATTERN ABOVE


     THERMOCLINE WHERE

     STRATIFIED.



        SCALC IN MILES


to  9  O ^^^^10    tO^^^^^iO
DOMINANT SUMMER  BOTTOM

      FLOW PATTERN

              IN

         LAKE  ERIE

       (DIRECTION  ONLY)

-------
                             TABLE  T

            CURRENT FLOWS  AT CENTRAL BASIN METER STATIONS
                  (station locations on Figure 4-7)
Station
E 1
E 2
i
"4
E 5
E 6
E 7
E 7
E 8
E 9
E 11

Depth Net. Dir.
(ft.) from
30 118°
30
30
50
30 70°
30 141°
30 225°
50
30 77°
30 82°
30 112°
June 1964
Net. Vel.
cm/sec
0.80
—
—
—
4.15
1.49
—
—
2.31
1.82
6.52

Avg. Vel.
cm/sec
11.4
—
—
—
8.8
5.9
—
—
6.8
10.7
10.9

Net Dir
from
277°
183°
315°
257°
—
87°
—
47°
—
—
—
December
. Net Vel
cm/sec
1.41
0.83
1.53
2.44
—
1.86
—
0.52
—
—
—
1964
. Avg. Vel.
cm/sec
5.6
10.4
10.6
7.2
—
9.8
—
6.5
—
—
—
Note:  To convert velocities to ft./sec. multiply by .033.
                                 7|

-------
of net direction, net velocity, and average velocity of all measure-
ments.  Figure  35 based on both current meter and drifter data, shows
the dominant annual bottom flow in Lake Erie.  Note that this  is a
slightly different pattern from that of Figure 34 showing summer flow
above the thermocline.

     The metering program did not show, except during occasional per-
iods of hypolimnetic upwelling, what was happening below the thermo-
cline.  There is no reason to believe that a predominant horizontal
circulation pattern exists in the hypolimnion.  However, high vel-
ocity currents  (up to 2 ft/sec.) have been measured, during storms,
in the hypolimnion.  These are brought about during up and downwelllng
when the hypolimnion water Is forced to slide around in the basin.
This phenomenon becomes increasingly significant in late summer and
early fall when the hypolimnion is thin and sharply divided from the
epiIimnion.

     Bottom currents near shore are pronounced In summer and are quite
different from  bottom currents offshore, Indicating a separate system
of water movement.  Seabed drifter returns from the summer of 1965
showed that (I) releases more than three miles from the south shore
produced no returns, (2) releases less than three miles from shore
gave many returns, (3) drifters moving westward averaged only about
one mile of travel, and (4) drifters moving eastward averaged nearly
12 miles of travel.  These results indicate that, especially in summer,
there is a pronounced eastward movement of nearshore water (Figure 35).
This has been substantiated by current meter measurements at stations
E-20, E-22, E-23, E-25, E-26, and E-30 (Figure 23).   Water temperature
structure also supports this conclusion with a spring and summer band
of warmer water near the south shore.

     Dye studies along the south shore of the central  basin in the sum-
mer of 1965 showed in general that surface water within the nearshore
zone, while moving parallel to shore, also tended to move toward shore.
This was easily noticeable when movement was toward  the east.  Move-
ment toward the west at times showed a simultaneous  movement away from
shore .but was not so pronounced.

     Transport of sediments near the water line along the south shore
of the central  basin is not necessarily Indicative of prevalent flow
of water.   For example, from Avon Point westward, beach sediment
accretion  patterns indicate a general  drift toward the west.   This
results from wave action in the nearshore zone which is stronger from
the northeast.   Sediments are moved toward the west  during the inter-
mittent periods of northeasters.  The slower but much more prevalent
water motion toward the east is unable to transport  the sediments.
From Avon  Point eastward the nearshore sediment drift is toward the
east,  the  same  as prevailing water flow,  because increased westerly
fetch makes waves from that direction more effective.
                                 72

-------
                                                                                 PROBABALE PREVAILING FLOW
(
cz
3)
m
CJI
SCALE IN MILES
                                   10    o    10   20   SO   40
      PREVAILING

ANNUAL  BOTTOM FLOW

-------
     A different type of situation exists along the north shore of the
central basin.  The zone of separate nearshore flow is  limited in sum-
mer, if it exists at all.  Temperatures indicate that the nearshore
water  is cooler throughout the summer than along the south shore.
This implies removal of warm water and replenishment by lower waters.

     Summer current metering data at stations E-7 and E-ll (Figure 23)
show net motion from the south-southwest toward the Canadian shore of
water at depths of 30 feet and below.  Seabed drifters released off
Port Stanley as far as nine miles offshore turned up on the beach far
to the east.  These also indicate a bottom water movement toward shore
and to the east.

     The Canadian shore of the central basin is more irregular than
the south shore and the irregularity has a pronounced effect on wave
action and beach drift along the shore.  On the east side of Pelee
Point the drift is toward the south-southwest, moving sediment to the
tip of Pelee Point.  Between Wheatley and Erieau, Ontario, the drift
reverses and at Erieau it is toward the east.  Along the eastern side
of Pointe Aux Pins the drift is toward the south.  Eastward the drift
reverses again and at Port Stanley and eastward the drift is strongly
toward the east.  All of these drift phenomena are functions of wind
and fetch and resulting wave force in the nearshore zone and are not
necessarily reflecting prevailing nearshore water movement.

     The most significant change in circulation in the central  basin
water in fall and winter is the disruption of the confining influences
of water temperatures.  Usually in September the surface waters of
Lake Erie become nearly Isothermal and by the first of October the
thermocline has disappeared from the central basin.  The higher tem-
peratures which previously existed along the south shore disappear and
there is no longer a density restriction to water movement.  In effect
then, the nearshore flow is more free to move water lakeward and cooler
tributary water can under-run lake water.   The bottom flow return cir-
culation in mid-lake reaches to the lake bottom where the thermal
barrier (thermocline) previously separated it from the lake bottom.

     Seabed drifters tend to confirm a radical  change in lake circu-
lation in late fall.  Many of the drifters released in the central
basin near the south shore in the early summer of 1965 reappeared in
the fall  of 1966 and the spring and fall  of 1967.  There were no
returns of consequence in the fall of 1965 and the summers of 1966 and
1967.  The fall  1966 and later returns were unexpected but the con-
sistency of the returns pattern in both space and time indicates that
most of the drifters were probably carried across the lake and re-
transported during high velocity northerly and westerly winds.   The
probability of nearshore water crossing the lake along the bottom has
been shown and it is likely that this is common in fall  and winter.
                                 74

-------
     In spring when the shore water warms to several degrees above
the temperature of mid-lake water, the south shore nearshore flow
zone is reestablished.  A "thermal bar" (Rogers, 1965) may be
created shortly after the spring thaw and warmer tributary discharges
may be even more confined to the nearshore zone.  This condition can
exist only when a 4°C isotherm exists with colder water on one side
and warmer on the other.

     Along the northern shore in fall and winter the water movement
probably is not greatly different than in summer, but supporting data
are lacking.

     Drogue studies near shore, off western Cleveland In August 1964
showed that a dense pattern of drogues resulted in little dispersion,
indicating that dispersion of inputs may be slow.

     Conclusions which can be made regarding the pollutlonal aspects
of currents In central Lake Erie are as follows:

     I.  Tributary and lake outfall discharges in spring and summer
         along the south  shore tend to stay near shore and move
         eastward primarily as a result of the prevailing south-
         westerly winds.

     2.  In fall and early winter the same kinds of discharges can
         under-run the lake water and be distributed over the basin.

     3.  Contaminants reaching more than three miles off shore are
         likely to be distributed over the entire basin.

     4.  A vertical circulation in mid-lake exists year-round with
         easterly surface flow and westerly moving bottom flow.

     5.  The hypolimnion  of mid-summer does not have a net circula-
         tion flow but does have occasional high-velocity flow as
         a result of up and downwelling.  This flow is capable of
         resuspending bottom sediments.

     6.  Surface waters in summer move toward the south shore and
         away from the north shore.

     7.  Velocities at any level can be up to 2 feet per second
         during storms.

     8.  Vertical turbulent mixing is very effective in storms.

     9.  Dispersion is slow and limited horizontally.
                                  75

-------
EASTERN BASIN CIRCULATION

     Water circulation in the eastern basin is also primarily wind-
controlled.  Flow-through currents become important near the head-
waters of the Niagara River but otherwise are insignificant.

     The surface water movement in the eastern basin appears to be
similar to that of the central basin in that the dominant flow is
eastward and toward the south shore (Figure 33).  The predominant
surface flow over most of the eastern basin is probably similar
throughout the year but with a shift more toward the south in fall
and winter.

     The surface flow in the nearshore zone along the south shore is
predominantly to the east, but an essentially independent summer zone
such as in the central basin is not a persistent feature and is prob-
ably most important in spring and early summer.

     Subsurface flow in summer, according to current meter measure-
ment, is somewhat confused at and above the thermocline.  It appears
to be predominantly toward the west at stations  E-12, E-15, and E-17,
but toward the east at E-14 and toward the northwest at E-16 (Figure
23).  The resulting areal pattern is apparently  as shown In Figure
34 for the bottom of the epilimnion in stratified water.  This pattern
is often disrupted and confused by commonly occurring internal  thermo-
clinal waves.  Below the thermocline another system of circulation
exists.  Just below the thermocline the predominant motion is appar-
ently similar to that just above the thermocline.  It appears that a
vertical circulation may be important in the hypolimnion and that the
lake bottom currents are near the reverse of currents just below the
thermocline with a horizontal  clockwise motion superimposed.  Vel-
ocities at the bottom are ordinarily very slow however, increasing
upward.  Upwelling in the eastern basin does not cause high-velocity
currents as it does in the central basin.

     The thermocline disappears in the eastern basin ordinarily in
November.   The circulation changes to one system with a predominant
southeastward moving surface flow and a westward moving current at
the lake bottom again with a clockwise bottom flow superimposed.
Velocities decrease with depth and are probably  insignificant at the
bottom except within a few miles of shore in shallower waters.   The
assumed annual  prevailing flow at the bottom is  shown in Figure 35.

     In summary the eastern basin circulation is similar to the central
basin and in general  is as follows:

     I.  A vertical circulation exists above the thermocline in summer,
         dominant Iy eastward at the surface and  westward in the lower
         part of the epilimnion.
                                 76

-------
     2.  A vertical circulation, similar to above, exists, top to
         bottom in early winter and perhaps all  winter with very
         slow movement at the bottom in deeper water.

     3.  Internal  waves on the thermocline lead  to turbulent mixing
         in the epilimnion and cause currents in haphazard directions.

     4.  Discharges from tributaries are carried to deep water quickly
         at nearly all times of the year and a separate nearshore
         current is limited to spring and early  summer.

     5.  Discharges not caught in the Niagara outflow  can be distrib-
         uted over the entire basin.

     6.  Surface water moves toward the south shore and away from the
         north shore and vice versa at depth.

     7.  Discharges into upper waters of either  the central and eastern
         basins may at one time or another be found nearly anywhere in
         either of these basins.

     8.  Water below the level reached by the summer thermocline may
         be trapped there for long periods, on the order of a year or
         more.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

     During periods of quiet weather, rotational currents, related to
the Inertial  period and internal waves, are created in the central and
eastern basins with no net transport involved.  These  are particularly
evident In summer, becoming rather rare in winter.

     It appears that,  at least in summer, the bulk of  the drainage from
Lake Erie is  from surface water, much of which has been moved to, and
is moving along the south shore of the central and eastern basins.  This
tends to create two retention systems, one of which (south shore) is
much shorter  than  the  theoretical detention time, and  one which is much
longer (mid-lake).
                                 77

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                        CHAPTER   3


LAKE   ERIE   CHEMICAL   CHARACTERISTICS



                       SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY

     In order to gain  some knowledge of the composition of  lake bot-
tom sediments, 16 samples from the western basin,  21  from the central
basin, and 23 from the eastern basin were analyzed for the  following
constituents:

                   a.  TotaI  i ron
                   b.  Total phosphate
                   c.  Sulfide
                   d.  Ammonia nitrogen
                   e.  Nitrate and nitrite nitrogen
                   f.  Organic nitrogen
                   g.  Volatlle solids
                   h.  Chemical oxygen demand

     The samples were  taken between July 28 and August 7, 1964.  Sam-
pling and analyses were not of sufficient density  (Figure 36) to
provide more than generalities as to areal  extent  of  concentration
ranges.

     The results of bottom sediment analyses are presented to show the
existence of substances and their abundance in each basin.  The results
are listed in Table 8  for the western basin, Table 9  for the central
basin, and Table 10 for the eastern basin.   The results are reported
as milligrams per gram of sediment, oven dry weight.  The data cannot
be used to show  rates  of accumulation since the rates of sedimentation
are not known.

                          TOTAL IRON

     Total  iron  in the bottom sediments is similar in concentration In
the western and  central basins, averaging 33 to 35 mg/g.  The concen-
tration drops In the eastern basin to an average of 27 mg/g.  To mini-
mize the effects of erosion, total iron averages in the central and
eastern basin were calculated from samples obtained from depths greater
than 10 fathoms.   Sources of iron in lake sediments are glacial de-
posits, soluble  and colloidal inputs from basin tributaries, and from
Corps of Engineers dredging of navigable channels  and harbors.  As an
example of the latter, more than 70 million pounds of iron were re-
moved from the Cuyahoga River and Cleveland Harbor during 1967 and de-
posited in offshore areas.  Areal patterns of  iron concentration are
shown in Figure  37.

-------
      83° 3
                     83"
                                   SO'
   13eOO-
     30
o
c
3)
m

OJ
o>
                                                                                                               BOTTOM  CHEMISTRY

                                                                                                               SAMPLE  LOCATIONS

                                                                                                                  LAKE ERIE

                                                                                                                 SAMPLES  TAKEN

                                                                                                                   7/28-8/7/64
                                                                                                                                          FFALC
41"

-------
                                                                                            LAKE   ONTARIO
                                          CANADA
MICHIGAN
                                                                                              NEW   YORK
                                                                                                 CONTOUR  INTERVAL
                                                                                                 lOmg./g. DRY  WEIGHT
PENNSYLVANIA
                                                                                                    TOTAL IRON
                                                                                                        IN
                                                                                                BOTTOM  SEDIMENTS
                                                                                                        OF
                                                                                                    LAKE ERIE
                                                                                                    7/28-8/7/64

-------
                          TOTAL PHOSPHATE

     The general area I  pattern of total phosphate (POJ concentrations
(divide by 3 to obtain phosphorus concentration) is shown in Figure
38.  The concentrations in the bottom sediments appear to decrease
somewhat from west to east.  The average for the western basin samples
was 2.29 mg/l while the samples from the central basin averaged 1.95
mg/l, and those from the eastern basin averaged 1.51  mg/l.  Highest
values were found in the western basin as expected because of large
inputs of phosphates to that basin.  Progressively smaller concentra-
tions were found in the central and eastern basins due to greatly re-
duced inputs.  Augmentation of tributary phosphate inputs occurs from
sedimentation of planktonic occluded phosphorus.

     Recycling of phosphates from lake sediments to overlying waters
will occur during summer stratification.  However, the solubilized
phosphates not depleted by algal metabolism will be reprecipStated
again during fall turnover.

                               SVLFIDE

     Sulfide concentrations in bottom sediments averaged 0.23 mg/g
in the western basin, 0.97 mg/g in the central  basin, and 0.04 mg/g
in the eastern basin.  In addition to a much higher average, the
central  basin sediments showed a wide variation from 0.01 to 3.90 mg/g.
The very high values in the central basin were found in the sediments
below the hypolimnion which was characterized by low dissolved oxygen.
The high concentrations result from low oxidation-reduction potentials
exhibited by the sediments and overlying waters due to anaerobiasis.
Under these conditions sulfate reduction to sulfide occurs.  Anaero-
biasis does not occur in the western and eastern basins.  Consequently,
low sulfide concentrations are found there.  Figure 39 shows the gen-
eral distribution of sulfides in Lake Erie sediments.

                         ORGANIC NITROGEN

     Organic nitrogen is the nitrogen present in organic compounds.
Natural  nitrogen organic compounds are the result of plant and animal
metabolism and decay.  Relatively small amounts of synthetic nitrogen
compounds may be expected to find their way to receiving waters.

     Organic nitrogen in the bottom sediments averaged 0.23 mg/g in
the western basin, 1.84 mg/g in the central basin, and 0.85 mg/g in
the eastern basin.  The general distribution is shown in Figure 40.
In the shallow western basin, with a relatively short flowthrough
period,  continual suspension of bottom sediments is likely, with or-
ganic nitrogen biochemically oxidized to forms readily available to
aquatic life.  This is substantiated by the high algal productivity
of this basin.  Published FWPCA data show prevailing bottom flow in
                                 81

-------
      85° SO'
                      8S
   43°00
                                                                                                                                               IFFALC
     30
C
•JO
m
01
oo
                                                                                                                           CONTOUR  INTERVAL
                                                                                                                           O.5mg./g. DRY WEIGH"!
41"
                                                                                                                   TOTAL PHOSPHATE
                                                                                                                              IN
                                                                                                                      BOTTOM  SEDIMENTS
                                                                                                                              OF
                                                                                                                          LAKE  ERIE
                                                                                                                           7/26- 8/7/64

-------
      8 3° 30
                                                                30
   «3°OO'
                                                                                                                                              FFALC
    3O'
o
c
•yj
m

01
                                                                                                                          CONTOUR INTERVAL

                                                                                                                          .0 mg/q. DRY WEIGHT
41°
                                                                                                                           SULFIDE

                                                                                                                              IN

                                                                                                                     BOTTOM   SEDIMENTS

                                                                                                                              OF

                                                                                                                         LAKE ERIE

                                                                                                                          7/28-8/7/64

-------
     83° 30'
                 83°
                           30'
                                      82°
                                                 30
                                                                      30
   43°00-
    30
                                                                                                           IFFALC
O
c
•30
rn

A
o
                                                                                       ORGANIC  NITROGEN
BOTTOM SEDIMENTS

         OF

     LAKE  ERIE

 JULY 28 -AUGUST 7, 1964

-------
the central basin to be extensively circulatory (Figure 35).  It is
Indicated that a buildup of organic materials will  occur as a result
of the reclrculation and the relatively long flowthrough period.  The
eastern basin with an intermediate flowthrough period, low tributary
waste input and consequent low algal productivity has an average
organic nitrogen concentration intermediate with respect to the other
basins.

                           AMMONIA NITROGEN

     Ammonia nitrogen, an end product in the degradation of protein-
aceous materials, decreased somewhat from west to east in Lake Erie
(Figure 41).  The western basin sediment samples averaged 0.19 mg/g,
the central basin 0.09 mg/g, and the eastern basin samples 0.07 mg/g.
Ammonia is 45.2 percent of the total nitrogen in the western basin,
4.7 percent in the central, and 7.6 percent in the western.  A much
higher organic matter degradation rate is Indicated in the western
basin due to higher water temperatures.

                      NITRITE AND NITRATE NITROGEN

     In the nitrogen cycle, organic nitrogen is gradually converted
to ammonia nitrogen.  Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation of am-
monia to nitrites and nitrates then occurs.  Lake Erie nitrate-nitrite
concentrations in bottom sediments are very low since upon oxidation
these forms are quickly solubilized in overlying waters.  The concen-
tration of nitrite-nitrate increased west to east in Lake Erie bottom
sediments during the survey.  An explanation is that sediments are
less disturbed toward the east, allowing a greater opportunity for
retention of these substances in the oxidation microzone through the
mechanisms of adsorption.  The average concentration in the samples
was .001 mg/g in the western basin, .002 mg/g in the central basin,
and .004 mg/g In the eastern basin.

                            VOLATILE SOLIDS

     Volatile solids are shown as mg/g in Tables 8, 9, and 10, and the
general area I  pattern is shown in Figure 42.  The western basin showed
the highest sample average at 234 mg/g.  The central basin sample av-
erage was 214 mg/g, while the eastern basin average was comparatively
low at 74 mg/g.  Since organic nitrogen is relatively low, and volatile
solids are high, it is indicated that a large fraction of the total
volatile solids in the western basin is nonprotein in character.  Pub-
lished FWPCA data (1968) substantiate this in work done on chlorophyll
carbon and seston.

                        CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

     The chemical oxygen demand of the bottom sediments samples averaged

-------
                 TABLE 8

BOTTOM SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY - WESTERN BASIN
                   mg/g
Sample
Location
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
Avg.
Total
1 ron
20
22
28
43
37
17
25
39
26
27
45
39
34
29
68
27
33
Total
Phosphate
.88
2.29
2.29
2.86
3.29
1.42
2.36
3.29
2.12
1.87
3.25
2.50
2.43
2.02
2.79
1.06
2.29
Sulfide
.01
.34
.05
.56
.36
.12
.27
.40
.21
.21
.04
.06
.32
.27
.25
.21
.23
Ammonia
Nitrogen
.04
.33
.29
.13
.37
.07
.20
.33
.18
.15
.24
.16
.15
.08
.19
.12
.19
Nitrogen
.000
.001
.001
.001
.002
.000
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.000
.001
Organic
Nitrogen
.06
.22
.25
.27
.37
.08
.22
.41
.20
.19
.28
.27
.26
.17
.28
.05
.23
Volatile
Sol ids
56
125
252
308
543
56
137
365
297
196
451
262
298
135
253
17
234
COD
40
85
72
73
80
29
51
i
68
77
43
96
74
51
75
6
63.5
                    86

-------
                 TABLE 9

BOTTOM SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY - CENTRAL BASIN
                   mg/g
Samp 1 e
Location
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
01
^^^
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
•
Avg.

Total
1 ron
17
25
32
29
72
70
43
45
60
22
28
47
43
26
68
30
13
12
16
12
21
35

Total
Phosphate
1.37
2.30
3.30
1.98
2.23
2.35
2.23
2.57
1.76
1.09
1.75
2.62
2.78
1.90
2.78
2.51
1.66
1.51
0.38
0.65
1.21
1.95

Suit ide
.17
.22
.07
.15
.03
3.62
.01
3.90
2.21
.98
1.30
2.98
.13
.87
2.99
.05
.43
.01
.01
.01
.15
.97

Ammonia
Nitrogen
.03
.09
.12
.09
.13
.16
.09
—
.10
.06
.09
.10
.21
.05
.18
.22
.03
.00
.00
—
.06
.09
87
NO -N03
Nitrogen
.000
.000
.001
.002
.001
.005
.001
.005
.008
.005
.003
.000
.000
.003
.005
.003
.002
.OCi'
.000
.001
.002
.002

Organic
Nitrogen
.08
.18
.23
.17
.12
5.05
.17
9.05
2.86
1 .48
2.07
3.10
3.12
2.00
3.82
2.39
.71
.37
.19
.45
1.08
1.84

Volatile
Solids
47
187
276
166
284
387
251
357
267
68
748
277
326
128
390
174
42
22
12
25
67
214

COD
33
73
84
49
50
80
50
86
71
57
82
61
91
47
65
79
19
37
3
21
31
55.7

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                TABLE 10

BOTTOM SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY - EASTERN BASIN
                   mg/g
Sample Total Total
Location Iron Phosphate
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Avg.
1.2
13
38
1.2
.3
6
26
18
2.8
1.4
28
45
.02
34
24
2.1
22
.23
14
28
5.6
14
6.8
14.4
1.15
1.52
1.56
1.32
1.29
1.22
2.96
2.66
0.72
0.52
2.61
1.65
1.94
1.95
3.15
0.42
1 .05
0.35
1.86
0.57
1.21
1.74
1.38
1.51
Sulfide
.03
.01
.05
.01
.04
.07
.30
.00
.03
.01
.03
.01
.01
.28
.01
.00
.01
.01
.01
.09
.00
.01
.00
.04
Ammonia
Nitrogen
.02
.01
.07
.01
.07
.19
.14
.00
.01
—
.28
.12
.00
.00
.28
.00
.04
.01
.05
.05
.01
.03
.01
.07
NO-NO
Nitrogen
.002
.002
.002
.005
.005
.000
.000
.006
.000
.004
.010
.010
.004
.009
.010
.001
.002
.004
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
.004
Organic Volatile
Nitrogen Solids COD
0.76
0.02
1.21
0.41
0.95
1 .44
2.08
0.57
0.33
—
2.41
—
—
2.07
1.40
0.50
0.50
0.13
0.00
0.82
0.57
0.01
—
0.85
39
22
63
43
58
87
301
90
30
32
176
205
39
126
201
37
24
7
24
40
23
23
6
74
26
1
54
13
22
27
59
14
9
«
58
43
13
52
79
19
34
8
15
32
23
20
•
27.8
                  88

-------
      83
   4S°OO-
00
g
73
                                                                                                                           CONTOUR  INTERVAL
                                                                                                                           O.I mg./g. DRY WEIGHT
   41°
AMMONIA  NITROGEN
        IN
BOTTOM  SEDIMENTS
        OF
    LAKE  ERIE
     7/28-8/7/64

-------
       83° 30
                                                                 30'
    43°00'
                                                                                                                                                FFALO
O
C
2}
m
IV)
OHIO
                                                                                                                            CONTOUR  INTERVAL
                                                                                                                           lOOmg./g. DRY  WEIGHT
                              lO  S  O
 VOLATILE  SOLIDS

         IN

BOTTOM  SEDIMENTS

         OF

    LAKE  ERIE

     7/28- 8/7/64

-------
67.4 mg/g in the western basin, 58.3 mg/g in the central  basin, and
29.7 mg/g in the eastern basin.  This demand is due to organic matter
and reduced inorganic species such as ferrous Iron and sulflde sulfur.
The chemical oxygen demand will vary with the oxidation-reduction
potential of the sediment being analyzed.  In the central  basin, during
summer anaerobiasis in the hypo limn ion, increases in sediment COD can
be expected, due to reduced oxidation-reduction potentials.  Chemical
oxygen demand values follow volatile solids and total  iron directions
in each basin.

                   ALPHA ACTIVITY OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS

     The maximum value was 44 pc/gram.  The lowest values  tend to be
nearer shore, and the areas with higher activity are located in the
center of the lake and toward the western end.   These high values sug-
gest accumulation following circulatory bottom flow as Illustrated In
Figure 35.

                    BETA ACTIVITY OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS

     The mean of all samples was about 38 pc/gram, and the maximum
value was 100 pc/gram.  Most of this activity is probably  due to the
long half-life,  mixed-fission products of prior fallout from atmos-
pheric detonation of nuclear weapons.

                             WATER CHEMISTRY

     In the course of this Investigation, the chemical characteristics
of Lake Erie water were measured throughout the lake and at several of
its harbors.  In most cases the water at each station was  sampled sev-
eral times in both 1963 and 1964; and each time samples were taken at
more than one depth, ordinarily at the surface, mid-depth, and just
above the bottom.  The locations of lake water sampling stations are
shown in Figure 43.

     For chemical study of the water, the following were measured:

     I.  Temperature
     2.  Dissolved oxygen (DO)
     3.  Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
     4.  Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
     5.  Conductivity (ymhos at 25°C)
     6.  Dissolved solids (DS)
     7.  Total solids (TS)
     8.  Total alkalinity (as CaCO,)
     9.  Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH)
    10.  Chlorides
    11.  Sulfate (SO )
    12.  Calcium (CaJ
                                 91

-------
     13.  Magnesium (Mg)
     14.  Sodium (Na)
     15.  Silica (SiO )
     16.  Soluble phosphate (PO )
     17.  Total Nitrogen (N)   4
     18.  Ammonia Nitrogen (NH,-N)
     19.  Organic Nitrogen (Org-N)
     20.  Nitrate Nitrogen (NO,-N)
     21.  A Iky I benzene sulfonare (ABS)
     22.  Phenols
     23.  Toxic metals (zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel, lead, chromium)

     Figure 44 depicts graphically the concentrations of major constit-
uents in each of the lake's basins along with input concentrations from
the upper lakes.

                               TEMPERATURE

     The water temperature at at I sampling stations and at all sample
depths was measured with a laboratory thermometer.  Also bathythermo-
graph measurements were made at nearly alI  stations.

     Excessive water temperatures were not encountered at any place in
Lake Erie proper during the surveys.  Temperatures were, of course,
significant in the calculation of percent saturation of oxygen and in
the determination of the extent of thermal  stratification.

     Lake Erie temperatures, as reported,  are of no direct significance
with regard to water quality.  Indirectly,  by limiting oxygen dissolu-
tion and increasing chemical and biological reaction rates, high tem-
peratures can be Important.

                             DISSOLVED OXYGEN

     Dissolved oxygen in Lake Erie, as In all natural waters, is of
prime importance in maintaining water quality.  It is essential  for
reduction, purification, and stabilization  of wastes.  It is also
metaboIica11y essential  to all types of aquatic life.  Adverse effects
of high oxygen content are known only In some industrial uses, tending
to accelerate corrosion of equipment.

     Dissolved oxygen is supplied to pure waters by natural, physical
aeration, or absorption from the atmosphere.  Oxygen is poorly soluble
in water, and since it does not react chemically with water its sol-
ubility is directly proportional to its partial  pressure.  As a result,
Boyle's Law may be used to calculate the amounts present at saturation
at any given temperature.

-------
   43°00-
•JO
m
    42
  MID-LAKE WATER

SAMPLING  STATIONS

    LAKE ERIE

      1963-1964

-------
CD
C
3}
m
       200 —
       ISO —
       160 —
       140 —
       120 —
     o.
       100-
     E  80-
     o
        60-
        40-
        20-
         0 —
             V)
  rsr
               CO
W  C  E

 SOLIDS
                                      1.4 —
                                      0.0-
                                                                        Bgfl  UPPER LAKES INPUT
                                                                        122


                                                                        W-WESTERN BASIN

                                                                        C-CENTRAL BASIN

                                                                        E-EASTERN BASIN
                                                                                         NUTRIENTS
                                           W C  E

                                          POTASSIUM
                                          W C  E

                                          SILICA
                                          W C E
                                         NITROGEN
                                           W C  E
                                           SOL. PO4
                                                                                    MAJOR CONSTITUENTS
W C  E

CALCIUM
 W C  E

MAGNESIUM
W C  E

SOOHJM
W  C E

CHLORIDE
W  C  E

SULFATE
              CHEMISTRY  OF  LAKE  ERIE  WATER   IN   WESTERN,  CENTRAL  AND  EASTERN  BASINS

-------
     Water in the pure state can become temporarily supersaturated with
oxygen with a sharp increase in temperature.  Ordinarily, however, in
Lake Erie, supersaturation results from the photosynthetlc process of
aquatic plant life.  During the daylight hours green algae, utilizing
energy from the sun, produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and
water.  In the process copious amounts of oxygen are released to the
surrounding water.  At night, however, aquatic plant life consumes
oxygen through normal  respiration.  During heavy algal blooms the oxygen
may increase to 150 percent of saturation or more, while at night it may
decrease to less than 100 percent.

     Organic wastes, either natural or synthetic, will decrease the
oxyqen content of receiving waters.  Biochemical oxidation of wastes
proceeds at an increased rate with an increase in temperature.  The
biochemical need for oxygen becomes greater as the oxygen resources
become less due to decreased oxygen dissolution with increased tem-
peratures.  Most fish also have a need for more oxygen as temperatures
rise.  A compensating factor is that planktonic oxygen production is
increased as temperatures rise, if incident light levels are constant.
This can lead to large vertical differences in oxygen content in waters
in the same area.

     The waters of Lake Erie are normally saturated or nearly saturated
with oxygen during the months of October through April and mixing is
prevalent from top to bottom.  Exceptions may occur only in the immed-
iate vicinity of lakeshore waste outfalls and the mouths of tributaries.

     Beginning usually in late May the oxygen content begins to vary
in Lake Erie both areally and vertically.  Harbors show oxygen de-
ficiencies and a slight reduction occurs in bottom waters of the lake.
During the months of May and June oxygen depletions in the central  and
eastern basins are not serious and 80 percent or more of saturation Is
common.  During these months in the western basin, temporary thermal
stratification may occur during prolonged quiescent periods (Carr,
Applegate, and Keller, 1964).  If the thermocllne is near the bottom,
oxygen below It may be exhausted for short periods due to the low dis-
solved oxygen potential  of the thin hypolimnion.  Reoxygenatlon occurs
when wind turbulence is sufficient to destroy the thermocllne.

     Stratification In the central basin may occur during the same
periods in May and June but the thermocllne is shallow and. the oxygen
content below It is high.  Only slight depletion may occur.  Saturation
values remain essentially constant In the eastern basin during this
time.

     In June stable stratification Is established in the central basin
and in the eastern basin.  The stratification, except for increasing
warmth of the epilimnlon waters, stays approximately the same until
the lake begins to cool  in August.  The epilimnlon waters normally are
                                 95

-------
 from 10 to  100 percent of saturation.  Hypolimnion water, that part
 below the thermocline, decreases  in oxygen content throughout the
 summer.   It may reach zero  in the central basin where the hypolimnion
 is thin.  It may decline to 60 or 70 percent of saturation  In the
 eastern basin below the thermocline.  Low dissolved oxygen was first
 observed  in the central basin in  1929 (Fish, 1955).  Since then it
 has occurred more frequently and  for longer periods.

     In the western basin in mid-summer, dissolved oxygen in the sur-
 face waters is maintained at or above 100 percent saturation while
 bottom waters are somewhat  lower, generally between 50 and 75 percent.
 However,  intermittent stratification occurs throughout the summer with
 proper weather conditions.  As previously described, oxygen may be
 completely exhausted locally in bottom waters at these times.  In
 addition, the bottom waters have high temperatures, oxidation of or-
 ganic sediments can be rapid, and oxygen depletion is quickly accom-
 plished.  Carr, Applegate, and Keller (1964) report that it now takes
 only five days of meteorological and consequent hydro logical quies-
 cence to result in oxygen exhaustion, whereas in 1953 it required 28
 days.

     The  lake begins to cool in August.   Stratification occurs less
 frequently or not at all  in the western basin from that time on.
 However,  in the central basin depletion becomes more severe since the
 thermocline moves downward, the hypolimnion becomes thinner, and the
 oxygen contained therein is biologically assimilated.

     Oxygen depletion of significance occurs in nearshore waters only
 in harbor areas and tributary mouths which are receptacles for large
 volumes of wastes.  The most severe conditions occur in Cleveland
 Harbor and  locally in Erie and Buffalo Harbors.  Others with less
 severe but still  serious problems are the mouths of the Detroit,
 Raisin, and Maumee Rivers.  Conditions in these areas are more severe
 upstream away from lake dilution.

                           CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

     The chemical  oxygen demand (COD) has been determined on several
 hundred water samples taken throughout Lake Erie.   Determinations were
made employing the potassium dichromate  method.  Although it gives the
order of magnitude of the ultimate biochemical  oxygen demand (BOD), it
 Is not a substitute for that determination.   Indications of the rate
of natural oxidation are not provided and differentiation between bio-
 logically oxidlzable, and biologically inert organic matter is not
discernible.

     The COD of Lake Erie water samples  Is Important in that It provides
an indication of  degree of pollution and provides  a basis for areal
comparison.   COD results of the lake samples do not Indicate adverse
                                 96

-------
water quality conditions.  Extreme and average COD for samples from
each of the basins are shown in Table II.

     The COD of western basin water during the summers of 1963 and
1964, averaged 10.4 mg/l with extremes of 6.5 and 28.0 mg/l.  Highest
values were in the western one-third of the basin with a general  de-
crease eastward.   In the central basin the average was 7.1  mg/l with
extremes of 3.1 and 16.0 mg/l.  The eastern basin ranged between 6.1
and 27.0 with an average of 7.4 or approximately the same as the
central basin.  The highest values were near the south shore.

     In harbor waters the highest COD of 53 mg/l was found near the
mouth of the Maumee River.  High values were also found in Sandusky
Bay and Erie Harbor.

                       BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

     Determinations of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BODj.) were not
made on mid-lake samples except for a few on one cruise (66? In August
1964.  However, numerous determinations were made in the nearshore
zone along the south shore.  Samples were taken only during the summer
months in 1964, between May and September.  BOD analyses were made on
Detroit River samples by the FWPCA Detroit River Project.

     Highest BOD  values were found in Sandusky Bay, averaging 3.8 mg/l;
Erie Harbor, averaging 3.3 mg/l; and in Ashtabula Harbor, averaging
3.2 mg/l.  Lorain and Cleveland harbors averaged about one-half these
values.  BODg values at the mouth of the Detroit River ranged from 2
to 5 mg/l.  3

     BOD,, values decrease rapidly with distance from shore.  The Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries reports that central basin hypolimnion water
averages about I  mg/l  BOD,..  A maximum of 1.5 mg/l was found by the
FWPCA in the hypolimnion in August 1964.

     The BOD, values indicate that outside the nearshore areas (widest
along the Michigan shore and the Maumee Bay area) the water of Lake
Erie is of high quality in this respect.

                  CONDUCTIVITY AND DISSOLVED SOLIDS

     A good general  indicator of the chemica'l water quality of Lake
Erie is the dissolved solids content which is the content of dissolved
elements and compounds.  Conductivity, or the capacity of the water to
conduct an electrical  current, is directly related to the dissolved
solids content or the ionic concentration.  In offshore waters, several
hundred measurements have shown that conductivity in micromhos/cm at
25°C divided by 1.66 equals the dissolved solids content in milligrams/
liter.  This relation does not necessarily hold in nearshore and harbor
                                  97

-------
                                 TABLE 11

                    C.O.D.  CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                   mg/1
                 Western Basin           Central  Basin          Eastern Basin
Cruise  Date    Max.   Min.   Avg.     Max.   Min.    Avg.     Max.    Min.    Avg.


   9     4/63   ~

  40     5/63   —

  42     6/63   ~

  52    10/63   10.6   3.5     6.5     8.6   3.1    6.4      20.9    4.7    6.9

  55     4/64   --     —     —       —     —    —       ~     ~

  57     5/64   13.1   7.5    10.7

  58     5/64   —     --     —       16.0   3.6    8.4      27.0    5.7    8.8

  61     6/64   28.0   4.2    12.3

  62     6/64   —     —     —       6.0   5.0    5.5      7.0    6.0    6.1

  66     8/64   —     —     —       9.0   7.0    8.1      13.0    6.0    8.0

  67     9/64   29.0   1.1    12.0

 Avg.                         10.37                  7.10                   7.45


Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                     98

-------
areas where the content of one or more salts may be excessive.

     Table 12 and 13 list the conductivity values and dissolved solids
concentrations for the three basins as maxiumums, minimums, and averages
for each of the mid-lake cruises 
-------
                                 TABLE 12

                         CONDUCTIVITY IN LAKE ERIE
                                 umhos/cm
                                 at  25°C
Western Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date Max. Min.
4/63 ~
5/63 300 262
6/63 -
10/63 304 216
4/64 ~
5/64 334 220
5/64 »
6/64 364 222
6/64 ~
8/64 —
9/64 310 196

Avg.
—
286
—
259
—
268
—
286
—
—
263
272
Central Basin Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
—
328 260 291 296 275 289
353 312 324 328 314 319
330 254 290 320 284 292
—
—
330 276 289
—
—
344 284 305 324 296 305
—
300 301
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                   100
-------
                                 TABLE 13

               DISSOLVED SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                   mg/1
Western Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date Max.
4/63 -
5/63 186
6/63 -
10/63 198
4/64 ~
5/64 200
5/64 --
6/64 220
6/64 -
8/64 —
9/64 190

Min. Avg.
—
172 177
—
135 156
—
120 152
—
120 170
—
—
110 153
162
Central Basin
Max. Min.
180 155
239 190
—
209 137
—
—
180 160
—
190 140
180 170
—

Avg.
170
204
—
175
—
—
177
—
170
171
—
178
Eastern Basin
Max.
190
233
—
205
—
—
190
—
160
190
—

Min.
160
183
—
161
—
—
160
—
150
160
—

Avg.
182
205
—
184
—
—
175
—
158
172
—
179
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                    101
-------
 o
 N>
c
•x
m

^
CJl
                  1900
                           1910
                                    1920
                                             1930
                                            YEAR
                                                     1940
                                                              1950
                                                                        I960
CHANGES  IN CHEMICAL  CHARACTERISTICS  OF  LAKE  ERIE

                 (ADAPTED FROM flEETON,
-------
                                 TABLE I1*

                 TOTAL SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                    rag/1
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Western Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
—
—
—
196 147 166
—
250 150 187
—
250 150 188
—
—
230 140 181
181
Central Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
—
—
—
218 159 186
—
—
200 190 192
—
200 175 191
180 170 171
—
185
Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
—
—
—
222 167 193
—
—
200 190 192
—
200 180 191
240 170 178
—
188
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                    103
-------
 increase during storms and periods of heavy runoff.

     The minimum total solids concentration was found at the mouth of
 the Detroit River  in the mid-channel flow with a value of 140 mg/l.
 This is 48 mg/l less than the average for the eastern basin, providing
 a comparison of Detroit River inflow and Niagara River outflow.

                               CHLORIDES

     Chlorides are among the most stable of the dissolved substances,
 unaffected by chemical, biochemical, or physical reaction.  Although
 they are generally found in acceptably low concentrations, they are
 very important in tracing sources of significant municipal and indus-
 trial pollution.  Chloride monitoring is useful In establishing long-
 term trends in general water quality.  Chlorides have increased three-
 fold (Beeton, 1964) in Lake Erie since 1900 (Figure 45).

     Maximum, minimum, and average values for mid-lake waters on each
 cruise are shown in Table 15.  During the survey period the chlorides
 in the western basin away from nearshore areas averaged 21.3 mg/l.
 In the central basin the average was 24.5 mg/l and in the eastern
 basin 24.4 mg/l.  The lowest value recorded was 10 mg/l  at the mouth
 of the Detroit River in the mid-channel  flow.  If this is used as a
 base, or inflow concentration, then  11.3 mg/l are gained in the western
 basin and 3.2 in the central and eastern basins.  Thus 77 percent of
 the gain is derived from inputs to the western basin (see Figure 44).

     In nearshore waters chloride values are higher (Table 29).  Along
 the west side of the Detroit River and along the Michigan shore, values
 of more than 40 mg/l  are common.  It is from this area of the basin
 that most chlorides originate.  Maumee Bay, Sandusky Bay, and Lorain
 Harbor do not show concentrations much above the average lake values.
 Cleveland Harbor averages 35 mg/l and ranges up to about 90 mg/l.
 Ashtabula and Erie Harbors both average more than 30 mg/l.  By far the
 highest values have been found in Fairport Harbor, with concentrations
 up to 350 mg/l in the upper water and up to ten times this amount in
 the bottom waters.  Chloride concentrations are so high that they
 create a permanent density stratification in and around Fairport Harbor.
 High concentrations and subsequent stratification dissipate to back-
 ground lake values within a few miles.

                                SULFATES

     Sulfates, like chlorides, are among the more persistent of dis-
 solved compounds and are generally found in acceptably low concentra-
tions.   They can be useful  as tracers for pollution sources if natural
 background levels are known.  They are also important in establishing
 long-term trends in water quality.  They have increased in concentra-
tion by 90 percent in Lake Erie since 1910 (Figure 45) but now appear
to be level ing off.
                                    104
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                                TABLE  15

                   CHLORIDE CONCENTRATIONS  IN LAKE ERIE
                                  mg/1
Western Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
A
*8
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Max.
—
22
—
29
34
32
—
31
—
—
32

Min.
—
16
—
10
15
12
—
13
—
—
11

Avg.
—
19
—
18
21
22
—
25
—
—
23
21.3
Central Basin
Max.
31
33
—
31
46
—
28
—
26
—
—

Min.
21
20
—
19
23
—
26
—
25
—
—

Avg.
24
24
—
22
24
—
27
—
26
—
—
24.5
Eastern Basin
Max.
25
28
—
25
31
—
27
—
28
29
—

Min.
22
21
—
21
22
—
27
—
24
23
—

Avg.
23
24
—
22
24
—
27
—
26
25
—
24.5
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                     105
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     Table  16  lists maximum, minimum, and average concentrations  in
each basin  for each sampling cruise.   In the western basin for the
periods of  the surveys  in  1963 and  1964, suI fates ranged from 9  to
35 mg/l in  open waters  with an average of  17.7 mg/l.   In the central
basin the range was 15  to  43 mg/l with an  average of 22.4 mg/l.  The
range  in the eastern basin water was 17 to 33 mg/l with an average
of 23.4 mg/l.  Using the value of 9 mg/l as the concentration de-
rived from  upper  lakes  inflow, there is a gain in Lake Erie of 14.4
mg/l.   Inputs to the western basin account for 60 percent of that
gain, with  40 percent from central and eastern basin sources (Figure
44).

     In the nearshore zone significant concentrations have been  found
in Sandusky Bay with an average of  127.1 mg/l.  Lorain and Erie  Harbors
did not show high concentrations.  Sulfate levels at other harbors were
low, but upstream data  indicate that the Cuyahoga and Grand Rivers sup-
ply significant amounts.  Obviously large quantities must be derived
from the Detroit-Monroe-Toledo area.  Concentrations at the Monroe,
Michigan water intake are normally more than  twice the average in the
western basin.

                                  CALCIUM

     Hardness is caused by divalent metallic ions that are capable of
reacting with soap to form precipitates and with certain anions  in
the water to form scale.  Calcium is the principal cation associated
with this effect, and as such, knowledge of its concentration is nec-
essary for  the production of satisfactory water for domestic and in-
dustrial uses.

     Calcium, in its concentration pattern, is similar to sulfates in
Lake Erie (Table 17 and Figure 44).  Its average concentration in the
western basin water is  33.9 mg/l  with a maximum of 43 mg/l  and a min-
imum of 28 mg/l.   In the central  basin it ranges between 32 and 49 mg/l
with an average of 39.5 mg/l, while in the eastern basin it averages
40.5 mg/l  and ranges between 36 and 49 mg/l.

     If the value of 28 mg/l is near that originating in the upper lakes,
then calcium is not appreciably accumulating  in Lake Erie.   Compared to
most other constituents, the accumulation from western basin sources is
rather low, being only 47 percent of the total  accumulating in Lake Erie
exclusive of upper lakes input.  An additional  45 percent accumulates
from additions to the  central  basin, while the remaining 8 percent
accumulates from eastern basin additions.  Large quantities of calcium
have been found in Sandusky Bay,  averaging 65 mg/l and ranging up to
114 mg/l.

     Calcium concentrations have  increased only a small amount In Lake
Erie during the past 30 years (Figure 45). Calcium will  react with
                                    106
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                                TABLE  16

                    SULFATE  CONCENTRATIONS  IN LAKE ERIE
                                  mg/1
Western Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Max.
—
21
25
23
—
35
—
30
—
—
28

Min. Avg.
—
11 17.7
18 21.2
14 17.7
—
11 17.1
—
9 16.6
—
—
9 16.2
17.7
Central Basin
Max.
28
43
31
25
—
—
25
—
—
22
—

Min.
22
21
18
15
—
—
20
—
—
18
—

Avg.
24.2
24.8
23.5
21.0
—
—
21.3
—
—
19.8
—
22.4
Eastern Basin
Max.
29
25
26
33
—
—
23
—
—
26
—

Min.
20
22
23
18
—
—
17
—
—
18
—

Avg.
24.1
23.7
24.3
26.4
—
—
20.1
—
—
21.8
—
23.4
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                     f07
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                                  TABLE 17

                     CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                    mg/1
Western Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Max.
—
37
37
34
—
43
—
42
—
—
37

Min.
—
28
32
29
—
31
—
29
—
—
28

Avg.
—
32.4
34.5
32.2
—
36.1
—
35.4
—
—
33.3
33.9
Central Basin
Max.
38
44
39
49
—
—
47
—
—
41
—

Min.
37
34
34
32
—
—
46
—
—
38
—

Avg.
37.3
37.4
36.8
40.2
—
—
46.5
—
—
38.9
—
39.5
Eastern Basin
Max.
40
39
40
44
—
—
49
—
—
42
—

Min.
36
36
36
40
—
—
47
—
—
38
—

Avg.
38.5
37.9
. 38.0
41.4
—
—
47.6
—
—
39.9
—
40.5
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                    108
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phosphates, suI fates, and carbonates at prevailing Lake Erie hydrogen
ion concentrations (above pH 8.0) to form insoluble precipitates, thus
creating a stabilizing calcium effect.

     Calcium in Lake Erie presents no known health hazard.  In addition
i-t may be  important in moderating phosphate concentrations by precipi-
tating them from solution.

                               MAGNESIUM

     Magnesium also is considered as hardness but in Lake Erie is one
of the more insignificant constituents.  Its content averages 8.7 mg/l
in the western basin, 10.0 mg/l in the central basin, and 10.0 mg/l in
the eastern basin (Table 18 and Figure 44).

     If the minimum of 7 mg/l found at the mouth of the Detroit River
in the mid-channel flow is taken as the concentration of the upper
lakes input, then only 3 mg/l are added to Lake Erie from basin sources,
Fifty-seven percent of this amount is added from western basin sources.
Comparatively large concentrations, averaging 22 mg/l, have been found
in Sandusky Bay.

     Magnesium concentrations are not expected to increase signifi-
cantly in  Lake Erie.

                                 SODIUM

     Sodium has little sanitary significance in Lake Erie.  It is an
indicator of relative quantities of salt being discharged to the lake
and thus an indicator to trends In chemical water quality.  However,
sodium does have public health significance.  In cases of cardiovas-
cular deficiency, it is imperative that sodium intake be kept at a
minimum.  Waste sources to Lake Erie are from brine discharges.  Max-
imum, minimum, and average concentrations for each basin are shown in
Table 19.

     Sodium concentrations in the western basin water averages 9.9 mg/l
and ranges between 4.7 and 19 mg/l.  In the central basin the average
concentration increases to 11.0 mg/l, ranging between 8.3 and 17 mg/l.
The eastern basin Is essentially the same as the central basin with an
average of 10.9 mg/l  and a range of 9.3 to 15 mg/l.

     The low of  4.7 mg/l is near the average for the discharge concen-
tration from the upper lakes.  This concentration more than doubles
within Lake Erie, and 83 percent of this Increase results from dis-
charges to the western basin (Figure 44).

                               POTASSIUM

     Potassium,  like sodium,  has no great sanitary significance in the
                                 109
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                                 TABLE 18

                  MAGNESIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                  mg/1
Western Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date Max.
4/63 «
5/63 10
6/63 9
10/63 9
4/64 ~
5/64 11
5/64 »
6/64 11
6/64 —
8/64 —
9/64 11

Min. Avg.
—
9 9.3
8 8.7
8 8.1
—
7 8.5
—
8 9.3
—
—
7 8.4
8.7
Central Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
11 10 10.2
10 10 10.0
9 7 8.2
10 8 8.9
~
—
14 13 13.3
—
. —
11 9 9.7
—
10.0
Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
11 10 10.1
11 10 10.1
9 7 8.4
10 8 9.0
—
— — ^^
14 12 12^
—
— —
11 8 9.6
—
10.0
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                      10
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                               TABLE 19

                    SODIUM CONCENTRATIONS  IN LAKE ERIE
                                  mg/1
Western Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Max.
—
9.0
11.2
13.0
—
17.0
—
17.0
— •
—
19.0

Min.
—
6.8
8.5
4.7
—
6.4
—
5.5
—
—
5.7

Avg.
—
7.78
9.80
8.47
—
10.91
—
11.24
—
—
11.27
9.91
Central Basin
Max.
12.0
12.3
14.7
13.0
—
—
17.0
—
. —
13.0
—

Min. Avg.
8.9 9.75
8.3 9.65
9.0 10.20
9.5 10.80
—
—
13.0 14.50
—
—
11.0 11.43
—
11.05
Eastern Basin
Max.
9.9
10.5
12.7
15.0
—
—
14.0
—
—
13.0
—

Min. Avg.
9.4 9.51
8.6 9.30
9.5 10.62
10.0 11.18
—
—
12.0 12.83
. —
—
11.0 11.72
—
10.86
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                     II
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Great  Lakes.   In most natural waters  It  Is  reported as a part of
"sodIum-pIus-potassium" because of  low concentrations and analytical
complexities.  Peculiarly, as concentrations of both these elements
increase  in natural waters, the proportion  of sodium to potassium  in-
creases.   In  Lake  Erie the ratio of sodium  to potassium Is about 8 to
I.  Sodium plus potassium has approximately doubled in concentration
in  Lake Erie  since  1920 (Figure 45).

     Potassium is  an essential nutrient  for aquatic life and can be
limiting  in natural waters.

     The potassium concentrations found  in  each of the basins are shown
in  Table 20 and Figure 44.  The concentration of potassium in the
western basin water averages  1.47 mg/l and  varies from 1.0 to 4.5 mg/l.
In  the central basin it averages 1.31 mg/l  and ranges from I.I to  1.6
mg/l, while in the eastern basin the average is about the same at  1.34
mg/l and the  range  is I.I to  1.9 mg/l.

     Placing the Detroit River mid-channel  input concentration at  1.0
mg/l, there is a 47 percent gain in the western basin and then an  II
percent drop between the western and central basins.  The drop may rep-
resent uptake by aquatic life or dilution by lower-1 eve I  potassium
waters.

     Sandusky Bay averaged 2.6 mg/l and ranged up to 4 mg/l, indicating
it  as an important source of potassium.  The Michigan shore waters,
with concentrations above 4 mg/l, indicated large sources in that area.
Cleveland  Harbor concentrations were similar.  Other sources along the
United States shore do not appear to be significant.

                                 SILICA

     Dissolved silica (SIO )  In Lake Erie Is one of the few constituents
which shows lower concentrations, on the average, than the upper lakes.
Presumably, this is due to uptake and precipitation by aquatic organ-
isms, principally diatoms.  Silica in natural waters has no known health
significance.  It has some significance in  industrial  use, especially
in  high pressure boiler feed water.

     In the western basin the water averages 1.20 mg/l  silica and ranges
from 0.3 to 5.0 mg/l (Table 21 and Figure 44).   In the central basin the
average decreases to 0.68 mg/l, ranging from 0.2 to 3.5 mg/l.  The
eastern basin water averages 0.47 mg/l and  ranges from 0.2 to 3.5 mg/l.

     All  tributaries contribute silica, since silica is a universal
mineral.   The most important sources are soil and land runoff, and
mineral refining industries.

     Silica will  not significantly increase the dissolved solids content
of  Lake Erie.
                                 112
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                                TABLE 20

                   POTASSIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                  mg/1
Weatarn Basin
Cruiae
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date Max.
4/63 -
5/63 4.5
6/63 1.3
10/63 1.5
4/64 «
5/64 3.6
5/64 ~
6/64 2.3
6/64 -
8/64 —
9/64 2.0

Min. Avg.
— —
1.1 2.30
1.1 1.17
1.0 1.20
—
1.0 1.35
—
1.0 1.32
—
—
1.1 1.50
1.47
Central Baa in
Max. Min. Avg.
1.4 1.1 1.18
1.3 1.1 1.23
1.6 1.1 1.23
1.6 l.l 1.38
—
—
1.5 1.3 1.43
—
—
1.6 1.3 1.41
—
1.31
Eaatern Baain
Max. Min. Avg.
1.4 1.1 1.21
1.5 1.1 1.28
1.4 1.1 1.23
1.6 1.3 1.44
—
—
1.9 1.4 1.60
—
—
1.9 1.1 1.32
—
1.34
Michigan watera of Lake Erie not included.
                                      13
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                                TABLE 21

                    SILICA CONCENTRATIONS  IN LAKE ERIE
                                   mg/1
Western Basin Central Basin Eastern Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date Max. Min. Avg. Max.
4/63 -- — -- 1.4
5/63 1.8 0.8 1.36 1.1
6/63 5.0 0.7 1.87 3.5
10/63 1.6 0.4 0.83 1.2
4/64 —
5/64 2.0 0.4 1.13
5/64 — — — 0.6
6/64 2.6 0.3 1.04
6/64 ~
8/64 — — — 9.6
9/64 1.8 0.3 1.00
1.20
Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
0.2 0.52 1.2 0.4 0.61
0.3 0.60 0.8 0.2 0.35
0.3 0.75 3.4 0.3 0.71
0.2 0.41 0.6 0.2 0.29
—
0.3 0.42 0.4 0.2 0.3^
—
—
0.3 1.37 3.5 0.2 0.57
—
0.68 0.47
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                     114
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                        ALKYL BENZENE SULFONATE (ABS)

     This compound (ABS), up until  July 1965,  was a constituent of syn-
thetic detergents.  It is difficultly degradable and is a rather stab I•
part of receiving waters.  In excessive quantities, more than I  mg/l,
it imparts a disagreeable taste and will  foam.   Much higher concentra-
tions have not produced any toxic effects on humans, however, this has
not been ascertained on aquatic life.  The USPHS drinking water standards
recommend a limit of 0.5 mg/l based on taste and foam production.  This
value in Lake Erie has not been exceeded.

     The average concentration of ABS in the western basin water In 1963
and 1964 was 0.067 mg/l, in the central basin 0.065 mg/l, and 0.065 mg/l
in the eastern basin (Table 22).  Sample values ranged from 0.01  mg/l to
0.20 mg/l.  Most nearshore areas range within the same values.

                              SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS

     Soluble phosphorus Is a minor constituent, quantity-wise, in Lake
Erie.  It has no public health significance, nor is it an important
factor in regard to chemical water quality in concentrations now found
in the lake.  However, its concentration is a very important controlling
factor in Lake Erie's major water quality problem, the problem of eutro-
phication or the over-production of attached and planktonic plants.
Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient.

     The maximum, minimum, and average concentrations in each basin for
all cruises are shown in Table 23.   In the western basin of Lake Erie,
soluble phosphorus, during the 1963-64 surveys, averaged 0.032 mg/l and
ranged from 0.003 to 0.333 mg/l.  The average was 0.010 mg/l in both the
central and eastern basins.  The range in the central  basin was from
0.000 to 0.066 mg/l and In the eastern basin from 0.000 to 0.033 mg/l.
Figure 44 shows phosphate (PO.) values.  Phosphorus is equal to one-third
these values.

     The input of soluble phosphorus from the upper lakes appears to be
approximately 0.005 mg/l.  If this is true, there is nearly a six-fold
increase In the western basin of Lake Erie.  However, this is followad
by a 60 percent decrease In the phosphate level of the central and eastern
basins.  The decrease apparently results from both chemical and blochem-
ical  precipitation and biological storage within the lake.  Figure 46 shows
the soluble phosphorus distribution In the western basin for one crulsa In
September 1964 in which the west to east decrease is apparent.

     Nearshore values generally are higher In the vicinity of tributaries
and harbors.  Maumee Bay averaged 0.027 mg/l of soluble phosphorus during
the time of survey but apparently at times of heavy runoff the amount is
higher.  Concentrations of 0.066 or more are prevalent along the Michigan
shore.  Relatively high levels of phosphorus have been found in Sandusky
                                115
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                                TABLE  22

                      ABS CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                   mg/1
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
53
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Western Basin Central Basin Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
0.07 0.03 0.038 0.07 0.03 0.040
0.06 0.05 0.053 0.18 0.03 0.072 0.15 0.04 0.087
0.14 0.05 0.090 0.17 0.02 0.058 0.17 0.04 0.077
0.14 0.07 0.097 0.20 0.04 0.083 0.15 0.03 0.076
—
0.10 0.5 0.075 —
0.07 0.06 0.065 0.07 0.06 0.065
0.06 0.01 0.033 --
—
0.12 0.05 0.075 0.10 0.03 0.045
0.12 0.01 0.055 --
0.067 0.065 0.065
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                     I 16
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                                TABLE  23

             SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS  (P)  CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                  rag/1
Western Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
•
58
61
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Max.
—
0.024
0.010
0.017
0.333
0.030
—
0.240
—
0.123

Min.
—
0.007
0.007
0.003
0.007
0.007
—
0.024
—
0.003

Avg.
—
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
—
0.
—
0.
0.

014
009
008
068
013

080

034
032
Central Basin Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
0.020 0.003 0.009 0.017 0.003 0.009
0.020 0.003 0.011 0.017 0.007 0.011
0.040 0.003 0.005 0.033 0.003 0.009
0.023 0.000 0.008 0.027 0.000 0.006
0.027 0.007 0.014 0.017 0.010 0.014
—
0.037 o.ooo 0.012 0.037 o.ooo 0.013
—
0.066 0.000 0.013 0.024 0.000 0.006
—
0.010 0.010
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                    I 17
-------
  SOLUBLE  PHOSPHORUS (P)
LAKE ERIE - WESTERN BASIN
       SEPTEMBER 9-16, 1964
       CONTOUR INTERVAL ,01.t/1
-------
Bay (up to 0.056 mg/l) and Lorain Harbor (up to 0.037 mg/l).  The
Cuyahoga River, in places, shows extremely high concentrations of sol-
uble phosphorus.  The outer harbor has not shown these high values,
apparently because of chemical precipitation In the channel.  The other
harbors along Lake Erie have not shown abnormally high concentrations.

                              TOTAL PH05PHOBUS

     Total phosphorus analyses were not made on mid-lake waters for
this study.  Total phosphorus includes both soluble and insoluble or-
ganic and inorganic phosphorus.  It is apparent that phosphorus can
change in biochemical processes from the soluble to insoluble form and
vice versa.  As a result, the measure of total  phosphorus is more valid
in the evaluation of nutrient potential than is soluble phosphorus
determination.

    Both total and dissolved phosphorus analyses were made in the
Michigan waters of Lake Erie by the FWPCA Detroit River Enforcement
Project.  Those analyses showed an average concentration of 0.093
mg/l of total phosphorus and an average concentration of 0.053 mg/l
of soluble phosphorus.  The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (Carr, per-
sonal  communication, 1967), in a study of central basin waters off Lorain,
Ohio in 1966, showed a total phosphorus average of 0.016 mg/l and a sol-
uble phosphorus average of 0.006 mg/l.  Data from the Ontario Water Re-
Sources Commission (Steggles, personal communication, 1965) indicate
that of the total  phosphorus discharged via the Grand River (Ontario),
56 percent was soluble at the time of survey.  It appears then, in mid-
lake,  the proportion of total to dissolved phosphates is much greater,
even though the concentrations are much less.

     Analyses for total phosphorus at the National Water Quality Network
station at the Buffalo water intake show concentrations of about O.I mg/l
(Table 24).  The values are reported to the nearest O.I  mg/l.  It is
likely that if they were reported to the nearest 0.01  mg/l, the phos-
phorus levels would be something less than O.I  mg/l.

                                  NITROGEN

     Nitrogen in Lake Erie is similar to phosphorus in that its effect
on water quality is felt in its nutritional stimulus to plant growth.
Under Isothermal conditions, it is not a factor of importance in water
supplies, however, during summer stratification, where water intakes are
located beneath the thermocline, ammonia concentrations assume proportions
where large increases in raw water chlorine demand must be satisfied.

     Total nitrogen includes all forms, organic and inorganic found In
water.  Organic nitrogen is unavailable as a nutrient until it is oxidized
to the inorganic forms.

     The inorganic forms of nitrogen are elemental nitrogen, ammonia
nitrogen (NH ), nitrate nitrogen (NO ), and nitrite riitrogen (NO ).  The
                                 M9
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                                              TAfflJE
            CHEMICAL  ANALYSES
National Water Quality Network Stations
•TATS


MAJOR BAWN


MINOR BASIN


STATION IjOCATIOM
NEW YORK

NORTHEAST

LAKE ERIE-NIAGARA RIVER
                                                                 BUFFALOt NEW YORK
OAJ1
VUJfinl
a
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
<»
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
\
3
10
17
24
31
8
14
21
28
5
2
9
16
23
30
6
13
20
27
6
12
20
27
3
10
17
24
1
8
15
22
29
4
12
19
3
10
11
17
\
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
iwr.
(»v~.

12.0
18. 0
17.0
14.5
12.0
10.5
10.0
10.0
9.5
10.0
11.0
5.0
2.0
.3
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
4.7
4.0
5.3
5.0
5.0
19.0
12.0
13.0
19.5
18.0
23.0
25.0
22.5
-
23.0
DKSOIVB
OZTOM
-•/I
9.4
8.9
9.0
9.3
10.0
10.0
10.8
11.0
11.2
11.2
14.0
13.5
13.4
13.5
13.0
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.0
13.5
13.5
13.5
13.6
13.4
13.0
13.0
14.0
12.6
12.0
12.2
11.2
11.8
11.5
9.0
9.5
8.0
9.0
-
8.0
p"
8.4
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.1
8.2
8.1
-
8.0
8.2
8.0
8.2
8.1
8.1
8.0
S.I
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.1
8.4
8.1
8.2
7.9
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.3
8.5
8.4
8.2
-
8.4
•.on.
-•/l
3.1
1.3
1*1
2.6
2.0
1.5
1.7
2.2
1.8
1.1
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.2
2.0
1.7
1.0
1.6
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.9
3.9
1.2
1.0
1.5
1.7
3.1
2.2
2.0
1.9
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.8
2.5
2.0
-
.8
COA.
•w<
5
15
14
14
15
10
12
16
13
10
10
11
9
12
16
16
15
14
14
14
13
141
14
11
15
il
11
15
5
18
18
17
15
17
14
7
11
-
9
ONOtlttf MMAMO

I44OUB
•W*
.9
.6
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.9
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1.2
.9
.8
.6
.8
.8
.4
.5
.1
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.8
1.4
1.4
1.4
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1.4
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.6
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1.6
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1.7
1.6
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1.9
1.6
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.2
1.6
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2.8
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2.4
2.2
2.4
1.8
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2.0
1.2
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-
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2.9
-
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-
2.7
AMMONIA.
MTMOM
••/I
.0
• 0
• 0
.0
.0
.0
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.0
• 0
.0
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-
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-
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emotion
-•/I
23
23
23
20
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
20
20
23
20
18
23
23
23
23
23
23
20
23
—
23
AlXAUMfTY
-*1
88
88
88
88
88
88
86
88
86
86
88
88
88
90
92
88
90
80
90
86
92
90
88
84
88
84
86
72
80
80
80
84
86
80
84
84
86
-
84
HAIONIU
•nfl
136
134
130
138
140
128
140
138
142
134
138
136
138
128
136
132
134
130
134
132
134
136
138
132
132
126
136
120
120
132
134
126
124
126
126
128
124
—
124
coiot
!«l.~lM)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
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TUIMHTT
(—!.-»•»
6
5
10
14
20
8
7
12
9
5
33
12
12
11
15
9
7
6
7
4
14
7
7
10
9
15
5
10
0
10
11
9
3
15
15
40
5
-
7
fuiMm
•w/1
21
24
25
27
26
28
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
20
20
20
20
22
22
21
22
20
22
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
22
21
20
20
21
—
21
ntoinvn
••/I
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.1
.1
.1
.1
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.1
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• 1
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• 1
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• 0
raui
OKsoiva
SOUM
•o/l
223
254
192
190
207
180
187
186
193
185
205
173
188
197
189
197
194
190
189
197
185
201
183
211
180
175
157
156
184
174
197
197
194
185
187
214
194
—
169
COUfdM
rmlofmL
•40
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43
40
24
60
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20
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64
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-
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10
—
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50
-------
nitrogen cycle includes all these forms.  The chemical  and biological
condition of the water gives rise to considerable variations in levels
of each form present.

     For the periods of the 1963 and 1964 surveys the total nitrogen
content of the western basin averaged 0.71 mg/l and varied from 0.17 to
2.66 mg/l (Table 25 and Figure 44).  In the central basin and the east-
ern basin, the levels were nearly identical with averages of 0.43 and
0.42 mg/l, respectively.  The extremes were 0.10 and 1.30 mg/l.  Figure
47 shows the total nitrogen distribution in the western basin for one
cruise in September 1964.

     Nitrite nitrogen and elemental nitrogen are not significant in the
waters of Lake Erie since the oxidation-reduction potential is such to
discourage duration of these forms.  Ammonia nitrogen,  for the periods
of survey, averaged 0.159 mg/l In the western basin water and ranged
from 0.01 to 9.77 mg/l (Table 26).  In the central  basin the average was
0.086 mg/l with a range of 0.00 to 0.39 mg/l.  The eastern basin average
was identical to that of the central basin and the range was nearly so,
0.00 to 0.32 mg/l.
                                           ,<
     Nitrate nitrogen averaged 0.124 mg/l in the western basin with a
range of 0.02 to 1.50 mg/l (Table 27).  In the central  and eastern basins
the averages were Identical at 0.090 mg/l.  The range in the central
basin was 0.01 to 0.50 mg/l while in the eastern basin  it was 0.01  to
0.85 mg/l.

     Organic nitrogen averaged 0.36 mg/l in the western basin, 0.25 in
the central  basin, and 0.24 in the eastern basin (Table 28).

     Nearshore areas, especially harbors, show widely varying nitrogen
concentrations in all three measured forms.  In the western basin,  values
approximately double the mid-lake concentrations, whereas in the central
and eastern basins, the values are only slightly higher, on the average,
than mid-lake (Table 29).

               OTHER CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF LAKE ERIE WATER

     Analyses have been made for several metals in western basin water
where concentrations exceed those in the remainder of the lake.  Table
30 shows the acceptable limits listed in the 1962 U. S. Public Health
Service Drinking Water Standards and the concentrations in western basin
water for the listed metals.

                                   TABLE 30

SubstanceU.S. PHSConcentration
                               Limit (mg/l)        Western Basin (mg/l)
Zinc
Copper
Cadm! urn
Nickel
|.ead
IChromi um
5.0
1.0
0.01
—
0.05
0.05
.00-. 23
<.OOI
<.OOI
<.OOI
<.OOI
<.OOI
                                  121
-------
                                 TABLE 25

                TOTAL NITROGEN CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                    mg/1
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Western Basin Central Basin
Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
0.68 0.13 0.47
0.67 0.53 0.59 0.93 0.07 0.33
0.71 0.60 0.65 1.09 0.26 0.42
0.72 0.31 0.50 0.89 0.18 0.45
—
2.02 0.25 0.90
1.30 0.12 0.42
2.66 0.17 0.76
—
0.83 0.20 0.50
2.30 0.20 0.86
0.71 0.43
Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
1.16 0.10 0.41
0.75 0.13 0.32
0.61 0.20 0.39
0.80 0.23 0.46
—
f__

—
—
1.00 0.21 0.47
—
0.42
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                   122
-------

      TOTAL  NITROGEN
              IN

LAKE ERIE  - WESTERN  BASIN
       SEPTEMBER 9-16, 1964
       CONTOUR INTERVAL .IOmg/1
-------
                                TABLE 26

               AMMONIA NITROGEN  CONCENTRATIONS IN LAKE ERIE
                                  mg/1
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Western Basin Central Basin Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg. Max. Mln. Avg.
0.10 0.02 0,055 0.32 0.01 0.104
0.09 0.04 0.055 0.11 0.00 0.031 0.27 0.00 0.046
0.26 0.09 0.160 0.23 0.06 0.128 0.29 0.08 0.135
0.19 0.03 0.083 0.17 0.02 0.068 0.22 0.02 0.058
—
0.23 0.07 0.143 —
0.23 0.01 0.089 0.27 0.01 0.082
0.60 0.04 0.256 --
—
0.39 0.04 0.144 0.31 0.02 0.094
0.77 0.01 0.258 —
0.159 0.086 0.086
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                    124
-------
                               TABLE  27

              NITRATE NITROGEN CONCENTRATIONS  IN  LAKE ERIE
                                 rag/1
Western Basin Central Basin Eastern Basin
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date Max. Min. Avg. Max.
4/63 — ~ — 0.13
5/63 0.25 0.02 0.113 0.13
6/63 0.06 0.02 0.040 0.84
10/63 0.29 0.09 0.157 0.42
4/64 —
5/64 -
5/64 — — — 0.50
6/64 1.50 0.03 0.287 —
6/64 ~
8/64 — « — 0.36
9/64 0.54 0.02 O.L48 —
0.124
Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
0.02 0.052 0.06 0.01 0.019
0.02 0.047 0.17 0.02 0.039
0.02 0.063 0.03 0.01 0.018
0.03 0.111 0.47 0.01 0.091
—
—
0.00 0.121 0.52 0.06 0.207
—
—
0.01 0.146 0.85 0.07 0.164
—
0.090 0.090
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                    125
-------
                                 TABLE  28

               ORGANIC NITROGEN  CONCENTRATIONS  IN LAKE ERIE
                                  mg/1
Cruise
9
40
42
52
55
57
58
61
62
66
67
Avg.
Date
4/63
5/63
6/63
10/63
4/64
5/64
5/64
6/64
6/64
8/64
9/64

Western Basin
Max.. Min. Avg.
—
0.42
0.45
0.26
—
—
—
0.21
—
—
0.45
0.36
Central Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
0.36
0.25
0.23
0.27
—
—
0.21
—
—
0.21
—
0.25
Eastern Basin
Max. Min. Avg.
0.29
0.24
0.24
0.31
—
—
0.16
—
—
0.21
—
0.24
Michigan waters of Lake Erie not included.
                                    126
-------
              TABLE  29

WATER QUALITY-NEARSHORE AND HARBORS
         (rag/1 or pmhos/cm)
Parameter
Michigan
waters of
Lake Erie
Min Max
Cond (B5°C)
DS
TS
Chlor.
Sol PO,
SOjj
SiOp
K
Mg
Ca
Na
ABS
Alk
PH
Temp
D05SS
BOD
COD
Phenol
Total N
Org N
Amm N
Nit N


27 82
.05 .20






<.025
78 157
8.U 9.2




o.o 0.058

0.20 0.30
0.20 0.30
0.11 0.91
Maumee
Bay
Min Max
280
200
200
20
.02

0,6
l.H
12
35
12
.05
86
7.H
21
60
1.5
12

.82
.07
.30
.00
U60
290
350
32
-.19
—
1.7
2.6
18
U2
20
.15
120
9.7
25
95
H.O
53
—
3.H5
1.33
1.80
.80
Sandusky
Bay
Min Max
256
190
210
16
.02
25
0.3
1.2
10
38
10
.05
87
7.5
23
65
2.1
13

.82
.53

.01
800
680
760
32
.17
256
5.9
H.O
38
11H
16
.20
120
9.1
26
115
6.3
H2
—
3.50
2.30

1.80
Lorain
Harbor
Min Max
300
160
170
19
.02
27
.HO
1.3
9
3H
10
.05
83
7.5
2H
80
1.0
10

.50
.01
.12
00
3HO
230
270
25
.11
37
1.10
2.2
11
38
13
.15
99
8.7
25
95
2.3
28
—
H.20
1.10
.90
2.90
Cleveland Fairport
Harbor Harbor
Min Max Min Max
330 5920
180 370 180 6000
180 680 190 6100
1H 88
— —
__ __
_ — — _
— — __
__ __
— —
— —
— —
81 130 90 110
6.7 9.5 7.1 8.7
16 21 23 29
70 95 80 130
— —
8 22 8 12
_ _
__
—
—
—
Ashtabula
Harbor
Min Max

170
180
2H
.02







9H
8.2
15
95
2.0
7


.29
.03

__
230
250
H2
.06
__
__
..—
__
__
— _
—_
100
8.5
17
110
5.6
11
_«

.H9
1.55

Erie
Harbor
Min Max
330
180
200
26
.01
26
.3
l.H
9

17
.07
90
7.3
16
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.

.66
.30
.12
.07
360
290
290
38
.03
HH
.5
1.9
9
H7
21
.1H
96
8.1
19
60%
3.3
2k

.80
.59
.23
.1H
-------
      Lake Erie contains no known chemical substances  in quantities
toxic to aquatic  life or sufficient to cause any sort of health
hazard to users of the water.  This does not apply to tributary waters
in highly industrialized areas where concentrations may, under certain
conditions, be hazardous.  Such areas exist at Detroit, Lorain,
Cleveland, Fairport, and Ashtabula.

                            RADIOCHEMISTPY

     Radioactivity is defined as the spontaneous emission of alpha,
beta, or other radiation by the disintegration of unstable atomic
nuclei.  Naturally-occurring, radioactive isotopes usually decay (dis-
integrate) by stepwise emission of alpha or beta particles to form
stable isotopes.  An artificially produced radioisotope, however,
generally decays  in a single step by the emission of a beta particle.

     Alpha and beta particles have the ability to ionize any matter
with which they interact by the production of ion-pairs.  It is the
formation of such ion-pairs in biological tissue that results in cell
destruction, impairment, or mutation.

     Radioactive wastes discharged to the environment are not absorbed
in harmless fashion.  Even though decay and dilution may occur, radlo-
nuclides may be concentrated physically, chemically, and/or through
biological assimilation and retention.  As a result the radionucllde
concentration will increase as it passes through the environment to
the point of human contact.

     Human exposure to radioactively contaminated surface water can
result when the surface water is used as a public water supply.  In
addition, biologically concentrated radioactivity can be assimilated
through the ingestion of fish and other aquatic life.

     Prior to cessation of atmospheric nuclear testing, fallout was
the most significant source of radioactive pollution to Lake Erie.
Other possible sources are the atmospheric and drainage discharges
of reactor plants and of licensed radioisotope users in the basin.

ALPHA ACTIVITY OF LAKE WATER SAMPLES

     The annual  mean concentrations of alpha radioactivity in sus-
pended and dissolved solids observed In samples from Lake Erie were
0.6 and 1.6 pc/l,  respectively, for 1963.

     The highest averages and maxima in 1963 occurred near the mouth
of the Black River where the suspended solids mean and maximum were
1.5 and 4.6 pc/l,  respectively; and the dissolved solids mean and
maximum were 5.2 and 12 pc/l, respectively.
                                  128
-------
     All 1964 averages were low in alpha activity with none exceed-
ing 5.3 pc/l.

BETA ACTIVITY OF LAKE WATER

     All suspended solids average beta activities were low for both
1963 and 1964.  The 1963 means ranged from 8.9 to 18 pc/l  with a
weighted mean of 14 pc/l; the 1964 mean, however, ranged from 3.9 to
9.5 pc/I with a weighted mean of 7.9 pc/l.

ALPHA ACTIVITY OF PLANKTON SAMPLES

     The gross alpha radioactivity in plankton samples was less than
one to 30 pc/gram of ashed weight for 1963 with a mean value of 8.3
pc/gram, and from less than one to 20 pc/gram with a mean  of 8.7
pc/gram for 1964.  These ranges and means are essentially  the same.
The radioactivity levels (both alpha and beta) in plankton are higher
than in water due to the concentrating effect of biological materials.
Published work (Williams, Swanson) has shown the effectiveness of
Euglena and Chlorella in decontaminating water of cesium 137.  In 6*days
Euglena reduced the degree of contamination 69 percent - 96 percent in
34 days.

     Since alpha activity is usually associated with naturally occur-
ring radioisotopes, and such isotopes, being of high atomic number,
seldom appear as components of plankton, low alpha activities for
plankton can be expected.

BETA ACTIVITY OF PLANKTON SAMPLES

     Gross beta values range from 33 to 1200 pc/gram with  a mean of
160 pc/gram for 1963, and from 76 to 400 pc/gram with a mean of 190
pc/gram for 1964.  The ranges are similar except for the value of
1200 pc/gram which came from a sample collected off the tip of Long
Point toward the east end of the lake.
                                  129
-------
                         CHAPTER   4

LAKE   ERIE   BIOLOGICAL   CHARACTERISTICS
      Aquatic  biological  life is sensitive to physical  and chemical
 changes in  its environment.  Biological  effects are often relatively
 extreme,  and  for this  reason, the aquatic community  is an excellent
 indicator of  water quality.  The important considerations are the
 total  population, types, and relative numbers of each  type.  Pristine
 water and its bottom sediment contain a  low total  population, many
 types,  and  low numbers of each type.  As water is degraded, the total
 population  increases, the number of types decrease, and the numbers
 of a few  resistant types increase greatly.

      The  total numbers increase because  of increased nutrient content
 in the  water.  Organisms which more readily take advantage of high
 nutrient  content and organic sediments begin to predominate.  [Bottom
 organisms which can withstand extended periods with  little or no
 oxygen  may  replace those requiring an abundant oxygen  supply.  Plankton
 and fish  populations change to those which are less desirable from a
 human  standpoint.  Plankton may cause taste and odor problems in water
 supplies  and  the clogging of intakes and filters.  "Rough" fish may
 replace those prized for their edibility.

      Lake Erie is presently experiencing rather dramatic changes in
 its biological productivity.  These changes are not at the natural
 sequence  rate, and can be related directly to man's activities.

                          LAKE BOTTOM BIOLOGY

      The  benthic fauna are minute animals which live on and within the
 lake bottom sediments.  Some have been classified, rather non-precisely,
 as "pollution-tolerant" or "pollution-sensitive".  This classification
 rests on  the  ability of an organism to withstand periods of deficiency
 or absence  of dissolved oxygen and does  not imply that some organisms
 might  prefer  a lack of oxygen.   Accordingly,  these terms will be used
 in the  following narrative.

      Studies  conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
 between 1929  and 1959 (Beeton,  1961 and  Wright, 1955)  and personnel at
 the Franz Theodore Stone Institute of Hydrobiology (Britt, 1955 a and b)
 show significant changes in population,  type, and habitat of bottom-
 dwelling  organisms in western Lake Erie.  Pollution-tolerant forms have
 increased greatly along the west side of the basin and in the island
 area.   These  include Tubificidae, Sphaeriidae,  and Tendipedidae.  As
                                 130
-------
an example in the island area, Tubificidae have increased from 10 or-
ganisms per square meter in 1929 to 550 organisms per square meter in
1957.  During the same period Tendipedidae increased from 60 to 300
organisms per square meter.  The Sphaeriidae showed a three-fold in-
crease at two index stations near South Bass Island.

     The pollution-sensitive caddis fly larvae (Tricoptera) and the
mayfly (Hexagenia spp.) have been drastically reduced in numbers.
Beeton (1961) reported that the formerly abundant Tricoptera larvae
averaged less than one per square meter in 1957.   The burrowing mayfly
nymph, which lives in soft mud and feeds on detritus, was the most
common macro!nvertebrate in the western basin prior to the early I950's.
Wright (1955) found 285 and 510 nymphs per square meter in 1929 and
1930, respectively, In the island area.  Chandler (1963) summarized
studies made between  1942 and 1947 and reported an average of 350
nymphs per square meter for that period.  Wood (1963) found an average
of 235 per square meter for 204 samples collected in 1951 and 1952.
In June 1953 Britt (1955) found approximately 300 nymphs per square
meter.  After sampling again in September following a five-day period
of thermal  stratification and bottom oxygen depletion Britt found only
44 nymphs per square meter.  The succeeding year showed a good re-
covery but Beeton in  1959 found only 39 per square meter.  In June 1964
the U. S.  Public Health Service found only two nymphs in samples from
47 island area sites.  None were found in the Michigan waters of the
basin.

     Published quantitative data are not available on the bottom fauna
of central  and eastern Lake Erie.  Newspaper articles, dating back to
1927 describe "immense swarms" of mayflies blown  into the city of
Cleveland.   A decline was first noted in 1949 but they reappeared in
1950 and were reported yearly through 1957.  They were not reported
after 1958.

     Ferguson (personal communication), on a transect between Port
Burwell  and Conneaut  in the spring and summer of  1958, showed popula-
tions of Tubificidae, Tendipedidae, Sphaeriidae,  Amphlpoda, Tricoptera,
and Gastropoda.   Gut contents of blue pike demonstrated that the pol-
lution-sensitive Tricoptera and Amphipoda were common food.

     The results of bottom fauna surveys of Lake  Erie by the U. S.
Public Health Service in 1963 and 1964 are summarized in Figure 48.
It shows the relative abundance of the pollution-sensitive scud to the
more tolerant sludgeworms, bloodworms, fingernail  clams and nematodes.
Figure 49 divides the lake into four zones based  on the benthic fauna
populations.   It is evident that most of the western and central  basins
were characterized by the lack of pollution-sensitive scud and prepon-
derance of  pollution-tolerant species of sludgeworms, bloodworms,
fingernail  clams, and nematodes.  A few areas in  the western basin, the
                                  131
-------
     NUMBERS CONNECTED TO STATIONS
     ARE TOTAL 0«8»NIS"« PER SQUARE
     METE" .
      LAKE  ERIE
BENTHIC POPULATIONS
  SPRING, SUMMER, AND FALL
    1963 AND 64  COMBINED
-------
                                                                                          so'
                                                                                      LAKE   ONTARIO
                                        CANADA
MICHIGAN
                                                                                       NEW   YORK
                                                                                             LEGEND
                                                                  PENNSYLVANIA   A
                                                                                           LAKE  ERIE
                                                                                  BENTHIC  FAUNA  DISTRIBUTION
                                                                                         1963  and 1964
-------
eastern part of the central basin, and the eastern basin support a
good population of pollution-sensitive scud and are indicative of the
more favorable environmental conditions in these areas.  The four
zones shown in Figure 49 are described as follows:

     Zona A - Contains only the pollution-tolerant groups, sludge-
worms, fingernail clams, nematodes, and pollution-tolerant species of
bloodworms.

     Zone B - In addition to groups in Zone A, the following groups of
intermediate tolerance were found:  aquatic sowbugs, snails, leeches,
and several additional species of bloodworms.

     Zone C - May contain any organisms found in Zones A and B but
the two species of scuds (Gammarus faseiatus and/or Hyalella azteca)
are always present.

     Zone D - May contain any group of organisms listed in Zones A,
B, and C but always contains the intolerant scud (Pontoporeia affinis).

     Zones C and D had the greatest variety of bottom-dwelling organ-
isms and were characterized by the presence of scuds at each station.
Gammarus faseiatus was found regardless of bottom type and HyaIe11 a
azteca was present at many  locations associated with a sand, gravel,
or rock bottom.   Pontoporeia affinis which requires cold, deep, clear,
and we 11-oxygenated water occurred only in Zone D.                    i

     The variety of bloodworms Is also important.   All lakes have a
variety of bloodworm (midge) larvae as part of the benthic fauna, and
their habitats vary according to the quality of the overlying water.
Curry (Unpublished) classified the larvae according to one of four
categories depending upon their environmental requirements.   The cate-
gories (I) Pollution-tolerant, (2) Cosmopolitan, (3) Clean-Water, and
(4) Others, adequately covered the 38 species identified in Lake Erie.

     The Pollution-tolerant species include larvae existing even for
a short period of time in habitats having sediments with a high per-
centage of organic matter,  low dissolved oxygen, rather high tempera-
tures, and possible septic conditions.  The Clean  Water species in-
cluded larvae that were found in the colder, deeper waters of oligo-
trophic lakes and streams.  In these areas the temperatures were
lower, dissolved oxygen high, and septic conditions were never present.
Larvae classified as Cosmopolitan species were found in both pollution-
tolerant and clean-water environments.  The Other  species group in-
cluded larval  forms found only occasionally in any bottom samples.
Usually these larvae were restricted to isolated regions of the lake.
This could be due to one or more factors including depth, temperature,
food, carbon dioxide, or oxygen.
                                  134
-------
     Of the 38 identified species in the lake, 54 percent were
Pollution-Tolerant, 43 percent Cosmopolitan, I percent Clean Water,
and 2 percent Other.  The population of bloodworm larvae inhabiting
the central portion of Zone A was composed of 80 percent Pollution-
Tolerant species.  Zone A is also the area that contained the fewest
number of species of bloodworm larvae.  Curry, in unpublished data,
gives a more detailed treatment of the bloodworm distribution data.

     Dissolved oxygen data from studies conducted by the Public Health
Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and the Great Lakes Institute
are summarized in Figure 50.  This map shows that Zone A is approx-
imately the area in which dissolved oxygen concentrations of less than
2.0 mg/l have been found in the hypolimnion during the summer.  Not
only was the number of species much less in the area of low dissolved
oxygen, but the following table indicates that total numbers were
lower as well.  Stations chosen for this comparison were between 13
and 22 meters deep where a persistent thermocline is present from mid-
June to mid-September.  Bottom deposits were mostly mud in the low
dissolved oxygen area and mud and sand in adjacent areas.

                             BENTHIC FAUNA
                 Number of Organisms per square meter
West of Low
DO area
Spring Fal 1
Low DO
Area
Spring Fal 1
East of Low
DO area
Spring Fal 1
Tub!fici dae
Tendipedidae
Sphaeri i dae
Amphi poda
Other
Total
1,850
47
350
1
121
2,369
1 ,830
407
502
7
145
2,891
                 354
                 107
                 162
                  69
                  73
     2,300
       278
       307
       465
       221
438
765  3,571
     The dissolved oxygen deficit not only limits the number of species
but limits the total numbers as well, even though the sediments are
higher in organic matter.

     Zone B is a transition area where the pollution-intolerant scuds,
mayflies, unionid clams, and caddis flies were absent.  Intermediately
tolerant forms such as the aquatic sowbug (Asellus militari s),  snail
(Gastropoda), and leech (mostly Helobdella sp.)  were found.   Zone B
approximates the area where dissolved oxygen was between 2.0 and 4.0
mg/l in the hypolimnion during the summer of 1964.
                                  135
-------
      8Se50'
                     83°
                                   30
   43°OO-
     30
    42
                                                                                                                                          IFFALC
c
•33
m

en
O
                                                                                              AREA  OF  THERMAL  STRATIFICATION



                                                                                             2-4mg/l
                                                                                                                          LAKE  ERIE

                                                                                                                     DISSOLVED  OXYGEN

                                                                                                                       BOTTOM  WATERS

                                                                                                                      AUGUST  14-31, 1964
-------
     The distribution of the mayfly nymph (Hexagenia spp.)  is diffi-
cult to plot graphically because of erratic occurrence.   This genus
can apparently survive only a short time when dissolved  oxygen in the
water is less than 4.0 mg/l and water temperature relatively high.
The genus rarely occurs in water deeper than 50 feet, and since it
requires a soft bottom its absence cannot always be attributed to poor
water quality.  Data from inshore stations where bottom  type and depth
were suitable for Hexagenia spp. showed the nymph was absent along  the
south shore except at one station northeast of Ashtabula.  Hexagenia
was abundant at all  stations in Long Point Bay and in small  numbers
at most suitable locations near the Canadian shore of the eastern
basin.  A few Hexagenia spp. nymphs were found near the  Canadian shore
at the mouth of the Detroit River in 15 feet of water and near Colchester
and Kingsville, Ontario.

     A special study was conducted in the island area of Lake Erie  in
June 1964, to determine Hexagenia populations where they were formerly
the most abundant macroinvertebrate inhabiting the bottom.   The entire
island area was sampled at 47 stations and only two nymphs were found.
The bottom dwelling animals, except in shallow rocky areas,  were pre-
dominately sludgeworms, bloodworms, and fingernail clams with only  a
few unionid clams and snails.

                        LAKE WATER BIOLOGY

                              ALGAE

     Algae are indicators of water quality.  Increases in total pro-
ductfvity and decreasing variety indicate degradation resulting from
increased nutrient content in the water.

     Increases in productivity of both phytoplankton and the filamen-
tous green alga, Cladophora sp., have been noted in the  literature.
Nuisance growths of CIadophora have been reported for many years in
the island area (Langlois, 1954).  However, in recent years island
residents report the problem has become worse.  Reports  indicate that
CIadophora nuisance problems have also increased on beaches around  Erie,
Pennsylvania and on New York beaches in the last several years.  Neil
and Owen (1964) report many Canadian beaches are also experiencing
increased problems.

     Chandler (1940, 1944) and Chandler and Weeks (1945) evaluated
extensive phytoplankton, chemical, and physical data collected between
1938 and 1942 around the Bass Islands.  It was concluded that phyto-
plankton populations were highly variable from year to year and that
phytoplankton productivity based on only one year could  be misleading.
Chandler and Weeks believed these variations to be related to physical
changes such as temperature, turbidity, and solar radiation rather than
chemical changes.  During the study period, diatoms never comprised
                                  137
-------
 less than 27 percent of the total, and total numbers never exceeded
 1,000,000 units per  liter.  Blue-green algae were rarely predominant
 and never exceeded 52 percent of the total.  Generally, the predom-
 inant spring genera were Synedra, Asterionella, Fragilaria, labellaria,
 and CycIoteMa.  Casper (1965) indicated that productivity had in-
 creased significantly and species composition changed to a great degree
 since 1942.  Samples collected around the island area in September 1964
 gave total counts of up to 3,500,000 units per liter with blue-greens
 comprising 70 percent of the total.  Samples collected in April  1964
 also yielded higher counts than any reported during the 1938-1942 study.

     Davis (1964) has summarized plankton data accumulated by the
 Cleveland Division Avenue Filtration Plant since 1919.  Although yearly
 variations are large, a definite long-term increase in plankton pro-
 ductivity is apparent as shown in Figure 51.  The data show that plank-
 ton counts have increased from a yearly average of 200-400 cells/ml
 between 1920 and 1930 to a current average of 1,500-2,300 cells/ml.
 This indicates an increase in algal concentration of between 500 and
 700 percent in the Cleveland area.  The data also indicate an increase
 in duration of pulses.  A pulse is a profusion of algae at a certain
 period of the year.  Comparing the phytoplankton abundance between
 1927 and 1962, Figure 5IF, the increase in duration is very apparent.
 The spring and autumn pulses in 1927 occurred from March to April and
 from late August to mid-September, respectively.   In 1962, the spring
 and autumn pulses occurred from mid-February to mid-April  and from
 mid-June to mid-September, respectively.  Correspondingly, the lows
 are now shorter in duration and numbers of phytoplankton per milliliter
 have increased considerably.  There has also been a significant change
 in dominant genera of the spring and autumn phytoplankton pulse as
 indicated in Table 31.  The dominant spring genera have changed from
 Asterionella to Me Ios i ra.   A corresponding shift in the fall  pulse
 has been from Synedra to Me Ios i ra to Fragilaria.   During recent years
 the autumn pulse has shown an increase in importance of green and
 blue-green algae such as Pediastrum, Anabaena, and OsciIlatoria re-
 placing in part the previous dominance by diatoms.   Burkholder (I960),
 in the central  and eastern basin in 1928-29 showed that diatoms were
 the dominant group of phytoplankters during June and July while in
 August the ratio of diatoms to green and blue-greens decreased.   By
 mid-September,  however, the diatoms once again were by far the dominant
 group.   The data also showed that concentrations of phytoplankton never
exceeded 2,000 per liter.

     During the spring and summer of 1964, U.  S.  Public Health Service
 personnel  made several visits to the island area  of western Lake Erie
to determine the extent of Cladophora growths.  Around the islands,
the rocky shorelines and reef areas provide an ideal  substrate for
Cladophora attachment.  Under these conditions the  major factors in-
 fluencing abundance are nutrient supply, solar radiation,  turbidity,
and adequate wave action.
                                 138
-------
  2SOO-
  2000-
  1300-
o looo-
   soo-
     iujl
                                  6400-

                                  6000-
                                «/) 4000
                                  1000-
     20    30    40    50   60
     A.          YEARS
     Average phytoplankton cells per
     mi Hi liter for all years with
     complete records,  1920 to 1963.
 J'FMAMJ j  ASOHD

D.          1946
to
Ul
O
      JFMAMJ JASOND
                                  «
-------
                              TABLE  31

          DOMINANT PHYTOPLANKTERS DURING SPRING AND AUTUMN
                   PHYTOPLANKTON PULSES, 1920-63*
             (The dash signifies that there vas no pulse)
   Spring pulse
Year
Autumn pulse
Asterionella

Asterionella

Asterionella
Synedra, Asterionella
Asterionella, Melosira

Asterionella
Asterionella
Asterionella
Melosira, Synedra
Asterionella
Asterionella
Asterionella
Asterionella, Melosira
Melosira, Asterionella
Asterionella, Cyclotella
Asterionella
     ?
Melosira
Melosira
Fragilaria, Melosira
Melosira
Fragilaria, Tabellaria
Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
1920
1921
1922
1923
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1935
1936
1937
19^7
19^9
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
I960
1961
1962
1963
Synedra
Synedra
Synedra
Synedra
Melosira, Synedra
Synedra, Melosira, Stephenodiscus
Asterionelle, Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
Synedra, Melosira
Melosira
Melosira
Synedra, Melosira
Melosira, Synedra
Melosira, Pediastrum
Melosira, Asterionella
Synedra, Pediastrum
Melosira
Synedra, Melosira
Pediastrum, Fragilaria
Fragilaria, Melosira, Anabaena
Fragilaria
Melosira
Fragilaria, Melosira, Anabaena
Melosira, Anabaena, Oscillatoria
Fragilaria, Synedra, Stephanodiscus
 *  Some of the included information has been adapted from an undergraduate
    project written by Mr. John Wolk.
**  From Chandler's (19^) report of the Filtration Plant records for
                                     14.0
-------
     Around Kelleys Island the water is usually clear and seech I  disc
readings were 8-12 feet except during heavy phytoplankton blooms  when
readings of less than two feet were recorded.  Observations by scuba
divers revealed heavy Cladophora growths extended from the surface to
a depth of II  feet and then gradually decreased until extinction  at
a depth of 15 feet.  At maturity In late June and early July, strands
of algae three to six feet in length were common.  Growths were heav-
iest on the east side of Kelleys Island around Gull  and Kelleys Island
shoals.  The more turbid waters around the Bass Islands did not permit
adequate light penetration for growths in water depths greater than
5 feet.  The investigation detected approximately four square miles
covered with luxurious Cladophora growth in the Island region alone.

     Throughout the island region, and along the shores of Lake Erie,
where the conditions are suitable, generally along rocky shores,  these
heavy growths exist.  Upon maturity, wave action, etc., the strands
of algae are broken from their attachment enabling wind and currents
to deposit the massive quantities of Cladophora on beaches, in harbors,
and In deeper waters of the lake.  It has also been noted that mats
of decomposing algae settle to the bottom in the central basin (Zone
A of Figure 49) and become part of the sediment after decomposition.

     During Interviews, local  residents reported that growths have been
increasing rapidly in the past 20 years and that each succeeding  year
was becoming worse.  Canada and other communities along the lake  shore
are experiencing this increasing problem.

     It is clear from the literature that phytoplankton productivity
in Lake Erie is highly variable from year to year and evaluation  of
phytoplankton data based on one or two years sampling could be mis-
leading.  Extreme care must be taken in comparing data under these
conditions.  Due to limited phytoplankton analysis from 1963 and  1964
the data will  be treated generally to show ranges and to Illustrate
seasonal variations in productivity and species composition.

     The phytoplankton data were averaged from all stations and sep-
arated according to basins and seasons.  The tables below illustrate
differences between diatoms and others which consisted of green and
blue-green algae forms for each basin and season.

                          PHYTOPLANKTON 1963 - 1964
                    Diatoms vs. Total  Number of Organisms
                                  (Percent)

Basin        Diatom - Spring     Diatom - Fa 11       Total Annual  Average

Western            79.2                3.0                   8.8
Central            44.4               12.9                  27.3
Eastern            49.8               35.4                  40.0
                                  141
-------
Bas i n

Western
Central
Eastern
                           PHYTOPLANKTON 1963 - 1964
             Greens and Blue-greens vs. Total Number of Organisms
                                   (Percent)
G-BG - Spring

    20.8
    55.6
    50.2
G-BG - Fa I I

    97.0
    87.1
    64.6
   Total Annual Average

           91.2
           72.7
           60.0
     The data show a spring pulse composed primarily of diatoms in the
western basin, mainly CycIote11a-Stephanodiscus.  It is indicated that
diatom blooms occur in the western basin during the spring when the
dissolved silica content is high.  Diatoms assimilate silica in skel-
etal formation.  The spring diatom pulse was also noted in the central
and eastern basin but not to the extent of that in the western basin.
It was followed by a low level  summer population composed mainly of
diatoms in the central  and eastern basins and greens or blue-greens
in the western basin.  Due to lack of data,  a comparison was not made
with the other seasons.  In late summer and  early fall  another pulse
developed in which greens and blue-greens were dominant over the entire
lake.  Greens and blue-greens comprised a much higher proportion of the
total population in all basins as indicated  by the table of percentages.
The following table shows populations and types of algae with reference
to basin and season.  As expected, the decreasing west to east trend
is very pronounced when considering the total averages.

                                 PHYTOPLANKTON
                      Average Numbers of Organisms per ml
Type of
Algae
     Season
                                   Basin
  Western
Central
Eastern
Green
Blue-green
Diatom
Total

Green
Blue-green
Diatom
Total

Total
     Spring
     Spring
     Spring
     Fall
     Fall
     Fa I I

     Average
     375
   1,430
   1,805
  10,475
     325
  10,800

   8,000
   650
   520
 1,170
   875
   130
 1,005

 I ,100
  290
  285
  575
  115
   65
  180

  300
                                  142
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     An extensive blue-green and green phytoplankton bloom In western
Lake Erie was  investigated  in September  1964 (Casper,  1965).  The
bloom, covering approximately 800 square miles, consisted primarily
of OsciIlatoria sp., Aphanlzomenon ho I sat 1 cum, Anacystls cyonea, and
Glenodlnlam sp.  Average numbers were 28,600 organisms per ml with a
maximum of 170,000 organisms per ml.  According to residents of the
area these massive blooms have been occurring for a number of years
but the intensity, frequency, and duration have been increasing.

                                  FISH

     The changes in the algal productivity of Lake Erie have been ac-
companied by changes in the fish populations.  As far as man Is con-
cerned the changes over the years have been for the worse.  Fish
desirable for human consumption have declined in abundance (Figure 52)
and have been replaced by less desirable species.

     Man Is responsible for the accelerated eutrophication of Lake Erie
with its consequent changes in the quality and quantity of fish present.
He catches the desirable fish when available with great efficiency, and
returns the less desirable;  he directly alters the fish habitat by
introducing his wastes to the water and sediment.  The resulting tur-
bidity, oxygen depletion, and toxicity  have eliminated preferred fish
food forcing the desirable fish to vacate and spawn elsewhere.   The
less desirable species then proliferate since competition for available
food has decreased.  Unfortunately most of man's activities have been
detrimental.

     Commercial fish catch statistics,  gathered by the U. S.  Bureau of
Commercial  Fisheries, have provided a long record of the relative abun-
dance of desirable fish species in Lake Erie (Tables 32 and 33 and
Figure 52).   In recent years, continuing surveys have been introduced
by federal  and state agencies on the reproductive phase of the life
cycles of fishes and limited predictions of future populations are now
possible.

     The sturgeon almost disappeared from catch statistics at about the
turn of the century.  The cisco, once the dominant species of the com-
mercial catch, experienced a sudden decline in 1926, showed a slight
recovery,  and declined to insignificance in 1957.  Whitefish  declined
drastically in the commercial  catch in  1955.  The walleye began a drastic
decline in 1957 and is still in great distress.  The blue pike, which
formerly produced several  million pounds per year became nearly extinct
in 1958.

     The yellow perch has managed to hold its own, but it also shows
signs of weakening in the commercial  catch.  It is the only plentiful
fish remaining of the former many prized varieties.  The smelt Is now
commercially  exploitable and it, along  with yellow perch, is  sustaining
the fishing industry in Lake  Erie.
                                  143
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   20-
              HIGH YEAR
              0035,291,000 IBS.
   16-
   14-
                 CISCO
      U.S. LAKE ERIE
       FISH  CATCHES
        5-YEAR RUNNING
          AVERAGES
o
   ,2-
   10-
   •-
   6-
   4-
   2-
 BLUEPIKE
^•M
   HIGH YEAR
    19,909,000 IBS.
1 || Jill :

"i» /X'X*x";'x";'x-X'!'i'i'i'i'!'i*
llllllM
:•:•:



.'.'.

*X*Z\*X'«*»v/. •.•.•.•.'.*.'.•.'.'.'.*.•.•.'.'.'.*
.%"•"• V«*/,*,V.*.*.'.'.'.'.'.*.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.*t*.*.
*«'»*•%%*•*•'•** V-'-'-'-'-'-V-!'^ !•!•!•!•!•!•.- V.
»XvX»X*>I'»" •!•.•"•> ''.',', Xi'OCuJuC**

i^xi:^yi;i:^:::.S:.:. ; ...:.: :.^ja
•:•:%
:•>:•




•.'.•.


* *.".*.
hrr^
&•;•:-:
::: HIG
:::i^^ «
si

;•.-.•> W/







^:. •*•':': — '
                                      6,162,000 IBS.
         1920
                      1940
                      YEAR
                                  1960
                                                           FIGURE 52
-------
                                                              TABLE  32

                                               Average combined annual Baited States and Canadian
                              production for specified periods of major—  commercial species of Lake Erie
                                                         (thousands of pounds)
Period Stur-
geon
3/
1879-1909- 1
3/
1910-1913-
3/
Ii20-1929-
1930-1934
1935-1939
1940-1944
1345-134B
1350- IS 54
1S55-1959
U;- 50-1964
...argest catcl*6
Year of Larg-
est catch
,052
77
39
39
31
22
25
14
14
4
,187
1885
No.
Pike
1,356
1,250
77
62
29
37
21
12
.14
2
2,873
1308
Cisco
25,625
27 j 201
14,126
764
1,070
283
3,067
475
128
8
48,823
1918
ger-
3,700
3,656
2,437
1,943
1,414
878
567
354
21
1
6,181
IS 16
White-
fish
2,402
2,945
1,675
2,094
2,696
4,058
4,701
2,297
749
19
7,092
1949
Blue
Pike2
10,797-
9,277
11,292
14,623
18,526
13,517
12,509
13,535
10,078
3
26,788
1938
Wall-
eye
—
1,756
1,577
2,113
3,515
3,779
5,807
7,566
1C ,267
1,484
15,405
1956
Yellow Smelt
perch
2,791
3,017
5,356
12,382
6,444
3.86S
4,245
6 ,784 880
19,540 4,345
20,219 13,508
28,954 11,495
1959 1960
Shgeps-
hoad
1,061
2,499
2,367
2,381
3,359
3,624
3,365
3,4£2
4,020
£,770
6,566
I960
Whit!/
bass—
611
383
36C
447
655
553
701
3,485
5,C92
4,111
3,451
1954
ei—
1,350
1,120
1,030
1,462
980
£28
506
661
413
3?*
2,024
1930
Channel . Carp
catfish^
604
1,110
631
70C
641
348
1,093
1,589
1,770
1,484
2,228
1317
2,480
7,544
3,189
2,659
2,689
2,595
2,077
3,007
4,171
4 ,276
13,419
IS 14
ex—
1GG
2,015
1,476
1,594
1,934
1,744
2,226
£73
733
7S2
—
— —
Total
Production
53.923
63. $-50
45.742
43.263
44.013
36.716
44.510
45. 134
61.355
52.014
76.313
1315
_!/ Species that have had an annual production greater than  1 million pounds.
2/ Species normally less than  1 million pounds  (goldfish, bullheads, burbot).
li/ Average for years of record.
4/ U.S. catch only until 1952.
_5/ Includes bullheads through  1951.
6/ Catches of walleye and blue pike combined through 1914.
~7/ Probably composed of 8-9 million pounds  of blue pike and the  remainder walleye.

   From "Report on Commercial Fisheries Resources of the Lake Erie Basin,"
   U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,  1966,
-------
                                                      TABLE 33
                                        U. S. COMMERCIAL FISH CATCH STATISTICS
                                       (Annual Averages in thousands of pounds)
             Sau-  White-  Blue Wall-  Yellow          Sheeps-   White  Suck-  Cat-                                 Total
      Cisco  ger   fish    Pike eye    Perch    Smelt  head      Bass   er     fish   Carp  Other  Total   Canadi   Catch
 1955   34
 1956   59
 1957   23
J.958   14
°1959   16
 I960   12
 1961    6
 1962    5
 1963    1
 1964   —
 1965    1
 19661   *
              15
              12
               7
               2
               1
               2
               *
               *
               *
               #
               *
               *
375   7,648  5,795  2,408
445   6,855  6,130  7,054
754   .3,981  5,035  8,593
177     576  3,961  7,061
         32  1,168  9,348
          7  1,171  6,390
          2    805  3,694
46
15
 6
 3
 6
 2.8
 6
 2
          1
          *
          *
          #
433  7,548
800  5,822
564  1,519
438  3,157
163  3,262
 *    1,614     2,931  256   1,947  3,308
 *    1,924     2,368  269   1,660  3,425
  2   3,795     1,424  328   1,554  3,768
  1   2,816       942  244   1,472  4,880
 15   4,608       818  249   1,429  4,015
 28   5,098     1,739  250   1,619  4,572
 16   5,764     2,192  330   1,626  4,698
 74   3,524     1,390  261   1,127  4,764
306   4,126     1,153  224   1,090  3,338
446   4,549     1,535  239   1,163  2,909
  3   4,086     1,110    1     990  3,191
  8   2,058     1,151  140     710  2,773
465  26,796  30,285   57,080
543  30,744  44,682   75,426
442  29,706  37,105   66,811
429  22,575  30,751   53,326
238  22,433  31,597   54,030
315  21,258  29,219   50,477
424  19,563  35,698   55,261
530  19,660  44,464   64,124
372  17,238  34,233   51,471
400  13,354  25,381   38,375
542  13,525  35,096   48,621
248  10,515
Includes only Ohio catch.
-------
     The capability of Lake Erie to support fish, considered as a
total population of all species, has apparently been maintained and
may be increasing.  This means that the habitat is changing in favor
of such fish as carp, alewife, shad, sheepshead, etc.  These are
generally considered as indicators of general  water quality degra-
dation.

     Massive adult and near-adult fish kills occur in Lake Erie and
have occurred on various occasions for many years.  These kills are
not associated with the decline of desirable species.  Species which
have been susceptible to kills have commonly been perch, white bass,
alewife, smelt, gizzard shad, and carp.  Kills seem to be more common
in the months of June and August.  Occasionally during times of large
commercial catches, the appearance of a local  kill may be given by
the discarding of fish from commercial fishing operations.  Sometimes
fish kills have been called natural die-off, but this does not appear
to be a good explanation.   At any rate, it does not appear that massive
fish kills have had a measurable effect on any ppecies in Lake Erie.

     Doubtless the changing benthic fauna of Lake Erie have had an
effect on the fish population because many fish are bottom feeders and
prefer certain types for food.  It is also true, however, that most
fish will adapt themselves, at least up to a point, to the diet at
hand.  The total effect of changing food supply is not known, but it
can be said that the effect has been detrimental to most desirable
species and these desirable species are carnivorous types.

     Desirable fish species, according to the Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries, are experiencing difficulty in reproduction and this dif-
ficulty is responsible to a great degree for the decline of these
species.   The cause appears to be pollutional  in silting of spawning
areas and depletion of dissolved oxygen.
                                  147
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                               CHAPTER   5
LAKE  ERIE   BACTERIOLOGICAL   CHARACTERISTICS
                             WATER BACTERIOLOGY

           The U. S. Public Health Service conducted microbiological  inves-
       tigations of Lake Erie and  its drainage basin  in the spring, summer,
       and  fall of 1963 and 1964  in order to determine present microbiological
       quality of the waters. Further objectives were to determine points of
       influx and extent of sewage and fecal contaminated waters and to aid
       in the evaluation of microbiological water quality criteria for major
       uses.  The following table shows the groups measured and the frequency
       of measurement.
       2.
      Groups  used

Total  coliform, 35°C
a.  Membrane  filter (MF)
b.  MPN (most probable number)

Fecal  coliform, 44.5°C
a.  MF
b.  E.G.  (Escherichia coli.)
c.  MPN -  E.G.

Fecal  streptococci, 35°C
a.  MF (Kenner, etc.)

Total  bacterial count
a.  MF, 20°C
b.  MF, 35°C
       5.  Enteric pathogens
          a.  Salmonella,  Shi gel I a
          b.  Enteroviruses
       3.
                                                   Frequency
                                           a 11  routine samples
                                           selected  samples
                                           a 11  routine samples
                                           10-20$ of a I I samples
                                           \Q%  of all samples
                                           a I I  routine samples
                                           all  lake and  inshore samples
                                           all  lake and  inshore samples
                                Tributary & bathing  beach samples
                                Tributary & bathing  beach samples
           All determinations were made in accordance with procedures set
       forth in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
       Nth Edition, I960,  or  in accordance with  those established through
       research at the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati,
       Ohio, and described  in Recent Developments in Water Microbiology,  1964.

           The coli form group is defined as consisting of aerobic and faculta-
       tive anaerobic, gram-negative, non-sporeforming, rod-shaped bacteria
       which ferment lactose with gas formation within 48 hours at 35°C.
                                     148
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     The members of the coliform group are found in the feces of warm-
blooded animals, including man; in the guts of cold-blooded animals,
in soils, and on many plants.  The presence of coliform bacteria de-
rived  from warm-blooded animal feces in a body of water is interpreted
as indicative of the possibility of the presence of enteric pathogens.
Increased densities of coliform bacteria found in water are related to
the greater possibility of their association with enteric disease-
producing groups found in the gut of ill persons.

     The fecal coliform group is that part of the coliform group asso-
ciated with fecal origin in warm-blooded animals.  The purpose of the
test is to separate the members of the coliform group into those of
fecal and non-fecal origin.  The test is based on the ability of coli-
form bacteria associated with warm-blooded animals to grow at 44.5°C ±
0.5°C and the failure of coliform bacteria from cold-blooded animals,
plants, and soil to grow at that temperature.

     The sanitary significance of the fecal  coliform bacteria in a body
of water is described (Public Health Service, 1963) as follows:

          "In untreated waters, the presence of fecal coliforms
           indicate recent and possibly dangerous pollution.  In
           the absence of fecal coliforms, the presence of inter-
           mediate or aerogenes organisms suggests less recent
           pollution or runoff.  Present information indicates
           that non-fecal subgroups tend to survive longer in
           water and resist chI orination more than E. coli."

     High total  coliform densities, accompanied by high fecal  coliform
densities, indicate the presence of human wastes and the possibility
of human enteric pathogens capable of causing enteric infection  and/or
disease.

     The fecal streptococcus group is any species of streptococcus
commonly present in significant numbers in the fecal  excreta of  humans
or other warm-blooded animals, rarely occurring in soil  or in vegeta-
tion not contaminated with sewage.   The Public Health Service (1963)
states that:

          "The presence of fecal  streptococci  means that the fecal
           pollution is present in amounts no greater than orig-
           inally present or in reduced amounts comparable to the
           combined effects of natural  purification processes, for
           they  do not multiply in water to produce overgrowths  as
           sometimes occurs with the coliform groups."

     Recent research studies (Geldreich et.al., 1964) indicate that
when the ratio of fecal  coliforms to fecal  streptococci  exceeds  2:1
the fecal  bacteria have originated from domestic sewage, whereas ratios
                                 149
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of  1:1 or  less are  indicative of wastes from warm-blooded animals
other than man, such as stockyard and dairy animals.

     The total bacterial count was determined after incubation at 35°C t
+ 0.5 for 24 hours ± 2 hours, and at 20°C ± 0.5 for 48 hours ± 3 hours.
The method was used to determine an approximation of all viable bacter-
ial populations able to produce colonies under the test procedures.
The tests were used to provide information applicable to water quality
evaluation and to give support to the significance of coliform test
results.

     Enteric pathogens were detected according to methods described
by Edwards and Ewing (1962).  The resulting data were used to demon-
strate the existence of enteric pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella
and Shi gel la in streams draining into the Lake Erie basin.  The data
were correlated with associated bacteriological data.

     The presence of enteric pathogenic bacteria in a body of water
indicates a potential health hazard.

     Enterovi rus studies were conducted by Dr. Norman Clark, of the
Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center.  Enteroviruses such as
infectious hepatitis, polio, coxsackle, and echo viruses and adeno-
viruses may be found in large quantities in the feces of infected
individuals, and in sewage.  Infections with these agents are wide-
spread in the normal population especially during the summer and
early fall.  Presence of these viruses in a body of water is indica-
tive of the presence of fecal matter containing them.

                                WESTERN BASIN

     Bacterial  water quality in western Lake Erie in offshore waters
was measured in 308 samples collected in 1963 and 1964 from the fixed
depths of surface,  5, 10,  and 20 meters, depth permitting.  In order
to achieve a more valid picture of bacterial  distribution, it was
necessary to separate the  values according to "surface" and "lower-
most" conditions.  Samples collected from mid-depth and deep waters
revealed a substantial  reduction in bacterial  densities from those of
the surface, and this was  true in all  three lake basins.  A consistent
and significant increase in bacterial  densities at all  depths was
found at the inflow areas  of major tributaries.

     Median total coliform densities for surface and lowermost samples
are shown in Figure 53 and Figure 54,  respectively.  Surface coliform
concentrations are  expressed in six ranges:  less than I, I  to 10, 10
to 100, 100 to 500, 500 to 1,000, and 1,000 to 2,400 organisms per 100
ml of sample.  Lowermost coliform values include just the first five
ranges.
                                150
-------
      SS'
   4J»OO'-
                                                                                                                                                  IFFALCl
     SO
o
c
TQ
m
Ol
ex
    42'
                                                                                                                             < (ORGANISM /100ml.
                                                                                                                             1-10 ORGANISMS /100ml.
                                                                                                                             10-100 ORGANISMS /lOOml.
                                                                                                                             IOO-500 ORGANISMS /IOO ml.
                                                                                                                             5OO-lpOO ORGANISMS /100ml.
                                                                                                                             IPOO-2,4OO ORGANISMS /100ml.
   MEDIAN  COLIFORM
  CONCENTRATION  IN
SURFACE  SAMPLES   OF
     LAKE  ERIE
        1963-64
-------
                                                                                              LAKE  I ONTARIO
                                           CANADA
MICHIGAN
                                                                                                   < I ORGANISM /100ml.
                                                                                                   1-10 ORGANISMS/lOOml
                                                                                                   10-100 ORGANISMS /IOO ml.
                                                                                                   100-500 ORGANISMS /IOO ml
                                                                                                   500-1,000 ORGANISMS /100ml
PCNNSYLV ANIA
                                                                                                  MEDIAN  COLIFORM
                                                                                                 CONCENTRATION  IN
                                                                                              LOWERMOST  SAMPLES OF
                                                                                                    LAKE  ERIE
                                                                                                      1963-64
-------
     It is evident that extensive bacterial pollution exists at the
mouth of the Detroit River.  Off the mouth, median coliform values
of 1,000 to 2,400 organisms per ml  were found in the surface samples
and 500 to 1,000 per ml in the lowermost samples.  Fecal coliform
densities ranged from  18 to 54 percent of the total coliforms.  Num-
bers of fecal streptococci were less than either fecal or total coli-
forms.  The ratio of fecal coliform to'fecal streptococcus exceeded
2:1 at all depths, indicating the presence of human wastes derived
from domestic sewage.  Total bacterial counts near the Detroit River
mouth exceeded 20,000 per ml in the maximum values, indicating the
presence of a large amount of organic matter.

     From this zone southward to east of Stony Point, Michigan, both
surface and subsurface samples showed median total coliform concen-
trations between 500 and 1,000 organisms per 100 ml, exceeding this
range in maximum values.  Fecal streptococci densities were below 20
organisms per 100 ml.  The ratio of fecal coliform to fecal strepto-
coccus averaged 16:1,  indicating the presence of domestic sewage.
Total bacterial  densities at 20°C and 35°C ranged from 2,700 to 59,000
organisms per ml, with slightly higher values at 20°C.

     A zone of median coliform densities of  100 to 500 per ml  with
three to six percent fecal coliform, along the west shore, was shown
only in the lowermost samples, with surface samples showing median
counts of less than 100 per 100 ml.   It appeared that the Raisin River
was supplying polluted water.  Similar total coliform densities were
found in waters north of Pelee Island with five to ten percent fecal
coliform.  Fecal streptococci showed a median of 32 organisms per 100
ml.  The ratio of fecal coliform to fecal streptococcus did not exceed
2:1, indicating a source from warm-blooded animals other than man.

     A zone of median coliform densities of  10 to 100 per  100 ml in
surface samples radiated south, southwest, and southeast from the
Detroit River mouth area, extending into the southern island group
and to the Canadian shore in the Pigeon Bay area.  Lowermost samples
were similar in area but slightly different  in zonal shape.  Other
areas showed a median total coliform  range of I  to  10 organisms per
100 ml.  Fecal streptococci median values were less than 20 organisms
per  100 ml in areas with less than 100 coliforms per  100 ml.

                                CENTRAL BA'JIU

     Total coliforms,  fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and total
bacterial counts at 20°C and 35°C were made on 1,228 samples from
central Lake Erie.  Samples were taken at the surface and at 5,  10, 20,
30, 40, and 50 meters, depth permitting.  Samples taken at mid-depth
and below are referred to as "lowermost" samples.
                                   153
-------
     Samples collected from surface waters showed higher bacterial
densities than the  lowermost samples except for an area around the
mouth of the Chagrin River (see Figures 53 and 54).

     The highest median total coliform values in the central basin,
100 to 500 organisms per  100 ml, were shown in deep water samples in
the offshore area near the Chagrin River.  Maximum values reached
3,000 organisms per  100 ml.  Fecal coliforms ranged from 4 to 14 per-
cent of the total coliform densities.  The ratio of fecal coliforms
to fecal streptococci ranged from 6:1 to 15:1, indicating pollution
by domestic sewage.

     Median total coliform values of  10 to 100 organisms per 100 ml
were found in surface samples from two offshore areas.  One area was
around Cleveland, extending approximately 20 mi Ies north and 30 miles
northeast (Figure 53).  Maximum coliform values for this area exceeded
5,000 organisms per  100 ml.  Median total coliform densities in lower-
most samples (Figure 54) ranged from  10 to 100 per ml, but did  not
exceed 5,000 per 100 ml.  Median fecal coliform densities ranged from
4 to 70 percent of the total, indicating the presence of pollution
from domestic sources.  Fecal streptococcus densities exceeded  20 or-
ganisms per 100 ml  in the maximum values.  The ratio of fecal coliforms
to fecal streptococci was 2:1 or greater at all  depths, indicating the
presence of human wastes derived from domestic sewage.  Total bacterial
counts in this area at 20° and 35°C at all  depths ranged from 91  to
740 per ml  in median values and from 570 to 73,000 per ml  in maximum
values.  The pollution effect of the Cuyahoga River was evident.   The
gross pollution from the Cleveland area was apparently kept close to
the United States shore and followed the shoreline east of Cleveland.

     The second area of median total  coliform densities of 10 to 100
organisms per 100 ml was located along the  Canadian shore near  Port
Stanley and was shown in surface waters only (Figure 53).

     Median total coliform values of I to 10 organisms per 100  ml  were
found in a major portion of Central  Lake Erie offshore surface  and
lowermost waters as shown in Figures 53 and 54.   Maximum coliform
densities were below 1,000 organisms per 100 ml.   The ratio of  fecal
coliform to fecal streptococcus was 1:1  or  less.   Total bacterial
counts at 20° and 35°C ranged from 5 to 110 per ml  in median values
at all  depths.

                                EASTERN BASIN

     Bacterial  values were also measured in 255  samples of eastern
basin water.   As in the other basins, the lowermost samples showed
lesser densities than surface samples.

     An area  of median total  coliform densities of  10 to 100 organisms
                                  154
-------
per  100 ml In surface samples was located around Presque Isle, Penn-
sylvania.  Maximum values were 3,400 coliforms per 100 ml, fecal
coliforms of 44 percent, and fecal streptococcus of 1,200 organisms
per  100 ml.  In general, the coliform population from the Presque
Isle area was diffused  in a fan-like pattern and dissipated in a
distance of approximately five miles from the shore.   High coliform
densities in maximum values accompanied by high fecal  coliform values
were indications of domestic sewage pollution.

     Another major zone with median total coliform values in the sur-
face samples of 10 to 100 organisms per  100 ml extended over most of
the eastern half of the basin (Figure 53).  The lowermost samples had
a median range of I to  10 coliform bacteria per 100 ml decreasing to
less than I north of the international  boundary (Figure 54).  Median
fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus values ranged from less than I
to 12 organisms per 100 ml.  Total bacterial counts ranged from 60 to
420 at 20°C and from 10 to 50 per ml  at 35°C in median values.

                       LAKE ERIE HARBORS (SOUTH SHORE)

     Evaluation of the quality of these waters was made in 1964 from
the examination of water samples collected from representative sam-
pling points at surface and mid-depth levels.  Bacterial  pollution
was measured in terms of total  coliforms, fecal  coliforms, fecal strep-
tococci, and enteric pathogens.

     Gross bacterial  pollution was demonstrated at the mouths of Ottawa,
Maumee, Portage, Black,  Rocky,  Cuyahoga, Chagrin,  Grand,  Ashtabula,
and Buffalo Rivers.

OTTAWA RIVER AND MAUMEE RIVER

     A median total  coliform value of 90,000 organisms per 100 ml  was
observed in the Ottawa River which empties into Maumee Bay.   The mouth
of the Maumee River contained a median of 190,000  coliform organisms
per  100 ml.  High median fecal  coliform (125,000/100  ml)  and fecal
streptococcus (1,000/100 ml) densities were accompanied by enteric
pathogenic bacteria.   Six species of  Salmonella were  isolated in the
Ottawa and Maumee Rivers.  The peak incidence of Salmonella occurred
from January through ApriI  1964.

     Bacterial  pollution in the Toledo Harbor became  well  diluted within
2 to 4 miles lakeward of the mouth where median coliform values ranged
from 100 to 1,000 organisms per 100 ml, with 10 to 50 percent fecal
coli forms.

PORTAGE RIVER

     Results from Portage River, at its mouth, showed a median coliform
                                  155
-------
 level of  17,500 organisms per  100 ml, with  14 percent fecal coliform.
 The median fecal streptococci count was  1,100 organisms per 100 ml.
 Salmonella organisms were found during the  spring survey.

 SANDUSKY HARBOR

     Sandusky Harbor median total coliform  densities ranged from 800
 to 6,000 organisms per  100 ml with correspondingly high fecal  coliform
 results.  The median total coliform value of 6,000 organisms per 100
 ml with a fecal coliform to fecal streptococcus ratio of 18:1  was dem-
 onstrated at a sampling point east of the Sandusky sewage treatment
 plant.  From the tip of Cedar Point lakeward, median total  coliform
 values were less than 1,000 per 100 ml.  In the Sandusky River highest
 bacterial densities were found near the Fremont treatment plant and
 the presence of Salmonella was revealed.

 LORAIN HARBOR-BLACK RIVER

     Results from Lorain outer harbor, lakeward of the river mouth
 showed a median total coliform range of 100 to 9,000 organisms per
 100 ml with 16 to 53 percent fecal coliform.  Fecal  streptococci
 median values ranged from 19 to 340 organisms per 100 ml.  Median
 total bacterial counts at 20°C and 35°C ranged from 600 to 150,000
 organisms per ml.  The coliform numbers in the outer harbor corres-
 pond to those in the Black River above the  Lorain sewage treatment
 plant.

     The median total coliform counts at the mouth of the Black River
 ranged from 6,900 to 28,000, while maximum values exceeded 2,000,000
 organisms per 100 ml.  Median fecal coliform densities ranged  from 2
 to 64 percent of the total, and median fecal streptococci showed
 values of 200 to 500 organisms per 100 ml.   SaImoneI I a organ i sms were
 found just above the mouth of the river.

     The outflow of the Black River was traced,  bacteriologically,
 into Lake Erie approximately one mile to the north and east.   Stations
 west of the breakwall showed median total coliform values of less than
 1,000 organisms per 100 ml.

 ROCKY AND CUYAHOGA RIVERS - CLEVELAND HARBOR

     Median coliform densities greater than 5,000 organisms per 100 ml
were observed at the mouths of Rocky and Cuyahoga Rivers.  Maximum
coliform densities ranged from 560,000 to 1,200,000 organisms  per 100
ml.   Fecal coliform population ranged from 8 to  10 percent of  the
total  coliform, and fecal  streptococci showed values from 900  to
49,000 organisms per 100 ml.  Fourteen Salmonella serotypes were
 isolated from the mouth of Cuyahoga River and ten from the mouth of
Rocky River.   These findings are attributed to the gross pollution of
                                  156
-------
human wastes entering these streams.  The water leaving Rocky and
Cuyahoga Rivers carries bacterial pollution into Lake Erie.  Results
obtained from sampling points north and east of the Rocky River,
approximately one-half mile from the shore, showed median coliform
densities  in excess of 1,000 organisms per 100 ml, reaching a level
of 86,000  in the maximum values.  The total coliform results inside
and  immediately outside of the breakwall in Cleveland Harbor showed
median coliform values from 3,300 to 10,000 organisms per 100 ml with
9 to 30 percent fecal coliform.  The ratio of fecal coliform to fecal
streptococcus ranged from 5:1  to 30:1.  Maximum total coliform values
showed a level of 520,000 organisms per 100 ml north of the breakwall.
The maximum total bacterial counts at 20°C and 35°C inside and outside
of the breakwall ranged from 13,000 to 660,000 organisms per ml.
These results indicate that the water inside and immediately outside
of the breakwall is polluted to the extent that it cannot safely be
used for municipal  water source, recreational, or for other uses in-
volving body contact.  A marked decrease in total  coliform and an
increase in percentage of fecal coliform organisms in the harbor was
noted during the study.

     The gross bacterial  pollution from these two tributaries is lost
within a distance of 2 to 3 miles into the lake (Figure 55).  The
pollution tends to flow northeast and east of the harbor, becoming
diffused and diluted as it moves into the lake.  It is apparently
forced close to the United States shore and follows the shoreline east
of Cleveland.

CHAGRIN RIVER

     Median coliform density in the Chagrin River at its mouth showed
a level  of 7,300 organisms per 100 ml, reaching a maximum of 90,000,
with 23 to 50 percent fecal coliform.  The ratio of fecal strepto-
coccus ranged from 2:1  to 3:1.   Three species of Salmonella were
isolated from river samples indicating pollution from human wastes.

GRAND RIVER - FAIRPORT HARBOR

     The highest bacterial  densities in the Grand River were observed
2.3 miles above the mouth.   The median total  coliform value was 15,000
organisms per 100 ml  with 40 percent fecal  coliform.  The maximum coli-
form was 340,000 organisms per 100 ml.   The median ratio of fecal  coli-
form to fecal streptococcus was 8:1.  Two species of Salmonella were
found at this sampling point and represented the presence of pollution
from domestic fecal  sources.  Median coliform densities of 1,400 or-
ganisms per 100 ml  with 7 percent fecal  coliform were observed just
above the river mouth.   The maximum total  coliform densities reached
a level  of 8,000 organisms per 100 ml.   The median ratio of fecal  coli-
form to fecal streptococcus was 1:1.
                                   157
-------
                                             DIVISION INTAKE

                                             BALDWIN INTAKE
o
c
01
01
   NOTE:
     BASED ON 1*64 DATA-MEDIAN
     TOTAL COLIFORM CONCENTRATION*
     IN ORCANUMt PER lOOnl.
     CLEVELAND  SHORELINE
TOTAL  COLIFORM  CONTOUR  MAP
-------
     In the Fairport Harbor, inside the breakwalls and beyond the
river mouth, median total coliform densities ranged from 15 to 540
organisms per 100 ml with 4 to 67 percent fecal coliform.  The median
fecal streptococci count exceeded the fecal coliform count at one
station.  A count of 3,200 organisms per 100 ml was observed during
the study.  These findings indicate pollution from sources other than
man.  A maximum total coliform density encountered was 34,000 organ-
isms per  100 ml.  Median total  bacterial counts at 20°C and 35°C
ranged from 280 to 6,700 organisms per ml, reaching the highest level
of 710,000 organisms per ml.

ASHTABULA RIVER

     Median values of total coliform levels in the Ashtabula River
at its mouth, and in the Ashtabula Harbor, inside the breakwall, ex-
ceeded 1,000 organisms per 100 ml.  A range of 17,000 to 64,000 coli-
form organisms per 100 ml was demonstrated in the maximum values.
Median fecal coliform densities ranged from II to 28 percent of the
total coliform at the mouth of the Ashtabula River and from 6 to 40
percent in the Ashtabula Harbor inside the breakwall.  The ratio of
fecal coliform to fecal  streptococcus was as high as 176:1  in the
harbor.  Salmonella he I del berg was isolated at a sampling point 0.7
miles upstream.   The waters in Ashtabula River, at its mouth, and in
the Ashtabula Harbor, inside of the breakwall, were found to be in
a continual state of gross pollution in terms of microbiological
parameters.  Bacterial quality of these waters were unacceptable for
recreational purposes and at times for municipal  or other uses.  Water
west of the breakwall was of good bacterial quality.  Waters north and
northeast of the breakwall showed total  coliform densities of 2,700
to 3,300 organisms per 100 ml in the maximum values.

ERIE HARBOR - PRESQUE ISLE

     Study of the microbiological  results of sampling in the Presque
Isle area reveals low coliform densities on the west side of the
peninsula near the shore.  The results from sampling stations located
north and northeast of the isle indicate a substantial  increase in
coliform densities in the maximum values.  A corresponding increase
in coliform values was observed in Erie Harbor.  Median total coliform
values of 2,100 to 17,000 organisms per 100 ml were demonstrated in
samples collected from Erie Harbor stations located near Mill Creek
and in the ship  channel.   Maximum total  coliform in this area reached
a value of 520,000 organisms per 100 ml.  Median fecal  coliform den-
sities in waters north and east of Presque Isle ranged from 3 to 12
percent of the total  coliform densities and fecal  streptococci  counts
averaged from I  to 10 organisms per 100 ml.  The ratio of fecal coli-
form to fecal streptococci ranged from 2:1  to 5:1  in the median values.
The source of this pollution is probably Mill  Creek.  SaJ[mone_M_a_ or-
ganisms were isolated from 80 percent of the samples collected in both
Mill  Creek and the harbor.  The same organisms were found in Erie's
                                  159
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sewage.  Generally, the water quality at the stations west of Presque
Isle was of satisfactory quality for swimming purposes.  The water
quality north and east of Presque Isle varied considerably.  The max-
imum total coliform values of 2,800 to 15,000 organisms per 100 ml
indicated the pollution entered the lake intermittently, constituting
a health hazard in the immediate vicinity along the eastern shore.

BUFFALO RIVER

     The Buffalo River showed a median total  coliform concentration
of 25,000 organisms per 100 ml  near its mouth with 14 percent fecal
coliform.  Salmonella was isolated from this area.  The Buffalo River
is grossly polluted bacteria My.
                                 160
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                                170
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                                                              150
                           George Harlow
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Are there  any  questions  or
       comments?
                 MR.  LION:  Mr. Chairman, I  think this  is  a  good
       report.  There is  one minor point that  ought to  be  clari-
       fied  for the record.
                 In summary, the  beaches —  I  think one through
       ten -- on  Presque  Isle are shown as one beach, and they
       are actually ten separate  beaches and they are separately
       sampled  and we have separate data for all of those beaches,
       and the  fact is we do have ten — in  fact eleven — but
       you have listed one through ten as one beach, and it  is
       ten beaches.
                MR.  HARLOW:  I knew  you were going to  ask that
       question, Walter, or clarify that point.
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Any further questions or
       comments?
                MR. METZLER:  I  think as far as New York is con~
       cerned we will  have some specific comments in the New
      York statement.  Perhaps.it will be just as well to handle
      it at that time.
                On this matter of one beach versus ten, I would
      like to know:   how did you identify what was a public
      beach and what wasn't?  How did you count these?
                MR. HARLOW:  It wasn't easy, Mr. Metzler.
                MR. METZLER:  Of course it wasn't.
25
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2
                                                            151

                           George  Harlow


                MR. HARLOW:  Because you run into the problem,


      when you try to  evaluate  satisfactory bathing beach water

  3
      quality anywhere as  to what is a beach and what isn't a

  4
      beach.  We considered, of course, whether people swim

  5
      there and whether it was  open to the public.  We also


  6   considered whether county departments of health considered


  7   whether it was a bathing  beach or not, and whether they


  8   tested water quality.  A  number of these factors went


  9   into it  and I recognize  that there is a certain amount


 10   of judgment applied  here  to decide what is a bathing


 11   beach and what is not a bathing beach.


 12             We tried to emphasize, of course, I think, in


 13   the report the beaches that are used to a great extent


 14   by the public.


 15             MR. METZLER:  Did you then check this with some


 16    of our — well, either our regional office in New York


 17    or the local health departments to see what they thought


 18    were public beaches for which permit might be  required,


 19    and what was not a public beach?


20              MR. HARLOW:  We discussed it with the various


21    offices around the lake.


                Another problem we run into is  different  States


      interpret them different  ways,  and we tried to be uniform


      in our interpretation.


                MR. METZLER: Well, the  problem is a very
-------
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
20

21

22
                                                              152
                           George Harlow

       difficult one because I recall going all down that lakefront

       in a helicopter on a holiday  and the whole  lake  or the

       beach in New York State was being used.   There was hardly

       a mile that somebody wasn't in the water.  So you can  take

       that positionJ but it seems to me if you start trying  to

       list the beaches that are  satisfactory and unsatisfactory,.

       then you almost need to  take whatever the local or the

       State authorities have identified as a beach,  subject to
       permit.
                MR. HARLOW:  I think one of the ones that I
      know  I mulled around in my mind whether it was a beach or

      not was  Times Beach.  I don't know whether you are aware

      of that  or not, but it is up at the mouth of the Buffalo

      River.   It is not a very good spot for a beach, but the

      county department does sample it for coliform bacteria and
 15
      we might have bathing water quality standards there.
 16
                MR. METZLER:  Well, it seems to me you determine
 17
      it on the basis of whether the Erie County Health Depart-
 18
      ment  issues a permit for it.  If they issue a permit,
 19
      it is a  public beach; if they don't  it is not.

                MR. HARLOW:  By the way, I think you might be

      interested to know that in regard to New York especially,

      we had comments from Mr. Seebald, I believe, and it may

      have  been your office — I don't quite recall — on our
24 "
      original evaluations of the New York bathing beaches
25
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                                                              153

                           Col. Amos L. Wright
  1
       and there were some changes.

  2
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Any further comments or

  3
       questions?

  4
                 If not,  thank  you very much.
  5
                 MR.  POSTON:  As  the next part of our  presenta-
  c
       tion,  I would  like to ask  Col.  Wright, District Engineer,

  7
       who is from  the Buffalo  office,  who is in charge of the

       pilot  dredging program   to  make  his presentation at this

  9    time.

 10              COL.WRIGHT:  Thank  you, Mr. Poston.

 11              MR.  POSTON:  Would  you proceed?

 12              COL. WRIGHT:   Yes,  sir.

 13               Mr.  Chairman and  gentlemen.  I am Colonel

 14     Amos L. Wright, District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

 15     District,  Buffalo.  Today I am representing Brigadier

 16     General Robert M. Tarbox, Division Engineer of North

 17     Central Division, Corps  of  Engineers.

 18               The United States Army Corps of Engineers

 19     appreciates the opportunity to present at this meeting

20     information on our program to identify the pollution prob-

       lems associated with the disposal of dredgings, and to

22    develop procedures for insuring that State water standards

      are met.   We believe it will be helpful in your consid-

       eration of the progress made since the Enforcement

       Conference of 1965 to improve and preserve the quality
-------
                                                            154

                           Col.  Amos L.  Wright



       of the  Lake  Erie  waters.  The information  is  in two parts:



  2              a.   A brief narrative of the  Corps1 approach



  3    to identify  the problem and to determine solutions that



  4    are in  the best public interest;  and



  5              b.   Our program of  actions during the transition



  6    period,  prior  to  determination of long-term solutions.



  7              Shipping and Development:



  8              To the  American economy, transportation of



  9    commodities on the Great  Lakes is a most important use of



10    this great natural resource.   There have been tremendous



11 |   population growth and intensive  industrial developments


       along the  shores  of Lake  Erie, in part because of low-



       cost water transportation.  Both  have contributed to a



14     serious pollution problem which,  in some localities,



, P-     impairs the aesthetics and recreational aspects of the
-LD


       water resource, threatens its utility as a source of
16


       water supply,  and pollutes the materials which we must



       dredge in  our  harbor maintenance.
18

                Maintenance Dredging:
JL */


                 The  need to dredge arises because of the



       location of harbors on the Great Lakes, predominantly at



       the mouths of  rivers flowing into the lakes.
22

                 In general, although not entirely, for more




•
24
      than forty years, we have placed the dredged material


      in authorized disposal areas in deep-water areas of the
25
-------
                                                              155
                           Col. Amos L. Wright


  1    lakes.   The areas were selected so as to be remote from


  2    water intakes and swimming beaches.  During this time


  3    there is no history of contamination of beaches or water


  4    supply  intakes attributable to lake disposal of dredgings.


  5    Now,  I  should make it  clear that not all of the material


  6    to be dredged is  polluted.   At the Lake Erie ports tested


  7    by FWPCA,  it appears that  there are several areas where  the


  3    material to be dredged is  suitable for  disposal in the


  9    lake.


 10              The Problem:


 ,,               Immediately  after the Lake  Erie Enforcement


       Conference in 1965,  we  investigated the feasibility of
 \-&

       alternate  disposal areas for a  number of the Great  Lakes
 J.O

       Harbors.   First, we  looked  at the  possibility of  using


       upland diked disposal areas.  However,  one  does not have
 lo

       to look  at more than a  city  map  of  any  of the ports
 16

       which have grown and thrived with the commerce resulting
 17

       from our navigation projects to  realize that unused land
 18

       above water  on which dredge  spoil  can be placed just is
 19

      not available, in most  cases, within a  reasonable distance
 20

       of the harbor and channel which must be maintained each
21
      year.  And in most ports where there is  intensive land

22
      use, additional filled areas of the type that dredged

23
      material would provide, are not desired by local  interest^

24
      In considering the use of more distant land disposal

25
-------
                                                            156
                           Col.  Amos L. Wright

       areas,  the  costs of  rehandling the dredged materials and

  2    transporting them rapidly drive the costs of maintenance

  3    sky  high.

  4             So, instead of  trying to find upland areas, we

  5    took a  look at how we could dispose of large quantities

  6    of dredge spoil in the water along shore, alongside of

  7    the  breakwater in or near the  harbor, or in shallow

  8    water areas of a bay.  And, let me explain, gentlemen,

  9    that when I refer to "large quantities of dredge spoil,"

10    I am talking about quantities  like 1,205,000 cubic yards

11    which have to be taken from Outer Harbor and Cuyahoga

       River at Cleveland each year.  To give you an idea of the

13     size of the problem, that amount would cover a city block

14     of Cleveland about 150 feet deep.

15              Our investigation — back in 1966 — indicated

       that, at most ports where the bottom material is polluted,
16
      there are possibilities for the use of diked disposal

       areas in the water.  When the areas are filled in  they
18
      might have some use.   However, we estimated that the cost
J. i7
       of constructing dikes to hold about ten years of dredging
20
       spoil,  plus the increased costs of handling the material,
£ J.
      would substantially increase the cost of harbor mainten-
22
      ance.  The increase in cost varied considerably from

^^   harbor to harbor,  but in general the net cost per cubic
24
      yard Of maintenance dredging would be increased from two
25
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                                                              157

                           Col. Amos L.  Wright

  1    to five  timea,

  2              This  raised  a  question  concerning  the  responsi-

  3    bilities of local  interests  to  provide  the diked disposal

  4    areas  at local  cost.   Congress  authorized many of these

  5    lake harbors to be constructed  with the provision that

  6    materials dredged  in the annual maintenance  of these

  7    harbors  would be placed in lake disposal areas*  Open

  8    lake disposal was  specified  in  almost all of the author-

  9    izing  documents for the Great Lakes harbors  before the

 10    days of  the Water Pollution  Control Act and  related legis-

 11    lation.

                 Of course, this was because of the distinct
 -L<&

       economic  advantage of lake disposal.  In fact, if the
 J.O

       economics  of the justification  for some of the projects

       had been based  on use of other more expensive methods,
 15

       some Lake  Erie  ports would not have been economically
 16
       justified, and  thus would not be in existence today.
 17
      It is the  current United States policy, however,  where
 18
      land disposal is required, for local interests to provide
 19
      the diked  disposal areas without cost to the Federal
 20
      Government as an item of local cooperation.
 21
                 The Pilot Program:
22
                Still back in 1966, the Bureau of the Budget
23
      expressed the view that,  before the taxpayers were
24
      requested to carry the burden of additional harbor

25
-------
                                                             15*
                           Col. Amos L. Wright

      maintenance coat, there  should be further study of


  2   alternatives and further consideration of the public

  3   benefits of using alternative methods of dredgings

  4   disposal.  Therefore, the Bureau requested that we and

  5   the FWPCA jointly conduct a pilot study of the problem.

  6   We were asked to study alternate means of disposing of

  7   dredged material, the pollution effects of the alternates

  8   and the costs.  The FWPCA was asked to assist us in

  9   determining the effects and to identify the benefits

      that would be gained from the various alternatives.

                In August 1966  we received $1 million to begin

 ^H   the study,  and we were granted an additional $5 million

 13    in fiscal year 1963 to continue it.   We expect to

      receive sufficient funds to complete the study in

      fiscal year 1969.
 15

                Early in 196?  we initiated our Pilot Program
 16

      for Disposal of Dredgings from Great Lakes Harbors.   Its
 17           «"           -»

      objective is to develop the most economical methods for
 18
      management  of whatever pollution problems may result
 19
      from dredging operations on the Great Lakes.
20
                The Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
21
      tion is participating in the program by sampling,  testing
22
      and analyzing the materials to be dredged and the  waters

      surrounding them, as well as by participating in discus-

      sions of various methods under study.  The Fish and
-------
                                                              159
                           Col. Amos L. Wright

  1    Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior and

  2    the Public Health Service of the Department of Health,

  3    Education, and Welfare are also advising us.

  4              The Corps has engaged the services of a Board

  5    of five consultants to assist us in the Pilot Program,

  6    Eight localities on the Great Lakes have been selected

  7    for the Pilot Program.   These are:   Great Sodus Bay on

  8    Lake Ontario;  Buffalo,  Cleveland,  Toledo and River Rouge

  9    at Detroit  on Lake  Erie;  Calumet Harbor and River, Indiana

 10    Harbor and  Green Bay on Lake  Michigan.

 H             They were selected  for two basic  reasons:

       One,  to test  the effectiveness and  compare  costs of
 JL<5

       different types  of  disposal areas,  structures,  methods
 -L«3

       of handling the  dredged material, and methods of treating

       any effluent from the disposal areas; and,  two,  to obtain
 JLo
       this  data at various representative  harbors,  with the
 16
       degree  of pollution varying from heavy to negligible.
 17
                Great  Sodus Bay is  a harbor with  no discernible
 18
       pollution problem.  The others are considered to be
 19
       polluted to various degrees.   This slide shows the  harbor
 20
       at  Great Sodus Bay
 21
                ... Slide  ...
 22
                To mention a few examples  of methods under
 23
       investigation:
 24
                ... Slide ...
25
-------
                                                              160

                           Col. Amos L. Wright

                 This  slide shows the  enclosed  area we  have built

  2    at Buffalo;  there  we are looking at  the  suitability of

  3    slag as a material for constructing  dikes for a  disposal

  4    area where the  dredged spoil from the Buffalo River is

  5    placed  within the  enclosure in  different ways.

  6              ... Slide ...

  7              This  is  a slide of our experimental area at

  8    Cleveland; the  dikes are made of crushed rock with a

  9    filter  blanket.  We are experimenting with two different

 10    methods of placing spoil from the Cuyahoga River in the

 H    area, and also  filtering the water in the area to return

       it  to the harbor.

 , ~               ... Slide ...

                 Here  we  have a picture of the diked disposal

       area in Maumee Bay  at Toledo.

                 ... Slide  ...
 16
                This  slide shows our area in the River Rouge
 17
       at Detroit with a dredge tied up and pumping out through
 18
       the pipeline leading to tne discharge area.
 19
                At a number of locations we will test various
20
      methods of treating the effluent from the disposal
21
       operation.  We are also investigating the feasibility
22
       of disposal in pits, mines and other areas away from the

      lake.

                An important part of the Pilot Program consists
-------
                                                              161


                           Col.  Amos L.  Wright



       of sampling water and bottom sediments at the dredging

  2
       areas and in the vicinity of the  alternate disposal



       areas and conducting various tests on the samples.   The



  4    samples are being taken before, during and after the



  5    dredging operations.



  6              While it is too early to draw any conclusions,



  7    we have found thus far that  it is not too difficult to



  8    estimate costs of building structures,  transporting and



  9    handling the spoil.   But  it  is very difficult  to measure



 10    the benefits of ceasing to place  spoil  in the  open  lake,



 11    especially when we cannot  discern any change in  water



 12    quality after dumping,  and it is  extremely difficult



 13    to determine the effect on living things  in the  vicinity.



 14              We are working to  complete  our  investigations



 15    and to  render a report  by  the end of  December  196S.  In



 .      our report,  we will  present  our recommendations  on



       alternate  methods of disposing of and treating polluted



       dredged materials, including the  economic  implications
 18

       of any  significant changes in maintenance  costs.  We
 ^ t/


       contemplate  presenting  recommendations  for each  individual
 *£\J


       harbor  that  has been designated by the  FWPCA as  polluted.
 & J.

      We  will include recommendations on any  cost sharing
 22

       required of  local interests.  We  will include  our
 23

       recommendations for  any legislation required to  carry

24

       out the  alternate methods of disposing  and  of  cost

25
-------
                                                            162
                           Col. Amos L. wright
       sharing.
                Local  Cooperation:
                I emphasize local interest participation because
       some people seem to  feel that the disposal of dredgings
       from navigation  channels is solely a Corps of Engineers
       problem which the Corps can solve simply by putting the
       dredgings on land rather than in the authorized lake
       disposal areas.  However, while the Congress has assigned
       to the Corps the work of providing and maintaining
       navigation depths at authorized river and harbor projects,
       the current congressional policy in connection with such
       projects has been that, where they are needed, disposal
       areas and retaining dikes or bulkheads will be provided
      by local interests at local expense as a part of the
       local cooperation required for the projects.
                Of additional concern, to local industry and
       commerce using Great Lakes harbors, is the necessity to
      dispose of materials dredged from private and public
      ships and alongside of docks,  outside of the  Federal
      channel.  It is the responsibility of the owner to get
      this done and to pay for it.  And I might emphasize that
      the owner must make every effort to find suitable areas
      other than in the lake to dispose of the spoil.
                With reference to Congressman Ashley's remarks
24
      this morning, since the agreement went into effect last
25
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                                                              163
                           Col. Amos L. Wright

  1    year with the Department of Interior,  no permit has been

  2    issued to any private interest wishing to dispose of

  3    materials in the lake in which items of pollutants have

  4    been found.

  5              Actions by the Corps:

  6              At this point, it is appropriate that I set

  7    forth the various actions the  Corps  of Engineers is taking

  8    in  disposal  of dredged material:

  9              1.   Under  the  Pilot  Program,  alternate methods

 ,.    and areas for disposal of dredged material containing

       pollutants were used during the  calendar year 196?

       dredging  program at  six  localities: Buffalo, Toledo,
 \.&

       River Rouge  at Detroit,  Indiana Harbor, Calument Harbor
 J.O

       and Green Bay.   This year we added Cleveland to  this
 14
       list on a pilot  scale.   Thus at four of the harbors on Lake
 15
       Erie that contribute most of the dredge spoil, a goodly
 16
       portion is being placed  in  enclosed areas  at this time.
 17
                Again, here, parenthetically  I might remark
 18
      that  the  figures given by Congressman Ashley were rais-
 19
      leading.  He used total  figures which we provided him,
 20
      but  because of the lesser amount of material to be
 21
      dredged in Toledo, when you add up everything, there is
 22
      actually less dredging containing polluted material
 23
      going into the lake in 196& than there was in 1967,
24
      contrary to the impression that he left.

25
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                                                             164

                          Col. Amos L. Wright


                 2.   In  addition  to the Pilot Program localities,

  o
       arrangements  are  being  made  for the use  of  alternate


  3     disposal  areas at Monroe Harbor on Lake  Erie.   A land


  4     disposal  site has been  provided by the Port Authority


  5     and hopefully the diking will be completed to  permit use


  6     of the area in 1968.


  7               3.   Each district  engineer or  his executive


  8     assistant  has visited local  authorities  at every port


  9     where the  FWPCA has reported that the material  to be


10     removed by dredging contains pollutants.  We informed


H     them of the extent of the problem and of the possible


-4M    requirement for the use of suitable alternate areas and


13     methods of disposal of polluted dredged materials.


                 Program for the Rest of This Year - 1963:


                While, at this time, we are still developing
15

      long-term  solutions for disposal of dredgings from
16

       polluted harbor areas, interim solutions have been and
17                         '

      will be necessary.  Our program for the remainder of
18

       calendar year 1968 dredging is as follows:


                1.  At polluted harbors,  alternate disposal


      areas are being used during 1968 where arrangements can


      be made for suitable areas.


                2.  Ports where the FWPCA has determined that


      the channel and harbor contain polluted materials and


      where local authorities are unable  to provide a suitable
-------
                                                              165
                           Col.  Amos L.  Wright

       alternate disposal area in 1968 have been individually
  2
       considered.   Where postponement of dredging would result
  3
       in an economic hardship for the port and region,  it is

  4    being accomplished as authorized by the Congress  in the

  5    1968 maintenance program, with the dredged materials placed

  6    in the authorized disposal area in the  lake.

  7              3.   At three Lake Erie  ports  and in areas where

  8    the FWPCA has determined  that there are no significant

  9    pollutants in the material to be  dredged,  the  clean dredged

 10    materials will be placed  in the authorized disposal areas

 11 !   in the lakes.  Incidentally,  that amounts  to  several

 12 j   thousand  cubic yards.   The figures that Congressman
    I
 13    used this morning are  somewhat frightening.  I might just

       parenthetically  remark here,  too,  that  those measurements

 15    are made  on an in«place basis at  the bottom of the lake.

 16    The yard  contains about fifty per cent  water, so what  he

 ,„    is talking about  in the moving of fifty per cent of each

 , _     cubic  yard is  moving water..
 J.O
 lg               .f.   A report on  the Pilot Program for determin-

       ing alternate  systems  for  disposal  of polluted dredged

      materials  will be  completed by the end  of 1968.  The

      feasibility and efficacy of each method of  handling,
22
      moving, treating  and containing various types of polluted
23
      dredged materials and  the  applicability to  each local
24
      port will be known.
25
-------
                                                             166

                           Col. Amos L. Wright


                 5.   The  Pilot  Program report  may  recommend use

  2
       of alternate  disposal  areas  for the  disposal  of  polluted

  3
       dredged material at  some  harbors where  the  material is


  4     now being  placed in  lake  disposal areas.  The report will

  5
       consider and  make  recommendations for legislation, where


  6     appropriate,  to include consideration of the  share that


  7     local irt, erests should bear  of  the costs of alternate


  8     disposal methods in  accordance  with  the current  policy


  9     for new projects.  The report will also address  itself


10     to the question of economics of alternate maintenance


11     methods.


j^fe             All  of us  should recognize that after  our report


13     is submitted  it will take some  time  to carry out its


14     recommendations.  If structures are to be built  they must


15     be designed and funded, then actually constructed.  Funds


IQ     must be appropriated for added  costs of alternate disposal


17     methods.  These actions will undoubtedly take many


18     months.  Thus, we will continue to be faced with the


19     necessity of disposing of some  dredged materials in the


2Q     open lake for  some" time to come.


21              Conclusion:


                In summary, the Corps of Engineers agrees that


       everything possible should be done to find ways to ensure


      water of acceptable quality in  the Great Lakes.   The


       Corps is working with FWPCA and others to determine
-------
                                                               167

                           Col. Amos L. Wright

       means of disposal and management of dredged materials so

  2    that they will not degrade the water quality of the

  3    lakes.  We expect to complete the study in December of

  4    this year.  We will stop placing dredge spoil in the lake

  5    from any harbor Just as quickly as lands and dikes are

  6    provided; when it can be shown that a worse problem is

  7    not  created;  and when money to pay additional handling

  8    and  treatment costs is provided.   On the other hand,  I

  9    will not recommend that the taxpayers1  money be spent

 10    for  costlier  methods of disposal  where it  is doubtful

 11 !   that any benefit in pollution abatement or otherwise
    I
 12    can  be derived.   It is essential  that  everyone  under-

 13    stands that this problem of dredgings  disposal  implies
    j
 14 i   local and State  responsibilities  also.   Local interests

 15    may  have  to locate  and provide  suitable  disposal areas

       if it  is  judged  that pollutants in the  dredged  material
 16

       will  degrade the  lake  water,  and may have to  share with

       the  Federal Government  the  added costs  incurred.  We need
 18
       your understanding  of  the problem and your assistance
 j. y
       in reaching a solution  in the best public interest.
 20
                Immediate absolute  interdiction of disposal  of
 21
      any dredged materials in the Great Lakes is as  imprac-
 22
      ticable as telling the cities discharging heavy pollutants
23
      into the waters to discontinue the practice today.  We
24
      can introduce whatever new harbor maintenance procedures
25
-------
                                                               163
                           Col. Amos L. Wright

       that may prove to be necessary in the same time frame that

       communities are being given for adoption of improved treat-

       ment plants, and our problems will be greatly reduced as
  4
       communities and industries effect a better treatment of

  5    their wastes.   A transition period is needed.  We are in

  6    that period, and I can assure you that whatever pollution

  7    problems there are associated with the maintenance of

  8    ports can be corrected in accordance with the same time

  9    schedule developed for other aspects of the clean waters

 10    program.

 11              Thank you very much.

 M             CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Thank  you,  Colonel.

 13              Are  there any comments  or questions?

 14              MR.  LYON:  Yes,  Colonel,  you said,  "I  will  not

 15    recommend that the taxpayers1 money be spent  for costlier

 16    methods  of disposal where  it  is doubtful  that any benefit

 ,„    in pollution abatement  or  otherwise can be  derived."

 , _               Could you explain how you would decide  that
 lo
 19     there would be a pollution abatement benefit  from change

2Q     in practice?

                 COL.  WRIGHT:  We  haven1t  been able  to  find as
21
       yet that there would be a benefit from changing the prac-
22
       tice, frankly.   Mow,  there may be  one.   We have got people

       studying it, and we  have got people  trying  to find out

       what the effect on fish life and bottom life  is  and
-------
                                                             169

                           Col.  Amos L.  Wright


      whether the  water quality is  actually changed to any

  2
      great  degree by  the  dike  disposal methods.   We haven't


      found  any  yet.


                 MR. LYON:  I assume  we  are  both talking about


  5   polluted spoil material.


  6              COL. WRIGHT:  This  is spoil material which


  7   contains pollutants*


  8              MR. LTON:  Yes.  Well,  the  reason  I  make this


  9   point  is because I am sure you are aware —  you heard


10   this morning the amounts  of money that are being  spent


11   by the  city  of Detroit and the city of Cleveland  and the


12   industries — they are also not aware of the direct


13   pollution  abatement benefit, but this is based  on a general


14   assumption that by stopping to put pollution into the lake


15   we are doing something good for the lake.


,_              I did talk about the model idea.  That might
ID

      give us  some of those answers) but the fact  is that all


      of what these conferees here have recommended is based
18

      on a general assumption of a general benefit, and you
•L t7

      are really proposing here a much more constrained evalua-
*£(}

      tion of the benefit that really at this point we all agree
£L

      cannot be done.   We all have to agree that putting
4&*C

      pollution into the lake is going to cause an adverse
23                                                            ^

      effect.  That is generally the assumption we are operating
24

      on.
25
-------
                                                             170

                           Col. Amos L. Wright


                 So, my basic  question is:  whether you would buy


  2   the  assumption that  all of the other polluters have bought,


  3   and  that  is that you have just got to stop putting pollution


  4   in the  lake.


  5              COL. WRIGHT:   We are not opposed to altering our


  6   methods at all; and, as I say, we will start placing the


  7   spoil any place tomorrow when we get a place to put it


  8   and  when  we are convinced it doesn't cause a worse problem


  9   and  when  somebody gives us the money.


 10              Now, as to a  judgment as to whether this is


 11   going to  be in the taxpayers1 general interest or not, I


 •^M   am not  going to recommend that something be done which


 13    I am not  convinced will  be of benefit to the taxpayer.


 14               Now, if the intangible benefits are such that


      we can't  place a dollar price on them  and the intangible
 15

      benefits  indicate that  it would be a good idea to spend
 16

      this money, then we will make that recommendation.
 17

                MR. LTON:  But, Colonel, you are trying to apply
 18

      a cost benefit type philosophy to pollution abatement that
 •L v7

      the  Corps has done effectively in flood control.  We can't
20

      do that in water pollution control, and because we can't
21

      do it, our respective legislatures and the Congress have
22

      decided that it is in the general interest to abate


      pollution, and they have passed laws and made it a matter


      of public policy.
-------
                                                             171
                           Col. Amos L. Wright

                 Now, the question is whether the Corps is willin

       to follow that type of broad evaluation of the benefit of

  3    not putting pollution into the lake.

  4              COL. WRIGHT:  We are certainly willing to put

  5    it any place that people give us money to put it, and our

  6    report will try to measure the benefits which the Bureau

  7    of the Budget has asked us to measure.

  8              We placed a program of a $100 million

  9    before them  and they turned it down.   Apparently, they

 10    weren't convinced that it was worth spending  that kind of

 •Q    money.  They asked us to make a study.  We  are making that

 ,„    study  and we will tell them the best  we can  whether  it  i

       to  their benefit  to appropriate the money to  do it.
 1.O
                 Now,  I  am not saying we won»t  recommend for or

       against at  this point.   I  am saying that  it is up to  them
 15
       to  decide.   I  am  saying it is  very difficult  to measure
 16
       the benefits and  that  I am not going to recommend some-
 17
       thing  that I am ultimately convinced will be  a waste  of
 18
       the taxpayers*  money.
 19
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Are there any further questions?
 20
                You know something bothers me about  this whole
 21
       proposal  and the  study   and maybe  it needs a  little clari-
 22
       fication.
23
                As I  understand  the  Corps* action now, their
24
       policy now is when dredged materials are considered to be
25
4
-------
                                                             172
                          Col. Amos L. Wright

      polluted by FWPCA, you find an alternate disposal site

 2    if it is available and put it there.  Right?  And you are

 3    spending extra money to do it.

 4              COL. WRIGHT:  No, we are not.  If we can do it

 5    at the same cost, we do.

 6              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  In other words, you don't spend

 7    any extra money.

 8              COL. WRIGHT:  We don't have any extra to spend.

 9              MR. LYON:  See, this is where the problem is,

10    Mr. Chairman, that the Corps is using a completely differ-

      ent philosophy in making pollution-abatement policy than

      we are.

13              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I understand.  But why would

   ,   you take a polluted material and, for example, not dump
15 ,
it on the land?  I don't know about the Lake Erie

situation, but I assume you have some land disposal
16

   !'   areas around Lake Erie now of polluted materials.
17 j

   !             Right?
18 |

   11             COL. WRIGHT:  Right.
19 I

   |             CHAIRMAN STEIN:   And you know the specifics in
20 |

   |   Lake Erie.  Before you began putting them on land, you
21

      used to dump them in the lake, is that correct?  You just
22

      changed?
2A

 ^j             COL. WRIGHT:  To some extent, yes.
24
   i             CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Why are you doing that?
25 I!
-------
                                                            173

                          Col. Amos L. Wright


 1              COL. WRIGHT:  All right.  Some of this is in the


 2    Pilot Program for which the Congress has provided money.


 3              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes.


 4              COL. WRIGHT:  And some of it — like at Maumee


 5    and Grassey Island — it is more economical to place it


 6    on those areas.


 7              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  You haven't got an aree/^here


 8    you used to put polluted material in the lake. You


 9    are now putting it on the land?  For example —  because


10    I have been through this, I am a little more familiar with


11    it — in the past, the Corps was taking material out of


12    Indiana Harbor and dumping it in the lake.  Now, they havi


13    other means of disposing of that on land.  I understand


-,4 I   that they are doing it, because under the terms  of the
   |!

15    agreement that the Corps and FWPCA has entered into, if


16 j   this material that has been dredged up from Indiana Harbor


 " !   is considered to be polluted, they are putting it on the
   i
   i
   j   land or in the diked area.  They used to put it  in the
J. o ',
   j
19    lake.  I believe, if I am not mistaken, that it  is costing


   j   them a little more to do that.

   i

rt,  !             COL. WRIGHT:  That is why we are using the Pilot
21 i

      Program money in doing it.


                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Now, what harm  was it doing
23

      when you dumped that polluted material in the lake?
24

                COL. WRIGHT:  We haven't been able to  detect
-------
                                                            174
                          Col.  Amos L.  Wright

      any harm.

 2              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Then why are you spending the

 3    taxpayers' money to put it on the land?

 4              COL. WRIGHT:   We have been told to make a

 5    study.

 6              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well,  but you are doing more

 7    than the study.  The Indiana Harbor is more than a study.

 8    I think that we have to come to grips with this operation,

 9    and I guess we have a copy of the agreement here, because

1Q    this is the kind of thing that we may get hooked on.   If

,,    we are committed right  now to taking what is not polluted

      material and putting that in an alternate site right now

      and not putting it in the lake; if you contend that it

      isn't worthwhile doing  unless you can demonstrate a harm

      then you have to assume that the  polluted material, on

      which we have signed the agreement with the Corps of

      Engineers, is doing the harm.  If it is not doing any

      harm, why do we get all of these  high public officials

      together and get an agrement, sign it, and decide to go

      through this program, unless we adopt the notion that we

      are adopting the philosophy we have asked Detroit and

      Cleveland and all the other places to do:  to keep the

      pollutants out of the lake.

                Because it seems to me  we have gone beyond the

      point of no return if this isn't  doing anyone a bit of
-------
                                                              175

                           Col.  Amos L.  Wright


  1     harm to put that stuff from Indiana Harbor — and I know


       these Indiana boys are here — I  don*t want to pick on them


  3     but I am just familiar with that  -- or from Calumet Harbor


  4     into the lake, and it is  not doing the least bit of good.


  5     Why did we waste all of the taxpayers* money in going


  6     through this minutiae and  making alternate arrangements to


  7     take the spoil from those places  and putting it in alternate


  8     sites?


  9               COL. WRIGHT:  I think there is  a general uncon-


10     cern on the part of all of us —  myself included — that


11     we  may  indeed be doing  some harm  and it is worth looking


12     into to find out,  and that  is why we are  doing the study


13     and that is why we have concluded these agreements.


14              MR.  LYON:   You  are a lawyer and I am not,  but


,e     to  me the Federal  Water Pollution Act  —  and I  understand
15

       it  doesn't  just cover the States  but also the  Federal
16                *

       Government  —  says,  in  effect, that  pollution shall  be


       abated.  I  donft think  it says that  pollution  shall  be
18

       abated  if there  is a  direct  measurable  benefit.  Am  I
19

       correct  about  that?   I  don't think you  heard me.
20

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   I  was  looking  for the agreement
21

                COL. WRIGHT:  Were you  addressing the question
22

      to me?
23

                MR. LYON:   No, I was asking —

24

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Go ahead.

25
-------
                                                            175-A
                          Col. Amos L. Wright

                MR. LYON:  The question is:  Does the Federal

 2    Act say that pollution shall be abated, period?  Or does

 3    it say pollution shall only be abated if there is a

 4    measurable benefit?

 5              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  The Congress has not adopted

 6    a cost benefit theory on pollution abatement.  Neither

 7    have any State legislatures.  This has been proposed time

 8    and time again.

 9 i             As you know, you have a definition of pollution

10 I   in your legislature; all States have it.  We have worked

11    on a Suggested State Water Pollution Control Act with many

      people at this table that recommended it.

13 i             Under the Federal Act, any pollution which

14    endangers health or welfare of any person is subject

15    to abatement and this is not subjected to this cost-benefit

16    theory.

17 |             Now, I would hate to think that we had a

18 !   pollution measure by which we had to protect health and
   i
19 I   at the same time we would try to evaluate a cost-benefit
   i
2Q li   theory and get some child sick or cause irreparable

      damage by putting that in.  I would hope I wouldn't be

22    given the task of figuring what the cost of that child's

      illness would be or putting that in a cost-benefit ratio.

      Maybe someone else could handle that, but I would excuse

25 I   myself.

                MR. LYON:  Of course, we don't do that.   Did
-------
                                                            176

                          Col. Amos L. Wright


 1    the Congress in passing the Federal Water Pollution Act


 2    in any way exclude the Corps from this Federal policy?


 3              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, now, you may have asked,


 4    as we say in the law, one question too many.  The problem


 5    that we have in the Federal Act — and this has been


 6    the problem with any Federal agency — and this is the


 7    statutory construction in your State unless Congress


 3    says so specifically the sovereign doesnrt regulate


 9 |   itself.


10              In other words, as we have pointed out many,


11    many times, we are a sister agency with the Corps.  We


,rt    have no authority to tell the Corps what to do.  We go


      before the same authorities as the Corps.  Now, the
X O

      Executive Order governs this or agreements govern this.


      We may be able to deal with a State or an industry or a


      municipality, but as far as another Federal agency our
16

      law does not cover that.  The Executive Order does.
17

                COL. WRIGHT:  Mr. Lyon,  I think this question


      of policy is really a fruitless debate here.  We have


      been asked to respond to a Bureau  of the Budget request
20

      that we put some kind of a dollar  sign on benefits so
21

      that they can, in their wisdom, decide whether it is
22

      worthwhile or not to go into this  amount of work.
23

                Now, we are going to do  our best to provide


      them with that kind of a dollar sign; and in doing so —
-------
                                                            177
                           Col. Amos L. Wright
       I think my statement is perfectly in order — that we don't
  2
       want to provide them with information on which we think
  3
       it is useless to spend money.  That is quite aside from
  4
       the policy matter of the Federal Water Pollution Control
  5
    ,   Act in which the Congress has expressed what we believe to
  6    be the will of the people.   It certainly is my will that
       we do everything possible to abate  pollution.   But when it
  8    comes around to the next day or the next month or the next
  9    year  to provide the dollars to abate  the pollution,  they
10    must have some kind of a yardstick  to  decide where to
11    put the dollars*     If we  can give them some  light which
SW    will help them make that decision  so  that they make  the
13     wisest decision, this is what we  are obligated to do.
14     I  have no intention of representing the  Corps  of Engineers
15     as being against any law that the Congress has passed  or
16     any feeling on the  part of  anybody  that  we can abate
17     pollution.
18               I merely  want to  point  out that we do have a
19     problem that is not  solvable  overrnight,  and that  it does
20     have  dollar and cents  aspects to  it  which people  are going
21     to have  to face up  to.
                 CHAIRMAN  STEIN:   I  can agree with all that. But
       let me make one point  clear — and I was  trying to get
       this  document  here  —  maybe you have it.  Colonel,  or
       someone  in the  Corps — evidently we don't  —  over and
-------
                                                             178

                          Col. Amos L. Wright


      above the Bureau of the Budget request for a study, and


      the $1 million and the $5 million appropriations, there

      has been an agreement entered into between the Corps of
 4    Engineers and/or the Department of the Army and the


 5    Department of the Interior on a policy


 6              As I understand this agreement, it divides —


 7    again, I am hesitant and I'd like the record to show


 8    this because I don't like to speak to anything of a real


 9  ,  technical nature like that without having it before me —


10    but, in general, it classifies the dredged material in


11    several classes.
    I
12 |j            On the one hand, you get the materials which

   I
13 i   are classified as polluted, and, on the other extreme


14 I   are relatively benign materials if they were discharged
   !

15    in the water.


16 I             As I say, I have read this agreement very, very
   i

17 ji  carefully.  The only reason I am hesitant is because I


18 |j  don't have it before me.  But as I recall the agreement,

   ij
19 ji  if there are polluted materials such as we have found in


20 j!  many harbors, we are, right now, to find alternate methods
   i

21    of disposal of those materials.


                Is that correct?


                COL. WRIGHT:   If they can be found, that is ri


24              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   That is right.


   j|            Now, the question -- and this gets me to Mr.
£o r

   I Lyon's notion —  in  other words, it  seems to  me the
-------
                                                            179
                          Col. Amos L. Wright


 2    underlying assumption, then, is that if we find the


 3    polluted material, we are going to try to keep that out


 4    of the lake as we ask every city and every industry and


 5    every other Federal installation and the shore Federal


 6    installations to do.  We do that regardless of whether


 7    we can find a cost-benefit ratio when that polluted material


 8    hits the lake.
   j

 9              COL. WRIGHT:  That is right.


10              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I share your doubts on that.


11    I am not sure that if we follow a barge out — and I have


      done this and I have examined the material — and we see


13    that the barge dumps in the lake that we can really assess

   i
14 |   any tangible damage.  I am not sure that this can be done.


                As I understand the agreement, the views of the
X D

   !   State governments and the Federal Government are that
16 i
   ij
   j   we donft apply that kind of test in pollution control

   I
      because what we do know — particularly in something like
18 I
   I
   |   a lake or a river — is that if we take a lot of little

   i

      sources and put them together, we get one big mess and this
/T
-------
                                                             ISO
                           Col. Amos L. Wright
       really regard for a cost-benefit.  We are not doing that
  2
       study to justify or not justify or let somebody make a
       public policy judgment on the Federal funds, but on the
  4    present operation.  We are operating under that under-
  5    standing.

  6              COL. WRIGHT:  I don't know that I can agree
  7    completely with you, sir, but I don't think we need to
  8    take up the time.
  9              There are two agreements that have been executed:
 10    one is with respect to permit dredging, and in that
 11    instance, we do submit every application to the Department
 12    of Interior; and, as I say,  not a single one has been
 ]_3    granted.   With respect to the other agreement,  it is an
 14    agreement that we will undertake a study,   In connection
 15     with that study,  we have  agreed  on a rather informal basis
 16     that each harbor, during  the period of this study and in
       the subsequent months  thereafter until we  can implement
       it, we will,with  the Department  of Interior, consider each
 18
       harbor individually and sit  down and decide what is the
 
-------
                          Col. Amos L. Wright


      and the Department of Interior agreed with us as to which


 2    ones we could stop putting any dredging, which ones we


 3    could find places to put something and which ones we could


 4    go ahead and continue dumping in the lake.


 5              We will presumably do that again before the


 6    1969 season.  I think that accurately represents what has


 7    happened.


 8              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Again, let me make one point.


 9    We sometimes have an assumption — I think the Colonel


10    alluded to this in his statement — where we give a city


11    or an industry a reasonable amount of time to put in


      abatement procedures.


13              I think when we are dealing with dredged materials


14    or the Corps of Engineers — let's adopt the assumption
   i

15 j   that we want a good measure of this dredging, in any event,
   i
   j
16 !   to be stopped — we have to, it seems to me, give the Corps


17 !   and its operations the same kind of consideration that


lg    we are going to give to any city or any industry around

   I
]9    this lake.


20              In other words, if we are going to give them a


      reasonable time, we must consider that we are going to


      give the Corps of Engineers the same reasonable time.


   „   When we are asking them to do something, we are going

 •fc
      to have to ask them to do something that is feasible.
24 i

      reasonable and technically obtainable, the same way
25
-------
                          Col. Amos L. Wright


  1   we ask the city or an industry.  On the other  side, these


  2   are the considerations that sometimes we begin to lose


  3   sight of.  The fact we are dealing with the Government


  4   agencies doesn't mean that suddenly you can wave a magic


  5   wand and stop this overnight.  If that is the  view, then


  6   we should stop everyone overnight and we just  don't do that.


  7             From our point of view — at least I am speaking


  8   from the Department of the Interior point of view — on the


  9   question of a time schedule operation, we are  thinking


 10   of them in the same kind of framework that we  think of


 13_   other people.


 ,„             Are there any other comments or questions?


    I            MR. METZLER:  I would like a comment.
 .L O

 14 |            CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes.


                MR. METZLER:  Well, it seems to me if we are not
 15

      careful that we make the Corps of Engineers or some other
 16

    I  public agency a whipping boy in this matter.   I don't see
 17 |

    i  how we can solve this problem of dredged material and
 18  |

    !  siltation in the lakes without going back and  solving it
 19  i

   |   just like you solve any other pollution abatement problem
 20

      and that is cutting it off at the source.
 21

                Now, this conference recognized that, at least
 22

      to some extent,  by one of the previous meetings, in asking
 23

   !  the United States Department of Agriculture to come in
 24 !|

   |  with some recommendations for reducing soil erosion and
25 i
-------
                                                           183
                          Col. Amos L. Wright

      the washing in of high nutrient materials including barn-

 2    yard manure.

 3              I think this matter has to be pressed hard and

 4    I think we, as professionals, are doing a very bad service

 5    to the public when we indicate that we can stop the

 6    eutrophication of Lake Erie and clean up Lake Erie without

 7    attacking this problem.  This is what I will recommend to

 8    the conferees:  that we again remember that earlier request
   |
 9    of the United States Department of Agriculture and the

10    Soil Conservation Service;  and that further, then, we go
   i
11    back to our own State agencies, particularly the State

      Soil Conservation Service or State Boards or Departments

      of Agriculture, and whatever, the State Agency or Depart-

      ment of Public Works, Transportation or Highways, because

      this is where most of this  silt is coming from.  It is

      from construction or it is  agriculturally related, and

      until we can cut down the source substantially we are just

      going to have this problem  of transferring the sediments

      around and maybe we will pile them out on the land awhile

      or maybe we will put them out in the water where it is

      deep.

                I think this is one of the items to which this

      conference should give some serious attention.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I would agree.  I would like to

      suggest one addendum to what you say:   In many of the
-------
                                                             134
                           Col. Amos L. Wright

  1    harbors, the Corps is dredging up wastes.  A lot of these

  2    wastes don»t come necessarily from the farms, but they are

  3    industrial wastes.  The Corps didnft put those in the

  4    harbor.  If we had — and this goes for the States and

  5    the municipalities and the industries — if we had really

  6    effective waste treatment facilities, we wouldn't have

  7    that amount of wastes that are going in.

  g              Now, here we have industrial harbor after in-

  Q    dustrial harbor on the lake.  Maintaining the economic

 .      viability of the harbor you have to have that channel of

       a certain depth to get a boat of a certain size in there

       or else it is not going to be economical, and then that
 XM
       channel and harbor gets filled up.  and where is that waste
 13                                      '
       coming from?  From the same industry that is getting the
 14
       benefit of that deep harbor.
 15
                 And the point is:   If you expect the Corps,
 16
       again,  to be not only  a dredger but a scavenger for this
 17
       kind  of stuff,  you have to assess the responsibility.
 18
                 There is one other point  that I really would
 19
       like  to make  because  when we get off on this  we begin
20
       losing  perspective;.  Whether we  deal with these peripheral
21
       problems like oil-well drilling^  boat pollution,  disposal
22
       of soil,  as  far as pollution  of  Lake Erie  and generally
23
       of pollution almost  anywhere   these  are really,  really
24
       minor items  and don't  forget  it.  They are intriguing
25
       items  but they are  minor items.
-------
                                                             1*5

                           Col.  Amos L. Wright


                 The big major source of pollution comes from


       the fixed-shore installations, the big cities  and big


       industries.


                 If the Corps went to work and worked all year


       dredging those harbors and got that maximum appropriation


       and took all their wastes and just dumped it willy-nilly -


       if they did that,  which they don*t —  into the lake,  they


       couldn't begin to  compete with one of  the real big cities


       and big industries pouring out their wastes 24 hours  a


       day every day in the year.   And this is the thing that


       we have to remember:   that  when we are dealing with these


       dredgings,  we are  dealing with a refinement here,  and


       the essential part of the pollution problem really does


       not rest with any  aspect, I don't  think,  of the  Corps1


       operations.


                 Are there any other comments or questions?


                 If  not,  thank you very much,  Colonel*


                MR.  POSTON:   That is the end of the  Federal


       presentation.


                 CHAIRMAN STEIN;   Let's call  on  Indiana,  Mr.


       Poole.


                MR.  POOLE:  Mr. Chairman,  Perry Miller,  who is


       Director of the  Bureau  of Engineering,  is with us,  and


       he  will abstract the  Indiana report.   It  is in seven
  _»r
24
       pages.   There is a considerable amount  of repetition  from
   ii
25
-------
  1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25
                                                            1S6
                          Perry Miller
      the 1967 report, and in the interest of time I hope Perry

      will leave most of that out.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  All right, but the whole report

      without objection will appear in the record as if read.

                (The above-mentioned report follows.)

                MR. MILLER:   All Indiana municipalities with

      recognized sewer systems have secondary type sewage treat-

      ment facilities.  Increased surveillance of plant opera-

      tion by representatives of the Stream Pollution Control

      Board has resulted in  better operation, increased labora-
      tory analyses and more meaningful operation reports.

      Implementation of the  mandatory certification program
JL &
   I   (effective July 1, 196$)  will provide additional control
13
   J|   over operation of all  wastewater treatment  plants.
14 ,||
   I             The Maumee River Plant,  operated  by the private
15 !
   jj   corporation of Diversified Utilities, is  designed for a
16 |i
      flow of 0.5 mgd.   The  activated sludge-type plant with

      effluent chlorination  is  now serving  approximately  3.000

      equivalent residential customers.   The plant is  operating

      above  hydraulic capacity.   Although plans for expansion

      have been approved, construction has  not  been undertaken.

      Diversified Utilities  has filed a petition  for reorgani-

      zation under the  Bankruptcy Act and a trustee has been

      appointed.   The treatment facilities  are  being operated;

      however,  construction  of  improvements is  not  indicated in

   !i   the  near  future.   Some consideration  is being given by
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                                                             137

                           Perry Miller



       the oity of Fort Wayne to the feasibility of taking over



  2    operation of the facilities.



  3              The city of Fort Wayne   sewer crew provides



  4    routine inspection of flow-regulating structures on com-



  5    bined sewers and inspection following runoff from rainfall



  6    to minimize overflow to receiving waters.   Inspections



  7    of all overflow structures are made at least weekly;  some



  8    inspections are daily or every other day in connection



  9    with servicing of lift stations.   In other municipalities



 10    flow-regulating structures are maintained  to minimize



 11    overflows.   Representatives of this office inspect  bypass


       structures  during routine  surveillance visits.   Combined



 13    sewer systems are not being proposed or approved in newly


       developed urban areas.


 15             Construction is  underway on the  facilities to


       abate the discharge  of lime sludge from the  water treat-
 16


       ment plant  to the Haumee River.   This project should be



       completed in 1968.
 18

                The superintendents  of  municipal sewage treat-
 J. &7


       ment plants advise this office  of unusual  conditions that
 20          *

       cause a material increase  in the  waste  load  discharged
 21

       to  the receiving stream.
 22

                Effluent Chlorination


                The cities  of Auburn  and Garrett are chlorin-

24

       ating plant effluents routinely.   The  city of Decatur is

25
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                                                             18S

                           Perry Miller


       now going over its chlorination facilities prior to


       placing effluent chlorination in operation.  The town of


  3    Waterloo is completing construction of new effluent


  4    chlorination facilities.


  5              The municipalities of Avilla, Butler, and Berne


  6    expect to submit plans for effluent chlorination facili-


  7    ties to the Stream Pollution Control Board prior to July


  8    31, 1968.  The change of municipal officials as of January


  9    1, 1968, delayed completion of plans for these municipal!-


 10    ties.   In addition,  the city of Fort Wayne is completing


 11    plans  for effluent  lagoons that will also receive flows  in


 12    excess of plant  capacity.  This project will include


 13    provisions for chlorination of plant effluent.   Plans


 14    have been approved  for plant additions, including effluent


 15     chlorination,  at  New Haven.   All of these municipalities


       plan to file applications for P.L.  660 funds for fiscal


       year 1969.

                 I might say here,  in connection with  the  state-
 is

       raents  that you heard  this morning from Mr.  Remus and Mayor
 JL y

       Stokes that the financing in the municipalities is  con-


       nected with the grants program.


                Phosphate Removal
22

                The  city of Fort Wayne has a grant  of $2#3,200
23
       to help finance pilot plant  studies  on phosphate removal.
24
       The original meeting  relative  to a phosphate  removal
25
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                                                              189

                           Perry Miller

       project was held with representatives of the Department of
  2
       Health, Education, and Welfare on August 26, 1965.  Initial
  3
       efforts were directed towards negotiating a contract for

       phosphate removal studies between the City and the Federal


  5    Water Pollution Control Administration; however, this


  6    approach was not finalized.   A formal application was filed

  7    on May 1, 1967, and the revised application which was

  8    approved on March 19,  1968,  was filed on July 7, 1967.

  9    As studies proceed on  this project,  Fort Wayne and adjoin-

 10    ing municipalities will have better  guidelines on which

 11    to base the design of  plant  scale  projects.

 ^m              As all municipalities with recognized sewer
 ^rj

 13    systems had secondary  treatment facilities in operation

 14    (except the town of Avilla,  which  was under construction)


 15    prior to the Lake Erie Conference, existing plants were


 16    not designed to maximize the removal of phosphorous.

 ,„    However, as information is made available relative

 , 0     to phosphorous  removal at existing facilities,  the
 lo

 19     municipalities  will be required to instigate action to

       improve removals.   Plans submitted for new or improved

       facilities will be  required  to provide facilities for
 w J.

       phosphorous removal.

                 Industrial

                 Of the 22 industries in  the basin, 16 have
24
   M
       adequate waste  control facilities  and six need additional
25 '
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                                                              190

                            Perry Miller
  1
       treatment works.  Of the six that have inadequate treat-
  2
       ment, four have waste treatment projects in the planning
  3
       stage and one pollution control project is under con-
  4
       struction.  A hearing was held on April 17, 1966, con-
  §
       cerning the pollution of Cedar Creek by Kitchen-Quip,
  £*
       Inc., Waterloo.  An order to abate pollution will be acted

  7    on at the June Id, 1966, Board meeting.

  8              Effluent monitoring programs have been established

  9    and maintained at sixteen of the twenty-two industries.

 10    The remainder of the industries were not required to

 11    establish effluent monitoring programs because  no effluent

 12    is discharged to the receiving stream.  The monitoring

 13    program has been discontinued at Parrot Packing Company

 14    because connection is being made to the Fort Wayne

 15    sewerage system.   The monitoring data are maintained

 IQ     in open files.

 17              Maumee  River Basin

 18              Salisbury Division,  Dana Corporation, Fort Wayne

 19              The waste treatment  facilities, reported as

 20     adequate at  the August 1965  Conference,  continue to  provide

 21     a  satisfactory  effluent.  An adequate effluent  monitoring

       program is being  maintained.
 &*£
                Essex Wire Corporation,  Fort Wayne
 *dO
                The corporation has  since  February 1967, dis-
 24
       charged all wastewater to the  Fort Wayne  sewerage  system.
25
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                                                              191


A                        Perry Miller



       The corporation continues to provide adequate waste control.

  2
                 Franke Plating Works, Inc., Fort Wayne

  3

                 Preliminary plans for cyanide destruction,

  A
       chromium reduction and precipitation  and acid-alkali



  5    neutralization facilities were considered satisfactory



  6    by the Board on September 19,  196?.   Final plans and



  7    specifications are nearing completion by the consulting



  8    engineer.   A partial effluent  monitoring program is being



  9    maintained and will be expanded when treatment facilities



10    are completed.  The industry plans to meet the December



11    31, 1968,  completion date,  established by the Board.



|M              General  Plating and  Engineering,  Inc.,  Fort Wayne



13               On October 26,  196?,  the Board and the  Company



14     entered into a stipulation  whereby the Company is to



15     prepare plans and  specifications for waste  treatment



16     facilities and to  complete  construction of  approved



17     facilities by December 1, 1968.  Preliminary plans  for


       cyanide destruction, chromium reduction and  precipitation
18


19     and acid-alkali neutralization  facilities were considered



       satisfactory by the Board on December 19, 1967.   Final



       plans and  specifications are nearing  completion by  the



       consulting engineer.   A partial  effluent monitoring program



       is  being maintained and will be  expanded when treatment



       facilities are completed.   The  industry plans  to  meet the



       December 1,  1968,  completion date established by  the
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                                                             192

                           Perry Miller


       Board.



                 Gladieux Refinery, Inc., Fort Wayne


  3              The waste treatment facilities reported as


  4    adequate at the August 1965  Conference  continue to


       provide a satisfactory effluent.  An adequate effluent


       monitoring program is being maintained.


  7              I.T.T. Industrial Laboratories,  Fort Wayne


  0              The waste treatment and control  facilities re-
  ts


       ported as adequate at the August 1965  Conference


       continue to provide a satisfactory effluent.   An adequate


       effluent monitoring program is being maintained.


                 International Harvester Company.  Fort Wayne
 12

                 All contaminated wastewater from the plant has
 13

       been  connected to the  Fort Wayne sewerage  system with the
 14

       exception of the southeast area  of the  plant.   This
 15

       wastewater will be intercepted by a sewer which is under

 16

       contract for construction by  a sewer utility  for dis-

 17

       charge  to the Fort Wayne  sewerage system.   An adequate

 18
       effluent monitoring program is being maintained.

 19

                 The Magnavox Company,  Fort Wayne

 20
                 The waste  treatment and control facilities

 21
       reported as  adequate at the June  22,  1966,  meeting of the

 22
       conferees continue to  provide a  satisfactory  effluent

 23
       An adequate  effluent monitoring  program is  being  main-

 24
       tained.

25
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                                                            193

                           Perry Miller


                 Parrot Packing Company, Fort Wayne


  2              An order to abate pollution of the Maumee River


  3    was issued by the Board on May 3, 1967.  The compliance


  4    date for completion of waste control facilities was set


  5    for December 31, 196$.  During 1967  the Company entered


  6    into an agreement with a sewer utility and the city of


  7    Fort Wayne to discharge wastewater to the Fort Wayne


  8    sewerage system.  Construction of the sewer is nearing


  9    completion, but is being delayed because of court action


 10    initiated by a property owner concerning sewer connection


 1]L    fees.   The project can be completed within 30 to 45 days


       after the court case is settled.


                 Phelps Dodge Copper Products Corporation, Indiana
 -Lo

       Rod and Wire Division,  Fort Wayne


                 The waste treatment facilities reported as
 J.D

       adequate at the June 22,  1966, meeting of the conferees
 16

       continue to provide a satisfactory  effluent.   An adequate
 17

       effluent monitoring program is being maintained.
 18

                 Zollner  Corporation, Fort Wayne
 19

                 All contaminated wastewater continues to be
20
       discharged to the  Fort  Wayne sewerage system  as reported
21
       at  the  June 22,  1966, meeting of the conferees.

22
                 B.  F.  Goodrich  Company, Fort Wayne


                 The waste treatment facilities reported as
   n
24
       adequate at the  August  1965   onference   continue to
   M
25
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                                                             194
                           Perry Miller

  1    provide a satisfactory effluent.  An adequate effluent

  2    monitoring program is being maintained.

  3              Shaw!s Dressed Poultry, Grabill

  4              The waste treatment facilities reported as

  5    adequate at the August 1965  Conference  continue to pro-

  6    vide adequate waste treatment.

  7              St. Joseph River Basin

  3              Crane Edmund Corporation,  But-ler

  9              The waste treatment facilities reported as

 10    adequate at the August 1965  Conference  continue to

 1:L    provide a satisfactory effluent.  An adequate effluent

       monitoring program is being maintained.
 X«5

                 Universal Tool and Stamping Company,  Inc., Butler
 J.O

                 The conversion to a non-cyanide plating solution
 14
       was not successful and the use of static rinse  tanks has
 15
       not reduced drag-out  of cyanide and  zinc to acceptable
 16
       levels.  The  Company  is working on plans for treatment
 17
       facilities.   The Board expects the Company to meet the
 18
       December 31,  196S,  completion deadline  and will  institute
 19
       necessary  legal  proceedings to insure compliance.
 20
                 Kitchen-Quip,  Inc.,  Waterloo
 21
                 On  April  17, 1963,  the Board  held a hearing
 22
       concerning the pollution of Cedar Creek below the plant.
 23
       The hearing officer has  recommended  that a pollution
24
       abatement  order  be issued.   The  proposed order will  be
25
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                                                              195
                           Perry Miller

       considered by the Board at the meeting scheduled for

  2    June 16, 1968.  The proposed order requires completion

  3    of facilities by December 31, 1963.

  4              T. H. Products Corporation, Waterloo

  5              The waste treatment facilities listed as adequate

  6    at the August 1965  Conference  continue to provide

  7    adequate control.   No effluent is discharged to the

  8    receiving stream.

  9              Auburn Tankage Company, Auburn

 10              The waste treatment iacilities listed as adequate

 11    at the August 1965  Conference  continue to provide

       adequate control.   No effluent is discharged to the

 13    receiving stream.

                 County Line Cheese  Company, Auburn

 15               The Company has  submitted preliminary plans

       for additional spray irrigation facilities  to augment
 16
       the present  holding lagoon and broad irrigation facili-

       ties.   Recent inspections  show that no effluent is dis-
 18
       charged to the receiving stream.
 ^ *7
                 Warner-Motive  Division,  Borg-Warner Corporation,
 20
       Auburn
 21
                 During the fall  of  1967,  three oil separation
 22
       basins and a waste stabilization pond were  completed  for

       treatment of 60,000 gpd  of oily wastewater  from the plant.
24
       Adequate waste treatment is now being provided.   The
25
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                                                              196

                           Perry Miller


  1     effluent monitoring program is being revised to reflect


  2     the operation of the new facilities.


  3               Ralph Sechler and Sons, Inc., St. Joe


  4               The waste treatment facilities reported as


  5     adequate at the March 22, 196?  meeting of the conferees


  6     continue to provide a satisfactory effluent.  A five hp


  7     mechanical aerator was recently installed in the waste


  8     holding pond to eliminate odors and improve BOD reductions.


  9     An adequate effluent monitoring program is being main-


 10     tained.


 1]L               St. Maryfs River Basin


 12               Central Soya Company,  Inc.,  Decatur


                 The waste treatment facilities reported as
 13 ||

       adequate at the August 1965  Conference continue to  provide


       a satisfactory effluent.  An adequate  effluent  monitoring
 J. O

       program  is being maintained.
 16

                 In summary:
 17
                 1.   The Stream  Pollution Control  Board has
 18
       continued efforts to comply with recommendations of  the
 19

       conferees.
 20
                 2.   All municipalities with  recognized sewer
 21
       systems  have  secondary treatment works in operation.
 22
       Surveillance  of plant  operations by representatives  of
23                                                           ^^
       the Board has increased,  resulting in  improved  operatior^P

24
       All municipalities are either disinfecting  plant effluents

25
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                                                              197
                           Perry Miller

       or are preparing plans to do so.

  2              3.  The city of Fort Wayne received a grant on

  5    March 19, 1968, to help finance pilot plant studies on

  4    phosphate removal which will aid in the development of

  5    guidelines for the design of plant scale projects.

  6              4.  All industries which are required to provide

  7    effluent monitoring are maintaining such monitoring pro-

  8    grams.

  9              5.  The Board initiated legal action against

 10    Parrot Packing Company, General Plating and Engineering,

 H    Inc.,  and Kitchen-Quip, Inc.  An order was  issued to

 ..^w   Parrot Packing Company, General Plating and Engineering

       stipulated to construct the  needed treatment works,  and
 J. O
       the Board will consider issuing an order to Kitchen-Quip
 14
       at its meeting scheduled for June  18,  1966.   The  Board
 15
       will  initiate action to secure  construction of needed
 16
       facilities whenever  it  becomes  necessary.
 17
                 6.   Sixteen of the twenty-two industrial plants
 18
       provide adequate  waste  control  facilities;  one is con>-
 19
       structing facilities; and the remaining five are  expected
 20
       to complete facilities  by December 1968.
 21
                 7.   The Board has  continued  its stream  monitor-
 22
       ing program of waters within the Maumee Basin.
 23JL
  ^P             Thank you.
24|
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you.
25 II
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                                                             193
                           Perry Miller


  1               Any comments or questions?


  2               As usual,  this is an excellent  report,  except


  3     for the phosphate situation.   As I  understand  it,  your


  4     municipalities and industries are on  schedule  and  those


  5     few that aren*t  the Board will follow through with


  c     orders.
  b

  „               MR.  MILLER:   We are on schedule with the


       exception of those on chlorination  which I  indicated
  o

       would be May of 1969.
  y

                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Is that  because  of  the delays


       in  ordering  equipment?


    !             MR.  MILLER:   No.  this is  a question  of change
12

       of  administrations,  and a  change  sometimes  in  engineering
13

       firms as well,  and new  administration preparing plans,
14
       and then also  tied in with  the  financing.
15
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Let  me make this general

16
       statement:  Aside  from  the  question of phosphates, which

17
       we will  get into,  I would say that Indiana represents

18
       compliance with the  schedule.   There are a few slippages,

19
       but these  slippages  I  think  even viewed themselves are

20
      minor, but viewing the  overall  program  they are rela-

21
      tively minor  and they are inevitable  I think  in getting

22
      any program underway.

23
                Is there any other judgment on that?

24
                MR. OEMING:  Very good judgment.

25
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 2

 3

 4

 5

 6

 7

 8

 9

10

11

fl

13

14

15

1C>
   I
17 j
   i

18 !
   1
   i
   I

20 |
   i
   I
21

22
                                                             199
                          Perry Miller

                MR. METZLER:  Just one comment:  Since it would

      hardly be fitting for the member from Indiana to raise the

      question that he has raised with all of the other States,

      does the accomplishment of this additional work rest pretty

      heavily upon some Federal participation in the construction
      grants?
                MR. MILLER:   I attempted to answer this,  Mr.
      Metzler, in the presentation — that it does depend upon

      the Federal grants because all of these cities are expected

      to make application for Federal grants.  Here I might say

      that Indiana does have a grant program as well, and this

      is tied in with the Federal, so they are expecting both

      State and Federal money to complete these projects.

                MR. METZLER:  It wasn't that I didn't hear your

      statement the first time you made it,  I just wanted to

      give you the advantage of having it highlighted the same

      as the other State representatives had.

                MR. POOLE:   Thank you, Mr. Metzler.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Does that complete Indiana?

                MR. POOLE:   Yes.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   How about Michigan?

                MR. OEMING:   Mr. Chairman, conferees.  I would

      like to introduce Mr.  Ralph Purdy,  Chief Engineer.  With

      your permission,  I would like to ask him to  give the report
24 |
      on behalf of the  Water Resources Commission, and I also

      have Mr. Nicholas V. Olds, and he is the Legal Counsel
-------
                                                            200
                          Ralph Purdy

 1 |!   for the Commission, Assistant Attorney General, in case
 2

 3

 4

 5

 6

 7

 8 i
   i
 9

10

11

12
      be included as if read.

14
15

lo !
21 i
   i
22 |
   I
2'6 ;
   |
24 !
   j
25 i
      there are any legal questions you might want to ask him.

                MR. PURDY:   Some place in the stack of material

      before you, you will  find a gray covered report and two

      green reports, marked Appendix D and Appendix E.

                Mr. Chairman,  we would like to have the gray

      report placed in its  entirety in the record.   The green

      reports,  Appendix D and  Appendix E, are mentioned in the

      gray report.  They are furnished to the conferees for

      their information. It is not necessary to have them in

      the conference record.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Without objection, this will
13
                (The above-mentioned report  follows.  Also,

      Appendix D and E are  on file  at the  FWPCA  Regional  Office,

      Chicago, Illinois,  and the  FWPCA Office, Washington, D.C.)

                MR.  PURDY:   At the  reconvened conferences in

      Cleveland in 1966 and in Buffalo,  New  York,  in  1967, the

      Michigan Water Resources Commission  reviewed the pollution

      control  program that  had been developed to abate pollution

      and enhance the Michigan waters of Lake Erie and its

      tributaries.  The reports outlined how Michigan, in 1965,

      had established water quality goals  for the  Detroit River

      and Michigan waters of Lake Erie and how a voluntary

      pollution abatement program had been formed  with the

      help of  industries  and municipalities.  The  reports
-------
           FOR RECONVENED CONFERENCE

                FOURTH SESSION

                      ON

POLLUTION OF THE INTERSTATE AND OHIO INTRASTATE
    WATERS OF LAKE ERIE AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
 (INDIANA-MICHIGAN-NEW YORK-OHIO-PENNSYLVANIA)
                   CALLED BY
       MURRAY STEIN, CONFERENCE CHAIRMAN
          DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
             STARTING JUNE 4, 1968
                CLEVELAND, OHIO
                  ON BEHALF OF
                       THE
        MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
                   MAY 1968
-------
                   MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION


GEORGE F. LIDDLE, Chairman, Muskegon, Municipal Groups

R. G. RICE, M.D., Director of the Department of Public Health
     John E. Vogt, Representing the Director, Vice Chairman

B. DALE BALL, Director of Agriculture

GERALD E. EDDY, for RALPH A. MAC MULLAN, Director of Conservation

JOHN P. WOODFORD, for State Highway Commission

LYNN F. BALDWIN, Eaton Rapids, Conservation Groups

JIM GILMORE, JR., Kalamazoo, Industrial  Management Groups
                                   LORING F.  OEMING
                                  EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
-------
   POSE






     At the reconvened conferences in Cleveland in 1966 and in Buffalo, New York




in 1967, the Michigan Water Resources Commission reviewed the pollution control




program that had been developed to abate pollution and enhance the Michigan waters




of Lake Erie and its tributaries.  The reports outlined how Michigan, in 1965, had




established water quality goals for the Detroit River and Michigan waters of Lake




Erie and how a voluntary pollution abatement program had been formed with the help




of industries and municipalities.  The reports further set down the effluent




restrictions and treatment facility construction time schedules required to'




achieve the desired water quality goals.  Finally, the reports described the




water quality surveillance and effluent monitoring programs that have been




established by the Michigan Water Resources Commission.






     This report will  review the compliance status of the previously approved




abatement programs and time schedules and will present information on recent




pollution control activities affecting water quality in Michigan's waters of




Lake Erie.
-------
INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL COMPLIANCE STATUS






     Appendix A summarizes the performance status of the 25  industrial plants and




II municipal governmental units having Stipulations with the Water Resources




Commission to control the polluting content of their waste discharges to the




Detroit River and Lake Erie.   In 3 cases out of .1 I, municipal performance




schedules have been modified to accommodate expanded waste control projects, and




4 industrial schedules have been modified to allow for unforeseen construction




delays.  The 4 paper mills in the Monroe area have decided to join the metropolitan




waste treatment system and their compliance dates are now considered to be the same




as for the City of Monroe.  Even under the revised  performance schedules, all




municipalities and industries are scheduled to have treatment facilities in




operation by December I,  1970.  Six industries' have waste control facilities in




operation and are meeting the stipulated effluent restrictions.   One municipality




and 3 industrial  plants have not met the provisions of recent performance




each will be reviewed by the Water Resources Commission at an early date.








HATER QUALITY STANDARDS






     Since the 1967 reconvened conference, Michigan has adopted  water quality




standards for all  interstate waters, including Michigan's waters of Lake Erie, along




with designated use areas and a plan of implementation.  The standards, use areas



and plan of implementation have been approved by the Secretary of the Interior with




the single exception of a part of the temperature standards.  This program data is



detailed in Appendix B.   Michigan is also proceeding with a program to develop




comparable water quality standards for intrastate waters.
-------
WATERCRAFT POLLUTION CONTROL






     The Water Resources Commission was directed by Governor Romney to develop rules




and regulations for the control of sanitary waste discharges from recreational




watercraft.  The rule was developed in cooperation with the Department of Health,




the Waterways Commission and other affected state agencies; and in consultation with




neighboring states and the Province of Ontario.  The rule is designed for application




to all watercraft equipped with a marine toilet, with the exception of passenger or




cargo-carrying vessels subject to the Interstate Quarantine Regulations of the U. S.




Public Health Service.  The rule requires that after January I, 1970 all  watercraft




having a marine toilet must be provided with either a holding tank, a sewage




incinerator or a device which has been determined by the Commission to be capable




of rendering the sewage discharges non-polIutionaI.   (See Appendix C.)
WATER QUALITY SURVEILLANCE OF THE MICHIGAN WATERS OF LAKE ERIE AND ITS TRIBUTARIES






     The water quality surveillance program established by Michigan was described




in detail to the conferees at Buffalo in  1967.  The sampling and testing of the




Detroit River and Lake Erie at 63 locations is continuing and the data obtained




during 1966 and 1967 have been tabulated  in Appendix D.  Similar data for the 75




municipal and industrial waste discharges along the Detroit, Rouge, Huron and Raisin




rivers is shown in Appendix E.
-------
                APPENDIX A



INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL PERFORMANCE STATUS
-------
                                    DETROIT RIVER-LAKE  ERIE  GOVERNMENT;
                                                                             STIPULATION DATES FOR COMPLIANCE
Unit
  Preliminary       Approval  of
  Engineering       Construction
Study and Basis      Plans  and              Complete
   of Design	Specifications	Construction
                                                                                                             Comments
                           May 1,  1967
                           May I,  1967
Berlin Township
Frenchtown Township
Monroe Township
Grosse lie Township

Wayne County

City of Detroit
Village of Estral Beach    May I, 1967
                     May  1,  1968
                        May  1 ,  1 969
                    (May I,  1968)*        (May  I,  1969)
                  November 30,  1968     December  1,  1970
May
Apri 1
Apri 1
Apri 1
1, 1967
1, 1967
1, 1967
1 , 1 967
(May 1 ,
November
November
November
November
1968)
1, 1968
1, 1968
1, 1968
1, 1968
(May 1 ,
May 1 ,
November '
November
November
1969)
1970
1, 1970
1, 1970
1, 1970
                                               May I,  1968
                                          May  I,  1969
City of Luna Pier

City of Monroe
City of Riverview

City of Trenton
 May I, 1967

 May I, 1967
April I, 1967

April t, 1968
   May I,  1968

  (May I,  1968)
November I,  1968
November I,  1968

November I,  1969
                                                                    May
                                                                           1969
  (May I, 1969)
December I,  1970
November I,  1970

November I,  1970
Preliminary design and report completed.  Township has
notified the Commission that it has been unable to
proceed with final plans due to financing problems.
Commission will review problem at an early date.


Township has joined the Monroe metropolitan system with
treatment of wastes at the City plant.  New compliance
dates were recently approved due to expanded service
area and coordination with the metropolitan treatment
pI ant improvement construct ion scheduIe.

Township has joined the Monroe metropolitan system with
treatment of wastes at the City plant.  New compliance
dates were recently approved due to expanded service
area and coordination with the metropolitan treatment
plant improvement construction schedule.

Preliminary plans approved.  In compliance.

Preliminary plans approved.  In compliance.

City was also  to submit a report on combined sewer
overflow control by April I, 1968.  The report has been
received and approved.  City is  in compliance.

Preliminary engineering study report  was received and
approved timely.  Due to the estimated high per capita
cost of the proposed municipal  system, the Village
eIected to upgrade  i nd i vi duaI d i sposal systems.
Not i f i cat i on has been rece t ved f rom the V iI I age and
the Monroe County Health Department that'compIete
abatement has  been achieved.  Confirmation studies by
Commission staff have been scheduled.

Final plans approved.   In compliance.

Contractual agreements have been reached with the three
Monroe area paper companies and two adjoining townships
for joint waste treatment in the City's plant.  Compliance
dates were recently modified due to the expanded scope of
the collection and treatment project.

Preliminary plans approved.  In compliance.

Preliminary plans approved.  In compliance.
^Original Stipulation dates shown in parentheses with  current compfiance dates  shown directly below the original.
-------
                                           DETROIT RIVER-LAKE ERIE INDUSTRY STIPULATION DATES FOR COMPLIANCE
 Industry
                                        Preliminary
                                        Engineering
                                      Study and  Basis
                                         of Design
 Approval  of
 Construction
   Plans  and
 Specifications
  Complete
Construction
                                                                                                                              Comments
Al I led Chemical Corporation

    Semet Solvay Division,  Octroi I
   Solvay Process  Division,
     Detroit
                                                               ApriI  I ,  I9M>      Apr!I  I,  1907

                                                              November  I,  I'Jfifi    April  I,  1968
                                           Facilities in operation.  In compliance.

                                           The Company will  cease operations at this location as
                                           of  January I, 1969.   Action on the Company's request
                                           for this  extension is pending.
Amej-jcan Cemenl Corporation
   Peerless Cement Division,
     Detroit
                                                                Mriy I ,  I960        May I ,  1967
                                           facilities  in operation.   Monitor sampling shows the
                                           Company  to  be near compliance.  Additional studies
                                           are  presently being'undertaken by the Company.
Consolidated Packaging Corporation

   North Side Plant, Monroe          Jdiiuury  I,  1907
   South Side Plant,-Monroe
                                     January  I ,  l%7
                                                             (J.inu.iry  I,  I'H.H)*   (JnniKiry I,  1009)
                                                             November  I ,  I 9(>H    December I ,  1970
                                                             (.Ijnu.iry  I,  I%H)    (January I,  1909)
                                                             November  I ,  \')(>fi     December I ,  1970
                                           The  Company  has  entered into a contract for secondary
                                           1 real men 1  of  wastes  in the Monroe municipal metro-
                                           politan  treatment  plant.   Compliance dates are now
                                           deemed  to  be the same as  for the City of  Monroe.

                                           The  Company  has  entered into a contract for secondary
                                           treatment  of  wastes  in the Monroe municipal metro-
                                           politan  treatment  plant.   Compliance dates are now
                                           deemed  to  be  the same as  for the City of  Monroe.
Darling and Company, Melvindalc
                                                             November  I ,  l'>oi>    (November  I ,  1907)
                                                                                !".opt<;mtmr  I ,  1909
                                          Considerable  waste reduction has been accomplished
                                          through  in-plant  changes.   A program of  equipment
                                          conversion  is now underway  which,  when complete, will
                                          produce  an  effIuent'much  better than required under
                                          the Stipulation.   Construction  of  an interim aerated
                                          Ianoon  is also  underway which will  provide near
                                          compliance  by June 1968.  A final  compliance date
                                          modification  was  granted  by the Commission in
                                          lobru.-iry  |9o8 to  facilitate the plant conversio
t^. I. duPonl deNemour-j,
   and Company. Inc.

   Industrial and Biochemical
      Division, Ecorse
 April I, I9(,(,      April  I,  I907
                                          facilities  in operation.   Partial  compliance
                                          established.  Operations  at  this  location wi I
                                          on July  31,  1908.
Firestone Tire and Rubber
   Company

   Firestone Steel Products
      0 i v i s i on,  R i verv i ew
November I, Inu0   November  I,  I907
                                          The Company has entered  into  a  contract  for the
                                          hauling away and  disposition  of' all  the  spent  pickle
                                          liquor and no  longer discharges this  material  to the
                                          Detroit River.
Ford Motor Company

   Monroe Plant
   Rouge Plant
      other than iron and suspended sol ids
                                                             December  I,  I9h(>      (OM months).
                                                                                t'ohruary  15,  1909
                                                             October-  I,  I«)(•<,(,       (+17 months)
                                                                                 .l.imi.iry  I ,  I'Jir
                                                              M.irvh  I ,  1907
                                                                                   (+24 monthr.)
                                                                                 April 71,  I^.'-J
                                          Construction plans were  submitted  timely  and  approved
                                          fpbruary  li>, 1967  I hereby establishing  the  firm,
                                          construction completion  date  shown.
                                          nine months construction  time  was  granted  due to
                                          chjnn.es  in the  scope of the  construction project for
                                          phenol treatment.  Oil control  iacilities  are sub-
                                          stantially complete except for  construction  of
                                          holdinn ponds that require coordination with U.S.
                                          Torpt o( Op i neers, RougR Ri ver improvement  project,
                                          .mil ,m extenr- ion -of t ime  has been  requested  to
                                          ,'. i.>i'.>r  I , 1969.
                                          > I'MViTsion to hydrochloric acid steel  pickling  lines
                                          wit.ti .ill spent  pickle  liquor returned  to supplier
                                          \-:- pxportr>d to  eliminate  all r.uch  discharges from
                                          thi-. nl.ml hv Iho rml  ot  lni>M.   '-ii|v.| nut i ;> I
                                                                                                                       ickl.
                                                                                                                             I j
                                                                                                              ).!,•.
      suspended sol ids
                                                              March  I,  1907
                     (+27 months)
                    June I, 1969
                                                                                                        Plans  received  and  approved timely.
-------
 rreat  Lakes  Steel  Corporation

    80" Hot Strip Mill,  Ecorse

    Steel  Roll ing MM I,  Ecorse
       other  than acid and  Iron

       other  than acid and  Iron,
       No. 3  slabbing ml 11

       acid and  Iron


    Blast  Furnace,  River Rouge
 April  I,  1967
November I, 1966     April  I,  1968


November ), 1966     April  I,  1968

October I,  1967     October I,  1968


December I, 1967     April  I,  1969


November I, 1966     April  I,  1968
                                                                  Facilities In operation and incompliance.


                                                                  Facilities In operation and in compliance.

                                                                  Plans approved,  facilities under construction.
                                                                  Construction plans  were submitted  and  approved
                                                                  timely.

                                                                  Partial  compliance  obtained.   Oil  and  suspended
                                                                  solids still  exceed limits  In  some outlets.
                                                                  Additional  improvements being  made by  Company which
                                                                  are expected to result  In compliance.
Mclouth Steel Corporation. Trenton


MpbJ I 011 Company. Trenton
                        November I, 1966     April  I,  1968


                        November I, 1966    November I,  1967
                                                                                                       Facilities  in  operation  and  in  compliance.
                                                                                                       Facilities  In  operation.   Company  is  slightly  In
                                                                                                       excess  of oil  concentration  limits  and  has  plans  for
                                                                                                       additlonaI  treatment  Iagoons.
Monsanto Company

   Trenton Plant
                                     November I, 1967
                                                              August I, 1968     November I,  1969
                                                                                                       Plans  have  been  approved,  construction  has  been
                                                                                                       completed and  facilities are  In operation.
   Trenton Resins Plant
                                    (November I, 1966)
                                    September I, 1967
                         (April  I, 1967)     (April  I,  1968)
                        December I, 1967    September I,  1968
                                         Compliance dates were  revised to allow  for additional
                                         plant  studies.  Plans  have been submitted and
                                         approved  timely.  Construction underway.
PennsaIt Chemicals Corporation

   East Plant, Wyandotte

   West Plant, Rlvervlew
       Copper and Brass, Inc.,
     itrolt
                        November I, 1966     April  I,  1968

                        November I, 1966     April  I,  1968
                                                             November I,  1966    November  I,  1967
                                                                  In  compliance.
                                                                                                       Not  in compliance.  Commission '
                                                                                                       problem at an early date.
                                                                 Facilities have been  Installed.  Coirpl iance not
                                                                 fully established.  Commission will review the
                                                                 problem at an early date.
Scott Paper Company. Detroit
   for BOD
                                     January I, 1966
                                                              January I,  1969     January I,  1970
                                                                May I,  1967
                                                                                   (May  I,  1968)
                                                                                  August  19,  1968
                                                                                                       Preliminary  plans  received and approved timely.

                                                                                                       Facilities under construction.
Time Container Corporation

   Monroe Paper Products
      Division
January I, 1967
                        (January I,  1968)    (January  I,  1969)
                        November I,  1968    December  I,  1970
                                         The Company has entered  into a contract  for secondary
                                         treatment of wastes  In the Monroe municipal
                                         metropolitan treatment plant.  Compliance dates are
                                         now deemed to be the same as for the City of Monroe.
Union Camp Corporation. Monroe       January I, 1967
                                                             (January I,  1968)    (January  I,  19691
                                                             November I,  1968    December  t,  (970
                                                                 The Company has entered  into a contract  for secondary
                                                                 treatment of wastes  In the Monroe municipal
                                                                 metropolitan treatment plant.  Compliance daies are
                                                                 now deemed to  be the same as for the City of Monroe.
Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation

   North Works, Wyandotte
   South Works, Wyandotte
                                                             November I,  1966     April  I,  1968
                                                             November I,  1966     April  I,  1968
                                                                  Additional  time  Is being  requested  to  complete
                                                                  certain  construction  Items on three of  Its  eight
                                                                  waste outfalls to  insure  compliance with  the
                                                                  suspended  solids  limitation.  A conference  has  been
                                                                  scheduled  for the May  28-29,  1968 Commission meeting
                                                                  to  discuss the Company's  proposal.

                                                                  Additional  time  is being  requested  to  complete
                                                                  certain  construction  Items on three of  Its  eight
                                                                  waste outfalls to  Insure  compliance with  the
                                                                  suspended  solids  limitation.  A conference  has  been
                                                                  scheduled  for the May  28-29,  1968 Commission meeting
                                                                  to  discuss the Company's  proposal.
      •aI  Stipulation dates shown In parentheses with current compliance dates  shown  directly  below the original
-------
      APPENDIX B




WATER QUALITY STANDARDS




         FOR




    MICHIGAN WATERS
-------
          MICHIGAN'S   INTERSTATE  WATERS


      LE6ENO




  MICHIGAN'S GREAT LAKES WATERS




  INTERSTATE RIVER BASINS




MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION
    msmmm

-------
COMMISSION OBJECTIVE:
     WATr'iS IN WHICH THE-EXISTING QUALITY IS BETTER THAN THE ESTABLISHED  STANDARDS ON THE DATE WHEN SUCH STANDARDS
BECOME ELECTIVE URL  NOT BE  LOWERED  IN QUALITY BY ACTION OF THE WATER  RESOURCES COMMISSION UNLESS AND UNTIL  IT  HAS
BEEN AFFIRMATIVELY DEMONSTRATED TO THE MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION AND THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THAT
THE CHANGE IN QUALITY  WILL NOT BECOME INJURIOUS TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, OR WELFARE, OR BECOME INJURIOUS TO
DOMESTIC, UJMERCIAL,  INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL, RECREATIONAL OR OTHER USES WHICH ARE BEING MADE OF SUCH WATERS  OR
BECOME INJU'MOUS TO THE  VALUE OR UTILITY OF'RIPARIAN LANDS;  OR BECOME INJURIOUS TO LIVESTOCK, MILD ANIMALS, BIRDS,
FISH, AQUA!1C LIFE OR  PLANTS, OR THE GROWTH OR PROPAGATION THEREOF  BE PREVENTED OR INJURIOUSLY AFFECTED-  OR WHEREBY
THE VALUE Of  FISH AND  GAME MAY BE DESTROYED OR IMPAIRED,' AND THAT SUCH  LOWERING IN QUALITY WILL NOT BE UNREASONABLE
AND AGAINST "UBLIC INTEREST IN VIEW OF THE EXISTING CONDITIONS IN ANY INTERSTATE WATERS OF MICHIGAN
     WATER WHICH DOES  NOT  MEET THE STANDARDS WILL BE IMPROVED TO MEET THE STANDARDS
WATE
*&.
>Kfc
RXT
%
A
WATER SUPPLY
(| ) DOMESTIC
Such as drinking ,
culinary and food

(2.) INDUSTRIAL
Such as cool ing
Q
RECREATION
(I.) TOTAL BODY
CONTACT
Such as swimming ,
d i v i ng .
(Z.) PARTIAL BODY
CONTACT
Such as fishing'.
hunting, trapping
and boating.
FISH, WILDLIFE
AND OTHER
AQUATIC LIFE
such as
(growth and propagation



D
AGRICULTURAL
Such as 1 ivcstock
watering , I rrigation
and spraying.
E
COMMERCIAL
Such as nav :<}.'! '."<•>,
K,r!'--revent nuisance.


prevent nuisance.



Present at al 1 times in



nain dined for :
5fi*c es: Not less than 6 at
nto erant fish - warm water
pe_c_e_s: Average daily 00 not
olerant fish - warm water
ingle value be less than 3.
t greater flows the DO shall

•resent at al 1 times in
revent nuisance.

•3
SUSPENDED ,
COLLOIDAL 8
SETTLEABLE
MATERIALS
color , or deposi ts in
des i gna ted use .

color, or deposits in
des i gna ted use .


designated use.


No objectionable
desi gnated use.







color, or deposi ts in
o objectionable

esignated use.
a,
RESIDUES
(Debris and material
of unnatural Origin
and oils)
?esi_dues: No evidence
visible f i Im of oi 1 ,
of grease.


vis -bfe f i Im of oi 1 ,
materials. No globules
of grease.
Floating solids; None
visible f i Im of Oi 1 ,
materials. No globules

toati nq sol ids: None
of n"ur,rori9in""ol
gasol ine or related
materials. No globules
of grease.
rr-i'"
materials. No globules
of grease.




cfsTlFmater'ialtcrpt
gasol i ne or related
materials. No globules
of grease.

of natural origin. No
visible f ! 1m of oil,
gasol ine or related
materials. No globules
of grease,
TOXIC a
DELETERIOUS
SUBSTANCES
except:
upper 1 imi t of 0.2 mg/l .
upper 1 imi t of 0.05 <"g/l .
defined under A-8.
or"ay betL°"nj ur ious to


limited to concentrations
±
4
	 _i
Limited to concentrations 1


r^-^rLr
ppl i cat i on factors may be
sed in specific cases when
ustified on the basis of
gency.


hall be less than those
njurious to the designated
se .


-------
                                                                    For the Great Lakes and connecting i
                                                                       el fare;   or wh ich
                                                                    waters;  or which are or may become  injurious to the value or utility of i




                                                                    or aquatic life or the growth or propagation thereof.
lUALITY       STANDARDS
TOTAL
DISSOLVED
SOLIDS
(mg/l)
FOR GREAT LAKES & CON-
cxcecd 200.
10.
a monthly average, nor
exceed 750 at any time.
Chlorides: The monthly
average shall not exceed
125-

125.


i nj ur ious to the
des i gnated use.

	

des i gnated use.


beeves available on



h 700 d' 1 d
minerals. Maximum
percentage of sodium
formula (Na x 100)
lents per 1 iter.


which are or may become
in^M^us to the
d^^^Kd use.
w
7
NUTRIENTS
Phosphorus, ammonia.

from industrial ,
1 Jmi ted to the extent
may become injurious to

fr«, industrial. ^
growths of al gae , weeds
may become injurious to
frim industrial, *
limited to the extent
the st imulat ion of
growths of algae, weeds
may become injurious to
the des i gnated use.

limited to th. ..ten,
the stimulation of
growths of algae, weeds
and slimes which are or
the desi gnated use.

the stimulation of
and slimes which are or
may become injurious to
the desi gnated use.

from industrial ,
nunicipal, or domestic

NQ-3 concentrations shall
conform to USPHS Drinking

municipal, or domestic
animal sources shal 1 be
imi ted to the extent
timulation of growths of
Igae, weeds and slimes
which are or may become
njurious to the desig-
ated use.
8
TASTE a ODOR
PRODUCING
SUBSTANCES

may become injurious to
0.002 mg/l - maximum
sample.




stances of unnatural




k-y become injurious to



f i sh or game.



stances of unnatural
origin shal 1 be less



origin shal 1 be less
may become injurious to

* 9
TEMPERATURE*
(°F)




not be increased by more than ,0=F.


90°F maximum







Ambient increase limit
water spe its ""•
Intoleran 32° to 35° 15°
fish - wa m ^ ^ o
water spec.es to ^
Tolerant fish- J2° to Sgo 15°
warm water
species 60° to nat' 10° 87°





not be increased b, more than I OOF .


10
HYDROGEN
ION
(pH)
as a resul t of


range 6.5-8.8 wi th a


range 6.5-8.8 wi th a
wl thin ihi s range.






6.5 and 8.8 with a
range. Changes in
the pH of natural
values must be toward
neutrality (7.O.).

sources.



range 6.5-8.8 wi th a
variation of 0.5 uni t
wi thin this range.

II
RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS

Stront ium-90) . 1 f thi s
limi t is exceeded the
speci fie radionucl i des
present must be identified
by complete analysis in
tion of nucl i des wi 1 1 not
produce exposures above
Radiation Counci 1 .
lished when information


lished when information












Stronti um-90) . If this
limit is exceeded the
fact that the concentra-
tion of nuclides will not
produce exposures above
established by the Federal
1 ished when information
deleterious effects.

-------
                                 DESIGNATED USE AREAS


      The water  quality  standards  for  the designated use areas shall not apply
 during  periods  of  authorized dredging for navigation purposes and during such
 periods of  time when  the after-effects of dredging degrade water quality in areas
 affected by dredging.   (Water quality standardsfor the designated use area  shall
 apply in areas  affected by tne disposal  of spoil  from dredging operations).

      Where  the  waters are classified under more than one designated water use,
 it  is intended  that the most restrictive individual standard of the designated
 water uses shall be adhered to.

      In areas adjacent  to outfalls, standards for the designated water use  or
 uses  shall apply after admixture of waste effluents with the public waters  but in
 no  instance shall  the mixing zone act as a barrier to fish migration or interfere
 unreasonably with  the designated water use or uses for the area.  The Water
 Resources Commission must have discretion in determining the extent of the  mixing
 zone.   In genera], the Water Resources Commission encourages the use of outfall
 structures which minimize the extent of the mixing zone.
     Based on  their existing uses and reasonable future uses the waters of the
 St.  Clair River,  Lake St. Clair, Detroit River and Lake Erie will be protected
 as described below.

     1.  All the  above named waters will be protected for Water Supply—Domestic.
         except that portion of the Detroit River from Point Hennepin to the mouth.
         The individual parameters shall be measured at the point of water
         wi thdrawal.

     2.  All the above named waters will be protected for Water Supply—Industrial.
         The individual parameters shall be measured at the point of water
         wi thdrawal.

     3.  All the above named waters, except at the mouths of tributaries,  in the
         immediate vicinity of enclosed harbor areas and in the immediate  vicinity
         of waste water treatment  plant outfalls  will be protected for
         Recreation—Total Body Contact; except for conditions  relating  to
         natural causes.

     k.  All the above named waters will be protected for Fi sh, WiIdlife and
         Other Aquatic Life—Warm Water Sport Fish.

     5.  All the above named waters will be protected for Commercial Navigation
         in the designated navigation channels as maintained by the U. S.  Corps
         of Engineers.

     Based on their existing uses  and reasonable  future uses the Michigan  waters
of the Maumee River basin will  be  protected as described below.

     1.  All the above named waters will be protected for Recreation—Total
         Body Contact,  except for  conditions relating to natural  causes.

     2.  All the above named waters will be protected for Fish. WiIdl i fe and
         Other Aquatic Life—Warm  Water Sport Fish.

     3.  All the above named waters will be protected for Agricultural  Uses.
-------
DETROIT  RIVER
        a
   LAKE  ERIE
DESIGNATED USE AREAS
 PARTIAL BODY CONTACT AREAS
-------
                   SUMMARY OF  PROGRAM TO CONTROL AND ABATE  POLLUTION
      The Michigan  Water 'Resources Commission, under  the present water pollution
control law  (Act 245,  Public Acts of  1929, as amended), has the authority to
protect and  conserve the water resources of  the state and the Great Lakes, the
power to make  rules and regulations governing the same, and the power to prohibit
the  pollution  of any waters of the state and Great Lakes.

      Section 6 (B) of  Act  245, Public ,Acts of 1929,  as amended, makes the discharge
of any raw sewage  of human origin, directly  or  indirectly into any waters of the
state, prima facie evidence of a violation of Section 6 (A) of the act unless said
discharge shall have been  permitted by an order, rule or regulation of the Commission.

      It is the Commission's intent that the  identified industrial waste problems be
abated no later than June  1, 1970.  Opportunity has  been provided for the establishment
of voluntary programs  but  if such programs have not  been established by June 1, 1968,
statutory proceedings  will be initiated.

      The  existing  municipal  wastewater  treatment  plants  in  the  basin  have been
 listed in  a  preceding  section.   The  surveillance  program  previously described
 will be  implemented  to the extent  necessary  to  identify  any existing  inadequacies
 of treatment of dry  weather  flows  by  March  1,  1968.   In  those areas where
 noncompliance  with the standards is  determined  to exist  either  by direct-
 discharge  or by discharge  to tributaries which  in turn flow to  Lake Huron,
 a program  will be  established which  will require, no later  than June  1, 1972,
 treatment  facilities adequate for  meeting established water quality standards.
 Secondary  treatment  will be required  as a minimum at all municipal wastewater
 treatment  plants to meet the adopted  water quality standards unless it can be
 demonstrated that  a  lesser degree  of  treatment  or control will  provide for water
iquality enhancement  commensurate with present and proposed  future water uses.
Exception to the requirement for at  least secondary  treatment must be justified
to the satisfaction of the Michigan  Water Resources  Commission  and the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration.  Year-round  disinfection of all final
effluents from sewage  treatment  plants is required.   Industrial waste effluents
will be required to meet the same  effluent standards as municipal waste effluents.
In those instances where in the  opinion of the  Commission it appears that a proposed
voluntary program  will not be successful or  may not  be accomplished within a reasonable
period of time, statutory  procedures  will be initiated.  Final Orders adopted by the
Commission contain specific dates  for approval  of completed construction plans and
specifications, awarding of construction contracts and commencing of construction,
and  the completion of  construction and attainment of abatement.  A typical time
schedule requires  the  completion of construction plans within 12 months from the
date of adoption of the Order, contract awards  and construction start within 24
months, and  construction completion and abatement within 36 to 42 months.  The
Commission is  pursuing a program to secure abatement of presently identified
discharges of  raw  sewage of human origin to  public waters of the state no later
than June 1, 1972  subject to conditions which are not within the control of the
Commission.
-------
     It is the Commission's intent that new sewerage systems shall be developed on
        s of separate sewers for storm water and sanitary waste waters.  When it is
feasible, separated sanitary waste water systems shall not be discharged into existing
combined systems.  If such a discharge does occur, control facilities must be developed
on the combined system so as to provide for water quality enhancement of the receiving
waters commensurate with present and proposed future water uses and consistent with
the requirements of the Water Resources Commission statute.  The problems associated
with the overflows of combined storm and sanitary waste waters from existing combined
sewerage systems to public waters will be assessed as a part of the surveillance
program identified in this report.  In those areas where noncompliance with the
standards is determined to exist as the result of overflows of sanitary waste water
in storm runoff, a program will be established which will require, no later than
June 1, 1977, the best practicable treatment or control.

     It is the Commission's intent to require that nutrients in public waters,
particularly with respect to phosphates, traceable to industrial or municipal waste
sources be controlled.  Persons proposing to make a new or increased use of waters
of the state for waste disposal purposes will be required to utilize such technology
and processes which are known.  The long-term objective is to require that phosphates
traceable to all industrial or municipal waste sources be controlled on or before
June 1, 1977.

     Soil Conservation Districts have been organized in every county within the basin.
One of their primary objectives is to reduce land erosion.  The State Soil Conservation
Committee, the agency which provides leadership for the district programs, is a member
of the Department of Agriculture.  The Director of the Department of Agriculture is a
mei^^p of the Water Resources Commission thus providing for the coordination of mutual
ob^Ptives.

     The Water Resources Commission has been directed by Governor Romney to develop
rules and regulations, under the authority of Act 245, Public Acts of 1929, as amended,
for control of the discharge of. sanitary waste from recreational watercraft.  The rules
and regulations will be developed in cooperation and consultation with the Department
of Public Health, the Waterways Commission, and other affected state agencies.  They
will be consistent with the Commission's statutory objectives of pollution control.
Such rules and regulations should be adopted no later than June 1, 1968 and implemented
no later than June 1, 1970, subject to such information as may be forthcoming at public
hearings prior to the adoption of the rules and regulations and subject to budgetary
requirements for enforcement.

     In addition to the actions concerning existing problems, it is the Commission's
intent to prevent future problems by continued implementation of Section 8 (B) of
Act 245, Public Acts of 1929,  as amended.   This section reads as follows:

     "Any person requiring a new or substantial increase over and above
     the present use now made  of the waters of the state for sewage or
     waste disposal purposes shall file with the commission a written
     statement setting forth the nature of the enterprise or development
     contemplated, the amount  of water required to be used, its source,
     the proposed point of discharge of the wastes into the waters of the
     state,  the estimated amount so to be discharged, and a fair statement
     getting forth the expected bacterial, physical, chemical and other
       own characteristics of the wastes.   Within 60'" days of receipt of
-------
     the statement, the commission shall make an order stating such
     minimum restrictions as in the judgment of the commission may be
     necessary to guard adequately against such unlawful uses of the
     waters of the state as are set forth in section 6.   If the order
     is not acceptable to the user, he may request a hearing on the
     matter involved, following which the commission's final order of
     determination in this connection shall be conclusive unless reviewed
     in accordance with the provisions of the administrative procedures
     of Act No. 197 of the Public Acts of 1952, as amended, being sections
     24.101 to 24.110 of the Compiled Laws of 1948, or any amendment thereto,
     in the circuit court of the county of Ingham, or for the county in which
     the user resides, or for the county in which the use is contemplated,
     upon petition therefor, filed'within 15 days after service upon said
     user of the final order of determination."

     Water treatment plant filter backwash discharges will be controlled under either
Section 7 or Section 8 (B) of Act 245, P. A. 1929, as amended.   A typical time schedule
for correction of an existing problem under Section 7 would call for construction  plans
within 8 months from the date of the adoption of the Final Order, contract awards  and
construction start within 14 months, and construction completion and abatement within
24 months.   Solids removal will be required as a minimum unless it can be demonstrated
that a lesser degree of treatment or control will provide for water quality enhancement
commensurate with proposed present and future water uses.

     The criteria and plan of implementation are consistent with the recommendations
of all Federal enforcement conferences to which the State has been a party.

     The Commission has as an objective the following:

          "Waters in which the  existing quality is better than the
          established standards on the date when such standards become
          effective will not be lowered in quality by action of the Water
          Resources Commission  unless  and until it has  been affirmatively
          demonstrated to the Michigan Water Resources  Commission and the
          Department of the  Interior that the change in  quality will not
         become  injurious to the public health, safety, or welfare, or
         become  injurious to domestic,  commercial, industrial, agricultural,
         recreational or other uses which are being made of such waters, or
         become  injurious to the value  or utility of riparian  lands; or
         become  injurious to livestock, wild animals,  birds, fish, aquatic
         life  or plants,  or the growth  or propagation  thereof  be prevented
         or injuriously affected;  or  whereby the  value  of fish and game may
         be destroyed or impaired,  and  that such  lowering in quality will
         not be  unreasonable and against public interest in view of the
         existing conditions in any interstate  waters of Michigan.

         "Water  which does  not meet the standards will  be improved to
         meet  the standards."
-------
             APPENDIX C




WATERCRAFT POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
-------
                           DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION

                           WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION

                           POLLUTION FROM  WATERCRAFT

              Filed with Secretary of State,

 (By authority conferred on the water resources  commission  by  sections 2 and
 5 of Act No.  2^5 of the Public Acts of  1929,  as  amended, being  sections
 323.2 and 323.5 of the Compiled Laws of 19^8.)

 R 323.501.   Defini tions.

      Rule 501.   (1)  "Act" means Act No. 2*+5  of  the  Public Acts of  1929, as
 amended, being  sections 323 •'  to 323- '2a of the  Compiled Laws of  19^8, and
 the act  which these rules  implement.

      (2)  "Commission" means  the Water  Resources  Commission of  the  Department
 of  Conservation.

      (3)  "Litter"  means bottles,  glass,  crockery, cans, scrap metal, junk,
 paper, plastic,  garbage, rubbish or similar refuse discarded as no  longer
 useful or usable.

      (k)   "Marine  toilet"  means  a  toilet  on or  in a watercraft.

      (5)   "NonpoI 1utiona1" means  incapable of causing unlawful pollution as
 defined  in section  6 of  the act,  as  amended.

      (6)   "Sewage"  means human  body wastes, treated or untreated.

      (7)   "Watercraft"  means a  contrivance used or capable of being used
 for  navigation upon water  whether or not  capable of self-propulsion, except
 a passenger or cargo-carrying vessel  including those subject to the Inter-
 state Quarantine Regulations of  the United States Public Health Service
 adopted  pursuant to sections 2k\ , 2^3,  252 and 262 to 272 of Title k2 of the
 United States Code.

 R 323.502.  Sewage; use of pollution control devices and disposal  facilities.

     Rule 502.   (1)  No person  shall operate a marine toilet on a  watercraft
on the waters of this state so as to discharge sewage into such waters unless
 the sewage has been rendered nonpollutiona1 by passage through a device
approved by the commission.

     (2)   No person owning or operating a watercraft having a marine toilet
 shall use or permit the use of such toilet on  the waters of this state unless
 the toilet is equipped with 1 of the following pollution control devices:
-------
      (a)  A holding  tank which will retain all sewage produced on the
watercraf t .

      (b)  An  incinerating device which will reduce to ash all sewage
produced on the watercraft.

      (c)  A device determined by the commission to be capable of rendering
the sewage discharges nonpol 1 ut i ona 1  in accordance with the requirements
of the act.

      (3)  No  person  shall dispose of  sewage accumulated in a holding tank
or any other  container on a watercraft in such manner that the sewage
reaches or may reach the waters of this state except through a sewage dis-
posal facility approved by the state  Department of Public Health or its
designated representative.

R 323.503.  Watercraft registration;  marine toilet information.

     Rule 503.  An applicant for  a certificate of number for a watercraft
  irsuant to section  33 of Act  No. 303 of  the Public Acts of 1967, being
Pection 281.1033 of  the Compiled  Laws of  19^8, shall  disclose at such time
to the commission whether the  watercraft  has in or on it a marine toilet,
and if so, whether the toilet  is  equipped with a  pollution control  device
as required by these rules.  The  commission may request the secretary of
state to provide it with the name of  an applicant whose application indicates
the absence of such pollution  control  device on a marine toilet.

R 323.504.  Litter disposal.

     Rule 504.  Disposal  of litter is subject  to  the provisions  of  Act No.
106 of the Public Acts of 1963, as amended, being sections 752.901  to
752.906 of the Compiled Laws of
R 323.509.  Effective date.

     Rule 509.  These rules  are effective January 1,  1970.
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 2



 3



 4



 5




 6




 7



 8




 9



10
                                                            201

                          Ralph Purdy



      further set down the effluent restrictions and treatment



      facility construction time schedules required to achieve



      the desired water quality goals.   Finally, the reports



      described the water quality surveillance and effluent


      monitoring programs that have been established by the


      Michigan Water Resources Commission.



                This report will review the compliance status


      of the previously approved abatement programs and time


      schedules and will present information on recent pollution



      control activities affecting water quality in Michigan
_..     waters of Lake  Erie.

11  i

                Industrial  and  Municipal Compliance  Status



   ,             Appendix A  summarizes the performance  status  of
13  i


      the 25 industrial plants  and  11 municipal  governmental
14



15 ii
      units having stipulations with the Water Resources  Commis-


      sion to control  the  polluting  content  of their waste  dis-



   !   charges to the Detroit  River and  Lake  Erie.  In  three
i? !;

   I   cases out  of eleven,  municipal performance  schedules  have


      been modified to accommodate expanded  waste  control


      projects,  and four industrial  schedules  have been modified


      to allow for unforeseen construction delays.  The four


      paper mills in the Monroe area have decided  to join the



      metropolitan waste treatment system and  their compliance


      dates are  now considered to be the same  as  for the  city



      of Monroe.   Even under  the revised performance schedules,



      all municipalities and  industries are  scheduled  to  have
25 i
-------
                                                               202


                            Ralph Purdy



       treatment facilities in  operation by December  1, 1970.   S\

  2

       industries have waste control facilities in  operation and

  3

       are meeting the stipulated effluent restrictions.  One



       municipality and three industrial plants have  not met



  5    the provisions of recent performance dates and each will



  6    be reviewed by the Water Resources Commission  at an early



  7    date.



  8              Water Quality Standards



  9         ,     Since the 1967 reconvened conference, Michigan



 10    has adopted water quality standards for all interstate



 11    waters, including Michigan   waters of Lake Erie, along



 12    with designated use areas and a plan of implementation.



 13    The standards, use areas and plan of implementation have



 14    been approved by the Secretary of the Interior with the



 15     single  exception of a part of the temperature standards.



 , _     This program data is detailed in Appendix B.   Michigan is
 JLb


       also proceeding with a program to develop comparable



       water quality standards.   I  might add that  this program
 18


 lg     will be completed on January 1,  1969.



                Watercraft Pollution Control
 t£\J


                The Water Resources Commission was  directed by
 «^ J.


       Governor Romney to develop rules  and  regulations for the
 
-------
                                                       203
                    Ralph Purdy
 other affected S;tate agencies; and in consultation with
 neighboring  States and the Province of Ontario.  The rule
 is designed  for application to all watercraft equipped with
 a marine toilet, with the exception of passenger or cargo-
 carrying vessels subject to the Interstate Quarantine
 Regulations  of the United States Public Health Service.
 The rule requires that after January 1, 1970, all water-
 craft having a marine toilet must be provided with either
 a holding tank, a sewage incincerator or a device which
 has been determined by the Commission to be capable of
 rendering the sewage discharges non-pollutional.  (See
 Appendix C.)
          Water Quality Surveillance of the Michigan Waters
 of Lake Erie and Its Tributaries
          The water quality surveillance program estab-
 lished by Michigan was described in detail to the
 conferees at Buffalo in 1967.  The sampling and testing
 of the Detroit River and Lake Erie at 63 locations is
 continuing and the data obtained during 1966 and 1967
 have been tabulated in Appendix D.  Similar data for the
 75 municipal and industrial waste discharges along the
 Detroit, Rouge, Huron and Raisin Rivers is shown in
Appendix E.
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                                                              204
  1


  2


  3


  4


  5


  6


  7


  8


  9


 10


 11

                             APPENDIX A
 12

            INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL PERFORMANCE STATUS
 13


 14


 15


 16


 17


 18


 19


 20


 21


 22


 23


 24


25
-------
                                    DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE  ERIE GOVI
                                                                     AL UNIT STIPULATION DATES FOR COMPLIANCE
Unit
                            Preliminary       Approval  of
                            Engineering       Construction
                          Study and Basis       Plans  and             Complete
                             of Design	Specifications	Construction
                                                                                                             Comments
 erl in Township
                           May 1,  1967
                                               May
                                                      1968
                        May  I,  1969
                                                                                         Preliminary design and report completed.  Township has
                                                                                         notified the Commission that it has been unable to
                                                                                         proceed with final plans due to financing problems.
                                                                                         Commission will  review problem at an early date.
                           May 1 ,  1967
Frenchtown Township
Monroe Township
Grosse Ile Township

Wayne County

City of Detroit
Village of Estral  Beach    May i, 1967
  (May I,  1968)"       (May  I,  1969)
November -30, 1968    December  I,  1970
May
Apr! 1
Apri 1
Apr! 1
1, 1967
1, 1967
1, 1967
1, 1967
(May 1 ,
November 1
November 1
November 1
November 1
1968)
, 1968
, 1968
, 1968
, 1968
(Hay 1 ,
Hay 1 ,
November 1
November 1
November 1
1969)
1970
, 1970
, 1970
, 1970
City of Luna Pier

City of Monroe
City of Riverview

City of Trenton
                           May  I,  1967

                           May  I,  1967
                          ApriI  I,  1967

                          April  I,  1968
                                               May  1,  1968
                                                                    May  1,  1969
   May I, 1968

  (May I, 1968)
November I,  1968
November I, 1968

November I, 1969
   May I,  1969

  (May I,  1969)
December  I,  1970
November I,  1970

November I,  1970
                         Township  has  joined  the  Monroe  metropolitan system with
                         treatment of  wastes  at the  City plant.   New compliance
                         dates  were recently  approved  due to expanded service
                         area and  coordination with  the  metropolitan treatment
                         plant  improvement  construction  schedule.

                         Township  has  joined  the  Monroe  metropolitan system with
                         treatment of  wastes  at the  City plant.   New compliance
                         dates  were recently  approved  due to expanded service
                         area and  coordination with  the  metropolitan treatment
                         plant  improvement  construction  schedule.

                         Preliminary plans  approved.   In compliance.

                         Pre Ii mi nary pIans  approved .   In compIi anee.

                         City was  also to submit  a  report on combined sewer
                         overflow  control by  April  I,  1968.   The report has been
                         received  and  approved.   City  is in  compliance.
                                                                                                                             that complete
                                                                                                                             •mation studies by
Final plans approved.  In compliance.

Contractual agreements have been reached with the three
Monroe area paper companies and two adjoining townships
for joint waste treatment in the City's plant.  Compliance
dates were recently modified due to the expanded scope of
the collection and treatment project.

Preliminary plans approved.  In compliance.

Preliminary plans approved.  In compliance.
                                                                                                                                                                 ro
                                                                                                                                                                 O
"Original  Stipulation dates shown in parentheses with  current compliance dates shown directly below the original.
-------
                                                                                                                                                        206
                                           DETROIT  RIVER-LAKE ERIE INDUSTRY STIPULATION DATES FOR COMPLIANCE
 Industry
                                        Preliminary
                                        Engineering
                                      Study  and  Basis
                                         of  Design
  Approval  of
  Construction
   Plans  and
 Specifications
  Complete
Construction
                                                                                                                              Comments
Ajjjed Chemical Corporaljon

   Semot  Solvay Division,  Delrui
   Solvay Process Division,
     Detroit
                                                               Apr! I  I ,  I9f,h      Apri I  I ,  1967

                                                              November  I ,  l')f,6    Apr! I  I ,  1908
                                           Facilities  in operation.   In compliance.

                                           The  Company  will  cease operations at this location as
                                           of January  I, 1969.   Action on the Company's request
                                           for  this  extension is pending.
American Cemenl Corporation
    'eerless Cement Division,
     Detroit
                                                                M,jy  I ,  I'Jf.r,        . Mny  | ,  1967
                                           Facilities  in  operation.   Monitor sampling shows the
                                           Company  to  be  near  compliance.   Additional studies
                                           are  presently  being undertaken  by the Company.
ConsulJjteted Packaging Corporation

   North Side Plant, Monroe     -     Jjnudry  I,  196V
   South Side Plant, Monroe
                                     Jdnuary  I,  1907
                                                             U.jnu.iry  I ,  !')fjH)    (.J.'inunry  I ,  1969)
                                                             November  I,  1968     December  I,  1070
                                           I ho  (;omp.iny  has  entered  into a contract for secondary
                                           treatment  of  wastes  in the Monroe municipal  metro-
                                           politan  treatment  plant.   Compliance dates are now
                                           duemed  to  be  the same  as  for the City of  Monroe.

                                           The  Company  has  entered  into a contract for secondary
                                           treatment  of  wastes  in the Monroe municipal  metro-
                                           politan  treatment  plant.   Compliance dates are now
                                           deemed  to  be  the same  as  for the City of  Monroe.
Darl ing and Company, Melvindalc
                                                            Novomhor  I ,  I'Jhh    (November  I ,  I9(,;)
                                                                                                        Considerable  waste reduction has been accomplished
                                                                                                        through  in-plant  changes.   A program of  equipment
                                                                                                        conversion  is now underway  which,  when complete,  will
                                                                                                        produce  an  effIuent'much  better than required under
                                                                                                        the  Stipulation.   Construction  of  an interim aerated
                                                                                                        Innoun  is also  underway which will  provide near
                                                                                                        compliance  by June I96H,   A final  compliance date
                                                                                                        modification  was  granted  by the Commission in
                                                                                                        Iobruary IQ68 to  facilitate the plant conversion
E._ J .  duPonl deNemours
   and Compjny, Inc.
   Industrial and Biochemical
      Division, Ecorse
                    Apr i I  I ,  I 967         F'aci I i t i es  in opera t ion .   Part ia I  comp I iance
                                          established.  Operations  at  this  location  will  cease
                                          on July 31,  1968.
Firestone Tire and Rubber
   Company
   Firestone Steel Products
      Division, Riverview
                                                             November  I ,  I (k,6   November  I ,  I9h7
                                          The Company has entered  into  a  contract  for  the
                                          hauling away and disposition  of  all  the  spent  pickle
                                          liquor and no  longer discharges  this  material  to the
                                          Detroit River.
Ford Motor Company

   Monroe Plant
   Rouge Plant.
      other than iron and suspended solids
December I, I 9dd     (* i'4 months).
                   lebruary 15, 1969
October I, l<)6<>      ( + 17 months)
                    J.iiui.ii y I ,  l'Ji.'i
                                                                                  (+24 months)
                                                                                 Apr i I  ?1,  i'-Ji.'J
                                                                                                       Construction  plans were  submitted  timely  and  approved
                                                                                                       February  15,  1967  I hereby  cstab I i'sh i ng  the  f i rm,
                                                                                                       construction  completion  date  shown.
                                                                                                       - ,'iibt rue I ion  p Kins  have  been  rip proved .   Add i tiona I
                                                                                                       nine  months construction  time was  granted  due  to
                                                                                                       rh.innes  in the  scope of  the construction project for
                                                                                                       phenoI 1reatment.   Oil cont rnI fac i I i t ies  are  Sub-
                                                                                                       stant i 3 I Iy complete except for construct!on  of
                                                                                                       holdinq  ponds  that  require coordination  with U.S.
                                                                                                       I'nrpt of Lnnineers, Rouge River  improvement  project,
                                                                                                       .in,i ,in extension of time  hos  been  requested  to
                                                                                                       A l.>i'.»r  I , 1969.
                                              iTsion to hydrochloric acid steel  pickling  lit
                                               jll spent pickle  liquor  returned  to  supplier
                                              xpodod to eliminate .ill  such  discharges  fro
                                                                                                                                                         ies
                                                                                                                                                 ,il

      suspended sol ids
                                                              March I, 1967
                                                                                  (+27 months)
                                                                                 June i, 1969
                                                                                                       Plans received and approved  timely.
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                                                                                                                                               207
Great Lakes Steel Corporation

       Hot Strip Mill, Ecorse

      el Rolling Mill, Ecorse
      other than ocld and Iron

      other than acid and Iron,
      No. 3 slabbing ml 11

      acid and iron


   Blast Furnace, River Rouge
                                   April  I,  1967
November 1, 1966     April  1,  1968


November I, 1966     April  I,  1968

October I,  1967     October I,  1968


December I, 1967     April  I,  1969


November I, 1966     April  I,  1968
                                                                                                   Facilities In operation and incompliance.


                                                                                                   Facilities in operation and in compliance.

                                                                                                   Plans approved, facilities under construction.
                                                                                                   Construction plans were submitted and approved
                                                                                                   timely.

                                                                                                   Partial compliance obtained.   Oil and suspended
                                                                                                   solids still exceed limits in some outlets.
                                                                                                   Additional  Improvements being made by Company which
                                                                                                   are expected to result in compliance.
Mclouth Steel Corporation. Trenton


Mob 11 011  Compjinv, Trenton
                                                         November  I,  1966     April I, 1968


                                                         November  I,  1966    November I, 1967
                                                                                                      Facilities In operation and in compliance.
                                                                                                      Facilities in operation.  Company is slightly In
                                                                                                      excess of oil concentration limits and has plans for
                                                                                                      additional treatment lagoons.
Monsanto Company

   Trenton Plant
                                     November I,  1967
                                                              August  I,  1968     November  I,  1969
                                                                                                      Plans have been approved, construction has been
                                                                                                      completed and facilities are in operation.
   Trenton Resins Plant
                                    (November I,  1966)
                                    September I,  1967
                                                           (April  I,  1967)    (April I, 1968)
                                                         December  I,  1967   September I, 1968
                                          Compliance dates were  revised to allow  for additional
                                          plant  studies.  Plans  have been submitted and
                                          approved  timely.  Construction underway.
PennsaI t ChemIca I s CorporalJ_o_n_

   East Plant,  Wyandotte

   West Plant,  Rivervlew
                                                         November  I,  1966     April I, 1968

                                                         November  I,  1966     April I, 1968
                                                                                                   In compliance.
                                                                                                      Not in compliance.  Commission will review the
                                                                                                      problem at an early date.
 :evere Copper and Brass. Inc.
   Detroit
                                                             November  I,  1966    November  I,  1967
                                                                                                   Facilities have been  Installed.   Compliance  not
                                                                                                   fully established.  Commission will  review the
                                                                                                   problem at an early date.
   Paper Company.  Detroit
for BOD
    I
for sol Ids
                                     January I,  1968
                                                              January  I,  1969     January  I,  1970
                                                                May  I,  1967         (May  I,  1968)
                                                                                 August  19,  1968
                                                                                                      Preliminary plans received and approved timely.

                                                                                                      Facilities under construction.
Time Container: Corporation

   Monroe Paper Products
      Division
                                  January  I,  1967
                                                          (January  I,  1968)   (January I, 1969)
                                                          November  I,  1968    December t, 1970
                                          The Company has entered  into a contract  for secondary
                                          treatment of wastes  In the Monroe municipal
                                          metropolitan treatment plant.  Compliance dates are
                                          now deemed to  be  the same as for the City of Monroe.
Union Camp Corporation. Monroe       January I,  1967
                                                             (January  I,  1968)    (January  t,  1969)
                                                             November  I,  1968     December  I,  1970
                                                                                                   The Company has entered into a contract for secondary
                                                                                                   treatment of wastes In the Monroe municipal
                                                                                                   metropolitan treatment plant.  Compliance dales are
                                                                                                   now deemed to be the same as for the City of Monroe.
Wyandotte ChemIcaIs Corporal1 gn

   North Works,  Wyandotte
   South Works, Wyandotte
                                                             November  I,  1966     April  I,  1968
                                                             November  f,  1966     April  I,  1968
                                                                                                   Additional  time Is being requested to complete
                                                                                                   certain construction items on three of its eight
                                                                                                   waste outfalls to Insure compliance with the
                                                                                                   suspended solids limitation.  A conference has been
                                                                                                   scheduled for the May 28-29, 1968 Commission meeting
                                                                                                   to discuss the Company's proposal.

                                                                                                   Additional  time is being requested to complete
                                                                                                   certain construction items on three of its eight
                                                                                                   waste outfalls to insure compliance with the
                                                                                                   suspended solids limitation.  A conference has been
                                                                                                   scheduled for the May 28-29, 1968 Commission meeting
                                                                                                   to discuss the Company's proposal.
"Original Stipulation dates shown In parentheses with  current  compliance  dates  shown directly below the original.
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 1

 2

 3

 4

 5

 6

 7

 8

 9

10
                              APPENDIX B
12 M
   "It                      WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
13
                                  FOR
14
                            MICHIGAN WATERS
15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25
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         MICHIGAN'S  INTERSTATE  WATERS
                                                     209

  INTERSTATE RIVER BASINS    .




MICHIGAN WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION;
                         S*M$$gS
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COMMISSION OBJECTIVE:
     WATMS IN WHICH THE-EXISTING QUALITY IS BETTER THAN THE ESTABLISHED  STANDARDS  ON  THE  DATE WHEN SUCH STANDARDS
BECOME ELECTIVE HILL NOT BE LOWERED IN QUALITY BY ACTION OF THE HATER  RESOURCES  COMMISSION UNLESS AND UNTIL  IT HAS
BEEN AFFIRi-Y.TIVELY DEMONSTRATED TO THE MICHIGAN HATER RESOURCES  COMMISSION  AND  THE  DEPARTMENT OF THE  INTERIOR THAT
THE CHANGE I'! QUALITY U1LL NOT BECOME INJURIOUS TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, OR  WELFARE,  OR BECOME INJURIOUS TO
DOMESTIC, tfiMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL, AGRICULTURAL, RECREATIONAL OR  OTHER USES  WHICH  ARE BEING MADE OF SUCH WATERS, OR
BECOME IHJi:-'IOUS TO THE VALUE OR UTILITY OF'RIPARIAN LANDS;  OR BECOME INJURIOUS TO  LIVESTOCK, WILD ANIMALS, BIRDS,
FISH, AQUAIIf. LIFE OR PLANTS, OR THE GROWTH OR PROPAGATION THEREOF  BE PREVENTED OR  INJURIOUSLY AFFECTED- OR WHEREBY
THE VALUE Or  FISH AND GAME MAY BE DESTROYED OR IMPAIRED, AND THAT SUCH  LOWERING IN  QUALITY WILL NOT BE UNREASONABLE
AND AGAINST "UBLIC INTEREST IN VIEH OF THE  EXISTING CONDITIONS IN ANY INTERSTATE  WATERS OF MICHIGAN
     WATER kl!ICH DOES NOT MEET THE STANDARDS HILL  BE IMPROVED TO MEET THE STANDARDS
210
VA 1 i
v/NTR 1 COLIFORM
EV1 1 GROUP
R^V T 1 (organ! sms/l 00ml
^pj ••">
WATER SUPPLY
(1.) DOMESTIC
processing.
(2.) INDUSTRIAL
Such as cool ing
process.
B
RECREATION
(1.) TOTAL BODY
CONTACT
Suchass-i^ing.
diving.
(2.) PARTIAL BODY
CONTACT
Such as f ishing ,
hunting, trapping
and boat ing.
FISH, WILDLIFE
AND OTHER
AQUATIC LIFE

D
AGRICULTURAL
Such as 1 i vestock
watering , irrigation
and spraying.
E
COMMERCIAL

•i.tlr-'illiCtr ' - ^ a
elq^t-ic pov^r.
.. .
|20% of the Samples examined
•exceed 2000.
•For Inland Waters: The monthl
exceed 20,000 in more than 5X
of the samples.
not exceed 5000 nor shall 20/,

not exceed 1 000.

of the samples examined exceec
5,000. The average fecal


not exceed ^000 nor shall 20%
10,000. The average fecal
A, Section 6.




The average of any series of
10,000. The average fecal
coliform density for the same
10 consecutive samples shall

not exceed 5000 nor shall 20%
of the samples examined exceed
10,000. The average fecal
0 consecutive samples shall
not exceed 1000.
2
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
(mg/l)

ireveru nuisance.


prevent nuisance.


ingle value be less than b.
t greater flows the DO shall
e in excess of these values.
ot less than 3 at any time.
revent nuisance.
•3
SUSPENDED ,
COLLOIDAL 8
SETTLEABLE
MATERIALS
No object i enable
des I gnated use.

to interfere wi lh the

No object ionab.e
color, or deposits in
to interfere wi th the
des i gnated use .

designated use.


No objectionable
unnatural turbid! ty ,

olor , or deposi ts in
nterfere with the
es ignated use.
4
RESIDUES
(Debris and material
of unnatural origin
and oi Is)
visible film of oi 1 ,
of grease.
RL"Zs"raio",?^nc.
of natural origin. No
visible film of Oil,
materials. No globules
of grease.
F.oatinqsoiids: Hon.
lesidues : No evidence
of natural ori gin. No
visible f Mm of oil,
gasol ine or related
materials. No globules
Of grease.
tirrt^dence
visible f i )
-------
                                                          Nj/  For the Great Lakes and connecting waters no heat toad in sufficient quantity to   »^ •*













                                                               or aquatic life or the growth or propagation thereof.
ALITY        STANDARDS
TOTAL
DISSOLVED
SOLIDS
(mg/l)
NECTING WATERS:
Total Dissolved Solids:
exceed 200.
Chlorides: The monthly
50. A monthly average
of 10 is a desirable
conditions are less lha
10.
FOR INLAND WATERS:
Total Dissolved Solids;
a monthly average, nor
exceed 750 at any time.
Chlorides: The monthly
125.
a monthly average nor
Chlorides: The monthly
125.

injurious to the


Limited to concenira-
injurious to the
designated use.

becomes available on




minerals. Maximum
percentage of sod i urn
formula (Na x 100)
(Na+Ca+Mg+k)
lents per liter.


which are or may become
injurj^bto the

NUTRIENTS
Phosphorus, ammonia,
ni trates and sugars
from industrial ,
municipal, or domestic
1 imi ted to the extent
treatment processes or
the stimulation of
and slimes which are or
may become injurious to



municipal, or domestic
1 imi led to the extent
the stimulation of
growths of algae, weeds
and slimes which are or
may become i nj ur i ous to
the desi gnated use.

1 imi ted to the extent
the stimulation of
and slimes which are or
may become injurious to
the des i gnated use.
Nutrients originating
1 imi ted to the extent
the stimulat ion of
growths of algae, weeds
and slimes which are or
may become injurious to
the desi gnated use.
municipal, or domestic
1 imi ted to the extent
the stimulation of
and slimes which are or
may become injurious to
the desi gnated use.
rom Industrial ,
unicipal , or domestic
imi ted to the extent
nd slimes which ore or
03 concentrations shall
conform to USPHS Drinking
Water Standards.

unicipal , or domestic
nimal sources shall be
timulation of growths of
Igae, weeds and slimes
hich are or may become
njurious to the desig-
ated use.
8
TASTE 8 ODOR
PRODUCING
SUBSTANCES
ori gin shal 1 be less
may become injurious to
concentration less than
0.002 mg/l - maximum
0.005 mg/t for a 'single
sample.



ori gin shal I1 be less
may become i nj ur ious to

>»"«> °' "«7»
may become i nj ur i ou>> to


Concentrations of Sub-
nay become injurious to
the des. gnated use.
origin shal 1 be less
causing or may cause
fish or game.


stances of unnatural
or! gin shal 1 be less
may become injurious to



origin shall be less
than those which are or
9
TEMPERATURE^
(°F)













90°F maximum


Ambient increase 1 imit
H '-'cold 32° to nat- 10° 70°
wa r species ma*'
fi - warm
6 5P€C "
Tolerant fish- 32° to 59° 15°
species 60° to nat- 10° 87°
Not applicable




not be increased by more than, OOF.

10
HYDROGEN
ION
(PH)
more than 0.5 unit
as a resul t of
unnatural sources.





ma,?™* induced
wi thin this range.

range 6-5-8.8 with a



range 6.5-8.8 wi th a
variation of 0.5 unit

mJimum a£"!c?.H
1.0 uni t wi thin this
range. Changes in
the pH of natural
values must be toward
neutrality (7.O.).
pH shal 1 not have an
sources.



range 6.5-8.8 wi th a

II
RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS
An upper limit of 1000
of alpha emi tters and
Strontium-90) . If this
1 imi t is exceeded the

tion of nucl ides wi 11 not
produce exposures above
the recommended limits
Radi ation Counci 1 .








S;shedrwhen°informat;on
deleterious effects.

becomes available on




An upper 1 imi t of 1000
Strontium-90) . 1 f this
limit is exceeded the
oraerto'.sta.llln1!^"
tion of nuclides will not
produce exposures above
the recommended 1 imi is
Radiation Counci 1 .
lished when information

-------
                                                             212
                        Ralph Purdy

  1              Designated Use Areas

  2              The water quality standards for the designated

  3    use areas shall not apply during periods of authorized

  4    dredging for navigation purposes and during such periods

  5    of time when the after effects of dredging degrade water

  6    quality in areas affected by dredging.  (Water quality

  7    standards for the designated use area shall apply in

  8    areas affected by the disposal of spoil from dredging

  9    operations.)

 10              Where the waters are classified under more than

 H    one designated water use,  it is intended that the most

 12    restrictive individual standard of the designated water

 13    uses shall be adhered to.

 14              In areas  adjacent to outfalls,  standards for

       the designated water use or uses shall apply after
 iO
       admixture of waste  effluents with the  public waters but
 16
       in no instance shall the mixing zone act  as a barrier to

       fish migration or interfere unreasonably  with the desig-
 18
       nated water use or  uses for the area.   The  Water Resources
 19
       Commission must have discretion in determining the extent
 20
       of the mixing zone.   In general,  the Water  Resources
 21
       Commission encourages the use  of outfall  structures which
 22
       minimize  the extent  of the  mixing zone.
 23
                 Based on their existing uses and  reasonable
24
       future uses  the waters of the  St.  Glair River,  Lake St.
25
-------
                                                      213
                     Ralph  Purdy
Glair, Detroit River and Lake Erie will be protected as
described below.
          1*  All the above named waters will be protected
for Water Supply-Domestic, except that portion of the
Detroit River from Point Hennepin to the mouth.  The
individual parameters shall be measured at the point of
water withdrawal.
          2.  All the above named waters will be protected
for Water Supply-Industrial.  The individual parameters
shall be measured at the point of water withdrawal.
          3.  All the above named waters, except at
the mouths of tributaries, in the immediate vicinity
of enclosed harbor areas and in the immediate vicinity
of wastewater treatment plant outfalls will be protected
for Recreation-Total Body Contact; except for conditions
relating to natural causes.
          4.  All the above named waters will be protected
for Fish, Wildlife and Other Aquatic Life-Warm Water
Sport Fish.
          5.  All the above named waters will be protected
for Commercial Navigation in the designated navigation
channels as maintained by the United States Corps of
Engineers.
          Based on their existing uses and reasonable
future uses, the Michigan waters of the Maumee River Basin
-------
                                                             214
                            Ralph  Purdy


       will be protected as described below.


                 1.  All the above named waters will be protected


  3    for Recreation-Total Body Contact, except for conditions


  4    relating to natural causes.


  5              2.  All the above named waters will be protected


  6    for Fish, Wildlife and Other Aquatic Life-Warm Water


  7    Sport Fish.


  8              3»  All the above named waters will be protected


  9    for Agricultural Uses,


 10              Summary of Program to Control and Abate


 1:L    Pollution


 12              The Michigan  Water Resources Commission,  under


 13    the present water pollution control law (Act 245$ Public


       Acts of 1929, as amended),  has the authority to protect


       and conserve the water  resources  of the State and the
 J.O

       Great Lakes, the power  to make rules and regulations
 16

       governing the same,  and the power to prohibit the pollution
 17

       of any waters of the State  and Great Lakes.
 18
                 Section 6  (B)  of  Act 245,  Public  Acts of  1929,
 19

       as amended,  makes the discharge of any raw  sewage of
 20
       human origin, directly  or indirectly into any waters of  the
 21
       State,  prima facie evidence  of a  violation  of Section 6  (A)
 22
       of the  act unless said  discharge  shall have  been permitted
 23
       by an order, rule or regulation of the Commission.

 24
                 It is  the  Commission's  intent that the identified

25
-------
                      215
DETROIT  RIVER
        a
   LAKE  ERIE
DESIGNATED USE AREAS
      LEGEND
 PARTIAL BODY CONTACT AREAS
                     \
-------
                                                             216
                           Ralph Purdy

  1    industrial waste problems be abated no later than June 1,

  2    1970.  Opportunity has been provided for the establishment

  3    of voluntary programs but if such programs have not been

  4    established by June 1, 1963, statutory proceedings will

  5    be initiated.

  6              The existing municipal wastewater treatment

  7    plants in the basin have been listed in a preceding

  8    section.  The surveillance program previously described

  9    will be implemented to the extent necessary to identify

 10    any existing inadequacies of treatment of dry weather

 -Q    flows by March 1, 1966.  In those areas where noncompliance

 12    with the standards is determined to exist either by di

 ..      discharge or by discharge to tributaries which in turn

       flow to Lake Huron,  a program will be established which

       will require, no later than June 1, 1972, treatment
 15
       facilities adequate  for meeting established water quality
 16
       standards.
 17
                 Secondary  treatment will be required as a
 18
       minimum at all municipal wastewater treatment  plants  to
 19
       meet the adopted water quality standards unless it can be
 20
       demonstrated that a  lesser degree  of treatment or control
 21
       will provide for water quality enhancement commensurate
 22
       with present and proposed future water uses.   Exception
 23
       to the  requirement for at least secondary treatment mu
 24
       be justified to the  satisfaction of the  Michigan Water
25
-------
                                                             217

                          Ralph  Purdy



       Resources Commission and the Federal Water Pollution Control

 2
       Administration.  Year-round disinfection of all final

 3
       effluents from sewage treatment  plants is required.  In-


 4     dustrial waste effluents will be required to meet the same


 5     effluent standards as municipal  waste effluents.  In


 6     those instances where in the opinion of the Commission


 7     it appears that a proposed voluntary program will not


 8     be successful or may  not be accomplished within a reason-


 9     able period of time,  statutory procedures will be


10     initiated.


11               Final Orders adopted by the Commission contain


1^    specific dates for approval of completed construction


13JI    plans and specifications,  awarding of construction con-


14     tracts and commencing of construction,  and the completion


15     of construction and attainment of abatement.   A typical


16     time schedule requires the completion of construction


       plans within twelve months from  the  date of adoption of


       the Order, contract awards and construction start within
18              '   '    '

       twenty-four months, and construction completion and
i y

       abatement within thirty-six to forty-two months.   The
20

       Commission is pursuing a program to  secure abatement
-------
                                                             213
                               Ralph Purdy

  1               It is the Commission's intent that new seweragJB

  2     systems shall be developed on the basis of separate sewers

  3     for  storm water and sanitary  wastewaters.  When it is

  4     feasible, separated sanitary wastewater systems shall not

  5     be discharged into existing combined systems.  If such a

  6     discharge does occur, control facilities must be developed

  7     on the combined system so as to provide for water quality

  8     enhancement of the receiving waters commensurate with

  9     present and proposed furutre water uses and consistent

       with the requirements of the Water Resources Commission

       statute.  The problems associated with the overflows of

       combined storm and sanitary  wastewaters from existing
X«d
       combined sewerage  systems to public waters will be  assessed
13
       as a part of the  surveillance program identified in this
14
       report.   In those  areas where noncompliance with the
15
       standards is determined to exist  as the result  of over-
16
       flows of sanitary  wastewater in  storm runoff, a program
17
       will be  established which will require,  no later than
18
       June 1,  1977, the  best  practicable  treatment  or control.
19
                 It is the Commission's  intent to require  that
20
       nutrients  in public waters,  particularly with respect  to
21
       phosphates,  traceable to  industrial  or  municipal waste
22
       sources  be  controlled.  Persons proposing  to make a
23
       new or increased use of waters of the State for waste
24
       disposal purposes will be  required to utilize such tech-
25
      nology and processes which are known.  The long-term
-------
                                                      219
                        Ralph Purdy

objective is to require that phosphates traceable to all

industrial or municipal waste sources be controlled on

or before June 1, 1977.

          Soil Conservation Districts have been organized

in every county within the basin.  One of their primary

objectives is to reduce land erosion.  The State Soil

Conservation .Committee, the agency which provides leader-

ship for the district programs, is a member of the

Department of Agriculture.  The Director of the Department

of Agriculture is a member of the Water Resources Commis-

sion thus providing for the coordination of mutual

objectives.

          The Water Resources Commission has been directed

by Governor Roraney to develop rules and regulations, under

the authority of Act 245, Public Acts of 1929, as amended,

for control of the discharge of sanitary waste from

recreational watercraft.  The rules and regulations will

be developed in cooperation and consultation with the

Department of Public Health, the Waterways Commission,

and other affected state agencies.  They will be consis-

tent with the Commission1s statutory objectives of

pollution control.  Such rules and regulations should be

adopted no later than June 1, 1963 and implemented no

later than June 1, 1970, subject to such information as
 •
may be forthcoming at public hearings prior to the
-------
                                                             220

                           Ralph Purdy


  1    adoption of the rules and regulations and subject to


  2    budgetary requirements for enforcement.


  3              In addition to the actions concerning existing


  4    problems, it is the Commissions intent to prevent future


  5    problems by continued implementation of Section 8 (B) of


  6    Act 245, Public Acts of 1929, as amended.  This section


  7    reads as follows*


  8              "Any person requiring a new or substantial


  9    increase over and above the present use now made of the


 10    waters of the state for sewage or waste disposal purposes


 H    shall file with the Commission a written statement setting


 12    forth the nature of the enterprise or development conte


 ,3    plated, the amount of water required to be used, its


       source, the proposed point of discharge of the wastes


       into the waters of the state, the estimated amount so to
 15

       be discharged,  and a fair statement setting forth the
 16

       expected bacterial, physical, chemical and other known


       characteristics of the wastes.   Within sixty days of
 18

       receipt of the  statement, the Commission shall make an
 19                             *

       order stating such minimum restrictions as in the judgment
 20

       of the Commission may be  necessary to guard adequately
 21

       against such unlawful uses of the waters of the state
 22

       as are set  forth in Section 6.   If the order is not
 23
       acceptable  to the user, he may  request a hearing on the

 24
       matter involved,  following which the  Commission's final

25
-------
                                                       221
                    Ralph Purdy
order of determination in this connection shall be
conclusive unless reviewed in accordance with the
provisions of the administrative procedures of Act No.
197 of the Public Acts of 1952, as amended, being sections
24.101 to 24.110 of the Compiled Laws of 194#, or any
amendment thereto, in the Circuit Court of the County
of Ingham, or for the county in which the user resides,
or for the county in which the use is contemplated, upon
petition therefor, filed within fifteen days after service
upon said user of the final order of determination."
          Water treatment plant filter backwash discharges
will be controlled under either Section 7 or Section 6 (B)
of Act 245, P. A. 1929, as amended.  A typical time schedule
for correction of an existing problem under Section 7
would call for construction plans within eight months
from the date of the adoption of the Final Order, contract
awards and construction start within fourteen months, and
construction completion and abatement within twenty-four
months.  Solids removal will be required as a minimum
unless it can be demonstrated that a lesser degree of
treatment or control will provide for water quality
enhancement commensurate with proposed present and future
water uses*
          The criteria and plan of implementation are
consistent with the recommendations of all Federal
-------
                                                             222

                           Ralph Purdy

       enforcement conferences to which the State has been a

  2    party.

  3              The Commission has as an objective the

  4    following:

  5              "Waters in which the existing quality is better

  6    than the established standards on the date when such

  7    standards become effective will not be lowered in quality

  8    by action of the Water Resources Commission unless and

  9    until it has been affirmatively demonstrated to the

 10    Michigan Water Resources Commission and the Department

 11    of the Interior that the change in quality will not

 12    become injurious to the public health,  safety,  or welfar

 13    or become injurious to domestic, commercial,  industrial,

 14    agricultural,  recreational or other uses which  are being

 15    made of such waters, or become injurious to the value  or

       utility of riparian lands;  or become injurious  to live-

       stock,  wild animals, birds, fish,  aquatic life  or plants,

       or the  growth  or propagation  thereof be prevented or
 18

       injuriously affected;  or whereby the value of fish and
 J. j

       game may be destroyed or impaired,  and  that such lowering
 *£(}

       in quality will  not be unreasonable and against  public
 21
       interest in view of the existing conditions in  any inter-
 22
       state waters of  Michigan.
 23
                 "Water which does not  meet  the  standards will
 24
       be improved to meet the standards."
25 I
-------
                                          223
           APPENDIX C



WATERCRAFT POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
-------
                                                              224

                            Ralph Purdy


  1                  DEPARTMENT  OF CONSERVATION



  2                  WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION


  3                  POLLUTION FROM WATERCRAFT



  4               Filed with the Secretary of State.



                  (By authority conferred on the Water Resources


  6    Commission by Sections 2 and 5 of Act No. 245 of the


  7    Public Acts of 1929> as amended, being Sections 323.2



  8    and 323.5 of the Compiled Laws of 1948.)


  9              R 323.501.  Definitions.


 10              Rule 501.  (1)  "Act? means Act No. 245 of the


 11    Public Acts of 1929, as amended, being Sections 323.1 to


 12    323.12a of the Compiled Laws of 194#, and the act which


 13    these rules implement.


 14              (2)  "Commission" means the Water Resources


 15    Commission of the Department of Conservation.


 16              (3)  "Litter" means bottles, glass, crockery,


 17     cans, scrap metal,  junk, paper, plastic,  garbage, rubbish


 lg     or similar refuse discarded as no longer useful or usable.


 19               (4)  "Marine toilet" means a toilet on or in


 20     a watercraft.


                 (5)  "Nonpollutional" means incapable of causing
 «o X


       unlawful pollution  as defined  in Section  6 of the act,
 ££

       as amended.
23

                 (6)  "Sewage" means  human body  wastes,  treated
24

       or untreated.
25
-------
                                                            225
                           Ralph Purdy
                 (7)  "Watercraft" means a contrivance used or
       capable of being used for navigation upon water whether
       or not capable of self-propulsion, except a passenger or
       cargo-carrying vessel including those subject to the
       Interstate Quarantine Regulations of the United States
       Public Health Service adopted pursuant to Sections 241,
       243, 252 and 262 to 272 of Title 42 of the United States
       Code.
                 R 323,502,  Sewage;  use of pollution control
       devices and disposal facilities.
                 Rule 502.   (1)  No person shall operate a
       marine toilet on a watercraft  on the waters of this state
       so as to discharge sewage into such waters unless the
       sewage has been rendered nonpollutional by passage
       through a device approved by the Commission.
                 (2) No person owning or operating a watercraft
       having a marine toilet  shall use or permit the use of
       such toilet  on the waters of this state unless the
       toilet is equipped with one  of the following pollution
       control devices:
                 (a)  A holding tank  which will retain all sewage
       produced on  the watercraft.
                 (b)  An incinerating device  which will reduce
       to ash all sewage produced on  the watercraft.
24 ;;
                 (c)  A device determined by  the Commission to  be
   11
25
-------
                                                              226


                           Ralph Purdy


       capable of rendering the sewage discharges nonpollutional

  2
       in accordance with the requirements of the act.



                 (3) No person shall dispose of sewage accumulated



       in a holding tank or any other container on a watercraft


  5    in such manner that the sewage reaches or may reach the



  6    waters of this state except through a sewage disposal



  7    facility approved by the State Department of Public Health



  8    or its designated representative.



  9              R 323«503.  Watercraft registration; marine



 10    toilet information.



 11              Rule 503.  An applicant  for a certificate of



 12    number for a watercraft pursuant to Section 33 of Act



 13    No. 303 of the Public Acts of 1967, being Section 2&L.1033


 14    of the Compiled Laws of 1943, shall disclose at such time


 , c    to the Commission whether the watercraft has in or on it
 lo


       a marine toilet, and if so, whether the toilet is equipped
 16


       with a pollution control device as required by these



       rules.  The Commission may request the Secretary of State


       to provide it with the name of an  applicant whose
 J. i/

       application indicates the absence  of such pollution



       control device on a marine toilet.
 21

                 R 323.504.   Litter disposal.
 22

                 Rule  504.   Disposal of  litter is subject to

 23

       the provisions of Act No.  106 of the Public Acts of 1963,

 24

       as amended,  being Sections 752.901 to 752.906 of the

25
-------
                                                            227
                           Ralph Purdy
       Compiled Laws of 1943.
                 R 323.509.  Effective  date.
                 Rule 509.   These rules are effective  January  1,
       1970.
                 In addition to  the  information that we  have shown
       in the way of performance statutes  in Appendix  A, under
       Berlin Township,  the first one noted, under  comments, the
       last sentence states that the Commission will review  the
       problem at an early  date.
                 At the  May 1, 1963  Commission meeting  the
       Water  Resources Commission scheduled a hearing  for this
       matter to  be called  at its June  26-27, 1963  Commission
       meeting.
                 Under the  industries section. Ford Motor
       Company, Rouge  Plant, it  is noted that the company has
       requested  an extension of time to October 1  of  1969 to
       provide additional oil control facilities for its Gate 11
       sewer,  or  Gate  11 discharges.
                 At the  May 23-29, 1963 Commission meeting  this
       extension  of time was granted.   The time was necessary so
       that these facilities can be  constructed on  land that
       will be made available as a part of the Rouge River
       flood  control project.
                 Now,  in the interim period, in the way of
       providing  some  additional protection, the Ford Motor
25
-------
                                                            223
                           Ralph Purdy
  1     Company has on order and it is scheduled for delivery in

  2     July an oil recovery device identical to the one

  3     described by the American Oil Company at the Lake

  4     Michigan Enforcement Conference in Chicago, and this

  5     unit will be placed in operation on the Rouge River to

  6     recover oil that may escape from the treatment facilities

  7     that have now been provided, and will provide additional

  8     protection during this interim period.

  9               Now, under the Monsanto Company,  the Trenton

10     Plant,  we have noted that plans have been approved, and

11     construction has been completed,  and facilities are in

12     operation.

13               I wish to call your attention to  the scheduled

14     construction date,  that  was  November 1, 1969.   The

15     facilities have been placed  in operation some  eighteen

       months  ahead of schedule.   This is a phosphate removal,
16
       and  if  we would look at  this in terms of equivalent

       population from the standpoint of phosphate, this pro-
is
       vides treatment for the  phosphate equivalent  of about
.L */
       one  million people, and  this is in operation today.
«oU
                 Under the Wyandotte  Chemicals Corporation,
<& -L
       the  North Works,  Wyandotte:  South Works,  Wyandotte, we
22
       have noted that the conference was scheduled for the
23
       May  28-29,  1966,  Commission  meeting,  to consider a
24
       request for an extension of  time  to meet  the  solids
25
-------
                                                              229


                          Ralph Purdy


       requirement for three  of its  gate  outlets.


                 The Commission considered this matter  at  its


       meeting,  as noted,  and the  extension was granted for the


       three outlets until January 1 of 1969.


                 Now, under the Interstate Standards and the


       program to control  and abate  pollution, there is only


       one  paragraph that  I would  like to call attention to,


       and  this  is with respect to phosphate removal.   In  the


       final implementation on the Interstate Standards, the


       Commission has stated  it is the Commission's intent to


       require that nutrients in public waters, particularly


       with respect to phosphates  traceable to industrial  or


       municipal  waste sources be  controlled.  Persons  proposing


       to make a  new or increased  use of waters over the state


       for  waste  disposal  purposes will be required to  utilize


       such technology and processes which are known.   The


       long-term  objective is to require that phosphates traceable


       to all industrial and  municipal waste sources be controlled


       on or before June 1, 1977.


                 Now,  in addition to this report, I would like


       to mention three pieces  of legislation that have been


       passed by  the Michigan  legislature in its present session.


       We have had a  state grart program for two years.  This


   I,    has  operated to extend the same sort of program  provided


       by the Federal act; that is, when we have utilized all
25
-------
                                                              230

                           Ralph Purdy



       of  our Federal funds, thirty per  cent  state grants would



  2    be  made to municipalities.



  3              This act has now been amended so that the



  4    state will join in on a twenty-five per cent share of



  5    the cost of the project, and fifty per cent, then, would



  6    be the federal grant, and local government would make



  7    up the other twenty-five per cent.  We now have the



  3    authorizing legislation to participate in that program.



  9              The legislature also passed an act which will



 10    place before the people of the State of Michigan the



 11    question of a bond issue of $335,000,000 to finance



 12    the state1s twenty-five per cent share, and to refinance



 ]_3    some of the fifty per cent Federal share,  and hopefully



 14    during the  period of construction, the Federal Government


 15    will authorize the appropriation or will appropriate money


 ...    that has now been authorized in the Commission act.
 JLb


                The third and last piece of legislation that I



       wish to mention now:   first,  the operation of facilities
 18

       that serve  the public  has been  by a certified operator,
 j. y


       as required by statute,  and mandatory reporting of the
 &\J


       effluent characteristics has been in effect for quite
 £±.


       some time.
 22

                New legislation has been passed  which requires
 23

       the  operation of  industrial  waste water treatment  facilit^

 24

       by an operator certified by  the Water Resources Commission

25
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 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
21


22
                                                      231
                    Ralph Purdy

as to his competency.  It also requires that the industrial

waste discharger must file monthly reports with the

Water Resources Commission which will show the quantity

and quality of the liquid wastes discharged into any public
                                                  i
lake or stream.

          Mr. Chairman, that completes my prepared remarks.
report.
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you for a real excellent
                Before  I throw this  open for questions, I would
       like  to  have,  if I may, page five  of this gray book, where
      we talk  about watercraft pollution control.  That is about

      the  same requirement that we had in Lake Michigan.  I know

      Indiana  agreed with this on Lake Michigan.

                Indiana, is this your policy on Lake Erie,
14

      too.  or  not?
15
                MR. POOLE:  Well, Mr. Chairman, the Indiana
16
      law now  outlaws the discharge of wastes from boats on
17
      Indiana  waters except Lake Michigan, so I think we could
18
      say that the Indiana policy as far as Lake Erie watershed
19
      is    currently there can be no discharge.
20
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  No discharge.
          What this rule says, then, in all watercraft not

subject to Federal control, that a marine toilet has to

be provided with a holding tank, sewage incinerator or

device which has been determined by the Commission — that
-------
                                                               232
                           Ralph Purdy

  1    is the Michigan  Commission  — to be capable  of rendering

  2    sewage discharges — et cetera.  I understand you havenft

  3    certified them as yet.

  4              MR. OEMING:  We are not about to certify any-

  5    thing but a holding tank or incineration device.

  6              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Right.

  7              Now — and I am asking just for clarification —

  8    how do the other States on Lake Erie feel about that kind

  9    of restriction?

 10              MR. LION:   Well, I would say that philosophically

 H    that is a very good requirement.  Frankly, we in Pennsyl-

 12    vania have not adopted any regulations because we are

       being pulled apart by a number of diverse interests.  We

       finally feel that this is an area under which the Federal

       Government should move because boats that are immobile
 15
       are going to create  a lot of problems  by having different
 16
       requirements,  But from a purely technical standpoint, the
 17
       recommendation of the regulation that  Indiana has —
 18
       Michigan has adopted, which is apparently quite  similar to
 19
       that  of the  Department of Ontario,  is  a good  one, and
 20
       we would agree with  that and we hope that everyone would
 21
       go along and we can  close  the gap and  adopt it  ourselves.
 22
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Well, you know you are using
 23
       — we can't  always use  that technique.   Before I  poll
24
       the rest of  them,  you say  this  is an area which the  Federal
25
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                                                              233

                          Ralph Purdy


      Government should approve.  What we are trying to do in


 2    Lake Michigan and Lake Erie, if we can, is get a group


 3    of States to agree to something.  If we get enough States


 4    waiting back to close the gap, we are never going to close


 5    it.  We have gotten uniformity in the four Lake Michigan


 6    States.


 7              Now, my reason for going through this is to
         i

 8    try to see if we are even within striking distance of


 9    trying to get uniformity among the five States on Lake


10    Erie.  If we are, I think we are going to be a lot closer


•      to a national policy on the small boat control.


                Mr. Metzler, how do you feel about this?


13              MR. METZLER:  Well, New York has a law which
   i

      requires that we have all of the boats licensed by, I


      believe it is, next April 1, and we are in the process
JL tD

   I   of final determination by the Conservation Department,
16 j

      which is the agency that will enforce it.  We make the

   |
   i   recommendation.
is

                I think your concept here is a good one.  I am
19

      not prepared to say, at this moment — because it is a
20

      two-agency operation — what we will finally come up
21

      with.
22

   I             CHAIRMAN STEIN:   It seems to me, again, the

 •
   >   basic issue is whether we are going to get a massive
24 j

   l!   chlorinator or a holding tank.  That doesn't say that the

25 !l
-------
                                                             234

                           Ralph Purdy


       legislation, as developed by Michigan, doesnTt have a

  2
       theoretical escape hatch — a device which has been
  3
       determined by the Commission to be capable of rendering

       the sewage discharges nonpollutional.  I guess the notion

  5    is that someone might come up with that in the future.

  6              As I understood the four States bordering Lake

  7    Michigan, while these were very interesting devices, they

  8    hadn't found any at the present stage which was nonpollu-

  9    tional as far as the effects on Lake Michigan were con-

 10    cerned  and the effect of the operation was complete

 11    unanimity on the holding tank theory.


 12              MR.  OEMING:   That is correct.

 13              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Now, Mr. Eagle, may we have

 14    your views on that?

 15              MR.  EAGLE:   Well, I am not prepared or authorized

 16    to speak for the State of Ohio on this officially.   I

 ,„    think that some type  of a holding tank, personally,  would

 , _     be in order, particularly on new craft.  I think it  would
 18

 19     be difficult to enforce it for existing craft.   I donH

       know whether Michigan  expects to do that.
 <&U

                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Yes, all four States.
 21

                 MR.  EAGLE:   I would like  to counter with a
 22

       question to you, Mr. Stein.   What are you  going  to do
23                                                            ^|

       about  large vessels?   What is the Federal  Government goi^P
 24
       to do about the large  vessels,  particularly international,
25
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 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
13
14
V-JJL
24
                                                       235
                    Ralph Purdy

and so on?

          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  This has come up before.  I

just don't know.  I stated this before.  The point is

this isn't a very easy problem to handle, and I saw Mr.

Butrico, who worked for me for years in the Public Health

Service — I remember twenty years ago we used to work on

vessel sanitation.  The problem here is even if you put

controls on all U.S. vessels, what do you do with the

foreign flag vessels coming in?  The question that always

gets raised — and the validity of this, you can judge

for yourself—  is: the effect of putting a stringent

sanitary regulation on U.S. vessels just means the flight

of those vessels to a foreign flag and a foreign registry,

and their being in the same place — and the question is:

what have you  accomplished?  This is, I think, a very,

very difficult operation.

          Now, the Congress and the Federal authorities

are struggling with this.  I don't know if this can be

arranged by any less than a treaty operation, and you know

how long that  would take to go into effect.

          It is clear to me that, at the present time, we

are not in a position to come up with an agreement as

we had on Lake Michigan.

          But one of the questions that we might have on

this is whether it would be worthwhile for the States to get
-------
                                                              236
                           Ralph Purdy

       together with us  — and they did have a little technical

       committee in Lake Michigan before we developed this —
  3
       and see if the States will come up with uniform require-
  4
       ments or this would be worthwhile.
  5
                 I Just wanted to do that because you raised a

  6    very interesting point.

  7              MR. PURDY:    That time wasn*t charged to my ten

  8    minutes, was it?

  9              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   No,  sir.   No, you did well

       within the ten minutes.

 11              Are there any other comments or statements on

 12    the Michigan report?

 13              Well,  again --and let me  try to summarize --

 14    I  think we are doing  very  well  for the three States —

 15    having heard from Pennsylvania  and Indiana and Michigan

 16    so far,  who have made their presentations.  I think the

 17    programs are moving apace

 lg               Now,  of course,  there is one problem that we are

       obviously going  to have to face up to,  and that  is the

20     phosphate  problem.  I  think we  have  a  good example with

21     one of our major chemical  companies  showing how they

       can remove phosphates.  I  guess they are in business,

       arenft they?
2«5
                MR.  PURDI:    I should point  out, Mr. Stein,
24
       that for those that discharge directly  into Lake  Erie
25
-------
                                                              237
                           Ralph Purdy

       or the Detroit River that our time schedules include

       phosphate removal within the time schedules that we are

       talking about, and that includes an 80 per cent removal*

                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I think that should be noted,

       and I don't know that  — I think Michigan is probably in

       the forefront in this in the States, and I know they have

       been scrupulous about this in their stipulations and

       orders.

                 Are there any other comments or questions?

       If not, thank you very much.

                 If the conferees will do this -- bear with me

       on this, because of schedules — I am beginning to see the

       dayl.ight and I think we might get through today..  But

       before we recess possibly this afternoon,  I wonder if

       we could hear from Mayor Locher of Cleveland,  the  former

       Mayor of Cleveland.

                 Mayor Locher, would you come up?

                 MR. LOCHER:   Thank you very much, Mr.  Stein,

       and members of this conference for an opportunity  to speak

       very briefly.

                 I have already appeared on behalf of the Izaak

       Walton League in Columbus on two occasions with regard to

       this question of drilling in the lake, and likewise

       have testified with regard to the Guyahoga River only last
24
       week at the hearings that were held here in Cleveland,  Ohio,
25
-------
                                                            23$
                           Hon. Ralph Locher
       on the  standards, and, therefore, I would ask your per-
  2
       mission, Mr. Chairman, to introduce those three state-
  3
       ments in the record, in the interest of saving time, if
  4    I may,  and then to speak briefly —
  5              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes.
  6              MR. LOCHER: — to speak briefly on the subject
  7    of drilling in the lake, which I believe is much more
  8    serious than has been indicated.  I don't believe —
  9    if I may respectfully disagree with you, Mr. Chairman —
 10    that it is only a peripheral or small problem.  But I
 11    believe that a catastrophe could very likely occur  and
 12    if it does, it would indeed be very serious, because I am
 13    told there is no way to remove oil from the water supply
 14    that has yet been developed, and for that reason it goes
 15    to the very heart of the potability of the water itself
 16    for the inhabitants of those in the Lake Erie watershed.
 1?              Furthermore, a few years ago, in the vicinity
       of Hinckley,  Ohio, an oil well did break loose.   It was
 18
 ,g     a gusher.   It did flow for many, many days  and it did
       a great deal  of damage.,
 <£\j
                 From knowledge which the Izaak Walton League
 £ J.
       has been able to acquire,  wherever there has been
22                        H    '
       drilling there has been a concomitant problem.  I  refer
2o
       to Maracaibo.  Venezuela,  where a large section of a very
24
       large lake indeed was so covered with crude oil that it
25
-------
                                                              239
                           Hon.  Ralph Locher

       posed a fire problem.  I refer to Beirut, Lebanon, where

  2     a break in an oil line damaged entire beaches and caused

  3     a very severe problem there costing millions of dollars

  4     to the American oil interests to restore.

  5               I refer to Cook's Inlet in Alaska, the Gulf

  6     of Mexico, the offshore drilling in California  and

  7     indeed I don't know of any place in the entire world

  8     where there has been drilling in lakes or in rivers that

  9     we have not had the problem, including some problems

10     on the northern shore of Lake Erie itself.

                 If Pennsylvania is going to experiment with

]^    the safety of all of us,  it poses this interesting situa-

       tion:  If they strike it  rich, they win;  but if there
JL O
       should be a catastrophe and if there should be a well

       break loose; and if there should be a large portion of
15
       Lake Erie covered with oil.  I am afraid they would say,
16
       "Too bad, fellows, you lose."  And that is exactly the
17
       situation that could happen if we were to allow this to
18
       go forward.
19
                 We had an expert testify, Mr.  Chairman,  in
20
       Columbus, Ohio, and as a  result of those  hearings the
21
       State of Ohio did defer drilling, and Mr. Lee Birch, who
22
       was an expert in the field, stated that no matter how

       strongly you draw up these regulations, there are no

       known controls to prevent an oil well from becoming a
-------
                                                             240

                           Hon.  Ralph Locher


       gusher and breaking loose.  If there were, I am sure that

  2
       the Federal Government would have insisted that those

  3
       wells in the Gulf of Mexico, over which it has control,


       and in Alaska, and everywhere else, would have been so


  5    equipped* But there is no known technique, and for that


  6    reason, we have had those terrible problems in every


  7    place that I have listed.


  8              Furthermore, there is no way to prevent a


  9    piece of heavy debris or a boat itself from sinking to


 10    the bottom of the lake, and you are not going to have this


 11    oil and gas come from the well on the surface of the


 12    water -- that is a cinch.  It will have to come through


 13    some kind of a conveyance, a pipeline,  and if some boat


 14    — even a small yacht  —  were to sink and damage such a


 15    pipeline, you would have  an awfully difficult time,


 16    and perhaps it would take weeks to discover Just where


 17    that break was.   In the meantime,  there goes your water


 lg     supply.

 19               Then,  again,  after the  fact,  I am sure we would


 2Q     levy some rather strong and harsh penalties upon the


       speculator who was drilling for oil  and gas in  Lake Erie,
 &L.

       but the  damage will  have  been done.
 22                 6

                 Let's  not  gamble,the  water supply of  millions
 23

       of people for a  few hundred thousand dollars of royalty.
 24

       I  suggest,  therefore, that this conference go on record
25
-------
                                                              241

                           Hon. Ralph Locher


        and  simplify  this  matter,  and say  that  "we  shall  not


  2     permit  drilling  in Lake Erie  or  anywhere in  the  Great


  3     Lakes so that we would  have the pollution or  situation

  4     where one  State  only is going forward in a  highly specu-


  5     lative  and dangerous enterprise."

  6               Then,  with regard  to dredged materials, it  was

  7     stated  that those  dredged materials, Mr. Chairman, are

  3     not bad — they  are only half bad because half of it is

        a matter of water  that  comes  out.


                  Let me read from the book which I commend to


 1;L     all of  you.  I have no  interest in the royalty from the

 ,
-------
                                                            242
                           Hon. Ralph Locher


       I believe, should be kept uppermost by this conference*

  2
       And that is best stated by a judge recently who heard a

  3
       case in Illinois, and this had to do with the spillage

  4
       of oil, and it was a relatively small spillage, as those


       things go.  B.ut the judge went on to say that, "I agree,"

  c
       he says, "with Mr. Hersod, attorney for the plaintiff,


  7    when he quoted the unnamed judge that there is no such


  8    thing as a little pollution.   I conclude,  as a matter of


  9    law, that the oil slick in question was a  pollution of


10    waters, as alleged in the complaint,"  And then he said,


       "I come to  the conclusion,  as a matter of  law,  that it


12    doesn't make  any difference.   The  cases hold that in


13     instances of  this kind,  the intent is not  necessary."


14              And so, I  urge upon this conference to take a


15     strict  view with regard  to  this highly dangerous and


16     risky business of allowing  a  few speculators to  gamble


17     with our precious water  supply,     I  urge also  that we


18     watch history,  that  we learn  from  history,  which has


19     shown that  in the Gulf,  off the  coast  of California,  at


20     Cook's  Inlet,  right  here a  few miles from  Cleveland,  Ohio,


       where a well  has broken  loose, at Maracaibo,  at  Beirut,


       all  these instances  would seem to  argue, I  believe,  that


       in the  interest  of safety,  let's put the public  interest


       first and foremost.


                Thank  you.
-------
                                                      243
                    Hon. Ralph Locher

           (Statement  by  Ralph S. Locher on behalf  of  the

Izaak  Walton  League and  his  own behalf  before Wayne

Conner,  Chief, Division  of Oil and Gas,  Columbus,  Ohio,

February 5, 1966, follows:)

           Objection to the Hearing on Rules and Regula-

tions

           Objection is hereby made to the consideration of
rules  and regulations for drilling in Lake Erie.   The

public has had absolutely no opportunity to be heard  on

the merits of oil and gas drilling in Lake Erie.   There-

fore,  the  rules and regulations will be drafted and the

whole matter will be all wrapped up in a neat little

package without the public ever having had its say.

           The proposed rules and regulations have a special

significance, in that Section 1505.99, Revised Code,

provides a penalty consisting of a fine of "not less than

$100 nor more than $500."  What a weak reed that isl

           Water - Our Most Vital Natural Resource

          Water is paramount as a natural resource.  The

area in and about Cleveland, Ohio, contains four major

water intakes serving 2,000,000 people in all of Cuyahoga

County and three adjacent counties:  Lake, Summit  and

Medina Counties.  The water supply and fire protection

afforded by the Water Division cannot be endangered.

Indeed, we of this generation are charged with the duty
-------
                                                              244

                           Hon. Ralph Locher


       of holding this vital natural resource of fresh water in

  2
       trust for posterity.

  3
                 Water is paramount as a natural resource and is


  4    the backbone of Ohio wealth, available in unlimited


  5    quantity from Lake Erie and the Ohio River.  We cannot


  6    and should not jeopardize its quality.  Furthermore,


  7    national and state water quality objectives are to reduce


  8    pollution at all levels.  The United States Public Health


  9    Service is presently engaged in evaluating water standards


 10    and the Great Lakes and international agencies are working


 11    toward insuring the potable character of the waters of


 12    Lake Erie.


 13              It should be remembered that the four Cleveland


 14    water intakes are located to produce the best quality


 15    water possible and these raw water intakes cannot  be


 16    shut down or be contaminated since they are in constant



 17    USe'

                 Gusher Could Ruin Water Supply
 18

                 Should an uncontrolled oil well,  such as the


       one  which came in near Lodi, Ohio, several years ago,


       pollute  Lake Erie,  the water supply of some 2,000,000
-------
                                                       245
                    Hon. Ralph Locher

the presently known filtration methods and procedures.

          Beach Areas Endangered

          Further, the  Cleveland Regional Planning Commis-

sion points out in a recent report that 119 acres of beache

are needed in this area, but that only fifteen per cent

of the shcreline is available for public recreation.  The

proposed oil and gas drilling sites would jeopardize the

shoreline of Lake Erie, including those areas not subject

to population concentration and adjacent to public land

use for recreation.

          Royalties Insignificant

          It has been estimated that the royalty reverting

to the State of Ohio by leasing land under the lake would

approximate $200,000 a year.  We should not hazard the

prime resource of the State of Ohio for any sum.  However,

the $200,000 which might accrue would never compensate

for the threatened capitalized loss to the citizens and

other beneficiaries of the waters of Lake Erie.

          Water-Borne Commerce Impeded

          The City of Cleveland has made real progress

toward becoming a world port and the future promises

greater gain when the harbor depth is increased to twenty-

seven feet, allowing even larger freighters to reach our

docks.  Furthermore, people are finding more pleasure

in small watercrafts and water recreation, taxing our
-------
                                                              246
                           Hon.  Ralph Locher

  1    small craft harbor development to the limit.  While pre-

  2    cautions are attempted to be written into the proposed

  3    leases, there still exists hazard to small crafts which

  4    come from the very nature of drilling operations.  The

  5    drilling operations and the production methods will serve

  6    as a hazard to the shipping vessels as well, generally.

  7    The drilling rigs and the distribution facilities in and

  8    of themselves would be a navigational hazard to large

  9    cargo vessels as well as smaller pleasure crafts.

 10              To be sure, the presently proposed leases

 ,.,     entail development off the shore in Ash tabula County.

       It should be pointed out that when the lake is frozen
 J.<&
       and when the northeast winds prevail, which conditions
 JLO
       occur over a considerable portion of the year, the lake
 14
       currents are not clearly defined and our Nottingham Road
 XO
       intake is in close proximity to Ashtabula County.
 16
                 Conclusion
 17
                 For reasons given above, it is my firm con-
 is
       viction that it would be a mistake to permit off-shore
 19
       drilling for gas and oil in Lake Erie.   In fact, it would
 20
       be a horrendous disservice to our state and nation, the
 21
       fish and water fowl life, and,  above all, the people
 22
       who live in the Lake Erie Basin, tributary to this natural
 23
       resource.
 24
                 At this point,  I should like to read into the
25
-------
                                                      247
                    Hon. Ralph Locher
record a resolution adopted by the Ohio Division of the
Izaak Walton League of  America at its 43rd Convention,
held in Cleveland, Ohio, on October 9, 1965.
          Projected Oil Drilling Operation in Off-Shore
Waters of Lake Erie Pose Threat to Source of Supply of
Fresh Water to Millions of Users
          Whereas, the  State of Ohio has a projected
program of drilling for oil in off-shore areas of Ohio's
Lake Erie waters, through lease arrangements with private
industry; and
          Whereas, millions of citizens are dependent
upon this source for their life-sustaining supply of
fresh water; and
          Whereas, the occasion of an uncontrolled oil
well could jeopardize this water source for undetermined
lengths of time; and
          Whereas, even with the exercise of great care
in the conduct of drilling operations, where can be no
assurance that such a catastrophic calamity could not
occur; and
          Whereas, in the event that Lake Erie's waters
should become contaminated with oil, that oil and its
various components cannot be removed from the water supply
through presently known methods and procedures; and
          Whereas, a report of the Cleveland Regional
-------
                                                             248

                           Hon. Ralph Locher

  1    Planning  Commission indicates that 119 acres of beaches

  2    are needed in the Cleveland area alone; while less than

  3    fifteen per cent of Lake Erie's shoreline is available

  4    for public recreation.  Projected oil drilling in Lake

  5    Erie would jeopardize its shoreline, including areas not

  6    subject to population concentration and adjacent to public

  7    recreational land; and

  8              Whereas, drilling operations, drilling rigs, and

  9    the distribution facilities in and of themselves would

       constitute navigational hazards to large cargo vessels

       as well as to smaller pleasure crafts;  and

 , 0              Whereas, it has been estimated that the
 12
       reverting to the State of Ohio by leasing land for drilling
 JLO

       sites under the lake would approximate $200,000 a year;

       and
 15

                 Whereas, we believe that we should not hazard
 16

       this prime resource of the State of Ohio for any sum;  as
 17
       any anticipated royalties from this source could never
 18
       compensate for the threatened capitalized loss to the
 19

       beneficiaries of the bounties which Lake Erie so gener-
 20
       ously bestows:
 21
                 Nowj therefore, be it resolved, by the Ohio
 22
       Division of the Izaak Walton League of America in con-
 23
       vention assembled this ninth day of October, 1965, at
24
       Cleveland, Ohio, that it  is our firm belief that it would

25
-------
                                                      249
                    Hon. Ralph Locher
be  a  most  grievous mistake to permit off-shore drilling
for gas  and  oil  in Lake  Erie.
           Be it  further  resolved that copies of this
resolution be forwarded  to the following:
           Murray Stein,  Chief Enforcement Officer, of
the U.S. Public  Health Service of the Department of
Health,  Education and Welfare, Washington, B.C.
           Fred Morr, Director, Ohio Department of Natural
Resources, Columbus, Ohio.
           Dr. Emmett Arnold, Chairman, Ohio Water
Pollution  Control Board, Columbus, Ohio.
          Mayor  Ralph S. Locher, City Hall, Cleveland,
Ohio.
          Mrs. James H. Angel/ Chairman, Citizens for
Land and Water Use, 2034 Elbur Avenue, Lakewood,  Ohio
44107.
          Mrs. Esther Smercina, Chairman, South Shore
Subcommittee on Lake Erie Basin Study of the League of
Women Voters, 2074 Alton Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44112.
          Above resolution prepared and submitted upon
instructions from the Board of Directors of Western
Reserve Chapter, I.W.L.A., at a meeting held on September
22, 1965.
          Very respectfully submitted, Seba H.  Estill,
Committee Chairman, 3577 Cummings Road,  Cleveland, Ohio
-------
                                                              250
                           Hon. Ralph Locher

        44118.

  2               Remarks

  3               Water, our most  important natural resource,  is

  4     reaching new heights of  importance day by day.  Ancient

  5     civilizations and flourishing cities are known to have

  6     perished because their  supply of water became exhausted.

  7     In our own generation, water is being literally fought

  3     for in individual and governmental bodies.  The great

  g     need for large supplies  of water by industry makes it

 ,_     advisable for one area to grow and prcspsr, whereas

        others have already reached their maximum potential.

                 The above thoughts were forceably brought to
 J.4&
       mind only within the past summer by two events:  First,
 X O
       the Chicago Sanitary District Water Diversion Bill in
 14
       the Congress of the United States was vigorously opposed
 15
       by most of the cities in the Great Lakes Basin, including
 16
       Cleveland.   Mayor Gelebreeze, Port Director Rogers,  and
 17
       I appeared in opposition to the  proposed diversion of
 18
       1500 cubic feet  per second urged upon the Congress by
 19
       Chicago and the  Illinois Congressmen.   We pointed out
 20
       many other arguments that water  should never be diverted
 21
       from one watershed  to another.   To do so would violate
 22
       one of the  cardinal principles of the common law and of
 23
       American law on  the subject of water  and riparian right
 24
                 Secondly,  and  by way of further illustration,

25
-------
                                                             251

                           Hon. Ralph Locher

       the State of Ohio is now preparing specifications to

  2    permit off-shore drilling for oil and gas in Lake Erie.

  3    The City of Cleveland is faced with the prospect of

  4    drilling operations in its own front yard, so to speak.

  5    It is proposed to advertise for bids to allow for drilling

  6    in 13»655 acres immediately north of the Cleveland harbor

  7    and the City of Lakewood and part  of Rocky River,

  8    beginning one-half mile from shore and extending out-

  9    wardly.  This area includes two city water intakes

10    and terminals.   These facilities constitute the sole

11    present source  of supply for the west side of our city.

                 I call this matter to your attention because of

13     the various implications it raises.   For one thing,  the

14    expected oil and gas producing strata or sand only

,5     recently produced an oil gusher south of Cleveland,  near

       Lodi.  Ohio.  Should an uncontrolled  oil well pollute
16         '
       Lake Erie,  the  Cleveland water supply would be literally

       destroyed overnight.  I say this because the City of

       Cleveland water engineers advise that oil and its various
J. i?
       components  cannot be removed from the water supply
20
       through the presently known filtration methods and
21
       procedures.  A  letter I just received recently from the
22
       officials of Long Beach, California,  carries the

       information that off-shore drilling  "has caused a criti-
24
       cal subsidence  condition in our harbor, one section of
25
-------
                                                              252
                           Hon. Ralph Locher

        our inner harbor having settled  25  feet  ...."

  2               Consequently,  when  the proposed  specifications

  3     are made  known,  public  officials as well as  those  of you

  4     connected with the  water supply  industry,  must make

  5     certain that all precautions  are taken to  avoid possible

  6     damage to intake tunnels by drilling and dynamiting;

  7     that danger of drilling  and well rigs to freighters and

  8     pleasure  craft be considered; that  interference of gas

  g     and oil exploration and  deepening of the channel for

 10     deep-draft ships, which  will  come in greater numbers with

 H     completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway, will be taken into

 12     account and that destruction  of  fish life by dynamiting

 13     must not be permitted.

 14              (The following article appeared in The

        Cleveland Press,  on Saturday, February 3» 1963:)
 J. U
                 "More Danger for Lake
 16                                  "
                 "Lake Erie already has the hapless reputation

        of a 'dead sea,1  thanks to the pollution that has ruined
 18
       its waters.
 19
                 "Now it is in danger of growing even more
 20
       polluted through oil drilling.  Ohio,  New York and
 21
       Pennsylvania plan to lease submerged Lake Erie lands
 22
       for oil purposes.
 23
                 "George Harlow, head of the  Lake  Erie  office
 24
       of the  Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
25
-------
                                                             253

                           Hon. Ralph Locher


        categorically  says there is a pollution threat from the

  2'
        drilling which would take place two to three miles from


  3     the shoreline  of Ashtabula County.


  4              "Pollution from drilling can come from three


  5     sources:  the  oil itself, brine and the lubricating oil


  6     from the underwater machinery.


  7              "On  Monday the state will hold hearings in


  8     Columbus to discuss the rules for Lake Erie drilling,


  9     particularly as it affects shipping and pollution.  The


 IQ     oil drillers should be made to prove their case, which


 1:L    may be difficult.


^^              "Certain questions should be asked the proponents


 13     of Lake Erie drilling:


                 "Is  the oil which may be obtained absolutely


       necessary to our economy?
 15

                 "Will it mean cheaper gasoline to Ohio motor-
 16

       ists?
 17

                 "How will drilling be terminated if pollution
 18

       occurs?
 19

                 "Who will pay to clean it up?
 20

                 "Officials should be wary of such statements
 21
       as this from a New York official:   'The risk of any of
 22
       our operations pulluting are negligible.1


                 "Are the risks of a broken oil line negligible?


       Should such an accident occur, the mess could be as

 25
-------
                                                              254
                           Hon. Ralph Locher

       disastrous as the tons  of  spilled  oil that washed  the

  2    Cornwall coast of England  last year.

  3              "And once state  officials let the drilling

  4    commence, even with tight  safeguards rigidly enforced,

  5    pollution seems inevitable.  This has been part of the

  6    tragic history of industrial wastes in Lake Erie.

  7              "It is hard to conceive of any situation which

  8    would justify drilling for oil in Lake Erie."

  9              (The following article appeared in The Plain

 10    Dealer on February 7> 196#:)

 11              "Hold Off on Lake Oil Drilling

                 "There is no compelling reason why the oil and
 J-*&

       gas reserves which lie under Lake Erie should be tapped
 JLo

       immediately.
 14
                 "There is a compelling reason to preserve the
 J.U
       lake water.   And there is some danger that oil and gas
 16
       drilling would add pollution to the lake at  the very time
 17
       when large-scale efforts are underway in Ohio and,  indeed,
 18
       throughout the Great Lakes area to reduce pollution and
 19
       save the lakes from ruin.
 20
                "Therefore,  Ohio — along with Pennsylvania and
 21
       New Tork, which also are considering leasing state-owned
 22
       waters in the lake for oil and gas explorations —  should
 23
       hold up until it  can be  proved that science  has advanced
 24
       to the point  that pollution will not  result.
25
-------
11
1
L3
                                                       255
                    Hon.  Ralph Locher
           "Experts  testifying on drilling regulations
 proposed by the oil and gas division of the Ohio Department
 of Natural Resources expressed grave doubts that pollution
 could presently be  avoided.
           "Representative George V. Voinovich of Cleveland
 proposes calling a  halt to proposed drilling until the
 Ohio House can make a thorough investigation of the
 pollution  threat and until the public can evaluate the
 risks against the benefits that may be derived from
 exploiting the oil and gas reserves.
           "It is a  sensible proposal and has won the
 support of the resources department, whose chief concern,
 after all, is protecting the stated natural resources.
           "Although drilling has been authorized by the
 legislature, the department has the power to hold it off
by delaying promulgation of regulations.  It would be
wise to do so until pollution-free operations can be
assured."
           (Statement of Ralph S.  Locher on behalf of
the Izaak Walton League and in his own behalf before
a Sub-committee of the Natural Resources Committee,
chaired by the Honorable Morris Boyd, Wednesday,
February 21, 196$:)
          I appreciate this opportunity to share with
your honorable body some of the views of the Izaak
-------
                                                              256

                           Hon. Ralph Locher


       Walton League  and of  my own  concerning the proposed


       drilling for gas  and  oil in  Lake  Erie.  To my  knowledge,

  2
       there  has been no public hearing  proposed by the State


       of  Ohio affording an  opportunity  to the public to be


  5    heard  relative to drilling in Lake Erie.


  6              Section 1505.OS of the  Revised Code provides


       that "... the  Chief of  the Division of Geological Sur-


  8    vey, with the  approval  of the Director of Natural Resources


  9    the Attorney General, and the Governor, may issue permits


 10    and make  leases to parties making application for permis-


 11    sion to take and  remove  sand, gravel, stone, gas, and


 12    other minerals from and under the bed of Lake Erie...."


 13              On February 5| 196S, a hearing was had before


 14    Wayne Conner,  Chief, Division of Oil and Gas, to "consider


 15    the adoption of rules and regulations relating to the


       issuance  of permits for the drilling of wells in strata


       beneath the waters of Lake Erie and the operation


       thereof."  The rules, according to the Notice of Hearing,
 18

       "will establish procedures that will promote the maximum


       ultimate recovery of oil and gas from reservoirs beneath


       Lake Erie by application of accepted practices of


       conservation...."  I have quoted from the Revised Code
22

       of the State of Ohio and the Notice of Hearing as a
23

       foundation for two points.
24

                 First,  a hearing was had on proposed rules and
25
-------
                                                             257
                          Hon.  Ralph Locher
       regulations for drilling in Lake Erie even before the
 2     public could be heard on the merits of drilling.  In my
 3     judgment, there was a disposition on the part of the
 4     Governor, the Attorney General, and the Director of
 5     Natural Resources, to proceed with the issuances of
 6     permits and granting of leases.  According to the
 7     Cleveland Plain Dealer of last Sunday, the Director of
 8     Natural Resources has so indicated.  Richard G.  Zimmerman
 9     of the Plain Dealer Bureau, in his column "Credibility
10     Gap on the Olentangy," stated, "late last year,  Natural
11     Resources Director, Fred E. Morr, joyously crowed that
•4H   Ohio was leading other Great Lakes states in opening
       a portion of Lake Erie to private oil and gas interests."
14               Second, the proposed rules and regulations are
       designed to promote the maximum,  ultimate recovery of
15
       oil and gas from Lake Erie.  Were it not for this
16
       hearing and, hopefully, others, the public interest could
       not have been asserted in an official manner. Partic-
18
       ularly is your hearing important, since the Revised
       Code of the State of Ohio,  Section 1505.99, is a weak
       reed, for it provides a penalty as follows:
                 "1505.99 Revised  Code,  penalty
                 "(a)   Whoever violates  Section 1505.07 of the
       Revised Code,  shall be fined not  less than one hundred
       dollars nor more than five  hundred dollars."
-------
                           Hon. Ralph Locher

  1               Water - Our Most Vital Natural Resource

  2               Water is paramount as  a natural resource.   The

  3     area in and about Cleveland, Ohio,  contains four major

  4     water intakes serving 2,000,000  people in all  of Cuyahoga

  5     County and three adjacent  counties:  Lake,  Summit and

  6     Medina Counties.  The approximate valuation of the City

  7     of Cleveland water facilities is  $100,000,000.   The water

  g     supply and fire  protection afforded by the  Water Division

  9     cannot be  endangered.  Indeed, we of this generation  are

 ,Q     charged with the duty of holding  this  vital natural

        resource of fresh water in trust  for posterity.

                  Water  is paramount  as a natural resource and

        is the backbone  of Ohio wealth, available in unlimited
 13                                   '

        quantity from Lake  Erie and the Ohio River.  We  cannot
 14
        and  should  not jeopardize  its quality.  Furthermore,
 15
        national and  state  water quality  objectives are to reduce
 16
        pollution at  all levels.   The United States Public Health
 17
        Service is presently engaged in evaluating water standards
 18
        and the Great Lakes and international agencies are working
 19
        toward insuring the potable character of the waters of
 20
       Lake Erie.
 21
                 It should be remembered that the four Cleveland
 22
       water intakes are located to produce the best quality
 23
       water possible and these  raw water intakes cannot be
 24
       shut down or be contaminated since they are in constant
25
-------
                                                      259
                   Hon. Ralph Locher
use.
          Gusher Could Ruin Water Supply
          Should an uncontrolled oil well, such as the
one which came in near Lodi, Ohio, several years ago,
pollute Lake Erie, the water supply of some 2,000,000
people would be literally destroyed over-night.  This
statement is based upon the firm opinion of City of
Cleveland engineers who advised that oil and its various
components cannot be remove~d from the water supply through
the presently known filtration methods and procedures.
          Other areas of the world which have permitted
underwater drilling and have experienced terrible loss
are Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, and more recently the
Gulf of Mexico.  Captain Charles Sebastian of Grand
Isle, Louisiana, recently was quoted in the magazine
"Industrial Research, Inc."
         "'About 2,000 oil-drilling rigs now are operating
off the coast of Louisiana,1 stated Captain Charles
Sebastian, a charter boat skipper from Grand Isle,
Lousiana, 'and every one of these rigs is releasing oil
into the Gulf of Mexico.'
          "That assertion was made at the twelfth annual
International Game Fish Conference, San Juan, Puerto
Rico, in late November. Several dozen aerial photographs
of oil-drilling platforms were shown to the conferees;
and in each picture an oil slick was evident around the
-------
                                                            260
                           Hon. Ralph Locher


  1     platform.

  2               "According to Sebastian,  each drilling rig

  3     uses a mixture of oil and mud to hold down any gas

  4     pressure that may exist in the hole —• and this pressure

  5     may be as great as 3)000 psi.  'The pumpings  that come

        up inside the well go through a shaker,  or separator, and

        drop into the water.   The lubricating medium  is diesel

        oil — approximately  1,500 gallons  in each hole.'

  g               "Production platforms also discharge  oil into

 1Q     the water.  Sebastian claims,  "Tanks are used to separate

        the oil from  water, because nearly  all wells  produce some
       water,' he said.   'After separation, the water goes	^^


       board and carries  a great deal of oil with it.  Each weZL


       pollutes the water to some extent, and as many as sixty-
14

       four oil wells may be worked from one platform!!
15
                 "Sebastian further charged that, in early
16
       November, one company lost over five million gallons of
17
       oil as a result of a ruptured pipeline on the Gulf floor.
18
       'In my boat,' he said, 'I ran through 45 miles of crude
19
       oil — just as thick as you can put crude  oil on the
20
       surface.  For several days it got worse.  I reported the
21
       matter to the man  in charge of production at one of the
22
       companies and he denied that his company had a leaking

23
       pipeline.  He was  sincere.  He simply did not know

24
       the leak.

25
-------
                                                      261
                    Hon.  Ralph  Locher

           "'A  week later the company  discovered the

 break in the pipeline.   They had  lost about $300,000

 worth of oil into  the Gulf before they found  out they

 had  a leak!1

           "Sebastian's presentation was one of twelve

 papers concerning  problems of  game fishing, marine

 research,  conservation,  and pollution given at the meeting

 held November  17-18.  Other papers on aquatic pollution

 were given by  Dr.  J. Frances Allen, Chief, Water Quality

 Requirements Branch, Federal Water Pollution  Control

 Administration; by Dr. Frederick  Kalber, Florida Atlantic

 University; and by Mrs. Anne H. Bosworty, Carmel, CalifT

 ornia,  a member of the International Women1s Fishing

 Association.

           "The role and functions of the marine council

 and  marine commission were outlined by Dr. John Gottschalk,

 Director, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife; future

 developments in sport fisheries were discussed by Henry

 Lyraan, Publisher,  !The Salt Water Sporsman1 magazine;

 while the  spawning and migrations of game fishes were

 explained by Donald S. Erdman, Fish and Wildlife Division,

 Department of Agriculture, Puerto Rico, and by Frank J.

Mather, III, Research Associate, Woods Hole Oceanographlc

 Institution.

          "Joseph W. Penfold, Conservation Director,
-------
                                                             262

                           Hon.  Ralph Locher

        Izaak Walton League of America,  dealt with the subject


  2     of fish conservation and public  responsibility;  Bori


  3     Olla, Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory,  discussed rhythms


  4     of activity in bluefish;  and William M.  Stephens,


  5     Managing Editor, !0ceanology International,1  gave  a

  6     presentation on research submarines.


  7               "Following the  sessions, some  of the delegates

  8     visited marine research  facilities in the  Virgin Islands

  9     and dived on some of the  coral reefs.

 10               "The International Game Fish Conference,

 11     sponsored by the International Oceanographic  Foundation

 12     was held in cooperation with the Gulf  and  Caribbean

 13     Fisheries Institute."

 14               Proposed  Oil Drilling Operation  in  Off-Shore

        Waiters  of Lake Erie  Pose  Threat to Source  of  Supply of
 J. u

        Fresh Water to Millions of Users
 16

                 Whereas, the State  of Ohio has a projected

        program  of  drilling  for oil in off-shore areas of

        Ohio's Lake  Erie waters, through lease arrangements with


        private  industry; and

                 Whereas, millions of citizens are dependent
21                       '

       upon this source for their life-sustaining supply of
22
       fresh water; and
23
                 Whereas, the occasion of an uncontrolled oil
24
       well, could jeopardize this water source for undetermined
25
-------
                                                      263
                    Hon.  Ralph Locher

 lengths of time;  and

           Whereas,  even  with  the exercise of great care

 in  the  conduct  of drilling operations, there can be no

 assurance  that  such a catastrophic calamity could not

 occur;  and

           Whereas,  in the event that Lake Erie's waters

 should  become contaminated with oil, that oil and its

 various components  cannot be  removed from the water

 supply  through presently known methods and procedures; and

           Whereas,  a report of the Cleveland Regional Plan-

 ning Commission indicates that 119 acres of beaches are
 needed  in  the Cleveland area alone; while less than

 fifteen per cent  of Lake Erie's shoreline is available

 for public recreation.  Projected oil drilling in Lake

 Erie would jeopardize its shoreline, including areas

 not subject to population concentration and adjacent to

 public  recreational land; and

          Whereas, drilling operations, drilling rigs,

 and the distribution facilities in and of themselves

would constitute navigational hazards to large cargo

vessels as well as to smaller pleasure crafts;  and

          Whereas, it has been estimated that the

royalty reverting to the State of Ohio by leasing

land for drilling sites under the lake would approximate

$200,000 a year; and
-------
                                                             264


                           Hon.  Ralph Locher



                 Whereas,  we believe that we  should not  hazard


  2
        this prime  resource of the  State  of  Ohio  for any  sum;



        as any anticipated  royalties  from this source could never



  4     compensate  for the  threatened capitalized loss to the



  5     beneficiaries of the bounties which  Lake  Erie so  gen-



  6     erously bestows;



  7              Now, therefore, be  it resolved, by the  Ohio



  8     Division of the Izaak Walton  League  of America in



  9     convention  assembled this ninth day  of October, 1965,



 10     at  Cleveland, Ohio, that it is our firm belief that it



 11     would be a  most grievous mistake to  permit off-shore



 12     drilling for gas and oil in Lake Erie.



 13              Be it further resolved, that copies of this



 14     resolution  be forwarded to the following:



 15              Murray Stein, Chief Enforcement Officer, of the



 16    U.S. Public Health Service of the Department of Health,



        Education and Welfare, Washington, D.C.



                 Fred Morr, Director, Ohio Department of Natural
 1 8


       Resources,  Columbus, Ohio.



                 Dr. Emmett Arnold, Chairman, Ohio Water Pollu-
(C\)


       tion Control Board,  Columbus,  Ohio.
21                       '


                 Mayor Ralph S.  Locher,  City Hall,  Cleveland,
&£


       Ohio.
23                                                           ^

                 Mrs. James H. Angel, Chairman, Citizens for flnd

24

       and Water Use, 2084 Elbur Avenue, Lakewood,  Ohio 44107.

25
-------
                                                             265
                          Hon.  Ralph  Locher
                 Mrs. Esther Smercina, Chairman, South Shore
 2
       Sub-committee on Lake Erie Basin Study of the League of
 3     Women Voters, 2074 Alton Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44112.
                 Above resolution prepared and submitted upon
       instructions from the Board of Directors of Western
 6     Reserve Chapter, I.W.L.A., at a meeting held on
 7     September 22, 1965.
 8               Very respectfully submitted, Seba H. Estill,
 9     Committee Chairman, 3577 Gummings Road, Cleveland, Ohio,
10     44113.
11               (The following article appeared in The Plain
       Dealer on February 7, 1968:)
13 II              "Hold Off on Lake Oil Drilling
14               "There is no compelling reason why the oil and
15     gas reserves which lie under Lake Erie should be tapped
16     immediately.
                 "There is a compelling reason to preserve the
, 0     lake water.   And there is some  danger  that oil and gas
18
       drilling would add pollution to the lake at the very
       time when large-scale efforts are underway in Ohio and,
       indeed,  throughout the Great Lakes area to reduce
       pollution and save the lakes from ruin.
                 'Therefore,  Ohio — along with Pennsylvania and
       New York, which also are considering leasing state-owned
       waters in the lake for oil and  gas explorations — should
«
13 II
-------
                                                              266


                           Hon.  Ralph Locher

        hold up until it can be  proved that science has advanced

  2
        to the point  that pollution will  not result.

  3
                  "Experts testifying on  drilling  regulations

  A
        proposed by the  oil and  gas division of the Ohio Depart-


        ment of Natural  Resources  expressed grave  doubts that

  C*
        pollution could  presently  be avoided.

  rt
                  "Representative  George  V.  Voinovich of


  8     Cleveland proposes calling a halt to proposed drilling


  9     until  the Ohio House  can make  a thorough investigation


 10     of the  pollution  threat and  until the public can evaluate


 11     the risks against  the benefits that  may be  derived from


 12     exploiting the oil  and gas reserves.


 13              "It is a  sensible proposal  and has won  the


 14     support of the resources department, whose chief concern,


 15    after all, is protecting the state1s natural resources.


 16                "Although drilling has been authorized by the


 17     legislature, the department has the power to hold it off


 18     by  delaying promulgation of regulations.   It would be


 19     wise to do so until pollution-free operations can be


20     assured."


21                {The following article appeared in The Cleveland


22     Press, on Saturday, February 3, 1968:)


                 "More Danger for Lake


                 "Lake Erie already has the hapless reputation


       of a 'dead sea,1  thanks to the pollution  that has ruined
-------
                                                              26?
                           Hon.  Ralph  Locher


        its waters.


  2              "Now it is in  danger of growing even more


  3     polluted through oil drilling.  Ohio, New York and


  4     Pennsylvania plan to lease submerged Lake Erie lands


  5     for oil purposes.


  6              "George Harlow, head of the Lake Erie office


  7     of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,


  8     categorically says there is a pollution threat from the


  9     drilling which would take place two to three miles from


10     the shoreline of Ashtabula County.


1:L              "Pollution from drilling can come from three


^fe     sources:  the oil itself, brine and the lubricating oil


,„      from the underwater machinery.


14               "On Monday the state will hold hearings in


      .  Columbus to discuss the rules for Lake Erie drilling,
JL 5

        particularly as it affects shipping and pollution.  The
16

        oil drillers should be made to prove their case, which
17

       may be difficult.
18

                 "Certain questions should be asked the
19

       proponents of Lake Erie drilling:
20

                 "Is the oil which may be obtained absolutely
21
       necessary to our economy?
22
                 "Will it mean cheaper gasoline to Ohio


       motorists?


                 "How will drilling be terminated if pollution
-------
                                                              268

                           Hon. Ralph Locher

  1     occurs?

  2               "Who will pay to clean it up?

  3               "Officials should be wary of such statements

  4     as this  from a New York official:   'The  risk of any of

  5     our operations polluting are negligible.1

  Q               "Are the risks of a broken oil line negligible?

  7     Should such  an accident occur,  the  mess  could be as

  8     disastrous as the  tons  of spilled oil that  washed the

        Cornwall  coast of  England last  year.

                  "And once state officials let  the drilling

        commence,  even with tight safeguards  ridigly enforced,

        pollution  seems inevitable.   This has been  part  of  the

        tragic history of  industrial wastes in Lake Erie,
 13
                  "It is hard to conceive of  any situation  which
 14
        would justify drilling  for  oil  in Lake Erie."
 15
                  (The following article appeared in The Cleveland
 16
        Plain Dealer,  on Sunday,  February Id,  1968:)
 17
                  "Credibility  Gap  on the Olentangy, by  Richard
 18
        G. Zimmerman,  Plain-Dealer Bureau
 19
                  "Columbus  —  Yea,  though I walk through the
 20
        credibility gap, I  shall  overcome and  survive.
 21
                  "First off, it  is  easier to  keep  one's sanity
 22
        here because  fortunately  our Ohio credibility gap does not
 23
        involve the lives of America's fighting men.
24
                  "Second, the  gap here sometimes gets so wide

25
-------
                          Hon. Ralph Locher


        that  one  cannot  see  the size of the abyss  and happily


        forgets he  even  is plodding along in a deep pit of  poppy-


        cock.


                 "Take  the  flap over whether the  state was or was


        not planning to  permit oil and gas drilling in Lake Erie.


                 "Late  last year, Natural Resources Director


        Fred  E. Morr joyously crowed that Ohio was leading  other


        Great Lakes states in opening a portion of Lake Erie to


        private oil and  gas  interests.


                 "And earlier this month, the state held public


       hearings to discuss a set of regulations to control


       drilling.  A lesser Natural Resources Department official


       told me immediately after the hearing that advertising


       material for bids on lake leases was ready to be mailed


       out to newspapers the same week.


                 "But apparently reports of public criticism


       generated by the hearing on regulations were quickly


       noted in high places, for the next day a top Natural


       Resources official suggested that I had been drunk on


       the job for ever suggesting the state had made a decision


       to permit drilling in the lake.


                 "At any moment I expect a Natural Resources


       Department official to appear,  swing a watch before my


       eyes and intone:
M

                 "'Repeat after me — there was no hearing on
25
-------
J. .1.
«
13
                                                       269
                   Hon. Ralph Locher
 regulations,  there was no hearing  on  ...'"
           (Statement  of Ralph S. Locher on behalf  of the
 Izaak Walton  League,  delivered May 22, 1963, at public
 hearing  held  by  Ohio  Water Pollution  Control Board in
 Cleveland:)
           "The Mightiest Little River in the Nation,"
 the Cuyahoga
           Introduction
           It  is  a privilege to appear and present
 testimony  for the Izaak Walton League, whose members
 number dedicated men  and women devoted to the cause of
 conserving our nation's natural resources as defenders
 of soil, woods,  water, and wildlife.
          As  I look about this chamber, I see the familiar
 faces of those united in the same cause, many having
 appeared only two months ago at a meeting in Columbus
 to oppose the proposed drilling for oil and gas in Lake
 Erie.  Our efforts were, I believe, helpful to the State
 of Ohio, and I trust can be of further assistance at
this important hearing.
          The Cuyahoga River has been termed the
mightiest little river in the nation.  It is a man-made
river.  Man leveled it out with the great canal,
 straightened it with the cut at its mouth,  dredged it
deep for ore bulkers, dammed it at numerous points to
-------
                                                           270
                          Hon. Ralph LOGher

  1     harness its power.  It is the principal reason for the

  2     success of iron,  oil,  chemical,  and rubber empires.  Sam

  3     Mather, John D.  Rockefeller, Ben Fairless, and Cyrus

  4     Eaton are associated with the Cuyahoga and its giant

  5     industry.  (1)

  6               Currently, the  value added by manufacture to

  7     the  products produced  in  the Cuyahoga Valley is in excess
                                                  ©
  8     of two billion dollars — a  staggering sum.

  g               Bad Stewards

                  Why is  it  that  a river which has contributed

        so importantly to the  affluence  of  the region,  should

        be so foul and neglected?  Americans have  not  been good
 X<£
        stewards  of nature's bounty.   Exploitation of  man  and
 13
        resources in our  frenzied search for wealth  has dominated
 14
        our  being to the  end that  we  are now gravely concerned
 15
        with whether or not  Lake  Erie can be  saved before
 16
        catastrophe strikes.
 17
                  George  Harlow of the Federal Water Pollution
 18
        Control Administration  recently  stated that  Lake Erie
 19
        may  face  an instant  biological cataclysm which  would
 20
        make the  lake's present problems seem mild by  comparison.
 21
                  The American  society is a  civilization wherein
 22 |
        we stand  knee-deep in garbage and ankle-deep in sewage,
 23
        while  our fantastic  technology sends  a man to the moon.i
 24
                  Pollution  Abatement — a Cost of Doing Business

25
-------
                                                            271
                           Hon.  Ralph Locher

                  That  same technology must  be directed by
  o
       industry and government  toward control of industrial

       wastes.  There  is hope for the Cuyahoga if two avenues

  4     of effort  converge:

  5                First, industry must recognize that air and

  6     water conservation  is a part of the cost of doing

  7     business,  everywhere in  the country.  (2)

  8                If a new automobile must cost more by reason

  9     of the installation of water pollution controls, the

10     public will understand.  Undoubtedly there will be

11     added expense, particularly in the early years for

^fe    the Republic Steel Company to discontinue its daily

13     dumping of 1£0,000 pounds of suspended solids, 120,000

14     pounds of  sulfate, 32,000 pounds of chloride, 2#0 pounds

15     of phenol, 400 pounds of cyanide, 4,100 pounds of

       ammonia, 1,100 pounds of magnesium, 12,000 pounds of

       iron and oil and heavy metals.

                  United States Steel dumps into the Cuyahoga
18
       daily:  S4,000 pounds total solids, 30,000 pounds
JL \s
       suspended  solids, 510 pounds of oil, 50,000 pounds of
Cf\J
       sulfate, 1,000 pounds of chlorine, 15,000 pounds of
-------
                                                             272
                          Hon. Ralph Locher

  1               Other daily discharges into the Cuyahoga and

  2     its tributaries come from:   Harshaw Chemical, 550

  3     pounds fluoride, 160 pounds nickel, 3,100 pounds

  4     chloride, 30 pounds manganese and sulfate.   Ford Motor

  5     Company,  62 pounds suspended solids,  62 pounds oil,

        43 pounds zirconium dioxide, 2,600 pounds chloride,

  7     410 pounds of silica dioxide (sand).   Sunoco Products,

  8     300 pounds suspended solids, 7#2 pounds of  oxygen-con-

  9     suming material.  Rubber  Industry —  B. F.  Goodrich,

 1Q     Firestone Tire  and Rubber,  and  Goodyear Tire and Rubber

        discharge unreported quantities of solids,  oxygen-con-

        suming wastes,  organics and oil into  the  Cuyahoga at
 X<5

        Akron.
 J. O
                  Is  it any wonder  that the Cuyahoga has been
 14
        described as  "one-third mud ...  one-third sludge,  and
 15
        one-third pickle liquor ..."  (3)
 16
                  Second,  the State of  Ohio must request full
 17
        disclosure of pollution facts from all  industry  in the
 18
        state.  It is our  understanding that  some seventeen
 19
        industries which pollute the Cuyahoga River  do not report
 20
        data on their wastes to the State  of Ohio.   This is a
 21
        ridiculous situation, unfair to  those industries which
 22
        do report  and an affront to the  public  of Ohio.  Further,
 23
        the State  of  Ohio  should adequately finance  and  staff  .
 24
        the Ohio Water Pollution Control Board.  It  is naive to
25
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                                                             273

                           Hon.  Ralph Locher


        expect that one engineer with no laboratory facilities


  2     in Cuyahoga County can monitor the  industrial and


  3     municipal discharges and singlehandedly enforce  state


  4     laws.


  5               Massive  Federal and State Aid


  6               Estimates to clean  up Lake Erie vary from


  7     ten billion to  twenty billion dollars — a  prodigious


  8     sum.   Even the  lower figure represents $1,000 for every


  9     man, woman and  child in  the area tributary  to Lake  Erie.


10               Obviously,  the  municipalities cannot carry  the


-Q     burden alone.   The  state  and  the  Federal Government are


ifm    100 per cent correct  in  calling for higher  standards


,„      and multi-billion dollar  programs,  but  they are wrong


        in  calling the  tune without helping defray  the costs.


        So  far, the State of  Ohio has not invested  a  nickel in
15

        the cleanup of  Lake Erie.  Not  one  of the major cities
16

        in  Ohio has received  a penny  of federal aid for
17

        construction of sewage treatment facilities:  although
18

        many millions of dollars  have been  allocated  to others.
19

                 When  the interstate highway system  faltered
20

        in  the  1950s, the automobile and gasoline industries
21

        had no  trouble  ramming through Congress a 90-10 formula;
22
        90  per  cent .federal dollars and 10  per cent state and


        local funds.  Surely, the fisherman, the boatman, and the


        family and  children who would like to swim in Lake Erie,
-------
                                                              27k
                           Hon.  Ralph Locher
  i                       /
        deserve the  same attention from the  Congress and the

  2      state legislature;  and the economic  considerations

  3      are equally  significant.   The State  of Ohio,  to  illus-

  4      trate my point,  ten years  ago collected 260  million

  5      dollars per  annum from the sales tax;  2k million

  6      dollars was  returned to local governments.   In 196? i

  7      state collections climbed  to  369 million dollars;  but

  3      local governments are still getting  only 2k million

  9      dollars — the same as ten years ago.

 IQ               Citizens1  action is required  here to convince

 13_      the legislature  to  fairly  and equitably distribute state

 12      tax revenue, as  well as to insist that  the legislature

        provide funds to beef up the  staff of the Department of
 J.O
        Health and the Water Pollution  Control  Board.
 14
                 Some Suggestions
 15
                 The Izaak  Walton League, after a cursory reading
 16
        of  the  Engineering  Report  (our  copy arrived day before
 17
        yesterday) respectfully recommends the  following:
 18
                 1.  Improved pre-treatment of  industrial
 19
        wastes by industry,  particularly the reduction of oils
 20
        and greases before the wastes empty into the public
 21
        sewers.
 22
                 2*  Improved operation and expansion of the
 23
        sewage treatment plants of the various municipalities
24
        to  provide tertiary treatment at all plants tributary
25
-------
                                                             275

                          Hon. Ralph Locher

        to streams.

  2               3.   Complete treatment  at  the  Easterly  sewage

  3     treatment  plant  of City of  Cleveland instead  of piping

  4     sludge  to  the  Southerly treatment plant.

  5               4.   Secondary treatment for all water pollution

  6     control plants which discharge their effluent into Lake

  7     Erie.

  8               5.   Compulsory periodic inspection and  cleaning

  9     of septic  tanks to  insure operational efficiency  and

10     gradual elimination of septic tanks.

,,                6.   Cooling  towers be constructed by industry

^,-mm   to prevent thermal  pollution of the  Cuyahoga and  its

        tributaries; further,  thermal pollution should be ex-
JLo

        pressed in terms of maximums rather than in terms of
14
        averages.
15
                 7.   Lake  Erie  and its tributaries should not
16
        be  separately  considered; all should be treated as parts
17
        of  an interacting whole, since the more obvious water
18
        degradation has taken place in the tributaries; in other
19
        words, a watershed  or drainage basin concept, is pre-
20
        ferable.
21
                 6.  It should be clearly understood that initial
22
f        standards are not final; that standards on water quality
          •
        will be raised until clean water is the end result, at
              .
        earliest possible time.
..
-------
                                                             276

                          Hon.  Ralph Locher


                  With vigorous enforcement, the Guyahoga River

  2
        and its tributaries  will return to its former condition

  3
        and use as a spawning area for warm, fresh water fish-

  4
        life.

  5
                  The Waltonian Philosophy
  6                Previously,  at  the  November 30,  1966,  hearing


  7      held by this honorable body,  the  philosophy  and  ideal  of


  8      the  Izaak Walton League was expressed by Seba  H.  Estill,


  9      Chairman of  the  Conservation  Committee, who  stated the


 10      following:


 11                "We concur in the recommendations  of the Ohio


 12      Water Pollution  Control Board that the waters  of  Lake


 13      Erie proper  be made suitable  to serve all uses.   This


 14      could generate hope for a resurrection of Lake Eriefs


 15      once great commercial  fishing industry and a resurgence


 16      of its sport  fishing,  while providing fresh  incentives


 17      for  northern  Ohio's once flourishing  vacation  industry


 lg      to collaborate in the  rebuilding  of their industry and


        the  advancement  of an  enviable image  as the  outstanding


 2Q      vacation and  watering  region  of our entire midwest.


 21               '-'However, we  believe that the water of harbors


        (within the Cleveland  breakwall, for  instance) and


        similar areas, should  also be suitable for body contact
23

        purposes.  Then  Cleveland's bathing beaches might
24

        be open to the public; and that other sports,  such as
25
-------
»
                                                     277

                   Hon. Ralph Locher


 water skiing,  might  again be engaged  in.


           "To  this end, we request  a  water quality


 criteria capable  of  supporting  the  propagation  of  a


 thriving and healthy population of  warm water game


 fish  that are  indigenous  to the area...."


           Thank you  for this opportunity to appear on


 behalf  of the  Izaak  Walton League.


           Appendix


           Note 1


           The  red  of the  water  is created by iron, mud,


 sulphur,  crude oil,  and pickle  liquor from the mills.


And for  100 years  those who have known which side  mid-


west bread is buttered on  have thanked God ... also Sam


Mather,  John D. Rockefeller, Ben Fairless, Cyrus Eaton,


and many  other early iron  men who sailed out of the Cuya-

    ''11
hoga Basin up to the Michigan, Menominee, and Mesabi Ranges


to find  the red dirt that  feeds Cuyahoga's iron furnaces


and colors its waters.  (Taken from "The Cuyahoga" by


William  Donohou ELlis, 1966)


          Note 2


          Either we voluntarily implement effective


pollution abatement programs at all levels of business


and industry, or in the near future our actions in this


area will be spelled out by Congressional legislation.


Today we still have the freedom to make a reasoned and
-------
                                                             27$


                          Hon. Ralph Locher



        resolute  response  to  the  problem.   Tomorrow our actions

  n
        may  be  tightly controlled by government  regulations.



  3                If our efforts  are made mandatory,  not only



  4      will we be forced  to  take more  costly  and  less  efficient



  5      action, but  we will also  forfeit our claim to being a



  6      responsible  segment of  society.  To those  who say they



  7      cannot  afford to take effective anti-pollution  measure,



  8      I  can only respond that they can't  afford  not to.  By:



  9      Mr.  A.  Wright,  President  of  the Chamber  of Commerce of



10      United  States,  also Board Chairman  of  Humble  Oil and


11      Refining  Co.   (Taken from "Industrial  Water Engineering"



12      January issue,  196?)



13                Note  3


14                Sometimes the old  river seems  to  be a combina-



,_ 1     tion of one-third  mud from the still rural  headwaters,
15


   j     one-third  sludge,  and one-third pickle liquor from the
16


        great mills, but it continues making history.  Mile for



        mile  and drop  for  drop, it is doubtful that it  can be
18                           '

        matched by any  other river.  (Taken from "The Cuyahoga"



   I     by William Donohou Ellis, 1966)
fC\)

                  CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you, Mayor Locher.
21

        (Applause)
22 |

                 I heard  that comment, too, about the dredged
23                                                     -

        material being  half water, but I didn't  comment, becausW

24

        you didn't say  it was clean water but  —

25
-------
                                                             279

                         Hon. Ralph Locher


               Again, let me make the record clear — and I


 2   would  like to talk to you people about this, because I


 3   do think this is a serious matter.   I didn't say that


 4   pollution from oil wasn't an important problem.  Every


 5   time we have a catastrophe  or we have a boat sunk —


 6   and we had one that we were talking  about just a month or


 7   two ago, Mr. Oeming, in Lake Michigan — this is very,


 8   very serious.


 9             The question that I put here — we have to take


10   the big problems and the small ones, no matter how big


ll   or how small.  We take the sources — but even if all


TQ   this happens, really, sir — relatively, I am saying the


13   big sources of pollution control in  Lake Erie Basin have


14   been and will continue to be — unless we watch these


     and put in remedial measures — are  going to be the cities
JL u

     and the industries.
16

               Now, the difficulty that I find in this field —
17                               J

     and goodness knows I am with you on  these campaigns, but
18

     water  pollution  control for some reason or other is
19          *

     subject to fantasy.  One time we were fooling with the
20

     oil well wastes, and talk about that well backfiring


     — you should have seen those oil brine things backfire
22

     in the old days; we used to have more gushers than wells.


               First, it was oil wells.   Then, I remember


     packing houses.  Then,  pulp and paper wastes.  Then,

25
-------
                                                            280
                         Hon. Ralph Locher


     detergents.  Then, the pesticides.  And now, the three

     big issues are:  radioactive pollution from these mills;


     thermo pollution  and oil pollution — and there is


     another one, boat pollution.


 5              Now, all these are very, very important.  But I


 6    am saying to the people that we must meet these and meet


 „    these head on, but let's not lose our perspective,


     because I have seen more effort get concentrated and

 8
     more meetings being devoted to these issues to the
 j

     exclusion of really looking at the bread-and-butter issue


   |  of the cig cities and the big industries.  That is not to


     say, Mayor, that we should exclude this oil question as a
12

   i  very serious one, and, as Mr. Lyon knows, we have had
13
   !  numerous discussions on the oil problem, and I have been at
14  |
     these places and up to Cook inlet, and I know what the
15
     problems are.  As far as I can see they are very serious,
16  I
     indeed, and they have to be handled very, very carefully.
17  j
               I know you have these stringent regulations
18  |
     when you get on one of these islands  in an oil rig and
19  |
     the motor is gone and everything is shaking.  Pipes
20
     don't always hold together twenty-four hours a day,
21
     three hundred sixty-five days a year.  It requires a

22 I
   I  real top maintenance man to do this.

23  !
               I know this, and with all deference to your

24
   I  statement and what you have said, I think the conferees

25
-------
                                                             231


                          Hon.  Ralph Locher


      will carefully consider this,  but  again  I  say  to you  and

 2
      everyone  else:   The  big problem that  we  have to face  in

 3
      cleaning  up and controlling pollution in Lake  Erie  -is

 4
      the municipal  and  industrial sources.  If  we do that,  I

 5
      do believe we  will be  able  to handle  these other things.

 6
                MR.  LOCHER:   Yes,  and my paper does  go to that.

 7
      I didn't  read  it because  I  wanted  it  as  part of the

 Q
      record. But that is  all the more reason, I believe, why

 n
      dream up  and invent  sources when we have already got  a


      big enough problem to  keep  everyone in this room going the


11    rest of their  lives?


liiL            CHAIRMAN STEIN:   That is right.


13              I have always said,  about the  dredging, I didn't


14    think we  cleaned up  one of  the Great  Lakes just to  make


15    it a dump, and your  point is very  well taken.


16              Are  there  any other comments?


17              Before we  go on,  we will recess  for  ten minutes.


18              (Short recess.)


19              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I will  call on  Mr.  Metzler from


20    New York.


21              MR.  METZLER: We  have the two  key people  in our


22    organization here, so  far as the water pollution abatement


      is concerned in New  York, as it relates  to Lake Erie:


      Assistant Commissioner John C, Haberer,  who will make the


25    presentation;   Eugene  Seebald* who is the  Regional
-------
                                                           232



                          John C.  Haberer



     Engineer, is also here,  and  in the  event we get into some



 2   detailed questions,  he has this very much at his fingertips.



 3             MR. HABERER:   Commissioner Stein, conferees,



 4   ladies and gentlemen:



 5             I am John  C. Haberer, Assistant Commissioner



 6   for pure Waters of the New York State Department of Health.



 7             The following  resume will  illustrate the



 8   status of the program of New York State in water



 9   pollution control as it  affects Lake Erie.



10             Of the forty sources of waste discharge to



11   and-or affecting Lake Erie,  twenty-two are under formal



12   orders.  Of these, twelve are complying with the



13   with respect to formal dates for performance.  Thirty-six



14   of the forty are in  substantial compliance with the time



15   schedules.



,               The discrepancy between twelve and thirty-six



     has been due to problems encountered in the preliminary



     evaluation of the individual problem.  These unknowns



     have required a readjustment of the original intermediate



     dates to promote a complete  and sound engineering approach.
t£\)


     The final dates of abatement have not nor will not be alterec
^-L


     without positive engineering evaluation, but the
*o«C


     intermediate steps (originally listed in the Commissioner's
23                                                           A

     order in the absence of  complete in stijations at the
24

     problem level) are,  and  will continue to be, flexible
25
-------
                                                       233
                    John C. Haberer

consistent with the problem.

          Only four of the forty polluters are regarded

as not having realistic terminal dates and two

additional ones have been referred to the Attorney

General's office for enforcement of the orders.

          With respect to the control of bathing areas in

New York State bordering Lake Erie, only one formal bathing

beach was closed in 196? (Hamburg Town Park in Erie

County).  The closing was prompted by high bacteria

counts and the unsatisfactory sanitary survey of the

area involving particularly effects of stormwater

overflows.  Changes in bypass and storm overflow

arrangements inaugurated by the town of Hamburg have changed

the sanitary survey.  These steps, coupled with a

statistical analysis of the water quality indicate that,

in all probability, the beach will be reopened this

year under very close health department scrutiny.

          The ibrmal listing of other bathing areas on

Lake Erie from the Federal Water Pollution Control

Administration indicating unsafe bathing areas is an error

in that the areas noted do not reflect formal bathing

beaches under the acknowledged control of individuals or

municipalities.

          Six hundred seventy-two samples of Lake Erie

water at twenty sites from the mouth of the Niagara River
-------
                         John C. Haberer
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
15

     to the New York State-Pennsylvania state line were taken



     during 196? from May through September by the New York



     State, Erie County, and Chautauqua County Health



     Departments.



               The median coliform counts nearly always fell



     within the statutory coliform limits set by the New York



     State Legislature in Section 1205 of the New York



     State Public Health Law and most generally were within the



     limits of the recommendation No, 9 of the Enforcement



     Conference dated August 12, 1965.



               In the few instances where high coliforms



     existed for a protracted period, the sampling site was



     involved with high concentrations of decaying aquatic



     life and-or in areas receiving high surface run-off from



     recently occurring rains, flooding storm and sanitary
..„   systems into watercourses
16


               The underwater resources of New York State in



     Lake Erie (oil and gas) are about to be explored through
18
     leases to private concerns under the direction of the New



     York State Conservation Department with the New York State



     Health Department exercising surveillance to insure against
21


     water pollution resulting from these activities.  It is



     felt that with proper design, construction  and control



     effects, no adverse effects will hinder normal enjoyment of

24


     the offshore waters.

25
-------
                         John C. Haberer



 1              Any discussion of experiences as to the



 2    pollution incidental to offshore drilling operation are,



 3    at this time, premature with respect to New York State



 4    and its pure waters program.



 5              The disposal of dredged material as a result



 6    of the maintenance of navigational channels by the United



 7    States Corps of Engineers, particularly in the Buffalo



 8    area, has been the source of concern for several years



 9    past.  A totally enclosed lagoon was used last year



10    to receive dredgings from highly polluted waters.



     Dredgings from relatively unpolluted water continued to



     be disposed in offshore Lake Erie water.



               A recent application to the New York State



     Water Resources Commission by the Bethlehem Steel



     Corporation to permanently dike six hundred twenty acres



     in Lake Erie adjacent to their plant site near Buffalo



     has been received.  The New York State Department of



     Health, in its program responsibilities, has conferred with



     plant management and has made it clear that the taking of



     underwater land for solid waste disposal must be fully



     justified on a benefit versus sacrifice evaluation.



               The Corps of Engineers has been involved in the



     conferences and have indicated an interest in the



     proposal.  The area of the solid waste disposal in Lake



     Erie will all but completely usurp the present authorized
-------
                                                            2S6



                         John C. Haberer



 1   offshore dumping site presently being used.  The water



 2   intakes of the Erie County water authority at Woodlawn



 3   and the city of Buffalo may be affected by the shoreline



 4   change.  The steel company proposed to conduct hydraulic



 5   model studies to demonstrate the potential effect on the



 6   intakes and the navigation channels adjacent to the area.



 7   Any recommendation to the Water Resources Commission by



 8   the Health Department with respect to the Bethlehem



 9   proposal will be contingent upon the details developed as



10   a result of the further study.



11             In conclusion, New York has and will continue



12   an aggressive program to insure the integrity of Lake



13   Erie's waters and will administer such controls as are


     available, consistent with good engineering and public



     health programming coupled with wise and equitable
15


     administration of the vast natural resource of the lake.
16



17



18


19



20



21



22



23



24



25
-------
                                                    ABA
                                                    (Rl
ATEM
V
                            MENT STATUS
                                6/1/68)
POLLUTER NAME & LOCALITY
ACTION REQUIRED & DATE
Moench Tannery, Gowanda (V)  Final Plans 6/1/63
Eastern TAnners Glue Div.
Gowanda (V)

Brocton (V)
Commence Construction
Commence Construction
Vl/68
Dunkirk (C)
Westfield (V)
Submit final plans
5/1/68
Submit final plans
6/1/63
  ACTION TAKEN OR EXPLANATION

  The Industry together with
  other industries in the
  Village of Gowanda and the
  Village of Gowanda are in-
  vestigating joint treatment
  of their wastes,

  Same as above.
  Plans have been submitted
  by the consulting engineers
  for the Village.  Cost
  estimates indicate excessive
  cost for municipal under-
  taking.  Industry modifica-
  tions have altered the scope
  of the project

  Wastewater facilities report
  prepared.  Field conference
  held.

  V.'astewater facilities report
  submitted.  Cost estimates
  and method of treatment being
  restudied to provide for ade-
  quate treatment consistent
  with municipal financial
  ability.
ADDITIONAL ACTION REQUIRED

Continual follow-up and
review of material sub-
mitted 3/1/60.
Same as above.
Follow-up with consulting
engineers.
Review of report and imple-
mentation of project.


Meeting held 5/23/68 to
discuss project with
municipal representatives.
                                                                                                                oa
                                                                                                                -o
-------
POLLUTER NAME & LOCALITY
ACTION REQUIRED & DATE
ACTION TAKEN OR EXPLANATION
ADDITIONAL ACTION REQUIRED
Growers Co-op.
V/estfield (V)
Submit final plans
6/1/6'
Huntley Mfg. Co.
Brocton (V)
R.C. McAteer
Ripley
Seneca V/estfield Maid
V/estfield (V)
Connect to Village
sewers as soon as
available.
Submit final plans
6/1/63
Welsh Grape Juice
Brocton (V)
To close 6/67
Welsh Grape Juice
V/estfield (V)
Submit final plans
12/31/67
Industry indicated desirabil-
ity to connect to municipal
sewers.  However, cost esti-
mates indicate excessive costs
for joint municipal industrial
venture ($6,000,000)

Severs not available. Follow
up. Inspection April 196  re-
vealed insignificant problem.
No discharge to surface waters.

Inspection 4/68 revealed
discharge through municipal
sewers of minor pollutional
significance.

Industry has indicated desire
to connect to municipal
sewers. Joint municipal
industrial venture delayed
because of excessive cost
estimates.

Only storage of grape
juice at the plant at
present. Facilities being
constructed in V'estfield
to eliminate need for
storage in Brocton.

Industry has indicated desire
to connect to municipal sewert
However, excessive cost esti-
mates have delayed the project
Industry must provide for
adequate treatment either
alone or in conjunction
with the Village.  See
V/estfield (V).
                                                           Follow up.  Municipality
                                                           must provide additional
                                                           degree of treatment.
Industry must provide,
either alone or in con-
junction with the munici-
pality adequate waste
treatment facilities.
See also '/estfieicf (V).

Continuance of follow-up
with industry. See also
Brocton (V).
Continual contact with the
industry which must, either
alone or in conjunction with
the Village,    provide for
adequate waste treatment fad
ities.  See also V.'estfJeld (V
                          JO
                          Od
                          oo
-------
                                                           -;>-
POLLUTfl^AME & LOCALITY     ACTION REQUIRED & DATE

Allegany Ludlum Steel Corp.  Commence Construction
Dunkirk (C)                  3/1/63
Twin Cities Asphalt
Dunkirk (C)

North Collins (V)
Submit preliminary plans
1/1/6G
Producers and Canners Co-op. Connect to Village
                             sanitary sewers
                             6/1/63
City Laundry
Dunkirk (C)
Silver Creek (V)
Silver Creek Preserving
Silver Creek (V)
Bethlehem Steel Corp,
Lackawanna (C)
Connect to City sewers
as soon as available
Plant in operation
3/1/67
Connect to village
sewers before canning
season

Commence Construction
6/1/63
                                N TAKEN OR EXPLANATION     ADDITIONAL ACTION REQOT?ED
                           Industry is in the process of
                           connecting to municipal sewers
                           and have abated their discharges*
                           Abated
Plans submitted
                           Plans submitted by the Village
                           for additional treatment of
                           municipal and Industrial
                           wastes
Sewers not yet available
None.
Portions of the facility
have been constructed. In*
ternal modifications have
been made in areas within
the plant.  Investigation of
deep well disposal by test well
currently underway.
Review of plans by State
Health Department

Continued contact with  the
industry and the municipality
to provide for adequate
additional waste treatment
facilities

Advise City of need for pro-
viding additional sewer col-
lection facilities.

Installation of additional
collection facilities and
connection of individual
discharges to the sewer
system by the municipality

Field recheck
Industry must implement
approved plans being
developed in phases.
                           N)
                           oa
-------
POLLUTER NAME 5- LOCALITY
ACTION REQUIRED & DATE
ACTION TAKEN OR EXPLANATION
ADDITIONAL ACTION REQUIRED
Socony Mobil Oil
Buffalo Dye Works
Allied Chemical Corp.
Oepew (V)
Lancaster (V)
Donner-Hanna Coke Corp,
Buffalo (C)
Republic Steel Corp.
Buffalo (C)
Manna Furnace Co.
Lackawanna (C)

North Collins (T)
Lawton's Hamlet
Commence Construction
W63
Submit final plan
1/13/60
6/1/60 Start Construction
Plant in Operation
6/1/63
Refinery scheduled for close
down in June of 196?. In-
vestigation reveals facilities
to be adequate for storage
purposes and terminal use.

Plans submitted
Joint conference Buffalo
Sewer Authority, Industry
& State Health Dept.
Construction delayed by
necessity to comply with
Regional plan to permit
federal and state grants in
aid

Same as above
Submit preliminary plan    Plans submitted
tO/1/67
Submit preliminary plan
Vl/67
Submit final plans
Vl/63
Plans submitted.
Portions of the final
plans have been submitted
for facilities.

Investigation reveals minor
pollutional significance.

V.'astewater facilities report
submitted.
State Health Department follow
up
Health Dept. to review
plans. Industry must nego.
tiate with Buffalo Sewer
Authority to discharge
pretreated wastes to the
Sewer Authority system.
Same as above
Review of submitted plans.
Continual contact with
industry.

Continuous follow-up and
review of submitted plans.
Continuous contact with
municipality and review of
submitted plans.
-------
POLLUTl
4E  & LOCALITY
Growers and Packers Co-op.
North Collins (V)

Fredonla (V) &
Red V/ing Cannery
Dunkirk Conferenceq
Grounds
Sheridan (T)

Holy Cross Seminary

Rlpley Sewer District
Rlpley 
-------
                                                          292
                         John C. Haberer

 1              New York State is sorry that we lost Miss

 2    Brockway.  We do not have any dancing girls.  This

 3    completes my presentation.

 4              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there any comments or

 5    questions?

 6              By the way, John, can we have a list of those

 7    communities, or is that in a table?

 8              MR. HABERER:  That is in the table.

 9              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Without objection, this will

IQ    appear in the record as if read.  Are there any other

a    comments or questions?

12              MR. LYON:  It is obvious, Mr. Chairman, that

13    Miss Brockway had to move to Pennsylvania because of

     the beach conditions in New York!

               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  You know, New York should have
15
     spoken earlier because evidently they are going to vie
16
     with you for providing oil leases, and maybe some of the

     opinions would have been directed at New York if they
18
     allied themselves with this position.  I know
19                              •
     Pennsylvania was the stalking horse, but I was interested

     in one sentence, and I am not quite sure what it means.
21
               MR. HABERER:  Cross it out if you don't like
22
     it.
23
               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  No, you indicate that New YorlP
24
     is going to have oil and gas exploration through leases.
25
-------
                                                       293
                    Dwight Metzler

Then you say, "Any discussion of experiences as to the

pollution incidental to offshore drilling operation are,

at this time, premature with respect to New York State and

its pure waters program."  What do you mean by that?

You mean we donft have the pollution yet?

          MR. HABERER:  Well, we haven't approved the

rules and regulations yet, nor have we come close to that.

So, we are talking about possibilities.

          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  In other words, you are really

not going to beat Pennsylvania.  You are not about to issue

a lease until you have these rules and regulations put

out.

          MR. HABERER:  That is right.

          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there any other comments or

questions?

          Well, I think we are getting the pollutants

laid out.  Are there any further questions or comments?

          If not, thank you very much, Mr. Haberer.

          Mr. Metzler.

          MR. METZLER:  Unless there are some other

questions on the New York statement, this concludes the

New York presentation.

          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Now, may I make one suggestion?

  think New York State, as it does pretty generally, has

this program pretty much on schedule.
-------
                                                            294


                         Dwight Metzler

                Now,  when you have an adjustment — and I am not


 2    talking about an intermediate adjustment,  but an


 3    adjustment of the terminal dates,  as you may have —


 4    you point out four out of forty as not having realistic


 5    terminal dates.   Would it be agreeable if  you could


 6    make that information available to the conferees?


 7              MR. METZLER:   We would expect to keep up to


 8    date on any changes that would have to be  made.


 9              There is one thing that I might  point out,  just


10    as  a matter of  interest and not to prolong the conference,


11    but we  have used a technique in this area  that we had not


12    used prior to the last conference,  and that is:   The


!3    York statute permits the Commission of Health actually to


14    hold a  hearing  and to fine a polluter who  is not performing,


15    and we  carried  out such an action at least against one


._    large corporation,  and as a part of our overall  program
J.D

      of  moving swiftly with justice against flagrant violators.


                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Now,  I have one reservation
16

      that I  want to  hold later for discussion.   I am going to


      at  least open the question on the numerical removal of


      phosphates,  whether we think we are all working toward the


      same end or not.
22

                Specifically,  of course,  we are  going to open Jap


      to  what Michigan is doing,  whether we are  asking for
24

      eighty  percent   in all cases,  and the question is whether
25
-------
                                                      295
                    Dwight Metaler
we should or this should be a policy for Lake Erie.
We have not done that yet.  We left that a little open
because of the State of New York.
          I think that this — and particularly in view
of the determinations made in other places, such as
Lake Michigan — I am going to ask that question fairly
generally later.
          MR. METZLER:  I don't object to your asking it
now, Mr. Chairman, as far as I am concerned.
          I think if we are not careful that we will —
first, let me point out that in the one big installation
in New York State that is far enough along that we have
pretty much good cost data, we are talking about doubling
the cost of sewage treatment over the cost — the
phosphate removal cost is as much as the secondary treatment
of sewage.
          Now, this is not something that you undertake
lightly, and at least in the one case where we have moved
into preliminary design of facilities we think it is
justified.
          This is one of the reasons that I was particularly
responsive to the model proposal by Pennsylvania.  I would
really like to know what benefits, if any, we are going
to get from the increased phosphate removal.  The only
reason that we are zeroing in on phosphates like we are  —
-------
   I                                                        296


                         Dwight Metzler



      for those who are laymen in the group — is because it

 2
      happens that  it is the nutrient that we do know how to take



      out.


 4              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   That is right.


 5              MR.  METZLER:   Nitrogen may be much more



 6    important as  far as stopping the algal blooms that we



 7    are all worrying about,  and I am quite concerned that


 8    we say to the big cities — Cleveland, Detroit,  and


 9    Buffalo, and  the small communities — we are going to


10    double your costs of waste  treatment before you even get


11    up to  the secondary treatment level.



12              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Let me just —


13              MR.  METZLER:   So, in answer to this question I


14    would  hope that we would defer any formal  recommendations


15    on this matter,  refer it to a technical committee to take


16    a look at and perhaps see us in the future.


17              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   This is for clarification.


18              I have heard the  same figures, Mr. Metzler,


19    and as I understand it,  when they are talking about


2Q    doubling the  cost, they didn't mean in capital improvements,


21    but in operations.,


                MR.  METZLER:   The figure I was using was doubling
-------
                                                    297
                   Dwight Metzler
question Mr. Metzler asked Indiana, and that is:  Will the
availability of Federal grants have anything to do with
your keeping with your timetable and schedules?
          MR. METZLER:  That is a real tough question and
I am going to give you a different answer than you have
heard elsewhere.  It will hurt us financially.  It will
hurt our communities, and it makes promotion much more
difficult, but we are committed on a course in which we
will prefinance the Federal Government thirty per cent
of the project cost as well as finance the State's share,
and we are prepared with a bond issue to finance sixty
per cent of the construction costs.
          We are not willing to let New York communities
wait to start their construction, or to complete their
construction until Congress makes up its mind.  (Applause)
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Are there any other comments
or questions?
          MR. LYON:  On the phosphate question or —
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Anything.  You can choose.
          MR. LYON:  Well, Mr. Metzler mentioned that we
should have a technical committee on the phosphate
question, and we did have a technical committee on this,
but I frankly can't remember whether they recommended any
specific phosphate removal or not.
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Here we came up with a
-------
                                                          298

                         Dwight Metzler

 1    substantial removal of phosphates, as I recall it, and


 2    at Lake Michigan we came up with a minimum of eighty per


 3    cent removal of phosphates, but I think if you will look


 4    at the conclusions of the conferees, based on that, we


 5    come up with substantial removal.


 6              Again, as I recall — and I think I recall this


 7    fairly well — the other conferees check me — one of


 8    the problems that we had with specifying a number at the


 9    earlier conference was the state of the art:  We couldn!t


10    come up with figures, and so forth.


H              After Lake Michigan, the cost figures have been


12    pretty well zeroed in on.   We have been conducting meetings


13    for engineers and others where our technical staff is


14    going over the techniques of phosphate removal and cost


      figures.


                Several of the chemical firms and other firms
16

      in the business, I understand, have techniques and products


      to accomplish this, and certainly without being specific
18

      as to anyone, I understand these are reliable companies.
J. j

      They have reliable technicians  and the methodology
&\J

      works.
21

                In other words,  the specifics for phosphate
22

      removal are not that much of a mystery anymore, and I
23

      think we are committed, at least on the phosphate removal^B
24                                                             ^

      and I agree with Mr.  Metzler, this is on a theory.
25
-------
                                                             299


4M                    Dwight Metzler

                The theory is that if you remove one of the

 2
      essential nutrients — the same as if you are fertilizing

 3
      your lawn — nitrogen, potash,  and phosphates — you

 4
      are going to inhibit the growth of algae and weeds and


      plankton, and so forth, that require these elements to

 c
      grow.  The notion is:  You don't need much potash, that

 •7
      nitrogen is ubiquitous — try and keep it out!  Even if


 8    you did, you would get it in from the air.  The phosphates


 9    are the one thing that we can control and experiments have


1°    been made to show that there is a critical level of


l1    phosphorous and when this critical level is not reached


iBF  the growth really drops.


13              Now, again, I share Mr. Metzler's notion.  We are


14    dealing with a whole lake and a very complex situation,


15    and this is to quote Jerry Remus:  Before you get $200


16    million or half a billion dollars on something, you want to


17    be pretty darn sure it is going to work.


18              MR. LYON:  Mr. Chairman, since Michigan has


19    assumed the leadership in proposing eighty per cent


20    phosphate removal for its sources, and since Michigan is


21    the major source of phosphates, why don't we consider


22 ||  adopting their percentage removal for the rest of the


      States and see how that fits?


                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Why don't you think about that?


                The reason I just opened this
-------
                                                            300

                         Dwight Metzler
  1
      up, I think this should come up for discussion after Ohio
  2
      finishes its presentation, but I do think that this is the
  3
      key point, and we will get to that later.  I didn't want
  4
      to cut off the discussion.  I think it would be more
  5
      orderly to go on — Mr. Metzler, has New York completed
  6
      its presentation?
  7
                MR. METZLER:  New York has completed its
  o
      presentation.  I would point out the last time we conferred
  g
      on this matter we did have three recommendations.     They

      were all aimed at the fact that the technology wasn't

      there, that the process is needed to be developed, and

12    the phosphates which were removed by treatment should not

13    be returned to the water system? but we would have quite

14    a leap to make from the position where we were a year ago

15    to a conclusion now at eighty or ninety or ninety-two

16    per cent phosphorous removal.

17              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Well, I think, again — and

is    maybe we should have had these people here — that you

19    decide this — that our technical people indicate that

20    the technological gap has been closed.

21              Now, you have to make your own judgment on that.

22    Those were the statements we got from our people,  and

23    according to them it is merely a question of cost, and

24    their prognosis is that the costs are going to keep

25    growing very, very moderately as we go on.   This, is
-------
Jl
Wj                      George H. Eagle


      something you would have to  —•


2               MR.  METZLER:  It is also true that the  costs


3     they are  projecting are great enough to make drinking


4     water out of  sewage,  I just want to make  sure that the


5     citizenry who are  going to pay for this understand the


6     magnitude of  what  we  are talking about.


7               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  The difficulty  of the  lakes


8     and  their cost is:  -Even if  we make drinking water out


9     of   sewage discharges and leave the phosphates in, you


10     are  still going to have the  eutrophication problem.


11               I am not drawing any conclusion.  This  is for


      the  conferees  and the point is:  I do think that our


13     technical staff believes they have definitive answers now


,.     that they didn't have last time.  You may  want to listen


      to their  presentation for your evaluation  as to how
15

      definitive these answers are.
16

                Mr.  Eagle,  may we  have Ohio's report?


                MR.  EAGLE:  Thank  you, Mr. Chairman, I  thought
18

      you  were  never going  to ask  me.
J. k/

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  And you are the host State!
20

                MR.  EAGLE:  Mr. Chairman, conferees, ladies and
21
   ii
      gentlemen:
22
   11
                My  name  is  George  H. Eagle.  I am the Chief


      Engineer  of the Ohio  Department of Health.  My Division


      of Engineering serves as the technical staff of the Ohio
-------
                                                             302


                          George H. Eagle



      Water Pollution Control Board, and I submit this report



 2    for the conferees and the Board, and I wish to submit this



 3    report in its entirety for the record.  However, I will



 4    only read parts of it.
   i
   I

 5              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Without objection,  this report



 6    will be included in the record as if read.



 7              (The above-mentioned report follows.)



 8              MR. EAGLE:  Since the fourth meeting on pollution



 9    on Lake Erie, held in Buffalo on March 22,  1967, the



10    Ohio Water Pollution Control Board has taken the following



      actions relative to the establishment of water quality



      standards:



,,,              1.   On April 11, 196?, adopted water quality
16


      standards for Lake Erie and the interstate  waters



      thereof (See  Appendix II);
_L O


                2.   On June 13, 196?, adopted water  quality



      standards for the Ashtabula River, Conneaut Creek,  and
 *


      Turkey Creek  which are interstate tributaries  of Lake



      Erie (See Appendix II);



                .3.   On November 14, 1967,  adopted water quality



      standards for the following intrastate tributaries  of
&.,"_


      Lake Erie: The Portage River, the Sandusky River,  the



      Huron River,  the Verraillion River, the Black River, and

23


      other tributaries of Lake Erie from Maumee  Bay on the

24

      west to the Black River on the east (See Appendix II);  and

25

                4.   On May 22, 196S, held a public hearing on
-------
                                                        303
                    George H. Eagle
water uses and water quality criteria for the Rocky
River, the Cuyahoga River, the Chagrin River, and the
Grand River (See Appendix II for Conclusions and
Recommendations of the Division cf Engineering).
          In addition, I wish to submit for the record the
water quality standards for the interstate and intrastate
waters of the Maumee River and its tributaries,  adopted
by the Ohio Water Pollution Control Board on January 10,
1967 (See Appendix II).
          With the adoption of water quality standards for
the Rocky, Cuyahoga, Chagrin, and Grand Rivers and their
tributaries, Which is expected to be done by the Board in
the next few months, the establishment of standards for the
entire Ohio portion of the Lake Erie basin will have been
completed.
          You will note the Lake Erie water quality
standards adopted by the Board on April 11, 1967, include
two important recognitions of the 1965 Recommendations
and Conclusions of these conferees:
          1.  "Lake Erie Water Quality Criteria for
Various Uses are:
            "1.  the stream water quality criteria for
various uses adopted by the Ohio Water Pollution Control
Board on June 14, 1966, which shall apply as a minimum
to all Lake Erie waters in Ohio, and
-------
                                                             304

                          George H. Eagle


 1                "2.  the existing lake water quality which


 2    shall apply where better than the criteria for streams


 3    adopted by the Board.   The existing lake water quality


 4    shall be as reported by the Federal Water Pollution


 5    Control Administration in the chapter on Water Quality


 6    in report 'Program for Water Pollution Control - Lake .


 7    Erie - 1967.'


 3              "Lake Erie outside the established harbors at


 9    Lorain, Cleveland,  and Ashtabula shall meet the Lake


10    Erie water quality criteria for all uses.


H              "The Lorain, Cleveland, and Ashtabula harbor


12    waters in Lake Erie shall meet the Lake Erie water qualitf


13    criteria for industrial water supply and aquatic life A."


                and  the implementation and enforcement plan;


                2.  "The 'Recommendations and Conclusions, August
15

      12, 1965' agreed upon  by conferees from Michigan,  Ohio,
16

      Indiana, Pennsylvania, New York, and the United States
17

      Public Health  Service  following conference under Section
18

      £ of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in the matter
19

      of pollution of the interstate and Ohio intrastate waters
20

      of Lake Erie and its tributaries held in Cleveland, Ohio,
21

      August 3-6,  1965, and  in Buffalo, New York, August 10-12,
22
      1965, and 'Report of the Lake Erie Enforcement Conference.
23
      Technical Committees,  March,  196?' are included as a part
24
      of this program insofar as applicable to Lake Erie waters
25
-------
                                                       305



                    George H. Eagle



in Ohio."



          I believe these adoptions speak for themselves



with regard to furtherance of the conferees recommendations



and conclusions.



          Following is Ohio's status report on the



applicable items in the Recommendations and Conclusions



of August, 1965:
-------
                                       George  H.  Eagle
                                       -4-
                                                                             306
                             WASTE TREATMENT




Secondary T re at men t (Items 7 and 22)




       Following is a summary of status of schedules placed in effect by the




Board (See Appendix I for detailed listings):




                                                                5/68
       1) Number of adequate municipal and county




          secondary treatment facilities completed




          and placed in operation since  August,  1965




       2) Number of Municipalities, Counties and




          other entities jiot haying adequate secondary




          treatment facilities at this time




          a)  Under construction - completion in 1968




          b)  Construction to be completed not later




             than end of 1969




          c)  Construction to be completed not later




             than end of 1970




          d)  Construction to be completed not later




             than 1971




          e)  Construction to be completed not later




             than end of 1972







                                        Total
 18
 85




 10









 56









 15
103
               3/6'
88




25









44









16
96
-------
                                                           307
                         George H. Eagle
               You will note that ten new or improved
     secondary wastewater  treatment plants have been placed
     in operation since our March, 1967, meeting.  However, a
     number of the plants scheduled for completion this year
     had to be moved up to 1969 and later, primarily because of
     problems of completing the plans and of litigation.
               All of the schedules for the 103 entities reported
     on have been included in Water Pollution Control Board
     permit conditions.  The permit conditions are regularly
     reviewed by the staff and the Board.  Many municipalities
     and counties have been brought before the Board for show
     cause hearings and many more will probably have to be
     brought in before the program is completed.
               Disinfection (Item 9)
               As previously reported, where feasible all
     sewage effluents being discharged to Lake Erie are required
     to be disinfected to meet the public water supply and
     recreation waters criteria.  Where not feasible at this time
     the municipalities and counties are required to incorporate
     the necessary facilities in their plans for secondary
     treatment or improvements.  Four such proposals have been
     approved recently.
               Removal of Phosphates (Items 7 and
               Under date of March 2#, 1963, the Ohio Department
24 II
     of Health issued a directive to all municipal and county
25 II
-------
                                                            308
                         George H. Eagle


 1     officials  and designing engineers to the  effect that

 2     in the future all  plans, both general and detail, of

 3     treatment  plant improvements submitted to the

 4     Department for approval must make provisions for phosphate

 5     treatment  or removal  (See Appendix II).

 6               All of the major municipalities and counties are

 7     continuing to study their phosphate problems in existing

      plants.  Several,  notably Cleveland Easterly, Toledo,

      Lake County Willoughby-Mentor Sewer District, Cuyahoga
 *y

      County Rocky River Sewer District, and Painesville, either

      are or plan in the very near future to make extensive studie
11           *

      of phosphate removal in their plants.
12

                Bypassing and Combined Sewers (Items 10 and 11)r
13
                An increasing amount of emphasis is being given
14
      by the Division of Engineering, Ohio Department of Health
15
      and the Ohio Water Pollution Control Board to sewer
16
      construction, complete separation of new  storm and sanitary
17
      sewers, and solving of combined sewer overflow problems.
18
      In addition to the directive on separation of sewers reports
19
      in June, 1966, another directive on sewer construction
20
      was issued on February 1, 1968 (See Appendix II).
21
                Wapakoneta, Lima, Toledo, Findlay, Cleveland,
22
      and several other  municipalities and counties are having

23
      engineering studies made of their combined sewer and

24
      sanitary sewer overloading problems.

25
-------
                                                           309
                         George H. Eagle
                There are two interesting proposals under
 2    consideration at Cleveland:
 3              One, a holding lagoon in Lake Erie at the
 4    Easterly water pollution control works for retention of
 5    combined sewer overflows, plant effluent,  and
 6    storntwaters ,  and
 7              Two, an enclosed bathing beach  area in Lake
 8    Erie where all d ischarges to the area are  regulated
 9    and chlorinated and the lake waters within the
      area are chlorinated as required to meet bathing water
      criteria.

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

23 1
24
25
-------
                                      George H.  Eagle
                                                                             310
Industrial Wastes (Item 16)



       Following is a summary of the status of the  required treatment or



reduction facilities.  The details are given in Appendix I.
       1) Number of facilities completed and placed



          in operation since August, 1965



       2) Number of industries not having adequate



          treatment or reduction facilities



          a) Under or near under construction-



             completion in 1968






       b) Construction to be completed not



          later than end of 1968



       c) Construction to be completed not



          later than end of 1969






                                             Total
                                                                5/68
28
62
24
32
 90
                                                                       I
              3/67
13
82
              •"* C
              £. D
28
28
95
-------
2
3
4
5
6
7
                                                      311
                     George  H.  Eagle
          The total number of industry entities has
decreased since March 196? because of plant relocations,
discontinuation of certain processes, and various other
such reasons.
          You will note that the schedules as previously
reported are being fairly well maintained.
          All schedules shown in the tables in Appendix I
 0    are included in the permit conditions issued by the Ohio
 o
     Water Pollution Control Board.   These permit conditions
     are reviewed regularly by the staff and the Board.
               Sampling and reporting of industrial waste
     discharges (Items 13,  17,  and
               These programs are continuing as reported at
13 "
   II
     the fourth meeting in March 1967.   Some problems in
14
     connection with data processing have arisen and a
15
     consulting firm has recently been employed to assist us<
16
     We hope by the end of this calendar year to have all our
     data as well as that received from other sources on a
     satisfactory processing system.
               Surveillance (Item 19)
               The State of Ohio is participating in three water
     quality monitoring programs for the surveillance of Lake Erie
     and its tributaries.
               1.  A contract between Ohio and the Water Quality
 24 II
     Branch of the United States Geological Survey has
-------
                                                            312
                          George H. Eagle
     established 11 automatic monitoring stations on Lake
 2
     .Erie tributaries.  Five additional monitors will be in
 
-------
                                                           313



                          George H.  Eagle



               4.  The staff of the Ohio Department of Health is



     working with local agencies, primarily health departments



 5    on programs for adequate surveillance of all Lake Erie



 4    bathing beaches.  It is hoped that these programs will be



 5    in full operation by not later than the 1969 bathing



 6    season.



 7              Disposal of Refuse (Item 14)



 8              New Legislation.



 9              Legislation to control the disposal of solid



10    wastes was enacted by the  Ohio General Assembly and became



H    effective December 14, 1967.  The salient features of the



     new law (Sections 3734.01  to 3734.11 inclusive, and Section



13    3734.99 of the Ohio Revised Code) are:



14              1.  Grant the Public Health Council (State Board



15    of Health) authority to adopt regulations having uniform



,„    application throughout the state.  These regulations would
16


     establish minimum standards for the location and operation



     of all solid waste disposal sites and facilities,



     including those installed  to dispose of wastes from domestic,
JL */


     commercial, agricultural and industrial establishments.
20

               2.  Provide for  approval by the Department of
& X

     Health of plans, facilities, equipment and  supplies for
22

   _ all solid waste disposal sites and facilities.
*£\.	
 ^^^^m

               3.  Require annual licensing of all disposal

24
   ii
     sites and facilities.
   11
25
-------
                                                           314
                          George  H.  Eagle
 1
               4.  For all intents  and practical purposes,
 2
      prohibit open dumping and open burning.
 3
               5.  Provide for inspection and policing of all
 4
      solid waste disposal sites  and facilities by the local
 5
      and  state health departments*

               6.  Provide for penalties or injunctive action

 7     against any person, firm, or corporation, whether public

 8     or private, for  failing to  comply with the provisions of

 9     the  law or the regulations  adopted pursuant thereto.

10              Regulations adopted  pursuant to authority granted

11     by Section 3734.02 of the Solid Wastes Disposal Laws were

12     passed by the Public Health Council following a public

13     hearing held on  May 18, 1968.  The effective date of the

14     regulations is July 1, 1968.

15              In addition to the Solid Wastes Disposal Law

16     described above, the Ohio General Assembly also enacted

17     Section 3767.32  and 3767.33 of the Ohio Revised Code which

18     sections became  effective September 21, 1967.

19              These  new sections of Ohio law prohibit the

20     disposing of solid wastes of any kind in any manner along

21     the  banks of or  into any waters of the state.

22             The basic prohibitions of Section 3767.32 are

      incorporated in  the regulations adopted by the Public

      Health Council on May 18, 1968 (effective July 1, 1968).
& T:
               Actions.
-------
                                                       315
                    George H. Eagle
          All of the eight dumps reported on at the
fourth meeting of the conferees, either have been
abandoned or are in the process of being brought up to
sanitary landfill standards.   The new legislation
requires that all work be completed by January 1, 1969»
at which time they will be placed under license or ordered
to be closed.
-------
                                                                      316
                              George  H. Eagle
                        APPENDIX I
1.  Municipal and  County Waste Treatment Facilities
    (Exhibits A-D,  inclusive - Schedule of City of Cleveland, Ohio)


2.  Industrial Waste Treatment Facilities
-------
                                                                      31?
                              George  H. Eagle
                    KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS





Treatment Facilities - Pr.  = Primary


                       Int. = Intermediate


                       Sec. = Secondary


                       D    = Disinfection  by  chlorination



S.D. = Sewer District of County



Type Sever System


     S = Separate


     C = Combined



U.C. = Under Construction

                   0
I.P. = Plans being -r
-------
STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES

       LAKE ERlfi DRAINAGE AREA IN OHIO

              BLACK RIVER BASIN
Entity
Cities
Avon
Lorain


1965 Receiving Type Sew.Syat. Date
Pop, Stream Treat. & Design Built
7,651 French Crk S - Sec. 1955
800 PE
(Part of City)
76,910 Black R, S - Pr+D 1956
100,000 PE


Additional
Requirements
New treat, facils
(sec ondary ) for
entire city.
Improvements -
secondary treat.


Approved Schedule
(Completion Dates)
Detail Plans 6-15-68
Construction 12-15-69
Rep.& G.Plan 3-15-67
Detail Plans 6-20-68
Construction 12-15-70




(Yes)
o
CD
O
cw
CD
                                                                                   CD
                                                                                    M
                                                                                    oa
-------
STATUS OP MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
       LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE J^B. IN OHIO
             CHAGRIN RIVER MSIN
1965
Entity Pop.
Villages
Aurora 1* ,725
Sewer Districts
Qeauga County
Bainbridge Twp, 8.D.12
Ravenwood Subdiv.
Bainbridge Twp. S.D.#3
Receiving
Stream

Chagrin R.

Me Far land
Creek ,
Chagrin R.
Chagrin R,
Type Sew.Syst. Date
Treat. & Design Built

S - Sec. 1928
2,500 PE

3 - Sec, 1966
100 PE
No public
sewers.
Additional
Requirements

Improvements -

None
Sewers & connection
to Chagrin Falls
Approved Schedule
( Completion Dates)

Rep. & G. Plan - Approved
Detail Plans U-15-67 (Yes)
Construction 10-15-69

In oper. 1966 
                                                                                   vo
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                              STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                     LAKE ERfE DRAINAGE AREA IN OHIO
                                          CUYAHOGA RIVER BASIN
Entity
Cities
Akron
1965
Pop.
298,052
Receiving
Stream
Cuyahoga R.
Type Sew.Syst.
Treat, & Design
S-Sec.+Prechl.
Date
Built
'29, '57
Additional
Reauirercents
Addtnl treat. facils
Approved Schedule
( Completion Dates)
Phase I - Under construct.
Cleveland         858,823

          21 Trlb.Munic's
Independence
Kent
Maple Heights
Solon
 7,769
23,286
                                        330,000 PE
Cuyahoga R.  S & C
            Southerly
            Sec.
            680,000 PE

Cuyahoga R,  No public
            sewers.
Cuyahoga R.  S - Sec.+D
            53,000 PE
3^,612    Swan Crk
            S - Seo.+D
            10,000 PE
8,032    Trib.of     S  -  Sec.+D
         Cuyahoga R.  7,000 PE
                     7,800 PE-New
                                                 (Phase I - addtnl
                                                  second.treat.)
                                                 (Phase II - addtnl
                                                  primary treat,)

                                     '27,'38,'56  Addtnl treat.facils
1955


1962
                                               New treat,  facils -
                                               secondary.
                                       Complete construct.
                                       second.treat.facils.

                                       Complete construct.
                                       new facils - second.

                                       Complete construct.
                                       new N.E. facils.
                                                                     Phase  II—Det.PI.9-15-67'
                                                                               Construction
                                                                                 early  1970
                                                                                         (NO i.p.y

                                                                     See  attached schedule -
                                                                     City of  Cleveland
                                                             Rep.&G.Plan  6-15-6?  (Yes)
                                                             Detail Plans 6-15-68
                                                             Construction 12-15-69
                                                                      6/67  (Yes)


                                                                      V67  (Yes)
                                                                       9/67 (Yes)
(D
O

0>
a
*

to

o>
                                                                                                                 10
                                                                                                                 M
                                                                                                                 O
-------
                               STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTTj^jEATMENT FACILITIES
                                      LAKE ErflE DRAINAGE^WEA IN OHIO
                                       CUYAHOGA RIVER BASIN - Contd.
Entity
Villages
Mantua
Middlefield
Munroe Falls
Northfield
1965
Pop.

1,239
1,566
2,8U9
3,156
Receiving
Stream

Cuyahoga R.
Trib.of
Cuyahoga R.
Cuyahoga R,
Trib's of
Type Sew.Syst. Date Additional
Treat. & Design Built Reouirements

S
1
C
1
2
S

- Sec.
,000 PE
- Pr.
,800 PE
,81»9 PE
- Sec.+D

1915 New Treat, facils -
secondary.
'5**, '57 Improvements -
secondary treat.
Sewers and
connection.
'59, '65 None
Approved Schedule
(Completion Dates)

Under construct. 1+/6?
Detail Plane 6-15-6?
Construction 8-15-68
Part of Summit County
Mud Brook Project.
Improvements corn-Dieted.


(Yes)
(Yes)


    Oakwood             3,283
     (Cuyahoga Co.)

Sewer Districts

  Cuyahoga County
    Brecksville 8.D.#13
    (Brecksville)

    Brecksville S.D.013
    Southern Estates

  Portage County
    Aurora Acres S.D,
Ravenna S.D.01
Lakeview Gardens Allot.
Cuyahoga R, 5,965 PE

Trib.to     S - Prim.        19^0
Tinkers Crk  200 PE
                             Cuyahoga R, S - Sec,+D       1962
                                         10,000 PE

                             Cuyahoga R. S - Sec.+D       1966
                                         300 PE
Trib.of     S - Sec.+D       1958
Tinkers Crk  1*00 PE

Breakneck   S - Sec.+D       1963
Creek       200 PE
                                                                    New treat, facils
                                                                    secondary.
                                                             1965.

                                                             Rep.fc G.Plan  3-15-6?  (Yes)
                                                             Detail Plans  7-15-6?  (No)
                                                             Construction  9-15-68
                                       Improvements -        Rep.& G.Plan 12-15-6?  (Yes)
                                       addtnl treat. facils.  Detail Plans 1-15-69
None
                                                                    None
                                       None
                                                             Completed in 1966.
                                                                                          CD
                                                                                          -i
                                                                                         cm
                                                                                          CD
                                                                                                                      ft>
                                                                                                                       ro
                                                     -2-
-------
                                 STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                        LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE AREA IN OHIO
                                         CUYAHOGA RIVER BASIN - Contd.
  Entity
1965     Receiving   Type Sew.Syst,    Date      Additional
Pop,	Stream	Treat.& Design   Built	Requirements
                      Approved Schedule
                      (Completion  Dates)
Portage County - contd,
  Shalersville S.D.#2
  Bolingbrook Allot.

  Streetsboro S.D.#2
  Rolling Hills Acres

Summit County
  Munroe Falls S.D.
  Plant #11

  Northampton SD-Plant #2
  Hidden Valley Subdiv,

  Northampton SD-Plant #3
  Bellridge Subdiv.

  Northeast SD-Plant #9
  Macedonia Estates

  Stow Twp. SD-Plant fa
         Cuyahoga R, S - Sec.+D
                      128 PE

         Trib.of     S - Sec.+D
         Tinkers Crk  UOO PE
         Trib.of     S - Sec.+D
         Cuyahoga R,  150 PE

         Trib.of     S - Sec.+D
         Mud Brook    UOO PE

         Trib.of     S - Sec.+D
         Mud Brook    200 PE

         Brandywine  S - Sec,+D
         Creek        300 PE

         Cuyahoga R, S - Prim,
                     2,000 PE
I960


1961



1961


1958


1959


1961
None
None
None
None
None
None
Construction of
Interc.ProJ ect*
                         O
                         o>
                         o
                         CD
                         a
                                               0)
Bids taken  5-1-6?   (Yes)
U.C. 1-2-68
  * - bummit Co,-Mud Brook Intere,ProJ.-Det,Plans apprvd & Fed.Grant Offer made,
                                                       -3-
                                                                                                                   JO
-------
STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTMBEATMENT FACILITIES
       LAKE ERIE DRAINAG^HlEA IN OHIO
              GRAND RIVEREASIN
1965
Entity Pop L
City
Painesville 17,689
Villages
Fairport Harbor 1*,260
Grand River 1*77
Orwell 830
Sever Districts
Lake County
Concord S.D.
Little Mtn Park Bubdiv.
Leroy S.D.
Sunshine Acres Bubdiv.
Willoughby-Mentor S.D,
Beaver Creek Colony
Receiving
Stream

Grand R.

Grand R.
Grand R,
Grand R.
Kellogg
Creek
Trib.of
Big Creek
Kellogg
Creek
Type Sew.Syst,
Treat. & Desipn

S - Int.+D
2l*,326 PE

S - Int.+D
6,000 PE
No public
sewers .
No public
sewers.
S - Sec.+D
1*00 PE
S - Sec.+D
250 PE
S - Sec.+D
200 PE
Date Additional
Built Reauirements

1958 Improvements -
secondary treat.

1958 Improvements -
secondary treat.
New treat, facils -
secondary.
New treat, facils -
secondary.
'62, '65 None
1963 None
1963 None
*(l) Study re: secondary underway
Approved Schedule
(Coranletion Dates)

Rep.& G.Plan 12-31-67(No*IP)
Detail Plans 9-30-63
.Construction 12-31-70

Rep. & C.Plan 7-15-67(No IP)
Detail Plans 5-15-68(No)
Construction 10-15-70
Detail Plans 12-15-67(No.IP)
Construction 12-15-69
Detail Plans 3-15-67(Yes)
Construction 11-15-63 UC
O
(D
O
cm
(D
X
t^
flj
h-1
(D
VjJ
JO
                      -1-
-------
                                 STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                        LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE AREA IN OHIO
                                          GRAND RIVER BASIN - Contd,
Entity
1965
Pop.
Receiving
Stream
Type Sew.Syst.
Treat. & Design
Date
Built
Additional
Requirements
Approved Schedule
(Completion Dates)
Trumbull County
  Warren Champion S,D,
  Subdistrict 1-A
  Durst Allotment
Trib.of
Center Crk
S - Sec.+D
 UOO PE
1961
None
                                                                                                                   (D
                                                                                                                   O
                                                                                                                   (0
                                                                                                                   to
                                                        -2-
                                                                                     ro
                                                                                     -P-
-------
                          STATUS  OF MUNICIPAL WASTE TREAT^jNT FACILITIES
                                 LAKE ERIE  DRAINAGE AREA^P OHIO
                                       HURON RIVER BASIN
Entity
Cities
Huron
Norwalk
Villages
Milan
1965 Receiving
Pop, Stream
6.U62 Huron R.
lU ,19** Rattlesnake
Creek

1,563 Trib.of
Type Sew.Syst,
Treat. & Design
S & C (2 Pits)
Int. + D
6.UOO PE
2,100 PE
S & C
Sec. + D
26,000 PE

S - Pr.
Date
Built
196U
•31, '6U
'32, '6U

'Ul,'62
Additional
Reouirements
Improvements -
secondary treat.
Improvements -
addtnl second. treat.

New treat, facils -
Approved Schedule )
(Completion Dates)
Rep.& G.Plan 6-15-67 (No)
Detail Plans 6-15-63
Construction 11-15-70
Construction 12-15-68 u.C.

Bids 3-22-67 (Yes) U.C.
Monroeville    l,Ul3
Plymouth
1,953
         Huron R,     600 PE

         W.Branch    C - Pr.+D
                     1,700 PE
Huron R.    C - Sec.
            2,UOO PE
                                       secondary.

                             1959      Improvements -
                                       secondary treat.
1966      None
                                                                                                                  O
                                                                                                                  (D
                                                                                                                  O
                                                                                                                  (D
Rep.& G.Plan  6-15-67 (Yes)
Detail Plans  6-15-63        $
Construction 12-15-69        ^
                            ; (0
Construct.complete 1966     ;
                                                                                                                  ro
-------
                            STATUS  OF MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                   LAKE  ERIE DRAINAGE AREA IN OHIO
                                         MAUMEE RIVER BASIN
  Entity
  1965     Receiving   Type Sew.Syst.   Date      Additional
  Pop.	Stream      Treat.& Design   Built     Requirements
                                                            Approved Schedule
                                                             (Comnletion Dates)
Cities
  Defiance
  Delphos
  Findlay
  St.  Marys
  Toledo
  Van Wert
 16,058    Maumee  R.    S  &  C-Int.+D
                       23,000 PE

  7,l*0l*    Jennings     C  -  Sec.+D
           Creek       7,500 PE
   ,061    Blanchard   S  &  C  - Sec,
           River       30,000 PE
  8,275
St.Mary8
River
363,297    Maumee  R.
8 - Sec.
22,900 PE

S & C - Sec.+D
U20.000 PE
                             1957


                             '31, '55
                             '31,
  Perryaburg     6,553    Oraasy Crk  C-Int.+Prechl.    1959
                             '31,'59
 11.68U    TriVa to   S & C -  Sec.+D    '35,'36
           Auglaize R,  2U,200 PE (BOD)
                       12,U50 PE (S.S.)
                           Improvements -
                           secondary treat.
                      Detail Plans  9-15-6? (No IP)
                      Construction  0-15-69
                           Improvements -        Rep.fc O.Plan  3-15-60 (No IP)
                           addtnl treat,  facils.  Detail Plans  3-15-69
                                                 Construction  9-15-70
                           Improvements -
                           (incl.disinfect.)
Improvements -
secondary treat.
& disinfect.

Improvements -
(incl.disinfect.)

Improvements -
Sludge Hand.Facils
Treat.Facils
                                       Improvements -
                                       addtnl treat.facils
                      Rep.& G.Plan approved
                      Detail Ple.ns  7-15-67
                      Construction  6-15-69
Rep.& G.Plan  6-15-67 (No IP)
Detail Plans  6-30-68
Construction 12-31-69

Detail Plans  6-15-6? (Yes)
Construction  6-15-69
Under Constr. 2/6?
Rep.& G.Plan  7-15-6?  (Yes)
Detail Plans  8-15-68
Construction  2/72

Rep.& G.Plan  5-15-6? (No IP)
Detail Plans  8-15-68
Construction 12-15-69
              Plans approved 12-29-67
                                                  -1-
                                                                                                                 M
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                            STATUS OP MUNICIPAL WASTE TREJ^ENT FACILITIES
                                   LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE ARE^R*  OHIO
                                     MAUMEE RIVER BASIN - Contd.
Entity
Villages
Antwerp
1965
Pot>.

1.61U
Receiving
Stream

Maumee R,
Type Sew.Syst.
Treat.fi: Design

S & C
Date
Built

-
Additional
Requirements

New facils -
Approved Schedule
(ConrDletion Dates)

Rep.& G.Plan 6-15-6?


(Yes)
Columbus Drove   2,150
Crideraville     1,210
Elida
Forest
Hamler
Haskina
Holgate
Liberty Center
                 1.U12
                 1,370
                   6U8
                                      No Treat,
Trib.of     S - Sec.+D
Auglaize R, 5,000 PE

Trib's to   S - Sec.
Auglaize R. 2,000 PE

Ottawa R.   C - Sec.
            3,000 PE

Trib.of     S & C
Blanchard R.

Turkeyfoot  No public
Creek       sewers.

Haskins     S - Pr.
Creek       200 PE
                          Trib.of     No public
                          Turkeyfoot  sewers.
                          Creek
                                                                 incl.second.treat.
                          Dry Crk
            No public
            sewers.
                                                       1937


                                                       1966
                                                       1939
                                                             Detail Plans  6-15-60
                                                             Construction 12-15-69
Improvements -        Now under construction.
addtnl treat.facils.  Construction 12-15-6?   (Yes)
None
Complete new facils
incl.second.treat.

Complete new facils
incl.second.treat.

New facils incl.
secondary treat.

Improvements -
secondary treat.
                                       New facils  incl,
                                       secondary treat.
New facils incl.
secondary treat.
Treat,facils completed 1966.
Under construction -
In operation 7/6?.    (Yes)

Under construction -
In operation 6/6?.   (Yes)

Detail Plans  5-15-68(No IP)
Construction 12-15-69

Rep.& G.Plan  5-15-6? (NO)
Detail Plans  7-15-63
Construction 12-15-69

Detail Plans  3-l5-6?(No IP)
Construction  5-30-68
Rep.& G.Plan  9-15-6? (Yes)
Detail Plans  7-15-60
Construction 12-15-69
                                                                                                                 VuO
                                                                                                                 to"
                                                  -2-
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  STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT  FACILITIES
        LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE AREA  IN  OHIO
         MAUMEE RIVER BASIN -  Contd.
Entity
Villages - contd,
Montpelier
Northwood
Ohio City
Ottawa
Pandora
Payne
Rockford
Sherwood
1965
Pop.

U.259
3,81*3
856
3,1»75
803
1,321*
1,172
6U9
Receiving
Stream

St. Joseph
River
Grassy Crk
Trib'a to
Auglaize R,
Blanchard
River
Trib.of
Blanchard R
Trib.of
Auglaize R,
St .Marys
River
Trib.of
Sulphur
Type Sew.Syst. Date
Treat. & Design Built

C - Prim, 1958
5,150 PE
No public
sewers .
No public
sewers .
C - Sec.+D 1955
5,800 PE
No public
, sewers.
C - Sec,
2,700 PE
C - Prim, 1959
1.2UO PE
No public
sewers.
Additional
Requirements

Improvements -
secondary treat.
Negot . agreements
with Toledo and
Wood County for sewer
connect, to city sewer
system.
New facils incl,
secondary treat ,
Improvements -
addtnl capacity.
New facils incl.
secondary treat.
New facils incl,
secondary treat.
Improvements -
secondary treat.
New facils incl.
secondary treat.
Approved Schedule
(Completion Dates)

Detail Plans 2-15-68 (No IP)
Construction 12-15-69 -
Report by 9-15-67 - (Yes)
Now in County Sever Dist.
Detail Plans 8-1-67 (Yes)
Construction 12-15-68
Rep,& G.Plan 7-15-67 (Yes)
Detail Plans - approved
Construction 1-15-69
Under constr. early 1967 (Yes)
In operation -early 1968
Rep.& G.Plan 9-15-67 <-*- (NO)
Detail Plans U-15-60
Construction 8-15-69
Rep.& G.Plan 8-15-67, (NO)
Detail Plans 5-15-66
Creek
Construction  9-15-69
                        -3-
                                                                                         03-
-------
                              STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE TRM»1ENT FACILITIES
                                     LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE AR^PCN OHIO
                                      MAUMEE RIVER BASIN - Contd.
  Entity
1965     Receiving   Type Sew.Syst.    Date
Pop.	Stream	Treat.?< Design   Built
                                       Additional
                                       Reauirements
                                Approved Schedule
                                (Conroletion Dates)
Villages - contd,

  Stryker           l,28l
  Waterville
  West Leipsic
2,175
Trib.of     C - Sec.
Tiffin R.   1,600 PE

Maumee R.   C - Sec.
            1,500 PE
  3^0    Trib's to   No public
         Beaver Crk  sewers.
Weston
West Unity
Leipsic
1,120
1,550
1,81*
Tontogany
Creek
Trib.of
Tiffin R.
Trib. of
Maumee R.
C - Sec.
1,500 PE
No public
sewers.
C - Sec.
2,500 PE
                                      1965      None
1958      Improvements to
          treatment facils.
                              -        Financial problem
                                       to make tributary
                                       to Leipsic.

                                       Constr.of facils
                                       pending.

                                       New facils incl.
                                       secondary treat.

                             1938       None
                                Treat.facils completed 1965.
Rep.& G.Plan  7-15-6?  (No)
Detail Plans  7-15-68
Construction 12-15-69
                                                                                         12/66 Bids  over  estimate;
                                                                                         financial problem. UC 12/67

                                                                                         Detail Plans   6-15-67(No)
                                                                                         Construction  12-15-69
                                                                                                                    ro
                                                                                                                    vO
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                                 STATUS OP MUNICIPAL WASTE  TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                        LAKE HUE DRAINAGE  AREA IN  OHIO
                                              OTTAWA RIVER  BASIN
    Entity
19o5     Receiving   Type Sew.Syst,    Date
Pop.	Stream      Treat.& Design	Built
                                                Additional
                                                Requirements
                                                 Approved Schedule
                                                 (Conroletlon Dates)
    Sylvan! a
7,650
Sewer Districts

  Lucas County
    Metropolitan S,D.
    Holland Subdist,
    Metropolitan S,D,
    Sylvan Woods Subdiv,
    (Sewer #U59)
         Tenraile Crk S - Sec.+D
                     3,000 PE
         Trib.of
         Maumee R,
         Trib.to
         Tenraile
         Creek
No public
sewers.
S - Sec.-fD
600 PE
                 1957
                                      1966
Flow in excess of
plant capac.to be
discharged to
Toledo sewer syst.
                                                New facile incl.
                                                secondary treat.
None
Construction complete
by 6/6? (Yes)
                      Rep,& G.Plan  3-15-6? (Yes)
                      Detail Plans  6-1-6? (No)
                      Construction  1-15-69
-------
                               STATUS  OP MUNICIPAL WAST^^EATMENT FACILITIES
                                      LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE^REA IN OHIO
                                           PORTAGE RIVER BASIN
Entity
City
Port Clinton
Villages
Bloomdale
Elmore
Me Comb
Oak Harbor
1965
Pop.
7,352
703
1,360
1,269
3,128
Receiving
Stream
Portage R,
S , Branch
•Portage R,
Portage R.
N. Branch
Portage R,
Portage R,
Type Sew.Syst,
Treat. & Design
8 & C-Int.+D
15,000 PE
No public
sewers.
Misused storm
drains .
3 & C-Pr,+D
1,000 PE
3 - Pr.+D
Date
Built
1956
-
-
1937
1958
Additional
Requirements
Improvements -
secondary treat.
New facils incl.
secondary treat.
New facils incl,
secondary treat.
Improvements -
secondary treat.
Improvements -
Approved Schedule
(Completion Dates)
General Plans Approved 3-21-6?
Detail Plans 6-15-6? (No IP)
Construction l*-15-69
General Plan (Yes)
Detail Plans 2-15-68 (NO)
Construction 12-15-69
Detail Plans 12-15-6? (Yes)
Construction 12-15-69
Detail Plans - approved(Yes)
Construction 12-15-60
Rep.& G.Plan 8-15-6? (NO jp)
Pemberville
Woodville
                                         U.OOO  PE
1,278    Portage R,   Misused storm
                     drains,
1,878    Portage R,  Misused storm
                     drains.
                                                secondary treat.
New facils incl.
secondary treat,
New facils incl,
secondary treat.
Detail Plans  8-15-68
Construction 12-15-69

Rep.& G.Plan  6-15-6? (Yes)
Detail Plans 12-15-68
Construction 12-15-69

Rep.& G.Plan  8-15-6?(No IP)
Detail Plans  8-15-63
Construction 12-15-69
Other Entity
Cainp Perry
1966 data-North Baltimore 3,150
Bowling Green 17,753
Lacarpe
Creek
S.Br.
Portage R.
Poe Ditch
S - Sec.+D
15,000 PE
C - Sec.
3,500
S,C - Sec.+D
59,127
19^2
I960
1961
None
None
None
-------
                                STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                       LAKE E"RIE DRAINAGE AREA IN OHIO
                                              ROCKY RIVER BASIN
Entity
Cities
Berea
Broadview Heights
Lakewood
Middleburgh Hta,
1965
Pop.

19.6U3
8,588
70,209
9,911
Receiving
Stream

E, Branch
Rocky R.
Trib.of
Rocky R.
Rocky R.
Abrara Crk
Type Sew.Syst.
Treat. & Desipn

S - Sec.+D
20,000 PE
No public
sewers .
S-C Sec.+D
130,000 PE
S - Sec.
2,000 PE
Date
Built

'36, '51
& '65
-
1965
1950
Additional
Reauirements

Improvements -
addtnl treat .facils .
New facils incl.
secondary treat.
None
New facils incl.
secondary treat.
Approved Schedule
(Convoletion Dates)

Under construct. 196? (Yes)
Construction 6-1-69
Detail plans 1-1-68 (No IP>
Construction 12-31-70
Completed new plant 1965(Yes)1
Bids h-9-67
Under construct. 5/6? (Yes)
  North Royalton     11,101
          Baldwin Crk S-(2 Pits)
          E.Branch    Sec.+D
          Rocky R.    Total ll.UOO PE
  Strongaville
11,502
Village

  Olmsted Falls       2,281*
E & W
Branches
Rocky R.
          Plum Crk
          W.Branch
          Rocky R.
S-(3 Pits)
Sec.+D
Total 7,3^7 PE
            Misused storm
            drains,
                                Construction  12/68
          (Same as Cuyahoga Co.-Middleburgh Hts..  S.D.)

1966      -                     (Detail Plans for *(l)
                               - Sew.Dist."C"  to be
                                revised.)

1966      -                     Construction  completed (Yes)
                                in 1966.
                           New facils incl.
                           secondary treat.
                                To  advertise for bids 5/j57'
                                Construct 8-69           (®°
              *(l)  To connect to County Trunk Sewer
                                                                                                                   VjO
                                                       -1-
-------
STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE TR«MENT FACILITIES
       LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE ArSPlN OHIO
          ROCKY RIVER BASIN - Contd.
1965
Entity Pop.
Sewer Districts
Cuyahop.a County
Middleburgh Hts. S.D.
Baldwin Creek
Lorain County
Sewer District #60
West River Subdiv.
Sewer District. 060
West View Park Subdiv.
Medina County
Sewer District #9
Hinckley Lake Estates
Sewer District #11
Village Homes Subdiv.
Receiving
Stream
Abram Crk
W, Branch
Rocky R.
W, Branch
Rocky R.
E, Branch
Rocky R.
W. Branch
Rocky R.
Type Sew.Syst. Date
Treat. & Design Built
S-Sec.
2,000 PE
•
S-Sec. 1959
60 PE
No public
sewers.
S-Sec. +D 1961
100 PE
S-Sec. +D 1966
123 PE
Additional
Reauirerr.ents
Approved Schedule
(Corn-Diet ion Dates)
Same as City of Middleburgh Hts. above. u.C. (Yes)
	 " " U.C. (Yes)
None
Sewers & new treat,
facils - secondary.
None
None
Rep.& G.Plan 3-1-6? (Yes)
Detail Plans 6-l-6?(Yes)
Construction 12/68


-------
                               STATUS OP MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                      LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE AREA IN OHIO
                                           SANDUSKY RIVER BASIN
  Entity Pop.
 1965     Receiving    Type  Sew.Syst.   Date
 Stream.   Treat.&  Design	Built
                           Additional
                           Requirements
                      Approved Schedule
                      (Completion Dates)
Cities

  Fremont


  Tiffin


Villages

  Attica



  Bloomville
20,058    Sandusky R,  C-Sec.+D
                      128,500  PE

22.U75    Sandusky R,  C - Pr.+D
                      25,000 PE
 1,012    Honey Crk
   862    Honey Crk
  Upper Sandusky     9,286
Sever Districts
  Sandusky County
    Sewer District
  Seneca County
    Clinton Township
Misused storm
drains,
Misused storm
drains,
          Sandusky R, S-Sec,+D
                      7,000 PE
          Muskellunge No treat.
          Creek
          Gibson
          Creek
No treat.
                 19149.66   None
                 1956
                 1956
Improvements -
secondary treat,
New facils incl.
secondary treat.
New facils incl.
secondary treat.
Corn-Dieted construction 1966
                   (Yes)

Under construct. )4-15-6?(Yes)
Construction 7-15-68
Rep.& G.Plan  6-15-67(No IP)
Detail Plans  6-15-68
Construction 12-15-69

Rep.& G.Plan  8-15-67 (Yes)
Detail Plans  6-15-68
Construction 12-15-69
Improvements -        Rep.& G.Plan   3-15-68(yes)
addtnl treat.facils.  Detail Plans   3-15-69
                      Construction   9-15-70
                           Sewers & connection   Detail Plans 1-15-68 (Yes)
                           to Fremont sew.syst.  Construction 1969
Sewers & connection   Detail  Plans  11-15-67 (No)
to Tiffin sew.syst.   Construction  1968
-------
STATUS OP MUNICIPAL WASTE TR
       LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE
            VERMILION RIVER BASIN
                                                            T FACILITIES
                                                            OHIO
Entity
1965     Receiving   Type Sew.Syst.   Date
Pop.     Stream      Treat.& Design   Built
                                     Additional
                                     Reauirements
                                                 Approved Schedule
                                                 ( C envoi ct ion Dates)
City

  Vermilion
7,723
         Vermilion
         River
8-2 Pits
Pr. + D
U,000 PE
1,500 PE
                           1921      New facils incl.
                           1957      secondary treat.
                                                                                     Under  construct.  3/6? (Yes)
                                                                                     Construction 3/69
                                                                                                                O
                                                                                                                (D
                                                                                                                O
                                                                                                                (D
                                                                                                                w
                                                                                                                0>
                                                                                                                vn
-------
                            STATUS OP MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                        TRIBUTARY TO LAKE ERIE
  Entity
1965     Receiving   Type  Sew.Syst.   Date
Pop.	Stream	Treat.&  Design   Built
                                                 Additional
                                                 Requirements
                                                                                       Approved Schedule
                                                                                       (ConvDletion Dates)
Cities
  Amherst
  Bellevue
  Conneaut
  Westlake      1^


Villages

  Green Springs  I,3l6
  8,617
  8.8U6
 ll*,951
  Madison
  Walbridge
  1,1*35
  2,81*7
Beaver Crk  S - Sec.
            10,000 PE
         Big Ditch
         Pipe Crk

         .Conneaut
         Creek
            No public
            sewers.

            S-Int.+D
            17,000 PE
           Porter Crk  No  public
                       sewers,
                                                       '27, '57
                                                       1957
Trib's to
Sand. Bay
Big Creek
Cedar Crk
S & C - Pr,
1,300 PE
S - Sec,
1,500 PE
S - Sec,
2,000 PE
S-Pr,+D
1,000 PE
1936
1929
1967
19U1
                                                Improvements  -
                                                addtril  treat .facils.
New facils incl.
secondary treat.

Improvements -
secondary treat.
                                                                 Connection to County
                                                                 Sew. Dist .System.
                                                                 Improvements -
                                                                 secondary treat .
Rep.& G.Plan 12-15-67 (Yes)
Detail Plans 12-15-63 (Yes)
Construction  6-15-70

Under constr. early 1967(No)
Construction 9-1-69

Rep.& G.Plan  3-15-67 (Yes)
Detail Plans  l-15-68(No) *(l
Construction 10-15-69

Depends on current
litigation re financing
(Cuyahoga County project).
                                                                        Detail Plans  7-15-67 (Yes)
                                                                        Construction 12-15-68
                                                                 Completely new facils-Construction 6/67 (Yes)
                                                                 secondary treatment.
                                                                 Complete sewer
                                                                 connect. to Toledo
                                                                 sewer system.
                                                                      Under construction.
                                                                      To complete connection (Yes)
                                                                      6-15-67
Water Pollution Control Board approved
                                                             schedule - detail plans due U-69
-------
STATUS OP MUNICIPAL WASTBWEATMENT FACILITIES
       TRIBUTARY TO LAKE ERIE - Contd.
Entity
1965
Pop.
Receiving
Stream
Type Sew.Syst.
Treat.?* Design
Date
Built
Additional
Requirements
Approved Schedule
(Completion Dates)
Sewer Districts

  Erie County
    Perkins-Margaretta S.D.      Pipe Crk    No public
    Subdistrict B                            sewers.
  Lake County
    Painesville S.D. #3          Marsh Crk   S-Sec.-fD
    Villa Rio Subdiv,                        75 PE

    V/illoughby-Mentor S,D,       Trib.of     S-Sec.+D
    French Hollow Estates #9     Marsh Crk   100 PE

  Lucas County
    Metropolitan S.D.            Shantee     S-Sec,+D
    Fuller's Creekside Subdiv.   Creek       1000 PE

  Wood County
    Main Sewer Diet, 09          Cedar Crk   S-Sec.+D
    Sanitary S.D. #1                         260 PE
    Indian Trails Estates
          New treat.facils
          (secondary) or
          connection to City
          of Sandusky sew.syst.


1963      None


196U      None
1962      None
                           1963      None
                                                           Rep.& G.Plan early  '6?  (Yes)
                                                           Detail Plans  8-1-68
                                                           Construction 12-15-69
                                                                                o
                                                                                (D
                                                                                O
                                                                                *J
                                                                                TO
                                                                                (D
                                                                                X
                                                                                •
                                                                                Cd
                                                                                &
                                                                                M
                                                                                a>
-------
                 STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT  FACILITIES
                              DIRECT TO LAKE ERIE
Entity
Cities
Ashtabula


Avon Lake


Cleveland






Euolid


Oregon



Sandusky

1965
POD.

25,036


11,992


858,823
•f 1»81*,1»23
21 Trib.Munic's




66,7»*2


lU.829



33.8U1

Receiving Type Sew.Syst.
Stream Treat , & Design

L.Erie S-Int.+D
55,000 PE

L.Erie C-Int.+D
16,590 PE

S & C
L.Erie Easterly
Sec. + D
1,230,000 PE
L.Erie Westerly
Prim, + D
360,000 PE
L.Erie S-Int.+D
100,000 PE

L.Erie



L.Erie S & C Pr.+D
1*9,300 PE
Date Additional
Built Reouirements

1955 Improvements -
secondary treat.

196l Improvements -
secondary treat.



1938 Addtnl treat. facils.


'22, '57 Addtnl treat. facils.

I960 Improvements -
secondary treat.

New facils incl.
secondary treat.

(Part trib.to Toledo
1959 Improvements -
secondary treat.
Approved Schedule
(Comt>leticn Dates)

Rep.& G.Plan 3-15-6? (Yes)
Detail Plans 6-15-63
Construction 10-30-70
Rep.fc G.Plan early '6T4Yes)*(l)
Detail Plans 2-15-68
Construction 1970


See attached schedule -
City of Cleveland.

ditto

Rep.& G.Plan 5-1-67 (No IP) *1
Detail Plans 6-1-68
Construction 6-30-70
Rep.& G.Plan approved (Yes)
Detail Plans 7-30-63
Construction 12-30-69
;remainder no pub. s ever s. )
Rep.& G.Plan early '67 (Yes)
Detail Plans 6-30-68
                                                                              Construction 11-30-70
*(l)  Pilot study underway
                                        -1-
                                                                                                          03.
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  STATUS OF MUNICIPAL WASTE
           DIRECT TO LAKE E
                                                                   ENT FACILITIES
1965 Receiving
Entity Pop. Stream
Cities - contd.
Willoughby(&) 3^,525 L.Erie
Villages
Geneva-on- 706 L.Erie '
the-Lake
Harbor View 280 L.Erie
Sever Districts
Cuyahoga County
Rocky River S.D, #6 L.Erie
Erie County
E.Erie Co. Sever & Wat.Dist, L.Erie
Ruggles Beach-Mittivanga
Lake County
Madison S.D. #1 L.Erie
Type Sew.Syst.
Treat. & Design
S-Int.+D
33,800 PE
S-Pr.+D
5,000 PE
No public
severs .
S-Int.+D
160,000 PE
8-Pr.+D
1,300 PE
S-Int,+D
9,000 PS
Date Additional
Built Requirements
196l Improvements -
secondary treat.
1928 Improvements -
secondary treat.
1962 Improvements -
secondary treat.
1921 Improvements -
secondary treat.
'2U,'62 Improvements -
secondary treat.
Approved Schedule
(Corrvoletion Dates)
Rep.& G.Plan k-15-67 (No)
Detail Plans 7-15-63
Construction 7-15-70
Rer>.& G.Plan 6-15-67 (Yes)
Detail Plans 6-15-68
Construction 12-15-69
To be tributary to
Oregon's sew.syst.
(See Oregon above.)
Rep.& G.Plan early '67 (No IP)
Detail Plans 6-15-67 (no)
Construction 9-15-69
Rep. & G.Plan 3-1-67 (Yes)
Detail Plans 8-1-68
Construction 12-15-69
Re-o.& G.Plan 1-1-63 (jjo IP)
Detail Plans 1-1-69
    Willoughby-Mentor S.D,
L.Erie
S-Int.+D
1965
                                                                            ditto
                                                                                              Construction 1-1-71
ditto         (NO  IP)
(a) - Eastlake - 27,525 pop. - trib.to Willoughby severage system.
                 *{l)  Pilot study re: secondary treatment_2.underway
-------
SOUTHERLY PLANT
CITY OF CLEVELAND.. OHIO
                                            EXHIBIT: A
     CONTRACT
Completion Date
 Detail Plans
                        Est. Total  Cost
Period of Construction  Incl.  Engr.  etc
 Stfyrt	Completion      £  15%
New Secondary Treatment
Facilities

Pre-Treatment Expansion

Service  BldQ. Conversion

Post-Chlorination Facil.

Primary  Digester Gas
Mixing

Roads anci Lighting
 Jan. 1967 *(Yes)  Sept 1967   Dec.  1969

 June 1968 **     Sept 1968   Dec.  1969

 June 1968 **     Sept 1968   Dec.  1969

 June 1968 **     Sept 1968   Dec,  1969
 June 1960

 June 1969
  * Design Authorised
 ** Design to be Authorized Jan. 1967
Sept 1968   Dec. 1969

Sept 1968   Dec. 1969
§5,756,000

   980,000

   517,000

   400,000


   575,000

   345.000

$8,573,000
O
-------
.EASTERLY PLANT
 CITY HI  Jfc'M I li'lfl. MllTfl
                                             EXHIBIT B
      CONTRACT
                                          Est. Total Cost
Completion .Date   Period  of Construction  Incl. .Engr.  etc
jDetnil Plans      Start       Completion  • .  ' 3 15%
New Pnnary Settling
ten'-tE 6, Enlargements
4 IZew Final Settling
Tan'-.s & Enlargements
Aeration. Tan); Irnprov
New Grease & Scum Handling
& Disposal Facilities
New Southerly Sludge
Pur.ip Facilities
New Detritus Tanks &
Comminutors
Collinwood. Interceptor
& Overflow Revisions
Miscel. Plant Improv,
June

June
June

June
June

June

June
June
1967

196b
1963

1967
1967

1968

1968
1968
*( Yes) Sept;

•** Sept
** Sept

*(Yes) Sept
* (Yes) Sept

Sept

Sept
Sept
•1967

1963
I960

1967
1967

1968

1968
1968
Dec.

Sept
Sept

Dec.
;Dec.

July

.July
July
1969

1970
1970

1969
1969

1970

1970
1970
$2,990,

1.104,
1,966,

414,
299,

1,035,

173,
460.
000

.000
000

000
000

000

000
000






o
CM
(0
ac
- *
t?d
Oj
I_J
(0

  * Design Authorized
 ** Design to be Authorized Jan,  1967

    Based  on project receiving at least Federal  Grant Aid
                                                                        $8,441,000
                                                                                                         VjJ
                                                                                                         -P-
-------
WESTERLY PLANT
CITY OF CLEVELAND. OHIO
                                             EXHIBIT C
Completion Date

Ice:r
I te:?.
Item
ICC.T.

leer1.


Item
CONTRACT
1 Site Wor>;
? Plant WorX
? Lift Stctior.
4 Digester Facilities

5 Sluc.ge Disposal
Facilities

6 Miscellaneous
Detail Plans
June
June
June
June


June

Jiine
1?6? * (No)
156d •
1969 *
1969 «


1969 *

1969 *
Est. Total
Period of Construction Incl. Engr
Stert
Sept
Sent
Sept
Sept


Sept

Sept
1967
19 6b
1969
1969


1969

1969
Completion
June
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.


Scot.
-
Dec.
1960
1970
1970
1970


1971

1971
15%
? 5,o69,
3,651,
1,505,
72B,


1.775,

202,
<•• 1 O ITT
Cost
. ere.

000
000
000
000


000

000
r\ r\ r\





(D
O
TO
(D
33
W
95
TO
  *  Design to oe Authorized Feb. 1967

    Based on projects receiving at least Federal Grant  Aid
-------
                                                                   343
                               George H. Eagle

                            _KXHJBJT__D_

                  WATER POLLUTION' CONTROL BOARD

             DATA RE CURRENT  PROGRAM OF IMPROVEMENTS

                  DATE:       January 5.  I'K//


NAME OF PERMITTEE:           City of Clove Lone-

ADORES3:                      601  Lakeside Ave.

                              Cleveland,  Ohio - 44114

SUBURE'.A.N  TRUNK SEWKp.S PROJECT

Nci uie of Consult i nq jlrnj i peer:         Consul Li mj En-j infer or Engineers
      will oe retained after  logislri tion authorising employment of:
      consulting engineers is passed by  the  Cleveland City Council.
      The  original legislation that  wa.s  prepared to qo to City
      Council the early part  of October  1966 was withhe.lt1 so that
      the  City could explore more  carefully  and fully the possi-
      bility  of city forces do.incj  some of the engineering wjr'<.
      This legislation wil.l nov.' cjo to the City Council for their
      corisif^erotj.on on January 9.  1967.

Completion. Date of General Plan;  E'st.invitee? to be lv-<_ .  'U,  1.967. (no)

Completion Date of Detoil Plans.:  Estimated to be Dec.  ?.l,

Financina  Progrs;n:_   The  total cost of  the  Suburban trunk Sewer
      Project has been estimated at  $.70, 500.000.
                      The  finnnciny  of Engineeriiuj for General, anc1
      Detail  Plans includijicj s^eci. f ications,  her- r\ I. fe.'u'y been pro-
      vided for in the new three y^ar Agreement  on Scweriicje  Servi.cr1
      Charges effective July 1,  19GG between Cleveland and the
      suburbs that it service's.

                      The  Cleveland  Master Plan  for water pollution
      abatement and control will study the financing of  construction
     which is planned to  start after  July I,  1969.  However this
     will be contingent on an agreement  being reached between Cleve
      land and the suburbs ar. to the  financing oL" these  tcun- sever.'.;
     which basically will serve to  bring  suburban .sewage direct to
      the Cleveland plants.

      r Start of Construct:ion:       After  July I.  1%'.'

Date oC Completion of Construction:    Imposc.ililc to er.Liiu;jl<- c»L
                                       th i J:  t i mo.
-------
                               STATUS  OF  INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                       LAKE ERIE"-DRAINAGE AREA -IN OHIO
                                           ASHTABULA RIVER BASIN
Entity
Cabot Titania Corporation
Titanium Dioxide Plant
Type of Waste
Chemical
Suspended solids
Treatment
Provided
Settling
basins
Additional
Requirements
Additional facilities
for reduction of solids
Approved Schedule
(Completion Dates)
Completed 9-1-66
Cabot Titania Corporation
Titanium Tetrachloride Unit

Detrex Chemical Industries, Inct
Chlorinated Solvents Division
Diamond Alkali Company
Semi-Works
The General Tire & Rubber
Company, Chemical Division
Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp,
TDI Facility

Reactive Metals, Incorporated
Metals Reduction Plant

Reactive Metals, Incorporated
Sodium & Chlorine Plant
Chemical
Suspended solids

Chemical
Hydrocarbons
Chemical, Acids
Suspended solids
Chemical eolids
Chemical solids
Chemical, Acids
Solids

Chemical, Susp.
Dissolved solids
Lagoons
Lagoons
settling
Neutraliz.
Additional facilities
for reduction of solids

In-plant control of
hydrocarbons
Neutraliz.   Additional facilities
Chem, treat, and control for solids
settling     reduction
incineration
Chemical
treatment
settling

Lagoons
Neutraliz.
settling

Settling
ponds
Additional facilities
and control for  solids
Plans 1-6?
Construction 6-1-6? (Yes)

Completed 2-1-6? (Yes) *(l)
                           Completed  9-1-66
Completed 12-1-66
 In-plant  improvements       Completed 12-66(Yes) *(l)
 for neutralization  and  solids
Additional  facilities
for  solids  removal

Additional  in-plant
controls  for solids
reduction
General Plans 9-1-66
Detail Plan 6-1-67  (Yes)

Construction 10-1-6? (Yes)
Completed 12-61
                *(l)  Additional controlled facilities required by Water Pqllution Control Board permit (U.C.)
                                                                                                                     •P-
                                                                                                                     •P-
-------
                               STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TMpffiNT FACILITIES
                                       LAKE ERIE DRAINAOE AMR IN OHIO
                                              BLACK RIVER BASIN
   List of Complete Industrial Waste Plants
Entity
Type of Waste
Treatment
Provided
Additional
Requirements
                                                                                               Approved Schedule
                                                                                               (Completion Dates)
Locke Manufacturing Company
Republic Steel Corporation
Steel and Tubes Division
Ternstedt Division
General Motors Corporation
U. S. Steel Corporation
Tubular Operations
                                  Steel-Acid Iron
                                  Steel-Acid Iron
                                  Metal Finish.
                                  Steel-Blast Furn.
                                  Susp. solids
                     Neutraliz.   Discharge to municipal
                                  s ys t em.   Exempt

                     Controlled   Reduction of acids
                     discharge
                     after settling
                     Cyanide
                     oxidation
                     chrome re-
                     duction
                     settling
             Expanded treatment
             facilities under
             construction
                     Clarification Additional reduction
                                   of solids
                           Completed  7-l-66. '


                           Plans 6-1-68
                           Construction  12-31-69


                           Construction  11-15-67
                                                             IP
                                        Study report 6-1-67 (No)
                                        Construction 12-31-69
                                             CHAORIN RIVER BASIN
Entity
Chase Bag Company
Type of Waste
Paper Mill
Treatment
Provided
Filtration
for removal
of solids
Additional
Reauirements
Secondary treatment
facilities
Approved Schedule
(Conroletion Dates)
Plans 6-1-68 (Yes)
Construction 12-31-69
                                                                                                                    VJ1
-------
                               STATUS OP INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                       LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE AREA  IN OHIO
                                             CUYAHOGA RIVER BASIN
Entity
Type of Waste
                  Treatment
                  Provided
Additional
Reauirements
Approved Schedule
(Completion Dates)
The Bailey Wall Paper Company     Organic
The Cuyahoga Meat Company
Diamond Crystal Salt Company
E, I, duPont deNemours
and Company, Incorporated
Ind. and Biochemicals Dept.

Ferro Chemical
Division of Ferro Corporation

Firestone Tire &• Rubber Company
Akron Plant
General Tire & Rubber Company
Akron  Plant
B. F. Goodrioh Rubber Company
Akron Plant
Meat Packing
Chemical
                  None
                  Septic tank
                  Settling
Company plans to move
to new location on
public sewer

New complete treatment
facilities
Additional reduction
of chlorides
Chemical, Acids,  Zinc recovery   Improvements to treat.
Metals            Acid neutraliz. and disposal facilities
Chemical          Clarification
Suspended solids
Solid, oils
and organics
Solid, oils
and organics
Solid, oils
and organics
                  Some waste
                  trib. to
                  mun. sewers

                  Some waste
                  tfib. to
                  mun. sewers

                  Some waste
                  trib. to
                  mun. sewers
Improvements to treat.
facilities

Reduction of all
critical constituents
Reduction  of  all
critical constituents
Reduction  of  all
critical constituents
                                                             7-1-67  (No)  *(1)
Plans 4-1-67 (Yes)
Complete construction
6-1-68

Plans 6-1-67 (No) *(2)
Construction 1-1-68 (No)
                                                                              /
                                                             Completed 8-1-66 [
Plans 10-1-66
Construction 4-1-67(Yes)

Plans 1-1-68  (Yes)
Construction 1-1-69
Plans  1-1-68  (No)
Construction  1-1-69
 Plans  1-1-68 (Yes)
 Construction 1-1-69
                   Plant to cease operation - 1968
             *(2)  Inplant  recovery and deep well disposal undlfstudy
-------
                               STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TS^TMENT FACILITIES
                                       LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE AWT IN OHIO
                                        CUYAHOGA RIVER BASIN - Contd.
Entity
Type of Waste
Treatment
Provided
                                                                    Additional
                                                                    Requirements
                                                                                               Approved Schedule
                                                                                              _(Completion Dates)
Goodyear Aerospace Corporation    Metal Finish.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company    Solid, oils
Akron Plant                       and organics
Harshaw Chemical Company
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
                  Control
                  facilities
                                                    Some waste
                                                    trib. to
                                                    mun. sewers
                Facilities for
                pretroatment & discharge
                to municipal severs

                Reduction of all
                critical constituents
Metal Salts
Steel-Acid Iron
Jones & Laughlin Steel, Corp.     Steel-Blast Furn,
                                  Suspended solids

Jones & Laughlin Steel, Corp.     Steel-Mill Scale
                                  Suspended solids
In-plant control Additional in-plant
                 control of metals &
                fluorides. Settleable
                solids removal

Controlled      Removal or* treatment
discharge       of waste pickling acids

Clarification   Improved reduction of
                solids
Lerkis Asphalt Company, Inc.


Master Anodizers & Platers, Inc.  Metal Finish.
                                  Asphalt
                                  (Unclassified)
                  Clarification


                  Lagoon
                                                    Chrome
                                                    reduction
                Improved reduction of
                solids

                Improved reduction of
                suspended solids

                Improved reduction of
                metals and solids
                                                                                               Plans 6-1-6?(Yes)
                                                                                               Construction 6-1-68
                                                             Plans 1-1-68  (Yes)
                                                             Construction 1-1-69
                                                                                               Plans 7-1-67(Yes)
                                                                                               Construction 12-31-63
                                                                                               Plans 6-1-67(Yes) *(l) ^
                                                                                               Construction i8-!--67(No)'

                                                                                               Plans 6-1-68(Yes)
                                                                                               Construction 12-31-69

                                                                                               Plans 6-1-68 (Yes)
                                                                                               Construction 12-31-69

                                                                                               Construction 7-l-66(Yes)
                                                             Plans approved l-67(Yes)
                                                             Construction 7-l-6?(Yes)
              *(l)  Construction 12-31-68
-------
                               STATUS OF  INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                       LAKE ERIE  DRAINAGE AREA  IN  OHIO
                                       CUYAHOOA  RIVER BASIN -  Contd.
Entity
Type of Waste
Treatment
Provided
Additional
Requirements
Approved Schedule
(Convpletion Dates)
Republic Steel Corporation
  Polt & Nut Division
  Cleveland District
  Cleveland District
  Cleveland District
Sonoco Products Company
Ohio Division

The Standard Oil Company
No. 1 Refinery
Sherwin Williams
Linseed Oil Mill
Steel-Acid Iron   Controlled
                  discharge
Steel-Acid Iron
Steel-Blast Furn.
Suspended solids

Steel Mill Scale
Suspended solids

Paper Mill
Oil Refinery
Oily sludges
                Plating wastes to\,
                municipal sewers

Controlled
discharge

Clarification
Scale pits
Aeration and
clarification

Oil separation
and recovery
Filtration
Removal or treatment
of waste pickling liquors)

Removal or treatment of
waste pickling liquors

Improved reduction of
suspended solids

Improved reduction of
suspended solids

Connect to County
Sewer
                          ^Construction
                          rPlans 6-1-68
                           '^Construction
                           Plans 6-1-68
                           Construction

                           Plans 6-1-68
                           Construction

                           Plans 6-1-68
                           Construction
             12-31-68
             (Yes)
             12-31-69
             (Yes)
             12-31-69

             (No)
             12-31-69

             (No)
             12-31-69
                           Construction 1-30-69
Refinery operations discontinued.  Wastes  from
asphalt processing to be made tributary  to
Cleveland municipal sewers.  Construction  6-1-6?
                                           (Yes)
Discharge of filtrate
to Cleveland mun. sewers
U, S, Steel Corporation
  Central Furnaces
  Central Furnaces
Steel-Blast Furn. Clarification
Suspended solids
Blast Furnace
(Sewage)
None
Additional reduction of
suspended solids

To municipal sewers.
Exempt
Plans 6-1-68  (No)
Construction 12-31-69

Construction 12-8-66
                (Yes)
             —     VuO
                    -f^
                    CO-
-------
                               STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TT^TMENT  FACILITIES
                                        LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE ,™A  IN OHIO
                                         CUYAHOGA RIVER PASIN -  Contd.
Entity
Type of Waste
Treatment
Provided
Additional
Reouirements
                           Approved Schedule
                           (Corroletior! Dates)
  Cuyahoga Works
  Cuyahoga Works
Weather-Tite Company
Steel-Acid Iron
Controlled
discharge
Steel-Mill Scale  Scale pits
Suspended solids
Metal Finish
Aluminum
removal
Neutralization of
pickling acids and
removal of solids
and metals

Additional reduction
of suspended solids
and oil

Neutralization and
reduction of solids
                           General plan 11-66
                           Detail plans 3-6?(Yes)
                           Construction 12-68
                           General plans 11-66
                           Detail pins 3-67   (Yes)
                           Construction 12-68  UC

                           Detail plans 10-66 (Yes)
                           Construction 7-67  (Yes)
-------
                               STATUS OF  INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                       LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE AREA IN OHIO
                                             GRAND RIVER BASIN
Entity
Type of Waste
Treatment
Provided
Additional
Requirements
                                           Approved Schedule
                                           (Completion Dates)
Diamond Alkali Company
The Metal Craft Company
A. E. Staley Manufacturing Co;
Chemical, Susp,
ff dissolved
solids,  chromium
Metal Finish.
Chemical
Soy Bean Prod.
Settling,
neutralization
roduct. -
controlled
discharge
Reduction of chrome
wastes
Additional facilities
for neutralisation and
solids reduction
                                           Plans 3-1-67 (Yes)
                                        UC Construction 10-l-6?(No)
                                           Plans 6-1-6? (Yes)
                                           Construction 6-1-68 (Yes)
Controlled
discharge
Neutralization and
reduction of solids
                                           Plans 4-1-67 (Yes)
                                           Construction 6-1-67 (No)
                                                                UC
Recovery facile.Treatment by municipality  12-68
and lagoon      when facilities available
UNIROYAL United States Rubber Co.  Chemical
Chemical Division Plant Area #4
United States Rubber Company
Chemical Division Plant Area #1
Chemical, Susp.
& Dissolved
solids
Chem. treat.
and lagoon

Screening,
settling
lagoons
                                  Facilities being rebuilt following explosion. *(l)
                                  Evaluation of additional needs to follow.
Additional facilities for
solids, oxygen demanding
material and solids
                                           General Plans l-l-69f*(i)
                                           Detail plans 10-1-68
                                           Construction 12-1-69
                                              HURON RIVER BASIN
Entity
Type of Waste
Treatment
Provided
Additional
Requirements
                                           Approved Schedule
                                           (CompletionDates)
The Baltimore &•. Ohio Railroad Co. Railroad Oil
Clevite Corporation
Harris Division, Milan Plant
Metal Finish.
Oil             Additional facilities
Separators      for removal of oil

Settling        Additional facilities
(lagoon)        for neutralization and
                reduction of metals and
                solids
                           Plans  7-1-67   (No)
                           Construction  7-1-68

                           Plans  7-1-67 (Yes)
                           Construction  7-1-68(UC)
             *(l)  Water Pollution Control Board revised
                                      General Plans
                                      Detail Plans
                                      Construction
                                            3-1-68 (Yes)
                                            10-1-68
                                            12-1-69
                                                                                                                  VJ1
                                                                                                                  O
-------
                               STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
                                       LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE
                                             MAUMEE RIVER
                            TMENT FACILITIES
                             IN  OHIO
Entity
Type of Waste
Treatment
Provided
Additional
Requirements
Approved Schedule
(Completion Dates)
Campbell Soup Company
Central Foundry Division
CMC, Defiance Plant

Clevite Corporation
Harris Division
Napoleon Plant

Edgerton Metal Products, Inc.
Elite Plating Division
Dynavest Corporation

Hayes Industries, Inc.
Decorative Division
Interlake Steel Corporation
Organic
Soup Cannery
Tomato Cannery
Steel Foundry
Metal
Finishing
Inorganic
Metal Finish.
Metal Finish.
Inorganic,
Metal plating
Steel
Blast Furnace
Trickling filters Additional reduction
for so'jp produc-  of solids and oxygen
tion, land spray  demand
for tomato oper's
Settling
lagoons

Settling and
filtration
Cyanide
oxidation
None
Additional solids
reduction
                           Detail plans 1-6?(Yes)
                           Construction 7-1-69
Construction 7-l-6?(UC)
Additional facilities
neutralization, reduction  Construction 7-1-68
of metals and solids

Treatment of chrome
wastes, neutralization,
reduction of solids
Plans 7-1-67   (Yes)
Construction 7-1-68


Construction 7-l-6?(Yes)
Reduction of metals and
cyanide, neutralization
Plans 7-1-67   (No)
Construction 7-1-68
Acid neutraliz. Additional facilities for  Complete 7-1-66
settling        improved reduction of solids
                and neutralization
Clarification   Additional reduction
                of solids
                           Plans 5-1-68  (No IP)
                           Construction  8-1-69
                                                                                                                   vn
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                               STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT  FACILITIES
                                       LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE AREA  IN  OHIO
                                         MAUMEE RIVER BASIN  - Contd.
Entity
Type of Wastes
Treatment
Provided
Additional
Reouirements
Approved Schedule
(Completion Dat.es)
Johns-Manville Fiber Glass,
Incorporatedj Plant #3
Johns-Manville Fiber Glass,
Incorporated, Waterville Pit,

Libby, McNeill & Libby
National Refining Company
Division of Ashland Oil &
Refining Company
Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company
Republic Creosoting Company,
Division of Reilly Tar &
Chemical Corporation

Rusco Division
Rusco Industries, Incorporated
Phenolic
Organic
Phenolic

Organic
Tomato process,
Oil Rofinery
Food Process.
(Misc.)

Phenolic
Wood Preserving
Inorganic
Metal Finish,
Reuse system
Chemical Treat.
Swale area,
soil infilt.

Land spray
disposal
API separator
Complete
treatment

Separator and
strav; filters
Facilities for closed
recycle system under
construction

Additional facilities for
complete treatment

Additional facilities
for treatment of peak
loads

Additional facilities for
oil, solids and oxygen
demand reduction under
construction

Additional facilities for
reduction of oxygen demand

Reduction of phenolics
and oil
Acid neutraliz. Neutralization  and
settling        solids reduction
Completion 8-1-67 (Yes)
Completed 12-l-66(Yes)
Plans 6-1-67 (No IP)
Construction 8-1-67 (No)
Plans 9-1-66
Construction 6-1-67 (Yesi
Plans 3-1-67   *(l)
Construction  1-1-68

Plans 1-1-68 (No IP)
Construction  1-1-69
                            Plans 8-1-67 (Yes)
                            Construction 8-1-68
            *(l)  Area annexed to city; municipal sewers to be made available
                                                                                                                    ro
-------
                               STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL W. 3TE ^ATMENT FACILITIES
                                       LAKE ERIE DRAINAGE ^A IN OHIO
                                         MAUMEE RIVER BASIN - Contd.
Entity
Type of Wastes.
Treatment
Provided
Additional
Retirements
  Approved Schedule
  (Completion Dnton)
S-K Wayne Tool Company
Vistron Corporation
(formerly Sohio Chem. Co.)

Sohio Chemical Company
The Standard Oil Company
Walter & Sons, Incorporated
The Weatherhead Company
Ohio Division
Inorganic
Metal Finish.

Chemical
Organics
Petro chemicals
Oil Refinery
Organic
Inorganic
Metal Plating
In-plant control Neutralization and
monitored disch. metals reduction
                           Plans 3-1-67 (Yes)
                           Construction 1-1-
Lagoon
Chemical,
lagoon,
incineration
& biological
treatment
Additional reduction  1-1
of nitrogen compounds

Additional reduction of
nitrogen compounds and
oxygen demand
API separator,  Aerated lagoon for
air flotation   biological treatment
facils
Septic tank,
sand filter
Process change
Evaluate existing facil.
for present operations
Chemical,       Additional reduction of
Cyanide oxid.,  metals and solids
sec.treat, of
sewage
                (Yes )
•68En-plant controls 1-1-
  Pesearch studies under

  Plans 1-1-68 (Yes)
  Construction 1-1-69
                           Completed 2-1-6? (Yes)
  Evaluation 8-1-67 *(l)
                           Plans 6-1-67  (YSS)
                           Construction 9-1-68UC
           *(l)  Area annexed to city; municipal sewers to be provided
-------
                               STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                      LAKE, ERIE DRAINAGE AREA IN OHIO
                                     OTTAWA RIVER (TENMILE CRK) BASIN

Entity
Dana Corporation
Toledo Division


Type of Wastes
Oil Treatment
(Unclass. )

Treatment
Provided
Chemical treat-
ment ft reuse

Additional
Requirements
Improvements in
facilities and
operation
Approved. Schedule
(Completion Dates)
Completed 12-1-66 £/**)


PORTAGE RIVER BASIN

Entity
The Seneca Wire and
Manufacturing Company


Swift & Company





Entity

Type of Wastes
Steel-Acid Iron



Soybean Mill
Chemical


ROCKY

Type of Wastes
Treatment
Provided
Neutraliz . ,
settling
controlled
discharge
Grease
separation


RIVER BASIN
Treatment
Provided
Additional
Requirements
Additional facilities
for metals and solids


Facilities for reduction
of oil, color and oxygen
demand. Anticipate con-
nection to mun. sewero

Additional
Requirements
Approved Schedule
(Completion Dates)
Plans 1-1-68 (No)
Construction 1-1-69


Construction 6-1-67
(No)



Approved Schedule
(Completion Dates)
Astoria Plating Corporation
Metal Finish.
Cyanide oxi-
ation, chrome
reduction
Additional facilities
for reduction of metals
and cyanide
Plans 4-1-67  (Yes)
Construction 1-1-68
              (No)
-------
                               STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
                                       LAKE ERIE DRAIMAGE
                                            SANDUSKY RIVER
                            .TMENT FACILITIES
                             BI OHIO
                            IN
Entity
Type of Wastes
Treatment
Provided
Additional
Reouirements
Approved Schedule
(Corripletion Da tor.)
Northern Ohio Sugar Company       Beet Sugar
The Pioneer Rubber Company        Rubber-
Plant No. 2                       Alcohol
                  Holding
                  lagoon s
                  controlled
                  discharge

                  None
                Additional reduction of
                oxygen demand
                Facilities for
                reduction of oxygen
                demand
                           Plans 12-31-68
                           Construction  12-31-69
                           Anticipate  connection
                           to proposed municipal
                           sewerage
                                                                                                                    VJl
-------
                               STATUS OF  INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                          TRIBUTARY TO LAKE ERIE
Entity
Pechtel-McLaughlin, Incorporated


Doehler-Jarvis Division
National Lead Company
Toledo Plant #2
Central Soya Company

Cleveland Metal Cleaning Company

Donn Products, Incorporated


General Electric Company
Bellevue Lamp Plant #242

Hirzel Canning Company

Type of Waste
Metal
Finishing

Metal
Finishing

Oils and
organic s
Acids, oil
and solids
Metal
Finishing

Sewage only


Tomato-Beet
Cannery
Treatment
Provided
Cyanide
oxidation

In-plant
controls &
recovery
Lagoons

None

Neutraliz .
Lagoon

Septic tank


Land spray

Additional
Reouirements
Facilities for
neutralization, chrome
and solids reduction
Additional facilities for
reduction of metals,
solids and cyanide
Additional facilities for
reduction of oil
Facilities for neutraliz.
and oil and solids removal
Additional facilities for
Approved Schedule
(Completion Dates)
Plans 2-1-67 (Yes)
Construction 2-1-68 *U)

Plans 6-1-67 (Yes)
Construction 6-1-68

Plans 6-1- 67 (Yes)
Construction 6-1-68
Plans 8-1-67 (Yes)
Construction 7-1-68
Plans 7-1-67 (Yes)
treatment of chromium waste Construction 1-1-68 ^^

To be made tributary to
municipal system

Additional facilities for
more positive control of
(Yes)'
Construction 9-1-69

Plans (Yes)
Construction 8-lT6?U.C.

The Lake Erie Canning Company     Cannery           Lagoon
                                  Tomato, Kraut,
                                  Cherry
Additional facilities for  Plans 3-1-67    (Yes)
reduction of oxygen demand Construction 8-1-67 (Yes
                  Anticipate connection to public sewers
-------
STATUS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
            TRIBUTARY TO LA
                    Contd.
                                                              ffMENT FACILiriES
                                                               IE
Entity
Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co.
East Toledo Plant
Natl. Aeron. fr Space Admin,
Type of Waste
filass Mfg.
Sewage only
Treatment
Provided
Lagoons
Primary
Additional
Requirements
Additional facilities for
solids reduction
Secondary treatment
Approved Schedule
(Coiroletion Dates)
Plans 10-l-67(No)
Construction 1-1-69
Plans ?
Plum Brook Station
(Research Center)

Norfolk & Western Railroad
Dellevue Yards

The Standard Oil Company
Toledo Refinery
Toledo Scale, Division of
Toledo Scale Corporation
True Temper Corporation
   Oils


   Oils
   Metal
   Finishing
   Metal
   Finishing
None
Facilities for removal
of oils and solids
Construction 12-1-6?
                   (Yes)

Plans 6-1-67  (Yes)
Construction 6-1-68
Oil separators  Additional facilities for  Plans 1-1-68  (Yes)
lagoons         reduction of oil, solids,  Construction 12-31-69
                phenols and oxygen demand
Settling and
controlled
discharge

Chrome
reduction,
cyanide oxi-
dation
Facilities for reduction
of metals, solids and
oil

Additional facilities for
reduction of solids and
oil
Plans 7-1-67 (Yes)
Construction 7-1-68
Plans 5-66
Construction 6-1-67(Yes)
                                                                                                                     VJl
                                                                                                                     -o
-------
                               STATUS  OF  INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES
                                            DIRECT TO LAKE ERIE
Entity
                               Type of Waste
                  Treatment
                  Provided
Additional
Requirements
Approved Schedule
(Completion Paten)
The Cleveland Electric Ilium,  Co.
  Ashtabula Plant                 Suspended  solids
                                                 Lagoons


                               Suspended solids  Lagoons


                               Suspended solids  Lagoons


Eastlake Generating Station    Suspended solids  Lagoons


                                                 Lagoons
  Avon Plant
  Lakeshore Plant
IRC Fibers Division
Midland-Ross Corporation
The Lubrizol Corporation
TRW, Incorporated
United States Gypsum Company
United States Rubber Company
Suspended solids
Zinc, organics


Chemical
                                Metal
                                Finishing


                                Paper Mill


                                Chemical
                                                 Chemical &
                                                 Biological
                                                 Oil Removal
Additional facilities for  Plans 12-67(Yes)
reduction of solids        Construction 12-68

Additional facilities for  Plans 7-1-67(Yes)
reduction of solids        Construction 7-1-68

Additional facilities for  Plans 12-67(Yes)
reduction of solids        Construction 10-68

Additional facilities for  Plans 7-67  (Yes)
reduction of solids        Construction 4-68

Facilities for neutraliz.  Plans 2-1-67(Yes)
and reduction of zinc      Construction 1-1-69
and solids

Additional facilities for  Plans 4-1-67(Yes)
reduction of oxygen demand Construction 12-1-67
                                             (Yes)
                  Chemical ft      Additional facilities for  Plans 12-1-66 (Yes)
                  settling tanks  neutralization and         Construction 1-1-69
                                  reduction of metals fr solids
                  Clarification   Facilities for complete
                  fr in-plt. reuse treatment

                  Wastes treated in Erie Ordinance
                  complete facilities
                           Plans 9-1-68  (Yes)
                           Construction  12-31-69

                           Connected  7-15-66
                                                                                                                   VI
                                                                                                                   CC
-------
                                                                          359

                                     George H.  Eagle
                                APPENDIX II
1.  Water Quslitj Criteria For Lake Erie and the
    Interstate Waters Thereof

2.  Water Quality Standards for Ashtabula. River, Conncaut
    Creek, and Turkey Creek

3.  Water Quality Standards for the North Central Ohio
    Tributaries of Lake Erie

A.  Conclusions end Rseoissnendations for tho Rocky River,
    Cuyahoga River, Chagrin Riv<;r, Grand Rive;.- and
    Tributaries

5.  Water Quality Standards Adopted for the Mauinee, Tiffin, St,
    Joseph, and St. Marys River Basins.
            of Phosphates frorr. Waste Waters

7.  Sanitary Sewer Joints and Manholes
-------
                                                                          36Q
                       WATir.'H POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
                          DEPAilTMu-JT .OF HEALTH
                             COliUKSUS, Oil 10
       WATER QUALITY CfiITEt-JA ADOPTED BY THE BOARD APRIL 11,
             FOR LAO ERIE A.'(D TH2 INTERSTATE WATERS THEREOF
      The Ohio Water Pollution Control Bc?.rd. hereby adopts the folloving v-i-tt-ir
 quality criteria for Lake Erie and the interstate waters thereof which Ec,y
 effect the State of Michigan, the Co:iimonvealth of Pennsylvania, the State of
 New York, and. the Province of Ontario of the Dominion of Canr-.da.
                Water Quali ty - _Conditi ons and Cr^rterj.ji

 All  Waters- .    All the vaters considered herein shall meet the f ol.lo'.d :.i£
 condition/.   '•  r,ll-tiraes:

      (l)   '     shall be free from substances attributable to municipal,
           •    'ntrial, or  other discharges that will settle to fora
          j.  . ••. escent or otherwise" objectionable sludge deposits;

      (2)  '>  ey shall be free from floating debris, oil, scum, and
          c'.lier f]. oating  materials  attributable to municipal, industritlj
          or other discharges in amounts sufficient to be unsightly or
          deleterious ;

      (3)  They shall be free from materials attributable to municipal,
          industrial, or  other discharges producing color, odor, or
          other conditions  in such  degree as to create s, nuisance; and,

      (U)  They shall be free from substances attributable to municipal:
          industrial, or  other discharges in concentrations or combinations
          vhich axe toxic or harciful to human, anitnal, plant, or aquatic
          life.

 Lake Erie Water Quality Criteria for Various JJses are:  (l) the Stream-Water
 Quality Criteria for Various Uses adopted by the Ohio Water Pollution Control
 Board on June  1^,  19&6, copy attached, vhich shall apply as a niininua to ell
 Lake Erie waters in Ohio, and (2) the existing lake water quality vhich shall
 apply where  better than the criteria for stream's s.donted. by the Board.  The
 existing Take  water quality shall be as reported by the Federal Water Pollutic,
 Control Administration in the chapter on Water Quality in report "Program for
 Water Pollution Control - Lake Erie - 196?."

 Lake Erie outside  the established harbors at Lorairi, Cleveland, and Ash tabula
'Shall meet the Lake Erie  water quality criteria for all uses.
The Lorain,  Cleveland,  and  Ashtabula harbor waters in Lake Erie shall
Lake Erie water quality criteria for industrial water supply and- aquatic life
                                    -1-
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                       •iicntot_ion  and _Enforc_e• ne_nt Plan

     The Ohio Water  Pollution Control Board, under the provisions of
Scctf.ons 6111.01 to  6lll.08, 6l.ll.31 to 6lll.3o, and 6111.99, Ohio
Revised. Code, has  authority  to control, prevent, and abate pollution
in  the waters of this  state.  In  accordance with such authority, the
Board hereby adopts  the following program and requirements for the
prevention, control, and abatement of new or existing pollution of
.the water;- of Lake Erie:

     (l)  The "Reconunendations and Conclusions - August 12, 1965"
          rgreed upon  by conferees fro-n Michigan, Indiana, Ohio,
          Pennsylvania, New  York, and the U.S. Public Health Service
          following  conference under Section 8 of the Federal Water
          Pollution  Control  Act in the natter of pollution of the
          interstate and Ohio intrastate waters of Lake Erie and its
          tributaries  held in Cleveland, Ohio, August 3-6, 1965, and
          in Buffalo,  New York, August 10-12, 1965, and "Report of
          the Lake Erie Enforcement Conference Technical Cor/jnittees -
          March, 196?" are included as a. part of this program insofar
          t.s applicable to Lake Erie waters in Ohio (sec attached
          copies);

     (2)  /ill plans  and proposals for abatement or correction of
          pollution will be  approved by the Ohio Department of Health
          e-s required  by law and  such approvals shall constitute
          approval by  the Board;

     (3)  All sewage will be given secondary treatment (biochemical.
          oxidation),  and the facilities to provide such treatment
          vill be  constructed and placed in operation without delay,
          end in no  instance later than the dates specified in the
          attached lists;

     (U)  All effluents will be satisfactorily disinfected "to meet
          the criteria for Lake Erie water uses and the facilities
          to provide such disinfection will be installed without
          delay;

     (5)  All industrial wastes will be adequately treated to meet
          the Lake Erie water quality conditions end criteria and
          the facilities to provide such treatment will be constructed
          cad placed in operation without delay, and in no instance
          later than the dates specified in the attached lists;

     (6)  Local programs will be  initiated to control and reduce
          pollution  resulting froa (a) bypassing, (b) spillages,
          end (c)  discharges resulting from construction or
          breakdowns;

     (7)  Necessary  studies  will  be made and, where feasible, plans
          and construction programs will be developed as rapidly as
          possible for reducing pollution from combined sewer
          overflows;
                                  -2-
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                                                                       362
      (8)  Vihcro necessary to inprovc water quality  and  to  reduce
          nl£cl f,ro-..rvhs in Lake Erie, supplementary  treatment  of
          ve.?tev^tei E will be provided to the  fullest extent
          consistent with research and technological advances;

      (9)  V,:n.&re IK-CO", sary to protect recreatjor.nl areas of Lr.kc Erie,
          studies vill be nade by the responsible agencies, and plans
          end .^construction programs vill be developed as rapidly as
          pc."-;ible for iiaprovenent s such as (a) elimination, treatment,
          o: diversion of combined and storm sewer discharges  frora
          beaches end other recreational areas, (b) diversion  of all
          effluent discharges, both sewage and industrial  wastes, fro:n
          areas where they may adversely affect recreational waters ,
          r.nd (c) elimination of the physical entrapment of storm
          vater, mai'sh drainage, debris, and other pollutants  at beach
          areas;

    (10)  The Lake Erie water quality monitoring program vill be
          expanded es outlined in the attached report to adequately
          provide assurances of compliance with these criteria.

     Furthermore, the Board and the Ohio Department of Health will:

     (l)  Encourage and assist -other agencies such as the  Ohio Water
          Commission and the Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Depart-
          ment of Agriculture, in the implementation of effective
          soil erosion control programs, and programs for  the
          reduction of the run-off of phosphorous, nitrogen compounds,
          and pesticides;

     (2)  Encourage the enactment of state legislation prohibiting
          the discharge of untreated vastewater from pleasure  craft
          to the Lake Erie waters in Ohio, and requiring adequate
          vaste disposal facilities at marinas along Lake  Erie; and,

     (3)  Seek adequate legislation prohibiting the open dumping
          of garbage, trash,  and other deleterious refuse  along
          the shores of Lake Erie.

     Enforcement of these requirements will be carried out by means
of the respective permits issued to municipalities, counties,
industries,  and other entities discharging to the Lake Erie waters
Of Ohio considered herein, and failure to comply with the  pennit
conditions will result in legal action in accordance with  the
provisions of laws.
                                 -3-
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                                                                         363
                 WATER POLLUTION COMTKOL V.OARl)
                    DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
                       COLUMBUS, OHIO
  WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ADOPTED HY THE BOARD JUNE 13, 196?,
     FOR ASHTABULA RIVER, COKNEAUT CREEK, AND TURKEY CREEK
     The Ohio Water Pollution Control Board hereby adopts water
quality standards for the following interstate waters:

     (l)  Ashtabula River:

     (2)  Conneaut Creek: and,

     (3)  Turkey Creek.

     All of these streams originate in Pennsylvania and flow
northwesterly through Ohio to Lake Erie.

            Water Quality - Conditions and Criteria

         5^  All waters considered herein shall meet the follovinr
  nditions at al] times:

     (l)  Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial.
          or other discharges, or agricultural practices that will
          settle to for:n putrescent or otherwise objectionable sludge
          deposits:

     (2)  Free from floating debris, oil, scum, and. other floatinp
          materials attributable to municipal, industrial, or
          other discharges, or agricultural practices in amounts
          sufficient to be unsightly or deleterious:

     (3)  Free from materials attributable to municipal, industrial,
          or other discharges, or agricultural practices producing
          color, odor, or other conditions in such degree as to
          create a nuisance;

     (M  Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial,
          or other discharges, or agricultural practices in concen-
          trations or combinations which are toxic or harmful to
          human, animal,  plant, or aquatic life.

Stream-Water Quality Criteria for Various Uses adopted by the Ohio
Water Pollution Control Board on June lU, 1966, shall apply to all
       under consideration herein and, in addition, the following
         for cold-water fisheries shall aooly:
                              -1-
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                                                                      364
     (l)  ^ij5.?-^'7^ Qxy.C?'! ~  minimum. 6.0 rn.^/J .

     (2)  -Tc'^er^ture - maximum  70 deg .  F.

     (3)  pj! - not less than  6.5 nor greater than 8.5 at any tine.
Conncfiut Creek uj>st_rearn.  fjorri__the  ?-ew_ York_ Central Jlai^O'YL Bridge
ill Conneuut and Turkev_ Cr_e£k_ shall  meet the criteria for all urns
including cold-water  fisheries.

Conneaut ^reeV__dovnT_sJ1rea;r;  from__the__Nev York Centra]. ^ajjjioad Bridre
in Con_neau_t_ and the Ashta'bul'a River jskov_e_ the ship  channeT (approxi-
mately two miles above the mouth  of__Vn_e__riveF)_ shall meet the criteria
for all uses except cold-water fisheries.

Ashta.bula River ship  channel  section,  which extends approximately
two miles upstream from  the mouth of  the river, shall meet the
criteria for industrial  water supply  and aquatic life (A).

              Imj.)l omen t ati_on_ _an_d_ _Fnfor ccrn en t_JPl an

     The Ohio Water Pollution Control  Board,  under  the provisions of
Sections 6111.01 to 6l.ll.03,  6111.31  to 6111.38, and 6111.99- Ohio
Revised Code, has authority to control, prevent, and abate pollution
in the waters of this state.   In  accordance with such authority, the
Board hereby adopts the  following program  and requirements for the
prevention, control,  and abatement  of  new  or existing pollution of
the waters of the state  considered  herein:

     (l)  The desirn  or  critical  flow  defined as the minimum annual
          seven consecutive day warm  weather flow which is exceeded
          in 80$ of the  years will  be  used  in apply in?r the street-
          water quality  criteria;

     (2)  All plans and  proposals for  abatement or  correction^ of
          pollution will be approved  by the Ohio Department of Health
          as required by law  and  such  approvals shall constitute
          approval by the Board ;

     (3)  AID. sewage  and organic  industrial wastes  will be given
          secondary treatment (biochemical  oxidation) prior to
          discharge to the waters under consideration (none existing
          at present) :

     CO  All sewage  effluents will be satisfactorily disinfected,
          prior to discharge,  to meet  the  criteria  for downstream
          water uses  (none existing at present):

     (5)  All other pollution constituents  will be  adequately treated
          and/or controlled to meet the water quality conditions and
          criteria, and  the facilities to  provide such treatment will
          be constructed and  placed in operation without delay, and
          in no instance later than the dates specified in the
          attached schedules :

                               -2-
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                                                                        365
     (6)  Local programs will bf: initiated to control and reduce
          pollution resulting from (a) bypassing, (b) spillages,
          and (c) discharges resulting from construction or
          breakdowns:

     (7)  Necessary studies will be made and, where feasible, plans
          and construction programs will be developed as rapidly
          as possible  for reducing pollution from existing combined
          sewer overflows and inadequate sewage collection systems;

     (8)  Where necessary to improve water quality and to reduce
          algal growths , supplementary treatment of wastewaters
          will be provided to the fullest extent consistent with
          current research and technological advances:

     (9)  Ohio's stream-water quality monitoring program will be
          expanded as  outlined in the attached report to adequately
          provide assurances of compliance with these standards.

     Furthermore, the  Board and the Ohio Department of Health will
encourage and assist other agencies such as the Ohio Water Commission
and the Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
in the implementation  of effective soil erosion control programs ,
and programs for. the reduction of the run-off of phosphorous,
nitrogen compounds, and pesticides.

     Enforcement of these requirements will be carried out by means
of the respective permits issued .to municipalities, counties,
industries, and other  entities discharging to the waters considered
herein, and failure to comply with the permit conditions will result
in legal action in accordance with the provisions of law.
                              -3-
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                                                                          366
                 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
                     DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
                        COLUMBUS, OHIO

     WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR THE NORTH CENTRAL OHIO
                  TRIBUTARIES OF L«>KE ERIE

          ADOPTED BY THE BOARD ON NOVEMBER 1»<, 196?
     The Ohio Water Pollution Control Board hereby adopts water
quality standards for the following intrastate waters :

     (l)  The Portage River;

     (2)  The Sandusky River;

     (3)  The Huron River;

     (U)  The Vermilion River;

     (5)  The Black River; and

     (6)  All other tributaries of Lake Erie from Maumee Bay on the
west to the Black River on the east.
The Jto^ndj^d Jjtr
-------
                                                                          367
     (8)  The sustained stream flow plan proposed in the Northwest Ohio
          Water Development Plan, January 1, 19&7, an^ adopted by the
          Ohio Water Commission, is hereby made a part of this program
          and the Board recognizes that the implementation of this plan
          will be necessary to fully meet the water quality conditions
          and criteria; and
     (9)  The stream-water quality monitoring proprojr, will be expanded
          as recommended in the Northwest Ohio Water Development Plan,
          January 1, 19&7, "to adequately provide assurances of compliance
          with these standards.

     Furthermore, the Board and the Ohio Department of Health will
encourage and assist other agencies such as the Ohio Water Commission
and the Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
in the implementation of effective soil erosion control programs ,
and programs for the reduction of the run-off of phosphorous,
nitrogen compounds, and pesticides.

     Enforcement of these requirements will be carried out by means
of the respective permits issued to municipalities, counties,
industries, end other entities discharging to the waters considered
herein, and failure to comply with the permit conditions will result
in legal action in accordance with the provisions of law.
                            -3-
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                                                                           363
        SCHEDULES OF CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR KORTH CKNTRAL OHIO
                        TRIBUTARIES TO JAKE ERIE
          Corrective measures for the abatement of water pollution from
discharges of sewage and industrial wastes will be provided for the
following discharger, according to the indicated time schedules.

Wastes from Municipalities, _Et_c_.

     Pi s in feet ion

          All sewage discharges to meet downstream water uses will be
adequately disinfected and the facilities for disinfection will be
installed without delay and placed in operation no later than
December 1, 1968.

     Secondary Treatmc-nt

     1.   New secondary treatment (biochemical oxidation) plants where
no facilities are now provided or to replace existing facilities will
be provided by the following entities according to the indicated time
schedules:
     Entity

     Attica
     Avon*
     Bellevue
     Bloomville
     Elmore
     Gibsonburg
     Green Springs (replaces
      Imhoff tank plant)
     Pemberville
     Tiffin
     Woodville (to be trib.
      to Toledo Sew.Syst.)

     Sjandxisky Co. S.D. #1
      Ballville Area
      Prairie Run Area
     Seneca County, Clinton Twp.
       (Melmore St. Area - to be
       trib.to Tiffin Sew.Syst.)
          Completion Dates	
Report and   Det. Plans
 Gen. Plan   & Financing   Construction
                           12-15-69
                           12-15-69
                           9-16-69
                           12-15-69
                           12-15-69
                           6-15-70
                           12-15-68

                           12-15-69
                           12-15-68
                           12-15-69
In prepar .
Approved
Approved
Completed
Approved
3-15-68
Approved
6-15-6T

8-15-67
6-15-68
6-15-68
Approved
6-15-68
.12-15-67
6-15-69
7-15-67
12-15-68
Approved
8-15-68
             1-15-68
             Approved

             11-15-67
12-15-69
12-15-68

12-15-68
       - Only  subdivision  in village  served by  extended  aeration  plant,
                                     -1-
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                                                                           369
     2.   New secondary treatment facilities which will be in addition
to existing facilities will be provided by the following communities
according to the indicated time schedules:

                              	Completion Dates
                              Report am
     Municipality

     Huron
     Lorain
     Oak Harbor
     Port Clinton
     3.   Enlargements of existing plants of the following communities
having secondary treatment facilities will be provided according to the
indicated time schedules:

                              	Completion Dates
Report and
Approved
Approved
6-15-67
Approved
Det. Plans
& Financing
6-15-68
6-29-68
8-15-68
12-12-67
Construction
11-15-70
12-15-70
12-15-69
12-15-69

                              Report and   Det. Plans
     Municipality             Gen. Plan    & Financing   Construction

     Norwalk                               Approved      12-15-68
     ^Jpper Sandusky           3-15-68      3-15-69       7-15-70
     Vermilion                                           6-1-69 (Under  constr.)
      U.    New  or  improved treatment  facilities  completed  and  placed  in
operation  during  1967  and now  adequate:

           Fremont

           LaGrange
                                    —2—
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                                                                           37-0
Inchist ri a 1 Was te_s_

          Additions or iinprovcir.eiits to the  facilities  for treatment of
Industrie! vustes fro;?, the following establishments  so that  adequate
treatment or control is provided will be made  in  accordance  vith the
indicated time schedules:
                                                          Dates
     Be.ltimore & Ohio Railroad Co.
       Willard

     Bechtel & McLaughlin, Inc.
       Erie Co.-Perkins Tvrp.

     Clevite Corporation
     Harris Division
       Erie Co.-Milan Twp.

     General Electric Company
     Bellevue Lcrup Plant  #2U2
       Bellevue

     Hirzel Canning Company
       Wood Co.-Ross Twp.

     Muskixlonge View Dairy
       Sandusky Co.-Sandusky Twp.

     Norfolk & Western Railway Co.
       Bellevue

     Pioneer Rubber Co.
       Attica

     Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.
       Richland Co.-Sandusky Twp.

     Swift & Company
       Hancock Co.-Washington Twp.

     Ternstedt Div., G.M.C.
       Elyria

     U. S. Steel Corp.-Tubular Opns.
     Blast Furnace - Coke Plant Sewer
       Lorain

     In addition - Central Soya
       Huron Co.-Lyme Twp.
et&il Plans
1-1-68
Approved
Submitted
Construction
7-1-68.
12-31-67
7-1-68
To be trib.to Bellevue  Sew.Syst.
5-1-68
3-1-68
3-1-68
8-1-68
1-1-69
1-1-69
To be trib. to Attica Sew.Syst.
by 12-31-69.
5-1-68


6-1-68


Approved


7-1-68
5-1-69


6-1-69


6-1-68


12-31-69
Has completed and placed  adequate
disposal facilities  in  operation.
                                   -3-
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     Beach
                         Status
                             LAKE ERIE BATHING BEACH SURVEY (Concluded)


                   Problems                   Monitoring              Remarks
                                               Agency
                                                                                     Evaluation by
                                                                                         FWPCA
Chautauqua County (Cont'd)
   Silver Creek
     Beach

   Hanover & Sunset
     Bay Beaches
Erie County

   Seneca Beach
     (Millers Beach)
     (Private beach
      open to public)

   Evangola State
     Park
   Evans Town Park
   Buffalo Municipal
     Beach (Bennett
     Beach)
   Hamburg Town
     Park
   Times Beach
  Beaver Island
Closed in 1967


Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Closed in 1966
& 1967
No information
available
Open
No information
available

Odors from decaying
aquatic plants in
late summer
Chautauqua Co.
Health Dept.

Chautauqua Co.
Health Dept.
                                                                                              None
None
No information available   Erie Co.  Health
on physical conditions     Dept.
No information available   Erie Co.  Health
on physical conditions     Dept.
No information available   Erie Co.  Health
on physical conditions     Dept.
No information available   Erie Co.  Health
on physical conditions     Dept.
Bacteria - algae
Erie Co. Health
Dept.
No information available   Erie Co.  Health
                           Dept.
Occasional algae
Erie Co. Health
Dept.
                                                                     None
                                                                     None
                                                                                              None
                                                                                              None
High coliform concentrations.
High turbidity after storms.
Location and topography makes
beach local collection basin
for surrounding pollution.

None
Only extremely unfavorable
weather causes treatment plant
and storm sewer effluent to
adversely affect bathing
quality.
                                                                                                                                 Estimated as unsafe.
Questionable, moderate
pollution.  Data for
1967 indicate excessive-
ly high coliform concen-
trations. Algal problem.
Generally safe, slight
pollution.  Occasional
high coliform concen-
trations. Algal problem.

Generally safe, slight
pollution. Occasional
high coliform concen-
trations. Algal problem.

Generally safe, slight
pollution.  Occasional
high coliform concen-
trations. Algal problem.

Generally safe, slight
pollution.  Occasional
high coliform concen-
trations. Algal problem.

Unsafe.  Excessively
high coliform concentra-
tions. Algal problem.
Estimated generally safe,
slight pollution. No
1967 bacterial data.
Subject to periodic flush-
ing of Buffalo River.

Safe.  Generally maintains
excellent water quality
as long as City of Buff-
alo chlorinates treat-
ment plant effluent. Also
can be affected by
Buffalo storm overflow.
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                                                     LAKE ERIE BATHING BEACH SURVEY (Continued)
     Beach
                         Status
                                           Problems
                                             Monitoring
                                               Agency
                                                                                              Remarks
                                                                                     Evaluation by
                                                                                         FWPCA
                                                                        NEW YORK
Chautauqua County

   Ripley Beach
   Westfield Beach
   Lake Erie State
     Park
   Point Gratiot
     Beach
Open
Odors from decaying        Chautauqua  Co.
aquatic plants in late     Health  Dept.
summer
Closed in 1967    No  information available
Open
Open
   Wright Park
     Beach
Open
Bacteria,  Odors from
decaying aquatic plants
in late summer
Bacteria.  During August
decaying aquatic plants
create nuisance condi-
tions.
Odors from decaying
aquatic plants in late
summer
   Sheridan Bay
Open
Odors from decaying
aquatic plants in late
summer
                           Chautauqua  Co.
                           Health Dept.
Chautauqua Co.
Health Dept.
Chautauqua Co.
Health Dept.
Chautauqua Co.
Health Dept.
Chautauqua Co.
Health Dept.
                        Not an officially supervised
                        beach and was not officially
                        open, but the public used it
                        extensively last year.
                                                                                              None
High coliform concentrations.
Sanitary survey failed to indi-
cate sources of pollution.
High coliform concentrations.
Sanitary survey failed to indi-
cate sources of pollution.
                                                                                              None
                                                                                              None
Questionable, moderate
pollution.  Data for
196? indicate high
median coliform concen-
trations. Algal problem.

Unsafe. Date for 1967
indicate high median
coliform concentrations.
Algal problem.

Questionable, moderate
pollution.  Data for
1967 indicate high median
coliform concentrations.
Excessive algal problem.

Questionable, moderate
pollution.  Data for
1967 indicate high median
coliform concentrations.
Algal problem.  Intensive
study in 19&k indicated
beach affected by septic
tanks and Cans da way Cr.

Questionable, moderate
pollution.  Data for
1967 indicate high nedian
coliform concentrations.
Algal problem.  Inten-
sive study in 1964 indi-
cated beach affected by
stream and sevage plant.

Questionable, moderate
pollution.  Data for
1967 'indicate high nedian
coliform concentrations.
Algal problem.
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                                                       LAKE ERIE BATHING BEACH SURVEY (Continued)
     Beach
                         Status
                                            Problems
                                              Monitoring
                                               Agency
                                                                                              Remarks
                                                                                     Evaluation by
                                                                                         FWPCA
                                                                     PENNSYLVANIA
Erie County

   Lake City Com-
     munity Park
Open
   Waldameer Park        Open
     (Beachcomber Hotel)
     (Private beach
      open to public)
Algae
                   Algae
   Presque Isle
     State Park

       Beach #1
Open
Algae (periodic in fall)
Fish kill early summer.
High coliform.
       Beaches #2-10     Open
                   Dead fish and algae
       Beach #11
Beach closed
one day in 1967
Coliform, algae, dead
fish
                                              None
                           Pa. Health Dept.  &
                           Erie Co. Health Dept.
Pa. State Park &
Harbor Comm.,  & Erie
Co. Health Dept.
                           Pa. State Park &
                           Harbor Comm.,  8c Erie
                           Co. Health Dept.
Pa. State Park &
Harbor Comm.,  & Erie
Co. Health
                                                                     No nuisance conditions
                        Open sewage lagoon discharge
                        on property into bathing area.
                        Water quality nuisance condi-
                        tions are relatively unchanged
                        in recent years.
                                   Insufficient data to
                                   evaluate water quality
                                   situation.

                                   Questionable, moderate
                                   pollution.  Data indi-
                                   cate high coliform
                                   counts quite frequently.
Periodic high coliform counts
result from establishments
located west of park.  Remedial
action ordered.  No outfall occurs
from park facilities.  Greatest
problems other than coliform are
dead fish and algae from Lake Erie,
                        These beaches test out good.  No
                        outfalls occur in this area.
                        Dead fish and algae from lake
                        occasionally wash onto beaches.
High counts, are due to outfall
of Erie Sewage Disposal about
one mile away.  Improper chlorin-
ation in the past,  questionable
operations and inadequate treat-
ment of sewage are factors.  No
outfall exists from park facili-
ties.  Water quality in 196?
was better than previous.
Estimated from intensive
study in 196U as gener-
ally safe, slight pollu-
tion.  Recent sampling
data is insufficient to
make evaluation but indi-
cations are that similar
conditions exist.

Estimated as safe. Inten-
sive study in 196U re-
vealed excellent water
quality.  Recent sampling
date is insufficient to
make evaluation.

Questionable, moderate
pollution. Intensive
study in 196U revealed
high coliform concen-
trations quite frequent-
ly.  Recent sampling data
indicate similar situa-
tion.
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                                                     IAKE ERIE BATHING BEACH SURVEY (Continued)
Beach
Lake County (Cont'd)
Painesville Town-
Bhip Park
Perry Tovnship
Park
Tuttle Park Beach
Madison Tovnship
Status

Open
Open
Open
Open
Problems

No information
available
No information
available
No information
available
Algae
Monitoring Remarks
Agency

City of None
Painesville
Lake Co. Health Dept. None
None in 196? None
Lake Co. Health Dept. Storm Creek outlet about one
Evaluation by
FWPCA

Estimated as generally
safe, slight pollution.
Generally safe, slight
pollution. Occasional
high coliform counts.
Estimated as generally
safe, slight pollution.
Generally safe, slight
     Park
                                                                                              thousand feet east of beach.
                                                                                                        pollution.  Occasional
                                                                                                        high coliform concen-
                                                                                                        trations.
Ashtabula County

   Geneva-on-the-        Open
     Lake State Park
   Geneva Township       Open
     Park

   Saybrook Tovnship     Open
     Beach
   Walnut Beach
Open
   Ashtabula Tovnship    Open
     Park
     (Lakeshore Park)
   Conneaut Tovnship
     Park
Open
                  Algae, debris
                  Algae, debris, logs


                  Algae, logs, debris,
                  sewage
No information
available
                   Algae,  logs,  debris
                                            None
                           Village  of  Geneva-on-
                           the-Lake &  Ashtabula
                           Co.  Health  Dept.

                           Ashtabula Co.  Health
                           Dept.

                           Ashtabula Co.  Health
                           Dept.
                                                                      City of Ashtabula
                           City of Ashtabula
                           City of Conneaut
Pollution sources are diluted
somewhat by the time they
reach beach.

None
Main source of pollution from
large trailer park and cottage
area directly to the west.

None
                                                                                              None
                                                                                              None
Estimated as generally
safe, slight pollution.
Algal problem.

Estimated as generally
safe, slight pollution.

Insufficient data to
evaluate vater quality
situation.

Estimated as generally
safe, slight pollution.
Indication of occasional
high coliform concentra-
tions.

Insufficient data to
evaluate vater quality
situation.

Insufficient data to
evaluate water quality
situation.
-------
                                                     LAKE ERIE BATHING BEACH SURVEY (Continued)
     Beach
                         Status
                                            Problems
                                             Monitoring
                                               Agency
                                                                                              Remarks
                                                                                     Evaluation by
                                                                                         FWPCA
Cuyahoga County (Cont'd)

   Euclid Park           Posted



   Lloyd Road Beach      Posted



Lake County

   Osborne Beach
     (Willoughby Beach)  Open
                   Bacteria
                   Bacteria
                                             None  in recent years
                                             None  in recent years
                   No information
                   available
                                                   Presently posted against
                                                   svimming  by City of Euclid
                                                   due to pollution.

                                                   Presently posted against
                                                   swimming  by City of Euclid
                                                   due to pollution.
                           Lake Co.  Health Dept.   None
                                                           Unsafe - excessively
                                                           high coliform concen-
                                                           trations.

                                                           Unsafe - excessively
                                                           high coliform concen-
                                                           trations.
                                                           Estimated as generally
                                                           safe, slight pollution.
   Mentor City Park      Open
   Orchard Beach
Open
   Painesville City
     Beach

   Headlands State
     Park
   Fairport Harbor
     Beach
Open


Open
Open
                   Algae,  septic tank
                   effluent
No information
available
No information
available

No information
available
                                            Trees
                           Lake Co.  Health Dept.
Lake Co. Health Dept.
City of Painesville
Lake Co. Health Dept.
                           Lake Co.  Health Dept.
Storm sewer carrying septic
tank wastes flow daily.  By
next summer all septic tanks
should be abandoned.

Storm sewer discharge near
beach contains some septic tank
wastes.  New sanitary sewers
installed this summer should
eliminate septic tank waste
discharge.

None
Flush toilets and new sewage
treatment plant under construc-
tion.  Beach near mouth of Grand
River but protected by half mile
breakwall.  Northeast wind might
cause increase in coliform.

Southeast of Grand River. River
receives industrial wastes,
treated sanitary wastes from
Painesville and Fairport and
untreated wastes from Grand
River Village.
Generally safe, slight
pollution.  Occasional
high coliform concen-
trations.  Algal problem.

Generally safe, slight
pollution.  Occasional
high coliform concen-
trations.
Estimated as generally
safe, slight pollution.

Generally safe, slight
pollution.  Occasional
high coliform concen-
trations.
                                                           Generally safe,  slight
                                                           pollution.   Occasional
                                                           high coliform concen-
                                                           trations.
-------
                                                      LAKE ERIE BATHING EEACH SURVEY (Continued)
     Beach
Status
                                           Problems
Monitoring
  Agency
                                                                                              Remarks
                                   Evaluation by
                                       FWPCA
Lorain County (Cont'd)

   Avon Lake Park         Open
Cuyahoga County

   Huntington Metro-      Open
     politan Park
   Rocky River Park
   Perkins Beach
Posted
                  No information
                  available
                 Algae and dead fish
                  High coliform
                  concentrations
Posted but open  Bacteria, debris
None in recent
years
Cleveland Metro-
politan Park Board
City of Rocky River
& Cuyahoga County
Health Department

City of Cleveland
Repeated tests shoved continu-
ing contamination and testing
vas discontinued.
No sanitary outfall - small
stream with storm flow at east
end of beach.  Water quality
in 1967 best for several years.

None
                                                                                              None
Estimated as questionable,
moderate pollution.
Insufficient data to
evaluate water quality
situation.  Lorain Co.
Health Dept. recommends
against swlmmjng.
Generally safe, slight
pollution.  Occasional
high coliform concentra-
tions.  Algal problem.

Estimated unsafe. Exces-
sively high coliform
concentrations

Unsafe - Excessively
high coliform concentra-
tions.
   Edgewater Park
Posted but open  Bacteria, debris
City of Cleveland       None
                                   Unsafe - Excessively
                                   high coliform concentra-
                                   tions.
   White City Park
Posted but open  Bacteria, debris
City of Cleveland       None
                                   Unsafe - Excessively
                                   high coliform concentra-
                                   tions.
   Wildwood Park
Posted but open  Bacteria, debris
City of Cleveland       None
                                                                                                                                 Unsafe - Excessively
                                                                                                                                 high coliform concentra-
                                                                                                                                 tions.
-------
                                                       LAKE ERIE BATHING BEACH SURVEY (Continued)
     Beach
                          Status
                                           Problems
                                           Monitoring
                                             Agency
                                                                                             Remarks
                                                                                     Evaluation by
                                                                                         FWPCA
Erie County (Cont'd)

  Cedar Point             Open
    (Private beach open
     to the public)
  Huron City Park
Open
                 Some debris & algae  -
                 silt and oil
Ho information
available
                           City of Sandusky
                           & Ohio Dept.  of
                           Health
                                                                     None
                                                                   None
                        Storm drain outfall in beach
                        area.
                                   Estimated safe. Limited
                                   data indicates acceptable
                                   bacterial conditions.
                                   Occasional algal problem.
                                   Reported to have grease
                                   balls washed onto beach.

                                   Insufficient data to
                                   evaluate vater quality
                                   situation.
Lorain County

  Vermilion City Park     Open
  Lakeview Park
Open
                 Algae,  debris
Algae, logs, debris,
dead fish
                                           None
City of Lorain
                                                                   None
Outfalls at center of beach
and each end.
  Century Park
Open
Algae, logs, debris,
dead fish.
City of Lorain
Outfall at east end of
beach.
Insufficient data avail-
able to evaluate water
quality situation.

Estimated generally safe,
slight pollution.
Insufficient data to
evaluate water quality
situation.  Lorain City
Health Department recom-
mends beaches be closed.

Estimated as question-
able.  Insufficient data
to evaluate water quality
situation.  Lorain City
Health Dept. recommends
beaches be closed.
  Sheffield Lake Park     Open
                 No information avail-
                 able
                           None in recent
                           years
                        Repeated tests showed continu-
                        ing contamination and testing
                        was discontinued.
                                   Estimated as questionable,
                                   moderate pollution.
                                   Insufficient data to
                                   evaluate water quality
                                   situation.  Lorain Co.
                                   Health Dept. recommends
                                   against swimming.
-------
                                                     LAKE ERIE BATHING BEACH SURVEY (Continued)
     Beach
                             Status
                                          Problems
                                                                     Monitoring
                                                                       Agency
                                                                                             Remarks
                                                                                                      Evaluation by
                                                                                                          FWPCA
                                                                         OHIO
Lucas County

  Toledo Area Beaches
  Crane Creek State
    Park
No information
available.
Open
Ottawa County

  Port Clinton City
    Park
  East Harbor State
    Park
Open
Open
                 Bacteria
No data available
on physical conditions
of beach.
                           Lucas Co.  Health
                           Department
Ohio Dept. of Nat.
Resources, Div. of
Parks & Recreation
No information
available
No data available on
physical conditions
of beach.
No information
available
Ohio Dept. of Nat.
Resources, Div. of
Parks & Recreation
No longer collects samples.
County recommends against
swimming because of polluted
conditions.

Beach closed 1-2 days after
heavy rains.
                                                                   None
                                                                                             None
                                                           Estimated unsafe. Algal
                                                           problem.
Generally safe, slight
pollution.  Occasional
high bacterial counts.
Occasional algal problem.
Reports of Jelly globular
substance after strong
north winds believed to
be of oil or grease
origin.
                                   Insufficient data to
                                   evaluate water quality
                                   situation

                                   Generally safe, slight
                                   pollution.  Occasional
                                   high coliform concen-
                                   trations.
  So. Bass Island         Open
    State Park
Erie County

  Kelleys Island          Open
    State Park
                 No information available
                 No information available
                                           Ohio Dept. of Nat.      None
                                           Resources, Div. of
                                           Parks & Recreation
                          Ohio  Dept.  of Nat.      None
                          Resources,  Div. of
                          Parks & Recreation
                                                                                      Insufficient  data  to
                                                                                      evaluate  water quality
                                                                                      situation.  Algal  pro-
                                                                                      blem.
                                                           Insufficient data to
                                                           evaluate water quality
                                                           situation.  Algal pro-
                                                           blem.
-------
                                                             LAKE ERIE BATHING BEACH SURVEY
     Beach
                           Status
                                           Problems
                                           Monitoring
                                             Agency
                                                                  Remarks
                                                                                      Evaluation by
                                                                                          FWPCA
Monroe County

  Polnte Aux Peaux
    (Private beach open
     to public)
  Stony Point Park
    (Private beach open
     to public)
  Willow Beach
    (Private beach open
     to the public)
  Sterling State Park
Open
Open
Open
Algae & silt - Peat
from Lake Erie washes
ashore with easterly
winds.

Algae & silt - Peat
from Lake Erie washes
ashore with easterly
winds.
Algae & silt - Peat
from Lake Erie washes
ashore with easterly
winds.
Posted- Unsafe  Bacteria,  algae,  trees
for Swimming    silt, debris,  oil,
                sewage
  Toledo Beach
    (Private beach open
     to the public)
Open
Algae - silt - Peat
from Lake Erie washes
ashore with easterly
winds.
                                                                      MICHIGAN
Michigan Water Res.
Comm. & Monroe Co.
Health Dept.
Michigan Water Res.
Comm. & Monroe Co.
Health Dept.
Michigan Water Res.
Comm. & Monroe Co.
Health Dept.
                           Michigan Water Res.
                           Comm.
Michigan Water Res.
Comm. & Monroe Co.
Health Dept.
Community to be sewered
by 1970. Bacteriological
tests show safe waters
for bathing.

In 1966 this beach was declared
unsafe by the Monroe Co. Health
Dept.  No storm or septic tank
discharges within immediate
area.  Sewers to be in by 1969.

Stony Creek discharge and
storm water pump stations. All
beach areas should be sewered
by 1970.
Sewage collection and treatment
needed.  Rest room facilities
discharge wastes to Monroe Co.
STP by pressure lines.  The
park will tie into a gravity
flow sewer when it becomes avail-
able.  Sandy Creek (with sewage)
discharges to Sterling State
Park Beach.  Plans to correct this
situation are being evaluated.

Beach area to be sewered by 1969.
Generally safe,  slight
pollution. Occasional
high coliform concen-
trations. Algal  problem.

Generally safe,  slight
pollution. Occasional
high coliform concen-
trations.  Algal problem.
Generally safe, .slight
pollution.  Occasional
high coliform concen-
trations.  Algal problem.
Bottom contains consider-
able amount of muck.

Questionable, moderate
pollution.  Algal problem.
Generally safe, slight
pollution.  High coliform
concentrations in 1967.
Algal problem.
-------
             WATER QUALITY OF LAKE ERIE BATHING BEACHES
Unsafe
   Questionable
Moderate Pollution
            Generally Safe
           Slight Pollution
                         Safe
                              MICHIGAN
              Sterling State
                     Pointe Aux Peaux
                     Stony Point
                     Willow
                     Toledo
                                OHIO
Toledo Area
Rocky River
Perkins
Edgewater
White City
Wildwood
Euclid
Lloyd Road
Century
Sheffield Lake
Avon Lake
           Crane Creek State
           East Harbor State
           Lakeview
           Huntington Metro.
           Osborne
           Orchard
           Mentor City
           Painesville City
           Headlands State
           Fairport Harbor
           Painesville Tovnship
           Perry Township
           Tuttle
           Madison Township
           Geneva-on-the-Lske  State
           Geneva Township
           Walnut
                         Cedar Point
                            PENNSYLVANIA
              Presque Isle State
               (Beach #11)
              Waldameer
                     Presque Isle State
                      (Beach #l)
                                    Presaue  Isle  State
                                     (Bea'ches #2-10)
                              NEW YORK
Westfield
Silver Creek
Hamburg Town
Ripley
Lake Erie
State
Point Gratiot
Wright
Sheridan Bay
Hanover Beach
 & Sunset Bay
Seneda (Millers)
Evans Town
Evangola State
Buffalo Municipal
Times
                                    Beaver  Island  State
Insufficient data available to evaluate water quality at the following
beaches:  South Bass Island State, Port Clinton City, Kelleys Island State,
Huron City, Vermilion City, Saybrook Township, Ashtabula Township, Conneaut
Township in Ohio and Lake City Community in Pennsylvania.
-------
                          CONCLUSIONS
1.  All Lake Erie beaches are adversely affected at least oc-
    casionally by bacterial pollution, esthetic impairment,
    or both.

2.  Bacterial pollution varies from major continuous problems
    at some beaches to occasional or infrequent problems at
    others.  The following table summarizes the bacterial quality
    at sixty Lake Erie beaches.

3.  Pollution sources to Lake Erie beaches include sewer over-
    flows, municipal treatment plant bypasses, inadequately
    disinfected effluents, septic tank discharges, urban and
    rural runoff, and industrial waste discharges.

k.  The principal esthetic problem is that of algae fouling
    beach areas.  Without adequate beach maintenance programs,
    obnoxious and unsightly conditions are created by the de-
    composition of these algae.  Other esthetic impairments are
    caused by discoloration, oil, garbage, trash, and other
    debris.

5.  The primary purpose of a bathing beach surveillance program
    is not only the determination of water quality but the
    location of all pollution sources to the beach and its
    effect on the water quality.  The objective of the program
    is not to close down presently polluted beaches but to
    remove the pollutants at their source so as to eliminate
    or at least reduce the need for future closures.

6.  Although a necessary step for the protection of public health
    is the posting of polluted beaches, this action should be
    only temporary.  An unsafe beach should immediately establish
    an active program to abate pollution and the needed additions
    and corrections to existing facilities should be a high
    priority in any pollution control program.
-------
•33
m
      1,000-	V
-------
                            NEW YORK

     Figure 6 summarizes the "bacterial data collected by Erie and
Chautauqua County Health Departments.   Median coliform concentrations
are fairly high for beaches in Chautauqua County vhile the median
concentrations ere lower for beaches in Erie County.

     Pollution sources to these beaches are primarily storm and
combined sewer overflows, pollution laden streams in the area,  muni-
cipal waste treatment plant effluents and bypasses,  and septic tank
effluents.

     The maximum coliform concentrations were found to be associated with
meteorological conditions.  Beach surveys conducted by Erie County
Health Department indicate that winds are a major factor in pollution
of the beaches.  Pollution from Cattaraugus Creek is kept near shore
with high winds and affects the water quality of several Erie County
beaches.  Enteric pathogens have been isolated from the Buffalo River.

     All New York area beaches are affected by heavy algal growths
which are washed into long windrows along beach areas, particularly
in coves and other shoreline indentations.  These algae, produced by
nutrients discharged to the lake from sources within New York and
neighboring Lake Erie states, cause extensive esthetic problems as
they decompose.  As an example, at Lake Erie State Park, bathers must go to
the end of a concrete pier before attempting to enter the water to. avoid
the foul slimes of decomposing algae.
                               10
-------
                                                       100,000-



                                                        10,000-



                                                         1,000.



                                                          100
100,000-




 IO.OOO




 1,000- -
                                                                                    1
IOO.OOO-




 10,000-




 1,000.




  IOO
                                                           •BEACH NO. I
_• IOOJOOO-
  co,ooo<



   1,000-



   100
            LEGEND
--RECOMMENDED LIMIT FOR SWIMMING
       (an NO. OF DAYS SAMPLED

        m

        n BATHING SEASON
* COMBINED RESULTS OF SAMPLES
  FROM SEVERAL LOCATIONS.
  NOTE:
    DATA OBTAINED FROM  PRESOUE ISLE STATE
    PARK ADMINISTRATION OFFICE AND ERIE
    COUNTY  DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.
               SCALE  IN MILES
                                                                       •^BEACHES NO.  2-10            BEACH NO. II

                                                                  PRESQUE   ISLE  STATE   PARK
                              LAKE CITY COMMUNITY RIXRK
                                                                                   BACTERIAL CONCENTRATIONS
                                                                                  PENNSYLVANIA  BATHING  BEACHES
-------
                                                                       371

                        LETTER OF SUBMITTAL



                                                        May 1,  1968
To: Ohio Water Pollution Control Board
    450 East Town Street
    Columbus, Ohio  43215

    Gentlemen:

    Submitted, herewith, is the report and  recommendations of the
    engineering staff of the Ohio Department of Health on water
    quality and uses for  the following intrastate waters:

           1.  The Rocky River and its tributaries.

           2.  The Cuyahoga River and its  tributaries.

           3.  The Chagrin River and its tributaries.

           4.  The Grand River and its tributaries.

    This report is prepared for presentation at the public hearing
    in Cleveland on May 22,  1968, which is being held by the Ohio
    Water Pollution Control Board under the provisions of 6111. 03 (A)
    of the Ohio Revised Code.

    You will  note detail plans and  schedules for compliance are not
    included  in this report.  Such plans and schedules will be
    submitted to the Board later after the stream-water quality
    criteria and uses are established.  The Board will recall that
    water quality standards for Lake Erie,  into which the streams
    under consideration  discharge, were adopted  on April 11, 1967.

    The engineering staff wishes to acknowledge and  thank the Federal
    Water Pollution Control Administration and the Water Quality Branch,
    Geological Survey, U.S.  Department of Interior; the Ohio Department
    of Natural Resources, Divisions of Water and Wildlife; the Lake
    Erie Watershed Conservation Foundation; and, the  Cuyahoga River
    Basin Water Quality Committee for their assistance.

                submitted,
    George H.  Eagle
    Chief Engineer
-------
                                                                        372

               CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


1. The streams of the Rocky, Cuyahoga, Chagrin and Grand River basins


   drain a triangular shaped area in northeastern Ohio of roughly 2, 180


   square miles.   Most of the metropolitan developments of Akron and


   Cleveland are included in the western portion of the area.   All of the


   streams under consideration  drain to Lake Erie.


   The population of the four drainage basins is nearly 2,200,000 people,


   80% of which reside in the Cuyahoga  River basin.   The principal cities


   are Cleveland and suburban communities, Akron and suburban com-


   munities,  Painesville, Chardon, Ravenna, Kent, Medina and Berea.


   The areas of rapid growth in  the future are expected to be in the


   corridor between Akron and Cleveland and those portions of Medina,


   Portage and Geauga Counties nearest to these two cities.


   The major industrial developments are centered in the Cleveland-

   Akron portion of the Cuyahoga River  basin and they include steel,

   rubber,  chemical and metal fabricating industries.  Basic chemicals

   is the major industry in the Grand River basin and this is near the
                o
   mouth of the river.  Only minor industrial developments are located

   in the Rocky and Chagrin River basins.


2. Two cities, Medina and Berea,  obtain their water supplies  from

   upstream branches of the Rocky River; Akron and the  area  supplied


   by it obtains water supply from the upper Cuyahoga River; Willoughby

   uses the Chagrin River; and,  the City of Geneva and the Village of
                                --2-
-------
                                                                       373




   Jefferson obtain their water supplies from the Grand River.  The




   total public water supply usage is less than 70 MGD.




   By far the greatest water usage is for industrial and power generating




   purposes.   In the Akron area,  this amounts to about 185 MGD; in the




   Cleveland  area about 120 MGD; in the Willoughby area about 2 MGD;




   and,  in the Painesville area about 2. 5 MGD.




   Fishing, boating, wading, and in  a few places swimming occur in each




   of the basins.  Several stretches  of the Rocky, Cuyahoga and Chagrin




   Risers and their tributaries are within the Cleveland Metropolitan




   Park district and other park jurisdictions.  The  lower Cuyahoga River




   from Harvard Avenue to Lake  Erie is used primarily for navigation
  and industrial water supply.




^^
       principal pollution problems are dissolved solids, oxygen-




   consuming materials, bacteria, nutrients,  color and floating debris




   and oil.   The highly critical areas are  in the Cuyahoga River below




   Akron and below the Cleveland Southerly Sewage Treatment Plant,




   and in the Grand River through the cities of Painesville and Fairport.




4.  While good secondary wastewater treatment plants have been con-




   structed or are in the process of being constructed, for many of the




   municipalities and sewered areas in the river  basins under consider-




   ation, there are many overloaded facilities, unsewered areas, and




   combined sewer problems that remain  to be taken care of.  Similarily,




   the industrial wastes pollution loads have not been adequately reduced




  ^Fall instances to meet recommended water quality criteria  and uses.




   Much is yet to be accomplished in this  area.   Careful and comprehensive




                                 -3-
-------
                                                                         374




   management of the water resources of the four basins, and particularly




   the Cuyahoga River basin, is going to be absolutely necessary in order




   to attain the water quality goals recommended herein.




5.  The minimum conditions applicable to all waters and the criteria of




   stream-water quality for various  uses adopted by the Ohio Water




   Pollution Control Board on October 10,  1907 (see Appendix C) are




   proposed for all the waters under consideration except as noted  in




   Paragraph 6.  In addition, the following criteria for higher uses in




   certain streams stretches are proposed:




          (a)  Cold Water Fisheries in the Chagrin River above




              Chagrin Falls, and the Aurora and the  East Branches




              of the Chagrin River.




              Minimum dissolved oxygen concentration - 6. 0 mg/I




              Maximum water  temperature - 70°F.




              pH - not less than 6. 5 nor greater than 8. 5 at anytime.




          (b)  Partial Body Contact (wading and boating)  in the  several




              stream stretches and  reservoirs in the public park and




              recreational areas. This would  be  applicable, at this




              time, to the Rocky River below Berea; a section of the




              Cuyahoga River and its tributaries between Akron and




              Tinkers Creek; and, the Chagrin River below Gates Mills.




              Bacteria: coliform group not to exceed 5,000 per 100 ml.
                                 -4-
-------
                                                                          375
              as a monthly average value (either MPN or MF count) nor




              exceed this number in more than 20 percent of the samples




              examined during any month; nor exceed 20, 000 per 100 ml




              in more than five percent of such samples.  (This is a proposed




              tentative criteria subject to the resolution of the fecal coliform




              criteria by health authorities. )




6.  The stream-water quality for the specific sections listed below should




   meet the minimum conditions, and the criteria for uses as follows:




          (a)  The Cuyahoga River from the Akron Wastewater Treatment




              Plant to State Highway No. 17 bridge, should meet Aquatic




              Life B criteria at all times, and Partial Body Contact criteria




              where applicable, and, in addition, should meet Aquatic Life




              A criteria by not later than January 1, 1975, (see requirements




              in Paragraph 7);




          (b)  The Cuyahoga River from State Highway No. 17 bridge to




              the U.S.  Coast Guard Station, should meet Industrial Water




              Supply criteria by not later than January 1, 1971,  and,  in




              addition, should meet Aquatic Life B criteria by not later




              than January 1, 1975,  (see requirements in Paragraph 7)j




          (c)  The Grand River from U.S. Highway No.  20 bridge to the




              U.S. Coast Guard Station,  should meet Aquatic Life B




              criteria by not later than January 1, 1971, and, in addition,




              should meet Aquatic Life A criteria by not later than




              January 1, 1975; and







                                  -5-
-------
                                                                      , 376
        (d)  A_H _pth_ei'l_y/aU\rs _in_thc K oj^y^_Cj!y_ah_Of(a,  Chafli'j.n_a_ncl Grand
            liiyj-LJ^?J? Ml?.' should meet the criteria for all applicable uses,
            including those for Cold. Water Fisheries and Partial Body
            Contact in the stream  stretches and reservoirs specified
            in  5.
To meet the minimum conditions and the criteria for the recommended
uses will require: (1) efficient secondary  treatment of all organic wastes;
(2) further treatment (tertiary or advanced) in many instances where stream
characteristics and conditions arc critical by reason of low flov/s, seiches,
uses and other influencing factors; (3) a high degree of treatment and/or
control of other pollutants; (4) continuous  disinfection  of effluents for
protection of public water supply,  recreation  and partial body contact
uses in those reaches where such uses are desired and the chlorination
effect is not detrimental to the maintenance of aquatic life; and,  (5) a
comprehensive program for further improvement of the water quality
by augmentation of low  flov/s,  instream treatment,  and/or other ap-
propriate means; and,  (6) an additional flow of at least 100 c.f. s. in
the Cuyahoga River below Akron is mandatory to meet the proposed
water quality criteria even after the highest degree of wastewater
treatment reasonably attainable under present technology  has been
provided.
To reduce algal growths, extensive programs of nutrient control
(phosphorous and nitrogen) should be pursued  throughout the basin.
Such programs to be effective  should be applicable  to all sewage
discharges,  industrial discharges  and land run-off.
                                -6-
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                                                                       377




J3      All apropriatc agencies and other entities, i. e. the Ohio




        Water Commission, the Soil Conservation Service, U.S.




        Department of Agriculture, and Three Rivers Watershed




        District will be encouraged to implement programs for




        erosion control to reduce silt problems.
                              -7-
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                                                                          '37S
                      WATER  POLLUTION  CONTROL BOARD
                          DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
                             COLUMBUS, OHIO
      WATER  QUALITY  STANDARDS ADOPTED 3Y THE BOARD JANUARY 10,
      FOR  THE  MAUMEE, TIFFIN, ST. JOSEPH, AND ST. MARYS RIVER BASINS
     The  Ohio Water Pollution Control Board hereby adopts water quality

 Standards  for the  following interstate waters:

     (l)   The Maumee River which flows from the State of Indiana through

           northwestern Ohio to Lake Erie;

     (2)   The Tiffin River which originates in southern Michigan and flews

           through  Ohio to the Maunee River;

     (3)   The St.  Joseph River which originates in Michigan, flows across

          'the northwestern part of Ohio and into Indiana; and,

     (U)   The St.  Marys River which originates in Ohio and flows into

           Indiana.

     Further, the  Ohio Water Pollution Control Board hereby adopts water

quality standards  for the following intrastate waters:

     (l)  All intrastate tributaries of the Maumee River; and,

     (2)  Tenmile Creek (Ottawa River in Toledo), Shantee Creek, and

          Otter Creek which are tributary to Maumee Bay.

                 Water Quality - Conditions and Criteria

All Waters.  All the waters considered herein shall meet the following conditions

at all times:

     (lj  They shall be free from substances attributable to municipal,

          industrial,  or other discharges that will settle to fora putrescent

          or otherwise objectionable sludge deposits;

     (2)  They shall be free from floating debris,  oil, scum, and other

          floating materials attributable to municipal, industrial, or other

          discharges  in amounts  sufficient to be  unsightly or deleterious;
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                                                                           379
      (3)   They  shall be  free  from materials attributable to municipal,




           industrial, or  other discharges producing color, odor, or




           other  conditions in such degree a;, to create a nuisance; and,




      (k)   They  shall be  free  from substances attributable to municipal,




           industrial, or  other discharges in concentrations or combinations




           vhich  are toxic or harmful to hunan, animal, plant, or aquatic




           life.




Stream-Water Quality Criteria for Various Uses adopted by the Ohio Water




Pollution  Control Board on June lU, 1966, shall apply to all waters under




consideration herein, vith the following two variances:




      f1)   Dissolved Solids:  (For Public Water Supply)




           Not to exceed 750 mg/1 as a monthly average value, nor exceed




           1000 mg/1 at any time;




      (2)  pH;  (For Industrial Water Supply and For Aquatic Life)




          Not less than 6.5 nor greater than 9-0 at any time.




The Maumee River (l) from the Ohio-Indiana state, line to the 1-75 bridge




near Rossford, shall meet the stream-water quality criteria for all uses;




(2.) from the 1-75 bridge to Buoy Ho.  39 in Maumee Bay (the ship channel




section of the river), shall meet the vater quality criteria for industrial




vater supply and aquatic life (B); and (3-) from Buoy No. 39 to the mouth




Of Maumee-Bay which is near Buoy No.  33, shall meet the water quality




criteria for all uses.




The Tiffin River from the Ohio-Michigan state line to its confluence with




the Maumee River, and its tributaries, shall meet the stream-water quality




criteria for all uses.
                                   -2-
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                                                                            360..
The Jit_«_. Joset)h_Riv_er_ from  the Ohio-Michigan state line to the Ohio-Indiana




state line, and its  tributaries  in Ohio, shall meet the stream-water quality




criteria  for  all uses.




The St. Marys River,  and its tributaries, shall meet the stream-water quality




criteria  for  all uses.




All tributaries of the Maumee River shall meet the stream-water quality




criteria  for  all uses.




Tenmile Creek from its source to the Toledo city limits shall meet the stream-




vater quality criteria for all uses.




The Ottawa River in Toledo (Tenmile Creek), Shantee Creek, and Otter Creek




shall meet the stream-water quality for industrial water supply and aquatic




life (B).




                   Implementation and Enforcement Plan




     The Ohio Water Pollution Control Board, under the provisions of Sections




6111.01 to 6111.03, 6111.31 to 6111.38, and 6111.99, Ohio Revised Code, has




authority to control, prevent, and abate pollution in the waters of this state.




In accordance with such authority, the Board hereby adopts the following program




and requirements for the prevention, control,  and abatement of new or existing




pollution of the waters of the state considered herein:




     (l)  The design or critical flow defined as the minimum annual seven




          consecutive day warm weather flow which is exceeded in 80$ of the




          years will be used in applying the stream-water quality criteria;




     (2)  All plans and.proposals for abatement or correction of pollution




          will be approved by the Ohio Department of Health as, required by




          lav and such approvals shall constitute approval by the Board;
                                   -3-
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                                                                      3S1
     All sewage will be given secondary treatment (biochemical oxidation),




     and the facilities to provide such treatment will be constructed and




     placed in operation without delay, and in no instance later than




     January 1, 1970;




     AH effluents will be satisfactorily disinfected to meet the criteria




     for downstream water uses and the facilities to provide such disin-




     fection will be installed without delay;




(5)  All organic industrial wastes will be given secondary treatment and




     other constituents will be adequately treated to.meet the water




     quality conditions and criteria,  end the  facilities to provide




     such treatment will be constructed and placed in operation without




     delay, and in no instance later than January 1, 1970;




     Local programs will be initiated  to control and reduce pollution




     resulting from (a) bypassing, (b) spillages, and (c) discharges




     resulting from construction or breakdowns;




(7)  Necessary studies will be made and, where feasible, plans and




     construction programs will be developed as rapidly as possible




     for reducing pollution from existing combined sewer overflows;




(8)  Where necessary, supplementary treatment  of wastewaters will be




     provided to the fullest extent consistent with current research




     and technological advances;




(9)  The sustained strean flow plan included in the Northwest Ohio




     Water Plan adopted by the Ohio Water Commission is hereby made a




     part of this program and the implementation of this plan will be




    ipecessary to fully meet the water quality conditions and criteria;




     and
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                                                                         332-
    (10)  Ohio's stream-water quality monitoring program will be expanded




          adequately provide assurances of compliance with these standards.




     Furthermore, the Board and the Ohio Department of Health will encourage




and assist other agencies such as the Ohio Water Commission and the Soil




Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, in the implementation




of effective soil erosion control programs, and programs for the reduction




Of the runoff of phosphorous, nitrogen compounds, and pesticides.




     Enforcement of these requirements will be carried out by means of the




respective permits issued to municipalities, counties, industries, and other




entities discharging to the waters of the stream basins considered herein, and




failure to comply with the permit conditions will result in legal action in




accordance with the provisions of laws.
                                   -5-
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                                                                           3S3
TO:       City Officials, Consulting Engineers and Oilier Interested Persona
FROM:     George H. Eagle, Chief Engineer, Ohio Department of Health
SUBJECT:  Removal of Pnosphetes from Waste Waters
          At the August 3-12, 19&5, conference on pollution, of Lake Erie, it war
agreed upon by bordering States and Federal Water Pollution Control Authorities
that municipal wastes be given secondary treatment and that "secondary treatment
plants be so designed and operated as to maximize the removal of phosphates" in
the Lake Erie Drainage Basin.  Further, the water quality standard adopted by the
Ohio Water Pollution Control Board for other basins throughout the state require
sujrplenental treatment of wastewatcrs to the fullest extent consistent with
current research and technological advances where necessary to reduce algae growth;.-.

          Subsequent to these requirements and agreements,  muructipalities were
ordered by the Ohio Water Pollution Control Board to prepare general plans of
wastewater treatment facilities for compliance.  Most of the major municipalities
complied with this order by employing consulting engineers  to prepare general plans
of the necessary improvements.

          It soon became evident that very little was known about treatment for
phosphates removal by either the consulting engineers or the state and federal
agencies.  As a result, general plans of wastewater treatinent facilities subnittec
for^Jfcroval and approved by this department practically ignored the matter of
phosphite removal other than to state phosphate treatment facilities were being
deferred until more was known about the matter.

          Information furnished by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Indicates there is a method by which phosphates can be removed at a lo\\r capital cor.t.
fills method involves the addition of sodium aluminate to the aeration tanks.  It is
•eported the phosphate precipitates formed by the addition  of sodium aluminate will
lot go back into solution or interfere with the disposal of sludge.  It is also re-
sorted that the addition of this chemical will improve suspended solids removal in
,he final settling tanks and thus also improve the BOD removal efficiency of the
>lant.  Other methods involving high capital costs have also been demonstrated to
'unction satisfactorily.

          It is recognized that the sodium alurainate phosphate removal process in-
rolves a high operation cost and it is hoped some other less expensive process will
>e developed before long.  We cannot, however, continue to  ignore the phosphate pro-
ilea with the hope that some better process will develop at some future date.  Future
 lens,., both general and detail, of treatment plant improvements submitted to this
 epartment for approval will have to make some provision for phosphate treatment.
 t the present time, we do not know of any treatment process involving less capita].
 ost than the sodium aluminate process.
 arch 28, 1968
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                                                                          <   384


To:      City Officials, Consulting Engineers, County Sanitary Engineers,
         and other interested persons.

From:    George H. Eagle, Chief Engineer, Ohio Department of Health

Subject: Sanitary Sewer Joints and Manholes


                                                            February 1, 1968

      Overloading of sanitary sewers and sewage treatment plants resulting from

excessive infiltration of ground or surface water is a serious problem in. Ohio.

At places where overloading is a problem and where surface and subsurface clean

water connections are prohibited by ordinance or regulation, the overloading is

caused by infiltration through leaking joints and manholes.  Leaking sewers can

be caused by unworkmanlike construction practices or by the use of unsuitable

materials.  Tight sewer systems are an absolute necessity if water quality

objectives for Ohio waters are to be attained.  In the future sanitary sewer

plans will not be approved by the Ohio Department of Health unless the spe

tions conform to the following:

      (1) Joints for vitrified clay bell and spigot pipe shall be

          compression joints as defined by ASTM Designation: C-425.

         Poured joints and joints of the slip seal type will not be

         approved.

      (2) For concrete sanitary sewer pipe flexible watertight joints con-

          forming to ASTM Designation:  C-443 will be required..

      (3) If satisfactory materials other than clay or concrete are used

          for sanitary sewer pipe the joints shall meet standards equal

          to the standards set forth above for clay and concrete pipe.

      (4) Manholes shall be either poured-in-plnce concrete or precast

          concrete manhole sections.  Precast concrete manhole sections

          shall conform to ASTM Designation: C-478 and the joints between

          sections shall conform to ASTM'Designation: C-443.
-------
                                                                            3S5



  (^L Revisions of the  specifications referred to herein will be




     accepted provided the revisions up-grade the quality of




     sever construction.




  (6) Sanitary sewer specifications shall, include provisions for



     testing the tightness of the sev;er by an infiltration or




     exfiltration process or by any other approved process.




      The testing, as  well as the sewer construction, irast be




     under the .direction of a qualified engineer or a competent



     inspector directed by an engineer.



(7)  Building severs shall be constructed in accordance v.dth



     specifications equal to those indicated above.




(8)  Sanitary sewer plans submitted for approval shall either



     be accompanied by separate contract  specifications or



           specifications noted on the .plans .
0.1D.K.
                               —2——
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                                                            3'86
                           George H. Eagle

  1              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Very good,  Mr.  Eagle.

  2              This  is  really a comprehensive report.   Just


  3    for some  of these  people sitting up here in  the front row,

  4    I would like to commend  this  report here,  and  I see we


  5    have a complete list of  municipal and  industrial  sources

  6    in  this,  and I  am  very happy  with this report.

  ?              MR. EAGLE:  Thank you.

                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Any  questions?
  8

                 Again, I think this is the only  device  by which

       we  can get this going.   If you  followed the  pollution

       control programs in the  States  and  in  the  cities,  I think
 11

       we,  in listening to all  these reports, are really moving
 12                                                             f
       along.  We have a  law, for better or worse,  that  gives us^
 13
       a device  for State-Federal relations.  We  are trying  to
 14
       make it work, and  I do think  it  is  working and working
 15
       rather well.  At least it  is  contemplated by the  people
 16
       who  wrote the law,  and that is  about all we  can do, and
 17
       I think we have programs moving  forth  rather consistently
 18
       in the five Lake Erie States.
 19
                 I think  we have  rather complete reporting
 20
       with enough specificity  so that  all the interested people

 21
       can  see what is happening, and  I think we are going ahead.

 22
       Of course,  we are  spotlighting these problems as  we are

 23
       going along and will take  them up.

 24
                 I finally found  that  phosphate letter you had

25
-------
                          Charles Marquetta


      in the back of this.
   ii

                MR.  EAGLE:  Yes.

 3
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   And understandably: there .was

 4
      no numerical figure on  your statement either on how much

 5
     phosphates  had  to  be removed.


 6              MR.  EAGLE:  No,  sir.


 7              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   It  said they had  to give


 8    consideration, as I read  it here,  to  phosphate removal


 9    and they have  to  include  some  phosphate removal  and


10    that they  describe the  processes that had  been recommended.


11              Are  there any comments or questions on Mr.


124fe Eagle's report?


13              I think that  in conjunction with the report we


14    heard from Cleveland indicates we  are moving apace in


15    Ohio.


16              Do you  have any other people you want to call?


                MR.  EAGLE:  No,  sir.


18              CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Do  we have any  other requests?


19              I have  a request from Charles Marquetta of


      Cleveland.


                Now, sir, I see you  are  on  a Council of Air


      and Water  Pollution Control.   We are  only  interested in  the


      jurisdiction of water here.


                MR.  MARQUETTA:   Well, this  here  — it gets on


      your trees, roof, and in  your  gutters, in  your sewer  and
 '5
-------
                                                           <  38a



                          Charles Marquetta



      the  rain washes  it to the  river  and  the  river takes  it



 2    down into  the  lakes.  I would  like to demonstrate what



 3    this is.



 4              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Would you identify yourself,



 5    first?



 6              MR.  MARQUETTA:   Charles Marquetta from the



 7    Southeast  Council Civic Club.



 s              I  demonstrated this  a  few  times  and it seems



 9    like it ain't  getting anywhere.  People  don't understand



10    what toxic dust  and  fumes  is.  They  call it pollution,



H    but  I call it  toxic  dust.  It  is a magnet there, and



12    that is out  of my rain gutter.   Anybody  want  to come up|



13    and  look at  it?  It  is right here.



14              MR.  POSTON:  This solid material  from your



15    rain gutter?



,               MR.  MARQUETTA:   That is from the rain gutter
16


      in three months, and that  is in  an area  of about eight



      inches.  That  is what I was complaining  about.  It seems
18

      like it don't  drip into people's minds what the people
J. j


      are  breathing  — our children, our dogs  and cats —  our
-------
                                                             339

                          Charles Marquetta

^P   from the steel mills down there at the Saint Alexis

 2    Hospital that are being pumped out every day.  They take

 3    them in there and they put these tubes down in their

 4    throat or in their nose and they pump that black stuff

 5    out of them.

 6              The men don't want to quit.  They can't say

 7    anything, because they have  been there 2,0 or 25.  years.   They

 8    want to retire.  Now, I don't know why.  You take the

      Saint Alexis Hospital there, the first breath of air a
 i/

      baby gets when he is born is that toxic dust, which goes

      down into the river, then down into the lake.
11
 ^|            I don't know why they don't say it don't belong

      to water pollution  because that is blown into the lake
13
      right from there. And I was down at Saint Vincent Charity
14
      Hospital down there — they had to close the windows down
15
      there — that is right here, the subject — this same
16
      way at Saint Alexis, this same way with Cleveland Clinic.
17
      They smell it there.
18
                Instead of getting cured, they pump that stuff
19
      right into them. I don't know what you guys are all talking
20
      about because they ain't done nothing to take that air
21
      out, that dust*. Because if anybody comes in here with a
22
      vacuum cleaner and there is dust here and you don't put a
   j^.
231	
      bag in, you are going to spread it all over the floor here,
24 ||
      and the same way with the water pollution you are talking
   ii
25
-------
                                                             ^390
                          Charles Marquetta

      about.  Why should we dig up all that stuff anyway?  If
 2
      you dump in a quart   of water to a hundred gallons of
 3
      water — I mean that polluted water into a hundred gallon

      of good water — you would have to fill in the whole

 5    hundred gallon, so why not clean it right where it comes

 6    from?

 7              FROM THE FLOOR:  Let them pay for it.

 8              MR. MARQUETTA:  Yes.

 9              Another thing is that we want to reduce water
10    pollution.  What do they do?  They go out and they sell

11    garbage disposal units, grind it up, and throw it down

12    into the sewer.  It goes in the river and down to the l

13              Now, it is easy for these mills or anybody to
14    put settling tanks in, and catch it right there before it

15    goes down into the river and goes down to the lake, but

16    they don't want to do that.  They want us to pay for it,

17    make us sick and everything.

18              All the machinery gets that fine dust and toxic
19    fumes and air right into them — like that machinery
20    right there — it gets in your distributor; it gets in

      your gas; it gets into everything you do*  When you open
-------
                                                     391
                   John Chasesa
someplace, you stay there maybe a week, you make out a
speech you are going to tell, you get down there and they
won't let you talk.
          FROM THE FLOOR:   That is right here in this
great city of ours.
          MR. MARQUETTA:   That is what I thought you were
going to do here, too, but finally I got here, and I thank
you very much.
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:   You are welcome.   (Applause)
          Well, thank you.  I told you we are here to
hear this.
          MR. MARQUETTA:   I am very glad you did.
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Mr. Chascsa has asked us to
put this material into the record and without objection
this will be done.
          MR. CHASCSA;  The wheel that squeaks gets the
grease, noted in the Plain Dealer on June 4, 1968.  Seven
hundred million dollars have been asked for and $400
million have been authorized.  So the Administration asks
for $225 million.  What is wrong?  Isn't pollution worth
the cost and fight?
          How many congressmen, Senators, State
Representatives, etcetera, have had their ears pinned
back for speaking out against the very thing we are trying
to eliminate?  pollution is not created by us humans.  It
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 1
 2
 3
 4
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
                                                         392

                       John Chasesa



   is created by Japanese beetles,  farm silt, septic tanks,



   improper drainage, autos,  etc.,  if you can make yourself



   believe it.



             In England recently an oil tanker broke up
j
i

|   creating a pollution problem; in Lake Michigan an unknown



   culprit created a 75-mile  long oil slick;  in Lake Erie



   recently at Bolles Harbor   hundreds of fish were killed



   and were washed up on the  beach  — cause unknown.   Lake



   Huron alewife problem closes  beaches, etc.,  "tragic," but



   isn't someone empowered to act in behalf of  the people to



   protect their interests in these waters?   Page 5#33, Title



   33, "Navigation and Navigable Waters," Chapter 407,  is



   quite clear on what is to  be  done and who  for several
      decades would be empowered to enforce this Act.  So,  for
14


   ,   40 or 50 years this Act has been lax, not  enforced,  and
10



17




18



If
22




23




24 i




25 i
I
 the  result is  evident.



           In Lake Michigan, the Army  Corps of Engineers



 Engineering News Record, October 26,  1967, Page 17, on



 one  operation  created a bigger problem by removing the



 filth created  by Inland Steel through the removal of



 this filth and depositing it eight miles out into the



 lake.   Does this shorten the alewives life span?  Does



 this cause the death of hundreds of gulls and ducks?  The



 Army Corps of  Engineers say they are  only helping to k



 navigation open.  Do you help navigation by dumping filthy



oil,  sewage, paper pulp  and other settlings  of  our  rivers
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 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
                                                            393
                          John Chasesa
      such as the Cuyahoga,  Detroit,  Rouge,  Maumee  and others
      into shallow,  dying Lake Erie?   Let's  resuscitate Lake Erie
      while it is still possible.
   i             In 1967  some 7,015,000 cubic  yards of this filth
      went into Lake  Erie.   Seventy percent  was not confined to
      diked areas,  only the thirty percent.   It is estimated that

      over 75  percent will  find its way into unprotected areas
      of the lake in  1968,  and already a clamor is being raised
      for permission  to dump almost 500,000  cubic  yards into the
      lake this year  from one area alone.  There are 23 such
      dumps in Lake Erie alone.
                Will  the $700 million requested from Uncle take
   ,,   care of  this problem  also?  No!  Only  the sin'cere and honest
.L o !
14 j

15

16

17

IB
      efforts of the  Department  of the  Interior,  Army Corps of

      Engineers, conservation departments,  and health departments

      and the determined efforts of our engineering sciences with

      the cooperation of industries as  well as John Q.  Public.

                Inland settling  ponds were  suggested to store

   ;   water.   We already have lakes; let's  keep them clean and
.1 ';i ;'
   ;   we won't need to create artificial sources  of water.
21 ;:
                We can build 500,000 to 1,000,000 ton capacity
31 |i
   I   oil tankers, ("Business Week* page 120, April 6, 1968)
22 jj
   ii   spend zillions  to send a bunch of steel and equipment to
23^
  ^P  the moon, and still haven't the ability to keep the very
24 ii
   i:
   i!   necessities, that are essential to bur survivial, clean
25 !•
   Ii   and unadulterated,  other areas and
-------
                                                            394

                          John Chasesa

 1    countries close down offenders.  Why don't we?

 2              Every industry should have a method of disposing

 3    of its waste before it is permitted to begin to operate.

 4    It is not the responsibility of the public to provide this

 5 I   service.  That is why we have the Army Corps of Engineers,

 6    Coast Guard, conservation commissions, health departments

 7    and on and on.  But we also have pollution of our air and

 8    water and excuses too.  Long extensions to comply should be

 g    discharged and the Army Corps of Engineers should be the

,     last to request an extension.
10 !

   i|             We have the know-how — let's use it.
X 
-------
                                                           395

                          John Chase sa


      amounts of water may be involved.1


 2             "'It is hoped that hundreds of millions of gallons


 3    of fresh water will be stored underground,  and held in re-
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
13
15



16



17
& ,i.
      serve for long periods of time,  perhaps for several years,'
      he said.
                "Mr.  Brown said that a test injection well was
      being drilled in Norfolk that would explore  the  aquifiers


      (water bearing sands) deep beneath the  city.  So far,  the


      well has indicated that bedrock may be  as much as 2600 feet


      below the surface.  The well has already passed  through all


      the formations expected to contain useful productive water-


      bearing materials.


                fttlf the information from the test well is favor-
14 !j   able,1  Mr.  Brown said,  'other injection wells will be  con-
      structed,  and we will begin to test the  feasibility of re-


      charging these aquifiers,  and thus build up a fresh water
      reserve.1
                "The test well is being drilled at  the  Moore's

                         \\                    fl
      Bridge Filter Plant, reports the  Times.   Treated  water in


      excess of the daily needs of Norfolk will be  supplied for


      injection from the plant."


                Letter from Mr. W. F.  Carbine,  United States


      Department of the Interior, Fish  and Wildlife Service,


 fl)  Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,  5 Research Drive, Ann
24

      Arbor, Michigan, 4#103,  dated April 25,  196S, to  Mr.
25

      John Chascsa, President, Lake Erie Cleanup Committee,
-------
                                                           396

                          John Chasesa


      7231 Center, Estral Beach, Newport, Michigan, 48166:
  2
                "Dear Mr. Chasesa:
  3
                "This acknowledges receipt of your April 4 note

  4
      concerning the application of the Dunbar-Sullivan Dredging


      Company to dredge spoil from the Route River area and
  6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
21
22
      deposit it into Lake Erie west of the Detroit River Light.

      We in the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries certainly do share

      your alarm with respect to the effects of the proposed work

      would have on Lake Erie.

                "Details of this proposed dredging project are

      being reviewed by this Bureau, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries

      and Wildlife, and the Federal Water Pollution Control

      Administration.  At this writing a joint position is being

      prepared for the above Department of Interior Agencies by

      Mr. Charles Stoddard, Interiors Upper Mississippi-Great
16 jj   Lakes Coordinator.  When completed this position with


17 |   recommendations will be presented to the Corps of Engineers.
   ii
18 jj   I am certain Mr. Stoddard would like to hear from you on
   !
19 ||   this matter.  His address is:  Mr. Charles A. Stoddard,
   ji

20 II   Regional Coordinator, Upper Mississippi-Western Great Lakes
      Area, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804.

                "I appreciate your calling this situation to our
      attention.  If we can be of further assistance on this


   |   matter, please let us know.
   ;
   i

25 I
23


24
   i
                ''Very truly yours, W. F.  Carbine, Regional Director."


                Letter from the United States Department of the
-------
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
30



21
                                                            397

                          John Chasesa


      Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,


      Washington, D.C., 20242, dated April 9,  1968,  to


      Honorable Marvin L.  Esch, House of Representatives,


      Washington, B.C., 20515.


                "Dear Mr.  Esch:


                "This is in reply to your communication  of March


      25, 196S, enclosing a letter from Mr.  John Chasesa,  Presi-


      dent of the Lake Erie Cleanup Committee,  concerning  effects


      of dredge spoil disposal on the water quality  of Lake Erie.
                "Mr.  Chascsa elaborates on many facets of the


      problems encountered with the disposal  of dredged materials


 r^^  from waterways  and industrial harbors that often contain
IH^^B

   I   high concentrations of pollutants.   We  agree  that open
JLo

      water disposal  of polluted spoil material should be dis-
14

   i   continued.   In  advice given the  Corps of Engineers with
15 |

   I   respect to  requests for dredging permits in the  Great
16 ii

      Lakes, the  Federal Water Pollution Control Administration


      has consistently urged that polluted dredged  spoil be


      disposed in a controlled manner  and not open  casted.


                "We also agree with Mr. Chascsa that each polluter


      is primarily responsible for his own waste control. Strong


      efforts are underway to control  waste discharges from  the


      industrial  and  municipal complex tributary to the Detroit

23
  ^P River.  The Federal-State Enforcement Conferences for  both

24
      Lake Erie and the Detroit River  established January 1970  as
-------
                                                              393
                           John Chasesa


  1    the date by which all pollution from these sources is to


  2    be controlled.


  3              "Your interest in and support  of water


  4    pollution control are appreciated.


  5              "Sincerely yours,  John M.  Rademacher,  Director,


  6    Division of Technical Services."


  y              Letter from United States  Department of  the


  8    Interior,  Office of  the  Secretary, Washington, D.C.,  20240,


       dated  September 19,  196?, to Honorable Marvin L. Esch,
  i/

       House  of Representatives, Washington, D.C.,  20515.


                 "Dear Mr.  Esch:


                 "Secretary Udall has  asked me  to reply to your
 X«5

       letter of  August 25,  1967, concerning the  disposal of
 J.O

       material to be  dredged adjacent  to the Great Lakes Steel
 14

       Corporation dock in  the  Detroit  River at Ecorse, Michigan.
 15

                 "The  Director  of our Great Lakes Regional
 16

       Office,  Federal Water Pollution  Control  Administration,

 17
       reviewed the application for permit  submitted by Dunbar

 18
       and Sullivan Dredging Company, and recommended to  the

 19
       District Engineer by letter  of August 15,  1967,  that  the

 20
       dredged  material be  placed on land or in a diked area

 21
       to  avoid pollution of Lake Erie.

22
                 "Sampling  of bottom sediments  in the vicinity  of

23
       the Great  Lakes Steel Corporation dock was carried out

24
       the Federal Water Pollution  Control  Administration in

25
-------
                                                             399
                          John Chasesa
      1963.  The material consisted mainly of silt, organic
      ooze, and clay, mostly gray to black in color, with a
      strong odor of sewage and oil.  Examination of benthie
      organisms showed a large population of pollution tolerant
      worms.  Chemical analyses indicated high concentrations of
      nitrogen and phosphorous compounds.
                "The potential sources of the organic materials
      are not significantly changed since the 1963 samplings.
      Hence, the pollutional characteristics of the materials to
      be dredged would be expected to be similar to the 1963
      samples and further analyses at this time would not seem
      necessary to support our recommendation that the
      dredged materials be disposed of in a manner that will
      prevent pollution of the lake waters.
                "Your sincere interest in water pollution
      control is appreciated.
                "Sincerely yours, Elino R. Morgan, Deputy
      Assistant, Secretary of the Interior."
                Letter to Michigan Water Resources Commission,
      Ann Arbor, Michigan, dated February 19, 1968.
                "Water Quality Conference.
                "Michigan's most precious heritage, water.
                "Why is it necessary to ask people what quality
      water they want?  Why, after all the investigations,
24
      conferences, studies and experiments is it necessary to
25
-------
                                                             ,400


                           John  Chasesa
  1
       ask:   do you want safe water or prosperity through

  2
       industry and large cities?

  3
                 "After seventy-five years or more we  pride

  4
       ourselves on our know-ho    in making  water safe to consume

  5
       and air to breathe and still when we  look  about, we find


  6     our papers,  magazines,  radio and television calling our


       attention to the filth in our waters  and air.   Did it  ever


  8     occur to any of  our health  officers,  conservationists,


  9     public officials,  engineers,  scientists, industrialists and


10     developers that  at times  the chemicals used to  safeguard


11     our waters are just as  injurious to some humans as the


12     polluted water.


13               "We are  aware that relaxation with water sports

14     is a  growing need,  clean  fresh  water  is needed  more than


15     ever  for our growing population, industries are ever


IQ     clamoring for sites near  fresh  water, commercial fishermen


17     need  clean water to ply their trade and on and  on*  How


18     do we keep these waters in  a suitable, palatable,  and

19     refreshing condition?   By asking the  people who


20     eventually pay the bill:  'What quality of water do you


2i     want?1   Then frighten them  off  by telling  them  they must

22     choose between prosperity and clean healthful water, or to


23     have  these people  pay for the cleanup.

                 "How do  you use a stream, pond,  river, or lake
rfdrr

       as a  multipurpose  source?
-------
                                                            401
                         John Chasesa

               "How can you set a standard for an area in a

2 ||   stream,  pond,  river,  or lake today and expect it to be the

     same two,  five,  or ten years from today?   Huron River,

     River Rouge,  Raisin River, Pine,  Swan Creek, Clinton,  Stony

     Creek, Detroit River,  St.  Clair Lake  and  Lake Erie are

     prime examples of multiple uses without long-range planning

     or proper  supervision.   There is but  one  solution,

     enforcement of Water Resources Commission Acts of 1929,

     making all State waters safe for body contact and use

     the 'No Further Degradation of Our Waters'  slogan and mean
               "We of the Lake Erie Cleanup Committee sincerely

     urge the State Water Resources Commission to-discourage

     any new permits to use our waters  for any

     indiscriminate use or as a dump for  unwanted  wastes,  to

     lessen the danger to wildlife, fish,  and humans, as well.

     Make our waters safe for any and all  uses, especially  for

     body contact, sports  and human consumption.

               "Respectfully submitted, Lake Erie Cleanup

     Committee, Inc., John Chasesa, President."

               Statement by Lake Erie Cleanup Committee, Newport,

     Michigan, 46166.

               "The Rape of a Water Wonderland.

              "A gruesome title, no doubt, but true.

               "In the July  1962, issue of the Reader's Digest
-------
                          John Chasesa                      '402


 1     there appeared an article on Page 151,  titled 'The Rape

 2     of our Southern Mountains.'

 3               "Every American should have read it,  every

 4     voting American should have  read it,  and every  voting

 5     American should have remembered  it.   Every penny budgeting

 e     housewife and sportsman and  every conscientious

 7     Christian should have read it and done  something about  it.

 8     Even if he only hung his head in shame.

 9               "To commercialize  on the gullibility  of poor

10     hill folks is not Christian.   To abuse  the stature of

,,     being a businessman by destroying the lifeblood of those

      of our citizens through so-called shrewd business manipula-

      tion is certainly un-American and un-Christian.

                "When we,  as individuals, resign ourselves to a
14
      state of deplorable complacency  by accepting the do-

      nothing bureaucrats who spend our money as well as set  the
16
      amount of tribute,  we must pay to maintain these
17
      bureaucrasies as something we have no power or  say-so about
18
      then we are lost.
19
                "We elect men to represent  us in various phases
20
      of government to do our bidding  and to  help us  determine
21
      the best course to follow.   Unfortunately, only a Very  few
22
      take their oath seriously, and very few attend  all sessions
23
      that are held in Washington  and  in our  State and County
24
      legislative capitals.
25
-------
                                                      403
                    John Chasesa
          "We have created agencies and commissions and
various study groups and frankly, I believe the committee
studying the sex life of the gnat is about the most
capable of submitting an acceptable report, if there is
such a committee.
          "Since the late 13?0's we have had one after
another anti-pollution committee created.  We have a
geological study going on in the Great Lakes for many
years; geologists, biologists, conservationists, health
authorities, and many, many more who have compiled tons and
tons of reports.  In the past forty? fifty, or sixty years
we have bragged of our intelligence and know-how, to do more
and better than any other Nation on earth.  We have proven
that man can fly, send rockets and missiles anyplace on eartji
and probably to the moon and we haven't skimped on the cost
of these experiments, in spite of the staggering amount.
Yes, we should be proud of our so-called accomplishments.
We should be very proud and very humble in dealing with our
less fortunate neighbors also, no matter who they are.
          "The trip to the Moon Commission has never been
denied their request for funds, these are always
available.
          "The committees on pollution study, water, health,
public safety, sanitation and many environmental aspects
of our well-being have been belittled and slighted and
-------
                                                            404
                          John Chasesa

 1    pushed aside after almost a whole decade of studies,  un

 2    today we suddenly realize the importance of safe,  clean

 3    water.  Of what earthly use are all the facts and  figures

 4    gathered in the past fifty years to us?  We permit

 5    lobbyists to legally have our laws changed to suit their

 6    clients1 wants.  We disregard the riparian rights  of  the

 7    little guy (who is all-important at election time) and

 8    forgotten after election.

 9              "In 1961, Governor John B. Swainson was  asked

10    to call the United States Public Health Service in to

      study the pollution problem in the Detroit River,  Lake

      Erie, Lake St. Clair, Huron River, River Raisin and  many
12
      smaller tributaries leading into our lakes.  What  was

      real reason?  Did someone feel sorry for the plight of

      the residents along the Detroit River,  Lake Erie  or  was
15
      there another reason?  Did the  pipedream of the Detroit
16
      and Wayne County planners backfire  when they found their
17
      plan for another Italian Venus type of island chain,  in the
18
      Harsens Island area, filtered silt into their water
19
      supply station at Belle Isle?  Remember the screaming
20
      public demanding to know what went wrong?  Why the bad
21
      taste?  Why the industrial waste, et cetera?  Was  this a
22
      way to get Federal funds to pipe water from Lake Huron?
23
      Perhaps it would be interesting to note the chain  of  eve
24
      prior to and after the SOS for all the people under Federal
25
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 2



 '6



 4
   II
                                                      405
                    John Chasesa


jurisdiction to come to the aid of the large metropolis of


Detroit.  Oh yeah, we all pay Federal taxes and only the


large cities and those with pull are worthy of getting


any finances for the things needed to maintain good health
 5 j!   and other necessities of which we hear and are  told.   We

   li
 8 |   should have to be good citizens and  healthy Americans.


 7              "Most small communities cannot  afford even  a


 8    trip to Washington to seek assistance;  however, one of


 9 ||   our more ambitious mayors requested  fifty thousand dollars


10 j!   to maintain an office in Washington  to be nearer the  source
   i i

H \\   of Federal grants, loans  and  gifts.   Thanks to Council-

   I
      woman Beck, it was defeated.


                "You may say, what has all this to do with


      pollution?  Well, let us look  back a bit  on the 27th  and


      28th of March 1962,  a conference was held at the  Veterans


      Memorial Hall in Detroit.  The  findings of the United  States


      Public Health Service substantiated  that  there  was


      definite cause for a thorough  investigation into the  cause


      of pollution.  This  was substantiated by  written and  oral


      evidence by many State agencies, the  Army Corps of


      Engineers, various sportsmen clubs,  and a citizens' group


      known as the Lake Erie Cleanup Committee  who not  only sub-


      mitted written evidence, but also 29 jars of water in


      various degrees of pollution taken at 29  separate loca-


      tions, ranging from the Toledo-Ohio  State line  to and
-------
                                                            406

                          John Chasesa


 1    including River Raisin, Lake Erie, Swan Creek, Huron


 2    River, Detroit River, and River Rouge.


 3              "A statement was made at this conference that


 4    the people in the Lake Erie and Monroe area couldn't possibljy


 5    have such a problem.  One of Detroit's leading citizenry


 6    even went so far as to state that a little refuse doesn't


 7    hurt anyone and that perhaps he would be asked to


 8    put diapers on the wild ducks flying over these waters so


 9    it could stay clean.  A very intelligent remark to be made


10    by a man who is looked up to by many.  In a recent


1;L    statement to the press he ridiculed the United States


12    Public Health personnel for doing a thorough job.  (I


.     know it was thorough because I personally followed all or
JLo

      almost all of the study).  When others of our organization


      were able, they also followed the progress.  According to
15

      this man's statement this was all a waste of time and
16

      uncalled for, the water quality is so much more improved
17

      and has been on the upgrade since 1940."
18

                Letter from Lake Erie Cleanup Committee, Newport,
19

      Michigan, 4&L66, dated April 11, 1963, to James T. White,
20

      Jr., Colonel, Corps of Engineers, District Engineer, P. 0.
21

      Box 1027, 150 Michigan Avenue, Detroit, Michigan, 46231.
22
                "Subject:  Proposed Dredging in Detroit River,
23
      No. NCECO-0-09.
24
                "Dear Colonel White:
25
-------
                                                     407



                    John Chasesa



          "Several weeks ago the Lake Erie Cleanup



Committee filed a protest against the March 12, 1963,



request of Dunbar and Sullivan to "be permitted to use



Lake Erie as a disposal site for waste from the Rouge River



amounting to 105,000 cubic yards.  On April 10 I received



from Mrs. Finck a copy of a notice from your



Department displaying a request from Dunbar and Sullivan



for permission to dispose the waste from the Detroit River



dredging, amounting to 190,000 cubic yards, into Lake Erie,



making a total of 295i000 cubic yards of filthy, foul-



smelling, nuisance creating health hazard, which will (As



you well know) create a nuiscance and hamper navigation



and create a filthy situation on the beach at Pointe



Mouillee and Estral Beach and Stony Point.  In 1962, the



first conference held in Detroit, it was agreed by all



concerned that this was a bad practice and your Department



would find other means of disposing of this so-called



'gook.'  It is now 196S, and outside of the publicity



picture in the Detroit News, showing a pipeline being used



to empty a dredge and deposit the waste on Grassy Island,



the indiscriminate dumping goes on and the public still



has to be restricted from using the lake as a source of



water recreation.



          "I have always held the engineering sciences in



high esteem, but today with all the errors raade in many
-------
                                                           <- 40$

                          John Chasesa



 •L    fields of engineering, my doubts are becoming more and



 2    more aroused.



 3              "If industry can spend millions to bring filth



      into an area they can also spend it to take it out and not



      expect the public to do it.   I am sure you can see the
 O


      logic in this.  Look at the situation created by the
 6


      Detroit Disposal Plant.  It cannot be denied that it is
 7

      responsible for the necessity to dredge the Detroit River
 8

      in a very large degree and still, all the Federal and

 9

      State agencies feel they should be able to convince the

10

      public to assist in enlarging the system to include more

11

      industrial as well as residential users to take advantage_

12

      of Detroit's offer.

13

                "I don't recall your Department opposing a

14

      mammoth sewer system reaching from Flint to the Huron

15

      River.  I don't recall your Department making suggestions

16
      or recommendations to prevent industrial wastes from


17
      entering the rivers or lakes by re-using their oil, acids,


18
      and other industrial solvents and oil refinery wastes.


19
                "It is hoped by this group lhat you will be able


20
      to convince Dunbar and Sullivan that it is very much past


21
      the time of free dumping grounds and time to cooperate with


22
      health and conservation officials, also for the sake of


23
      humanity.                                              i


P4-
                "Respectfully submitted, John Chascsa, President


25
-------
                                                            409



                         John  Chasesa




      Lake  Erie  Cleanup Committee."
  i

 o

                Letter to Honorable Marvin L.  Esch,  Congressman,



      1421  Longworth  Building,  Washington, B.C.,  20515,  dated



      March 13,  1966,  from  Lake Erie  Cleanup Committee,



      Newport, Michigan,  4&L66.
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
13
14
          "Dear Congressman:



          "Meny thanks for the information on the Army



Corps of Engineers pilot project for Lake Erie.  It is very



interesting and if properly employed could be of great



benefit to all concerned.  I have a copy of the Army Corps



Trenton Channel deepening project in front of me as'I write.



The description and planning call for an expenditure of



$31,300,000 plus $15,000 additional &>r annual maintenance.



Nowhere do I see any guarantee that the proposed turning



basin will not serve the same purpose as the Port of Monroe



turning basin.  The oil, refuse, and paper pulp in the



Monroe Basin is not, as is supposed, a product of siltation



and I feel the same will be and is at present in the



Trenton Channel.  Another $53 million would open a channel t



the shipping  lane.  Is  it worth it? Will steel be cheaper?




           "If, as colonel Jaraee T.  white, states in his




February  16,  1968;  letter to you, the St. Lawrence



seaway  is such a critical economic  life line, why does  it



behoove him to use  any  of the shallow or deep waters of Lake




Erie  as a dvuqp for  any  material polluted or- nut?  If the



bottom  at Bolles Harbor is  free of  pollution it could and
-------
                           John Chasesa

       should be deposited on a suitable shoreline site where

  2    it could be carted away to an area where it would serve

  3    a useful purpose,  instead of hampering boating and marine

  4    life,  and otherwise creating an illusion of eutrophication

  5    in an  already overburdened Lake "Eerie" Erie?  There is no

  @    real deep area in Lake Erie for any type of dump.  As I

       have mentioned in previous statements there -;re twenty-

       three  dumps in Lake Erie at present,  these have had the
  8
       blessing of the Army Corps  of Engineers for many years,
  */
       and the results are very evident even to the odor.
 10
       Let's  close them all.
 11
                 "Is Trenton Channel turning basin also to become
 12                                                           i
       a catchall for all downriver industrial and municipal
 13
       waste,  or are we going to ask each polluter to remove all
 14
       his waste before spending a penny of  public funds to aid
 15
       in the so-called economic lifeline development?  It is
 16
       time to quit kidding one ar.other or let everything and
 17
       anything go and forget we have a problem until large
 18
       scale  epidemics are upon us, then raise the devil.
 19
                 "As has  been stated so many times, with all the
20
       studies that have  been made and are being made, our scientii
21
       and engineering brains can find a much more profitable use
22
       for our waste and  certainly a more satisfactory one for

23     all.
24
                 "The Colonel states that in forty years no history
25
-------
                                                             411



                          John Chascsa



      of polluted beaches exists.  For the past ten years almost


 2
      all of the shoreline of Lake Erie is or has been

 3
      considered polluted vis Sterling State Park.  I am



      certain the Department of Interior would concur with the



 5    sentiment as expressed herein.



 6              "Hoping this will be considered by yourself and



 7    other interested representatives and authorities as just



 8    cause to take proper action, I remain,



 9              "Sincerely, John Chascsa, President, Lake Erie



10    Cleanup Committee."



11





4

13



14



15



16



17



18



19



20



21



22



23
  i


24



25
-------
                           DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
                         DETROIT DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
                          P. O. BOX 1027   150 MICHIGAN AVENUE
                                DETROIT, MICHIGAN 48231
       IN REPLY RCFGN TO
NCECO-Q  09                                                 20 March 1968

                                     PUBLIC NOTICE

              PROPOSED DREDGING IN DETROIT RIVER NEAR DETROIT,, MICHIGAN

      1.  When an application is received for a Department of the Army permit
to authorize work in or over a navigable water of the United States Depart-
ment  regulations state that notice regarding the matter shall be sent to all
persons deemed likely to be interested in order that any protests from the
standpoint of navigation or other pertinent factors may be presented.

      2,  Dunbar and Sullivan Dredging .Company, 2312 Buhl Building, Detroit,
Michigan;, has applied to this office for Federal permits to dredge at the
following, locations im the Detroit River as shown on the attached sheets with
ail dredged material to be deposited on the authorized dumping ground in Lake
Erie West of Detroit River Light.

     Location of Dredging                     Volume of Material, to be dredged

      a.  Detroit Processing Terminal                        10,000 cubic
      b.  Great Lakes Steel Corporation                      25,000 cubic
      Co  Nicholson Terminal and Dock Company                50 „ 000 .cubic yards
     d.  Federal Marine Terminals                           10,000 cubic yards
     e.  Detroit Harbor Terminals                           109000 cubic yards
      f.  Great Lakes Steel                                  35,000 cubic yards
     g.  Nicholson Transit Company                          50,000 cubic yards
     3,  Any interested party entertaining objections to the proposed opera-
tions should file written protests thereto with this office not later than
4;30 P. M.s Eastern Standard Times 19 April 1968.  The determination as to
whether a permit will be issued will be made after due consideration of the
effect upon navigation, fish and wildlife, pollution, conservation and other
pertinent factors of general public interest.  Objections should be specific
in describing the reasons upon which the protest is founded.
                                         JAMES T. WHITE, JR.
                                         Colonel, Corps of Engineers
                                         District Engineer
Notice to Postmasters:

     It is requested that the above notice be conpsicuously and continuously
pasted until 20 April 1968.                                proces8 NQ ,
-------
                                                                                        .» r
                D_K™ o i ^^|§eM!S||x\^"'
                         i
r.°.A:E: f«oM CHART *4/ U.S. LAKE
      VICINITY  MAP
         SCALE
                zooo   S000  «0<0
Proposed Dredging and Disposal

Application by:
   Dunbar S Sullivan
   11' Janvrary 1968
-------
                            DEPARTM£NT OF THE ARMY
                          DETROIT DISTRICT. CORPS OF ENGINEERS
                           P. O. BOX 1027   ISO MICHIGAN AVENUE
                                DETROIT, MICHIGAN 40231
        IN m:rL
 NCECO-0  09
                 12 March 1968
                                     PUBLIC NOTICE
                     PROPOSED DREDGING IN ROUGE RIVER AT DETROIT
                              AND RIVER ROUGE. MICHIGAN
      1.  When an application is received for a Department of the Army permit
 to authorize work in or over a navigable water of the United States, Depart-
 ment  regulations state that notice regarding the matter shall be sent to all
 persons deemed likely to be interested in order that any protests from the
 standpoint of navigation or other pertinent factors may be presented.

      2.  Dunbar and Sullivan Dredging Company, 2312 Buhl Building, Detroit,
 Michigan, has applied to this office for Federal permits to dredge at the
 following locations in the Rouge River as shown on the attached sheets with
 all dredged material to be deposited on the authorized dumping ground in
 Lake  Erie West of Detroit River Light.
             Location of Dredging

         a.  International Salt Company
         b.  Marathon Oil Company
         c.  Sun Oil Company
         d.  Allied Chemical Company
         e.  Detroit Marine Terminals
         f.  Scott Paper Company
         g.  Detroit Lime Company
         h.
Volume of Material to be Dredged

20,000 cubic yards
10,000 cubic yards
10,000 cubic yards
10,000 cubic yards
15,000 cubic yards
10,000 cubic yards
20,000 cubic yards
10,000 cubic yards
             Marathon Oil Company
                                        ToToPC
     3.  Any interested party entertaining objections t6 the proposed ope_ra-
tions should file written protests thereto with this office not later than
4:30 P. M., Eastern Standard Time. 11 April 1968.  The determination as to
whether a permit will be issued will be made after due consideration of the
effect upon navigation, fish and wildlife, pollution, conservation and other
pertinent factors of general public interest.  Objections should be specific
in describing the reasons upon which the protest is founded.
                                            JAMES T. WHITE, JR.
                                            Colonel, Corps of Engineers
                                            District Engineer

Notice to Postmasters:
     It is requested that the above notice be conspicuously and continuously
posted until 11 April 1968.                                Process No. 68069
-------
                    -~
               *   .'X
               v£"
                    MICHIGA^
A  /<
    ERIE


                                                              ^S&*

                                                           •/&ffif-\
                                                           £ ..^4r--   J-,
                                                           &-&.
-------
                                                                                  446
        sod Preclqinq and Disposal
   Application by
           Dunbar S Sullivan
           11 Jan (18
           ^o^-A.
t
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  1
  2
  3
  4
  5
  6
  7
  8
  9
 10
 11
 13

 14

 15

 16

 ].. 7

 18
 T O
 J. .;

 20

 21
 22

 23

 24

25 i
                    John Kinny
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  We now have Mr. Jack Kinny who
wants five minutes.  That is what it says.
          MR. KINNY:  Conferees, I thought for the last
five minutes of this morning's session that the committee
was going to settle down to determine where it was going
and why, and then we got back into the generalizations,
and then later this afternoon Mr. Metzler brought it up
once more that we had better know a little bit more about
where we are going.
          I want to commend Pennsylvania.  I thought that
would be the last State I would ever hear to propose
    ,  determining what actually was going on in the river.  They
 J. 
-------
                                                    419
                    John Kinny
can do us more harm than good.   It could be a face-saver
for the moment, but it could be a real drawback for the
whole program in the longrun.
          I don't know whether you have heard the remark
that assumption and inexperience are the mother and father
of all goof-ups.  We have gone through a good deal of
this kind of an approach with water pollution.  I would
hate to see one more approach of juggling the financing
at this stage of the game, and I offer this with the idea
that if the conferees are going to set some time schedules,
rather than come up with something that is going to have
to be shifted once-more, that the realities of the
present financial condition bear its weight in making
the decision.
          With respect to Mr. Metzler's suggestion that
says if we are going to go for the phosphate picture, we
better determine in advance that that will give us the
result.  Now, I do know that there are many scientific
illiterates that argue we do whatever we can do and
anything we can do is in the right direction.  But sometimes
that means digging a hole and then moving it.  There are
many things we should do now before the public is
promised that SO, 85» 90 per cent removal will eliminate
algae, only to find out that it doesn't.
          One last cautioni  In the introduction to the
-------
                           John Kinny


       Federal report, the first sentence was:  "Although Lake


       Erie is still an excellent source of municipal raw


       water, the effects of pollution are becoming evermore


       and more discernible."  The next sentence:   "That


       dissolved solids have decreased by 9 per cent since 1964."
  o

                 This, the general public could take as meaning
  6

       we are going from bad to worse,  and it bothered me until I


       took a look at the data, and I would commend to the
  8

       committee's attention on Page 32 a comparison between the
  9

       Detroit and the Cleveland offices for suspended solids;
 10

       the difference between the two offices themselves were
 11

       around sixty per cent.  Some of these analyses show
 12

       300 per cent difference.
 13
                 We are talking about concentrations so low
 14
       that these relative concentrations cannot be compared

 15
       with the sanctity that this kind of suggestion would

 16
       offer, and I would hope that what the conferees are doing

 17
       is promoting a program of progress rather than — well,

 18
       these may read well,  and to some newspaper  people who are

 19
       more interested in the headlines than the facts, these

 20
       kinds of things read  well,  they  make good headlines,  but

 21
       in terms of promoting water quality they leave us somewhat

 22
       behind the schedule.

 23
                 The other caution — you heard much on the

 04
       dredged material today.   There is an effort being made to

25
-------
                                                             421
                         John Kinny
      remove all polluted material from the lake.   What we call
      polluted is a bit difficult to determine.   If there is
      organic material in it,  I  presume it is polluted.
      We have that in the bottom dredgings of most lakes
      unless it is in an area where it is washed clean.
                The question is  not whether or not the discharge
      of dredged material to the lake causes pollution, but
      whether or not it is polluted, per se.  It is the same
      argument that Mr. Lyon raises on the oil wells.   Are
      they pollution, per se,  or could they cause pollution?
      I think there the defition is not so much:  Are we
      dumping pollution into the lake, but:  Are we causing
      it?
                I Sat in on the  meeting of the Board of
      Consultants on the subject up in Buffalo,  and I had
      hoped that the Colonel would report to you.  He did
      indicate that they haven't found adverse effects so far,
      but he could have gone further.
                The first preliminary data — as one of the
      technical staff said, they are having difficulty to
      support, or interpret the data to support the conclusions
      that are drawn — this is very real.
                They are also finding that the material behind
      the diked area, the water quality behind the diked
25    area is the same as the water quality outside the diked
-------
                                                             422


                           John Kinny
  1
       area.   This  raises  the  question  as to  whether or  not

  2
       material  is  by dry  analysis  polluted,  whether it  when

  3
       put into  water actually causes new pollution.  This you

  4
       should determine  before you  make your  recommendations.

  5
                We are  also into another area that  indicates

  6
       that the  dredged  material located behind diked areas can

  7
       leach the nutrients, and the nutrient  concentrations

  Q
       outside the  diked area  are higher than they are in,

  q
       with the  resultant  bloom in  the  shallow water.


 10             I  agree;with  you,  Mr.  Chairman — your


 11    comments  this morning — if  you  are going to  blaze a


 12    path you  should know which way it is going.


 13             I  don't envy  you your  job, but I think  you have


 14    got the chance to do some really good  leadership.


 15             Thank you.  (Applause)


 16             CHAIRMAN  STEIN:  Why don't you .wait.  Maybe


 17    there  are some questions or  comments.


 18              You know, Mr.  Kinny,   you came up and   I


 19     guess  if  I live here long enough I am  going to see


 20     everything.   You  praised Pennsylvania, you praised


 21     New York.  If we  both hang around these conferences


 22     long enough,  one  of these days I am going to  hear you have


23     a good word  to say  for  a newspaper, and the next  one is
                                                              1
24     going  to  be  the Federal officials.  Then I will know the


25     millenium has arrived.
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 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
                                                            423
                          John Kinny


                MR. KINNY:  I am guilty here of the thing


      that I have accused you of in the past, and I apologize,


      and that is by my commenting I would suggest that you


      have condemned all newspaper people.  I said those people


      who would prefer a headline to the detail of what is


      going on.  That is not all newspaper people; that is just
      a few.
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   I never even noticed it was
      some newspaper people!
                FROM THE FLOOR:   Could I protect  my headline?


                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   I am sorry.


                Again,  I would like to make one comment,  because


      this is recurring.  When Mr. Kinny said that  the  funds
13 j]

   i   were cut back to  $225 million, they weren't cut back at
14 !

   I   all.  The last funds were  $203 million. They asked for
15 !

   !   more money.   This is the old game, again, and I hope we
10 j!

      are going to be as sophisticated in dealing with  these
      budget figures as you expect  us to be  in dealing with


      data.   There  are two arrangements  in any one of our


      societies and legislatures, State  or Federal:   an


      authorization and an appropriation.  They don't necessarily


      match.


                If  we had all  of the  money appropriated or every


      dime authorized by the Congress now, probably Jack Kinny


      would  be  leading his cohorts  in fighting the kind of        i
-------
                                                            T- 424
                          Jack Kinny
 1    tremendous budget we have.  The point is:   until you


 2    that money appropriated, you don't have it.  I have


 3    heard this over and over again.  If someone comes in and


 4    has a program, say, for $200 million, and  then they ask

   i
 5    for $500 million the next year and they get $300 million,

   i
 6    you don't say they got $100 million more,  you say they


 7    are cut $200 million.


 8              Now, the point is this has not been cut back.


 9    Funds for this are going up all of the time.   Maybe they


      are not going up as much as the cities and States want,


1;L    but in actual funds there hasn't been a cutback.


                Other comments or questions?  Any other
                                                              ^t


      or questions?


                Where is New York?  Did the whole delegation


._    leave?  This is Mr. Haberer of New York.   I know Mr.
15 i
   i
   .   Metzler had to leave.
16 i

                Let's go on  to the summary.  I  think we have
1 7 ;

   ;   several points.  One,  I think it is only  fair to say  that


   !   the programs outlined  by the five States  here seem to be —


   i   oh, we have another speaker? I am sorry,  I didn't have
20 i

   !i   your name.  Come on up.  I  am sorry,  and  you told me
21' |

      before .
22 |

                MRS. ANGEL:   Mr.  Estill and I signed pieces of
23
24
25 |
   |  paper.   I hope you call  on Mr. Estill, too.


               The pollution  problem is  so great that the
-------
                                                           425



                          Mrs.  James Angel



      experts  can't  solve  it, so that is why I am here.   I am

 n
      Mrs.  James  H.  Angel,  Chairman,  Citizens for Land



 3    and Water Use  of  the Cleveland Metropolitan Area.



 4             The  Federal Government  is  calling for 92  percent



 5    removal  of  phosphates by  1972.  During this time  Citizens fo



 6    Land  and Water Use suggest that these things should be



 7    done:



 8             1.   Each municipality should provide posted



 9    directions  to  a legal dumping  site;  away from the lake and



10    streams.



11             2.   Strict enforcement  of  the litter laws.



               3-   Installation of  sanitary sewage receptacles



13    at all marinas and commercial  ports.



14             4.   Keep all  dredge  material out of the lake.



15             I would like  to qualify this.  I understand that



16    there is to be a  lot more study on the dredged material



17    and the  disposition  of  it.   However, our reasons  for saying



, 0    that  we  would  like to keep all dredged material out of
lo


,g    the lake is because  we  have  heard so much  criticism that



      our Lake Erie  is  dying.   It  is true  that it is the



      shallowest  lake,  and it seems  reasonable to the lay person
<& JL


      that  if  our lake  is  dying, and if it is shallow and if tt
  J
     is becoming a marsh, it seems reasonable to keep the



     dredged material out.
24
   ii
                5.  Reroute all raw sewage that is now
-------
                                                            •'• 426 •••
                          Mrs. James Angel

 1    discharging to the natural storm drainage to the sewage

 2    treatment plant.

 3              6.  Accelerate the programs that will increase

 4    the efficiency of all STPs.  Clean up sewage treatment

 5    plant effluent instead of or before discharging farther into

 6    the lake.

 7              7.  Good conservation practices by all citizens

 8    and all levels of government.

 9              Small as these efforts may seem compared to the

10    big programs being planned, the important thing is they

H    need not be studied by a committee.  Action can be taken

12    now.

13              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you, Mrs. Angel, for a

,>    very interesting statement.  I would like to make one

      comment.
15

                You say, "Small as these efforts may seem,"
16
      yet No. 5 is, "Reroute all raw sewage that is now

      discharging to the natural storm drainage to the sewage

      treatment plant."
J» \s
                I think we have heard some testimony this
20
      morning from every city that isn't the small effluent.
£L.
                MRS. ANGEL:  But if you read my statement that
22
      was made to the State of Ohio, we have a little bit
23
      different opinion on that.
24
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I know, but you have to
25
-------
                                                      427



                     Seba Estill



recognize that rerouting the storm sewage generally is at



least as expensive as providing treatment for the older



cities.  This is a very expensive program and we did hear



that Cleveland — and this is what I hope you citizens



will do — the engineers have come forward with a plan.



The plan sounds very engaging at first blush.  I suggest



you look at this plan, if you haven't done so already, and



form your own judgment.



          MRS. ANGEL:  All right.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you, Mrs. Angel.



          Mr. Estill.



          MR. ESTILL:  Mr. Stein, conferees, ladies and



gentlemen:  This is a statement of the Ohio State Division



of the Izaak Walton League of America.



          I am Seba H. Estill, a member of the Clean



Streams Committee of our State division and a member of our



national committee on clean water.



          Let's save Lake Erie now!  Do many of you



wonder what has happened to the "now" part of this most



commendable slogan?



          The Ohio Water Pollution Control Board's



May 196,8 Report and Recommendations on Water Quality for



certain stretches of the Cuyahoga and the Grand River request|s



compliance with recommended water standards by January 1,



1975.  This is getting much too close to ten years from the
-------
                         Seba Estill



      issuance of the Revised Conclusions and Recommendations



2     of the  conferees of the conference on pollution of Lake



3     Erie and its tributaries on August 12, 1965.



4               I quote a paragraph from my statement for the



5     Izaak Walton League at the November 30, 1966, hearing of



6     the Ohio Water Pollution Control Board relative to the



7     installation of suitable treatment works.  "We realize



8     that time  will be required to develop and install such



9     facilities.  In the meantime, we propose that a use charge



10     be imposed upon all polluters — whether private, industrial



11     or municipal.  That such charge be proportionate to the



12     quantity and the type of the particular pollutants.  We



13     believe that such a charge would have a definitely dynamic



14     influence  in accelerating the installation of proper and



15     effective  facilities for the treatment of wastes."  We



,.,     are still of this same opinion.
ID


                In Minneapolis, on the twelfth of last month



      Under Secretary of the Interior David S. Black noted



lg    the importance of user charges.



                If, in 1965, Ohio had instituted a use charge as



      above,  we  believe that it would have so accelerated the



      installation of proper control facilities as to render



      unnecessary the close to ten year time extension permitted



      for compliance with recommended water quality standards.

24


                At the time of signing the Water Quality Act of

25
-------
                          Seba Estill                       429


      1965,  President Johnson said,  "No one has a right to use


      America's rivers and America's waterways, that  belong to all


      the people,  as a sewer."  Also, guidelines established


      by the Department of the Interior state:   "No standards


      of water quality will be approved which provide for the use


      of any stream or portion thereof for the sole,  or


      principal purpose of transporting wastes."


                It would appear that areas being assigned an


      industrial or aquatic life B water quality standard are


      being sentenced to that principal purpose of transporting


      wastes.  Acting as sluggish sewers, in other words, and


      this function is in direct conflict withthe purpose and the


      intent of the Water Quality Act.  The Izaak Walton League


      strongly protests this prostitution of public waters!


                We have consistently advocated a water quality


      standard that is capable of supporting the propagation of a


      thriving and healthy population of warm water game fish that


      are indigenous to the area.  This proposal is advanced in


      the belief that waters in which healthy game fish can survivje


      and thrive should also be reasonably safe in human


      applications.


                Ecologists, biologists, conservationists and just


      plain friends of clean water, seek future as well as


      present benefits, for our children and for coming


      generations of Americans.  On the other hand, some

   II
25
-------
1
2
3
4
6
                                                      430
                    Seba Estill
municipalities, some politicians and some industries
are much too prone to consider initial costs of abating
pollution, but entirely ignore the simply staggering
costs they are presently postponing and for which
future generations must literally pay through the nose
with smells that are not so sweet; with sludge and algae-
7
     for public supplies.   They will pay with the barren banks of
     their eroded landscapes and the ecological sterility of
     their countrysides.   They will pay with the vanished
     esthetic enjoyment of clean waters rushing between grassy
     banks that were once  edged by fertile fens of fragile
     ferns.  While these in turn were backed by gentle slopes
     of wild flowers and a profusion of fascinating flora and
     fauna that had once afforded pleasure to their visitors and
     instilled in them an  active appreciation of the wonders and
     glories of God's handiwork.
                Back in 1965, we were informed that if all
     pollution was stopped immediately that it might be
     possible to cleanse Lake Erie in fifty years.  We believe
     that it is necessary to see that all streams flowing into
     Lake Erie are free from pollutants.  Otherwise, with the
     premise that all streams having low water quality standards
     will carry some pollution into the lake, so that the
     aggregate load of corruption contributed by all tributaries
-------
                                                        431
                    Seba Estill
combined, when consolidated into one overall total could
be tremendous.  How, then,  are we ever going to clean up
Lake Erie when authorities  establish such low water quality
standards, such as Ohio's industrial and aquatic life B
classifications?
           We don't think that Mr.  Eagle or some of the
other members of the Water Pollution Control Board
probably like these standards any better than some of the
rest of us do and we hope and we think that they do have
in mind raising these standards later on, of course.
           The flow of pollution into Lake Erie must be
stopped.  Stopped before any start to clean the lake can
be effective!
           The following is taken from a front page news
report in the Cleveland Press just four days ago.  I
quote:
           "On the basis of most recent data, the overall
quality of Lake Erie is worse than it was in relation to
1964 data.  I understand that Mr. Harlow will so report
to this conference."
           So, evidently Lake Erie is not holding her
own against the filthy flood that continually fouls her
waters.
           Mr. Poston may be interested in this — of
the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago versus
-------
                                                            432

                          Seba  Estill

 .j^     The  United States  Steel Company, to restrain  the  latter

      from polluting Lake  Michigan, Judge George  N.  Leighton, of  th

      Circuit  Court  of Cook County,  Illinois,  agreed  that  there
 O
      is no such thing as  a little pollution.  The  judge

      continued.   "I conclude as  a matter of law that
 5
      the  oil  slick  in question was a  pollution  of  waters  as
 6
      alleged  in the complaint.   Now,  whether  one characterizes
 7
      it as a  great  amount or whichever way, it  doesn't matter."
 8
                 "The other question in this case presents whether
 9
      on the evidence it shows  that the defendant corporation
10
      discharged an  oil  slick either willingly or accidentally.
11
      I come to  the  conclusion  as a matter  of  law,  that it
12
      doesn't  make any difference."
13
                 The judge then granted an  injunction restraining
14
      the  South  Works of the United States  Steel Company and the
15
      company  has appealed.
16
                 In  his  Cleveland Press column of May 23,  last,
17
      on Page  E-12,  Theodore Andrica relates an  incident in  the
18
      village  of Misilmeri,  Sicily,  where a villager  was murdered
19
      because  of the terrible scarcity of water  in  the  village.
20
      Mr.  Andrica also noted that this lack of water  is
21
      responsible for many slayings in Sicily.

22               The Creator triple-blessed our  area  with  the

23    gift of  one-third  of all  of the  sweet fresh water in the

24    flowing  right  by our door steps.  Just what would those

25
-------
                                                              433

                          Seba Estill

      Sicilian villagers  think of  us who  live  around  the  Great


 2    Lakes,  who have turned that  tremendous flow of  fresh water

 3    into a  giant sewer  to dispose of our unwanted wastes?


 4    Just what will coming generations of Americans  think of us?

 5               Excerpts from remarks of the  three gentlemen

 6    immediately following were gleaned  from  the conference


 7    in Detroit's Cobo Hall on November  6, 1965, on  "United

 Q    Action  for Clean Water."

 9               Dr. George B. Langford,  Director of  Great Lakes

10    Institute, suggested that we bear in mind that  clean,

,,    unpolluted, fresh water is the primary and the foremost

.^ul   asset of the area.   None of  thereat resources  and/or

      industries of the Great Lakes area  are as important as
J.O

      our water resources.
14

                 Water is the resource of primary importance.  None
JLu

      of the  others are of value without  water.
16

                 Conditions of our water  are  presently in a
17
      serious situation.   We must  spend,  probably billions of
18
      dollars to correct  these conditions.
19

                 The effects of many  various  chemical
20
      constituents in water, even  in  trace amounts,  are not
21
      known;  still we continue to  drink the water.  The drastic
22
      effects suffered by mothers  who had taken thalidomide

      during pregnancy was cited and  the  suggestion put forth

      that no doubt many terrible  results might follow the
-------
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 9.
10
11
12
14




15




16
18 j



~i U i
J.• / j
   i



20 |




21 |
   i


22 !




23
   ii
   i!




24 l|


25 l!
                                                        434

                    Seba  Estill



drinking  of water containing  so many harmful  substances,



even  in trace amounts.  He mentioned the example  of  Can-



adian and New York mink farm  operators in discontinuing



the use of perch from the areas as food for their mink,



because it had been found that mink fed with  such perch



became sterile, and of no further use as breeders.



          Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall



remarked that our once running waters were now but stink-



ing,  sluggish cesspoolsi and that rivers are  very expen-



sive  sewers.  He remarked that present polluters  must



make  progress with the community, not apart from  it.



          Mr. Murray Stein (Now Assistant Commissioner
13    of Enforcement for the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration; and our so efficient moderator today),



noted that Lake Erie is being made into an enormous marsh



and that when that state is consummated there is no



return for Lake Erie.  We must save Lake Erie now.  He



stated that industrial wastes must be treated to a degree


equivalent to municipal sewage; that, "Every day of post-



ponement of this problem makes for a much more difficult



task;" that "If the Great Lakes go, industry will go with



them.  The United States will decline as a world power



if the Great Lakes are not saved.  The second battle of



Lake Erie is a vastly greater problem than that of winning!



the first battle of Lake Erie."
-------
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
12


f
1C
   i


17 |



18 !



19 !



20



21



22



23
                          Closing Statements


                Have we really been trying to win this second


      battle of Lake Erie   or have we  been merely temporizing


      with terminating the flow of corruption, choking away


      its very life?  Let's really start  now to save  Lake Erie.


                Thank you, gentlemen.   (Applause)


                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Thank you, Mr. Estill.


                Do we have any comments or questions?


                If not, does anyone else  want to make a state-


      ment or have a comment?  If not, let us try to  get on and


      see if we can come to an agreement  in various areas.
                           EXECUTIVE SESSION

12
                I think we might state,  each State  looking at
      the other can indicate  that we,  I think,  have  a program

14 I
      moving forward in all five States, that the  programs  are
   I

15
 3

 f
substantially on schedule, and I don't use that word


"substantially" as a euphemism for meaining that the


schedules are not being met.  The schedules are being met


and the exceptions are being dealt with on a case-by-case


basis.


          Moves are being made to correct them, and there


are very few cases that I noted here as recalcitrantct and


where there are recalcitrants, the States are taking   pro-


priate legal action under their State law to bring them


around.  By and large, the major sources of pollution and


the major dischargers are going ahead with corrective


measures.
-------
                                                             436
                          Closing Statements


 1               We have several problems that the conferees may


 2    want to deal with.  One of these is the question cf whether


 3    we should have a policy for the conferees, or a recommendation


 4    for the conferees on phosphates.  We talked about


 5    substantial removal of phosphates.  Michigan is asking for


 6    $0 percent  removal.  I suspect in the other States


 7    we may be getting, they are going for somewhat less and


 8    I think, as a matter of equity, we might consider whether


 9    we should have something fairly uniform for all of the


T r\    otates.


1;L               MR. LYON:  I didn't hear what you said.


12               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  As a matter of equity, I


      think we should try to at least approach the question to
-Lo

      see if we can get something that is rather uniform for


      all the States in the basin.   I understand — Mr. Poston
15

      just showed me this — the standards for Ohio were
16

      approved with that as an exception —
17

                 MR. POSTON:  Phosphate removal.
18

                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  — with that as an exception.
19

                 Now, I do think, gentlemen, that the Secretary of
20

      Interior is going to face up to this.  I also,  as I have
21

      said  in the past, I always think it is better if we can
22
      go up and give him a unanimous recommendation from the
23
      States rather than get this done in another way.  Now, I|  i
24
      would like to hear how you feel we can best approach this
25
-------
                                                            437



                          Closing Statements



      problem,



 2               Mr.  Lyon.



 3               MR.  LYON:   Well,  I will repeat my earlier



 4    recommendation.  It is primarily based on the fact that



 5    Michigan is taking the leadership in this and has adopted



 6    its standard of #0 percent  phosphate removal from



 7    sewage treatment plants.   Michigan is the major source of



 3    phosphates to the lake,  It  would seem appropriate for



 9    the other conferees to adopt that standard.



10               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Do you care to comment now,



      Mr. Poole?



                 MR.  POOLE:   Well, I don't see how we could



      do otherwise than #0 percent  because we adopted BO per



      cent for the Lake Michigan cities, and I would have a little



      trouble explaining to them that something less than that



      was all right for the Lake Erie cities.



                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Oeming.



                 MR.  OEMING:  No comments.



                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  How about Mr. Haberer?



                 MR.  HABERER:  I think Mr. Metzler explained



      pretty well his feeling on it and I don't think he is



      ready to adopt  an*  #0 percent  or an #5 percent  removal



      at this time.



                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, I don't think anyone



      suggested 8$ as a minimum.  I think, and I hope I am
-------
 1



 2



 3



 4



 5



 6



 7



 8



 9



10



11



12
16
15
   j


19 |


   i
20 \



21



22
                     Closing Statements


 stating  scientific testimony  —  if  it didn't  appear


 in  this  record, correct me — that  as far as  I  can see,


 our scientists say that 80 percent  is the minimum and


 really that they expect that  90  percent is achievable.


          How about  you, Mr.  Eagle?


          MR. EAGLE:  Well, Mr.  Chairman, I would like a


 point of order here  now.  If  we  are going to  depart from


 the  conclusions and  recommendations of the 1965 conference,


 then I think that there are an awful lot of people that


 want to  be heard on  this matter, and as far as  I am con-


 cerned,  I think we are going  to  be back to a  public


 hear ing.
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  By the way, I don't know if
J_ O


      this is a departure.  What we have talked about at the
14 i
   l

   ,   1965 conference was a substantial removal of the phosphates.
0. O
          MR. OEMING:  Maximizing.


          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Maximizing.


          Now, the point is:  When we started back at


that time, we knew we were feeling our way in the phosphate


program.  The question here  as I look at the proposal


is just to refine what we have done, as we have always


tried to do, to put a number on it.  As I recall this


original conference, Mr. Oeming for one, and rightly, was


pushing us for numbers and what we precisely meant on aSF
24

      of the conclusions.

25 I!
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L2

iW
                                                      439
                    Closing Statements

           MR. EAGLE:  One of the conclusions was that we

appoint a technical committee which was done, and they

spent several months, as you know,in considering this

problem, and came up with a report which was accepted by


these conferees, and as far as Ohio is concerned, has been

made a part of the Lake Erie standards.


           I think that certainly this technical committee

should be given consideration here,  and if it is the

wish of the conferees — and I would certainly go along

with that — that this matter could be referred back to

the technical committee for consideration and for further

recommendations.

           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, now, you may want the

technical committee — again, we have several of our

scientific people, and in other States the scientific

people have made some significant advances, it seems to me,

even from the time we had this technical committee.

           Now, we can accept the committee of the

conferees, or we can have, if you wish within a short

time, if you want to get the conferees together — and

I am just putting this out as a feeler — a meeting on

the phosphate question alone, where we will get the

scientific people to outline what they have to say about

phosphates and have anyone else come in, and then we can

get this information lined up.
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                                                           ,440
                          Closing Statements

 1               Now, I think this is a question of the work

 2    the committee — the scientific work — being fairly

 3    straight forward and laid out.   Where we set up this

 4    technical committee, they were looking for analyses.  I

 5    think within a relatively short time we can make a —

 6    and I think all of the people who have views on this

      phosphate question — can make their views known to the

      conferees.

                 MR. OEMING:  Mr.  Chairman, I would like to clear
 i/
      up something here about this committee; if my
10
      recollection is correct, the assignment to that committee
11
      was to determine the magnitude of the various sources.
12
      This is one thing.
13
                 Number two, what  kind of water quality  in terms
14
      of phosphates  you wanted in the lake.  This committee was
15
      not the kind of committee who could then relate that
16
      to processes for the removal of phosphates.
17
                 Now, let's take another step.  This grew out
18
      of the conference at Cleveland and Buffalo — the initial
19
      conference — and if you will recall, nobody at that
20
      time was in the position to  say what degree of removal was
21
      necessary, but we did establish, after a great deal of
22
      discussion and probing — and I know that I probed
23
      deeply — as to what quality these experts who testifie^fc
24                                                           ^^
      wanted in the lake that would remove or reduce the nutrient
25
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                                                             441
                          Closing Statements

      problem to manageable levels.   This is what we came out


 2    with.


 3               Now, somebody along the line has to decide

 4    what loadings can come out of the various areas that are


 5    contributing these phosphates.  Now, 80 percent,  is not


 6    a magic number.  It might have to be 90.  It might have


      to be #5.  It so happened that in the analysis pf the

      Detroit River contribution, it came out to 80 percent.

      At that time we didn't know in Michigan any way to get


      there , but somebody has to lay down a requirement for

      people to meet.  Otherwise, we drift along, and so this


      is the reason that the BO percent  removal was established,
      because that was decided from the conference in terms of
13
s

      concentration in the river that would be manageable, and
14

      it came out at 80percent.
15
                 Now, I am a little puzzled as to what this
16
      committee could do beyond what has already been in the
17
      record, to a great extent, of these conferences.  This: is
18
      where I am in a little fog here.
19
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I am not sure that they could
20
      do very much of anything.  I think the question that we
21
      have — and as I understood Mr. Metzler, he was talking
22
      in terms of the cost of this and the reliability and so
   ii
23 _
      forth and so on.  I think the issue we have to face is if

      we have a notion of what the water quality requirements
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                                                            442
                          Closing Statements

 1    are  in terms of the nutrients we can put in, I think

 2    there also has to be a judgment made as to the devices

 3    that are available and what you have to do to get this.

 4               Now, I am not sure that the committee that we

 5    have set up are the people to deal with that problem.  I

 Q    am not sure — as a matter of fact, we have done this

 7    in the past with the Lake Michigan situation — we have

 8    called on the experts who can supply the answers to

 g    these questions.

1Q               MR. OEMING:  Well, Mr. Stein, let's clear up

      one question at a time.

                 Are we questioning, at this time, the limitations
X
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                                                      443
                     Closing Statements
scientific evidence, but there isn't.  The only thing
that has come up new since that time is precise
information on effective treatment and costs which can
be made available to the conferees.
           MR. OEMING:  Well, but, Mr. Chairman, hasn't
there been two conferences within the last few weeks
to which everybody in the country has been invited —
           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes.
           MR. OEMING:  — to explore all of the technical
information that is available?
           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  That is correct.
           MR. LYON:  If I may say    something — I
completely share this view that there has already been a
conference.  There also has been a meeting, I understand,
of the FWPCA people on this question.  There were a
number of papers given that showed that phosphate removal
was possible to that level.
           The basic question is:  Do we move now?
After all the test quality levels that were established
by the technical committee, we don't know whether we are
going to attain those or not  with that 80 percent
removal.  We certainly are going to come closer to it than
we are now.
           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  That is right.
           MR. LYON:  And it seems to me we have all agreed
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                                                            444
                         Closing Statements

 1    for  a  long time  that this  is a major  problem  in this  lake

 2    and  it seems to  me the time is now.

 3               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, this is, again, up  to

 4    the  conferees.   Since we have three conferees — if I

 5    read this correctly — who would  say  that to maximize the

 6    phosphate removal would mean a minimum of 80 percent,,

 7    and  I  understand that two  conferees are not prepared  to

     go along with that.  Is that correct?
 o

                MR. EAGLE:  Yes, it is correct as far as I am
 i7

     concerned.  I am not prepared to go along with that at

     this time.
11
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, what would you suggest
12
     as a course of action to try to get us together, if anytl
13
                MR. EAGLE:  Well, I suggest that we must explore
14
     this thing further at this time, and  that we set up a
15
     special conference and have the people that are going  to be
16
     affected and who are going to have to pay for this — give
17
     them an opportunity to be  heard.
18
                MR. HABERER:  We don't want to be negative
19
     in New York State on this  subject.  We just feel that we
20
     have such a big  problem ahead of us, we want to get out
21
     the  sewage J we want to get the stormwater  and the
22
     chlorination taken care of.  Phosphorus  is an important
23
     part,  but after  all it is  kind of down on the bottom  of
24
     the  totem pole as far as the other work that we have  to
25
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 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
23
24
   l'
25 ::
                                                       445
                    Closing Statements
accomplish here and many of these communities have primary
plants that have just been built.  We are now insisting
they go to secondary, and now to hit them again to go to
another degree of treatment, which although percentage-wise
as far as the initial cost is not as large, nonetheless
the operation is large.
          We also remember in New York State they pay
one-third of the cost of the operation of the sewage
treatment plants, which I don't think any of the other
folks do, so this is kind of a hunk of money that we
have got to look forward to.
          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  We are asking, as I understand
it — this was a decision made to maximize the phosphate
removal here.
          I think we are dealing with a very important
resource here in two of the major States who presumably
are not in complete agreement with three other major
States, i.e.. New York and Ohio.  I would suggest, if
the conferees agree, that we set up this:  have the tech-
nical experts indicate what the situation is — and I
don't mean one of these real technical meetings at which
they are going to explain all of the details of the process
— and give Ohio and New York and any other States and any
Bother industry or municipality that wants to come in and
talk about this; follow Mr. Eagle?s suggestion on this and
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                                                            U6

                          Closing  Statements
   !

 1 j   see  if we  can  come to a resolution of the issue because  I
   i

 2    think this is  a vital one.


 3              MR.  EAGLE:  I would like to point out, I presume

   j
 4 j   we are talking about the entire Lake Erie Basin?


 5              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes.


 6              MR.  EAGLE:  Then,  we are talking about some 150



 7    treatment  plants and we are  talking about hundreds of


 8    millions of dollars a year additional expense.  And going

   i

 9    into something like this, I  think we should have certainly


10 !   as a very  minimum a full-fledged hearing, an opportunity


      for  these  people to be heard.


 0 i             CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Eagle, I don't dispute th


      at all, and I  think considering what is at stake and the


,., |   amount of  money, the interest, and all that, let us —


      if the conferees are agreed  to that — we will try to get


      the  staff  together with you, get a mutual agreeable date


      and  I hope we  can agree on a short presentation by a few


      people who can present the phosphate problem.


                For  example, the people that I would guess from


   :   the  Federal Government — and I don't want to put the


   I   finger on  any  particular one now — but someone like Fritz


   I   Bartsch, who could talk about the biological effects —
oo '


   !   that is Dr. Alfred Bartsch — and Dr. Leon Weinberger, who
23 j

   !   probably could talk about the technical aspects and the
24 i

   i   application, and I know that both of these fellows could
25 j
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                                                          447

                          Closing Statements

     make about fifteen-minute presentations each on this.
2 ".
                By the way, I am not speaking for them,
3
     because  I haven't spoken to them, but  someone like that,
4
     and the  States might want to get some  people out, and
5
     then we  can give all of the industries and municipalities
6
     and people a full-fledged opportunity  to be heard.
7
                MR.EAGLE:   I would  suggest  that your report
Q
     be put out in advance  of the meeting so that these people
Q
     who are  going to be affected would have an opportunity to

     study it and come to the meeting prepared to make their

^     comments, like we do on our regular conferences.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  That is right.  I suggest for

     those people who want  to do a  little advance work on

     that, I  think Dr. Bartsch and  Dr. Leon Weinberger's

     views are fairly well  known, and they  are available from

     the group here.  You people  can almost make those statements

     and their views on this available immediately, but this

     will be  done,     I suggest that before the program goes

     too far  ahead  and we  have  to  backtrack, while we are

     getting  the  plans in,  before we have really begun to let

     the  contracts, that we come to a determination on this one

     way or the other  because this  would be the way to do that.

                Is this agreeable to all of the conferees?

                MR. OEMING: Mr.  Chairman,  I am not sure I know

     what the agreement is, yet.  What do you expect the role of
-------
                          Closing Statements
     Indiana and Pennsylvania and Michigan  to be in this
2
     agreement?
3               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I would expect that you would
4    participate in the meeting, listen to  the arguments on all
5    sides, if there are arguments, and the views expressed
6    by all parties, and approach this with the same kind of
7    open mind that we would expect New York or Ohio or us to
8    approach it, and see if we  can come up with a mutually-
 9    agreed-upOn position for Lake Erie.
10               MR. OEMING:  I am sorry, but I don't have an
11    open mind anymore.  My mind is closed, and we have
12   decided what we need to do.
13              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, again, I hope you would
14   do this.  The point is, Mr. Oeming, if you had more
15   rigid requirements than we decide on for the rest of Lake
16   Erie, I am sure no one will mind.
17              MR. OEMING:  I don't know as I want to be put
,g   in that position of beating the other  States over the head,
19   Mr. Chairman.  I want to be in the position that I am in
20   and Michigan is in, that it recognized its responsibility.
21              Now, if you have any criticism of it, that is
     fine.  We should get at that, but I don't know what else
     I can offer.
Zo
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  It is not  a question of beating^
24
     anyone over the head.  We are trying to get a joint position
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 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
                                                             449



                          Closing Statements



      developed by the States,  by all you people,  that  we  all


             '
      can live with.



                 Now,  Mr.  Oeming, we have a situation here —



      you can see what we  are headed for.
      people.
                 MR.  OEMING:   I am in sympathy with these
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   I think this is the best way to
      settle this.   We have standards submitted by Ohio,  which



      have been accepted by the Secretary of the Interior,



      except for the phosphates.   I would think that the  best
      way we can do this and help the Secretary and help the



12 IV States is try to get the five S'tates together with a
13
14
      unified position,  instead of letting it go to any kind of



      a judgment which is going to have to be made one way or
15    the other.   I am suggesting that this tradionally,  while



      it is a hard row  to hoe, in the long run is the easiest
16


      way to do business.  I don't want to have a confrontation



      between the Federal Government and any S tate on a
18


      fundamental issue like this  and I don't want to have the
JL y


      States divided,



                 So far we have been able to come up with



      unanimous suggestions.  I am suggesting we make the college



      try here and take Mr. Eagle's recommendation and go ahead



      and see if we can achieve this.



                 MR. OEMING:  Let me ask this question.  I think
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                                                             450
                          Closing Statements


      it is not appropriate,  but  I am going to take that chance

 o
                 Does Mr.  Eagle or Mr.  Haberer feel that


 3    Michigan should be a part of this conference?  Is  there


 4    any purpose served by this  in your opinion?


 5               MR.  EAGLE:   As far as  I am concerned, it is


 6    all right either way, Loring,  participation  or not.


 7    You have made your decision  and  if you don't wish to


 8    participate, I  think this is going to be all right.


 9               MR.  OEMING:   I wondered if there  was a  purpose.


10               CHAIRMAN STEIN:   There may be some modifications,


11    Loring.


12               You  are not  sure they  are going to come out


13    with the view you have  accepted.   Wouldn't you want to  try


14    that?


15               MR.  OEMING:   Well,  I don't want to try  it and


      change the ground rules  for  the people that we have got


17    working  now.


._               CHAIRMAN STEIN:   No, and I think  if you ~
lo

•jo    this is  the kind of position that would make a contribution


2     to the meeting.


                 MR.  LYON:  Mr. Chairman.


                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Yes.
22

                 MR.  LYON:  May I suggest that we  might  have


      another  alternative? I am  a little concerned with the
24

      desirability for another hearing, because in Pennsylvania
25
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 2
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 4
 6
 7
 8
 9
1 7





18





19





20 I


   i
   !

21 j|





22
                                                            451

                         Closing Statements



     when we order our municipalities to do this, they still



     will have an opportunity for hearing, and I suspect this



     may be true in the other States.  In other words, the issues



     can still be heard from the technical standpoint.  We just



     had a meeting in Chicago with the FWPCA and many others who



     presented ample information about phosphate removal.  Might



     it not be desirable for us to consider having at some time



     in the very near future an executive session of the con-



     ferees where we possibly could iron this out?
               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Well, this is a possibility,




     fm* T	1
10



     but I — listening to Mr. Eagle's proposal, and I can




     sympathize with his point of view — think what we can do




   .  in the executive session is give you the technical views
J_ O


     and the scientific views on how this is to be done.
14


   i            What Mr. Eagle was pointing out is that, I
15 i


     think, he would like to get before establishing this an

16 jj


     airing of the views from the policy standpoint of the

     people who are going to have to bear the cost and pay for



     this.  Frankly I think that there may be something to doing



     that and getting those views.



               MR. OEMING:  I question, though, Mr. Chairman,



   i!  if that is not a function of the individual State to do.



     This is what each of the States were supposed to do after



     the conclusions of the Secretary at the original conference,
24
     and each of the States went back and decided what they
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 4




 5




 6




 7




 8




 9




10




11




12




13




14




.15




16




17




18




19




20




21
OR M
*Ot_- ':
                                                      ^  452,


                     Closing Statements



were going to do.  This  is how Michigan arrived  at  its



#0 percent.  We didn't come back and ask for a conference



of all of the other  States to persuade our citizens that



they had to do this.



          CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I understand that, sir,  and  if



we had been able to  achieve that in other places — but it



is obvious here that we  are fairly evenly split.  We are



trying to look for a device to get all of the five  States



operating in concert here.  I don't think that we are going



to do the cause of pollution control much good if we don't



really make an effort to come up with a unanimous recom-



mendation from the five  States.  After all, look at all



of the good work you have done.



          Now, we have been able to do that in the  past.



Very frankly I would be dismayed to just go in with this



kind of split and let nature run its course without having



the States look at this  again.  Under the law, the  Secre-



tary's duty is clear.  He is going to have to make  a



judgment.  I would like to see if we could come up with



something, as we have always done before, where I could



say all of the States are pretty much in agreement with



thisj,  xsn't this a good thing to adopt?



          MR. OEMING:  I will defer to your judgment so



long as this does not run the risk of changing the
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 2
                                                           453



                         Closing Statements



     Michigan program,  lowering it  from £0 percent  to 70  or



     60.



3               CHAIRMAN STEIN:   We won't drop your program.



     I don't think we ever have.   In other words,  if Walter



     Lyon came in here  and said that you had the  minimum  of



     #0  and he said he wanted 96,  no one would suggest that



     we would drop it.
 8
10
11
13
14
15
16
17
, _   point  is, what we asked was:  What was a reasonable  degree
lo
19
20
                I don't think there is any danger that the



     program can be dropped...      I would suspect,  given the



     attitude of the two States,  I don't know that your program



     would be dropped,  but I  am sure that they are not likely



     to adopt one that  is higher than yours,  either,  so I think



     you are relatively safe.



                MR. HABERER-:   What did we mean when we said



     maximize, in the first place?



                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Now, the point is, you have to



     put that back to the period where we were working.  The
     of phosphates  and what was the amount of phosphates you



     could take out?  At that stage, we didn't have the answers
»,   to  these from the technical  people.   However,  they came



     up  with a  notion for  every pound  of  phosphates you took
4O4&  I


     out you would have  less  of this growth,  and  decelerate the



     eutrophication  process;  so we  did the best we  could in the



     State  of New York,  knowing we  would  have to  go "with this
-------
                          Closing Statements

1    again.   We put in this "maximize" so that hopefully the

2    engineers would come up with plans to get the phosphates

3    removed.  If you can put yourself back to those days,  the

4    notion then was a little different than we have now.  At

5    least the main thrust of the thinking in phosphate removal

6    was by a Detroit design and operation of the sewage

7    treatment process and taking some of the supernatant

8    off of the line at a particular point, you are going to

g    achieve remarkable results.

                They tried that.  It worked in some places,

     but they couldn't duplicate that at will in other plants,

     and it  just was not the kind of thing that you could
12
     recommend to be sure.
13
                So, now, the main thrust has shifted to chemical
14
     precipitation or some kind of precipitant action  or
J.ED
     getting floe.    In other words, we are really in a
16
     different ballgame now than we were when we started this
17
     thing,  and we were just groping our way and hoping that
18
     someone would come up with a solution.
19
                As a matter of fact, the program worked out
20
     sort of as we expected, because by spotlighting the problem,
21
     placing a bonus on someone coming up with maximized
22
     developments,  they have produced it.
23
                Now, our people think that 90 per cent removal
24                                                          ^*
     are going to be suitable very shortly.  You know they are
25 II
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                                                        455
                    Closing Statements

always a little ahead.

           Now, I think Mr. Eagle has a point, and I am

saying this for the phosphate program as a whole:  *fhe

decision has been made.  It is the decision that has been

made largely on^the scientific evidence.  If you want to

have it on the basis of the social impact and the people

who are going to pay for it, I think it might be good to

look into it and get the other views.

           What is the result of the caucus?  Are we

agreed?

           MR. OEMING:  The caucus results are that two

of the S'tates — maybe three — are concerned about the

adverse effects on what we have already done in Lake

Michigan.  We open this whole question again, and I am

concerned whether we mean it or not that that might be the

result.

           MR. EAGLE:  Well, Mr. Chairman, I have an

alternative.  If the other conferees don't want to have

this, Ohio can have its own public hearing and following

that, then, we will be prepared to make our decision.

I am not prepared today to make any decision.

           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Mr. Poole.

I           MR. POOLE:  I appreciate everybody's concern,

and I believe a good deal of this is over maybe not so much

the percentage you remove, but the cost of removal, and this
-------
                                                           456
                          Closing Statements

 1     is a genuine concern to  us in Indiana,  I would hope

.2     that we don't have to embark on a program where next year

 3     you have got to let contracts for every plant  that is

 4     producing phosphates in  the basin,  because there is

 5     reason to hope that maybe  within a couple.of years we will

 6     have cheaper processes.  But I can't see that that has a

 7     great deal to do with a  decision on the percentage of

 3     phosphates that ought to be removed from Lake  Erie.

 9                Now, I  have been involved in both Lake Erie

10     and Lake Michigan,  and I am under the impression that the

,,     phosphate levels at the  present time in Lake Erie are

      greater than they  are in Lake Michigan,  and if that is
J. &
      the case,  and if we concluded that  you need at least
J.O
      BO percent  phosphate removal in Lake Michigan,  I can't  for

      the life of me see how that,  regardless of how many more
iO
      conferences we have and  how many more speeches we listen
16
      to, that we can conclude that Lake  Erie needs  less than
17
      BO percent..
18
                 I would be prepared to get into this argument —
19
      if you start talking about timetables and want to
20
      collapse this all  into a very short period of  time —
21
                 MR.  EAGLE:  Isn't that what we are  talking
22
      about,  Mr.  Poole1,  putting  schedules on these for
23
      construction and operation?
24
                 MR.  POOLE:  Well,  we haven't started that yet.
25
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14
                                                            457



                         Closing Statements



                MR. EAGLE:  This is what I thought was involved.



     If we are just going to say it should get SO percent,  sure,



     we can prescribe to that.  We are talking about schedules.



                CHAIRMAN STEIN':  I think you may be convinced



     without anymore talks or speeches, but I don't think we



     have the unanimity.  The point is: If we are going to be



     able to get you people together, we have to have some



     dialogues, and I don't know where it is, and I am not sure



     that just an Ohio meeting can do this.  We have to have



     some kind of dialogue among the conferees to try to achieve



     a program that you all can agree to for Lake Erie.  At



     least try this, and I think this is the mechanism we are



     trying to set up, and I think once you go your separate



     ways, we are just not going to do it.  There is some way we
     are going to have to get together, and I would like to
J.O


     satisfy all of the conferees on this.



                MR. POOLE:  I am willing for another get-together



     if you will consult me and let me look at my calendar, but



     I don't like these notices that you be in Cleveland on



     X date.  It just happens I can't be here on any day in June.



                CHAIRMAN STEIN:  You don't really get notices



     like that from us, do you?



                MR. HABERER:  Could I speak for just a half



     second here?  I thought you were talking about immediately



     putting in some kind of a schedule, and this is my belief,
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                          Closing Statements

 1    now, as far as doing something about it.  We are doing

 2    something about it in New York State.  Every set of

 3    plans that comes in, the engineer has to show us what he

 4    intends to do on phosphate removal, but we don't say when,

 5    and he also has to indicate on the plans space-wise and

 6    hydraulic-wise how he can get rid of the phosphates.

 7    They are coming along also with a cost estimate, so we

 8    are instilling this in the engineers, and they, in turn,

 9    are taking it back to their people and the communities

10    realize that this day is coming, but the day is just not

H    here today, that is all I am saying.

12              MR. EAGLE:  I certainly concur in that, and,

13    Mr. Chairman, if we aren't talking about schedules we

14 j   might as well forget the whole thing.

15              CHAIRMAN STEIN:  No, we have got  two  points,
   i
   .   and I think Mr.  Poole pointed that out, too.

                One is the amount.  The question is:   How much

      phosphate removal?  I think the group knows that you are
lei                 •
      not going to approve it unless you get BO percent removal,
J.;?
20
      and they know what they have to do and the magnitude of

      the problem.  That is the first step of what you are

      going to require.
22
                Now, in Lake Michigan it came up, and I agree
23 i
   i|   with you, we did come up with a schedule and, what was
24 i                 .         .                            •  .
   !   1972 for phosphate removal?  I think both of these
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                                                             459
                         Closing  Statements
      are tied up.   You gentlemen were right.   I sure did mean
      a time schedule  and an amount of removal.
                 Let me give you my view:   I sense that we have
      to think this  out and talk this out a little more among
      us.  I would  recommend that we make arrangements to get
      together on a meeting of phosphates as soon as it is
      reasonable.
                 MR. POSTON:  Executive session, or otherwise?
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:   No, you can   have both.
                 Now, there is no problem in that kind of thing.
      If Mr. Eagle  thinks it would be helpful to have the people
      come in and have the industry come in, you can have that.
      You can have  the scientific people and you can have the
      executive session.  Just give us two days next time,
      fellows, please, and we can have all that., if that is what
      you want.  There may be a reason for an executive session,
      but I don't see it now.
                 Are there any other comments on this?
                 MR. LYON:  Mr. Chairman, I just wanted to point
      out that in our submission to the Secretary of the
      Interior, we  said, in connection with our abatement
      implementation plans, that we would follow, as far as
      Phosphates were concerned,  whatever the conferees would
      agree on, so  it will have to be understood that if there is
      a delay on a  decision in this that our implementation will
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                                                           460 ,  .
                         Closing Statements

 ^   have  to  be  delayed.

 2               CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Again, let me  say:  I think

 3   the phosphate  decisions you are going to get  and the

 .   most  equitable decision is if we can get the States

     together.   The other alternative is a confrontation,
 5
     and that is what  I would like to avoid.
 6
                 MR.  LYON:   I certainly share your feeling.

                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  And I thirkwe  are so close
 8
     together that  this is  not the issue.
 9
                 Well,  let's see if we can set up that meeting.
10
                 Now, are there any items we want to bring up
11
     for the  summary of this conference?
12
                 MR.  OEMING:  Mr. Chairman, you  discussed quite
13
     at length the  boating  requirements.
14
                 CHAIRMAN STEIN:  I wanted to bring that up.
15
     Do you think it would  be worthwhile to do what we did —
16
     I am  sure I think a committee might be in  order — to do wha
17
     we did in Lake  Michigan, and then have the States get
18
     together to see if they can come up with a unified
19
     recommendation  on boating requirements?
20
                 Now, this is a very helpful operation, from
21
     just  administering and living in the State, because a man
22
     will  take a boat  in one State, and problems we have on
23
     Lake  Michigan —  drive across the waters — not Michiga^^
24
     we had this in  two other States where we have the problem,
25
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                                                        461
                    Closing Statements

right next to each other — one State has one requirement

and another has another, and every man who drives across

the State line finds himself subject to arrest and is

often arrested.     This doesn't make for very good

relations.

           Now, would it be agreeable if the people from

the States — and I don't know if you want a Federal man —

you can have him there as a consultant, but this really

is a State matter — the people from the States establish

a committee and report back to the conferees?  It took

about sixty days, but they could report back to the

conferees in sixty days whether you want an agreement

on the boating regulations.

           MR. POOLE: Mr. Chairman, I would like to

clarify.  We have talked off and on all day about the

Lake Michigan agreement on boats, and my recommendation

of the treatment was that the four Lake Michigan States

agreed to get together to develop a uniform program which

involved legislation that was necessary for pleasure

boats, and then the State conferees recommended that the

Federal Government pick up the lead and/or the ball and

develop regulations for commercial vessels.

           MR. OEMING:  Right.

           MR- POOLE:  The Federal conferees didn't vote

on that part of the recommendation because they can't get
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                          Closing Statements

      involved in recommendations on Federal legislation,  but,

      Loring, isn't this correct?

                MR. OEMING:   You are correct,  absolutely.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Well,  if you  want to do that,

      that would be fine.

                MR. POOLE:   Well, I certainly  wanted to reiterate

      what I said in Chicago, and that  is that this business of

      commercial vessels has got to be  looked  at  as well as the

      pleasure boats that go out for a  few hours  or overnight

      or on the weekends.

                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Right.  Well, I  agree, and if

      that is the consensus  of the conferees,  we  will do that
      and hopefully  we will have a report from the States in
.L o j

      two months.
                MR.  LYON:   Mr.  Chairman.

                CHAIFMAN STEIN:   Yes.

   :•             MR.  LYON:   What  you  have  said about  the  States
1 7 :>

      is equally true about Ontario, and  I know they have  done
18 :•
   :   a lot in this  field,  too.   Isn't there  some  way that we

   '   can bring Ontario into such a  meeting?
20 ;' -
                CHAIRMAN STEIN:   You can  bring them  in —  off
21 ;.

   i!   the record.
22 i
   I             (Discussion off  the  record.)
23 !
   j             CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Let's go back on  the record.
24 |                                             .
   i             MR.  EAGLE:   Are  you  going to  notify  us and ask
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                                                       463

                     Closing Statements

us to nominate people to this committee, then?

           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes, we will provide the

secretary and the clerical work and the advisor, but I

would suggest that when you get to the committee, you

designate one of the State people as chairman.

           MR. E\GLE:  Well, yes, we have got a different

group of people on this kind of a committee.

           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  That is right.

           MR. EAGLE:  The Division of Watercraft in our

Department of Natural Resources will be very much involved

in this.

           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Right.
      •4i
      V
           MR. EAGLE:  It is going to have to be pretty

much their decision.

           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes, and the question, again,

is if we can get a decision.  If we can get a decision

on this, I think —

           MR. EAGLE:  But you will notify us about the

committee and about the nomination?

           CHAIRMAN STEIN:  Yes, because it will make life

a lot easier for people who own boats on the lake if we

come up with uniform regulations.      As I say, if we

are looking for a national policy, the more States we can
f
get together and the more regional operations we can get,

the farther we are up to beginning to meet this problem
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                                                             464

                          Closing Statements


      throughout the country, but we may be going in through

 Q
      the back door, but let's do what we can.

 •?
                All right, are there any other comments?


 4              MR. POSTON:  Mr. Chairman, I would raise the
 5



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25
 question,  then,  on dredged material.  We  are  comparing


 this with  Lake Michigan,  and in the Lake Michigan  confer-


 ence it was the  recommendation that we ask the  Corps  of


 Engineers  at the end  of  six months to come back with


 proposals  on elimination  of dredged materials being


 dumped  into the  lake.


           CHAIRMAN STEIN:   Do you  want to do  that?


 You  had something on agriculture,  too.  I don't know  who


 raised  that question  on agriculture on the run-off.


           MR. EAGLE:  Mr.  Metzler.


           CHAIRMAN STEIN:   There were two things  we have


 worked  on.   We have asked  the Department  of Agriculture


 to come back with their report for us in  six  months on a


 program to protect  the lakes  from  agricultural  run-off


 and  associated materials   for consideration of  the


 conferees  to see  what we can  do to meet that  problem.


 I would hope that if we adopt that, that  the  Federal
   ,   Department of Agriculture would get together with the
& 
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                                                            465
                          Closing Statements

      States or anyone,  with a specific  program of what  they

      are going to do on your lakes vis-a-vis dredging,  and  for

      consideration of the conferees.

                Do you want to adopt those  as recommendations?

                If there is no objection, I think that both

      might be  a good idea and very helpful and might  save the

      lake or improve the lake.

                Any other suggestions  on what we may take up?

      Are there any more suggestions?

                If not,  I think at least we have demonstrated

      that we have a program going to  abate pollution  in Lake

      Erie.  I  think the other thing is  that  we grappled with

      some of the more esoteric  problems in handling the
is

17
      lake.

15 |             I  think we  are  pretty  much agreed  on time

      schedules  and  treatment for industrial  and municipal

      waste   treatment, even for complicated  processes.

      This is well underway.  The recognition is that  there

      are various  other aspects of the lake pollution  problem

      that we would  have to consider.

                I  think to  expedite the recalling  of meetings,

      I  would also suggest  one  other thing, that the meeting

      be called  at the  call of  the chairman,  because at  least

      when it goes through  me,  I check with the States first.

      I  don't put  a  letter  out  without getting in  touch  with you
j. \;


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                                                            466'
                          Closing Statements


      on the dates first.


  2              I think there is evidence of substantial


  3    progress here.  I can see, I think, the light at the end


  4    of the tunnel, that we are going ahead.  We will have to,


  5    it seems to me, all of us, stay on top of all these


  6    individual projects and see if they can come through.


  7              With the announcement of the proposed bond


  8    issue in Cleveland, I think we have a major development,


  9    and this is one of these milestones we are going to have


10    to pass if we are going to clean up the lakes.  Speaking


      for at least the Federal Government, we and the staff


12    with all our resources intend to help Mayor Stokes in


]3    any way possible, at his request, to help him do any of


      the work he wants with the bond issue.  Maybe the best


      help we can give is to get him to stay home, but I think
                          -»..
, . ,   we nr-" .ue able — if that is the best we can do — we
J. u

      would be glad to do that, too -- but we may be able to


      help.  We have been experienced in bond issues in other

      towns and have been called on, for example, in St. Louis

              .   .
      when they put their bond issue across.


                By the way, that is a very good campaign to


      look at.  That probably was one of the most successful
22                   r      j

      sewage bond issues put forward.  I think we are going


      to have to watch the program very, very closely,
24                                       '

      we are playing for big stakes.  There is a lot of money,
25 i
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                                                           467

                          Closing Statements


^H   and while we have an agreement and a program moving


 2    forward, there are several contingencies that are lurking


 3    in the program, and those of you who have listened to


 4    Mr. Poole's repeated question know what the major one is,



 5    and it' is a five-letter word spelled M-0-N-E-Y.


 6              I think if we keep our cool and proceed as we


 7    have done, we are going to abate pollution in the lake


 8    and move forward.


 9              I would like to thank all of you for coming


10    here, participating with us, and those who have stayed


11    with us to the end, and this conference or meeting stands



12j[  adjourned.


                Thank you.


                (Whereupon, the conference adjourned


15              at 6*30 p.m.)



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