volume
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS:
A BIBLIOGRARHY WITH ABSTRACTS
VOLUME 1
Office of Technical Information and Publications
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Arlington, Virginia
May 1969
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The AP series of reports is issued by the National Air Pollution Control Adminis-
tration to report the results of scientific and engineering studies, and information
of general interest in the field of air pollution. Information reported in this series
includes coverage of NAPCA intramural activities and of cooperative studies con-
ducted in conjunction with state and local agencies, research institutes, and
industrial organizations. Copies of AP reports may be obtained upon request, as
supplies permit, from the Office of Technical Information and Publications,
National Air Pollution Control Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare, Ballston Center Tower No. 2, 801 North Randolph Street,
Arlington, Virginia 2Z203.
National Air Pollution Control Administration Publication No. AP-56
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
A General 3
B Emission Sources 5
C Atmospheric Interaction 13
D Measurement Methods 25
E Control Methods 59
F Effects Human Health 77
G Effects Plants and Livestock 121
H Effects Materials 123
I Effects Economic 125
J Air Quality Measurements 127
K Legal and Administrative Aspects 139
L Standards and Criteria 141
M Basic Science and Technology 145
AUTHOR INDEX 153
LANGUAGE INDEX 159
SUBJECT INDEX 163
111
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS -
VOLUME 1
INTRODUCTION
This volume of Air Pollution Translations: A Bibliography with Abstracts is the first
document in a continuing series of compilations presenting abstracts and indexes
of translations that have been analyzed and accessioned by the Air Pollution
Technical Information Center (APTIC). It comprises the results of scientific
research and other studies on air pollution that have been published in foreign lan-
guages. Of the 558 items cited, 511 are from the Russian language, 129 from Ger-
man, 6 from Polish, 4 from Czech, 3 from French, 2 from Chinese, and 1 each
from Dutch, Japanese, and Spanish.
The abstracts are of published translations in the APTIC data bank through
accession 10, 000. Most were translated and published expressly for the National
Air Pollution Control Administration (NAPCA) in U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Diseases by B. S. Levine, the cover-to-cover translations
of "Staub-Reinhaltung der Luft, " "Hygiene and Sanitation, " and the "VDI-
Richtlinien" (German Engineering Society Guidelines), all by the Israel Program
for Scientific Translations. Volume 2, which is already in preparation, will pre-
sent unpublished translations accessioned by APTIC. Subsequent volumes will
document both published and unpublished translations.
The entries in this volume are grouped into 13 subject categories. In each
category the entries are arranged in numerical order, using the APTIC accession
number. Each entry starts with a letter denoting its subject category, followed by
its accession number. All personal authors are cited.
Titles are copied exactly as they appear in the original translations, with
necessary editorial corrections supplied in brackets. The letters CFSTI, at the
end of the citation, indicate that the publication can be obtained from the Clearing-
house for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Department of Com-
merce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia, 22151.
Abstract length is limited as strictly as possible without sacrificing essential
information. Erroneous statements in the abstracts are errors of the original
publication or translation.
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
The volume includes an Author Index, Language Index, and Subject Index, in
which the entries are cited by a letter-numeral accession number. The letter
designates the section of the bibliography in which the abstract can be found. With-
in a section, the abstracts are listed in ascending, but not necessarily consecutive,
numerical order. As an example, the number M-4155 refers to section M, Basic-
Science and Technology, and to accession 4155 within it.
The Author Index lists senior authors as well as coauthors. The Subject Index
lists descriptors (taken from the APTIC microthesaurus) and open-ended terms
that most nearly indicate the essence of the document. Cross references have been
made when the descriptor consists of more than one significant word, when the
most significant word does not appear first, and to group geiierically similar con-
cepts. For example, the term "aromatic hydrocarbons" will be cross referenced
under "hydrocarbons."
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GENEBAL
ti^'£.a,<±.d:f, y_icareLo and John J_ Bloomfieid
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION EN LATIN AMERICA. [La
ContaminacicfiEQ A\tmosfe rica en America Latins-J Trans -
la.tea from. Spanish- Bol. Otic. SaMiit. Fauiann;., T No-. 57,
p. I4L-Z49,, Sept. E9&4. 1L refs. (Presented at the Inter-
iregiaimal Sympos Lam on Criteria far Air Quality and
Methods cdf Meas.uxemx'sn't, Geneva, Switzerland,. Amg, fr-lZ,.
adaptation shifts in the organism, mastering new methods
of toiclcalogical research and analysis and bringing into
Line the levels of ma:simally permissible concentrations
set up' by industrial and sanitary toxicology. Besides,
special attention is drawn to the great significance of
toxico-hygienic characteristics of industrial poisons.
(Aritho.r's
A-5235
Latin America, is an area which is experiencing a very
rapia population and indusrrial expansion. Although this
growth is very irregular, che cities which exceed, a million
inhabitants ana che industrial concentration in them is
growing, yearly. This phenomenon has resulted in serious
problems of air pollution in Sao Paulo,. Brazil, Santiago,.
Chile r Meicico Gityp ^Ie:cicO'r which are m need of further
investigation: and control as quickly as possible. There
are potential problems in Buenos Aires,, Argentina.,, and in
all those large metropolitan centres which, are growing and
indus tra.lizirrg rapidly. The situation create-d in Lima,
Peru.,, because o£ the fishmeai industry,, seemis t® be fairly
w-ell controllea. The greatest necessity is to- train person-
nel capable ot conducting studies in measuring air quality
and controlling the contamination of the air. There is also
a necessity to create a consciousness of the seriousness of
the problem among government authorities and the public
in general. It is hoped that the future development of the
Institute of Occupational Health and Air Pollution Research
in Santiago, Chile,, will contribute effectively to the achiev-
ement of these obfe-ctives.
Gushchin.
ATMOSPHERIC OZOZrE AND- ITS EFFECT ON SOME
VEGETATION SPECIES. In: Part Z - Atmospheric Ozone
Data presented at the May Zl-Z3r 1963 Conference on
Atmospheric Crone,. I'9-65. 6 refs. Translated from Rus-
sian by B_ S. Levine, 17. S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollu-
tion and F_ela."*:«^d Cccupational D^iseasesr No. 13r p. 229-^3
1-66.
CFSTL- TT Gb-cZI9I
Mazitova, R. M. r V. N. Ofchotsfcaya, aad B. L PuchMn
OLFACTORY SENSE AND ITS SUVTCILATION BY MODEL-
ING, for Olfactory Sense and its Modeling. [Qbonyaniye
i yego modlelirovaniye. ] Siberian Affiliate, Novosibirsk,
"Nauks.1'1 Ptiblishing House, 1965, Chapt. 5, p. LO'6-114. 6
refs. Translated! from Russian. Joint Publications Re-
search Service, Washington, D. C. , LZp. , Dec. 7, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-35417
The authors discuss present-day functional .methods of the
peripheral part of the olfactory organ. These ECLodiels
correspond to the original and are more accessible to
study than the olfactory analyzer. The usefulness of the
models discussed is determined not by their absolute cor-
rectness or correspondence to- the olfactory analyzzer, but
by whether they can offer a more rational approach to the
investigation of olfaction, or help in the elicitatian of me
true natnre of a If action. A model may provide the basis
for the study of msny aspects of olfaction. The adsorp-
tion theories served as the basis for the majority of
known models of the olfactory analyzer. Illustrations of
the Dravniefcs, Moncrieff, and a simplified model a.re in-
cluded:. The so-called "electric rose" created by Rosano
and Sfceps and the "electronic blood hound" are discussed.
Models of the olfactory analyzer may find widespread use
in the chemical, food and perfume industries, medical
diagnosis,, the deodorisation of conditioned air, the locali-
sation of leakage in gas-pipe systems, etc. It is also
pointed out that recent research in this field makes it
possible to evaluate objectively the quality and intensity
of various odors, and even obtain some idea as to the
nature of ocLors, although the mechanisza of perception of
odor has not been definitely clarified as yet.
The problem ai. the effect of atmospheric osone on. man,.
plant and materials is briefly reviewed. Harmful ozone
concentraiian.s can be eiqpected in the atmosphere at cer-
tain heights. This is of particular importance to> present
day and. future aviation,, in view of the fact that external
air is used for passengers and crew. Special measures
for the. protection of passengers and crew become neces-
sarv ac 10 km and higher. Decomposing effect on rubber
is alsQ' demonstrated, although ozone affects various rub-
bers differently. Some types ot tobacco leaves are sensi-
tive to ozone effect and could serve as indicators.
Pokrovskiyr V. A.
SO2-1LE PROBLEMS OF CURRENT IMPORTANCE HT
PRESENT-DAT INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY. Gigiyetia
Truda i Professional"1 nyye Zabolevaniya, VaJL llr p. 17-
ZO 1963. Translated from. Russian. Joint Publications
Research Service, Washington, IX C. , p. 5-11, Feb. 3.,
1964.
CFSTL- 64-ZI463
The paper discusses some problems of industrial toxicol-
oo-y atjoesriug at the present level of development. In the
number of most pressing problems the author includes
investigation of early manifestations of poisoning and of
A-657Z
TERMINOLOGY IN ATR PURIFICATION. [Hegriffsbestim-
mungen Reinhaltung der Luft. J, Translated from. German.
Verein Deutscher Inge-nieure-RichtMnien,. N"o>. Z104, 13p. ,
May L96Z.
Large sections of the public and many members of econo-
mic enterprises, municipal communities, public authori-
ties and lawmafcing bodies are concerned with the purifi-
cation of air. The "Committee on Air Purification1"'.
established by the Society of German Engineers, has pre-
pared scientific-technical specifications -with the collabo-
ration of experts in all affected fields which serve as
basis for measures against air pollution. Because it
appeared necessary to create uniform definitions of the
terms txtilised in the entire field of the problem of air
puorificaliion, the Chairman on Air Pollution charged the
"Committee on Dust Technology" (of fee special VDI
gro.trp on dust technics)1, with defining these terminologi-
cal concepts. This is an enlarged and revised reissue of
the VD1 Specifications No. Z104. The terms are arranged
alphabetically-within five groups: I. Occurrence and
emission of dust, aerosols and gases. II. Distribution
and deposition of dust, aerosols and gas. IH. Effect of
dust,, aerosols and gas. IV. Measuring techniques and
special technical questions. V. General.
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
A-8225
Vytchikova, M. A.
AIR IONIZATION IN GYMNASIUMS. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
33-85, 1959. Srefs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 5, p. 173-177, Jan. 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
The electrical properties of atmospheric and indoor air
are of hygienic interest as factors affecting the state of
the environment. Air ionization in different gymnasiums
was measured accompanied by determinations of carbon
dioxide content and by recording the meteorological condi-
tions. Observations were made in each gymnasium prior
to the beginning exercises and upon their termination.
Generally, in the course of four series of exercises, last-
ing 1-1/2 hours, the concentration of light ions in the gym-
nasiums decreased. In all cases the positive ions pre-
vailed; the coefficient of umpolanty varied in an indeter-
minable manner. A comparison of the variations in the
number of light ions with changes in the meteorological
conditions and the carbon dioxide content pointed to some
definite interrelation between these factors. It was noted
that the number of light ions was usually in some inverse
proportion to the relative humidity and to the CO^ concen-
tration. In a gymnasium where heavy athletic exercise
was conducted the number of light ions in this gymnasium
may be explained by the fact that it was located in a, semi-
basement. Comparing the results of measurements of
ionization with the sanitary conditions of the air in the
gymnasiums surveyed, it can be stated that a poorer sani-
tary air condition was accompanied by a decreased number
of light ions in the air, and that the greatest loss of light
ions was recorded in gymnasiums with the poorest sani-
tary air condition.
A-3260
Radczewski, Otto Ernst
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FINE MINERAL PARTICLES IN
NATURE AND TECHNOLOGY. (ORGANIZATION AND
ARRANGEMENT OF THE EXHIBITION OF PULVERU-
LENT MATERIALS.) Staub (English translation), 27J5):
1-4, May 1967 13 refs.
CFSTI- TT 67-51403/5
The instructive exhibition of pulverulent materials at a
convention in Vienna from Sept. 29 to Oct. 1, 1966 is dis-
cussed. The exhibition was put together over many years.
Samples, photographs and reprints affording an introduc-
tion to the relevant bibliography were arranged in the fol-
lowing groups: morphology; methods of dust analysis;
coal and ore preparation; iron and metals, rocks and
earths, mineral powder; fiber dusts; dye powders, techni-
cal organics; nutritive flours; dust in the respiratory
organs; and dust of streets, rooms, and industry. Deter-
mination and representation of fine minerals was primari-
ly served by the microscope. SiO^ is used as an example
of the significance of fine-mineral precipitations. In dust
technology and hygiene, it is known and feared as the
cause of silicosis, appearing in the form of fine quartz or
cristobalite. The metamorphic qualities of quartz in the
manufacture of silica bricks by firing depend upon par-
ticle size, particle shape and structure.
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EMISSION SOURCES
B-4082
Lampert, F. F.
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION IN GAS EQUIPPED
APARTMENTS (WITH REFERENCE TO THE PROPOSED
SANITARY REGULATIONS FOR GAS EQUIPPED
RESIDENCES). Gigiena i Sanit. , 2£(4):60-62, April, 1963.
9 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 12, p. 94-97, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Gas is gradually replacing hard fuel in the U. S. S. R. ,
which affects favorably the population's living conditions.
Lack of development or improvement in gas burners has
resulted in frequent air pollution in houses and apartments
\vhich have been equipped with gas. Gas burning generates
such air pollution products as carbon monoxide, carbonic
acid, hydrocarbons, etc. ; it also raises the surrounding
air temperature and humidity, easily detected even after
the gas has been used for 1 hour. Comparative studies
conducted in differently planned gas-equipped living quar-
ters indicated that where living rooms were connected
directly with the kitchen, intensity of air pollution with
carbon monoxide and other products of gas combustion was
greater than in apartments in which the kitchen was iso-
lated from the living room. These facts clearly point to
the channels along which modern engineers, planners,
architects, and hygienists must direct their attention for
the rational solution of the air pollution problem in future
construction of gas equipped residential houses and apart-
ments. Therefore, it is urged that construction and plan-
ning engineers in sanitary organizations should make
proper use of the available home gas equipment. It is
also suggested that for the purposes of proper sanitary
safety, gas burning utilities, particularly those used for
water heating, should be equipped with automatic safety
devices which would stop the gas flow as soon as unfavor-
able conditions developed in the exhaust flue.
B-4097
Perov, O. B. and D. M. Boris
DUST DISCHARGED BY PLANTS PRODUCING "COLD
ASPHALT", AND ITS EFFECT ON THE SANITARY CON-
DITIONS OF RESIDENTIAL LOCALITIES. Gigiena i
Sanit., 28_(7):62-64, July 1963. 1 ref. Translated from
Rus sian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12,
p. 135-187, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
"Cold asphalt" is a. viscous mixture of finely ground rock
and bitumen or asphalt. "Cold asphalt" is manufactured
in stationary plants or production departments which use
the same production methods; this type of asphalt can also
be prepared in the open, creating unfavorable sanitary
hygienic working and living conditions in nearby residential
and industrial areas. Data obtained in connection with
studies at asphalt processing plants show that in dry wea-
ther the density of dust in the air over the rock crushers
and dryers amounted to 1360-1550 mg/m . The air over
the mixers at times contained 2400 mg/m^ rock dust. The
air of territories surrounding plants producing dry asphalt
was severely affected by the generated filler dust. Data-
obtained by the present authors show that through the year,
and depending upon the wind pattern, the greater part of
sedimented dust was found in the 100-500 m zone.
B-409S
Gofmekler, V. A., M. D. Manita, Zh. V. Manusadzhants,
and L. L. Stepanov
CORRELATION BETWEEN 3, 4-BENZPYRENE AND CAR-
BON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN AUTOMOBILE
EXHAUST GASES. Gigiena i Sanit., 28_(8):3~8, Aug.
1963. 3 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 137-193, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
One of the most widely occurring cancerogenic substances
in ambient air, 3, 4-benzpyrene, is also a component of
automobile exhaust gases. Seemingly, there exists a
correlation between the formation and discharge of 3, 4-
benzpyrene and carbon monoxide, as both may result from
incomplete liquid fuel combustion, A better understanding
of this 3, 4-benzpyrene and carbon monoxide correlation in
dealing with the problem of sanitary protection of atmos-
pheric air was the aim of this investigation. Concentra-
tions of 3, 4-benzpyrene in auto exhaust gases were deter-
mined by the spectral-fluorescent method. Carbon mon-
oxide concentration in automobile exhaust gases ran in
correlation with the concentration of simultaneously oc-
curing 3, 4-benzpyrene; accordingly, CO concentration can
be used as an indicator of the rate at which 3, 4-benzpy-
rene is discharged into the atmosphere with the automobile
exhaust gases. Automobiles with properly adjusted car-
buretors generated and discharged into the atmospheric
air less carbon monoxide and less 3, 4-benzpyrene. The
highest concentration of 3, 4-benzpyrene and of carbon
monoxide was discharged with exhaust gases coming from
automobiles operated at low rpm, usually at the time of
starting or accelerating. Atmospheric air pollution with
3, 4-benzpyrene and carbon monoxide can be reduced sub-
stantially as follows: by controlled carburetor operation
at all times, particularly when starting and moving into
line with the traffic, and most of all by keeping the car-
buretor clean and well adjusted; by reducing to a minimum
the number of stops and starts at cross sections and light
signals. This can be done by proper manual and signal
traffic regulations and by instituting overhead and under-
ground auto routes which would allow automobiles to travel
without making many stops.
B-4108
Yanysheva, N. Ya. , I. S. Kireeva, and N. N. Serzhantova
3, 4-BENZPYRENE IN CRUDE OIL AND IN BITUMINOUS
PRODUCTS. Gigiena i Sanit. , 28jll):7 1-73, Nov. 1963.
5 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 12, p. 266-268, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
The present authors investigated the 3, 4-benzpyrene con-
centrations in crude oil tars of different trademarks. The
investigation aimed at finding which of the products con-
tained the least amount of 3, 4-benzpyrene so their use
could be recommended in the place of other products which
contained higher cancerogenic hydrocarbon concentrations.
The investigation included crude oil, tar and pitch products
trademarked BN-IV and BN-V, obtained from cracking
residuals BN-V produced by the Kherson plant. This plant
processed crude oil coming from the Ukraine and partly
from Povolzh'ya. Samples for the investigation came in a
variety of forms of processed crude oil, such as crude oil
asphalt resulting from direct vertical crude oil distillation,
and cracking residuals resulting from processing crude oil
breakdown products. The composition of products result-
ing from direct vertical crude oil distillation depended
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
largely upon the nature of the crude oil, and the composi-
tion of cracking products characterized by high content of
aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons is determined basically
by the production technology. Tradernarked crude oil
bitumens are distinguished by their melting point and vis-
cosity. Results indicated that even the maximal 3,4-benz-
pyrene concentrations found in the crude oil lar residues
\vere considerably below the maximal concentration of 3, 4-
benzpyrene found in coal pitch. Therefore, it appears that
replacing the coal tar pitch as a binder by crude oil tar
residue should reduce considerably the amount of cancer-
ogenic coal products in coal dust brickettes. It should be
remembered, however, that crude oil tar residue binders
may contain cancerogemc substances other than 3,4-benz-
pyrene, the concentration of which may be different in
different types of the crude oil binders. In view of this,
final recommendations for the use of the safest crude oil
residue binders of different trademarks should be based on
experimental studies with animals.
B-4114
Dmitrieva, N. V. , A. I. p\ukhovkaya, and I. S. Khazanov
METHODS FOR LOWERING SOLVENT CONCENTRATIONS
IN THE AIR OF PLANTS ENGAGED IN DRY CLEANING
CLOTHES, Gigiena i Sanit. , 28_(12):71-73, Dec. 1963
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine in U. S. S. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, No. 12, p. 298-301, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Indoor air pollution with organic solvent vapors in dry
cleaning plants constituted a hazard to the health of the
workers. The following air pollution sources were found
in dry cleaning plants: open manual method of applying
solvents in the spot removing department; non-observance
of safety regulations; primitive and manual technological
procedures in loading and unloading the rotating cleaning
drums; unorganized leakage; etc. The method used in
unloading dry cleaned clothes from the solvent containing
drums constituted a. particularly hygienically unfavorable
condition. Comparative evaluation of equipment and
machines used showed that highest solvent vapor air pollu-
tion "was noted in dry cleaning plants equipped with U.S.A.
machines. Therefore, it is recommended that the use of
American machines be discontinued. Prevention of air
pollution with solvent vapors in dry cleaning plants can be
attained by the following means: (a) strict adherence to
most advanced technological defatting processes; (b) elimi-
nation of all leakage sources, especially in the pipes and
conduits; (c) installation of a properly planned up-to-date
overall ventilation system supplemented by the installation
of local exhaust devices at points of worker s ' exposure to
the inhalation of the solvent vapor polluted air. The pre-
sent practice of manual spot removing from clothes in the
open should be unconditionally prohibited; appropriate
local exhaust ventilation devices should be installed; and
the rate of fresh air inflow should be increased. Employees
of dry cleaning establishments should be examined periodi-
cally by industrial medical personnel and persons unfit for
such occupation should be replaced.
cattered an
Baranov, A. P.
NEW SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY FOR SHIPS.
[Novyye IsLochniki EU'ki.richeskoy Encrgii dlya Sudov. ]
In: Shipbuilding House, Leningrad. U. S. S. R. 1965.
Translated from Russian. Department of the- Navy, Wash-
ington, D. C. , I20p. , 1966.
This book, which is Hie result of an analysis of a great-
generators onboard ship.
B - 4 3 9 8
Walter, E.
THE DUST SITUATION AT MIXING PLANTS USED IN
BITUMINOUS ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN WESTERN GER-
MANY STAUB (English Translation), 2_6(11): 34-40 , Nov.
1966 6 refs.
Extensive investigations have given information on the
amount of dust produced in different working places, from
mixing plants to road construction using bitumen It is
shown that workers not only employed in plants using
silica arc exposed to silicosis hazards, but also when ad-
ditives containing silica are used. This is also valid for
basaltic rocks or blast furnace slag As a result of dust
emission, according to type of rock, dust hazards can also
exist in the environment of a plant By taking special
measures in the selection of plant sites and chimney heights
by adapting the throughput to the efficiency and capacity of
dust removal plants, and particularly by selecting raw
material, it is possible, to a large extent, to reduce any
serious effects. Machinery and technology also require
the use of new methods (Author's summary)
B-5134
Trefilov, V N and M. D S kanavi
HYGIENIC CHARACTERIZATION OF LABOR CONDITIONS
IN THE CHLOROPHOS INDUSTRY. Gigiyena Truda i Pro-
fes s ional' nyye Zabole vaniya . Vol. 11. p 41-43, 1963.
Translated from Russian, Joint Publications Research
Service, Washington, D C. , p. 12-16, Feb. 3, 1964.
CFSTI: 64-21463
Analysis has revealed that the atmosphere of the chloro-
phos production department is contaminated mostly by
chloral, dimethylphos phate . and chlor oph os vapor s . Jud g -
ing by the available clinical data the detected concentra-
tions of organophosphorus compound (chlorophos and di-
methylphosphite) vapors reached dangerous levels, which.
as it was noted, gave rise to the development ol intoxica-
tions. In reconstruction and erecting new analogous plants
it is recommended that particular attention be attached to
proper sealing ol equipment and to elimination of manual
operations It is also suggested to make provisions for
automatic pouring of chlorophos, its measuring, weighing
and washing of barrels to be effected in special shielded
chambe rs {Author s ' summary)
B-^266
Svetozarova, O. I , V. V. Zhdanova, and E. P. Levashova
STUDY OF THE POSSIBILITY OF OBTAINING GAS TUR-
BINE FUEL FROM THE PRODUCTS OF CATALYTIC
CRACKING AND COKING. Tr. Tekhnol. Pererabotki
Ni-ftii Gaza. Neftekhimiya Goslopl ekh-Izdat. , No. 12, p.
61-6M, 1^63 7 refs. Translated from Russian. Foreign
Technology Division, Air Force Systems Command.
Wright-Pattc-rson AFB, Ohio, 9p. . Dec. 23, 1964.
The physical and chemical properties of distillates, ob-
lamed in catalytic cracking of gas oiJs at the Grozny
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EMISSION SOURCES
refineries and the products from contact coking of heavy
petroleum residues were studied. The distillates obtained
in catalytic cracking of light raw material, can be used as
low-ash, low-congealing components of the fuels for gas
turbines. The yield of distillate fuels amounted to 43 to
52. 5 percent of the cracked raw material. For getting
light, low-ash gas turbine fuels with traces of vanadium,
the process of coking heavy petroleum residues should be
accomplished with recirculation. In contact coking of
raw material with recirculation of the sulfurous pitch,
tar and cracking residue, the yield of low-ash gas turbine
fuel amounted to 45, 56.2, and 64. 4 percent.
B-5714
point and continuously distributed sources of dust and
gases of stationary and nonstationary types.
B-6561
SOURCES OF AIR-POLLUTING SUBSTANCES. [Katalog
der Quellen luftverunreinigender Stof f e. ] Translated from
German. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure-Richtlinien, No.
2090, lip. , Dec. 1961.
Enumeration of principal sources of air polluting substan-
ces is given. The sources are arranged by industry
branches and/or the field of their occurrence. This spe-
cification also lists VDI Clean Air Committee specifica-
tions which are published in English by the Division of Air
Pollution, U, S. Public Health Service.
Huber, E. W.
CO-FORMATION IN MOTOR VEHICLE ENGINES. Trans-
lated from German. Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift,
Vol. 62, p. 320-325, Dec. I960. 10 refs. (Excerpt
from a. Lecture at the Eighth International Congress of
FISITA, The Hague, I960.)
A study was made of whether and under what conditions
the CO-formation of an engine is reduced. Although the
same CO-content is obtained with a good mixture with
the Scime air-fuel ratio as with a bad mixture, the fuel
portion in the mixture and thus the CO-content can be
reduced considerably with o. good mixture. A partial-
load operation is possible with complete fuel consumption
which reduces the CO-content to about one-tenth of that
of the customary throttle control. Investigations with a
compression-ignition engine with diesel fuel and with gas-
oline operation in the case of an excess of fuel as well as
with an NSU Wankel engine are reported.
B-6304
Skobunov, V. V.
USE OF AMMONIA IN STUDIES OF THE DISSIPATION OF
ADMIXTURES IN A FLOW. (In: Air Pollution in Mines
Theory, Hazards, and Control. } Translated from Russian.
Akad. NaukSSSR. p. 74-79, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 66-51043
The reproducibility of diffusion experiments was studied
by determining the distorting effect of measuring tubes
simultaneously placed in the flow on the concentration
fields. The sources were located at the point of separa-
tion of the boundary layer and the quantities of air and
ammonia remained the same in all experiments. The
presence of several measuring tubes arranged in a series
has practically no effect on the distribution of the concen-
tration fields for ammonia. The points obtained in work-
ing with only one tube lie on the same curves as those
obtained with the simultaneous presence of four tubes in
the flow. This method was used for direct determination
of the width of the zone contaminated by dust or gas liber-
ated by point sources. For this purpose, glass tubes
moistened with orthophosphoric acid were placed in the
model at different distances from the source. The reac-
tion of ammonia with the acid forms a coating on the
tubes (ammonium phosphate), the width being greater on
measuring tubes which are located at greater distances
from the source. The full width of the dispersion trace
is measured by an ordinary scale ruler. The method
elaborated for studies of the dissipation of admixtures
(gases or dust) by means of ammonia is applicable in
any aerodynamic scheme for the ventilation of open pits
and mine workings. The method is also suitable for
THE RESTRICTION OF CHLORINE GAS EMISSION.
[Gasauswurfbegrenzung Chlor ] Translated from German.
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure-Richtlinien, No. 2103. 13p. ,
Jan. 1961. 8 refs.
The information contained in these specifications is group-
ed under the following major headings: (1) Technology
(involving methods of producing and processing chlorine),
(2) Processes for extraction of chlorine, and (3) Restric-
tions of chlorine gas emissions.
B-6578
RESTRICTING EMISSION OF DUST FROM MANUALLY-
OPERATED CENTRAL-HEATING BOIMRS, CAPACITY
600, 000 KCAL/HR AND LESS, FIRED WITH SOLID FUELS.
[Staubauswurfbegrenzung Handbediente Zentralheizungskes -
sel fur feste Brennstoffe mit Leistungen bis etwa 600, 000
kcal/h ] Translated from German. Verein Deutscher
Ingenieure-Richtlinien, No. 2115, 13p. , June 1961. 10
refs.
This specification is applicable to warm-water and low-
pressure central-heating boilers with furnaces for solid
fuels, capacity 600, 000 kcal/hr and less, operated man-
ually under natural draft (no blower). The aims are to
characterize the causes leading to the formation of dust
(fly-ash, cinders, and eventually together with soot and
other non-gaseous and combustible components) from
central-heating boilers for solid fuels; to recommend
measures for the reduction of dust emission; and to estab-
lish guidelines for the restriction of permissible immLs-
sion.
B-6579
RESTRICTING THE EMISSION OF FUMES FROM DIESEL-
ENGINES. [Begrenzung der Rauchenlwicklung von Diesel-
krafLfahrzeugen Rauchursachen, Messverfahren. Abhilfe-
massnahmen. ] Translated from German. Verein Deut-
scher Ingenieure-R i chtlinien, No. 2281, 12p. , Nov. 1961.
8 refs.
This specification reviews the composition of diesrl ex-
haust fumes, the causes for excessive development of
fumes from diesel engines as well as measures for con-
trol. The testing method and the permissible tolerance
are given.
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
B-65S2
RESTRICTING EMISSION FROM GAS GENERATORS IN
COKE GAS PLANTS. [Auswurfbegrenzung Generatoren
Kokereien und Gaswerke.] Translated from German.
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure-Richtlinien, No. 2290, 19p- ,
June 1962.
The purposes of this specification are: to describe the
operation of gas generators and to analyze the factors
influencing the emission of gas and sulfur dioxide; to indi-
cate measures for reducing the emission of dust and sulfur
dioxide; and to establish conditions and guide values for
restricting the emission of dust and sulfur dioxide.
B-6909
Trakhtenberg, I. M. and K. I. Luchina
"MERCURY DANGER" AND ITS PREVENTION IN SEC-
ONDARY SCHOOLS. ["Rtutnaya opasnost1" i ee profilak-
tika v usloviyakh obshcheobrazovatel1 nykh shkol. ] Hy-
giene and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit. ), 3_q(12):411-414, Dec. 1965. 14refs.
The potential dangers and means of preventing, micromer-
curialism in secondary schools were discussed. In the
last 10 years, health workers in different cities have re-
ported facts indicating the potential danger of micromer-
curialism in standard secondary schools. Contamination
with mercury vapor was detected in several physics rooms
at schools as well as in the laboratories attached to them.
Mercury contamination is possible also in chemistry
rooms. We sampled and analyzed for mercury 626 air
samples and 342 samples of different building materials
taken from several schools. The principal source of air
pollution with mercury in the chemistry rooms was found
to be the mercury vapor liberated during the demonstra-
tions of the decomposition of mercuric oxide and of metal-
lic mercury as an example of a liquid metal. The dissocia-
tion of HgO to metallic mercury and oxygen takes place at
a high temperature, thus facilitating the intensive evapora-
tion of mercury and the liberation of large amounts of its
vapor into the air. The laboratories often keep compounds
that are not on the standard lists, including mercury ni-
trate which liberates mercury vapor even at ordinary tem-
peratures .
B-7299
Gorelova, D. N. and P, P. Dikun
THE DETECTION OF 3, 4-BENZPYRENE IN SOME SPE-
CIES OF SMOKED FISH. (FLUORESCENCE-SPECTRAL
ANALYSIS). Vop. Onkol. , 4(4}:398-405, 1953. 7refs.
Translated from Russian by B.S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 2, p. 126-134. March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21138
An investigation was made of the presence of 3, 4-benz-
pyrene in smoked fish commonly-used in the U.S.S.R.
The fish were subjected to saponification. Chromatogra-
phic partitioning was made with a 50 g column of aluminum
oxide. The unsaponifiable fraction dissolved in 30 - 50 ml
of benzene was adsorbed by the aluminum oxide column.
Smoke used for processing fish contained 3. 4-benzpyrene,
which, together with other substances contained in the
smoke, was deposited on the walls of smokehouses and on
the surface of the processed products. It was shown that
3, 4-benzpyrene penetrated into the inner part of the fish;
especially fish not: covered with heavy fish scales, and
split, fish, in which the contact between the flesh of the
fish and the smoke was direct. In the case of the sprat,
smoked by the hot or cold processes, 33 to 33 percent of
the total 3, 4-benzpyrene contained in the fish penetrated
into the flesh; in the case of the bream or split Rutilus.
26 percent of 3, 4-benzpyrene penetrated into the flesh; and
for the split Barbel up to 87 percent penetrated into the
flesh. In cases of smoked whole bream, Rutilus. Pelecus
and Chalcalburnus, which are covered with heavy scales,
the 3, 4-benzpyrene content of the flesh was many times
less than its content in the same types of fish processed
after splitting, The results of the investigation indicated
that the content of 3, 4-benzpyrene in smoked fish did not
depend solely on the process by which it was smoked,
whether cold or hot. or whether the smoke came from
openly burned wood or from special smoke generators.
B-7570
Kireeva. I. S.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION WITH 3. 4-BENZPYRENE IN
THE VICINITY OF A COAL- BRIQUET FACTORY. [O
zagryaznenii atmosfernogo vozdukha 3, 4-benzpirenom v
raione briketnoi fabriki- ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 3_0(7)tl26-123, July 1965.
9 refs.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033/3
An investigation was conducted of a large briquet factory
which uses 11 percent coal pitch for the binding of coal
fines, so that the 3, 4-benzpyrene content in the coal bri-
quets reaches 0.14 percent. The process of briqueting
includes crushing bituminous coal and pitch, mixing them
in a certain ratio, and molding the briquets. Determina-
tions were made of the amounts of 3, 4-benzpyrene in the
gases discharged by the press shop, in the atmosphere.
and in the dust falling at distances of 200 to 1000 m from
the factory. Tarry substances were extracted with pure
nonfluorescent benzene and fractionated on a chromato-
graphic column with an activated aluminum mixture. Iden-
tification of 3, 4-benzpyrene was accomplished by com-
paring the fluorescence spectra of the individual fractions
frozen in liquid nitrogen against the fluorescence spectrum
of a standard 3, 4-benzpyrene. The quantity of the latter
was determined photoelectrically. Thus, 3, 4-benzpyrene
was found in all samples within the radius of 1 km from the
factory, the concentration decreasing regularly with in-
creasing distance from the factory. However, concentra-
tions exceeded the control determinations made on the
windward side (0. 14--0. 30 microgram/100 m-*) even at a
distance of 1000 m. The results indicate the need to
eliminate coal pitch from the technological process and
introduce a new briqueting technology using noncarcino-
genic grades of petroleum bitumens as the binder.
B-7585
Kellerwessel, Hans
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES OF ULTRAFINE GRINDING IN
THE RAW MATERIAL INDUSTRY. STAUB (English Trans-
lation), 2_7_(l):46-43. Jan. 1967. (Presented at. the Joint
Convention of the Association of German Engineers, Work-
ing Group Dust Technology, and of the Swiss Association
of Engineers and Architects, on "Useful Dusts, Their
Manufacture and Technical Process" Part I. Basel, Swit-
zerland. June 6-8, 1966.)
CFSTI: TT 67-51403/1
Continuously operating tubular ball mills are widely used
in the raw material industry for very fine milling. The
use of these mills and their field of application are ex-
plained by some practical examples. Tubular ball mills
-------
EMISSION SOURCES
with two milling tubes arranged above one another are
particularly suitable for adaptation to different conditions.
(Author's summary)
B-7S53
Plust, Heinz G.
FUEL CELLS: PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION, DESIGN AND
PRESENT STATE OF THE ART IN FUEL CELL DEVELOP-
MENT. [Die Brennstoffzellen: Wirkungsweise, Aufbau
und Heutiger Entwicklungs stand der Brennstoffzellen.]
Neue Zuricher Zeitung, Tecbnol. Suppl. No. 133, Jan. 12,
1966. 4 refs. Translated from German.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 805336
The fuel cell has achieved great progress in recent years.
With the aid of this cell it is possible to convert the chemi-
cal energy of fuels directly into electrical energy without
any limitation due to the so-called Carnot's degree of effec-
tiveness. The present-day state of the art in fuel cell
development is marked by the fact that for greater output
(above 1 kW) only those fuel cells that operate on hydrogen
as fuel and oxygen as oxydizer are sufficiently far devel-
oped in order to test them for practical applications. DC
voltages of 700 Volts could be achieved by placing such
cells in series; however, it is customary to use batteries
below 100 Volts. Performance weights of 10. 45 kg/kW
and performance volumes of 10. . 40 dm /kW are usually
stated for these batteries. These data are reduced by the
necessary accessories (control system, heat exchange,
water removal, converter, etc. ) which must first be de-
veloped and newly designed in many cases. It is possible
to purchase a 1 kW fuel cell for about 10, 500 dollars.
B-3147
Pakbotina, N. S.
SANITARY-HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL
EMISSIONS BY A ZINC-LEAD COMBINE. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p. 93-
97, May I960. 6 refs.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The degree of atmospheric air pollution and vegetation
pollution by the discharges of lead-zinc combine and the
distance over which such pollution extended were investiga-
ted. It should be mentioned at this point that according to
N 101-54 the sanitary-clearance zone around lead-zinc
combines must be 1000 m wide. The lead-zinc combine
under investigation had the following departments: a) pre-
metallurgical production of lead from enriched ore concen-
trates; b) production of zinc by the continuous and intermit-
tent processes of pyrite cinders leaching and the utilization
of tailings, such as zinc cakes, sands, etc. ; c) production
of sulfuric acid by the contact method from SO formed in
the process of calcining the zinc concentrates. Samples
were collected by the sedimentation arid aspiration methods.
Determinations were made for lead, arsenic and SO^- Soil
samples were analyzed for pH, moisture content, H^SO^
and total lead and arsenic; plant samples were analyzed for
lead, arsenic and H^SO^.. Samples were taken 150 m to
5000 m away from the emission source. For control pur-
poses, samples were also taken 16 km away. Industrial
discharges of the lead-zinc combine heavily polluted the
atmospheric air with SO2, lead, and arsenic at all dis-
tances from the combine at which samples were taken. The
degree of soil and plant pollution with lead and arsenic over
the three years of the combine's operation considerably
exceeded the content of lead and arsenic in the soil and on
plants of the control region. Under such pollution condi-
tions the'prescribed sanitary clearance zone of 1000 m pro-
ved inadequate as a sanitary protection measure.
B-S165
Nedogibchenko, M. K.
PRESENT DAY CONDITIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POL-
LUTION BY AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST GASES IN CITIES
AND PROBLEMS OF ITS CONTROL, Gigiena i Sanit. ,
2J3(8):6-9, 1958. 7 refs. Translated from Russian by B,
S. Levine, U.S.S.R, Literature on Air Pollution and Re -
lated Occupational Diseases, No, 3, p. 195-199, May
1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Air quality measurements in Russian cities indicated that
carbon monoxide was the most important automotive ex-
haust pollutant. In Moscow, maximum concentrations of
o
carbon monoxide reached 100 200 mg/m ; in Leningrad
145 164 mg/m3; in Saratov 20 60 mg/m3; in Perm 40
60 mg/m , and in Ivanova 18 88 mg/m In Sverdlovsk
the lead content in the exhaust gases ranged between 0. 069
3. 70 mg/m . depending upon the make of the motor ve-
hicle. Investigations in Moscow in connection with the
utilization of ethylated gasoline by the passenger auto tran-
sport revealed only from 0. 001 to 0. 003 mg/m-^ of lead in
the street air. Investigations disclosed in auto transport
exhaust gases the presence of a polycyclic hydrocarbon,
3, 4-benzpyrene, generated at the rate of 0. 75 mg/min.
According to most recent reports auto transport exhaust-
gases were polluting atmospheric air also with nitrogen
oxides; the more incomplete was the gas combustion the
greater was the quantity of formed carbon monoxide and
less of nitrogen oxides were emitted into the air; vice
versa, the more complete the gas combustion the less CO
was formed and the more nitrogen oxides were discharged
into the air. Next in importance to air pollution with car-
bon monoxide is air pollution with soot discharged in large
quantities with automobile exhaust gases. The cause of
this type of atmospheric air pollution lies in the unsatis-
factory technical construction and mechanical aiv] function-
al adjustment of the engines. The reduction of city air
pollution caused by auto-transport exhaust gases should be
carried out'along the following basic lines: Improvement
in the design of automobile motors and carburetors with a
view to increasing degree of combustion and of gasoline
utilization. Development of methods to render harmless
exhaust gases emitted by auto-transport engines, prefer-
ably by oxidizing them to smaller non-harmful or less
harmful molecules.
B-8200
Gurinov, B. P.
THE EFFECT OF COMBUSTION METHOD AND OF FUEL
TYPE ON THE CONTENT OF 3, 4-BENZPYRENE IN
SMOKE GLASS. Gigiena i Sanit. , 23_(12):6-9, 1958 5 refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Liter-
ature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases.
No. 4, p. 260-264, Aug. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
A study was made to determine the effect of different meth-
ods of fuel burning on the content of 3, 4-benzpyrene in
smoke gases. Methods of burning hard fuel differ in dif-
ferent plants; the pulverized and layer bed methods are
examples of fuel burning methods most commonly in prac-
tice. Both methods of fuel burning were investigated.
Dust samples were collected from boiler room smoke flues
by an appropriate aspiration method. Two of (.he boilers
burned coal from the vicinity of Moscow, one burned anthra-
cite, and one burned peat. Analogous investigations in
boiler rooms using oil as fuel showed that the process of
oil burning liberated the greatest amount of carcinogenic
substances. The method of layer or bed burning in non-
mechanized furnaces produced considerably greater quan-
tities of 3, 4-benzpyrene than in mechanized furnaces;
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
chamber burning of powdered fuel did not produce any
carcinogenic substances in smoke discharges. It is recom-
mended that boiler rooms using the bed or layer coal burn-
ing method should be equipped with mechanized furnaces;
boiler rooms with non-mechanized furnaces should be re-
placed by central regional boiler rooms and heating centers
Fauth, Ulrich and Walter Schule
GASEOUS AND SOLID EMISSIONS FROM OIL-FIRED
STOVES. STAUB (English translation), 27(61-1-11 June
1967. 10 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/6
Emission from oil-fired furnaces provided with vaporiza-
tion burners, or atomizers was investigated. The emis-
sion of sulfur dioxide , sulfur trioxide, carbon monoxide ,
and solids (sool and ash) from furnaces of small and me-
dium capacity was investigated Three oil-fired stoves
with vaporization burners, two with atomizers, and a steel
heating boiler with a fire-brick combustion chamber were
tested Two commercial extra-light fuel oils were used
When used within its design load range with corresponding
drafts, the vaporization burner has a sufficiently low soot
emission. Comparatively large soot formation is possible
when the oil viscosity is varied, and at extreme draft.
Soot formation in atomizers is determined by their suit-
ability for the respective boilers and their setting. This
applies both to the installation of the plant and to their in-
spection, necessary at certain intervals. CO emission in
oil heaters is closely related to soot formation. When soot
emission is sufficiently small, CO formation is insignifi-
cant as regards air pollution. The sulfur contained in the
fuel oil is emitted in the flue gas in the form of sulfur di-
oxide (70 to 80 percent) and sulfur trioxide (1 to 3 percent)
The remaining sulfur is adsorbed to the soot as SO2 or 803.
Whether, and to what extent 803 reaches the atmosphere in
the flue gases depends mainly upon the temperatures in the
furnace and the flue-gas duct (furnace pipe, stack)
3-8373
Baum, Fritz and Wolfgang Stembach
WASTE INCINERATION IN SMALL UNITS. STAUB (Eng-
lish translation), 2J7J7): 23-25 , July 1967, 10 refs
CFSTI- TT 67-S1408/7
The incinerator investigated has a. triple jacket combustion
chamber, and is heated up and charged with dry paper
waste. The CO and CO^ concentration was recorded by in-
frared gas analyzers. During charging, CO concentration
rose rapidly to 0. 4 0. 6 vol -%, then dropped gradually
CO^ concentration rose rapidly to 1.0 1.5 vol. -%, then
dropper] slowly The CO and CO;? concentrations were as
a rule much 1 ower than with medium un 11 s Measurements
to det e rm me the enu s s ion ol s ol ids were performed with a.
Strohiem instrument at the chimney end. The results
yielded ^ .solid concentration between 3(10 and 42^ mg/m
Largf quantities of hydrot arbons were deposited on Lhe
measuring iilters aparl 1 rom solids, which gave an impres-
sion (if a d(M eplively high dust emission The strong hydro-
carbon development was confirmed by observations and
measurr-inents For a long timr while-grey clouds were
i-milted from Ihr chimney, caiising noxious odors in the
v i c i n i f y
B-8374
Strauss, Werner and I B. Speedie
THE FORMATION OF ACID SMUTS IN OIL FIRED KILNS
AND BOILERS STAUB (English translation), £7(7)-25 - 30 .
July 1967. 17 refs
CFSTI- TT 67-5140S/7
A simulated flue gas containing sulphur dioxide (0. 029 per-
cent) water vapor (6 1 percent), and air (93. 8 percent)
was passed over different flame carbons which haN e been
deposited on the walls of a 3 inch diameter vertical glass
tube at simulated chimney temperatures (110°C to 190°C)
The total sulphur in the carbon deposit was determined and
indicated the following If the tube walls were of glass
then the total sulphur fell from 0. 34 percent at 110°C to
0. 45 percent at 190°C If a trace of sulphur trioxide (9
ppm) was added then sulphur was found to be 1 16 percent
at 150°C and 0. 90 percent at 190°C If traces of iron
oxide were present, the sulphur content increased Irom
0. 87 percent at 150°C to 1 q percent at 190"C These
trends indicate that traces of iron oxides tend to favor
higher sulphur adsorption particularly at the higher tem-
peratures
Popov, L. A. and V. D. Yablochkin
CHARACTERISTICS OF GASES RELEASED BY POLY-
VINYL CHLORIDE FILM. [Sanitarno-khimiches kaya
kharakteris Ilka produktov gazovydelenlya polimernoi
plenki na osnove polivinikhlorida. ] Hygiene and Sanita-
tion (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 32(7 - 9):
114-117, July-Sept. 1967. 6 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
The gases released by the polyvmyl chloride film were
studied in 3-5-hter flasks with ground-glass stoppers
The flasks with the film samples were placed in an UR -
106-type oven at 100t2c The gases released by the poly-
mer material under ordinary operating conditions, i t- ,
at 20 40° were measured. The infrared spectra of poly-
vinyl chloride films in the region from 3800 to SOO cm~
were measured with a Zeiss UR - 1 0 spectrometer, using a
sodium chloride prism Studies of gases released by V-
118 wrapping film based on polyvinyl chloride showed that
their concentrations at 20°, 40° and 100° exceeded Lhe
maximum permissible concentration for working premises
Studies of the infrared spectra revealed that the degrada-
tion of the polymer at 100° was accompanied by splitting
of the molecules oi hydrogen chloride and by oxidation
processes. Partial depolymerization was indicated by the
presence of considerable concentrations of the monomer
in the gaseous phase. V-118 wrapping film may be used
in small enclosed premises at a saturation of 1 m per
m"1 provided that there is adequate ventilation and that
permission of the sanitary authorities is obtained
B-S770
Sokolovskii, M S , E M Pinchuk. and K N.Pravoverov
THE SANITARY CONDITION OF THE AIR AND MICRO-
CLIMATE IN GAS-BURNING KITCHENS. [Gigienicheskaya
olsenka vozdushnoi sredy i mikrokhmata g aziiitsirovan-
nykh kukhon' ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation
oj- Gigiena i San,I ). 3_2( 7-9): 1 7 1 - 1 76. July-Sept 1967
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
The accumulation oi carbon monoxide in the gas-supplied
apartments is mainly due to unsatisfactory burning of the
gas in the gas-stove burners. The author suggests the
10
-------
EMISSION SOURCES
permissible contents of carbon monoxide in the combus-
tion products to amount to 0. 005 percent at an efficiency
coefficient of 70 - 75 percent and a heat production co-
efficient within 700 kcal/hr. A considerable improvement
of the microclimate of the gas-supplied apartments may
be attained by the use of flameless burners. (Authors'
summary)
B-S777
Jaskulla, N. , K. Wettig, and E. Ritter
3, 4-BENZPYRENE IN THE EXHAUST GASES OF INTER-
NAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, ESPECIALLY TWO-
STROKE ENGINES. [3, 4-Benzpiren v vykhlopnykh gazakh
dvigatelei vnutrennogo sgoraniya (osobenno dvukhtaktnykh. ]
Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit.), 32_(7-9):254-260, July-Sept. 1967. 6 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
A test stand was used to test the exhaust gases from a
commercially produced 3-cylinder 2-stroke AWE/312
engine (working volume of the cylinder, 991 cm ). The
gas issuing from the exhaust pipe proceeds to the sampling
apparatus, and the samples are then tested for 3,4-benz-
pyrene by means of a filter. In addition, the exhaust gas
laboratory tests for other (potentially) harmful components,
by means of various instruments. After numerous pre-
liminary experiments, glass fiber paper was used as the
filter material. The 3, 4-benzpyrene in the solid compo-
nent of the exhaust gases was detected by thin-layer chro-
matography. The content of 3, 4-benzpyrene in exhaust
gases was also determined at plants situated in the neigh-
borhood of heavy urban transport. Tests of the liberation
of toxic substances from various fuel components included
measurements of the discharge of 3, 4-benzpyrene. The
maximum absolute discharge of 3, 4-benzpyrene (ug/hr)
was clearly found to occur under a light load. The highest
relative concentration of 3, 4-benzpyrene (ug/m ) in the
ex.haust gases occurred when the engine was running idly.
The level of 3, 4-benzpyrene was decreased at higher ex-
haust-gas temperatures.
B-3779
Litvinov, V. I. , M. I. Belyaev, and I. G. Meshcheryakov
A COMPARATIVE HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE USE
OF ELECTRICITY AND GAS IN PUBLIC CATERING
ESTABLISHMENTS. [Sravnitel'naya gigienicheskaya
otsenka elektrifitsirovannykh i gazifitsirovannykh pred-
priyatii obshchestvennogo pitaniya. ] Hygiene and Sanita-
tion (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3JJ7-9):
269-271, July-Sept. 1967. 1 ref.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
Repeated tests of the air in public catering establishments
showed that carbon monoxide concentrations of 0.0015
0. 0018 mg/ 1 were consistently detected at a level of 1. 5
2m above the hot surface of gas appliances (the maximum
concentration allowed by Government Standard 5548-50 is
0. 002 mg/1. ) In similar air samples taken in a kitchen
with electrical appliances the content of carbon monoxide
was nil or practically negligible. From the point of view
of the health of the kitchen staff, electric appliances are
much more satisfactory than gas equipment. Electric
appliances comply with the hygienic standards for the
kitchens of public catering establishments, including a
normal liberation of heat in the "working zone" and the
absence of products of incomplete combustion of the gas.
In view of the increasing production of electric power in
the U. S. S. R. , gas should be replaced by electric power
at public catering establishments. As a. number of such
establishments will still be obliged to use gas, work should
be done on improving the design of gas appliances. Manu-
facturers of appliances for commercial and public catering
establishments should increase their output of gas appli-
ances with infrared burners. Architects and the building
authorities should pay serious attention to the ventilation
of gas-fuelled public catering establishments, so that any
health hazards generated by the gas appliances should be
removed as quickly as possible.
B-9103
Kalishevskii, L. L. and B. G. Ganchev
A STUDY OF THE CYCLONE PROCESS WHEN BURNING
SOLID FUEL. Thermal Eng. (English translation of:
Teploenergetika), No. Z, p. 70-74, Feb. 1967. 4 refs.
Studies carried out on the MVTU-MoTsKTI cyclone furnace
test rig showed that when burning low-ash Donets gas and
long flame coals in an axial cyclone chamber losses due to
unburnt carbon for the whole plant, in the best conditions,
comprised 2 3 percent (there were no losses due to un-
burnt gases in all cases), when burning the same fuel sup-
plied tangentially losses due to unburnt carbon did not ex-
ceed 1 percent. The determination of the combustion effi-
ciency of fuel in the cyclone chamber (over the inner edge
of the throat) revealed the same level of combustion effi-
ciency with satisfactory conditions, in both types of cham-
ber. However, the pattern of heat losses differed. The
main part of the losses at the outlet of the axial cyclone
were due to unburnt carbon (losses due to unburnt gases
did not exceed 2 percent) and at the outlet of the tangential
cyclone due to unburnt gases (losses due to unburnt carbon
were less than 2 percent). The gases in the furnace vol-
ume after the cyclone burn better than the non-gasified
fuel. Hence the difference in efficiency of the whole plant.
B-9275
B ohne, HeImut
IMMISSION DAMAGE CAUSED BY HOSPITAL WASTE
INCINERATION0 STAUB (English translation), 2J7(10):28-
31, Oct. 1967. 4 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/10
The strong decolorization and whitening of plants observed
in two gardening nurseries were caused by hydrogen chlo-
ride. In both cases the sources of emission were refuse
incineration plants of hospitals in which chlorine compounds
in the refuse, consisting 80 90 percent of paper and
packaging material, were decomposed during short periods
at a temperature of 800 - 1000°C. Erection of chlorine
washing plants appears, therefore, to be necessary.
(Author's summary)
11
-------
ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
C-377'5
Grafe, 'Kurt and Joachim Hagen
MINIMUM STACK HEIGHTS AND AREA AROUND STACK
WITHIN WHICH BUILDING MUST BE CONSIDERED.
STAUB (English translation), 26j9):41-43, Sept. 1966.
7 refs.
In order to calculate the distance from the stack covering
the area where buildings have to be considered, a formula
is derived from the equation for the distribution of the SO^
concentration in the surroundings of a source. Thus, a
suggestion is made as a basis for discussion with regard
to an addition to the "Technische Anleit'jmg Reinhaltung der
Luff (a paper containing rules for minimum stack heights).
An example illustrates the possibilities for practical ap-
plication.
C-4103
Gorkavenko, D. B.
EFFECT OF NATURAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ON
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION NEAR SEASHORE CITIES
Gigiena i Sanit. , 2j[(9):95-96, Sept. 1963. 4 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S. R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No.
12, p. 226-229, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
It is known that some cities located close* to the seashore
which had no definite sources of atmospheric air pollution
had a considerable air pollution fallout amounting to 730
900 tons per 1 km annually, and single air pollution con-
centrations 7 times as great as the specified maximal
permissible air pollution concentration. This paradoxical
phenomenon can be explained by specific natural local cli-
matic conditions. The topography complex of near sea-
shore cities has a considerable effect on the city's local
climatic conditions. Cold air masses descending along the
hill slopes produced disturbances in the vertical tempera-
ture gradient, as a result of -which smoke failed to rise and
extended horizontally over the city, creating heavy smogs
consisting of gaseous vapor and solid particulate sub-
stances. These conditions become considerably aggrava-
ted in the presence of temperature inversion. Natural
climatic conditions of cities located in close proximity to
seashores contributed to the formation of high pollution
concentrations even -when pollution discharges were rela-
tively low. This fact makes the problem of atmospheric
air protection more pressing in cities located in close
proximity to seashores. The facts discussed must be
taken into consideration by authoritative bodies concerned
with the planning and construction of near seashore cities.
C-4152
Gol'm, T. S.
TIME-DEPENDENT VARIATIONS IN TOTAL ATMOS -
PHERIC OZONE OVER DIXON IS. AND ITS CORRELATION
WITH METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS. In: Part 1 -
Atmospheric Ozone. Results of U.S.S. R. International
Geophysical Year Studies presented at the Oct. 28-31, 1959
Conference. Reports and Resolutions, 1961. 13 refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 13, p. 28-37, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
Systematic observations of total ozone in the atmosphere of
Dixon Island began with the delivery of a spectrophotometer
equipped with a. quartz optical system. The total ozone
determinations were made using direct solar light or full
moon lunar light. A brief analysis on total atmospheric
ozone was done with the following results: Annual varia-
tion in total atmospheric ozone accorded generally with the
mean annual variations for high latitudes. An appreciable
increase in total atmospheric ozone had been observed
during noon hours, although at times, total ozone varia-
tions persisted during the day. Correlation of total atmos-
pheric ozone with tropopause height, temperature, and
pressure in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
was most distinct during summer months, and very weak
during spring and fall.
C-4154
Kuznetsov, G. I.
OZONE AND GENERAL ATMOSPHERE CIRCULATION.
In: Part 1 - Atmospheric Ozone. Results of U.S.S.R.
International Geophysical Year Studies Presented at the
Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and Resolutions,
1961. 5 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 13, p. 57-72, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
The following subjects are discussed in this paper: daily
ozone fluctuations; circulation index; general realtionships
between ozone concentration and atmospheric circulation;
speculations concerning the mechanism of connection
between atmospheric ozone and circulation; and southern
hemisphere characteristics studies. The conclusions
reached are not final, since accumulated data have not
been evaluated. It is hoped that conclusions reached may
suggest future investigation of relationships between at-
mospheric ozone and weather conditions.
C-4156
Steblova, R. S.
ATMOSPHERIC OZONE TEMPERATURE REGIME AC-
CORDING TO SPECTROSCOPIC GROUND OBSERVATIONS.
In: Part 1 - Atmospheric Ozone. Results of U.S.S.R.
International Geophysical Year Studies Presented at the
Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and Resolutions,
1961. 20 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 13, p. 86-101, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
This report discusses studies aimed at finding the correct
answer to the problems related to ozone layer temperature
and the connection between factors causing changes in
ozonosphere properties, including temperature and vertical
distribution changes in relation to lower atmospheric lay-
ers and to solar activity. The brief preliminary experi-
mental results presented are basically intended for the
description of observation methods .
C-4158
Gushchin, G. P.
REGULARITIES IN HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF AND
SEASONAL CHANGE IN ATMOSPHERIC OZONE. In: Part
1 - Atmospheric Ozone. Results of U.S.S.R. International
Geophysical Year Studies Presented at the Oct. 28-31,
1959 Conference. Reports and Resolutions, 1961. 15 refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Litera-
ture on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 13, p. 107-122, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
13
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
llns paper analyzes the basic principles of horizontal ozone
distribution and Us seasonal changes from observed data,
and b Indies basic factors and their interactions which deter-
mined Lhe mean and instantaneous horizontal ozone distri-
butions. The mean horizontal distribution of total atmos-
pheric ozone can IDC defined by two basic factors: solar
radiation and turbulent diflusion. The pattern of inslanta-
ne ous h oriz ontal a tin os phe ric total ozone distr ibution was
associated closely with high-altitude bane fields and, in
particular, \\'ith jet streams. Naturally, principles which
governed latitudinal jet stream distribution can also aflect
the average pattern of horizontal ozone distribution.
Britaev, A. S. and A. P. Kuznetsov
CONNECTION BETWEEN ATMOSPHERIC OZONE AND
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS. In: Part 1 - Atmos-
pher ic Ozone . R es ults of LI, S. S. R . Inte rnational Geophys i-
cal Year Studies Presented at the Oct. 23-31, 1959 Confer
ence. Reports and Resolutions, 1961. 11 refs. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levme, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Rtlated Occupational Diseases, No. 13, p.
123-126, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
Atmospheric ozone and its relation Lo atmospheric physical
processes can be used in investigating basic factors which
form weather and govern the sun's effect on our planet.
The re la t ions hi p be two en oz one and horizontal air advcction
has been investigated, The pape r reviews wor k uiide r -
taken on this subject. It is concluded that vertical
currents constitute a basic factor which regulates the
amount nj a tin os phe r ic oz one . This c on elusion is c ompat. -
ible with data obtained by othe r inves tig at or s and the mate -
rial presented leads to the conclusion that the relationship
between ozone flur t nations and meteorological conditions
can be expressed primarily in terms oJ horizontal and
vertical atmospheric current.
Khrgian, A. Kh. and G. I. Kuznetsov
DIURNAL COURSE OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE. In: Part
1 - Atmospheric Ozone. Results of U.S.S.R. International
Geophysical Year Studies Presented at Ihe Oct. 28-31, 19C'9
C on tYren<_ e . Reports and Resolutions, 1961. 3 rc-1 s . Trans -
late d from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 13,
p 1 3 2 - I '•} 3 , 1 '"< 6 6.
CFSTI: TT 6f1-h21'i
"\ he i n ag n il udc .^ \ve r< • do t e r m inerl of rl 11 ir na 1 ozone c hanges
from observation data of several IGY observatories. The
n i os 1 reliable and comprehensive data we r e obtained by the
Yigm.-L-rli-V.ill. Obs< rvalory. and the less detailed data,
aliliourjli shll reliable, v-ere < .blamed by the Reikjrivik Obser-
1 -'i I r, r y I 11 r I r eqi ic n I 1 y f K < ur r ing n< mpe r i or[ i, d i u r na 1 oz one
' Din < nt r;t I i on c IVM ig< .s ;-, hould be a! t r ibut erl p r i it \,\ r L I y Lo
a t rn os phe r i r m< >\ e n ie nts , and possibly ID ubs e r va I i on errors
ilov.e-er, ( ah ulat ions of mean values (x}lor individual
hours during any s c a s r m i -nab 11 I lie i n ve s 11 ga I or to rl is I m -
gui s 11 s ys ) en i a t i c. d n i r ivi I oz one ( n nl c nL va r i?j I i ons ,
Gnshr hin, r, \->
CAKSFS OI HAPIU \VF'rfFR 'I EMPFR ATURF VARIA-
TION'S i" IMF, ARC i If S 1~R ATOSP11ERF. In: Part 2
Aim-isphi n< O/one Dat.i pn sented ,-it the May 21 - 2 ',, ] <)(> J
Conferi nr i . >n Ainiosph' ru G/.one, lr)6c.. "'> 0 rels. Trans-
laterl ir,,,,, CUSSMI. by II. S. Levin.-, U.S.S.R Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
13, p. 143-163, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-6Z191
The observed zonal circulation in the stratosphere was
more regular in the Southern Hemisphere than in the
Northern Hemisphere. Therefore, intrusion^ of warm
ozone-rich stratospheric air masses into the polar region
were unlikely in the Southern Hemisphere during winter,
indicating that the Antarctic received ozone from, lower
latitudes to a lesser degree than did the Arctic, thereby
affecting the mean ozone distribution rnericlionally; less
ozone was found over the South Pole than over the North
Pole. It should also be noted that in the above-compiled
calculations no allowance was made for cloudiness and for
ice cover. Generally, the foregoing indicated that the
radiative and turbulence processes and, in particular,
atmospheric ozone played an important role in the complex
phenomenon of stratospheric heating. However, these
processes fail to explain the total complexity of the dis-
cussed phenomenon; problems of its dynamics and the
possibility of solar activity effect on these processes still
remain unexplained.
C--J164
Kh r gian, A. Kh. and G. I. K uznets ov
SOME RESULTS OF OZONE OBSERVATIONS MADE 15
FEBRUARY 1961 DURING A TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE.
In: Part 2 - Atmospheric Ozone. Data Presented at the
May 21-23, 1963 Conference on Atmospheric Ozone, 1965.
9 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational dis-
eases, No. 13, p. 164-16f-J, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
Ozone changes occurring during a solar eclipse throw
light on the actxial rate of photochemical reactions taking
place in the ozone layer and on their stability. Total ozone
measurements \vere conducted on board a search-plane.
The' point was located along the path of total solar eclipse.
The search plane executed 20-minute forward and reverse
.flights along the total solar eclipse belt on a base of ap-
proximately 70 km and at a 300 m height. Observations
were made through open illuminators on the port and star-
board sides of the plane. A lilter-equippecl universal GGO
(Government Geophysical Observatory) ozonometer was
used. The filter band centers were at: 1--3120A" and
II--3700A0 The instrument was calibrated at the GGO by
means of a Dobs on spectr opholomc ter . Ozone content was
dete rm ined from nomograms computed for the cor re s -
ponding flight altitudes.
C--1165
Dolgin, I. M. and G. U. Karimova
EFFECT OF CIRCULATION CONDITIONS ON THE DIS-
TRIBUTION OF TOTAL OZONE IN THE ARCTIC. In:
Part 2 Atmospheric Ozone. Data Presented at the May
21-23, 1965 Conlerence on Atmospheric Ozone, 1965. S
refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, No. 13, p. 170-177, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
The It}] lowing relations hips we re establ is lied by calcula -
lions of total ozone deviations Irom the mean of different
types ol synoptic processes over Dixori Island. Greatest
deviations 111 the- ozone content (i 0.026 cm) occurred
under cyclonic conditions over the Dixon Island region,
resulting from the C-typc circulation. Under similar syn-
oplic conditions, induced by W-type circulation, ozone
14
-------
ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
content deviations amounted to a mere + 0. 002 cm; devia-
tion in ozone content was intermediate in the case of E-type
circulation. Ozone content deviation was small for all cir-
culation types and did not exceed -0. 012 cm for the E-type
circulation under anticyclonic conditions even in the Dixon
Island Region. The conclusions are based on a limited
volume of materials for a. summer period when synoptic
processes in the arctic were less intense. The results
must be considered as of preliminary nature and incomplete
for the solution of the problem. However, the observations
in conjxinction with similar observations by others point
to the need for continued efforts in this direction.
C-4166
Pogosyan, Kh. P. and A. A. Pavlovskaya
CHARACTERISTICS OF WINTER AND SUMMER AIR CIR-
CULATION IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE STRATO-
SPHERE. In: Part 2 - Atmospheric Ozone. Data Pre-
sented at the May 21-23, 1963 Conference on Atmospheric
Ozone, 1965. 7 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 13, p. 177-135, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
The basic reasons for differences in the nature of strato-
spheric processes during winter and summer are: During
winter, between the intermediate and high stratosphere
latitude, the horizontal temperature gradient increases
with height, the temperature contrast increases, winds
become intensified, and in the 50-70 degree region at
heights from 25 to 35 km, attain velocities of 40-50 m/sec.
Wind velocities above the tropopause decrease during sum-
mer becoming easterly with height; at 25 to 35 km in the
region (50-70 degree), the winds normally do not exceed
10-15 m/sec. Consequently, horizontal and vertical air
circulation intensity in the lower stratosphere increase
with height during winter and decrease during summer.
Stratospheric processes which occur during winter and
summer exhibit an incomparably higher activity than those
which occur during summer and fall. It also explains the
frequent temperature increases in the stratosphere during
winter and at the beginning of spring, which are complete-
ly unrelated to the radiative air heating.
C-4167
Karol1, I. L.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OBSERVED PLANETARY
DISTRIBUTIONS OF OZONE AND CERTAIN RADIOISO -
TOPES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. In: Part 2 - Atmospheric
Ozone. Data Presented at the May 21-23, 1963 Conference
on Atmospheric Ozone, 1965. 19 refs. Translated from
Rxissian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 13, p.
185-205, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
The relationship between observed meridional distribution
of and seasonal changes in total atmospheric ozone and the
world-wide distribution of radioactive falloxit due to nuclear
explosions was noted in 1956. Records of such observa-
tions contain no detailed analysis or comparison of existing
ozone data with radioactive debris in the atmosphere. The
present study represents an attempt to analyze and compare
data published on meridional and vertical distributions of
mean monthly ozone concentrations in relation to some
radioisotopes released by giant nuclear explosions in the
troposphere and lower stratosphere of the northern hemi-
sphere. Results of the analysis should be helpful in arriv-
ina at some preliminary qualitative conclxisions regarding
the nature of world-wide ozone and fallout distribution in
the atmosphere and on the special characteristics of uni-
versal atmospheric movements.
C-4168
Govorushkin, L. A.
RESULTS OF 1962 ATMOSPHERIC OZONE OBSERVA-
TIONS IN OMSK IN JUXTAPOSITION WITH SOME METE-
OROLOGICAL ELEMENTS. In: Part 2 Atmospheric
Ozone. Data Presented at the May 21-23, 1963 Conference
on Atmospheric Ozone, 1965. 4 refs. Translated from
RussianbyB. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pol-
Ixition and Related Occxipational Diseases, No. 13, p. 205-
212, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
The study of the relationship of atmospheric ozone to
meteorological conditions is discussed. Total ozone is
correlated with the following aerological data: Tempera-
txire, pressure, and tropopause height. Results are listed
in a table. Coefficients of correlation between ozone, and
temperature and pressure were determined for altitudes
of 6, 8, 12, 14, and 16 km. Calculation results showed
that close relationship existed between ozone content and
meteorological elements at different altitudes; moreover,
the correlation coefficient exhibited a pattern of well-
defined changes during the year. The most distinct cor-
relation between ozone and temperature and pressure was
observed in the .summer and autximn months. Results of
calculated correlation coefficients agreed \vell with data
obtained at other stations. The data coincidence reflects
the existence of a regular relationship between ozone and
meteorological elements.
C-4202
Shafrin, Yu. A.
STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OZONE
LAYER. Translated from Rxissian. Atmospheric and
Oceanic Physics, 2_(6) :647-655, June 1966. 20 refs.
The basic statistical characteristics of ozone distributions
are calculated and the statistical stability of ozone fields
and the possibilities of hydrodynamic and synoptic inter-
pretations of ozone observations are discxissed. The char-
acteristics covered include: macroscopic autocorrelation
functions of total ozone, axitocorrelation and cross-correla-
tion fxinctions of the vertical profile of ozone concentration,
and potential temperature and time spectra for total ozone.
The material seems to prove the possible usefulness of
statistical description of ozone fields.
C-4229
Koprov, C. M.
SPECTRA OF TURBULENT PULSATIONS OF THE VERTI-
CAL COMPONENT OF WIND VELOCITY IN ATMOSPHERIC
BORDER STRATA UNDER CONDITIONS OF WELL-DE-
VELOPED CONVECTION. In: Fiz. Atmosfery i Okeana,
1_(11):1151-1159, 1%5. 10 refs. Translated from Russian.
Joint Publications Research Service, Washington, D. C. ,
p. 1-14, Sepl. 27, iQbb.
CFSTI: TT 66-34233
Pulsation spectra of Ihe vertical component of wind velocity
have been measured \\-ilh an acoustic anemometer installed
on an aircraft. The spectrum of freqxiencies measured cor-
responds to the region of scales xip to several kilometers.
Relationships are established between height dissipation
velocity of turbxilent energy, dispersion of pulsations as
15
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
well as the scale. Results obtained are compared with
theoretical data. {Author's summary, modified)
C-4230
Monin, A. S.
THE STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE.
In: Teoriya Veroyatnostei i ee Primeneniya, 3_(3):Z85-3 17,
1953. 33 refs. Translated from Russian. Joint Publica-
tions Research Service, Washington, D. C. , p. 15-54,
Sept. 27, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-34253
C-4366
Mar'm, N. P. T^_ .
DIFFUSION AND ABSORPTION OF PARTICLES IN A
MEDIUM WITH VARIABLE DENSITY. [Dilfuziia i poglosh-
chenie chastits v srede s peremennoi plotnost'yu. ] Trans-
lated from Russian. Prikl. Matematika i Mekamka
28_(1):174-177, Feb. 1964. 1 ref.
A mathematical treatment of the problem of diffusion and
absorption of particles in the earth's atmosphere is pre-
sented. Atmospheric density is considered to vary accord-
ing to the exponential law, and the earth is treated as a
plane.
This survey presents theoretical information and experi-
mental data about statistical characteristics of turbulent
pulsations of wind velocity and temperature in the lower
layer of the atmosphere. This information can be useful
for the solution of a number of problems of geophysics and
technology such as heat and moisture transfer and dynamic
interaction of the underlying surface with the atmosphere,
resultant transformation of air masses, microclimate of
agricultural crops, spreading of impurities in air3 scat-
tering of sound and radio waves in atmospheric heteroge-
neities, flickering of stars, etc. Only steady-state con-
ditions of turbulence in the surface layer of air above a
homogenous underlying surface are considered.
C-4246
Krivoruchko, F. D.
DETERMINATION OF AERIAL CONCENTRATION OF DE-
COMPOSITION AND OXIDATION PRODUCTS OF CERTAIN
ORGANOALUMINUM COMPOUNDS (TEA, DEAC, TIBA,
AND DIBAC). [Opredelenie produktov razlozheniya i
okisleniya v vozdukhe nekotorykh alyurnimiorganicheskikh
soedinenii (TEA, DEAKh, TIBA i DIBAKh. ] Hygiene and
Sanitation (English Translation of: Gigiena i San it. ),
3_l_(7-9}:256-259, Aug. 1966. 3 refs.
In connection with studies of working conditions in the
manufacture of triethylaluminurn (TEA), diethylalumimim
chloride (DEAC), triis obutyl aluminum (TIBA), and diiso-
butylaluminum chloride (DIBAC), it was necessary to de-
termine health hazards in the factory air. Determination
in air of substances formed by the decomposition and oxi-
dation of TEA, DEAC, TIBA and DIBAC formed the pur-
pose of the present work. Organoalurninum compounds in
s caled glas s ampules \vere used. Investigations were per-
formed in 100 1 chambers with a fan for uniform distribu-
tion of the decomposition products from organoaluminum
compounds. The ampules with samples were broken with
d. special rod. The breaking of an ampule was followed by
the formation of a white aerosol in the chamber (obviously,
aluminum oxide) which persisted for 1.5-2.5 hours and then
was slowly deposited on the chamber walls. Air samples
were taken from the chamber at different time intervals
(from. 2 min lo 3. 5 hr). Aluminum oxide aerosols were
sampled on an ashless filter paper of "Blue Band" grade
in a Plexiglas cartridge. Samples for other toxic sub-
stances were taken by means of absorbers, placing filter
paper in front of the absorber in order to exclude alumi-
num oxide. Investigations showed that the processes lib-
erated aluminum oxide aerosol, isobutylene, lower and
higher alcohols, aldehydes, carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
Moreover, the decomposition and oxidation of DIBAC
yielded hydrochloric acid aerosols while the decomposi-
tion and oxidation of DEAC yielded ethyl chloride.
C-4462
Gorelik, A. G. and A. A. Chernikov
SOME RESULTS OF RADAR INVESTIGATION OF WIND
FIELD STRUCTURE AT HEIGHTS OF 50 TO 700 METERS.
[Nekotorye rezul'taty radiolokatsionnogo issledovaniia
struktury polia vetra na vysotakh 50-700 m. ] Tsentr.
Aerolog. Observ. (Moscow) No. 57, p. 3-18, 1964. Trans-
lated from Russian. American Meteorological Society.,
Aug. 1965, Zip. 8 refs.
The results are presented of a radar investigation of wind
field structure in the atmospheric surface boundary layer.
The observational method and results are described, and
the latter are compared with the data of other authors.
The effect of the entrainment of particles on the results of
radar measurements of wind speed variations and the ef-
fect of variations of wind speed and direction on the accu-
racy of rawin observations are discussed. (Authors' sum-
mary modified)
C-4614
Wippermann, F.
DIAGRAMS FOR ESTIMATING THE APPLICABILITY OF
CHIMNEY HEIGHTS TO AIR PURIFICATION CONDITIONS.
[Diagramme zur Beurteilung der Eignung von Schornstein-
hohen fur die Luftreinhaltung. ] Technische Hochschule
Darmstadt Institut fur Meteorologie. 7 refs. Translated
from German. Air Force Cambridge Research Labora-
tories, Office of Aerospace Research, L. G. Hanscom
Field, Bedford, Mass., 46p., Sept. 1963.
If the frequency distribution, of the wind velocity is consid-
ered the most important meteorological parameter in the
diffusion theory, diagrams can be drawn up which allow
statements on the maximum of the surface concentration of
harmful gases which are emitted, and the frequency of its
occurrence and position. Also, statements on the frequency
of concentrations in excess of the fixed, greatest permissi-
ble value and similar matters are possible. (Author's
summary, modified)
C-4615
Wippermann, F. and W. Klug
A PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING MINIMUM CHIMNEY
HEIGHTS. [Ein Verfahren zur Bestimrnung von Schorn-
slcinmindeslhohen. ] Intern. J. Air Water Pollution, Vol.
6, p. 27-43, 1962. 11 refs. Translated from German.
Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Office of
Aerospace Research, L. G. Hanscom Field, Bedford,
Mass. , 33p. , Sept. 1963.
16
-------
ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
A procedure is given which makes it possible to determine
the minimum height of chimneys such that a given maxi-
mum allowable concentration at ground level is not exceed-
ed. The first part of the paper deals with the use of nomo-
grams, while the second gives the theoretical basis of
these nomograms; in particular, derivation of the formula
used and determination of the meteorological parameters
contained in it are given. (Authors' abstract)
C-4810
Georgii, H. -W. and L, Hoffmann
ASSESSING SO2 ENRICHMENT AS DEPENDENT ON METE-
OROLOGICAL FACTORS. STAUB (English Translation),
26_(12):l-4, Dec. 1966. 3 ref s.
Measuring times of SO2 immission concentration in Ham-
burg and Gelsenkirchen, for the winter of 1960/61, 1961/
62, and 1962/63, were investigated with regard to "SO^
enrichment." Further, attempts were made to establish
relationships between "SOz enrichment" and meteorologi-
cal factors. It has been found that increased SO2 immis-
sion concentrations in Gelsenkirchen and Hamburg most
probably occur in the case of inversions occurring at
heights not exceeding 1000 m, at ground level velocities
below 3 m/s and within a visual distance of 4 km. In con-
trast to this it is less probable that the occurrence of cor-
responding sets of meteorological conditions could increase
SO2 immission concentration to the extent defined in the
paper. (Authors' summary)
C-4811
Prinz, B. and H. Stratmann
THE STATISTICS OF PROPAGATION CONDITIONS IN THE
LIGHT OF CONTINUOUS CONCENTRATION MEASURE-
MENTS OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTION. STAUB (English
Translation), 2_6j 12):4-12, Dec. 1966. 9 refs.
Different observations show that the spreading of emitted
gases may be considered as being due to discrete agglom-
erations drifting away with wind. A statistical model has
thus been formulated which leads to a negative binomial
distribution for the frequency distribution of emitted gas
concentrations. Specific theoretical formulae derived
from the model are in good agreement "with frequency dis-
tribution obtained empirically. In particular, it has been
possible to calculate the frequency distribution of SO2 con-
centrations for different measuring places, from negative
binomial distribution parameters evaluated empirically at
one measuring site near an isolated SO^ emission source,
and also from arithmetic means for SO2 concentrations at
other measuring sites. (Authors' summary)
C-4812
Nester, K.
STATISTICAL FREQUENCY DATA ON MAXIMUM CON-
CENTRATIONS OF STACK EMISSIONS AS BASED ON
SYNOPTIC WEATHER OBSERVATION. STAUB (English
Translation), 2_6_(12): 13-16, Dec. 1966. 6 refs.
On the basis of hourly meteorological observations and by
means of propagation types according to Turner and of
diffusion parameters characteristic of these types, maxi-
mum concentrations at ground level and their distance
from a, chimney were calculated for various times. From
these concentrations frequency graphs were plotted sepa-
rately for brick chimneys of the following heights: 60 m,
100 m, and 140 m. It is thus possible to make a compari-
son with graphs which are obtained when the average
values for diffusion parameter given in VDI Regulation
2289 are used in the calculation, and "when changes in
wind velocities in a given period are only taken into con-
sideration. (Author's summary)
C-5034
Borisov, A. V.
THE SIBERIAN SMOKE HAZE OF 1959. In: Priroda,
Vol 5, p. 65-66, May 1961, Translated from Russian.
Joint Publications Research Service, Washington, D. C. ,
3p. , June 25, 1962.
CFSTI: 62-25500
The extensive reduction in visibility in mid-July 1959 is
reviewed. The source of the reduction in direct solar
radiation and the increase in the percentage of scattered
radiation was smoke from a forest fire.
C-5120
Laktionov, A. G.
ON THE RELATION OF LIGHT SCATTERING IN THE
FREE ATMOSPHERE TO VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF
AEROSOL PARTICLE CONCENTRATION. Izv. Geophys.
Ser. 6, p. 953-957, 1964. 8 refs. {Presented at the
Conference on Actinometry, Atmospheric Optics, and
Nuclear Meteorology, I960. )
Results of measurements of the concentration and size
distribution of particles in the atmosphere are reported.
They were made with a. flow-through photoelectric instru-
ment and a KOL-90 nephelometer mounted in an IL-14
aircraft. The flow-through instrument gives the concen-
tration and size distribution of the giant particles in the
radius range 2. 5 to 10 microns. The KOL-90 nephelo-
meter gives a visible measure (allowing for light scattered
by the instrument itself) of the intensity of light scattered
through 90 degrees by air which has not been cleansed of
aerosols. In order to study the change of particle concen-
tration with height, 100 flights were made at different
times of year and over different surfaces during 1957-60.
The soundings consisted of measurements of concentra-
tions of particles of different sizes at heights of 100, 200,
300, 500, 750, and 1000 m, and higher at 500 m intervals,
up to the height where the concentration of particles larger
than F less than 4 microns was less than 0. 3 particles/
liter. Data are presented for decrease in aerosol concen-
tration with height, variation of turbulent mixing as a func-
tion of height, studies of concentration of particles of
radius of 0. 1 micron with height, percentage dependence
of aerosol scattering x 100/(aerosol scattering + molecu-
lar scattering) on height and seasonal and surface condi-
tions .
C-5240
Krasnopevtsev, Yu. V.
TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE AEROSOLS IN THE TRO-
POSPHERE FROM THE NORTHERN TO THE SOUTHERN
HEMISPHERE. Meteorol. i Gidrol. , Vol. 4, p. 3-8,
1964. 10 refs. Translated from Russian. Foreign Tech-
nology Division, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-
Patterson AFB, Ohio, lOp. , July 9, 1965.
The rate of transition through the equatorial zone of radio-
active aerosols formed as a result of nuclear explosions
in the Northern Hemisphere is evaluated. Samples of the
air were taken on a special filter with the aid of an elec-
tric fan, and then there was determined their overall beta-
activity. A number of the samples were subjected to
17
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
gamma-spectral analysis for finding the isotopic composi-
tion of the aerosols caught. Over the course of the sam-
pling ship from 43 Lat. North 132 Long. East to the cen-
tral part of the Indian Ocean (30 Lafc. South 70 Long. East)
the changes of the total beta-activity only partially followed
those noted in the previous years. From a comparison of
the dates of the observations of the boundary of the "fresh"
products of fission, between the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres, it is possible to draw some conclusions as
to the speed for their shifting across the equatorial zone.
The evaluation of the time of the transition across the
equatorial zone can be made also on the basis of some
other considerations by using the increase in the observed
radioactive products.
C-5247
Nemec, L.
CONTRIBUTION TO EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION
OF DIFFUSION PARAMETERS OF GASES IN THE ATMOS-
PHERE. Meteorologicke Zpravy, 16(3-4): 66-68, Aug. 31,
1963. 2 refs. Translated from Czech. Joint Publications
Research Service, Washington, D. C. , 8p. , Jan. 16, 1964.
CFSTI: TT 64-21309
Ground-level concentration of gases which come from an
elevated source above ground depends on the parameters
of the emission of the gas, on the parameters of the circu-
lation of the air and of the turbulence diffusion as well as
on the position of the place on the ground in relation to the
source. In order to express the relations among these
parameters various models of dispersion were established,
the best known model of which is the Sutton's equation. In
order to acquire a more accurate knowledge of these rela-
tions, measuring experiments in the areas of some larger
electric power plants which provide a. constant source of
emission were made. The results of these measurements
are compared with the computations made on the basis of
diffusion models, as recommended by the recent report of
the working group of the Commission for Aerology of the
World Meteorological Organization. This contribution also
offers a proposal as to how to determine three Sutton's
parameters of the flow and dispersion from a surface dis-
tribution of concentrated gas in d. flat terrain, on the as-
sumption that such distribution can be measured with suffi-
cient accuracy.
C-5271
Wippermann, F. and W. Klug
MINIMUM SMOKE STACK HEIGHTS. THEIR DETERMINA-
TION FROM THE PRINCIPLES OF TURBULENT DIFFU-
SION IN THE ATMOSPHERE. [Schornsteinmindesthoehen.
Ihre Bestimmung aus Gesetzmass igkeiten der turbulenten
Diffusion in der Atmosphare. ] Verein Deutscher Ingenieu-
re, Kommission Reinhaltung dor Luft, 51p. , July I960.
22 refs. Translated from German. American Meteoro-
logical Society, Boston, Mass., 49p. , March 1961.
CFSTI: TT 62-33590
The physical laws of atmospheric turbulent diffusion are
utilized in determining the minimum smoke stack height
required to prevent excessive gas concentrations near the
ground. This report allows objective calculation of the
minimum stack heights , i.e., it replaces various basically
different procedures previously employed. This manual
prescribes the same stack heights for emission sources of
the size under similar conditions and in addition, the stack
heights it prescribes for emission sources of various sizes
stand in an objective, physically established relationship
to each other.
C-5374
Karol1, I, L. and A. Ya. Pressman
THE DISTRIBUTION OF A HEAVILY POLYDISPERSED
AEROSOL IN A TURBULENT ATMOSPHERE AT A LONG
DISTANCE FROM AN INSTANTANEOUS POINT SOURCE,
Fiz. Zh. , 2_(9):S3-91, 1959. 6 refs. Translated from
Russian. Joint Publications Research Service, Washing-
ton, D. C., 12p., May 9, I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-11589
Analysis is presented of qualitative and quantitative rela-
tionships of the distribution in the atmosphere, and of the
gravitational deposition to the surface of the earth of an
aerosol that is heterogeneous •with respect to its particle
composition and that is at considerable distance from its
source. The emission is an instantaneous point source.
Formulae for volume and surface concentrations are dif-
ferent depending on whether or not the "weightless" com-
ponent of polydisperse aerosol is reflected by the earth's
surface.
C-5375
Karol1 , I. L.
ON THE INFLUENCE OF TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN
THE DIRECTION OF THE WIND ON THE DISTRIBUTION
OF THE CONCENTRATION OF A SUBSTANCE THAT IS
BEING DIFFUSED IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Dokl. Akad.
Nauk SSSR, 131{6):12S3-12S6J I960. 7 refs. Translated
from Russian. Joint Publications Research Service,
Washington, D. C. , 10p., July 15, I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-11951
A study ol the effect of turbulent diffusion of atmospheric
particles in the direction of the wind shows that: (1) where
the diffusion coefficient in the vertical (k^) is constant and
a "heavy" substance is considered, diffusion in the direc-
tion of the wind is considerable, and, (2) where k^> is not
constant (next to ground) and a. "heavy" substance is con-
sidered, diffusion in the direction of the wind is relatively
slight.
C-5459
Shafrin, Yu. A.
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE STATISTICAL METHOD OF
SOLVING THE INVERSE PROBLEM OF OZONE MEAS-
UREMENT. Translated from Russian. Atmospheric and
Oceanic Physics, 2_(11) :7 10-71 5, 1966. 12 refs.
A mathematical validation of the statistical method of com-
puting the thermal, conservative, and dynamic character-
istics of the atmosphere from data based on the ozone
concentrations from 10 North American ground stations is
presented. The basic difficulty in interpreting ozonomet-
ric data is overcome if the nonperiodic and short periodic
disturbances from unknown causes and discharges are
eliminated. Satellite ozonometry has the advantage of
giving within a few hours a simultaneous indication of the
global ozone field. Interpretation of the ozonometric data
could provide an aid in the synoptic short-term and mathe-
matical long-term weather forecasting.
C-5479
Goetz, A.
AEROSOL FORMATION IN NATURAL AND POLLUTED
AIR. [Aerosolbildung in naturlichen und verunreinigten
Luftmassen. ] Translated from German. Preprint.
18
-------
ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
(Presented at the Internationales Immissionsschutz Forum,
Essen, Germany, 1966.)
The nature, type, and the effects resulting from modifica-
tions by aerosols of reactive gaseous constituents contain-
ed in the biosphere are reviewed. Aerosols modify the
physical as well as the chemical reaction pattern of the
molecular-disperse gaseous phase to a considerable de-
gree in spite of the fact that the total mass of this colloid
substance is minimal (10 ~7 - 10~S) compared to that of the
gases which suspend the colloids.* The increase in concen-
tration of aerocolloids becomes obvious through a rapidly
increasing visibility restriction due to contrast reduction
by light scattering should also be considered. The growth
of aerosols demonstrates the presence of reactive emis-
sion components by increased haze formation. It also has
to be realized that the origin of the haze production is not
necessarily tied to the locality of the pollution source be-
cause such reactions proceed relatively slowly, especially
when different reaction partners originate at different
localities or when a high particulate level is already pre-
sent due to climate conditions. The formation of aero-
colloids is by far not restricted to industrial and other
man-made pollutions but results also from many processes
in nature which go on continuously over the earth's surface
in large variety. Consequently the final effect of emis-
sions depends to a large extent on the geographical and
climatic conditions and the natural aerosol levels, so that
knowledge about their origin and formation rate is neces-
sary to judge the final effect of various emission types
over specific population areas. The sources, chemical
and physical interactions, and methods for determining
the size distribution of aerosols are considered.
(English Translation), 1_(2): 114-12 1, Feb. 1965. 31 rets.
The correlation dependence between transparency and
water contents in fog is obtained from data of simultaneous
optical and microphysical measurements. The possibility
of calculations of fog microstructure parameters using
these two integral characteristics is shown. Scattering
indicatrices for fogs and thick hazes are obtained. The
classification, of indicatrix forms is connected with fog
microphysical properties and with the classification pro-
posed earlier for all values of the transparency.
C-5683
Dmitriev, M. T.
SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN AIR
CAUSED BY IONIZING RADIATION. Atmospheric and
Oceanic Physics (English Translation), 1_(3): 179-184,
March 1965. 17 refs.
A study was made of the physical and chemical processes
which are of geophysical interest. In order to simplify
the presentation, only the data which bear on the compo-
nents of air are given. Some physical and chemical proc-
ess in air such as ionization, molecule dissociation, pro-
duction of ozone, nitric oxides and carbon dioxide caused
by ionizing radiation and in particular by nuclear processes,
are analyzed. The data obtained can be used to evaluate
the efficiency of different ionizing radiations in the atmos-
phere.
C-5637
Solokha, T. F.
EXPERIMENTAL CALCULATION OF THE RECURRENCE
OF TEMPERATURE AND WIND VELOCITY COMBINA-
TIONS EN THE LOWER 100-M LAYER OF THE ATMOS-
PHERE. [Opyt rascheta povtoryayemosti kompleksa tem-
peratury i skorosti vetra v nizhnem 100-metrovom sloye
atmosfery. ] Tr. Nauch. -Issled. Inst. Aeroklirnatologii,
No. 37, p. 62-32, 1966. 15 refs. Translated from Rus-
sian. National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Washington, D. C. , 24p. , 1967.
A method is developed for approximate computation of the
frequency of occurrence of a combination of temperature
and wind velocity at heights of 50 to 100 m on the basis of
surface data. This was accomplished by using data from
a 300-m mast at Obninsk. These data made it possible to
check the basic formulas, and for direct checking of fac-
tual data on the computed frequency of occurrence of a
combination of temperature and wind velocity at a height
of 100 m. Observations of air temperature and wind velo-
city at heights of S, 48. 6, and 96. 8 m for eight times of
observation were used. The probability of occurrence of
a combination of temperature and wind velocity at a height
of 100 m, obtained by computations, is close to the ob-
served values; the differences between them for the most
part do not exceed 10-12 percent. The proposed method,
therefore, can be used for approximate computations in
the solution of some practical problems.
Barteneva, O. D. and E. A. Polyakova
A STUDY OF ATTENUATION AND SCATTERING OF
LIGHT IN A NATURAL FOG DUE TO ITS MICROPHYSI-
CAL PROPERTIES. Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Dunskii, V. F. and S. A. Evseeva
FLUCTUATIONS OF AEROSOL DEPOSITS. Atmospheric
and Oceanic Physics (English Translation), J_(5):293-297,
May 1965. 3 refs.
Fluctuations of aerosol deposits from the atmospheric sur-
face layer are considered. A long strip of white paper
impregnated with a 10 percent solution of iron vitriol and
water was fastened to the ground. The aerosol used was a
0. 5 percent solution of potassium ferro cyanite salt and
water. The distribution of the fluctuations in the density
of deposition of the aerosol is determined by a log-normal
law. The parameters affecting this distribution are deter-
mined for typical conditions.
C-5699
Gedeonov, L. I., V. N. Dmitriev, B. A. Nelepo, A. V.
Stepanov, and G. V. Yakovleva
ATMOSPHERIC RADIOACTIVITY ABOVE THE ATLANTIC
OCEAN DURING MAY-JULY 1964. Soviet J. At. Energy
(English Translation), J_Q(5): 1452-1453, Nov. 1965.
During the 15th voyage of the "Mikhael Lomonos ov," atmos-
pheric radioactivity and fallout were studied. Samples of
radioactive aerosols were collected by filtering air through
an FPP-15 filter. Radioactive fallout was collected in a
flanged pot with sticky bottom. A scintillation gamma-
spectrometer with an AI-100 analyzer was used for sample
analysis. Data on the atmospheric content of aerosols of
artificially radioactive materials and their rate of fallout
(in teriiis of total activity) are tabulated, and the results
of gamma-analysis are shown. The Sr-90 concentration
in the atmosphere was determined by radiochemical meth-
ods. For this purpose, samples collected in the Southern
Hemisphere (south of 30 degrees S) were combined and
analyzed together. The same treatment was given to
19
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
samples collected in the Northern Hemisphere (north of 8
degrees N) and in the equatorial region (3 degrees N to 8
degrees S). The results of the atmospheric sample studies
are alS'O tabulated, A comparison of the results given in
this paper with data obtained on the 12 voyages of the "Mik-
hail Lomonosov" (at the end of 1962} showed the specific
activity of aerosols in the surface layer of the atmosphere
and the fallout rate were, in the spring of 196-1. more than
an order of magnitude lower Lhan at the end of 196Z because
o£ the ban on atmospheric nuclear testing. The radioactive
aerosol concentration was practically independent of lati-
tude in the range 5 degrees N to 38 degrees N. This is
explained by the fact that the data obtained were typical of
the northeast trades zone where the lower layers of the
atmosphere are intensely mixed in the meridional direction.
In addition, there is no direct correlation between radio-
active aerosol concentration and fallout rate on the one
hand, and between radioactive aerosol concentration and
the mean daily values of atmospheric temperature and
pressure, on the other. The high radioactive fallout rate
in the equatorial region is explained by intense precipita-
tion in the form, of rain which washed out the radioactive
aerosols in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Concen-
tration values in the equatorial region and in the Southern
Hemisphere were much lower than in the Northern Hemi-
spher e.
C-5727
Kampaniets , A. I.
AEROSOL LIGHT SCATTERING INDICATRICES IN THE
FREE ATMOSPHERE AT HEIGHTS OF THE ORDER OF
10 KM. Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (English Trans-
lation), J/3):197-199, March 1965. 8 refs.
The intensity of the daytime sky background was studied
at heights similar to 10 km near Moscow in the spring of
1953, using airborne soundings, The measuring appara-
tus consisted of an optical unit with an adjustable field of
view of 5', JO', 20', and 40', which was adjusted before-
hand and not changed during flight. The energy receptor
was a. photomultiplier with an antimony-cesium cathode.
The observations were made on two almucantars at zenith
distances z^ is equal to 45 and 60 degrees, on azimuths
15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 135, and 130 degrees
from the solar vertical. The energy fluxes from about
40 points on the sky during a single flight were found. Six
flights in all were made on clear cloudless days, A simi-
lar program of groundbased measurements was made on
April 3. From the absolute scattering indicatrices, the
Rayleigh indicatrices were obtained for the concrete con -
ditions of the experiment with allowance only for first
order scattering. In this way the absolute aerosol scat-
tering imUcatrices at heights similar to 10 km were ob-
tained. Large daily variations in the aerosol component
of the atmosphere lead to considerable changes in the over-
all sky brightness. The measurements have shown that
observations of the sky brightness at great heights give
very interesting information on the scattering properties
of the finest [ruction of the atmospheric aerosols, which
are undetected by other methods o[ studying the physical
properties oT the free atmosphere.
C-5730
Laikhtman (Leichtmann), D, L. , F. A. Gisina, and N. I.
Kramer
TAKING THE SPECIAL FEATURES OF ATMOSPHERIC
TURBULENCE INTO ACCOUNT WHEN CALCULATING
THE POWER AND HEIGHT OF SMOKESTACKS OF INDUS-
TRIAL PLANTS. Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
(English Translation), 1( 1 1):705-707, Nov.
1965. 6 refs.
The calculation of the permissible smokestack height H
should be based on an assessment of the probability of the
realization of various meteorological situations. Maximum
ground concentration (9M) for fixed external conditions is
calculated according to well-known formulas (taking small-
scale turbulence into account), while the repeatability of
various values of c^ is found on the basis of statistical
data concerning a. set of values of meteorological condi-
tions (taking large vortices into account). The parameters
of the plant being designed should be chosen in such a way
that the maxim urn. ground concentration in the direction of
greatest repeatability of the wind will, with a certain pro-
bability, not exceed the maximum permissible. A mathe-
matical solution to this problem is the main purpose of
this article. An equation is derived which for a. given pro-
bability that the maximum concentration will not exceed the
maximum permissible, any of the desired parameters of
the smokestacks of an industrial plant can be determined.
C-5734
Malkova, V. S.
SCATTERING OF LIGHT BY PARTICLES OF HAZE.
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (English Translation),
l_(l):63-66, Jan. 1965. 3 refs.
A theoretical calculation of scattering matrices is perform-
ed for particles with a parameter rho is equal to 2pia/
lambda less than 1 (a is the particle's radius, lambda is
the wave length of the incident light). By measuring the
ration of i\\ (0°)/ f^j (180°), it is possible to estimate the
size of particles participating in scattering if there is a
reason to suppose that these are droplets of water or spher-
ical particles with the refraction index close to the refrac-
tion index of water. The component f 3 3 contains informa-
tion basically obtained from the examination of the compo-
nent fll, at least in the range of particle sizes being con-
sidered. It is therefore possible either to neglect it or to.
consider it as verifying the results obtained. The value of
fl2/f|l appears to be the least useful, which in this range
of rho proves to be stable with respect to «± change of par-
ticle sizes, as well as of the refraction index. The com-
ponent £34 coulcl serve as a. good check on the sizes of
particles and on the absorption capacity of their substance.
For the particles of the sizes being considered, however,
it is too small for following its variations using the result of
the experiment. Based on the sizes of particles that were
determined by the rest of the components of the matrix, it is
possible, by using the component 134, to theoretically esti-
mate the value of the absorption capacity of the particle-
substance, utilizing thu relationships from our calculations.
C-5754
Rabinovich, Ya, S.
THE DIFFUSION OF A HEAVY CONTAMINANT FROM A
POINT SOURCE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Atmospheric
and Oceanic Physics (English Translation), l_(9):534-538,
Sept. 1965. 7 refs.
An analytical solution to the problem of the diffusion of a
heavy contaminant in a turbulent atmosphere is proposed.
The vertical wind profile and the vertical-diffusion coeffi-
cient are approximated by power functions of height. Tur-
bulent diffusion of heavy contaminant entering the atmos-
phere from a stationary point source located at a certain
height above the Level of the earth was considered. It was
assumed, furthermore, that the vertical wind profile and
the coefficient of turbulent diffusion in the vertical direc-
tion vary with height according to power laws. (Author's
abstract)
20
-------
ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
C-63Q3
Skobunov, V. V,
DISSIPATION OF ADMIXTURES FROM POINT SOURCES.
(In; Air Pollution in Mines - Theory, Hazards, and Con-
trol.) Translated from Russian. Akad. Nauk SSSR, p. 27-
38, 1962, 2 refs,
In view of the complexity at the aerodynamic and diffusions!
phenomena, this problem was approached by the physical
simulation method. The simulation of the processes of the
dissipation of admixtures was based on the mathematical
analogy between the dissipation of any gas or a solid finely
dispersed aerosol on the one hand and a small admixture of
ammonia on the other. Aerodynamical!)', the air current
prior to its separation from the upper edge of the pit wall is
a boundary turbulent layer, which is known in meteorology
as the near-ground layer, A direct-flaw ventilation system
U distinguished by flow around the leeward wall of the pit
without separation. The flow of air masses and the diffu-
sion of admixtures are determined by the aerodynamic par-
ameters which became established before the flow around
the pit space, as well as by parameters which are charac-
teristic of the purely direct-flow ventilation system. In the
direct-flow ventilation system the fields of ammonia con-
centrations in any section of the vertical plane, have bell-
shaped curves gradually widening downwards along the flow
direction. The concentration of ammonia declines in the
direction of the flow. The determination of the intensity of
the dust sources requires A previous knowledge of the depth
of the real open pit (quarry) as well as the order of inten-
sity of the dust liberation and the concentration of the dust
at a distance of 0,2 scaling factor because the distance of
0, 2m has been taken as the characteristic measurement
distance for the maximum concentration in the model.
From these data it is possible to determine the correspond-
ing scales (geometric, concentration, and intensity of dust
liberation). However, the intensity of the source can be
evaluated, say, at a distance of 20m from the source once
the dust concentrations c = 0,3g/m^ have been determined
by measurements.
C-6331
Karol'. t. L.
ON THE HYPOTHESIS OF A QUASI-STATIONARY SUR-
FACE LAYER IN THE THEORY OF THE TURBULENT
DIFFUSION OF A HEAVY AEROSOL IN THE BOUNDARY
LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE, [O gipoteze kvazistat-
siowarnogo priamenogo sloya v teorit turbulentvoy diffusii
tyaahelogo aerozojya v po.granichnom sloye atmosfery. ]'
Izv, Akad, Nauk SSSR, Ser, Geofia, No, 5, p. 753-76.1,
1960, 7 refs. Translated from Russian, Joint Publica-
tions Research Service, New York, N. Y,, lOp., Oct. 13,
1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-41611
The possibility of applying the hypothesis of a quasi-sta-
tionary surface layer to the problem of the turbulent diffu-
sion of a heavy aerosol is discussed. The connection be-
tween the approximate solution obtained in this way and the
approximate solution found in a previous paper by a semi-
empirical theory is presented.
C-TI15
G.
STUPY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF ARTIFICIAL RADIOAC-
TIVE AEROSOL™. APPLICATIONS TO' SOME PROBLEMS
OF ATMOSPHEFIC CIRCULATION, (Etude d« comporte-
m<.-nt des aerosols radioactifs artificiels. Applications a
quelques probie-mes de circulation atmosphe-riqwe, ]
Commissariat a 1'Energie Atomique, Centre d'Etudes
Nucleates, Sacley, France, CEA-R-2347, 227p. , 1963.
129 rets, Translated from French. Joint Publications
Research Service, Washington, D. C. , 310p, , 1963.
(Thesis presented to the faculty of Sciences of the Univ. of
Paris for the Degree of Doctorate in Physical Sciences. )
The extraordinary sensitivity of detection methods has
madr the following possible: to follow the evolution of the
concentration in the atmosphere of various artificial radio-
active substances: to derive the general laws of their be-
havior: and thus to use radioactive tracers to perfect know-
ledge of the general circulation of the atmosphere. The
scientific results obtained are applied to the evaluation and
prediction of the contamination of the globe by the artificial
radioactive nuclides. The numerical results were gathered
mainly between 1953 and 1962, The aerosol samples were
taken at about 30 stationary sites, and additional samples
were taken from boats and balloons. The radioactive de-
posit on the ground was collected at about 60 stations situa-
ted all over the world. Thus nearly 50,000 mimerical re-
sults have been collected and treated. The circulation of
the aerosols may be compared to that of the air masses
which they contain, In the upper atmosphere, gravity
alone could not account for the observed distributions. The
presence of artificial radioactive aerosols in the tropo-
sphere, several years after a series of nuclear explosions,
despite the intensive cleansing to which it is subjected,
indicates that the latter is compensated for by a continual
contribution of stratospheric products, through an extreme-
ly stable layer constituted by the tropopause. A depend-
able estimation of the artificial radioactivity deposited on
the surface of the earth by means of extrapolation, starting
from given stations, is extremely difficult.
C-7310
Fedorov, M. M.
EFFECT OF SMOKE ON CITY LIGHT. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
2_3(S):14-18, 1958. 9 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. Z, p. 213-217, March
1960,
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
In 1950 - 1953 a study was made of light conditions of the
town of Zaporozh'e by determining factors which affected
total light absorption and degree of dispersed light absorp-
tion. The studies were made with the aid of photoelectric
luxometers equipped with selenium photoelements designed
by the U. S.S.R. Academy of Sciences. The luxometers
were standardized at the Institute of Physics at the Acad-
emy. The stadium "Locomotive" and the physical training
grounds of the Pedagogical Institute, located in the old
section of the town, constituted the basic centers of obser-
vations, where illumination intensity measurements were
made systematically at 9, 12, and 4 o'clock. Another ob-
servation point of illximination intensity was located on the
grounds of the steel plant Zaporozhstal. The control ob-
servation point of light intensity was located in village of
Kushugum 25 kilometers from the factory grounds. Illumi-
nation determinations at these points were made at the
same hours of the day. The height of the sun over the hori-
zon, atmospheric clarity, the shape and number of clouds,
the presence of snow on the ground, etc. , all have an effect
on the intensity of natural light striking a horizontal surface.
The interaction between the factors mentioned determines
the annual course of noon-day illumination intensity. Data
shows that the total illumination in the region of villages
surrounding the metallurgical plant grounds was lowered
by the smoke by 5 13 percent as compared with the total
illumination of the old section of the town; the total illumi-
nation o£ the latter, in turn, was lowered by 5 percent as
21
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
compared with the suburban total illumination; therefore,
it can be stated that total illumination of the factory vil-
lages was 3 20 percent below the total illumination of
the control observation points. These are only average
values. It should be noted that shifts in the wind direction
considerably affected total illumination of any particular
observation point or locality. In the data presented in this
report such effects were taken into consideration.
C-772^
Gasior owski, Kurt
THE USE OF PROPAGATION FORMULAS TO CALCULATE
MINIMUM CHIMNEY HEIGHTS WITH RESPECT TO THEIR
ENVIRONMENT. STAUB {English Translation), 27(4):l-5,
April 1967. 5 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-5140S/4
A method of taking into account high single objects in the
evaluation of minimum chimney heights is developed with
the help of extended calculation. The method can also be
used for measuring sections to be added to a chimney in
the case of buildings or trees reaching the chimney height.
On the basis of probability considerations, a simplification
is proposed and discussed. (Author's summary)
C-7976L
Bojkov, R. D.
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF OZONE IN THE EARTH'S
ATMOSPHERE. Meteorol. i Gidrol. , No. 10, p. 3-11,
1965. 20 refs. Translated from Russian. Georgia Inst.
of Tech. , Atlanta, Engineering Experiment Station, AF
19(623)-5034, G. T.R. 66-22, 20p. , Oct. 1966.
CFSTI DDC: AD 312927
The average vertical distribution of ozone along the meri-
dian, and it seasonal variation, based on more detailed
data obtained in recent years, are considered. The layer
with the highest concentration and the highest percentage
content of ozone is on the average 26 km at the equator and
19 km in the polar regions. The most significant variations
of concentration and percentage content of ozone are obser-
ved in the layers below 25 km. The layer of greatest ozone
concentration increases in depth very rapidly from the
tropic zone northward, drops down toward the tropopause,
and includes the middle as well as the lower stratosphere,
especially in "winter spring. The major variation in
total ozone content in cxtratropical latitudes is identified
with the variation in the layers below 25 km. These re-
sults can be used to check models of stratospheric circula-
tion, the characteristic pattern of which is given in other
works, and these largely agree with the views expressed
by Kh. P. Pogosyan. The data on ozone variation confirm
the presence of meridional transport, directed toward the
pole in the middle stratosphere, mainly in winter and
spring. Intensive descending motions lead to an abrupt
increase of ozone north of the subtropics and in polar lati-
tudes at layers below the concentration maximum. Sum-
mer and autumn meridional transport is weaker and some-
times is even directed from pole to equator. At this time,
descending motion in the lower stratosphere introduces
ozone into the troposphere where it is destroyed more
quickly by oxidation processes. Upward motion into the
part of middle and upper stratosphere in polar regions con-
ducts ozone to levels above 30-33 km, where it is destroyed
photochemically. Thus, oven if only qualitatively, confir-
mation of an approximate model of stratospheric circula-
tion is obtained.
C-8143
Andreyev, P. I.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND
THEORETICAL ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION CONCEN-
TRATIONS RESULTING FROM LOW LEVEL EMISSIONS.
Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 9, p. 17-20, 1952. 2 refs. Trans-
lated from Rus sian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Litera-
ture on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 3, p. 65-69, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Formulas for the computation of expected concentrations
of gases discharged by industrial establishments were de-
rived on the basis of the theory of turbulent diffusion in the
atmo'sphere. One is for the calculation of ground level gas
concentration along the axis of a flow coming from <* point
source (organized) and the other is for the calculation of
ground level gas concentrations emanating from a linear
source (unorganized). Both formulas are applicable to the
determination of theoretical concentrations of gases and
highly dispersed dust. A comparison of theoretical con-
centrations with the experimental data was presented. The
formulas given for the dispersion of gases in the atmos-
phere applicable to cases of either high or low pollution
sources will present an adequate picture of the actual pro-
cess of pollution diffusion in the atmosphere. These for-
mulas may be utilized in dealing with problems arising in
planning production and manufacturing plants and in con-
ducting scientific research.
C-3166
Lenshin, V. T.
SULFUROUS ANHYDRIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR OF
LENINGRAD. Gigiena i Sanit. , 23(8):57-59, 1953. 8 refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Liter-
ature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 3, p. 200-204, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
An effort to establish a connection between concentration of
sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere and certain meteorological
conditions is reported. The correlation between the SO^
monthly average concentrations and the monthly average
temperatures of the Leningrad air recorded for the period
of February 1947 to January 1948 inclusive, showed a high-
er coefficient of correlation. The high correlation coeffi-
cients pointed to the existence of a linear functional relation
between concentrations of SO^ and the temperatures of the
air for the entire year. On the basis of the high magnitude
of correlation coefficients, the sufficient number of obser-
vations, and the constancy of the investigated series, it
was possible to derive generalizations expressing the cor-
relation between the mean monthly SO2 concentrations and
the mean monthly temperature of the air for the season
•when fuel is used and for the season when no fuel is used
for heating purposes. It is believed that the stability of the
correlation coefficients through the year indicates that SO£
is constantly present in the atmospheric air of Leningrad.
The main causes of the seasonal SO;? concentration fluctua-
tions in the seasonal changes in the vertical temperature
gradient. The rise in SO£ concentrations during the heating
season results not only from the greater amount of burned
mineral fuel, but is also the result of unfavorable meteoro-
logical conditions. Sulfur dioxide concentrations close to
the ground during the cold season of the year is due to the
greater air stagnancy in cold weather and to the prevailing
radiation inversion, especially in anticyclonic weather; and,
in addition, SO£ is more soluble in the air-suspended mois-
ture at lower temperatures. The greater the amplitude of
the course of daily temperature, the greater the tempera-
ture gradient amplitude.
22
-------
ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTION
C-8197
Bushtueva, K. A.
RATIO OF SU-LFUR DIOXIDE AND SULFURIC ACID AERO-
SOL IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR, IN RELATION TO METEORO-
LOGICAL CONDITIONS. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 11, p. 11-
13, 1954. 6 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Le-
vine, U.S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 4, p. 193-196, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
The atmosphere of Moscow was analyzed for the presence
of sulfuric acid aerosol in an attempt to determine -whether
or not its presence was in any way related to the oxidation
of sulfur dioxide. At the same time an attempt was made
to determine what correlation, if any, existed between the
concentrations of these two air pollutants and to find the
conditions which determined their ratios. One-hundred-
ninety-eight 24 hour samples and 50 single concentration
samples were collected simultaneously. A study was also
made of the relations between the ratio of H;>SO4 aerosol
and SO^ concentrations and meteorological conditions,
such as relative humidity, velocity of wind and the type of
weather. The results of the investigation agree with the
assumption that sulfuric acid aerosol can accumulate in the
atmosphere of a city during calm foggy days.
C-8761
Junge, Chr.
MATHEMATICAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS IN THE SIZE
DISTRIBUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS ABOVE
THE CONTINENT. [Gesetzmassigkeiten in der Grossen-
verteilung atmospharischer Aerosole uber dein Kontinent.]
Bericht des Deutschen Wetterdienstes in der U.S. Zone
Bad Kissingen, No. 35, p. 261-277, 1951. Translated
from German. National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-
tration, Washington, D. C. , 34p. , July 1967.
A comprehensive presentation of the complete size distri-
bution of the particles in atmospheric aerosols has not
been carried out. The measurements -which were pre-
viously available only apply to partial ranges of this size
distribution. By extending and combining known measur-
ing methods, it is possible to comprehend the entire parti-
cle size range for particle diameters of 1 micron or more
to a good approximation. The results of measurements
show that the size distribution in an aerosol at the edge of
a large city can be represented in this range by a simple
exponential law. An interpretation for this regularity is
sought. It seems probable that the mixing of different
types of smoke, with their individual particle size distri-
butions, together with the process of coagulation plays an
essential role. On the basis of this result, a survey con-
cerning the synthesis and formation of the overall atmos-
pheric aerosol is given. The distribution law which is
discovered provides the key to the solution of many ques-
tions concerning the optical properties of haze. This fact
is demonstrated by means of two examples. It can jie de-
duced from the results that the distribution law must pos-
sess generally applicable characteristics. Along with the
other results of these observations, it was possible for
the first time to localize the much-disputed maritime
component of the aerosol according to its size distribution.
Some bioclimatic questions arc considered.
r
C-3764
Huang, Mei-yuan, Chung-hsiang Hung, and Shang-ching
Hsiung
A CLOUD-DROPLET SAMPLER FOR CONTINUOUS OP-
ERATION AT GROUND LEVEL. Ch'i Hsiang Hsueh Pao
[Acta Meteorol. Sinica] (Peking), .35_(2):Z57-262, May
1965. Translated from Chinese. Emmanuel Coll., Bos-
ton, Mass., Research Language Center, AF- 1 9(628) -5073,
Emm-67-154, 12p. , 1967.
CFSTI, DDC: AD 655367, TT 67-62361
The design and construction of a cloud-droplet sampler for
continuous operation at ground level is described. The
equipment used previously can only work continuously for
two seconds in a single probing, while in this one the dur-
ation of continuous sampling may be extended up to two
minutes with an adjustable exposure control. Field exper-
iments carried out in the spring of 1964 show that this in-
strument can be used to scan the fluctuations of parameters
characterizing the microstructure of clouds and fog with
periods of the order of 0. 1 to 10 seconds. A simple assess-
ment of the instrumental error has also been made.
C-8880
Aleksandrova, A. K. , N. L. Byzova, and G. B. Mashkova
EXPERIMENTS ON PROPAGATION OF DEPOSITED IM-
PURITY FROM [THE] POINT [OF ORIGIN] IN THE LOWER
LAYER OF [THE] ATMOSPHERE. [Opyty po rasprostran-
eniyu osazhdayushcheysya primes! op tochechnogo istochi-
ka v inzhnem sloye atmosfery. ] In: Investigation of the
Lower 300-Meter Layer of the Atmosphere {Selected Arti-
cles). [Issledovaniye nizhnego 300-metrovogo sloya atmos-
fery. ] AN SSSR. Institut Prikladnoy Geofiziki (Moscow),
p. 3-13, 1963. 12 refs. Translated from Russian. For-
eign Technology Div. , Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio, p. 1-
18, May 4, 1967.
CFSTI: TT 67-62354
In calculating the diffusion of either precipitating or weight-
less contaminants in the boundary layer of the atmosphere,
the maximum concentration of contaminants and the dis-
tance of this point from the source are of considerable
interest. The results of 53 experiments are presented and
formulas are derived for these parameters on the basis of
2 systems of calculation, assuming either that the coeffi-
cient of vertical turbulent diffusion increases linearly with
height, or that it is independent of height. Four types of
atmospheric stratification were distinguished (indifferent
stratification and 3 degrees of instability). Inversions
were not considered. The distance from the source to the
area of maximum contaminant density was proportional to
the height of the source within each type of stratification
and within the altitude range of 25-300 meters (error of
+ 25 percent). Horizontal diffusion parameters were de-
termined by the type of stratification, while the position
and magnitude of the maximum contaminant density and the
length of the contaminated zone were determined by the
ratio between the gravitational forces and the turbulence.
The first type of calculation yielded better results for the
maximum, contaminant density during relatively high turbu-
lence, but the second type of calculation was preferable
for determining the length of the contaminated zone. At
relatively low turbulence, the method of calculation was
immaterial.
C-8881
Byzova, N. L.
SOME RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS OF HORIZONTAL
DIFFUSION OF [IMPURITIES] IN [THE] LOWER LAYER OF
[THE] ATMOSPHERE,, [Nekotoryye rezul'taty izmereniy
gorizontal'noy diffuzii primes! v inzhnem sloyc atmosfery. ]
In; Investigation of the Lower 300-Meter Layer of the At-
mosphere (Selected Articles). [Issledovaniye nizhnego
300-metrovogo sloya atmosfery. ] AN SSSR. Institut Prik-
ladnoy Geofiziki (Moscow), p. 26-34, 1963. 21 refs.
23
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Translated from Russian. Foreign Technology Div. ,
Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio, p. 37-52, May 4, 1967.
CFSTI: TT 67-62354
The results of experiments carried out at altitudes of 25-
300 meters are analyzed. During these studies, which
provided 226 separate values at distances ranging from
100 meters to 10 km, the atmospheric stratification varied
from neutral to highly unstable, and the rate of fall of the
contaminant particles due to gravity was less than 0. 3
meters/sec, so that diffusion in the vertical direction could
be neglected. An extensive analysis showed that the ratio
between wind pulsation and wind velocity is essentially in-
dependent of height under conditions of indifferent or un-
stable stratification.
C-9271
Reifferscheid, Hellmut
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUND INVERSIONS
WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF AIR POLLUTION CON
TROL. STAUB (English translation), 27_( 1 0): 12 - IS, Oct.
1967. 37 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/10
The behavior of air pollutants near the ground depends al-
most exclusively on meteorological and orographic condi-
tions. An attempt has, therefore, been made in the case
of so-called "inversion weather conditions" to give a. com-
parable importance to all the meteorological and orographic
factors involved. These are then added and give an "inver-
sion factor. " Its magnitude should be the measure of the
hazards to which the population of the affected zone is ex-
posed. (Author's summary)
24
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MEASUREMENT METHODS
D-2554
Kuz'micheva, M. N.
DETERMINATION OF VANADIUM IN AIR. [K voprosu ob
opredelenii vanadiya v vozdukhe.] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English translation of : Gigiena i Sanit.), 31(2);2 16-217,
Feb. 1966. 3 refs.
The colorimetric reaction of vanadium-V with hydroxamic
acid was investigated. The optimum conditions for the
assay of total vanadium as aerosol compounds were deter-
mined. The effects on the reaction of chromium com-
pounds and nickel compounds possibly present together with
vanadium, were determined.
D-3769
Landwehr, Martin
RESULTS OF COMPARATIVE DUST MEASUREMENTS
WITH INSTRUMENTS WHOSE SAMPLES ARE EVALUATED
EITHER GRAVIMETRICALLY OR NUMERICALLY. STAUB
(English translation), 2_6_(9): 1-15, Sept. 1966.
This study compares and correlates the instruments used
in the countries of the European Economic Community.
Comparative dust measurements, carried out on an inter-
national level, in which thermal precipitators , konimeters
and dust collecting devices with millipore filters were
used, as well as instruments with samples evaluated gravi-
metrically are given-. In addition, the tyndalloscope and
the aerosol spectrometer by Timbrell were employed. The
measurements show that the various instrument designs
generally differ from one another, as regards structure
and mode of operation, to such an extent that a direct com-
parison of results is impossible. The disparities between
measuring results can frequently be explained by the fact
that the evaluation was carried out according to different
points of view.
D-3770
Mappes, Rolf
THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF LEAD CON-
TENT IN THE AIR OF A WORKING PLACE BY FOUR
LABORATORIES. STAUB (English Translation), 26_(9):15-
18, Sept. 1966.
Four laboratories have checked the reliability of their ana-
lytical methods by carrying out, at the same time and place,
determinations of lead present in the air. After taking into
account many possible errors, in spite of the fact that dif-
ferent instruments and analytical methods were used, it
has been possible to measure lead dust concentrations be-
low the MAK value (200 microgram Pb/m ) with deviations
up to plus or minus 15 percent (49 out of 51 values). In the
case of concentrations below the MAK value the disparities
•were only slightly higher. This accuracy is quite sufficient
for most problems of industrial hygiene. (Author's sum-
mary)
D-3771
Simecek, Jaroslav
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF METHODS FOR DETERMINA-
TION OF PARTICLE SIZE. STAUB (English Translation),
26_(9):lS-26, Sept. 1966. 15 refs.
Eight methods for particle size determination are compar-
ed: optical microscopy, sedimentation pipette method,
the Leitz sedimentometer, Gallenkamp and Sartorius sedi-
mentation balances, Bahco centrifugal elutriator and Gonell
air elutriator. Two types of test dusts (Quartz and fly ash)
v/ere used to investigate the accuracy of the methods, com-
parability of test results, the time consumed, and the pro-
blem of the dust quantities required. The different methods
have been assessed with regard to their suitability for in-
dustrial and hygiene purposes.
D-3772
Buck, Manfred and Hermann Gies
THE MEASUREMENT OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN THE
ATMOSPHERE (Combined H2S and SO2 Measurement).
STAUB (English Translation), 2_6_(9):27-33, Sept. 1966.
14 refs.
Modification of a measurement method for hydrogen sulfide
in the atmosphere was studied by considering the following
parameters: (1) development of a suitable sorption system,
(2) desorption and the analytical determination of hydrogen
sulfide, (3) limits of detection, and (4) determination of
the calibration function. It was ascertained that sorption
of hydrogen sulfide, associated with silver sulfide forma-
tion, occurs in sorption tubes. Hydrogen sulfide, liberated
from it by subsequent treatment with acid, is then deter-
mined by the molybdenum blue method. The detection limit
lies below the detectable intensity of the hydrogen sulfide
smell. Since no sulfur dioxide is absorbed in the hydrogen
sulfide sorption tube, sulfur dioxide determination can be
carried out simultaneously with hydrogen sulfide using the
same air sample.
D-3773
May, Johannes
ODOR THRESHOLDS OF SOLVENTS FOR ASSESSMENT OF
SOLVENT ODORS IN THE AIR. STAUB (English Transla-
tion), 2_6_(9):34-38, Sept. 1966. 3 refs.
Detection limits of thirty seven (37) solvents were investi-
gated to determine their odor thresholds. Quantitative
analyses of vapor concentrations of the solvent mixtures
were carried out using gas chromatography. Directives
for the limitation of solvent vapor emissions are proposed.
D-3774
Schneider, Willi and Helmut Nagel
SOME REMARKS ON COMPARATIVE DUST PRECIPITA-
TION MEASUREMENTS. STAUB (English Translation),
2_6_(9):39-40, Sept. 1966. 6 refs.
A review of 113 measured values collected during 30-day
exposure periods over recent years, at 14 measuring
points in the area of Greater Duisburg and its 4^rrounding
is presented. It was determined on the basis of more than
a hundred measured values that it is an inadmissible gen-
eralization to consider conversion factors for dust meas-
uring apparatus, obtained in d. measuring field, as factors
of general validity. The influence of environment on dust
precipitation measurements is so important that conver-
sion of values obtained by different measuring instruments
is very doubtful. The measured values are tabulated.
D-39H
Schutz, Alfred
POSSIBILITIES FOR RECORDED DUST MEASUREMENT
AND DUST CONTROL, STAUB (English Translation),
):l-8, Oct. 1966. 22 refs.
A survey of different methods for recording dust
25
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
measurements is given. The following methods are dis-
cussed in particular: optical methods; extinction and scat-
tered light measurement; nuclear radiation methods; atten-
uation of Beta-rays; electrical methods; ion accumulation
and contact electricity. The design and mode of operation
of the instruments are described. In addition, the relation-
ship between the instrument reading and gravimetric dust
concentration is shown, and also the detection sensitivity
and the influence of particle size and properties of material.
Possibilities of application are discussed. (Author's sum-
mary)
D-3912
Coenen, Wilfried
PORTABLE INSTRUMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL DUST
MEASUREMENTS. STAUB (English Translation), 2jS(10):9-
14, Oct. 1966. 11 refs.
Two different principles of dust measurement are known:
1. measurement of particle number concentration, i. e. , the
collection of small dust samples with subsequent optical
counting, and 2. measurement of the mass concentration,
i. c. , collection of large dust samples with gravimetric
evaluation. The basic disadvantages of both methods, as
they constitute the starting point for further development
and improvement, are discussed. Individual measuring in-
struments, using the gravimetric method, are described
and compared technically, particularly regarding their air
flow rate. The high-air flow rate instrument developed by
the Dust Research Institute (Staubforschungsinstitut) is also
described and its application in industry is explained by
examples.
D-3913
Kesting, Arthur Martin
DUST MEASUREMENT IN PLANTS WITH ASBESTOS PRO-
CEEDING MACHINERY. STAUB (English Translation),
4-16, Oct. 1966.
An inventory of the concentration of dusts associated with
the asbestos processing branch of the textile industry is
presented . Obs e rvations made ove r long time pe nods have
given basic data for dust concentrations occurring in the
individual processing stages. Statistical evaluation of all
results of dust measurements shows that there is * con-
tinuous decrease in dange r ous dust concentration. The
object of further investigations is to find out (by comparing
cases of illness caused by asbestos with asbestos dust con-
centrations) al what concentration and exposure time the
danger of illness caused by asbestos is negligible,
(Author's summary, modified)
D-3914
Walter, Erwin
EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT OF DUST MEASURE-
MENTS IN ASBESTOS PLANTS OF THE TEXTILE INDUS-
TRY. STAUB (English translation), 26_( 1 0): 1 6-1 9, Oct.
1966. 4 refs.
The konimeter measurements carried out over 15 years in
asbestos plants of the textile industry, and their classifica-
tion according to the microphotographic tests are present-
ed. An accurate picture of the situation as regards dust
concentration is given. Gravimetric measurements give
an average value; they can also be used for an assessment
by coefficients. There is a limited relationship between
the values measured by filtering instruments and those
obtained by konimeter. This is particularly valid when
the dust concentration lies below the danger limit. (Author's
s ummary, modified)
26
D-3915
Kahnwald, Helmut
DUST MEASUREMENTS IN FLOWING GASES. STAUB
(English Translation), 26_(10) :20-22, Oct. 1966. 2 refs.
Values of dust content measured in a production plant vary
during operating time. Therefore, to determine the dust
emission accurately, dust measurement must be carried
out in the shortest possible intervals. When a. sufficient
number of measured values is available, the probable
course of dust emission must be determined by means of
probability calculus. The starting point is the theory of
random processes, and distinction is made between con-
tinuous and discontinuous processes. (Author's summary,
modified)
D-4064
Alekseeva, M. V. , N. A. Krylova, and V. A. Khrustaleva
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF BENZENE,
ISOPROPYLBENZENE, AND ALPHA-METHYLSTYROL
IN THE AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. , 28L(l):31-36, Jan. 1963.
2 refs . Translated from Rus sian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 12, p. 1-6, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
The following two problems were investigated: (1) deter-
mination of small amounts of benzene, isopropylbenzene
and alpha-Methylstyrol in the air, and (2) selection of a
solvent medium for the collection of samples of the above
substances, -which might make possible the quantitative
determination of the substances. In this connection the
spectrophotometric method is based on the determination
of the optical density of the investigated substance in solu-
tion at a wave length corresponding to its maximum absorp-
tion. An essential requisite of this method is that the in-
vestigated substance must behave in the selected solution
in accordance with Beer's law. Ethanol was finally select-
ed as the solvent in the study here described using spectro-
photometer SF-4.
D-4065
Yavorovskaya, S. F.
ABSORPTION OF GASEOUS AND VAPOROUS HARMFUL
AIR POLLUTANTS BY MEANS OF A "TURBULENT"
LAYER OF HARD SORBENTS. Gigiena i Ganit. , 28_(1):36-
38, Jan. 1963. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 12, p. 7-8, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
An air sample collection procedure according to which the
air to be investigated is aspirated through a layer of sor-
bent in constant agitation, generally referred to as " "tur-
bulent" sorbent, is discussed. Many industrial processes
require high rates of gas flow and an almost complete con-
tact with the surfaces of particulate matter; under such
conditions, use is made of layers of powdered or granular
substances in "turbulent" suspension; such, for instance,
in the case of catalytic reactions in drying processes, or
in calcination, etc. The "turbulent" condition of the sor-
bent suspension is further enhanced by creating circulating
movements of the air, gas or vapor. The rate of air flow
at which the entire mass of the solid sorbent acquires an
even up and down movement, here designated as a "turbu-
lent" movement, is usually referred to as the "critical
rate". The "turbulent" character ol the sorbent suspen-
sion layer possesses some advantages over the immovable
layer. It is not possible to create a condition of sorbent
suspension "turbulence" in tubes. Therefore, the present
author developed two types of adsorbers. Both adsorbers
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
consist of cylindrical glass tubes, the upper parts of which
are in the form of spherical widenings. In the first adsor-
ber the studied air enters via an inside tube which ends in
a funnel-shaped opening, and in the second adsorber the
air enters through a perforated glass plate. Both have
lateral openings through which the solid sorbent can be
introduced. Similar rates of air sample aspiration can be
attained with the second type of adsorption tube with more
effective agitation of the sorben particles. The method
of "turbulent" solid sorbent suspension in conjunction with
adsorber tubes here described has been in use in many
industrial and sanitary chemical laboratories.
D-4071
Krivoruchko, F. D.
DETERMINATION OF TRIETHOXYSILANE AND OF ETH-
YLESTER OF ORTHOSILICIC ACID (TETRAETHOXYSI-
LANE) IN THE AIR, Gigiena i Sanit. , Z_8(2):54-56, Feb.
1963. 1 ref. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S. S, R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 12, p. 40-43, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
A. rapid and sensitive test was developed for the determi-
nation of tri- and tetraethoxysilane in the air of working
premises which would not require the use of platinum
dishes. Data presented in the literature were used for the
determination of silicon in easily hydrolyzed silicon-con-
taining compounds without preliminary oxidation. In order
to obtain optimal determination conditions, the first step
was hydrolysis of the triethoxysilane and of tetraethoxy-
silane. Results showed that milligrams and decimilligrams
of the two silicon compounds under investigation completely
hydrolyzed in 0. 05 N. solution of sulfuric acid. The next
step was the development of an appropriate procedure for
the collection of air samples containing tri- or tetraethoxy-
silane. Results showed that milligrams and decimilli-
grams of the two silicon compounds under investigation
completely hydrolyzed in 0. 05 N. solution of sulfuric acid.
The next step was the development of an appropriate pro-
cedure for the collection of air samples containing tri- or
tetraethoxysilane vapor. Results showed that 0. 05 N. solu-
tion of sulfuric acid was most suitable for the absorption
of either vapor. Precision of the method for the determi-
nation of tri- or tetraethoxysilane by the silicon method
and standard scale comparison was tested next. The stan-
dard scale was prepared -with SiO2 using the above men-
tioned reducing agent. Results of the check methods estab-
lished determination errors between the actual amounts
resulting from molecular triethoxysilane hydrolysis and
the computed amount of silicon. In the case of tri- and
tetraethoxysilane the amounts obtained by the determina-
tion were 82.2 and 107.3 percent of the total. The
average relative determination error was 6.4 per-
cent. Thus, the results convincingly showed that the stan-
dard scale method based on SiO2 could be used in making
quantitative determinations of tri- and tetraethoxysilane
vapors in the air. The presence of silicon dioxide in the
air does not interfere with the determination of the vapors
under study. The method has been tested under field and
industrial conditions. Thus, a method has been developed
for the determination of triethoxysilane and of tetraethoxy-
silane or ethylester of orthosilicic acid, based on the hy-
drolysis of the original substances to silicic acid, which
is then determined on the basis of the blue silicomolybdic
complex. A single determination can be made in 20-30
minutes The method has been tested under industrial and
field conditions.
D-4075
Byknovskaya, M. S.
METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DITOLYLME-
THANE AND THE DIFFERENTIAL DETERMINATION OF
DITOLYLMETHANE AND STYROL SIMULTANEOUSLY
PRESENT IN THE AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. , ^8_(3) :43-52,
March 1963. 3 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No 12, p. 59-63, 1966.
CJb'STI: TT 66-61429
Use of the new heat carrier - ditolylmethane - for heating
manufacturing equipment in industry, and a study of its
toxicity, pointed to the necessity of its quantitative deter-
mination in air. It is recommended that the following pro-
cedure be used for the determination of ditolylmethane in
air: Aspirate the air at 12-15 li/hr through two absorbers,
each containing a porous glass plate and 2 ml of the nitro-
mixture. Place the connected absorbers into boiling water
for 30 min. Cool and take 0.5 ml samples from each ab-
sorber; and place into colorimetric cups equipped with
ground-to-fit stoppers containing 4. 5 ml of distilled water.
At the same time, and under similar conditions, prepare
a standard scale using a series of test tubes containing ZO,
30, 40, and 50 gamma of ditolylmethane. Place 0. 3-0. 4
gram granulated zinc into each test tube containing the
standard solution and the sample; stopper the test tubes
and let stand for one hour. Decant the supernatant fluid
from the precipitate, and add to each tube 0. 5 ml 1. 0 per-
cent nitrophenyldiazonium solution, shake, heat on a water
bath at 60 degrees and cool: compare color intensity of
the sample with the standard scale visually, or photocolor-
imetrically in 10 mm cups at lambda equals 400 millimi-
crons. The method sensitivity is 5 gamma in the analyzed
solution volume. Benzene, toluol, styrol and other aro-
matic hydrocarbons interfere with the determination.
Ethylene glycol, caprolactam and hexamethylene do not
interfere with the reaction. It was established that DTM
can be determined by the Yanowsky reaction in alkaline
ether-acetone solution. The reaction sensitivity is 10
gamma in the analyzed solution volume. A method was
developed for determination of DTM based on reduction of
the polynitrocompound DTM and the conjugation of the
resulting amine with p-nitrophenyldiazonium. The sensi-
tivity of the method is equal to 5 gamma in the analyzed
sample volume. A spectrophotometric method was devel-
oped for the separate determination of DTM and styrol
simultaneously present in air. The sensitivity of the
method is 1 gamma/ml of DTM and of styrol.
styrol.
D-4085
Krotkov, P. A. , N. N. Serzhantova, and V. B. Timofeev
A PHOTOELECTROMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETER-
MINATION OF LOW 3, 4-BENZPYRENE CONCENTRA-
TIONS. Gigiena i Sanit., 2_8_(5):47-49J May 1963. 7 refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 12, p, 116-119, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-614Z9
The report published by P. P. Dikun in 1961 contains a
quantitative spectrophotometric method for the determi-
nation of low 3, 4-benzpyrene concentrations. The sensi-
tivity of the method makes possible the determination of
10""^ micron of 3, 4-benzpyrene in 1 ml of solution. The
quantitative analytical procedure previously recommended
by the same author which was based on fluorescent 3, 4-
benzpyrene spectra at low temperatures and on the use of
27
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
a photometer as described by F. Weigart in 1934 and V. K.
Prokof'ev in 1951. By that procedure , 1, 1 2-benzperylene
was used as the inside standard. The spectra were record-
ed photographically. The present authors increase the
method sensitivity and rapidity by recording spectral inten-
sities photoelectrically.
D-4086
Salyamon, G. S.
COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR TOTAL ALKYL AMINES
DETERMINATION. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_8 (5): 50-53, May
1963. 6 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseas es, No. 12, p. 119-123, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
The following reagents and procedures are used in deter-
mining amines in the air: 1) Ammonia-free distilled water;
remove ammonia and acid by boiling the distilled water for
1-1/2 to 2 hours; keep in a bottle with a stopper through
which an absorber tube containing activated charcoal and
ascarite is inserted; store so as to prevent contact with
air containing ammonia or acid vapor; 2) 0. 1 percent solu-
tion of O-nitrophenol prepared at 40 - 50 degrees with
intermittent stirring; 3) Nes sler-Folin solution prepared
from potassium iodide, iodine, mercury, and alkali, as
described by D. T. You in 1935; 4) Standard 0. 1 milli-
molar (0. 1 micro mole/ml) solutions of aliphatic amine and
ammonia, prepared by hundredfold dilution of 0. 01 M stock
solutions, using ammonia-free water; check by titrating
100 ml of the 0. 01 M amine solution with a. standard 0. IN
HC1 solution using methyl red as the indicator; 5) Ascarite
granular 2-4 mm in diameter. Concentration of amines
in the air were computed on the basis of total bases minus
ammonia concentration. The value of M/1000, in the case
of methylamine is 0. 031; for dimethyl- or ethylamine it is
0.045, and for triethylamine, 0. 101. The method is accu-.
rate to 0. 02 micro mole in the colorimetrically analyzed
volume; for methylamine and ethylamine it corresponds
to about 1 gamma, for di- and Iri-ethylamine 2 gamma,
and for ammonia 0.4 gamma per sample volume. The
method was applied in practice and yielded satisfactory
results in determining content of aliphatic amines in the
air or working premises and in experimental animal expo-
sure chambers .
D-4090
Salyamon, G. S.
SEPARATION OF ETHYLAMINE TRACES FROM AMMO-
NIA TRACES IN THE AIR, Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_3(6) :49-53,
June 1963. 12 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 150-155, 1966.
CFSTI; TT 66-61429
The brief simultaneous presence in the air of low ammonia
concentrations and of formaldehyde vapor excess elicited
an interaction between the two substances which resulted
in the formation of hexamethylenetetramine. No interac-
tion occurred between mono-, di-, and triethylamine and
formaldehyde gases simultaneously present in the air. On
the basis of the above described differential reaction, a
procedure and a laboratory apparatus have been developed
for the continuous quantitative purification of the examined
air and for the separation of ethylamine from ammonia
simultaneously present in the air. Direct single or con-
tinuous automatic ethylamine determinations in the air can
be made by the new analytical procedure and apparatus.
D-4095
Lazareva, T. A.
COLORIMETRIC METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF SULFAMATE IN THE AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_8J7):45-
46, July 1963. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 12, p. 181-133, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
The development of a method for the determination of sul-
famate in the air was conducted on the basis of 2 color re-
actions which characterize the ammonia radical: (a) with
Nessler reagent; (b) with phenol and sodium hypochlorite.
In the presence of sulfamate, the Nessler reagent produces
a complex of a yellowish-brown color. The reaction be-
tween phenol and sodium sulfamate in the presence of hypo-
chlorite yields a substance of a blue color. A minimum
of 3. 35 microns of sulfamate in 5 ml can be determined by
this method. In both determination methods the intensity
of the color produced is directly proportional to the amount
of sulfamate present. In view of the results, it is felt that
either of the methods could be used for the determination
of sulfamate aerosol concentration in the air under con-
ditions of agricultural application.
D-4099
Poletaev, M. I.
COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF MONOISOPROPYLDIPHENYL IN THE AIR. Gigiena i
Sanit. , _28(8):40-41, Aug. 1963. Translated from Rus-
sian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollu-
tion and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 198-
199, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
The purpose is to report on attempts to develop a method
for the determination of MIPD (Monoisopropyldiphenyl) in
the air of working premises. This author used the method
based on the colorimetric determination of MIPD by the
Yanovskii reaction. Air samples were collected by the
aspiration method using the Polezhaev microabsorber
which contained 1 ml of a nitro mixture consisting of 10 g
of ammonium nitrate in 100 ml of sulfuric acid of 1.82 -
1. 84 sp. gr. ; the air was aspirated through this medium
at the rate of 0. 2 -0.4 li/min. Where the concentration
of MIPD is suspected to be high, air samples can be col-
lected by the vacuum method into special containers of
100 - 200 ml capacity. Two ml of the nitro mixture is
added to the air sample containing vessel, and let stand
for 1 hour periodically washing the walls of the sample
container with the nitro mixture. The minimal amount of
MIPD determined by the acetone-alkaline medium extrac-
tion was 3 microns in colorimetric volume, and by the
ether extraction in acid medium, the minimum was 2 mi-
crons. In the presence of other aromatic substances, the
method is nonspecific.
D-4102
Lindval, R. V. and I. V. Yermakova
ACETYLENE DETERMINATION IN THE AIR BY INFRA-
RED SPECTROSCOPY. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2j3(9):51-54,
Sept. 1963. 5 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 216-219, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Acetylene vapor is present in the air of working premises
in the production of calcium carbide, in the air of acety-
lene stations and of plants which use acetylene in their
28
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
production processes. No maximal permissible concentra-
tion of acetylene vapor in the air has as yet been establish-
ed. A colorimetric method for the determination of acety-
lene in the air was previously developed. Determination
of very low concentrations of acetylene vapor in the air by
this method required the collection of large volume air
samples, which is time consuming. In addition, different
samples are characterized by different color shades which
makes precise determination at times difficult, if not im-
possible. By the method described it is possible to deter-
mine minute quantities of acetylene in the air with the aid
of infrared microscopy. Data presented show that the
colorimetric method yielded somewhat lower results than
the spectral method. A method was described for the quan-
titative determination of low acetylene concentrations in
the air; it was developed on the basis of infrared spectro-
photometry and is sufficiently sensitive to determine acety-
lene vapor in the air within the limits of 0. 002 - 0. 5 per-
cent by volume.
D-4105
Suvorova, S. N. , A. M. Vorob'ev, and G. V. Rabovskii
FLUORINE AND HYDROGEN FLUORIDE DETERMINATION
IN THE AIR WITH A SOLID SORBENT. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
2J3J10):48-50, Oct. 1963. Translated from Russian by B.
S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Re-
lated Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 241-243, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
No simple and adequately sensitive methods have been
described for the determination of fluorine and hydrogen
fluoride. Therefore, the first step in this investigation
was to select a substance -which might completely absorb
both components. After some preliminary tests the fol-
lowing absorber solution was selected; Na2S2O3~7, KI-4,
and methyl (p-methylaminophenol sulfate) 0. 1 percent by
weight. However, successive determinations of the fluo-
rine-ion in this absorber mixture by highly sensitive pro-
cedures proved very complicated. For this reason, the
present authors decided to use solid absorbers. The first
absorber thus tested was silica gel trademarked MSK of
granule sizes ranging between 260 and 300 mg, which were
impregnated with an aqueous solution of triethanolamine.
Best results were obtained with 2 g of the silica gel in a.
Yavorov or in a U-shaped tube. Fluorine determinations
were made colorimetrically by the thorium-thoron method
after it had been extracted from the silica gel.
D-4149
Kudryavaseva, L. A.
ROCKETBORNE MEASUREMENTS OF VERTICAL ATMOS-
PHERIC OZONE DISTRIBUTION. In: Part 1 Atmospher-
ic Ozone. Results of U.S.S.R. International Geophysical
Year Studies Presented at the Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference.
Reports and Resolutions, 1961. 5 refs. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 13, p. 3-8,
1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
Recorded ozone data were secured by means of a spectro-
graph with a. tracking system mounted on a meteorological
rocket; using the method of successive approximations in
processing such data the vertical atmospheric ozone dis-
tribution was determined up to an altitude of 24 km. Re-
sults pointed to a single concentration maximum from 21 to
23 km. In computing ozone concentrations by a specific
equation, it was established that the factor which allowed
for molecular scattering decreased rapidly with the altitude
and could be disregarded above 35 km. The correction
factor in the first approximation could be disregarded above
24 km; it did not exceed 2 percent of the ozone content at
13 km. Comparison of rocket^recorded and ground-made
measurements indicated that ozone concentration values
were of the same order for both.
D-4150
lozenas, V. A. and A. P. Kuznetsov
PHOTOELECTRIC SPECTROPHOTOMETER FOR ATMOS-
PHERIC OZONE OBSERVATIONS. In: Part 1 - Atmos-
pheric Ozone. Results of U.S.S.R. International Geophy-
sical Year Studies Presented at the Oct. 28-31, 1959 Con-
ference. Reports and Resolutions, 1961. 2 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No.
13, p. 9-11, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
The design of a spectrophotometer, based on a. double
quartz monochromator for measuring spectral intensity of
zenith scattered solar light, is described. This instrument
measures variations in the ratio of spectral intensities of
solar light scattered from the zenith in a cloudless sky in
daytime, 10 minutes before sunrise and 10 minutes after
sunset.
D-4113
Gudzovskii, G. A. and G. G. Scherbakov
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INDUSTRIAL
AEROSOLS OF ANTIMONY AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Gigi-
ena i Sanit. , 2_i(12):50-54, Dec. 1963. 4 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No.
12, p. 294-297.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
A method is proposed for the determination of aerosol
antimony and its compounds in the air, using a basic dye
of the diaminotriphenylmethane series. Filter fabric FPP-
15 retained 99. 9 percent of the antimony and its compounds
contained in the aspirated air sample. The method is pre-
cise, simple, comparatively rapid, and can be used in
making industrial sanitary determinations in the air of
indoor premises by plant laboratories.
D-4151
Britayev, A. S.
CHEMICAL OZONE CONTENT DETERMINATION. In:
Part 1 Atmospheric Ozone. Results of U.S.S.R. Inter-
national Geophysical Year Studies Presented at the Oct. 28-
31, 1959 Conference. Reports and Resolutions, 1961. 50
refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 13, p. 11-21, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
Direct chemical ozone measurement in the lower atmos-
pheric layers enabled the exact formulation of boundary
conditions for vertical ozone distribution and, in particular,
refinement of ozone concentration calculations in the upper
atmospheric layers based on ground spectrometric data.
Furthermore, it was possible to use tropospheric ozone
observations in computing vertical wind motion, turbulence,
transfer coefficients, to study relationship between ozone,
cloudiness, precipitation, etc. Development and
29
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
construction of the electrochemical ozonometer and chemi-
cal ozonometer and chemical ozone radiosonde stimulated
and advanced the use of chemical and electrochemical
methods.
D-4153
Osherovich, L. and S. F. Radionov
SOME PHOTOELECTRIC OZONOMETER TYPES. In;
Part 1 Atmospheric Ozone. Results of U.S.S.R. Inter-
national Geophysical Year Studies Presented at the Oct. 28-
31, 1959 Conference. Reports and Resolutions, 1961. 14
refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 13, p. 50-57, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
Results of research in attainment of higher accuracy in
ozonomeLry are presented. Two types of ozonometers,
consisting of the following three basic units are proposed:
(1) A system for discriminating comparatively narrow spec-
tral intervals in the 3100 3300 A° and 4000 5000 A°
regions in some cases; (2) an electrophotometer; and (3) a
device for aiming the ozonometers at an extraterrestrial
light source.
D-4157
Gushchin, G. P.
A METHOD FOR COMPUTING TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC
OZONE MEASUREMENTS MADE WITH LIGHT FILTER
EQUIPPED INSTRUMENTS. In: Part 1 Atmospheric
Ozone. Results of U.S.S.R. International Geophysical
Year Studies Presented at the Oct. 28-31, 1959 Confer-
ence. Reports and resolutions, 1961. 20 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian by B, S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 13,
p. 101-106, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
The developed method for computing total atmospheric
ozone can be used in association with instruments equipped
with glass and other filters. The construction of the ozone
monogram is based on equations and Lhe method eliminates
errors introduced by the aerosols. The proposed ozone
nomogram simplifies and facilitates computations.
two-dimensional coordinates. A solid angle in excess o
10 degrees introduces an additional error in ozone mea-
surements which is associated with atmospheric light scat-
tering. The larger the solid angle and the lower the solar
elevation at the time of the measurements, I lie greater^the
error. Ozonomelric instruments should be provided with
means for compensating errors due to temperature. Tem-
perature errors in filter-equipped ozonometers reflected
the dependence of filter transmissivity on temperature.
D-4162
Znamenskii, A. A.
COMPARISON OF OZONOMETRIC INSTRUMENTS MADE
AT THE MAIN A. T. VOEIKOVO GEOPHYSICAL OBSER-
VATORY. In: Part 1 Atmospheric Ozone. Results of
U.S.S.R. International Geophysical Year Studies Presented
at the Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and Resolu-
tions, 1961. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 13, p. 134-139, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
A comparative study of ozonometric instruments showed
that values obtained in determining total atmospheric ozone
simultaneously by different instruments deviated from
those recorded by the Dobson spectrophotometer by as
much as 23 percent. Total atmospheric ozone curves
plotted from data obtained by different instruments exhi-
bited a general parallelism with an occasional departure.
The comparative study established that a universal ozono-
meter was the most suitable instrument for measuring
total atmospheric ozone at all points of a station network.
All stations of an ozonometric network should be equipped
with identical instruments, preferably of the above de-
scribed universal type. Parameters of calibrated instru-
ments should be left unchanged, so that the same instru-
ments can be used as the standard in future comparative
studies of the instruments' stability with time. It is re-
commended that nomograms be used by all stations of an
ozonometric network for simplification and acceleration of
data processing. Standardization of ozonometric instru-
ments should be done in regions where clear air and favor-
able we a the r c onditions predominate .
D-4160
Gushchin, G. P.
TWO IMPORTANT FEATURES OF OZONOMETRIC IN-
STRUMENTS. In: Part 1 Atmospheric Ozone. Results
of U.S.S.R. International Geophysical Year Studies Pre-
sented at the Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and
Resolutions, 1961. 3 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 13, p. 126-131, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
Experiments were conducted for the purpose of explaining
the effect of the instrument's solid angle on the measured
ozone quantity. The first experiment was to determine
the functional relation of the ratio between two filter read-
ings to the solid angle of the universal ozonomcter at dif-
ferent solar elevations. The second experiment was to
determine the functional relationship of reading ratio
Ij./l2 to altitude above sea level in using instruments having
different solid angles at the same solar elevation. The solid
angle of an optical ozonometric instrument must be small.
Its magnitude should bo less than 6 degrees at least in
D-4169
Svistov, P. F.
CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF GROUND LAYER
OZONE AT VOEIKOVO. In: Part 2 Atmospheric Ozone.
Data Presented at the May 21-23, 1963 Conference on At-
mospheric Ozone, 1965. 6 refs. Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 13, p. 213-330, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-6291
Several methods of chemical ozone determination in atmos-
pheric air ware tested. In one method the amount of ozone
was calculated on the basis of conductometric potassium
iodide titration results before and after air aspiration.
The second method, which is described in greater detail
was based on ozone density determination by difference
between iodine content in the potassium iodide be/ore and
after air aspiration. The iodine is extracted with chloro-
form, and its color intensity is determined phnlocoiori-
metricaJJy.
30
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
D-4170
R oma s hkina, K. I.
METHODS FOR THE CALIBRATION OF ZENITHAL AND
LUNAR UNIVERSAL OZONOMETER ASSEMBLIES. In:
Part 2 - Atmospheric Ozone. Data Presented at the May
21-23, 1963 Conference on Atmospheric Ozone, 1965. 2
refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 13. p. 220-225, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
The proposed method of calibrating zenithal and lunar ob-
servations is essentially an empirical one. Some of the
assumptions on which it is based lack verification. There-
fore, the accuracy of determining total ozone determination
on the basis of zenithal and lunar observations is below the
accuracy of solar observations. The use of these data
must be approached more cautiously, especially in re-
search studies. Nevertheless, this method can be used
advantageously in conducting continuous observations of
total atmospheric ozone.
D-4241
Dmitriev, M. T. and N. A. Kitrosskii
IONIZATION METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS. [K voprosu o primenenii
ionizatsionnykh metodov pri opredelenii atmosfernykh
zagryaznenii. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English Translation
of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 31_(7-9):63-68. July-Sept. 1966. 1 ref.
By utilizing radioelectronic means, ionization methods of
determining atmospheric pollutants ensure reliability, high
precision and rapid automatic recording of results. The
prospects for using these methods are assessed and their
theoretical principles are examined. The methods included
are: thermoionization, photoionization, electric discharge,
radioactivity ionization, argon ionization, electron capture,
and mass spectrometry.
D-4245
Krylova, N. A.
COLORIMETRIC AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETER-
MINATION OF PHENYLURETHYLANE IN FACTORY AIR.
[Opredelenie feniluretilana v vozdukhe proizvodstevennykh
pomeshchenii kolorimetricheskim i spektrofotometriche-
skim metodami. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English Transla-
tion of: Gigiena i Sanit. }, J3_lj7-9):250-255, July-Sept.
1966. 1 ref.
Phenylurethylane solution boiled with an alkali hydrolyzes
to aniline and sodium acetate. Thus, the determination of
phenylurethylane can be based on the determination of ani-
line. In the present work the diazotizing reaction of ani-
line was used and followed by the reaction of the diazo
compound with alpha-naphthylethylcnediamine. Colori-
metric analysis was recommended for separate investiga-
tions of the two substances, phenylurethylane and aniline,
when present together. Spectropholometric determination
of phenylurethylane in samples was also recommended.
This method is non-specific as aniline interferes by yield-
ing an absorption maximum in the same range.
D-4247
Manila, M. D.
DETERMINATION OF THE VAPORS OF MONOHYDRIC
PHENOLS {PHENOL AND O-, M-, P-CRESOLS) IN THE
ATMOSPHERE BY ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOME-
TRY- [Opredelenie parov odnoatomnykh fenolov (fenola i
orto-, meta-, para-krezolov) v atmosfernom vozdukhe
metodom ul' trafioletovoi spektrofotometrii. ] Hygiene and
Sanitation (English Translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ),
_3JJ7-9):260-264, July-Sept. 1966. 5 refs.
Investigation of means of differentiating the atmospheric
concentration of phenol and o-, m-, and p-cresols led to
experiments based on the bathochromic shift induced by
alkali solutions of the above mentioned compounds. Optical
densities of aqueous solutions of the phenols were measured
with an SF-4 spectrophotometer in a quartz cell against
distilled water; optical densities of their alkali solutions
were then determined against appropriate alkali solutions.
It was observed that alkali solution of phenol has a maxi-
mum absorption at the wavelength of 235 millimicrons
whereas the neutral solution of the same concentration has
practically no absorption at this wavelength. Similar ab-
sorption phenomena can be observed in the case of o-, m-,
and p-cresols. Density differences between the aqueous
alkaline sample solution and the aqueous neutral sample
solution allow the concentration of the phenol to be calcula-
ted. Differences in absorption intensities between phenol
and o-, m-, and p-cresols make possible their separate
identification.
D-4248
Aigina, E. P. and I. M. Mints
DETERMINATION OF LOW 3, 4-BENZPYRENE CONCEN-
TRATIONS BY MEANS OF THE SHPOL'SKII EFFECT.
[K voprosu o kolichestvennom opredelenii malykh kontsen-
tratsii 3, 4-benzpirena s pomoshch'yu effekta Shpol'skogo. ]
Hygiene and Sanitation {English translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit), 3J_(7-9):264-270, July-Sept. 1966. 6 refs.
The use of quasilinear fluorescence spectra for the quanti-
tative determination of 3, 4-benzpyrene is said to increase
the sensitivity by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude in comparison
to the spectrophotometric method. The known procedures
suffer from several disadvantages. The purpose of the
present work was the development of a better procedure.
A new procedure was devised for the quantitative determi-
nation of 3, 4-benzpyrene without an internal standard, by
using the mercury line of wavelength 390. 6 nm (3906 A) as
the reference line, and the advantage of using this line was
demonstrated. The range of determinable concentrations
lies between 0.002 and 0. 05 microgram/ml. The relative
standard deviation for a single analysis is 26 percent. A
cruder qualitative determination of 3, 4-benzpyrene is also
possible for lower concentrations of this substance. The
new procedure ensures a higher sensitivity than Dikun's
procedure (approximately by one order of magnitude) and
moreover is considerably simpler, more readily available,
and less labor consuming. A procedure was devised for a
quantitative determination of 1, 12-benzperylene in the
concentration range of 0.02-2 microgram/ml. The rela-
tive standard deviation is 36 percent.
D-4249
Selivokhin, P. I.
DETERMINATION OF TIN TETRABUTYL AND TIN TETRA-
ETHYL IN FACTORY AIR AND IN SEWAGE (CONDENSATE).
[Opredelenie letrabutilolova i Tetraetilolova v vozdukhe
proizvodstevennykh pomeshchenii i slochnoi vode (konden-
sate. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English Translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3J_(7-9):270-272, July-Sept. 1966. 5
refs.
Because of tlie toxicity of tin tetrabulyl (TTB) and tin tetra-
cthyl (TTE) and their potential presence in the air where
organic tin products and plastics are in process, a means
31
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
of detecting them was desired. The method discussed is
based on the mineralization of TTB and TTE with perhy-
drol in concentrated H;?SO4 medium followed by colorime-
tric determination of the Sn(4+) ion in the form of a yellow-
orange compound by the method of standard series or with
a photoelectrocolorimeter. The sensitivity is 0. 1 micro-
gram/sample. Interference of Fe(3 + ) and Sb(3+) is elimi-
nated by addition of ascorbic acid. The method is suitable
for determination of other organo-tin compounds that may
be present together with TTE and TTB.
D-4Z54
Tsupikov, M. T. and A. I, Grigorenko
RAPID METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TERTI-
ARY FATTY ALCOHOLS, LOWER KETONES AND XY -
LENES IN AIR. [Bystrye metody opredeleniya tretichnykh
zhirnykh spirtov, nizshikh ketonov i ksilolov v vozdukhe. ]
Hygiene and Sanitation (English Translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit. ), 3_1(7-9):413-421, June-Sept. 1966.
The method for determination of tertiary fatty alcohols and
lower ketones is based on adsorption of vapors of these
substances on silica gel, followed by acid-thermal conden-
sation with vanillin to obtain colored reaction products.
The reaction consists of an acid-thermal condensation on
silica gel of vanillin as a reagent with active methylene
alkyls that are directly bound with the C-OH group in
tertiary alcohols or with the CO group in ketones. The
intermediate reactions produce unsaturated hydroxy ke-
tones or alcohols resembling curcumins in their chemical
structure; these substances are converted to dyes of a
complex composition by the acid-thermal factor. The pro-
cedure is as follows; A thin short length of rubber tubing
is attached to the syringe of the air-sampling device. The
narrow end of the tube with silica gel (which is open at
both ends) is connected to the air-sampling device and a
measured volume of air is pumped through. The tube is
disconnected, 4 or 5 drops of the solution of vanillin -
sulfuric acid are introduced and the tube is shaken until
the silica gel is completely impregnated. The silica gel
layer is then heated in a flame. On cooling, the length of
the colored silica gel layer is measured. A blank test is
performed in parallel, without the pumping through of air.
The concentration of substances in the measured volume
of air passed through the silica gel is found by means of a
graph, in which the length of the colored silica gel layer
is marked on the x-axis (in millimeters), while the con-
centrations (milligrams) are marked on the y-axis. The
concentration is converted to milligrams per liter by means
of the formula: X ~ a. 1000/b, where X is the concentration
of the substance in question (rng/1), a, is the concentration
of the substance in the volume of air passed through the
tube (mg), and b is the volume of air (ml). The method for
determination of commercial xylene is based on the pro-
duction of red-colored anils by the reaction of xylenes with
urotropinsulfuric acid on silica gel.
D-4255
Bykhovskaya, M. S. and R. N. Makedonskaya
DETERMINATION OF ALIPHATIC AMINES IN AIR. [K
metodike opredeleniya alifatiches kikh aminov v vozdukhe. ]
Hygiene and Sanitation (English Translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit.), 3J_(9):421-425, July-Sept. 1966. 13 refs.
In studies of the primary aliphatic amines, optimum con-
ditions we re studied for their determination with ninhydrin,
potassium 1, 2 -naphthoquinone -4 -sulfonate and p-nitro-
phenyldiazonium. The best reproducibility was achieved
in an aqueous -pyridino solution with the addition of a little
ascorbic acid. The reaction product imparts a blue-violet
color to the solution, as distinguished from the control ^
solution which displays a pinkish-violet color. The maxi-
mum light absorption of the solution occurs aL the wave-
length of 575 OA. The sensitivity is 1 microgram in the
volume analyzed. In the concentration range of 1 to 10
micrograms there is a. linear relationship between the
optical density and the arnine concentration in solution. No
interference is caused by secondary and tertiary aliphatic
amines or by aromatic amines. Any ammonia interferes
with the determination, because its presence in the sample
to the extent of 1 microgram colors the solution an intense
blue-violet. The most selective reaction for the determi-
nation of secondary amines is based on the formation of
copper dialkyldithiocarbamate. Where an air sample is
taken in ethanol, and 0. 1 ml of 15 percent alcohol solution
of CS^, 0. 1 ml of 0. 1 percent alcohol solution of copper
acetate and 0. 1 ml alcohol solution of NH^ are added to the
2-ml sample. The addition of each reagent is followed by
mixing of the solution. After 10 minutes the intensity of
the colored sample is compared against the standard scales,
or else the optical density of the solution is measured in a
cell. A method for the determination of trimethylamine in
air using a citric acid solution in acetic anhydride was
developed. Reactions with citric acid and acetic anhydride
as well as those with phosphotungs tic or phosphomolybdic
acids may also be applied to studies of several tertiary
amines, no interference being caused by secondary and
(other) tertiary amines.
D-4257
Gol'dberg, E. Kh.
PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS
OF VOLATILE MINERAL ACIDS (HYDROCHLORIC AND
NITRIC) IN THE ATMOSPHERE. [Fotometricheskoe
opredelenie malykh kolichestv letuchikh mineral'nykh
kislot (solyanoi i azotnoi) v atmosfernom vozdukhe.] Hy-
giene and Sanitation (English Translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit.), 31_(9): 440-443, July-Sept. 1966.
A spectrophotometric method was recommended for the
analysis of low concentrations of mineral acids in the
atmosphere. However, it is not always possible Lo use
this method at the laboratories of the district sanitary-
epidemiological centers because of the absence of a spectro-
photorneter. Modification of the spectrophotometric method
for purposes of photometric determinations with a photo-
electrocolorimeter required a. calibration graph for the
relationship between the optical density and the concentra-
tion of hydrogen ions in micrograms per 1 ml for an FEK-
56 photoelectrocolorimeter. Standard solutions were pre-
pared from fresh 0. 005 N HCl and HNO3- Solutions were
made containing 0. 005 to 0. 02 microgram/rnl H+ . A zero
solution (disLilled water) was prepared simultaneously. In
all cases, an addition was made of 0. 4 rnl 0. 01 percent
alcohol solution of meLhyl red. The opLical density of
standard solutions and of a zero solution with the meLhyl
red reagent was determined with respect to distilled water,
This photometric technique made possible Lhe establish-
ment of constant opLical densities of aqueous solutions of
acids in Lhe standard scale, independent of the pH of the
distilled water used. The sensitivity of the phoLoelectro-
colorimetric method and the sampling procedure are Lhe
same as for Lhe spccLrophoLomeLric method. Studies were
also made of the possibilities of visual colorimeLric deLcr-
minalions. It was found that in Lhe absence of a photoelcc-
trocolorimeter Lhe solutions can be determined colori-
meLrically by visual means tay Lhe method of sLandard series
with an arLificial scaJe.
32
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
D-4392
Tuma, J.
DUST PROPERTIES WHICH AFFECT SEPARATION.
STAUB (English Translation), 2_6(ll):l-6, Nov. 1966. 7
r e f s .
The relationship between various methods for particle-
size determination is analyzed. The physical principle of
the measuring method must always be considered in the
assessment of results of particle size measurements.
Methods and instruments for the determination of electri-
cal resistance, adhesion properties, vibration properties,
wettability and abrasion properties of dustb are described.
D-4472
Kulikova, G. I., G. T. Nikandrova, and V. A. Petrushev-
skii
ACCURACY OF DETERMINING CLOUD BOUNDARIES BY
RADAR. [Tochnost1 izmereniia granits oblakov radio-
lokatsionnym metodom. ] Glavnaia Geofizicheskaia Obser-
vatoriia, Trudy, No. 173, p. 9-13, 1965. 6refs. Trans-
lated from Russian. American Meteorological Society,
Feb. 1966.
The aim was to determine how closely radar characteris-
tics agree with meteorological characteristics and, partic-
ularly, how the heights of radar reflections are related to
the heights of cloud tops. In the autumn of 1963, simul-
taneous radar and aircraft observations \vere made in order
to compare the radar echo pattern with the characteristics
of the cloud field and to study the errors of the cloud-top
heights. The characteristics of the field of the cloud-top
heights were in good agreement with the characteristics
obtained by observation from the aircraft. The minimum
thickness of cumulus clouds detectable by the weather radar
was 1.0 to 1.2 km. In cloud systems of stratiform clouds,
the \veather radar cannot detect individual layers with a
thickness of 0. 2 to 0. 3 km. The height of the upper limit
of reflections from clouds detected by a weather radar
coincides with the visual boundary of the clouds, to the
accuracy of the reading. The experimental value of the
mean square error of RHI measurement of the height of
cloud tops is 0.21 km. The bottoms of low, middle, and
high clouds can be detected \vith an efficiency of 0. 3, 0. S,
and 0.9, respectively.
D-4434
Zhdanov, S. P., A. P. Kiselev, and Ya. I. Yashin
USE OF COARSE POROUS GLASS IN GAS-ADSORPTION
CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR THE SEPARATION OF LIQUID
HYDROCARBONS. Neftekhimiya, 3_(3}:417-424, 1963, 13
refs. Translated from Russian. Foreign Technology Divi-
sion, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Jan. 1966. 15 p.
as-adsorption chromatography was investigated.
chromatograms taken at various temperatures
benzene is greater than that of the corresponding n-alkanes
because of the specific interaction, primarily of the elec-
tron bonds with the hydroxyl groups of the surface. The
values determined from the chromatograms of heat adsorp-
tion were close to those obtained calorimetrically.
D-4759
Hodkinson, J. R.
THE INTERPRETATION OF MIE-THEORY COMPUTA-
TIONS FOR ABSORBING SPHERES IN RELATION TO
LIGHT-SCATTERING METHODS OF AIRBORNE DUST
MEASUREMENT. Translated from German. STAUB,
Vol. 23, p. 374-373, 1963.
Mie-theory computations of the angular scattering dia-
grams of moderately absorbing spherical particles larger
than the wavelength have been published by OLAF and
ROBOCK (1961), and the application of these results to the
interpretation of light-scattering measurements on such
particles has been discussed by ROBOCK (1962). This note
compares these Mie-theory results with simpler computa-
tions of the angular scattering by moderately-absorbing
spheres from the formulae of large-particle classical
optics; points out that the Mie-theory does not apply to
irregular particles such as constitute the airborne-dust
clouds in mines; and discusses briefly the principles gov-
erning the measurement of dust concentration by light-
scattering methods.
D-4814
Odelycke, P.
COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATIONS OF VARIOUS DUST
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS. STAUB (English Transla-
tion), 26J12):13-24, Dec. 1966. 9 refs.
Four dust measuring methods for the determination of
particle size (membrane filters, midget-impinger, Sar-
torius HS and Witwatersrand konimeter) were compared
in an iron ore mine. It was found that the first three meth-
ods did not give good agreement. In contrast to this there
was good agreement between the results obtained by the two
konimeters. In addition some filtering methods for the
determination of total dust concentration and very fine dust
concentration were tested for different operations. (Au-
thor's summary)
D-4315
Lahmann, E.
DETERMINING PHENOL IN AIR. STAUB (English Trans-
lation), 2_6_(12):24-29, Dec. 1966. 23 refs.
Impingers charged with 0. 1 n caustic soda solution are
suitable for absorption of gaseous phenols. By photomet-
ric determination using p-nitraniline it is possible to
detect 0. 01 mg phenol/m^ of air. The measuring method
is simple in operation and gives reproducible results, but
its disadvantage is that phenolic compounds can only be
expressed as a sum. Measurements carried out in indus-
trial regions and in streets with heavy traffic have pre-
dominately shown low phenol emissions which are only a
fraction of the MIK permanent value. (Author's summary)
D-5045
OPTICO-ACOUSTIC GAS ANALYZERS OF CARBON
MONOXIDE, CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE, OA2109,
33
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
OA2209, OA2309. DESCRIPTION AND INSTRUCTIONS
FOR ASSEMBLING AND OPERATION, NO. 2266-2292 IM.
Translated from Russian. Joint Publications Research
Service, Washington, D. C., 27p., Feb 11, 1965.
CFSTI: TT 65-30309
Gas analyzers are described of the OA2109, OA2209, and
OA2309 type stationary, automatic-recording instruments
which are designed for continuous measurement of the
concentration of CO (OA2109), CO2 (OA2209), and CH4
(OA2309) in gas mixtures containing CO, CO2, N2, O2 ,
CHd., and H2 in any amounts. In the deterinination of the
concentration of CO2 (gas analyzer OA2209}, the variation
in the total content of methane and hydrogen may not exceed
plus or minus 15 percent of its mean. The gas analyzers
may be used for technological control in the metallurgical,
chemical, petroleum refining, petro-technical, and gas
industry, as well as in various fields of scientific research.
The instruments may be used in different systems of auto-
matic control or in systems for signaling the attainment of
pre-set values of concentration of the components to be
assayed. The operation of the optico-acoustic gas analyzer
is based on measuring the absorption of IR radiation by
gases. The degree of this adsorption depends on the con-
centration of the measured component and the analyzed gas
mixture. A differential optical circuit serves as the analy-
zer measuring circuit. An automatic recorder serves to
register the concentration of the measured component (in
percent by volume).
D-5072
Berner, A.
MEASURING PRECIPITATIONS OF DOP AND PARAFFIN
OIL AEROSOLS IN THE GOETZ AEROSOL SPECTROME-
TER. [Zur Messung der Nieders chlage von DOP und Paraf-
finolaeros olen im Goetzschen Aer os olspektrometer. ]
STAUB (English Translation), Z6_ (7): 49 - 50 , July 1966, 3
refs .
CFSTI: TT 66-51159/7
An optical method for measuring oily liquids in filter papers
is described. In this method, the light transmission of
paper, which changes with absorption of substances, is
determined photometrically and related to the absorbed
substances. Calibration curves are given.
D-5121
Zwang, L. R. and L. N. Gutman
MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT ATMOSPHERIC ION SPECTRA.
Translated from Russian. Acad. Sci. , USSR, Bull. Geo-
phys. Ser. (Izv. Geophys. Ser. 1953, p. 391-902.) No.
7, p. 507-512, 1953, 4 refs.
A method of solving the integral equations which are char-
acteristic of transient processes in ion chambers is pre-
sented. Geophysical results , obtained from measurements
of light atmospheric spectra in the El'brus expedition of
the Academy of Sciences, USSR, are discussed. The
essence of this method is presented. A sample of the air
under investigation is admitted into a cylindrical ion
chamber which is then closed and a constant voltage is
applied to its outer electrode. An ionic current begins to
flow inside the chamber; it is caused by the motion of ions
contained in the air sample. This current decreases with
time, because at first the more mobile, and afterwards
the less mobile ions reach the electrodes of the chamber.
By measuring the magnitude of the current at various in-
stances of time, one can determine ionic spectrum. The
magnitude of the current flowing through the central elec-
trode of the chamber is related to the mobility-distribution
density of the ions n (w) through an integral equation.
34
D-5210
DETERMINATION OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE IN AIR.
Zavodsk. Lab., 23J2): 161-162, 1957. 7 refs. Translated
from Russian. Office of Technical Services , Dept. of
Commerce, Washington, D. C. , 3p.
CFSTI: TT 63-14127
Determination of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform by
colorimetric analysis is discussed. The method involves
application of the condensation reaction between 2, 4-dini-
trochlorobenzene and pyridine to form pyridinium chloride,
which is converted by hydrolysis to glutaconic aldehyde and
2 , 4-dmitroaniline. The color reaction depends on the for-
mation of derivative of glutaconic aldehydes and reaction of
the latter with aniline. A standard scale of colored solu-
tions was established to evaluate the concentrations. It is
possible to determine 1 grn of carbon tetrachloride (CCj4)
in 1 ml of solution with an average error of 4. 5 percent.
In the case of chloroform (CHC^), 0. 5 gm per ml can be
analyzed.
D-5216
TENTATIVE METHOD FOR CALCULATIONS OF THE DIS-
PERSION OF DISCHARGES IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Byul.
Stroit. Tekhn., Vol. 11, p. 29-31, Nov., 1963. Translated
from Russian. Joint Publications Research Service, Wash-
ington, D. C. , 6p. , Jan. 3, 1964 (2nd Printing - July 22,
1965)
CFSTI: 64-21206
On 25 July 1963, the State Committee on the Coordination
of Scientific Research Work U. S. S. R. confirmed "Tenta-
tive Procedure for Calculating the Dispersion in the Atmos-
phere of Discharges from the Smokestacks of Electric
Power Plants, " Development of theory of turbulent diffu-
sion, as well as new experimental data made it possible to
compile a procedure for calculating the dispersion of smoke-
stack discharges from electric power plants in the atmos-
phere, to determine stack height requirements, and estab-
lish standardization of discharges. The degree of danger
of contamination of the ground layer of air by discharges
from the stacks of electric power plants should be deter-
mined according to the greatest value of the ground concen-
tration of harmful impurities in the air (c^), which can be
established at some distance from the stacks (xjy[) under
unfavorable meteorological conditions. In this case the
value of the maximum concentration C]y[ (in mg/cu m) on
level or slightly broken terrain, with a uniform discharge
of toxic substances from stacks (N) of the same height
should be calculated according to the formula: cj^-AMFm/
H2(N/V d T)l/3; where A is a coefficient depending on the
temperature stratification of the atmosphere, which deter-
mines the conditions of vertical and horizontal dispersion
of the impurity in the air (in sec 2/3 deg 1/3); M is the
summary discharge of the toxic impurity from all the stacks
(in g/sec); H is the height of the stack {in meters); V is the
summary volume of srnoke gases discharged from the stacks
per second (in cu m/sec); dT is the difference between the
temperature of the gases emerging from the stack and the
temperature of the surrounding air (in deg); m and F are
dimens ionless coefficients; the coefficient m is related to
a consideration of the influence of the rate of emergence of
the smoke gases from the mouth of the stack, while the
coefficient F is related to a consideration of the influence
of the rate of settling of the impurity in the atmosphere.
This formula is suitable for calculating the concentration of
impurities emerging from smokestacks at H greater than
50 m; V/N greater than 20 cu m/sec, and dT greater than
30 degrees. When the contour of the terrain does not cor-
respond to the conditions indicated above, special instruc-
tions must be sought from the Main Administration of the
Hydrometeorological Service under the Council of Ministers
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
U. S. S. R. and the State Sanitary Inspection U. S. S. R.
D-5376
Khrustalev, V. A.
DETECTION OF PHENOL IN THE ATMOSPHERE WITH 4-
AMINOANTI-PYRENE. Translated from Russian. Gigiena
i Sanit. , 2_7(10):42-45, Oct. 1962. 5refs.
In the detection of phenol by the use of 4-A.A. P. (4-amino-
antipyrene), it was established that dimethyl p-cresol, ace-
tophenone, alphamethyl-styrene, die thy 1 ether, isopropyl
alcohol, hydroperoxide of isopropyl benzene, benzene, di-
methyl phenylcarbinyl; ethyl- and butyl-benzene do not
interfere. In the detection of phenol with diazotized p-
nitroaniline, presence of dimethyl p-cresol interferes
to the extent of 0. 7 microgram •which attests to the expedi-
ency of the use of the 4-A.A. P. and not of the diazotized
p-nitroaniline. The absorption of phenol from air can be
achieved by liquid media or solid sorbent. The use of 0.05
M solution of sodium borate, of which 3 or 6 ml should be
put into a V-shaped absorber with a No. 1 porous membrane
is recommended for liquid media. It is possible to carry
out the liquid media absorption of phenol at a speed of 5
L/min. Silica gel in suspension •was used as the solid ab-
sorbent. Absorption rates for complete absorption here
were 5-10 L/rnin. Tne use of ethyl alcohol effected com-
plete extraction of the phenol from the silica gel in 1 5 min.
Results of these studies are presented in diagram. The
rose color of the sample in the 0. 1 percent aqueous 4-A.A.-
P. solution was compared 'with the standard curve.
D-5377
Kiktenko, V. S. , Yu. P. Safronov, S. I. Kudryavtsev, R.
I. El'man, B. F. Fedorov, N. I. Pushchin, and A. A.
Fedorovich
PHOTOELECTRIC COUNT OF THE NUMBER OF AEROSOL
PARTICLES OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC ORIGIN.
Gigiena i Sanit. , ^6_(2):47-53, Feb. 1961. 4refs. Trans-
lated from Russian. Joint Publications Research Service,
Washington, D. C. , 12p. , May 25, 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-23112
The application of a photoelectric unit consisting of a photo-
electric multiplier, an amplifier, an SB-1M electro-me-
chanical counter and power source, to the counting of aero-
sol particles was investigated. When used together with a
VDK flow ultramicroscope, the photoelectric unit is adapt-
able to the counting of aerosol particles of organic and in-
organic origin in an objective, rapid and accurate manner.
When used as supplementary instrumentation, the photo-
electric unit and electromechanical counter can be used
with the flow ultramicroscope to perform an automatic
count of bacterial aerosol particles in an aerosol chamber.
D-5951
Alekseeva, N. V.
METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTANTS. In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of
Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 6. [Predel'no Dopustimye
Kontsentratsii Atmosfernykh Zagryaznenii, Vypusk VI. ]
V. A. Ryazanova (ed. }. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Leviiie, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 9 (Part 1), p. 107-133, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
Development in the synthesis of high molecular compounds
resulted in the production and utilization of many new or-
ganic substances by the U.S. S. R. national industries.
Plants producing these substances and their intermediate
products discharge into the air gases, vapors, and by-
products as surrounding atmospheric air pollutants the
detection and quantitative determination of which require
special and highly sensitive analytical methods. Methods
are described for the detection of acetic acid esters, ace-
tates, dinyl, is opropylbenzene, furfurol, ethylene oxide,
monobasic carbonaceous acids, methylmetacrylate, di-
me thy If or mamide, and isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide.
An index of allowable concentration limits for harmful sub-
stances in atmospheric air of inhabited areas is appended.
D-5958
Baikov, B. K. and V. I. Shul'gin
AN AUTOMATICALLY REGULATED APPARATUS FOR
CHRONIC TOXICITY EXPERIMENTS WITH ANIMALS. In:
Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollu-
tants, Book 7. [Predel'no Dopustimye Kontsentratsii At-
mosfernykh Zagryaznenii, Vypusk VII, ] V. A. Ryazanova
(ed. ). Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 9 (Part 2), p. 200-203, 1963.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
The hygienic evaluation of atmospheric air pollution inten-
sity is based on maximal single and average 24 hours
limits of allowable concentrations of harmful substances.
The determination of limits of allowable average 24-hour
concentrations of a harmful substance in the air is accom-
plished with the use of experimental animals, which in
most cases are exposed to the effects of pollutants for not
less than 24 hours. It is essential that automatically and
reliably operating equipment be developed which might
enable an individual investigator to take full and uninter-
rupted charge of the experiment. The device described
makes possible the following: (a) Automatic switching in
and out of the motor sets at given time intervals; (b) Auto-
matic switching over from one set of motors to another or
from the city current to storage battery current in emer-
gencies; and (c) Automatic switching over from overheated
motors to a new set of motors. In the event of a break-
down in the original source of electrical energy, the motors
become automatically connected with storage batteries to
insure the motors' uninterrupted operation.
D-5959
Alekseeva, M. V. and P. G. Tkachev
METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOME ORGANIC
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTANTS. In: Limits of Allow-
able Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 7.
[Predel'no Dopustimye Kontsentratsii Atmosfernykh Zagry-
aznenii, Vypusk VII. ] V. A. Ryazanova (ed. ). Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 9
(Part 2), p. 203-212, 1963.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
Methods are described lor the determination of aniline,
xylol, n-butyvinyl ester and dimethylterephthalate in the
atmosphere. Standard color scales are also included for
the quantitative determination of xylol, n-butylvinyl ester
and dimethylterephthalate (DMTPH). A method for the
determination of phenol with 4-aminoantipyrine is des-
cribed and standard color scales for the quantitative de-
terminations are included.
35
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
D-5960
Manila, M. D.
DETERMINATION OF SOME AIR POLLUTANTS BY THE
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD IN THE ULTRAVIO-
LET REGION OF THE SPECTRUM. In: Limits of Allow-
able Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 7.
[Predel'no Dopustimye Kontsentratsii Atmosfernykh Zagry-
aznenii, Vypusk VII. ] V. A. Ryazanova (ed. ). 3refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Lenine, U.S.S.R. Liter-
ature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 9 (Part 2), p. 213-220, 1963.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
The principle of the SF-4 spectrophotometer operation is
discussed. Analyses are divided into two categories: (1)
for analysis of air containing 1 (one) pollutant and, (2) in
which two air pollutants are determined simultaneously.
Mathematical formulae are included. Also included are
methods for the spectrophotometric determination of naph-
thalene in indoor air; isopropyl benzene in air; and styrol
in the presence of dinyl in air. A list of limits of allow-
able concentrations of atmospheric pollutants is appended.
D-6332
ASPIRATOR FOR TAKING AIR SAMPLES --MODEL 322.
[Aspirator dlya otbora prob vosdukha--model' 822. ]
Krasnegvardeyetes Order of Lenin Plant, p. 1-14, June
16, 1961. Translated from Russian. Joint Publications
Research Service, Washington, D. C. , 9p. , March 25,
1963.
CFSTI: TT 63-21413
The aspirator is used for sampling air in industrial and
non-industrial buildings for the purpose of studying and
analyzing the air. The sample is taken by drawing air
through special filters at a fixed rate. The device has (1)
air blowers developing a negative pressure, (2) rotameters
for measuring the rate of the air's passage, and (3) a com-
ponent for controlling the rate of the air's passage. Using
this system, it is possible to determine the amount of
impurities being contained per unit of air volume. Instruc-
tions and technical specifications with diagrams are given.
D-6336
Lyutsarev, S. V.
INSTRUMENT FOR DETECTING CARBON DIOXIDE IN
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Tr. Inst. Okeanol. , Akad. Nauk
SSR, Vol. 47, p, 199-200, 1961. 4refs. Translated from
Russian. Foreign Technology Division, Wright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio, 7p. , Sept. 5, 1962.
A titrometric gas analyzer for the detection of CO2 in
atmospheric air is described. The distinct feature of this
instrument is the fact that the gas under consideration can
repeatedly pass through the absorbing solution to obtain
complete absorption. It also permits the detection of CO^
in a small volume of gas (50 ml).
D-6519
Storozhilova, A. I.
DIFFERENTIAL COUNTER FOR CONDENSATION NUCLEI.
In: Investigations in the. Field of Surface Forces - Selected
Articles. Issled. Obi. Poverkhn. Sil. , Sb. Dokl. na Konf. ,
Akad. NaukSSSR, p. £3-63, 1961. 6refs. Translated
from Russian. Foreign Technology Division, Wright-
Patter son AFB, lip., Nov. 15, 1962.
CFSTI: AD 29Z623
The continuous method developed for differential counting
of the nuclei included a curvette with two moist parallel
surfaces in which the condensation growth on the nuclei
occurred. The jet with the nuclei that have been grown
may be observed on dark-field illumination from the front
of the curvette. It is necessary that the velocity of gravi-
tational settling of the droplets be much smaller than the
jet velocity to preserve rectilinearity. A count of the con-
densation nuclei is made visually with a miscrocope whose
ocular has a vertical slit. The counting zone with a light
source is in the plane perpendicular to the air flow. Re-
sults with silver iodide and sodium chloride are presented.
The characteristic feature of the method consists in the
fact that condensation growth occurs on the nuclei in a
narrow zone with the result that the heat of condensation
liberated in the zone has little effect on the value of the
assigned supersaturation. The method allows the assign-
ment of any supersaturation, the value of which may be
determined to an accuracy of the order of 0. 1 percent.
D-6621
Shifrin, K. S. and V. F. Raskin
THEORY OF THE OPTICAL METHOD FOR INVESTIGAT-
ING ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS. Tr. Soveshch. Gidrome-
teoizdat, Vol. 9, p. 253-260. 5 refs. Translated from
Russian. U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technology
Center, Washington, D. C., 12p., Nov. 1965.
CFSTI: AD 475-922
The optical method of investigation of atmospheric aero-
sols enables measures to be made practically without dis-
turbance of the aerosol system, A beam of monochroma-
tic radiation is directed on the aerosol. During interaction
with the system of aerosol particles a portion of the light
scatters while a portion passes through the system. Both
the scattered light and the light that passes through the
aerosol volume will contain information on the nature of
scattering centers which has to be interpreted. Here
various optical characteristics can be used: angular char-
acteristics of the scattered light - indicatrices of scatter-
ing; data on the spectral transparency of the aerosol vol-
ume; and, finally, polarization characteristics. The pos-
sibilities of using data relating to indicatrices and scatter-
ing coefficient (spectral transparency) in order to deter-
mine the microstructure of the atmosphere are considered.
With a spectral-transparency curve experimentally ob-
tained and by means of derived formulas the particle-size
distribution curve of atmospheric aerosols can be obtained.
D-6653
Razbegaeva, A. P.
MECHANIZATION OF THE GAS ANALYZER ORSAT.
KoksiKhim. , Vol. 4, p. 53-54, 1953. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p.
44-47, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
A method for mechanical transfer of the combustion gases
from the burettes into the absorption tubes is described.
The apparatus consists of a water pressure flask and a
rubber bulb or balloon which form an assembly unit. Each
bulb is operated by a spring type pusher activated by one
of several eccentric cams on a. common shaft. The cams
are set so that at a given time interval only one pusher is
brought into action. Results of tests made with gas ana- •
lyzer ORSAT manually and by the automatic procedure
show that differences between testing procedures were
within error limits normal for an apparatus of this type.
Adoption of the mechanical procedure of combustion gas
36
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
analysis facilitated the work of the laboratory technicians,
increased their productivity, and freed one technican for
other laboratory work. The apparatus is now in continuous
smooth operation.
D-6657
Vaskevich, D. N. , A. I. Bulycheva, and P. A. Mel'nikova
RAPID METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CARBON
MONOXIDE IN THE AIR OF WORKING PREMISES. Vodos-
nabzh. i Sanit. Tekhn. , Vol. 1, p. 12-13, 1956. Translat-
ed from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 7,
p. 97-101, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
The method is based on passing the tested air for 3-5 min-
utes through an indicator tube filled with a special white
powder. As the carbon monoxide passes through the tube,
the powder acquires a. greenish-violet color, the intensity
of which is proportional to the carbon monoxide concentra-
tion in the air. The intensity of the developed color is
then compared with the color of a specially prepared stand-
ard series of tubes representing CO concentrations in the
range of 0.01 - 0. 4 mg/li. The procedure requires 10
minutes and the determination can be made directly on the
spot. Pollutants which might interfere with carbon mon-
oxide determinations may be caught by a special cylinder
filter connected to the indicator tube in such a way that the
air passes through this filter before entering the indicator
tube. The cylinder contains two layers of calcium chloride
and activated charcoal. In the process of air passing
through the indicator tube acid vapors are given off which
corrode the walls of the metallic aspirator. To eliminate
this the air is passed through a. tube filled with alkali satu-
rated cotton. The proposed rapid indicator method for the
determination of carbon monoxide in the air yielded reliable
results under different industrial production conditions.
D-6653
Bykhovskaya, M. S.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SOME METHODS FOR
THE DETERMINATION OF BERYLLIUM AND ITS COM-
POUNDS APPLICABLE TO AIR ANALYSIS. Gigiena Truda
i Prof. Zabolevaniya, JL(6):49-53J 1957. Srefs. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p. 102-
103, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
Several methods for the determination of beryllium in the
air are compared. The work was conducted with standard
beryllium solutions and also with artificial mixtures con-
taining fixed amounts of calcium, magnesium, iron, alumi-
num, zinc, and manganese. A comparative evaluation was
made of the methods for the determination of beryllium by
fluorescence with morine, l-amino-4-oxyanthraquinone,
1-4-dioxyanthraquinone and by colorimetry with quinalizerin,
thoron, N-resorcinol, arsenazo, and beryllon II. Simulta-
neously, the tests were made with trylon B the disodium
salt of ethylenediaminotetra-acetic acid, in an attempt to
counteract cationic interference and to separate the con-
stituents by paper chromatographic partitioning. The most
sensitive and promising methods for the determination of
beryllium in the air of industrial premises are: the fluores-
cence method with morine and the colorimetric determina-
tion with beryllon II. Use of trylon B as a complex -former
eliminated the effect of many interfering elements and made
possible the determination of beryllium in the presence of
calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, aluminum, and manganese,
without their preliminary separation. The spectrographic
method of beryllium, determination yielded promising re-
sults. The method of paper partitioning chromatography
appeared promising as a, semi-quantitative method for the
determination of beryllium in the presence of calcium,
magnesium, iron, manganese and aluminum.
D-6659
Gurvits, S. S. and T. I. Sergeva
PHENOL DETERMINATION IN THE PRESENCE OF POLY-
ATOMIC PHENOLS IN THE AIR DURING FOUNDRY
CASING POURING. Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya,
2(4):50-53, 1953. 5 refs. Translated from Russian by B.
S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Re-
lated Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p. 103-113, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
The development of conditions which \vould permit the
separation of monoatomic phenol from the wood resin mix-
ture which also contains polyatomic phenols so that it
could be reliably determined by the colorimetric method
is described. A procedure was sought which would permit
the microgram determination of phenol, hydroquinone,
pyrocatecin, resorcin and pyrogallol simultaneously pre-
sent in aqueous solution. Known quantities of phenol,
hydroquinone, pyrocatecin, recorcin, and pyrogallol solu-
tions were placed into conical flasks of 50 60 ml capacity,
the total volume was then made to 10 ml; this was followed
by the introduction of 2 ml IN NH^OH, 0. 5 ml of perhydrol
(hydrogen peroxide) mixed and left stand for 2 hours at
room temperature. Excess of hydrogen peroxide was de-
composed by the addition of 0. 05 g MnO^. The solution
was then filtered through cotton. Quantitative determina-
tion of phenol was then made according to the diazotization
of sulfanilic acid. This reaction possesses a high degree
of sensitivity. Practical determinations were made in the
foundry departments of "Stankolit" and in the Moscow brake
producing plant. Air sample analyses were made by the
old and new procedures, i. e. , with and without preliminary
peroxide treatment. A procedure was established for the
determination of phenol in the air of foundry department
for casting metallic forms using casing prepared from
quartz sand held together by binders of different types of
rosins and pitch tar, which permitted phenol into the sur-
rounding air simultaneously with polyatomic phenols and
other intermediate products of binder materials decompo-
sition by the high heat used in casting. The basic principle
of the new procedure is the decomposition of intermediates
secondary to phenol by hydrogen peroxide, according to the
method of loffe and Sokolov. Phenol values in excess of
actual began to appear with a triple excess of polyphenols
over phenol.
D-6661
Kachmar, E. G.
DETERMINATION OF BENZENE TOLUENE AND XYLENE
SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENT IN THE AIR. Gigiena i
Sanit. , 2_5_(5):58-62, I960. 6 refs. Translated from Rus-
sian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p. 143-147, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
The new methods in this presentation \vere based on the
formation of azo-compcnmds. Benzene was nitrified with a
10 percent nitration mixture to the dinitro form, which was
then reduced with metallic zinc, diazotized in the presence
of concentrated hydrochloric acid by a 1.0 percent solution
of sodium nitrate, and combined with m-phenylenediamine.
The resulting azo-compound is of a yellow-brown color.
The sensivity of this reaction is 0.005 mg in the volume
used for colorimetry. A series of experiments were
37
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
performed with known amounts of benzene determined on a
parallel basis by the azo-compound formation and the Ya-
novskii reactions. Control tests showed that the presence
of an equal amount of toluene and of an equivalent 60 per-
cent amount of xylene, did not interfere with the determi-
nation. The toluene determination method consisted in the
reduction of trinitrotoluene and the combination of the re-
duced products with diazotized sulfanilic acid. The sensi-
tivity of the reaction was 0. 01 mg of toluene in the colori-
metric volume. Additional control tests showed that the
presence of an equal concentration of xylene and of half the
equivalent volume of benzene did not interfere with the
deterrnina Lion. No suitable basis was found for the devel-
rnent of a method for xylene determination in the presence
of toluene; for this reason xylene was separated from ben-
zene and toluene. The following studies were made: 1)
conditions of benzene, toluene, and xylene absorption on
silica gel; 2) conditions of desorption such as effects of
temperature and air volume passed through the silica gel
in order to displace the benzene, toluene and sylene. On
the basis of results obtained conditions for the separation
of xylene from benzene and toluene are recommended.
D-6S73
Kal'manovich, F. LJ.
THE USE OF A SIMPLIFIED GAS ANALYZER (TG-5A)
FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS
OF CO2 IN THE AIR. [Opyt ispol1 zovaniya uproshchennogo
gazoanalizatora TG-5A dlya opredeleniya malykh kontsent-
ratsii uglekislogo gaza v vozdukhe. ] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English Translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 30(5):233-Z36,
May 1965. 3 refs.
For routine determination of carbon dioxide, the Sendrik-
hina gas analyzer for the determination of carbon monoxide
and hydrocarbons was modified and proved to be suitable
for the determination of CO^ in the air. The accuracy of
the method was tested by parallel determinations of CO;?
in the modified gas analyzer and by Rehberg's method. In
30 samples taken with CO^ concentration ranging from
0.035 to 0.23 vol. percent, the results were identical in
17 cases and in the remaining 13 the difference amounted
to plus 0. OOZ vol. percent.
D-6662
Dikun, P. P
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF LOW 3,4-BENZ-
PYRENE CONCENTRATIONS WITH FINE STRUCTURE
FLUORESCENT SPECTRUM. Vopr. Onkol. , J(7):42-53,
1961. 14 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 7, p. 153-169, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
A new method is described for the determination of lower
3, 4-benzpyrene concentration than with any previous tests.
This method combines the principle of spe ctrofluorornetry
with the fine structure spectral fluorescence phenomenon
described by E, V. Shpol'skii. Quantitative determination
is based on ratio between 3, 4-benzpyrene and 1, 12-benzo-
pcrilene absorption intensity lines. By the fine structure
spectral fluorescent method, determinations can be made
of 0.05 0. 10 gamma or less of 3, 4-benzpyrene per
sample with a high degree of accuracy. Average deviation
of 15 control tests was only +_ 3 percent. Deviations ex-
ceeding 10 percent occurred in 3 of the 15 control tests,
and none exceeded 13 percent.
D-6S76
Lagoshnaya, R. M. and N. A. Zhuravleva
DETERMINATION OF FREON-22 IN AIR. .[Kolichestven-
noe opredelenie freona-22 v vozdukhe. ] Hygiene and Sani-
tation (English Translation of; Gigiena i Sanit.), 30(6):366-
371, June 1965. 7 refs.
The colorimetric and manometric methods for the deter-
mination of fr eon -22 in the air are described. The colori-
metric method is applicable for freon-22 concentrations in
the air ranging from 0. 5 to 0. 00006 percent and the analy-
tical time is approximately five minutes. The manometric
method makes possible the determination of freon-22 in the
air for concentrations ranging from 0. 5 to 15 vol. percent
and the analytical time is 1 0 to 15 minutes.
D-6S81
Razumov, V. A. and T. K. Aidarov
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CERTAIN METHODS
FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD AEROSOLS.
[Stravnitel 'naya otsenka metodov opredeleniya aerozolei
svintsa v vozdukhe.] Hygiene and Sanitation (English Trans-
lation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 30_{ 1 ):43 -50, Jan. 1965. 2
refs ,
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
D-6363
Ol'khovskaya, Z. K. and F. S. Nul'man
THE DETERMINATION OF OMNOPON IN AIR AND WASH-
INGS. [Oprcdelcnie sodcrzhaniya omnopona v vozdukhc- i
smyvakh. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English Translation of
Gigicna i Sanit.), 1Q(4):T2.-1B, April 1965.
Methods have been devised for the quantitative determina-
tion of morphine and other constituent alkaloids of Omnopon
in pharmaceutical plant air and in washings from worker's
skin. Morphine is determined colorimotrically by its re-
action with potassium ferricyanide, the sensitivity being
0.005 mg in the volume analyzed, The other Omnopon
alkaloids are determined ncphelome tricall y with silico-
tungstic acid, the sensitivity being 0.02 mg in the volume'
analyzed . These methods are suitable for c on troll ing the
hygienic r ondilion of the factory concerned, by establishing
the presence or absence of the alkaloids in question.
(Authors' abstract, modifier!)
Industrial-sanitary chemistry is making a continuously in-
creasing use of rapid and objective instrumental methods
(physical and physicochemical) in addition to purely chemi-
cal analytical methods. Regrettably, no published com-
parative data are available on the employment of (different)
instrumental methods for analysis of the same substances,
including lead. The authors decided to fill this gap by in-
vestigating the advantages and disadvantages of the specl.ro-
graphic , spc ctr op ho tome trie , polar ographic , and phot o-
colorirnctric methods in the analysis of lead. In order to
reveal the- maximum possibilities of these methods, the
tests for lead in air samples were preceded by determina-
tions of its trace amounts in pure solutions. The results
for analyses of identical lead concentrations in pure solu-
tions show that the spcctrographic and colori graphic de-
terminations are fairly close to one another, while the
spectrophotometric and phototurbidimet ric and analytical
errors are somewhat smaller. Under their experimental
conditions, the minimum detectable concentrations of lead
were 0.000005 percent with the spec! rographic method,
O.OOOOS percent with the polarographic method, and
38
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
0. 0002 percent with the spectrophotometric and phototur-
bidimetric methods. Comparative data on the determina-
tion of lead in air by the same method show certain quanti-
tative differences in the analytical results. This probably
should be explained by the different chemical preparation
of the samples for analysis. Therefore, in determining
lead in air by any of the methods under consideration,
account must be taken of the accuracy of the method calcu-
lated from actual samples. Before actual use of any speci-
fic method one must carry out preliminary work to achieve
maximum sensitivity and to reduce the error according to
the actual analytical objects. Of the methods tested, pre-
ference is given to the spectrographic method which is the
most sensitive and rapid; the number of elements to be
determined simultaneously must also be considered.
D-6S3S
Slavgorodskii, L. P.
DETECTION OF PHTALIC ANHYDRIDE IN THE ATMOS-
PHERIC AIR BY A SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD.
[Opredelenie ftalevogo angidrida v atmosfernom vozdukhe
spektrofotometricheskim metodom. ] Hygiene and Sanita-
tion (English Translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 30{2):227-
230. Feb. 1965. 5 refs.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
An attempt was made to determine phthalic anhydride in the
air by a spectrophotometric method. Ethanol was selected
as the solvent. The optical densities of alcohol solutions
with different phthalic anhydride concentrations were deter-
mined and it was found that optical density was dependent
on the concentrations of the test solutions. In the determi-
nation of phthalic anhydride in the atmospheric air, 100 to
200 liters of air -was passed through an FPA-15 filter,
fastened in d special cartridge, and two absorbers with a
porous plate No. 2, each containing 10 ml of ethanol, at a
rate of 1 liter/min. Considering the ability of phthalic
anhydride to sublimate and condense, in collecting the
samples the author provided for the use of the FPA-15
filter to absorb the solid phase of the aerosol, and 96 per-
cent alcohol to absorb the vapors. The sensitivity of the
spectrophotometric method of determining phthalic anhy-
dride in the atmospheric air is 2. 5 ug/ml. The method is
nonspecific. The presence of other compounds possessing
absorption in the working region of the spectrum interferes
with the determination.
D-63S9
Antoshech.kin, A. G.
INSTRUMENT FOR DETERMINING THE CONCENTRA-
TIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES AND NITRIC ACID FUMES
IN AIR. [Pribor dlya opredeleniya kontsentratsii okislov
azota i parov azotnoi kisloty v vozdukhe. ] Hygiene and
Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.},
;30j2):234-236, Feb. 1965.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
An instrument was designed and tested for the determina-
tion of the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and nitric acid
fumes in air. The action of the instrument is based on
measurements of the electrical conductivity of a solution
obtained by drawing the air with nitrogen oxides through
distilled water. The instrument is portable, its design is
simple and it can be constructed under laboratory condi-
tions. Its sensitivity is from 0. 0003 to 20 mg nitrogen
oxides per liter of air. One analysis takes 1 to 2 min.
Thirty ml of distilled \vater is introduced with the syringe
into the upper tube and into the vessel. The water cannot
leave the vessel because of the valve, and it forms a 1-cm
layer between the two electrodes. Now the pump is
attached and 5 1 of air are drawn in distilled water. Nitro-
gen oxide from the air combines with water to produce
nitrous acid. The higher the concentration of nitrogen
oxide in the air, the higher will be the concentration of
the HNO?, solution in the vessel. Since HNO2, like HNO3,
is a strong electrolyte and completely dissociates to ions in
dilute solutions, the electrical conductivity of the solution
is proportional to the concentration. The electrodes are fed
with a constant voltage from a 4. 5V source. In using the
instrument, one must remember that interference is caused
by gases that are readily soluble in water and produce a
strong electrolyte on solution (the sulfnric acid fumes).
After suitable graduation, the instrument can also be used
for the determination of sulfuric acid fumes in air.
D-6390
Atlasov, A. G.
DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM VOLUME OF AIR
WHEN TAKING SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS OF HARMFUL
SUBSTANCES. [Opredelenie optimal'nogo o'ema vozdukha
pri otbore prob na vrednye veshches tva. ] Hygiene and
Sanitation (English Translation of • Gigiena i Sanit. },
!30_(2):272-275, Feb. 1965.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
The purpose of sample collection is the complete trapping
of the substance to be analyzed from the air; it should be
present (in the sample) in an amount sufficient for its
reliable determination by the method adopted. The least
content of the substance that should be present in the sam-
ple is established by the sensitivity of the method of analy-
sis used. Conclusions: 1. Formula was proposed for
computing the optimum volume of air in the collection of
air samples for analysis for harmful substances. 2. It
was shown for individual examples that for certain sub-
stances the practical handbook on industrial sanitary chem-
istry recorpmends air volumes that are too low and do not
provide the necessary accuracy of the analyses. 3. The
proposed formula permits the refinement of the air volumes
drawn through the absorbing system during collection of the
samples, as a function of the industrial conditions and the
problem posed in tlae monitoring of the atmosphere.
D-6S93
Belyakov, A. A. and V. G. Srnirnova.
DETERMINATION OF FURFURAL IN THE AIR. [Opredele-
nie furfurola v vozdukhe.] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
Translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3£(3) :390-391. Mar.
1965. 3 refs.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
Methods based on color reaction with aniline have been
proposed for determining furfural vapors in the air of
industrial premises. The reaction results in the formation
of dianilide of oxyglutaconic aldehyde, belonging to the
class of polymethine dyes. A common delect of these
methods is the instability of dyed solutions, which is re-
flected in the reproducibility of the results. Using the
above-mentioned reaction, the authors were able to find
the conditions for a more reliable determination of furfural
in the air. They used 93 percent of icy acetic acid as the
absorbent solution and solvent. An aniline concentration
within the limits of 50-70 mg per ml of acetic acid is pre-
ferable. In this case the dying of the solutions reaches the
maximum in 1? minutes and is preserved unchanged for the
next 45 minutes. Furfural vapors are well absorbed by
acetic acid. To determine, for instance, the maximum
permissible concentration of furfural (0.01 mg/1), it suf-
fices to pass not more than 25 ml of air through an absorb-
ing instrument with 2 nil of acetic acid. The air humidity
39
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
is apparently little detained by the icy acetic acid. Thus,
the sucking of up to 10. 1 of air through the absorbing in-
strument with 2. ml of acetic acid containing 0.5 5 |xg of
furfural is not reflected in the results of the determination.
D-6394
Razumov, V. A. and T. K. Aidarov
A FAST METHOD FOR DETERMINING LEAD IN THE AIR.
[Uskorennyi metod opredeleniya svintsa v vozdukhe.]
Hygiene and Sanitation (English Translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit. ), -30_(3):392-394, Mar. 1965. 5refs.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
Electroencephalography as a means of investigating the
effects of imperceptible concentrations of dangerous air
pollutants is discussed. In Semenenko's variant of the
method of functional electroencephalography (as applied
to hygienic investigations) the modification index is a more
adequate parameter than the summed amplitude of modi-
fied rhythm. The variation in the modification index is
directly related to the strength of the effect of the investi-
gated factor. The adoption of the modification index as the
EEC parameter in this variant renders the method easier
and more convenient. This method was applied to studies
of the short term effect of small concentrations of toluene
diisocyanate on the human body.
In a number of cases there is a. need for rapid and accurate
determination of the lead aerosol content in the air. The
usual chemical and physicochemical methods applied for
this purpose are rather lengthy and labor-consuming. The
most advantageous is color reaction on paper without any
previous working of the ground. The fullest response to
all requirements is afforded by the color reaction with
tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinone. Here .1 legible scale is
obtained for micrograrn parts of lead on paper, the pink
coloring lasts for up to six months, and the reagent solu-
tion itself is stable for up to 4 months. Antimony, bismuth,
zinc, copper, iron, arsenic, chromium and calcium, also
cadmium {in equal concentrations with lead} do not inter-
fere with determination. The air sample was taken out
with an aspirator plant at a rate of 3 1/min onto filter paper
(blue band). When the lead content is within the normal
limits, 10-15 1 of air have to be taken. A disk of paper
17 rnm in diameter was placed in a plexiglas holder of the
proper dimensions, and a drop (0. 05 ml) of reagent was ap-
plied to the filter in the holder; after it had dried, samples
were taken, and then a drop (0. 05 ml) of buffer solution
was applied. The pink coloring appeared at once. Then
the filter was taken out of the holder and was placed on
clean filter paper (with the coloring upward) to dry. After
a few seconds, the coloring was compared with the scale
on the paper obtained by the analogous method for certain
lead concentrations. The sensitivity of the method was
0. 015 ug in the drop (0. 05 ml). For more reliable results,
it is better to make two parallel (in the worst case, suc-
cessive) determinations. The duration of one determina-
tion is not more than seven minutes, if the air contains
lead in more than the normal amount.
D-6393
Poietaev, M. I.
COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SMALL AMOUNTS
OF INDOLE IN AIR. [K olorimetriches koe opredelenic
malykh koliches tv indola v vozdukhe.] Hygiene and Sanita-
tion (English Translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3Q(10):76-
77, Oct. 1965.
A colorimetric method for the determination of small
quantities of indole is described. This method makes it
possible to determine 0. 0005 mg indole in the colorimetric
volume.
D-6900
Chizhikov, V. A.
FUNCTIONAL EEC IN STUDIES OF THE EFFECT OF
IMPERCEPTIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF DANGEROUS
POLLUTANTS. [K metodikc funktsional'noi elektroents ef-
alografii pri izuchenii deistviya neoshchutimykh konLsen-
tratsii vrednykh veshchestv na organizrn cheloveka. ] Hy-
giene and Sanitation (English Translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit,), KH10);119-122, Oct. 1965.
D-6902
Gorskaya, R. V.
A NEW PHOTOCOLORIMETR1C METHOD FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF NAPHTHALENE IN AIR. [Novyi
fotokolorimetricheskii metod opredeleniya maftalina v
vozdukhe. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English Translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit.), 3Q_( 11):243 -244, Nov. 1965. 2 refs.
A photocolorimetric method for routine analysis of naphth-
alene is described. The method was tested under industrial
conditions by determining the naphthalene in the air of the
naphthalene shop of the Rutchenkovskii coke-chemical
plant. Interference by phenols was prevented by trapping
them first in an absorber containing 0. 1 N alkali which
was placed in front of the absorber for the naphthalene.
The determination was carried out by two methods, with
a. nitrating mixture and with alloxantin. There was good
agreement between the results.
D-6903
Pinigina, I. A.
THE SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF ALIPHATIC
ALCOHOLS IN AIR BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY.
[Razdelenie i kolichestvennoe opredelenie alifaticheskikh
spirtov v vozdukhe s pomoshch'yu khrornatografii na
bumage.] Hygiene and Sanitation (English Translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit. ), .30(11):244-249) Nov. 1965. 5 refs.
Separate determination of aliphatic alcohols (Cj-Cio) that
simultaneously pollute the air in factories manufacturing
synthetic alcohols was accomplished by paper chromato-
graphy. Volatile compounds can be determined by paper
chromatography after their conversion to nonvolatile com-
pounds. The alcohols are converted to the benzoates. The
derivatives of alcohols C^-C^ arranged themselves on the
chromatogram in the order of increasing number of carbon
atoms. The derivatives of alcohols C-f~C\Q arranged
themselves on the chromotogram in the descending order
of the number of their carbon atoms. The alcohols can be
quantitatively determined by chromatographic separation,
by means of the intensity of the color of the spots formed
by their eluates. In the case of alcohols C]-C^, the color
is eluted and the optical density of the elute measured with
an SF-4 spectropholometer or a photocolorimeter. Quan-
titative determination of the alcohols C-j-C^Q was per-
formed visually by comparing the color intensities of the
sample spots with those of reference spots made with stan-
dard solutions .
D-6906
Parsadanyan, G. A.
INSTRUMENT FOR RAPID DETERMINATION OF HEALTH
HAZARDS IN AIR USING TEST PAPER. [Pribor dlya
bysLrogo opredeleniya vrednykh primesei v vozdukhe s
40
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
primeniem reaktivnoi bumagi. ] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English Translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 30(12):3S5-3S6,
Dec. 1965. 2 refs.
An instrument used to make the filter paper method more
convenient for the determination of toxic substances in
factories is described. The instrument consists of a body,
a slide, a scale, nozzles, « three-way valve, and 50-ml
syringe. There is also a cutter for cutting out circular
portions of test paper. The air is drawn in through the
syringe,' and the resulting color is determined colorimetri-
cally based on the artificial or natural standard scale which
is attached to the slide. The instrument was used success-
fully under industrial conditions and is recommended for
practical public health work.
D-6903
Gorskaya, R. V.
DETERMINATION OF PYRIDINE IN AIR. [K voprosu ob
opredelenii piridina v vozdukhe. ] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 30(12):93-96,
Dec. 1965. 5 refs.
The determination ^of pyridine in factory air \vas accom-
plished by the reaction of pyridine with cyanogen chloride
and barbituric acid. The method was tested under indus - *
trial conditi ns to determine pyridine concentrations in the
air of the pyridine shop of a coking-chemical plant. Paral-
lel determinations were made by the gas laboratory of the
plant using cyanogen bromide and aniline. A comparison of
the results shows that the determination of pyridine with
cyanogen chloride and barbituric acid makes quantitative
results possible, while the method used by the laboratory
does not. This method also eliminates work with highly
toxic reagents, is convenient for routine analysis under in-
dustrial conditions, and possesses high sensitivity and
accuracy.
D-70S1
Spumy, K. , M . Polydorova, and Z. Starcuk
ANALYTIC FILTERS OF ORGANIC MICROFIBERS AND
THEIR USE IN DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF
AEROSOLS AND DUST. Pracovni Lekar. , 14(S):369-375.
Oct. , 1962. 12 refs. Translated from Czech, Technical
Library Research Service, 18p. , 1963.
The filtration properties of Czechoslovak analytic filters
made of organic microfibers are described. A total of 15
different kinds were examined, some of which were equal
in quality lo similar filters of foreign production. The
screening properties of these Czechoslovak analytic filters
made of organic microfibers, their clogging by industrial
atomized aerosols and their applicability for determining
the concentration of radioactive aerosols are described.
Pressed filter materials made of synthetic microfibers
(chlorinated PVC) prepared in Czechoslovakia were tested
alons with analytic filters made of synthetic fibers in Mos-
cow, filters made in Germany and diaphragm-filters. The
filters made at synthetic microfibers all contained fibers in
the thickness ranging from d = 0. 3 to 3. 75 (i, porosity 75
to 97 percent, average distance between fibers around 40 n,
and total thickness of filter 300 to 2000 u. Both American
filters (Millipore Filter AA and SM) and Czechoslovak fil-
ters (Synthc.--".a AUFS) were used as diaphragm-filters.
The nature of clogging, filtering efficiency, and absorption
of alpha-radiation were studied. Fine blast furnace dust
was used for the study of clogging. The efficiency of the
filters was measured by the retention method of blast fur-
nace dvist aerosols labeled by the decay products of radon.
The penetration of aerosol particles into a filter and the
absorption of alp ha-radiation by a filter were studied with
the use of natural radioactive aerosols, i.e. , by atmos-
pheric air, labeled by the decay products of radon.
D-7145
Lastochkin, P. N.
A NEW METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE DETERMI-
NATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN THE AIR. Gigiena i
Epidemiol. , No. 1, p. 9-12, 1Q2S. Translated from Rus-
sian by B. S. Levine, U. S.S.R Literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 1, p. 143-147,
Jan. 1%0.
CFSTI: TT 60-2104-3
The method and apparatus are based on the property of a
mixture of metals known as hopcalite (MnO^, CuO, CO^O3,
and Ag?O) to catalytically oxidize CO contained in the air
to CO?. The catalytic oxidation generates heat in propor-
tion to the intensity of oxidation. The reaction heat can be
measured with the aid of thermoelements or with sound or
light waves of determinable intensities or by some other
suitable thermolectric procedure. The results can then be
interpreted in terms of equivalent CO concentration in the
air. A portable apparatus designed for the determination
of CO in the air of industrial premises by the hopcalite
catalytic method is diagrammed. This method and appara-
tus have the following sShortcomings: 1) difficulty of ob-
taining a sufficiently stable, hard and active hopcalite: 2)
necessity for preparing a scale for each set-up and each
lot of hopcalite; 3) necessity to replace used-up calcium
chloride.
D-7146
Gronsberg, E. Sh.
DETERMINATION OF VINYL CHLORIDE IN THE AIR.
Gigiena i Sanit. , No 11, p. 43-44, 1Q54. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 1, p.
150, Jan. 1Q60.
CFSTI: TT t>0-21049
The procedure described is based on bromination in chlo-
roform solution with a bromine solution in a 1:1 mixture of
glacial acetic acid and chloroform. The method is sensi-
tive to 0. 10 mg of vinyl chloride per test. The absorption
of vinyl chloride from air is accomplished by aspirating
the tested air through chloroform kept at -10' to -15s at
the rate of 10 12 liters per hour. This method is speci-
fic in the presence of methanol and dichlorethane. Observ-
ing the additional steps and precautions indicated obviates
the interference of ethylene and chlorine.
D-7147
Stepanovich, A.
DETERMINATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN AIR.
Glasnik Higienskog Inst. (Beograd). 4_(l-2):77-S5. 1°55.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine. U. S.S.R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases.
No. 1, p. 151-160, Jan. lqoO.
CFSTI: TT 60-2104--1
The principle of the method described involves the reduc-
tion of palladium chloride to elementary palladium by
carbon monoxide. The palladium is removed by filtration:
the unused palladium chloride is treated xvith an excess of
potassium iodide solution which develops a red color the
41
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
intensity of which is proportional to the amount of unused
PdCl2- CO in the sample is determined from the differ-
ence between the original and remaining PdC^. Substan-
ces other than CO which react with palladium chloride and
substances which interfere with the CO reaction must be
removed from the air sample before it is analyzed. These
substances consist chiefly of unsaturatecl hydrocarbons,
hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide and ammonia. They can
be precipitated with bromine water and with concentrated
hydroxide solution. In addition to describing the PdCl2
method, MSA CO indicator paper was tested against known
concentrations of carbon monoxide. Simultaneously, known
concentrations of CO were checked by the palladium chlo-
ride method. Results obtained by the two methods are pre-
sented in Table 5. A method is also given for the prepara-
tion of PdCl£ paper indicator strips to be used in the de-
tection and estimation of carbon monoxide in air. It is
concluded that the palladium chloride method can be used
conveniently in the field for CO concentrations ranging
between 0. 001 0. 05 percent, and is well adapted for the
determination of concentrations usually found in industrial
establishments. A field worker can be trained to collect
and analyze 10 air samples a day; range of error is +_ 4
percent.
D-7150
Dzedzichek, V. P. and A. V. Demidov
APPARATUS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CARBON
MONOXIDE AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE AIR AND OF
GASEOUS COMPONENTS OF LIQUID FUEL. Lab. Delo,
3J4):46-51, 1957. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related .
Occupational Diseases, No. 1, p. 168-177, Jan. I960
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
The principle of the method described is the same as that
of the combustion methods currently in use. The carbon
monoxide or the hydrocarbons contained in the air are
oxidized to carbon dioxide in a combustion chamber with
the aid of an electrically heated coil. The carbon dioxide
is then passed through a coil condenser (absorber) which
contains a known volume of a known solution of barium
hydroxide, and the excess of the latter determined by
titration with a standardized solution of I-IC1, and the re-
sults expressed in mg of CO or of hydrocarbons, as the
case may be, per liter of air. The apparatus consists of
four main sections: the purifying section, the distributor,
the combustion chamber, and the absorber. The apparatus
and technique are described in detail.
D-7143
Turkel'taub, N. and D. N. Senderikhina
DETERMINATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE WITH THE
AID OF A GAS ANALYZER. Informatsiono-Metodicheskie
Materialy, Vol 5, p. 21, 1955. Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U.S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 1, p. 161-164,
Jan. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
Carbon monoxide is oxidized with the aid of a red-hot
platinum wire spiral in a special apparatus which is illus-
trated and described, The resulting carbon dioxide is ab-
sorbed by a given volume of 0. 005 or 0. 01 N barium hy-
droxide. The quantity of carbon dioxide is determined by
the difference in titrations against HC1 before and after
the air sample is passed through the oxidizing (combustion)
chamber. The sensitivity and accuracy of the method was
found to be 0. 0014 mg.
D-7149
Mokhov, L. A. and A. V. Demidov
DETERMINATION OF CARBON MONOXIDK IN THE AIR
BY MEANS OF AN INDICATOR TUBE. Lab. Drlo, 3_(1):
48-50, 1957. 1 ri'f. Translator! from Russian by B. S.
Lovinc, U.S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Rela-
ted Occupational Diseases, No. 1, p. 165-167, Jan. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
The method described is based on the reducing property of
CO; the reagents employed are stable, and the reaction-
color develops in a short time. The principle of the method
is the reduction of palladium sulfatc by CO. Control tosts
established that palladium sulfalo is reduced more rapidly
than any other palladium salt. Ammonium sulfate, one of
the components of the indicator, stabilises it, and ammo-
nium molybdate increases the sensitivity of the reagent.
Silica gel is USCT] as the indicator base. The final product
is introduced into a glass indicator tube and the- air aspira-
ted through it in a given volume. The sensitivity of the
method is 0.005 mg/1. Determination accuracy is -v_ "> per-
cent on the volume basis.
D-7151
Polezhaev, N. G.
DETERMINATION OF FREE SILICON DIOXIDE IN THE
PRESENCE OF SILICATES IN INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS
AND IN ATMOSPHERIC DUST. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2£(11):9I-
94, 1957. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S. S.R, , Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 1, p. 173-183, Jan. 19'60.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
In this method the SiO£ is destroyed and removed from the
sample leaving the silicates intact. The method is based
on fusing free SiO^ and the silicates with KHCOj or NaHCOj
in the presence of chlorides. In the process of fusion the
free SiO^ becomes converted into alkaline salts of silicic
acid while the silicic acid of the silicates is retained by the
silicate molecule enriched by the alkaline flux. Quantitative'
determination of the silicic acid is done colorimetrically by
the yellow color intensity of the formed silicamolybclic com-
plex. The method is sensitive to 0.2 mg of SiO? in 50'ml;
D-7152
Berezina, T. A.
COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF IODINE IN THE AIR.
Gigiena i Sanit. , il(l'i) :88-90, 1957. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollu-
tion and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 1, p. 184-136,
Jan. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
A study was made of the present methods used in the deter-
mination of iodine in the air which are based on the direct
titration of the iodine by the subjective colorirrvetric deter-
mination. All such methods were found to have some basic
shortcomings. Experiments were undertaken to define the
possibility uf determining iodine in air eloctrocblorimetri-
cally (oJo.ctropholomclrically). Since yellow tinted iodine
solutions absorb b)up rays of 440 m|J. lungth, the blue light
filter should be used. The illumination of iodine solution
with this monochromatic light (blue) creates a set of con-
ditions under which the! rays of light are absorbed by the
solution in a definitive ratio to Iho concentration of the
42
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
iodine. By this method a. single determination and calcula-
tion of the results can be made in 2. 3 minutes. It re-
quires no previously prepared litration solution for each
determination, since the nomographic scales need bo pre-
pared only once and can be used for all future determina-
tions. The air samples are collected into three successive
absorbers of the Petri type, each of the first two containing
20 ml of the 1 percent KI solution and the third containing
10 ml of the absorber solution. The air is aspirated at the
rate of 60/hour. The air is passed through an electric
oven which vaporizes the iodine. The contents of the three
absorbers are poured into the left colorimetric container,
the one on the right side containing 50 ml of Hie original
KI absorber solution. The electric current is switched on
and the galvanometric needle adjusted to the zero point with
the aid of the current flowmeter. Meter readings are then
made and converted into mg/liter of air. The method en-
ables the determination of 0. 001 nig of iodine per ml of
solution.
D-7153
Bronsberg, E . Sh.
CHROMATOGRAPH1C SEPARATION OF BENZENE AND
ISOPROPYLBENZENE AND OF BENZENE AND CHLORO-
BENZYL IN AIR ANALYSIS, Gigiena i Sanit. , ^3(1): 77-8 1,
195S. 4 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature 011 Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases , No. 1, p. 187-191, Jan. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
The metho i studied consisted of a combination of thermal
desorption and chromatographic analysis. Sets of condi-
tions developed for the chromatographic partitioning of
vapors of benzene, isopropylbenzene and chlorobenzyl pre-
sent in the air of industrial manufacturing premises. The
partitioning was accomplished at the time of the sample
taking when the air was aspirated through the system which
consisted of a V-shaped tube containing grade ASK silica
gel and of two absorbers containing 2 ml of a nitre-mixture.
The benzene is absorbed by the nitro-mixture, the second
component remaining adsorbed by the silica gel. Colori-
metric methods arc described for the determination of the
isopropylbenzene and the chlorobenzyl in the presence of
benzene.
D-7154
Nemirovskii, N. L. and G. I. Meerovich
COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE
DETERMINATION OF METHYL ESTER OF METHACRYLIC
ACID IN THE AIR OF WORK SHOPS. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
23(2):33-S5, 1953. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases. No. 1, p. 192-201. Jan. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
The method which is presented is based on Lhe property of
this type of unsaluraled organic ester lo unite with Br. The
air sample is collected with the aid of ethyl alcohol which
readily absorbs the methyl ester of the methacrylic acid.
To the alcoholic absorber solution aqueous solutions of
KBr. KBrOB and of HC1 are added in quantities just enough
lo liberate Br in slight excess over that required, the Br
excess colors Hie solution. The greater the ester concen-
tration in I he alcoholic absorber (he more free Br will be
consumed and. hence, the lighter will be the Br coloring
the solution. By adding a known quantity of free Br and by
comparing the colored solution with known color standards
the quantity of the Br combined with (he ester can be de-
termined, and (he quantity of (he ester in the absorbed air
sample computed. The* colorimelric determination can be
adjusted to have standard colored series represent directly
the quantity of the ester contained in the alcohol absorbed
air sample, without having to resort to additional computa-
tion. Methyl ester quantities as low as 0. 01 mg/ml can be
determined accurately by this method.
D-7155
Gladchikova. Yu. N. and N. I. Shumariiia
CHROMOTROPIC ACID METHOD FOR THE DETERMINA-
TION OF FORMALDEHYDE IN AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
2^(4):83-84, 1953. 4 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. I, p. 202-205, Jan.
I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
A procedure based on the reaction taking place between
chromotropic acid (1, 3-dioxy- 3 , 6 -disulfonaphlhalic acid)
and formaldehyde in Lhe presence of H^SO4 is described.
This method was found to be superior to the fuchsin-sul-
furous method. It is more specific even in the presence of
many organic compounds and its standard color scale is
more permanent.
D-7156
Sende r ikhma , D . P.
DETERMINATION OF PARAFFIN AND CERESIN AERO-
SOLS IN THE AIR OF INDUSTRIAL PLANTS. Gigiena i
Sanit., 2_3(8):77-78, 1953. Translated from Russian by B.
S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Re-
lated Occupational Diseases, No. 1. p. 206-207, Jan.
1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
For quantitative determination ol petroleum paraffin vapor
its differential characteristics of dissolving readily in
ether and with difficulty in ethanol were utilized. The
ethanol is added to the ethe r-diss olved petroleum paraffin
and cooled to 0 ° which causes the paraffin to separate from
solution as an emulsion whose turbidity varies directly
with the quantity of the dissolved paraffin. The standard
solution to be used in the turbimetric comparator is pre-
pared from a weighed amount of petroleum paraffin in
ethyl ether, usually 1 mg per ml. Quantitative analysis of
synthetic cerecin is done gravimetrically by aspirating
through a glass filter No. 2 at the rate of 0. 2 lit. /min
using ether as the absorber. The absorbed cerecin is
removed from the glass filter plate by dissolving it in hot
gasoline; the latter is driven off by evaporation in a pre-
weighed porcelain dish over a waterbath. After the gaso-
line has been evaporated the dish is cooled for 20 30
minutes in a desiccator and weighed on an analytical bal-
ance.
D-7157
Grigorova, L. P.
DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN THE AIR BY AMPERO-
METRIC TITRATION. Gigiena i Sanit. , ±1_( 1 1): 94-^5, 1953.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 1. p. 203-210, Jan. 1%0.
CFSTI: TT 60-2104^
A procedure for the quantitative analysis of lead based on
the amperometric litratioii of hydrochloric acid solutions
of lead with ammonium molybdate is described. This
method enables the dclermination of 10 x 10 nig of lead
in 10 ml. A mercury capillary electrode was used and the
43
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
comparing electrode consisted of a calomel-saturated semi-
element. Recording of the diffusion current was accom-
plished by a reflection mirror galvanometer of the GZP-47
type. A solution of 0. 1 N KNO3 was used as the medium.
Experiments were made at potential 1 b in an atmosphere
in which oxygen was replaced by hydrogen. The lead com-
pounds present in the air were retained by paper filters.
The air was aspirated through the filters at the rate of 10
15 1/min. Depending upon the expected aerosol concentra-
tion in the air, between 50 300 liters of the air were
sucked through. Soluble and insoluble lead are determined
in one sample, and another sample is used for the determi-
nation of total lead.
dispersion dust. However, with reference to finer frac-
tions of dust the count method is superior. The gravime-
tric method can be effectively used in the evaluation of air
polluted with toxic dust, in combination with the count
methods. The gravimetric method will predominate as
long as it forms the basis for existing regulations. Recent
scientific attainments, the results of koniometric investi-
gations and the demands of industry make it imperative
that new standards be established based on the results of
dust particle counts and their degree of dispersion.
D-7284
D-7264
Juda, J. and K. Budzinski
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION. [Zanieczyszczenia Atmos-
fery. ] Warsaw, Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne, 1961,
256p. 29 refs. Translated from Polish. Joint Publications
Research Service, Washington, D. C. , 26lp. , March 31,
1963.
CFSTI: 63-21460
Information about the sources, dispersion and investigation
of atmospheric pollutants is reported. Results of studies
from foreign sources are given, and an attempt is made to
analyze these data in the light of conditions prevailing in
Poland. The work is intended for engineers who plan indus-
trial plants and supervise the operation of machinery and
industrial installations, as well as for the safety and work
hygiene service employees. Subjects discussed are: (I)
Systematic Classification of Atmospheric Pollutants; (II)
Sources of Atmospheric Pollutants; (III) Damage Caused by
Atmospheric Pollution; (IV) Aerosol Mechanics; (V) The
Influence of Meteorological Conditions on the Dispersion of
Pollutants; (VI) Dispersion of Pollutants in the Atmosphere;
(VII) Methods of Measuring Atmospheric Pollution; (VIII)
Determination of Pollutant Emission; (IX) Estimation of
Dustfall; (X) Determination of Particulate Matter Concen-
tration; and (XI) Determination of Gaseous Air Pollutants.
D-7233
Erenburg, G. S. , M. N. Krasnogorskaya, I. I. Lifshits,
and E. T. Lykhina
THE GRAVIMETRIC AND COUNT METHODS FOR THE
DETERMINATION OF DUST CONCENTRATION IN INDUS-
TRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 7, p. 3-
5, 1950. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseas es , No. 2, p. 1-3, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21138
A comparison is made of the gravimetric and count methods
for the determination of dust concentration. The sanitary-
hygienic significance of extreme high dispersion and ultra-
microscopic particles has been generally recognized; it
is equally well recognized that it is practically impossible
to determine them by the gravimetric method. On the other
hand, recent developments in the field of ultramicroscopy
made it possible to determine not only the presence of
such particles, but their relative numbers and their rate
of sedimentation, two factors which are of prime impor-
tance in determining the health hazard of a given air dust
concentration. This is the reason why the count methods
of evaluation of dust concentrations became widely used.
The gravimetric method as a criterion for the evaluation
of dust concentration is adequate and should be employed
where the dust concentration is related principally to the
coarser fractions of dust, as in the efficiency evaluation of
dust separation measures, particularly as applied to low
Khrustaleva, V. A. and N. G. Shalya
MERCURY POLLUTION OF INDUSTRIAL PREMISES IN
WORK INVOLVING MERCURIC CHLORIDE. Gigiena i
Sanit., No. 9, p. 22-25, 1950. Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 4-7, March
1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
An investigation was made into the source of mercury in
the atmosphere inside a dry cell plant. The method of
HgCl^ absorption by a NaCl solution was used in making
separate determinations of the simultaneous presence of
mercuric chloride and of mercury fumes, Mercury was
determined colorimetrically. The results indicated that
air pollution in the shops was caused almost entirely by
Hg fumes and that the concentration of the HgCl^ fumes was
negligible. High concentrations of both substances were
found in scrapings from the walls and floor. At this point
it became certain that mercury was the source of pollution
of the working area; attempts were then made to establish
the cause of HgCl£ reduction to Hg. The reducing action
of the individual ingredients of the electrolyte and of the
flour thickener was also investigated. Since calcium chlo-
ride, ammonium chloride and zinc chloride did not reduce
mercuric chloride, it was assumed that metallic zinc, as
an impurity of the zinc chloride, might have been responsi-
ble for imparting this property to the electrolyte. However,
results of the analyses did not substantiate this assumption.
An attempt was then made to determine mercury in the final
electrolyte which contained the flour thickener. Mercury
was found in amounts of 0. 099 0. 2 mg per 100 g of final
electrolyte. On the basis of information found in the litera-
ture concerning the property of organic substances to re-
duce HgCl^ experiments were set up to determine the re-
ducing properties of the flour. Subsequent colorimetric
determinations of mercury in the electrolyte yielded posi-
tive results. To improve the sanitary-hygienic conditions
in the shops, it was suggested that mercuric chloride,
which is not an electrolyte, be replaced by another less
toxic substance, and that substitutes be found for the flour
thickener.
D-7285
Khrustaleva, V. A.
DIFFERENTIAL DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC AND
INORGANIC LEAD IN THE AIR OF GARAGES. Gigiena i
Sanit., No. 9, p. 48-49, 1952. Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 8-10, March
1960".
CFSTI: TT 60-21138
Air samples for the determination of inorganic compounds
should be collected by aspirating 300 - 500 1 of air through
absorbent cotton at a rate of 10 1/min. With reference to
tetraethyl lead it may be stated that, owing to the presence
of carbon monoxide and vapors of hydrocarbons in the air,
44
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
and the nonspecificity of the method, its determination in
the form of intact molecules is not feasible. It is necessary
first to destroy the molecules and to proceed with the de-
termination of free lead. For this purpose tetraethyl lead
is absorbed from the air into alcohol at a rate not exceeding
1 1/min, i.e. , 60 1 per hour; at a higher rate evaporation
of the alcohol-dissolved tetraethyl lead will take place. By
the method used in this study metallic lead determinations
could be made reliably with 0. 002 0. 005 mg as the lower
limit. For the collection of tetraethyl lead air samples the
use of conventional equipment is proposed, such as a suc-
tion dust collector, a. high velocity flowmeter, corrugated
tubes as adapters for cotton filters to retain metallic lead,
and Petri tubes containing 10 ml of alcohol for the absorp-
tion of the tetraethyl lead. By the proposed method of air
sampling it was possible to aspirate within one hour and a.
half up to 1 m3 of air and to accumulate a. quantity of tetra-
ethyl lead sufficient for a precise determination.
D-723S
Vaskevich, D. N. and T. I. Sergeeva
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SMALL
QUANTITIES OF ALPHA-NATHTHYLAMINE IN THE AIR
OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 3, p. 41-
45, 1956. 7 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 31-36, March 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
A rapid method "was developed for the determination of
small amounts of a-napthylamine, which is based on the
formation of a colored compound resulting from the re-
action taking place between a-napthylamine and diazo-
aminobenzol in acetic acid medium. The sensitivity of the
method is 0. 3 l^g/3 ml with a concentration limit of 1 x 10'.
The color of the standard sets keeps for several months
and can be used instead of artificial sets. The presence in
the air of a threefold excess of B -napthylamine did not
interfere with the correct quantitative determination of a-
napthylamine. A rapid method was developed for the collec-
tion of air samples with the aid of a new MIOT-2 absorber;
the method is based on the formation of flakes by the ab-
sorbed particles and the dissolution of the flakes and fumes
of a-naphthylamine by a solvent applied to the large cotton
surface area. Using the method described, the quantitative
determination of a-naphthylamine in the air can be made in
10 to 15 minutes. (Authors' summary)
D-7293
Gusarov, I. I. and V. K. Lyapidevskii
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NATURAL
RADIOACTIVITY OF AIR BASED ON RADON FISSION
PRODUCTS. Gigiena i Sanit. , 23/10): 10-16, 1958. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 2,
p. 87-95, March 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
Radioactive aerosols in quantity sufficient for determina-
tion were collected by the method of air aspiration. One
to 3 cubic meters of air was aspirated at a rate of 70 - 90
1/min through a 6. 6 cm2 filter in a Zcitz holder. Results
of tests showed that filter types BF and FPP-5 had a neg-
ligibly low coefficient of passing-through, an autoabsorption
in the filter body within the limits of 10 - 15 percent and a
sufficiently high filtration rate. In the case of filter type
FPP-15 the total error due to passing-through and to aulo-
absorption ranged up to 30 percent. In utilizing membrane
filters the error caused by the pas sing-through and self-
absorption could be ignored, but their filtration rates were
1.4- 1.5 times below those of filters BF and FPP- 5.
Filters of the FPP-25, FPP-15 type and all membrane
filters carried an electric charge which had no effect on
the course of filtration within the range of 8 12 1/min per
cm , Calculation methods, made possible the determina-
tion of complete isotopic content of short-life products of
radon decomposition in the air. The diffusion chamber de-
scribed in this study can be utilized in practical hygienic-
sanitary dosimetric determinations: a) in determining low
a-activity samples under laboratory conditions, in the
standardization of a-active preparations; in checking the
effectiveness of pulsed a-counters and other a-particle
counters; b) in practical evaluation of small dimension por-
table devices; c) in measuring natural radioactivity of
atmospheric air. (Authors' summary, modified)
D-7295
Zykova, A. S. , V. A. Schastnyi, and G. P. Efremova
DETERMINATION OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVE AERO-
SOLS IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. , 23_(10):62-
64, 1958. 5 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U. S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 102-106, March 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
Investigations were made of concentrations of natural
radioactive aerosols at distances of 125, 100, 90, and 45
km from Moscow along a radius extending in a south-
westerly direction. Air samples were collected by the
aspiration method using FPP-15 type filters. Aspirators
were installed 1.5m above the ground and the filters had
a surface of 12. 5 cm . The time needed for the collection
of the sample varied between 10 20 and up to 30 60
minutes. The rate of air aspiration varied from 3 to 14. 5
1/min/cm . Samples were brought to the radiometric lab-
oratory 10 15 minutes after the termination of sample
collection; sixty-eight samples were collected. Beta-
activity in the filter was determined with the aid of an
MST-17 counter; alpha-activity determinations were made
using a scintillation (impulse) attachment. The results
indicated that radioactive aerosols collected on filters de-
composed rapidly. Therefore, decomposition curves were
plotted and half-life periods determined for several sam-
ples. Decomposition curves showed that the average half-
life period of beta and alpha-active samples amounted to
35 minutes. Calculations were made estimating the re-
duced number of filter impulses per minute to the end of
sample collecting. Final results indicate that specific
concentrations of natural radioactive aerosols fluctuated
within a wide range: for beta-activity from 0. 5 x 10~^3 to
11 x 10~13 C/l; for alpha-activity from 0. 2 A lO"13 to
11 x 10-!3 C/l.
D-7296
Belousov, A. Z. , Yu. V. Novikov, V. F. Oreshko, and
B. I. Polivoda
THE DETERMINATION OF NATURAL AEROSOL RADIO-
ACTIVITY OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
2_3_(10):64-69, 1958. 5 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 106-115, March
I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
A method for the determination of natural radioactivity of
the atmosphere caused by short-lived isotopes was evalua-
ted. The aspiration method was used for the collection of
air samples. The sample collecting apparatus consisted
of a special filter holder, flowmeter for the standardiza-
tion of the rate of air aspiration and a Gubkin pump. Two
45
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
samples were collected simultaneously: one for beta-
active and one for alpha-active aerosol determination.
Cloth filter FPP-15 was used because its pressure drop at
the air flow rate of 0. 05 1/min per 1 cm2 was 1. 5 ± 0, 2
mm of water. For the determination of the volume of air to
to be aspirated through a filter to obtain the required pre-
cision of measurements , a. series of tests were carried out
to establish the intensity of the filter activity after the
aspiration of different volumes of air at a constant aspira-
tion rate. After each test the filter activity was determin-
ed with an end-window counter in a lead housing. For the
determination of optimal air aspiration rate through the
filter three sets of tests were made in which duplicate
samples were collected simultaneously. The coefficient of
radioactive aerosol passing-through of the filter at the
aspiration rate used was also studied. Calculations neces-
sary for the determination are presented. The method
under discussion was later used over an extended period of
time in making regular determinations of the natural aero-
sol radioactivity of the ambient air. The data obtained in-
dicated that with the aid of this method it was possible to
obtain satisfactory results in determining the content of
short-lived aerosols in the atmosphere up to the order of
io-14 c/i.
D-7297
Tomson, N. M.
THE DETERMINATION OF RADIOACTIVITY IN ATMOS-
PHERIC DUST. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_3_{ 1 0}: 69-70, 1953. 3
rets Translated from RussiaiibyB. S. Levine, U. S. S. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 2, p. 115-113, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21133
Methods were compared for obtaining samples to be used
in the determination of radioactivity in atmospheric dust.
The collection of air dust samples into jars over a, 30-day
period serves the purpose of preliminary information and
requires only one day per month. Jars 15 cm in diameter
and 20 cm high, made of stainless steel, duralumin or
glass were used. For a more detailed study of settled dust
radioactivity, samples were collected over a period of 24
hours into 50 x 50 cm glass dishes 10 cm high. To enhance
the trapping of the radioactive substances, nitric acid solu-
tion of carrier-salts was poured into the dish; barium was
used for binding strontium, sodium for binding rubidium
and cesium, ianthanum for binding rare earths and iron
as a universal carrier. The dish method required con-
siderable time and labor; therefore, it was substituted by
the more convenient method of sticky screens. In this
method 40 x 40 crn sheets of paper were coated with a thin
layer of vaseline or a. sticky substance composed of equal
parts of castor oil and rosin. After a. 1 3 days exposure
the sticky paper was folded, incinerated and beta-activity
of the ashes determined. For determination of total winter
season activity of settled dust, snow samples were collect-
ed from undisturbed snow surfaces. Dust samples were
also collected by the aspiration method using synthetic
fiber filters of FPP- 15 model. The aspiration method
served mainly for the determination of short-lived alpha-
activity. For the determination of long-lived alpha-activ-
ity the air had to be aspirated for many hours and even
days to accumulate a quantity sufficient for analysis. Re-
sults of the air dust rad ioaclivily dete rminations s ho wed
that in order to obtain as near a complete picture as pos-
sible it was necessary to use a complex of sample collect-
ing methods. Results obtained by one method could not be
converted into data obtained by other methods due to differ-
ent sample collection conditions. Therefore, the results
of activity determinations made by different methods had
to be examined concomitantly on a parallel basis.
D-7298
Dikun, P. P.
THE DETERMINATION OF 3, 4-BENZPYRENE IN PRO-
DUCTS OCCURRING IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SYNTHE-
TIC LIQUID FUEL. Vop. Onkol. , Vol. 4, p. 239-^91,
1958. 4 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 2, p. 122-125, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
The results of fluorescent-spectral analyses of a series of
the primary, intermediate, and final products in the
U.S.S.R. manufacture of synthetic liquid fuels by the hy-
drogenation method are presented. The analytical proce-
dure was as follows: One gram of the test material was
dissolved in 15 - 20 ml of petrolic ether. Highly viscous
products, such as coal paste, petroleum residue, etc. ,
not easily soluble in petrolic ether were first dissolved in
2 3 ml of benzene, and then diluted with a specified
volume of petrolic ether, which was accompanied by the
formation of a heavy precipitate, the latter was removed
with the aid of a Buchner funnel filter. The filtrate was
passed through a column of aluminum oxide; the adsorbed
substances were eluted with a mixture of petrolic ether
and benzene. The passing of the substances through the
column was followed with the aid of a luminescent light.
The fluorescent spectra of the chromatographically parti-
tioned fractions were photographed for permanent record-
ing of the presence of carcinogenic substances. From the
concentration of 3, 4-benzpyrene found in the partitioned
fraction the total content of 3, 4-benzpyrene in the product
was calculated. The method employed was designed for
the detection of 3, 4-benzpyrene as the representative car-
cinogenic factor of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
Results of investigations by this method fully agree with
theoretical assumptions that 3, 4-benzpyrene and probably
the other carcinogenic substances of this type were not
newly formed during the production of synthetic liquid fuel,
but were destroyed, if originally contained in the primary
material. It must be borne in mind that these conclusions
apply only to the 3, 4-benzpyrene types of carcinogenic
substances; the results of this investigation do not exclude
the possibility of the formation of carcinogenic substances
of different chemical structures.
D-7476
Tupeeva, R. B.
THE DETERMINATION OF THIOGLYCOLIC ACID IN AIR.
[Methody opredeleniya tioglikolevoi kisloty v vozdukhe. ]
Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit.), ^2_{3):3S1-3S3, March 1967. 3 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/1
A method based on the reduction of yellow heteropolic
acids to form, blue-colored products as well as on the
color reaction with cuprous salts is described. The ex-
periments showed a linear relationship between the optical
density and the thioglycolic acid concentration. The detcr-
minable minimum was 0. 005 nig. The stability of color
with time was tested and found to be stable for at least 24
hours. A series of experiments were carried out to deter-
mine the optimum conditions for the determination of thio-
glycolic acid from its color reaction with cuprous salts.
The standard solution of thioglycolic acid was prepared by
dissolving an exactly-weighed sample in 20 percent acetic
acid. In the determination of thioglycolic acid in air, a
few milliliiers of thioglycolic acid were placed in a bubbler
and air was drawn at a rate of 0. 2 1/min.
46
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
D-7477
Salyamon, G. S.
THE DETERMINATION OF POLYETHYLENEPOLYA-
MINES AND PRIMARY ALKYLAMINES IN AIR. [Oprede-
lenie polietilenpoliaminov i pervichnykh alkilaminov v
vozdukhe..] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit.), li(3):384-390, March 1967. IZrefs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/1
Experiments were performed with pure samples of ethyl-
enediamine (EDA), diethylenetriamine (DETA) and trieth-
ylenetetramine (TETA), as well as with different fractions
of commercial polyethylenepolyamines (PEPA) produced
by vacuum dephlegmation. The DETA was obtained by the
fractional distillation of PEPA, while the TETA was syn-
thesized from EDA and dibromoethane and purified. The
purity and percentage concentration of the preparations
were determined by potentiometric titration with 0. 1 N
H^SO^ in alcohol-aqueous or aqueous solutions. Tests of
diriitrochlorobenzene in aqueous-chloroform medium and
in ethanol solution showed that all the investigated samples
produced some color with this reagent. Using methods of
' quantitative analysis for the determination of the vapors
and aerosols of PEPA and primary aliphatic amines in the
air, it was established that all the PEPA investigated be-
came liberated into the air when air -was drawn over them
or when they were allowed to undergo free evaporation.
When amines were allowed to evaporate freely into air
containing up to 1.-percent CO2, they were mainly present
in the air in the form of vapors rather than aerosols.
D-7566
Suvorov, S. V.
DETERMINATION OF THE AMOUNT OF RHENIUM
OXIDES IN CONDENSATION AEROSOLS. [K voprosu o
metodike opreledeniya okislov reniya iz aerosolei konden-
satsii. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit.), 3_0_(7):80-8 1, July 1965. 3refs.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033/3
Experiments on animals demonstrated the possible harmful
effects of rhenium compounds on the different systems of
the body. A method was devised for estimating small
amounts of rhenium and which would be suitable for practi-
cal sanitary-chemical analyses of air. The method of
analysis is as f ollows. The filter used for obtaining the
sample is transferrrd to a flask containing 10 ml distilled
water, the flask is vigorously shaken, and the analysis is
started after half an hour. The solution now contains par-
ticles of condensation aerosols. For analysis, 1 ml of the
sample is transferred to a colorimetric test tube, and the
volume brought up to 5 ml with 2 N HC1. Simultaneously,
an aqueous solution of potassium perrhenate, containing
0. 2 ml Re per 1 ml, is used for the preparation of a stan-
dard scale containing 0. 01 to 0. 1 mg Re, at intervals of
0. 01 mg. One ml portions of distilled water are added to
all the test tubes of the scale and the volume is brought up
to the mark with 5 ml of 2 N HC 1. Then 1 ml portions of
a 1 percent alcohol solution of dimethylglyoxime and 2 ml
portions of a 2 percent solution of stannous chloride (pre-
pared by dissolving stannic chloride in concentrated hydro-
chloric acid) are added to each test tube of the scale and
to the sample. The solution is shaken and the colors are
compared after half an hour. To sample rhenium from the
air, the latter should be drawn through a filter paper at the
rate of 10 1/min. To maintain similar sampling conditions,
the filter paper must be one of the following grades: (1)
white band, (2) blue band, or (3) red band. The filter paper
of these grades readily captures dust and metal smokes
(up to 99.4 99. S percent, according to Gernet). A sam-
ple for analysis is obtained by drawing 100 200 1 of air
through the filter, the amount depending on the expected
concentration of the substance.
D-7567
Razumov, V. A. and T. K. Aidarov
INDIRECT SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION
OF MERCURY VAPOR CONCENTRATIONS IN THE AIR
OF WORK PREMISES. [Kosvennyi spektrofotometricheskii
metod opredeleniya parov rtuti v vozdukhe rabochikh pome-
shchenii. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3^(7):31-S3, July 1965.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033/3
The method proposed states that the sample of air for
analysis should be taken by drawing 100 1 air, at the rate
of 5 1/min, into an absorbing solution consisting of 5 ml
0. 1 N potassium permanganate and 5 ml 10 percent sulfuric
acid. The absorbing solution is decanted into a separating
funnel and 5 percent solution of oxalic acid is added in
small amounts to destroy the permanganate until the solu-
tion is completely decolorized. The volume is then brought
up to 20 ml with twice-distilled water prepared in a. quartz
apparatus, 5 ml of 6 N acetic acid are added, the liquid is
shaken and an addition is made of 10 ml dithizone (C. P. )
solution in carbon tetrachloride or chloroform, with a.
concentration of 1 mg/100 ml. The mixture is vigorously
shaken for 15 to 20 sec, 10 ml carbon tetrachloride are
added, and the liquid is again shaken. The colored extract
is then decanted into a cell. Mercuric chloride (0.0135 g)
is dissolved in water in a 100 ml volumetric flask (the
solution can be used for 6 months). The working standard
solution, with a mercury concentration of 1 microgram/ml,
is prepared by diluting the basic solution with twice-dis-
tilled water to 100 times the original volume. This solu-
tion is unstable, and should not be stored for long. Mea-
surements are made with an SF-4 spectrophotometer.
D-7568
Bulanova, I. D. and A. M. Vorob'ev
DETERMINATION OF PROTACTINIUM-233 CONCENTRA-
TION IN AIR. [Opredelenie protaktiniya-233 v vozdushnoi
srede. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English Translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit. ), _3£(7): 33-85, July 1965. 3 refs.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033/3
Samples of air for the determination of protactinium con-
centrations were obtained by drawing air at the rate of 50
1/min through filters of Petryanov's fabric 50 mm in dia-
meter, fixed in special Plexiglas filter holders. After
sampling, the filter was transferred to a porcelain dish or
crucible and incinerated in a mm'Tlc at 500 - 600 degrees
for 1 hour. When the crucible had cooled, the residue was
twice treated with 0. 5 ml portions of a mixture of S M HC1
-I- 0.5 M HF. The liquid from the crucible was transferred
to a test tube and 1 ml methyl isobutyl ketone was added.
The test tube was shaken for 1 or 2 minutes. The organic
solution was discarded, and an addition was made of 2 ml
methyl isobutyl ketone and 150 ml solid aluminum chloride
(AlCl-j. 6H£O). The liquid was shaken for 2 minutes, and
after the separation of layers, the organic layer was trans-
ferred to another test tube, while Hie aqueous layer was
discarded. The organic layer containing the protactinium
was washed with 2 ml 3 M HC1. The washed organic layer
was transferred to a third test tube, and the protactinium
was reextracted into the aqueous phase by a mixture of
8 M HC1 + 0. 5 M HF. The preparation of radiochemically
pure protactinium required two cycles. The yield of pro-
tactinium was '92 - 94 percent. The amount of protactinium
in the sample was determined by taking aliquots either from
47
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
the organic layer after washing, or the aqueous phase after
reextraction, and applying them to steel targets, which are
dried and counted with a BFL end-counter with an inlet win-
dow 1 to 2 ms/cm thick. The absolute activity can be ob-
tained by calculation or by comparison with a Pml47 stan-
dard.
D-7575
Manita, M. D. and G. Kh. Ripp
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF LOW
ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS IN THE PRESENCE
OF OTHER PRODUCTS LIBERATED DURING THE MANU-
FACTURE OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER. [Spektrofotornetri-
cheskn metod opredeleniya malykh kontsentratsii divinila
v almosfernon vozdukhe v prisutstvii drugikh produktov
proizvodstva sinteticheskogo kauchuka. J Hygiene and Sani-
tation (English translation of: Gigiena iSanit.), 3_0_(S):2.3 I -
234, Aug. 1965. 1 ref.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033/3
The spectrophotometric method for the determination of
DV (1,3 butadiene) was tested under field conditions in the
atmosphere around the factory manufacturing synthetic
rubber SK . The maximum DV concentrations were 6. 12 to
0. 5 mg/m at distances of 50 to ZOOO m, respectively,
from the source of pollution in the summer season, and
3.3 to 0. 1 mg/mj at the same distances in the autumn-
winter seas on. Thus , the spe ctr ophotome trie determina -
tion of DV in the atmosphere in the presence of alpha-
methyls-tyrene, is opropylbenzene, butane, and butylenes is
based on measurements of the optical density of the iso-
octane solution of the mixture of wave-lengths 224 and 245
millimicron in quartz cell with 1 1 cm with an SF-4 spec-
trophotomete r. DV concentration in the solution is calcula-
ted from the provided formula. The sensitivity is 0. 125
microgram/ml, the accuracy is within plus or minus 2. 6
pe rcent.
D - 7 5 7 8
Krylova, N. A.
THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF DI-
METHYLPHENYLCARBINOL AND DIMETHYL-PHENYL-
PHENYL-P-CRESOL IN AIR. [Spektrofotometricheskoe
opredeleme dimethilfenilkarbinola i dimethilfenilparakre -
zola v vozdukhe.] Hygiene and Sanitation (English transla-
tion of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3_0(9): 3 75 - 379, Sept. 1965. 2
ref s .
CFSTI: TT 66-51033/3
The spectral characteristic of DMPC (dimethylphenylcar-
binol} in the ultraviolet region was studied. The solvent
was ethanol. The instrument was an FE-4 spectrophoto-
mcter The calibration graph was checked against several
synthetic samples prepared in the laboratory. The mean
error lay within plus or minus 3. 6 percent. Consequently,
the calibration graph can be used for the determination of
DMPpC (dimethylphenyl-p-cresol) in solutions. The sensi-
tivity is 0.5 microgram/ml. The degree of conformity of
DMPpC solutions to Beer's Law was studied and a calibra-
tion graph in the region of 279-230 millimicrons was con-
structed. The sensitivity at lambda 279 millimicrons
was 2 micrograms/ml. DMPC and DMPpC can best be ab-
sorbed by drawing air, at a rate of 0. 5 1/min, through
three Zaitsev absorption vessels connected in series, each
of which is filled with 5 ml ethyl alcohol and cooled with
ice. Up to 90 percent DMPC and CMPpC is retained by the
first absorber, and up to 10 percent in the second. The
next step was concerned with the possibility of doturmining
DMPC and DMPpC separately when present together. This
mixture was analyzed by means of a modification of Vier-
ordt's method, in which one component absorbs light at a
wavelength at which the other is not detected. At lambda^
225 millimicrons, DMPpC solutions have an intense absorp-
tion whereas DMPC solutions have an insignificant absorp-
tion up to a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml, without
producing any appreciable deviations. At lambda = 210
millimicrons both substances absorb intensely. The ef-
fects of phenol and acetone on the determination of DMPC
and DMPpC were verified. Phenol interferes with the
determination of the substances in question because of its
considerable light absorption in the region 210 225 milli
microns. Acetone hardly interferes with the determination
because even solutions containing 10 M-g/ml of acetone cause
only a slight degree of deviation (of the order of 0. 015 to
0. 02) in the regions used in the determination.
D-7579
Hluchan, E. , Ya. Mayer and E. Abel
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY FLUORINE COMPOUNDS
IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF AN ALUMINUM PLANT.
[Zagryaznenie atmosfery soedineniyami ftora v okrestno-
styakh alyuminievogo zavoda. ] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English Translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3Q(9):426-428,
Sept. 1965.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033/3
The results of the determination of fluorine compounds in
the atmosphere around an aluminum plant over a period of
6 years are given. The method used consisted of the titra-
tion of distilled samples with thorium nitrate, in the pre-
sence of the new metallochrome indicator Methylthymol
Blue. Concentrations of fluorine compound in the atmos-
phere within a large radius of an aluminum plant varied
from 0 to 1. 15 mg/m^ The fallout from the atmosphere
of solid fluorine compounds in the vicinity of the plant
amounted to 4300 kg/krn^ per year, which is almost 53
times the natural fallout of this substance over small popu-
lated areas. The area around the plant is excessively con-
taminated, with high fluorine concentrations in the soil,
agricultural products, plants, animals, surface waters, and
other elements of the environment.
D-7723
Wolf, Anne lie se
AN IMPROVED METHOD USING THE BAHCO SEPARATOR
(BAHCO MICROSCOPE SEPARATION). STAUB (English
translation), 2_7_(4): 30-33 , April 1967. 11 ref s .
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/4
A special method for particle size analysis using the
Bahco separator is described. The results obtained arc
almost identical with those obtained by the Gonell separa-
tor. As a result of the small amount of dust used, longer
residence time of dust in the separation zone and of control
under the microscope, this so-called Bahco microscope
separation permits an improved separation of particles up
to a range of 3-4 microns. (Author's summary)
D-7312
Clerc, J. T. , R. Dohner, W. Sautcr, and W. Simon
FULLY-AUTOMATIC APPARATUS FOR THE SIMULTA-
NEOUS DETERMINATION OF CARBON, HYDROGEN AND
NITROGEN IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN MILLIGRAM
AND SUBMILLIGRAM QUANTITIES BY THE APPLICATION
OF SELF-INTEGRATING THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
MEASURING METHODS. [Vollaulomatische Anlage zur
48
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
gleichzeitigen Bestimmung von Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff
und Stickstoff in organischen Verbindungen and Milligram
und Sub-Milligram-Mergen unter Verwendung einer selbst-
iritegrierenden Warmeleitsfahigkeitsmessmethodik. ]
Helvetica Chim. Acta (Switzerland), 46_(6):2369-23S8. 1963.
45 jefs. Translated from German. Ministry of Aviation,
London, England, Technical Information and Library Ser-
vices, TIL /T. 5689, 25p. , Jan. 1967.
CFSTI: AD 807818
An analyser for the simultaneous determination of carbon,
hydrogen and nitrogen in organic compounds is described.
The samples are burned in a static system in oxygen and
the combustion products are determined using a self-inte-
grating thermal conductivity method. Up to 16 previously
weighed samples of 0. 5 2,0 mg are analysed without any
manual help and the results are presented in digital form.
One determination takes between 7 and 13 minutes. At
present the standard error of a single determination is
0.20, 0.8, and 0. 30 percent (absolute) for carbon, hydro-
gen, and nitrogen, respectively; but these figures may easily
be improved by minor modifications. Compounds of the ele-
ments C, H, N, O, Cl, Br, I, F, S, P, As, Hg, and Co
without impurities have been analysed. Compounds which
burn explosively, such as aromatic nitrobodies and per-
chlorateSj led to no difficulties. A cobalt-containing per-
chlorate, which could not be analysed properly by conven-
tional methods, gave perfectly accurate determination
results. Slightly volatile compounds can be brought to
combustion in completely sealed glass capillaries.
D-7S76L
Deckert, Walter
THE EXACT DETERMINATION OF LOW CARBON DIOXIDE
CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR. 2. Anal. Chem. , Vol. 176,
p. 163-169, 1960. 10 refs. Translated from German.
Feltman Research Labs. , Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N. J.,
TT-45, lip. , June 1967.
CFSTI: AD S14968L
In view of the greatly increased demands on the exactness
of air analyses, the generally used methods to determine
low CO;? contents in the air are worthless. The usual re-
verse titration process can be improved employing deep-
cooled alcoholic solutions as absorption fluids. Still sim-
pler is a newly developed method, which is based upon the
quantitative absorption of the CO£ contents in 0.25 percent
ammoniacal alcohol at -80°C, and titration of the carbonate
formed in the alcoholic solution with 0. 1 n NaOH solution
and thymolphthalein as indicator. By means of this method,
the CO£ content of room air, atmospheric air, and of car-
bon-dioxide-poor exhaust gases can be determined with an
exactness of at least 99 to 101 percent. (Author's summary)
D-7930
Dubrovskaya, F. I. and I. P. Lukina
EFFECT OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF VALERIC ACID
VAPOR ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS. [Deistvie parov
valerianovoi kisloty v malykh konsentratsiyakh na organizm
podopytnykh zhivotnykh. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3JJ7-9): 1 93- 1 96, July-
Sept. 1966. 2 refs.
Albino rats divided into 3 groups of 10 each were exposed
to valeric acid vapor for 97 days in concentrations of ap-
proximately 1. 7 mg/m3, 0. 14 mg/m3, and 0. 006 mg/m3,
respectively. Another 10 rats served as a control group.
Blood was analyzed three weeks after exposure and at the
end of exposure for total alkalinity of blood, oxygen con-
sumption, content of chlorides, RBC, hemoglobin content,
and osmotic resistance of erythrocytes . Observations
were made as to changes in general condition, variation
in the porphyrin metabolism, and the latent period of re-
flex activity. A concentration of 1. 7 mg/m3 caused a, rise
in the blood alkaline reserve, a fall of chlorides content of
the blood and a shortening of the reflex latent period. The
concentration of 0. 14 mg/m3 increased the blood alkaline
reserve and oxygen intake, and decreased the latent period
of reflex response. The 0, 006 mg/m^ concentration had
no effect and is suggested as the daily average maximum
permissible concentration of valeric acid in the atmosphere.
D-8130
Vigdorchik, E. A.
DETERMINATION OF AIR DUSTINESS ACCORDING TO
OWEN'S METHOD. Gigiena i Epidemiologiya, No. 11, p.
10-19, 1928. 13 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution 'and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p, 1-12, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The Owens method was tested in order to determine its
possible use in routine sanitary inspection for the determi-
nation ol air dustiness in manufacturing plants. On the
basis of tests to which Owens apparatus was subjected in
the dust chamber and under manufacturing plant conditions,
it can be stated that the method and apparatus present a
considerable advance in the problem of dust study. Par-
ticularly valuable characteristics of the instrument are:
a. Particles suspended in the air measuring 0. 3 |x and"
above in diameter can be reliably counted; b. Differential
particle counts can be made simultaneously; i_. The dusts
studied microscopically remain unchanged because of the
special method used in making the preparations; d. Dif-
ferences in duplicate readings do not exceed the limits of
experimental error; c. Sample collecting is not time con-
suming; f. As a consequence to the rapidity of sampling,
the dynamics of the dust-laden air can be studied reliably;
g. The apparatus is of small size and is easily portable.
D-8131
Patrina, G. V.
DETERMINATION OF TELLURIUM DIOXIDE IN THE AIR.
Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 3, p. 46, 1952. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p. 13-
14, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
A colorimetric method was developed for the determination
of tellurium dioxide in the air, based on the following
principle: in reducing tetravalent tellurium salts to elemen-
tary tellurium with stannous chloride in hydrochloric acid,
the color of the solution changes to light or dark brown.
By comparing the color intensity of the test sample with a.
standard set of colors the amount of tellurium dioxide can
be determined. The preparation of reagents, collection of
air samples, and the analytical procedure are outlined.
D-8132
Poletaev, M. I.
COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SMALL QUANTI-
TIES OF STYRENE IN THE AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 3,
p. 46-47, 1952. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 3, p. 14-16, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
49
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
The determination of small quantities of styrene is based
on its nitration property and is made photocolorimetrically.
An experimental attempt was made to absorb styrene di-
rectly into the nitrating mixture. Absorption was made
from a special bottle, the air of which was saturated with
styrene vapor, by aspirating the test air through two ab-
sorbers connected in succession. Nitrated styrene vapor
acquired a yellow color; the nitrated product was com-
pletely retained in the first absorber even when the air
was aspirated at a rate of 1 1/min. To prevent the yellow
color from fading it was necessary to change the medium
as follows: after styrene vapors were absorbed from the
air the content of the absorber was diluted with 3 ml of
distilled water and neutralized by a 25 percent ammonia
solution until litmus paper showed an alkaline reaction.
Final colors were compared with colors yielded by stan-
dard styrene solutions in carbon tetrachloride.
D-8133
Chemodanova, L. S.
THE DETERMINATION OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE IN THE AIR OF INDUSTRIAL
PREMISES. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 4, p. 48-49, 1952.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levins, U.S.S.R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 3, p. 16-18, May 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Phthalic anhydride in the air of industrial premises was
determined colorimetrically. The method is based on the
conversion of phthalic anhydride to fluorescein. The re-
agents used are outlined. Absorption of phthalic anhydride
from the air was tested with absorbent cotton, glass "wool",
filter paper, and porous glass discs. Best results were
obtained with ash-free filter paper.
D-S134
absorbent for the hydrogen peroxide vapor in 0.005 -1.1
mg/1 concentrations. Finely granulated silica gel satura-
ted with a 0. 02 M solution of potassium dichromate in con-
centrated sulfuric acid retained nitrogen dioxide present
in the air in 0. 001 - 0.02 mg/1 concentrations. It can be
used in the determination of ozone in the air in the presence'
of nitrogen dioxide.
D-8136
Senderkhina, D. F.
DETERMINATION OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS/IN.
THE AIR BY THE METHOD OF MICRO-COMBUSTION.
Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 8, p. 43-45, 1954. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p. 23-27,
May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The method described is based on the quantitative oxidation
of chlorinated hydrocarbon vapor in a. combustion chamber
equipped with a platinum coil heated to redness. The com-
bustion products are then passed through an absorber solu-
tion and the ionic chlorine determined nephelometrically.
With an appropriately prepared standard scale accurate
determinations can be made in solutions containing 0. 001
mg of chlorine in 1 ml. Control tests were made with
ethylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and'
trichlorethylene. A portable apparatus for the determina-
tion of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the air by the micro-
combustion method was constructed. The micro-combus-
tion method described proved to be accurate for the deter-
mination of thousandths of a milligram of chlorine within
30 to 40 minutes. A new micro-absorber is described
whi,ch assures complete absorption of products of hydro-
carbon combustion. Air samples are aspirated into gas
pipettes filled with a saturated solution of sodium sulfate
or into vacuum gas pipettes.
Aruin, A. S.
DETERMINATION OF MERCURY IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR.
Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 5, p. 46, 1954. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p. 18-
20, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Mercury in atmospheric air is determined colorimetrically.
A detailed description of the preparation of samples and
standards is given. The experimental samples are com-
pared colorimetrically with the standards.
D-8135
Shchirskaya, V. A,
THE DETERMINATION OF OZONE IN THE PRESENCE OF
NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. Gigi-
ena i Sanit. , No. 3, p. 41-43, 1954. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p. 20-23,
May 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
In search of a new method for the determination of oaone
the following were investigated: chronic anhydride as an
absorbent for the fumes "of hydrogen peroxide and silica
gel saturated with a 0. 02 M solution of potassium dichro-
mate in concentrated sulfuric acid as an absorbent for
nitrogen dioxide. In the determination of ozone in the pre-
sence of H2O2 chromic anhydride can be used as an
D-8137
Moroaov, V. A.
COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN THE
ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 5, p. 46,
1954. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, No. 3, p. 27-28, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
In the presence of lead salts, quinalizarine produces a
characteristic color. The reaction is sensitive to 0.005 y
of lead in 2 ml. For.the quantitative determination of
lead with the aid of this reaction a standard scale was pre-
pared in a set of Lest tubes containing 0.05, 0. 1, 0.25,
0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 y in 2 ml. The resultant color in the
test tubes ranged from yellow to bluish pink. The control
tube had a yellow color. Copper, zinc and iron must be
removed from the test sample since they, too, produce
color reactions with quinalizarine. This method was used
in the determination of lead in the atmospheric air around
industrial plants, the exhaust discharges of which con-
tained lead. In this study, 50 - 200 ml of air were aspira-
ted through the filter paper. Lead concentrations ranged
between 0. 05 and 2. 75 y/m^.
D-8138
Polczhaev, N. G.
DETERMINATION OF ACTIVE CHLORINE IN THE AIR.
Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 11, p. 46, 1955. Translated from
50
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p. 29-30,
May 1960.
CFSTI: XT 60-21475
Existing methods for the colorimetric determination of
small quantities of active chlorine using dimethyl-para-
phenylene-diamine-hydrochloride possess high sensiti-
vity; they can be used for the determination of chlorine in
the presence of hydrogen chloride in the absence of other
oxidizers which produce a similar color. In such methods
the chlorine is absorbed directly into a dilute solution of
dimethyl-paraphenylene-diamine acidified with HC1; the
reaction takes place the moment aspiration of the air be-
gins. The color produced in the solution is not permanent;
therefore, the colorimetric determination must be made
without delay. Comparison is made with an artificially
prepared standard scale. High chlorine concentrations
partly or totally bleach out the reaction color; therefore,
the following modifications were introduced. The dimethyl-
paraphenylene-diamine absorber solution was replaced by
a 1 percent potassium iodide solution in a 1 percent solution
of sodium acetate. As the air is being aspirated through
the new absorber solution the free chlorine replaces an
equivalent amount of iodine. Iodine dissolved in potassium
iodide produced a red color with dimethyl-paraphenylene-
diamine which made possible the determination of the re-
placed iodine colorimetrically; the amount of iodine thus
determined was then converted to its chlorine equivalent by
multiplying the obtained value by 0. 28.
D-8139
Alekseyeva, M. V. and E. V. Elfimova
FRACTIONAL DETERMINATION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID
AEROSOL AND OF CHLORIDES IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR.
Gigiena i Sanit. , 23(3); 7 1 -72 , 1958. Translated from Rus-
sian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p. 31-33, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
A method for the determination of hydrochloric acid aerosol
in the presence of chlorides has been developed. To accom-
plish this, hydrochloric acid was determined by micro-
titration and chloride ions nephelometrically; chloride gas
was then calculated from the two values. The determination
of hydrochloric acid aerosol in the air is complicated by the
presence in the air of other acid aerosols, sulfuric acid
aerosol in particular. The procedure to avoid the loss of
HC1 in the presence of H2$O4 is presented also. The me-
thod was used in analyzing 37 samples of atmospheric air.
Air samples were collected for 4-7 hours under different
meteorological conditions. The results proved that aerosol
of hydrochloric acid can be present in the air.
D-8140
Rykhter, E. V. and N. V. Shlygina
DETERMINATION OF DUST IN THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR
WITH AN ELECTRO-PHOTOCOLORIMETER. Gigiena i
Sanit., 2_3_{9):18-22, 1958. 4refs. Translated from Rus sian
by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p. 33-38, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
A simpler method for the determination of dust concentra-
tions in atmospheric air was accomplished by the photo-
nephelometric method utilizing the electrophotocolorimeter.
Dust samples were obtained with the aid of the alcohol-
glycerine mixture, as the absorber solution. In determining
dust density of atmospheric air with the aid of the electro-
photocolorimeter specific standard nomographs must be
plotted for each type of dust. To eliminate the effect of
dust created by traffic during the warm season of the year
the investigations should be conducted preferably after a
rain or at some distance from the highways. An important
factor in determining the dust concentration of atmospheric
air with an electrophotocolorimeter is the stability of dust
suspensions in the absorbing solution. Special experiments
were carried out for-the clarification of this point. The
results showed that dust suspensions remained stable and
that it was possible to make determinations with the photo-
colorimeter several days after samples were collected.
The method permits rapid collection and analysis of air
samples and is applicable to the evaluation of the effective-
ness of dust-removing equipment. Samples can be collected
and analyses made under all types of operating and pro-
cessing conditions, and maximal single dust concentrations
can be determined in a short time with a high degree of
accuracy.
D-8141
Ignatovich, Yu, V. and M. M. Epstein
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PHYTON-
CIDES IN THE AIR. Translated from Russian by B, S.
Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p. 51-54, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The method used in the qualitative and quantitative determi-
nation of phytoncides is based on the principle of magnetic
and dielectric medium permeability. Determinations were
made of changes in the index of refraction caused by the
phytoncides and their concentrations in the air computed
accordingly. Changes in the refraction indexes of water or
air due to the presence of phytoncides were determined
with the aid of an interferometer. With this instrument it
was possible to determine the difference in the refraction
index of the two media with an accuracy up to 0. 6 x 10~7.
Determinations were made of phytoncide concentrations in
close proximity of plants in the woods and flower gardens.
The results showed that under natural conditions there was
a measurable phytoncide concentration. Phytoncides of
pine needles yielded the highest readings. Tests were
then made of the possibility to maintain constant pine phy-
toncide concentrations with the aid of the interferometer
for the laboratory study of their biological activity. The
effect of pine phytoncides on the sciatic nerve of a frog
was studied. Measurements of the EMF generated within
the nerve were taken every 3 minutes. The course followed
by the curves indicated that the drop in EMF was propor-
tional to the concentration of the phytoncides. The method
here described should make possible the study of bio-effects
of controlled phytoncide concentrations.
D-8142
Mokhov, L. A. and V. S. Khalturin
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NITRO-
GEN OXIDES IN THE AIR. Laboratornoe Dolo, 4(^):26-27,
1958. 4 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 3, p. 54-56, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
For rapid determination of nitrogen oxides in the air, the
indicator tube method is used containing silica gel, treated
with benzidine-hydrochloride, 3-naphthol, NiCl^, and dried.
In the presence of nitrogen oxides its color changes from
the initial white to a stable red, the intensity of which is
proportional to the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the
air. The color developed in the tube is compared with a
standard scale. Average sensitivity of the indicator equals
51
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
0, 0005 mg/1 and the precision is +_ 3. 5 percent.
D-8157
D-3144
Khukhrina, Ye. V. and Ye. I. Vorontsova
A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT GRAVI-
METRIC METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DUST
CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 1 1,
p. 20-25, 1954. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Dis eases, No. 3, p. 70-77, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The use of cotton filters, glass wool and filter paper was
investigated. The vacuum and the hot air methods for
drying of filter adapters were also re-examined. Ejector
mine aspirators, a mine injection aspirator and a. rotary
air (fan) blower aspirator were also checked for their effi-
ciency. For this evaluation study a special dust chamber
was constructed. Results of experiments indicated that
the cotton, glass wool and ash-free paper filters can be
recommended for use in air sample collection for the gravi-
metric determination of air dust concentrations. With a
rate of air flow of 15/1 min the retention of dust was shown
to be complete at a pressure drop of 150 mm of water when
absorbent cotton or glass wool filters were used, and of
200 to 250 mrn of water when ash-free paper filters were
used. The use of non-absorbent cotton can not be recom-
mended because of the difficulty of drying it to a constant
weight. The hot-air speed drying for bringing air filters
to a constant weight is recommended if the process is per-
formed twice. Best results for drying ashless filters were
obtained with a three-stage drying; one of 6 hours, and two
of 2 hours each. Under actual conditions of manufacturing
it may not be feasible to operate an electrically driven
vacuum pump and air blowers or the ejector could not be
connected to an available source of compressed air; under
such conditions use should be made of ejectors developed
by the Ministry of Coal Industry; preference is here ex-
pressed for ejector AER -1. Results of the rotary air blow-
er equipped with pneurnometers demonstrated its good
qualities, and its quantity production is recommended.
Litvinov, V. F. and N. N. Litvinova
ELECTROSTATIC APPARATUS FOR THE COLLECTION
OF ATMOSPHERIC DUST SAMPLES. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
No. 9, p. 16, 1955. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p, 157-160, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
An electrostatic apparatus with a dielectric electrode for
the collection of atmospheric dust samples was redesigned.
The basic shortcoming of the original model was its weight.
Also the need to enclose the transformer and the high volt-
age line and its operation required a 100 w alternating
current which precluded it from use under certain field
conditions. In designing the new electroprecipitator model,
provision was made for the possible replacement of the
cup-shaped condenser-anemometer by a special flow mas-
ter. The direct current of 6 8 v. and 1 2 mA (milli-
amperes) required for the operation of the new electric-
filter dust collector was controlled by a special electric
bulb arrangement. Electric precipitators used in labora-
tories were operated by an alternating city current, and
those used in the field were operated by special batteries.
The original model weighed over 30 kg, the redesigned
laboratory model weighs about 10 kg; the field model with
the storage battery weighs about 15 kg. The efficiency of
industrial dust-catching by the newly designed apparatus
was tested in the polishing shops of one of the industrial
plants. Samples were taken simultaneously with field
model and with cotton fiber filter. The results indicated
that with dust concentrations up to 10 mg/m' both methods
yielded satisfactory gravimetric results. However, the
electrofilter type yielded higher concentration values in
the majority of cases. Simultaneously, air dust samples
were collected with a. particle counter to determine collect-
ed degree of dispersion. The redesigned electric precipi-
tator models are convenient, simple, easily portable and
can be used for the collection of dust samples of relatively
low concentration. Experiments conducted in mines de-
monstrated that the apparatus was not suitable for the
collection of dust samples from air with dust concentration
above 30 50 mg/rn-^.
D-3145
Gernet, E. V.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE RETENTION CAPACITY
OF DIFFERENT FILTERS USED IN THE GRAVIMETRIC
DETERMINATION OF SMOKE SUSPENDED AEROSOLS.
Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_3_(2): 77-83 , 1958. 7 refs. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S. S. R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3,
p. 73-36, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Cotton fiber, paper filters, porous glass filters and liquid
absorbers were evaluated to determine the best suited fil-
tering material for the gravimetric determination of a
dispersed phase of toxic aerosols. The results of the in-
vestigation showed that determination of concentrations
of highly dispersed smoke (particles of which ranged be-
tween 0. 1 1.5 microns) could be satisfactorily accom-
plished by aspiration of air samples through ash-free filter
paper of the makes tested, or through glass filter plates
Nos . 2 and 3. Filter paper has the additional advantage of
combustibility thereby reducing to a minimum loss due to
absorptive retention by the filtering material. Cotton fil-
ters, glass filter plates No. 1 and liquid absorber appara-
tus of the type of GerneL-Rykhter are not recommended for
use in the study of aerosols (smokes) of high dispersion.
D-8158
Smetanin, N. I.
METHOD FOR THE COLLECTION OF SAMPLES OF AIR
DUST WITH PARTICLE DIAMETERS OF LESS THAN 5 p..
Gigiena Truda i Profes sional'nye Zabolevaniya, 2_(2):52-54,
1958. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 3, p. 161-164, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The allowable concentration of dust in Russia is based on
the quantity of free silicon dioxide contained in it (from 2 to
10 rng/m3) regardless of the degree of dust dispersion.
Dust particles of 1 ~ 5 \L in diameter are most penetrating
and most harmful to man. Grinding larger particles of
mixed dust with the smaller ones artificially changes the
content of free silicon dioxide in the smaller dust particles.
Therefore, under practical conditions it is desirable to
study the effect of dust in its naturally occurring state in
differential fractions according to diameter sizes. A
simple apparatus has been developed for the separation and
collection of air pollution dust fractions having particle
diameters of 5 (j, and less, The procedure is essentially
one of fractional air dust centrifugation. The apparatus is
used for the separation from surface dust of highly dispers-
ed particles directly in the laboratory. Dust deposited in
52
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
tha process of manufacturing is collected, then screened
through a sieve of 40 micron mesh. Fifty grams of the
sifted dust is placed into a tightly woven cloth bag, then
vigorously shaken over the revolving apparatus for 3 5
minutes. The desired fraction of dust is collected from a
celluloid strip. In this way it is possible to obtain a quan-
tity of highly dispersed dust required i'or laboratory and
experimental study.
D-8159
Kachor, L, F.
ASPIRATORS FOR SAMPLING ATMOSPHERIC AIR DUST
AND GASES. Gigiena i Sank, . No. 4, p, 48-51. 1"5S.
Translated from Russian by B. S, Levine, U. S.S, R. Liter-
ature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases.
No. 3, p. 165-16S, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
A new type of portable apparatus for collecting air samples
which is operated by direct suction from an automobile
carburetor has been developed. Two types of automobile
aspirators were described for atmospheric dust sampling.
Automobile aspirators have been checked in practical work
and fovind to be satisfactory; their wide use in determining
air dust concentration in field work is recommended. The
automobile aspirator has been used in determining gaseous
air pollutants such as SO^ and was found to be somewhat
wantirxg. For such purposes a special "field aspirator" of
the accumulator type was assembled.
D-81bO
Pokrovskii, N. N. . Ya. G. Kishko, and A. P. Ostranitsa
ADAPTATION OF THE YU. A. KROTOV APPARATUS TO
BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR
UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS. Lab. Delo, 4j2):45-4fa. 1958.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U, S.S.R. Liter-
ature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 3, p. 169-170. May 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The following modifications of the original Krotov appara-
tus were introduced to make the apparatus suitable to bac-
teriological studies of atmospheric air under field condi-
tions; the alternating current motor was replaced by a
transformer with an incoming current at 12 volts, an
outgoing current at 120 volts and equipped with a. change-
over coil switch. The axle of the converter was extended
for the attachment of a small pressure blower. Experience
with the modified apparatus showed that the results of the
investigations were Independent of the type of current used,
whether direct or alternating, as well as the type of voltage,
such as 6 to 12. 127 or 220 volts; but the rate and direction
of air aspiration were factors of paramount importance.
Old models of Krotov apparatus found in laboratories can
be easily converted into the improved type.
an investigated enclosure. The apparatus is simple and
can be made in any mechanical shop. Hygroscopic cotton
Is used as filtering material. Control tests showed the fol-
lowing; the cotton filter retained all the bacteria contained
in the aspirated air. In washing the cotton filter with three
successive portions of physiological solution 96 93 percent
of the retained microorganisms were freed.
D-3171
Formicheva, N, I. and P. A, Mel'nikova
RAPID DETERMINATION OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF
DIMETHYLANILINE IN THE AIR. Gigiena i Sanit, , No, 5,
p, 49-52, 1952. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S. S, R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 4, p. 1-5, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI; TT 6Q-2 1913
A rapid colorimetric method is described for the determi-
nation of small quantities of dimethylaniline in the air,
based on the formation of a yellow colored paranitrosobasic
salt, The air aspiration and the colorimetric estimation
with the aid of an artificial scale requires approximately
15 to 20 minutes; the dimethylaniline content per 1 ml of
the air must be within 0, 001 - 0. 01 mg. The method is
simple, requires no complex equipment and is suitable for
dimethylaniline determination in the air of industrial pre-
mises at concentrations in the order of hxindredths and
thousandths of a millegram per liter.
D-8172
Bykhovskaya, M. S. and M. I. Poletaev
THE POLAROGRAPHIC METHOD IN SANITARY-HYGIENIC
INVESTIGATIONS. Gigiena i Sanit, , No. 12. p, 47-50.
1^52. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine. U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 4, p. 5-10, Aug. 1960,
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
It was demonstrated that polarographic determinations of
small quantities of lead in the air can be made by vising 5
percent nitric acid solution, 30 percent ammonium acetate
solution and 1 percent sodium acetate in 1 percent acetic
acid as the basic electrolyte medium. Zinc and copper did
not interfere with the polarographic determination of lead.
It is recommended that 30 percent ammonium acetate be
used as the basic electrolytic medium at pH of t>. 6 - 7,0
in the separate determination of lead, Einc and copper, A
5 percent acetic acid solution is recommended for obtaining
test wash samples from the skin or from working clothes.
Lead in blood can be determined only after the destruction
of the organic substrate to which it is bound; & 30 percent
ammonium acetate solution is recommended as the best
basic electrolyte medium. Small quantities of zinc, copper.
and cadmium can be determined polarographically in am-
monia solution of ammonium chloride when present individ-
ually or simultaneously.
D-S169
Zubarev, V. A.
THE STUDY OF BACTERIAL AIR POLLUTION. Gigiena i
Sanit,, No. 7, p, 35-36, 1954, Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U.S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Rrlatrd Occupational Diseases. No. 3. p, £19-221, May
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
A device for the determination of bacterial content in the
air is described. It was designed to determine with greater
accuracy the degree of bacterial distribution in the air of
D-S176
Matveev, P, N,
AN APPARATUS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DIS-
PERSED POLYELEMEXTAL AIR POLLUTION. Lab, Deio.
£(l):4i-48. Translated from Russian by B, S. Levine,
U. S, S, R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 4. p, 42-43, Aug. U>tO.
CFSTI: TT 60-2m3
The apparatus described allows the simulEane-ous collection
of air samples for the uetercuituUlon of air dustiness.
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
configuration and chemical composition of the dust particles
and for the identification of the microbial population. It
consists of four parts: a collecting chamber with two micro-
scope slides forming an angle of 90 degrees for the quanti-
tative, morphological, and qualitative chemical analyses of
the particles; depressions at an angle of 45 degrees to hold
Petri dishes with appropriate media for the study of the air-
borne microorganisms; a wind vane which keeps the open
part of the collecting chamber and the Petri dishes exposed
to the blowing wind, and a supporting stand. The apparatus
can be used under all conditions. It requires no source of
power for its operation, it is portable and can be used under
complicated conditions of atmospheric air investigations of
enclosed spaces.
D-3179
Mokhov, L. A. , Yu. F. Udalov, and V. S. Khalturin
RAPID DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN THE
AIR OF INDUSTRIAL PREMISES BY SPECIAL TUBULAR
INDICATORS. Zh. Prikl. Khim. , _32_(2):452-453, 1959. 9refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Liter-
ature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 4, p. 56-59, Aug. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
In this procedure H-acid, n-aminobenzoic acid, and nickel
chloride are adsorbed upon silica gel. The gel indicator
thus obtained gradually changes its initial color from light
pink to a brown-red in the presence of nitrogen oxides. As
a result of the reaction between the oxides of nitrogen and
the n-aminobenzoic acid, diazonium salt is formed. The
diazonium salt then combines with the H-acid, which is the
nitrogenous component in this reaction, while the nickel
chloride acts as the catalytic agent to form the dyestuff.
In making nitrogen oxide determination in the air, both
ends of the prepared indicator tube are opened, and 100 ml
of the air to be tested is aspirated through the tube from
the wide end in the direction of the cone-shaped end; the
coloring of the indicator is compared with that of a standard
scale, and the amount of nitrogen oxides expressed in mg/1.
The sensitivity of the proposed tubular indicators was deter-
mined by checking against the standard Gris -Illosvay method
and was found to be 0. 0005 mg/1.
D-3223
Rykhter, E. V.
DUPLICATE SAMPLES IN AIR POLLUTION INVESTIGA-
TIONS IN INDUSTRIAL PREMISES. Gigiena i Sanit. , 24(4):
64-66, 1959. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 5, p. 209-212, Jan. 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
In dynamic air investigations which use effective absorbers,
or when air samples are taken and analyzed with the aid of
special automatic apparatuses which eliminate the possi-
bility of subjective errors the practice of taking duplicate
s am pies can be dis continued. Howe ve r , the maj ority of
industrial-sanitary laboratories cannot conduct investiga-
tions by the dynamic method, due to lack of necessary
equipment. Duplicate tests yielding identical results re-
garding concentrations of harmful substances in the air
offer assurance of the correctness of the data obtained. In
case of a discrepancy exceeding 20 percent, the cause of
the discrepancy must be established immediately; if this
cannot bu done, the results should be disregarded. Dupli-
cate samples arc essential to check the correctness of
analytical results and therefore, arc necessary when dealing
with small number samples.
D-3226
Likina, M. T. and G. L. Barodina
LINEAR-COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMI-
NATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
2j_(3):30-32, 1959. 4 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 5, p. 212-215, Jan.
1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
A linear-colorimetric method for the determination of car-
bon dioxide in sewage system air is described. The advan-
tages of this method over those used by the sanitary chem-
ists are speed of the analysis and the ease with which it can
be used under field conditions even at low air temperature,
since the determining chemical reaction depends upon a
solid absorber. Hydrazine-hydrate (N^H^ f^O) is a good
carbon dioxide absorber and it combines with basic fuchsin
in solution to form an unstable colorless solution. The orig-
inal fuchsin color is restored in proportion to the carbon
dioxide concentration in the air. Best results are obtained
with 125 ml of the CO^-containing air. This volume of air
can be passed through the indicator tube for the determi-
nation of CO^ concentrations ranging between 0. 5 and 9. 0
percent. Results of experiments indicate that unsaturated
hydrocarbons, gasoline vapor, and small amounts of hydro-
gen sulfide affected neither the height nor the color in the
indicators; however, when the concentration of hydrogen
sulfide was 0. 3 mg/1 or more, the color of the column
faded almost completely. However, the maximum content
of the hydrogen sulfide in the air of the sewage system
never exceeded 0. 07 mg/1.
D-3256
Buck, Manfred and Heinrich Stratmann
THE JOINT AND SEPARATE DETERMINATION OF NITRO-
GEN DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. STAUB (English
translation), 27_(6): 11-15, June 1967. 10 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/6
In the use of the Saltzman reagent for the determination of
nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere, 1 mol NC>2 is equivalent
to 1 mol NO^ from sodium nitrate. It has been shown that
this ratio factor depends on NO£ concentration; for 6 g
NO^/Nrn it is about 0.62 and with increasing NO^ concen-
tration it approximates the value of 1. Operating conditions
are proposed for combined and separate determination of
NO and NO^ , under which no NO;? losses occur as a. result
of absorption of the required NO oxidation.
D-8257
Baum, Fritz, Inge Reichardt, and Wolfgang Steinbach
SIMPLE MEASURING ARRANGEMENT FOR RECORDING
HYDROCARBON CONTENT. STAUB {English translation),
27_(6):16-19, June 1967. 11 refs.
A method for using a batch-sampling gas-chromatograph
with flame-ionization detector to record continuously the
presence of hydrocarbons is described. Use of this meas-
uring device is illustrated by several examples. Hydrocar-
bons are thermally ionized in a hydrogen flame in the flame-
ionization detector. Flue gases of an oil stove with vapori-
zation burner, flue gases of a medium-size waste incinerator,
and automobile exhaust were measured. The hydrocarbon
content of the flue gas of an oil stove only exceeded that of
the air in the laboratory above a combustion rate of 0. 5 kg
of oil per hour. With decreasing chimney draft the hydro-
carbon content of the flue gases rose sharply, being
54
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MEASUREMENT METHODS
accompanied by an increase of the Bacharach soot number.
When the chimney draft was throttled to 0. 1 mm W. G. at
the maximum combustion rate, the concentration of hydro-
carbons rose to 350 times the value at normal operation.
The combustion phases in a medium size waste incinerator
can be directly observed with the measuring device. Total
hydrocarbon concentration in the exhaust of an automobile
at various operating conditions is presented. In neutral,
^ slight increase in hydrocarbon concentration was re-
corded. During acceleration in neutral the concentration
dropped immediately. The concentration varied when the
position of the accelerator was changed. On a 14 percent
grade, finally, the concentration dropped briefly and then
rose considerably.
D-8261
Quitter, Volker
DUST-MEASURING TECHNOLOGY AND THE DUST ATLAS
FROM THE ASPECT OF THE DUST-CONTROL EXPERT.
STAUB (English translation), 27_(5):8-ll, May 1967. 11 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51403/5
Dust technology has reached the most remote branches of
industry. Dust separation and the necessarily concomitant
analysis of dusts can facilitate the improvement of a manu-
factured product, promote the preservation of health in
human beings, animals and plants, or increase the profit-
ability of an installation by the recovery of useful dusts.
The requirements ^ dust atlas must meet are many. The
purpose of the atlas should be clarified prior to classifying
the dusts. The branches of industry that would be accentu-
ated by a dust-control expert in the compilation of a dust
atlas are presented. Dust parameters are best recorded
on interchangeable index cards in three columns: chemical
parameters of dust and carrier gas; physical parameters
of the dust; textual description of dust with micrograph and
residue curve. The most important task in compiling a
dust atlas is the establishment of suitable and uniform pro-
cedures and methods of measurement. Measuring instru-
ments for the various parameters must be developed. Also
those parameters should be included in the dust atlas for
which there is as yet no technical application.
Thomas, Jess W. and David Rimberg
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR MEASURING THE AVERAGE
CHARGE ON A MONODISPERSE AEROSOL. STAUB
(English translation), _Z7(3): 18-22, Aug. 1967. 11 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/3
A simple parallel plate electrostatic precipitator was used
to determine the average charge of a monodisperse aerosol.
The fractional collection efficiency of the precipitator was
measured as a function of plate voltage and data extrapola-
ted to zero voltage. The extrapolation gave the average
charge per particle of the monodisperse aerosol. The
method was confirmed by use of the classical Millikan
technique for determination of charge on individual particles.
The average charge of aerosols in charge equilibrium with
air ions was also determined for comparison with values
calculated from the Boltzmann equation. It was found that
the average charge per particle was somewhat greater than
that predicted by the Boltzmann equation. (Authors' sum-
mary, modified)
D-8375
Pfefferkorn, Gerhard and Rochus Blaschke
DUST ANALYSIS WITH THE AID OF THE SCANNING
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE "STEREOSCAN. " STAUB
(English translation), 2_7(7): 30-33, July 1967. 3 refs
CFSTI: TT 67-51403/7
The raster electron microscopy offers new possibilities of
investigating quantitatively industrial dusts within the
whole range of particle sizes. As compared with optical
microscopy a raster electron microscope has a higher
visibility in the case of a magnification of 20- to 50, 000
times, and a surprisingly high depth of focus. A raster
electron microscope requires very little preparation in
comparison with a conventional optical microscope.
D-S433
Tupeeva, R. B.
THE DETERMINATION OF METHOXONE IN AIR. [Metody
opredeleniya metoksona v vozdukhe. ] Hygiene and Sanita-
tion (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 32(4-6): 12. -
76, April-June 1967. 4 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
The optimum conditions were established for the determina-
tion of methoxone by the method of "wet combustion" with
a mixture of sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate, fol-
lowed by iodometric determination of the liberated chlorine.
The sensitivity was found to be 0. 080 mg methozone in
the analytical volume. A sensitive method was devised for
the determination of methoxone based on its hydrolysis
with concentrated sulfuric acid, with the liberation of for-
maldehyde, followed by the photometric determination of
the latter with chromotropic acid. The sensitivity was
found to be 0. 010 mg in the analytical volume. The hydrol-
ysis of methoxone with concentrated sulfuric acid in the
presence of chromotropic acid provides a more sensitive
and accurate method for the determination of this substance.
D-S436
Manita, M. D. , M. V. Rumyantseva, and M. E. Eglite
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF OZONE
WITH DIHYDROACRIDINE IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF
POPULATED AREAS. [Spektrofotometriches kii metod
opredeleniya ozona v atmosfernom vozdukhe naselennykh
mest s reagentom-digidroakridinom. ] Hygiene and Sanita-
tion (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 32(4-6):219-
224, April-June 1967. 3 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
A spectrophotometric method is suggested for the determi-
nation of ozone in the atmosphere. It is based on measure-
ments of the optical density of an ethanol solution of acri-
dine produced by the action of ozone on dihydroarridine.
The optical density of the sample solution is measured at
a wavelength of 249. 5 nm in a quartz cell of 1 - 1 cm by an
SF-4 spectrophotometer. This spectrophotometric method
is suitable for determining ozone in the near-ground air
layer in the presence of other oxidaiits with sufficient
accuracy. The presence of ozone (in addition to other
oxidants) was found in the near-ground air layer of a large
industrial city such as Moscow.
D-3437
Gitlin, N. N. , G. F. Budanov, O. I. Demochka, and M.
A. Zabezhinskii
ANALYSES OF EXHAUST GASES FROM GASOLINE
ENGINES. [K voprosu ob analize sostava otrabotavshikh
gazov benzinovykh dvigatelei. ] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 32 (4-6) :225-22S.
April-June 1967. 3 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
55
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
A stationary automatic opticoacoustic gas analyzer for the
rapid monitoring of the composition of exhaust gases from
automobile engines is described. The principle is based
on the determination of carbon monoxide concentration.
The opticoacoustic principle underlying instruments of
this kind involves measurement of the absorption of infrared
radiation by the gas, and transformation of the acoustic
energy into electric voltage, which is measured by a poten-
tiometer. Its distinctive features are its selectivity, high
sensitivity, and accuracy. For example, the sensitivity of
the opticoacoustic gas analyzer is one relative percent,
corresponding approximately to 0. 1 percent when the scale
range is 0 to 10 percent CO. The error lies within Z. 5 per-
cent of the upper scale limit. The analyses are considerably
simplified and are made more accurate by automation of
the analytical process, and by the use of a control mixture
supplied together with the instrument for checking. Ex-
perience gained in a 3-year operation showed that the in-
strument adapted for engine testing is quite suitable for the
rapid and accurate determination of CO in the exhaust gases
of automobile engines. It would be useful to supply such
instruments to all motor pools (with at least 50 70 auto-
mobiles), service stations for automobiles, district
branches for government inspection of automobiles, and
large sanitary-epidemiological centers. With this instru-
ment, it is possible to check the condition of engines after
technical servicing and routine checks and to test automo-
biles which evolve an excessive amount of smoke. The in-
troduction of instruments for the rapid monitoring of the
composition of exhaust gases will help to reduce the con-
centration of harmful substances in urban atmospheres
and improve the economic indices and service life of
engines.
D-S446
Gavrilova, L. I.
METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SODIUM AND
BUTYL 2, 4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETATES IN AIR.
[Metody opredeleniya natrievoi soli i butylovogo efira
Z, 4-dikhlorfenoksiuksusnoi kisloty v vozdukhe. ] Hygiene
and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ),
3_Z(4-6):394-396, April-June 1967. 4 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/Z
Different colorimetric methods for the determination of
different preparations of Z, 4-D in air were tested in order
to determine which was most suitable for routine sanitary
work. The Z, 4-D herbicides are used in agriculture in the
form of liquid aerosols and dust, while under actual working
conditions they are present as dust. They should therefore
be sampled on FPP- 1 5 filters placed in metal cartridges ,
by means of electrical aspirators. It is recommended that
the air for sampling Z, 4-D herbicides be drawn up at a rate
of 10 1/min. This was tested under working conditions and
found to be the optimum rate.
D-3671
d) screens of different accuracy, namely the normal 40 (J,
fabric screen corresponding to DIN 4188, and the 45 |J
microprecision screen; e) products of different fineness in
the range of approximately 1 up to 98 percent residue on
the 40 or 75 |± screen. Limestone ground in a pinmill or
comminuted in d. screening mill was the test material. In
most cases the tolerance limit of 1 percent can be main-
tained for two successive analyses (for screenings in the
range below 75 |J.). Under certain conditions (i. e. , when
R is greater than 50 percent, or with an unfavorable
screening system) greater deviations, namely up to 3 per-
cent, are possible. However, the probability for the oc-
currence of these maximum deviations is less than 1 per-
cent. Furthermore, it is possible at least for wet
screening and the air jet screen ~ to use larger samples.
This further narrows the tolerance limits. For screen
residues of an order of magnitude of 1 percent the tolerance
limits can be lowered, for the air jet screen or wet hand
screening, e. g. , 0. Z percent. Tests have clearly shown
that for screens with a mesh below 50 [j. and fine products
with less than 50 percent residue, wet hand screening and
the air jet are superior to the flat screen and to dry hand
screening. For very fine products (i. e. , limestone with
less than 15 percent residue) hand screening is time con-
suming to a degree no longer justifiable. With decreasing
fineness of the material and coarser screen fabrics the
differences bet-ween the various systems are gradually
obliterated. With a 75 \± test screen, for instance, only
small differences in reproducibility were discernible be-
tween hand screening and air jet screening, when screening
products with R greater than 50 percent. In general, it
can be stated that scattering in test screening can be held
to relatively narrow limits, as long as the same fabric is
used for analysis.
D-S67Z
Baum, Fritz and Inge Reichardt
MEASURING ERRORS OCCURRING DURING DETERMINA-
TION OF THE DUST CONTENT IN WASTE GASES BY
ADSORPTION OF TRIOXIDE ON MEASURING FILTERS.
STAUB (English translation), Z/7_(9): 18 -22 , Sept. 1967. 4
refs .
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/9
The measurement of solid matter concentration in waste
gas by means of fibre filters is adversely affected by SO£
adsorption. The amounts (by weight) of 803 and solid
matter present in waste gas are frequently of the same
order of magnitude. About one to three tenths of the amount
of SO3 flowing through the filter is absorbed in cellulose
filters. This amount appears to be higher in the case of
glass-fibre filters. In cellulose filters, sulphuric acid
removes water from cellulose, reducing the weight of the
filter. This reduction is many times higher than the ad-
sorbed amount of SO3 as long as the temperature during
filter drying or during measuring exceeds 105°C.
(Authors' summary)
Lauer, Otto
THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF ANALYSIS SIEVING IN THE
FINE RANGE. STAUB (English translation), 27(9):13-17,
Sept. 1967. 5 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51403/9
The reproducibility of particle size determinations of in-
dustrial dust by sieve analysis was investigated. The
various factors investigated were: a) the type of screening
system (air jet screening, screening on the flat screen,
hand screening, wet and dry); b) various screening fabrics
(40 and 75 (j.); c) different sample weights (5, 20, 50 g);
D-3673
Kampf, Wolfgang-Dietrich and Bernhard Schmidt
DETERMINING DUST PRECIPITATION BY MEANS OF
TRANSPARENT ADHESIVE SURFACES. STAUB (English
translation), ZJ7_(9):ZZ-Z7, Sept. 1967, 10 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/9
A new method for measuring dust fall, using transparent
plastic trays, which permits larger amounts of dust to be
collected than on foils is described. In addition, optical
evaluation is possible which eliminates adhesion losses as
a source of error. Extinction values for dust fall measured
56
-------
MEASUREMENT METHODS
by a photometer show, in the case of sufficiently long ex-
posure time, a relationship to dust weight which is proved
statistically. There is no reliable correlation for short
exposure time. (Authors' summary, modified)
D-8773
Samosvat, L. S. and N. I. Verblyudova
THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF
XYLENE AND ITS ISOMERS IN AIR. [Spektrofotometriche-
skii metod opredeleniya ksilola i ego izomerov v vozdukhe. ]
Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit.), 32_(7-9):223-226, July-Sept. 1967. 5 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
The colorimetric method of determining xylene in air is
unsuitable for analysis of the ortho- and para-isomers and
yields low results when a mixture of the isomers is deter-
mined from a calibration curve based on the commercial
mixture. By means of the spectrophotometric method the
xylene isomers can be determined -with sufficient accuracy
at A equals 265 mu. The sensitivity is 10 ug/ml. The
determination is interfered -with by substances absorbing
in the region A. equals 265 m|j. in isopropyl alcohol.
D-8775
Klisenko, M. A., M. V. Pis'mennaya, L. P. Novitskaya,
and N. M. Brodskaya
THE DETERMINATION OF PHTHALOPHOS AND PHOZA-
LON IN AIR. [Opredelenie ftalofosa i fozalona v vozdukhe.]
Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit.), 32_(7-9):232-236, July-Sept. 1967. 2refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
The method for the determination of phozalon based on
alkaline hydrolysis of the preparation to diethyldithiophos -
phoric acid, -which produces a complex yellow compound
with copper salts, is unsuitable for the analysis of micro-
amounts of this rodenticlde in air. Phozalon and chemi-
cally pure phthalophos can be determined at A max equals
237 and 284 mjj. for phozalon and A max equals 294 mp. for
phthalopos. The sensitivity is 3 ug. Colorimetric deter-
mination from "total phosphorus" can be used for phthalo-
phos as for all organophosphorus substances, but it is
somewhat time-consuming. Its sensitivity is 0.005 mg
phthalophos. Colorimetric determination of phthalophos
and phozalon based on acid hydrolysis of the preparation
with the liberation of formaldehyde which then reacts with
chromotropic acid, is specific for toxic chemicals used in
agriculture that hydrolyze with the production of formalde-
hyde. The sensitivity is 0.005 mg in a colorimetric volume
of 5 ml. Thin-layer chromatography can be used for the
determination of phthalophos and phozalon in air. The
sensitivity is 0. 0005 mg. The method is very simple and
specific for each preparation.
suitable for dosimetric purposes (+20%) was studied. The
radon content of the investigated samples was measured in
a. scintillation emanation chamber, by the preliminary de-
position of the daughter products of radon from the air
onto the surface of a measuring transducer built into one
of the walls of the chamber. In addition to specially-de-
signed counters and emanation chambers, standard radio-
metric apparatus that is available in any radiological
laboratory was used. The sensitivity of the method was
further enhanced by adsorption of radon from the air by the
activated carbon. This technique makes it possible to ex-
tract radon from large volumes of air (100 1, 000 liters),
followed by its transfer to a 0. 5 liter emanation chamber.
Under these conditions, it is easy to determine radon con-
centrations down to 1 10-15 curie/1. The method has
been tested in practice in work carried out in Bulgaria on
the determination of the radon content in exhaled air. Some
of the tests were carried out on children aged 11 14
living in a rural area with a normal level of natural back-
ground radioactivity. In 10 measurements, the radon
content in the exhaled air was found to vary between 2 and
3.2 , 10~15 curie/I in five children and was below 2 10~
curie/1 in five others (i.e. , below the sensitivity of our
apparatus).
D-8778
Baron, L. I.
A NEW BRITISH DEVICE FOR THE GRAVIMETRIC DETER.
MINATION OF DUST IN THE AIR OF MINES. [Novyi angli-
iskii pribor dlya vesovogo opredeleniya zapylennosti rud-
nichnogo vozdukha. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English trans-
lation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 32_(7-9) :260-262, July-Sept.
1967.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
The new device possesses a dust precipitator in front of
the filter for the preliminary precipitation of large dust
particles which, because of their size, are unable to enter
the lungs during respiration. The device is switched on
for an entire shift, working at the constant volumetric air
sampling rate of 2. 5 1/min. The total dust content in the
air drawn through the device is determined by weighing
the filter at the laboratory within 0. 01 mg. If it is desired
to make separate determinations for rock and coal dusts,
the filter can be heated to 500° for 2 hr (the coal particles
thus being combusted). Experiments over a period of 9
months showed the mean accuracy of this new device to be
plus or minus 8 percent. The gravimetric determination
of air business is now being much more extensively used
outside the U. S. S. R. , than hitherto. It is now in use in
England, the U.S. A., France, East Germany and else-
where. The gravimetric method is recognized as being a
much better indication of the hazard presented by dust
content in the air. At the present time maximum permis-
sible concentrations in gravimetric indexes (mg/m3) are
being proposed in the U.S.A. for certain kinds of mineral
dust.
D-8776
Gusarov, I. I. , V. I. Abramov, and Z. G. Ivanov
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF RADON IN
EXHALED AIR. [Metod opredeleniya soderzhaniya radona
v vydykhaemom vozdukhe. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), ^2(7-9):237-243, July-
Sept. 1967. 7 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
The technical conditions for the determination of small
radon concentrations in air exhaled by human subjects at
a given sensitivity (2 ' 10"15 curie) and with an accuracy
D-8783
Korotkov, P. A. , Yu. P. Tsyashchenko, and N. Ya.
Yanysheva
ISOLATION AND DETERMINATION OF 1, 12-BENZPERY-
LENE. [K voprosu o vydelenii i koliches tvennom oprede-
lenii 1, 12-benzperilena. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3^(7-9): 380-383 July-
Sept. 1967. 2 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
The fluorescence spectra of 1, 12-benzperylene and
57
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
3, 4-benzpyrene were recorded with a. photoelectric spec-
trophotometer. The linniting concentration of 1, 12-benz-
perylene determinable by the proposed method is 0. 1
0. 05 (j.g/ml, and the analytical error is within 10 percent.
It should be emphasized that the concentration of 3, 4-benz-
pyrene added to the solution should not exceed 0. 1 0. 05
(j.g/ml since its fluorescence is one order of magnitude
more intense than that of 1. 1 2-benzperylene. A method
for the separation of 3, 4-benzpyrene and 1 , IZ-benzpery-
lene by paper chromatography was devised. The prelimi-
nary identification of substances corresponding to the dif-
ferent zones in the chromatogram and the identification of
these zones on the paper strip were performed visually
from the color of the fluorescence zones under ultraviolet
illumination provided by a mercury lamp PRK-2. For
final identification the chromatogram is cut into pieces in
accordance with the fluorescence zones and every zone is
extracted separately with hexane; then the individually ex-
tracted components are identified from, the spectrograms
of the low-temperature fluorescence of their solid solutions.
The method was tested by chromatographic determination
of a standard mixture of pure 3 , 4-benzpyrene, 1, 12 -benz-
perylene and 9, 1 0-dimethyl-1, 2-benzanthracene dissolved
in hexane, the concentration of every component being
0. 5 ug.
concentrations determined by different measuring methods.
In contrast to this there was a great disparity between the
results of particle number determinations; it appeared
that this disparity was associated with the visibility limit
of the individual test method. Further comparative meas-
urements were, therefore, carried out in a. steelwork and
in a. dust sphere of 2000 m3. The results obtained by any
instrument used in the dust sphere may be converted for
any other instrument. Standard deviation in this case is
15 percent. It was found that the same conversion could in
general also be used for measurements in the steelwork.
Since, as is well known, dust conditions in the industry
are subject to considerable random fluctuations the conver-
sion may only be used for mean values or long-term values,
but not for short-time values. (Authors' summary, modi-
fied)
D-9643
Schonauer, Gerhard
THE ELECTRON-MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF
DROPLET-SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN OILMISTS USING THE
FLATTENING FACTOR. STAUB (English translation),
2jXll):23-27, Nov. 1967. Trefs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/11
D-9273
Aurand, Karl and Julius Bosch
RECORDING COUNTER FOR THE CONTINUOUS DETER-
MINATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF PULVERULENT
AIR POLLUTANTS. STAUB (English translation), 27_(10):
21-24. Oct. 1967. 3 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/10
A recording dust counter has been developed on the basis
of practical experience with beta-rays weight per unit
area gauges. With the help of beta-absorption the dust
content of air can be determined continuously in mg/m -
The sensitivity is so high that dust immission values for
clean air can be measured. The instrument can operate
for many months without any supervision and is also suit-
able for dust content measurements in a. \vorking place.
(Authors1 summary)
D-9274
Poly dor ova, Marie
DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF ULTRAFINE
AEROSOL PARTICLES BY MEANS OF THE THERMAL
PRECIPITATOR. STAUB (English translation), 27_(10):24~
23, Oct. 1967. 6 rcfs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51403/10
A method for determining concentration of fine aerosol
particles of an order of 10" |i is proposed for the thermal
precipitator. By means of a graphic extrapolation method
the number of particles prccipitaled in the trace and also
the trace width arc determined approximately by this
method . (Author 's summary)
D-9642
Avy, A. P. , M. Benarie, and F. Hartogensis
COMPARISON OF DUST SAMPLERS AND SAMPLING
METHODS. STAUB (English translation), ll_( 11}: 1 - 1 6 ,
Nov. 1967. 20 rcfs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51403/11
A method for the determination of droplet size distribution
in artificial mists which permits droplets of a size up to
0.01 |J. to be determined is described. For this purpose
droplets were precipitated on tylose and then they penetra-
ted into cylose hollow(j softened by a steam treatment. By
shading the dry hollows in a vacuum an image of flattened
droplets is obtained which can be measured under the elec-
tron microscope. If the flattening factor is known, this
gives the original size of droplets. By means of this
method, droplet size distributions of the exhaust aerosol
of an internal-combustion engine, and of the aerosol of a
spray nozzle were determined. {Author's summary,
modified)
D-9644
Lahmann, Erdwin
EVALUATION OF CONTINUOUS AIR-QUALITY MEASURE-
MENTS BY POINT RECORDING. STAUB (English transla-
tion), 27_(ll):Z7-29, Nov. 1967. 6 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/11
Continuous determinations of CO concentration at a busy
traffic artery show that immissions may be very well
characterized if the average half hour values, used as the
basic units, are obtained as an average of 5 random-test
measuring points and not by integration. An infra-red
analyzer was continuously operated with an attached six-
color chopper-bar recorder. Air was aspirated contin-
uously from six measuring points towards a gas distribu-
tor which, for turns of one minute each, fed the sampled
air from these hoses to the measuring instrument. On
the recorder stripchart one CO concentration value was
printed every minute as a dot in one of six different colors.
Thus, each measuring point yielded one dot every six
minutes. As individual values for further evaluation were
used, mean values formed from five "measuring dots" of
each half-hour for each of the six sampling points. The
simplified principle of continuous air analysis by including
spot sampling points cannot only bo used to obtain measur-
ed data of the identical pollutant at different measuring
points, but also in the simultaneous determination of dif-
ferent pollutants in air. At measuring points with slight ^
and short-term fluctuations of pollutant concentrations
oven less than 5 dots per half hour would suffice to char-
acterize air quality.
58
-------
CONTROL METHODS
E-3916
Has end ever, Dieter
WHAT MAY BE DEMANDED OF HIGH EFFICIENCY FIL-
TERS? STAUB (English translation), 2jS(10):22-26, Oct.
1966. 7 refs.
The use of high-efficiency filters and problems associated
with their operation are cliscxtssed. A survey of results
obtained in Germany after testing high-efficiency mechani-
cal filters {absolute filters) for a period of three years is
presented. According to these results 63. 6 percent of the
fibre filters subjected to tests satisfied the requirements.
The permeability of large filters in nuclear plants can,
however, be several times higher than that of a single filter
element or of the filter material used. This is clue to the
fact that in many cases there are leaks between the filter
elernents and filler housing. Methods are, therefore, given
for redxicing these leaks, which frequently cannot be con-
trolled, by essentially shortening the sealing line. (Author's
summary, modified)
E-3917
Gilbert, Humphrey
FILTRATION PROBLEMS IN THE A. E.G. PROGRAM.
STAUB (English translation), 2^_(10):27-33, Oct. 1966. 9
refs.
Large air-cleaning plants of the U.S. Atomic Energy Pro-
gram are described and illxistrated by photographs. Prac-
tical experience of the A, E.G. gained in other rmclear and
nonnuclear air-cleaning plants requiring high-efficiency
filters, is discussed in detail. The solution of existing
problems illustrates current investigations undertaken by
the A. E. C. plant testing and research work for filter im-
provement. The asbestos-cellulose filter and glass fibre
filter are compared with regard to Iheir efficiency and cost
in the U.S.A. (Author's summary)
E-4066
Tsipenyuk, M. Kb. and Yu. E. Tsipenyuk
PURIFICATION OF GASES GENERATED IN PHTHALIC
ANHYDRIDE PRODUCTION, Gigiena i Sanit. , 28(1):66-6S,
Jan. 1963. 7 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occxipational Diseases, No, 12, p. 9-12, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
All technological processes used at present in the produc-
tion of phthalic anhydride are based on the principle of
napthalene and at times o-xylol oxidation by air oxygen
catalytically. Under such production conditions the tail
gases contain numerous admixtures after the phthalic an-
hydride concentration even under the most favorable waste
sas trapping conditions. These admixtures pollute the at-
mospheric air, and can unfavorably affect man, animals,
and plants. Results of this investigation indicated that
gases generated in the production of phthalic anhydride can
bo purified most efficiently by foam scrubbers. Their use
in all departments of plants engaged in the production of
phthalic anhydride is here recommended.
E-4067
Kossovskii, E. O.
SANITI/ATION OF IRON PYRITES GRINDING AT THE M.
B. FRUNZE SULFUR 1C ACID PLANT. Gigiena i Sanit, ,
1 S( 1 )-77-711 Jan. 1963, 3 refs. Translated from. Russian
b~y B S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No, 12., p.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
12-15, 1966.
The iron pyrite grinding department at the M. F. Frunze
sulfuric acid plant was an intense source of fine air-sus-
pended dxist which was coming from the transportation,
unloading, grinding, and loading of the ground ore onto the
small transfer cars. The entire pyrite grinding process
was accomplished in an inclosed brick building. Fine dust
was intensely liberated into the surrounding air at each
step of the procedure. The density of the air-suspended
pyrite dust was inversely proportional to the moisture
content of the raw ore, but the temperature of the air gen-
erally reduced the initial moisture of the raw pyrite by 65-
70 percent, and under the prevailing ore grinding condi-
tions it was not possible to raise the moisture content of
the material artificially. Attempts to sanitize the working
conditions had to be limited to encasing points of dust gen-
eration and to establish a. suitable system of leak-proof
ventilation. Before the sanitary improvements in the pro-
cess of iron pyrites grinding were instituted the density of
the generated and air suspended pyrite dust was great and
constituted a serious sanitary problem. The density of the
iron pyrite dust in the air surrounding the process was to
CL degree inversely proportional to the moisture content in
the raw ore. The sanitary improvements consisted basi-
cally in leak-proof encasing of strategic dust generating
production points and in instituting an arterial ventilation
system.
E-406S
Belaga, M. B. and P. N. Maistruk
EXPERIMENTAL SANITARY IMPROVEMENT OF WORK-
ING CONDITION IN THE YA. M. SERDLOV SUPERPHOS-
PHATE PLANT. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2S_(1) :30-32 , Jan. 1963.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levins, U.S.S.R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 12, p. 15-13, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
The most significant sanitary measures instituted in the
phosphate plant's basic production departments to improve
sanitary working conditions are the following: The apatite
unloading from the railroad gondolas and loading onto small
delivery cars was changed from manual to electric crane
shovels or buckets, which lowered the stockyard air dust
density by SO to 90 percent. Manual cleaning of the bunker
grates, from which the apatite was picked up by the eleva-
tor, was replaced by automatically operated electric
scrapers, which also lowered the air dust density by SO to
90 percent. The acid diluting, dosing, and temperature
regulating in the operating section had been automated, the
conduits made leakproof, and the exhaust ventilation was
operated at 30 mm of mercury or below; all this lowered
the department's air dust, density to 17 12 percent of the
original. At the silico-fluoride department, the use of
coal for drying-oven heating was replaced by natural gas,
and the oven had been heat insulated, which eliminated the
presence of coal dust in the air and lowered the intensity
of heat radiation by the drying ovens from 0. 5 to 0. 2 cal/
cm /min. At the department of granulated superphosphate,
the following improvements have been instituted: natural
gas instead of coal is burned in heating the drying drums,
a two-step air purification from fluorine and super phos-
phate dust has been installed, all ventilation conduits have
been examined and made absolutely leak-proof, etc. The
[ail gases discharged into the atmosphere now contain only
0. IS g/m"5 of dust and 0. 002 g/m3 of fluorine. In conclu-
sion, study of the plant's personnel medical and work re-
cords indicated that due to the above described system of
sanitary, therapeutic, general medical and prophylactic
services the rate of morbidity and loss in work days have
been steadily declining in this plant.
59
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
E-4069
Timokhin, D. I. and V. V. Filipov
MINE DUST ABATEMENT BY PRELIMINARY FORCED
COAL BED MOISTENING. Gigiena i Sanit. , Z8_(l): 108-110,
Jan. 1963. 10 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 25-28, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Attempts were to evaluate the effectiveness of forcing water
into coal beds aimed at lowering the dust density of under-
ground mining spaces, A study was made of the dust den-
sity in the air of mines having gently or sharply sloping
coal strata of 0.7 0.3 meters thick, which generally con-
sisted of anthracite or coke coal. The study was conducted
in mines belonging to Rostovugol and Vorkutugol combines
where mining was done by the usual mining method and by
force-wetting the coal strata first. Effectiveness of pre-
liminary force-wetting as a method of dust abatement was
studied and evaluated also at "Donbass" and LOD-1 com-
bines and also at mines Yogozapadnaya No. 1 (faces 101
and 406} and Kapital'naya No. 1 (face No. 7), where the
pneumatic hammer mining method was used. Water was
forced between the coal faces with the aid of apparatus
RPP-2 under pressure of 60-30 atmospheres through holes
1. 3 to 2. 0 meters deep drilled in the coal strata 3 to 4
meters apart perpendicular to the slope of the coal face.
Results of the investigation indicated that the procedure of
forcing water into the coal bed at the time of the mining
combine operation lowered the concentration of dust sus-
pended in the air at the working location to 16 percent,
which was still considered high and required additional or
different means for further and more efficient dust abate-
ment. The data presented emphasize the need of applying
a complex of sanitary means for the abatement of mine air
dust where coal is mined by pneumatic drilling, or by coal
digging combines; the central or basic component of such a
complex must be coal sLrata wetting by water forcing.
This should be done not only at chosen strategic, but at all
points of coal mining.
E-4393
Masuda, S.
STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS. STAUB (English
translation), 2^_(11):6-11, Nov. 1966. 8 refs.
In the design of an electrostatic precipitator, it is not al-
ways possible to take an adequate safety factor, owing to
the economical reasons. In such a case, the cleaning
efficiency of the precipitator cannot be guaranteed in the
deterministic sense, but only in the probabilistic point of
view, with the expected value of the cleaning efficiency and
the probability that the cleaning efficiency exceeds a thres-
hold value requested. In this paper, the general theory of
the statistical design and its application to the electrostatic
precipitation were presented. A design chart and some of
its applications were also given for the case of an electro-
static precipilator. (Author's summary)
E-4394
Darby, K. and D. O. Heinrich
CONDITIONING OF BOILER FLUE GASES FOR IMPROV-
ING EFFICIENCY OF ELECTROFILTERS. STAUB (English
translation), 2_6_(11): 12 - 1 7 , Nov. 1966. 2 refs.
Several operating conditions of electrofilters which operate
with a reduced effective power input can be substantially
improved by the injection of small quantities of SO^ into
the flue gas. Measurements on full scale plants have
shown that the effective migration velocities have increased
by up to 85 percent. An SO3 conditioning plant, now work-
ing for more than two years, has proved that there is no
increase in sulphur emission and no additional corrosion
problem. (Authors' summary)
E-4395
Quitter, V.
DERIVING A FUNCTION TO PREDICT SEPARATION
EFFICIENCY OF DYNAMIC WET SCRUBBERS. STAUB
(English translation), 26_(11): 17-23, Nov. 1966. 3 refs.
The aim was to permit exact separation efficiency calcula-
tions based on dust characteristics. Efficiency measure-
ments were previously carried out in an experimental wet-
separation plant. It was found that separation efficiency is
influenced by moisture content, fineness of droplets, par-
ticle size and density of dust, wetting method and separa-
tion method. A separation formula is derived from the
measuring results according to the statistical method.
E-4396
Engels, L. H.
FEED GAS CLEANING IN COKE-OVEN LARRY CARS.
STAUB (English translation), ^6_(11) :23-3 1, Nov. 1966. 6
refs.
The problem of feed gas cleaning in coking plants is out-
lined. After a description of technological processes oc-
curring in coal carbonization, various methods for gas
removal and gas cleaning are shown, and especially diffi-
cult operating conditions and the problem of output mea-
surements to assess the efficiency of the method used are
also discussed. Factors influencing the efficiency of
known dust cleaning methods (size and design of ovens,
type and composition of coal etc. ), and the measuring re-
sults available are considered. Finally, the costs of in-
vestment, maintenance and operation are given. (Author's
s ummary)
E-4397
Storch, O.
A NEW VENTURI SCRUBBER TO SEPARATE DUST PAR-
TICLES LESS THAN 1 MICRON, ESPECIALLY OF BROWN
SMOKE. STAUB (English translation), _2_6]11):32-34, Nov.
1966.
A new Venturi separator and its test results are described.
It is particularly suitable for separating dust of particle
size less than 1 micron occurring in metallurgical works.
The separator design is very simple and all units of this
type have a constant separation efficiency regardless of
size. The water required can have a solid content up to
100 g/1 which considerably decreases the cost of sludge
treatment. (Author1 s summary, modified)
E-4399
Pistor, R.
SOME REASONS FOR UNSATISFACTORY OPERATION OF
DUST-REMOVAL PLANTS. STAUB (English translation),
2jS(ll):41-44, Nov. 1966.
Investigations have been carried out into the causes of un-
satisfactory operation of dust removal plants. It is shown
60
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CONTROL METHODS
that all aspects of planning, design, production and de-
livery to a plant must be carefully evaluated, and that, in
the first place, the operating conditions must be clearly
determined. It is explained by practical examples what
difficulties can still occur and how they can be eliminated.
(Author's summary)
E-4400
Kuhnen, G.
DUST CONTROL DURING QUARRYING AND WORKING OF
STONE. STAUB (English translation), _26_(11) :44-45, Nov.
1966. 1 ref.
An introduction to a motion picture is presented. The film
shows particularly interesting and effective dust control
devices during normal operation. Several scenes contrast
effective dust control with no operative control.
E-4401
Getsberger, K.
STONEWORKING WITH PNEUMATIC TOOLS AND DUST
CONTROL. STAUB (English translation), 26(11):45-5Q,
Nov. 1966. 4 refs.
The introduction of pneumatic tools for stoneworking re-
sulted in a considerable increase in the dust content of
air in the breathing range of the operator. Workers in the
stone working industry are thus exposed, to a large extent,
according to the silica content of the material used, to
silicosis hazards. Instruments are des cribed which have
been developed in the past years for determination of dust
in places in which it is produced, and measures are dis-
cussed which could be taken to protect the worker against
silicosis. The discussion is illustrated with diagrams, and
it is shown by examples that it is possible to solve the
problem of dust abatement in stoneworking. (Author's
summary)
E-4402
Pott, F. Ph.
TESTING THE TIGHTNESS OF FILTER SEATS. STAUB
(English translation), _26{ll):50-53, Nov. 1966.
A procedure is described to measure easily the tightness
of the filter seats for filter units with exchangeable high-
efficiency filters. All flow through the filter is blocked.
A fixed volume on the intake side of the filter is supplied
with gas to maintain a constant pressure. The flow of this
gas is measured and this corresponds to the leakage rate.
Some of the results obtained by this method are shown.
8 to 16 does not affect the distribution of the gas; 3. The
gas distribution through the scrubber is impaired by in-
creasing the depth of the slots between the two rows of
plates. Although reducing the depth of the slots improves
the distribution, it also increases the resistance of the
scrubber; 4. The distribution of the gas improves notice-
ably as it passes through the distributors. There is no
doubt that recovery improves as the number of distributors
(and, consequently, the number of stages as well) increases;
5. Increasing the flow rate of the gas does not substantially
affect the pattern of its distribution across the scrubber.
However, the resultant increased turbulence of the gas jets
emerging from the distributor slots improves the absorp-
tion; and 6. The resistance of a commercial stage-type
scrubber with a gas throughput of 84670 m^/h would be 53
mrn water gauge. (Authors' conclusions, modified)
E-4634
Varshavskii, T. P. , A. M. Denisov, L. E. Zlatin, and
K. V. Zolotarev
SMOKELESS CHARGING OF COKE OVENS. Translated
from Russian. Coke Chem. (U.S.S.R.), No. 6, p. 26-31,
1965. 8 refs.
A pilot-commercial smokeless charging plant has been
built on No. 1 battery at the Kemerovo Coke and Chemi-
cal Works along the lines of those at VUKhIN and the Mag-
nitogorsk Integrated Iron and Steel Works. A new smoke-
less oven charging system has been devised and introduced
on the No. 1 battery at the Kemerovo Coke and Chemical
Works based on separate consecutive emptying of the charg-
ing-car hoppers (4, 3, 2. and 1) with suction of the charging
gases only into the coke side collecting main. The possibi-
lity of the saleable tar being contaminated with ash or heavy
tar products has been eliminated. 4. 0 tons/day of high-
ash tar was obtained from the coke side collecting main.
The nitric oxide content of the raw gas from No. 1 battery
is 16. 5 cc/cu meter. Accordingly it is vital to solve the
problem of how to remove the nitric oxide from the charging
gases or how to isolate and utilize them without purification.
The satisfactory operating results of the plant enable this
system to be recommended for works which do not supply
gas to nitrogenous fertilizer undertakings.
E-4656
Altybaev, M. and V. V. Streltsov.
REMOVAL OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDS FROM GASEOUS
FUELS. Translated from Russian. Coke Chem. (U. S. S. R. )
No. 8, p. 43-45, 1966. 12 refs.
E-4581
Khanin, I. M. , V. I. Yakovlev, and M. B. Kartsynel
A SPRAY-TYPE BENZOLE SCRUBBER WITH RADIALLY-
SLOTTED GAS DISTRIBUTORS. Translated from Russian.
Coke Chem. (U.S.S.R.), Vol. 1, p. 30-35, 1965. 10 refs.
The aim was to present the results of a study of the aero-
dynamics of a new stage-type benzole scrubber with radi-
ally-slotted gas distributors. It has been found that: 1.
The radially-slotted distributors distribute the stream
quite evenly across the scrubber, irrespective of how the
gas is supplied (radially alpha - 0°, along a secant alpha -
35° or tangentially alpha - 90°); 2. Increasing the number
of plates in the top and bottom rows of the distributors from
The effect of hydrogen in increasing the removal of H^S
by iron oxide and its influence on the final composition of
the spent oxide is reported. The relation between the maxi-
mum sulfur absorption capacity of the oxide, particle dia-
meter, and temperature is given. The maximum sulfur
capacity at 400°C was 20. 5 percent for the 0. 15 to 0. 25 mm
size oxide and for the 0. 25 to 0. 42 mm size, maximum
sulfur capacity was 16. 0 percent. The 350-400°C range
can be taken as the optimum temperature for purifying
gases containing hydrogen in amounts of 7 to 8 percent. At
350 to 400°C the removal of the HzS remains at the maxi-
mum until 16 percent has accumulated on the oxide. When
the absorption was done in three stages, the extent of the
purification was not less than 99. 98 percent. There was a
negligible entrainment of oxide from the fluidized bed.
61
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
E-4S13
Kiyoura, R.
THE SEPARATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE FROM HOT
FLUE GASES. STAUB (English translation), 26(12): 16- 18,
Dec. 1966. 2 refs, (Also published as "Studies on the
Removal of Sulfur Dioxide from Hot Flue Gases to Prevent
Air Pollution. " J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. , 16(9):
4S3-4S9, Sept. 1966. )
A dry method for separating SO^ from hot flue gases is
reported. The process (Kiyoura T.I. T. process) oxidizes
the sulfur dioxide of the waste gases in the presence of
vanadium pentoxide at a temperature of 380 to 450°C to
form sulfur trioxide. A limited quantity of water vapor
contained in the flue gas reacts with sulfur trioxide to
form sulfuric acid. Ammonia is then introduced into the
gaseous mixture at a temperature not below the dew point
of the sulfuric acid in the waste gas. The temperature
facilitates the formation of a particle size (of the ammoni-
um sulfates) suitable for separation in an electrostatic
precipitator, cyclone or other filter. Estimated operating
costs of the process are quoted.
E-4817
Drees, W.
INVESTIGATING THE USE OF SURFACE-ACTIVE SUB-
STANCES IN DUST CONTROL BY WATER. STAUB
(English translation), 2_6_(12):3 1-36, Dec. 1966. 11 refs.
It has been investigated experimentally whether anion-
active "Tensid" solutions have a positive effect on mineral
dusts from the point of view of suspended dust abatement.
Adsorption tests, boundary angle measurements and deter-
mination of drop separation efficiency by the Taubman
apparatus are reported. The results show that, in the case
of quartz, neutral solutions do not essentially differ, as
regards separation efficiency, from distilled water. In
contrast to this, acid or basic solutions increase the sepa-
ration.
E-5046
Manusadzhtants, Zh. and L. Stepanov
REDUCTION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION WITH CAR
ENGINE FUMES. [Snizhenie zagryazheniya atmosfernogo
vozdukha otrabotavshimi gazami. ] Avtomob. Transp. ,
JJ_(5): 1 9-2 1, 1963. Translated from Russian. Russian
Translating Programme, RTS-2618, 9p. , Aug. 1964.
CFSTI: TT 64-23518
The carbon monoxide content of exhaust as affected by the
condition and adjustment of the carburetor was investigated.
The tests were carried out on cars fitted with the ZIL-120
and GAZ-51 engines, both idling and on the road at different
speeds. The fumes were analysed for carbon monoxide
under laboratory conditions, using a Fischer Orsat gas
analyser. Comparative exhaust analyses were made with
the two test engines (ZIL-120 and GAZ-51) fitted with
different carburetors. The carburetors were fitted one
after the other to each of the two engines, a. series of K-32
carburetors on the ZIL-120 engine, and a series of type
K-22G on the GAZ-51. The fuel was grade A-66 petrol,
all from the one batch. The carbon monoxide content of
exhaust from an engine running under given conditions
varies according to the carburetor fitted and is a function
solely of the condition and adjustment of the carburetor.
Major variations can occur in the CO content of the exhaust
at low speeds (600 rev/min) or at high idling speeds (2000
2400 rev/min). Similar comparative tests were also
carried out on the CO content of the exhaust from a GAZ-
51 engine fitted with a series of K-2ZG carburetors, both
idling and running at a steady speed along a horizontal
road. If the carburetor condition is such that at steady
road speeds above 30 km/h the CO content of the fumes is
at a minimum, then it will remain relatively low when the
engine is idled at high speeds (1400 2000 rev/rnin). The
Moscow car pools have made an examination of 39 ZIL-164
and 79 GAZ-51 cars. The CO content of the exhaust was
determined with the engine idling at two steady speeds,
namely 600 and 2200 rev/min of the crankshaft. Only 20-
25 percent of the vehicles examined emitted exhaust with
less than 2 percent CO when ticking over. At high idling
speeds, only 50 percent of cars examined emitted exhaust
with a low CO content (below 2 percent by volume). The
remainder of the cars had either worn-out or incorrectly
set carburetors, and emitted exhaust with up to 8 percent
CO. On-the-spot carburetor adjustments reduced the CO
content to 2 percent or less.
E-5118
Pallinger, J.
A NEW WET METHOD FOR SEPARATION OF VERY FINE
DUST. STAUB 2^_(7):270-275, 1962. Translated from
German by British Iron and Steel Industry Translation
Service, No. BISI 3277.
The increasing use of oxygen in steelmaking demands gas
cleaning methods adequate to meet clean air requirements.
Experiments with a new wet scrubber are reported, in
which pressure drop and water consumption are reduced to
an economic level. In the new Venturi scrubber used there
are two processes making a double scrubbing effect. The
dust-laden gas in the first instance meets at medium veloc-
ity the water drops with approximately zero axial velocity
and in the second instance, meets at maximum velocity the
reflected curtain of small drops with axial velocity at least
zero. In this manner, the washing water is used with
maximum efficiency. With a dust concentration in the
impure gas of 30. 1 g/Ncu m (normal temperature and pres-
sure) of dry gas, the following precipitation efficiencies
were obtained: For pressure drops (mm water gauge) of
100, 500, 700, and 900 the total precipitation (percent) was,
respectively 90. 48, 99-44, 99.74, and 99. 83. Comparable
total separation efficiencies are obtained for many other
difficult-to-separate very fine dusts, as for example, in
cleaning the gases of electric-arc furnaces, both of open
and closed design. The scrubber was also effective for
cleaning the waste gas of a boiler plant with sulphite waste
liquor combustion.
E-5219
Cardozo, R. L. and P. Dejonghe
THE REMOVAL OF GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS FROM
AIR WITH A SORBANT INJECTION SYSTEM. Centre
d'Etude de 1'Energie Nucleaire, Bruxelles, Belgium.
EURAEC-196, SR 2, 1961. I6p. (Presented at the Seventh
International Air Cleaning Conference, Brookhaven National
Lab., Upton, N. Y. , Oct. 10-12, 1961.) Translated from
French, Office of Technical Services, Dept. of Commerce,
Washington, D. C. , 13p.
CFSTI: TT 62-33139
A sorbant injection system can be used for cleaning gases
from contaminants when low or intermediate decontamina-
tion factors are allowed, as in closed circuits. The sor-
bant injection system, in its simplest form, is composed
of a pipe length with a sorbant feed system at the headend
and a cyclone, to remove the sorbant from the gas stream,
62
-------
CONTROL METHODS
at the tail-end. Decontaminations of the order of 99 per-
cent are easily obtainable. {Authors' summary, modified)
E-5278
Earth, Walter
CALCULATION AND LAYOUT OF CYCLONE SEPARATORS
ON THE BASIS OF NEW INVESTIGATIONS. [Berechnung
und Auslegung von Zyklonabscheidern auf Grund neuerer
Untersuchungen. ] Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, No. 8, p. 1-
9, 1956. 15 refs. Translated from German. National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. , 38p. , Aug. 12, 1958.
With the aid of simplified assumptions about the flow con-
ditions in the cyclone separators, a. calculation is developed
which permits statements about the relationships bet-ween
the pressure loss, efficiency of separation and the geo-
metric dimensions of cyclone separators. With the aid of
this mathematical method, conclusions are drawn on the
most favorable layout of cyclone separators in regard to
efficiency of separation and economy, and different types
are recommended for various applications. An improve-
ment of cyclone dust-removal devices can often be obtained
by an appropriate layout. (Author's abstract, modified)
E-5373
Kachanak, Stefan and Zdenek Jona
KINETICS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ADSORPTION ON ACTIVE
CHARCOAL. Translated from Czech. Chemicky Prumysl,
J_1_(3):1Z7-1Z9, 1961. 6 refs.
The rate of adsorption of sulfur dioxide on active carbon in
concentrations and in velocity regions actually occurring
in the purification of waste industrial gases was studied.
The conclusion reached was that the adsorption process
takes place fast enough, and that the adsorption equilibrium
is reached in 15 to 20 min. From the point of view of the
adsorption kinetics, industrial application of the investiga-
ted process is suitable. The influence of the concentration
and of the flow velocity of the gases was evaluated, and at
the same time the influence of outside diffusion upon the
investigated process was proven.
E-5380
Knopp, H. , E. -U. Joachim, and G. Baumann
THE INFLUENCE OF GASOLINE INJECTION ON THE
EXHAUST GASES OF MOTOR VEHICLES. [Beeinflussung
der Kraftfahrzeugabgase durch Benzineinspritzung. ] Trans-
lated from German. Motortech. Z. , 2^{9):353-361, Sept.
1965 and Bosch Tech. Ber., J_(4):206-220, Sept. 1965. 9
refs.
The emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and
oxides of nitrogen from various engines with intake-mani-
fold fuel-injection systems, and in some cases from their
carburetor equipped counterparts, was measured. Under
steady running conditions, a fuel injection system offers
advantages by making it possible to adopt the characteris-
tic from point to point to obtain the most favorable exhaust
conditions. This adoption is described for both a mechani-
cally and an electronically controlled injection system.
Fundamental advantages are obtained with a fuel-injection
system under non-steady running conditions, during acceler-
ation and on the overrun. A great influence of engine design
on hydrocarbon emission is detectable. Gasoline intake
manifold injection offers a sure way of meeting the current
requirements of the California test of a CO content of 1. 5
percent by volume. If the limit is going to be reduced to
1. 0 percent as of 1970, as has been announced, then it
would seem possible to stay within this value through addi-
tional efforts. As shown in the examples of the small and
the large engine, it is possible to fulfill the current hydro-
carbon requirements of the test, provided the engine de-
sign takes into account the demands made on the exhaust
gas. The NO? emission behaves exactly in an opposite
fashion to the CO and hydrocarbon emissions, because it
is at a maximum when the other components reach mini-
mum values. At the present state of our knowledge it is
not possible to influence this through the mixture. It is
fortunate that the percentage of nitrogen oxides at low
partial load values of the California cycle is low. In prin-
ciple it makes more sense to provide maximum combustion
completion for the fuel in the combustion chambers, rather
than to install afterburners. Injection offers the additional
advantage of smaller fuel consumption and larger rotational
momentum.
E-5521
Pirumov, A, I.
PRESENT DAY TECHNIQUE OF INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGE
PURIFICATION FROM DUST. Chapter 1, Aerodynamic
Principles of Inertia Separation. 71 refs. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases No. 11,
p. 1-9, 1965.
CFSTI: TT 65-61965
The theoretical physics of cyclone collectors is reviewed.
Two significant variables are the particles' size and the
resistance to movement which they encounter from the
fluid.
E-5522
Pirurnov, A. I.
CALCULATION OF CYCLONE SEPARATION CAPACITY.
Chapter 2, Aerodynamic Principles of Inertia Separation.
71 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 11, p. 10-26, 1965.
CFSTI: TT 65-61965
The gravitational theory of cyclone separation; the P. N.
Smukhin and P. A. Kouzov centrifugal theory; the Muhlrad-
Davies formula; and the estimation of the dust catchers'
efficiency are reviewed. Secondary cyclone flows, tangen-
tial velocities, vortices, radical velocities, and particle
size are considered.
E-5523
Pirumov, A. I.
MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION
BETWEEN A PARTICLE AND THE MEDIUM. Chapter 3,
Aerodynamic Principles of Inertia Separation. 71 rets.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S.S.R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 11, p. 27-46, 1965.
CFSTI: TT 65-61965
Mathematical analyses are presented of: (1) Aerosol par-
ticle inertia resistance to the carry-away effect of a cur-
vilinear stream; (Z) differential equations of particle
movement in a curvilinear flow; (3) the solution of the
differential equation of particle movement; (4) separation
of particles at the initial movement section; and (5) sepa-
ration of particles beyond the initial section.
63
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
E-5524
Pirumov, A. I.
AERODYNAMIC EFFECT OF TRANSVERSE VELOCITY
GRADIENT FLOWS ON BODIES CARRIED ALONG BY
THEM. Chapter 4, Aerodynamic Principles of Inertia
Separation. 71 refs . Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 11, p. 47-75, 1965.
CFSTI: TT 65-61965
The following are mathematically analyzed: (1) the appli-
cability of Stokes1 formula to the condition of ambient cur-
vilinear flow around suspended bodies; (2) the Taylor
theorem; (3) experimental studies of movements of solid
bodies in a rotating system; (4) the Taylor effect; (5) a
case of potential medium movement and effect of particle
rotation on the flow; (6) resistance of a rotating particle;
(7) adjoined vortex of a rotating particle; and (S) dust par-
ticle movement in a boundary layer.
E-5525
Pirumov, A.I.
SOME AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CYCLONE
APPARATUSES. Chapter 5, Aerodynamic Principles of
Inertia Separation. 71 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 11, p. 76-104, 1965.
CFSTI: TT 65-61965
Mathematical analyses are presented of: (1) pressure dis-
tribution in cyclone apparatuses; (2) distribution of rota-
tional velocities at the bottom of a cyclone apparatus; (3)
effect of radical cyclone flow on the dust separation effi-
ciency; (4) effect of turbulence on cyclone separation effi-
ciency; and (5) effect of other hydrodynamic factors on
cyclone separation efficiency.
E-5950
Sivintsev, Yu. V. and N, N. Khvostov
METHODS FOR THE CONTROL OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR
POLLUTION WITH RADIOACTIVE AEROSOLS. In: Limits
of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants,
Book 6. [Predel'no Dopustimye Kontsentratsii Atrnosfer-
nykh Zagryaznenii, Vypusk VI. ] V. A. Ryazanova (ed. ).
9 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 9 (Part 1), p. 93-106, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
Theoretical considerations, experimental investigations,
and practical tests related to the control of radioactive
aerosols of low specific activity are presented. Reco-n-
mendations arc given on the basis of the possibility of
making statistically significant measurements of atmos-
pheric air pollution with radioactive substances within the
range of the recommended allowable radioactive concentra-
tion limits. A short discussion of the effect count rate and
possibility of raising it as well as background count rate
and methods for its lowering is included.
E-6302
Nikitin, V. S.
REMOVAL OF INJURIOUS ADMIXTURES FROM OPEN
PITS WITH RECIRCULATORY VENTILATION. (In: Air
Pollution in Mines Theory, Hazards, and Control. )
Translated from Russian. Akad. Nauk SSSR, p. 3-26, 1962.
7 refs.
The experimental studies on the process of removal and
movement of injurious mixtures from open pits were car-
ried out on a hydraulic model. These studies consisted in
determinations of the concentration of a solution of black
aniline dye at measuring points in the working parts of the
model at which tubes 0. 8 mm in diameter and 50 mm high
were installed, making it possible to take samples in the
middle portion at different depths of water stream in the
model. The concentration of dye in the samples was deter-
mined with an FEK-M electrocolorirneter. The derived
equations make possible prognosis of the state of the gen-
eral atmosphere of an open pit for the recitculatory and
recirculatory-direct flow systems of natural ventilation
and the intensity of the sources liberating the gases and
dust, both for the planning of the pit and during its opera-
tion according to the stages of the development of mine
work. Moreover, the derived equations make it possible
to select the most suitable means of controlling dust and
gases which exist under the given specific conditions, to
ensure normal atmospheric conditions, to ensure normal
atmospheric conditions in open pits. Efficient means for
dust and gas control in an open pit should be anticipated
already in the planning stage. Every technical project for
working deposits by the open quarrying method should in-
clude a special team dealing with atmospheric conditions
for working safety. This section should calculate the
amount of the necessary gas and dust-suppressing or col-
lecting equipment, indicating its type and cost, as well as
estimate the necessary service personnel and their wages.
E-6305
Skvortsov, A. N. , V. V. Kudryashov, and V. G. Mukhin
FOAMS FOR DUST CONTROL AT SUB-ZERO TEMPERA-
TURES. (In: Air Pollution in Mines Theory, Hazards,
and Control. ) Translated from Russian. Akad. Nauk
SSSR. , p. 224-231, 1962. 10 refs.
The possibility is examined of combining compatible sur-
factants manufactured by U. S. S. R. industry with anti-
freezes for water such as NaCl, CaCl2, a"d Al^SO^,
compatibility being understood as the quality of resulting
in a. solution which does not separate into layers and does
not produce precipitates. There were also grounds to
assume that in addition to lowering the freezing tempera-
tures of our foaming agents these salts would improve the
stability of the foams, A low-cost foam-forming prepara-
tion was developed which consists of an aqueous solution
of 1. 2 percent azolyat B {sodium salt of polyalkyl benzene
sulfonic acid) and 6-20 percent NaCl, the latter playing the
part of stabilizer. The foaming agent makes possible the
preparation of stable foam with a high volume factor at
sub-zero temperatures (down to 16. 5C). According, to
tests made in a mine at sub-zero temperatures, the foam
prepared with the foaming agent developed by the authors
of the present paper can be used for the fixing of coal dust.
E-6306
KudryashoVj V. V. and A. N. Skvortsov
OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR THE OPERATION OF SPRAY
NOZZLES AT LOW TEMPERATURES. (In: Air Pollution
in Mines Theory, Hazards, and Control. ) Translated
from Russian. Akad. Nauk SSSR. , p. 232-237. 1962. 6 refs.
CFSTI: TT 66-51043
The optimum conditions for the operation of nozzles were
investigated under working conditions and the results were
analyzed. The experiments were conducted in the "Kaier-
kan" mine of the Noril'sk Mining and Metallurgical Com-
plex which mines coal seams in the permafrost zone. The
temperature of coal and country rock is -4. 5 degrees, the
64
-------
CONTROL METHODS
air temperature varying about zero. The same tempera-
ture is found also in the mined coal which is forwarded by
the conveyors to the main haulage workings. Experiments
conducted established a characteristic relationship between
the efficiency of dust suppression and the opening condi-
tions of the nozzle •which sprays nonfreezing water solu-
tions of common salt and azolyat B. The optimum condi-
tions for the operation of the MakNTI-type nozzle is at
near-zero temperatures. An explanation was provided for
the existence of optimum conditions for nozzle operation
in the experiment carried out in the mine, based upon in-
formation on the operation of nozzles and the properties of
drops of the atomized liquid. The analysis made it possible
to formulate a hypothesis on superior dust-suppressing
properties of brines in comparison with water owing to the
lower evaporation rate for small droplets.
E-6307
Uskov, V. I.
TESTING OF AN ELECTROSTATIC FILTER. {In: Air
Pollution in Mines Theory, Hazards, and Control. )
Translated from Russian. Akad. Nauk SSSR. , p. 238-24Z,
1962.
CFSTI: TT 66-51043
An experimental electrostatic filter, was installed at the
"Yuzhnaya" mine of the Berezovskii Mine Complex in the
manway of the underground milling chamber at the 162 m
level. The filter is designed for the purification of dusty
air which is drawn from under the principal dust sources
of crusher. The ventilation frame from the crusher was
connected to centrifugal fan. Conical diffuser connected to
the fan by a rubber hose was installed in the lower part of
the manway and suspended from a. wooden shelf. The shelf
was coated with a clay solution as a sealer. The upper
portion of the manway contained, in addition to the electro-
static filter, high-voltage equipment from X-ray unit in-
stalled on a horizontal concrete platform and consisting of
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
E-6565
E-6568
DUST PREVENTION CEMENT INDUSTRY. [Staubaus-
wurfbegrenzung Zementindustrie. ] Translated from Ger-
man. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure-Richtlinien, No. 2094,
56p., June 1961. 14 refs.
The VDI specifications of air purification are divided into
the following groups: 1. Permissible concentration of dust
or gas in air; 2. Calculation of the distribution of the dust
and gas; 3. Prevention of emission; 4. Measuring techni-
ques for dust and gas content. The present specifications
concern the creation of fine dust in cement plants and give
indications for its prevention. It is the task of the specifi-
cations to describe the equipment and installations creating
such dust; to correct the influences which lead to the forma-
tion of such dust; to indicate the measures for reducing
fine dust; to give suggestions for the selection and mainte-
nance of suitable dust-removal installations; to determine
conditions and tolerances for the limitation of permissible
emission by new installations. The measures suggested
in the specifications take into account the present state of
technology.
E-6566
DUST EMISSION FROM INDUCED-DRAFT ORE-SINTERING
INSTALLATIONS. Translated from German. Verein Deut-
scher Ingenieure-Richtlinien, No. 2095, 17p. , Jan. 1959.
12 refs.
This specification contains: (1) the technological measures
for the reduction of dust production; (2) the technical possi-
bilities for dust precipitation; and (3) suggestions for the
restriction of dust emission. The aims were: to charac-
terize the influences \vhich create dust; to point out mea-
sures for the reduction of dust emission; to establish guide
lines for permissible dust emission; and to determine the
necessity for dust removal from flue gases and to give
indications for the selection of suitable dust separators.
Knowledge of the relation between emission and deposition
is important for an objective evaluation of the dust level.
The factors to be considered in specifying centrifugal sepa-
rators, electrostatic precipitators, and stacks are reviewed.
E-6567
RESTRICTING DUST EMISSION FROM NATURAL-DRAFT
STEAM GENERATORS, CAPACITY 25 TON/HR AND LESS,
LIGNITE-FIRED WITH STATIONARY OR MECHANICAL
GRATES. Translated from German. Verein Deutscher
Ingenieure-Richtlinien, No. 2098, Zip,, July 1958. 13
refs .
This specification contains: (1) the technological measures
for the reduction of dust content; (2) the technical possibili-
ties for dust precipitation; and (3) a suggestion for the
restriction of dust emission. The aims are: to character-
ize the influences which create dust; to point out measures
for the reduction of dust emission; to establish guide lines
for permissible dust emission; and to determine the neces-
sity for dust removal from flue gases and to give indica-
tions for the selection of suitable dust removal installations.
Knowledge of the relation between emission and deposition
is important for an objective evaluation of the dust level.
The factors to be considered in specifying centrifugal sepa-
rators, settling chambers, and stacks are reviewed.
RESTRICTING DUST EMISSION IN BLAST-FURNACE
OPERATION. [Staubauswurf Eisenhuttenwerke Hochofen. ]
Translated from German. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure-
Richtlinien, No. 2099, 23p., Feb. 1959. 7 refs.
The aims are to characterize the influences which create
dust; to point out measures for the reduction of dust emis-
sion; to establish guide lines for permissible dust emission;
and to determine the necessity for dust removal from flue
gases and to give indications for the selection of suitable
dust separators. Knowledge of the relation between emis-
sion and deposition is important for an objective evaluation
of the dust level. The factors to be considered in specify-
ing cloth filters, mechanical dust separators, wet electro-
static precipitators, and stacks are reviewed.
E-6569
RESTRICTING DUST EMISSION FROM COPPER-ORE
SMELTERS. [Staubauswurfbegrenzung Kupfererzhutten. ]
Translated from German. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure-
Richtlinien, No. 2101, 30p. , Jan. I960. Srefs.
This specification treats the occurrence and reduction of
dust emission in those units of copper-ore smelters which
represent the principal sources of dust. The purposes are:
to describe the installation creating dust; to characterize
the influences leading to the creation of dust; to point out
measures for the reduction of dust emission; to give indica-
tions on the selection of suitable dust-removal installations;
and to establish guide lines on restricting permissible dust
emission from new installations. The dust emitted from a
copper-ore smelter represents a loss of valuable metal
(copper, silver, gold). Consequently, the interest of
copper-ore smelters in keeping these losses as low as
possible is equally as great as the desire to guarantee
purification of the air. The factors to be considered in
specifying cloth filters, centrifugal separators, electro-
static precipitators, and stacks are reviewed.
E-6570
RESTRICTING EMISSION OF DUST FROM COPPER-
SCRAP SMELTERS. [Staubauswurfbegrenzung Kupfer-
schrotthutten. ] Translated from German. Verein Deut-
scher Ingenieure-Richtlinien, No. 2102, ISp. , Jan.
6 refs.
This specification treats the occurrence and reduction of
dust emission in those units of copper-scrap smelters
which represent the principal sources of dust. The pur-
poses are: to describe the installations creating dust; to
characterize the influences leading to the creation of dust;
to point out measures for the reduction of dust emission;
to give indications on the selection of suitable dust-re-
moval installations; and to establish guide lines on restric-
ting permissible dust emission from new installations.
The dust emitted from a. copper-scrap smelter represents
a loss of valuable metals (zinc, tin, lead, copper). Con-
sequently, the interest of copper-scrap smelters in keep-
ing these losses as low as possible is equally as great as
the desire to guaranty purification of the air. The factors
to be considered in selecting cloth filters are reviewed.
66
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CONTROL METHODS
E-6576
RESTRICTING EMISSION OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE AND
OTHER SULPHUR-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS, EXCEPT
SULPHUR DIOXIDE, FROM GAS GENERATORS IN COKE,
GAS, AND COAL-CONSTITUENT PROCESSING PLANTS.
[Gasauswurfbegrenzung Schwefelwasserstoff und andere
schwefelhaltige Verbindungen ausser Schwefeldioxyd Koke-
reien und Gaswerke, Kohlenwertstoffbetriebe, ] Translated
from German. Verein Deuts cher Ingenieure-Richtlinien,
No. 2109, Zip. , May I960.
In coke and gas plants, dust, tar, mist and gas are emitted
during several production stages. This VDI Specification
concerns the emission of hydrogen sulphide and other sul-
phur containing compounds not including sulphur dioxide,
by coal-constituent processing plants. The essential
points treated herein are the occurrence of hydrogen sul-
phide and other sulphur-containing compounds not including
sulphur dioxide; measures for the reduction of emission;
and guidelines for the restriction of emission. Careful
maintenance and control in operation must make sure that
all equipment, lines, and installations are tight. In case
of operational failure, devices must exist which prevent
the gases containing hydrogen sulphide from escaping into
the open air. This may be effected, for example, by re-
conducting such gases at a suitable point into the gas system
of the coke plant. Ventilation gases existing in current
operation must be prevented from constituting a risk in a
similar or other manner to such an extent that the permis-
sible immission concentration is not exceeded. During
cleaning and repair, any "waste-water containing hydrogen
sulphide must be adequately diluted, if necessary.
E-6577
RESTRICTING EMISSION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM
COKE OVENS AND GAS PLANTS. [Gasauswurfbegrenzung
Schwefeldioxyd Kokereien und Gaswerke Koksofen (Abgase).]
Translated from German. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure-
Richtlinien, No 2110, 20p., Aug. 1960.
This specification concerns the emission of sulfur dioxide
with the waste gases created by the firing of the coke ovens.
The essential points treated herein are the type, composi-
tion and calorific value of the different underfeed gases as
well as guide values for sulfur-dioxide emission; measures
for reduction of emission and low-layer concentration of
sulfur dioxide; and guidelines for the restriction of sulfur-
dioxide emission.
E-6580
RESTRICTING EMISSION OF DUST AND SULPHUR DIOX-
IDE IN ZINC SMELTERS. [Auswurfbegrenzung Zinkhutten.]
Translated from German. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure -
Richtlinien, No. 2284, 33p. , Sept. 1961. 20refs.
Descriptions of installations and processes for the produc-
tion of zinc which lead to the formation of sulfur dioxide
and dust are presented. Factors influencing dust and sulfur
dioxide emissions, means of reducing these emissions, and
established limits and guide values for permissible dust
emissions from new installations are discussed.
E-65S1
RESTRICTING DUST AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE EMISSION
FROM LEAD SMELTERS. [Auswurfbegrenzung Bleihutten.]
Translated from German. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure-
Richtlinien, No. 2285, 29p. , Sept. 1961. Srefs.
Descriptions of installations and processes for the pro-
duction of lead which lead to the formation of sulfur dioxide
and dust are presented. Factors influencing dust and sul-
fur dioxide emissions, means of reducing these emissions,
and established limits and guide values for permissible
dust emission from new installations are discussed. A
list of VDI Clean Air Committee specifications is given.
E-6583
RESTRICTION OF DUST EMISSION IN ANTHRACITE-
BRIQUET FACTORIES. [Staubauswurfbegrenzung Stein-
kohlen-Brikettfabriken. ] Translated from German. Verein
Deutscher Ingenieure-Richtlinien, No. 2292, 15p. , Oct.
1961.
The aims of this specification were: to describe the in-
stallations producing dust; to characterize the influences
leading to the formation of fine dust; to indicate measures
for the reduction of fine dust; to indicate principles for the
selection and maintenance of suitable dust removal installa-
tions; and to establish guide values for the restriction of
permissible dust emission in new installations.
E-6584
RESTRICTING EMISSION OF DUST IN ANTHRACITE-
PROCESSING INSTALLATIONS. [Staubauswurfbegrenzung
Aufbereitungsanlagen fur Steinkohlen. ] Translated from
German. Verein Deuts cher Ingenieure-Richtlinien, No.
2293, 15p., Oct. 1961.
The aims of this specification are: to describe the installa-
tions producing dust; to characterize the influences leading
to the formation of fine dust; to indicate measures for the
reduction of fine dust; to point out principles for the selec-
tion and maintenance of suitable dust-removal installations;
and to establish guide values for the restriction of permis-
sible dust emission in new installations.
E-6585
RESTRICTING EMISSION OF DUST, TAR MIST AND GAS
WHEN CHARGING COKE OVENS. [Auswurfbegrenzung
fur Staub, Teernebel und Gase beim Fullen von Koksofen;
Kokereien und Gaswerke. ] Translated from German.
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure-Richtlinien, No. 2302, 32p. ,
June 1962.
This specification .concerns the restriction of emission of
dust, tar mist, and gas when charging coke ovens with
coking coal. The technology, emissions, and the reduction
of escape gas emission by reconductlng the escape gases
into the raw gas, combustion, and scrubbing are reviewed.
E-6650
Kuleshov, P. J.
AERODYNAMIC INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR C-180 MODEL, Koks i Khim. , Vol. 12,
p. 30-35, 1958. 2 refs. Translated from Russ ian by B.
S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Re-
lated Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p. 21-30, 1962
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
The purpose was to arrive at practical changes which
might effect better gas flow distribution over the electro-
filter cross section and thereby reduce its pressure drop
67
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
and enhance its gas purifying efficiency. The A£ model
was made of plastic material on 1. 10 scale. Air flow
through the model precipitator was created by a fan which
forced through the model over 1000 m3 of air per hour.
The effects of "live" area of the lower perforated distribu-
tion screen of the inflow conduit inside location of the
double T-shaped supports on gas flow distribution and on
pressure drop reduction were studied. As d. result of such
investigation the following two changes have been introduced:
a) the inside protruding angular downward directed part of
the gas inflow conduit has been abolished; b) the original
perforated gas distributing screen No. 1 which had an open
area amounting to 18 percent of the total screen area was
replaced by screen No. 2, the open area of which amounted
to 28 percent and in some cases by screen No. 3, with an
open area of 35. 0 percent.
E-6651
Kuleshov, P. J.
RAISING THE EFFICIENCY OF ELECTROSTATIC PRE-
CIPITATORS, TYPE C-140. Koks i Khim. , Vol. 4, p. 45-
49, 1956. 5 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Le-
vine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p. 30-37, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11 103
A criterion for the determination of gas flow distribution
over the cross section of a precipitator by a single value is
described. The comparison of individual tests and the com-
plete evaluation of their characteristics were of importance;
the coefficient of uneven gas flow distribution C. U. D. ,
was developed to characterize the deviation in rate of gas
flow from the median. Several ways of gas delivery were
studied, in an attempt to lessen their effect on gas flow ve-
locity distribution. Most of the research was on appropri-
ate perforated screen construction. Several types of dis-
tributing screens were studied with "live" (perforation)
areas of geometric dissimilitude. The effect of fastening
the lower ends of precipitating electrodes on the produc-
tivity of the electrostatic precipitators was studied. The
upper distributing screen had no effect on the distribution
of the gas flow across the electrostatic precipitator, and
should be removed. Removal of the gas delivery extension
from inside the electrostatic precipitator reduced the pres-
sure drop and improved the gas flow distribution. A dis-
tribution screen with a variable "live" area (geometric
dissimilitude type) and with larger openings at its periphery
considerably improved the gas flow distribution. The best
gas flow distribution over the electrostatic precipitator
cross section was attained with a screen having a large
(32 percent) and even "live" (opening) section over its en-
tire area and a ring-shaped slit at its periphery. The re-
sistance of this screen was low, it was easily machined
and its installation is recommended in all industrial elec-
trostatic precipitators. The installation of this screen in
an industrial electrostatic precipitator increased its pro-
ductivity by 100 percent without noticeable lowering in its
gas purifying efficiency. Such increases in the productivity
of the electrostatic precipitators makes possible <± 40 per-
cent saving in equipment investment. Fastening of the pre-
cipitating electrodes onto the partition walls considerably
improved the gas distribution and lowered the hydraulic
resistance (pressure drop).
E-6652
Kuleshov, P. J,
CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS IN TUBULAR ELECTROSTA-
TIC PRECIPITATORS (ELECTROFILTERS). Koks i Khim. ,
Vol. 1, p. 43-46, 1953. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p. 38-44, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
The construction defects in the tubular electrostatic pre-
cipitators C-140 and C-180 used in coke-chemical plants
are analyzed and suggestions are made for their elimina-
tion. The defects reviewed are: insulating boxes and in-
sulators; corona-electrodes and field tension; inoperative
electrodes; gas distribution; cut-off slide gates or valves;
oxygen content determination; and gas load and designed
production capacity.
E-6654
Sernenov, P. A. , Yu. V. Tumanov, and O. S. Chekhov
A VENTURI APPARATUS FOR AMMONIA ABSORPTION
FROM COKE GAS WITHOUT AN ATOMIZER. Koks i Khim. ,
Vol. 8, p. 34-37, I960. 2 refs. Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p. 47-53, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
The most advantageous way of ammonia absorption from
coke by sulfuric acid by means of Venturi absorbers (minus
the atomizers) is discussed. The injection liquid is
carried by the gas flow itself. Mass transfer in the gaseous
phase 'was studied by the method of water absorption of
ammonia from the air-ammonia mixture. Simultaneously
the pressure drop was studied in relation to the flow rate
of the gas through the Venturi throat and rate of spray.
Ammonia concentration was varied from 0. 5 to 2. 0 per-
cent by volume. Velocity of air ammonia mixture in the
Venturi tube throat ranged from 30. 0 to 72, 5 rn/sec.
Three types of Venturi apparatus were investigated; the
throat diameter in each measured 20 mm, length of the
throat 3 mm, and the conical diffusor angles were 8, 17,
and 30° With the spray rate equal in all cases and varying
the gas flow rate the productivity coefficient of the three
apparatuses in all instances was the same; the conical dif-
fusor angle had no effect on the degree of ammonia absorp-
tion. The data on mass transfer obtained with experiments
in water absorption of ammonia can be applied with reason-
able accuracy to ammonia absorption with weak solution of
sulfuric acid. Resistance in the atomizer tube falls with
the increase in the conical diffusor angle suggesting that
an angle of 300 should be used in all types of Venturi ab-
sorbers operating at spray density exceeding 3-4 li/nm';
this resulted in a reduced loss in pressure and smaller
apparatus dimensions. Ammonia absorption from gases
should not be conducted at high gas flow rates; the pro-
ductivity coefficient increased to an insignificant degree
whereas the pressure drop sharply rose. Ammonia absorp-
tion from coke gas by sulfuric acid is most advantageous
when performed in two stages; at rate of gas flow through
the Venturi throat amounting to 40. 0 m/sec. and rate of
water spray amounting to 6 to 7 li/nm^ of acid per stag.e,
the productivity coefficient of the entire apparatus would
range between 99. 0 - 99. 5 percent at total pressure drop
of 350 to 400 mm of water.
E-6655
Varshavsky, T. P. , R. G. Agapov, F. A. Mustafin, and
V. A. Pe rmyakov
REDUCING GAS EMISSION DURING COKE OVEN CHARG-
ING. Koks i Khim. , Vol. 2, p. 23-30, 1956. 3 refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 7, p. 56-63, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
A
method for loading coke ovens by steam injectors, which
68
-------
CONTROL METHODS
E
might cut down air pollution to a minimum by reducing coal
gas and dust escape from the hatches and risers is describ-
ed. A procedure was developed for charging coke ovens
equipped with single gas collecting main by unloading one
bunker at a time with the other hatches closed which im-
proved considerably working conditions on top of coke ovens.
The procedure is applicable only to coke oven charging with
coal o£ not more than 6 percent moisture, A new proce-
dure for charging coke ovens with 2 gas collecting outlets
by unloading the first and third bunkers first was recom-
mended and is currently in use industrially, Coke oven
charging by steam injection caused coal dust to be carried
way into the gas collecting mains; therefore, the method of
steam injection is not currently used in the Eastern
U. S, S. R. coke-chemical plants.
E-6656
Mezentsev, I, Ya.
SMOKELESS COKE OVEN CHARGING. Koks i Khim. , Vol.
4, p. 28-30, 1953. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p. 64-68, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
The advantages and disadvantages of steam injection used
at the Moscow Coke-Chemical and the Zaporozhie Coke-
Chemical Plants to attain smokeless coke oven charging
were determined. Coke oven batteries with 2 gas collecting
mains were investigated. 976 coke ovens were tested in
the Zaporozhie plant. The first and second bunkers held
5. 5 tons of coal each, the third bunker 6 tons. 923 ovens
in the Moscow Coke-Chemical Plant were tested. First,
two end bunkers were emptied and the hatches covered;
the middle bunker was then emptied. The first and third
bunkers contained 6.25 tons each, the middle 4.4 tons. A
third procedure was also tested. In the first bunker - 6. 3
tons , in the second 4.5 tons, and in the third - 6.2 tons,
The end bunkers were simultaneously unloaded and 22 sec-
onds later the central bunker was emptied. Coal dust was
directly proportional to time of steam injection. Coal dust
and ash were carried off if the coal contained 3. 5 percent
of moisture; if 91 percent of the coal particles measured
3 mm or less in diameter and the partial vacuum at the
bottom of the riser was 19 mm, 3. 5 kg/min of coal dust
were carried away. The injection steam pressure must
produce a. partial vacuum at the bottom of the riser of not
less than 19 mm if charging is to be attained without any
gas escape. The Moscow Coke-Chemical Plant procedure
can be used with coal containing 7 percent moisture. Charg-
ing by the Moscow Coke-Chemical Plant procedure tested
at the Zaporozhie Coke-Chemical Plant with coal moisture
content of 8 and 10 percent had lengthened the loading time,
increased the work intensity of the levelling bar, greatly
increased the rate of coal dust pick-up, and increased the
ash concentration in the separated tar to 0. 153 percent as
against 0. 1 15 percent by the usual procedure. The efficien-
cy of smoke abatement was considerably higher with the
Moscow Coke-Chemical Plant procedure than by that of the
Zaporozhie Coke-Chemical Plant. The most promising
procedure was the third which consumed considerably less
time than either of the other two.
E-6714
ELECTROSTATIC FORCES. J. Equipment Electrique
Electronique, No. 201, p. 77-85, I960. Translated fror
French. Technical Documents Liaison Office, MCLTD,
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 17p., Sept. 13, 1961,
CFSTI: AD 268-376
Information, taken from reports presented at the interna-
tional Conference of Grenoble, on practical applications of
electrostatic forces is given. Industrial applications of
electrostatic forces have been classified into four groups:
(1) Capturing permits in particular the treatment of indus-
trial gases and removal of dust from them, and the purifi-
cation of air. (2) Depositing applies to electrostatic paint-
ing and to the treatment of plants. It also applies to the
manufacturing of abrasive paper and cloth, to flocking of the
surface of various objects, to powdering sheets of metal,
and to the manufacture of fluorescent tubes; also in xero-
graphy, enamelling, metallization, lubrication of laminated
steel, smoking of certain food products, and especially the
treatment of cereal grains with insecticides before storing.
(3) Extracting is known for its application to the draining
of paint in installations for drip painting; and (4) Separating
consists chiefly of sorting minerals, and sorting mixtures
of sand and grains of steel coming from ingots. The most
instructive applications are described.
E-6867
Dmitriev, M. T.
EFFECT OF IONIZING RADIATION ON THE COMPOSI-
TION OF THE AIR WITHIN A FACTORY. [Vliyanie ionizi-
ruyushchei radiatsii na sostav vozdukha proizvodstvennykh
pomeshchenii. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation
of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), _.3_0(4):44-50, April 1965. 3 refs.
A study was made of the efficiency of the processes leading
to the production of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the air
under the action of ionizing radiation and neutrons. A
comparison of the data obtained with concentrations of
nitrogen dioxide and ozone gases, formed in the air under
natural conditions, made it possible to set the maximum
permissible doses of ionizing radiation and that of the in-
tegral neutron current in the air of industrial premises.
The following values of the permissible absorbed dose and
the integral neutron flux were obtained 530^1" and 1. 0 x
1012 neutr. /cm2 for 03 and 7 v 104r and 1. 3 x 1014 neutr./
cm for nitrogen oxides. These values for the maximum
permissible absorbed doses and the integral neutron fluxes
may be used as initial data for determining the capacity of
ventilation installations in factories where the personnel
are subjected to irradiation. Safe entrance into the room
after the termination of irradiation (when the radiation
source has been automatically removed into a special well)
will be ensured by a ventilation factor of 36 during the
period of irradiation, at a typical mean dose rate of 10
r/sec. If the volume of the room is, for example, 150
in , the rate of the removal of air should not be less than
1. 5 m3/sec.
E-6877
Stezhenskii, A. I. and O. A. Zagorovskii
POLLUTION OF THE URBAN ATMOSPHERE BY NITRO-
GEN OXIDES. [l< voprosu o zagryazenii atmosfery gorodov
okislami azota, ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English transla-
tion of: Gigiena i Sanil. ), 3_0_(6):-10S-410, June 1965. 2
refs .
The emission of nitrogen oxides and a possible measure
for reducing NO^ content in the flue gases discharged by
the gas turbine are discussed. Nitrogen dioxide content
in flue gas of different installations is compared and the
highest NO2 content is found in combustion products dis-
charged by the gas turbine. The most practicable and
efficient method for reducing the production of NO^ is the
reduction of the cooling (quenching) rate of the combustion
product by lengthening the gas line leading from the com-
bustion chamber to (he turbine and by a gradual feeding of
69
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
secondary air through a series of holes arranged at uniform
intervals along the entire length of the gas line.
E-6333
Petrova, N. I. and Zh. I. Pokrovenko
METHODS OF REDUCING AIR POLLUTION DUE TO
WASTE PRODUCTS FROM NIKITOVKA MERCURY WORKS.
[K voprosu ob umen'shenii zagryazeniya vozdukha vybro-
sami Nikitovskogo rtutnogo zavoda. ] Hygiene and Sanita-
tion (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3Q( l):74-77 ,
Jan. 1965.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
The pollution of air by mercury vapor depends on the total
quantity of the furnace gases; trapping the mercury vapor
in condensation systems; hermetic sealing of the equipment
and of the gas flues; and special purification of gases be-
fore their discharge into the atmosphere. The most effi-
cient method of preventing the pollution of the atmosphere
by mercury vapor is by improving technological processes
in the plant. For example, since the quantity of exhaust
gas increases if the ore has a. higher moisture content, it
is important to keep this moisture content within the techni-
cal specifications for plants operating tubular and retort
furnaces. The most complete condensation of mercury
vapor reduces the amount of vapor in the exhaust gases to
50 percent and less. Such condensation is achieved by
improving the performance of the condensation systems
and by spraying the gas with water in scrubbers, or in the
final compartment of the condensers. The furnace gases
were purified by spraying with water in the retort furnace
shop and by the use of the pyrolusite and selective chlorine-
gas methods in the tubular furnace shop. Gases from the
retort furnaces containing between 30 and 120 mg/rn mer-
cury pass through two packed scrubbers sprayed with pro-
cess water before being discharged into the atmosphere.
The concentration of mercury vapor is reduced by nearly
SO percent on the average.
E-6334
Krupitskaya, I. D. and I. L. Pisarevskii
AN INCIDENCE OF MERCURY VAPOR CONTAMINATION
OF RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS. [Sluchai zagryazeneia parami
rtuti zhilykh kvartir. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3J3(1 ):8 1-S3, Jan. 1965.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
In view of the possibility of the poisonous effect of mer-
cury, the preparation of amalgam in dentists' offices is
authorized only in an exhaust hood with the fan turned on.
Three such hoods were installed in the new dental clinic
in Chelyabinsk. The ducts in the exhaust system leading
from them were made out of asbesto-cement ductwork and
ran through built-in closets in the apartments on the
floors above the clinic. When the clinic was being accep-
ted for operation, the sanitary-epidemiological station
demanded the submittal of documents pertaining to the
concealed work, with an indication that the exhaust venti-
lation had been executed according to the design. A year
after the dental clinic had begun to operate, the sanitary-
epidemioLogical station received complaints from the ten-
ants in three stairwells in the building that medical smells
were entering their apartments. After determination of the
existence of mercury in the areas intended for human hab-
itation, the sanitary-epidemiological station immediately
prohibited the clinic from filling teeth with copper amalgam.
Simultaneously the decontamination of the mercury in the
apartments began. This process was carried out with an
acidulous solution of potassium permanganate. At the
request of the sanitary-epidemiological station, a commis-
sion was created, which established that the air seal of the
exhaust ducts had been broken as a result of the settling
of the building and by the fact that the asbestos-cement
ducts had broken in a number of places where they fitted
into the ceilings. Repeated tests on the apartments for the
existence of mercury in them after the carrying out of all
these measures yielded negative results.
E-6899
Mel'ster, F. G. , S. L. Dubrovskii, V. P. Dumko, and
A. M. Orlovskaya
REDUCTION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN TASH-
KENT. [O snizhenii zagryazeneiya atmosfernogo vozdukha
v Tashkente. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation
of: Gigiena i Sanit. }, 1^(10): 101-104, Oct. 1965.
Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and
dust concentrations in the atmosphere in Tashkent, Russia
were determined, and means of reducing these pollutants
are discussed. The transfer of boiler rooms, industrial
enterprises, restaurants, canteens, etc. , children's in-
stitutions, and public utilities to gas facilitated the reduc-
tion of the content of ash, black smoke, SO;>> CO, and
H;?S in the city atmosphere. A green zone must be created
around Tashkent to stop the dust from the Kazakh steppes
The area of green plantations within the city must be in-
creased from 4 to 15 sq m per inhabitant, according to
sanitary standards. Enterprises which are sources of
atmospheric pollution must be transferred from the resi-
dential part of the city to the industrial zone. Where such
transfer is impossible, the enterprises must be surrounded
with a sanitary-protective zone. The streets must be sys-
tematically swept, and the sweeping must be followed by
spraying with water. In summer, special trucks must be
assigned for the washing of green plantations (trees, shrubs,
flowers, etc. ).
E-7093
REVIEW OF RESTRICTING GAS EMISSION FROM NITRIC-
ACID PLANTS. Translated from German.' Verein Deut-
scher Ingenieure - Richtlinien, No. 2295, 12p. , July 1963.
The control of nitrogen oxides during the production of
nitric acid is discussed. Nitrogen oxide emissions are
restricted by absorption, suitable discharge outlets, and
on the basis of irnissions. Because of the particularities
of nitrous gases, the content of the waste gases cannot be
completely controlled.
E-72S6
Arkhipov, A. S. , P. I. Bogatkov, I. V. Oreshkevich, and
N. V. Serednikova
PURIFICATION OF AIR FROM TETRAETHYL LEAD.
Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 3, p. 11-16, 1955. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 17-
23, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
The high toxicity of tetraethyl lead, the stability of its
molecule in the open air, and its concentration in ventila-
tion air even when it is expelled at 50 or 75 m above the
ground, point to the imperative need to eliminate tetra-
ethyl lead from the air. In this connection, the chemical
fluid filter was used. The experimental purifying installa-
tion consisted of a horizontal cylindrical reservoir 100 cm
70
-------
CONTROL METHODS
in length and 80 cm in diameter. The aqueous solution of
suitable chemical absorbers is poured into the apparatus
to a level 50 to 100 mm above its operating discs, as in-
dicated by an attached glass water gauge. The filter oper-
ates by converting the chemical liquid absorber into a
spray which creates a large specific surface of the sub-
stances used for recovering tetraethyl lead. The effective-
ness of the filter was determined by taking air samples
simultaneously at points of air entrance and exit and analyz-
ing them for tetraethyl lead. For each analysis, 6. 3 liters
of air were aspirated and a total of 406 air samples were
tested. The absorbent used was 0. 5 percent alcohol solu-
tion of iodine, Tetraethyl lead was determined colorimetri-
cally by the dithizone^method. Tests were made with differ-
ent absorbents for the selection of one most suitable for
the purpose, taking into consideration the physico-chemical
properties of tetraethyl lead. The degree of ventilation air
purification from tetraethyl lead can be increased by instal-
ling a series of successive filters.
E-7237
Shefer, S. S.
DUST PREVENTION MEASURES FOR FOUNDRY SHOPS.
Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 3, p. 17-22, 1955. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S.S.R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 23-30,
March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21183
During 1950 - 1952 a group of Moscow industrial sanitary
physicians in cooperation with scientists from the Institute
of Labor Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Academy of
Medical Sciences, U. S. S. R, , made a. survey of the working
conditions in the earth-processing and the trimming and
cleaning sections of 12 foundry shops of different processing
methods. This survey included an analysis of the results
of periodic medical examinations of the workers, and of
clinical morbidity data related to occupational diseases. A
thorough examination was also made of the condition of the
air in all earth-processing and trimming and cleaning sec-
tions; the results indicated that the principal defects were
in the technology, in the type of equipment and in the sani-
tary technical arrangements; this information was helpful
in formulating recommendations for the improvement of
the working conditions of these sections. The dust concen-
tration discovered in different shops varied widely. The
wide variations in dust concentrations were the results of
differences in planning the foundry shops, in the mainte-
nance of the technological equipment, in the technological
processes and in types and maintenance of ventilators and
other sanitary installations. One of the outstanding factors
was the shape of the building frame, another was the plan
of the conveyors and scattered casting shops. (Author's
summary, modified)
E-75S6
Kaiser, Fritz
PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR SIEVING AND [AIR] SIFTING
PROBLEMS. STAUB (English translation), 2J7(l):49-54,
Jan. 1967. 9 refs. (Presented at the Joint Convention of
the Association of German Engineers, Working Group Dust
Technology, and of the Swiss Association of Engineers and
Architects, on "Useful Dusts, Their Manufacture and Tech-
nical Process" Parti, Basel, Switzerland, June 6-8, 1966.)
CFSTI: XT 67-51408/1
Plant engineering methods used for sieving and screening
pulverulent materials are reported. Special measures
must be taken to ensure tolerable apparatus cross sections
and to achieve sufficient disintegration of agglomerates.
In the case of sieving machines these measures are: ex-
citation of sieve cloth by impact, mechanical high-velocity
agitators, flow forces. In the case of an air elutriator the
following means are to be used: high flow rate, secondary
sieving of coarse material. The examples are selected in
such a manner that the new operating elements are shown,
(Author1 s summary)
E-7674
Petroll, Joachim, Volker Quitter, Gunter Schade, and
Lothar Zimmermann
TESTING CYCLONE SEPARATORS. STAUB (English trans-
lation), 2_7_{3):1-10, March 1967. 12 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/3
Earth's cyclone theory was checked experimentally. The
tests were carried out in the research division of the VEB
PKM-Kohleverarbeitung, Leipzig. The test dust was soft-
coal dust from the cooling-tower collector of a briquette
factory, separated in banked cyclones. Cyclone separators
of different dimensions and made by different firms were
tested under identical conditions. The test results are
compared with the results obtained by the calculation me-
thod for cyclone separators according to Barth. It has
been found that the Barth theory still does not describe,
quantitatively and qualitatively, the actual conditions in a
satisfactory way. (Authors ' summary, modified)
E-7675
Dubois , P. E.
WET SCRUBBER WITH ATOMIZ/iTION OF THE CLEANING
LIQUID. STAUB (English translation), 2_7_(3): 18-20, March
1967.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/3
The operation of most wet scrubbers is based on atomiz-
ing a liquid, and on the comparatively rapid relative mo-
tion of the liquid droplets and the dust particles suspended
in the gas. If the apparatus is to be used in industry, the
diaphragm must include a. device for regulating the flow,
so that the pressure loss can be maintained constant with-
in predetermined flow-rate limits. In the two scrubbers
described the problem was solved quite simply. The dust-
laden droplets were separated in <* low-speed cyclone be-
neath the scrubber. This simple wet scrubber is used to
clean the waste gases of lime kilns, electric-arc furnaces,
ore-agglomerating furnaces, blast furnaces, etc. The wel
scrubber with a rotating wedge is successfully used in
many blast furnaces and LD-converters in the U S. A
Using such a wet scrubber, a clean-gas dust content of
only 10 15 mg/m3 STP was achieved in a blast furnace.
This apparatus requires little maintenance, and water of
low purity and pressure can be used. Water is supplied
through pipes at a pressure exceeding by 1 atm that of the
gas. Wet washers are based on the principle of atomiza-
tion of the fine droplets in a turbulent dust-laden gas.
Venturi tubes or throttle valves are generally used for in-
creasing the velocity and turbulence of gas. Agglomera-
tions formed as a result of impact between droplets and
particles are precipitated mechanically. Separation effi-
ciency is a function of pressure loss of the throttle valve.
To achieve a constant separation efficiency, different me-
thods are used for controlling the cross section of a throt-
tle valve. (Author's summary, modified)
71
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
E-314&
Uzhov, A'. N.
SANITARY-TECHNOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ASH-
CATCHING SYSTEMS USED IN U. S. S. R. ELECTRIC HEAT
AND POWER PLANTS. Gigiena i San it. , 2j>_(3): 1 5-1 9,
1953. 1 ref. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Dis eas es, No. 3, p. 37-92, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Two systems of ash-catching are presently in use in the
U.S.S-R. electric heat and powe r plants which are burning
hard fuel: 1) dry methods \vith the aid of battery cyclones
and electrostatic precipitators , and 2) wet processes using
centrifugal VTI scrubbers or MP-YTI wet rod type ash-
abators. In the past electric power plants predominantly
employed the dry type of ash-catching equipment; at pre-
sent the trend has been reversed and the wet types of ash-
catching installations have been favored predominantly.
The two ash-catching systems were evaluated and to make
a rational choice between the two the efficiency of wet sys-
tem ash-catching equipment did not exceed 90 percent. Ash
collected by the wet systems presents serious hauling away
problems and makes utilization of the collected ash for
commercial purposes difficult, if not impossible. The ash
thus collected must be disposed of at ash dumps, which in
themselves become sources of air dust pollution. Wet
methods of electro-station smoke gas purification can be
used in small electro-stations, especially those located
away from inhabited localities. The installation of wet type
ash-collectors maybe sanctioned in old electro-stations in
which for reasons of space scarcity the installation of elec-
trofilters may present major difficulties. Electro-stations
of any considerable size which are surrounded by inhabited
foci must be equipped with dry system ash-collectors,
consisting of combinations of two-stage ash-collectors:
battery cyclones -f vertical electrofilters of the DVP type,
or of two tripolar horizontal electrofilters of the DGP
type capable of insuring smoke gas purification of not less
than 95 percent
E-3155
Matsak, V. G
THE UTILIZATION OF AIR DUST AND SMOKE PURIFICA-
TION EQUIPMENT. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 4, p. 27-35,
1950. Translated from Russian by B S. Levine, U. S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 3, p. 141-149, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
In purifying air and gases from dust, the following factors
must be taken into account: a) the weight of dust, which
may vary from a few milligrams to tens of grams per m^
of air or gas; b) the size of dust particles and their weight/
number ratios; c) the chemical composition of the dust and
its susceptibility to wetting by water, oil, and similar
fluids. Existing means of purifying air from dust and smoke
can be divided into dry and wet methods. Settling chambers,
inertia dust separators, porous filters, electrostatic pre-
cipitators, water spray washing, and oil filters are dis-
cus s ed.
Karacharov, T. S. and Ye. I. Vorontsova
EFFICIENCY OF MINERAL WOOL FILTERS. Gigiena i
Sanit., No. 6, p. 29-35, 1952. Translated from Russian
by B S Levine, U. S. S. R Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p. 150-156, May 1960.
CFSTI: TT60-21475
The efficiency of bitumen treated mineral wool in an arc-
welding shop as a dust remover was 30 percent, reaching
90 percent and even higher in isolated cases. After filter-
ing, the air dust content did not exceed 1 mg/m in a large
majority of cases. Filtering the air through a layer of
mineral wool reduced its dust content from 0.21 to 0. 018
mg/m^, which is approximately a removal of 91 percent
of the dust. The content of oxides of nitrogen and of carbon
monoxide in the recirculated air was below the limit of
allowable concentration. The use of mineral wool for the
purification of air from arc-welding aerosols proved prac-
tical only where the air load per 1 m of the filter-layer
did not exceed 450 - 600 m /hour; a greater load rendered
the filter inoperative within a short time. The apparatus
should be made up of individual filter calls and the mineral
wool overlaid in a -wave-like or zigzag manner. In com-
puting the rate of air recirculation the residual dust con-
tent should be taken into account. It is suggested that the
air supplied to the shop during the cold seasons should be
not less than 30 percent of the total unventilated air ex-
change, which amounts to 700 - 1000 m3/hour per 1 kg of
burned electrodes. In these experiments, the dust-retain-
ing capacity of 1 m mineral filters averaged 200 g. With
an initial air dust concentration of 5 mg/mr and a rate of
air passing of 0. 5 m/sec, a filter pad should last 25 hours
or three working shifts. Where the initial dust concentra-
tion is greater than 5 mg/m , the time between filter
changes should be shortened accordingly. The use of min-
eral wool for the purification of recirculating air in arc-
welding shops may be more economical than the present
fresh air method by 4 to 8 times.
E-S162
Matsak, V. G.
THE PURIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTED BY VAPORS AND
GASES. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 8, p. 20-27, 1950. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3,
p. 177-135, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-Z1475
Methods for the recovery and purification of noxious sub-
stances ejected by gas exhaust and ventilating installations
are reviewed. It was found easier to purify exhaust gases
than to ventilate air. The methods include: chemical puri-
fication method, condensation method, liquid absorption
method, and absorption by solid absorbents (adsorption).
Present methods for air and gas purification can be ren-
dered close to 100 percent free of most acid and alkali
gases, organic solvent vapors and some other gases. But
no effective and cheap method has been found up to the pre-
sent for the recovery of carbon monoxide. Purification of
air from solvent vapors, such as gasoline, acetone, ace-
tates, etc. can be used effectively only in the case of tail
gases and not in the purification of ventilating air, even
though it is effective in both instances; the high cost makes
its use for purification of ventilation air economically pro-
hibitive. The possibility of using solid absorbents, such
as activated charcoal and silica gel for the purification of
ventilation air may apply to many cases. The primary
obstacle lies in the high cost of adsorbent material and in
the consumption of considerable electric energy in over-
coming the pressure drop of recuperating installations.
E-8177
Nikitina, S. A. and A. B. Taubman
A DEVICE FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE DUST COL-
LECTING PROPERTY OF WETTING AGENTS. Gigiena i
Sanit., 23_(12):71-74, 1958. 3 refs. Translated from
Russian by B. S. L-evine, U. S.S.R. Literature on Air
72
-------
CONTROL METHODS
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4, p. 48-
53, Aug. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
In the device described, dust collecting with water and with
wetting solution sprays was done simultaneously in air
having the same degree of dust concentration. The desired
degree of dispersion is attained and regulated on the basis
of precipitation time calculated by Stokes formula and the
subsequent checking of particle size microscopically. The
device used consists of a dust chamber which has a diffuser,
three burettes, one for water and two for the wetting solu-
tion, and small beakers, one of which is for the collection
of freely precipitating dust. The beakers are placed on a
platform suspended from the cover of the chamber and are
covered •with metallic lids. With this device evaluations
can be made of the general effectiveness of the wetting
agents in relation to droplet size, the hydrophilic action of
their adsorption layers, as well as the adsorption effect
alone by separating it from the total effect. For the com-
parative study of the general effectiveness of the wetting
solution, use is made of equal volumes of water and of
wetting solution, working with capillary pipettes having tip
openings of equal diameter, so that the number of droplets
of water and of solution is different due to differences in
their surface tension. For the determination of the adsorp-
tion effect alone use is made of burettes with different cross-
section tips so chosen that" the droplets of water and of the
wetting solution are equal in size.
E-S178
Belousov, S. P., A. S. Dun, and I. I. Nikberg
THE USE OF BATTERY COMBUSTION CHAMBERS IN THE
PURIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS INTO ATMOS-
PHERIC AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. , 24(4):70-71, 1959. Trans-
lated from Russian by B, S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4,
p. 54-56, Aug. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
The gas purifying installation described is of the type used
in a Soviet coke-pitch plant. The coke was roasted in bat-
teries of open flame furnaces of the "Yuzhkokremont"
system; each battery consisted of 10 to 15 open flame fur-
naces. Reconstruction of the battery furnaces was carried
out which consisted in rebuilding part of the furnace into
purification installations of the supplemental combustion
chamber type. Thus, the exhaust gases coming from the
furnace flues were passed through the supplemental com-
bustion chambers before entering the smokestacks. The
supplemental combustion of pitch-coke waste products is
accomplished at 1150 1500° This high temperature is
attained by sucking in extra air through special openings
in the supplemental combustion chamber.
E-8131
Varlamov, M. L_. , G. A. Manakin, and Ya. I. Starosel'skii-
PURIFICATION OF EXHAUST GASES OF A SULFURIC ACID
TOWER PLANT BY A FLOWMETER PIPE TYPE OF AP-
PARATUS. Zh. Prikl. Khim. , 3_1_(2): 178-186, 1958. 19
refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 4, p. 68-77, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
A venturi apparatus for the recovery of spray, sulfuric
acid aerosol, and nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gases of
a sulfuric acid tower plant is described. The experimental
arrangement consisted of two units: a small assembly, pro-
ducing up to 50 m /hour, and a larger one producing up to
500 m^/hour. In one apparatus, the fluid entered the main
channel at an angle; in a second apparatus, the fluid entered
tangentially and became distributed evenly over the peri-
meter of the diffuser. A third apparatus had a radial fluid
feed in relation to its main axis. The separator walls of
the small unit were arranged concentrically, which forced
the passing gas to impinge upon the surface of the liquid
twice in succession. Another type of tube was tested in
connection with the large unit. This tube had two radial
fluid feeds set at 90°, and a separator of the type of abbre-
viated cyclone TsKTI. The power consumed in the opera-
tion of the flowmeter tube type of apparatus in the purifica-
tion of exhaust gases emitted by the tower nitrose system
ranged bet-ween 5 6 kilowatt-hours per ton of H^SO^ or
10 to 12 percent of the total power used in the production of
one ton of sulfuric acid by the nitrose method.
E-8182
Plit, I. G.
SCRUBBER APPLICATION TO CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORP-
TION BY POTASSIUM CARBONATE SOLUTION. Zh. Prikl.
Khim., 31_(2):186-191, 1958. 5 refs. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4, p. 78-85,
Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
According to the present classification, the mechanism of
CO2 absorption by K£CO3 solution is one of chemosorption
with a reversible chemical reaction in the liquid phase.
The course followed by such a. reaction is schematically
presented. Two equations are introduced which represent
the coefficients for all conditions of scrubber operation
when the scrubber is operated on the counter flow principle.
The equations consider such factors as the height of the
packing, the migration rate of the absorbent, and the rate
of gas flow. The major aims of this study were to deter-
mine the proportionality constants in these equations and to
determine the effect of different factors on the kinetics of
the absorption process. The apparatus used consisted of
an absorption column 25. 5 mm in diameter and a packing
465 mm high, consisting of Raschig rings. In the determi-
nation of the nominal coefficient Kf the effect of the gaseous
phase was excluded by a 100 percent absorption of carbon
dioxide. The experiments were made within'a range of
fluid flow of 1. S3 to IS. 7 m/hour, in relation to the scrub-
ber cross section at temperatures ranging from 16 to 30°C.
The capacity of the absorbent varied from 1. 45 to 2, 8 rnol/1.
E-8183
Ganz, S. and M. A.. Likshin
COKE GAS PURIFICATION FROM HYDROGEN SULFIDE
IN HIGH SPEED ROTARY ABSORBERS. Zh. Prikl. Khim. ,
31_(2):191-197, 1958. 1 ref. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4, p. 85-93, Aug. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
The high speed horizontally rotating absorber used in this
study was equipped with stationary discs, each of which
had 12 paddles set at an angle. Studies were made of the
effect of the hydrodynamic, as well as the physico-chemical
conditions on the absorption rate. The effect of the hydro-
dynamic factors was studied with reference to the construc-
tion of the discs, their peripheral velocity, the volume rate
of the gas flow, the height (volume) of the liquid in the hori-
zontal absorber, and the rate of the horizontal movement of
the liquid in the absorber. The effect of the physico-chemi-
cal factors was studied with reference to temperature,
chemical absorption capacity of the solution and the H^S
73
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
concentration in the gas. The greater number of experi-
ments was carried out with a sodium arsenite solution con-
taining S. 4 g/1 AszO3- The results of the investigation
indicated that the absorption rate of H^S by sodium arsenite
solution in a high speed rotary absorber was considerably
greater than in tower systems. H;?S absorption in a rotary
apparatus requires considerably lower reaction volumes,
less metal, smaller capital investment and less electric
power for its operation.
E-8199
Arkhipov, A. S. , P. I. Bogatkov, I. V. Oreshkevich, and
N. V. Serednikov
PURIFICATION OF VENTILATION AIR FROM TETRA-
ETHYL LEAD. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 3, p. 11-16, 1955.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S.S.R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 4, p. 209-Z15, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
E-3134
Chertkov, B. A.
OXIDATION OF AMMONIUM SULFITE-BISULFITE SOLU-
TIONS IN THE RECOVERY OF SO2 FROM SMOKE GASES.
Zh. Prikl. Khim. , 32(5) :960-965, 1959. 7refs. Trans-
lated from RussianbyB. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4,
p. 93-100, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-Z1913
Experimental results and theoretical relationships were
compared with the actual oxidation process of ammonium
sulfite-bisulfite solution under industrial conditions. This
was done in a case of working solution oxidation in an instal-
lation for the recovery of SOz from smokestack gases by
the cyclic ammonium process. It was seen that, as the
total quantity of SO;? absorbed in the absorber increased,
the degree of oxidation was lowered, provided that other
conditions remain the same. Hydrodynamic factors play
no prominent role in the oxidation of the working solution,
yet they affect substantially the rate of SO;? absorption;
therefore, lowest degree of oxidation will take place in the
absorber under conditions of most intensive SO;? absorption.
From this point of view, intensive bubbling of the gas
through a foam type absorber should be preferred to the
use of a packed absorber.
E-8185
Posin, M. E., B. A. Kopylev, and E. Ya. Tarat
CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION BY SODIUM HYDROXIDE
FOAM. Zh. Prikl. Khim., 3_(5): 1011-1018, 1957, I4refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 4, p. 100-103, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
The completeness and rate of carbon dioxide absorption by
a foam layer of sodium hydroxide was studied under differ-
ent conditions of CO;? concentration and rate of flow, dif-
ferent NaOH concentrations, degree of carbonization of the
alkaline solution, and temperature. It was demonstrated
that coefficient (K) for carbon dioxide absorption by 3 N
NaOH at 60° was practically independent of the CO^ con-
centration in the gas within Z to 15 percent. The functional
relationship between NaOH concentration and coefficient
(K) and (n) reached its maximum at 2 N NaOH. As the car-
bonization of the sodium hydroxide solution progressed, the
magnitudes of (K) and (n) sharply diminished during CO^
absorption by NaOH solution; these magnitudes were ap-
proximately four times as great as during absorption by a
fully carbonized NaOH solution. Also, as the rate of car-
bon dioxide absorption by a sodium hydroxide solution of
constant, concentration decreased, the Na2CO3 concentra-
tion in the solution increased. On the basis of the data
obtained it is possible to choose optimal conditions under
which different gases can be freed of carbon dioxide, or
for carbonization of alkaline solutions in the foam appa-
ratus. Under properly organized conditions of foam appa-
ratus operation, the rate of CO^ absorption by a solution of
NaOH can be increased to 4 to 5 times the rate of the
widely used scrubber type gas purifiers.
74
A scrubber for use in plants producing tetraethyl lead
(TEL) is described and illustrated. Effectiveness of 10
percent alkali, 1 and 3 percent household soap solution,
chlorine water, mono- and diethylphenylpolyglycol esters,
spent lubricating oils and kerosene-water mixtures in 1:6
and 2: 5 ratios in the purification of ventilation air from
low TEL concentrations was evaluated. Highest effective-
ness was obtained by using 2:5 ratio of kerosene and water
and air passage of 0. 3 m/sec. Purification reached 90. 1
to 96 percent. The results obtained in air purification
from. TEL in these experiments were not adequate; there-
fore, the air was emitted into the atmosphere at great
heights to obtain the desired degree of the TEL dispersion.
E-8204
Rozanov, L. S.
PURIFICATION OF CUPOLA FURNACE CASES DIS-
CHARGED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. DISCUSSED AT THE
MOSCOW CITY COUNCIL OF NATIONAL ECONOMY.
Gigiena i Sanit. , 2J3J11):86-87, 1958. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4, p. 264-
267, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Measures for dust elimination and for improved gas com-
bustion in foundries are discussed. Utilization of the heat
produced by the combustion process for blast furnace
heating was also considered. An example is cited of a
cupola furnace which was equipped with a. separate air pre-
heater. The cupola furnace had provision for possible
blast heating by burning waste gases and by utilizing the
heat produced by burning fuel in the fire box. This furnace
had an inside diameter of 400 mm and an operating height
of 1700 cm which made possible the utilization of waste
gas heat. This, in turn, permitted the attainment of high
temperature blast and cast, and pig iron temperatures
required by modern foundries. At the same time it helped
to solve to a considerable extent the problem of supple-
mental burning and purification of the gases before they
were emitted into the atmosphere. A closed cupola furnace
is also described. The operating characteristics of this
type of cupola furnace, with blast air preheated to 500°,
are an increase in the furnace productivity, a reduction in
coke consumption, an increase in cast or pig iron tempera-
ture to 1430 to 1480°, which results in better quality metal,
in addition to improved sanitary-hygienic conditions in the
vicinity of the plant.
E-8224
Amelin, N. I.
EFFECTIVENESS OF MEASURES USED IN DECREASING
DUST GENERATED BY MEASURING OUT AND MIXING
PARTICULATE MATERIALS. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 10,
p. 14-19, 1950. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 5, p. 143-148, Jan. 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
Modifications of the exhaust ventilating system for dust
-------
CONTROL METHODS
removal in an electrode manufacturing plant were presented.
The largest amount of coal dust is created when the dry
materials spill over during the preparation of the charge
and during loading of the mixing machine. This work is
done in the measuring and mixing divisions. The following
changes in the work procedure were recommended: 1)
feeding the charge into the mixer from the bin, not from a
measuring transport or delivery car, by passing the charge
through the bin with the lid open, and 2) suction (vacuum)
cleaning of working areas. The measures proposed related
to tightness of joints, efficient loading of particulate mate-
rials, and appropriately designed suction ventilation and
resulted in marked hygienic improvements. Despite the
fact that only a part of the proposed changes had been
instituted, dust formation in the measuring division had
been completely eliminated; it "was reduced by 90 percent
in the mixing machines.
E-8371
Dratwa, Heinrich and Harald Juntgen
THE DESULFURIZATION OF FLUE GAS BY MEANS OF
ADSORPTION COKES WITH VARIOUS PROPERTIES.
STAUB {English translation), 2J7(7):l-9, July 1967. 10
refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/7
The expected dust content in the drum waste gases, their
dependence on starting material and the manufactured mix-
ture, the specific properties of these dusts and dust
removal was investigated. Plants were selected by locality,
raw material, size and differing levels of equipment. The
results of a total of 35 individual studies at 10 plants are
presented. The quantity and particle size of dust in the
waste gases of the drum extends through a wide range.
Three groups are seen for dust content, largely determined
by whether the starting material is washed, unwashed, or
processed in mixed components. Given the capacities of
modern cyclone collectors it can be expected that some 85
to 92 percent of the dust of this composition will be retained
in the first stage. Efficiency increases with increasing
coarse components up to a possible 95 percent. Good wet
scrubbers separate residual dust from the first stage with
efficiencies of 95 to 96 percent. Fabric or bulk layer fil-
ters used instead of wet scrubbers can attain efficiencies
above 99 percent. For particles of about 10 and 20 \J, the
settling velocities are only 0.8 and 3.2 cm/sec. Coarser
particles of 40 p. settle at 12. 8 cm/sec. Being stirred up
by tipping processes in the drums, such particles are
easily emitted with the gases. The drag of waste gases is
still so great that 55 to 70 percent, and sometimes even up
to 90 percent of all dust particles in the waste gases are
larger than 40 jx.
E-8372
Wiemer, Peter
DUST REMOVAL FROM THE WASTE GASES OF PREPARA-
TION PLANTS FOR BITUMINOUS ROAD-BUILDING MATE-
RIALS. STAUB (English translation), 2_7j7):9-22, July
1967. 2 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/7
Dust in waste gas from preparation plants for road building
depends on many characteristic factors. This is valid for
the dust at the drying drum outlet and also for clean gas
dust at the chimney inlet. The crude gas dust is naturally
influenced by the properties of raw material, while clean
gas dust is also influenced by the dust removal method
used. These problems are discussed on the basis of a
wide range of numerical data.
E-8788
Plekhotkin, V. F. , A. P. Kitts, and S. S. Gavlovskaya
ELIMINATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES FROM DISCHARGED
GASES. [O sanitarnoi ochistke otkhodyashchikh gazov
okislov azota. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation
of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), ^2_(7 -9):457-458, July-Sept. 1967.
3 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
In order to devise a method for a more complete purifica-
tion of discharged gases, experiments were performed on
a laboratory 2-stage unit consisting of a packed absorber
and a filter of an anion-exchange resin. The packed absor-
ber (the first stage of the unit) was selected in such a man-
ner that it should reduce the concentration of nitrogen
oxides to permissible levels. The original gas-air mixture
contained 10. 4 mg/1 nitrogen oxides with a degree of oxida-
tion about 100 percent. The degree of absorption decreased
at higher linear velocities of the gas flow. The degree of
absorption declines abruptly when the concentration of
nitrogen oxides falls below 13 mg/1. In the case of alkaline
purification the concentration of nitrogen oxide in the puri-
fied gas is 1. 88 mg/1 even at low velocities of the gas flow.
If the concentration of nitrogen oxide in the original gas is
below 10 mg/1, their concentration in the outgoing gas will
be higher than permissible on account of the abrupt de-
crease in the degree of absorption. It was demonstrated
by subsequent investigations that a more complete trapping
of nitrogen oxides is possible only in the second stage of
the unit, viz. the anion-exchanger filter. Thus, it was
experimentally proved that alkaline absorption does not
achieve compliance with sanitary standards in the purifica-
tion of the outgoing gases from nitrogen oxides. There is
a necessity for installing an anion-exchange filter after
the alkaline absorber, and then it is possible, under cer-
tain conditions, to achieve a fairly complete trapping of
nitrogen oxides.
E-9270
Graue, Georg and Ronald Flossmann
SOME EXPERIENCES WITH A NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL
PLANT FOR DUST REMOVAL FROM BROWN SMOKE'.
STAUB (English translation), 27_(10):7-12, Oct. 1967. 5
refs.
CFSTI: TT 67'-51408/10
A novel method for removing dust from brown converter
smoke has been developed which utilizes the special pro-
perties of brown smoke and is very promising as regards
economic and technical advantages. Its principles have
been fixed by laboratory tests and in an experimental pilot
plant. Earlier results have been basically confirmed in an
industrial plant of 2 x 25, 000 Nm3/h. However, as a
result of constructional deficiencies concerning gas distri-
bution and constant electrode gap in the filters, the method
could not be tested to its maximum capacity. The achieved
dust contents of clean gas have, therefore, been higher
than the value required by authorities, i. e. , 150 mg/Nm3.
This value should, however, be reached after improve-
ments in the design. (Authors' summary)
75
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
F-4072
Chen, Yun-tai
EXPERIMENTAL DATA AS A BASIS FOR THE DETERMI-
NATION OF MAXIMAL PERMISSIBLE XYLOL CONCEN-
TRATION IK ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
2J^2):93-95, Feb. 1963, 3 refs. Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U.S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 43-47, 1966.
CFSTI; TT 66-61429
Xylol is used as a solvent in the lacquer industry, in the
production of synthetic rubber, and other similar industries.
Therefore, it is possible that the atmospheric air surround-
ing such industries should be polluted with xylol; despite
that, no maximal permissible xylol concentration in the
atmospheric air had been established officially, and no
investigation had been conducted for the determination of
effects produced on the human organism by lov/ xylol vapor
concentrations. Studies of xylol effect on animals had been
conducted only in large concentrations. Data thus far found
in the literature were limited to the effect of high xylol
concentration and that the effect of lov/ concentrations had
been neglected, which may explain the reason for which no
attempts have been made thus far to determine the maximal
permissible xylol concentration in atmospheric air. There-
fore, the present author undertook to investigate this phase
of air sanitation. Procedures used in this investigation
were the same as previously described by other investiga-
tors, namely, determining the concentration of xylol odor
perception threshold and also the concentration of xylol
threshold reflex, effect on eye sensitivity to light using the
dark adaptation method. Xylol vapor concentrations below
its threshold of odor perception affected eye sensitivity to
light in all the test persons. The concentration of threshold
xylol vapor odor perception in most sensitive test individ-
uals was found at 0. 73 mg/rn-1. Reflex effect of xylol vapor
on eye sensitivity to light had been noted at 0, 5 to 0. 6 mg/
rn-* Xylol vapor concentration not perceptible by odor
produced observable changes in eye sensitivity to light.
F-4073
Barkov, B. K,
BASIC EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF MAXIMAL PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF CAR-
BON DISULFIDE AND HYDROGEN SULFIDE SIMULTANE-
OUSLY PRESENT IN THE AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_3p);3-7,
March 1963, 15 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S. S.R, Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 47-52, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Most maximal permissible concentrations of atmospheric
pollutants have been adopted in the U.S. S.R. on the basis
of their individual presence in the air, despite the fact that
under actual conditions the atmospheric air frequently con-
tained two or more suspended harmful substances simultane-
ously; it has been established that where two or more sub-
stances are simultaneously present in a medium the effect
of each component might be different than when the compo-
nents arc present individually. The most frequently occur-
ing simultaneous presence of tv/o harmful substances in the
atmosphere is that of carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide,
especially in air surrounding plants producing viscous
fibers. In studying the combined effect of the two vapors
the concentration of each ingredient was expressed in frac-
tions of its concentration corresponding to its threshold
odor perception. Inhalation of air containing vapors of
carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide simultaneously in
maximal permissible average 24-hour concentrations had
no noticeable adverse effect on rats under conditions of
daily 24-hour chronic exposure. Chronic 24-hour daily
exposure of rats to inhalation of air containing 10 mg/rn-'
of carbon disulfide elicited in the experimental animals
changes in muscle antagonists chronaxy, in cholinesterase
activity in the concentrations of total blood serum protein,
in the free SH-groups, and produced pathoanatomica]
changes in some internal organs. Results of the present
investigation also showed that the previously adopted maxi-
mal permissible CS^ and HzS maximal single average 24-
hour concentrations v/ere below the threshold summation
effect: therefore, in evaluating the sanitary condition of
atmospheric air polluted simultaneously by the tv/o studied
components the norms recommended by the Government
State Sanitary Inspector may prevail without correction
factors,
F-4074
Pan'shina, T, N.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
MAXIMAL PERMISSIBLE PHOSPHAMIDE CONCENTRA-
TION IN THE AIR OF WORKING PREMISES. Gigiena i
Sanit., 23j3):21-27, March 1963. 6 refs. Translated
from Russian by B, S. Levine, U.S. S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12,
p. 52-58, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Determination of maximal permissible phosphamide con-
centration in the air can be arrived at on the basis of re-
sults obtained in tests with experimental inhalation. Such
tests had been performed with cats and rats v/hich v/ere
placed into a special inhalation chamber the air of which
contained given concentrations of technical phosphamide in
the vapor and emulsion aerosol state. The latter v/as used
to simulate conditions under v/hich phosphamide v/as used
under practical conditions in agriculture. Animals had
been exposed to the phosphamide inhalation for 4 hours.
Phosphamide concentrations in the exposure chamber air
v/ere checked every half-hour. Results show that effects
of single inhalation exposure, v/ere less toxic to the experi-
mental animals than the other phosphoinsecticides, such
as thiophos, mercaptophos, or rnethylrnercaptophos.
0. 0005 mg/li of phosphamide vapor or aerosol in the air
of working locations is here recommended as the maximal
permissible concentration of this preparation. This phos-
phamide vapor or aerosol concentration is 10 to 20 times
below the threshold concentration established for single
exposure to its inhalation, and 10 times below the phos-
phamide vapor concentration v/hich under conditions of
chronic experiments brought about a considerable loss in
cholinesterase activity in the experimental cats, without
eliciting any visible signs of toxicity. Exposure of rats
and cats to the inhalation of air containing phosphamide
vapor, or aerosol, in concentrations exceeding 3 to 4 times
the concentrations recommended above as maximal per-
missible elicited no noticeable symptoms of toxicity in the
experimental animals. The recommended maximal per-
missible phosphamide concentration reflects the experi-
mentally established toxicity parameter for this substance
as compared with toxicity parameters of other phospho-
organic insecticides. It has been officially accepted by the
Committee on Limits of Allowable Concentrations by
authority of the Chief U.S. S.R. Government Sanitary In-
spection.
F-4076
Baranovskii, I. I. and A. I. Kleiner
RESPIRATORY ORGAN DISEASES AMONG CHROMIUM
INDUSTRY WORKERS. Gigiena i Sanit., 2_8_(3):72-75,
March 1963. 22 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levinn, U, S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
77
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 63-67
CFSTI: TT 66-6142Q
19t>b.
Work-time lost by workers of the chromium manufacturing
industry due to morbidity of the respiratory organs was
investigated and compared with result's from. ^ similar
investisation conducted among workers of the ferroalloy
and construction industries. The investigation was begun
in 1953, and was concluded in I960; it covered 1000 work-
ers in each respective field of employment. Results show-
ed that the length of industrial service among the chromium
manufacturing workers averaged 3 years, among the struc-
tural industry workers 5 years, and among the workers of
the ferroalloy industry the average work period was 15
years. The comparative analysis of respiratory organ
diseases, such as catarrh of the upper respiratory pas-
sages, grippe, pharyngitis and laryngotracheitis , acces-
sory iiasal sinusitis, bronchitis, lung inflammation, pulmo-
nary tuberculosis, etc. , and of lost work lime failed to
establish any morbidity increase among workers employed
in the chromium production industry for a period of 3 years.
This conclusion appears valid even for workers who had
chromium rhinitis and pathological changes of the acces-
sory nasal sinuses disclosed by roentgenologic examination..
F-40SO
Arkhipova, O. G. , M. S, Tols^skaya, and T. A. Kochetkova
TOXIC PROPERTIES OF MANGANESE C YC LOPENTADI-
ENYLTRICARBONYL ANTIKNOCK SUBSTANCE. Gigiena.
i Sanit. , £8(4):29-32, April I^o3. Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases. No. 12, p, 85-89, 1%6,
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Manganese cyclopentadienyll ricarbonyl has been used
food inadvertently contaminated by careless handling, and
by inhaling air -suspended dust. Therefore, the toxic pro-
perties of the new antiknock compound were studied by the
method of direct gastrointestinal administration. Changes
in the state of the nervous system in the peripheral blood
circulation, as well as in the functional state of the liver
a
F-4079
Suvorov, S. V.
INDUSTRIAL TUNGSTEN, MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM
CONDENSATES AND THEIR HYGIENIC EVALUATION.
Gigiena i Sanit. , 2J3_(4) :24-2S, April 1963, 6 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12,
p. 30-35, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Many metallurgical industrial processes generated tungsten,
molybdenum and rhenium condensation aerosols resulting
from high temperatures to which ground granules and pow-
ders of these metals are heated. Inhalation of air contain-
ing highly dispersed molybdenum, tungsten and rhenium
aerosols under certain conditions disturbed the normal
functional state of the respiratory organs. Inhalation of
tungsten, molybdenum and rhenium condensation aerosols
developed chronic interstitial pneumonia accompanied by
pneumos clcrosis , tension of the cndothelial system and
clystrophic changes in the parenchymal organs. Condensa-
tion aerosol of molybdenum and rhenium elicited morpho-
logic changes in the body organs, disturbed the process of
protein metabolism, eliciting dysproteinemia, and a. rise
in the rate of amino nitrogen elimination with the urine
towards the end of the experimental period, and lowered
the activity of alkaline phosphatase. Inhalation of air con-
taining equivalent concentrations of mechanical and conden-
sation aerosols showed that the latter had a higher toxicity
parameter. Therefore, the maximal permissible tungsten,
molybdenum and rhenium crude aerosol concentrations can-
noL be applied to Lhe condensate aerosols of the same rare
elements. In attempting to determine the maximal per-
missible- rhenium dust con cent ratio n in the air c ons ide ra-
tion must be given the fact that rhenium in ids metallic
form, or in solution, is less toxic than tungsten or molyb-
denum in the form of mechanical dust; at the same time it
was shown that in the form of the condensale aerosol rhe-
nium was more toxk than aerosols of either of the other
two rarr metals. Therefore, the maximal permissible
concentration in the air of rhenium in Lhe form of Us con-
densate aerosol must be set below Lhe ones set for tungsten
and molybdenum. Accordingly, it is recommended thaL
such t onceiUration for rhenium condensate aerosol be set
at 4 mg /m^
seed-oil solution. Control animals were ad
sunflower-seed-oil alone. Results of the tests indicated
that gastrointestinal administration of 200 mg/kg of the
preparation killed all the animals and constituted the abso-
lute lethal dose, while the administration of 150 mg/kg
killed 60 percent of the experimental white mice and was
F-40S1
Pavlovskaya, N. A. , T. N, Cherkashina, and R. K.
Yunis ova
DETERMINATION OF SMALL THORIUM QUANTITIES IN
BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS. Gigiena i Sanit. , 28_(^l):48 - 52 ,
April 1963. 8 rets. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine. U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases , No. 12, p. 8^-94, 1966,
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
The following 3 methods for thorium determination in bio-
logical specimens have been described: the differential
method with the aid of arsenazo III, and 2 methods based
on chromatographic partitioning of thorium from admix-
tures on calionic reagent KU-2 and strongly acid ionoex-
cliange resin No. 2, followed by final colorimolrie or elec-
tr ophol oeol orimetric determinations. The lowest amouut
ol thorium which could be determined by the differential
method was 2.5 micron using the colorimelric method, and
0.5 micron using the photoelecLrocolorimetric method.
The lowest amount of thorium that can be del erminerl in a
78
-------
EFFECTS HUMAN HEALTH
biological specimen with the aid of cationic resin KY-2
was 1 micron, and with the aid of the highly acid ionoex-
chaaee I it was 0. 5 micron using the ""thoran"" reagent; it
\vas 0. 1 micron when arsenazo IH reagent was used. The
error in determining thorium by the differential method
was within the range of 10 to 15 percent. Interfering fac-
tors in this method were zirconium, titanium,, and fluorides.
Determination of thorium in biological specimens with the
aid of ionoexchanges resins I and KY-2 following specimen
mineralization was free from titanium and zirconium inter-
lie rence.
F-4033
Gusev, 3S'L. I. and K. N. Chelikanov
EXPERIMENTAL DATA AS A BASIS FOR THE DETERMI-
NATION OF THE MAXIMAL PERMISSIBLE AMYLENES
(PENTENES) CONCENTRATION IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR.
Gigiena. 1 Sanit. _ 23(5):3-5r May 1963. 5 refs. Translated
from Russian bv 3. S. Levine. U. S. S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12,
p. 99-105, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61439
It was established that 1. 3 ms/m^ of amylene in the atmos-
pheric air represented the concentration of threshold odor
perception of the substance. Continuous 24-hour exposure
of white rats to the inhalation of air confining 9. 3-±_ of 0. 51
m.g/rn of amylene for 75 days elicited, statistically signifi-
cant enhanced porphyrin metabolism, lowered cholinester-
ase activity, and increased number of Luminescent leuco-
cytes. In addition,, the animals1 pattern of established
reflex responses had become disturbed. Some microscopic
histologic changes had been noted in the organs and tissues
of autopsied rats, most notable among which were patho-
logic lung changes. Exposure of rats to the inhalation of
i. Q^, 0. 22 mg/m of amylene under similar experimental
conditions elicited none of the above enumerated changes,
with very slight postmortem exceptions. On the basis of
the above discussed results, it is recommended that the
maximal permissible amylene concentration in atmospheric
air be set at 1. 9 ms/m^.
Zlobina, N. S.
THE TOXICITY OF LOW STYROL VAPOR CONCENTRA-
TIONS. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_3_(5):29-35, May 1963. 12 refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S. S.R, Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 12, p. 110-116, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Statistical comparative evaluation of morbidity and -.vork
time loss records of workers employed in plants producing
polystyrol disclosed high rates of liver and. gall bladder
morbidity, fall in arterial blood pressure, and a variety of
complaints characteristic of systemic intoxication v.'ith
styrol vapor. Since the prevailing styroL vapor concentra-
tion in the air of the plant was below the oermitted 0. 5 rng/
liter concentration it was assumed that the official limit
was set too high. Chronic experiments with animals expos-
ed to the inhalation of 0,05 nig/liter of styrol vapor impar-
cd the glycogenic liver function, the Liver parenchyma, and
brought about many other pathologic functional and morpho-
logic changes in the experimental animals. Some of the
pathologic changes were reversible, others were permanent.
Results of tests performed with rats indicated that 0. 005
mg/Liter of styrol vapor concentration constituted its thres-
hold of harmful effect for rats. It is recommended that
0. 005 mg/liter of styrol vapor be adopted as the maximal
permissible concentration in the air of working premises.
F-4QS3
Os t r ovs kii, M. M.
LABOR AND SANITARY HEALTH CONDITIONS IN PHTHI-
VAZIDE MANUFACTURING PLANTS. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
_23_{6):24-Z3, June 1963. 7 refs. Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U.S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 140-144, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Observations were made in a plant producing isonicotinic
acid, which is an intermediate product of phthivazide manu-
facture. Phthivazide results from the reaction of isonico-
tinic acid with thionyl chloride which forms first chloran-
hydroisonicotinate hydrochloride which is converted into
ethyl-nicotinate-hydrochloride; the reaction mass is neu-
tralized by an alkaline solution, which yields amyl nico-
tinate; from \vhich hydrazide of isonicotinic acid is formed
upon the addition of hydrazine hydrate. Hydrazide of i«o-
nicotinic acid is used in the final synthesis of phthivazide.
In the production of isonicotinic acid and phthivazide, the
air in the -working premises may became polluted with
vapors of picolines and of hydrazine hydrace; in some
cases the air may also contain nitrogenous gases, sulfur
dioxide, and fine particles of phthivazide and nicotinic acid.
Repeated analyses had shown that hydrazine hydrate vapor
concentrations in the air could be considerably reduced by
improving the existing system of local ventilation. However,
such reduction still failed to satisfy the official standards
of air conditioning in working premises. Therefore, it is
suggested that the following basic changes be instituted in.
the phthivazide producing plant without delay: 1. Iso-
lation and encasing of equipment used in the utilization of
beta-picolinic fraction components used in the intermediate
steps of phthivazide production; 2, Installation of an inter-
departmental pneumatic system for the distribution of iso-
nicotinic acid and soda; 3. Introduce the use of automatic
packaging machines in the final phthivazide production
operations.
F-4039
Asribekova, T. A.
HYGIENIC ASPECTS OF METHYLMERCAPTOPHOS
SPRAYING BY AIRPLANES. Gigiena i Sanit. , _2_3(.6) :23-34,
June 1963. 3 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 144-150, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Noncompliance with safety regulations in field work with
methylmercaptopho'S may lead to intoxication of the central
and vegetative nervous systems accompanied by changes in
the morphologic blood compO'Sition and in its physico-chemi-
cal properties. Accordingly, those who work with methyl -
mercaptophos must be provided with, and must be compelled
to wear, devices of individual protection against occupational
intoxication. Medical examination of pilots and chemical
and technical workers engaged in crop spraying must include
blood cholinesterase activity determinations. No one should
be assigned to work in chemical field and crop aerospraying
with methylmercaptophos from the air without a preliminary
medical examination. Air field and crop spraying with
methylmercaptophos should be done from airplane A-2 and
YAK-12 which must be equipped with removable tanks con-
taining the insecticide concentrate. All equipment of air-
planes used in field and crop spraying must be mechanized
and made leakproof. During field and crop aviosprayin^
the kolkaoz and sovkhoz administrations must provide
workers employed on the chemical storage and distributions
grounds with properly fitting individual devices for their
protection against the toxic effects of the insecticide spray
or vapor. Airplanes and helicopters built for field and crop
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
spraying with insecticides must be equipped with air con-
ditioned systems for the removal or neutralization of the
toxic insecticide vapor. R A-59 is at present the best type
of apparatus or respirator designed for the protection of
workers against the inhalation of active chemical poisons.
F-4092
Aldyreva, M. V.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA AS A BASIS FOR THE DETERMI-
NATION OF MAXIMAL PERMISSIBLE POROPHORE CHKH
3-5 CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR OF WORKING PRE-
MISES. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2S_(7): 18 -23 , July 1963. 2 ref s .
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 12, p. 167-173, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Toxicity parameter of porophore ChKh 3-5 was determined
by administering the substance to experimental animals
intragastrically. Results showed that LDjQO equalled 0.2
g/kg. The closeness between the tolerance and lethal dose
characterizes porophore as a substance having d. narrow
toxic activity zone. Experimental inhalation of porophore
in 20 - 30 and in 7 10 mg/m^ concentrations for a. short
time, and in 2 - 4 mg/m^ concentrations for a long time
killed the experimental animals, clearly indicating that
porophore ChKh 3-5 was a highly toxic preparation. Re-
sults of the investigation brought out the dominant effect of
porophore ChKh 3-5 on the erythrocytes and on the central
nervous system, the first being in the nature of hypoxia
and the second in the nature of profound pathomorphologic
changes in experimental animals which died as a result of
the porophore administration. Chronic effect of porophore
dust inhalation in average concentration of 0.6 mg/m-^
elicited reversible functional shifts in the red blood cells
and in the arterial blood pressure; slight functional changes
in the nervous system and in cholinesterase activities were
transient. Based on the experimental data it is recommend-
ed that 0, 05 mg/m of porophore ChKh 3-5 in the air or
working premises be adopted as its maximal permissible
concentration.
F-4093
Yakubox, A. Ya.
LABOR CONDITIONS PREVAILING IN SPRAYING COTTON
CROPS WITH PHOSPHO-ORGANIC INSECTICIDES. Gigiena
i Sanit. , 2_S(7):24-27, July 1963. 3 refs. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 173-
176, 1966.
CFSTI: TT.66-61429
The sanitary hygienic labor conditions prevailing in the
application of phospho-organic insecticides to agriculture
were studied indifferent climatic U.S.S.R. regions. The
investigation was concerned with the application of phospho-
organic insecticides to cotton crops. The conclusions of
the author are as follows: Cotton crop spraying with phos-
pho-organic insecticides created a. considerable insecticide
concentration in the air at working level. Results of most
analytical tests showed an insecticide air concentration
exceeding the maximal permissible limit. Most appropri-
ate method from the viewpoint of lower air pollution was
the airplane method of crop spraying. Studies had been
conducted for the determination of negative effects pro-
duced by air suspended insecticide on physiological indexes
of workers engaged in cotton crop spraying with phospho-
organic insecticides; results established that workers
connected with cotton crop treating by manually operated
sprayers were more vulnerable to the effect of the
insecticides. The same can be said of tractor-hose spray
workers, of signal workers, and of the repair men em-
ployed in the aviation method of insecticide crop spraying.
Some of the physiological changes noted among the workers,
such as hypotonia, thirst, hyper hid ros is , etc. . may have
been the result of high air temperature or other environ-
mental causes. It is suggested that under climatic Tadzhik
SSR conditions, coupled with high temperature and excessive
solar radiation, the combined effect of the insecticide and
of high air temperature should be taken into consideration
in making final sanitary hygienic evaluations.
F-4094
Karpova, M. I. and S. A. Stepanov
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF GRAIN DUST HARM. Gigiena
i Sanit. , 2_S_(7):2S-32, July 1963. 6 refs. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 177-
181, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
The effect of grain dust on respiratory organs of animals
was studied experimentally. Grain dxist contained large
quantities of fungal spores, some of which might have been
pathogenic to man. Therefore, the experimental study
included a determination of pathogenic changes which the
grain-dust and the fungal spores could produce in the organ-
is in. The authors' conclusions are as follows: Grain dust
is composed of approximately 70 percent organic and inor-
ganic substances and 17 percent of free silicon dioxide; it
also contains spores of different fungi. Grain dust sus-
pended in the air of grain elevators and of mechanized
conveyors consists mostly of high dispersion particles
measuring less than 5 microns in diameter. Actual con-
centration of the latter, according to analytical results,
varied between 32. 6 and 97. 6 percent. Experiments with
rats showed that the effect of grain dust on respiratory
organs was due to the presence in the dust of mineral and
organic admixtures, and to the presence of fungal spores
and hyphae. Intratracheal and inhalation administration to
rats of natural and sterilized grain dust elicited in the
animals catarrhal and purulent bronchitis, interstitial,
peribronchial and abscess forming pneumonia, and the
formation of nodular granules consisting of epitheloid,
histioid, lymphoid and giant cells. Progressively changing
mechanization of technological processes in grain moving
and storing increased the air pollution intensity in grain
elevators and in mechanized conveyors creating an urgent
need for a thorough hygienic evaluation of labor conditions
and a study of morbidity among workers employed in the
grain industry. Results of such investigations should serve
as a basis for the recommendation of sanitary hygienic
improvements in working conditions of the grain industry.
F-4096
Bartenev, V. D.
MICRO DOSE GAS DELIVERY APPARATUS. Gigiena i
Sanit. , 2_S(7):46-48, July 1963. Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 133-184, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
In conducting toxicological studies based on the continuous
supply of gas into an exposure chamber there arises the
need for delivering small gas closes at one minute intervals;
this applies in particular to studies conducted with gase'5
and vapors under chronic experimental conditions. The
present author developed a simple micro dose gas deliver-
ing apparatus which operated on a continuous basis deliver-
ing 100 nil of the tested gas up to tens of thousands nil per
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
minute. The apparatus consists of a. medical type syringe
which intermittently sucked in and forced gas out. The
studied gas is first collected into a suitable collapsible
container from which it passes through a T-shaped con-
nection into a system of tubes equipped with valves or
pinch-cocks, which automatically control the flow direction
of the gas. The apparatus construction is a simple one.
It has no complex detail parts and can be assembled in any
laboratory, and can be easily set to deliver any desired
gas volume at any desired time intervals. The model de-
scribed has been used in the author's laboratory in studying
the chronic effect of toxic gases on experimental animals.
F-4104
Arkhipova, O. G. , T. A. Kochetkova, and B. N. Shinkarenko
TOXIC PROPERTIES AND BIOTRANSFORMATION OF
BENZOTRICHLORIDE. Gigiena i Sanit. , Z8T.10): 30-34, Oct.
1963. 4 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 12, p. 232-237, 1966.
CFSTI: XT 66-61429
Benzotrichloride is atoxic substance. Air containing 1
mg/li of benzotrichloride vapor was lethal to white mice
and rats. Experimental animals subjected to acute benzo-
trichloride poisoning developed irritated conjunctiva and
mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, dyspnea
and disturbances of the nervous system. A single exposure
to the toxic effects of benzotrichloride elicited in the ex-
perimental animals vascular disturbance in the internal
organs and in the brain, catarrhal desquamative bronchitis
and focal purulent pneumonia, also dystrophic liver dys-
function. Repeated benzotrichloride inhalation possess ed
the potentiality of eliciting chronic intoxication paralleled
by loss of weight, leucopenia, and fall in arterial blood
pressure. Repeated benzotrichloride inhalation elicited in
the experimental animals changes at the point of its en-
trance, of which purulent bronchitis and pneumonia were
the gravest along with changes "which indicate general re-
sorption of the substance and its capacity to disturb the
blood circulation system, to produce dystrophic liver,
kidney and suprarenal changes, as well as profound changes
in the cortical layers of nerves, and in the thalamo, hypo-
thalamic region. Benzotrichloride is partly eliminated
with the urine as hippuric acid. Benzotrichloride pene-
trated through intact skin, and elicited symptoms of poison-
ing, such as leucopenia and alopecia. Damage done to
intact skin by the direct application of benzotrichloride
healed very gradually.
F-4107
Burkatskaya, E. N. and G. A. Voitenko
ORIENTATION DATA FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
MAXIMAL PERMISSIBLE DDT CONCENTRATION IN THE
AIR OF WORKING PREMISES. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_8(11):36-
39, Nov. 1963. 13 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 257-260, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
DDT inhalation proved toxic to warm blooded animals. The
minimum toxic DDT concentration in the air under condi-
tions of acute experiments was 0. 005 mg/li for cats and
toxic effects were produced by 0. 02 mg/li. In chronic
experiments 0.008 mg/li of DDT in the air elicited sharp
symptoms of intoxication and 0. 15 mg/li proved to be the
LDso for cats. Inhalation of air containing an average of
0. 003 mg/li of DDT was harmful to workers' health, the
gravity of the poisonous effect increased with the DDT
employment record. It is recommended that the maximal
permissible DDT concentration in the air of working pre-
mises be set at 0. 0001 mg/li or 0. 1 mg/m3.
F-4109
Shapiro, D. D. and I. Ya. Hetmanets
BLASTOMOGENIC PROPERTIES OF CRUDE OILS FROM
DIFFERENT OIL FIELDS. Gigiena i Sanit. , 27j6):38-41,
June 1962. 2 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine in U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 268-271, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Results of the investigations show that crude oil coming
from the Bitkov, Gozhansk, Romashkin, Radchenkov, and
Kokaanov oil fields possessed blastomogenic properties.
Results of the investigations show that the blastomogenic
properties of the crude oils and of their derivative products
differed to some extent with the concentration of paraffin
contained in them. The results showed that the greater
was the paraffin concentration in the crude oil, the more
intensive was its blastomogenic activity. The same was
true of the crude oil tar-pitch and of the crude oil cracking
residue. The blastomogenic effects of crude oil derivative
lubricating and cooling oils may be eliminated dr greatly
reduced; it is recommended that such oils be prepared
from crude oil, the paraffin content of which originally
was or was artificially reduced to less than 1 percent.
F-4110
Gimadeev, M. M.
THE ROLE PLAYED BY PARAFFIN IN THE BLASTOMO-
GENICITY OF CRUDE OIL. Gigiena i Sanit. , 28(11):87-9Z,
Nov. 1963. 28 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 272-278, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
A critique is presented of "Blastomogenic Properties of
Crude Oils from Different Oil Fields, " Gigiena i Sanit. ,
Vol. 27, No. 6, p. 38-41, June 1962 (APTIC 4109), by
Prof. D. D. Shapiro and I. Ya. Hetmanetz.
F-4111
Kapkaev, E. A.
ORIENTATION DATA FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
MAXIMAL PERMISSIBLE ALPHA-METHYL STYROL
CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR OF WORKING PREMISES.
Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_8_(12): 14-22, Dec. 1963. 27 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12,
p. 278-287, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Results of experimental, clinical and physiological studies
had shown that alpha-methyl styrol had a definite effect on
the central nervous and cardiovascular systems; its action
on the peripheral blood produced mild polychromic anemia.
Chronic exposure to the effects of alpha-methyl styrol may
produce trophic and metabolic changes. Examination of
workers in contact with alpha-methyl styrol vapor should
include arterial pressure, mucous membranes of the
upper respiratory tracts, and the peripheral blood picture.
The presence of some upper respiratory diseases in appli-
cant workers should be regarded as contraindicative to
their employment requiring contact with alpha-methyl sty-
rol vapor. Results of clinical observations showed weaken-
ing ol the liver function; wherever this is the case workers
should be carefully examined as a prophylactic measure
81
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
against any possibility of toxic hepatitis development. It
is recommended that 0. 005 mg/li of alpha-methyl styrol be
adopted as the maximal permissible concentration in the
air of working premises.
F-4112
Roshchin, I. V,
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF DUST FROM VANADIUM-
CONTAINING SLAG. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_8_(12):23-29, Dec.
1963. 5 refs . Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Dis eases, No. 12, p. 287-293, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
It has been proven experimentally that Bessemer slag dust
formed in processing Ural titano-magnatites chronically
inhaled in concentrations of 30 to 100 rng/m.3 or more, may
elicit pneumoconiosis. Productive changes developed only
moderately and the process is a. relatively benign one.
Pneumoconiosis development is usually preceded by well
defined changes in the mucous membrane of the respiratory
tract, and by chronic bronchitis elicited by the slag dust.
The coexistence of moderate roentgenological pneumoconio-
sis manifestiations and of well defined damaged mucous
membrane of the upper respiratory tract, creates a picture
of variable subjective and objective systems which distin-
guish slag dust pneumoconiosis from other pneumoconiosis
types. Prevention of slag dust pneumoconiosis can be
attained by a complex of special technical sanitary hygienic
and therapeutic-prophylactic measures. It is recommended
that 4 mg/m^ of Bessemer slag dust be adopted as its maxi-
mal concentration in the air.
F-4221
Paribok, V. P. and F. A. Ivanova
AIR TEMPERATURES AND THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF
NITROGEN OXIDES. Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye
zabolevaniya (Moscow), _9(7);22-24, 1965. 16 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian. Fed. Proc. (Translation Supplement),
25_(5) (Part 2):T85 1-T853 , Sept.-Oct. 1966.
The influence of temperature on the toxicity of the nitrogen
oxides to mice is reported. The nitrogen oxides were
produced by the action of nitric acid on copper and the pro-
portions of NO and NO^ were estimated. The mice were
exposed to various concentrations of nitrogen oxides over
the temperature range 10 to 35DC in desiccators. The
toxic effects were least at 15°C. There was less metherno-
globin in the blood at high temperatures. The toxic effects
of the nitrogen oxides are greater at high temperatures
because of the disturbance of heat regulation and reduced
oxygen consumption. At low temperatures the toxic effects
are increased by increased methemoglobin formation and
the disturbance of heat regulation.
F-4239
Pazynich, V. M.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF VANA-
DIUM PENTOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. [Eksperimen-
tal'nye dannye k gigienicheskomu obosnovaniyu predel'no
dopustimoi kntsentratsii pyatiokisi vanadiya v atmosfernom
vozdukhe. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3J_(7-9):6-12, July-Sept. 1966. 14 refs.
Experimental work on the mean-diurnal maximum permis-
sible concentration of vanadium pentoxide in the atmos-
phere was carried out by a round-the-clock continuous
poisoning of rats for 70 days. The effect of long-term
exposure to vanadium pentoxide on the animals was
82
evaluated from the following indices; general condition
and weight of the animals, motor chronaxy of the antago-
nistic mus cles, activity of blood cholinesterase, total
serum proteins and serum protein fractions, oxyhemoglo-
bin content in venous blood, and the fluorescence standard
of blood leukocytes. After termination of the poisoning,
the absorption of oxygen by minced liver tissue was studied
with a Warburg apparatus. The results of the investigation
led to the recommendation of 0. 002 mg/m3 as the mean
diurnal maximum permissible concentration of vanadium
pentoxide in the atmosphere.
F-4240
Al'terman, N. A. and S. F. Sorokina
DISEASE INCIDENCE IN UNDERGROUND WORKERS IN
MERCURY MINES. [O zabolevaemosti podzemnykh rabo-
chikh rtutnykh shakht. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3J_(7-9):37-40, July-Sept.
1966. S refs.
The morbidity among the workers of mercury mines from
1961 to 1963 was studied. There was a high percent of
incidence of bronchitis more often in combination with lung
emphysema. Due to dust control measures taken, the dust
content of the air in the mines fell sharply and the occur-
rence of silicosis decreased. (Authors1 summary, modi-
fied)
F-4243
Petr, B. and P. Schmidt
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTED WITH SULFUR DIOXIDE
AND NITROGEN OXIDES. [Vozdeistvie na organizm
atmosfernogo vozdukha, zagryaznennogo sernistym angidri-
dom i okislami azota. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit), 3J_(7-9): 111-121, July-
Sept. 1966. 14 refs.
An attempt was made to answer questions concerning the
effect of atmospheric air polluted with sulfur dioxide and
nitrous gases on the health of children living in such en-
vironments over long periods; to find out the nature of the
combined chronic effect of these health hazards in the
atmosphere, and to formulate preventive measures for
reduction of the harmful effect of the polluted atmosphere.
Investigations were carried out in two areas, in the envi-
rons of the towns Lovosice and Pardubice. In each area,
three groups of children were studied living under very
similar economic and climatic conditions, which differed
only in the degree of atmospheric pollution. It was found
that residence in an environment polluted by a mixture of
both pollutants has more serious effects than a stay in an
environment polluted mainly by one of them (SO2), Pro~
vided the ratio of the two substances is 1:1. If the nitro-
gen oxides are present in excess over the concentration of
sulfur dioxide, the effect of the mixture is potentiated. If
the concentration of sulfur dioxide is higher with respect
to that of nitrous gases, the effects of the two mixture
constituents are mutually neutralized and the effect of the
mixture is attenuated.
F-4244
Kogan, F. M. , S. Yu. Troitskii, and M. R. Gulevskaya
CARCINOGENIC EFFECT OF ASBESTOS DUST. [K vopro-
su o kantserogennom vliyanii asbestovoi pyli. ] Hygiene
and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ),
3J_(7-9):218-225, July-Sept. 1966. 29 refs.
The mortality rate of lung cancer was studied for 10 years
-------
EFFECTS HUMAN HEALTH
(1953-1962) among workers dealing with asbestos and the
rest of the population in the town as well as in all of the
Sverdlovsk region. The mortality from lung cancer in the
town was twice as high as that in the Sverdlovsk region.
The finding was that the mortality from lung cancer among
workers of the asbestos concentration plants was three
times higher than among the rest of the population in the
town. The standardized sex mortality rate among work-
ers ove_r 40 years old was 3. 6 times higher than that
among the rest of the population. The mortality rate among
women workers dealing with asbestos was several times
higher than that of the rest of the population. Lung cancer
proved to be the cause of lethality in 9 percent of deaths
among persons sick with asbestosis. The paper deals with
a number of possible causes of augmented mortality from
lung cancer among persons who have inhaled asbestos dust
for a long time. (Authors' summary, modified)
F-4250
Makhinya, A. P.
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLU-
TED BY SULFUR DIOXIDE WITH PHENOL. [Gigieniche-
skaya otsenka atmosfernogo vozdukha, zagryaznennogo
sernistym gazom v sochetanni s fenolom. ] Hygiene and
Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 31 (7-
9):314-319, July-Sept. 1966. 6 refs.
The olfactory threshold for sulfur dioxide and phenol was
investigated in 19 subjects. The SOz concentrations inves-
tigated were within the range of 0. 22 to 3. 2 mg/m3. Of
the 19 subjects, 10 perceived the SO2 odor when the con-
centration was 0. 88 - 0. 87 mg/m3. The minimum percep-
tible concentration of phenol was at a level of 0. 022 mg/m3,
and the maximum sub-threshold concentration was 0.016
mg/m3. The olfactory threshold for the combined pre-
sence of SOz and phenol was investigated with the assis-
tance of the same 19 subjects. In the case of the 5 most
sensitive subjects, this threshold was 0. 44 mg/m3 for SOz
and 0,011 mg/m3 for phenol, and in two cases it was 0.33
and 0. 11 nag/m3 respectively. A SOz concentration of
0. 22 mg/m3 and d, phenol concentration of 0. 005 mg/m3
were not registered by the subjects. Three subjects were
given adaptometric tests for three combinations of the sub-
stances under investigation. In all cases, SOz concentra-
tions of 0. 88-0, 022 mg/m3 and phenol concentrations of
0. 44-0. Oil mg/m3 caused statistically significant changes
in the sensitivity to light, while concentrations of 0. 22
mg/m3 SOz and 0. 005 mg/m3 phenol were ineffective. It
is concluded that: The olfactory threshold was found to be
0. 87 mg/m3 SOz and 0. 0022 mg/m3 phenol in the most
sensitive subjects. When both substances were present in
the air together this threshold was 0. 38 mg/m3 for SO£
and 0.011 mg/m3 for phenol. The combined effects of the
two substances were in the form of a simple summation.
When both sulfur dioxide and phenol were present in the
atmosphere their total maximum one-time concentration,
expressed in fractions of their individual maximum permis-
sible concentrations for their separate presence, should
not exceed unity. The mean diurnal maximum permissible
concentrations for the combined presence of sulfur dioxide
and phenol in the atmosphere is recommended at a level of
0. 05 mg/m3 for sulfur dioxide and 0. 005 mg/m3 for phenol.
F-4251
Petrova, N. V. and T. S. Lisunova
LEAD CONTENTS IN THE AIR OF IRON MINES EMPLOY-
ING SHORT-DELAY ELECTRIC BLASTING CAPS (DETO-
NATORS). [Soderzhanie svintsa v vosdushnoi srede
zhelezorudnykh shakht pri primenenii elektrodetonatorov
korotkozamedlennogo deistviya, ] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. )
July-Sept. 1966.
31(7-9):326-327,
In the mines of the Krivoi Rog iron-ore basin, the blasting
is mainly done with short-delay electric blasting caps.
They contain lead compounds which may pollute the air in
the mine. In 63 to 68 percent of the air samples taken in
mine workings, the lead contents were above the maximum
permissible concentration, varying from 0. 02 to 0. 057
mg/m3, an average of 0. 13 mg/m3. Such high concentra-
tions were due to unsatisfactory ventilation. An improve-
ment in the ventilation of dead-end faces may lead to a
reduction in the lead content in the air down to maximum
permissible concentration and even lower. This is shown
by the fact that lead was not discovered or else did not
exceed the maximum permissible concentration in 33 to 37
percent of the samples. According to the investigations,
in the case when the ventilation was improved so as to
satisfy the standard requirements, the lead concentration
was reduced to the maximum permissible level (0. 01 mg/
m3). Periodic medical examinations of miners must in-
clude tests for lead poisoning.
F-4252
Partsef, D. P.
CHRONIC EFFECT OF CERTAIN COMPONENTS OF
EXHAUST GASES FROM MOTOR CARS. [Khronichesko
deistvie na organizm zhivotnykh nekotorykh komponentov
vykhlopnykh gazov avtomobilei. ] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), ^l_(7-9):363 -368,
July-Sept. 1966. 7 refs.
Analysis of the motor-car exhaust gases and of the air of
the highways by separate chromatographic methods reveal-
ed comparably high concentrations of pentane and hexane.
Their concentration in the atmosphere attained 4 mg/m3
and their ratio was about 1:1. A 24-hour poisoning of
albino rats for a period of 86 days showed that pentane and
hexane at concentrations of 94. 7, 50 and 10 (at a ratio of
1:1) had no significant effect on the animal's body and it
was only at a concentration of 3 mg/m3 that they had no
effect at all on the behavior of the animals, their weight,
the motor chronaxy of muscle antagonists, the blood pres-
sure and the cholinesterase level. (Author's summary)
F-4253
Dmitrieva, N. V.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF TETRA-
CHLOROETHYLENE IN FACTORY AIR. [Materialy k
obosnovaniyu predel'no dopustimoi kontsentratsii tetra-
khloretilena (perlena) v vozdukhe proizvodstvennykh pome-
shchenii. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3J_(7-9):387-392, July-Sept. 1966. 4 refs.
The toxicity of tetrachloroethylene was investigated with a
view to formulating hygienic standards. Acute and chronic
exposure studies were conducted on rats using varying
concentrations of the compound. The effects were inves -
tigated by electrophysiological, biochemical, and histo-
logical methods. Based on the results of these studies, it
was recommended that the maximum permissible concen-
tration of tetrachloroethylene in factory air should be
0. 03 mg/1.
F-4258
Frolova, I. N,
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF P-CHLO-
ROPHENYL ISOCYANATE IN FACTORY AIR. [Materialy
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
k obosnovaniyu predel'no dopustimoi kontsentratsii para-
khlorfenilizotsianata v vozdukhe proizvodstvennykh pome-
shchenii. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3J_(7-9) :43 1-4S3 , July-Sept. 1966. 2refs.
The effects of p-Chloropheiiyl isocyanate were studied in
experiments of 152 white mice, 2.2 albino rats and 4 rabbits.
The substance was found to be toxic with respect to labora-
tory animals when inhaled or ingested, whereas its toxicity
was only slight in the case of cutaneous application. The
median lethal concentration for inhalation by white mice
was 0. 053 +_ 0. 0034 mg/1 (0. 061 to 0. 045 mg/1). Its
threshold concentration for rabbits, determined from
variations in the characteristics of the unconditioned re-
flex, was found to be 0. 003 nig/I, with an increase in the
time necessary for the development of the reflex muscle
strain. Experiments on the inhalation of PCIC were per-
formed by the dynamic method. Since the limiiial and the
subliminal concentrations of the substance in question were
found to be 0. 0003 mg/1 and 0. 0005 mg/1, respectively,
as determined from its irritating effects (tested on human
volunteers), it was possible to recommend a tentative
maximum permissible concentration of PCIC at the level
of 0. 0005 mg/1.
F-4480
Vasil'yev, L. L.
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF IONIZED-AIR THERAPY.
Leningradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta irrieni A.
A. Zhdanova, Leningrad. 1951. 63 refs. Translated
from Russian. Foreign Technology Division, Wright-
Patterson AFB, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1966. 142p.
The aim was to make the numerous special works on aero-
ionization readily accessible to the ordinary reader. The
brochure is intended mainly for physicians and biologists,
but may prove to be understandable and not without interest
for every sufficiently educated reader. Moreover, an
attempt has been made to present the factual and theoreti-
cal material on questions of aeroionization and aeroion-
therapy, but also to teach as far as possible how to work
experimentally in this promising area of knowledge. Parts
of this paper are under the headings: (!) Natural loniza-
tion of Air, its Climatological and Hygienic Significance,
(2) Artificial lonization of Air. Aeroion Generators and
Counters, (3) Therapeutic Use of Aeroinonization (Aero-
iontherapy), (4) Experimental Bases of Aeroiontherapy
and (5) Paths and Mechanisms of the Physiological Effect
of Aer oions.
such an effect. In the Soviet literature to date this problem
has not been, studied.
F-470S
Neimann, I. M.
CARCINOGENIC CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVI-
RONMENT. [O kantserogenno deistvuyushchikh khimiche-
skikh veshchestvakh v okruzhayushchei srede. ] Hygiene
and Sanitation {English translation of; Gigiena i Sanit.),
^2(12):S7-93, Dec. 1964. 25 refs.
This review of the carcinogenic substances generally pre-
sent to some degree in man's everyday environment lists
the following examples and situations: (1) air quality and
the fact that statistics disclose that there is a greater occur-
rence of King cancer in cities than in less smoke polluted
areas; (2) smoking and the fact 3, 4-benzopyrene, a carcino-
gen found in polluted city air. is also to be found in ciga-
rette smoke; (3) contamination of foodstuffs with processing
chemicals; (4) apparatus with rubber parts which may have
been stabilized with soot, which upon aging may disintegrate
and contaminate food stuffs, as in the case of milking ma-
chines; (5) car cinogenicity of certain drugs; and (b) hydro-
carbons present in coal and petroleum. Ways of identifying
carcinogens or the carcinogenicity of a substance are dis-
cussed and include spectrographic and biological methods.
F-4929
Andreeva-Galanina, E. Ts . and Z. Z. B rusk in
EFFECTS OF INHALED OIL AEROSOLS ON THE BODY
(A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE). [O vliyanii
maslyanykh aerozolei na organism pri rdykhanii. Kratkii
obzor literatury. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English transla-
tion of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 2_9(3):S5-S9, March 1964.
Despite the extensive use of lubricating oils in industry and
the large number of studies of the oil mists in the atmos-
phere, there is very little information concerning the effect
of the latter on the body. From the Soviet literature it is
well known that particles of an oil aerosol penetrate deeply
into the respiratory tract. At the same time, the world
literature has in it many papers on the effects of oil mists
on the deep portions of the respiratory tract. Some of the
findings of these investigations are discussed.
F-5044
F-4676
Kogan, F M.
ASBESTOS DUST AND LUNG CANCER. [Asbestovaya pyl1
i rak legkikh. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation
of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 29J7): 96 -102, July 1964. 45 refs.
The majority of authors have revealed r± higher percentage
of lung cancer in the bodies of persons who had asbestoais
than in those of persons who had no association with asbes-
tos or who had silicosis. The majority of these patients
were 55 to 60 years old; they had worked 20 years or more
in the asbestos industry. In persons working with asbestos
CL high incidence of serous pleural tumors as well as neo-
plasms with an extrapulmonary localization are noted. At
the asbestos mines in Canada, the mortality rate of work-
ers from lung cancer is higher than the lung cancer mor-
tality rate for the general public. A marked tendency
toward the formation of neoplasms was noted in animals
which were covered with asbestos dust; in these cases it
was noted that not only the long asbestos fibers can exert
Kozlov, V. M. and V. D. Turovskiy
BERYLLIUM TOXICOLOGY, SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF AF-
FECTIONS AND INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE. [BcrUliy Toksi-
kologiya, Klinika Porazheniy, Gigiyena Truda. ] In: Gosu-
darstvennoyc Izdatel'stvo Literatury V Oblasti Atomnoy
Nauki i Tekhniki, 1962. Translated from Russian. Foreign
Technology Division, Wright-Patters on AFB, Ohio, Ocl.
24, 1963, 162p.
The book describes the problems of the toxicology of
beryllium, the symptomatology of affections caused by the
action of this compound, industrial hygiene for beryllium
production, and the protection of the environment from
contamination with production wastes. Sanitary-hygienic
requirements have been worked out for the designing of
production areas, for the various types of equipment used,
and for industrial ventilation systems. The sanitary-
hygienic requirements described in this book apply pri-
marily to the production of beryllium and components fab-
ricated from this metal and to enterprises or shops which
produce beryllium-rich alloys of other metals. These
requirements cannot be completely extended to the
84
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
production processes by which alloys containing only small
quantities ol beryllium are obtained and to work associated
with the fabrication of components from such alloys. The
book is for a wide range of medical specialists, engineering
and technical inspectors from the professional associations,
and workers employed in beryllium production.
Pe.ri, Heinz
THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND CARBON
DISULFIDE. [Wirkungen von Schweielwasserstoff und
Schwefelkohlenston. ] 5TAUB, 2J_(2):64-63, Feb. 1, 1961.
Translated from Russian. Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engi-
neering Center. Cincinnati, Ohio, 13p.
Some of the sources ol air contamination by hydrogen sul-
lide and carbon disulfide are discussed. A survey is given,
Through review of previous investigations, of the mechan-
isms of the biological effects of these compounds. Among
these effects are: interference with respiratory enzymes:
effects in the blood: enzyme poisoning; alteration of the
functioning of the cerebral cortex; and disturbance of cell
metabolism. Sensitivity to the odors of these compounds
and synergistic effects are also discussed. Thresholds,
from odor Through appearance of symptoms to death, are
tabulated.
Arkhipov, A. S.
TECHNICAL PROGRESS IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
OF THE U.S. S.R. AND LABOR HYGIENE. In: Gigiyena
Truda i Professional'nyye Zabolevaniya, Vol. 11, p. 3-3.
I°c3. Translated from Russian. Joint Publications Re-
search Service. Washington, D. C. , p. 1-7. Feb. 3. 1964.
CFSTI: 64-214b3
A discussion of trends marking technical progress in the
chemical industry of the U.S. S.R. and its influence upon
hygienic aspects of work conditions is presented. Data are
presented covering introduction of new techniques, appara-
rus . installations, new technological processes, measures
on automation, mechanization, remote control of technologi-
cal processes, and the effects all these measures exert on
the concentration level oi. toxic substances in the inside
atmosphere of chemical plants. The further development
of technical process in the chemical industry requires
closer coordination of the operations of planning and techno-
logical institutes with the institutes of hygiene and the chairs
of labor hygiene. It is advisable to work out the new tech-
nical processes ar.d equipment for the chemical industries
with the aid of qualified hygienists in this work, which will
make it possible to take into consideration a number of
important hygienic requirements for the construction and
development of new technical equipment for the chemical
industry.
dominant desynchronization (fast rhythm). These changes
are related to the duration of industrial contact with mer-
cury. In most persons who were healthy, the electroence-
phalograph pattern showed no changes. The EEC changes
in some persons who were healthy can constitute a sign
that the earliest manifestations of the toxic effect are begin-
ning. The EEC method should be used simultaneously with
other clinical and laboratory methods for purposes of early
diagnosis of mercurial neurointoxications .
F-5231
Gurinov, B. P., V. N. Tugarinova, O. I. Vasil'yeva, M.
V. Nifontova, and L. M. Shabad
THE CARCINOGENIC PROPERTIES OF EXHAUST GAS
SOOT OR MOTOR TRANSPORT. Gigiena i Sanit. , 37(3):
19-24. 1962. 10 refs. Translated from Russian. Joint
Publications Research Service, Washington, D. C.
May 3, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-24732
P-
1-7
At the present time it is well known that in atmospheric
air, products of incomplete combustion of fuel may be
present, in which there are carcinogenic hydrocarbons.
Among them the most common and best studied is 3.4-
benzpyrene, which possesses a. strong carcinogenic effect.
Among the sources of contamination of the air with this
carcinogen the exhaust gases of motor transport occupy
one of the leading places. The objects of this study were
samples of soot scraped from the inner surfaces of ex-
haust pipes of automobiles with carburetor motors opera-
ting on gasoline and of trucks with diesel motors operating
on solar oil. As experimental animals, use was made of
mice of the black C57 and brown CC57 strains. Two pro-
cedures were used: cutaneous applications and subcutane-
ous injections. Tar was applied to the skin in a 20 percent
benzol solution in a dose of two drops in the interscapular
region over an area of 1 to 1. 5 centimeters three times a
week. The tar applications were continued until the ani-
mals died. The results obtained led to the conclusion that
the soot of exhaust gases of motor transport with carbure-
tor motors possesses a blastomogenic effect, which the
same soot from diesel engines does not possess.
F-5233
Konstantinova, A. I. and N. D. Chertova
LUNG CANCER MORBIDITY IN RELATION TO AIR POL-
LUTION. Klinich. Med., 40(12): 104-106. 2 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian. Joint Publications Research Service,
Washington, D. C. , 4p. . Feb. 7, 1963.
CFSTI: TT 63-21071
F-5135
Kiryakov, K.
CHANGES IN THE CEREBRAL BIOELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
IN WORKERS FROM THE EFFECT OF MERCURY. Gigiyena
Truda i Professional'nyye Zabolevaniya, No. 11. p. 60-64,
1963. 9 refs. Translated from Russian. Joint Publications
Research Service, Washington, D. C. , p. 17-22, Feb. 3(
1964.
CFSTI: TT 64-21463
The effect of mercurial vapors can bring about certain
changes in the cerebral cortical bioelectrical activity ex-
pressed chiefly in low voltage and incomplete or partially
In recent decades a considerable rise in the lung cancer
morbidity and mortality rates has been noted throughout
the world. A factor which plays a large role in the etiology
of this disease, is contamination of the air with dust con-
taining carcinogenic substances. In view of the fact that
the air in the industrial section of Ufa is contaminated with
the discharges of petroleum refineries and chemical and
machine-building plants, it was decided to study the effect
of the environment upon Che occurrence ot" lung cancer in
the clinic. Case histories of illness and statistical data
on lung cancer morbidity and mortality were studied over
a period of 10 years. The data show that the lung cancer
mortality rate among individuals over 29 years of aoe is
higher in the industrial section of the city.
85
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
F-5239
Kovalenko, Ye. A., V. L. Popkov, and I. N. Chernyakov
OXYGENATION OF BRAIN TISSUES DURING AIR AND
OXYGEN RESPIRATION WITH AN ADMIXTURE OF CO^.
Fiziol. Zh. SSSR, 5£(Z): 177-182, 1964. Translated from
Russian. Foreign Technology Division, Air Force Systems
Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Up. , Nov. 23,
1964.
A mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide, rather than pure
oxygen, has been recommended for the treatment of hypo-
xia. However, the basic problem regarding the change in
oxygenation of brain tissue which may occur under the com-
bined effect of hyperoxia and hypercapnia has not been re-
solved. In the present investigations, data are presented
on the dynamics of oxygen tension in brain tissue under
respiration of gas mixtures with an increased oxygen and
carbon dioxide content. Platinum electrodes were im-
planted in the brains of dogs and the oxygen tension in
various parts of the brain was measured by polarography.
In a number of the experiments, the following were also
recorded: pneumogram, pulmonary ventilation, E. M. G.
of the abdominal muscles, E. C. G. , E.E.G. , and blood
pressure in the femoral artery. The oxygen tension in the
cortex and subcortex during respiration with 5 percent and
10 percent CO^ increased up to 125 percent and 160 per-
cent, respectively, whereas pure oxygen caused an increase
of 1. 5 to 2 over the original. The data obtained from these
experiments confirmed the value of using hydrogen respira-
tion with CO2 i-n the treatment of oxygen deficiency of the
cerebrum.
F-5255
Retnev, V. M.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DUSTS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF
THE SO-CALLED GENERAL (NONSPECIFIC) MORBIDITY
AMONG WORKERS. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_7_(9):82-S5, Sept.
1962. 18 refs. (Presented at the International Scientific
Conference on Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases,
Halle, Germany, Nov. 17, 1961. ) Translated from. Russian.
Office of Technical Services, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
Washington, D. C., 6p. , 1963.
CFSTI: TT 63-16935
Clinical statistics demonstrate an increase in the rates of
non-specific illnesses in workers due to dusts. The inci-
dence of such respiratory ailments as sore throat, common
cold, bronchitis, pleurisy, and others is significantly
higher among workers exposed to dusts than it is among
other workers. These facts emphasize the importance of
reducing occupational exposure to dusts.
F-5272
Zinger, E. E.
THE INCIDENCE OF PNEUMOKONIOSIS IN MINES OF THE
DONETS COAL FIELDS WITH DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS. [Rasprostrannenost1 pnevmokoniosa
v shakhrakh Donbassa a razlichnymi gornogeologicheskimi
usloviyami. ] Materialy 13 (Trinadtsatogo) Plenuma Resp.
Komis. po Bor'be s Silikozom, Akad. Nauk Udr. SSR,
1961. p. 100-103. 13 refs. Translated from Russian.
Office of Technical Services, Dept. of Commerce, Wash-
ington, D. C., IZp. , June 1963.
CFSTI: TT 64-13363
Data on the incidence of pneumoconiosis in the mines of
the Slalino district lead to the following conclusions: the
incidence of pneumoconiosis is highest in mines with steep-
ly inclined seams. The lowest indices of pneumoconiosis
are found in mines with gently sloping seams of bituminous
coals. In this respect, anthracite mines occupy an inter-
mediate position. The highest attack rate, and earliest
development of pneumoconiosis, is among coal-getters in
mines with steeply inclined seams, and among the cutter-
loader operators and coal cutter operators in mines with
gently inclined seams. The incidence rate, time of onset,
and rate of progression of pneumoconiosis among workers
from the different categories of mines were determined
chiefly by the total amount of dust inhaled. Having regard
to the period of earliest onset of pneumoconiosis and to
its incidence among underground workers of different job-
categories the following time-table for radiography and
periodical medical examination is recommended: In mines
with steeply sloping seams: a) for men engaged in getting
and winning, at 3 to 4 years service; b) for men working
under conditions of little dust, beginning at 7 to 8 years
service; c) for all other underground workers, beginning
at 15 years service. In mines with gently sloping seams:
a) for men engaged in getting and in winning, beginning at
5 to 6 years; b) for those exposed to little dust, beginning
at 10 years; c) for all other underground workers, begin-
ning after 15 years.
F-5735
Malykhin, V. M. , A. A. Moiseev, and V. P. Shamov
HUMAN BIOLOGICAL DOSE FROM INTERNAL RADIATION
PRODUCED BY SR^O. Soviet J. At. Energy (English Trans-
lation), 1_9_(4):1350-1352, Oct. 1965. 6 refs.
Calculations of the accumulation of Sr90 in the body of the
"standard" man and of the skeletal burden as a function of
the time of intake of Sr^O, along with food, play an impor-
tant role in predicting the internal radiation levels of the
population in future years in association with the observed
clearing of nuclear test products from the atmosphere. To
simplify such calculations, one can assume that the depo-
sition of Sr90 from the atmosphere is basically complete
at the time selected for the beginning of the reporting
period and that contamination occurs mainly by plant up-
take of Sr90 from the soil through the root system. Further
it is assumed that the Sr^O content in objects in the envi-
ronment decreases exponentially. Because of the com-
plexity of the calculations, washout of Sr°^ from the soil
is not taken into account. The coefficients which are com-
puted make it possible to determine the tissue dose for
arbitrary levels of the Sr^O content in the food ration, the
initial Sr^O content in the food ration, or of the amount of
that isotope in the body at time of measurement and they
can be used for predicting irradiation of the skeleton by
Sr90 which has been deposited in global radioactive fallout.
F-5S91
Spodenkiewicz, T. and A. Gawronski
METHOD FOR DETERMINING RADON (RN-2Z2) IN AIR
EXHALED. Nukleonika, J_0(3): 1 35-194, 1965. IS refs.
Translated from Polish. Scientific Publications Foreign
Cooperation Center of the Central Institute for Scientific,
Technical, and Economic Information, Warsaw, Poland,
p. 27-37, 1965.
AEC: tr-6489
A method for determining Ra-226 in the body was developed,
based on the determination of Rn-Z22 in the air exhaled.
Instrumentation included two 10-liter ionization chambers
used in conjunction with a string electrometer connected
in a compensation system. Measurements were carried
out with 30 individuals occupationally unexposed to ionizing
radiation. The data obtained was used for estimation of
the detectability of. the method; this was found to be 0. 08 x
-------
EFFECTS HUMAN HEALTH
10 to the -7th power c Ra-226 in the body. The body burden
of Ra-226 was determined in 154 individuals operating with
luminous paints containing this element. The burden estab-
lished did not exceed the maximum permissible body burden
of Ra-226. (Authors' abstract, modified)
F-5941
Melekhina, V. P.
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF FORMALDEHYDE AS AN
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTANT. In: Limits of Allow-
able Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 6.
[ Predel'no Dopustimye Kontsentratsii Atmosfernykh
Zagryaznenii, Vyp. 6.] V. A. Ryazanova (ed. )- 7 refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Liter -
ature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 9 (Part 1):9-18. 1962.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
Formaldehyde is discharged into the atmosphere by many
industrial enterprises; therefore, it is important that a
study of formaldehyde vapor effect on the human organism
be reliably determined. Concentration of threshold formal-
dehyde vapor odor preception for most sensitive persons
was 0. 07 mg/m3 Concentration of threshold formaldehyde
reflex effect, as determined by the method of optical chro-
naxy, was 0. 08 mg/m.3, and 0. 1 mg/m3 as determined by
the method of dark adaptation. It was suggested that 0. 035
mg/m of formaldehyde vapor in atmospheric air of in-
habited areas be accepted as its maximal single concentra-
tion, with provision for a safety coefficient. The atmos-
pheric air in the vicinity of the plants under investigation
contained formaldehyde vapor concentrations in excess of
the allowable concentration limits at n distance of 1, 000 m
from the point of its discharge. It was recommended that
sanitary clearance zones be established around such indus-
trial plants which have no gas purifying equipment as fol-
lows: of not less than 1, 000 m for plants producing up to
50 tons of formalin in 24 hours, and not less than 400 m
around plants producing galalith. No formaldehyde trapping
installations were in use up to the present, which raises
the problem of developing formaldehyde trapping equipment.
The physiochemical properties of formaldehyde suggest
that the advisability of using scrubbers for formaldehyde
trapping be rechecked. The presence of formaldehyde
in Diesel engine exhaust gases must be taken into consider-
ation in developing means for the protection of atmospheric
air against automobile exhausts and industrial plant dis-
charges. The study of formaldehyde concentration in auto-
mobile exhaust gases also raises the problem of developing
technological means for the elimination of aldehyde forma-
tion by internal combustion engines and for the purification
of engine exhaust before it is thrown into the atmospheric
air.
F-5942
Elfimova, E. V.
DATA FOR THE HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF HYDRO-
CHLORIC ACID AEROSOL (HYDROCHLORIC GAS) AS AN
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT. In: Limits of Allowable
Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 6.
[Predel'no Dopustimye Kontsentratsii Atmosfernykh
Zagryaznenii, Vyp. 6.] V. A. Ryazanova (ed. ). 14 refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 9 (Part l):13-23, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
It was shown that 0. 1 mg/m^ is the concentration of thres-
hold hydrochloric acid aerosol odor perception, that 0. 05
mg/m3 is the odor non-perceptible concentration, that
0.6 mg/m3 is the concentration of threshold reflex effect
on optical chronaxy, and 0. 2 mg/m3 the concentration of
threshold reflex effect on eye sensitivity to light. The con-
centration of threshold effect on digito-vascular tonicity is
0.5 mg/m3, and the threshold concentration of change in
the rhythm and depth of respiratory movement is at 0. 1
mg/m3 of the aerosol. On the basis of the above results
it is recommended that 0. 05 mg/m3 be accepted as the
limit of allowable single concentration of hydrochloric acid
aerosol in atmospheric air. Results of this investigation
indicated that 10 mg/m3 of the aerosol, representing the
limit of allowable concentration for working premises,
elicited sharp shifts in the physiological reactions. The
method used for the determination of hydrochloric acid
aerosol in atmospheric air can be applied to the determi-
nation of the aerosol in the presence of H^SO4 aerosol and
in the presence of free chlorine and chlorides. The present
investigation indicated that atmospheric air in the vicinity
of a magnesium plant is highly polluted with hydrochloric
acid aerosol, that such air pollution extended over con-
siderable distances from the magnesium plant, and that
the sanitary protection zones around magnesium plant dis-
charging hydrochloric acid aerosol, in the absence of gas
purifying equipment, should be in excess of 3, 000 m.
Plans for future magnesium plants should mandatorily in-
clude provisions for the installation of hydrochloric acid
absorbing equipment.
F-5943
Gil'denskjol'd, R. S.
A RESTUDY OF THE MAXIMAL ALLOWABLE SINGLE
CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DISULFIDE IN ATMOS-
PHERIC AIR. In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of
Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 6. [Predel'no Dopustimye
Dontsentratsii Atmosfernykh Zagryaznenii, Vyp. 6. ] V. A.
Ryazanova (ed. ). 21 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U. S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 9 (Part l):29-39, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
Examinations of air samples indicated that, even at 3000
meters from the investigated plant, the air contained 0. 03
mg/m3 of carbon disulfide. Results of tests conducted with
the aid of most odor perception sensitive persons indicated
that 0. 05 mg/m is the concentration of threshold odor per-
ception for CS2 and that 0. 04 mg/m3 is the odor nonpercep-
tible concentration of CS^. The concentration of threshold
carbon disulfide reflex effect, as determined by the method
of optical chronaxy, is 0. 04 mg/m3 and the subthreshold
concentration is 0. 03 mg/m3. The limit of allowable CSz
concentration should not exceed 0. 03 mg/rn3. Results of
the present investigation suggest that the present 2000 m
width of sanitary clearance zones surrounding viscous
plants should be widened to 3000 m. Sanitary bodies must
insist on the immediate installation of effective equipment
for the purification of viscous combine gas discharges con-
taining C$2- Gases discharged by viscous plants contain
vapors other than CS£- It is, therefore, suggested that a
comprehensive and complex study of the atmospheric air
in vicinities of viscous plants be initiated without undue
delay.
F-5944
Kokuchaev, V. F. and N. N. Skvortsova
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION WITH MANGANESE
COMPOUNDS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE ORGANISM.
In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric
Pollutants, Book 6. [Predel'no Dopustimye Kontsentratsii
Atmosfernykh Zagryaznenii, Vyp. 6. ] V. A. Ryazanova
(ed. ). 14 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
87
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
U.S.S.R. literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 9 (Part l):40-46, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
The present investigation was condusted along the following
three lines: (1) A study of atmospheric air pollution with
industrial manganese discharges. (2) Effects of manganese
plant discharges on the health and living conditions of near-
by residents; and (3) Effect of low manganese concentrations
on the organism. Atmospheric air studies were conducted
in the vicinity of a metallurgical plant smelting pig iron
and ferromanganese. Production of ferromanganese is a
source of considerable and continuous air pollution with
toxic discharges as far as 3 km from the source of dis-
charge. Air pollution with industrial ferrom.angs.nese dis-
charges brought about complaints from nearby residents
about deterioration of sanitary hygienic conditions and of
general well-being. Increased respiratory system mor-
bidity among children of residents has been connected with
manganese and ferromanganese plant discharges. Sanitary
clearance zones of 500 m, prescribed for metallurgical
plants similar to the one investigated were inadequate for
the intended sanitary protection and should be increased to
2 krn; in addition, effective dust catching equipment should
be installed without delay.
F-5945
Kurnos ov, V. M.
SUPPLEMENTAL DATA ON THE ACCUMULATION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY IN THE ORGANISM OF
EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS. In: Limits of Allowable Con-
centrations of Atmosoheric Pollutants, Book 6. [Predel'no
Dopustimye Kontsentratsii Atmosfernykh Zagryaznenii,
Vyp. 6.] V. A. Ryazanova (ed,). 20 refs, Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 9
(Part l):47-54, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 64-11547
Chronic experiments were conducted for the determination
of the effect of 0. 002 0. 005 mg/m3 mercury vapor on the
organism. Chronic exposure to the effect of mercury
vapor in concentrations at times found in atmospheric air
adversely affected the organism by disturbing the functional
activity of higher nervous centers, by excessive deposition
of mercury in the organs and especially in the brain, and
by producing pathomorphological changes. The extent and
gravity of the neurological and pathomorphological changes
were directly proportional to the mercury vapor concentra-
tion in the inhaled air. Experimental exposure of animals
to the inhalation of mercury vapor in concentrations below
the limit of allowable concentration in atmospheric air
elicited none of the above described pathological symptoms.
This confirms the conclusion previously arrived at, namely,
that 0. 0003 mg/m3 of mercury vapor should be regarded
as the limit of its allowable concentration in atmospheric
air. Results of the present investigation showed that
chronic exposure to mercury vapor in concentrations of
0. 008 0. 01 mg/m3, resulted in the deposition of mercury
in organs and brain tissues, which disturbed the higher
central nervous activity centers and other organs, accom-
panied by pathomorphological changes. Therefore, it is
suggested that the existing limit of allowable mercury
vapor concentration for air of working premises is ill
founded and should be revised after appropriate investiga-
tion
F-5946
Stayzhkin, V. M.
HYGIENIC DETERMINATION OF LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATIONS OF CHLORINE AND HYDROCHLORIDE
GASES SIMULTANEOUSLY PRESENT IN ATMOSPHERIC
AIR. In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmoa-
pheric Pollutants, Book 6. [Predel'no Dopustimye Kontse-
ntratsii Atmosfernykh Zagryaznenii, Vyp. 6.] V. A. Rya-
zanova {ed. ). 17 refs. Translated from Russian by B, S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 9 (Part 1): 55-61, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
This study was confined to the use of low concentrations of
chlorine and hydrochloride gases and their effect on the
physiological reactivity of man. The methods of investiga-
tion were: determination of threshold odor perception,
optical chronaxy and adaptometry. Results of this investi-
gation indicated that 0.75 mg/m3 was the concentration of
threshold chlorine odor perception, and 0.02 mg/m the
concentration of threshold hydrochloride gas odor percep-
tion. The simultaneous presence in the air of chlorine and
hydrochloride gases was not odor perceptible \vhen the
gases co-existed in the following ratio concentrations: 0, 3
rng/m of chlorine and 0. 1 mg/m of hydrochloride gas,
also 0. 2 mg/m3 of chlorine and 0. 13 mg/m3 hydrochloride
gas. The additive physiological and neurological effects of
simultaneously present chlorine and hydrochloric gases in
the air were in the nature of arithmetical summation.
Optical chronaxy tests indicated that threshold reflex effects
were produced by chlorine and hydrochloride gas simultane-
ous present in the air in the following ratio combinations:
chlorine, 0. 3 mg/m3 and hydrochloride gas, 0. 3 mg/rn3
and also chlorine, 0. 3 mg/m3 and hydrochloride gas, 0,3
mg/m3. Tests of eye sensitivity to light indicated that the
combination of 0. 2 mg/m3 of chlorine and 0. 1 mg/m3 of
hydrochloride gas constituted a threshold combination mix-
ture of the 2 gases which elicited changes in eye sensitivity
to light. The present investigation also indicated that the
previously adopted limits of allowable single chlorine con-
centration of 0. 1 mg/m3 and of hydrochloride gas of 0. 005
rng/m3 simultaneously present in atmospheric air were
below the threshold of odor perception and of effect on re-
flex activity.
F-5947
Fel'dman, Yu. G.
ACETONE AS AN ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTANT. In:
Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollu-
tants, Book 6. [Predel'no Dopustimye Kontsentratsii
Atmosfernykh Zagryaznenii, Vyp. 6. ] V. A. Ryazanova
(ed. ). 29 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 9 (Part l):62-72, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
It was found in this study that 1. 1 mg/m3 is the concentra-
tion of threshold acetone vapor odor perception in most
sensitive persons, and that 0.3 mg/m3 is the odor nonper-
ceptible concentration. 0. 55 mg/m3 is the concentration
of threshold acetone reflex effect on the functional state of
cerebral cortex, as determined by the adaptometric method,
0.44 mg/m3 is the subthreshold concentration. The con-
centration of threshold acetone reflex effect on the forma-
tion of electrocortical conditioned reflexes is 0. 44 mg/m3.
and the maximal inactive concentration is 0. 35 mg/m3
Chronic inhalation of an average acetone vapor concentra-
tion of 199 mg/m , 8 hours daily for 45 days produces
motor chronaxy changes in the experimental animals. Con-
tinuous 45 day inhalation of an average acetone vapor con-
centration of 0. 53 mg/m3 produces no clearcut changes in
the animals' motor chronaxies. Motor chronaxy curves of
the control animal are practically identical with those noted
in experimental animals which inhaled 199 mg/m3 and also
0. 53 mg/m3 of acetone vapor uninterruptedly for 45 days.
This is also true of the blood picture, of the animal's
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
weight, and histologic pictures of the internal organs. The
limits of allowable single and average 24-hour concentra-
tions should not exceed 0. 35 mg/m^- The atmospheric air
in the vicinity of the investigated acetate silk plant is sys-
tematically polluted with acetone, the concentrations of
which exceed the recommended allowable limit even at 600
m from the plant. The 100 m sanitary clearance zone
established for acetate silk producing plants is inadequate
and should be increased to 750 m, especially where the
acetone discharge averaged 4.5 tons per day.
of lymphocytes. Chronic 24-hour inhalation by rats of air
containing 0. 01 mg/m3 of dinyl vapor for a. period of 70
days had no effect on the rats' functional activities noted
in rats inhaling air having higher dinyl vapor concentrations.
The limit of average 24-hour dinyl vapor concentration in
atmospheric air could be the same as the limit of maximal
single concentration, i. c. , 0. 01 mg/m3 Sanitary clear-
ance zones surrounding capronic plants which discharge
up to 6 tons of dinyl per month should not be less than 800
m wide.
F-5943
F-5953
Shul'ga, T. M.
NEW DATA FOR THE HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF CAR-
BON MONOXIDE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. In: Limits of
Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book
6. [Predel'no Dopustimye Kontsentratsii Atmosfernykh
Zagryaznenii, Vyp. 6.] V. A. Ryazanova (ed.). 22 refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Liter-
ature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 9 (Part 1):73-81, 1962,
CFSTI; TT 64-11574
A study on the inhalation of air containing 20 mg/m of
carbon monoxide showed no detectable effect on the recep-
tors of the respiratory organs. Inhalation of air containing
29 mg/m3 of CO 3 hours daily for 10 days (chronic) pro-
duced in the experimental animals significant changes in
motor chronaxy, 4-epressed porphyrin metabolism, and
elicited gross changes in brain tissue. Inhalation of 2. 4
mg/m3 of CO uninterruptedly for 10 weeks (chronic) pro-
duced no visible changes in motor chronaxy, depressed the
porphyrin metabolism and produced reversible morphologic
changes in individual nerve cells of the brain. The limit of
allowable average 24-hour carbon monoxide concentration
in atmospheric air should not exceed 1 mg/m3. The pre-
sent limit of allowable carbon monoxide in the air of work-
ing premises, namely, 0. 03 mg/li, or 30. 0 mg/m3, is too
high, and should be lowered.
F-5949
Solomin, G. I.
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF DINYL AS AN ATMOSPHERIC
AIR POLLUTANT. In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations
of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 6. [Predel'no Dopustimye
Kontsentratsii Atmosfernykh Zagryaznenii, Vyp. 6.] V. A.
Ryazanova (ed.). 13 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 9 (Part l}:82-92, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
Results of odor perception study conducted with 15 persons
indicated that the concentration of threshold dinyl vapor
Ddor perception was 0. 06 rng/m3 and that the concentration
}f threshold dinyl reflex effect on eye sensitivity to light
was 0. 04 mg/m3. The concentration of threshold dinyl
jlectrocortical conditioned reflex formation was 0. 03
ng/m , and the subthreshold concentration was 0. 01
Tig/m3. The maximal single allowable dinyl vapor concen-
.ration for atmospheric air should not exceed 0, 01 mg/m3.
Dinyl concentrations of 10 and 0.2 mg/m3 under conditions
Df chronic vapor inhalation elicited changes in the muscle
antagonist's chronaxy in white rats. Rate of coproporphyrin
elimination with the urine was lowered in rats which chroni-
:ally inhaled 10 and 0.2 mg/m3 of dinyl vapor. Prolonged
.nhalation of air containing 10 mg/m3 of dinyl lowered
iholinesterase activity, while inhalation of 0.2 mg/m3
inder similar conditions enhanced cholinesterase activity.
.nhalation of air containing 10 and 0. 2 mg/m3 by rats in-
;reased the number of leucocytes and decreased the number
Ubaidullaev, R.
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION WITH FURFUROL AND
ITS HYGIENIC EVALUATION. In: Limits of Allowable
Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 7. [Predel1
no Dopustimye Kontsentratsii Atmosfernykh Zagryaznenii,
Vyp. 7.] V, A. Ryazanova (ed. ). 27 refs. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 9 (Part
2):142-154, 1963.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
The extensive use of furfurol in the U.S.S.R. national
economy and the consequent pollution of air with this vapor
made it imperative that a restudy be made of its sanitary
significance and an exact determination be made of its
limit of allowable concentration in the air. The atmos-
pheric air surrounding plants, producing or using furfurol
was polluted by furfurol vapor. The concentration of thres-
hold furfurol odor perception in most odor sensitive per-
sons was determined as 1 mg/m3, of eye sensitivity to
light as 0. 31 mg/m3 and for the development of electro-
cortical conditioned reflexes as 0.084 mg/m3, 0.05 mg/m3
of furfurol constituted a nonactive concentration. The pro-
posed maximal single allowable furfurol concentration in
atmospheric air was 0. 05 mg/m3. Chronic 24-hour expo-
sure to furfurol vapor at concentrations of 10 and 0. 33
mg/rn3 for 60 days elicited in experimental rats shifts in
the flexor and extensor chronaxy ratios, in the cholinester-
ase activity and in the blood serum protein fraction picture.
In 0. 05 mg/m3 concentration furfurol had no effect on the
organism of the experimental rats. The recommended
average 24 hour allowable concentration limit of furfurol
in atmospheric air according to results obtained with
chronic experiments was 0.05 mg/m3
F-5954
Shen, L.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR THE HYGIENIC EVALUA-
TION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION WITH STYROL.
In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric
Pollutants, Book 7. [Predel'no Dopustimye Kontsentratsii
Atmosfernykh Zagryaznenii, Vyp. 7. ] V. A. Ryazanova
(ed. ). 17 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R, Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 9 (Part 2): 155- 168, 1963.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
The results obtained from the hygienic evaluation of atmos-
pheric styrol showed the following: (1) The concentration
of threshold styro] vapor odor perception in most sensitive
persons was 0. 02 mg/m-1, and the subthreshold non-per-
ceptible concentration was 0.01 mg/m3; (2) The threshold
effect on reflex changes in eye sensitivity to light in re-
sponse to styrol inhalation was the same as the threshold
of odor perception, namely 0.02 rng/m3; (3) The threshold
styrol concentration capable of forming electrocortical re-
flexes was 0. 005 mg/m3; and (4) The recommended limit
of allowable single styrol concentration in atmospheric air
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
was 0. 003 mg/m3. Rats exposed to continuous 70 days
inhalation of air containing 50 and 0. 05 mg/m3 of styrol
vapor showed disturbed muscle antagonists chronaxy ratios,
a lowered coproporphyrin elimination with the urine, en-
hanced blood cholinesterase activity, increased numbers of
leucocytes and monocytes and reduced number of erythro-
cytes, also some hlstopathologic changes of the internal
organs. Inhalation of air containing 0. 003 mg/m3 of styrol
under similar experimental conditions had no effect on any
of the above mentioned indexes. Sanitary examination of
the atmospheric air in the vicinity of a chemical plant pro-
ducing polystyrol clearly indicated that styrol vapor air
pollution extended over considerable distances from the
plant and that only at 500 m from the source of pollution
was the styrol concentration in the atmospheric air below
the proposed limit of its allowable concentration.
F-5955
Odoshashvili, D. G.
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLU-
TION WITH DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE. In: Limits of Allow-
able Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 7.
[Predel'no Dopustimye Kontsentratsii Atmosfernykh Zagrya-
znenii, Vyp. 7.] V. A. Ryazanova (ed.). 8 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S. R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 9
(Part Z):169-177, 1963.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
A study was made of the effects of low dimethylformamide
concentrations and the limit of its allowable concentration
in the atmosphere. The concentration of threshold dimethyl-
formamide odor perception was determined as 0. 14 mg/m3.
The threshold concentration which produced electrocortical
reflexes was 0. 05 mg/m3 Exposure of white rats contin-
uously for 2 mon. (chronic intoxication) to inhalation of di-
methylformamide vapor concentration of 10 and 0. 5 mg/m3
caused statistically reliable reduction in the cholinesterase
activity and a drop in the rate of coproporphyrine elimina-
tion with the urine. Dimethylformamide vapor concentra-
tions of 0. 03 mg/m3 were recommended as the limit of its
allowable concentration in atmospheric air.
F-5956
Yakimchuk, P. P.
EXPERIMENTAL BASIS FOR THE LIMIT OF ALLOWABLE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION IN ATMOSPHERIC
AIR. In: Limits of Allowable Concentrations of Atmos-
pheric Pollutants, Book 7. [Predel'no Dopustimya Kontse-
ntratsii Atmosfernykh Zagryaznenii, Vyp. 7.] V. A. Rya-
zanova (ed. ). 19 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 9 (Part 2): 177-184, 1963.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
Experimental data for the determination of the limit of
allowable nitrogen dioxide concentration in atmospheric
air was studied. White rats were used as the experimental
animals. They were exposed to chronic inhalation of air
containing low concentrations of nitrogen dioxides, and the
effect of such inhalation on the conditioned reflex activity
of the rats was observed. Chronic exposure of white rats
to the inhalation of 5. 7 mg/m3 of NO2 for 6 months pro-
duced changes in their conditioned reflex activity, as
shown by the appearance of phase states, differentiation
disinhibilion, and falling out of conditioned reflexes in
response to weak stimulators. Chronic exposure of white
rats to the inhalation of NO£ in 0. 34 mg/m3 concentration
caused less clearly expressed changes in the higher ner-
vous activity, indicating that such a concentration of the
gas must be regarded as active. The data presented were
insufficient, and additional data must be secured before a
limit of allowable NOz concentration in atmospheric air
can be established with any degree of certainty.
F-5957
Mukhitov, B.
THE EFFECT OF LOW PHENOL CONCENTRATIONS ON
THE ORGANISM OF MAN OR ANIMALS AND THEIR
HYGIENIC EVALUATION. In: Limits of Allowable Con-
centrations of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 7. [Predel'no
Dopustimye Kontsentratsii Atmosfernykh Zagryaznenii,
Vyp. 7.] V. A. Ryazanova (ed.). 24 refs. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 9
(Part 2):1S5-199, 1963.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
The exposure of animal organisms to low phenol concentra-
tions showed that the concentration of phenol threshold
odor perception in most odor sensitive persons "was 0. 022
mg/m3; the threshold concentration of reflex reaction of
eye sensitivity to light was 0. 0155 mg/m3, and of electro-
cortical reflex formation 0. 156 mg/m3. Phenol concentra-
tions of 0. 125 and 0. 0137 mg/m3 had no reflex effect either
on the eye sensitivity to light or on the electrocortical
activity. Phenol vapor concentrations of 5 and 0. 1 mg/m
were active during chronic experiments of continuous 61
days exposure; these concentrations elicited motor chronaxy
changes, induced changes in the porphyrin metabolism,
and affected cholinesterase activity; the 0.01 mg/m3 con-
centration was not active according to the results of the
chronic experiments. Results of chronic experiments in-
dicated that 0. 01 mg/m3 of phenol vapor in the air should
be adopted as the limit of its allowable concentration in
atmospheric air.
F-6268
Shabad, L. M. , L. N. Pylev, and T. S. Kolesnichenko
IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL RETENTION OF CARCINO-
GENIC AGENT IN PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG CANCER
(EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION). Vopr. Onkol. JJ}(6):
65-72, 1964. 30 refs. Translated from Russian. Federa-
tion Proc., Translation Supplement, 2_4(4) :T7 17-T720, Aug.
1965.
Experiments were designed to study the elimination from
the lung of 3, 4-benzpyrene -with repeated administration of
suspensions of varied composition. Use was made of 280
random-bred rats of both sexes (133 males and 142 females),
aged about 3 months and weighing 30-100 g. The amount
of benzpyrene detectable in the lungs 24 hours after a sin-
gle administration of the substance in physiological saline
was somewhat less than after administration of benspyreiie
with India ink and colloidal iiifusin. Three days after ad-
ministration with India ink and colloidal infusin, the
amount of benzpyrene retained in the lungs was nearly 12
times the amount remaining after administration in physio-
logic saline. After 5 days a difference was noted between
the results of administration of benzpyrene with India ink
and colloidal infusin and the administration of this sub-
stance with each of these ingredients separately. A dis-
tinct relationship is noted between repetition of administra-
tions and the accumulation of benzpyrene in the lung. With
repeated administrations, there is evidently further exten-
sion of inflammatory processes in the lung tissue, and the
latter acquire a chronic character with corresponding
90
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
exacerbations, which may be conducive to retention of the
carcinogen in the lung tissue. Therefore, the decisive fac-
tor in the retention of benzpyrene in the lung tissue is the
nature, combination and, probably, the quantity of the
absorbent factors. The greatest deposition of benzpyreiie
was seen following its administration with India ink and
colloidal infusin jointly, whereas its administration with
either of these ingredients separately or with physiologic
saline did not achieve this end.
F-6663
Rusinova, A. P.
BENZENE AND ITS HOMOLOGUES AS POISONS IN ELEC-
TRICAL WINDING AND INSULATION PLANTS. Gigiena
Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya, J_(l):20-24, 1957. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 7,
p. 176-181, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
F-6617
Sokolovskiy, V. V.
CONCERNING THE HEMOLYTIC ACTION OF THIOL
POISONS. Tsitologiya, No. 4, p. 460-465, 1962. 22 refs.
Translated from Russian. Joint Publications Research
Service, Washington, D. C., lOp. , Nov. 23, 1962.
DDC: AD 400415
For a more complete illumination of questions concerning
the ability of thiol poisons to cause destruction of erythro-
cytes, and for the relation of destructive changes in cells
through inactivation of their SH-groups, the hemolytic
action of specimens of all three types of thiol poisons, i. e. ,
oxidizing (sodium nitrite), alkylating (monoiodoacetic acid),
and mercaptide-forming (mercuric chloride) agents were
studied. Thiol poisons of the mercaptide-forming, oxidi-
zing and alkylating types produce hemolysis of erythro-
cytes in in vitro experiments. Hemolytic action by oxidi-
zers can be prevented by thiol substances (2. 3 dimercapto-
propane sodium sulfonate). An essential role in the pre-
servation of the spatial structures of erythrocytes belongs
to their sulfhydryl groups.
F-6660
Bushtueva, K. A. , E. F. Polezhaev, and A. D. Semenenko
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF
THRESHOLD REFLEX EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC POL-
LUTANTS. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_5_{l):57-6l , I960. 5 refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 7, p. 137-142, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
The suitability of the electroencephalographic method for
the determination of maximal single allowable concentra-
tion limits of air pollutants was studied. Electrical brain
activity was recorded by means of a 4-lead amplifying
device, 4UN4, and by an ink-recording apparatus ChR-1 in
connection with an encephalograph trade-named "Al'var. "
Subjects "were placed into an isolated screen-protected
trica activity or depression in the a-rhythm were used as
indexes of the effect induced by the test substances. Tests
were made with SO£ and H^SO4 aerosol. Results showed
that 0. 9 mg/m.3 of SO£ elicited desynchronization in 4 of 6
persons tested. The specific effect of H£SO4 aerosol on
The air of the winding and insulation department of the
plant investigated contained benzene and its homologues in
concentrations exceeding the allowable limits. Most un-
favorable operations were: application of adhesives to
micanite on tables manually and their loading into the dry-
ing ovens; insulation and lacquering of windings; brush
coating of pole coils; and washing and cleaning various
finished products. Unsatisfactory labor conditions pro-
duced occupational poisoning with aromatic hydrocarbons
among the women workers, with symptoms of typical blood
picture changes and nervous system disturbances. A state
of susceptibility occurred to some common non-occupational
diseases, as was shown by an increase in the morbidity of
such diseases in women with toxic symptoms as compared
with the control women.
F-6664
Yegorov, Yu. L.
HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TANTALUM AND
NIOBIUM (RARE METALS) DUSTS. Gigiena Truda i Prof.
Zabolevaniya, 1_(6): 16-22, 1957. 9 refs. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p. 198-
205, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
An investigation was made of conditions prevailing in the
manufacture and processing of tantalum and niobium with
a view to proposing measures for the improvement of
working conditions, to survey the state of workers health
in this industry, and to determine experimentally the
character and degree of toxic action of tantalum and nio-
bium as a basis for arriving at hygienic standards in the
manufacture of these metals. Results of observations
made in manufacturing plants are detailed. In experiments
with white rats tantalum was eliminated almost entirely
from the gastro-intestinal tract within the first few days.
Its resorption through the intestine had not been noted.
The general toxic action of tantalum and niobium compounds
was slight, probably due to extremely low solubility of
tantalum compounds. The effects of dusts of niobium and
tantalum compounds on pulmonary tissue following inhala-
tion or intratrachael injection varied largely depending on
the form of the dust. Niobium and tantalum and their com-
pounds showed signs of possessing pronounced fibrogenic
properties; this should be given serious consideration in
establishing appropriate sanitary-hygienic standards for
the Nb and Ta metallurgical industries.
.
m. eve. so repore are sues eang with the de-
velopment of conditioned "electrocortical" reflexes asso-
ciated with the inhalation of the substances under study. It
was found by this association modification that 0. 6 mg/m^
of SO;> elicited reaction response in 4 of 5 persons tested.
As a conditioned stimulator
.
aerosol was used in 0.4
e n .
mgm concentration. The effect of the aerosol alone con-
tinued over 10 seconds and another 5 seconds in association
with unbroken light.
F-6665
Katsnel'son, B. A.
PATHOGENIC PROPERTIES OF SOME DUSTS OCCURRING
IN FERROUS METALLURGY PRODUCTION PLANTS.
Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabolevaniya, _1_(2):24-30, 1957. 12
refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 7, p. 206-212, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
91
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
White rats were given intratracheal injections of dusts
associated with the metallurgical industry in an effort to
evaluate the importance of the concentration of silicon
dioxide in the development of pheumoconioses. Studies
were conducted with 2 types of agglomerates (sinters);
Bakal, containing 16. 6 percent of SiO^ of which 5. 4 percent
was of the free type and Magnitogorsk, which contained
S. 8 percent of total and 9. 7 percent free SiO^. Experi-
ments were also conducted with coke of Kuznetsk coal pro-
duced by the Chelyavinsk coke department of the metallur-
gical plant. The coke contained 10. 9 percent of ash, i. t. ,
approximately 5 percent of total SiO^ and no free SiO^.
Animals were sacrificed 15, 30, 91, 133, 274, 365, and
543 days after injection of the dust suspension. Coal dust
(coke) and agglomerate (sinter) dust in the presence of
SiO^ concentrations not exceeding 1 percent, or in its com-
plete absence, were found to elicit pulmonary changes in
the form of poorly expressed fibricotic processes; it is
hypothecated that blocking of pulmonary lymphatic passages
by the dust may have a noteworthy auxilary effect on the
development of this type of pathology. It was demonstrated
that the almost negligible concentration of SiO^ in agglom-
erate (sinter) dust can affect the normal lung tissue re-
action imparting to it the characteristics of pneumoconio-
sis and siderosilicosis .
F-6666
Kalyuzhnyi, D. N.
EFFECT OF METALLURGICAL-PLANT EMISSIONS ON
CHILDREN'S HEALTH. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2j_(2):3-7, 1959.
4 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 7, p. 220-224, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
An investigation was made of the effects of emissions from
metallurgical industries upon the health of children resid-
ing in two cities affected by pollution from these industries.
For control purposes, children living in two other cities
with no metallurgical industries were studied simultane-
ously. Dust and SO;? measurements were made in all four
cities. The children were given chest x-rays and data was
compiled on the frequency of occurrence of infectious dis-
eases. Comparative analyses of the x-rays indicated that
those children residing in areas of industrial pollution
showed signs of pulmonary pathology of a more profound
type, and in greater numbers, than the children in the
control groups. No correlation was found between the rate
of pathologic pulmonary findings and past infectious disease.
Recommendations are made for the purpose of reducing the
amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere.
F-6667
Babayants, R. A.
EFFECT OF CITY AIR POLLUTION ON THE POPULA-
TION'S HEALTH. Vestn. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, _14(12):3-
12, 1959. 15 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p. 224-236, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
Previous investigations into the health effects of air pollu-
tion are reviewed. Pertinent data and major conclusions
from each of these studies are presented. Subjects of the
investigations under review include: Comparison of the
morbidity of populations in polluted and non-polluted areas;
tjhest x-ray and morbidity studies of children; correlation
studies of the occurrence of upper respiratory illness and
distance ol residence from given emission sources; carbon
monoxide concentrations in connection with traffic densities
and carboxyhemoglobin levels; indoor concentrations of
carbon monoxide correlated with frequency of complaints
of physical discomfort; and lung cancer morbidity and
mortality.
F-666S
Khachatryan, M. K.
VITAMIN C IN THE ORGANISM IN CONNECTION WITH
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY DISCHARGES FROM
SYNTHETIC CHLOROPRENE RUBBER MANUFACTURE.
Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_4_(12):3-6, 1959. Srefs. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 7,
p. 240-244, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
An investigation was made of the population residing in the
vicinity of a plant manufacturing chloroprene rubber to
determine the degree of possible vitamin C deficiency, and
use it as an index of the unfavorable effects of the plant's
discharges on the health of residents and animals. Domes-
tic cats were taken from dwellings located within 2 km from
the plant and the liver, spleen, kidneys, and heart were
tested for ascorbic acid content. A similar study was made
with animals of a control group obtained from a region out-
side the zone of industrial discharge effects. A comparison
of averages showed that the absorbic acid content of all
organs under study was considerably lower in animals ex-
posed 1 to 6 years to the air polluted by the chloroprene
synthetic rubber discharges. Children of a kindergarten
located at 500 m from the plant who lived within a 2 km
radius around the plant were examined medically. The
control group consisted of children of another kindergarten,
located outside the -effects of the industrial discharges.
Vitamin C was determined by excretion via the urine after
saturation with vitamin C. Under observation were 151
children, 43 belonging to the control group. Ascorbic acid
content of the urine was determined on 3 successive days
before administering the saturation dose and for 6 days fol-
lowing. Determination was made by titration with dichloro-
phenolindophenol. Results indicated that children who
lived within a radius of 2 km from the plant and attended the
kindergarten located at 500 m from the source of pollution
manifested d. definite vitamin C deficiency.
F-6669
Minkh, A. A.
IONIC STATE OF AIR IN LIVING QUARTERS AND ITS
HYGIENIC SIGNIFICANCE. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_5( 1):73-83,
I960. 22 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional diseases, No. 7, p. 249-255, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
An attempt was made to evaluate the physiological signifi-
cance of the changes produced by air ionization of living
quarters and of the public buildings. Factors affecting the
state of indoor air ionization are discussed. Arguments are
presented for and against the theory that fluctuations in the
ionic state of indoor air affect the human body. The question
of the advisability of artificial air ionization is considered,
and it is concluded that the problem requires further study.
Tiunov, L. A. , T. I. Sokolova, and V. P. Paribok
DURATION OF CARBO N MONOXIDE EXCRETION FROM
THE BODY. Farmakol. iToksikol. , 2£(4):76-78, 1957.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S, R.
92
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
Literature otx Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No, 7, p, 262.-2M, I9t',-,
GFSTL TT 6i-U 103
The rate of CO elimination from the blood ami its possible
retention in tissues wore investigated. Gals were exposed
to radioactive CO through inhalation and intravenous in-
jection, (Hood activity wras measured at one hour intervals
following exposure. After the CO was completely eliminated
from the blood, the animals wen.- sacrificed aud brain, heart,
liver, and muscle tissue were examined. Although the cUmi-
nation rate varied with eaeh animal, the point at whieh 90
percent of the CO had been eliminated never exceeded 7
hours, even in animals exposed for 4^ hours. CO retention
in the tissues was found to be of au extremely small magni-
tude.
Mangaucse cyclopentadieny It r ica rbony i (MTC) is toxi^enic
in small concentrations and has pronounced cumulative
properties, A single exposure to MCT vapors in 0. I mg/l
cc^ncentrations in the air is dangerous for life. In concen-
trations ol" 0,01 rug /1 In the air this substance may cause
serious and lethal poisoning in cases of multiple exposures.
Concentrations at a level of 0. 001 mg/l produce functional
stufts in the nervous sy stem aud initial morphological lesions
in the respiratory tract. The new antidetouator is endowed
with a weak irrigating effect at the site of contact: when dis-
solved iu oil and benzene it docs not penetrate the skin. The
solvent tetrahydrofuran, which is used iu the production of
M.CT in letrahydrofuran penetrates intact skin and causes
intoxication.
F-6S70
F-ot,"
Lindberg, '£, Ya,
EFFECT OF SUPERPHOSPHATE PRODUCTION DIS-
CHARGES ON CHILDREN'S HEALTH, Gigiena i Sanit. ,
4^1 ^):t>9--TRi,eARBO>NY L. I K voprosu o toksichnosti parov
novogo antidetonalora tsiklopendadieniUcLkarUon ila marga-
nisa fv vu^nkhc pmoiiv^)dstvcnnykh i^omeshchcnii},! Hygiene
an
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
F-6874
Kashin, L. M.
OVERALL IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY AND MORBID-
ITY OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO CARBON DISULFIDE.
[Sostoyanie obschchei immunologicheskoi reaktivnosti orga-
nizma i zabolevaemost' rabochikh pri vozdeistvii serougle-
roda.] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3_0(6) :331-335, June 1965. 5 refs.
An attempt was made to elicit the effect of carbon sulfide in
small concentrations on the immunological reactivity of the
body and the morbidity with temporary disability of workers
at a rayon production plant. A drop in the general immuno-
logical reactivity and a rise in the morbidity rate were ob-
served in workers exposed to the action of carbon sulfide at
concentrations both above and below the maximum permissi-
ble level. A relationship was demonstrated between the
state of the general immunological reactivity and that of the
morbidity with temporary disability: the morbidity rate
dropped with a rise of the body's reactivity, (Author's sum-
mary)
F-6875
Sinitsyna, E. L.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE
HEALTH OF PEOPLE WORKING IN THE MAIN SHOPS OF
TANNERIES. [ Fiziologo-gigienicheskie mablyudeniya nad
rabotayuschimi v osnovnykh kozhevennykh zavodov.] Hygiene
and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ),
:30(6)-336-340, June 1965, 8 refs.
Observations made of the labor conditions prevailing at
tanneries showed that, in spite of the mechanization of pro-
duction processes, the proportion of heavy manual tasks
performed was still high. A study of the 24-hour rhythm of
certaiii physiological functions revealed stable signs of fa-
tigue in workers of the ash and tanning shops. The air of
these shops was contaminated with ammonium vapors; how-
ever, it was practically free of hydrogen sulfide. An exami-
nation of the labor conditions is suggested. (Author's sum-
mary)
F-6878
Galikeev, Kh. L.
STUDIES OF ALLERGENIC PROPERTIES OF FUNGI IN
INDOOR DUST. ( Izuchenie allergennykh sviostv gribkov
pyli pomeshchehenii, ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of : Gigiena i Sanit. ), 30{ 6} 41 6-41 8, June 1965.
6 refs.
The specific composition of fungus flora in room dust was
studied and its allergenic properties determined. The
allergenic properties of different fungi species found in
dust were tested on rabbits. Dust in livjng quarters, school-
rooms and cinemas contains spores of the fungi Clado-
sporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucorales, Candida,
Alternaria. Room dust sensitizes experimental animals
which then yield positive skin reactions with allergens ob-
tained from saprophytic fungi.
F-6879
Dubeikovskaya, L S. , A. A. Dolmalov and T. V. Orlova
EFFECT ON THE LUNGS OF MIXED DUST IN THE MANU-
FACTURE OF CERAMIC CAPACITORS. | O deistvii na
Icgkic smeshannoj pyli na proiz vodstve keramichcskikh
konclensatorov.l Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation
of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3£(6) :421 -423, June 1965.
The effects of dust of mixed composition liberated into the
air during the manufacture of ceramic capacitors on work-
ers was investigated. Two investigations were carried out,
with an interval of about three years. The medical exami-
nation of 133 people who worked in contact with the dust re-
vealed changes in the upper respiratory tract in 33 percent.
F-6880
Blinova, E. A.
INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS FOR SUBSTANCES EMITTING
STRONG ODORS. [O normirovanii kontsentratsii veshche-
stv s sil'nym zapakhom v vozdukhe proizvodstevennykh po-
meshchenii.] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation
of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), _3_0( 1) :1 8-23 , Jan. 1965. 8 refs.
Research was carried out on the olfactory threshold of
ethyl-, propyl-, butyl- and dodecylmercaptans. Various
concentrations were produced in a 100-1 chamber. The
experiments were performed on volunteers who inhaled
ethylmercaptan vapor for 1 min from a gas mask which
was connected to the chamber (the exhaled air was return-
ed to the chamber). 1. The olfactory thresholds of ethyl-,
propyl-, and butylmercaptans are of the same order of
magnitude (0.4x10-4-°. 6x1 0~5 mg/1): in the case of dode-
cylmercaptan the threshold is considerably higher (O.Ox
1 0 ~ -0. 4x1 0~2 mg/1). 2. Ethylmercaptan in a concentra-
tion of 0. 01 mg/1 inhaled for 3 hr daily in the course of 6
to 10 days had an unfavorable effect on the volunteers,
causing headaches, fatigue, vertigo, transient nausea, and
irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Objectively, this
concentration caused a considerable rise in the olfactory
threshold (for ethylmercaptan), a decrease in rheobase,
and fatigue (revealed by the correction method). 3, Ethyl-
mercaptan vapors in a. concentration of 0.001 mg/1 inhaled
for 3 hr daily in the course of 5 days did not have any dis-
tinct effect on the human organism. Subjective sensations
included only that of a moderate smell which subsided or
disappeared altogether. The rise in olfactory threshold
was less than in the preceding experimental series. 4, In
view of the above facts, and also taking into consideration
the fact that an 0. 1 mg/1 concentration of ethylmercaptan
vapor used in a chronic experiment caused only functional
changes in animals, the author tentatively recommends the
dose of 0. 001 mg/1 as the maximum permissible concen-
tration of ethylmercaptan vapor for factories. (Author's
summary, modified)
F-6882
Rorokin, V. P. , V. M. Moroz, E. F. Meier and M. P.
Koktova.
POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE WITH SULFUR DI-
OXIDE PRODUCED BY AN UNDERGROUND FIRE IN A
MINE, [ Sluchai zagryazneniya aLmosfernogo vozdukha
sernistym gazom iz gornykh vyrabotok pri poclzemon po
zhare.| Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit. ), _30_( 1) :73-74, Jan. 1965. 1 ref.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
The case described occurred at a polymetallic ore mine as
a result of the spontaneous ignition of part of the ore lost
in working the mine by the method of block-caving. The
polluted mine air was ejected to a height of 2 m above the
ground surface, and then flowed downwards along the gorge
to the settlement located at a distance of 70 m. This 4'c-
sulted in complaints, previously nonexistent, of the inhab-
itants about irritation of the upper respiratory tract, head-
athcs, and disturbed sleep. Such conditions were most
94
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EFFECTS HUMAN HEALTH
often encountered at night, in calm weather, SO? analyses
were performed nephelometrically. Several samples were
also taken at the pit head, where the SO^ concentration was
1203. 0 to 8775. 3 mg/m. The high SO2 concentration in the
atmosphere prevented the population from opening their
windows. As a. result of this investigation, certain meas-
ures to improve the situation were planned and put into ef-
fect. These measures included discharging the mine gas,
through a pipe along the southern slope of the mountain, to
a level of 300 m and into stronger air currents; temporary
evacuation of those areas of the settlement which were in
the range of high SO2 concentrations; prompter silting of
underground fires or where walls were caving in; and more
efficient ventilation of the mine.
F-6887
Burkatskaya, E, N.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF DINITRO-
O-CRESOL IN AIR. [ Obosnovanie predel'no dupustimoi
kontsentratsii dinitro-ortokrezola v vozdukhe.] Hygiene
and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit, ),
M}j2):197-201, Feb. 1965. 2 refs,
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
In view of the highly toxic properties of dinitro-o-cresol
and the possibility of its penetration into workers through
the respiratory tragt, it was decided to test its toxicity on
inhalation. The compounds with a base of dinitro-ortho-
cresol, that are widely used in agricxiltur e, are highly toxic
when introduced into the body by means of inhalation. The
toxic concentration of these compounds amounts to 0. 036
mg/1 and the lethal one -- 0, 1 mg/1. Repeated poisoning of
animals in a concentration of 0, 0002 mg/1 for a period of
2-3 months produced an insignificant toxic effect. The max-
imum permissible concentration of this compound in the air
was determined; it amounted to 0.00005 mg/1. (Author's
summary, modified)
F-6891
Kirichenko, V. N.
DISTRIBUTION OF INHALED SHORT-LIVED DAUGHTER
PRODUCTS OF RADON IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT.
[O raspredelenii v organakh dykhaniya poloshchennoi dozy
ot korotkoz.hi'vuschchikh dochernikh produktov radona.]
Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of; Gigiena i
Sanit,), 3_0(2):301-3G4, Feb. 1965. 4 refs.
CFSTI: 66-51033
An attempt was made to calculate the distribution of the
absorbed dose from the daughter products of radon in
various po.rtions of the respiratory tract as a function of
the size of th.e carrier particles on the basis of the theory
and experimental data. A highly simplified model of the
human. re-spLrsts.Fy tract, according to Findeisen, was used
•wrfcer-e tfref-iresp-tra-tTry tract is represented ay successively
frrsn'ch'i rTft cy.T-tnrtri.csll tubes; the last tubes end in hollow
sprirrgnres^;- t3r<£ rsfsr. rsf. respiration is assumed ccmyUmt find
ee£O£c]I tr>" J-2- r^-^^s/isim. Th.e calculation way pt< r formed for
iii1>«£ Uz'ff i:hf&,c 11 -^ cm; he_n.ce it was aytiui.YU'd thftt they
s 'VtrC/-' -vn zs :•--
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
(English translation of- Gigiena i Sanit. ), _30_( 1 0} .7-1 2, Oct.
1965. 5 refs.
The effects of cement dust on children were investigated.
Physiological reactions in children age 10 to 12 who lived
at distances 0. 5 and 2km from cement work sites for at
least five years and also children living at control points
are examined. The mean dust concentrations in the air
are 1 . 48 mg/m3 at a distance of 0. 5km from the work site,
0.49 mg/m3 at a distance of 2km and 0. 3 mg/m3 at the
control point. Practically healthy children residing in a
dusty atmosphere for a prolonged period exhibited a re-
duced excitability of the olfactory analyzer and of the vege-
tative nervous system. They also exhibited an enhanced
migration of leukocytes to the surface of the nasal and
conjunctival mucosae and increased desquamation of epithe-
lial cells. The changes in the physiological parameters
were obviously due to the effect of the cement dust on the
exteroceptors.
F-6897
Podosinovskii, V. V.
TOXICITY OF INDUSTRIALLY USED INDIUM COMPOUNDS.
[O toksichmosti soedinenii indiya, imeyushchikh promyshle-
nnoe znachenie.] Hygiene and Sanitation (English trans-
lation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), _30( 10):32-39, Oct. 1965.
9 refs.
A sanitary hygienic investigation of the production of metal
indium revealed an actual possibility of the workers' af-
fection by the indium oxide dust, the industrial dust of mix-
ed nature (indium oxide, cadmium, silicon, lead, zinc),
indium salt solutions, and other noxious factors. In experi-
ments performed on animals (albino mice, guinea pigs and
rabbits) the more toxic effect was produced by soluble
indium nitrate that affected the parenchymatous organs and
caused a series of functional and biochemical disturbances.
An intratracheal introduction to albino rats of 50 mg of
industrial dust caused death in 100 percent of cases, and
that of indium oxide produced a weak toxic effect on the
body and the development of inflammatory and sclerotic
lesions in the lungs. It was only the soluble indium com-
pounds (nitrates, chlorides) that irritated the rabbits' skin
and eyes. (Author1^ abstract)
F-6905
Gusev, I. S.
REFLECTIVE EFFECTS OF MICROCONCENTRATIONS OF
BENZENE, TOLUENE, XYLENE AND THEIR COMPARA-
TIVE ASSESSMENT. [ Reflektornoe deistvie mikrokontse-
ntratsii benzola, toluola, i ksilola i ego sravnitel'naya
otsenka.] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit. ), _3_0{ 1 2) • 331 - 336, Dec. 1965. 6 refs.
The reflective effect on the electrical activity of the cere-
bral cortex of imperceptible concentrations of benzene,
toluene, and xylene was investigated on highly sensitive
individuals. The threshold concentrations of aromatic
hydrocarbons decrease from benzene to xylene with respect
to their effect on cerebral electric activity. The electric
potentials are increased by benzene and toluene, while
xylene has the opposite effect, causing a marked inhibition
of the electric activity of the cerebral cortex. Concentra-
tions of 1. 5 mg/m3 benzene, 0. fa mg/m3 toluene, and 0. 2
mg/m3 xylene arc subliminal with respect to their effect
on the electric activity of the cerebral cortex and imper-
ceptible with respect to odor. These concentrations are
recommended as the maximum permissible one-time at-
mospheric concentrations.
F-6907
Kopanev, A. I.
VITAL STAINING OF TISSUES IN ESTABLISHING STAND-
ARDS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS. [Ob ispol'zovanii
metoda vital'nogo okrashivaniya tkanei pri normirovanii
atmosfernykh zagriaznenii. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 30( 1 2): 390- 393, Dec. 1965,
4 refs.
The method of vital staining was used in order to study the
functional state of the tissues of animals which had been
exposed for a prolonged period to relatively low concentra-
tions of ethyleneglycol vapor, and also to determine the ef-
fective threshold for this substance. Three groups of albino
rats were continuously exposed to ethyleneglycol vapor con-
centrations of 75, 15, and 3 mg/m3 for 60 days, while the
fourth group serves as the control. The accumulation index,
the elimination index and the trophic potential are determined.
The organs investigated are the liver, kidney, brain, lungs
and spleen. In the first group (75 mg/m3) a high accumu-
lation index was found in the tissues of liver, kidneys, and
brain; in the second group (15 mg/m3) the increase in the
absorption of the vital dye was less pronounced and was ob-
served only in the liver tissues. Changes directed at com-
pensating the disturbed functions are investigated by studies
of the elimination index of vital dye. In the first group (75
mg/m3} the elimination index is high in the lung and kidney
and low in the liver; in the second group the elimination
index is low in the liver and kidney. The group of animals
exposed to the smallest investigated concentration of 3 mg/m
did not exhibit any difference from the control group with
respect to the indices of the accumulation and the elimi-
nation of the vital dye. Animals exposed to ethyleneglycol
concentration of 75 mg/m3 exhibited a. decrease in the
trophic potential in lungs. The liver, brain and spleen
exhibited a. significant increase in the trophic potentials
pointing to increased activity of the appropriate cells. Ani-
mals treated with ethyleneglycol vapor concentration of 15
mg/rn3 exhibit an increase of trophic potential in the liver,
kidneys and spleen. Ethyleneglycol concentration of 3
mg/m causes no changes of the trophic potential in any
organs of the animals, neither does it cause changes in
any other indices of vital staining in comparison with the
control group. This concentration of the substance also
proved to be subliminal in its effect on the chronaxie of
antagonistic muscles, acetylcholinesterase activity of
blood and certain other tests. Vital staining of tissues is
a sensitive method and deserves to be used when assessing
hygienic standards for atmospheric pollutants. '
F-7117
and T. A.
Mezentseva, N. V, , O. Ya. Mogilevskaya
Roshchina
DATA ON THE EFFECT OF OXIDES OF THE RARE-EARTH
METALS ON THE ORGANISM. [Materialy o deistvii na
orgamzm okislov r edkozemel 'nykh metallov. j Hygiene and
Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 31 ( 5):
126-132, May 1964. 7 refs.
CFSTI: TT 65-50023/5
The toxicity of oxides of rare earth metals was studied.
The animals used were mice, guinea pigs, and white rats.
It was determined that oxides of the rare-earth metals
(Dy, Gd, Y, Exi, Sm, Nd, and Ce) possess weakly express-
ed general-toxic action in acute and subacute experiments.
Dust of the indicated oxides in prolonged action evokes pro-
nounced changes in the lungs of the experimental animals.
The degree and character of the changes are different in
the action of dust of different oxides. Besides, certain of
96
-------
EFFECTS HUMAN HEALTH
them are characterized by moderate fibrogenic action.
The data of Che experiments testify to the necessity of carry-
ing out prophylactic measures during work connected with
possible liberation of dust of oxides of the rare-earth metals.
F-7129
Bogdat'eva, A. G. and D. Ya. Vud
THE EFFECT OF CRUDE-OIL CRACKING PRODUCTS ON
THE ANIMAL ORGANISM. Gigiena i Sanit. , 22(5):37-40,
1947. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 1, p. 41-45, Jan. I960
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
Cracking-gasoline, cracking-kerosene and cracking-residue
were rubbed into the skin of rabbit's ears, which resulted
in certain changes in the histologic picture of the skin and
some organs. Changes at the point of application were limit-
ed to moderate hyperplastic and inflammatory manifestations;
the general effect was acute emaciation and death of most
of the test rabbits. Cracking products which had a higher
initial boiling point manifested more profound toxic effects
as evidenced by the histologic pictures and by the shorter
survival period. The liver and ovaries showed the gravest
pathological (degenerative1) change. In the course of the
histologic studies no carcinogenic tendencies were display-
ed by the cracking products tested. The results clearly
showed that the skin of workers in the crude oil industry
(cracking) must be protected to prevent the development of
such consequences a
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
F-7133
Bushtxieva, K. A.
THE TOXICITY OF H2SC>4 AEROSOL. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
22(2}:17-22, 1957. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U S, S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 1, p. o3-ooB, Jan. 19bO.
CFSTI: TT bO-21049
The effects of low concentrations of H?SO4 aerosols obtain-
ed by a chemical condensation method were studied. Three
series of uninterrupted experimental exposures to S, 4 add
2 mg/m3 HTSO4 of aerosol over five day periods were per-
formed using guinea pigs 1.5 to 2 months old. Findings in
the lungs showed disturbances of the blood and lymph circu-
lations with the development of focal edemas and acute inter-
stitial processes with the consequent development of chronic
processes. This process was observed after 5 days expo-
sure of animals to 2 mg/m3 of the aerosol, or the equiv-
alent of the limit of allowable concentrations of H2SO4 aero-
sol in work- rooms and shops. This finding indicates that
there is need for the restudy of the limit of allowable H9SO4
aerosol concentration presently in effect for manufacturing
and production premises. The present limit of such allow-
able cone ent rat ion should be lowered.
F-7134
Gol' dber g, M. S.
THE EFFECT OF ELECTRIC HEAT AND POWER PLANT
DISCHARGES ON THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN. Gigiena
i Sam 1. , No. 4, p. 9-15,1957. Translated from Russian bv B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on. Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 1, p. 67-74, Jan, I960.
CFSTI' TT 60-21049
Two parallel studies were made, at an interval of 3. 5 years,
of the effect of discharges into the atmospheric air by power-
ful electrostations on the pulmonary condition of children.
Persistent fibrotic pulmonary changes found among the chil-
dren were regarded as the results of high concentrations of
quartz in the industrial air-polluting dust. The results
pointed to the immediate imperative need for the develop-
ment of measures to control emissions from electric heat
and power plants.
F-7136
Beryushev, K. G. , M. V. Rumantsev and I. L. Koragodina
THE EFFECT OF NOISE AND EXHAUST GASES OF CITY
TRAFFIC ON THE HYGIENIC CONDITIONS OF HOSPITALS
AND HOSPITAL GROUNDS. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 5, p. 9-
16, 1957. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine.
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No, 1, p. 79-88, Jan. I960.
CFSTI- TT 60-21049
Studios were made of Moscow cily hospitals located (a) on
the main thoroughfare, where passenger and freight auto-
mobile traffic was normally heavy; and (b) on streets the
predominant traffic of which consisted of trolleys and auto-
mobile traffic . Noi s e mten sity measurements were mad e
and air samples were taken during the summer-fall and
spring seasons of 1954 - 1955 at the following collection
points' (a) between the' sidewalk and the driveway part of
the- street in front of hospital grounds; (b) on hospital
;j rounds in front of wards at distances of 15. 30, 45, t)0
and 82 meters from (he street; (c) inside hospital buildings,
20, 25, 30, 3d and 82 meters away from I hi- streets, with
windows elosed, as well as open. It was found that noise
created by citv traffic exceeded the Limits of allowable
noise intensities which affected the patients1 subjective
sense of \\ ell being. Exhaust gases of autobuses polluted
the atmospheric air of hospital grounds and wards. The
carbon monoxide content of most air samples collected in-
side hospital buildings at different distances from the
driveway part of the street considerably exceeded the lim-
its of its allowable concentration.
F-7137
Bysirova, T. A.
EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE STUDIES WITH THE
AID OF LABELED ATOMS. Gigiena i Sanit. , 22(5):30-37.
1057. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R,
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases. No. 1, p. 89-^7, Jan. 19bO.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
The distribution of SO£ in the body, its effects on the blood
circulation and methods and avenues of its elimination
were investigated. White rats were exposed to radioactive
SO2 and Na7SO3 by inhalation and injection. Following
the inhalation of SO2. its S-containing conversion products
were rapidly distributed by the blood over the entire body
and deposited in the organs where they were retained for
11 days and longer, depending xipon the original concentra-
tion inhaled or injected. The distribution of S among the
organs showed no pattern or regularity, except for the fact
that lung tissues retained it in concentrations higher than
did any other organ. In subcutaneous injections the S de-
posited in the lungs was in the form of sulfites. Upon re-
peated inhalation of S^-^Q^ its conversion products con-
taining S showed a tendency to accxu~nxilate in the body
organs. The fact that products of SO? conversion became
accumulated in the body organs leads to the assumption
that daily inhalation of even low concentrations of SO;?
can develop pathologic processes in the body.
F-7138
Yany s h eva, N. Y a.
THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION BY
DISCHARGES FROM ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS AND
CHEMICAL COMBINES ON THE HEALTH OF NEARBY
INHABITANTS. Gigiena i Sanit. , _22_( 8); 1 5-20, 1957.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 1, p. 98-104, Jan. Z9t>0.
CFSTI: TT bO-21040
A stxicly was made of the effect of industrial discharges on
the health of inhabitants of a large industrial center the at-
mospheric air of which was being polluted b\- the cl i scharges
of several production and manufacturing plants. A study
was made of the degree of atmospheric air pollution with
dust (fly ash), SO^, sulfuric acid aerosol, hydrogen sul-
fide, chlorine, nitrogen oxides, and phenol. Air samples
were collected by the aspiration method under (he smoke
plume coming from smoke slacks at distances ranging from
200 to 2, 500 meters from a chemical combine and an elec-
tric power plant, and up to 800 meters from a phenol pro-
ducing plant. The morbidity rate in two villages in the
industrial area and one village in a control area \va s studied.
Pollution of the atmospheric air with dust (fly ash), sul-
lurous gas, hydrogen sulficlc in concentrations many times
above the allowable limits and of aerosols of sulfuric acid
and chlorine in concentrations just above the allowable lim-
its, as well as (he oxides of nitrogen and phenol within the
limits of allowable concentrations del cterioualy affected
Lhe population's health. It was concluded that the above
mentioned pollutants produced the following pathologic
98
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
results: (a) Increased by several times the frequency of
occurrence among children and adults of diseases of the
respiratory organs, of the nervous system, of the organs
of vision and of the skin, (b) Lowered the resistance of
the population to such infectious disease as the grippe and
angina, (c) Induced in children a state of susceptibility to
the development of rickets and anemia, andrbroxight about
early manifestations of diffuse pneumosclerosis in isolate
cases.
ed
F-7139
Gusev, M. I.
EFFECT OF LOW LEAD CONCENTRATION ON PORPHY-
RIN METABOLISM. Gigiena i Sanit. , 22_(S):21 -25, 1957.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 1, p. 105-110, Jan. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
Male rabbits 3 and 4 months old were exposed to concentra-
tions of lead approximating the limits of allowable concen-
trations for the air of work-rooms and also of atmospheric
air. Chronic exposure of rabbits to lead oxide concentra-
tion of 10 g/m^ daily for 6 hours over a period of 6. 5 months
increased the urine-eliminated coproporphyrin to 5. 5 -
10.59 g per day. Exposure of similar duration to 3.9g/m^
of lead oxide failed to effect any quantitative changes in the
urine-eliminated coproporphyrin of the tested rabbits.
F-7140
Senchuk, V. S.
THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC ULTRAVIOLET RADIA-
TION INSUFFICIENCY ON MINERAL METABOLISM. Gigiena
i Sanit. , 22J9):9-14, 1957. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 1, p. 111-117, Jan.
I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
Atmospheric air of large industrial cities suffers a. con-
siderable loss in ultraviolet radiation as the result of air
pollution. Observations made from March through October ,
1956 indicated that the loss in ultraviolet radiation in Minsk
ranged between 7-25 percent. During the fall and winter
months pups kept under observation showed signs of dis-
turbed inorganic (mineral) metabolism; this was expressed
in the form of increased activity of alkaline phosphatase and
a lowering in the blood level of inorganic phosphorus.
F-7142
Mel'nikova, E. A.
THE TOXICITY OF TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE. Gigiena
i Sanit. , 2_3( 5):27-31, 1958. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 1, p. 122-127, Jan.
1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
Previous investigation indicated that the toxic effect of
titanium tetrachloride was defined by its property to hy-
drolyse to HC1. With this assumption in mind, this study
was of the nature of a comparative investigation. The
toxicity of HC1 in statu naseendi and the toxicity of the aero-
sol formed by TiCl4 in the process of its hydrolysis were
compared. Mice were placed into a chamber of 12 liter
capacity and exposed to the action of HC1 obtained from
NaCl heated in strong H2SO4, the HC1 was introduced into
the exposure chamber at the moment of its formation through
a special opening in the chamber wall. The toxic effect of
titanhim tetracholoride was determined by its property to
form HCl(gas) which under specially developing sets of
physico-chemical conditions is able to permeate into and
act upon the deeper lung tissues. Results of the study show-
ed that the formed Ti aerosol possessed more intensive
toxic properties than pure HC1. Accordingly, the limit of
allowable concentration of HC1 formed as a result of TiCl4
hydrolysis should be set at a level below the one adopted
for pure HC1.
F-7143
Lobanova, K. P.
TOXICITY OF DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
23(51:31-37, 1958. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 1, p. 128-136, Jan. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
Experiments were designed to determine the acute and
chronic toxicity of dimethylformamide using white mice
and rats. Dimethylformamide belongs to the group of toxic
substances which under certain conditions can elicit acute
and chronic intoxication. The vapor tension of dimethyl-
formamide is low; for this reason possibilities of acute
poisoning with this substance in industrial manufacturing
premises under conditions of normal temperature are very
limited. Continuous (chronic) exposure to low dimethyl-
formamide vapor concentrations, incapable of producing
acute poisoning, elicited in the animal organism changes
symptomatic of chronic intoxication, of which disturbance
in higher nervous activity was the first to appear. Skin
permeability of dimethylformamide appeared to be limited.
Taking into consideration the physico-chemical and toxico-
logical properties of dimethylformamide as determined by
this investigation, it is recommended that 0,05 mg/1 be
provisionally accepted as the limit of allowable dimethyl-
formamide concentration in the air of working premises.
F-7144
Kiryachko, B. S.
EFFECT OF CHRONIC LEAD POISONING ON THE IMMU-
NOLOGICAL REACTION OF THE ORGANISM. Gigiena i
Sanit., 2_3(8):30-34, 1958. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 1, p. 137-142, Jan.
1960.
Rabbits were divided into three groups of 10 each. Rabbits
of Group No. 1 received typhoid vaccine only and served
as controls; rabbits of Group No. 2 were immunized with
typhoid vaccine before being subjected to lead intoxication;
rabbits of Group 3 were subjected to lead intoxication be-
fore receiving the typhoid vaccine injections. Rabbits of
Groups 2 and 3 received lead acetate. During the first 4. 5
months the rabbits received daily 10 nig/kg of lead acetate,
20 mg/kg during the month following and 30 mg/kg there-
after. Immunization was made with killed ^ tvphosa vae-
cine containing 150 million bacteria per ml of saline. The
vaccine was administered intravenously in doses of 0. 5
ml for the first injection and 0.8 ml for the next two in-
jections. Lead intoxication was accompanied by a' reduction
in the capacity to produce agglutinins in the course of immu-
nization with vaccine. Such reduction in agglutinin genera-
tion became most pronounced in rabbits subjected to lead
intoxication prior to the initiation of immunization injections.
During the immunization, control rabbits developed a slight
99
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
amount of acetylcholine and a simultaneous increase in
blood serum cholinesterase activity, assumed to be indica-
tive of the presence of humoral compensation. Rabbits
subjected to lead poisoning after immunization with the
typhoid vaccine accumulated a. considerable amount of ace-
tylcholine in the presence of a simultaneous reduction in
cholinesterase activity. Lowered capacity to generate
agglutinins and disturbed interstitial metabolism appeared
much earlier than the classical symptoms of lead poison-
ing usually limited to changes in the blood picture.
F-7291
Gurinov, B. P., F. D. Mashbits, and L. M. Shabad
A STUDY OF THE BLASTOMOGENIC PROPERTIES OF
SOME TARS DERIVED FROM ATMOSPHERIC DUST AND
FROM COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF DIFFERENT FUEL
TYPES. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 10, p. 12-16, 1954. 3refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S. S. R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 2, p. 74-80, March I960.
CFSTI- TT 60-21188
A study was conducted of the blastomogenic properties of
some tarry substances, particularly of the products of
combustion of various types of fuel, such as coal, wood,
peat, oil, and its by-products, as well as of substances
isolated from atmospheric dust. Samples were collected
either by sedimentation or by aspiration and CC57 mice
2 to 3 months old were used as the experimental animals.
The fur was removed from the skin between the shoulder
blades and 10 percent benzene solution of the tar under
study was applied to the exposed skin section about three
times a week. The reactions observed were recorded up
to the time of the death of the test animals. After that,
and following autopsies, all tumors discovered were ex-
amined histologically. The data obtained strengthens the
belief that the number of malignant tumors which developed
in mice subjected to the applications of different tars, is
to some extent related to the amount of 3, 4-benzpyrene
contained in the tars. Furthermore, on the basis of the
results of experiments with test animals and of the spectral-
fluorescence analysis of atmospheric pollutants, it can be
stated that 3, 4-benzpyrene, a, carcinogenic substance, is
present in the air of certain towns. (Authors' summary,
modified)
F-7301
Shabad, L. M.
THE PRESENCE OF CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES, AND
OF 3, 4-BENZPYRENE IN PARTICULAR, IN THE ENVI-
RONMENT OF MAN, Vop. Onkol., 5_(3}'271-275, 1959-
35 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 2, p. 141-146, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
The ability to produce experimental tvimors in different
organs and tis sues by blastomogenie substances, preseiit-
ed the opportunity to make a detailed study of the origin
and development of blastomata. Results of numerous ex-
periments on the development of a variety of cancers
carried out in the laboratory of the Institute of Oncology
in Leningrad by a number of investigators indicated that
four distinct phases were distinguishable in the develop-
ment of all cancers: 1. Irregular diffuse pretumor hyper-
plasia; 2. focal proliferations, the precancer stage proper;
3. the so-called benign tumors; and 4. malignant tumors.
Although thr morphological changes may be different in
diffure-nt organs and may depend on a. number of contribu-
ting factors, the basic characteristics of the process were
identical in all cases. The enumerated states of develop-
ment progressed from one into another without sharp de-
marcation; the development may become temporarily ar-
rested at any one of the phases, or the arrest may become
permanent and not attain the cancer phase. Tumors acquire
specific cancer characteristics gradually in the process of
development. This applies not only to the morphological
characteristics, but also to the pathophysiological, bio-
chemical and immunological characteristics. The mechan-
isms of the action of blastomogenic substances are unique
and differ from the mechanisms of action of most stimula-
ting agents. For instance, carcinogenic hydrocarbons
suppress the inflammation and distort the course of the in-
flammatory reaction. The aforesaid illustrates that the
study of carcinogenic substances considerably broadened the
concept of the etiology and pathogenesis of malignant tumors
and points to the means for their prevention in the following
two ways: (1) early diagnosis and elimination of a precan-
cerous condition, and (2) prevention of tumor formation by
clearing the environment of carcinogenic agents.
F-7302
Mironova, A. T.
A STUDY OF THE POSSIBLE BLASTOMOGENIC PROPER-
TIES OF SOME SUBSTANCES RESULTING FROM THE
PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC LIQUID FUEL. Vop. Onkol.
_5(5):534-539, 1959. 5 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 147-155, March
1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
Mice were tested with the primary and finished products of
the manufacture of synthetic liquid fuel. A total of 587 two-
month old mice were used in the experiment, using from
40 to 50 animals for each sample. One small drop of the
test material was applied twice a week to the inter scapular
area of the mice. After the third or fourth application
alopecia of varying degree developed in the majority of the
animals. In the mice treated with the primary products the
alopecia was extensive, the skin, was hard, crusty and
cracked. Simultaneous falling out of the old and the appear-
ance of new fur was observed throughout the period of appli-
cation of the test substances. Treatment of the skin with
the final synthetic product produced limited alopecia. The
tests consisted of 50 applications, after which the mice
were kept under careful observation up to the time of their
natural death. The dead animals were preserved in 10 per-
cent formaldehyde and histologic examinations made of
sections of the skin, parts to which the test substances were
applied and of pathologically affected organs. Four of the
five primary products tested caused skin cancer develop-
ment at the site of application in 12 to 16 percent of the
mice; this justifies the conclusion that the substances pos-
sessed mild, but definite carcinogenic properties. Among
the seven final synthetic products of hydrogenation, two
manifested slight blastomogenic properties; no carcino-
genic properties were detected in five products of this
group. The conclusion regarding positive carcinogenic
properties possessed by two primary materials, namely,
the heavy tar and the mazoul from direct distillation,
originally arrived at on the basis of 3, 4-benzpyrene pre-
sence in these products, as indicated by fluorescent-spec-
tral analysis, was confirmed by the results of tests with
animals. The biological tests also established the blasto-
mogenic properties of four additional substances which
gave negative fluorescent-spectral tests, indicating that
carcinogenic substances other than Chose which yield a
positive 3, 4-benzpyrene test may be present in the sub-
stances investigated.
100
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
F-7303
Ivanova, M. G. and I. S, Ostrovskaya
THE EFFECT OF ALUMINUM DUST ON THE ANIMAL
ORGANISM. Gigiena i Sanit. No. 4, p. 21-27, 1950.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Liter-
ature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 2, p. 167-174, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
White rats were exposed to aluminum dust by intratracheal
injection, and rabbits were given the dust intravenously;
both rats and rabbits were exposed to aluminum dust inhala-
tion in chambers. A total of 54 rats and 30 rabbits was
used. The experimental results showed that aluminosis
produced by the administration of metallic aluminum dust
was a new form of pneumoconiosis, which must be classed
as another occupational dust disease. The use of aluminum
in preventive and therapeutic treatment of silicosis requires
a deeper and more extensive experimental and clinical
study conducted on a. broader basis than has been done here-
tofore. Careful supervision over workers' health including
periodic medical examinations should be instituted in alu-
minum processing plants. Improvement in technical and
sanitary anti-dust measures should be hastened to assure
the successful fight against silicosis in the ore mining and
other dust creating branches of industry.
F-7305
Khukhrin, E. V.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECT
OF INDUSTRIAL DUST IN RELATION TO THE METHODS
USED. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 2, p. 29-32, 1952. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 2,
p. 181-184, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
A method is described for the exposure of animals to dust
inhalation. A desired constant air dust concentration is
created directly adjacent to the nares of the experimental
animals. This is accomplished by placing a glass mask
over the snout of an experimental animal through which the
dust-laden air is inspired. It is essential that the animals
be kept in a fixed position and the mask be firmly attached
to insure uninterrupted inhalation of the dust-polluted air.
A schematic illustrates the experimental set-up which con-
sists of the following: a glass mask, atomizer, air-blower
or aspirator, flowmeters, and the dust tube or adapter.
It is possible to conduct tests on several animals simul-
taneously by attaching several assemblies by means of
suitable connecting tubes and using a. motor of adequate
power. In this way, it is possible to conduct tests on
control animals and, at the same time, to study the aerosol
effect on a group of animals. It should be noted that some
dusts will agglomerate and make uniform dust distribution
impossible to attain. In such eventualities use should be
made of the M. F. Bromley atomizer, also illustrated.
With the aid of the described apparatus and procedures the
effects of crystalline and amorphous silicon dioxide, aero-
sols of molybdenum, vanadium, and of different inorganic
compounds were investigated. Results in all cases were
reliably accurate.
F-7306
Novikov, Yu. V.
EFFECT OF SMALL BENZENE CONCENTRATIONS ON
HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF ANIMALS IN CHRONIC
EXPERIMENTS. Gigiena i Sanit. No. 2, p. 20-25, 1956.
4 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 2, p. 185-191, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
Groups of three types of conditioned reflexes were develop-
ed in mice: two positive, (one strong and one weak), and
one negative. The group pattern was as follows: 2 positive
conditioned reflexes in response to a bell (strong); 2 posi-
tive conditioned reflexes in response to a red light (weak);
1 positive conditioned reflex in response to a bell (strong);
1 negative conditioned reflex in response to a buzzer; 2
positive conditioned reflexes in response to a bell; and 2
positive in response to a red light. After this pattern of
motor conditioned reflexes had been established tests were
made to determine the animal's type of higher nervous
activity by extending differentiation to 3 min. and by testing
the effects of 24-hour starvation. The average length of
latent period of the second and third conditioned reflexes to
bell ringing was thus calculated; first and second reflexes
to red light stimulation, and average length of conditioned
motor nutritional reflex reaction were calculated covering
a. period of ten days. The data thus obtained served as
reference points for the evaluation of further changes in the
conditioned reflex activity of the experimental animals.
After having determined the typological characteristics of
the rats' higher nervous activity, animals were separated
into groups according to higher nervous activity types.
Final test groups contained rats of every neurotype. Chronic
exposure to 64 mg/m^ of benzene vapor concentration pro-
duced functional changes in conditioned reflex activity of
white rats. These changes were most marked in animals
of weak and strong unbalanced type of higher nervous activ-
ity. In chronic intoxication with 13 mg/m3 of benzene
vapor no changes occurred in the activity of the cerebral
cortex. Results presented can serve as physiological basis
for the adoption of the limit of allowable benzene concentra-
tion in atmospheric air.
F-7307
Mogilevskaya, O. Ya.
THE EFFECT OF TITANIUM AND TITANIUM DIOXIDE
AEROSOLS. Gigiena i Sanit. No. 3, p. 20-23, 1956. 10
refs. Translated from Rus sian by B, S. Levine, U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 2, p. 191-195, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
Results of an investigation of the physiological effects of
titanium and titanium dioxide are reported. The aerosol
samples consisted of dispersed particles, 85 to 87 percent
of which had a diameter less than 2 microns. The aerosols
were introduced into the animals by the blood-free intra-
tracheal method. The animals were injected with a suspen-
sion of 50 mg of dust in 1 ml of physiological saline. Tests
were made with 20 rats of which four controls were injected
with pure physiological saline. Experiments were perform-
ed in 2 series: (1) intratracheal injection of metallic tita-
nium dust, and (2) intratracheal injection of titanium dioxide
dust. Throughout the duration of the experiments the ani-
mals remained healthy and gained weight. Six months later
some of the rats were killed, the rest were reinjected with
50 mg of metallic titanium dust; 5 months later the test and
control animals were killed. All animals including the con-
trols were autopsied and none showed any macroscopic
organ pathology. The experiments established that two
intratracheal injections of 50 mg of metallic titanium or of
titanium dioxide produced no nodular process or interstitial
sclerosis in the lungs. Histologic changes noted after 11
months were limited to nodular lymph cell proliferation
around the bronchi accompanied by slight sclerosis. There
were accumulations of lymphoid and histiocytic cells around
the dust particles fixed in the lungs. Because of the absence
101
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
of pathologic manifestations in the animals during the ex-
perimental period and of the insignificant morphological
changes in the lungs after intratracheal injection of large
doses, dusts of metallic titanium or of titanium dioxide
can be classed as nontoxic. The effects of fumes and of
highly dispersed oxides can not be inferred from the results
of this study; they must be determined by an appropriate
special investigation.
F-7308
Koslova, T. A.
THE EFFECT OF BENZENE ON THE ORGANISM AT HIGH
AIR TEMPERATURE. Gigiena i Sanit. , 22_(4}:1 8-24, 1957.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 2, p. 196-203, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
The study was conducted over the years of 1953 - 1955
along two channels: direct observations in a leatherette
factory (the Nogin plant), and experimental studies with
laboratory animals. Observations under direct factory
conditions were conducted during the months of June, July,
and August, when the temperature inside the work shops
ranged between 20 and 42°. and again during the months of
December, January and February when the air temperature
of the work shops ranged between 20 and 28° The control
group consisted of individuals who lived under local clima-
tic conditions free from benzene air pollution. The study
covered blood pictures of 273 workers. The results showed
that during the summer months, when the effect of benzene
vapor on the workers was paralleled by high atmospheric
temperature, the number of workers having anemias of
moderate intensity increased {Hb. by Sahli hemoglobin-
ometer was 55 percent and erythrocyte count below 4, 000,
OOO/mm^). The number of workers showing signs of early
leucopenia, with leucocytes below SOOO/mm^ also increased.
In some workers the number of leucocytes fell during the
summer months to 3800 and of thrombocytes to 8000/mm.3,
pointing to the onset of a chronic state of benzene intoxica-
tion of I degree. The increase in benzene toxicity "with
increase in air temperature may have been due to the effect
which increased temperature exerted on the rate of benzene
permeation into tissues, its distribution rate and rate of
toxicity neutralization by the organism and effect of tem-
perature on the functional state of the nervous system
(hyperthermic effect). The simultaneous exposure of
animals to benzene vapor and elevated air temperature
brought about a lowering in the resistance of the" animal to
temperature effects as indicated by increased disturbance
in the processes of thermoregulation. There arises the
possible need to determine differential limits of allowable
benzene vapor concentrations in the air of industrial work
rooms. This may apply equally to other gaseous air pollu-
tants.
F-7309
Skvortsova, N. N.
POLLUTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR WITH CARBON
MONOXIDE IN THE VICINITY OF FERRO-METALLURGI-
CAL PLANTS. Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_2_( 12) :3-9, 1957. ISrefs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 2, p. 204-212, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
Studies were conducted on 587 samples of atmospheric air
surrounding ferro-metallurgical plants to determine CO
concentrations. Studies were also conducted on 515 girls
age 10 to 16 years to determine whether or not the potential
danger of CO as a poison was due to chronic effects of
small doses. The children were divided into three groups
as follows: 1) 202 who continually resided within a radius
of 2 km from the ferro-metallurgical plant which used blast
furnaces; 2) 165 who continually resided within a radius of
1. 5 km from the ferro-metallurgical plant which used open
hearth furnaces; 3) 148 girls who continually resided in a
control section free from industrial pollution. The girls
were examined in their corresponding schools which were
situated 800 to 900 meters from the basic sources of the
industrial emissions, Determinations were made for car-
boxyhemoglobin, number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin
by the Sahli scale. Subjective examination by the question
method was also made. Concentrations of CO ranged
between 5.6 to 190 mg/m^'and in 78.8 to 93.5 percent of
the samples the CO concentration exceeded the allowable
limit for maximal single concentrations for atmospheric
air. Simultaneous studies of atmospheric air and air of
living quarters showed that a parallelism existed between
the CO concentrations of the two. The results of this study
indicated that industrial emissions which contained CO pos-
sessed the potentiality of affecting unfavorably the health of
the younger inhabitants, as was evidenced by a high blood
content of carboxyhernoglobin and by a tendency on the part
of a large percent of the observed children to develop eryth-
rocytosis, accompanied by subjective complaints characte-
ristic of CO poisoning.
F-7311
Lupu, N. and K. Velikan
PNEUMOCONIOS1S IN CHILDREN OF INDUSTRIAL TOWNS
THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR OF WHICH WAS POLLUTED
WITH DUST CONTAINING SILICON. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
2_3_(12):10-13, 1958. 5 refs. Translated from Russian by
B, S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 225-229, March
I960.
CFSTI' TT 60-21188
The atmosphere of the area under study was polluted with
dust containing silicon dioxide from industrial plants. An
investigation was conducted to determine whether the dust
was causing changes characteristic of pneumoconiosis in
children living in the vicinity of such sources of pollution.
800 school children 10 to 15 years old living in four indus-
trial centers were examined. Two hundred children were
selected from each city; one hundred were born and lived
continually in the area most heavily polluted with dust; the
other hundred were born and lived continually in relatively
dust free areas. All the children underwent clinical and
X-ray examination. The results of the X-ray examinations
indicated that, in cities where the atmospheric air was
polluted with industrial dust containing silicon dioxide, dif-
fuse, weakly expressed pneurnosclerosis was present in
10 to 15 year old children born and raised in areas with
high pollution. Along with the concentration of dust and its
chemical composition A contributing role in the development
of diffuse pneurnosclerosis may be played by acute and
chronic lung diseases. On the basis of statistical data
obtained as a result of examination of 70, 000 children up
to 1 5 years of age who lived in industrial centers, it was
concluded that in the most contaminated areas of industrial
cities there were discovered annually 3. 32 times as many
cases of lung tuberculosis, 5.46 times as many cases of
pneumonia, 3.72 of broncho-pneumonia, 3,06 of bronchitis,
suppurative processes, pleurisy, and other pulmonary
diseases, and 5 times as many cases of influenzal conditions
as in the control area. High morbidity in rickets, infectious
diseases, dystrophies, anemia, rheumatic diseases, otitis,
tonsillitis, and diseases of the digestive system were also
observed.
102
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
F-7312
Kogan, A. G. and I, I. Lifshits
THE ROLE OF SILICON DIOXIDE AEROSOL CONDENSATE
IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SILICOSIS. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
23_(8):63-66] 1956. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 230-236, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
Investigations were conducted in 2 plants making and pro-
cessing quartz glass to determine the physiological effect
of silicon dioxide condensate. Samples were collected from
the surface of the terminal part of the exhaust ventilator in
the glass blowing shop; the dust appeared as a light, smooth
fluffy powder. Microscopically the dust particles appeared
as large, flat, yellowish platelets of different forms meas-
uring approximately 100 p.. The dust covering the hood
hanging over the high frequency furnace was in the form of
a firm powder. Microscopically the powder consisted of
platelets ranging in size 10 to 15 fj.. On the basis of the
above it was concluded that condensates deposited on the
surfaces of the air circulating systems of different proces-
ses differed structurally and in their degree of dispersion.
Air samples from the melting rooms close to the gas fur-
naces were examined ultramicroscopically; 5, 000 particles
were suspended in the air at the position of the operator and
only 1, 000 particles 2 m farther away. Of the workers ex-
amined medically 50 were selected who had records of 3 to
12 years work as glass workers; of these, 28 were glass
smelters and 22 were glass blowers. All the smelters
were males; 14 of the glass blowers were women. In quartz
glass manufacturing, the process of silicon smelting is
accompanied by the liberation into the room of silicon diox-
ide vapors which rapidly undergo condensation in the air.
The composition of vapors and of condensates differed with
the methods of quartz glass smelting and depended on the
original raw material and some other conditions. Results
of periodic medical examinations of a group of workers
with 3 to 12 years of work records offered no conclusive
evidence that occupational pneumoconiosis developed in the
workers, in spite of the fact that the quantity of silicon
oxide in the air of the workshops exceeded the maximum
allowable concentration. The above does not exclude the
possibility that work at quartz glass smelting and blowing
over periods exceeding 12 years might not cause pneumo-
coniosis.
F-7313
Vorob'eva, R. S.
OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISEASES CAUSED BY PROLONG-
ED ACTION OF CADMIUM OXIDE AEROSOL. Arkh. Patol.
2£(8):25-23, 1958. 11 refs . Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 236-240, March
1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21183
Results are presented of observations and experiments on
changes in respiratory organs resulting from prolonged ex-
posure to cadmium oxide aerosol. The observations and
investigations -were made in an alkaline accumulator plant.
The cadmium content in the air of several departments
ranged between 0. 1 and 24 mg/m^ A group of women, not
over 44 years of age, whose anamnesis did not include
diseases leading to pneumosclerosis, were selected for ex-
amination. Medical examinations made by specialists dis-
closed some cases of pneumosclerosis. Chest X-rays es-
tablished that 5 out of 18 persons had initial symptoms of a
chronic disease identified as a diffuse pneumosclerosis.
Those who had pneumosclerosis had been working with cad-
mium for over 13 years. The workers of the plant were
exposed to the action of several dust types, namely, cad-
mium oxide, and cadmium, iron,, nickel, and graphite
mixtures. This invalidated the determination of the exact
etiology of the disease on the basis of the patients' exami-
nation alone. Experiments with animals were conducted by
the method of intratracheal dust administration. Forty-
four white rats were divided into four groups of 10 rats
each, leaving four rats as the control group. The weight
and behavior of the animals were observed and recorded
periodically; after 4, 6, and 8 months they were decapita-
ted. The internal organs were macro- and micro-analyzed.
Histological preparations were examined and interpreted.
The following types of dust were investigated: cadmium
oxide, a mixture of 70 percent cadmium oxide and 30 per-
cent ferrous oxide, and a. 4:1 nickel hydroxide and graphite
mixture. Results of the experimental investigation indica-
ted that following the intratracheal administration of cad-
mium oxide dust to white rats an interstitial pneumonia
developed which changed into pneumosclerosis; nodules of
the epithelial cell type, and fibroblasts with subsequent
sclerosis developed occasionally. These results led to the
assumption that cases of pneumosclerosis seen during med-
ical examination of workers exposed over long periods to
cadmium oxide may be the result of cadmium dust inhala-
tion.
F-7314
Kharkhurim, T. M. and S. G. Vigalok
PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE LUNGS CAUSED BY HOT
AIR INHALATION. Arkh. Patol., 2Q_(8):2^-3l, 1958. 2
refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 2, p. 241-244, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
The effect of hot, dry air inhalation on the morphological
changes in the lungs was studied experimentally in dogs.
The respiratory tract of the animals was filled with hot dry
air (temperature 130 to 135 C) for 3 to 4 minutes. This
was done with a special apparatus through a tracheotomic
opening. In the first two days after the experimental hot
air inhalation, the changes in the lungs were characterized
chiefly by circulatory disturbances, non-inflammatory in
origin. A persistent spasm of the bronchi was revealed
with disturbance of the mucous membrane. Sites of atelec-
tasis of the lung tissue alternating with emphysema were
found. In the following 3 to 7 days most cases manifested
the above mentioned changes, and in addition, diffuse small
foci of pneumonia developed. Specific changes of the vascu-
lar walls (proliferative peri- and endovasculitis) were also
noted. On the 8th 14th days the following lesions appear-
ed: peribronchitis and catarrhal-desquamating bronchitis
and secondary coalescent progressive catarrhal-hemor-
rhagic and purulent pneumonia. This was particularly
true of the root of the lung. In the absence of secondary
pneumonia processes, recovery of the normal structure of
the lung parenchyma appeared on the 12th 14th day after
the experiment. Pneumonia in the laboratory animals fol-
lowed a grave course with profound functional disorders in
the other systems of the organism. (Authors' summary)
F-7315
Sadchikova, M. N.
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ETHYLATED GASOLINE INTOXI-
CATION IN AUTOMOBILE DRIVERS. Sovet. Med. , 2JJ4):
99-102, 1958. 7 refs. Translated from Russianby B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 245-250, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
103
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
A report is presented concerning the diagnosis of ethylated
gasoline poisoning made between 1950 1954 at the Lenin-
grad Institute of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Dis-
eases on 28 automotive vehicle drivers. Half of them had
been in contact with the fuel for several months, others
from one to three years, while 3 exceeded 5 years. In most
of the 28 men examined the intoxication was not of grave
character, following a mild acute or subacute course. They
complained of continuous or recurrent headaches , undue
fatigability, and vertigo. Some of them suffered from
emotional disturbances and almost all slept poorly and had
nightmares. Neurologic examination showed that half of the
patients had lively tendon reflexes and some had finger
tremors. The complex of autonomic nervous system symp-
toms characteristic of tetraethyl lead intoxication included
bradycardia, hypothermy, and hypotonia. In the majority
of the patients only isolated symptoms of this "triad" were
observed. Observations indicated that personal idiosyncra-
sies and individual sensitivity to the toxic effect of ethylated
gasoline played an important part in the development of
chronic intoxication. Among the unfavorable factors were
physical and mental traumas, alcoholism, and infections.
Psychogenetic traits aggravated by alcoholism not only con-
tributed to the development of the intoxication, but markedly
affected the clinical picture and the course of the intoxica-
tion. Mental disturbances which frequently appear in such
patients helped in prolonging the course of intoxication. The
mild forms of chronic intoxication observed in drivers were
generally reversible and ended in complete recovery. Most
effective treatment consisted of extended sleep combined
with intravenous injection of a 40 percent glucose solution,
vitamins, pine baths, and other types of physiotherapy. A
number of case histories are included.
F-7316
Alexeyev, A. Ye.
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE PHARMACO-
DYNAMICS OF SOME VAPOR FORMING SUBSTANCES IN-
HALED WITH THE AIR. Farmakol. Toxilogiya, _1S_(6):22-
24, 1955. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 2, p. 251-254, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
A study was conducted to determine whether the central
nervous system plays an important role in the penetration
of pharmacological agents through the alveolar membrane.
Frogs were used as cold-blooded and white rats as warm-
blooded animals. The study was made by the method of
heart-lung preparation retaining its connection with the
central nervous system; therefore, the method can be de-
scribed as the heart-lung-brain-preparation method. The
frogs were anesthetized and the thoracic cavity opened;
blood vessels were ligatured in the following order: both
cutaneous arteries, then both basal arteries, inferior vena
cava and subclavian veins. In this way the pulmonary and
and carotid arteries and the internal and external jugular
veins and the pulmonary veins remained open; through them
blood was supplied to the brain via d. small circuit. The
posterior part of the frog's body was severed between the
thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. A tube was then inserted
into the trachea connecting the latter with a device for arti-
ficial respiration; heart contractions were registered
kymographically. When a frog woke from narcosis, as was
indicated by the appearance of protective reflexes in the
eyes or skin in response to needle prick, the administration
of the Lest substances was begun. An intact frog served as
control and Us hearb action was registered. Tests were
made with chloroform, formalin, and paraldehyde. It was
demonstrated that the central nervous system played an
important part in regulating and directing lung membrane
function. Severing the connection between the lung mem-
brane and the central nervous system substantially affected
the pharmaco-dynamics of some vapor forming pharmaco-
logical substances inhaled with the air. Volatile narcotics
such as chloroform, and vapor forming substances such as
paraldehyde freely permeated through the lung membrane
which changed their pharmaco-dynamic effects when the
connection between the lungs and the central nervous sys-
tem remained intact.
F-7472
Roshchin, I. V.
THE EFFECT ON THE ORGANISM OF THE AEROSOL
LIBERATED BY THE BESSEMER PROCESS. [Aerozol',
obrazuyushchiisya pri konverternom peredele chuguna, i
ego gigienicheskaya otsenka. ] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ) , _32_(1):31~36, Jan.
1967.
CFSTI: 67-51409/1
Over a period of several years, the dust factor was studied
in the course of all the principal operations involved at a
smelter, The dust concentrations in the vicinity of the
converter, mixer, and crane operators were very consider-
able; the dust concentration in the air of the shop was stable,
The largest quantity of aerosol came from the converter
necks. Less dust was generated in the course of mixing,
pouring the pig iron, charging the ore, and discharging
the semi-finished products and slags. Electron micros-
copy showed that in the disperse phase, spherical particles,
characteristic of a condensation aerosol, predominated,
Chemical analysis of 20 samples of the dust aspirated
from the air and deposited on the equipment showed 3. 4 to
5.2 percent of total SiO;? and 1 to 2. 1 percent free SiO2 in
the disperse phase, while the carbon content reached 1
percent. The content of the other admixtures, --chromium,
manganese, and vanadium and sulfur-- did not exceed 0,5
percent each. As the chromium, manganese, and vanadium
in the dust are trivalent, their toxicity is relatively low.
About 85 to 93 percent of the disperse phase is made up of
iron oxides. On x-ray examination pneumoconiosis was
found in 7 workers and suspected pneumoconiosis in 3
workers. Four workers showed stage II pneumoconiosis ,
while in the rest it was in the first stage. The capability
of aerosol from the converter shops to cause pneumoco-
niosis was confirmed by intratracheally administering 50
mg portions of settled dust, in the form of a suspension,
to 30 albino rats weighing 180 to 230 g. The animals were
kept under observation for about 15 months. Groups of
animals were killed at 3-month intervals and their organs
were microscopically examined. Animals autopsied three
months after administration of the dust showed a mild
acinous emphysema and small subpleural accumulations of
dust. Animals killed after 6 months showed increased pul-
monary emphysema, and after 15 months this was still
more marked. No pathological changes were found in
other internal organs. It is recommended that the maxi-
mum permissible dust level in converter shops should be
6 rng /m3.
F-7473
Gorodinskii, S. M. , S. V. Levinskii, and V. L. Shcherba-
kov
THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF
VARIOUS HARMFUL SUBSTANCES INHALED IN GAS
MIXTURES WHEN USING A CLOSED-CIRCUIT RESPIRA-
TORY APPARATUS. [O norminovanii vrednykh primesei
vo vdykhaemikh gazovykh smesyakh pri ispol'zovanii
izoliruyushchikh apparatov. ] Hygiene and Sanitation,
104
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
^(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3_2_(l):4S-54, Jan.
j!967. 22 refs.
; CFSTI: TT 67-51409/1
i
>In these studies, the following factors were observed and
irecorded: energy expenditures; changes in circulatory and
^respiratory function (ECG, arterial pressure, respiratory
rate, spirometry, pulmonary ventilation); thermal regula-
tion (rectal temperature, skin temperature at 5 points, loss
of weight); and CNS changes (working capacity). The tests
were mainly carried out under working conditions, using
self-recording instruments. The subjects were questioned
about their feeling of well-being in the course of the tests.
Blood tests were also carried out, including the carboxy-
hemoglobin content. On the basis of experimental findings
and of data from the literature, maximum permissible con-
centrations for the harmful impurities liberated by the
human body in inhaled gas mixtures are recommended.
F-7475
Gusev, I. S.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF LOW CONCENTRA-
TIONS OF BENZENE, TOLUENE AND XYLENE. [Sravni-
tel'maya otsenka deistviya malykh kontsentratsii benzola,
toluola i ksilola. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English transla-
tion of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 3^(2): 159-163, Feb. 1967.7refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/1
Investigation of the effects of exposing animals to low con-
centrations of benzene, toluene and xylene over a. prolonged
period of time (85 days) is described. The 105 male albino
rats used were divided into seven groups: 15 animals in
each group. Purified air was supplied to the chamber con-
taining the first group of animals (controls) at a rate of 30
to 35 1/min. The other chambers were supplied, at the
same rate, with air containing admixtures of the vapors
with the substances in question. The concentrations of ben-
zene, toluene and xylene in the chambers were checked
daily. Concentrations of 15 mg/m^ caused marked changes
in cholinesterase activity and in the white blood count of
animals continuously exposed to these substances over a
prolonged period of time. The magnitude of the changes
increased from benzene to xylene, while the rate of redis-
covery diminished in the same direction. Toluene in a
concentration of 0. 6 mg/m and xylene in a concentration
of 0.2 mg/m^ produced no effect on the experimental ani-
mals throughout the period of exposure, so that these may
be recommended as the mean daily maximum permissible
atmospheric concentrations. Since little is known regarding
the absence of cumulative properties when low concentra-
tions of benzene are involved, the mean daily maximum
permissible concentration should remain at the present
level of 0. 8 mg/m^, which is only half the noneffective
concentration of this substance established by the above
experiments.
F-7565
Pogosyan, U. G.
THE EFFECT ON MAN OF THE COMBINED ACTION OF
SMALL CONCENTRATIONS OF ACETONE AND PHENOL
IN THE ATMOSPHERE. [Sovmestnoe deistvie malykh
kontsentratsii atsetona i fenola v atmosfernom vozdukhe na
organizm cheloveka. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English trans-
lation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3_£(7):l-9, July 1965. 3 refs.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033/3
The results of an experimental study on the effect of phenol
ind acetone, when jointly present in the inhaled air, are
?iven. A study of the reflex effect of micro-concentrations
of acetone and phenol on the human body (olfactory organ,
light sensitivity of eyes, electric cerebral activity) reveal-
ed a complete summation of their effects. In order to in-
vestigate the resorptive action of a mixture of acetone and
phenol, a three-month long chronic poisoning test was
undertaken. The general state, the behavior and the weight
kinetics of the experimental animals were observed, and
motor chronaxie of the muscle-antagonists and the activity
of the blood cholinesterase were studied. The content of
coproporphyrin and that of certain vitamins (C, Bj, B2,
and N ' -methylnicotinamide) in the urine was determined.
Concentrations of acetone and phenol, ten times greater
than the recommended one-time maximum permissible
concentration of acetone and phenol in combination, cause
shifts in the motor chronaxie of muscle-antagonis ts , in
cholinesterase activity and a rise in the content of copro-
porphyrin and certain vitamins in the urine. The one-time
maximum permissible concentration of phenol and acetone
in the atmosphere expressed in amounts of permissible
concentration for each substance when present separately
should not exceed 1. 0. The daily average maximum per-
missible concentration of acetone and phenol, -when jointly
present in the air, is recommended to be on the level of
the one-time maximum concentration. (Author's summary,
modified)
F-7569
Bykhovskii, A. V. and S. G. Malakhov
HOT PARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE (A REVIEW OF
THE LITERATURE). [Problema goryachikh chastits v
atmosfernom vozdukhe {Obzor literatury). ] Hygiene and
Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 30(7):
104-115, July 1965. 63 refs.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033/3
The systematic investigation of hot particles in the atmos-
phere started in 1957-1958. Systematic measurements
have led to the conclusion that the maximum concentrations
of hot particles correspond to nuclear tests. At such times,
one aerosol particle of activity above 1. 10~10 curie occurs
on the average in 100 or 1000 m^ air, while particles with
an activity exceeding 5. 10-12 curie occur in a few or dozens
of cubic meters of air. Obviously, dust particles that are
capable of causing microscopic necrosis when retained by
the respiratory organs must come under the control of
hygienists. However, a complete hygiene assessment of
the dangers presented by such particles will require com-
prehensive research. In 1963-1964, the conclusion of the
Moscow treaty on the suspension of nuclear tests in three
media was followed by a considerable reduction of the con-
centration of hot particles in the atmosphere, so that the
possible danger to the population of radioactive decay
energy has diminished. On the other hand, the formation
of hot particles is not prevented during work with radio-
active materials. Further studies are necessary on the
health, geophysical, and biological aspects of this subject.
F-7571
Retnev, V. M.
OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE AT AN AUTOMATED ASPHALT-
CONCRETE FACTORY. [Gigiena truda na avtomatizirovan-
nom predpriyatii po proizvodstvu asfal'tobetona. ] Hygiene
and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.),
3J5(7):133-136, July 1965. 2 refs.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033/3
A study of the working conditions at the factory revealed
dust concentrations at the control panel of 9 plus or minus
2 mg/m3. The working conditions were more favorable
105
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
from a hygienic standpoint than those in old factories, as
indicated, for instance, by the concentrations of dust and
carbon monoxide in the air. At the same time, one cannot
ignore the presence of dust containing free silicon dioxide,
the concentration of which was somewhat in excess of the
maximum permissible concentration (4 mg/m3 allowed by
Sanitary Standards SS 245-63). The measures required for
other sections of the factory include thermal insulation of
heated surfaces (to keep the external temperature down to
35 C); installation of air showers at the worksite, at the
boilers for heating the petroleum bitumen, and at the drying
drums; hermetic sealing of dust-producing equipment; and
application of suction to ball mills, screens, mixers, and
batchers. The noisy general equipment (ball mills) should
be housed in <± separate hall. The noise must be reduced
in all sections of the factory, this being the management's
most difficult task at present. Workers who come into
contact with the dust must undergo mandatory periodic
medical examinations. Some of the measures for improving
the working conditions suggested to the management have
already been implemented.
F-7573
Tkach, N. Z.
COMBINED EFFECT OF ACETONE AND ACETOPHE-
NONE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. [ Kombinirovannoe deistvie
atsetoma i atsetofenona v atmosfernom vozdukhe.] Hygiene
and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ),
:30_(8):179-185, Aug. 1965. 7 refs.
CFSTI; TT 66-51033/3
When acetone and acetophenone act together, their odors
are completely summated. The combined effect of acetone
and acetophenone on ocular sensitivity to light and electri-
cal activity of the brain displays complete summation.
When acetone and acetophenone are simultaneously present
in the atmosphere, their maximum one-time concentration,
expressed in fractions of the accepted separate maximum
permissible concentrations, should not exceed 1.5. Pro-
longed poisoning of albino rats with acetone and acetophe-
none concentrations of 1.855 and 0.0165 mg/m3 (the sum
total of the fractions of their separate maximum permis-
sible concentrations being 10.9) for 84 days caused dis-
turbances of the normal chronaxial ratio of antagonistic
muscles, inhibited the activity of cholinesterase, increased
the excretion of coproporphyrine and 17-ketosteroids in
the urine, and produced eosinopenia. No effect was pro-
duced by an acetone plus acetophenone mixture having a
total concentration of 1.2. In the case of the combined
presence of acetone and acetophenone in the atmosphere,
their mean daily concentration expressed in fractions of
their separate maximum permissible concentrations should
not exceed 1.2.
F-7574
Statsek, N. K.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF DICYC-
LOHEXYLAMINE NITRITE IN THE AIR OF FACTORIES.
[ Materialy k gigienicheskomu normirovaniyu nitrita-
ditsiklogeksilamina v vozdukhe prozvodstvennykh pome-
shchenii. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English Translation of;
Gigiena i Sanit. ), _30j 8} :208-21 2, Aug. 1965. 3 refs.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033/3
Dicyclohoxylamine nitrite (DAN) is an inhibitor of the
atmospheric corrosion of ferrous metals and belongs to a
class of aminocyelic compounds. On intragastric intro-
ducLion, LDc,Q of this compound for mice amounts to 80
mg/kg and for rals 325 mg/kg, no local irritating effect
was noted. Repeated inhalation of DAN in the form of
vapors at a concentration of 0. 009, 0. 004, and 0. 002 mg/1
produces no signs of intoxication. The maximum permis-
sible concentration of DAN in the air of the working zone
is recommended to be at a level of 0.001 mg/1. (Author's
summary)
F-7577
Korneev, Yu. E.
EFFECT OF THE COMBINED PRESENCE OF LOW CON-
CENTRATIONS OF PHENOL AND ACETOPHENONE Irl
THE URBAN ATMOSPHERE. [K voprosu o deistvii na
organizm malykh kontsentratsii fenola i atsetofenona pri
sovmestonom prisutstvii ikh v atmosfernom vozdukhe
naselennykh mest. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English trans-
lation of; Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3£(9): 336-345, Sept. 1965.
11 refs.
CFSTI; TT 66-51033/3
The joint action of small concentrations of phenol and ace-
tophenone were studied. In the presence of phenol and
acetophenone in the atmospheric air a complete summation
of their effect occurs. The index of the total concentration
of the active mixture in the tests amounted to 1.0; values
below this level were ineffective. The relation of the sum
of their inefficient mixture in the encephalographic investi-
gation to the existing maximal permissible concentrations
of phenol and acetophenone in the atmosphere amounted to
1. 5. This level is recommended as the one-time maximum
permissible concentration of phenol and acetophenone when
both are present in the atmosphere. The resorptive action
of a mixture of various concentrations of phenol and ace-
tophenone in the body of experimental animals was studied
under conditions of a long-term inhalation poisoning Lest,
The total concentration of these substances at a level of
1.19 proved to be ineffective for animals under conditions
of long-term experiment. The daily average permissible
concentration for the mixture of phenol and acetophenone
is suggested at a level of 1. 2. An investigation of atmos-
pheric pollution in the district of a synthetic phenol pro-
duction showed that at a distance of 500 m the maximum
one-time concentration of phenol was 8.7 times higher
than its maximum permissible and that of <* acetophenone -
9. 3 times. At a distance of 1000 m the investigated sub-
stances could not be detected in the air. The width of the
sanitary protection zone for such enterprises can be set
only after examining the atmosphere for all the ingredients
present in the production discharges.
F-8148
Glebova, L. F.
ESTABLISHING MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRA-
TION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR.
Gigiena i Sanit. , No 4, p. 19-21, 1950. Translated from
Russian by B. S, Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No, 3, p. 98-
101, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
To determine the effect which hydrogen sulfide and carbon
disulfide may have on the human organism, observations
were conducted in nurseries on children 1 month to 3 years
old. Observations conducted in the nurseries of the vis-
cose-rayon factories showed that a peculiar complex
symptom frequently appeared in breast-fed infants whose
mothers worked in the spinning shop. Examination of the
air under the upper garments of the mothers (at the point
of infant breast feeding) revealed the presence of hydrogen
sulfide in small concentration; no carbon disulfide was
detected. The disappearance of the clinical symptoms
after mothers were moved to different type of work
106
-------
EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
established the fact that such symptoms were caused by the
hydrogen sulfide present in the air inhaled by the breast-fed
infants. Daily prolonged inhalation of slight amounts of
hydrogen sulfide (0. 1 to 10 mg/m^) is known to produce a
definite symptom complex manifested as undernourishment,
delayed growth, general weakness, retarded development,
digestive disturbances, tendency to vomiting and diarrhea,
conjunctivitis, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract,
bronchitis and furunculosis. This was accompanied by in-
creased susceptibility to infectious diseases; immuno-
resistance decreased and a peculiar sensitization to certain
toxine developed.
F-8149
Popov, I. N. , Ye. F. Cherkasov, and O. L. Trakhtman
DETERMINATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ODOR THRES-
HOLD CONCENTRATION. Gigiena i. Sanit. , No. 5, p. 16-
20, 1952. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 3, p. 102-106, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The threshold of concentration of olfactory sensitivity to
sulfur dioxide in atmospheric air was investigated to deter-
mine its relation to the recommended standard maximum
concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air, and to ascertain
whether the odor receptor apparatus could be used in the
control of concentrations of noxious odor-emanating gases
in the air. The determination of threshold concentrations
of sulfur dioxide odor perception was made by the dynamic
method. An analysis of the data obtained showed that a
concentration of sulfur dioxide up to 0.004 mg/li (4 mg/m^)
could not be detected by odor. Concentrations of sulfur
dioxide within the limits of 0. 004 to 0. 0065 mg/li were
perceived by the majority of test subjects as having a strong
odor and by only a few as having a faint odor. Concentra-
tions of sulfur dioxide above 0. 0085 mg/li were determined
as having a very sharp odor. Data available in literature
on determining the threshold of odor perception of sulfur
dioxide present a somewhat different picture. The present
sanitary regulations in Russia prescribe 0.25 mg/m^ as the
maximum daily average SO? concentration and 0. 75 mg/m.3
as the maximal single SO2 concentration in atmospheric
air. Results of this investigation show such concentrations
to be above the threshold of SO2 odor perception. It is
suggested that they be replaced by results of more recent
and more sensitive studies.
F-8150
Itskovich, A. A.
THE STIMULABILITY OF THE OLFACTORY ANALYSER
IN THE HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR
POLLUTION. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 8, p. 9-H, 1955.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 3, p. 106-109, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The functional shifts in the human organism which resulted
from atmospheric air pollution by volatile products of the
coke-chemical industry were investigated. The effect of
these substances on the state of the olfactory analyzer in
various population groups was used as the selective index
of pollution effects. In the selective group-studies cry-
stalline phenol and thymol were used as the odor-emanating
substances. Tests were made on 241 individuals divided
into 4 groups. Group 1 consisted of workers and technical
personnel of a coke-chemical plant; group 2 consisted of
residents within 500 to 1000 m from the production plant;
group 3 consisted of school children living in the same
area; group 4 consisted of employees of the Sanitary Insti-
tute who had no direct connection with the source of the
atmospheric air pollution. Determinations made with the
aid of the Elsberg-Levy olfactometer showed that in 66.6
percent of workers under study and of persons residing
500 to 1000 m from the coke-chemical plant the threshold
of coke-chemical odor perception was above normal. The
same was true of 50 percent of the-youngsters of school
age. The results of olfactory threshold determinations
were in complete agreement with the anamnestic data
secured from the same population groups. The changes
observed in the olfactory sensitivity of the groups were of
a specific character and could be regarded as effects of
the coke-chemical atmospheric air pollutants. It was
noted that persons with pronounced changes in the olfactory
sensitivity resided within 500 to 1000 m from the source of
atmospheric air pollution where, according to analysis,
the concentrations of phenol compounds in the air ranged
between 0.167 - 0.237 mg/m3. This should be taken into
consideration in the determination of the limit of allowable
concentration of phenol in atmospheric air.
F-8152
Takhirov, M. T.
DETERMINATION OF LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE CONCEN-
TRATION OF CHLORINE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena
i Sanit. , 22_{ 1 ):1 3-1 8, 1957. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p. 119-125, May
I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Studies of air in the vicinity of an industrial chemical
plant indicated that the air in the proximity of the plant
was regularly polluted with chlorine. A study of the air
of Moscow indicated that the atmospheric air was polluted
with chlorine even at considerable distances from sources
of pollution. The threshold of Cl odor perceptibility of
odor-sensitive persons was at the 0. 8 mg/m3 level. The
threshold of Cl effect on the reflex sensitivity of the eye
to light coincided with the threshold of odor perception.
The Cl threshold effect on reflex activity as manifested by
changes in rhythm and amplitude of respiratory movements
was at the 1. 5 mg/m^ Cl concentration level, which coin-
cided with the level established by the chronaxymetric
method. The limit of allowable concentration of Cl (0. 1
mg/m^) adopted by the U.S.S.R. for atmospheric air of
inhabited localities is below the threshold of Cl odor per-
ception and also below the level of its reflex effect ^ia
the receptors of the upper parts of the respiratory tract.
The maximal daily average concentration of free Cl in the
air of central Moscow was 0. 034 mg/m^, which is slightly
above the recommended level of 0. 03 mg/m.3. This clearly
indicates that the Moscow air can not admit any additional
Cl discharges and that the construction of new industrial
plants which discharge chlorine into the atmospheric air
should be prohibited.
F-8153
Izmerov, N, F.
HYGIENIC STANDARDIZATION OF THE LIMITS OF
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS OF VAPORS OF GASO-
LINE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. , 23^):8-14,
1958. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 3, p. 126-134, May 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The physiological effects of low air concentrations of
gasoline were studied. On the basis of the experimental
107
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
results it can be concluded that the inhalation of gasoline
vapors in 100 mg/m3 concentration under conditions of
chronic exposure elicited in white rats clear cut changes
in the higher nervous activity, the intensity of which in-
creased with the duration of the exposures, and which dis-
appeared only two weeks after exposure was discontinued.
In the case of man the inhalation of gasoline vapors in con-
centration of 217 mg/m3 for a brief period of time elicited
reflex changes in the optical analyzer so far as sensitivity
to light was concerned. The threshold of gasoline odor
perception was considerably below the concentrations which
elicited the previously noted changes in the functional state
of the cerebral cortex; the odor perception threshold con-
centration was between 6,5 10.0 mg/m3. It appears
safe to conclude that the threshold of olfactory gasoline
odor perception is the most sensitive index for the determi-
nation of limits of allowable concentrations of gasoline
vapors in atmospheric air. It is proposed in Russia that a
concentration of 5 mg/m3 calculated as C be adopted as the
allowable limit of a single maximal concentration of the
three grades of Groznensk gasoline investigated.
F-8154
Melekhina, V. P.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF FORMAL-
DEHYDE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena i Sanit, , 2_3_(8)-
10-14, 1958. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S, R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 3, p. 135-140, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The atmospheric air in the vicinity of the chemical plant
under investigation was systematically polluted with for-
maldehyde, the concentration of which was as high as 0. 04
mg/m3 even at a distance of 1000 meters from the plant.
Investigations of atmospheric air polluted with formalde-
hyde caused by auto traffic and the exhaust of diesel pro-
pelled motor vehicles varied from 2 to 10 mg/m3 and 49
to 378 mg/m3 formaldehyde, respectively. The threshold
concentration of olfactory sensitivity to formaldehyde for
the majority of persons under observation was 0. 07 mg/m.3.
A concentration of 0.05 mg/m3 was non-perceptible to most
sensitive persons. The threshold formaldehyde concentra-
tion affecting reflex reaction as determined by the chronaxy
method was 0. 03 mg/m.3, and 0. 07 mg/m3 was the sub-
liminal concentration. The formaldehyde threshold concen-
tration of cortical reflex effect obtained by the adaptome-
tric method rested in most sensitive persons at the level
of 0.098 mg/m.3. In studying the influence of small or low
formaldehyde concentrations on man the method of deter-
mining threshold concentration of odor perception was the
most sensitive, the result being 0. 07 mg/m3. Maximum
permissible single formaldehyde concentration in atmos-
pheric air should not exceed 0,035 mg/m3
F-8164
Piotnikova, M. M.
ACROLEIN AS AN ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTANT.
Gigiena i Sanit. , 22(6) :1 0-1 5, 1957. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p.
188-194, May I960.
CFSTI- TT 60-21475
Atmospheric air pollution with acrolein discharged from
a drying oil factory in Russia was determined colonmetri-
cally. It extended as far as 1000 meters from the source
of pollution m <. onet-ntralions exceeding the allowable
limit. Its hygienic effects in different concentrations were
studied. The threshold of olfactory ai. rolein perception
for the majority of the test individuals was at 0. 8 mg/m.3,
The threshold of acrolein effect on the reflex reaction and
on optical chronaxy was at 1.75 rng/m3, and at 1. 5 mg/m3
in the case of respiratory rhythm and wave amplitude. The
threshold effect of acrolein on the functional state of the
brain cortex as indicated by changes of reflex reaction and
determined adaptometrically was established at 0.6 mg/m3,
which is below the threshold of acrolein odor perception.
Tests indicated that 0. 3 mg/m3 of acrolein can be taken as
the limit of allowable maximum concentration.
F-8167
Trakhtenberg, I. M.
THE TOXICITY OF VAPORS OF ORGANIC MERCURY
COMPOUNDS (ETHYLMERCURIC PHOSPHATE AND
ETHYLMERCURIC CHLORIDE) IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC
INTOXICATION. {EXPERIMENTAL DATA). Gigiena i
Sanit., No. 6, p. 13-17, 1950. Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3 p. 205-210, May
I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Inhalation by white mice of vapors of organic mercury
compounds, such as ethylmercurie phosphate and ethyl-
mercuric chloride, caused acute or chronic poisoning
varying in severity with the duration of exposure and vapor
concentration. Poisoning by the mercury compounds fol-
lowed a definite course and terminated in the death of the
animals. Acute poisoning seriously affected respiration
and, to a lesser degree, the nervous system. In chronic
intoxication, the control nervous system was basically af-
fected. Vapors of ethylrnercuric phosphate and chloride
proved more toxic than metallic mercury vapor.
F-8168
Leonova, Yu. I.
THE MECHANISM OF IRON ORE DUST ACTION ON
ANIMALS AND MAN. Arkhiv. Patologii, 2_0_(3}:60-65, 1958,
Translated from Russian by B, S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 3, p. 211-218, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
The nature of tissue reaction to ferric oxide and the possi-
bility that iron ore dust containing small amounts of silicon
caused lung fibrosis was investigated. White rats and dogs
were exposed to inhalation of air polluted with iron ore dust
in CL chamber. Upon completion of the tests, animals were
sacrificed at different time periods; maximum period of
dust inhaling was 16 months for the rats and 24 months for
the dogs. Histologic examination was made of the tissues
of a miner, age 22 years who died in an accident, after
working in a mine underground for 3 years and 4 months.
Iron ore dust which found its way inLo the upper parts of
the respiratory tract was phagocytized by the so-called
"dust cells" which form "dust cell islands." Iron ore dust
was eliminated via the bronchi and the lymphaLic channels.
Gradual lung saturation with iron ore dust resulted in the
voluminous accumulation of the dust in the peribronchial
and perivascular lymphatic spaces and in the lymphatic
channels under the pleura. In chronic cases of exposure to
iron ore dust inhalation there developed a blockade of the
pulmonary lymphaLic channels and of the pleura; along with
this there was an accumulation of the dust in the lymphatic
vessels of the mediastenum, epicardium and diaphragm;
large dust accumulations occurred in the local lymph nodes
and also in the lymph nodes situated beyond the limits of
the thoracic cavity {mescntcric, peribronchial, cervical
and minor stomach curvature). Disturbance of dust-
108
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
saturated lymph and blood circulation was accompanied by
a disturbance in the oxidation-reduction system, a reduc-
tion in the respiratory lung area and by an accumulation of
products of tissue metabolism; in totality these deviations
from the physiological normal appeared as the probable
cause of interstitial sclerosis; this assumption is supported
by the fact that iron ore dust per s e possessed no toxic
properties.
F-8173
Kuznetsova, L. V.
SPECTROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE
IN ANIMAL ORGANS AND TISSUES. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
No. 10, p. 48-50, 1954. Translated from Russian by B.
S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Re-
lated Occupational Diseases, No. 4, p. 11-14, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Accumulation and distribution of manganese in tissues and
organs was studied with a Hilger-type spectrograph equip-
ped with a quartz lens of 10 cm focal length. The electric
arc image was projected on a background with a rectangular
aperture facing the collimator slit located 3 cm from it,
so that the points of carbon electrodes would not run into
the slit. This was necessitated by the fact that the radia-
tion coming from the incandescent electrode points is re-
plete with molecular spectral bands which seriously ham-
per the analysis of the spectrum. The arc intensity was
kept constant at an 8 A level. A slit 0. 02 mm wide was
used for qualitative analysis, and a slit 0. 1 mm wide for
quantitative analysis. A 0. 02 g per 0. 02 ml solution of
BeS04 was used as the standard. This study was made
with spectrally pure carbon electrodes 6 mm in diameter.
A hole was drilled in each carbon 3. 5 mm in diameter and
4 mm deep. Solution of the standard was poured into the
drilled hole and the carbons were dried. The carbon elec-
trodes thus prepared were then filled with the ash of the
organ under investigation and used in the quantitative analy-
sis. Samples for analyses were ashed in the usual way,
and the weight of the ash determined in relation to the orig-
inal weight of the raw tissue. A weighed portion of the
ashes was then used in the final spectral analysis as de-
scribed above.
F-8174
Kotov, G. N.
IMPROVED EXPERIMENTAL TOXICOLOGICAL METHOD
OF ANIMAL INHALATION EXPOSURE. Farmakol. i Toksi-
kol., 2j)(2):70-73, 1957. Translated from Russian by B.
S, Levine, U.S.S.R, Literature on Air Pollution and Re-
lated Occupational Diseases, No. 4, p. 24-29, Aug. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
The described apparatus and procedure enables an investi-
gator to obtain vitograms and automatic kymographic re-
cordings of changes in respiration, pulse beat, and blood
pressure under active exposure conditions, inside the
treatment chamber. A "universal stanchion" is used con-
sisting of a wooden or metal frame into which the test
animal is fixed to maintain a standing position. The stan-
chion, which is illustrated, is essentially a modification
of the Pavlov frame. A cannula is inserted in the animals
femoral or carotid artery and the animal is then secured in
the stanchion in a standing position. In preparation for the
vitogram record only the roar legs are fastened securely,
allowing the front legs to move freely. The animal's
struggles will cause the free legs to exert some pressure
on a movable disc in the middle part of the stand. The
pressure on the disc will be recorded on the kymographic
tape. Recording of respiration is done with the help of a
rubber cuff fastened around the animal's chest. The blood
pressure is recorded via the cannula inserted into the
artery, and connected by means of fine rubber tubing filled
with a 30 percent sodium citrate solution to a graduated
Luclvig manometer.
F-8175
Lyublina, E. I.
CALCULATING "PHYSICAL" TOXICITY FOR THE PRE-
LIMINARY DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM PERMIS-
SIBLE CONCENTRATIONS. Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabole-
vaniya, 2_(2):41-47, 1958. 3 refs. Translated from Rus-
sian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollu-
tion and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4, p. 30-37,
Aug. I960.
CFSTI; TT 60-21913
New substances are being steadily introduced into the pro-
duction industry, some of which possess properties dele-
terious to health. It is imperative that methods be found
for the rapid determination of maximum allowable concen-
trations in the air of such substances before their produc-
tion and industrial utilization assume extensive proportions.
Clinical, statistical and animal experimental data frequently
prove inadequate for this purpose. The rapid determination
of limits of allowable concentrations of air pollutants should
be based on general principles derived from a study of the
action of a significant number of different substances. Four
methods of calculating maximum allowable concentrations
from physiochemical properties are introduced. The values
derived by these methods are compared with the maximum
permissible concentrations fixed by law or suggested by
Soviet indxistrial toxicologists. This was done for 53 organ-
ic substances. The results of a statistical analysis of data
obtained by the four formulas are presented.
F-8186
Roschin, I. V.
HYGIENIC ASPECTS OF INDUSTRIAL VANADIUM AERO-
SOL. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 11, p. 49-53. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4,
p. 109-114, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
An investigation w£ts made of the health hazards due to
vanadium at a ferro-vanaclium smelting operation. Meas-
urements of vanadium pentoxide were made at several
locations within the plant. The acute and chronic effects
of vanadium were studied by exposure of white rats. The
most characteristic manifestation of vanadium toxicity was
disturbance of the circulatory system, primarily vasodila-
tation and blood stasis in the vessels of internal organs.
These changes assumed a. regional character: they were
observed only in the lungs and apparently lead to a distur-
bance in vascular permeability; they involved pulmonary
lymphoslasis accompanied by a lowered drainage fxmction
which enhanced the development of the pulmonary pathologi-
cal processes. In acute intoxication the disturbance in the
circulatory system embraced the most important regions
of the body, such as Ihe organs in the Ihoraco-abdominal
cavity and the cerebrum. Recommendations are made for
maximum allowable concentrations.
F-8187
Golubev, A. A.
THE PECULIAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AIR CONCEN-
TRATIONS OF SOME VOLATILE SUBSTANCES AND THE
109
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
DEVELOPMENT OF PULMONARY EDEMA. Gigiena Truda
i Prof. Zabolevaniya, 1_(4):46-50, 1957. 12 refs. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4,
p. 122-127, Aug. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Exposure of mice to the inhalation of vapors of vinyl pro-
pyonate and of vinyl butyrate elicited toxic pulmonary
edema and 4 state of narcosis. The development of pulmo-
nary edema by these vapors is enhanced by an increase in
the concentration of the esters only up to corresponding
maxima; concentrations of the ester vapor above such max-
ima induce in the exposed animals a state of narcosis and
produce a less marked pulmonary edema.
F-8188
Mel'nikova, E. A.
THE TOXICITY OF HIGHLY DISPERSED CADMIUM
OXIDE AEROSOL. Farmakol. i Toksikol. , 2_1_(2)'72-77,
1958. 10 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 4, p. 133-140, Aug. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Early physiological functional indexes were sought for the
timely discovery of cadmium intoxication symptoms, par-
ticularly symptoms manifested by the nervous system, so
that prophylactic sanitary measures could be instituted
without delay. Animals were exposed to cadmium oxide
aerosol and changes in chronaxy were studied by means of
a condenser-chronaximeter. Flexor and extensor motor
chronaxy determinations were made of the right side pos-
terior extremity. Conditioned reflexes were also investi-
gated by developing a response in white mice to red light
and ringing of a bell and to the sound of a buzzer. A single
inhalation of cadmium oxide in 0.013 to 0.018 rng/1 vvill
disturb the conditioned-reflex activity considerably ahead
of the appearance of other intoxication indications. Repeat-
ed exposure to cadmium oxide in concentrations ranging
from 0. 0018 to 0. 002 mg/1 brought about disturbances of
the conditioned-reflex activity, without any observable
changes in the general condition or behavior of the animals.
The nature of chronaxy changes in acute and chronic cad-
mium intoxication are dissimilar. In the first case the
chronaxy changes were more pronounced in the extensor
group, and in the second case they were more pronounced
in the flexor group.
F-8190
Elfimova, E. V.
DETERMINATION OF LIMIT OF ALLOWABLE CONCEN-
TRATION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID AEROSOL (HYDRO-
GEN CHLORIDE} IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena i Sanil.
24J1):13-20, 1959- 10 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4, p. 144-153, I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
An analytical method is described for the determination of
HC1 in air. Results of measurements of HC1 concentra-
tions in the vicinity of a magnesium plant are presented.
Olfactory thresholds and the effects of the HC1 sensitivity
of the eye Lo light, changes in vascular reactions, and
pulse rale are also discussed.
F-8191
Shalamberidze, Yu. P.
THE DETERMINATION OF LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE CON-
CENTRATION OF LEAD SULFIDE IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR.
Gigiena i Sanit. , _24_(3):9-14, 1959- 6 refs. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4,
p. 154-160, Aug. I960.
Quantitative lead determinations were made in the air sur-
rounding a lead ore processing plant. The dust in the
atmospheric air consisted of particles 79.16 percent of
which were up to 5 microns in size. Lead content in wash-
ings from the inner side of window panes indicated that lead
dust penetrated into the dwellings. At 250 m from the
plant the lead content amounted to 1. 07 mg/m2/24 hrs; at
400 m it was 0. 73 mg/m2/24 hrs; and at 500 m - 0. 19 rng/
m2/24 hrs. An increased content of lead was noted in the
soil within the community area. Rats were exposed to lead
dust six hours daily, with the exception of non-working
days, for a period of six months. Daily exposxire to lead
sulfide dust of 48. 3 g/m.3 brought about a gradual develop-
ment of functional changes in the conditioned reflex activity,
some histopathologic changes in the brain and lungs, and a
definite accumulation of lead in the bone tissue. Similar
chronic exposure to 13.5 g/rn^ concentration of lead re-
sulted in some lead retention in the organism and brought
about negligible pathomorphological changes in some organs.
On the basis of this investigation it is suggested that 1.7
g/m.3 be adopted as the limit of allowable concentration of
lead sulfide in atmospheric air.
F-8201
Demidenko, N. M.
THE EFFECT OF MIXED INDUSTRIAL DUST ON THE
ORGANISM. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 11, p. 26-29, 1954. 13
refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R,
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 4, p. 243-247, Aug. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Knowledge of the combined action of mixed dust is essen-
tial for the determination of hygienic limits of allowable
dust concentration in the air, and for the rational selection
of means for the protection of sanitary working conditions
in mixed dust generating industries. Mixed dust containing
quartz and hematite (ferric oxide), quartz and fluorite,
quartz and coal, and quartz and chalk were investigated,
Chalk dusL was used as bulk material in the preparation of
mixed dust samples of uniform component, ratios. Each
dust mixture consisted of 50 percent quartz and 50 percent
admixture. The dust mixtures were introduced intralra-
cheally in four series of tests using white rats. Animals
were kept under observation 6 to 8 months, then sacrificed
and their internal organs were fixed in 10 percent formalin.
U was shown that: a) dust mixtures containing 50 percent
silicon dioxide and 50 percent coal or hematite had a less
pronounced pathogenic effect than the same percentage of
silicon dioxide alone; b) fluorite admixture did not lower
the effect of silicon dioxide but changed its character; this
may be regarded as due to an added increase in pathogenic
effect of such a mixture of dusts. Differences in the chem-
ical nature of the dust components may necessitate a change
in the limit of allowable dust concentration arrived at on
the basis of the primary component alone.
110
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
F-3203
Bobyleva, A. T. , R. M. Bukhantseva, S. E. Lovtsova, and
iM. S, Sadilova
JDUST CONCENTRATION IN RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS OF
'ASBEST CITY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE CHILDREN'S
HEALTH. Gigiena i Sanit. , 23^(11):9-12, 1958. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S, S. R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4, p. 251-
154, Aug. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Mr was sampled for asbestos dust at different distances
from three asbestos plants during 1950. The air of resi-
dential districts was found to be heavily polluted with asbes-
tos dust. A survey was made of morbidity among children
living in the area and it was concluded that pollution from
the asbestos plants was affecting the health of the children.
F-8208
Yanes, Kh. Ya.
BASIC DATA FOR THE HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF DUST
FROM COMBUSTIBLE SHALE. Gigiena Truda i Prof.
Zabolevaniya, _l_(3):20-23, 1957. 10 refs. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S, R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 5, p. 1-6,
Jan. 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
The effects of Esthonian combustible shale dust were studied
by experiments on white rats and rabbits. Animals were
exposed-to dust inhalation in a (dynamic) dust chamber for
4 hours daily over 8 months; they were observed for an
additional 6 months after the termination of exposure. Ex-
periments were divided into 3 series: 1) shale dust in con-
centration of 355 m.g/m.3; 2) ditto in concentrations of 3 to
20 mg/m , and 3) enriched shale dust in concentration of
350 mg/m3. Prior to using the enriched shale dust, 2/3 of
; its inorganic matter was removed to determine the part
played by the organic substances. A slight tendency to
develop anemia was observed in the peripheral blood of
test animals exposed to high concentrations of the usual
shale dust. These changes persisted to the end of the ex-
, posure. Similar changes were observed in the animals
exposed to enriched shale dust. Animals subjected to high
concentrations of shale dust manifested a 10 to 22.7 percent
. arrest in growth. Beginning fibrosc pneumoconiosis was
observed in animals exposed to 8 months of dust and sacri-
ficed 4 to 6 months after exposure; it was also seen in
animals subjected to the enriched shale dust. No substan-
tial differences were found between the effects of the usual
and the enriched shale dusts, indicating that the deleterious
effect of combustible shale dust was caused not by the min-
eral constituents alone. Microscopic observations made
with tissues and organs of 20 white rats exposed to high
shale dust concentrations showed signs of pulmonary inflam-
matory processes in the form of organic broncho-pneumonia.
A hygienic inspection of the working conditions, changing
in the test animal organisms caused by the shale dust inhala-
tion, as well as analysis of the clinical and morphological
data emphatically pointed to the importance of the sanitary-
hygienic problem existing in the combustible shale industry.
F-821Q
Vysamyae, A. Yu.
THE CARCINOGENIC EFFECT OF SHALE FUEL SOOT ON
WHITE MICE. Vopr. Onkol. , 4(4):408-411, 1958. 8 refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 5, p. 191-195, Jan. 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
The cancerogenic properties of shale fuel soot were investi-
gated. Experiments were performed with 218 white mice.
The benzene extract of the shale fuel soot was applied to
100 mice twice every week for approximately 25 weeks, or
50 applications. Eighteen control mice were treated in a
manner described above with 2 drops of a mixture of ben-
zene and vaseline. The basic control group consisted of
300 white mice which received no treatment of any kind.
Special-fluorescent analysis showed that 3, 4-benzpyrene
was present in soot of shale fuel; benzene extract of such
soot, applied to the skin of mice, or injected subcutane-
ously, produced malignant growths, indicating that it pos-
sessed cancerogenic properties. Papillomas appeared 5
months after the application of the benzene soot extract to
the skin of the experimental mice. Most of the malignant
formations resulting from the application of the soot extract
to the skin of the experimental mice were malignant epithe-
liomas, more often squamous cell carcinomas, occasion-
ally cytoblastomas, which frequently metastasized into the
local and lung lymphatic nodes. Benzene extract of the
shale fuel soot appeared to be free of general systemic
toxic properties. The mixture of benzene and vaseline
used as the soot extract vehicle had no blastomogenic pro-
perties. Results of the investigations point to the urgent
need of adopting energetic measures for the prevention of
air contamination with shale fuel soot.
Kaplun, Z. S. and N. V. Mezentseva
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF AEROSOLS FORMED IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF HARD ALLOYS. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
^4_(6): 16-22, 1959. 7 refs. Translated from Russian by B.
S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Rela-
ted Occupational Diseases, No. 5, p. 52-59, Jan. 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
To determine the effect of dust containing a mixture of
carbides of tungsten, titanium, and metallic cobalt, experi-
ments were performed with white rats which were adminis-
tered, intratracheally, dust mixtures of 3 kinds. The first
contained 8 percent cobalt and 92 percent tungsten; the
second contained 15 percent cobalt and 85 percent tungsten;
and the third contained 8 percent cobalt, 14 percent tita-
nium, and 73 percent tungsten. Animals were observed
over periods of 6 and S months, after which they were sac-
rificed. The anatomicopathologic examinations o£ the
organs showed that most pronounced changes occurred in
the lungs. Mixed dust containing carbides of tungsten,
titanium and cobalt must be evaluated on the basis of the
most toxic component, which in the case under study, was
cobalt. In the majority of cases cobalt content of the mixed
air-suspended aerosols in the hard alloy industry in ques-
tion exceeded the proposed maximum allowable concentra-
tion of 0. 5 mg/m^; because of the high Co content the
mixed air-suspended dust should not exceed 2 mg/m in
Russia.
F-S215
Prokhorov, Yu. D. and A. A. Rogov
HISTOPATHOLOG1CAL AND HISTOCHEM1CAL CHANGES
IN THE ORGANS OF RABBITS AFTER PROLONGED EX-
POSURE TO CARBON MONOXIDE, SULFUR DIOXIDE,
AND THEIR COMBINATION. Gigiena i. Sanit., 2_4{6);22-
26, 1959. 10 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 5, p. 81-86, Jan. 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
111
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Prolonged exposure of rabbits to carbon monoxide, sulfur
dioxide, and mixtures of the two gases produced dystrophic
changes in the parenchymal organs and increased the per-
meability of vascular walls. Carbon monoxide, sulfur di-
oxide, and their combiriations inhibited the activity of free
SH groups in the brain, but not in any of the other organs.
Prolonged exposure of rabbits to the inhalation of air con-
taining 0. 2 mg/li of CO enhanced the activity of succiiiic
dehydrogenase in the myocardium, the liver, and the kid-
neys. The addition of an equivalent concentration of carbon
monoxide to a given concentration of sulfur dioxide depres-
sed considerably the activity of succinic dehydrogenase in
Lhe parenchymal organs.
F-S216
Kravchenko, A, A. , A. E, Pasternak, R. M. Larchenko,
and L. I. Sokolova
DISEASES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY PASSAGES
AND OF THE EAR AMONG WORKERS OF THE SERPUK-
HOV ZANARSKAYA SPINNING-WEAVING MILL. Gigiena
i Sanit. , 2_4(6):48-51, 1959. 7refs. Translated from
Rus sian by B. S. Levine , U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 5, p. 94-97,
Jan. 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
The morbidity rate among workers of a spinning-weaving
mill was studied over a 2-year period showing a high per-
centage of sick workers: 72. 6 percent in 1954 and 64. 2
percent in 1955, on the basis of average yearly employ-
ment, In 1954 the repeater group (4 times n. year and more)
amounted to 12. 9 percent of all sick cases and 34. 6 percent
of all days absent. The highest rate of morbidity with tem-
porary loss of work capacity was caused by the grippe and
by acute catarrhal conditions of the upper respiratory tract,
which amounted to 24.5 percent in 1955, of which 21 per-
cent were acute catarrh of the upper respiratory tract.
These and angina accounted for 33. 9 percent of all cases of
morbidity. In 1956 an attempt was made to detect early
diseases, which required dispensary observation, by oto-
rhinolaryngologic polyclinical examinations of 458 workers;
70 persons had symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. Dispensary
service continued during 1957 with 1012 persons under ob-
servation; of these 472, or 46. 6 percent manifested rhino-
laryngological changes. Otorhinolaryngological diseases
were revealed in 53. 8 percent of workers in the prepara-
tory department, in 44. 1 percent in the spinning workshop
of the spinning mill and in 51. 3 percent in the weaving
workshop. Among the administrative and supervisory
personnel, Otorhinolaryngological changes were found in
27. 3 percent. Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis and pharyn-
gitis were detected in 31 workers. Subatrophic rhinopha-
ryngitis was found in 78 workers of whom 54 were from the
preparation and spinning workshops of the spinning mill.
In 1957 the predominant number of workers had subatrophic
rhinopharyngitis; in 19^6 the picture changed to atrophic
rhinitis. Apparently the introduction of masks and of close
dispensary service played a positive role in the improve-
ment of the condition of the workers' upper respiratory
tract.
F-SZ17
Erman, M. I.
OBTAINING A CONSTANT DUST CONCENTRATION IN A
"DYNAMIC" DUST CHAMBER. Gigiena i. Sanit., Z4(7):75-
77, 1959. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Dis cases , No. 5. p. 98-101, Jan. 1%1.
CFSTT: TT 61-11149
A dust chamber used in animal experimentation in hygienic
research is described. The chamber consists of several
"stories", each housing 4 animals, such as rabbits or cats;
each individual chamber section can be operated indepen-
dently. The principal chambers can be built to consist of
several "stories" to house 4, 3, 12, and 16 experimental
animals. In its assembled state the dust chamber is a
cylinder of 0. 6 m inner diameter equipped with 2 upper and
lower cones. The chamber is of airtight construction. The
experimental animals are placed into cages firmly held in
special cage adapters distributed along the cylindrical
chamber wall. Each sectional chamber is provided with a
special observation window and a traphole for cleaning and
other purposes. The dust is supplied into the chamber
based on the principle of dust "aeration" or "blow-in. "
The dust supply and distributor is *. hollow glass cylinder
having a metal screen as its bottom; the screen has 40
1 rnm^ openings; directly below the screen is a pressure
chamber into which compressed air is entered whenever
so required. The upper part of the cylinder is closed by a
lid having 2 openings, one for the delivery of dust, and the
other for the supply of the stock dust. The lid is also
equipped with dust reflecting cones; the cones act as even
dust dispersers. The compressed air entering the pres-
sure chamber passes through the metallic screen and
through a layer of dust dispersing it through an exposure
chamber; the required dust density is attained by control-
ling the rate of compressed air inflow, that is the quantity
of dust per unit time. To insure an even and constant dust
density within the exposure chamber, it was necessary to
shake the dust distributor at given time intervals; this was
attained by attaching the distributor to the compressor
head; as the compressor vibrated, the dust distributor
vibrated with it shaking the dust loose.
F-8218
An, A. S.
EFFECT OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON VITAMIN C BALANCE
IN THE ANIMAL ORGANISM. Gigiena i. Sanit., 2_5_(3):34-
40, I960. 5 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 5, p. 102-107, Jan. 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
The vitamin C balance in the rabbits and guinea pigs suf-
fering from sulfur dioxide intoxication was determined.
Inhalation of SO^ brought about a fall in blood vitamin C
content. The extent of reduction in blood vitamin C de-
pended upon the duration of exposure to and the concentra-
tion of the SO^. Short duration exposure to SO2 inhalation
was followed by a sharp drop in blood vitamin C levels.
Prolonged exposures to SO£ inhalation resulted in a pre-
liminary rise in the ascorbic acid content of the blood,
succeeded by a sharp fall. Results of experiments with
guinea pigs, which did not synthesize vitamin C showed
that the immediate rise in the concentration of blood vita-
min C following the inhalation of high SO£ concentrations
was not the result of enhanced ascorbic acid biosynthesis
by the organism.. It can be assumed that the splitting of
bound ascorbic acid may have been responsible for it.
The administration of vitamin B} (thiamine), or of ascor-
bic acid (vitamin C), prevented the fall of the ascorbic
acid level in the blood normally caused by exposure to the
inhalation of SO^ in the air.
F-3219
Tarnopol'skaya, M. M. and T. G. Osetinskii
EFFECT OF CEMENT DUST ON RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
Sov. Med. , 2J_(S):90_94, 1957. Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 5, p. 108-113, Jan.
1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
In studying the effect of cement dust on the organism, a
large group of cement plant workers were clinically exam-
ined. Cement dust caused considerable changes in the
upper respiratory tract. Cement dust formed concrements
and coated the nasal mucosa; this made nasal respiration
difficult, created mucous membrane trauma, and nose
bleeding. Atrophic changes in the nasal mucous membrane,
pharynx and larynx predominated among cement industry
workers. Prolonged periods of work in the cement indus-
try led to the formation of pulmonary fibrosis (cement pneu-
moconiosis) of limited localization and equally limited pro-
gressive development. Pulmonary emphysema should be
regarded as an early symptom of incipient cement pneumo-
coniosis. Two clinical case histories are also included.
F-8220
Kirichinskaya, I. A.
SEQUELAE OF SEVERE CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING.
Sov. Med., 22_(11):152-154, 1958. 22 refs. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 5,
p. 115-119, Jan. 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
The after-effects of severe CO poisoning of a middle aged
man are described. The poisoning first followed a favor-
able course: during 5 days of hospitalization his condition
improved to such an extent that the was sent home and
allowed to return to work after 4 days. Nine days later he
began to manifest mental changes which necessitated his
confinement to a psychiatric hospital. Objectively he ex-
hibited an akinetic syndrome with symptoms of diffuse
damage of the cerebral vessels. The mental disturbances
that arose during the later period of intoxication following
the brighter interval, appeared to have been the results of
vascular pathology. The impairment of blood vessel pene-
trability in CO poisoning often leads to the development of
bronchopneumonia, as in the case under consideration.
The present case indicates the need for prolonged observa-
tion of persons who have had carbon monoxide poisoning
and such persons should be hospitalized for not less than a
month after the intoxication.
F-8221
Grigor'ev, Z. E.
EFFECT OF VOLATILE SUBSTANCES AND OF GASES ON
THE HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY OF WHITE RATS IN
THE COURSE OF INHALATION EXPOSURE. Farmakol. i
Toksikol. , JL8_(4):49-52, 1955. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U. S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 5, p. 125-130, Jan.
1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
A tightly closing chamber was built which could be used
simultaneously for the development of light, sound, and
motor nutrition conditioned reflexes in rats, and for their
exposure to the inhalation of gas, vapor, or dust under
investigation. Some data of the effects of gasoline vapor
and of carbon monoxide on the central nervous system of
rats are presented to illustrate the suitability of the cham-
ber described for the recording of rats' conditioned reflex
activity changes on a dynamic basis while they are being
exposed to the inhalation of gases, vapors, or suspended
dust.
F-8222
Vasll'eva, O. G.
DISTRIBUTION AND ELIMINATION OF S35 IN ANIMALS
AFTER INHALATION OF LABELED SULFURIC ACID
AEROSOL. Gigiena Truda i. Prof. Zabolevaniya, 1_(3):39-
43, 1957. 6 refs. Translated from! Russian by B. S.
Levine, U. S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 5, p. 130-136, Jan. 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
Rats were exposed to the inhalation of S^5 sulfuric acid to
secure data which might explain the fate of H2SO4 which
enters the living organism. Sulfuric acid aerosol rapidly
penetrated into the blood stream following a single inhala-
tion exposure of animals. The products of sulfuric acid
conversion were distributed by the blood into the body
organs and tissues, in -which they persisted for 10 days or
longer. Sulfur - c ontaining products of sulfuric acid conver-
sion were distributed among the organs and tissues in an
uneven manner. They were first localized in the lungs,
blood, liver, and large intestine. During the early days
after inhalation exposure, the accumulation of sulfur-con-
taining products progressively increased in the large
intestine, the feces and in the urine. Labeled sulfur-con-
taining sulfuric acid conversion products were eliminated
through the intestinal tract and through the kidneys. The
bone marrow absorbed considerable quantities of sulfur-
containing substances. 3^5 persisted in the bone marrow
in considerable amounts for several days after a single one
hour exposure to tl^S^^O^ aerosol inhalation. The data
herein presented point to the possible resorption of sulfuric
acid aerosol.
F-8258
Reiter, Reinhold and K. Potzl
THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A RESPIRATORY
TRACT MODEL. STAUB (English translation), £7_(6):19-
27, June 1967. 19 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/6
The structure and operation of a physical model of a res-
piratory tract is described, which simulates in four stages
the retention of particles in the tracheal, bronchial and
alveolar chambers of the human respiratory tract. Prac-
tical application of the instrument is explained in detail by
a series of investigations on suspended particles. The
results obtained are discussed and compared with those
given in experimental and theoretical studies by other
authors.
F-8259
Simecek, Jaroslav
COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF METHODS FOR
PARTICLE SIZE DETERMINATION. STAUB (English
translation), 2J7_(6):33-37, June 1967. 6 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/6
Comparative measurements were carried out to determine
particle size distribution of quartz and fly ash. Eleven
methods for particle size determination have been investi-
gated and their suitability for industrial and hygienic pur-
poses has been tested. The problem of fibrous dust (asbes-
tos, textile dusts) determination remains unsolved.
113
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
F-S339
Tomingas, Rene
SOOT HAZARDS INVESTIGATED FROM THEIR CARCINO-
GENIC ASPECTS. STAUB (English translation), 27_(S):3-10,
Aug. 1967. 3 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/8
Experiments carried out on rats show that subcutaneous
implantation of benzopyrene combined with soot can cause
sarcomata. The result is affected by the high number of
soot eruptions. Sarcoma yield depends on complete re-
mainder of the implantate. The investigation of the resid-
ual implantate in the case of rats has shown that, if the
action in an animal body is sufficiently long, benzopyrene
is completely eliminated from the implantate.
F-8382
Okhnyanskaya, L. G. , V. T. Petrova, and A. A. Vernikova
ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATORY FUNCTION IN INDIVID-
UALS EXPOSED TO SILICIOUS DUST. Federation Proc.
Transl. Suppl. (English translation of: Gigiena Truda i
Prof. Zabolevaniya (Medgiz)), Vol. 25, p. T657-T660,
July-Dec. 1966. 14 refs.
The determination of the best criteria for the assessment
of respiratory function in silicosis and the development of
a method for general evaluation was investigated. A com-
bination of respiratory indices is suggested, embodying
simplicity of method and apparatus. About 2000 miners
and foundry workers, as well as 98 patients with dust-
induced chronic bronchitis were examined. The control
group consisted of 200 individuals who had not been exposed
to the effects of silicious dust. The combination suggested
includes indices such as the vital capacity of the lungs, two-
stage determination of vital capacity, forced vital capacity
of lungs, pneumotachometric and spirographic indices,
and maximum pulmonary ventilation. The results of these
determinations on the test subjects are tabulated. All
these investigations can be carried out with any Krog type
metabolimeter and an electrokymograph capable of various
speeds of rotation. Each is determined two or three times,
after which the highest values for all indices, except res-
piration rate, are selected; the lowest respiration rate is
used. The combination of indices suggested will reveal
early changes in respiration resulting from exposure to
silicious dust. The combined assessment of these indices
represented in a number of graphs, affords a picture of the
dynamics and details of change in respiratory function as
the silicotic process advances, and of the effectiveness of
prophylactic and therapeutic measures.
incidence per 100 workers for grippe was 3. 3; for upper
respiratory tract infections, 15. 3; for tuberculosis, 0. 5;
and 7. 7 for tonsillitis and exacerbation of chronic tonsil-
litis. A comparison of workers in coal mines and in mer-
cury mines indicates that the mercury mine workers suffer
most frequently from grippe and upper respiratory tract
infections, while the coal miners suffer principally from
industrial trauma. Furthermore, the length of work ex-
perience, age, and occupation are directly related to the
incidence of morbidity in the mercury mine workers. Thus,
incidence of emphysema increased markedly, from 4. 4 per
100 workers with work experience of up to five years, to
30. 8 per 100 workers with experience of 16 to 20 years.
Occupation is related to incidence of certain diseases;
acute upper respiratory tract infection and radiculitis were
higher in the cutters, who also had a higher incidence of
chronic bronchitis (often combined with emphysema).
These mercury mine workers developed silicosis after
working an average of 15 years; in another mercury mine,
silicosis appeared after an average service of 4.5 years.
This difference is related to the reduction of dust in the
mines (by a factor of seven) following the introduction of
wet drilling with napthenate soap. Bronchitis is regarded
as an occupational disease related to the presence of aerial
dust in the mine.
F-8431
Tsulaya, V. R.
THE SANITARY AND TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERIS-
TICS OF THE EFFECT OF A MIXTURE OF BENZENE
AND ACETOPHENONE VAPORS IN THE ATMOSPHERE,
[Sanitarno-toksikologicheskaya kharakteristika kombiniro-
vannogo deistviya smesi parov benzola i atsetofenona v
atmosfernorn vozdukhe. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 12J4-6) :6-1 0, April-June
1967. 11 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
As a result of studying the reflex action of a mixture of
benzene and acetophenon vapors on the human body, it is
concluded that the effect produced by this mixture is the
summation of effects of the two substances. An investiga-
tion of the resorptive action of a mixture of benzene and
acetophenon vapors in a concentration of 9. 2 and 0. 030
mg/m3 consecutively revealed a series of shifts in the
central nervous and hemopoietic systems and the nucleic
acids content in the blood of experimental animals. A
mixture of benzene and acetophenon vapors in a concentra-
tion of 0. 91 and 0. 0030 mg/m^, consecutively, had no
noxious effect on experimental animals. (Author's sum-
mary)
F-8387
Al'terman, N. A. and S. F. Sorokina
DISEASE INCIDENCE IN UNDERGROUND WORKERS IN
MERCURY MINES. [O zabolevaemosti podzemnykh rabo-
chikh rtutnykh shakht. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3_1_(7-9):37-40, July-Sept.
1966. 8 refs.
The medical reports of 458 underground workers for 1961-
1963 were analyzed. The majority were 21-40 years old,
while only 7. 5 percent of the subjects were over 50 years
of age. Some workers (31. 5 percent) had \vorked in the
mercury mines for up to five years; 33.2 percent, up to 10
years; 24. 4 percent, up to 15 years; and 10. 9 percent had
worked longer than 16 years. The incidence of industrial
trauma, tonsillitis and radiculitis decreased significantly
between 1961 and 1963. During this period the average
F-8432
Yakim, V. S.
THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF
SEVIN IN THE AIR OF THE WORK ZONE. [Materialy k
obosnovaniyu predel'no dopustimoi kontsentratsii sevina v
vozdukhe rabochei zony. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), _32_(4-6):32-36, April-
June 1967. 5 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
The toxicity of sevin (I-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate), an
insecticide of a very wide activity range was studied after
introduction into the animal body through the gastrointesti-
nal tract, the respiratory organs and mucous membranes
and under the existing working conditions in agriculture.
The finding was that Kevin is less toxic than methylmer-
captophose, M-81, chlorophose (inhalation effect) and
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
phosphamide. On the basis of experimental data obtained
and the field observations made, the maximum permissible
concentration of sevin in the air of a working zone is recom-
mended to be set at a level of 1 mg/m (Author's summary)
F-3434
Radionov, A, D. , A. N. Chumachenko, and I. I. Kirilenko
THE TOXIC PROPERTIES OF THE HERBICIDE 2, 4-D. [O
sanitarnotoksikologicheskio kharakteristike gerbitsida 2,4-
D-natrievoi, aminnoi i dimetilaminnoi solei 2, 4-dikhlorfe-
noksiuksusnoi kisloty. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 32_(4-6):ll6-118, April-
June 1967.
CFSTI: XT 67-51409/2
The herbicide 2, 4-D (sodium, arriine and dimethylamine
salts of (2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid) must be used
strictly according to the regulations, otherwise it causes
considerable, though transient, disturbances, including
irritation of skin and of the mucosae of the eyes and throat,
weakness, headache, nausea, sometimes vomiting, and oc-
casionally loss of consciousness and other signs. A differ-
ential symptom of poisoning with 2, 4-D (sodium salt) is a
salty taste in the mouth. The danger presented by the her-
bicide to human health is increased at relatively high air
temperatures (20°C and above in the cases described) and
in dry weather. Under these conditions, more dust is gen-
- crated and the plants and upper soil strata lack the moisture
which would partially prevent atomization of the herbicide
into the air; another result of the soil desiccation is inacti-
vation of the soil microflora. The harmful effects of the
herbicide on human subjects may appear for up to 14 days,
and possibly more, after treatment of the fields, in dry
weather; further experiments on laboratory animals are
therefore needed. No cases of poisoning with the herbicide
2, 4-D were recorded in 1963, a. year in which manual work-
ing of crops was not permitted after treatment with the
herbicide. It may therefore be assumed that the pulverized
and evaporated herbicide mainly gives rise to poisoning in
workers engaged in the manual tilling of crops. When the
fields are tilled by mechanical means, lesser amounts of
the pulverized and evaporated herbicide reach the respira-
tory zone of the workers. Manual work should not be per-
mitted on fields that have been treated with 2, 4-D. Mech-
anization must be substituted and this should not take place
throughout the day but only early in the morning, when the
air temperature is relatively low and air humidity high.
The workers should employ means of individual protection
(respirators, goggles, gloves, overalls). The wind direc-
tion must also be taken into account. It is desirable that a
shower be taken directly after work. The irritant effect of
the herbicide on the skin, eyes, throat and nose mucosae
maybe counteracted by washing with dilute solutions of
soda, since 2, 4-D is decomposed by alkalies.
F-3435
Pylev, L. N.
EFFECT OF THE DISPERSION OF SOOT IN DEPOSITION
OF 3,4-BENZPYRENE IN LUNG TISSUE OF RATS.
[Znachenie dispersnosti sazhi v deponirovanii 3, 4-benz-
pirena v legochnoi tkani krys. ] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 32(4-6): 174-173,
April-June 1967. 8 refs. ' -,
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
The cancerogenic substances present in the environment
are found as absorbates in soot and dust particles. The
elimination of 3, 4-benzpyrene from the lung tissue of 120
rats was studied when introduced in combination with
various types of carbon black. The quantity of 3, 4-benz-
pyrene extracted from the lungs of killed rats was deter-
mined with the aid of spectrophotometer SF-4A. Channel
black was bound to retain benzpyrene in the lung tissue
while thermal decomposition black promoted its quick
elimination. (Author's summary)
F-8440
Evenshtein, Z. M.
TOXICITY OF ALUMINUM AND ITS INORGANIC COM-
POUNDS. [K voprosu o toksichnosti alyurniniya i neorgani-
cheskikh alyuminiisoderzhashchikh soedinenii. ] Hygiene
and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ),
32_(4-6):244-249, April-June 1967. 28 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
In spite of the controversial nature of reported data on the
toxicity of aluminum, analysis of the work done in this field
suggests that there is no need to limit the household and
consumer uses of this metal and its alloys. The amounts
of aluminum hydroxide produced by the thermal processing
of foodstuffs in aluminum ware can hardly be dangerous to
human health. On the other hand, the presence of soluble
aluminum salts in food is undesirable since their toxicity
with respect to warm-blooded animals has been confirmed
by many investigators. More attention should probably be
paid to the presence of insoluble aluminum compounds in
industrial dusts in hygienic assessments of factory air in
the aluminum industry. There are data indicating that
aluminosis can only be caused by inhalation of aluminum
metal dust and its oxide (hydroxide); nevertheless, a
majority of reported investigations indicate that mixed
dust of aluminum, silicon and iron is more dangerous in
this respect. As before, limitation of the concentration of
aluminum oxide (hydroxide) in the factory air remains the
principal means for the prevention of aluminosis. There
is to date no concurrence of opinion on the local effects of
aluminum on skin and mucosae. Opinions concerning the
effects of aluminum on wouad and inflammatory processes
are very controversial. Obviously, these effects of alumi-
num are determined not so much by the amount of metal
used in the experiments and in practical treatments, or by
the duration of their contact with a -wound or skin, as by
the purity of aluminum and the presence of old oxide film
on its surface.
F-S441
Egorova, T. S.
SOME DATA CONCERNING THE EFFECT OF LOW AT-
MOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS OF SILICON DIOXIDE
ON CHILD HEALTH. [Nekotorye dannye o vliyanii malykh
kontsentratsii dvuokisi kremniya v atmosfernom vozdukhe
na zdorov'e detskogo naseleniya. ] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English translation of: Gigiena Sanit.), 32(4-6):230-234,
April-June 1967. 5 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
The determination of the level of atmospheric pollution by
silica around * factory manufacturing ferrosilicon alloys
and its effect on child health was attempted. The atmos-
pheric dust content was studied at the level of human res-
piration. Air samples were taken within a radius of 3 krn
by means of a truck aspirator on filters AFA-18. The
samples (136) were tested for total dust concentration,
concentration of free silica, and the percentage content of
the latter in the dust. The effect of industrial discharges
was studied by health statistical analysis of disease inci-
dence in children, based on data of pediatric medical con-
sultations, clinical examination of children and data on
115
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
their physical development, and a special questionnaire for
the population concerned with the effects on health and
living conditions of the discharges. For comparability of
data on the health of children residing in the area with pol-
luted air and in the control district, studies were made
of the living and dwelling conditions of the children and the
economic means of their families. In the absence of spe-
cial installations for the treatment of gases, these gases
caused considerable atmospheric pollution. Concentrations
of finely dispersed dust were 1. 75 to 3. 1 mg/m3, consider-
ably in excess of the maximum permissible concentration
of "nontoxic dust. " Some of the determinations revealed
the presence of 30 to 66 percent of free silica which is the
most toxic component of the discharges. Atmospheric pol-
lution by the discharges has an unfavorable effect on the
health of children, causing an increased overall morbidity
and a higher incidence of respiratory infections and otorhi-
nological disorders; moreover, the children's physical
development lagged as compared to controls. Industrial
discharges have an unfavorable effect on the sanitary and
living conditions of the population. These findings proved
the necessity for installations for the treatment of atmos-
pheric discharges from furnaces producing ferrosilicon
alloys and for a sanitary-protective zone separating the
plants and the residential area.
F-8442
Kulinskaya, I. L.
EFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW CONCENTRA-
TIONS OF TOLUENE ON THE ACETYLCHOLINE SYSTEM
IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS. [Vliyanie khronicheskogo
deistviya malykh kontsentratsii toluola na sistemy atseti-
Ikholina v krovi krolikov. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3_2_(4-6):291-295, April-
June 1967. 9 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
Alterations in the acetylcholine system were studied with a.
view to identifying early signs of poisoning with small doses
of toluene. This system is a sensitive indicator of the func-
tional state of the nervous system. Shifts occurring in this
system on long-term exposure to benzene had been deter-
mined earlier. Chronic effects of low concentrations of in-
dustrial substances are accompanied by changes in the over-
all reactivity of the organism. Therefore this experiment
combined the poisoning of experimental animals together
with immunization with typhoid vaccine. Changes in acetyl-
choline concentration in blood appeared already at early
stages of the unfavorable effect on the organism, before the
appearance of changes in the activity of the AC-decomposing
enzyme. Therefore, it is not expedient to limit studies of
chronic poisoning to investigations of acetylcholinesterase
activity, but parallel determinations of AC concentration
should also be performed. Accumulation of AC in blood
and increase in the ACE activity in the first and in the
second periods of chronic poisoning point to an increased
functional activity of the nervous system while the decrease
in the mediator exchange indices in the third period points
to possible inadequacy (humoral decompensation phase).
The results confirmed that the process of prolonged poison-
ing initially intensified the functions of different systems
but later these functions become weakened according to the
depletion of the compensatory resources of the body.
F-8443
Khikmatullaeva, Sh. S.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF THIO-
PHENE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. [Materialy k obosnovaniyu
predel'no dopustimoi kontsentratsii tiofena v atmos fernom
vozdukhe. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of;
Gigiena i Sanit. ), _32.(4-6):319-322, April-June 1967. 8 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
The single maximum permissible concentration of thio-
pheiie in the atmosphere was set at a level of 0. 6 mg/m3
by means of determining its threshold values of smell (2, 1
mg/m3), of ocular-light sensitivity and that of the bioelec-
tric activity of the human cerebral cortex (0. 8 mg/m3), A
study of the resorptive action of thiopene at concentrations
of 20 and 3 mg/m* on albino rats revealed definite shifts
in the chronaxy of muscle-antagonists, in the content of
protein fractions, of sulfahydride groups, and that of
syalic acids in the blood serum, in the leucocyte count and
formula of the blood, in the level of coproporphyrins in the
urine and that of ascorbic and pyro tartaric acids in the
organ tissues. As thiophene at a concentration of 0, 6 mg/
m3 proved to be ineffective, it is suggested that this con-
centration be set as the daily average maximum permissible
concentration of the substance in the atmosphere. (Author's
summary)
F-8444
Chizhikov, V. A.
PRODUCTION OF CERTAIN PATHOLOGICAL MANIFES-
TATIONS AS A CONDITIONED REFLEX INDUCED BY
EXPOSURE TO LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF TOXIC SUB-
STANCES. [Uslovnoreflektornoe vosproizvedenie nekoto-
rykh simptomov patologicheskikh sostoyanii pri deistvii
malykh kontsentratsii vrednykh veshchestv. ] Hygiene and
Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit, ), 32(4-
6):323-328, April-June 1967. 5 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
An attempt was made to obtain a conditioned pathological
reflex to olfactory irritation. Use was made of the indivi-
dual capacity of certain albino rats to develop epileptic fits
in reply to a sound stimulus. Sulfurous gas at concentra-
tions of 1 to 3 mg/m3 was used as a conditioned signal
agent. This concentration with short-term separate action
served as an indifferent stimulation for animals. A sound
(bell) served as an unconditioned stimulus, provoking in
animals of the two first groups epileptiform fits. After
repeated simultaneous action of conditioned and uncondi-
tioned excitation, no typical epileptiform fit could be ob-
tained in the separate action of sulfurous gas alone; it pro-
voked only primary signs of an epileptic fit. Under these
conditions the leucocyte count in the animal's blood in-
creased significantly. The experimental findings obtained
proved that gas concentrations, producing no toxic effect,
when used in combination with other reflexes responsible
for pathological processes, may finally produce these pro-
ceases independently. (Author's summary)
F-8445
Roshchin, I. V.
TOXICOLOGY OF VANADIUM COMPOUNDS USED IN
MODERN INDUSTRY. [Toksikoiogiya soedinenii vanadiya,
primenyaemykh v sovremennoi promyshlennosti. ] Hygiene
and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. V
•3_2(4-6):345-352, April-June 1967. 14 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
On the basis of experimental and clinical observations, the
clinical picture and the nature of the toxic action of"vana-
dium compounds of various valency was analyzed. Special
attention was paid to the fermentation mechanism of the
toxic action and mainly the effect of vanadium on the metab-
olism of serotonin in protein and nucleoprotein. A study
116
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
of the vanadium distribution in the body and its excretion
from the body was undertaken: the substance was noted to
affect the immunoblological resistance of the body and the
allergic reactivity. Certain bichemical, physiological and
morphological changes developed in the body in the course
of the intoxication. Comparative toxicologic characteristics
are presented of vanadium compounds used in different
branches of industry: oxides, salts (ammonium and sodium
vanadate, chlorides), refractory compounds (metals, alloys,
carbide). On the basis of the data obtained, maximal per-
missible concentrations in the air of working premises are
recommended. (Author's summary)
F-8669
Binek, Bedrich, Blanka Dohnalova, Sieglinde Przyborowski,
and Werner Ullmann
USING THE SCINTILLATION SPECTROMETER FOR AERO-
SOLS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY. STAUB (English
translation), 27_(9):l-7, Sept. 1967. 14 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/9
The scintillation spectrometer (SS) automatically counts
aerosol particles down to magnitudes of 10"^ u, differenti-
ates them by particle sizes, and permits their quantitative
and qualitative chemical analysis. The aerosol particles
are individually introduced into a heating chamber. An
appropriate temperature having been reached, the particle
emits a light pulse. These pulses are evaluated by an
optical-electronic device. Since only one particle is located
in the heating chamber at any given moment, there is a
clear correlation between the intensity of the light pulse
and particle diameter. The SS has numerous possibilities
of application, most of which deal with the measurement
of particle concentrations and particle-size distributions.
Other applications are: measuring the electrical charges
aerosol nitration; investigating me Kinetics nitration; in-
vestigating the separation of aerosols in the respiratory
tract; investigating flow processes and qualitative and
quantitative detection of trace substances.
F-8763
Kustov, V. V.
MEANS OF DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE
CONCENTRATIONS OF TOXIC PRODUCTS OF NATURAL
HUMAN METABOLISM. [Puti ustanovleniya predel'no
dopustimykh kontsentratsiya toksicheskikh produktov yeste-
rstvennogo metabolizma cheloveka. ] Obshchiye Voprosy
Promyshlenoy Toksikologii, Moscow, 1967, p. 63-65. 1
ref. Translated from Russian. National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, Washington, D. C. , 358, 3p. , Oct.
1967.
The effect of the 7 to 8 hour action of carbon monoxide,
ammonia, and acetone on certain physiological and bio-
chemical indices in man is proposed as the basis for deter-
mining the maximum allowable concentrations for human
natural metabolic products. (Author's abstract)
F-8766
Shalamberidze, O. P.
REFLEX EFFECTS OF MIXTURES OF SULFUR AND
NITROGEN DIOXIDES. [Reflektornoe deistvie smesi
sernistogo gaza i dvuokisi azota. ] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 32J7-9): 10-15,
July-Sept. 1967. 7 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
The olfactory threshold for sulfur dioxide was found to lie
at a. level of 1. 6 mg/m^ for the largest group of the most
sensitive subjects, and that of nitrogen dioxide at a level
of 0. 23 mg/m^. The index of total concentration of an
olfactorily perceptible mixture of SOz + NO£ (expressed in
fractions of the threshold concentrations) was found to be
1. 02, indicating total summation of the effects of the sub-
stance investigated. The threshold of the effect of nitrogen
dioxide on the functional state of the visual analyser deter-
mined by the dark adaptation method was found to be below
the olfactory threshold of 0. 14 mg/m3, while the sublimi-
nal concentration was at a level of 0. 087 mg/m3. Conse-
quently, the existing maximum permissible one-time con-
centration of nitrogen oxides (0. 3 mg/m3) should be lower-
ed to 0. 1 mg/m.3. When inhaled together, the effect of the
two gases is a complete summation. The index of the total
concentration of threshold mixtures was found to be 1,
•when expressed in fractions of the separate threshold con-
centrations. When sulfur and nitrogen dioxides are pre-
sent together in the air their total one-time concentration,
expressed as fractions of the maximum permissible con-
centrations for each of these gases separately should not
exceed 1. The threshold for the reflex effect of sulfur and
nitrogen dioxides differs according to whether the inhala-
tion is nasal or oral, indicating that some part is played
by the receptors in the human nasal cavity in determining
the appearance of reflex changes on the inhalation of chemi-
cal substances. Concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen di-
oxides which are subliminal with respect to their reflex
effects are Ineffective in regard to human subjects, pro-
vided that the period of exposure does not exceed 25 min.
F-8767
Sadilova, M. S. and L. M. Petin
AN APPARATUS FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL EXPOSURE
OF ANIMALS TO CONDENSATION AEROSOLS. [Eksperi-
mental'naya ustanovka dlya zatravki zhivotnykh aerozolya-
mi kondensatii. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English transla-
tion of: Gigiena i Sanit.), ^2J7-9):70-74, July-Sept. 1967.
1 ref.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
An apparatus is described in which the desired concentra-
tions of sublimation aerosols can be maintained in a gas
chamber. A system of automatic monitoring of the "work-
ing state of the air blowers and the Silit furnace ensured
that the animals were exposed to inhalation of the aerosols
without any breakdown over prolonged periods.
F-8769
Mel'nichenko, R. K. , P. A. Nagornyi, N. Z. Slinchenko,
I. K. Smirnova, A. M. Shevchenko, and I. I. Sheleketina
POTASSIUM CARBONATE INHALATION FOR THE PRE-
VENTION OF PNEUMOCONIOSIS. [O vozmozhnosti pri-
meneniya ingalyatsii uglekislogo kaliya dlya profilaktiki
pneumokoniozov. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English trans-
lation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), _3J7-9):119-123, July-Sept.
1967. 8 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
The concentrations of potassium carbonate which were
effective when the dust in the air was fairly high were
determined and the possibility that such concentrations
were harmless to the body on prolonged inhalation was
investigated. Albino rats wore used for the experiments.
The first series of animals was exposed to quartz dust
for 4 hours over a period of nine months. The remaining
series were also exposed to dust but the second inhaled a
0. 5 percent solution of potassium carbonate, the third
series a 3 percent solution and the fourth series a 7
117
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
percent solution of potassium carbonate. The dust content
in the chamber varied from 150 to 250 mg/m3. The inhala-
tion of potassium carbonate before and after exposure to
dust retarded the development of silicotic changes in the
lungs of experimental animals. The inhalation of 1 and 3
percent solutions of K2CO3 for 4 months did not give rise
to any pathological changes in the experimental animals.
It is suggested that the inhalation of a 3 percent solution of
be investigated under industrial conditions.
F-8771
Galibin, G. P. , V. I. Fedorova, and N. M. Karamzina
THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF
BENZYL, CYANIDE IN FACTORY AIR. [K obosnovaniyu
predel'no dopustimoi kontsentratsii tsianistogo benzila v
vozdukhe rabochikh pomeshchenii. ] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English translation o£: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 32(7-9): 176-181,
July-Sept. 1967.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
The toxicity of benzil cyanide was studied in experiments
on rats, mice, and rabbits on its injection into the stomach,
by inhalation of its vapors, and by its application to the
skin and the ocular mucous membrane. The lethal doses
(LD34, LD^Q, LDj^) for rats and mice were determined on
its single introduction and on inhalation of its vapors for
2 hours. The threshold value and the affecting concentra-
tion of benzil cyanide vapors were determined in case of
its single, repeated and chronic action. The poisoning
through the skin and chronic intoxication were found to be
possible under the conditions prevailing in industry. Data
of clinical, biochemical and pathological examinations are
presented. The maximum permissible concentration of
benzil cyanide vapor in the air of working premises is
suggested at a level of 0. 0008 mg/1. {Authors' summary)
F-8772
Mokronosova, K. A. , B. A. Katsnel'son, L. G. Babush-
kina, and L, N. El'nichnykh
EFFECT OF PHYSICAL WORK ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
OF SILICOSIS AFTER THE CESSATION OF EXPOSURE TO
DUST0 [O vliyanii fizicheskoi nagruzki na razvitie silikoza
posle prekrashcheniya postupleniya pyli v legkie.] Hygiene
and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ),
32_(7-9):181-187, July-Sept. 1967. 9 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
Observation of a large number of persons, who became ill
with silicosis under similar working conditions in the cop-
per mines and who were later employed in various jobs out-
side the mines, proved that the work requiring considerable
physical strain contributed to further development of the
disease. An experiment carried out on rats given a stan-
dard dose of quartz dust showed the daily physical strain to
promote the development of the silicosis fibrosis, judging
both by the histological data and the weight of lungs and the
contents of lipids and oxyproline in them. (Authors' sum-
mary)
F-8774
Mamatsashvili, M. 1,
DETERMINATION OF THE REFLEX EFFECT OF SULFUR
DIOXIDE AND CARBON MONOXIDE BY ADAPTOMETRY
AND BY TESTS OF COLOR VISION. [Opredelcnie reflekto-
rnogo deistviya sernistogo gaza i okisi ugleroda metodom
adaptornetrii i issledovaniya tsvetovogo zreniya. ] Hygiene
and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ),
_32J7-9):226-230, July-Sept. 1967. 4 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
i
The reflex effect was studied by testing the variations in
ocular sensitivity to light and color vision. Adaptometry
is a very sensitive method of determining the threshold
reflex effect of various substances on the respiratory re-
ceptors and is widely used by Soviet hygienists for deter-
mining the maximum permissible concentration of atmos-
pheric pollutants. The dark adaptation curve was deter-
mined with an ADM adaptorneter, and color vision was
determined with Nagel's anomaloscope, on three human
subjects aged 20 to 40. The inhalation of 6 mg/m^ CO (the
maximum one-time permissible concentration) caused a
statistically significant lowering of the color discrimination
threshold in two subjects and an increase in one subject
(female) for all three color combinations. The results
indicate that carbon monoxide weakens the reaction to both
color tests. No statistically significant changes in ocular
sensitivity to light in dark adaptation tests were found in
any of the three subjects on the inhalation of 0. 5 mg/m^
SOz (the maximum one-time permissible concentration).
The inhalation of 0. 5 mg/rn^ SOz also caused no change in
color vision in the subjects. The inhalation of a CO + SO£
mixture at the level of the current maximum permissible
one-time concentration resulted in statistically significant
changes in the ocular sensitivity to light in all three sub-
jects. In 2 subjects there was a decrease from the 20th
minute and in the third subject an increase from the 15th
minute. The changes in the color vision threshold on in-,
halation of the mixture were statistically significant in all
three subjects. The findings raise the question of whether
the maximum permissible one-time concentration of carbon
monoxide should not be lowered to 3 mg/m^. Determina-
tion of the color-vision threshold proved to be a sensitive
and practicable method of studying the reflex effect of sub-
stances, which can therefore be recommended as a test
for hygienic standards. The exposure time maybe use-
fully prolonged to 30 minutes in studies of substances with
a weak reflex effect.
F-8781
Rasskazova, T. V.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROCARBON VAPORS ON THE CON-
TENT AND VIRULENCE OF BACTERIA IN THE NASAL
MUCOSA0 [Vliyanie parov uglevodorodov na kontsentratsi-
yu i virulent nost1 bakterii v slizistol obolochke nosa. ]
Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit. ), 32_(7-9):286-28S, July-Sept. 1967. 4 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
The effect of industrial factors on immunobiological reac-
tivity and on the behavior of the mucosal microflora was
studied. The test group consisted of S6 women workers,
aged 18-54, who had been employed at the footwear factory
for 3 years or more; the control group consisted of 63
women workers from CL cutting shop and students from the
institute, of approximately the same age, none of whom
had been exposed to the hydrocarbons. It was found that
prolonged exposure to even small concentrations of the
mixture of the hydrocarbons inhibited immunobiological
reactivity. The content and virulrnce of the bacteria in-
habiting the nasal mucosa were studied in 116 workers
from the footwear factory (test group) and in 123 persons
not exposed to the investigated substance (the control
group). The concentration of bacteria on the nasal mucosa
was determined by washing out the nasal cavity with 10 ml
of warm sterile physiological solution, by means of an
irrigation device consisting of an olive-shaped bulb con-
nected by a rubber tube with a cylindrical funnel. The
concentration of bacteria in the nasal mucosa was found to
118
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EFFECTS - HUMAN HEALTH
be higher in the test group. Thus, exposure to an indus-
trial health hazard may increase the concentration of bac-
teria on the nasal mucosa and somewhat increase their
virulence. This phenomenon probably plays a definite part
in the mechanism of upper respiratory tract infections.
F-878Z
Ubaidullaev, R.
COMBINED EFFECT OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF FUR-
FURAL, METHANOL AND HYDROLYSIS ETHANOL UNDER
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. [Kombinirovannoe deistvie
malykh kontsentratsii furfurola, methanola a gidroliznogo
etanola v usloviyakh eksperimenta. ] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3Z(7-9):313-319,
July-Sept. 1967. 8 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
In order to determine the maximum single time and daily
average maximum permissible concentration of a mixture
of furfural, methanol and hydrolysis ethanol in the atmos-
phere, the threshold value of smell of the mixture, its
effect on the light sensitivity of eyes, and the electric activ-
ity of the human cerebrum were investigated. Under con-
ditions of a chronic 24-hour poisoning of albino rats for a
period of 90 days, a study of the muscles-antagonists chro-
naxy, cholinesterase activity, coproporphyrine excretion
in the urine, total amount of proteins and that of protein
fraction in the blood serum was undertaken. On the basis
of these data it is suggested that the total maximal single
time and the daily hydrolysis ethanol in the atmosphere not
exceed 1. 0 part of the maximum permissible concentration
of each isolated substance (the sum of their concentrations
expressed in the fraction of their separate maximum one-
time permissible concentrations).
F-8784
Kryzhanovskaya, M. V. , G. I. Vinogradov, and I. M.
Karandakova
ANAPHYLAXIS WITH DESENSITIZATION FOR INVESTIGA-
TION OF ALLERGENIC PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC
POLLUTANTS. [Anafilaksiya s desensibilizatsiei kak
metod vyyavleniya allergennykh svoistv atmosfernykh
zagryaznenii. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation
of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 3Z_(1 -9):383-388, July-Sept. 1967.
6 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
Experiments aimed at sensitizing guinea pigs by parallel
administration of the chemical and the protein •without any
preliminary combination of the two were conducted. Then
it was proposed to desensitize completely the guinea pigs
with respect to the protein prior to the administration of
the reacting dose. It was proposed to use the chemical
alone as the reacting substance, in which case appearance
of anaphylactic shock would prove the allergenic activity of
the substance. Anaphylactic reaction with desensitization
should be regarded as a demonstrative method providing
an objective proof of the allergenic activity of low concen-
trations of chemical substances. Chemical compounds dis-
charged into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises may
sensitize the human organism •without being chemically or
mechanically combined with protein.
F-8785
Andreeshcheva, N. G. and V. A. Gofmekler
A MODIFICATION IN THE METHOD FOR INVESTIGATING
THE OCULAR SENSITIVITY TO LIGHT. [K voprosu o
nekotorom izmenenii metodiki issledovaniya svetovoi
chuvstvitel'nosti glaz. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), ^2(7-9) :388-391, July-
Sept. 1967. 8 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
An attempt was made by using different variants to utilize
the accelerated adaptation and the increased ocular sensi-
tivity to light for reducing the time involved in studies of
the latter. By measuring the ocular sensitivity to light
after 1 to 2 minutes instead of the generally adopted inter-
val of 5 minutes, a more complete observation of the dyna-
mics of the effect of the investigated substances on the
human body was sought. All of the four variants were used
for determinations of the threshold for the variation of the
ocular sensitivity to light on inhalation by three subjects of
subsensory concentrations of m-nitrochlorobenzene (vari-
ants I and II) and 3, 4-dichloroaniline (variants I, II, and
IV); m-nitrochlorobenzene concentrations of 0.012 and
0. 008 mg/m3 and 3, 4-dichloroaniline concentrations of
0. 025 and 0.020 mg/m3 were investigated. The experi-
mental results were analyzed statistically by the range
method (light sensitivity in relative units and in percent-
ages) for all measurement times; all the variants were
found to be equivalent "with respect to sensitivity. The
threshold concentrations affecting the ocular sensitivity
to light were found to be 0. 012 mg/m3 m-nitrochloroben-
zene and 0. 025 mg/m3 3, 4-dichloroaniline. The investi-
gations of ocular sensitivity to light by the method of dark
visual adaptation with preliminary "illumination" of both
eyes with red light or of one eye with red or "white light
make possible a reduction of the investigation period to 20
min. instead of the 40 min. currently used in practical
hygienic norming of atmospheric pollutants with prelimi-
nary "illumination" of both eyes -with white light. Sensiti-
vity of the method is not affected by this saving in time.
F-8787
Faustov, A. S.
STANDARDIZATION OF TOLUENE VALUES IN FACTORY
AIR. [K normirovaniyu toluola v vozdukhe rabochikh pome-
shchenii. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3^(7-9).'448-451, July-Sept. 1967. 1 ref.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
The effect of prolonged exposure to low toluene concentra-
tions was determined on 12 rabbits and 48 albino rats that
were divided into three equal groups. The first group was
poisoned with a toluene concentration of 0. 05 mg/1 air,
those in the second group with a. concentration of 0. 05 mg/1,
•while the third group served as the control. The animals
•were exposed to toluene for 4 hours daily over a. 6-month
period. This communication is mainly concerned -with the
experimental material obtained with a. toluene concentra-
tion of 0. 05 mg/1 because this is the current maximum
permissible concentration for factories. Chronic toluene
poisoning led to the development of alterations in the chro-
naxial relationship between antagonistic muscles. Altera-
tions in the activity of CNS were likewise revealed by a
decrease in the cholinesterase activity although it was not
statistically significant for a toluene concentration of 0. 05
mg/1. Hematologic tests suggest that the earliest changes
in the morphological composition of blood are leukocytosis
and reticulocytosis. No other changes in the morphological
composition of blood were discovered in animals poisoned
with a toluene concentration of 0. 05 mg/1. More pronounc-
ed disturbances were discovered in the blood protein com-
position. Prolonged toluene poisoning was found to inhibit
the general and specific immunological reactivity. This
was confirmed by the decrease in the phagocytlc activity of
leukocytes and the agglutination titer of the blood serum of
the experimental animals in the 4th and 6th month of poison-
ing. Pathohistological alterations were found in animals of
119
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
both experimental groups, but they were more pronounced
in the animals treated with a toluene concentration of 0. 5
mg/1. These include bronchopneumonia and hemorrhagic
pneumonia, granular and fatty hepatic degeneration and
slight changes in the kidneys, spleen, and other internal
organs. The experimental data serve as a basis for the
revision of the current maximum permissible concentration
of toluene in factory air. Taking the toluene concentration
of 0. 05 mg/1 as the threshold concentration for chronic
poisoning, the safety factor was calculated. The toluene
concentration in factory air is equal to 1/5 of the threshold
concentration.
F-9396
Kosmider, S. , S. Zajaczkowski, and E. Rogowska
ACTIVITY OF SERUM CHOLINESTERASE IN EXPERI-
MENTAL POISONING WITH METALLIC MERCURY. Patol.
Polska, 17_(1), 1966. ISrefs. Translated from Polish.
Polish Med. J. , 5_(5): 1044-1048, Oct. 1966.
Serum cholinesterase activity was studied in a group of 25
rabbits exposed for 30 days to 1. 5 hr. daily to 10. 6 mg/m^
mercury vapor. Increased diuresis and salivation were
observed in all rabbits. Daily urinary excretion of Hg in-
creased, from 11-35 gamma in the first week of exposure
to 117-125 gamma. Serum cholinesterase activity dropped
significantly after the 30-day exposure. Studies of human
serum cholineateraee in vitro also indicate enzymatic acti-
vity is reduced by the presence of Hg ions. A drop in
serum cholinesterase activity could be of diagnostic value
in the examination of persons exposed to mercury.
F-9397
Kosmider, Stanislaw and Zdzislaw Dabrowski
CATALASE ACTIVITY OF THE RED BLOOD CELLS,
BRAIN, AND LIVER IN EXPERIMENTAL POISONING
WITH METALLIC MERCURY. Arch. Immunol. Therap.
Exptl. (Warsaw), _U{1):74-78, 1966. 18 refs.
Catalase activity of erythrocytes, liver, and brain was
studied in 19 rabbits exposed for 30 days for 1.5 hours
daily to 10. 6 mg/m^ mercury vapor. Salivation and apa-
thy were observed. Urinary excretion of Hg rose from 11
to 35 gamma in the following weeks. Controls were normal,
Erythrocyte catalase activity increased significantly after
30 days exposure, but increased to lesser degrees in the
liver and cerebral tissues. Increased enzyme activity may
be an expression of a cellular defense mechanism to the
effect of the Hg ions.
120
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EFFECTS - PLANTS AND LIVESTOCK
G-4242
yagovoi, P. N. , V. I. Shendevitskii, and N. N. Ivchik
TRAPPING OF RADIOACTIVE DUST BY GREEN PLANTA-
TIONS. [K voprosu o zaderzhke radioaktivnoi pyli zele-
nymi nasazhdeniyami. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 3_1_(7-9):106-110, July-
Sept. 1966. 10 refs.
It has been established that smoke dust adsorbs radioactive
substances from the air. An experiment was performed to
test the hypothesis that the radioactivity of plants should be
higher in areas polluted with smoke discharges due to the
capacity of the foliage to trap dust. The leaves of certain
tree and shrub species were sampled in Leningrad and in
a park in Pavlovsk. In Leningrad, the samples were taken
at varying distances from a. coal burning power plant. It
was found that the park leaves contained less radioactivity
than the Leningrad leaves. However, it was also demon-
strated that the leaves of some species had an increasing
amount of radioactivity as distance from the power plant
increased, while in other species the reverse occurred.
Results indicated that this was due to the variation in the
size of the dust particles which the different species were
capable of trapping.
G-4816
Schneider, W.
CAN FLUORINE DAMAGE TO PLANTS BE ESTABLISHED
BY ANALYZING THEIR ASH? STAUB (English translation),
26_(12):29-31, Dec. 1966.
The folio-wing precepts were obtained regarding the relation-
ship of fluorine plant damage and the correlation to the
analysis of their ash: No conclusions can be drawn from
the established fluorine content of the plant ash in regard
to the state of the plants, since the fluorine content of
healthy and atrophied leaves is frequently identical. The
content of total fluoride is not a specific, characteristic
magnitude of the vegetation, but varies with location. It is,
therefore, not possible to establish reference magnitudes
for use as normal values. Data on fluorine content are
dependent upon the dry mass of the material being analyzed.
The investigation revealed the following: Damage to plants
due to the effect of fluorine compounds cannot be proved by
analysis of plant ash. The fluorine content determined
does not give any information as to the condition and devel-
opment of the plant. The fluorine content is independent of
the age of the leaves.
G-7135
Abramashvili, G. G.
THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION ON
CONIFEROUS PLANTINGS. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 4, p. 67-
69, 1957. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 1, p. 75-78, Jan. I960.
CFSTI: TT 21049
In recent years there has been noticed a. general trend to
use coniferous trees in the landscaping of gardens, parks,
boulevards, and residence grounds. This trend gained
impetus due to the fact that in the northern part of the
U. S. S. R. leafy trees remain bare during 6 to 7 months of
the year, whereas the evergreen coniferous tree varieties
act as purifiers of atmospheric air from dust and gaseous
pollution. It was demonstrated that coniferous tree varie-
ties possess the property of first adsorbing and then absorb-
ing via the stoma and leaf openings such city street gases
as SO^ and SO^ and accumulating them to varying degrees.
Analysis of coniferous needles collected at different points
in Moscow showed that the sulfate content which spruce
tree needles can tolerate without any notable ill effect
ranged between 0.5-0. 85 percent. The results of these
studies indicated that coniferous species, especially the
prickly spruce, are useful city landscape decorating agents
and can play an important part in the sanitary improvement
of urban environment.
G-8170
Gusev, M. I.
DUST-RETAINING PROPERTIES OF LEAVES OF SOME
TREE SPECIES. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 6, p. 17-19, 1952.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 3, p. 243-245, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
A study was made in Tashkent, Russia of the dust-retain-
ing power of leaves of several tree species. Investigations
were made in a park where these tree species were grow-
ing in close proximity, exposed to the effects of dust from
the main city street and from the highway passing through
the park. Observations on the dust-retaining power of
leaves were made mostly during the summer and fall
months. The dust-retaining power of leaves of different
tree species varied with the dust concentration in the air.
In the summer and fall when rains are scarce a steady
accumulation of dust was observed on the surface of the
leaves.
121
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EFFECTS - MATERIALS
H-5229
Gleizer, M. D.
REINFORCING THE INSULATION OF ELECTRIC POWER
LINES IN AREAS OF INTENSE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION .
Elektr. St. , 3^_(10):61 ~65> Oct. 1961. Translated from Rus-
sian. Office of Technical Services, Dept. of Commerce,
Washington, D. C. , 8 p., 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-25932
In areas of intensive atmospheric pollution by chemical and
other deposits, the use of composite insulator assemblies,
in which some of the insulators are arranged vertically and
others horizontally, is recommended. The flashover char-
acteristics of these insulator assemblies, in clean conditions,
are approximately the same as those of normal insulator
strings containing the same number of insulators. Their
insulating characteristics, when contaminated with atmos-
pheric deposits, are considerably better than those of
normal insulator strings. Composite insulator assemblies
are fouled less readily than normal suspension strings, and
the insulation loads are distributed over them more uniform-
H-6528
Roikh, I. L.
EMISSION OF PHOTOGRAPHICALLY ACTIVE PARTICLES
IN THE ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION OF METALS. Dokl.
Akad. Nauk SSR, _63_(2):119-122, 1948. 4refs. Translated
from Russian. Defense Scientific Information Service, DRB,
Canada, p. 1-5, Feb. 24, 1953.
CFSTI: AD 610893
The results are presented of an experimental research on
the kinetics of the emission of photographically active par-
ticles in the corrosion of magnesium, aluminum and zinc.
These particles are emitted only after the removal of the
protective film of oxide. The kinetic experiments consisted
in moving the metal samples to successive positions under-
neath the photographic plate, to make a series of exposures
across the plate. Exposure times were 2, 4 and 24 hours.
The experiments were carried out with fresh metal filings,
which, because of the larger active surface, give a strong
photographic effect. The optical density of the images was
determined by means of a photometer (set up in the labora-
tory) with a selenium photo-element. Curves of optical
density against time are presented for aluminum, magnesium,
and zinc. The curve for aluminum is compared with a curve
of the reciprocal of weight increase against time which is
based on independent experimental data. It is concluded
that between the optical density due to any given quantity of
photographically active particles emitted by a metal, and on
the other hand the thickness of the oxide film, there is a
definite relationship. Thus the kinetic curve of emission of
the photographically active particles will also serve to char-
acterize the progress of atmospheric corrosion.
H-6529
Roikh, I. L. and F. Ye. Mazayev
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE EMISSION OF
PHOTOGRAPHICALLY ACTIVE PARTICLES IN THE AT-
MOSPHERIC CORROSION OF MAGNESIUM AND ZINC.
Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSR, 72_(2}:335-338, 1950. Translated
from Russian. Defense Scientific Information Service, DRB,
Canada, p. 6-11, Feb. 24, 1953.
CFSTI: AD 610893
Experiments were made on plates of magnesium and zinc.
The zinc plates were cut out of a single sheet, produced
from a melt of the commercially available chemically pure
granulated metal. The magnesium samples had the follow-
ing composition: Mg 99.825 percent, Si 0.014 percent, Fe
0. 040 percent, Al 0. 013 percent. The polished flat plate
was heated for five minutes, cleaned, placed on a mica
diaphragm (0. 06 mm thick) which was laid directly on the
photographic emulsion for 10 minutes. The measurements
were made in the temperature interval -13 to + 100C. The
temperature variation in any exposure did not exceed _+ 2C.
With due allowance for the effect of temperature on the
sensitivity of the emulsion layer, the linear relation be-
tween the blackening of the photographic plate and the re-
ciprocal of the absolute temperature of the metals is graph-
ed. In another experiment, the photographic plate was
placed underneath the metal sample, and both were kept at
constant temperatures for about 10 minutes, the metal clean-
ed, and the exposure taken. For each different temperature,
a different area of the photographic plate was moved under
the test metal. The blackening thus produced was then
measured photometrically. If the number of particles fall-
ing upon the photographic plate is always a certain definite
fraction of the particles emitted by the metal, then the
number of particles issuing from the metal in the process
of atmospheric corrosion is an exponential function of the
temperature.
123
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EFFECTS - ECONOMIC
1-6038
Sherwood, P. W.
HOW ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS CAN CORRODE RE-(
FINERY EQUIPMENT. Translated from German. Erdol
und Kohle-Erdgas-Petrochemie, _19_(4):289-290, April 1966.
Atmospheric corrosion of refinery equipment from the ef-
fects of humidity, dusts and electrolytes is reviewed. Ef-
fect of humidity: Although water vapor contributes to the
mechanism of atmospheric corrosion, the principal offender
is water which precipitates in liquid form from saturated
or near-saturated air. An oxidation-reduction potential may
be built up between two surfaces which promotes corrosion.
Electrolytes dissolved in the water will increase corrosive
action. Enclosed storage and humidity control are two
approaches which can be used to counteract some of these
situations. Effects of dust: These are probably not signif-
icant unless the dust consists of a salt or other kind of
electrolyte. Effects of oxidants and electrolytes: Oxidants
cause serious corrosion only in the presence of liquid water.
Acidic materials are seen to be the worst corrosive agents
in the atmosphere. Salts are strong electrolytes and in the
presence of liquid water they will contribute to rusting of
materials. Alkalies are not considered d. serious problem
in atmospheric corrosion; strong alkalies deposited in the
presence of liquid water can cause deterioration of aluminum
or zinc.
125
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AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
J-4070
Imasheva, N. B.
EXPERIMENTAL BASIS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
ALLOWABLE ACETOPHENONE LIMITS IN ATMOSPHERIC
AIR. Gigiena i Sanit., ^8(2):3-8, Feb. 1963. 9refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 12, p. 28-34, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Acetophenone is used in chemopharmaceutical, aniline dye
and organic synthesis industries. For this reason such
industries constitute potential sources of atmospheric air
pollution with acetophenone. The basic sources of air pol-
lution are production of acetone and of phenol by the cumene
method of which acetophenone is a side product. Experi-
ments for the determination of acetophenone in the atmos-
pheric air were conducted by the method of V. A.
Khrustaleva which was based on the reaction between
acetophenone and m-dinitrobenzene which resulted in the
production of a rose-colored substance, the intensity of
which was proportional to the concentration of acetophenone;
the test color is compared -with a freshly prepared color
scale. Maximal single dose of acetophenone in atmos-
pheric air was determined by the threshold of acetophenone
odor perception method, and by the effect of low aceto-
phenone concentration on eye sensitivity to light, and by
the electroencephalographic method. The threshold of
acetophenone threshold odor perception for most sensitive
persons was determined as 0. 01 mg/m3, and the maximal
nonperceptible concentration (subthreshold concentration)
was determined as 0.01 mg/m3. The threshold of aceto-
phenone reflex activity on eye sensitivity to light -was deter-
mined as 0. 01 mg/m3 Inhalation of 0. 007 mg/m3 acetone-
air mixture for a short time elicited changes in the elec-
trical brain activity but was inactive at 0. 003 mg/m3 con-
centration. Chronic 24-hour inhalation of 0. 07 mg/m3 of
acetophenone under chronic experimental conditions elic-
ited no detected changes in the above mentioned indexes.
It is recommended that 0. 003 mg/m3 be adopted as the
maximal single and 24-hour concentration limit for aceto-
phenone in atmospheric air.
J-4077
Kushakovskii, L. N. and R. I. Teplitskaya
POLLUTION OF HIGH SCHOOL PHYSICS DEPARTMENTS
WITH METALLIC MERCURY. Gigiena i Sanit. , 28(3):76-
79, March 1963. 7refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 67-70, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Metallic mercury is used in high-school physics classes
extensively in studying the Boyle-Mariotte and Gay-Lussac
laws, the Torricelli experiment, etc. In this connection
air pollution in high school physics departments with
metallic mercury was investigated in 7 schools located in
different sections of Dniepropetrovsk. Results revealed
considerable mercury content in the air of such locations.
Samples of air were collected at work desks, teachers'
desks, in the middle of classrooms and the the preparation
rooms where mercury was distributed into tubes Cor class-
room exercises. The air samples were collected at ground
and breathing levels. Similarly, mercury was determined
in wash water from surfaces of school furniture, floors and
equipment. Mercury content in samples of air and wash
water was determined by the Polezhaev method. The data
show that only 25 percent of the investigated samples of
air from physics departments contained no mercury, while
in 23 percent of the samples the concentration of mercury
exceeded the maximum permissible for air of industrial
establishments (0. 01 mg/m3). No mercury was found in
only 6 percent of air samples collected in the preparation
rooms, while in 35 percent of all samples the mercury con-
centration exceeded the permissible maximum. Thus, the
greatest pollution of air by mercury vapor was found in the
preparation rooms, in which mercury has been distributed
generally in open tubes and carried in and out without re-
gard for specified hygienic safety requirements. This
intense mercury pollution of the surroundings was the cause
of occupational mercury poisoning of teacher and laboratory
technician working in the high school physics department.
Students in high school physics departments generally ranged
between the ages of 13-17 years. For this reason it is more
apropos, in fact, more rational to use the 0. 0003 mg/m3
M. A. C. adopted officially for mercury in atmospheric air
and not the 0. 01 mg/m3 M. A. C. officially adopted for
mercury vapor in the air of working premises.
J-4078
Tkachev, P. G.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA AS A BASIS FOR THE DETER-
MINATION OF MAXIMAL PERMISSIBLE ANILINE CON-
CENTRATION IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
_28(4):3-ll, April 1963. Srefs. Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12, p. 71-80, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Aniline is widely used in many industries as the raw prod-
uct from which aniline dyes are prepared for use in the
textile and rubber industries and in the production of inter-
mediates for the manufacture of medicinal products. The
minimal odor perceptive aniline concentration for most
sensitive persons was 0.37 mg/m3, and the maximal non-
perceptible concentration by odor was 0.34 mg/m3. The
concentration of aniline vapor threshold reflex effect on
the brain cortex adaptation process to the rhythm of light
flashes, as obtained by the method of functional electro-
encephalography, was 0.07 mg/m3 It was previously
shown that 0. 05 mg/m3 of aniline vapor elicited no changes
in the animal organism; accordingly, it is recommended
that 0.05 mg/m3 be adopted as the maximal single per-
missible aniline vapor concentration in the atmospheric
air. Results of the investigation showed that 3. 0 and 0. 3
mg/m3 under similar conditions was entirely inactive. It
is recommended that 0. 03 mg/m3 of aniline vapor in the
atmospheric air be adopted as the maximal of 24 hour
average concentration. Observations were made on the
ground of and general vicinity surrounding the Novomoskovsk
Phenol Plant, where aniline was used for the production of
neozone D (phenylnaphthylamine) which this plant used at
the rate of 6.5 7.0 tons per day. At 750 m from the
source of aniline discharge 3 of 35 air samples contained
aniline vapor in concentrations exceeding the recommended
maximal single dose. The department which produced
neozone D should be surrounded by a sanitary clearance
zone not less than 1000 m wide: this recommendation does
not take into account other possible harmful atmospheric
air discharges.
J-4087
Chizhikov, V. A.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA AS A BASIS FOR THE DETER-
MINATION OF MAXIMAL PERMISSIBLE TOLUYLENE
DIISOCYANATE CONCENTRATION IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR.
Gigiena i Sanit. , 18(6):8-15, June 1963. iSrefs. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12,
127
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
p. 133-140, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
The concentration of toluylene diisocyanate threshold odor
perception for most sensitive persons was experimentally
established as 0.2 mg/m3 and the maximal odor nonper-
ceptible concentration was established at 0. 15 mg/m
The concentration of toluylene diisocyanate threshold effect
on electric brain activity was established at 0. 1 mg/rn3,
while 0.05 mg/m3 concentration elicited no changes in the
electric brain activity. The maximal single permissible
toluylene diisocyanate concentration in atmospheric air
should be set at 0. 05 mg/m3. Exposure of white rats lo
the inhalation of air containing 2. 0 or 0.2 mg/m3 of
toluylene diisocyanate 24 hours daily for 84 days caused
the animals to lose weight, brought about increased
cholinesterase activity, changed muscle antagonists motor
chronoxy, and disturbed the protein traction ratios, and
the process of porphyrin metabolism. In 0. 02 rng/m con-
centration, toluylene diisocyanate had no observable un-
favorable effects on the organism of the exposed experi-
mental rats. Based on the results of the present investi-
gation, it is recommended that 0. 02 mg/m be accepted
as the maximal average 24 hour toluylene diisocyanate con-
centration in atmospheric air.
J-4091
Gabinova, Zh. L. , A. A, Vasil'eva, N. Kh. Sklyarskaya
and M. D. Manita
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POL-
LUTION WITH 3, 4-BENZPYRENE IN INDUSTRIAL
SECTIONS. Gigiena i Sanit. , 28_(6);65-69, June 1963.
5 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S, Levine, U. S. S. R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases, No. 12, p. 157-161, 1966.
CFSTI; TT 66-61429
The purpose was to obtain more complete and up-to-date
information on the state of Moscow atmospheric air pol-
lution with 3, 4-benzpyrene, on the basis of which rational
sanitation means could be developed for the protection of
atmospheric air against pollution with 3, 4-benzpyrene.
The first investigation was centered around industrial
enterprises which had been only slightly surveyed with re-
gard to the presence of 3, 4-benzpyrene in the air and
which, by the nature of their processing and production,
lent themselves to the introduction of appropriate saniti-
zation measures, 3, 4-benzpyrene determinations were
made by fluorescent spectral method in the following order;
in the primary raw material, in the intermediate and final
products, in dust settled from the atmospheric air, and in
dust collected by aspiration. Analyses were conducted in
the physico-chemical laboratory of the Moscow Sanitary
Epidemiological Station. It has been established that some
raw materials, intermediate and final products used or
manufactured by the investigated industrial plant contained
detectable quantities of 3, 4-benzpyrene; samples of
settled dust collected in the proximity of the investigated
plants also contained detectable quantities of 3, 4-bena-
pyrene. Samples of aspirated atmospheric air collected
on the electrode plant grounds during August-November
of 1961, contained 3, 4-benzpyrene in 0.4-2,33 gamma
per 100 m3 of air, On the basis of this orientation investi-
gation and sanitary-hygienic examinations, certain saniti-
zation and air pollution protection means have been re-
commended and instituted in the investigated plants.
J-4100
Kuryndin, G. M. , G. B. Orlovskaya and I. G. Dinkevich
EXPERIMENTAL HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF COM-
BUSTION PRODUCTS DISCHARGED INTO THE ATMOS-
PHERIC AIR BY THE'SMELTING DEPARTMENT OF A
METALLURGICAL PLANT. Gigiena i Sanit., 28_(8):58~59,
Aug. 1963. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occu-
pational Diseases, No. 12, p. 200-201, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
The smelting department of a plant located in a. residential
block has one smelting furnace which burns 7 tons of fuel
and produces 20 tons of pig iron per day. The hygienic
investigation included a sanitary inspection of the territory
over which the discharged smoke extended, and laboratory
examinations of atmospheric air samples collected at
given intervals. Air samples had been collected beginning
with the month of May and ending with the month of Decem-
ber, a period during which the north-western and north-
eastern winds prevailed in the vicinity. Air samples were
tested for dust, soot and sulfur dioxide. Samples were
collected in yards bordering on the plant grounds at the
time the smoke plume spread over the yard at a distance
of 12-30 m from the pollution origin. Sample collection
was made by the aspiration method. Data showed that
maximal single soot concentration was 2. 8 times as high
as the maximal permissible concentration in atmospheric
air at a distance of 12-30; the dust concentration at 12-30
was 18 times as high at its maximal permissible concentra-
tion. Minimal single dust concentration at 12-20 m was
3. 2 times as great, and at 22-30 m distance 5. 2 times as
great as the maximal permissible concentration in atmos-
pheric air. The discharged smoke contained predominately
fractions exceeding 10 microns in diameter.
J-4101
Zykova, A. S. , E, L. Telushkina, C. P. Efremova and
V. P. Rublevskli
RADIOACTIVITY LEVEL OF MOSCOW AMBIENT AT-
MOSPHERIC AIR IN 1957-1961. Gigiena i Sanit., 28J9):
5-11, Sept. 1963. 6 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R, Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12, 204-210, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
The present investigation extended over 6 years and yield-
ed data which illuminated the course of changes in the
levels of Moscow atmospheric air radioactivity. Highest
level of radio activity was recorded during 1957-1959 in
the first 6 months of 1959 and at the end of 1961. Results
showed that the radioactive substance concentrations in
the air in the fall of 1958 retained their high levels after
the resumption of nuclear weapon tests in the fall of 19^8
for 6-7 months. This was followed by a substantial fall
in the radioactivity level, reaching a minimum at the end
of 6 months. Average monthly radioactive substance con-
centrations in the atmospheric air ranged between lx 10~1°
and lx 10~1 curie/li during the period of observation.
Results of radiochemical analyses showed that 0.73
microcurie of strontium-90, 1. 24 microcurie of cesium-
137 fell per 1 km^ of ground surface in I960; 1.68 micro-
curie of strontium-90 and 1.93 microcurie of cesium-137
fell per 1 km^ of ground in 1961. Results of the present
investigation point to the occurrence of spring and fall
maxima of radioactive substance fallout from the atmos-
pheric air. A degree of correlation appeared to exist
between the amount of radioactive fallout and atmospheric
precipitation. Results of atmospheric air investigation
made by the method of snow samples, open pan collection
procedure, and aspiration method were in good agreement
and reflected the course followed by atmospheric air
128
-------
AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
pollution with radioactive substances in Moscow environs
during the 1957-1961 period.
J-4106
Cooperman, E. F.
MAXIMAL PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF HEXA-
VALENT CHROMIUM IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena i
Sanit., ^8(ll):9-l6, Nov. 1963. 11 re£s. Translated
from Russian by B.S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 12,
p. 249-256, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-614Z9
A concentration of Z.5 microns/m^ of hexavalent chro-
mium in the air represented its threshold of irritation
action; the same 2.5 micron/m concentration represented
the threshold of reflex chromium aerosol effect on the
functional state of the cerebral cortex, as determined by
the adaptometric method for persons of highest perception
sensitivity. 1.5 microns/m^ of chromium, as determined
by the above mentioned procedure, produced no unfavorable
effects on the organism, and should be regarded as the
nonactive or subthreshold concentration Hexavalent
chromium in 30 microns/m^ concentration chronically
inhaled for a period of 90 days, elicited in the experimental
animals, changes in their motor chronaxies, in the carbonic
anhydrase activity, and in the morphologic component of
the blood. Some definite histologic changes were noted
in the tissue of internal organs. Under similar chronic
conditions, inhalation of air containing 1.5 microns/m^
of the hexavalent chromium produced no statistically
significant changes. The concentration of 1. 5 microns/m^
computed as CrO3 can be adopted as the maximal single,
and also as the 24 hour, hexavalent chromium concen-
tration in atmospheric air. The following sanitary clear-
ance zones are recommended for chromium processing
plants: for plants which discharged 200 kg of hexavalent
chromium into the air, the sanitary clearance zone should
be not less than 100 m, and for plants which discharged
1000 kg of hexavalent chromium into the air daily, the
sanitary clearance zone should be not less than 2000 m
wide. The existing maximal permissible hexavalent chro-
mium concentration in the air of working premises, now
0.1 mg/m^, is regarded, in the light of the present in-
vestigation, as too high and should be revised to a lower
level.
J-4115
Gofman, M. Z.
SANITIZATION OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN CHEMICAL
AND PHARMACEUTICAL PLANTS WHICH USE MERCURY
AS A CATALYZER. Gigiena i Sanit., 2_8(12):73-76, Dec.
1963. Translated from Russian by B.S. Levine, U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 12, p. 301-305, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-61429
Mercury vapor was found in the air of production rooms of
the chemopharmaceutical industry producing synthetic
drugs, and of the chemical industry producing technical
organic synthetic substances. The presence of mercury
vapor was not limited to the air of work rooms in which
metallic mercury or its compounds have been used as
catalyzers, but also in the air of rooms assigned to the
processing successive production phases, as a carry-over
by the reaction mass, or by the intermediary half-products.
In making sanitary evaluations of such plants this fact
should be taken into consideration; it should also play an
important part in making sanitary inspections of industrial
production plants in which mercury and its compounds are
used as catalyzers. Mercury desorption from walls, ceil-
ing, surfaces of equipment, etc. should be regarded as a.
significant factor in air contamination with mercury vapor
in processing rooms of such production industries. Coat-
ing all surfaces, including those of equipment, with a.
mercury vapor nonpermeable varnish or paint will mark-
edly reduce the amount of adsorbed and permeated mer-
cury vapor, the concentrations of which will be still further
reduced by the introduction of demercurization of the work-
ing premises. In planning new, or reconstructing and re-
novating previously existing industrial premises of the type
under consideration, the location of technological processes
should be arranged so as to reduce to a minimum air pol-
lution with mercury vapor. Manual operations should be
automated. All production processes which.used mercuric
compounds as catalyzers, and all associated production
states, must be evaluated from the sanitary hygienic view-
point as industries which employ mercury and which must
comply with corresponding sanitary specifications.
J-4173
Gushchin, G. P., I. I. Romashkina, and O. N. Chemyakina
SOVIET STATION DATA ON TOTAL ATMOSPHERIC
OZONE FOR 1963. In: Part 2 Atmospheric Ozone.
Data Presented at the May 21-23, 1963 Conference on At-
mospheric Ozone, 1965. 4 refs. Translated fromRussian
by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 13, p. 235-275,
1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
Total atmospheric ozone data recorded by 24 Soviet sta-
tions during 1963 are listed in tables, consisting of ob-
servation data, number of observations, and total ozone.
Vibrations in the aerosol layer still affect ozone measure-
ment results. The results were obtained in direct sunlight.
Data were obtained -with the universal ozonometer, and
with the Dobson spectrophotometer.
J-4256
Burakhovich, M. S.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY DISCHARGES FROM
CHEMICAL PLANTS. [Zagryaznenie atmosfernogo
vozdukha vybrosami khimicheskikh predpriyatii-] Hygiene
and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ),
3_l_(7-9):437-440, July-Sept. 1966.
The purpose of the investigations was the determination
of one-time concentrations of injurious substances in the
ambient air of populated areas within a radius of 3000-
4000 m from two chemical plants. Among the substances
included in the determinations were: nitrogen oxides,
methanol, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, formaldehyde,
and cyclohexane. The effect of emissions from a power
plant on coniferous forests, was also studied. Needles
from dried trees contained greater concentrations of
sulfur compounds than needles from healthy trees.
J-5256
Ryazanov, V. A.
CRITERIA AND METHODS OF ESTABLISHING THE MAX-
IMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF ATMOS-
PHERE POLLUTION IN THE USSR. In: V. A. Ryazanov
and M. S. Gol'dberg (eds.), Maximum Permissible Con-
centrations of Atmospheric Pollution. [Predel'no Dopu-
stimyye Kontsentratsii Atmosfernykh Zagryazneniy]
129
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Moscow, Meditsina Publishing House, 19<->4, p. 5-21. Trans-
lated from Russian. Joint Publications Research Service,
Washington, D. C. , 15 p., April 7, 19&5.
CFSTI: TT 65-30o71
Four different opinions may be found in the literature on
approaches to the establishment of maximum permissible
concentrations of atmospheric pollution. They are: (1) Only
that composition of the air that is observed under natural
conditions in noncontaminated human environment can be
recognized as normal; (2) Only that content of a given con-
taminant in the atmospheric air that cannot be removed
practically should be considered as normal, (3) Only such
concentrations as are economically justified should be con-
sidered the standard, i.e. the cost of measures guaranteeing
their achievement should be equal to or less than the cost of
the damage that they inflict upon society; and (4) Only such
concentration of atmosphere pollution as does not exert
either a. direct or an indirect toxic or unpleasant action on
man, does not reduce his ability to work, and exerts no
negative influence on his health and frame of mind can be
recognized as permissible. In the USSR two types of indices
of degree of contamination of the atmospheric air are used:
maximum permissible single concentrations and average
daily concentrations. They are aimed at preventing the
chronic resorptive action, of toxic substances during pro-
longed inhalation. The maximum single permissible con-
centrations are aimed at preventing atmospheric pollution
that might produce reflex reactions through irritation of
the receptors of the respiratory organs, chiefly the olfactory
region of the nasal cavity.
J-5260
Shamirzayev, Sh. Yu. and D. Kh. Nurullayev
POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR OF THE CITY
OF TASHKENT AND WAYS FOR ITS REDUCTION, [.iagrya-
znennost' Atmosfernogo Vozdukha Goroda Tashkcnta i Puti
Yeye Snizheniya.] Med. Zh. Uzbekistaiia, No. 9, p. 20-25.
I960. Translated from Russian. Joint Publications Re-
search Service, Washington, D. C. , 14 pp. , Aug. 7, 1961.
CFSTI' TT 66-27680
The dust and gas suspension exceed the maximum permissi-
ble concentration, in various places, by 2 100 times.
During the winter period approximately 15,000 tons of coal
is consumed daily in the city and more than SO, 000, 000 rnj
of flue gas and 600 tons of ashes are discharged into the
air (the burning of 1 kg of coal liberates 5. 5 m3 of flue gas
at an average coal ash content of 20 percent). On the aver-
age 240 tons of oil is burned daily. There is discharged
every hour 60, 000 mj of flue gas into the atmospheric air,
or 1, 500.000 every day. Of the twenty samples Lesled for
lead fumes, eight were found to have exceeded the maximum
permissible limits; of the 30 samples tested for carbon
monoxide, 14 exceeded the maximum permissible limits.
Soot was found in 20 samples, in some of them the maximum
permissible limits were exceeded four times. At other
posts, carbon monoxide exceeds the maximum permissible
limits 2 5 times {from 14 to 29 mg/m^, at a norm of 6
mg/mr); concentrations of lead, 12 to 13 times greater
than the maximum permissible limit (at a norm of 0. 0007
mg/rn-^; samples \vere found to contain from 0.014 to 0.0096
mg/m-1). The concentration of soot exceeded the maximum
permissible limits six times (content of 0.9 mg/m--1). In
the area of the asphalt and bituminoxis plant the dust suspen-
sion in the air proved to be 52 times greater than the maxi-
mum permissible limit (26 mg/m was found at a permissi-
ble concentration of 0.5 mg/m^); the suspension of sulfur
dioxide was BO times greater (40 mg/m3 instead of 0. 5).
J-5659
Baranov, V. I. and V. D. Vilenskii
PB^IO IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND IN FALLOUT. Soviet
J. At. Energy (English translation), 1_S( 5 ):b45-b48, May
1965. 6 refs.
Data are given for the intensity of Pb-210 fallout in Hie
Moscow area during 1961-1963. The intensity of Pb-210
fallout ordinarily increases with increasing amounts of
precipitation. The average Pb-210 concentration in fallout
is not related to the amount of precipitation, and rises sharp-
ly only in dry periods. The intensity of Pb-210 fallout is
practically constant in the spring, summer, and fall, and
decreases in the winter only by a factor of 2-2. 5. The
average concentration of Pb-2lO in fallout is practically
independent of season. The mean annual intensity of Pb-210
fallout in the Moscow area is approximately 2. 8 nCi/sq m.
The Pb-210 concentration in the surface layer of the atmos-
phere above the Pacific and Indian Oceans varies within
wide limits and, apparently is chiefly determined by mete-
orological factors. The Pb-210 content in the troposphere
above the oceans is probably only slightly less than the Con-
tent in the troposphere above dry land. The variations in
Pb-210 concentration in the surface layer of the atmosphere
above land and ocean can be used lor studying the mete-
orological factors responsible for the transport of radio-
active isotopes within the troposphere and for their depo-
sition on the surface of the earth. (Authors' abstract)
J-5673
Ghalov, P. I. arid M. A. Tsevelcv
THE RELATIVE LEVELS OF STRATOSPHERIC FISSION
FRAGMENT FALLOUT. Soviet J. At. Energy (English
translation), 19(5) 1450-1451, Nov. 19b5. b refs.
A possible relative level of stratospheric fission fragment
fallout is determined by comparison of the fallout intensity
(total fission fragments and several long-lived isotopes)
in 1962, when tropospheric fallout was still possible, and
in 1963, when it is possible to consider the fallout as pure-
ly stratospheric as a result of the prohibition of atmospheric
nuclear testing in 1962. The total beta-activity of stratos-
pheric fallout maybe greater than, or equal to. Ihe activity
of tropospheric fallout. Stratospheric fallout, which con-
tains mainly long-lived isotopes, in this instance is a
greater radiation hazard than tropospheric fallout. During
the period of a nuclear test ban, the cumulative fallout
intensity, and the resulting external gamma-ray dose, are
mainly determined by stratospheric fallout.
J-5674
Chupka, Sh., M. Petrashova and I. Tsarakh
SRq° CONTENT OF RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT IN WESTERN
SLOVAKIA. Translated from Russian. Soviet J. At. Ener-
gy (English translation), 1_8( 5 )-637-639, May J9b5. 6 rets.
The absolute and relative content of Sr~QQ in radioactive:
fallout was investigated at four points in western Slovakia
during 1962-1963. A significant increase in the Sr-90 con-
tent of fallout was found in 1963, particularly in November
and December (to 12 percent). The conclusion was reached
that, at the present time, radioactive fallout results from
long-lived isotopes of stratospheric origin. (Authors' ab-
stract)
130
-------
AIR QUALITY MKASUREMENTS
J-5728
Kotel'nikov, V. P., V. N. Markelov and B. A. Nelepo
NEW DATA ON ATMOSPHERIC RADIOACTIVITY AND
FAIAODT INTENSITY IN THE BLACK SEA BASIN. Soviet
J, At. Energy (English translation), 1J9(5):1447- 1449, Nov.
1965.
During the 16th voyage of the Mikhail Lomonosov in August-
September, 1964, studies were made of the artificial radio-
activity of the atmosphere in the Black Sea Basin. As a
result of these studies, determinations were made of the
concentration and isotopic composition of the radioactive
aerosols in the surface layer of the atmosphere, of the
shortlived radioactive isotopes in the surface layer of the
atmosphere, and of the intensity of radioactive fallout and
its isotopic composition. In addition, studies were made
of the correlation bet\veen concentration of radioactive
aerosols and the intensity of radioactive falloxit at the sur-
face of the sea under varioxis meteorological conditions.
The isotopic composition of the radioactive products found
in the atmosphere, and the rapid variations in their fallout
intensity as a fxinction of atmospheric precipitation indicate
that there still remains in the stratosphere a considerable
amount of radioactive prodxicts, produced as the result of
nuclear testing, which enter the lower layers of the atmos-
phere.
J-6'o71
Bruskin, Z. Z.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WORKING CONDITIONS AND
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION WITH ETHYLMERCURIC
CHLORIDE DURING TREATMENT OF CEREAL GRAINS
IN THE OMAK OBLAST. Gigiena Truda i Prof. Zabole-
vaniya, 2j5):20-24, 1958. 8 refs. Translated from Russian
by B, S. Levinc, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No, 7, p, 264-271, 1962
CFSTI: TT D2-IU03
A study was undertaken to evaluate the health hazards in-
volved in the application of ethylmercuric chloride (EMC)
to cereal grains. Concentrations of EMC were measured
in various working zones and in the open air at varying
distances from the operation. The results of these measure-
ments are. tabulated: the effectiveness of a. respirator is re-
ported; and recommendations are made to improve the pro-
tection of the workers.
J-6672
Varclruk, N, K.
CARBON MONOXIDE IN TYPICAL AUTO-TRACTOR MA-
CHINE SHOPS. Gigiena i Sanil. , _24(5):80-82, 1959. Trans-
lated from Russian by B, S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 7,
p. 271-275, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
Carbon monoxide concentrations were measured at the
breathing level of workers in an auto and tractor repair
shop. Two hundred air samples were analyzed from various
locations and the results are presented in a table. In view
of the dangerous levels detected, recommendations are
made for the improvement of the situation.
J-6673
CITY STREET AIR POLLUTION BY AUTOTRANSPORT
USING ETHYLATED GASOLINE. Gigiena i Sanit.,
2_5(4):15-18, 1960. 6 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p. 275-279, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
A study made of air pollution from automotive vehicles
operating on ethylated gasoline is reported. Lead concen-
trations were measured in 5 cities on the basis of 24 hour
averages. The sampling method employed is described.
Results indicate heavy pollution of the air with lead. An
examination of traffic directing personnel demonstrated
deleterious effects ascribed to lead. It is recommended
that the use of ethyl-lead gasoline be discontinued.
J-6674
Alekseyeva, M. V. and V. A. Khrustaleva
A STUDY OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GASES. Gigiena
i Sanit. , 2_^(5):10-14, 1960. 5 refs. Translated from
Russian by B. S, Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p. 279-
284, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-1 1103
Air samples taken in the immediate vicinity of automotive
exhausts during heavy traffic conditions were analyzed for
formaldehyde, acrolein, ketones, unsaturated and aromatic
hydrocarbons, and CO. The data obtained are correlated
with the type of vehicle and type of fuel used. The results
show that incomplete fuel combustion in motor vehicles is
a potent source of air pollution. The effectiveness of a.
platinum catalytic oxidizing device for treatment of ex-
haust gases was tested and found to reduce pollution.
J-6869
Krasovitskaya, M. L. , L. K. Malyarova and T.S. Zaporozhets
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY PETROLEUM REFINERIES
AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS, [.Zagryaznenie atmos-
fernogo vozdukha \ raione neftepererabatyvayushchego i
neftekhimicheskogo predpriyatiya.] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English translation of Gigiena i Sanit. ), 30(4):118-1 21,
April 1965. 6 refs.
The nature of the atmospheric pollution in the area around
a large petrochemical industrial complex was investigated
and its effect on the health of children was studied. The
pollutants are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, hydrogen
sulfide, sulfur dioxide and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Three
stationary observation points were established to examine
the purity of air in the city. One point was within the indus-
trial complex, another 2, 5 km away and a third 20 km from
the plant. The concentration of atmospheric pollutants was
highest in the first district, a little lower in the second and
even lower in the third. At the most distant observation point
point the atmospheric concentrations of CO and SO2 exceeded
the maximum permissible levels. The content of harmful
substances exceeded the maximum permissible concen-
trations in 51.2 percent of all the analyses. Studies of
the records of first visits at children's clinics showed
that, other conditions being equal, the incidence of influ-
enza, upper respiratory tract infections, the common
infections of childhood, and pneumonia, were higher in
children residing in the area affected by the discharge,
than in the control group, the difference being statistically-
significant. The children showed diminished immunobio-
logical and redox reactions, as well as certain changes
that are specific for petroleum gases, such as leucopenia,
thrombocytopcnia and hypotonia. A need for engineering
improvements to reduce the industrial discharges from the
oil refineries and petrochemical plants was demonstrated.
131
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
One of the most important ways of combatting air pollution,
which is still awaiting its engineering solution, is the ex-
traction of sulfur from the raw materials and fuel used in
the process of petroleum refining. Another necessary
measure is the prevention of loss of petroleum products by
evaporation from storage tanks, by hermetically sealing
the reservoirs against gas leaks, their thermal insulation,
and the installation of the floating protective covers.
J-6872
Shesterikova, K. L. and P. N. Strogal'shchikova
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY NITROGEN OXIDES.
[Zagryaznenie atmosfernogo vozdukha okislami azota.J
Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of. Gigiena i
Sanit. ) 3£(5):232-233, May 1965. 1 rel.
Determinations of nitrogen oxide concentration in the streets
of Chelyabinsk, Russia, during peak traffic hours were com-
piled. In 51 percent of the samples, nitrogen oxides ex-
ceed the maximum permissible concentration (0. 3 mg/m^).
The lowest concentrations of nitrogen oxides are found at
two points, where the traffic density is lower and the broad
streets are situated at higher ele\fations, therefore in well
ventilated locations.
J-6886
Borisyuk, Yu. P. and B. S. Ruchkovskii.
CONTAMINATION OF AIR BY 3, 4-BENZPYRENE AROUND
CERTAIN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES. [Zagryaznenie
3, 4-benzpirenom atmosfernogo vozdukha v raionakh neko-
torykh proizvodstevennykh predpriyatii.] Hygiene and
Sanitation (English translation of' Gigiena i Sanit. ), 30( 1)'
107-108, Jan. 1965. 4 refs.
CFSTI- TT 66-51033
Atmospheric pollution by 3, 4-benzpyrene in the vicinity of
certain industrial enterprises is reported. Samples were
taken by the aspiration method, using the FFP-15 grade
filter. In taking a single sample, about ZOOO m^ air were
passed through the aspirator. The deposit on the filter was
extracted with petroleum ether. The samples were tested
for 3, 4-benzpyrene by fluorimetric spectrography and
spectrophotometry. Considerable quantities of 3, 4-benz-
pyrene were discharges of metallurgical and asphalt-
concrete enterprises. Only traces of 3, 4-benzpyrene were
detected in the vicinity of agglomeration factories of ore-
dressing plants, and this is probably explained by the
technological conditions of agglomeration.
J-6904
Kirichenko, V. N. , B. I. Ogorodnikov, V. D. Ivanov, A. A.
Kirsh and V. I. Kachikin.
SUBMICROSCOPIC AEROSOLS OF SHORT-LIVED DAUGHTER
PRODUCTS OF RADON IN MINE AIR. [Soderzhanie submi-
kroskopicheskikh aerosolei korotkozhivushchikh dochernikh
produktov radona v rudnichnom vozdukhe.J Hygiene and
Sanitation {English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 30(1 J ):
308-314, Nov. 1965. 15 refs.
Two methods of measuring the concentration of free atoms
of the shortliving daughter products of radon under actual
mining conditions were described. The majority of thy
daughter products of radon settle on fine particles in the
free atmosphere, therefore measurements of these particles
down to size 10~7cm are of great interest. The daughter
products of radon are constantly discovered in different
parts of the mine. When there is no work, the proportion
of free atoms is considerably higher than when work is
being carried out. The results cannot be referred to as
free atoms because in reality not only free atoms but also
a spectrum of very fine particles approaching atomic
dimensions are counted. However, it is these settling
particles together with free atoms which may give rise to
excessive irradiation of the respiratory tract of miners.
J-7141
Dubrovskaya, F. I.
THE EFFECT OF SMOKE EMISSION PURIFICATION ON
AIR DUST CONCENTRATION OF A LARGE CITY. Gigiena
i Sanit. , 2_3_(l):69-7 1, 1953. Translated from Russian by B.
S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Relat-
ed Occupational Diseases, No. 1, p. 118-121, Jan. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21049
Over a period of several years the pollution of Moscow air
was studied. The accumulated data presented the opportu-
nity to determine the changes in air pollution intensity which
resulted from the introduction of control measures. One
of the basic measures was an official mandatory require-
ment that fly ash be removed from smoke gases emitted
by electric power and heating plants and by boiler operated
manufacturing and production industries. A comparison of
the data under study with the value representing the limit
of allowable concentration of dust in the atmospheric air
of inhabited localities, shows that in most of the samples
studied the dust concentration exceeded the maximal single
limit of allowable dust concentration of 0.5 mg/m Thus,
despite considerable attainment in the fight against air pol-
lution in Moscow, the condition of the air with regard to
dust concentration failed to come up to the official sanitary
requirement. Data regarding dust concentrations in dif-
ferent sections of the city during cold and warm weather,
from 1946 1956, are presented in graphs.
J-7290
Kruglikova, Ts. P. and V. K. Elfimova
RESIDENTIAL INDOOR AIR POLLUTION WITH ATMOS-
PHERIC SULFUR DIOXIDE (GAS). Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_3J3);
75-78, 1958. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occu-
pational Diseases, No. 2, p. 68-73, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
The degree of atmospheric SO^ penetration into residential
dwellings was studied. Two sets of air samples were taken
in the vicinity surrounding a chemical plant: one set at
distances ranging between 200 300 meters and the other
between 800 1000 meters from the point of 'air pollution
discharge. Only one set of air samples was collected at
a. distance of 200 meters from a crude oil processing plant.
In all, 183 air samples were collected in industrial regions
over a period of one year; 106 were outdoor (atmospheric)
air samples, 77 samples were collected inside residential
dwellings. A total of 179 air samples were collected in
two streets; 104 samples were collected indoors and 75 out
of doors. Sixty-five air samples were collected in a con-
trol region: 25 atmospheric and 40 inside the Botanical
Garden buildings. A correlation is demonstrated between
the atmospheric and indoor air SO;? concentrations in in-
dustrially air polluted regions, in city blocks free from
industrial type of air pollution and in the control area.
J-7292
Grushko, Ya. M. , P. P. Dikun, L. M. Shabacl, T. I.
132
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AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
Rukavishnikova, L. M. Zak, and O. M. Valasenko
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POL-
LUTION WITH CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCE (3, 4 BENZ-
PYRENE) IN IRKUTSK AND ANGARSK. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
|3J4):7-10, 1958. 6 refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 81-86, March
I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
Most of the fuel consumed in Irkutsk is burned, by boiler
operated manufacturing and production plants and by resi-
dential heating installations at comparatively low temper-
atures, which results in an extensive emission of soot into
the atmospheric air. In addition, the Irkutsk smokestacks
are of insufficient height for proper dispersion. At the
Angarsk electric heat station the coal is burned at 1100°,
which results in the production of a minimum amount of
soot. The boilers are equipped with electrostatic pre-
cipitators which remove 95 percent of the ash from the
discharge gases, and the smokestack of the stations is
120 m high. All the above aid is sharply reducing the at-
mospheric air pollution. It was thought that the content of
3, 4-benzpyrene in the atmospheric air of Irkutsk and
Angarsk may differ sharply. To determine the correctness
of such an assumption, snow samples were collected in
1956 at certain points in Irkutsk and in Angarsk which con-
tained sedimented industrial smoke fall-out; these were
studied for their content of 3, 4-benzpyrene. The results
indicated that the control measures instituted in the city of
Angarsk proved adequate for the protection of the atmos-
pheric air of the residential part of the city, especially as
related to the prevention of dissemination throughout the
city of carcinogenic hydrocarbons.
J-7294
Belousov, A. Z., Yu. V. Novikov, V. F. Oreshko, and
B. I. Polivoda
AEROSOL RADIOACTIVITY OF THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR.
Gigiena i Sanit. , j^3( 1 0): 17-22, 1958. 6 refs. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 2,
p. 96-102, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
Observations of radioactivity in the ambient air were con-
ducted at 3 points in a city and its surroundings. Air
samples were taken 1. 5 - 2. 0 m above the surface of the
ground and studied for a and /? activity in aerosols. Mete-
orological observations were conducted simultaneously.
In the course of a year, 967 atmospheric air samples were
examined. City and suburban intensities of radioactivity
emitted by short-lived isotopes were as follows: city aver-
age for beta-radiation was 2. 4 x lO"13 C/l and 1. 23 x ] 0-i3
C/l for alpha-radiation; corresponding averages in the
suburbs were 2.54xlO-13 and 1.6 x 10'13 C/l. The dif-
ferences between the city and suburban radiation values
are within the limits of experimental error; for all practi-
cal purposes the radiation intensities in the city and subur-
ban air were the same. Air radioactivity constantly
fluctuated over an extended period of time as well as with-
in 24 hours. The fluctuation range stayed within narrow
limits and may have been caused by changes in the mete-
orological conditions. Increase in air dust concentration
radiation ranged bet
J-7300
Dikun, P. P. and I. I. Nikberg
A STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION WITH 3, 4-BENZPYRENE
IN THE VICINITY OF AN OLD PITCH-COKE PLANT. Vop.
Onkol. , 4(6):669-674, 1958. 6 refs. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 125-
140, March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
Analyses were made of three sets of samples collected in
the area of the pitch-coke plant at different times, different
distances, and in different directions from the plant. Set
1 consisted of 6 samples, and set 3 consisted of 3 aspi-
ration samples. A comparison of pollution before and
after the plant was modernized shows that 3, 4-benzpyrene
content of sweepings collected between the inside and
storm windows before the plant was modernized was 100
times greater than after the improvements were installed.
(0. 03 to 0. 05 percent as against 0. 0003 percent) Dust
collected in 1955 from the bricks stored on the plant
grounds contained 10 times as much 3, 4-benzpyrene as
the dust collected between the windows in 1957 (0. 003 to
0. 0090 percent against 0. 0003 percent). The fact that
window pane washings gave negative or trace tests for
3, 4-benzpyrene demonstrated the significant reduction
in air pollution attained by the plant combustion modern-
ization. This is further confirmed by a comparison of
analyses of aspiration samples. After the introduction of
the improvements aspiration samples of 1 5 to 45 m3 of
air contained only traces of pollutants. Comparison of
analytical results collected in 1957 with samples similarly
collected in 1955 also shows a substantial reduction in
total pollution (95, 370 and 820 mg per m3 in 1955 as
against 2. 5 mg in 1957) and in 3, 4-benzpyrene (0. 002,
0. 005, 0.400 mg per m3 in 1955 as against 0. 0004 mg in
1957). Thus, results of the 1957 investigation revealed
that pollution of the air in the vicinity of the pitch-coke
plant decreased sharply after the coke furnaces were
modernized.
J-7304
Los', L. I., A. G. Sadivnikova, R. M. Soboleva and
D. Ya. Turets
THE QUALITY OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN THE VICINITY'
OF PETROLEUM REFINERY PLANTS. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
No. 8, p. 8-13, 1950. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Re-
lated Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 175-180, March
1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
The present study extended over 1947 1949. Air samples
for the determination of hydrocarbons were collected in
special 100 200 ml pipettes. Hydrocarbons were deter-
mined by the combustion method and carbonic acid by the
Reberg method. The sensitivity of the method was 0.01
0.02 mg of carbon per 1 liter of air. Qualitative hydrogen
sulfide tests were made with lead acetate paper and quanti-
tative by Khrustaleva's silver nitrate method. A maximum
of 1 liter of air was aspirated through a microdrexell ab-
sorber. The sensitivity of Khrustaleva's method was
0.0005 - 0.001 mg/1. Air samples were collected at pro-
duction assemblies 3 4, 7 8, 45 and others throughout
the plant. A subjective study was made by questioning
174 residents of the different community areas. Residents
of the south and east settlements noticed the odor of petro-
leum becoming stronger when the wind blew toward the
settlement. Residents of the upper residential areanoticed
the unpleasant odor only when the wind blew from the plant
133
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
in the area. In the summer all had noticed ct stronger odor
of petroleum in the air; they complained that it was not
possible to open the windows or ventilators for house airing.
Residents of the south settlements complained of metallic
objects tarnishing. It is recommended that working condi-
tions in the plant be improved and pollution of the atmos-
pheric air of the populated areas be decreased by instituting
the following sanitary measures: install equipment for the
removal of sulfur compounds from the petroleum; enforce
prevention of gas leakage in manufacturing process; and
sanitize surroundings by planting trees, shrubs and other
greenery.
J-7478
Dmitriev, M. T. and O. I. Yurasova
CONTENT OF THE PRODUCTS OF THE RADIOLYSIS OF
AIR IN THE WORKING CHAMBERS OF A POWERFUL
GAMMA UNIT. [K voprosu o soderzhanii produktov radio-
liza vozdukha v rabochikh kamerakh moshchmykh -ustanovok]
Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit.), 12(3)-442-441, March 1967. 10 refs,
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/1
The degree of formation of ozone and nitrogen oxides in the
air of the working chamber of a powerful gamma-unit was
investigated. The ozone was determined from the decom-
position of potassium iodide, while the nitrogen oxides were
determined by Griess's reaction as modified by Gorodetskii
(I960). The nitrogen oxides were determined at the work-
site in the respiratory zone of the operator at a distance of
1. 5 3m from the irradiator, 1 min after its immersion in
water and the entry of people into the working chamber.
With an air change factor of 10 vol/min, the plenum-exhaust
ventilation of the working chamber of the gamma-unit re-
duces the concentration of nitrogen oxide at the worksites
to 0. 04 0. 9 mg/m3, which is 1. 5 1. 100 of the maximum
permissible concentration. Considerable concentrations of
ozone were found in the space between the irradiator planes
at the moment of irradiation. With an irradiation time of
20 min and dose rates of 300 to 600 rad/sec, the concentra-
tions were 0. 21 to 1. 92 mg/m3, when the plenum-exhaust
ventilation was turned off. When it was working, the con-
centration of ozone decreased to 0. 34 0. 84 mg/m3, which
is still above the maximum permissible concentration for
industrial premises. In cases where it is necessary to
exclude the harmful effects of ozone on the irradiated mate-
rial, the ventilation calculations should take into account
the high concentration of ozone near the radiator.
J-7580
Zvinyatskovskii, Ya. I.
ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION BY COAL-DRESSING PLANTS.
[Zagryaznenie atmosfernogo vozdukha vybrosami ugleobo-
gatitel'nykh fabrik.] Hygiene and Sanitation (English trans-
lation of Gigiena i Sanit. ), .3_0(9):438-440, Sept. 1965.
CFSTI. TT 66-51033/3
The nature and degree of atmospheric pollution were investi-
gated in the neighborhood of two coal-dressing plants at
Gorlovka, in the Donetsk Region. At both places the work
is carried out on the gravity principle by foam flotation in
an aqueous medium. The wet coal concentrate is dried in
special installations by the hot gases generated by the com-
bustion of the waste produced by coal dressing. Having
passed through the drying installation, the drying gases are
discharged into the atmosphere. The drying departments
are equipped with dust-trapping devices, which free the
issuing gases from coal particles. Plant No. 1 is equipped
with three successive stages of dust-trapping devices: a
cyclone, a multicyclone, and wet-dust separator. Plant
No. 2, uses a multicyclone, thence through a. V-shaped gas
flue half-filled with water, into an apparatus which satu-
rates the gases with water sprays. The department in
which the concentrate is dried is the main source of atmos-
pheric pollution with coal dust and gases. The concentra-
tions of" dust, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide, as well
as of the flotation reagents used for foam flotation, and of
the synthetic alcohols and phenols which are the products
of their decomposition were determined. The samples were
taken at distances of 300, 500, and 800 m from, each plant,
mainly on the leeward side, as well as in the presence of
changeable winds. In all cases, determinations were made
of the maximum one-time concentration. At distances of
300, 500, and 800 m from each plant, the one-time maxi-
mum concentrations of dust, sulfur dioxide, and carbon
monoxide were considerably higher than the maximum per-
missible values. Sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide con-
centrations at distances of 500 m from plant No. 1 were
higher than at a. distance of 300 m and became somewhat
lower al a distance of 800 m. On the other hand, in the case
of plant No. 1 the highest concentrations were found at a
distance of 300 m, with successive decreases at distances
of 500 and 800 m. This agreed with the calculated values.
The 300 m width of the sanitary protective zone is too nar-
row. Alcohols from flotation reagents were discovered in
all samples, in concentrations ranging from 0. 1 to 0. 9 mg/
m3; phenols from flotation reagents were detected in 86
percent of all samples, in concentrations ranging from 1 to
7. 5 rng/in^ After the flotation reagents had been replaced
alcohols and phenols were no longer detected in the air.
The drying departments of the coal-dressing plants were
the principal source of pollution of the air around theplants
with coal dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and flotation
reagents.
J-7830
Popov, V. A.
THE PRESENCE OF OXIDANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE
OF CERTAIN TOWNS IN THE U.S.S.R. [Prisultstvie
oksidantov v atmosfernom vozdukhe nekotorykh gorodov
SSSR.j Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit. ), .31J1-3):3-8, Jan.-March 1966,
Oxidants in the air of certain town of the Soviet Union were
measured by the phenolphthalein method. The standard
color scale was a mixture of an alcoholic aqueous solution
(3:2) of phenolphthalein and 1 percent borax solution. The
maximum concentration of oxidants on the highways of
Moscow and Baku on sunny days was as high as 0. 1 mg/m ,
and on cloudy days did not exceed 0.03 mg/m . A study
of this type of pollutants in Baku revealed their presence
in the area of oil refineries at concentrations within 0. 15
mg/m3. On the other hand, the maximum value of oxidants
in the vicinity of Batumi oil refinery was considerably
lower (0.04 mg/m3).
J-8151
Borisova, M. K.
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE LIMIT OF
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION OF DICHLORETHANE
IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. , 22_( 3): 1 3-1 9,
1957. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R,
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 3, p. 110-118, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 00-21475
Data were obtained regarding the intensity and other char-
acteristics of dichlorethane air pollution by industrial
production and manufacturing plants; parallel with this
134
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AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
some experimental data were secured regarding the effect
of low dichlorethane concentrations on man. Chlorethane
determinations were made by the jmicrocombustion method
in a gas analyzer. The results obtained for each plant in-
vestigated show that the average concentration ranged from
3.5 to 19.4 mg/m3. The effect of low concentrations of
dichlorethane on man was studied by the method of thres-
hold of odor perception of dichlorethane by the adaptometer
method and by the methods of plethysmography and spiro-
graphy. Twelve test subjects sensed the odor of dichlore-
thane in 23. 2 mg/m3 concentrations, 6 in 17. 5 mg/m11 con-
centration and one each in 12.2 and 24. 9 mg/m3 concen-
trations. The results of experiments indicate that a 6
mg/m3 concentration was the threshold concentration of
dichlorethane affecting the functional state of the vision
analyzer and of the vascular and respiratory reactions
which was below the threshold concentration sensed by the
olfactory organs. It is suggested that the limit of maximal
single concentration of dichlorethane in atmospheric air
should not exceed 4 mg/m3 in Russia.
J-8161
Kalyuzhnyi, D. N. , S. A. Davydov, L. G. Dukarskaya
and M. B. Aksel'rod
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION WITH SULFUR DIOXIDE
FROM MINING ROCK DUMPS. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 5,
p. 19-24, 1950. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 3, p. 171-176, May 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Emission of sulfur dioxide into the air was caused by the
oxidation of sulfur compounds present in dumped coal and
waste rock. The intensity of waste rock burning in rock
dumps and the quantity of sulfur dioxide liberated depended
upon the chemical composition of the coal and the waste
rock, the height of rock dumps, the duration of their accu-
mulation, meteorological conditions, etc. In mines "with
an intensive burning of waste rock and with high rock dumps
increased concentrations of sulfur dioxide were found up to
1500 m from the source. In mines with low and slow burn-
ing dumps, diffusion of sulfur dioxide did not extend beyond
750 m. Sanitary clearance zones between rock dumps and
residential quarters should be 500 1500 m wide, depend-
ing on the intensity of dumps' burning, the direction of pre-
vailing winds, and the chemical composition of the coal and
of the waste-rock. The method of filling in emptied coal
veins, or "butovka, " should be put into wide practice in
coal mining by organizations concerned "with this problem.
This should eliminate further dump heap accumulations.
Waste rock should also be used for filling in of ravines.
Extinguished dumps should be planted with appropriate
shrubs and trees.
J-8163
Shvarts, Ya. I. and L. A. Zil'berg
ZONAL STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION IN
AREAS SURROUNDING A ROOFING TAR PAPER PLANT.
Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 7, p. 53-54, 1952. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 3, p. 186-
187, May I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21475
Determinations were made of the content of dust, hydro-
carbons, and sulfur dioxide in the vicinity of a roofing tar
paper plant. Air samples were collected on the windy side,
and 2 5m above the ground on all sides of and at different
distances from the plant. Hydrocarbons were determined
by the combustion method; sulfur dioxide was determined
nephelometrically; and dust was determined gravimetrically.
Carbon dioxide determinations were made in 13 air samples
collected 50 m from the plant. The concentration of carbon
dioxide varied between 0.048 - 0.302 mg/1 of air. Hydro-
carbon concentrations varied between a trace to 0. 35 mg/m3;
SO2 varied between 0.0022 and 0.0176 mg/m3; and dust
between 1.25 and 5.59 mg/m3. To obtain more accurate
results with reference to the basic source of air pollution,
8 additional laboratory analyses were made of air samples
collected 1. 3 km from the plant at a point far away from in-
dustrial establishments. Sulfur dioxide concentrations
varied between 0. 0012 0. 0015 mg/1; and dust concentra-
tions varied between 1.05 and 1.12 mg/m3. This was
taken as evidence of the fact that air pollution in the vicinity
of the plant was caused by the emission of gases and by the
dust coming from the plant.
J-8189
Karimov, M.
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN THE
VICINITY OF AN ABRASIVE PLANT. Gigiena i Sanit. ,
2_3_(ll):22-23, 1958. 7refs. Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4, p. 141-144, Aug.
I960.
CFSTI- TT 60-21913
The Leningrad abrasive plant produces abrasive instru-
ments using such raw materials as aluminum, bauxites,
clays, feldspars, pegmatitites, sodium silicate, boron
glass, and anthracite. The crushing, grinding and dis-
tribution of the raw materials are dry processes which
emit great quantities of dust. During 1955 and 1956 dust
and SO2 concentrations were measured at various distances
from the plant and the results are tabulated. Silicon di-
oxide was determined in approximately half of the dust
samples. A study was also made of the incidence of dis-
eases among children up to 1 5 years old for the year 1955,
based on their visits to the polyclinic. Incidence of chil-
dren's diseases in the plant area was higher than in the
control area.
J-8192
Lampert, F. F.
EFFECT OF GARAGES AND FILLING STATIONS LOCATED
IN RESIDENTIAL SECTIONS ON HEALTH AND LIVING CON-
DITIONS. Gigiena i Sanit. , 24_(3) :74-76, 1959. Translated
by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4, p. 161-164, Aug.
I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
To determine the nature and extent of the effects of public
garages in the residential areas, a study was made of six
residential buildings. Garages housing from 6 to 36 auto-
mobiles were parts of 2 of the 6 buildings; in 3 of the six
buildings the garages were detached by only 5 to 17 meters
from the dwellings, and in one a 30-automobile garage was
located. In addition to the garages, a filling station, which
was located at 18 m from the windows of an apartment house,
was also investigated. In the air of garages, the carbon
monoxide concentration was higher than the maximum per-
missible concentration for workshops, which is 0.03 mg/1.
The carbon monoxide concentrations in the apartment air
exceeded the 0.06 mg/1 single maximum permissible con-
centration. The greatest number of samples with carbon
monoxide concentration above 0.03 mg/1 was found near
the gasoline pump and in apartments located 18 m from the
135
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
pump \vhich constituted ?3 and IS percent.
J-SlQo
Kononova, V, A.
SANITARY CLEARANCE ZONES BETWEEN RESIDENTIAL
SECTIONS AND PLACES OF FUEL STORAGE IN SOVKH-
OZES OF SARATOYSK (OBLAST) TERRITORY. Gigiena i
Sanit. , 23(o): 1 1-14, l^S. 3 refs. Translated from Russian
by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4, p. !S7-lq2. Aug. A^oO.
CFSTI: TT bO-21913
The mechanization of agriculture in the Soviet Union is ac-
companied by the proliferation of centers where automotive
agricultural machinery is housed and fuel for the machinery
is stored. The prescribed 75 m wide sanitary clearance
zone between residential sections and fuel storage centers
was evaluated for effectiveness in protecting residents from
gasoline fumes and automotive emissions. Tetraethyl lead
and hydrocarbons were measured in air and soil at varying
distances from the gasoline storage tanks. It is concluded
that d. sanitary clearance zone of 75 m was inadequate.
J-8198
Stankevich, B. E. and M. I. Isaeva
SELECTION OF AIR INTAKE POINTS FOR VENTILATION
OF PREMISES IN PETROLEUM PROCESSING PLANTS.
Gigiena i Sanit., No. 8, p. 27-34, 1954. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S, R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4, p. 202-
208, Aug. I960.
Previous investigators had concluded that even under most
unfavorable conditions of refinery building location with re-
gard to hydrogen sulfide accumulation, the air intakes lo-
cated 18 - 20 m above the ground could supply air sufficient-
ly pure for practical ventilation. In an effort to disprove
this conclusion, studies were made at two petroleum re-
fineries. Air samples taken simultaneously at 5, 10 and
15m above the ground were analyzed for the content of
hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and sulfur
dioxide. It was found that the installation of air intakes at
15 - 20 in fails to improve the quality of ventilation air, and
in many cases might worsen it. In view of the complexity
and specific conditions which may exist in some modern oil
refineries, the choice of necessary sanitary measures can
be made only on an individual basis by taking into consid-
eration actually existing conditions.
J-8202
Sosnovskii, S. 1.
DUSTINESS AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN
SEED HOUSES AND IN SOME SECTIONS OF COTTONSEED
OIL MILLS. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 11, 43 p. , 1955. Trans-
lated from Russian by B, S. Levine, U. S, S. R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4,
p. 249-250, Aug. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Dust conditions were investigated in seed houses and cotton-
seed oil mills in 1953 and 1954. In the cotton fiber room,
the seed meal room, the cleaning and hulUng sections, the
average air dusLiness varied between 101.4 and 290. 5
mg/rn^ when the low grade cotton varieties were processed.
The cleaning of first quality cottonseeds produced air dusLi-
ness which ranged between 31.4 - 68.4 mg/mV The
inorganic dust in the same sections of the plant contained
total silicon dioxide which fluctuated between 43 and 15
percent, and free silicon between 15 and IS percent, de-
pending upon the composition of the soil on which the cotton
was sir own. The dust in the seed house, the fiber room,
grinding, cleaning and hullo r -separator sections contained
0. 3 0. 5 percent of gossypol, which, taken in large quan-
tities with the food, proved toxic to animals and hxmians.
Tsapko, G. E.
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF AiR DUSTINESS
IN KIEV. Gigiena i Sanit. , _24U):74-75, 195*1. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on
Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4,
p. 254-255, Aug. I960.
CFSTI; TT 60-21^13
Air samples were taken at three observation points located:
(a) in d densely populated area, the site of large industrial
plants and of intensive railroad and automobile traffic; (b) in
a residential section free from large industrial plants and
abounding in trees and shrubs, and (c) in a garden and park
section. The air investigations were conducted by the
gravimetric method (487 samples) and by the count method
(977 samples). The air was aspirated at the rate of 25 -
30 1/min for 11/2 2 hours to a volume of 3000 liters,
Dust particles were counted microscopically at 400 magni-
fication, using an ocular and an objective micrometer. By
this method it was possible to make the counts and to de-
termine simultaneoxisly the size of dust particles up to 1 p.
and larger in visual fields, the total area of which equalled
1 mm , The data produced by the investigation are present-
ed in tables.
J-S209
Nishchii, R. A.
OXYGEN BLAST EFFECT ON AIR IN ELECTRIC STEEL
SMELTING MILLS. Gigiena i. Sanit. , _24_(2};78-80, 1959-
10 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R,
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 5, p. 27-30, Jan. 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
Studies of air in a mill were conducted during the use of
oxygen blast at various times during each of the 3 shifts
and at different seasons of the year. Air samples were
analyzed for manganese vapor, dust, sulfur dioxide, and
carbon monoxide. The samples were taken at the operating
platform in front of 20-ton electric furnaces which were not
equipped with exhaust fans; general mechanical ventilation
was not installed in this mill. Air samples were taken 5
m from the furnace "window" where the worker stood 1,5
m above the floor; samples were taken 30 15 minutes be-
fore starting the oxygen blast and 15 30 minutes alter, A
total of 248 analyses were made. The use of oxygen blast
in connection with electric furnace steel smelting increases
the rate of combustion products discharge, which permeates
through the mill premises and causes general air pollution,
The problem of general air pollution can be solved in steel
smelting plants which do not use the oxygen blast method
by making mandatory the installation of exhaust ventilation
equipment at the location of the smelting furnace. In steel
smelting plants in which thu oxygen blast method has been
inslUuLi'cl, air pollution should be abated or eliminated by
the installation of dust and smoke-catching equipment direct-
ly near the electric furnace.
136
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AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
J-8213
Chjen-tsi, Chjao
BASIC HYGIENIC DATA FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
STANDARD LIMIT OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION
OF METHANOL VAPOR DC ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena
j Saoit., Z4(10):7-12, 1959. 7refs. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 5, p. 5°-oo,
Jan. 1961.
CFSTI: TT 61-11149
The threshold of odor perception, the effects of lo\v methanol
concentration on reflex changes and the concentration of
methanol in air near two industrial sources were determined.
This data was utilised to suggest the maximum allowable
concentration of methanol in the air in Russia. The thres-
hold of methanol odor perception was 4. 3 mg/m-^ and the
maximal non-perceived concentration was 3. 7 mg/m3. The
threshold of methanol vapor reflex action on eye sensitivity
to light was 3.3 mg<'m3. The chronic effect of methar.oi
vapor following 12 hours daily exposure for 3 months in 50
mg/m^ concentration elicited in experimental animals
changes in motor chronaxy, as shown by changes in the
time relationships of extensor and flexor chronaxies,
Chronic inhalation exposure to methanol in 1. S mg ^rn-* con-
centration had no effect on either motor chronaxy or the
rheobase of animals^ It is suggested th&t methanol concen-
tration of 1. 5 mg 'm" be adopted as the maximal single al-
lowable concentration of methanol in atmospheric air.
J-8214
Fyn-Djui, Duan'
BASIC"DATA FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LIMIT OF
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION OF HYDROGEN SULFTDE
E\7 ATMOSPHERIC AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. , _24(10):12-1 7,
1959. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 5, p. 66-73, Jan. l°cl.
CFSTI: TT 61-1114?
hold of hydrogen sulfide odor perception was between 0.012
aud 0.03 mg/m3. The threshold of hydrogen sulfide reflex
effect on eye sensitivity to light was at 0. 01 mg/m . Ex-
posure of rats to 10 mg m^ concentration of hydrogen sul-
fide under chronic experimental conditions for 12 hours
daily over 3 months produced changes in the functional state
of the central nervous system, irritated the mucosa of the
trachea and bronchi and incited morphologic changes in the
brain cortex. Hydrogen sulfide concentrations of 0. 02
mg/m^, under similar experimental conditions, produced
only slight or negligible changes in the functional states of
*he central nervous system and barely perceptible irritation
of the mucosa of trachea and bronchi. On the basis of the
study 0.008 mg/m^ is proposed as the maximal single and
also the 24-hour average concentration of hydrogen suifide
iathe atmospheric air. In the center of Moscow, at dif-
ferent distances from the source of hydrogen sulfide dis-
charges, the air contained hydrogen sulfide concentrations
between 0.0092 - 0.0005 mg/m3, with the highest concen-
tration predominating during the cold months. In close
proximity of a plant manufacturing dyes tuffs the air con-
tained high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, despite the
that the plant had some type of gas purify-L-ig equip-
!t. Even at a distance of 1250m from the source of
emission the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in th
fact
men
gas
he
air exceeded the allowable limit.
Berdvev, Kh. B., N. V. pavlcv.ch ar.d A. A. Tuzhiima
EFFECT OF MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST CASES ON AT-
MOSPHERIC POLLUTION IN DV.'EILINGS AND IN A MAIN
STRElL l . [Vliyanie vybrosov a\totr anst>orta na zagrya-
znenie vozdukha zhilykh porr.eshchenii i uiichnoi maeistrali.j
Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of: Gisiera i
Sanit. I, £2_i4-o):424-4Ic, April-June l?c". 1 ref.
CFSTI: TT o--5140-.2~
Considerable concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitrosen
oxides, lead corn-pounds ar.d dust were measured in the at-
mosphere of main streets and in the living premises, ex-
ceeding the maxim-impermissible concentrations. The
50 percent increase in the density of vehicular traffic in
Iao3 in comparison to l°cl (from 7SO to 1.200 vehicles
per hour^ increased only the carbon monoxide concentration
in the street air ^by 50 oercer.t^, ail other indices remain-
ing at tne previous level. A comparison of the concen-
trations 01 nealt.t nazards at different levels revealed the
highest concentration of carbon monoxide in the living
rooms 01 tne tmrd storv anc tnose of cust and lead in the
lir st story, ihe concentrations of nitrogen oxides were
the same in the street, as those in the first and the third
stories.
Prave, "S". ^., - . ^. Radutskii, R. I. Hadomysl skava
and A. L. Volhova
THE CHLORINE CONTENT IN THE AIR OF DWELLINGS
DISINFECTED V.TTH CHLORAMLVE SOLUTIONS. -7Sode-
rzhanie khiora v vozdukhe zhilykh pomeshchenii posle de-
zinfektsii rastvorami khloramina. 'I Hygiene and Sanitation
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. '', 32j7-9':250-283,
July-Sept. 19c7. 3 refs.
CFSTI: TT c7-51409/3
The air in t>laces where disinfection had been carried out
was tested. These were dwellings in the Timiryazev dis-
trict of Moscow which had beer, disinfected after open
cases of tuberculosis had been transferred to the hospital,
or after cases of infectious hepatitis, dermatornycosis and
other communicable diseases. Six samples were taken in
each case: two during disinfection of the room ar.d two
while the corridor surfaces were being sorayed. Tests of
60 air samples showed that the chlorine concentration in
closed premises varied from fractions of a milligram to
tens of milligrams per m^ during the final disinfection
with acueous chloramine solutions. Cnlorine concentrations
below the maximum permissible leve: for working premises
were found in 1/10 of all samples; in 34 cases they were
found to be several times higher than the maximum level
(up to 10 mg/m^) and in i/3 of the cases they were ten or
more times ihe maximum permissible concentration (up
to 56 ms'm-5*. Thus, the chlorine content exceeded the
maximum permissible level for working premises in c i C1
of ail samples. The effects of various factors (or of their
combinations' or. the chlorir.e content of the air of premises
disinfected v.*ith chloramine solutions were not stucied.
Nevertheless, certain important factors must be mentioned.
The chlorine content in the air of the premises was not
entirely dependent on the concentration and amount of
chloramine solution used, but also depended on other fac-
tors, such as the rate of release of chlorine from the
activated solution into the air. The disinfection techniques
used also olayed a certain pare, such as dipping objects
in tre d-' s; -''ec^-on solution, wioir.g objects with a rag wetted
with the solution, or spraying. 'Authors summary, modi-
fied)
137
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J AIR-POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
J-9272 An equation has been derived showing the relationship be-
tween characteristic immission magnitudes for a "collec-
tive", and characteristic immission magnitudes for sub-
Prinz, Bernd groups of this "collective." The equation can, however,
A NUMERICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE IMMISSION only be expressed as an approximation, because there is
PARAMETERS OF A COLLECTION AND THOSE OF A SUB- no exact solution. Two examples, selected at random,
GROUP OF THIS COLLECTION. Staub (English translation), with chronological and spatial distribution of a "collective"
2_7(10):18-21, Oct. 1967. 4refs. of SO2 measurements explain the method developed. (Author1
CFSTI. TT 67-51408/10 summary)
138
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LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS
K-4818
Wiethaup, H.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL, LEGISLATION IN LOWER
SAXONY AND RHINELAND-PALATINATE AND THE, NEW
LAWS IN BAVARIA. Staub (English translation), Z6(12):
36-38, Dec. 1966. 15 refs.
Abrief survey is presented of air pollution control legisla-
tion existing in Niedersachsen and Rheinland-Pfalz, and
indicates the imminent introduction of this legislation in
Bayern. The laws mentioned above correspond or will
correspond to air pollution control laws in Nordrhein-West-
falen and in Baden-Wurttemberg. (Author's summary)
K-5144
COLLECTION OF STATUTES AND CABINET ORDERS RE-
LATING TO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL (JAPAN). Japanese
Preprint, 1962. Translated from Japanese, 57p., April
1963.
The Air Pollution Control Act (Statute No. 146 of 2 June 1962)
of Japan was enacted for the purpose of controlling the dis-
position of soot and smoke created by plants and workshops
so as to prevent danger to public health due to pollution and
to insure the maintenance of healthy living condition, the
steady development of industry, and for the purpose of
establishing systems for conciliation of disputes concerning
air pollution. Its chapters which are included herein cover
the following: (1) General Principles; (2) Designated Areas
and Discharge Level; (3) Facilities Creating Soot and Smoke
and the Legal Obligations of those Responsible for them;
(4) Emergency Measures; (5) Mediation; (6) Miscellaneous
Rules; (7) Penalties; (8) Supplementary Rules. Cabinet
orders and ministerial rules on the enforcement of The Air
Pollution Control Act and other related statutes are also in-
cluded.
K-5767
NEW PUBLIC HEALTH REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE
DESIGN AND OPERATION OF HIGH-LEVEL ISOTOPE
FACILITIES. Soviet J. At. Energy (English translation),
lJ4):566-568, April 1965.
The chief public health and epidemiological control board of
the Ministry of Public Health of the USSR has elaborated
and adopted for 1964 some new public health regulations.
These new regulations take into account the experience
acquired in the operation of radiation facilities throughout
the Soviet Union in recent years, and are based on the need
to guarantee safety in work on isotope gamma-ray facilities
with proper attention to the critical tolerance levels of
external radiation. Specifications for intake and exhaust
ventilation designed to lower the concentration of toxic sub-
stances gaining access to the personnel working room from
irradiated objects, and also to remove ozone and nitrogen
oxides formed as a result of ionization of the air, are listed.
hi order to avert any possible contamination in the rooms
lousing the radiation facilities, specifications are provided
'or coating the walls and ceilings of the irradiation rooms
vith low-sorption and readily deactivated materials, and
or covering the floors with linoleum or PVC laminates.
The introduction of these new regulations will eliminate
iome persisting uncertainties in the design and operation
'f high-level isotope gamma-radiation facilities, and lays
own clear requirements adapted to modern concepts on
the effects of gamma-radiation on the organism, so that
this publication \vill contribute to A more widespread and
safer use of radiation facilities.
K-6967
PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE STATE OF
NORTH RHINE-WESTPHALIA. Translated from German.
Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, North Rhine-
Westphalia, Germany, 78p. (Report to the Congress on
the "Prevention of Air Pollution", Duesseldorf, Germany,
April 5-7, 1965. )
A survey of the activities in North Rhine-Westphalia for the
prevention of air pollution is reported and the results are
summarized. The report included: (1) history, legal basis,
administrative organization, smogwarning network, and
economic problems; (2) report of the Factory Inspection
Dept. (Enterprises subject to approval and other enter-
prises and working places); and (3) report of the State In-
stitute for Air Pollution Control and Land Utilization (mon-
itoring of air pollution, techniques for measuring immissions,
relationship between emission and immission, technical
steps for the restriction of emissions, and the effect of air
pollution on soil, vegetation and animals).
K-8194
Kalyuzhnyi, D. N. , Ya. I. Kostoveskii, S. A. Davydov and
M. B. Aksel'rod
EFFECTIVENESS OF SANITARY CLEARANCE ZONES BE-
TWEEN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES AND RESIDENTIAL
QUARTERS. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 4, p. 9-12, 1952. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 4,
p. 179-183, Aug. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Results of atmospheric air studies in the vicinity of chemical
and metallurgical plants demonstrated that dust, sulfur di-
oxide, hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide were absorbed from
polluted air by suitable types of plant life to a considerable
degree. It is recommended that, in creating intervening
sanitary clearance zones, provisions should be made for
planting suitable trees and other types of plant life.
K-8195
Kalyuzhnyi, D. N. and Ya. I. Kostovetskii
PLANNING AND EFFECTING SANITARY CLEARANCE
ZONES IN THE UKRAINE. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 7, p. 9-
12, 1952. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine,
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupa-
tional Diseases, No. 4, p. 183-186, Aug. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Examination revealed that the sanitary clearance zones
surrounding industrial establishments, in the majority of
cases, were planted with trees, shrubs and bushes which
protected the population from the deleterious effects of
industrial discharges. Establishing sanitary clearance
zones is an important sanitary measure; they shoxild be
appropriately developed by planning organizations. Archi-
tects and builders should plan for the best type of the sani-
tary clearance zones with regards to planting fruit trees,
berries, shrubs, vegetable gardens, decorative plants,
and water reservoirs. Only in this way will sanitary clear-
ance zones between residential sections and the sources of
139
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
air pollution become economically sound.
K-8786
Kaspar, J. , B. Petr and P. Schmidt
SCHEME FOR INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF ATMOS-
PHERIC POLLUTION ON THE POPULATION'S HEALTH.
[Skhema issledovaniya vliyaniya zagryaznennogo atmosfe-
rnogo vozdukha na sostoyanie zdorov'ya naseleniya.J Hy-
giene and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. },
.32_(7~9}:420-424, July-Sept, 1967. 10 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/3
Based on experience and on the literature, a scheme con-
sisting of definite methods for investigating the effects of
atmospheric pollution on health is presented, General char-
acteristics of the investigated territory, and studies of the
health condition of children residing in the investigated
regions by the method of group diagnosis are discussed.
K-9269
Schwegler, Hans
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN MUNICH. Staub (English
translation), _27{10}:l-7, Oct. 1967.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/10
The municipal authorities at Munich have been active in the
field of air pollution control since 1948. In the case of
measurements carried out during heating periods, very
high SO2 concentrations were found which, to a large extent,
were due to steady weather conditions frequently prevailing
at Munich. At present, SO£ concentrations and partly also
dust fall and meteorological data are measured at 7 per-
manent measuring stations and 64 random sampling points.
The permanent measuring stations are connected to a fully
automatic center in which the measured values are assessed.
The results are evaluated by computers. As a. result of the
unfavorable meteorological position of Munich the measures
for improving air quality are particularly strict. (Author's
summary)
140
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STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
L-5117
ftyazanov, V. A.
ABOUT THE CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF EFFECTS
OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS AT LOW CONCENTRA-
TIONS UPON AN ORGANISM. Translated from Russian.
Gigiena i Sanit. , 2_6j6):3-7, June 1961.
The first attempt to develop maximum allowable concentra-
tions of air pollutants has been undertaken by the Soviet
hygienists. As a. basis for this work the criteria were used
which were first published in 1949 and which did not meet
with any objections in the scientific literature. These cri-
teria, in essence, are as follows: (1) "An allowable con-
centration" could be only such concentration of any sub-
stance in ambient air, which does not affect a man directly
or indirectly by producing a. detrimental or unpleasant ef-
fect, does not lower his working capacity, and does not af-
fect his mood or sense of well-being; (2) The necessity of
acclimatization to the toxic substances should be looked
upon as an adverse condition and a proof of intolerable
concentration; and (3) The "intolerable concentrations" are
also such concentrations of toxic substances, which have a
damaging effect upon vegetation, climate of a location, visi-
bility or customary conditions of life of the residents. There-
fore, during the investigations in regard to hygienic regu-
lation of atmospheric pollution, special attention has been
paid to a threshold of odors. These investigations, how-
ever, showed that an absence of odor perception does not
indicate that under the influence of an action of unperceived
concentration there is no occurrence in an organism of
some reflex reactions with the receptors of the respiratory
system. As a rule, the higher concentrations of odoriferous
gases cause a decrease in light sensitivity, while the lower
concentrations increase it. These changes were interpreted
in regard to relationship between nerve centers. When,
under an influence of weak odor, a process of excitation
takes place in a sensory center it reaches the visual region
by way of irradiation over the brain cortex and induces an
increase in light sensitivity. If an odor is strong, an
excitation which appears in olfactory center, according to
a law of negative induction, causes an inhibition of the
visual region of the cortex and as a result its light sensitiv-
ity is reduced.
L-5940
Ryazanov, V. A.
NEW DATA ON LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE ATMOSPHERIC
AIR POLLUTANTS. In: Limits of Allowable Concentra-
tions of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 6. [Predel'no Dopu-
stimye Kontsentratsii Atmosfernykh Zagryaznenii, Vypusk
VI.J V. A. Ryazanova (ed. ). Translated from Russian by
B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 9 (Part 1), p. 1-8, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
This volume contains material discussed by the Committee
on Sanitary Air Protection during its 1959 and I960 sessions.
The material contained in this volume is of heterogenous
character in its methodological presentations and complete-
ness and finality of the reports. The Committee took the
position that the level of methodology reached during the
last period of investigation and the degree of reliability of
results obtained did not represent the acme of perfection,
ind therefore, the proposed limits of allowable concentra-
ions should be regarded as more points of orientation for
uture studies, leading to more basic, more scientific and
lence, more reliable limits of atmospheric air pollutants.
n this connection it is the aim and purpose of this Com-
nittee to act as the stimulator, guide and directing agent
eacling into inves tigational channels based on the outlined
principles. Air pollutants studied include formaldehyde,
HC1 aerosol, CS2 vapor, Mn, Hg, combined Cl£ and HC1
gas, acetone, CO and Dinyl (mixture of diphenyl and di-
phenyl oxide).
L-5952
Ryazanov, V, A.
A SUMMARY OF 1961 STUDIES IN THE FIELD OF LIMITS
OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC
AIR POLLUTANTS. In: Limits of Allowable Concentra-
tions of Atmospheric Pollutants, Book 7. [Predel'no Dopu-
stimye Kontsentratsii Atmosfernykh Zagryaznenii, Vypusk
VII. ] V. A. Ryazanova (ed. ). Translated from Rus sian
by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, No. 9 (Part 2), p. 138-141,
1963.
CFSTI: TT 64-11574
The Committee for the Sanitary Protection of Atmospheric
Air approved limits of allowable concentrations in the air
for the following new substances: furfurol, dimethyl -
formamide and styrol. Furfurol is a heterocyclic aldehyde
which is a good solvent for many organic substances used
in the preparation of some plastics and ^ selective solvent
for the purification of crude oil lubricants. The threshold
of aldehyde odor perception in most sensitive persons was
established at 1 mg/m^. It was determined that 0.05 mg/m^
of furfurol constituted the subthreshold concentration in
all the tests employed. Therefore, 0.05 mg/m^ of furfurol
was accepted as the maximal single allowable concentration.
Styrol is a benzene homologue with one double bond at its
side chain. The maximal single allowable concentration
of styrol in the atmospheric air was suggested as 0.003
mg/m Dimethylformamide is a colorless liquid having
a nauseating herring odor; it is used as a polyacrylnitryl
solvent in the synthetic fiber industry known as orlon and
nitron. It was recommended that 0.03 mg/m be adopted
as the limit of allowable single and 24 hour concentration
of dimethylformamide vapor in the air, since it proved to
be the subthreshold concentration in relation to all the test
indexes. The limit of allowable phenol concentration in
atmospheric air was set at 0.01 mg/m3. Rats were ex-
posed to the inhalation of nitrogen dioxide 6 hours daily
for 164 days at different dose levels. No maximum allow-
able concentration was agreed upon.
L-6573
PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF NITROUS GASES.
[Maximale Immissions -Konzentrationen (MIK) Nitrose
Case.] Translated from German. Verein Deutscher
Ingenieure-Richtlinien, No. 2105, 13p., Dec. 1962. 24
rets. (Presented at the National Conference on Air Pol-
lution, Washington, D. C., Dec. 10-12, 1962.)
The VDI Specifications for Permissible Immission Con-
centrations (PIC) concern the determination of limit values
for given types of air pollution. For purposes of compari-
son, the PIC-values are always confronted by the permissi-
ble work-place concentrations (PWC-value) of the respective
gas, aerosol, or dust, i.e., the present limit value for the
mean concentration of the substance in the respiratory air
at the work-place per S-hour shift. The information is out-
lined under the headings of- Occurrence of Nitrosylsulfuric
Acid; Properties of Nitrous Gases; Effects of Nitrous Gases;
and Exposure Limits.
141
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
L-6574
PERMISSIBLE IMMISSION CONCENTRATIONS OF CHLO-
RINE GAS. [Maximale Immis sions -Konzentrationen (MIK)
Chi or.] Translated from German. Verein Deutscher
Ingenieure-Richtlinien, No. 2106, 14p. , Sept. I960. 13
refs .
The maximum exposure limits of chlorine gas, its effects
on humans, animals, and plants are discussed. The toler-
ance limits for chlorine gas range from 0. 3 mg/m-5 con-
tinuous exposure value to 3. 0 mg/m3 permissible work-
station value as half-hour mean values.
L-6575
PERMISSIBLE IMMISSION CONCENTRATIONS OF SULPHUR
DIOXIDE. [Maximale Immissions -Konzentrationen {MIK)
Schwefeldioxyd.] Translated from German. Verein Deutscher
Ingenieure-Richtlinien, No. 2108, I8p. , Nov. 1961.
The maximum exposure limits of SO2, its effects on humans,
animals, and plants are discussed. The provisional toler-
ance limits for SO£ are determined as half-hour mean values
and range from 0.5 mg/m (continuous exposure value) to
13, 0 mg/m3 (permissible work-station value).
conditions causes no change in the motor chronaxie or
porphyrin metabolism of experimental animals and has no
effect on the function of the hemopoietic system.
L-6865
Tsapko, V. G.
DETERMINATION OF THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CON-
CENTRATION OF CHLOROPHOS IN THE AIR OF THE
WORK ZONE. [ Materialy k gigienicheskomu normirova-
niyu khlorofosa v vozdukhe rabochei zony.] Hygiene and
Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 30(4).
35-40, April 1965. 4 refs.
A study of the toxic properties of phosphororganic pesticide
chlorophos (Dipterex, Trichlorophon, Bayer L 13/59) in an
experiment carried out on warm-blooded animals demon-
strated that the compound, when penetrating into the body
through the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract
and intact skin, had a less toxic effect than methylmercapto-
phos, metaphos and thiophos. The cumulative properties
of chlorophos are insignificant. The maximum permissible
concentration of chlorophos (in the form of vapor and liquid
aerosol) in the air of the work zone is recommended to
comprise 0.0005mg/l (0.5 mg/m3). (Author ' s summary)
L-6677
Khukrin, E. V.
MODERN APPROACH TO AIR DUST1NESS IN WORKSHOPS.
Gigiena i Sanit. , _24_(7): 50-55, 1959. 9 refs. Translated
from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p. 301-
308, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
Extensive data have been accumulated during recent years
on the effect of different types of industrial aerosols. Based
on the summary and evaluation of new data obtained from
institutes, universities, and practicing physicians a list
was prepared of the maximum permissible concentration
of 55 dusts and aerosols. This list is presented and im-
provements in the standards are recommended.
L-6864
Shul'ga, T. M.
SUBSTANTIATING THE MAXIMUiM PERMISSIBLE DAILY
AVER/VGE CONCENTRATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN
THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR. [ K obosnovamyu predel'no dopu-
stimoi srcdnesutorhnoi kontsentratsii okisi ugleroda v
atmosfernom vozdukhe.] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 30(4):1-S, April 1965. 5
refs .
To substantiate the maximum permissible daily average CO
concentration of 1 mg/rri3 instead of 2 mg/m3, an investiga-
tion was performed on three groups of rats. Two groups
were subjected to CO in concentrations of about one and two
mg/m3 around the clock for two and & half months, and a
control group was not exposed to CO. During the observa-
tion period there was no appreciable change in the activity
of the animals and no significant difference was noted be-
tween the weight of the animals in the experimental groups
and those in the control group. CO in an average concen-
tration of 2.65 mg/m3 under conditions of round-thu-clock
chronic poisoning for <*. period of two and a half months
causes a certain change in porphyrin metabolism. CO in
an average concentration of 1. 13 mg/m3 under the same
L-6885
Gol'dberg, M. S.
HYGIENIC CRITERIA OF AIR PURITY IN POPULATED
AREAS {ACCORDING TO MATERIALS OF THE GENEVA
SYMPOSIUM}. [O kriteriyakh gigienicheskoi otsenki chi-
stoty atmosfernogo vozdukha naselemnykh mestl FPo ma-
terialam Zhenevskogo simpoziuma.] Hygiene and Sanita-
tion (English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), 30( J):9Q-98,
Jan. 1965.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033
In recent years there has been a. steady increase in hygienic
research on air in populated areas. The need for planning
of measures for the control of atmospheric pollution is be-
coming increasingly urgent. The necessity for an inter-
national discussion of this subject, which would be a start-
ing point for all measures undertaken for the sanitary pro-
tection of urban air, led the World Health Organization to
convene an interregional symposium in Geneva from the
6th to the 12th of August, 1963, which was devoted to cri-
teria for the quality of atmospheric air and methods of its
investigation. The discussion was centered on the maxi-
mum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in
urban air. After a lively discussion, the symposium
adopted Prof, V. A. Ryazanov's proposal to establish a
unified scale of standards for the quality of air by merging
together tho Soviet and American standards. In this way,
an international scale for the atmospheric pollution has
been established for the first time. The symposium drew
up recommendations on the trend m medical research on
the effect of atmospheric pollution on the- health of the
population, and d. further elaboration of criteria and stand-
ards of atmospheric air quality in populated areas. Partici-
pants at the symposium also noted the necessity for the
further development of scientific research on the mechanism
of development of fibrotic pulmonary reaction induced by
atmospheric pollutants, and for studies of the reaction of
the mucosa of the respiratory tract, ciliary activity, etc.
The symposium pointed out the necessity for paying^special
attention to studies of new synthetic chemicals which con-
taminate the atmosphere when discharged by industrial
enterprises or when used in the hoxisehohl, as in the case:
ol disinfectants.
142
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STANDARDS AND CRITERIA
I,-6901
Kristesashvili, Ts. S.
THE MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATION OF
PYRIDINE IN THE AIR. [Materialy k obosnovamyu predel'no
dopustimoi kontsentratsii piridina v atmosfernom vozdukhe.]
Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of: Gigiena i
Sanit.), 30.(11):173-177, Nov. 1965. 4 rets.
Long term effects and the maximum permissible concentra-
tion of pyridine were determined. The threshold value of
smell of pyridine for the most sensitive persons proved to
be at a level of 0. Zl mg/m , the imperceptible concentra-
tion amounted to 0.084 mg/m3. The threshold of reflex
action of its vapors equalled to 0.098 mg/m3, the ineffec-
tive concentration - 0. 079 mg/m3. A chronic 24-hour
poisoning with it at a concentration of 1 mg/m for a period
of 2 months produced in experimental rats changes of the
chronaxie relationship of the flexors and extensors, that of
the cholinesterase activity and the blood protein fraction.
Pyridine at a concentration of 0. 1 mg/m3 had no effect on
the rats. The maximum one-time and the daily average
maximum permissible concentration of pyridine in the at-
mosphere is recommended to be at a level of 0. 08 mg/m3.
L-7215
Brasser. L. J. , P. E. Joosting and D. van Zuilen
SULPHUR DIOXIDE - TO WHAT LEVEL, IS IT ACCEPT-
ABLE? Translated from Dutch by Inst. Voor Gezondheid-
stechniek TNO. (Res. "Inst. for Pub. Health Eng.), Rept.
G-300, 67p., July 1967. 97 refs.
A Dutch air quality guide or standard for SO^ is wanting.
An outline is given of how an air quality guide or standard
should be formulated so as to be operable and controllable.
In practice, air pollutant concentrations are nearly always
inconsistent as a result of varying production and changing
meteorological conditions. Consequently, series of air
pollution measurements should be performed in such a way
that the results (a) can be considered representative, and
(b) can be reproduced and interpreted easily. A summa-
rizing survey is given of the effects of SOz and of complex
pollutants that can be characterized by SO2- On the basis
of these data, threshold limit values have been formulated
taking the line that harmful or detrimental effects, which
reasonably can be expected, should be prevented. The
terms and criteria used are in accordance with generally
accepted desiderata for the formulation of guides and stand-
ards.
L-7289
Isaev, N. S. , Z. B. Smelyanskii, L. K. Khotsyanov and
E. V. Khukhrin
PROPOSED NEW SANITARY STANDARDS FOR PROJECT-
ED INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION PLANTS. Gigiena Truda
Prof, Zabolevaniya, _1(4):3-11, 1957. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 2, p. 37-47,
March I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21188
New "Construction Standards and Regulations" are now in
Reprocess of development; simultaneously the sanitary
standards for the planned industrial enterprises are also
being revised. The earliest sanitary standards regulating
Reconstruction of proposed industrial enterprises were
'ssued in 1939. The new revision of the sanitary standards
is the sixth in order of legally enacted documents in the
field of industrial hygiene. In developing the proposed
Meteorological standards the position was taken that in all
production and manufacturing plans temperature, humidity
and air currents must be regulated in CL synchronized man-
ner. In the meteorological standards now in existence
these factors are in a sense independent of one another; this
caused the practicing sanitary-physician considerable diffi-
culty in the enforcement of the prescribed standards for
work rooms and shops in which heat and humidity were con-
stantly liberated. Tables are presented showing tempera-
ture, humidity and air current standards for work rooms
in manufacturing and production industries, meteorological
standards of air ventilation, temperature and air current
velocity. Also tabulated are maximum allowable concentra-
tions of poisonous gases, vapors and aerosols in the air of
work rooms and shops of industrial manufacturing and pro-.
duction plants.
L-747I
Fel'dman, Yu. G.
THE EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE MAXI-
MUM PERMISSIBLE ONE-TIME CONCENTRATION OF
DIKETENE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. [K obosnovaniyu maksi-
mal'noi razovoi predel'no dopustimoi kontsentratsii dike-
tenna v atmosfernom vozdukhe.] Hygiene and Sanitation
(English translation of: Gigiena i Sanit. ), ^_2(1):9-14, Jan.
1967. 5 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/1
In order to establish the maximum one-time permissible
concentration of diketene in the external air, its olfactory
threshold was determined. Observations were carried out
on 20 subjects, aged 16 to 41. A total of 833 determinations
were made on seven different concentrations of diketene,
ranging from 3.333 to 0.011 mg /m The diketene in the
air was determined by the fluorimetric method. The sen-
sitivity of this method is 0. 01 ug per ml of analyzed solu-
tion. The olfactory threshold for diketene was found to be
0.019 mg/m3 in the most sensitive subjects, the threshold
for the reflex effect on the ocular sensitivity to light was
0. Oil mg/m3, and the threshold for the establishment of
a conditioned electrocortical reflex was found to be 0. 01
mg/m3. Subliminal concentrations for these tests were
0.011, 0.009, and 0. 007 mg/m3 respectively. There-
commended maximum permissible one-time concentration
of diketene in the atmosphere is 0. 007 mg/m
L-7576
Shakbazyan, G. Kh. and I. M. Trakhtenberg
HYGIENIC STANDARDS AND SAFETY CRITERIA FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN INDUSTRY. [O gigieni-
cheskom normirovanii i kriteriyakh bezxirednosti faktorov
proizvodstvennoi sredy.] Hygiene and Sanitation (English
translation of: Gigiena i Sanit.), 30( 9): 3Z8-2Z6, Sept. 1965.
15 refs.
CFSTI: TT 66-51033/3
The principles governing the determination of hygienic
standards for the factors of industrial environment are
discussed. The necessity of differential substantiation of
hygienic standards for various factors closely related to
the everyday life of man and for factors whose action is
undesirable and harmful in the environment of man is also
discussed. On the basis of the work done at the Occupa-
tional Hygiene Department of the Kiev Medical Institute,
certain data are presented on the criteria that may evaluate
the harm and safety of the investigated effects. Interpre-
tation of the experimental findings on the effect of toxic
substances of the immunobiological reactivity, the protein
metabolism and the cardiac functioning is given. The re-
lationship of specific and non-specific reactions of the
body in reply to the action of toxic substances is analyzed.
143
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
L-8193
Gol'dberg, M. S.
THE SANITARY CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL PLANTS
AND SANITARY CLEARANCE ZONES. Sanitary Protection
of Air, Moscow, Suppl. or App. Nos, 3 & 4, p. 119-131,
1948. Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S, R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Dis-
eases, No. 4, p. 165-178, Aug. I960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Industries were broken down into groups such as chemical
manufacturing, mining, and metallurgical. Each group is
divided into classes dependent upon the size of the sanitary
clearance zone which is required. These zones represent
areas which are thickly planted with trees and other plant-
life as an aid in the control of air pollution. The present
classification appeared in 1948 and has since been super-
seded. An appendix lists maximum allowable concentrations
for approximately 60 chemical compounds.
L-8211
Hildenskiold, R. S,
LIMITS OF ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION OF CARBON
BISULFIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR OF RESIDENTIAL
AREAS. Gigiena i. Sanit. , 2_4_(6):3-8, 1959. Srefs. Trans-
lated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 5,
p. 46-52, Jan. 1961.
CFSTI; TT 61-11149
The zonal distribution of atmospheric air pollution with
carbon bisulfide by an artificial viscose fiber combine at
distances of 150, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 m
was investigated. The hygienic significance of carbon bi-
sulfide concentrations found in the atmospheric air was
also evaluated using the methods of 082 odor threshold per-
ception and of threshold reflex effect on the functional state
of the cerebral cortex, as indicated by changes in optical
chronaxy and in adaptation to darkness. The carbon bi-
sulfide odor perception threshold for highly sensitive per-
sons was 0.05 mg/m3; the non-perceptive (sub-threshold)
concentration was 0. 04 mg/m3. The threshold of carbon
bisulfide reflex effect, determined by optical chronaxy
measurements, was 0.04 mg/m . The sub-threshold con-
centration was 0. 03 mg/m . The threshold of CS£ reflex
effect on the functional state of the cerebral cortex, as
determined by the adaptometric method, was on the same
level of 0. 04 mg/m3 On the basis of the results, it was
suggested that 0.03 rng/m3 be adopted as the maximum
permissible single carbon bisulfide concentration in atmos-
pheric air of residential districts, because it was below
the threshold of odor perception and of reflex effects. Re-
sults of laboratory tests conducted with human subjects,
and of field pollution surveys conducted at different distant
zones from the viscose fiber plant, led to the conclusion
that a sanitary clearance (or protection} zone 2000 meters
wide must be instituted around the artificial viscose fiber
plant, which daily discharged into the atmosphere 4 tons
of carbon bisulfide. In the absence of purifying installations,
the sanitary clearance zones should be not less than 3000 m
wide.
144
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BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Reshetov, V. D.
AEROSOL ORIGIN OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE (A HYPOTH-
ESIS). In: Part 1 Atmospheric Ozone. Results of
U.S.S.R. International Geophysical Year Studies Presented
at the Oct. 28-31, 1959 Conference. Reports and Resolu-
tions, 1961. 18 refs. Translated from Russian by B. S.
Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases, No. 13, p. 73-85, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
The modern theory of the origin of photochemical atmos-
pheric ozone fails to explain some facts and ozone proper-
ties, For instance, in the south, where ultraviolet radia-
tion is greater the amount of ozone is smaller than in
northern regions, where radiation arrival is considerably
less, and during the polar night is nonexistent. It alsofails
to explain annual changes in ozone content with a maximum
at the end of winter and beginning of spring, and high ozone
content in the lower portion of the stratosphere and tropo-
sphere, since that portion of ultraviolet radiation, which
generates atomic oxygen, is absorbed totally above the 20-
km level. It is also difficult to explain the appearance of
special ozone maximum observed sometimes in the tropo-
pause, or the considerable fluctuations in ozone content
associated with weather conditions. It is conceivable that
atmospheric ozone is also generated under the effect of
other factors, which, in a number of cases, may be highly
important, A hypothesis is presented on the generation of
atmospheric ozone by atmospheric aerosols from water
and atmospheric oxygen during selective sorption and de-
sorption at the aerosol surface.
M-4171
Rozental', O. M.
STRUCTURAL OZONE MOLECULE MODELS. In: Part 2 -
Atmospheric Ozone. Data Presented at the May 21-23, 1963
Conference on Atmospheric Ozone, 1965. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pol-
lution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 13, p. 225-
229, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-62191
A clear concept of the ozone molecule structure might ad-
vance the solution of the atmospheric ozone problem. Four
configurations of atomic centers had been proposed in the
past for the ozone molecule, each of a different symmetri-
cal type. The inconsistencies of each proposed model are
brought out in this report and proof is offered in favor of
an absolutely asymmetric model, the kind of which had not
been considered before. Proof of the acceptability of an
asymmetric model amounts to a strictly numerical calcu-
lation procedure which involves analysis of the infrared
ozone spectrum, study of the energy levels in the case of
an assumed motion of the third atom, and accurate deter-
mination of dynamic coefficients.
M-4556
Swinarski, A. and J. Siedlewski
INFLUENCE OF ADSORBED OXYGEN ON THE CATALYTIC
PROPERTIES OF ACTIVATED CARBON. [Wplyw Adsorbo-
wanego Tlenu Na Wlasnosci Katalityczne Wegla Aktywowa-
nego.] Translated from Polish. Roczinki Chemii, No. 35,
p. 999-1008, 1961. 33 refs.
The catalytic properties of activated carbon in the H2S
oxidation reaction were studied and compared with the re-
sults obtained by using carbon previously desorbed and
saturated with oxygen after desorption. The composition
of oxidation products and the effect of moisture content
on this composition were determined. Comparison of the
available information on oxygen adsorption on carbon pores
with the results obtained in the present work indicates that
the prevailing views can be supplemented with a working
hypothesis which would require comprehensive confirma-
tion. Prior to being used as a catalyst for H2S oxidation,
carbon adsorbs oxygen in its pores, which in part is bound
irreversibly in the form of C/xjO/y\ surface complexes.
The amount of the resultant complexes depends on the
oxygen concentration in the gas surrounding the carbon.
The oxygen contained in the gas from which H2S is being
removed is adsorbed on carbon reversibly. It undergoes
instant activation, which increases with time. The degree
of this activation depends on the amount of surface C{xjO(v\
complexes formed on the catalyst pore surfaces. These
complexes have varying stability, and strong desorption at
450 C causes most of them to be decomposed. The oxidation
of S2'~' to S4<+) in accordance with the scheme, 2H2S + 3O2
- 2_SO2 + 2H2O, depends not only on the H2S:O2 ratio
in the reaction mixture, but is greatly affected by the
moisture content of the medium, a. circumstance mention-
ed by Corty. The assumption that complete oxidation of
H2S proceeds through combined reactions and 2SO2 +
4H2S = 6S + 4H2O constitutes a postulate which goes further
than Prettre's assumptions. These conclusions derive
both from an analysis of previous results and from the fact
that at H2S:O2 1:0-625 oxygen-containing sulfur com-
pounds are obtained in the reaction products. This ratio
is considerably lower than that predicted by Prettre.
M-5262
Shifrin, K. S., A. Ya. Perel'man and V. G. Bakhtiyarov
DETERMINATION OF THE PARTICLE SPECTRUM BY
THE TRANSPARENCY METHOD FOR A LARGE PARTICLE
CONCENTRATION. Giz. Atmosfery i Okeana, 27J7):762-
765, 1966. 5 refs. Translated from Russian. Joint Pub-
lications Research Service, Washington, D, C. , 6p. , Sept.
15, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 66-34080
Plane models of sols were investigated. These consisted
of suspensions of small spherical particles of AgBr in
gelatin. The optical density of particle layers was meas-
ured at various wave lengths. Uniformity and incoherence
of scattering were assumed in the dispersion systems
studied at an increase in density to values greater than 700-
800 x I05/cm2, agglomeration of the particles occurred.
With a reduction in density to values smaller than 50 x
cm2, determination of spectral transparency became im-
possible. Equations are presented for the determination
of particle spectrum from experimental values of spectral
transparency.
M-5382
ANION EXCHANGE RESINS AS SORBENTS OF SULFUR
DIOXIDE. Translated from Czech. Chemicky Prumysl,
l_5J40):77-79, 1965. 6 refs.
The adsorption of sulfur dioxide on anion exchange resins
made in Czechoslovakia was investigated in a dynamically
arranged experiment; the adsorption was studied as a
function of the time, water content of the resin, and flow
rate. It was found that strongly basic anion exchangers
of the styrene-divinylbenzene type, and the slightly basic
polyamide anion resin with a high capacity at a relative
humidity of 60 to 100 percent are suitable. Sulfur dioxide is
145
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
adsorbed quantitatively up to the moment of saturation of
the resin. The time it takes to saturate the resin is a
function of the concentration of sulfur dioxide and of the
flow rate of the gas. The strongly basic anion exchangers
of the styrene-divinylbenzene type were also used success-
fully for the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide.
M-5782
Voloshchuk, V. M.
CRITICAL CONDITIONS OF INERTIAL SETTLING OF
AEROSOLS FROM SYMMETRICAL FLOWS. Atmospheric
and Oceanic Physics (English Translation ), ^(12): 757-762,
Dec. 1965. 8 refs.
The problem of analytical determination of ker for sym-
metrical flows is solved under certain limiting assumptions.
The existence of critical conditions is proved, and it is
shown approximately which part of the medium flowing
around the obstacle plays the main role in establishing these
conditions. A specific case of flow around «L circular cylin-
der with Re less than 1 is considered. It is shown that for
exact determination of ker in the general case of symmet-
rical flows it is sufficient to know the values of the normal
component of the aerosol velocity over a certain section of
the axis of symmetry parallel to the axis of unperturbed flow.
A system of algebraic equations for exact determination of
ker is given. (Author's abstract)
M-6625
Ruey-Shen, Tsay
A DISCUSSION OF THE FORMULA USED IN COMPUTING
THE AMOUNT OF FUEL REQUIRED TO PRODUCE GASES
AT A GIVEN TEMPERATURE IN A COMBUSTION CHAM-
BER OR AFTERBURNER. Chi Hsieh Kung Ch'eng Hsueh
Pao, J_2(3):94-96, 1964. Translated from Chinese. Foreign
Technology Division, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-
Patterson AFB, Ohio, 4p. , Oct. 25, 1965.
A generalization of 2 formulas for calculating the amount of
fuel sr equired to produce combustion gases at a given tem-
perature in a combustion chamber or in an afterburner is
presented. The applicability of the original formula based
on (CH3)m fuel to other fuels is discussed.
M-6648
Matsak, V. G.
VAPOR TENSION AND VAPORIZATION OF SUBSTANCES
IN MOVING AIR. Gigiena i Sanit. , No. 8, p. 35-41, 1957.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S, R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 7, p. 1-9.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
The purpose is to place at the disposal of engineers and
hygienists working in the field of sanitary technology basic
data regarding vapor tension and rate of vaporization of
different inorganic and organic substances in moving air.
Particular emphasis is placed on substances, and especial-
ly toxic substances, most commonly used in industrial tech-
nology. Such information should allow hygienists to evaluate
the potential danger associated with vaporization of toxic
substances in relation to their physico-chemical and toxi-
cological properties, and sanitary engineers to apply it in
their computation of air ventilation in general and of quanta-
tive determination of the degree of air charged with vapor
of high-molecular substances, and in correctly distributing
incoming and exhaust air, and in computing other means
required for the sanitary improvement of labor conditions.
It is suggested that sanitary engineers use the nomograms
presented especially where a 5 percent error is permis-
sible. More than 85 chemically pure substances are re-
presented in three nomograms and two tables.
M-6649
Radushkevich, L. V.
DEPOSITION OF PARTICLES FROM A GAS STREAM ON
AN ISOLATED CYLINDER (THEORETICAL). Zh. Fiz.
Khim. , !32L(2):282-290, 1958. 11 refs. Translated from
Russian by B. S. Levine, U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases, No. 7, p. 10-
21, 1962.
CFSTI: TT 62-11103
The effect on deposition of two factors, diffusion and direct
interception is analyzed; this is in accord with the simplest
process of filtration of highly dispersed aerosols where the
inertia and sedimentation deposition factors can be disre-
garded. The primary purpose was the determination of
the relation between filtration effectiveness and the size of
aerosol particles. A theory of particle deposition from an
aerosol flow upon an isolated cylinder may be formed by
regarding the phenomenon as a special class of the ortho-
kinetic coagulation of polydispersed sols in a state of flow.
A similar theory of spherical particles coagulation was
developed by Miller (1928), who studied the motions of
coarse aerosol particles suspended among fine particles.
An analogous mechanism is in operation in the case of
aerosol particle deposition on a stationary obstruction,
such as a cylinder, which acts as an adsorption body. This
analysis was made with the aid of the convection diffusion
differential equation; it indicated that deposition effective-
ness was a function of particle size cylinder radius (or
diameter) and of the linear flow velocity. In instances of
particles of finite geometric dimensions the total process
can be described as a simultaneous effect of diffusion and
of direct interception. Deposition effectiveness as a function
of particle radii has its minimum in the instance of any
flow in the presence of a small Reynolds number and a
moderate r/R ratio; this is in agreement with most experi-
mental data obtained in the study of aerosol filtration.
M-7474
Labounkova, A. and Z. Hostalek
AN APPARATUS FOR THE EXPOSURE OF SMALL LABO-
RATORY ANIMALS TO LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF SUL-
FUR DIOXIDE. [ Ustanovka dlya zatravki melkikh labora-
tornykh zhivotnykh iiizkimi kontsentratsiyami sernistogo
gaza.] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of:
Gigiena i Sanit. ), _3Z( 1): 101 -1 07, Jan. 1967. 2 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/1
An apparatus was designed for the continuous exposure of
80 rats (60 test and 20 control animals) over a period of
G months, to three different concentrations of sulfur di-
oxide. The design was based on the need to provide the
following optimum environmental conditions for the rats:
volume, 2.29 to 16.48 dm3 per animal; air temperature
18-21°; velot. ity of air movement, 0.2 m/sec; 10 to 15 air
changes in the chamber per hour; floor space, 3.25 drr/
per 300g rat (Lanne-Petter); relative humidity, 45 to 60
percent; noise, not exceeding 40 db; temperature gradient
between the entrant e and exit of the chamber, maximum
of J_ 8°; illumination, 8 to 10 watt/m^. Other important
factors were the maintenance of constant conditions within
the chamber, including a. daily supply of fresh watrr and
food; rapid servicing; emergency ventilation in the case of
146
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BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
failure of the air supply equipment; and intake of pure air,
and identical conditions for the test and control animals.
The apparatus consists of four horizontal gas chambers; a
device for supplying conditioned air to the chambers; a
dosing device for the supply of a given concentration of
S02 to the chamber; and a device for automatically record-
ing the SO2 concentration in the chambers. In order to
save floor space, the chambers are arranged vertically,
one above the other, each chamber being designed to accom-
modate 2,0 rats. The dosing device was designed especially
for SC>2) but it can also be used for experiments with other
gases.
M-7495
Ciborowski, J. and R. Pohorecki
THE EFFECT OF ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES ON SUB-
LIMATION CONDENSATION. Chem. Stosowana, Vol. 2B,
p. 159-182, 1966. 46 refs. Translated from Polish. Int.
Chem. Eng., 7_(1):4859, Jan. 1967.
The effect of electrical discharges on the condensation of
vapor at temperatures below the triple point has been
studied. A simplified schematic diagram of the apparatus
used is presented. It was composed basically of a satura-
tor, a heater, a superheater, an ionizer, and a condensa-
tion chamber. The condensation was carried out by mixing
a hot stream of gas containing vapors of the condensing
component (naphthalene) with a stream of cold inert gas.
It was concluded that: the existence of a considerable
effect of electrical discharges on the course of sublimation
condensation has been established. This effect is based
primarily on intensification and simultaneous stabilization
of the course of the progress. The effect of discharges on
the condensation process depends on the type of discharge.
This effect is considerable in the case of spark discharges,
but in the case of corona discharges it -was not observed at
all. The magnitude of the effect observed depends to a
small degree on the voltage (if it is large enough for spark
discharges to occur). This magnitude also depends on the
thermodynamic parameters of the system; however, no
dependence on the flow rate of the gas through the ionizer
was observed (within the investigated limits of changes of
this value). The effects of electrical discharges on the
condensation process can be explained by the formation of
a larger number of active condensation nuclei, which facili-
tate nucleation of the new phase.
M-7513
Siedlewski, J. and S. Trawinski
THE MECHANISM OF CATALYTIC OXIDATION ON ACTI-
VATED CARBON. VIII. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
THE CONCENTRATION OF FREE RADICALS OF CARBON
AND ITS CATALYTIC ACTIVITY IN THE OXIDATION OF
HzS AND SO2. Roczniki Chem. , No. 6, p. 1083-1090,
1966. 18 refs. Translated from Polish in Intern. Chem.
Eng., 7jl):35-39, Jan. 1967.
The concentration of free radicals in carbons obtained as a.
result of the carbonization of organic substances depends
on the carbonization temperature. A maximum number is
obtained in the temperature range of 550 - 700°, depending
on the type of substance carbonized. The number reaches
1020 free radicals per gram. At a temperature of about
1200° their number diminishes by two orders of magnitude.
The catalytic activity of semiconductors, 'which include
low-temperature carbons (obtained at temperatures below
900°), depends on, among others, the crystal structure and
the electric conductivity. In the range of temperatures in
which there is a variation of the concentrations of free
radicals in low-temperature carbons, the crystal structure
and the electric conductivity vary simultaneously. The
catalytic activity of those carbons can depend on the varia-
tion of both of these parameters. The oxidation of H2S and
SO2 °n samples of carbon obtained as a result of carboni-
zation of saccharose at a temperature of 1200° and of
activation with oxygen at temperatures of 450° and 850°
indicates that those carbons had =L similar crystal structure,
the same electric conductivity, and identical concentrations
of free radicals. They differed only in the number of
superficial oxides formed on their surfaces as a result of
chemical activation by oxygen. The purpose of the present
work was to find the connection between the concentration
of free radicals in carbon and its catalytic activity in the
oxidation of H^S and SO2. The number of micro moles of
oxidation product forming per m. ^ of surface of the carbon
in a specific time is taken as a measure of catalytic activ-
ity. The heating of carbon with previously formed free
radicals causes a reduction in the number of radical active
centers on the surface and a decline of its activity in the
oxidation of H2$ and SO2.
M-7518
Yantovskii, S. A. , I. Yu. Sidorina, and M. V. Chernyak
CONDITIONS OF SAFE OXIDATION OF TOLUENE BY
ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN. Neftekhimiya, 6/1): 105-111,
1966. 22 refs. Translated from Russian. Intern. Chem.
Eng., 7_(1):144-149, Jan. 1967.
The maximum permissible amount of oxygen and the limit-
ing temperature to assure safe conditions for the liquid-
phase oxidation of toluene at pressures from 1 to 20 atmos-
pheres was determined. In order to assure safe conditions
for the liquid-phase oxidation of toluene on an industrial
scale it is necessary to maintain minimum oxygen concen-
tration after the reactor at about 6 percent. In order to
maintain a constant safe concentration of the toluene + air
mixture in the reactor, in -which the amount of oxygen can
be brought up to 2 1 percent, it is necessary to maintain
the temperature above the limiting temperature. At 10
atm. the temperature of the reactor should not be less
than 130°. This value is 35 to 45° below the oxidation
temperature of toluene, which is recommended for the
optimum conditions.
M-7581
Rumpf, Hans
THE PROPERTIES OF USEFUL DUSTS. STAUB (English
translation), 27_(1):3-15, Jan. 1967. 20 refs. (Presented
at the Joint Convention of the Association of German Engi-
neers, Working Group Dust Technology, and of the Swiss
Association of Engineers and Architects, on "Useful Dusts,
Their Manufacture and Technical Process" Part I, Basel,
Switzerland, June 6-8, 1966.)
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/1
Products in powder form have definite properties -which
should take effect during the utilization of these products.
These product properties and the behavior of products
during specific treatment processes depend on fineness
properties and dispersion properties which are directly
affected in the case of dust recovery. These dispersion
properties are, for instance, size and shape of particles,
physical and chemical structure of particles and of their
surface, distribution of these properties in the whole mass
of pulverulent material and the sum of definite particle
properties, such as specific surface. It is of decisive
importance for the utilization of dusts to know the relation-
ship between product properties and fineness properties.
A survey of the main relationships between these proper-
Lies is given. (Author's summary)
147
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AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
M-7582
Schneider, Ulrich
THE GRINDING PROPERTIES OF THE STARTING MATE-
RIALS FOR USEFUL DUSTS. STAUB (English translation),
2J_(l):16-24, Jan. 1967. 30 refs. {Presented at the Joint
Convention of the Association of German Engineers, Work-
ing Group Dust Technology, and of the Swiss Association of
Engineers and Architects, on "Useful Dusts, Their Manu-
facture and Technical Process" Part I, Basel, Switzerland,
June 6-8, 1966.)
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/1
The most important grinding properties, such as, grinding
capacity, grinding capacity limit, agglomeration behavior,
particle shape, particle size distribution, structural
changes, and chemical activation of the material to be
ground are investigated as a function of different material
properties and of the grinding method and grinding atmos-
phere. Material properties may be divided into absolutely
important properties, and those which are only important
in connection with the method of mechanical treatment and
with the effect of grinding atmosphere. An analysis of
grinding properties is extremely difficult because of the
variety and multiplicity of factors influencing these proper-
ties. {Author's summary)
M-7583
Pietsch, Wolfgang
THE AGGLOMERATTVE BEHAVIOR OF FINE PARTICLES.
STAUB (English translation), 27_(1):24-41, Jan. 1967. 108
refs. (Presented at the Joint Convention of the Association
of German Engineers, Working Group Dust Technology, and
of the Swiss Association of Engineers and Architects, on
"Useful Dusts, Their Manufacture and Technical Process"
Parti, Basel, Switzerland, June 6-8, 1966.)
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/1
In the production and industrial treatment of fine dust, a
more or less pronounced tendency to agglomeration always
occurs which, although sometimes advantageous, is in
most cases undesirable. To form agglomerates, adhesion
forces must act between the individual dust particles. A
survey of different bonding mechanisms is given and the
significance of the individual magnitudes for desirable and
undesirable agglomeration of fine particles is discussed.
Finally, the great importance of agglomeration in the pro-
duction and industrial treatment of fine dust is shown in a
series of examples. Methods are described for reducing
undesirable agglomeration phenomena and for increasing
adhesion forces in the case of desirable agglomeration.
(Author's summary)
M-7584
Gerth, Gerhard
FINE AND ULTRAFINE COMMINUTION IN TIE MANUFAC-
TURE OF USEFUL DUSTS. STAUB (English translation),
2_7(l):42-45, Jan. 1967. 3 refs. (Presented at the Joint
Convention of the Association of German Engineers, Work-
ing Group Dust Technology, and of the Swiss Association of
Engineers and Architects, on "Useful Dusts, Their Manu-
facture and Technical Process" Part I, Basel, Switzerland,
June 6-8, 1966.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/1
In the production of useful dusts, the comminution is carried
out in three stages: coarse grinding, medium grinding,
and fine or very fine grinding. In recent times special
grinding machines have also been developed for very fine
grinding, that is, ball mills and special impact mills. The
design and field of application of these mills are discussed.
The suitable operating method in the production of useful
dusts, and raw material factors (such as moisture content,
viscosity, splittability) influencing the grinding result, are
investigated. (Author's summary)
M-7587
Gommel, Gunter
ENERGY, ABRASION AND COMMINUTION IN IMPACT
PROCESSES. STAUB (English translation), 2_7_( l):54-6l,
Jan. 1967. 15 refs. (Presented at the Joint Convention of
the Association of German Engineers, Working Group Dust
Technology, and of the Swiss Association of Engineers and
Architects, on "Useful Dusts, Their Manufacture and Tech-
nical Process" Parti, Basel, Switzerland, June 6-8, 1966.)
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/1
Tests were carried out to determine the relationship be-
tween abrasion and comminution in impact processes.
The portion of the total impact energy which is due to
impact partners according to their hardness, deformability,
and fracture was demonstrated. Hardness of mineral
impact bodies was between 120 and 2700 kp/mrn^ (HV
equals 0. 1), of metal impact bodies between 200 and 790
kp/mm.2 (HV equals 0.5), and that of steel plates exposed
to impact was 725 kp/mm^ (HV equals 10). Impact velo-
city was between 45 and 70 m/sec. (Author's summary)
M-7588
Stockburger, D.
FUNDAMENTALS OF DUST DRYING. STAUB (English
translation), 2_7_(2):l-5, Feb. 1967. 4 refs. ( Presented at the
the Joint Convention of the Association of German Engi-
neers, Working Group Dust Technology, and of the Swiss
Association of Engineers and Architects, on "Useful Dusts,
Their Manufacture and Technical Process" Part II, Basel,
Switzerland, June 6-8, 1966.)
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/2
Drying of materials in powder form is sometimes under-
taken to obtain specific material properties. More fre-
quently the drying of pulverulent materials is carried out
for plant engineering reasons. Convection dryers must,
in the first place, be considered as dust dryers; the princi-
ple of these dryers is outlined on the basis of experience
gained with bodies having capillary pores. The drying of
dust mainly occurs in the first drying phase. The relation-
ship between drying rate and different factors is also dis-
cussed. It is shown qualitatively how drying temperatures
are limited in the case of products sensitive to temperature.
(Author' s s ummary)
M-7589
Baunack, Fritz
DRYING OF USEFUL DUSTS. STAUB (English translation),
27J2):6-10, Feb. 1967. (Presented at the Joint Convention
of the Association of German Engineers, Working Group
Dust Technology, and of the Swiss Association of Engineers
and Architects, on "Useful.D,iis±s, Their Manufacture and
Technical Process" Part II, Basel, Switzerland, June 6-8,
1966.)
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/2
The drying of useful dusts on an industrial scale has been
developed from the drying of coal to be used in coal dust
furnaces. Distinction is made between short-time and
long-time drying. The most important drying methods
used in industry, and their problems are discussed. It is
148
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BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOY
shown, in particular, that special requirements with regard
to dust .removal from gas are associated with dust drying.
It is always a special problem how to feed the wet raw mate-
rial to the dryer in a controllable and uniform way. To
solve this problem a close collaboration between the de-
signer and user of the dryer is necessary. {Author's sum-
mary)
M-7590
Pietsch, Wolfgang
THE INFLUENCE OF ENCRUSTATION UPON THE DRYING
OF POROUS CAPILLARY BODIES. STAUB (English trans-
lation), 27_(Z):10-11, Feb. 1967. 5 refs. (Presented at the
Joint Convention of the Association of German Engineers,
Working Group Dust Technology, and of the Swiss Associa-
tion of Engineers and Architects, on "Useful Dusts, Their
Manufacture and Technical Process" Part II, Basel, Swit-
zerland, June 6-8, 1966.)
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/Z
The main problem in drying useful dust is to cause no harm
to the material. Damage by heating while drying fine pow-
ders is generally avoidable. This conclusion is correct
when the individual particles of a bulk pile moistened by a.
pure liquid are insoluble. However, if the liquid contains
substances precipitated or crystallized during drying
either because the particles are soluble or because the
liquid is a solution - conditions change fundamentally.
When using a dilute solution a thin crust forms on the sur-
face of the body after a short period. This crust offers a
certain resistance to diffusion of the "water vapor formed
directly below it, so that the drying rate is reduced. Fur-
ther drying is largely influenced by the permeability of the
primary crust, so that a constant though lower drying rate
will again be established and the drying period will be long-
er. The temperature of the material then rises. Damage
increases with temperature and drying duration. The dry-
ing of industrial, heat-sensitive products is doubtful if
based upon the idealized behavior during drying of glass
spheres, quartz, or other insoluble particles in pure water.
M-77Z4
Kutscher, Waldemar and Rene Tomingas
INVESTIGATION ON THE DANGER OF SOOT, PARTICU-
LARLY ITS CARCINOGENIC EFFECT. 3rd REPORT:
IMPLANTATION TESTS OF SOOT AND AIRBORNE DUSTS
IN RATS. STAUB (English translation), 2T_(4):34-37, April
1967. 4refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/4
In most cases, when soot is implanted under the skin of
animals, it penetrates the epidermis shortly after implan-
tation. However, it was found that in the case of rats sub-
jected to graphite implantation, the number of eruptions
•was insignificant. During the investigation of the causes
of this phenomenon a series of factors has been eliminated.
The test results indicate that soot eruption is caused by a
logical digestion disturbance depending on the implanted
substance which leads to an inflammation. (Author's sum-
mary, modified)
M-8180
Plit, I. G. and K. N. Shishkin
CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION BY POTASH SOLUTION
FOAM. Zh. Prikl. Khim. , 2_9(10): 1323 - 1329, 1956. 7 refs.
Translated from Russian by B. S. Levine, U. S. S. R. Lit-
erature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases,
No. 4, p. 60-68, Aug. 1960.
CFSTI: TT 60-21913
Experiments were carried out with the aid of an apparatus
which enabled the study of absorption on the basis of indi-
vidual bubbles and which made possible the computation of
the contact surface of the phases. The apparatus consists
of an absorption tube and the absorbent solution container.
Simultaneously, a carbon dioxide - air mixture enters
through a nozzle and foam bubbles are created in a -weak
saponin solution. The first set of experiments was devoted
to the study of the effect of the surface-active admixture
concentration upon the course of the absorption process and
and 21.8 percent of carbon dioxide by volume and 150 g/1
of K2CO3. The saponin concentration ranged from 0 to 4
g/1. In order to compare absorption rates, experiments were
also conducted with K;?CO3 solutions containing no saponin
and 16 percent gas-air mixtures. Other parameters ex-
amined in the study included: the effect of absorbent solu-
tion concentration upon the absorption coefficient; and the
effect of temperature upon the rate of absorption in the
range of 14° to 20°C. The effects of these and other factors
on the course of carbon dioxide absorption by discrete
K^CO^ solution bubbles indicated that absorption by foam
bubbles proceeded in accordance with special hydrodynamic
conditions which lowered diffusion resistance and enhanced
the kinetics of the process.
M-8262
Mackenzie, Robert C, and Robert Meldau
THE MORPHOLOGY OF FINELY-FARTICULATE OXIDES
AND HYDROXIDES OF IRON, ALUMINUM, AND MANGA-
NESE. STAUB (English translation), ll_(S): 1 9-29, May
1967. 62 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/5
Particulates of oxides and hydroxides of iron, aluminum,
and manganese are abundant in soils. Detailed knowledge
about their morphology is presented. One of the main
impressions gained from available electron-optical data
on the oxides of iron, aluminum, and manganese is the
sparseness of the observations. Peculiar similarities
and differences in morphology which permeate this series
of compounds are noted. Tabulated data indicate that
there is often relatively little relationship between exter-
nal shape and crystallographic symmetry. Morphological
similarities in these oxides do not reflect relationships in
crystallographic symmetry or vice versa, A more detailed
correlation does show distinct similarities for isostruc-
tural compounds such as lepidocrocite and boehmite - and
for compounds which are prepared in the same manner
-e. g. , S-FeOOH and feitknechtite. The only oxides which
can possibly be immediately identified from electron-
micrographs are boehmite, because of its peculiar morpho-
logy, and hematite, because of the particularly sharp
characteristic outline of its electron-dense particles.
Gibbsite might be guessed at but would require confirma-
tion by other investigational techniques such as electron
diffraction. Only few of the compounds can be identified
under the electron microscope on the basis of their mor-
phology; it appears that some of them crystallize in more
than one form.
M-8263
Loquenz, Heinz
EXPERIENCE AND RESULTS WITH AN INSTRUMENT
FOR DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICAL DUST RESIS-
TANCE. STAUB (English translation), 2_7(5) :41-43, May
1967. 1 ref.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/5
The separation efficiency of an electroprecipitator depends,
among other things, on electric dust resistance of the
149
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
material to be separated. The experimental determination
of this magnitude is frequently associated with difficulties;
factors influencing the accuracy of measuring results are
discussed. The importance of dust resistance in measur-
ing electro-precipitators is shown by resistance-tempera-
ture curves for different dusts. (Author's summary)
M-S336
Pfefferkorn, Gerhard and Hans Desler
INVESTIGATING SMOKES GENERATED IN ELECTRIC-
ARC WELDING. STAUB (English translation), 27(3):l-3,
Aug. 1967. 6 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/8
Smoke from electrowelding electrodes and different special
electrodes was investigated under the electron microscope,
by X-rays, and with the help of electron diffraction. Smoke
particles of a diameter from 0.01 |im to 1 fim consist of
SiOz and of metal oxides. Chemical analysis of smoke
mainly shows the presence of SiO^ while TiOz almost dis-
appears. Iron oxides TezOq. and garnma-Fe2O3 have been
found byX-rays in the original smoke. Metal oxides which
disturb the diffraction analysis have been eliminated by a
chlorination method. There is no indication that crystalline
SiC>2 modifications occur in smoke. (Authors' summary,
modified)
M-8337
Naumann, Peter
THE VOLATILITY OF AEROSOLS. STAUB (Eng
lation), 2_7_(8):4-5, Aug. 1967. 5 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/8
.ish trans -
Many organic compounds occurring as suspended matter
have a volatility (i. e. , the maximum possible vapor con-
centration) which is many times higher than the maximum
allowable concentration value. Although these substances
occur in the form of suspended matter, it must be taken
into account that they may also be present in the form of
gas (vapor). This fact is important in the selection of a
suitable respirator. It is proposed, therefore, to give in
the MAC list, in the case of these substances, the MAC
value not only in mg/m^ but also in ppm, and to emphasize
the necessity of using a. combined suspended matter gas
filter. (Author's summary, modified)
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/8
A theory for the calculation of particle size distribution;
from impaction data is presented. Special attention is
given to cascade impactors and the arrangement of steps
in such an instrument in order to increase the particle '
size selectivity. It is shown how the deposited particle'
distribution is influenced by the earlier steps; a new and
very useful quantity called "the apparent impaction effi-
ciency" is introduced. A complete numerical example is
given. (Author's summary)
M-8439
Nishchii, R. A. and I. A. Brazgin
ELECTRON DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF THE STRUCTURE
OF SMELTING DUSTS. [Primenenie metoda elektronnoi
difraktsii dlya izucheniya strukturnogo sostova plavil'nykh
pylei. ] Hygiene and Sanitation (English translation of:
Gigiena iSanit. ), 32_(4-6):236-241, April-June 1967. 2 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/2
A detailed study of the structure of dust by electron diffrac-
tion was made. By means of a rotary device, samples were
taken directly from the smoke column (above the arc fur-
nace), and from the steelworkers' breathing zone. The
diffraction patterns of the samples were studied by electron
microscope. The diffraction image is formed because of
the wave character of the electrons. When it encounters
the lattice atoms, the electron wave is diffracted and re-
produces the diffraction of the atoms of chemical com-
pounds on a photographic plate. By electron diffraction
and microdiffraction it was possible to determine the com-
position of industrial dust discharged into the aerial me-
dium from the electric-arc furnaces. Dust generated by
the manufacture of refractory alloys and steels consists
mainly of compounds with a complex physicochemical
structure, including complex silicates of iron, aluminum
chromium, manganese, etc. The chemical composition
of smelting dust depends upon several factors, such as the
grade of steel, the technological process, the smelting
stage, etc. With the method proposed for the study of the
structural composition of dust, it is possible to apply the
electron diffraction method to hygienic investigations.
M-8338
Polydorova, Marie
THE MANUFACTURE AND PROPERTIES OF A PLATINUM
OXIDE AEROSOL. STAUB (English translation), 2J7_(8):5-S,
Aug. 1967. 13 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51409/8
Platinum oxide aerosol formed by electric heating of plati-
num wire in an air stream only shows small deviations in
the particle size distribution. It has been possible to
obtain aerosols of an average geometrical particle diame-
ter of 0. 018 0. 048 (J. as a function of wire surface tem-
perature and air flow rate.
Sundelof, Lars -Olof
ON THE ACCURATE CALCULATION OF PARTICLE-SIZE
DISTRIBUTIONS IN AEROSOLS FROM IMPACTION DATA.
STAUB (English translation), 27(8):22-28, Aug. 1967. 3
refs.
M-8670
Schonauer, Gerhard
ELECTRON- AND LIGHT-OPTICAL DETERMINATION
OF THE FLATTENING FACTOR AND SIZE OF OIL DROP-
LETS. STAUB (English translation), 27_(9):7-13, Sept.
1967. 11 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/9
When a droplet hits a solid support and flattens to form a.
spherical segment, the "edge angle" can be calculated
from the shape of the cap by the ratio of its base diameter
to its height. The size of the original droplet can be cal-
culated from the base diameter of the flattened drop, if
the "flattening factor" is known. A method which permits
the flattening factor to be determined under the optical
microscope and electron microscope is described. The
spherically flattened droplets are shaded in vacuum to-
gether with small glass spheres at an angle of 3° to 4°.
It is possible to calculate the shading angle from the shad-
ow of glass spheres, and the flattening factor and boundary
angle of cupolas from the cupola shadow by means of the
shading angle.
150
-------
BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
M-8712L
Steudel, Ralf.
REACTION OF SULFUR TRIOXIDE WITH CARBON DISUL-
FIDE. .ZB Anorg. Allg. Chem. , Vol. 346, p. 255-265,
1966. Translated from German. Redstone Scientific Infor-
mation Center, Redstone Arsenal, Ala., RSIC-643, 19p. ,
Feb. 1967. 17 refs.
CFSTI: AD 808666
Carbon disulfide and dry SO3 at pressures of seven torr and
temperatures at 430°C do not react with each other in a
flow reactor (dwell time about 0. 1 second). In quiescent
gas 'mixtures at pressures of 300 torr and at room tempera-
ture, no reaction was found even after 60 minutes. The
experiments were made in a heated glass vacuum apparatus
with a mercury pump. An inclined tube manometer with
sulfuric acid made it possible to determine the mix ratio,
which was varied widely; under flow conditions the CO3:CS2
ratio ranged from 1:1 to 1:13 and under stationary conditions
from 1:2 to 1:600. In the experiments, the amount of sulfur
expected did not precipitate in the apparatus, and the gas
mixtures (CO3:CS2=1:3) condensed in a cold trap at -75°C
quantitatively into white a-SO3 and colorless liquid carbon
disulfide. These compounds then slowly reacted on one
another at room temperature, evolving gas and turning
yellow. In contrast to this, however, yellow to brownish
red condensates were obtained when freezing out was done
in liquid nitrogen. The reaction observed there first clearly
appeared during condensation. The color of the condensates
depended on the SQ3:CS2 ratio and varied from yellow
(1:200-600) to orange and brown (1:1-30). Upon melting,
the CSz - rich condensates scarcely changed their color,
while those low in CS£ at first became dark red (at about
-1000C}. At room temperature, all condensates consisted
of a colorless solution and a solid yellow material. As
above, sulfur, SO;>, and COS were found in the colorless
solution. The yellow substance was identified from its
qualitative behavior and IR spectra as a mixture of SO3 and
C-S-O compounds. The reaction thus proceeded as at
room temperature with subsequent formation of Sg and C-
S-O polymers. The amount transformed, in terms of the
amount of SO3 used, was very low.
M-9645
Binek, Bedrich and Blanka Dohnalova
A GENERATOR FOR MANUFACTURE OF MONODISPER-
SED AEROSOLS FROM THE LIQUID PHASE. STAUB
(English translation), 27_(ll):30-33, Nov. 1967. 6 refs.
CFSTI: TT 67-51408/11
A simple aerosol generator was designed and found to be
well suited for calibration of the automatic particle coun-
ters. Particle sizes remain constant even after several
hours of operation. The instrument is now being further
developed to obtain higher concentrations and several par-
ticulate fractions. It is intended to apply the generator to
the solution of various problems in basic aerosol research
and filtration. Simplification and increased accuracy of
measurements are attained, particularly due to the con-
stant particle concentration guaranteed by the vibration
frequency of the whisker. A further advantage is the possi-
bility of uniform and unipolar particle charging to study
the effects of electrical fields in filtration. The generator
is also suited to the manufacture of radioactive aerosols
from a solution, since it limits the danger of contamination
and the quantity of the manufactured aerosol can be metered
exactly.
151
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Abel, E.
Abramashvili, G. G.
Abramov, V. I.
Agapov, R. G.
Aidarov, T. K.
Aigina, E. P.
Aksel'rod, M. B.
Aldyreva, M. V.
Aleksandrova, A. K.
Alekseeva, M. V.
Alekseeva, N. V.
Alexeyev, A. Ye.
Al'terman, N. A.
Altybaev, M.
Amelin, N. I.
An, A. S.
Andreeshcheva, N. G.
Andreeva-Galamina, E. Ts.
Andreyev, P. I.
Antoshechkin, A. G.
Arkhipov, A. S.
Arkhipova, O. G.
Aruin, A. S.
Asribekova, T. A.
Atlasov, A, G.
Aurand, Karl
Avy, A. P.
Babayants, R. A.
Babushkina, L,. G.
Baikov, B. K.
Bakhtiyarov, V. G.
Baranov, A. P.
Baranov, V. I.
Baranovskii, I. I.
Barkov, B. K.
Barodina, G. L.
Baron, L. I.
Bartenev, V. D.
Barteneva, O. D.
Earth, Walter
Baum, Fritz
Baumann, G.
Baunack, Fritz
Belaga, M. B.
Belousov, A. Z.
Belousov, S. P.
Belyaev, M. I.
Belyakov, A. A.
Benarie, M.
Berdyev, Kh. B.
Berezina, T. A.
Berner, A.
Beryushev, K. G.
Binek, Bedrich
Blaschke, Rochus
Blinova, E. A.
Bloomfield, John J.
Bobyleva, A. T.
Bogatkov, P. I.
Bogdat'eva, A. G.
Bohne, Helmut
Bojkov, R. D.
Boris, D. M.
Borisov, A. V.
D-7579
G-7135
F-3776
E-6655
D-6831 D-6894 D-7567
D-4248
J-8161 K-8194
F-4092
C-S880
D-4064 D-5959 J-6674
D-8139
D-5951
F-7316
F-4240 F-83S7
E-4656
E-8224
F-8218
F-8785
F-4929
C-S143
D-6889
F-S132 E-7286 E-8199
F-40SO F-4104 F-6866
D-8134
F-4089
Borisova, M. K.
Borisyuk, Yu. P.
Bosch, Julius
Brasser, L. J.
Brazgin, I. A.
Britayev, A. S.
Brodskaya, N. M.
Bronsberg, E. Sh.
Bruskin, Z. Z.
Buck, Manfred
Budanov, G. F.
Budzinski, K.
Bukhantseva, R. M.
Bulanova, I. D.
Bulycheva, A. I.
Bunimovich, G. I.
Burakhovich, M. S.
Burkatskaya, E. N.
Bushtueva, K. A.
Bykhovskaya, M. S.
Bykhovskii, A. V.
Byknovskaya, M. S.
Bystrova, T. A.
Byzova, N. L.
D-6890
D-9273
D-9642
F-6667
F-8772
D-5958
M-5262
B-4287
J-5669
F-4076
F-4073
D-8226
D-8778
F-4096
C-5660
E-5278
D-8257 B-8373 D-3672
E-5380
M-75S9
E-406S
J-7294 D-7296
E-8178
B-8779
D-5210 D-6S93
D-9642
J-8438
D-7152
D-5072
F-7136
F-8669 M-9645
D-8375
F-6880
A-4052
F-8203
E-7236 E-8199
F-7129
B-9275
C-7976L
B-4097
C-5034
Cardozo, R. L.
Chalov, P. I.
Chekhov, O. S.
Chellkanov, K. N.
Chemodanova, L. S.
Chemyakina, O. N.
Chen, Yun-tai
Cherkashina, T. N.
Cherkasov, Ye. F.
Chernikov, A. A.
Chernyak, M. V.
Chernyakov, I. N.
Chertkov, B. A.
Chertova, N. D.
Chizhikov, V. A.
Chjen-tsi, Chjao
Chumachenko, A. N.
Chupka, Sh.
Ciborowski, J.
Clerc, J. T.
Coenen, Wilfried
Cooperman, E. F.
Dabrowski, Zdzislaw
Darby, K.
Davydov, S. A.
Deckert, Walter
Dejonghe, P.
Demidov, A. V.
Demikenko, N. M.
Demochka, O. I.
Denisov, A. M.
Desler, Hans
Dikun, P. P.
Dinkevich, I. G.
Dmitriev, M. T.
Dmitricv, V. N.
Dmitrieva, N. V.
Dohnalova, Blanka
J-8151
J-6886
D-9273
L-7215
M-8439
D-4151 C-4159
D-8775
D-7153
F-4929 J-6671
D-3772 D-8256
D-8437
D-7264
F-8203
D-7568
D-6657
F-6871
J-4256
F-4107 F-6887
F-6660 F-7133 C-8197
D-4255 D-6658 D-8172
F-7569
D-4075
F-7137
C-8880 C-8881
E-S219
J-5673
E-6654
F-4083
D-8133
J-4173
F-4072
F-4081
F-8149
C-4462
M-7518
F-5239
E-8184
F-5238
J-4087 D-6900 F-8444
J-8213
F-8434
J-5674
M-7495
D-7812
D-3912
J-4106
F-9397
E-4394
F-6896 J-8161 K-8194
D-7876L
E-5219
D-7149 D-7150
F-8201
D-8437
E-4634
M-8336
D-6662 J-7292 D-7298
B-7299 J-7300
J-4100
D-4241 C-5683 E-6867
J-7478
C-5699
B-4114 F-4253
F-8669 M-9645
153
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Dohner, R.
Dolgin, I. M.
Dolmatov, A. A.
Dratwa, Heinrich
Drees, W.
Dubeikovskaya, L. S.
Dubois, P. E.
Dubrovs kaya, F. I.
Dubrovskii, S. L.
Dukarshaya, L. G.
Dumko, V. P.
Dun, A. S.
Dunskii, V. F.
Dzedzichek, V. P.
Efremova, G. P.
Eglite, M. E.
Egorova, T. S.
Elfimova, E. V.
Elfimova, V. K.
El'man, R. I.
El'nichnykh, L. N.
Engels, L. H.
Epstein, M. M.
Erenburg, G. S.
Errnan, M. I.
Evenshtein, Z. M.
Evseeva, S. A.
Faustov, A. S.
Fauth, Ulnch
Fedorov, B. F.
Fedorov, M. M.
Fedorova, V. I.
Fedorovich, A. A.
Fel'dman, Yu. G.
Filipov, V. V.
Flossmann, Ronald
Formicheva, N. I.
Frolova, I. N.
Fyn-Djui, Duan1
Gab in ova, Zh. L.
Galibin, G. P.
Galikeev, Kb. L.
Ganchev, B. G.
Ganz, S.
Gasiorowski, Kurt
Gavlovskaya, S. S.
Gavrilova, L. I.
Gawronski, A.
Gedeonov, Li. L
Georgia, H. -W.
Gerasimenko, A. A,
Gernet, E. V.
Ge rtb, Gerhard
Getsberger, K.
Gies, Hermann
Gilbert, Humphrey
Gil'denskjol'd, R, S.
Gimadeev, M. M.
Gisina, F. A.
Gitlin, N. N.
Gladchikova, Yu. N.
Glebova, L. F.
Gleizer, M. D.
Goetz, A.
Gofman, M. Z,
Gofmekler, V. A.
Gol'dbcrg, E. Kh.
Gol'dberg, M. S.
Gol'm, T. S.
Golubev, A. A.
J-6673
F-594Z
L-6835
J-7141
J-4101
D-8139
F-5947
B-4098
F-7134
D-7S12
C-4165
F-6879
E-8371
E-4817
F-6879
M-7675
D-7930
E-6S99
J-8161
E-6899
E-8178
C-5637
D-7150
D-7295
D-8436
F-8441
F-8190
J-7290
D-5377
F-8772
E-4396
D-8141
D-7283
F-8217
F-8440
C-56S7
F-8787
B-8255
D-5377
C-7310
F-8771
D-5377
L-7471
E-4069
E-9270
D-8171
F-4258
J-8214
J-4091
F-8771
F-6878
B-9103
E-8183
C-7722
E-8738
D-8446
F-5891
C-5699
C-4810
F-6871
D-8145
M-7534
E-4401
D-3772
E-3917
F-5943
F-4110
C-5730
D-8437
D-7155
F-S148
H-5229
C-5479
J-4115
F-8785
D-4257
L-S193
C-4152
F-8187
Gommel, Gunter
Gorelik, A. G.
Gorelova, D. N.
Gorkavenko, D. V.
Gorodinskii, S. M.
Gorskaya, R. V.
Govorushkin, L. A.
Grafe, Kurt
Graue, Georg
Grigorenko, A. I.
Grigor'ev, Z. E.
Grigorova, L,. P.
Gronsberg, E. Sh.
Grushko, Ya. M.
Gubauidullin, G. S.
Gudzovskii, G. A.
Gulevskaya, M. R.
Gurinov, B. P.
Gurvits , S. S.
Gusarov, I. I.
Gusev, I. S.
Gusev, M. I.
Gushchin, G. P.
Gutman, L. N.
Haddad, Ricardo
Hagen, Joachim
Hartogensis, F.
Hasenclever, Dieter
Heinrich, D. O.
Hetmanets, I. Ya.
Hildenskiold, R. S.
Hluchan, E.
Hodkinson, J. R.
Hoffmann, L.
Hostalek, Z.
Hsiung, Shang-ching
Huang, Mei-yuan
Huber, E. W.
Hung, Chung -hsiang
Ignatovich, Yu. V.
Imasheva, N. B.
lorshin, A. L.
lozenas, V. A.
Isaev, N. S.
Isaeva, M. I.
Jtskovich, A. A.
Ivanov, V. D.
Ivanov, Z. G.
Ivanova, F. A.
Ivanova, M. G.
Ivchik, N. N.
Izmerov, N. F.
Jaskulla, N.
Joachim, E. -U.
Jona, Zdenek
Juda, J.
Junge, Chr.
Juntgen, Harald
Kachanak, Stefan
Kachikin, V. I.
Kachmar, E. G.
Kachor, L. F.
Kahnwald, Helmut
Kaiser, Fritz
Kalishevskii, L. L.
Kal'manovich, F. L.
Kalyuzhnyi, D. N.
F-5231
F-40S3
D-4157
C-4163
F-6666
M-7587
C-4462
B-7299
C-4103
F-7473
D-6902 D-6908
C-4168
C-3775
E-9270
D-4254
F-8221
D-7157
D-7146
J-7292
E-6493
D-4113
F-4244
F-7291 B-S200
D-6659
D-7293 D-8776
F-6905 F-7475
F-7139 G-8170
C-4158 D-4160
A-4172 J-4173
D-5121
A-4052
C-3775
D-9642
E-3916
E-4394
F-4109
L-8211
D-7579
D-47S9
C-4810
M-7474
C-8764
C-S764
B-5714
C-8764
D-8141
J-4070
F-7131
D-4150
L-72S9
J-8198
F-8150
J-6904
F-3776
F-4221
F-7303
G-4242
F-8153
B-8777
E-5380
E-5373
D-7264
C-S761
E-8371
E-5373
J-6904
D-6661
D-8159
D-3915
E-7586
B-9103
D-6S73
J-8161 K-8194
K-3195
154
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Kampf, Wolfgang-Dietrich
Kapkaev, E. A.
Kapluir; Z. S.
Karacharov, T. S.
Karamzina, N. M.
Karandakova, I. M.
Karimov, M.
Karimova, G. U.
Karol1, I. L.
Karpova, M. I.
Kartsynel, M. B.
Kashin, L. M.
Kaspar, J.
Katsnel'son, B. A.
Kellerwessel, Hans
Kesting, Arthur Martin
Khachatryan, M. K.
Khalturin, V. S.
Khanin, I. M.
Kharkhurim, T. M.
Khazanov, I. S.
Khikmatullaeva, Sh. S.
Khotsyanov, L. K.
Khrgian, A. Kh.
Khrustaleva, V. A.
Khukhrina, Ye. V.
Khukrin, E. V.
Khvostov, N. N.
Kiktenko, V. S.-
Kireeva, I. S.
Kirichenko, V. N.
Kirichinskaya, I. A.
Kirilenko, I. I.
Kirsh, A. A.
Kiryachko, B. S.
Kiryakov, K.
Kiselev, A. P.
Kishko, Ya. G.
Kitrosskii, N. A.
Kitts, A. P.
Kiyoura, R.
Kleiner, A. I.
Klisenko, M. A.
Klug, W.
Knopp, H.
Kochetkova, T. A.
Kogan, A. G.
Kogan, F. M.
Koktova, M. P.
Kokuchaev, V. F.
Kolesnichenko, T. S.
Kompaniets, A. 1.
Kononova, V. A.
Konstantinova, A. I.
Kopanev, A. I.
Koprov, C. M.
Kopylev, B. A.
Koragodina, I. L.
Korenevskaya, E. J.
Korneev, Yu. E.
Korotkov, P. A.
Koslova, T. A.
Kosmider, Stanislaw
Kossovskii, E. O.
Kostoveskii, Ya. I.
Kotel'nikov, V. P.
Kotov, G. N.
Kovalenko, Ye. A.
Kozlov, V. M.
Kramer, N. I.
Krasnogorskaya, M. N.
C-4167
D-4064
L-6677
F-4080
F-4244
C-5374
F-6665
D-8142
C-4161
D-5376
D-7284
L-7289
B-4108
F-6891
C-4615
F-4104
F-4676
F-9396
K-8194
D-8673
F-4111
F-8212
E-8156
F-8771
F-8784
J-8189
C-4165
C-5375
C-6331
F-4094
E-4581
F-6874
K-8786
F-8772
B-7585
D-3913
F-6668
D-8179
E-4581
F-7314
B-4114
F-8443
L-7289
C-4164
J-6674
D-7285
D-8144
F-730S
E-5950
D-5377
B-7570
J-6904
F-8220
F-8434
J-6904
F-7144
F-5185
D-4484
D-8160
D-4241
E-8788
E-4813
F-4076
D-8775
C-5271
E-5380
F-6866
F-7312
F-6871
F-6882
F-5944
F-6268
C-5727
J-8196
F-5238
F-6907
C-4229
E-81S5
F-7136
F-7130
F-7577
D-8783
F-7308
F-9397
E-4067
K-8195
J-5728
F-8174
F-5239
F-5044
C-5730
D-7283
Krasnopevtsev, Yu. V.
Krasovitskaya, M. L,
Kravchenko, A. A.
Krejcar, E.
Kristesashvili, Ts. S.
Krivoruchko, F. D.
Krotkov, P. A.
Kruglikova, Ts. P.
Krupitskaya, I. D.
Krylova, N. A.
Kryzhanovskaya, M. V.
Kudryashov, V. V.
Kudryavas eva, L. A.
Kudryavtsev, S. I.
Kuhnen, G.
Kukhovkaya, A. I.
Kulakov, A. E.
Kuleshov, P. J.
Kulikova, G. I.
Kulinskaya, I. L.
Kurnosov, V. M.
Kuryndin, G. M.
Kushakovskii, L. N.
Kutscher, Waldemar
Kutsov, V. V.
Kuz'micheva, M. N.
Kuznetsov, A. P.
Kuznetsov, G. I.
Kuznetsova, L. V.
Labounkova, A.
Lagoshnaya, R. M.
Lahmann, Erdwin
Laikthman, D. L.
Laktionov, A. G.
Lambert, G.
Lampert, F. F.
Landwehr, Martin
Larchenko, R. M.
Lastochkin, P. N.
Lauer, Otto
Lazareva, T. A.
Leichtmann, D. L.
[See Laikhtman, D. L. ]
Lenshin, V. T.
Leonova, Yu. 1.
Levashova, E. P.
Levinskii, S. V.
Lifshits, I. I.
Likina, M. T.
Likshin, M. A.
Lindberg, Z. Ya.
Lindval, R. V.
Lisunova, T. S.
Litvinov, V. F.
Litvinova, N. N.
Litvonov, V. I.
Lobanova, K. P.
Loquenz, Heinz
Los1, L. I.
Lovtsova, S. E.
Luchina, K. I.
Lukina, I. P.
Lupu, N.
Lyapidevskii, V. K.
Lykhina, E. T.
Lyublina, E. I.
Lyutsarev, S. V.
Mackenzie, Robert C.
Maistruk, P. N.
Makedonskaya, R. N.
Makhinya, A. P.
D-4071
D-4064 D-4245
E-6305
E-6650 E-6651
C-4154
D-4150
C-4161
C-5240
J-6869
F-8216
M-5382
L-6901
C-4246
D-408S
J-7290
E-6884
D-7578
F-8784
E-6306
D-4149
D-5377
E-4400
B-4114
F-6870
E-6652
D-4472
F-8442
F-5945
J-4100
J-4077
M-7724
F-8763
D-2554
C-4159
C-4164
F-8173
M-7474
D-6876
D-4815 D-9644
C-5730
C-5120
C-7115
B-4082 J-8192
D-3769
F-8216
D-7145
D-8671
D-4095
C-8166
F-816S
B-5266
F-7473
D-7283 F-7312
D-8226
E-8183
F-6675
D-4102
F-4251
D-8157
D-S157
B-8779
F-7143
M-8263
J-7304
F-8203
B-6909
D-7930
F-7311
D-7293
D-7233
F-8175
D-6336
M-S262
E-4068
D-4255
F-4250
155
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Malakhov, S. G.
Malkova, V. S.
Malyarova, L. K.
Malykhin, V. M.
Mamatsashvili, M. I.
Manakin, G. A.
Manila, M. D.
Manusadzhants, Zh. V.
Mappes, Rolf
Mar'in, N. P.
Markelov, V. N.
Mashbits, F. D.
Mashkova, G. B.
Masuda, S.
Matsak, V. G.
Matveev, P. N.
May, Johannes
Mayer, Ya.
Mazayev, F. Ye.
Mazitova, R. M.
Meerovich, G. I.
Meier, E. F.
Meldau, Robert
Melekhina, V. P.
Mel'nichenko, R. K.
Mel 'nikova, E. A.
Mel'nikova, P. A.
Mel'sler, F. G.
Meshcheryakov, I. G.
Mezentsev, 1. Ya.
Mezentseva, N. V.
Mikheev, V. A.
Ministry of Labour and Social
Welfare. North Rhine-
Westphalia, Germany.
Minkh, A. A.
Mints, I. M.
Mironova, A. T.
Mogilevskaya, O. Ya.
Moiseev, A. A.
Mokhov, L. A.
Mokronosova, K. A.
Monin, A. S.
Moroz, V. M.
Morozov, V. A.
Mukhin, V. G.
Mukhitov, B.
Mustafin, F. A.
Nagel, Helmut
Nagornyi, P. A.
Naumann, Peter
Nedogibchenko, M. K.
Ncimann, I. M.
Nelepo, B. A.
Nemec, L.
Nemirovskii, N. L.
Nesler, K.
Nifontova, M. V.
Nikandrova, G. T.
Nikberg, I. I.
Nikitin, V. S.
Nikitina, S. A.
Nishchii, R. A.
Novikov, Yu. V.
Novitskaya, L. P.
Nul'man, F. S.
Nurullayev, D. Kh.
Odflyckc, P.
Odoshashvili, D. G.
J-4091 B-4098
D-5960 F-6676
B-4098
M-6648 E-8155
F-5941
F-7142
D-6657
F-7117
F-7569
C-5734
J-6S69
F-5735
F-8774
E-81S1
D-4247
D-7575
D-8436
E-5046
D-3770
C-4366
J-5728
F-7291
C-8S80
E-4393
E-8162
D-8176
D-3773
D-7579
H-6529
A-5235
D-7154
F-6882
M-S262
F-8154
F-S769
F-S188
D-S171
E-6899
B-8779
E-6656
F-8212
E-6493
B-6967
F-6669
D-4248
F-7302
F-7117 F-7307
F-5735
D-7149 D-S142 D-S179
F-S772
C-4230
F-6382
D-8137
E-6305
F-5957
E-6655
D-3774
F-8769
M-3337
B-S165
F-4708
C-5699 J-5728
C-5247
D-7154
C-4S12
F-5231
D-4472
J-7300 E-S178
E-6302
E-8177
J-8209 M-S439
J-7294 D-7296 F-7306
D-S775
D-6863
J-5260
D-4814
F-5955
Ogorodnikov, B. I.
Okhnyanskaya, L. G.
Okhotskaya, V. N.
Ol'khovskaya, Z. K.
Oreshkevich, 1. V.
Oreshko, V. F.
Orlova, T. V.
Orlovskaya, A. M.
Orlovskaya, G. B.
Osetinskii, T. G.
Oyherovich, L.
Ostranitsa, A. P.
Ostrovskaya, I. S.
Ostrovskii, M. M.
Pakhotina, N. S.
Pallinger, J.
Pan'shina, T. N.
Paribok, V. P.
Parsadanyan, G. A.
Partsef, D. P.
Pasternak, A. E.
Patrina, G. V.
Pavlovich, N. V.
Pavlovskaya, A. A.
Pavlovskaya, N. A.
Pazymch, V. M.
Perel'man, A. Ya.
Permyakov, V. A.
Perov, O. B.
Petin, L. M.
Petr, B.
Petrashova, M.
Petri, Heinz
Petroll, Joachim
Pctrova, N. I.
Petrova, N. V.
Petrova, V. T.
Petrushevskii, V. A.
Pfefferkorn, Gerhard
Pietsch, Wolfgang
Pinchuk, E. M.
Pinigina, I. A.
Pirumov, A. 1.
Pisarevskii, I. L.
Pis'mennaya, M. V.
Pistor, R.
Plekhotkin, V. F.
Plit, I. G.
Plotnikova, M. M.
Plust, Heinz G.
Podosinovskii, V: V.
Pogosyan, Kh. P.
Pogosyan, U. G.
Pohorecki, R.
Pokrovenko, Zh. I.
Pokrovskii, N. N.
Pokrovskiy, V. A.
Poletaev, M. I.
Polezhaev, E. F.
Polezhaev, N. G.
Polivoda, B. I.
Polyakova, E. A.
Polydorova, Marie
Popkov, V. L.
Popov, I. N.
Popov, L. A.
Popov, V. A.
Posin, -M. E.
Pott, F. Ph.
Potzl, K.
E-72S6
J-7294
F-4221
F-4243
M-8336
M-7583
E-5521 E-5522
E-5524
M-3180
D-4099 D-6398
D-7151
J-7294
D-7031 M-S33S
J-6904
F-33S2
A-5235
D-6363
E-S199
D-7296
F-6S79
E-6399
J-4100
F-3219
D-4153
D-3160
F-7303
F-40S3
B-3147
E-5118L
F-4074
F-6670
E-6906
F-4252
F-3216
D-3131
J-S433
C-4166
F-408I
F-4239
M-5262
E-6655
B-4097
F-S767
K-3736
J-5674
F-5122
E-7674
E-6333
F-4251
F-S382
D-4472
D-8375
M-7590
B-8770
D-6903
E-5523
E-5525
E-6834
D-3775
E-4399
E-8733
E-S132
F-S164
B-7S53
F-6S97
C-4166
F-7565
M-7495
E-6S33
D-S160
A-5133
D-3132
D-8172
F-6660
D-S133
D-7296
C-5660
D-9274
F-5239
F-S149
B-8768
J-783,0
E-8185
E-4402
F-3258
156
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Prave, V. E.
Pravoverov, K, N.
Pressman, A. Ya.
Prinz, Bernd
Prokhorov, Yu. D.
Przyborowski, Sieglinde
Puchkin, B. I.
Pushchin, N. I.
Pylev, L. N.
Quitter, Volker
Rabinovich, Ya. S.
Rabovskii, G. V.
Radczewski, Otto Ernst
Radionov, A. D.
Radionov, S. F,
Radomysl1 skaya, R. I.
Radushkevich, L,. V.
Radutskii, F. I.
Raskin, V. F.
Rasskazova, T. V.
Razbegaeva, A. P.
Razumov, V. A.
Reichardt, Inge
Reifferscheid, Hellmut
Reiter, Reinhold
Reshetov, V. D.
Retnev, V. M.
Rimberg, David
Ripp, G. Kb.
Ritter, E.
Rogov, A. A.
Rogowska, E.
Roikh, I. L.
Romashkina, I, I.
Romashkina, K. I.
Rorokin, V. P.
Roschin, I. V.
Roshchina, T. A.
Rozanov, L. S.
Rozental1, O. M.
Rublevskii, V. P.
Ruchkovskii, B. S.
Ruey-Shen, Tsay
Rukavishnikova, T. I.
Rumantsev, M. V.
Rumpf, Hans
Rumyantseva, M. V.
Rusinova, A. P.
Ryazanov, V. A.
Rykhter, E. V.
Sadchikova, M. N.
Sadilova, M. S.
Sadivnikova, A, G.
Safronov, Yu. P.
Salyamon, G. S.
Samosvat, L. S.
Sauter, W.
Schade, Gunter
Schastnyi, V. A.
Scberbakov, G. G.
Schmidt, Bernhard
Schmidt, P.
Schneider, Ulrich
Schneider, Willi
Schonauer, Gerhard
Schule, Walter
Schutz, Alfred
Schwegler, Hans
E-4395
D-6881
F-4112
L-5117
D-4086
C-4S11
F-6268
E-7674
D-6894
D-8257
F-5255
H-6528
F-7472
J-5256
D-8140
F-8203
D-4090
F-4243
D-3774
M-8670
J-8780
B-8770
C-5374
J-9272
F-8215
F-8669
A-5235
D-5377
F-8435
D-8261
C-5754
D-4105
A-8260
F-8434
D-4153
J-87SO
M-6649
J-87SO
D-6621
F-8781
D-6653
D-7567
D-8672
C-9271
F-8258
M-4155
F-7571
D-8340
D-7575
B-8777
F-8215
F-9396
H-6529
J-4173
D-4170
F-6882
F-8186
F-8445
F-7117
E-8204
M-4171
J-4101
J-6886
M-6625
J-7292
F-7136
M-7581
D-8436
F-6663
L-5940
L-5952
D-8223
F-7315
F-8767
J-7304
D-5377
D-7477
D-8773
D-7812
E-7674
D-7295
D-4113
D-8673
K-8786
M-7582
G-4816
D-9643
B-8255
D-3911
K-9269
Selivokhin, P. I.
Semenenko, A. D.
Semenov, P. A.
Senchuk, V. S.
Senderikhina, D. N.
Senderikhina, D. P.
Senderkhina, D. F.
Serednikova, N. V.
Sergeeva, T. I.
Serzhantova, N. N.
Shabad, L. M.
Shafrin, Yu. A.
Shakbazyan, G. Kh.
Shalamberidze, O. P.
Shalamberidze, Yu. P.
Shalya, N. G.
Shamirzayev, Sh. Yu.
Shamov, V. P.
Shapiro, D. D.
Shcherbakov, V. L.
Shchirskaya, V. A.
Shefer, S. S.
Sheleketina, I. I.
Shen, L.
Shendevitskii, V. I.
Sherwood, P. W.
Shesterikova, K. L.
Shevchenko, A, M.
Shifrin, K. S.
Shinkarenko, B. N.
Shishkin, K. N.
Shlygina, N. V.
Shul'ga, T. M.
Shul'gin, V. I.
Shumarina, N. I.
Shvarts, Ya. I.
Sidorina, I. Yu.
Siedlewski, J.
Simecek, Jaroslav
Simon, W.
Sinitsyn, V. I.
Sinitsyna, E. L.
Sivintsev, Yu. V.
Skanavi, M. D.
Sklyarskaya, N. Kh.
Skobunov, V. V.
Skvortsov, A. N.
Skvortsova, N. N.
Slavgorodskii, L. P.
Slinchenko, N. Z.
Smelyanskii, Z. B.
Smetanin, N. I.
Smirnova, I. K.
Smirnova, V. G.
Soboleva, R. M.
Sokolova, L. I.
Sokolova, T. I.
Sokolovskii, M. S.
Sokolovskiy, V. V.
Solokha, T. F.
Solomin, G. I.
Sorokina, S. F.
Sosnovskii, S. I.
Speedie, I. B.
Spodenkiewicz, T.
Spumy, K.
Stankevich, B. E.
Starcuk, Z.
Starosel'skii, Ya. I.
Statsek, N. K.
Stayzhkin, V. M.
Steblova, R. S.
D-4249
F-6660
E-6654
F-7140
D-714S
D-7156
D-8136
E-7286 E-8199
D-6659 D-7288
D-4085 B-4108
F-5231 F-6268 F-7291
J-7292 F-7301
C-4202 C-5459
L-7576
F-8766
F-8191
D-7284
J-5260
F-5735
F-4109
F-7473
D-8135
E-7287
F-8769
F-5954
G-4242
1-6038
J-6872
F-8769
M-5262 D-6621
F-4104
M-8180
D-8140
F-5948 L-6864
D-5958
D-7155
J-8163
M-7518
M-4556 M-7513
D-3771 F-8259
D-7812
K-5767
F-6875
E-5950
B-5184
J-4091
C-6303 B-6304
E-6305 E-6306
F-5944 F-7309
D-6888
F-8769
L-7289
D-8158
F-8769
D-6893
J-7304
F-8216
F-6670
B-8770
F-6617
C-5626
F-5949
F-4240 F-8387
J-8202
B-8374
F-5891
D-7081
J-8198
D-7081
E-8181
F-7574
F-5946
C-4156
157
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Steinbach, Wolfgang
Stepanov, A. V.
Stepanov, L. L.
Stepanov, S. A.
Stepanovich, A,
Steudel, Ralf
Stezhenskii, A. 1.
Stockburger, D.
Storch, O.
Storozhilova, A, I.
Stratmann, He in rich
Strauss, Werner
Streltsov, V. V.
Strogal'shchikova, P. N.
Sundelof, Lars-Olof
Suvorov, S, V.
Suvorova, S. N.
Svetozarova, O. I.
Svistov, P. F.
Swinarski, A.
Takhirov, M. T.
Tarat, E. Ya.
Tarkbova, L,. P.
Tarnopol'skaya, M. M.
Taubman, A. B.
Telushkina, E. L.
Teplitskaya, R. I.
Thomas, Jess W-
Timofeev, V. B.
Timokhin, D. 1.
Tiunov, L. A.
Tkach, N. Z.
Tkachev, P. G.
Tolgskaya, M. S.
Tomingas, Rene
Tomson, N. M.
Trakhtenberg, I. M.
T raw in ski, S.
Trefilov, V. N.
Troitskii, S. Yu.
Tsapko, G. E.
Tsapko, V. G.
Tsarakh, I.
Tsevelev, M. A.
Tsipenyuk, M. Kh.
Tsipenyuk, Yu. E.
Tsulaya, V. R.
Tsupikov, M. T.
Tsyashchenko, Yu. P.
Tugarinova, V. N.
Tuma, J.
Turnanov, Yu. V.
Tupeeva, R. B.
Turets, D. Ya.
Turkel'taub, N.
Turovskiy, V. D.
Tuzhilina, A. A.
Ubaidullaev, R.
Udalov, Yu. F.
Ullmann, Werner
Uskov, V. I.
Uzhov, V. N.
Val'cbuk, N. K.
Varlamov, M. L,.
Varsbavsky, T. P.
Vasil'eva, A. A.
Vasil'eva, O. G.
Vasil'yev, L. L.
Vasil'yeva, O. I.
Vaskcvich, D. N.
D-8Z57
B-4098
C-4811
F-4079
J-4078
F-4080
M-77Z4
6909 L-7576
D-7476
F-5953
E-4634
J-4091
D-6657
B-8373
C-5699
E-5046
F-4094
D-7147
M-8712L
E-6877
M-7588
E-4397
D-6519
D-8Z56
B-8374
E-4656
J-6872
M-8341
D-7566
D-4105
B-5Z66
D-4169
M-4556
F-815Z
E-8185
F-6S92
F-8219
E-8177
J-4101
J-4077
D-8340
D-4085
E-4069
F-6670
F-7573
D-5959
F-6866
F-8339
D-7Z97
F-8167
M-7513
B-5184
F-4Z44
J-8Z05
L-6865
J-5674
J-5673
E-4066
E-4066
F-8431
D-4Z54
D-8783
F-5Z31
D-4392
E-6654
D-8433
J-7304
D-7148
F-5044
J-8438
F-87SZ
D-8179
F-8669
E-6307
E-S146
J-667Z
E-8181
E-6655
F-6676
F-8Z2Z
F-44SO
F-5Z31
D-7ZSS
Velikan, K.
Verblyudova, N. I.
Verein Deuts cher Ingenieure.
Kommission Reinhaltung
der Luft
Vernikova, A. A.
Vigalok, S. G.
Vigdorchik, E. A.
Vilenskii, V. D.
Vinogradov, G. I.
Vlasenko, O. M.
Voitenko, G. A.
Volhova, A. L.
Voloshchuk, V. M.
Vorob'ev, A. M.
Vorob'eva, R. S.
Vorontsova, Ye. I.
Vud, D. Ya.
Vysamyae, A. Yu.
Vytchikova, M. A.
Walter, Erwin
Wettig, K.
Wierner, Peter
Wiethaup, H.
Wippermann, F.
Wolf, Anneliese
Yablochkin, V. D.
Yagovoi, P. N.
Yakim, V. S.
Yakimchuk, P. P.
Yakovlev, V. I.
Yakovleva, G. V.
Yakubox, A. Ya.
Yanes, Kh. Ya.
Yantovskii, S. A.
Yanysheva, N. Ya.
Yashin, Ya. I.
Yavorovskaya, S. F.
Yegorov, Yu. L.
Yermakova, I. V.
Yuldashev, T.
Yunisova, R. K.
Yurasova, O. I.
Zabezhinskii, M. A.
Zagorovskii, O. A.
Zajaczkowski, S.
Zak, L. M.
Zaporozhets, T. S.
Zhdanov, S. P.
Zhdanova, V. V.
Zhuravleva, N. A.
Zil'berg, L. A.
Zimmermann, Lolhar
Zinger, E. E.
Zlatin, L. E.
Zlobina, N. S.
Znamenskii, A. A.
Zolotarev, K. V.
Zubarev, V. A.
Zvinyatskovskii, Ya. I.
Zwang, L. R.
Zykova, A. S.
B-6561 E-656Z
E-6564 E-6565
E-6567 E-6568
E-6570 B-6571
L-6573 L-6574
E-6576 E-6577
B-6579 E-65SO
B-658Z E-6583
E-6585
D-410S
D-8144
D-3914
C-4614 C-461S
B-4108 F-7138
J-4101 F-7132
F-7311
D-8773
E-6563
E-6566
E-6569
A-657Z
L-6575
B-6578
E-6581
E-6584
E-7093
F-8382
F-7314
D-8130
J-5669
F-8784
J-7Z9Z
F-4107
J-8780
M-5782
D-7568
F-7313
E-8156
F-71Z9
F-S210
A-8225
B-4398
B-8777
E-8372
K-4818
C-5271
D-7723
B-8768
G-4Z42
F-843Z
F-5956
E-4581
C-5699
F-4093
F-8Z08
M-7518
D-8783
D-4484
D-4065
F-6664
D-410Z
F-6895
F-4081
J-7478
D-8437
E-6877
F-9396
J-7292
J-6869
D-4484
B-5266
D-6876
J-8163
E-7674
F-527Z
E-4634
F-4084
D-416Z
E-4634
D-8169
J-7580
D-5121
D-7Z95
158
-------
LANGUAGE INDEX
General
Rus sian
German
Russian
Spanish
German
Russian
Chinese
Czech
French
German
Russian
Czech
German
Polish
A-4172
Emission Sources
B-4398
B-6571
B-6582
B-8255
B-4082
B-4108
B-5184
B-6909
B-8147
B-8768
Atmospheric Interaction
C-3775
C-4810
C-5271
C-4103
C-4156
C-4161
C-4165
C-4168
C-4230
C-4462
C-5240
C-5459
C-5683
C-5727
C-5754
C-7310
C-8166
Measurement Methods
D-3769
D-3772
D-39H
D-3914
D-4759
D-5072
D-7876
D-8261
D-8671
D-9273
A-6572
A-5183
B-5714
B-6578
B-7585
B-8373
B-4097
B-4114
B-5266
B-7299
B-8165
B-8770
B-8779
C-4614
C-4811
C-5479
C-8761
C-4152
C-4158
C-4163
C-4166
C-4202
C-4246
C-5034
C-5374
C-5626
C-5687
C-5730
C-6303
C-7976
C-S197
D-3770
D-3773
D-3912
D-3915
D-4314
D-7723
D-82S6
D-8340
D-8672
D-9274
D-9643
A-8260
A-5235
A-8225
A-4052
B-6561
B-6S79
B-7853
B-8374
B-927S
B-4098
B-4287
B-6304
B-7570
B-8200
B-8777
B-9103
C-8764
C-5247
C-7115
C-4615
C-4812
C-7722
C-9271
C-4154
C-4159
C-4164
C-4167
C-4229
C-4366
C-5120
C-5375
C-5660
C-5699
C-5734
C-6331
C-8143
C-8880
C-8881
D-7081
D-3771
D-3774
D-3913
D-4392
D-4815
D-7812
D-8257
D-8375
D-8673
D-9642
D-9644
D-7264
Czech
French
German
Rus sian
D-Z554
D-4071
D-4086
D-4099
D-4113
D-4151
D-4160
D-4170
D-4247
D-4254
D-4472
D-5121
D-5376
D-5958
D-6332
D-6621
D-6658
D-6662
D-6876
D-6889
D-6894
D-6902
D-6908
D-7147
D-7150
D-7153
D-7156
D-7284
D-7293
D-7297
D-7477
D-7568
D-7579
D-8131
D-8134
D-8137
D-8140
D-8144
D-8158
D-8169
D-8176
D-8226
D-8437
D-8775
lethods
E-3916
E-4394
E-4397
E-4401
E-4817
E-5380
E-6564
E-6567
E-6570
E-6580
E-6584
E-7586
E-8371
E-4066
D-4064
D-4075
D-4090
D-4102
D-4149
D-4153
D-4162 •
D-4241
D-4248
D-4255
D-4484
D-5210
D-5377
D-5959
D-6336
D-6653
D-6659
D-6868
D-6881
D-6890
D-6898
D-6903
D-714S
D-7148
D-7151
D-7154
D-7157
D-7285
D-7295
D-7298
D-7566
D-7575
D-7930
D-8132
D-8135
D-8138
D-8141
D-8145
D-8159
D-8171
D-8179
D-8433
D-8446
D-8776
E-5219
E-3917
E-4395
E-4399
E-4402
E-5118
E-6562
E-6565
E-6568
E-6576
E-6S81
E-6585
E-7674
E-8372
E-4067
D-4065
D-4085
D-4095
D-4105
D-4150
D-4157
D-4169
D-4245
D-4249
D-4257
D-5045
D-5216
D-5951
D-5960
D-6519
D-6657
D-6661
D-6873
D-6888
D-6893
D-6900
D-6906
D-7146
D-7149
D-7152
D-71S5
D-7283
D-7288
D-7296
D-7476
D-7567
D-7578
D-8130
D-8133
D-8136
D-8139
D-8142
D-8157
D-8160
D-8172
D-8223
D-8436
D-8773
D-8778
D-8783
E-5373
E-6714
E-4393
E-4396
E-4400
E-4813
E-5278
E-6563
E-6566
E-6569
E-6577
E-6583
E-7093
E-7675
E-9270
E-4068
159
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Control Methods
Russian (continued)
Russian (continued)
German
Polish
Russian
:d) E-4069
E-4656
E-5522
E-5525
E-6305
E-6493
E-6652
E-6656
E-6883
E-7286
E-8J55
E-8177
E-8182
E-8185
Effects - Human Health
F-5122
F-5891
F-4072
F-4076
F-4081
F-4088
F-4093
F-4104
F-4110
F-4221
F-4243
F-4251
F-4258
F-4708
F-5182
F-5238
F-5272
F-5942
F-5945
F-5948
F-5954
F-5957
F-6660
F-6665
F-6668
F-6675
F-6870
F-6875
F-6880
F-6891
F-6896
F-6907
F-7130
F-7133
F-7137
F-7140
F-7144
F-7302
F-7306
F-7309
F-7313
F-7316
F-7475
F-7571
F-7577
F-8150
F-8154
F-8168
F-8175
F-8188
F-8201
E-4581
E-5046
E-5523
E-5950
E-6306
E-66SO
E-6654
E-6867
E-6884
E-7287
E-8156
E-8178
E-8183
E-8199
E-8224
F-8258
F-8339
F-9396
F-4073
F-4079
F-4083
F-4089
F-4094
F-4107
F-4111
F-4239
F-4244
F-5252
F-4480
F-4929
F-5185
F-5239
F-5735
F-5943
F-5946
F-5949
F-595S
F-6268
F-6663
F-6666
F-6669
F-6676
F-6871
F-6878
F-6882
F-6892
F-6897
F-7117
F-7131
F-7134
F-7138
F-7142
F-7291
F-7303
F-7307
F-7311
F-7314
F-7472
F-7565
F-7573
F-S148
F-8152
F-8164
F-8173
F-8186
F-8190
F-8203
E-4634
E-5521
E-5524
E-6302
E-6307
E-6651
E-6655
E-6877
E-6899
E-8146
E-8162
E-8181
E-8184
E-8204
E-8788
F-8259
F-8669
F-9397
F-4074
F-4080
F-4084
F-4092
F-4096
F-4109
F-4112
F-4240
F-4250
F-4253
F-4676
F-5044
F-5231
F-5255
F-5941
F-5944
F-5947
F-S953
F-5956
F-6617
F-6664
F-6667
F-6670
F-6866
F-6874
F-6879
F-6887
F-6895
F-6905
F-7129
F-7132
F-7136
F-7139
F-7143
F-7301
F-7305
F-7308
F-7312
F-7315
F-7473
F-7569
F-7574
F-8149
F-8153
F-8167
F-8174
F-8187
F-8191
F-8208
F-S210
F-8216
F-8219
F-8222
F-8431
F-8435
F-8442
F-8445
F-8767
F-8772
F-8782
F-8212
F-8217
F-8220
F-8382
F-8432
F-8440
F-8443
F-8763
F-8769
F-8774
F-8784
F-821S
F-8218
F-3221
F-8387
F-8434
F-8441
F-8444
F-8766
F-8771
F-8781
F-8785
F-8787
German
Russian
Russian
German
German
Rus sian
Effects Plants, Livestock
G-4242 G-7135
Effects - Materials
H-5229 H-6528
Effects - Economic
Air Quality Measurements
German
Japanese
Russian
Dutch
German
Russian
G-4816
G-8170
H-6529
1-6038
J-4070
J-4087
J-4101
J-4173
J-5260
J-5674
J-6672
J-6869
J-6904
J-7292
J-7304
J-7830
J-8163
J-8196
J-8205
J-8214
J-4077
J-4091
J-4106
J-4256
J-56S9
J-5728
J-6673
J-6872
J-7141
J-7294
J-7478
J-8151
J-8189
J-8198
J-8209
J-8438
J-9272
J-407S
J-4100
J-4115
J-5256
J-5673
J-6671
J-6674
J-6886
J-7290
J-7300
J-7580
J-8161
J-8192
J-8202
J-8213
J-8780
Legal and Administrative
K-4818
K-5767
Standards and Criteria
L-6573
L-5117
L-6677
L-6885
L-7471
K-6967
K-8194
L-6574
L-5940
L-6864
L-6901
L-7576
K-9269
K-S144
K-8195
K-8786
L-7215
L-6575
L-5952
L-6865
L-7289
L-8193
L-8211
Basic Science and Technology
Chi]
M-6625
160
-------
LANGUAGE INDEX
Basic Science and Technology German (continued) M-8337 M-8338 M-8341
M-8670 M-8712 M-9645
Czech M-538Z Polish M-7495 M-7513
German M-7581 M-7582 M-7583 Russian M-4155 M-4171 M-4556
M-7584 M-7587 M-7588 M-5262 M-5782 M-6648
M-7589 M-7590 M-7724 M-6649 M-7474 M-7518
M-8262 M-8263 M-8336 M-8180 M-8439
161
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Abrasion
Abrasive Plants
Abrasiveness
Absorption
Acetone
Acetophenone
Acetylene
Acids
[See: Hydrochloric Acid;
Hydrofluoric Acid;
Nitric Acid; Organic
Acids; Phthalic Acid;
Sulfuric Acid;
Thioglycolic Acid;
Valeric Acid]
Acid Smuts
Acrolein
Activated Carbon
Additive s
[See: Fuel Additives]
Adhesion
Adhesion Forces
Adhesive Samplers
Adsorption
Ae r odynamic s
Aerosol Generators
Aerosols
[See also: Oil Aerosols]
Agglomeration
Air Ions
Air Jet Screening
Air Pollution Control Act
Air Pollution Episodes
Air Quality Criteria
Aitken Counters
Alcohols
[See also: Aliphatic
Alcohols]
Aliphatic Alcohols
Aliphatic Amines
Allergies
Alpha Methyl Styrol
Alpha - Naphthylamin e s
Alpha Particles
Altitude
Aluminum
Aluminum Compounds
D-4105
E-8184
F-5947
J-4070
E-5219
E-4581
F-4079
C-5374
C-5687
E-5950
D-6881
D-7296
D-8139
D-8340
L-5117
H-6528
E-8162
E-8185
F-7565
F-7573
E-5373
E-8162
E-5523
M-4155
D-5377
C-5727
C-6331
F-7133
F-7472
M-8337
M-8341
C-5034
J-5256
D-4254
F-6878
F-7303
M-7587
J-8189
D-4392
M-8180
E-8199
E-8788
F-7573
F-8431
D-4102
B-8374
F-8164
M-4556
D-4392
M-7583
D-8673
M-5382
E-8371
E-5524
E-5525
M-9645
C-5120
C-5479
F-5942
D-6621
D-7295
D-7566
M-8338
M-9645
M-7583
D-5121
D-8671
K-5144
F-6882
L-6885
L-7289
D-6519
J-8213
D-6903
D-4086
F-8784
F-4111
D-7288
F-6891
C-4168
D-7579
F-8440
F-8440
Amines (continued)
Amines; Secondary
Amines; Tertiary
Amines ]
4 -Aminoantipyrene
Ammonia D-4090
Ammonium Sulfite-Bi-
sulfite
Amylenes
Analysis
[See: Data Analysis ;
Colorimetric Analysis;
Electrochemical Analy-
sis; Mathematical
Analyses; Optico-
Acoustic Analysis;
Or sat Analysis ; Photo-
metric Analysis; Sieve
Analysis; Trace
Analysis]
Analytical Methods D-4241
Anaphylaxis
Aniline
Animals
[See: Laboratory
Animals]
Anthracite Briquet
Factories
Antimony Compounds
Apparatus
[See: Kortov Apparatus]
Appliances
[See: Restaurant
Appliances]
Arctic
Arctic Stratosphere
Area Surveys A-4052
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
[See also: Hydrocarbons]
Arsenic Compounds
Asbestos D-3913
Asbestosis
Ash
[See: Fly Ash]
Ashes
Asphalt B-4097
Aspirators D-4065
D-8144
Atlantic Ocean
Atlas
[See: Dust Atlas]
Atmosphere
[See also: Lower
Atmosphere; Middle
D-5376
B-6304 E-6654
F-6875
E-8184
F-4083
D-6906 D-6908
D-8135
F-8784
J-4078
E-6583
D-4113
C-4165
C-4163
J-6869 K-9269
D-5960
B-8147
D-3914 F-4244
F-4676 F-8203
F-6871
D-5216
B-4398 J-6886
F-7571
D-6332 D-7285
D-8159 D-S160
D.-8169
C-5699
C-5120 C-5683
[See also: Triethylalu-
minum; Triis obutylalu-
minum]
Aluminum Oxide
Amines
[See also: Aliphatic
Amines; Alpha-Naphthyl-
amincs; Hexamethyleno-
diaminc; Primary
Atmosphere; Upper
Atmosphere]
Atmospheres
M-8262 [See: Controlled
D-4086 D-7477 Atmospheres; Indoor
Atmospheres]
Atmospheric Convection
[See: Convection
(Atmospheric)]
163
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Atmospheric Movements
[See also: Vertical
Distribution Winds]
Atmospheric Temperature
[See: Temperature
(Atmospheric)]
Atomizers
Automatic Methods
(Measurement)
Automobile Drivers
Automotive Exhausts
[See also: Exhaust
Systems]
Bacteria
Bahco Separator
Baku (Russia)
Basic Oxygen Furnaces
Battery Fuel Cells
Batumi (Russia)
Bavaria
Behavior
Benzenes
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzoles
Benzoperylene
Benzotrichloride
1, 12 -Benzperylene
Benzpyrene
[See: Benzo(a)pyrene]
Benzyl Cyanide
Beryllium
Beryllium Compounds
Bessemer Converters
Beta Particles
Bituminous Road Building
Materials
Blast Furnaces
Blood Cells
Blood Chemistry
Boilers
Brain
Breathing
Briquet Factories
[See: Anthracite Briquet
Factories]
Building Materials
[See: Bituminous Road
Building Materials]
Buildings
By-Product Recovery
Cadmium
Cadmium Compounds
Calibration Methods
Cancer
[See also: Lung Cancer;
Skin Cancer]
Carbides
C-4154 C-4161 C-4167
Carbinol
[See: Dime thy Iphenyl
Carbinol]
Carbon
[See: Activated Carbon]
M-7675
B-4093
F-5231
J-6672
B-8165
D-4064
F-6S92
F-730S
D-4035
B-4108
F-7291
B-7299
B-7570
F-8339
C-5240
E-6562
E-6567
B-4082
J-6672
D-3770
F-8217
D-6653
F-4252
B-5714
J-6674
D-8437
D-8169
D-6661
F-6905
F-7475
J-4091
D-4248
J-7292
J-7300
B-8200
F-8435
F-5044
J-5673
E-6493
F-4243
F-9396
E-6563
B-6573
J-4115
F-6378
E-6493
F-7313
D-3771
M-8338
M-9645
D-7812
F-7315
E-5046
B-6579
F-7136
J-3438
B-8777
F-8781
D-7723
J-7830
E-9270
B-4287
J-7830
K-4818
F-7306
F--6663
F-7306
F-8431
B-4098
J-6886
D-7298
F-7301
F-8210
B-8777
E-4581
D-4248
F-4104
D-8783
F-8771
D-6658
D-6658
F-7472
D-9273
E-8372
E-6568
F-7308
F-9397
E-6564
B-8374
F-5239
F-7473
K-5767
B-6909
J-8438
M-7584
D-8172
F-81S8
D-4170
F-7301
Carbon Black
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carboxyhemoglobin
Carburetion
Carcinogens
Cascade Samplers
Catalytic Activity
Catalytic Oxidation
Cell Metabolism
Cells
[See: Blood Cells;
Fuel Cells]
Cellulose Filters
[See also: Filters]
Cements
Centrifugal Separators
Ceramics
Ceresin
Charcoal
Charging Methods
Chemical Compounds
[See also: Compounds]
Chemical Methods
Chemical Processes
Chemical Reactions
Chemistry
[See: Blood Chemistry]
Children
Chloramine
Chlorides
[See: Benzotrichloride;
Diethylaluminum Chlo-
ride; Diisobutylalumi-
num Chloride; Ethylene
Chloride; Ethylmercuric
D-5045
D-6873
M-8180
F-4073
F-6874
B-4098
B-5714
F-6670
E-6899
D-7145
D-7149
J-8192
F-8221
D-8437
F-4708
F-7291
E-6565
E-4067
E-5522
E-6562
E-6565
E-6569
D-4169
D-7146
D-7156
E-4068
J-4256
E-6577
E-6655
F-4243
J-6869
F-7309
F-5239
D-7150
E-8182
D-8226
F-5122
L-8211
D-5045
F-594S
J-6672
F-7130
D-7147
D-7150
F-8215
B-8255
F-8774
D-5210
F-6676
F-5231
F-7302
M-4556
F-6896
E-527S
E-5524
E-6563
E-6566
D-8158
E-5373
E-6655
D-6873
D-7148
D-7284
F-4088
E-4634
B-6582
E-6656
F-6666
F-6896
F-7311
F-8441
D-7812
D-6336
D-7876
E-8185
B-8373
F-5943
M-8712
E-5046
D-6657
L-6864
F-7136
D-7148
F-7309
F-8220
B-8373
B-8779
D-9644
D-8136
F-8220
E-5046
F-6268
B-7570
F-8339
M-8341
M-7513
J-6674
A-5183
D-8672
F-8219
E-5521
E-5525
E-6564
E-6567
E-8372
F-6879
D-7156
M-7513
E-6656
J-4256
D-7145
D-7150
D-8139
J-4115
F-5182
E-65S5
F-7138
E-8131
M-8712
F-6675
F-7134
F-8203
K-8786
J-8780
Chloride; Polyvinyl Chlo-
F-821Z
ride; Vinyl Chloride]
164
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons F-6892
Chlorine F-5946
Chlorine Gas
Chloroform
P-Chlorophenyl Isocyanate
Chlorophos
Chromatography
[See also: Gas Chromo-
tography; Paper
Chromotography; Thin-
Layer Chromotography]
Chromium Compounds
Circulation
[See: General Circula-
tion]
Cities
[See: Seashore Cities;
Urban Areas]
Cleaning
[See: Dry Cleaning]
Clearance Zones
[See: Sanitary Clearance
Zones]
Clouds
Coal
Coal-Dressing Plants
Coal Mining tf
[See also: Mining]
Cobalt Compounds
Coke
Coke Oven Gas
Coke Ovens
Colorimetric Analysis
Colorimetric Methods
D-5210
Combustion
Combustion Gases
Combustion Products
Comminution
Compounds
[See: Aluminum Com-
pounds; Antimony Com-
pounds; Arsenic Com-
pounds; Beryllium Com-
pounds; Cadmium Com-
pounds; Chemical Com-
pounds; Chromium Com-
pounds; Cobalt Compounds;
Fluorine Compounds;
Indium Compounds; Lead
Compounds; Manganese
Compounds; Mercury
D-8446 B-8768 Compounds (continued)
F-8781 Compounds; Organic
L-6574 D-8138 Phosphorus Compounds;
F-S152 J-8780 Organic Sulfur Com-
B-6571 pounds; Potassium
F-7316 D-8136 Compounds; Strontium
F-4258 Compounds; Titanium
B-5184 L-6865 Compounds; Vanadium
D - 7 15 3 C omp ounds ]
Concentration
[See also: Maximum
Allowable Concentra-
tion]
F-4076 J-4106 Concrete
Condensation
Conditioned Reflex Activity F-8188
C ontaminants
[See: Gaseous Contami-
nants]
C-5375 C-5699
M-7495
F-8191
Design Modifications
[See: Engine Design
Modifications]
Desulfurization
Desulfurization of Fuels
Dichloroe thane
F-7571
E-316Z
F-8444
E-4069
E-6563
E-6583
E-4634
E-6585
F-6665
E-4581
D-4245
D-4255
D-2554
D-4081
D-4095
D-6657
D-6868
D-6894
D-7147
D-7152
D-7155
D-7477
D-8133
D-8138
D-8179
M-7582
D-4759
E-6564
E-6584
E-6577
E-6655
J-7300
E-6576
D-4249
D-5210
D-6661
D-4071
D-4086
D-4099
D-6658
D-6876
D-6898
D-7149
D-7153
D-7288
D-8131
D-S134
D-8142
D-8226
C-5247
B-4082
M-7583
B-7585
D-4472
E-6562
E-6567
J-8161
F-8201
J-7580
F-5272
F-8212
B-6582
E-6656
E-8371
E-8178
E-4396
D-4254
D-5376
D-8140
D-4075
D-4090
D-4113
D-6659
D-6893
D-6902
D-7151
D-7154
D-7476
D-8132
D-8137
D-8171
D-8446
D-8775
D-8136
E-8178
J-4100
M-7584
M-7587
Continuous Monitoring
Control Equipment E-4399
Controlled Atmospheres
Control Methods
[See also: Electrostatic
Precipitation; Sulfur
Oxides Control]
Control Programs
Convection (Atmospheric)
Converters
[See: Bessemer
Converters]
Copper E-6569
Corrosion 1-6038
Costs
Cottonseed Oil Mills
Counters
[See: Aitken Counters;
Owens Jet Dust Particle
Counter; Particle
Counters]
Cracking Residue
Cresols
Criteria
[See: Air Quality Criteria;
Design Criteria; Operating
Criteria]
Crop Spraying F-4089
Crude Oil
Crude Oil Tars
Cupolas
Cyanides
[See: Benzyl Cyanide]
Cyclone Furnaces
Cyclone Separators
Czechoslovakia
Data Analysis
DDT
Decomposition
Decontamination
Density
Deposition C-5374
Des ensitization
Design Criteria E-3917
D-5045 D-9644
E-656S E-6583
E-6584
F-7473 F-8767
B-6571 K-6967
K-9269
C-4229
E-6570 D-S172
H-6528 H-6529
E-4313
J-8202
F-7129
D-4247
F-4093 L-6865
F-8432
F-4109 F-4110
B-410S
E-S204
B-9103
E-7674
J-5674
J-9272
F-4107
C-4246
E-5219
D-4392 E-4395
C-5687 M-6649
F-6891 F-8435
F-8784
D-4150 D-4160
C-5730 M-75S9
E-4656
E-4656
E-S371
E-6577
J-S151
165
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Dichlorophene -Oxyacetate
(2,4-D)
Dicyclohexylamine Nitrite
Dies el Engines
Diethylaluminum Chloride
Diffusion
[See also: Turbulent
Diffusion]
Diffusion Models
Diisobutylaluminum Chloride
Diketene
Dimethylaniline
D irne thy If orm amide
Dirnethyl-Phenyl-P-Cresol
Dimethylphenyl Carbinol
Dinyl
Dispersion
Distillate Fuel Oils
Ditolym ethane
Domestic Heating
Droplets
Dry Cleaning
Dry Cleaning Solvents
Dry Hand Screening
Drying
Dust Atlas
Dust Fall
Dusts
[See Also: Mining
Dusts]
Electrical Charge
Electrical Discharge
Electrical Resistance
Electric Furnaces
Electric Insulation
Electric Power Lines
Electrochemical Analysis
Electrochemical Methods
Electro conductivity
Analyzers
Electroencephalography
Electron Diffraction
Electron Microscopy
Electrophotocolorimeter
Electrostatic Forces
Electrostatic Precipitation
C-4366
C-4812
C-3775
L-5952
C-4158
C-5374
D-7264
E-4395
M-7588
D-3769
D-3911
D-3914
F-4094
F-4244
D-4814
F-5255
E-6580
F-6666
F-6896
E-7287
F-7305
M-7584
M-7589
D-8140
J-8202
F-8217
F-8259
F-8339
F-5185
M-8262
E-4393
E-6562
E-6565
E-6650
E-8146
M-8263
F-8434
B-5714
C-4614
C-5247
C-6331
C-4366
C-7722
F-5955
C-4811
C-6303
M-7581
B-6578
M-8670
M-7589
J-7292
D-3771
D-3912
D-3915
B-4097
B-4398
E-4817
E-6305
E-6581
F-6878
E-6899
J-7294
M-7581
E-7586
M-7590
J-8163
J-8205
F-8219
D-8261
D-8375
K-9269
D-4392
F-6660
D-8375
E-4394
E-6563
E-6566
E-6651
E-8155
D-8340
D-8446
F-7574
B-6579
C-4246
C-4615
C-5375
C-8143
C-5754
C-8880
C-4246
L-7471
D-8171
F-7143
D-7578
D-7578
F-5949
D-5216
B-6304
M-7582
B-5266
D-4075
B-8770
D-9643
B-4114
B-4114
D-8671
M-7590
D-8261
D-8673
D-3774
D-3913
E-4069
G-4242
E-4399
E-5J18
E-6565
F-6665
F-6879
J-7141
D-7297
M-7582
M-7588
M-7724
G-8170
F-8208
E-8224
M-8263
M-8439
E-9270
D-8340
M-7495
M-8263
J-8209
H-5229
H-5229
D-4151
D-7157
D-6889
D-6900
M-8439
M-8670
D-9643
D-8140
E-6714
E-6307
E-6564
E-6569
E-6652
D-8157
E-9270
Emission Sources
[See: Industrial
Emission Sources]
Encephalography
[See: Electroencepha-
lography]
Energy
Engine Design Modifications
Engine s
[See: Diesel Engines ;
Rotary Piston Engines;
Spark Ignition Engines;
Turbines]
Environment
Enzymes
Epidemiology
Equipment
[See: Control Equipment;
Experimental Equipment]
Esters
[See also: Methacrylate
Esters]
Ethanol (Atmospheric)
Ethylamine
Ethylene Chloride
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Oxide
Ethylmercuric Chloride
Ethylmercuric Phosphate
Etiology
Europe
Exhausts
[See: Automotive. Ex-
hausts; Exhaust Systems]
Exhaust Systems E-4067
Experimental Equipment D-5958
Experimental Methods
Exposure Chambers F-4096
Exposure Methods F-4239
Eye Irritation
Eyes
Fabrication
[See: Metal Fabrication
and Finishing]
Fabrics
[See: Filter Fabrics ;
Glass Filter Fabrics;
Treated Filter
Fabrics]
Fallout J-4101
J-5673
Ferro-Metallurgical Plants
Field Tests
Filter Efficiency
Filter Fabrics
[See also: Glass Filter
Fabrics; Treated Filler
Fabrics]
Filter Seats
Filters E-3916
[See Also: Cellulose D-5072
Filters; Filter Fabrics; E-6570
Glass Filter Fabrics; E-7286
Treated Filter Fabrics] D-8169
Fish
Fission Products
Flame lonization Method
Flat Screening
F-9396
F-5238
E-4400
E-6884
M-7474
F-4253
M-7474
D-5958
F-8190
G-4242
J-5674
E-3917
E-6565
D-6906
D-8144
E-8372
M-7587
E-6877
F-4708
F-9397
F-6667
D-8446
F-8782
D-4090
D-8136
F-6907
F-6895
F-8167
F-8167
F-5255
D-3769
E-4401
E-8224
E-8177
J-5256
F-8217
F-8221
F-7305
F-8174
F-7131
F-8785
J-5659
C-5699
J-5728
F-7309
E-3916
E-3917
D-8145
E-4402
E-4402
E-6569
D-7081
E-8155
D-S778
B-7299
D-7293
D-S257
D-S671
166
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Flow
[See: Fluid Flow]
Flow Rates
Fluid Flow
Fluorescence
Fluorinated Hydrocarbons
Fluorine
Fluorine Compounds
Fly Ash
Foams
Fog
Formaldehyde
Freon-22
Fuel Additives
Fuel Cells
[See also: Battery
Fuel Cells]
Fuel Charging
Fuel Gases
Fuel Oils
[See also: Distillate
Fuel Oils]
Fuels
[See also: Desulfuriza-
tion of Fuels-;''Pulverized
Fuels; Synthetic Liquid
Fuels/
Fuel Supply
[See: Tangential Fuel
Supply; Timed Fuel
Injection]
Fungi
Furfural
Furnaces
[See: Basic Oxygen
Furnaces; Blast Fur-
naces; Cupolas; Cyclone
Furnaces; Electric
Furnaces]
Gamma Radiation
Garages
Gas Chromatography
Gaseous Contaminants
Gases
[See also: Chlorine Gas;
Coke Oven Gas; Combus-
tion Gases; Combustion
Products; Fuel Gases;
Gasolines; Natural Gas;
Stack Gases]
Gas Generators
Gasoline
Gasolines
Gasoline Storage Tanks
Gas Samplers
Gas Sampling
General Circulation
Generators
[See: Aerosol Generators;
Gas Generators; Thermo-
electric Generators;
Thermoemission Genera-
tors]
Germany
[See also: Lower Saxony;
Munich; North Rhine-
Westphalia; Rhineland-
Palatinate]
D-3912
D-4085
F-5941
F-4080
B-4082
D-4065
E-6650
D-4248
D-4105
D-7579
B-8255
D-7155
F-6866
E-4634
E-4656
F-7302
F-4096
E-6651
D-6658
D-8783
D-6876
G-4816
F-8201
F-8259
E-6305
C-5660
F-7316
F-8154
D-6876
B-8777
B-7853
B-8200
E-6577
B-8770
B-8255
L-5952 F-5953
J-5673 K-5767
E-4066
J-6673 F-7315
B-8200
F-6878
D-6893
F-8782
J-7478
J-8192
D-4484
E-5219
F-7473
B-6582
F-7129
F-8153
F-8221
J-8196
D-5045
F-5891
C-7115
D-3774 D-4815
G-4816
L-6573
Glass Filter Fabrics
Glossaries
Grain Elevators
Graphite
Gravimetric Methods
Grinding Properties
Ground Level
Gymna s iums
Haze
Health
[See: Occupational
Health]
Health Impairment
Heating
[See: Domestic
Heating]
Heat Recovery
[See: Waste Heat
Recovery]
Height Finding
Hematology
Herbicides
Hexamethylenediamine
Hexane
Hopcalite
Hospitals
Hot Air Inhalation
Humidity
Hydrocarbons
[See also: Aromatic
Hydrocarbons; Chlori-
nated Hydrocarbons;
Fluorinated Hydro-
carbons]
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydroxides
Immunology
Impact Processes
Impinge rs
Incineration
Incinerators
Indicator Tube Method
Indicator Tubes
Indium Compounds
Indole (2, 3 Benzopyrrole)
Indoor Atmospheres
Indoors
Industrial Emission
Sources
Industrial Zones
Inertial Separation
Infants
Infrared Spec'lometry
D-7283
F-4093
F-4929
F-5942
F-6S96
F-7136
D-4472
D-4095
D-4484
J-8163
D-4257
F-7142
D-3772
F-5122
E-6899
F-8148
F-6871
F-5953
F-5957
B-7S70
D-5951
F-7574
E-5523
D-8144
F-4094
F-5182
F-6666
F-7132
F-7138
C-4614
C-5271
D-8433
D-5951
D-8257
F-5942
D-S139
F-4073
M-5382
J-7304
E-S183
F-6874
E-6585
B-S373
F-6669
F-5954
B-6561
L-7576
J-7580
F-7311
D-7575
K-S194
M-5782
D-8672
A-6572
F-4094
M-7724
D-8145
M-7582
D-4169
A-8225
C-5734
F-4243
F-5941
F-6668
F-7134
F-7315
K-8786
C-4615
C-7722
F-8218
F-S434
F-6870
F-4252
D-7145
F-7136
F-7314
L-7289
J-7304
B-8373
F-5946
F-8190
B-9275
D-4105
D-7812
D-8135
M-4556
E-6576
M-7513
J-8214
M-8262
F-7144
M-75S7
D-4S15
E-8178
B-9275
D-8226
D-S142
F-6897
D-6898
J-7290
J-S780
F-5955
E-6714
D-7579
C-8143
F-7571
J-7580
K-8195
E-3155
F-814S
D-4102
167
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Inhalation
[See: Hot Air
Inhalation]
Inhalation Therapy
Instrumentation
Instruments
[See: Meteorological
Instruments ]
Insulation
[See: Electric
Insulation]
Integral Equations
Inter f eromete r
Inversion
Iodine
Ion Density
Ion Exchange
lonization
lonization Chambers
Ionizing Radiation
Ions
[See also: Air Ions]
Ion Spectra
Iron
Iron Oxides
Is omer s
Is otopes
[See also: Radioactive
Isotopes]
Japan
Kerosene
Ketones
Kiev
Kilns
Kitchens
Kiyoura T.I. T. Process
Konimeter
Kortov Apparatus
Laboratory Animals
Laboratory Facilities
Latin America
Lead
Lead Compounds
[See also: Tetraethyl
Lead]
Lead 210
Leakage
Leaves
Legislation
[See also: Air Pollution
Control Act]
Leningrad
Light Radiation
Light Scattering
Lignite
Liquids
Lower Saxony
Lower Atmosphere
Lung Cancer
Lungs
Magnesium
16S
F-4480
D-3769 D-3771
D-3911 D-3912
C-4810
D-4241
F-4480
F-8168 F-8201
C-4167
D-4254
F-5945 D-5958
E-65S1 'D-6881
F-7132 F-7139
D-8137 B-8147
D-3770 J-6673
D-7157 D-7285
K-4818
D-4759 C-5120
C-5727 C-5734
F-4244 F-4676
F-7303
H-6523
F-5239
D-3774
D-6336
D-6906
D-5121
D-S141
C-9271
D-7151
D-5121
E-8788
A-8225
F-4480
C-5683
F-6669
D-5121
E-6566
M-8262
E-9270
D-8773
J-5728
K-5144
F-7129
F-7577
J-8205
B-8374
B-8770
E-4813
D-3914
D-S160
F-7117
M-7474
J-4077
A-4052
D-6894
F-7144
D-8172
D-6S94
F-8191
J-5659
E-4402
G-8170
K-6967
C-S166
C-7310
C-5660
D-6621
M-7495
E-6567
M-7675
K-4818
C-4230
F-523S
F-6268
F-7314
H-6529
Magnet ohydrodynamics
(MHD)
Maintenance
Manganese Compounds
Manganese Cyclopenta-
dienyltricarbonyl
Manometric Methods
Masks
[See: Protective Masks]
Materials
[See: Bituminous Road
Building Materials]
Mathematical Analyses
Mathematical Modeling
Maximum Allowable
Concentration
[See also: Threshold
Values]
F-5944
B-4Z87
E-5046
F-8173 M-S262
Measurement
[See: Photometric
Measurement;
Radiation Meas-
uring Systems;
Smokemeters;
Turbidimetry;
Tyndallomcter]
Meetings
Mercaptans
Mercury
D-3774
D-4157
C-5247
E-5523
M-4171
D-3773
F-4073
F-4079
J-4087
F-4239
F-4258
F-5941
F-5944
F-5947
E-5950
F-5953
'F-5956
L-6573
L-6677
F-6870
F-6895
L-7289
F-7565
L-8193
Mercury Compounds
Mercury Mines
Metabolism
[See also: Cell
Metabolism]
Metal Fabrication and
Finishing
Metallurgical Plants
[See: Ferro-metallurgi-
cal Plants]
Metallurgical Processes
[See: Primary Metal-
lurgical Processes]
Metal Oxides
Metal Poisoning
Metals
[See: Rare Earth
Metals]
Meteorological Instruments
Methacrylate Esters
Methane
Mcthano]
J-4077
E-6883
D-7284
F-8387
J-4115
F-6670
J-4077
F-7144
F-4080
C-3775
C-4202
C-5271
E-6302
C-4811
J-4070
F-4074
F-4083
F-4092
F-4250
L-5117
F-5942
F-5945
F-5948
D-5951
F-5954
F-5957
L-6574
L-6864
L-6885
L-6901
L-7471
F-7574
L-8211
J-4115
E-6884
D-7567
F-9396
F-5185
F-7137
F-7140
F-6866
D-6876
D-3915
C-4812
E-5278
C-6303
F-5735
F-4072
J-4078
F-4084
F-4111
F-4253
L-5940
F-5943
F-5946
F-5949
L-5952
F-5955
D-5960
L-6575
L-6865
F-6892
L-7215
F-7473
F-8175
F-8763
L-6885
F-6880
F-5945
B-6909
D-8134
F-9397
J-6671
F-8167
F-4240
F-7139
F-8763
E-6570 E-7287
D-7566 M-8336
F-4251 F-7139
F-9396 F-9397
D-4162 D-4472
D-7154
D-5045
J-8213 F-S782
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Methods
[See: Analytical Meth-
ods; Automatic Meth-.
ods (Measurement);
Calibration Methods;
Charging Methods;
Chemical Methods;
Control Methods; Elec-
trochemical Method;
Experimental Methods;
Exposure Methods; Flame
lonization Methods; Gravi-
metric Methods; Indicator
Tube Method; Manometric
Methods; Photometric
Methods; Polarographic
Methods; Research Method
ologies; Saltzman Method;
Sampling Methods; Statis-
tical Methods]
Methoxone
Methylmercaptophos
M ethyls tyrol
Microscopes
Micros copy
[See; Electron
Microscopy]
Middle Atmosphere
Mills
Mineral Processing
Mineral Products
Mineral Wool
Mines
[See: Mercury Mines]
Mining
[See also: Coal
Mining]
Mining Dusts
Mirror-Flow Separators
Missiles and Rockets
Models
[See: Diffusion Models;
Mathematical Modelling;
Respiratory Tract
Model]
Molecules
Molecular Structure
Molybdenum
Monitoring
[See: Continuous
Monitoring]
Monois opropyldiphenyl
Morbidity
Morphology
Mortality
Moscow
Moscow Area
Motion Pictures
Munich
Naphthalene
Naphthy lamine s
[See: Alpha-Napthyl-
amines]
Natural Gas
Nervous System
E-4067
B-4398
E-6565
E-6883
E-4069
C-6303
E-6306
F-4076
F-5238
F-6663
F-6874
J-4091
D-7295
F-4072
F-7316
D-5072
M-7584
E-4068
E-4400
E-6583
J-6886
F-4251
F-6882
J-8161
E-6307
F-4084
F-5255
F-6667
F-8216
A-8260
J-4101
J-7830
D-6902
F-6660
F-8188
F-8766
D-8433
F-4089
D-4064
M-8670
C-5727
B-7585
B-4097
E-4401
E-6584
F-8203
A-8260
E-8156
E-6302
J -6904
F-8387
D-8778
E-4397
D-4149
C-5120
M-4171
F-4079
D-4099
F-4240
F-5272
F-6675
F-8387
M-8262
F-4244
J-7141
F-8152
J-5659
E-4400
K-9269
M-7495
B-S779
F-7306
F-8442
F-8774
Niobium
Nitric Acid
Nitric Oxide
Nitrite
[See: Dicyclohexyla-
mine Nitrite]
Nitrogen
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Nomograms
North Rhine-Westphalia
Nostrils
Occupational Health
Ocean
[See: Atlantic Ocean]
Odors
[See also: Threshold
Values]
Oil Aerosols
Oils
[See: Crude Oil; Distill-
ate Fuel Oils]
Olfactory Perception
Omnopon (Pantopon)
Operating Criteria
Operating Variables
Optico-Acoustic Analysis
Organic Acids
Organic Phosphorus
Compounds
Organic Sulfur Compounds
Orsat Analysis
Ovens
[See: Coke Ovens;
Kilns]
Owens Jet Dust Particle
Counter
Oxidants
Oxidation
[See also: Catalytic
Oxydation]
Oxides
[See also: Aluminum
Oxide; Carbon Dioxide;
Carbon Monoxide; Eth-
ylene Oxide; Iron Oxides
Metal Oxides; Nitric
Oxide; Nitrogen Dioxide;
Nitrogen Oxides; Plati-
num Oxide; Rhenium
Oxide; Silicon Dioxide;
Sulfur Dioxide; Sulfur
Trioxide; Tellurium
Dioxide]
Oxygen
Oxygen Lancing
Ozone
F-4221
F-4243
J-6872
E-7093
F-4076
F-4251
F-6663
J-6673
F-7312
F-7571
F-8387
F-4072
F-8149
F-4074
C-4246
D-4257
F-4221
F-5956
D-8256
L-6573
E-6877
J-7478
D-8179
C-4615
F-4084
F-5185
F-6664
F-6875
F-7313
L-7576
F-8432
F-5122
F-8150
D-3773
D-3915
F-4093
M-4556
F-6664
D-6889
D-8256
D-7812
D-8135
F-8766
E-6867
D-6889
D-8142
E-8788
M-6648
K-6967
F-8781
F-4088
F-5255
J-6671
F-6879
J-7478
F-8382
F-8787
F-6880
F-8190
F-4929
A-5235
D-6868
K-5767
E-6493
D-8437
D-7930
B-5184
D-8775
F-6617
D-6653
D-8130
J-7830
M-7513
M-7518
F-7313 M-8262
M-4556
D-4149
C-4152
C-4156
D-4160
C-4163
C-4167
M-4171
C-4202
F-5239
D-4150
C-4154
D-4157
C-4161
C-4164
C-4168
A-4172
C-5459
M-7518
J-8209
D-4151
M-4155
C-4158
D-4162
C-4165
D-4169
J-4173
E-6867
169
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Ozone (continued)
Ozone Advection
Ozonesondes
Packed Towers
Paper Chromatography
Paraffin
Paraldehyde
Particle Counters
[See also: Owens Jet
Dust Particle
Counter]
Particle Diffusion
[See also: Diffusion]
Particles
[See: Alpha Particles;
Beta Particles; Settling
Particles]
Particle Shape
Particle Size
Particle Size Distribution
Particulates
Particulate Sampling
Pent a ne
Pesticides
Petroleum Production
Petroleum Refining
Pharmaceutical Plants
Phenols
Phenylurethylene
Phosphamide
Phosphates
[See also: Ethylmer-
curic Phosphate]
Photographic Recording
Systems
Photochemical Reactions
Photoelectric Phenomena
Photometric Analysis
Photometric Measurement
Photometric Methods
Phthalic Acid
Phtbalic Anhydride
Phthivaxidc
Phyloncidcs
Plant Damage
Plants
[Sec: Abrasivu Plants;
Coal-Dressing Plants;
Ferro-Mctallurgical
Plants; Pharmaceutical
Plants; Steam Plants;
Superphosphate Plant]
Platinum Oxide
Plume Behavior
170
J-7473
D-4153
D-39H
D-4759
D-3771
E-4395
M-7531
B-7535
D-3158
M-S670
E-3917
E-6568
E-6533
F-7131
D-7031
D-S144
D-3176
F-4074
L-6865
B-5Z66
D-4247
D-5376
D-6659
D-4759
C-7976
D-4160
E-S1S2
D-6653
D-5377
F-8669
M-7581
D-3914
M-5262
M-75S2
E-7586
F-S259
D-3671
F-8259
C-4462
B-657S
E-6584
F-7569
D-72S3
D-8145
D-8672
D-9274
F-4089
F-3432
1-6033
F-4250
L-5952
F-6387
F-7577
H-6528
D-6393
E-4066
G-4S16
D-3135
D-S436
C-4159
D-4170
E-S1S4
D-6903
D-7156
F-7316
D-7233
M-9645
C-436b
M-7532
D-4392
C-5479
M-7584
D-7723
F-8669
C-8761
D-9643
M-8341
C-5754
B-6582
L-6677
A-8260
B-8373
D-7297
D-3157
D-9273
D-9642
F-4252
F-4093
D-8775
J -7304
J-6369
J-8198
D-6868
D-4815
F-5957
F-7565
F-3150
D-4245
F-4074
E-4068
H-6529
M-4155
D-4153
D-4257
D-5377
F-8669
D-638S
D-3133
F-4088
D-3141
B-9275
M-8338
C-5271
Pneumoconiosis
Point Sources
Poisoning
[See: Metal Poisoning
Polarographic Methods
Pollutants
Polyvinyl Chloride
Porophore ChKh 3-5
Porphyrin
Potassium Carbonate
Potassium Compounds
Powders
Power Lines
[See: Electric Power
Lines]
Power Production
Precipitation
[See also: Thermal
Precipitation]
Primary Amines
Primary Metallurgical
Processes
F-4112
D-5951
J-4100
E-6581
F-7132
Process Modification
Protective Masks
Pulmonary Edema
Pulverized Fuels
Pyrenes
Pyridine
Pyrites
Quarrying
Quartz
Radar
Radiation
[See: Gamma Radiation;
Ionizing Radiation; Light
Radiation; Radioactive
Radiation; Ultraviolet
Radiation]
Radiation Measuring
Systems
Radioactive Isotopes
[See also: Isotopes]
Radioactive Radiation
F-5891
C-4167
E-6867
D-7295
Radioactive Tracers
Radios onde
Radium
Radon F-5S91
Rare Earth Metals
Rats
Reaction Kinetics
Reactions
[See: Chemical Re-
actions; Photochemical
Reactions]
Recording Systems
[See also: Photographic
Recording Systems]
Re covery
[Sec: By-Procluct Re-
covery; Waste Heat
Recovery]
Reflex Activity
[Sec: Conditioned Reflex
Activity]
F-5272
F-7311
D-6881
D-5959
D-5216 F-7134
E-6569
F-6665
B-8147
E-6655
E-6563
F-5231
L-6901
F-S201
C-4462
J-6904
D-7296
J-5728
D-7293
D-7296
C-71 15
D-41'51
F-6891
D-7293
E-5373
F-6665
F-8769
C-6303
D-8172
D-6900
B-8768
F-4092
F-7139
F-8769
F-8769
M-7583
F-7138
C-4462
D-4255
E-65SO
J-6886
M-8439
E-6656
E-4401
F-S187
E-6564
D-6662
D-6908
E-4067
E-4400
F-8259
D-4472
D-7295
D-8776
C-5699
E-5950
J-7294
D-7297
F-7569
F-7137
C-4462
F-5891
J-6904
D-S776
F-7117
M-7724
C-5683
D-3911
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
Reflex Effects
Regulations
Research Methodologies
Residential Areas
Respiratory Diseases
[See also: Asbestosis;
Pneumoconiosis ; Pulmo-
nary Edema; Silicosis]
Respiratory Function
Respiratory System
Respiratory Tract Model
Restaurant Appliances
Retention (Physiological)
Rhenium
Rhenium Oxide
Rhtneland-Palatinate
Road Building Materials
[See: Bituminous Road
Building Materials]
Rockets
[See: Missiles and
Rockets]
Rotary Absorber
Rotary Piston Engines
Rubber
[See also: Synthetic
Rubber Manufacture]
R us s ia
[See also: Kiev; Lenin-
grad; Moscow^ Moscow
Area; Tashkent (USSR)
Saltzman Method
Samplers
[See also: Adhesive
Samplers; Aspirators;
Cascade Samplers; Gas
Samplers; Impingers]
Sampling Methods
[See also: Gas Sampling;
Particulate Sampling]
Sanitary Clearance Zones
Sarcoma
Schools (Secondary)
Scintillation Spectrometer
Screening
[See: Air Jet Screening;
Dry Hand Screening;
Flat Screening; Wet
Hand Screening]
Scrubbers
[Sec also: Packed
Towers; Vcnturi
Scrubbers J
Seashore Cities
Secondary Amines
Sedimentation
Separation
[See also: Inertial
Separation]
C-7310
F-4240
F-6891
F-5735
D-4064
D-4150
D-4153
C-4156
C-4159
D-4162
C-4165
C-4168
M-4171
L-5117
D-5216
F-5272
F-6666
J-6674
L-6901
J-7294
D-3912
D-8176
D-3772
L-3193
E-4066
E-4531
E-3146
F-8766
D-6900
J-8192
F-6667
F-3219
F-6268
F-8191
J-4101
D-4151
C-4154
D-4157
D-4160
C-4163
C-4166
D-4169
A-4172
F-S182
F-S238
L-5940
F-6667
F-6396
F-7132
J-7304
D-4814
D-8673
D-8778
D-6390
K-8194
E-4395
E-6535
E-31S5
F-3774
K-5767
K-3736
J-8438
F-6879
F-8216
F-3332
F-3258
F-3258
B-8779
F-7137
F-3222
F-4079
D-7566
K-4813
E-S183
B-5714
D-7575
D-4149
C-4152
M-4155
C-4158
C-4161
C-4164
C-4167
D-4170
J-4173
B-5184
J-5256
D-6332
J-6673
E-6399
J-7292
B-3165
D-8256
D-6332
C-3764
D-9642
D-8223
K-8195
J-S196
F-8339
B-6909
F-S669
E-4396
E-7675
E-3199
E-3372
C-4103
D-4255
D-3771
D-4484
Separation Efficiency
Separators
[See: Centrifugal
Separators; Cyclone
Separators; Inertial
Separation; Mirror-
Flow Separators]
Service Stations
Settling Chambers
Settling Particles
Sevin (I-naphthyl-N-methyl-
carbarnate)
Shadowing Technique
Shale
Ships
Siberia
Sieve Analysis
Sieving
Sifters (Air)
Silicates
Silicon Dioxide F-6665
F-7312
Silicosis F-7312
Simulation
Sintering
Skin Cancer
Skin Effects
[See: Subcutaneous
Implantation]
Slag
Smoke C-5034
Smoke meters
Sodium Hydroxide
Solar Eclips e
Solids
Solvents
[See also: Dry Cleaning
Solvents ]
Soot M-7724
Sources
[See also: Emission
Sources ]
South America
Spark Ignition Engines E-5330
Spectra
[See: Ion Spectra]
Spectrofluorometry
Spectrometers
[See: Scintillation
Spectrometer]
Spectrometry
[See also: Infrared
Spectrometry]
Spectrophotometry D-4064
[See also: Ultraviolet D-4102
Spectrophotometry] C-4152
D-6653
D-7567
Spores
Spot Tests
Spraying
[See: Crop Spraying]
Spray Nozzles
Stack Gases
Stacks C-3775
C-4812
Staining
[Sec: Vital Staining]
Standards
Statistical Methods D-3770
E-6567
F-8208
D-7151
J-3139
F-3332
C-7310
F-S210
F-3339
C-5479
B-5714
D-6331
D-4075
D-4149
D-4157
D-6331
D-3436
D-S775
C-4614
C-5271
B-6573
E-65SO
C-4202
C-5459
E-3916
J-3192
E-3155
M-57S2
F-3432
M-3670
F-3210
B-4287
C-5034
D-3671
E-7536
E-7536
D-7151
F-7311
F-3441
F-3772
A-5235
E-6566
F-3210
F-4112
M-3336
B-6579
E-3135
C-4164
M-7531
D-3773
B-S255
F-3435
B-6571
A-4052
B-3777
D-6662
F-3173
D-4035
D-4150
D-5960
D-63SS
D-3773
D-3733
F-4094
D-6S94
E-6306
D-5216
C-4615
C-5730
C-7722
E-65S1
E-4393
J-9272
171
-------
AIR POLLUTION TRANSLATIONS
Steam Plants
Stereoscan
Stone
Storage Tanks
[See: Gasoline Storage
Tanks]
Stratosphere
[See: Arctic
Stratosphere]
Streets
Strontium Compounds
Strontium '
Styrenes
Styrol
[See also: Alpha
Methyl styrol; Methyl -
styrol]
Subcutaneous Implantation
Sulfamate
Sulfu r C ompound s
[See also: Carbon
Disulfide; Mercaptans;
Methylmercaptophos;
Organic Sulfur Com-
pounds ]
Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide Removal
{Combustion Products)
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfur Oxides Control
Sulfur-3 5
Sulfur Trioxide
Superphosphate Plant
Surface Properties
Surfactants
Surveys
[See: Area Surveys]
Syne rgism
Synthetic
Synthetic Liquid Fuels
Synthetic Rubber Manufacture
Tangential Fuel Supply
Tanneries
Tantalum
Tars
[See: Crude Oil Tars]
Tashkent (U. S.S. R. )
Tellurium Dioxide
Temperature {ALrnospheric}
Tertiary Amines
Testing Facilities
Tests
[See: Spot Tests]
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetraethyl Lead
Tetraoxysilane
Textile Manufacturing
Therapy
[See: Inhalation Therapy]
J-6S72
D-4075
C-3775
C-4310
M-53S2
E-6580
F-6660
E-6899
J-7290
F-8149
J-81S9
F-8218
F-S766
F-6660
E-4394
J-5260
F-4221
C-5626
E-7236
F-7131
F-40S4
F-4243
C-4811
L-6575
E-6581
F-6666
F-7137
M-7513
J-8163
C-8197
B-8255
F-8774
F-7133
C-3197
B-8255
E-4817
D-7293
E-6899
C-4230
L-72S9
E-6307
F-7315
D-3913
E-8146
D-8375
E-4401
J-8438
F-5735
J-5674
D-3132
L-5952
F-5954
M-7724
D-4095
E-6576
F-4250
E-5373
E-6577
B-6582
F-6882
L-7215
B-8147
C-3166
F-8215
F-8444
K-9269
E-4813
E-8181
F-8222
G-7135
F-8222
D-8672
M-8712
F-6675
F-6617
E-3177
F-4250
D-7575
F-7302
F-666S
B-9103
F-6875
F-6664
G-8170
D-8131
C-5459
F-7303
C-8166
D-4255
E-7674
F-4253
E-S199
D-4071
F-3216
Thermal Precipitation
Thermolectric Generators
Thin-Layer Chromatography
Thioglycolic Acid
Thiophene
Thorium
Threshold Values
Thymol
Timed Fuel Injection
Tin Tetrabutyl
Tin Tetraethyl
Tissues
Titanium Compounds
Toluene
Toluylene Diisocyanate
Topographic Interactions
Toxic Tolerances
Toxicity
[See also: Threshold
Valves]
Trace Analysis
Tracers
[See also: Radioactive
Tracers ]
Traffic Police
Transparency
Tz'ansport
Treated Filter Fabrics
Trees
Trichloroethane
Triethoxysilane
Trie thyl aluminum
Triisobutylaluminum
Tubes
[See: Indicator Tubes]
Tumors
Tungsten
Tungsten Carbide
Turbidimetry
Turbines
Turbulence
Turbulent Diffusion
Tyndallometer
Ultraviolet Radiation
Ultraviolet Spectl-ophoto-
metry
Upper Atmosphere
Urban Areas
F-4072
F-4250
F-8149
F-S152
F-8164
F-7142
D-6661
F-7475
C-4103
F-4092
F-40SO
F-425S
A-5183
F-5944
F-5949
F-6664
F-6897
F-7130
F-7133
F-7140
F-7303
F-7472
F-7573
F-8167
F-8431
F-8440
F-8445
D-7288
F-4109
D-636S
C-4229
F-4074
F-5122
F-8150
F-8153
F-3190
F-8774
F-5735
F-7307
F-6663
M-7518
C-7722
F-4107
F-7473
F-4104
F-5044
B-5134
F-5947
D-5958
F-6665
F-7117
F-7131
G-7135
F-7142
F-7307
F-7475
F-7577
F-8186
F-8432
F-8441
F-S763
D-7575
G-4242
F-4110
D-6881
C-4230
B-6304
D-4247
C-4166
F-7577
D-9274
B-4287
D-S775
B-42S7
D-7476
F-8443
F-40S1
J-4106
F-6660
J-S151
F-8154
L-8211
F-8785
F-8150
E-5380
D-4249
D-4249
F-S173
F-8212
F-6905
F-3442
F-S737
J-4087
C-9271
F-4221
F-S443
F-4111
F-5122
F-5943
F-5948
F-6617
F-6866
F-7129
F-7132
F-7139
F-7143
F-7308
F-7565
D-7930
F-8201
F-8434
F-8442
F-8771
F-8787
D-7876
C-7115
F-6676
M-5262
C-5240
E-8156
G-7135
D-8136
D-4071
C-4246
C-4246
F-7291
F-4079
F-8212
D-8136
E-6877
C-5375
C-8381
C-5754
D-4759
F-7140
D-5960
J-5673
B-8165
172
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SUBJECT INDEX
U.S.S.R.
[See: Russia]
Valeric Acid
Vanadium Compounds
Vanadium Pentoxide
Vapor Pressure
Vapors
Vaseline Coated Dish
Ventilation
Venturi Scrubbers
Vertical Distribution
Vinyl Butyrate
Vinyl Chloride
Vinyl Propionate
Visible Light
D-2554
E-4397
F-4112
E-6302
E-5118
D-7930
F-8186
F-8445
F-4239
M-6648
D-7567
D-8673
J-8198
E-6654
E-8181
C-7976
F-8187
D-7146
F-8187
F-8785
Vital Staining
Vitamin C
Volatility
Washout
Waste Heat Recovery
Weather Forecasts
Welding
Wet Hand Screening
Wetting
Winds
Xylenes
Xylol
Zinc
D-4392
C-4166
C-4614
D-4254
F-6905
F-6668
E-4395
C-4230
C-4810
F-6907
F-8218
M-8337
J-5728
E-8204
C-5626
M-8336
D-8671
E-4817
C-4462
C-5626
D-6661 F-6663
F-7475 D-8773
F-4072
H-6528 H-6529
E-6580
D-8172
ftU. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1969 O - 353-397
173
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