Summaries
of Solid UlastB management
 \
Contracts

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SUMMARIES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

           CONTRACTS
           July 1, 1965—June 30, 1970
        This publication (SW-5.3) was compiled by
               HUGH H. CONNOLLY
       U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                      1972

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                         An environmental protection publication  in the
                         solid  waste management  series  (SW-5.3).  This
                         publication is also in  the Public  Health Service
                         numbered series as Public Health Service Publica-
                         tion No. 1897; its entry in two government publi-
                         cation series is the result of a publishing interface
                         reflecting  the transfer of the Federal solid waste
                         management program from the U.S. Public Health
                         Service  to  the  U.S.  Environmental  Protection
                         Agency.
Requests for technical information related to specific contracts should be addressed  to  the  Office of  Solid
Waste Management Programs, U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460 Requests for
published information should be addressed to  Solid Waste Management Publications Distribution, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45268, or to the Superintendent of Documents,  U.S.  Government Printing  Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.
FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20402—PRICE $1. STOCK NO. 5502-0025

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                                  FOREWORD
   THE CONTRACT MECHANISM is an integral
arm of the Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs of the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency.*  Technical investigations are
conducted by  the Office's own  staff.   But
this staff cannot  be the size required for
carrying on all  the research  and studies
needed for solutions to the Nation's problems
of managing its solid  wastes.  While  capa-
bilities  of  universities  and  other nonprofit
organizations are  being tapped  through re-
search  grants  as well  as  other types  of
grants,1"3 contracts  make it possible to use
the accumulated  practical  experience and
trained staffs  of  business and  professional
consultants.
   Contracts are administered by means  of
regular written reports and oral discussion
on a basis comparable to the review of work
performed within the Office itself. This helps
to ensure that the  contract research fully
meets the study intent.  At the  same time it
keeps  the Office staff informed  on research
progress and findings as they develop.
   It is also important that the research world
and the public  at  large  learn of  the results
of contract  investigations.  Although a full
report on each contract is usually published
upon conclusion of the work, there is a legiti-
mate demand for publication  of prospectuses
of the contracts and any information that can
be made available on contract progress.
  The present compilation is intended to sat-
isfy that need. It contains abstracts on con-
tracts  undertaken  from  the beginning of
activities conducted with funds appropriated
under the Solid Waste Disposal Act. In the
initial stages, many of the subjects for study
were suggested by applicants and led to un-
solicited contracts. As more detailed informa-
tion was  developed, it became easier to pin-
point gaps in our  solid  wastes knowledge
and, therefore, to  utilize contracts that are
directed toward  meeting  these  deficiencies.
  The variety and extent of subject matter
defy easy characterization and can be judged
only by a look at the table of contents. The
contracts described in this publication, as well
as other contracts planned, hold great prom-
ise of extending  the field of knowledge on
solid waste management  and,  at the same
time,  of  promoting a  fruitful  business-
government partnership.
                                                       —SAMUEL HALE,  JR.
                                                         Deputy Assistant Administrator
                                                         for Solid Waste Management
         * As this report was written before the current organization took effect, the Office is referred
to as the Solid Waste Management Office  (SWMO) throughout the remainder of the publication.
         1 LEFKE, L. W., A. G. KEENE, R. A. CHAPMAN, and H. JOHNSON, comps. Summaries of solid waste
research and training grants—1970.  Public Health Service Publication No. 1596. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1971. 134 p.
         - SPONAGLE, C. E., and P.  L. STUMP. Solid waste  management  demonstration grant projects	
1971; for grants awarded during- the period June 1, 1966—June 30,  1971. Public Health Service Publica-
tion No. 1821. Washington, U.S.  Government Printing Office, 1971. 247 p.
         3 TOFTNER, R. 0., D. D. SWAVELY, W. T. DEHN, and B. L. SWEENEY, comps. State solid waste plan-
ning grants, agencies, and progress—1970,  report of activities through June 30,  1970. Public  Health Serv-
ice Publication No. 2109. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 26 p.
                                                                                        iii

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                                      CONTENTS
Introduction

Aerojet-General Corporation
      Public health  related to solid  waste  .     3
      Identification  program  for  solid  waste
        research  .  .      .       ....       4
American Public Works  Association
      Training courses for public works officials .  5

Autocomp Inc.
      Compilation of solid waste legislation       6

Battelle Memorial Institute
      Status  of solid waste processing          7
      Evaluation  of solid waste processing       8
      Management study—the printing and pub-
        lishing  industry   .  .             .9
Booz, Allen Applied Research Inc.
      Dismantling  railroad freight cars
10
 Combustion Engineering, Inc.
       Technical-economic  study of  solid waste
        disposal	           11

 Combustion Power Company, Inc.
       Feasibility   of   incineration—jet  engine
        technology  .     .       .   .       .13
       Subscale  experiments—CPU-400 .... 14
       CPU-400 program management and  sys-
        tems  engineering                   .   . 15

 Cornell Aeronautical Laboratories, Inc.
       Systems analysis  of  solid waste  disposal . 16

 Dillingham  Corporation
       Oceanic disposal of  solid wastes  .... 17
Foster-Miller  Associates, Inc.
      Development of household refuse grinder .  22

Franklin Institute  of the  State  of
  Pennsylvania
      Abstracting and other services            23
      Verification of bibliographic  citations      24

General Behavioral Systems, Inc.
      Public  awareness  development  program
        and  case study                         25
      Effects  of  disposal  sites upon  property
        values            .                      26

General Systems Industries, Inc.
      Factors influencing citizens' attitudes and
        responses                               27

The  Gillette Research Institute
      Photodegradation  of  cellulose and waste
        paper                                   28
       Greenleaf/Telesca
             Operation Breakthrough
                                               29
       Samuel A. Hart
             Composting technology and compost utili-
               zation  in  Europe     .   .     .  .       30
             Solid wastes management in Germany       31

       John F. Holm an & Co., Inc.
             Chronicle of activities  and accomplishments
               in solid waste management              32

       IIT Research Institute
             Feasibility study—disposal of polyethylene
               plastic  waste          .   .              33
East Tennessee State University
       Pathogens  and  indicator  organisms  in
        refuse-sludge composting           .    18
       Ionics, Inc.
             Converting solid  waste materials into
               yeast               .                   34
The  Eimco Corporation
      Composting dewatered sewage sludge  .    19

Enviro-Med Inc.
      Occupational  health  in  solid waste  man-
        agement  ...          ...      20

Stuart Finley, Inc.
      Solid  waste  management annual  film
        report  .     ...     ...     ... 21
       International Research  and Technology
         Corporation
             Incentives for solid waste management .    35

             Incentives for tire recycling and reuse .   . 36

       Louis Koenig Research
             The cost of municipal incineration     .   . 37
             Management  study—the  electrical  home
               appliance industry          .     .     .38

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Benjamin Linsky
      Health  effects  of air  pollution related  to
        solid  wastes                 •           39

Arthur  D. Little, Inc.
      Incentives for  plastic recycling  and  re-
        use                                .   40

Litton Systems, Inc.
      Management study—the drug industry     41

Los Angeles County
      Motion  picture on solid waste disposal     42

Louisiana State University
      Production of  edible proteins  from  cellu-
         losic  wastes                          43
Martin-Marietta Corporation
      Pilot data  acquisition and analysis
        system
44
Midwest Research Institute
      Packaging materials  and waste disposal  . 45
      Salvage  markets  for recoverable solid
         waste  materials         .             . 46
      Five-year  plan for  research  and devel-
         opment                                47

University of Minnesota
      Microbiological  quality  of products from
         rendering  plants       .     .       .48

National Academy  of Sciences—National Re-
  search Council
      Solid waste  removal  from high-rise resi-
         dential structures         .      .        49
      On-site refuse storage,  collection, and re-
         duction system  for high-rise residential
         structures                     ...   50
      Feasibility  of recommendations in NAS-
         NRC publication                 .     . 51

National Association of Counties Research Foun-
  dation
      Program for regional solid waste manage-
         ment systems .  .                  .52
      Digest  of ordinances and  a   model ordi-
         nance                    .              53

National Canners Association
      Management  study—the  food  processing-
         industry                               54

National Sanitation Foundation
      Single-use items in health care facilities   55

New York University
      Airborne  emissions  from  municipal  in-
         cinerators   .          .                56

Northern Kentucky  Sanitation Company
      Field evaluation of  sanitary  landfill
         techniques     ...             .57
H. C. Nutting  Company
      Soil index properties of cover material    . 58

Stephen B. Olmsted
      Patent search of on-site  refuse  handling
        devices     .                     ... 59

Resource Management Corporation
      Cost/benefit  relationships in solid waste
        litter                    	60

SCS Engineers
      Evaluation and  comparison  procedure for
        sanitary landfill equipment  .   .     .  . 61
      Government  policies affecting solid waste
        generation and reclamation          .  . 62
Foster D. Snell, Inc.
      Decontamination and combustion of organic
        pesticides and containers             .  . 63

Stanford Research  Institute
      Air classification process to  separate  solid
        waste  materials       ...        .  . 64
      Management  study—the  polymer  produc-
        tion industry     .  .       .          .65

Stanford University
      Char from  solid wastes  as  an adsorption
        medium                  .          .  . 66

Ralph Stone and Co., Inc.,  Engineers
      Engineering  study of  a one-man collection
        system        .  .        ...       .67
      Management study—the automotive assem-
        bly industry .     .        .  .        .  . 68
       The Travelers Research  Corporation
             Management study—the chemical
               industry
                                                69
       TRW Inc.
            New chemical concepts  for waste plastic
               utilization	       .   . 70
       Union Carbide Corporation
             Biodegradability of plastics .
                                              .  71
       Uniroyal, Inc.
             Management study—the rubber industry   72

       URS Research Corporation
             Prediction of solid waste characteristics  . 73
             Solid waste  prediction model     .     .    74

       The  Western Company
             Pipeline transport of shredded solid
               wastes    .        	         75

       William A. Xanten
             Procedures for state agency surveys     . 76

       SUBJECT  INDEX        .       .     .        .77

       INDEX OF PROJECT  DIRECTORS  .... 79
                                                                                                     VI

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              SUMMARIES  OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
                                 CONTRACTS

                         July  1, 1965—June  30,  1970
THIS is A COMPENDIUM of contract projects
supported by the Solid Waste Management
Office  (SWMO)  and its  predecessors since
the passage of the Solid Waste Disposal Act
of 1965. The purpose of the publication is
to inform interested readers of the variety
of contracts being supported in such a way
that information  developed from this activ-
ity can be made  quickly available and dis-
seminated to those persons who can best use
the information.  We hope that the publica-
tion may stimulate prospective contractors
to conceive new approaches that through re-
search and development will lead to  an ad-
vancement of technology and to better meth-
ods of solid waste management.
   The Solid Waste Disposal Act  of 1965, as
amended by the  Resource Recovery  Act of
1970, directs the Secretary of the Depart-
ment of  Health,  Education,  and Welfare
(functions transferred  by  Reorganization
Plan No.  3 to the Administrator, Environ-
mental  Protection Agency)  to conduct and
encourage—and to cooperate with and assist
appropriate public authorities, agencies, and
institutions;  private agencies and  institu-
tions ;  and individuals in the conduct  of:
(1) research, training, demonstrations, sur-
veys,  and other  studies relating to  adverse
health and welfare effects  caused by solid
wastes; (2) operation and financing of solid
waste  disposal programs;  (3) reduction of
the amounts of such waste and unsalvageable
waste  materials; (4) development and ap-
plication of new and improved methods of
solid  waste processing and materials and
energy  recovery; (5) identification  of solid
waste components and potential recoverable
materials and energy.
  In carrying out the provisions as directed,
the Secretary is authorized to: (1) collect
and  make  available, through  publications
and other means, the results of such research
and other activities;  (2) cooperate with pub-
lic and private  agencies, institutions,  and
industries in  the preparation and conduct of
such research and other activities; (3) make
grants-in-aid and contracts with public or
private agencies, institutions,  and  individ-
uals for research, training, surveys, and dem-
onstrations.
  Any grant, agreement, or  contract made
or entered into is to contain provisions ef-
fective to ensure  that all information,  uses,
processes, patents,  and other developments
resulting from any  activity undertaken pur-
suant to such grant, agreement, or  contract
will  be made readily available  on fair and
equitable terms to those  industries  utilizing
methods of solid  waste disposal and to in-
dustries  engaged in furnishing devices, fa-
cilities, equipment,  and supplies to  be used
in connection with solid  waste  disposal.
  The summaries,  arranged alphabetically
by contractor, represent the efforts  made to
carry out this contract  authority. One can
readily see that there is  no single approach
applicable to the wide variety of solid wastes
produced  and that,  as the concept  of  solid
waste management has developed, so has the
scope of our contracts.  The  characteristics
of solid wastes  are continually  changing
through product innovation, industrial  proc-
ess modification, and changes in living habits
of the general population. Storage, collection,
transport,  processing,  utilization, and dis-
posal practices must continually be  modified
to keep pace with these  changes.

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  Research contracts are used to implement
the efforts directed by the Solid Waste Dis-
posal Act of 1965 and the Resource Recovery
Act of 1970. The contract mechanism makes
it  possible to  support projects  for which
neither staff nor equipment is available. This
mechanism permits the national program to
utilize  specialized facilities, organizations.
and capabilities wherever they may exist. A
contract may be a separate project in itself or
may complement in-house research.
  Solicited contracts are awarded  to quali-
fied  contractors who submit the  best pro-
posals  in  response to advertised requests as
they appear in the Commerce Business Daily.
This competitive mechanism is  used to en-
sure that the  work  i-equired will be  per-
formed in  the  most economical manner  by
those best qualified.
  Profit and nonprofit organizations  desir-
ing to  perform research within  the  scope
and intent of the Solid Waste Disposal Act
are invited to submit proposals for consider-
ation. All proposals submitted are evaluated
for technical contribution and program rel-
evancy, and  compete with  other  proposals,
both  solicited and  unsolicited, for priority
funding.

  A format,  selected to enable the reader to
become aware of the actual content of result-
ant publications, includes the  objectives, the
approach  used, and a  summary of progress
where available.

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                                                       AEROJET-GENERAL CORPORATION
PUBLIC HEALTH RELATED TO SOLID  WASTE

CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-151
COST: $58,414
PROJECT START: June 1966
PROJECT END: January 1967
CONTRACTOR
Aerojet-General Corp.
1100 West Hollyvale Street
Azusa, Calif. 91702

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Thrift G. Hanks
OBJECTIVE: To obtain a thorough and con-
sistent listing and evaluation of health prob-
lems reported to be  associated with solid
waste disposal by identifying the relation-
ships between human health and solid waste
management.
APPROACH: The  contract  was primarily
concerned with those relationships resulting
in disease processes. A survey of the tech-
nical world literature was made: (1) to iden-
tify  types,  sources,  disease  processes, and
occupational descriptions; (2) to accumulate
data and establish identifiable relationships;
(3) to note and tabulate significant conclu-
sions and recommendations;  (4) to provide
an annotated bibliography of related survey
literature; (5) to organize and  publish a
survey report on the  public health aspects
of solid waste handling and disposal.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS:  A  report on
the comprehensive literature  survey,  Solid
Waste/Disease Relationships, was published.
In this report each postulated solid waste/
disease relationship is  presented as follows:
(1) a general statement on the disease under
consideration; (2)  a postulation on its asso-
ciation with wastes; (3) the evidence found
in the literature supporting this postulation;
(4)  discussion of the evidence;  (5)  con-
clusions relative to the disease/waste asso-
ciation and to possible  projections of the
observations;  (6)  recommendations for re-
search or other action.
 HANKS, T. G. Solid waste/disease relationships; u, literature survey. Public Health Service Publication No.
        999-UIH-6. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967. 179 p.

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AEROJET-GENERAL CORPORATION
IDENTIFICATION PROGRAM  FOR  SOLID WASTE RESEARCH
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-126
COST:  $19,025
PROJECT START: May 1967
PROJECT END:  August 1967
CONTRACTOR
Aerojet-General Corp.
Life Science Division
1100 West Hollyvale Street
Azusa, Calif. 91702
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Thrift G. Hanks
OBJECTIVE: To develop a system for as-
signing priorities to selected research and de-
velopment projects related to solid waste and
public health problems.
APPROACH: A study of solid waste/disease
relationships  revealed research needs in a
number of important areas. A detailed evalu-
ation and assignment of priorities to  those
areas, however, was beyond the scope of that
study. This research program was designed
to select the most important topics  from
that report and to  develop a series of task
descriptions  for  specific research and  de-
velopment projects. Cost estimates as well
as work statements, a description of the
specific problem and its background, and an
outline of a program devoted to its solution
were included  for the  10  most important
projects.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final re
port on a solid waste research identification
program has been accepted. The report, de-
signed for in-house use, describes in detail
the rationale and methods used, the various
ratings obtained, conclusions, recommenda-
tions, work statements, and a basic research
program outline.

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                                                AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION
TRAINING COURSES FOR PUBLIC WORKS OFFICIALS
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-146
COST:  $86,523
PROJECT START: June 1966
PROJECT END: August 1968
CONTRACTOR
American Public Works Assoc.
1313 East 60th Street
Chicago, 111.  60637

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robert D.  Bugher
OBJECTIVE: To develop a package of train-
ing courses for those operators, managers,
and public  works officials  concerned  with
various aspects of solid waste management
that can be used to broaden solid waste
training throughout the Nation.

APPROACH: A comprehensive blueprint for
the training of personnel in the field of solid
waste management was  to be prepared. This
would include fully developed courses previ-
ously tested in pilot programs, a  fully de-
veloped curriculum tailored to existing needs.
and  well developed  teaching methodology
including instructions for the use of training
aids. Consideration was to  be given to the
educational backgrounds, work experiences,
and career goals of operating officials, the
requirements and responsibilities of the po-
sitions, and the socioeconomic and technical
trends  most likely  to alter the  function of
operating personnel.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Course outlines
were prepared and pilot courses conducted
in six major cities on:  (1) incinerator plant
operation; (2)  sanitary landfill operation;
(3)  solid waste management;  (4)  refuse
collection; (5) solid wastes technology; (6)
solid waste management policy.
Copies  of the course  packages are avail-
able for review at  SWMO offices in Cincin-
nati, Ohio and Rockville, Maryland. No pub-
lication is planned.

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AUTOCOMP INC.
COMPILATION OF SOLID  WASTE LEGISLATION
CONTRACT NO.  CPE 70-118
COST: $141,840
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: January 1972
CONTRACTOR
Autocomp Inc.
Autocode Division
7910 Woodmont Ave.
Bethesda. Maryland 20014

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Carl P. Fisher
OBJECTIVE: State and territorial legisla-
tion will be  searched for applicability  to
solid  wastes.  Photocopies of the relevant
laws will be made, indexed, and cross-indexed
in sufficient detail for layman use. A  com-
pendium will be prepared from the applicable
laws for publication.

APPROACH: All legislation of the 50 States,
the District of Columbia, and the territories
of American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and
the Virgin  Islands  will  be searched for ap-
plicability to solid wastes. This includes en-
abling legislation, direct  prohibitions, and
direct  authorizations.  Legislation may  be
found in such widely separated portions  of
the codes as those dealing with agriculture,
health,  labor,  highways,  industry,  water,
and air. Examples of legislation to be covered
include  laws  regarding storage,  collection,
transportation, processing, vehicles, demoli-
tion materials, animal and vegetation wastes,
as well as wastes from households and  com-
mercial  and industrial  establishments. In-
cluded also  are  the general  nuisance laws,
zoning regulations  (to the extent codified).
rule-making authorizations to State agencies
or local or regional jurisdictions, all  insofar
as they pertain to the management of solid
wastes.

Once located, the State and territorial laws
will be checked with Shepherd's  Citator, or
the equivalent, to assure their currency as of
the date  of the  contract. Laws that have
been repealed will  be eliminated, and new
acts or amendments will be included up to the
date  of the contract.

The compendium will be  by State or terri-
tory  and will consist  of  abstracts  of  the
particular provisions organized on a uniform
subject matter basis.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: All territorial
and State legislation has been  indexed and
checked to assure its accuracy to date of con-
tract, and Phase  I has been completed with
submission  of State-by-State volumes con-
taining photo  copies of existing  legislation.
Plans have begun for the development of the
format and organization of the compendium
—Phase II of the contract.

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                                                       BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
STATUS OF  SOLID WASTE  PROCESSING
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-160
COST: $57,265
PROJECT START:  June 1966
PROJECT END:  February 1967
CONTRACTOR
Battelle Memorial Institute
Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio  43201
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Richard B. Engdahl
OBJECTIVE: To assemble all available in-
formation on solid waste processing in order
to provide a concise reference useful to those
concerned with the development of new and
improved processes.

APPROACH: Information on the reliability
of the processes, performance data, economic
factors, and range of pertinent commercially
available equipment and devices was obtained
by surveying and examining existing  tech-
nical processes and techniques. This included
both industrial and municipal applications
with evaluations as to applicability to solid
waste treatment. The general processes con-
sidered were: (1) densification and size re-
duction; (2) separation;  (3)  recovery and
utilization; (4) chemical processing. Special
problems such as health hazards and environ-
mental pollution were to be examined.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report on
the status of unit operations and processes
for solid waste disposal  has been accepted.
The report summarizes the present status of
methods now or recently in use for the dis-
posal and utilization of solid wastes. The re-
port shows that, although  a few aspects of
solid waste processing are well developed,
the availability of  economic methods for
most solid waste problems  is scarce or non-
existent. The  summary  is organized under
four general headings into which the study
is divided.
ENGDAHL, R. B. Solid waste processing;  a state-of-the art report on unit operations and processes. Public
        Health Service Publication No. 1856. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 72 p.

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BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE

EVALUATION OF SOLID  WASTE PROCESSING
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-265
COST: $76,650
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: October 1968
CONTRACTOR
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robert F. Testin
OBJECTIVE: To investigate, evaluate, and
document  separation and  recovery  equip-
ment, processes,  and techniques that have
potential application  in the areas of solid
waste separation and utilization.
APPROACH: The  investigation  involved a
study  to  establish the range of  expected
characterization  of solid  wastes, including
total  amounts,  and physical and  chemical
properties. A literature survey, solicitations
to manufacturers, and analyses of existing
reclamation  and disposal  plants  were used
to compile a list of equipment and techniques
and to assess their applicability  to various
types of solid wastes. For each unit process
considered, appropriate operating  informa-
tion was  compiled,  and  effects  of input
characteristics on capital and operating costs
and the output products and any synergistic
or antagonistic  effects of  various processes
on one another were assessed. Information
was  obtained to define process capabilities,
reliability, economics, availability  of com-
mercial  equipment, and  special operational
problems. Appropriate mathematical, statis-
tical, and economic methods were used to de-
velop capital and operation cost relationships
as functions of  input and output character-
istics.

SUMMARY  OF PROGRESS: The final re-
port has been accepted. The expected char-
acteristics  of  solid wastes,  including the
amounts and physical  and chemical proper-
ties, have been tabulated. Through literature
surveys,  solicitations  from  manufacturers,
and analyses of existing reclamation and dis-
posal plants, the list of techniques and equip-
ment and processes to the solid waste field
has been assessed.  Process capabilities, re-
liability,  economics, availability of commer-
cial equipment, special operational problems,
and health hazards have been defined. Using
appropriate  mathematical, statistical,  and
economic methods, capital and operating cost
relationships have been developed. Feasible
combinations of processes or equipment have
been suggested.
DROBNEY, N. L., H. E. HULL, and R. P. TESTIN. Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste; a summary
        of available cost and performance characteristics of unit processes and  systems.  Public Health
        Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 118 p.

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                                                      BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE

MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE PRINTING AND PUBLISHING INDUSTRY
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-6
COST: $73,484
PROJECT START:  May 1969
PROJECT  END:  January  1971
CONTRACTOR
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King- Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Ruf us C. Short
OBJECTIVE: To study and  evaluate  the
solid waste  management practices  of  the
publishing and printing industry, SIC 271,
272, 273, and 275.

APPROACH: Information and data  will be
collected on the following items of the pub-
lishing and printing industry on a national
basis: (1) total number of industrial plants,
employment, capital value of the plants, and
quantities and types  of products produced;
 (2) past development and production pat-
terns within the industry indicating present
trends, new technology, and future develop-
ment; (3) flow diagrams for the basic pro-
duction processes; (4) location of the indus-
tries with particular  notation of production
centers  in  the country; (5)  identification
of the quantity (weight) and quality (char-
acter)  of solid  waste generated; (6)  cor-
relation  of  solid  waste production  with
a readily available universal parameter of
the plant; (7) identify and analyze the  cur-
rent storage, collection, and disposal prac-
tices of the industry; (8) amount of money
being spent for storage, collection, treatment,
and disposal of solid waste for the industry;
(9) analysis  of the future trends  of  solid
waste management within the industry and
factors that might influence them,  such  as
reuse, etc.
The methodology to collect the  information
and data will consist of a literature review
and a variety of different types of field in-
terviews. Following the data collection phase,
the information will be analyzed and  eval-
uated.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Prior to begin-
ning data collection, a literature review was
carried out, plants were grouped by SIC
numbers and location, and an interview guide
was developed.  Data collection was followed
by an analysis phase, and a preliminary draft
of the  final report was  submitted.  Review
of the draft is  nearly complete, and a final
report will be printed.

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 BOOZ, ALLEN APPLIED RESEARCH INC.

 DISMANTLING RAILROAD FREIGHT  CARS
 CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-100
 COST:  $50,000
 PROJECT START: March 1967
 PROJECT END: December 1967
CONTRACTOR
Booz, Allen Applied Research
   Inc.
4733 Bethesda Avenue
Bethesda, Md. 20014

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Dale M. Butler
 OBJECTIVE: To encourage the development
 of new and improved methods of railroad car
 dismantling and salvage operations that per-
 mit reuse of waste  materials without pre-
 senting environmental problems.

 APPROACH: On-site observations and inter-
 views with key personnel were used to study
 current operating practices of railroad  car
 dismantlers throughout the country,  and to
 summarize information on  proposed  new
 techniques. Feasibility studies on new tech-
 niques that promise acceptable pollution con-
 trol and economic practicality were investi-
 gated. A system for rating proposed car dis-
 mantling systems in  order  to select the best
 method for prototype development was  un-
 dertaken.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A final report
containing the findings, conclusions, and rec-
ommendations has been accepted.
In effect the study was a pilot application of
the systems  approach to  the  difficult and
complex problems presented by pollution and
effective resource utilization. Many aspects
of developing  technology were  investigated
including new  forms of explosives,  high-
speed   water  jets,   cryogenic brittlizing
agents, and advanced methods in wood utili-
zation. Two approaches  were suggested  for
prototype development: a system of cutting
wood from railroad cars using high-pressure,
manually operated water jets, and  a system
of using the car itself for an incinerator with
a stack installed directly on the car to con-
trol effluent emissions.
BUTLER, D. M., and W. M. GRAHAM. Dismantling railroad freight cars;  a study of improved methods with
       application to other demolition problems.  Public Health Service Publication No. 1850. Washington,
       U.S. Government  Printing Office,  1969.  32 p.
10

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                                                         COMBUSTION ENGINEERING. INC.
TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC  STUDY OF  SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
CONTRACT NO.  PH 86-66-163
COST: $156,375
PROJECT  START: June 1966
PROJECT END: November 1967
CONTRACTOR
Combustion Engineering-, Inc.
New Products Division
1000 Prospect Hill Road
Windsor, Conn.  06095
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Elliot D. Ranard
OBJECTIVE: To  obtain data on: (1) dis-
posal costs for municipal and industrial solid
wastes with the additional costs that will be
required to meet  disposal  standards which
prevent land, water, and air pollution; (2)
relative importance of such variables as tech-
nical  developments, population movements,
living habits, etc., that affect the composi-
tion and quantity  of solid wastes; (3)  re-
liable techniques  and models  for  predict-
ing collection and  disposal facility needs.

APPROACH: Through surveys and personal
interviews in selected U.S. cities, in-depth
studies  on municipal  and  industrial solid
waste  practices were  undertaken in order
to obtain installed  capacity of refuse disposal
facilities, estimates of the production of in-
dustrial  solid  wastes, and  projections for
generation and capacities in selected areas
to 1975. Mathematical models  to predict re-
quirements for waste reduction facilities and
refuse production  were developed. The con-
tractor  also  analyzed the problems relative
to a refuse  sampling  and information sys-
tem and gathered and analyzed data to de-
scribe the operational  situations and infor-
mation input and output.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A four-volume
report was accepted by the SWMO, and se-
lected sections were published. Municipal In-
ventory presents  surveys  made of various
cities to obtain data on amounts and types
of waste  generated, with  a  mathematical
model for the Nation that predicts future
amounts  of  solid  wastes that will be gen-
erated. Industrial  Inventory presents results
of a survey  of  23 industries  indicating the
disposal techniques  used. Information Sys-
tem  emphasizes the need for  a solid  waste
information  system  to aid municipalities in
planning refuse disposal plants.  Technical-
Economic  Overview  presents an  overview
of waste management systems based on in-
depth interviews  in a selected number  of
cities.
COMBUSTION ENGINEERING, INC. Technical-economic study of solid waste disposal needs and practices. Public
        Health Service Publication No. 1886. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. [705 p.]
        (Distributed by National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., as PB-187 712. 700 p.)


        ADDITIONAL PUBLICATIONS RESULTING FROM CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-163

BACKER, J. H., and E. D. RANARD. Use of mathematical planning models to predict incineration requirements.
        In Proceedings, 1968 National Incinerator Conference, New York, May 5-8, 1968, American Society
        of Mechanical Engineers, p. 1-11.
COHAN, L. J., and J. H. FERNANDES. Potential energy-con version aspects of refuse. Paper presented at the
        Eighty-eighth Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pitts-
        burgh, Nov. 12-17, 1967. 7 p.
                                                                                 11

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PERNANDES, J. H.  Incinerator air pollution control.  In Proceedings, 1968 National Incinerator Conference,
           New York, May 5-8, 1968, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, p. 101-116.
KALIKA, P. W. The effects of variations in municipal refuse on  some incinerator  design  parameters. Paper
           presented  at the Eighty-eighth Winter  Annual  Meeting of the  American  Society of Mechanical
           Engineers, Pittsburgh, Nov. 12-17, 1967. 10  p.
KALIKA, P. W. Influence coefficients to relate municipal refuse variations to incinerator design. In Proceedings,
           1968 National Incinerator  Conference,  New York, May 5-8,1968, American Society of Mechanical
           Engineers, p. 154-170.
12

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                                                COMBUSTION POWEK COMPANY. IN'C.
FEASIBILITY  OF  INCINERATION—JET  ENGINE TECHNOLOGY
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-259
COST:  $138,164
PROJECT START:  June 1967
PROJECT END:  June 1968
CONTRACTOR
Combustion Power Company,
  Inc. (formerly Aerospace
  Commercial Corporation)
Stanford Industrial Park
2625 Hanover Street
Palo Alto. Calif.  94304
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Richard D. Smith
OBJECTIVE: To determine the technological
and economic feasibility of a system of solid
waste incineration that utilizes waste heat
to generate electric power through  a  jet
turbine.

APPROACH: Engineering studies were con-
ducted as necessary to investigate use of a
standard jet engine to receive the cleaned
gases from the incineration of solid wastes.
Separate studies were required to determine
the effects of  chemical composition,  prod-
ucts of combustion, and heating values. In
addition, surveys  were conducted on shred-
ders, preheat feeders, and separators to  ob-
tain equipment suitable  for use with the
refuse combustor.
SUMMARY OF  PROGRESS:   A technical
abstract  on the feasibility study  was  re-
viewed. The results of the study indicated
that the project is technically feasible and
economically  attractive. An additional con-
tract to  conduct key subscale experiments
for several components of the jet turbine
incinerator was awarded  [see: Subscale ex-
periments on the model 400 combustion
power unit (CPU-400), Contract No. PH 86-
68-198.J
                                                                       13

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COMBUSTION POWER COMPANY, INC.
SUBSCALE EXPERIMENTS—CPU-400
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-198
COST: $2,179,381
PROJECT START:  June 1968
PROJECT END:  January 1971
CONTRACTOR
Combustion Power Company,
   Inc.
1346 Willow Road
Menlo Park, Calif.  94025

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Richard D. Smith
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this contract
is to build and test subscale models of vari-
ous combustor and particle collector devices
to obtain  necessary information for final
design for the CPU-400 system. The CPU-
400  system  makes use of a  gas  turbine
powered by waste heat from incineration of
refuse for the purpose of generating elec-
tricity.

APPROACH: The contractor will investigate
the design parameters of continuous flow in-
cineration by a fluidized bed combustor. The
investigation  requires the design, fabrica-
tion, and testing of two different fluid bed
combustors;  (1)  a large (8-ft. diameter) bed
operated at low pressure which will deter-
mine the refuse  feed and distribution prob-
lems; (2) a small (12-inch diameter) high-
pressure (60 to  100 psia) bed to determine
heat release rates, combustion products, etc.
The  contractor  will  also investigate three
different particle collection devices—an elec-
trostatic precipitator, a mat filter, and an
inertial  separator—to  determine  the  best
device (or combination of devices) to be used
for the CPU-400.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The electro-
static precipitator and the inertial separator
tests showed that both items  are feasible
to use at CPU-400 pressure and temperature
conditions. The mat filter concept tested was
found not  to be feasible because of difficul-
ties encountered in its cleaning.
The 12-inch fluid bed experiments  have in-
dicated that high pressure fluid bed com-
bustion of municipal  solid waste is feasible
and capable of heat release rates in excess
of 500,000 Btu/ft3/hr.  Design and  fabrica-
tion work  was completed  on  a large-scale
fluidized bed  combustor  along  with solid
waste handling equipment which is required
for a continuous  flow operation. Testing of
this  combustor  and  appurtenant  handling
equipment is now in  progress.
14

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                                                   COMBUSTION POWER COMPANY, INC.
CPU-400 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND  SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-100
COST:  $283,103
PROJECT START: August 1968
PROJECT END: October 1970
CONTRACTOR
Combustion Power Company,
   Inc.
1346 Willow Road
Menlo Park, Calif. 94025

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Richard D. Smith
OBJECTIVE: To provide program manage-
ment  for the component  developments  by
various subcontractors  and  to  investigate
the CPU-400 as a total  system. The results
of this investigation, combined with the re-
sults of the key subscale  experiments, will
be combined to refine the preliminary de-
sign for the CPU-400 to the point where de-
tailed design work may be started.

APPROACH: Overall management for the
CPU-400  will be  provided. A systems de-
sign study will be conducted on five subsys-
tems of the CPU-400: solid waste handling,
hot gases, turbo-electric, controls,  and resi-
due handling. Materials corrosion, exhaust
gas contamination, and acoustics  studies will
be made. Turbine compatibility tests will be
defined and  economic  applications studies
will be undertaken.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS:  The design of
the CPU-400 has  been updated in both the
solid waste handling and hot gas subsystems.
The  provision for  unshredded storage has
been eliminated in the solid waste subsystem,
and the combustor configuration has been
changed from 3 combustors all piped into
the system to 2 combustors with a spare on
hand. The total  CPU-400 system has been
identified as having 19 different components,
and  preliminary specifications  have been
made for each component. Materials corrosion
studies were performed by analysis of sever-
al different alloys after prolonged exposure to
incinerator fly ash. All metals tested showed
corrosive  attack; the alloy which performed
best was Inconel 625. Exhaust gas contami-
nation  studies indicate that  HC1 and S0«
can be suppressed by limestone injection into
the bed. Acoustic surveys on shredder and
turbine installations demonstrated the need
for sound suppression to be considered in the
design. Applications studies showed addition-
al  CPU-400  uses  such as desalinization,
sludge incineration, and activated char pro-
duction.
                                                                           15

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CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES, INC.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS  OF SOLID WASTE  DISPOSAL
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-254
COST: $98,515
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: March 1969
CONTRACTOR
Cornell Aeronautical
  Laboratories, Inc.
Post Office Box 235
Buffalo.N.Y.  14221

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Edwin W. Roth
OBJECTIVE:  To develop  a  mathematical
model for determining the overall costs and
effectiveness of alternate waste disposal sys-
tems within a  regional solid wastes system.

APPROACH: The contractor will collect and
analyze existing regional data, identify in-
direct social costs, and  establish a realistic
range of constraints  on deleterious effects.
With this data and related background in-
formation, a mathematical model of political-
ly realistic  regional  solid  waste  systems,
which computes  overall costs  and  perform-
ance, will be formulated. The major output
of the study will be  a  first definition of a
model or simulational method  and its imple-
mentation. The model will be used to prepare
a program for future work centered around
comprehensive utilization  of the developed
model with an  expansion and  refinement
of the model structure.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A final report
has been printed. It discusses systems analy-
sis of regional solid waste management, the
structure of regional solid waste manage-
ment systems  evaluation, a facility choice
model as an aid in regional solid waste man-
agement decision making, and various facts
about the  Buffalo  Standard  Metropolitan
Statistical Area (SMSA), which was the
empirical base for the study.
MORSE, N., and E. W. ROTH. Systems analysis of regional solid waste handling. Public Health Service Publi-
        cation No. 2065. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. [294 p.]
16

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                                 DILLINGHAM CORPORATION APPLIED OCEANOGRAPHY BRANCH
OCEANIC DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES
CONTRACT NO.  PH 86-68-203
COST:  $76,646
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: August 1970
CONTRACTOR
Dillingham Corporation
Applied Oceanography Branch
11803 Sorrento Valley Road
San Diego, Calif.  92121

PROJECT DIRECTOR
David D. Smith
OBJECTIVE: To determine the nature and
magnitude of present oceanic disposal prac-
tices and to investigate their current or po-
tential hazards to public  health.
APPROACH:  Information  from the  Corps
of Engineers District Offices provided back-
ground information on  marine  disposal op-
erations in their respective areas of control.
This led to a series of interviews with waste
producers, disposal operators, and pertinent
municipal, State, and Federal agencies in:
Seattle,  Portland (Oregon), San Francisco,
Los  Angeles,  San  Diego,  Galveston,  Texas
City, Houston, Port Arthur, Beaumont, New
Orleans, Pascagoula, Mobile, St. Petersburg,
Charleston, Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadelphia,
New York, and Boston.
The information collected was compiled, sum-
marized, and evaluated by a team of marine
biologists, oceanographers,  and sanitary en-
gineers to provide the current "state of the
art" of oceanic disposal of solid wastes  and
industrial sludges by barges off U.S. coastal
cities.

SUMMARY OF  PROGRESS:  The  entire
study has been completed and a report sub-
mitted. Information  in the report  is very
helpful in assaying the magnitude of  and
some  of the problems associated  with  dis-
posing of solid wastes and industrial sludges
at sea. While the report deals only with those
wastes being barged, it  nonetheless fills an
information gap  and outlines specific con-
clusions  that will assist the SWMO in ac-
complishing its goals.
SMITH, D. D., and R. P. BROWN. Ocean disposal of barge-delivered liquid and solid wastes from U.S. coastal
        cities. Public Health Service Publication No. 2113. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
        1971.  119 p.
                                                                            17

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EAST TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY
PATHOGENS   AND  INDICATOR  ORGANISMS  IN  REFUSE-SLUDGE
COMPOSTING
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-112
                     PH 86-68-143
COST:  $81,550
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END:  May 1969
CONTRACTOR
East Tennessee State University
Department of Microbiology
Johnson City, Tennessee 37601

PROJECT DIRECTOR
William.L. Gaby
 OBJECTIVE: Phase I—To study the occur-
 rence and persistence of  pathogens and in-
 dicator organisms in refuse-sludge compost-
 ing. Phase II—To study the survival of path-
 ogens and indicator  organisms  in refuse-
 sludge composting by the windrow method.


 APPROACH: Methods were selected and de-
 veloped  to permit a  quantitative study  of
 recovery  of pathogens and indicator  orga-
 nisms during the processing of municipal
 refuse-sewage  sludge mixtures.  The  first
 phase was devoted to investigation of the
 occurrence of pathogenic organisms in raw
 refuse and sewage sludge and their survival
 through the composting process. The second
 phase covered the insertion of certain patho-
 gens into the  composting refuse-sludge mix-
 ture and determining their  survival by the
 examination of samples withdrawn at various
 successive stages of the composting process.


 SUMMARY OF PROGRESS:  During Phase
 I, determinations were made on raw or par-
 tially digested sludge, refuse, and refuse-
 sludge mixtures for the following: total bac-
 terial counts at 35° C and 55° C for aerobes
 and anaerobes, total coliforms, Escherichia
 coli, salmonella, staphyloccoci-coagulase pos-
 itive, Streptococcus  faecalis,  enteroviruses,
 pathogenic fungi, and human and animal
 parasites.  A total of 602 samples was col-
 lected from 30 windrows,  refuse, sludge, and
refuse-sludge mixtures. These samples were
taken when the windrows were laid down, at
various intervals during the process, and on
the terminal day (49 to 56 days).
In all, 1,137 samples of bacteria, fungi, para-
sites, and viruses were inserted in 24  wind-
rows during Phase II. In conformity with
the previous work, the samples were planted
at various positions within the compost and
withdrawn at intervals  during the  process.
The studies showed that pathogen  destruc-
tion is achieved in the central mass of  wind-
rows  of  refuse-sludge  mixtures  during
normal composting where temperatures re-
main between 140° F and 160° F for  about
20  days.  The  windrows were turned  eight
or nine times in the 35 to 42 days on the
field in order to subject all material to the
high temperatures. It  was concluded that
properly managed windrow composting with
raw or partially digested sewage sludge will
result in a product that is safe for agricul-
tural  or  gardening  use.  Proper  manage-
ment consists of maintaining the moisture
content between 50 and 60 percent by weight,
turning with sufficient frequency to maintain
aerobic conditions, and carefully preparing
windrows before turning to insure thorough
mixing. Pathogens in compost do not repre-
sent any greater risk than other activities in
which man participates.  It is not planned to
publish the report on this contract because
the information is intended primarily for use
by the SWMO.
18

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                                                             THE EIMCO CORPORATION
COMPOSTING DEWATERED  SEWAGE SLUDGE
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-103
COST: $67,695
PROJECT START:  March 1967
PROJECT END: July 1968
CONTRACTOR
The Eimco Corporation
537 West Sixth South
Salt Lake City, Utah  84103

PROJECT DIRECTOR
J. L. Boyd
OBJECTIVE: To study the composting of
dewatered sewage sludge using a "mechani-
cal type" composter in order to provide  a
means of processing the sewage sludge  and
other organic types of sludge into an  end
product that is  odor free, devoid of  insect
life and pathogens,  easy to handle, and use-
ful for agricultural purposes.

APPROACH: Using facilities at Salt Lake
City's sewage treatment plant, a pilot plant
was constructed  by  Eimco  Corporation.
Thickened sludge was dewatered on a vacu-
um filter and conveyed to the mechanical
composter, which was equipped with stirring,
aerating, sampling, and measuring devices.
Tests were conducted to determine: (1)  the
limits of moisture  content  of sludge cake;
(2) necessary recycle ratios; (3) processing
capacity for the sewage sludge  in terms of
volume and time; (4) required air; (5) tem-
perature in various parts of the composting
mass; (6) chemical  and physical composition
of the final product; (7) influence of varying
feed rates;  (8) limits of batch feeding;  (9)
composition  of gas evolved from the com-
posting mix; (10) influence of chemicals used
for sludge conditioning before vacuum filtra-
tion. In addition, under a subcontract, the
University of Utah School of Medicine made
studies on the destruction of pathogenic bac-
teria,, fungi, cysts, and viruses in the  com-
posted material.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Characteristics
of the mechanical composted dewatered sew-
age sludge have been observed and recorded.
Weight, volume, moisture, and solids reduc-
tion have been observed at several retention
times.  Conspicuous effects  appeared  to  be
that of drying (80-88 percent reduction in
water), effective destruction of the organic
matter by the thermophilic  organisms, and
the destruction of pathogenic organisms inoc-
ulated into the system. Routine observations
have been made on temperature at various
places  throughout the composter, the  thor-
oughness of  mixing  of the material, the
rate of  gaseous emissions, and  the identifi-
cation of some of these gases. Various rela-
tionships have been established between the
rate of  air  flow into  the compost material,
the recycling rate, the mixing of the mate-
rial, and the composting temperature. The
final report has been published.
SHELL, G. L., and J. L. BOYD. Composting dewatered sewage sludge. Public Health Service Publication No.
        1936. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. 28 p.
                                                                               19

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ENVIRO-MED INC.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN  SOLID WASTE  MANAGEMENT
CONTRACT NO.  CPE 70-114
COST:  $34,826
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: April 1972
CONTRACTOR
Enviro-Med Inc.
Suite 316
7946Ivanhoe
La Jolla, Calif.  92037

PROJECT DIRECTOR
R. J. Hasterlik
 OBJECTIVE: The  study will analyze  solid
 waste management systems to determine if
 useful conclusions can be drawn on the na-
 ture, causes, and frequencies of accidents to
 employees engaged in solid waste  handling.
 Based upon this, the contractor will develop
 a plan for conducting a broad-based, detailed
 study that would provide statistically valid
 information  applicable to the entire  solid
 waste industry.
APPROACH: The contractor will conduct on-
site investigations of the records of six solid
waste management systems to determine and
compile the information available on the na-
ture,  causes, and frequencies  of  employee
accidents resulting from  the  handling  of
solid waste over the past four years. The in-
formation sources shall include both the pub-
lic and private  sectors of the solid  waste
industry. The sources  sampled will include
two solid waste handling systems each serv-
icing populations of  over  500,000, two sys-
tems each servicing  populations of 200,000
to 400,000, and two systems each servicing
populations of 20,000 to 100,000.
In addition to reviewing these records, the
contractor will study the records for the past
four years of State,  county, or municipal
health  departments,  workmen's  compensa-
tion boards, insurance companies, and other
agencies with records relating to the occupa-
tional health of  employees within the  solid
waste  handling  systems  included in  the
study.
Analysis  of the  data  will attempt to draw
conclusions about  the nature and rates of
accidents as they may be related to employee
age,  level of education, physical condition,
training,  safety programs, and similar fac-
tors.
It is hoped that the  comprehensive study,
which the contractor will plan, can define ma-
jor problem areas or conditions that account
for high accident rates and severity. If the
pilot study indicates that meaningful infor-
mation is not likely to be available on a na-
tional scale,  the feasibility  of other data-
gathering methods will be investigated.
20

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                                                               STUART FINLEY, INC.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ANNUAL FILM REPORT
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-111
COST:  $187,975
PROJECT START: June 1969
PROJECT END: November 1972
CONTRACTOR
Stuart Finley, Inc.
3428 Mansfield Road
Falls Church, Va. 22041

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Stuart Finley
OBJECTIVE:  To develop  film reports on
solid waste research, development, and dem-
onstration  activities to serve the Bureau's
basic responsibility for improving solid waste
management practice in the  United States
through dissemination of technical informa-
tion.

APPROACH:  Two separate  16-mm,  color,
sound, motion  picture films will be produced
each year that document selected planning,
demonstration, research and training grants,
and research  contracts—all funded by  the
SWMO.

One of the films is to be designed primarily
for showing to solid waste management pro-
fessionals, including but not limited to man-
agers, planners,  and technicians, as well as
public officials. This film will be 45 minutes
in length and more technically oriented than
the second film.

A 23-min film  will be designed to produce an
interesting, logically developed  story to in-
form the lay public entertainingly about the
most recent advances in solid  waste man-
agement.
A 15-min  color film  to explain "Mission
5000" will  be prepared for use  in meetings
or on television specials. Six sets of four
60-sec.  TV spots for use in explaining  and
eliciting public  support for  "Mission 5000"
will be  developed.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The Stuff We
Throw  Away, 22 min in length, and What's
New in Solid Waste Management, 37 min in
length,  both 16-mm motion pictures  with
sound and color, are completed. Copies of the
films can be borrowed from the National
Medical Audiovisual Center (Annex), Sta-
tion K, Atlanta, Georgia 30324.  Order num-
bers are M-2048-X and M-2049-X, respective-
ly. Prints may be purchased from the con-
tractor for $200 and $300, respectively. The
"Mission 5000" materials are in production
and will be provided  on  a pre-set delivery
schedule.
Films tell the story. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. Flyer. 6 p. Reprinted 1971. [Adden-
        dum inserted.]
                                                                            21

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FOSTER-MILLER ASSOCIATES, INC.
DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSEHOLD REFUSE GRINDER
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-115
COST:  $78,692
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: December 1971
CONTRACTOR
Foster-Miller Associates, Inc.
135 Second Avenue
Waltham, Mass. 02154

PROJECT DIRECTOR
John S. Rowland
OBJECTIVE: This is a two-phase project.
Phase I will establish the background data
required before a refuse grinder can be de-
veloped. Phase II will provide  preliminary
design and specifications, with approximate
costs, for the refuse grinder and the proper
safety controls with the capacity to macerate
typical household refuse and inject it into a
typical sanitary sewer.
 APPROACH: Phase I. The contractor  will
 determine if  the  average  sanitary  sewage
 system will be overloaded by the increase of
 solids (both dissolved and suspended) from
 the grinder process. If the sewers can handle
 the additional solids, the contractor  will de-
 termine the maximum solids content  and
 average particle size of the incoming refuse
 that can be easily transported by the sewers.
 From this research, a range of effluent solids
 content will be determined and  used  as  a
 basic design criterion of the grinder. Work
 will  be performed on a model gravity  sani-
 tary sewer system having  roughness coeffi-
 cients similar to  existing  sewer  lines  and
 with capabilities for variable slope and flow
and  means  for  injecting  and  extracting
refuse. Tests run on this apparatus will define
minimum flow rates for various refuse con-
centrations,  the  maximum  refuse volume
that can be transported, and types of mate-
rial expected to be deposited in sewer lines.
Modified sewage flow to  the treatment plant
will  be characterized  in terms of chemical
constituents and possible biological  effects.
Existing  treatment processes  will be  sur-
veyed, and recommendations made for their
improvement should they prove inadequate.
Design criteria most applicable for a house-
hold grinder will be developed. Particular em-
phasis will be placed on safety devices, modi-
fications  necessary  to household plumbing,
and  appropriate slurry  concentrations. The
study will also include cost/benefit analyses
for grinders capable  of grinding different
types of  wastes.

Phase II. Work on this phase will be contin-
gent upon successful completion of Phase I.
Only after a proper review of the first phase
results and on an authorization  to proceed
will the contractor begin the preliminary de-
sign and specifications for the grinder.
22

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                                    FRANKLIN INSTITUTE OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA
ABSTRACTING AND OTHER SERVICES
CONTRACT  NO.  PH  86-67-182
                      PH  86-68-194
COST: $328,727
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: July 1971
CONTRACTOR
Franklin Institute of the State
  of Pennsylvania
Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, Pa.  19103

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Alec Peters
OBJECTIVE: To  screen, acquire,  abstract,
index, and prepare for publication selected
patents from the United States and foreign
countries covering the period from 1945 to
1969, and to prepare annotated bibliographies
of refuse collection  and disposal literature
for the years 1964  through 1970. Also in-
cluded is preparation of manuscripts for an-
notated  bibliographies for  the years 1964
through 1969 and a world patent bibliog-
raphy on solid  waste management for the
years 1945 through  1969.

APPROACH: Compilation of patents will in-
clude only those patents covering significant
technological advances in the field of solid
wastes. One copy of each patent will be ar-
ranged by subject category and by accession
number, and a suitable table of contents will
be included. The work dealing with the  an-
notated bibliographies will include  document
selection,  checking for accuracy,  depth  of
coverage,  accession number,  grouping  by
category,  typing, proofreading, and index-
ing in order to submit the material for pub-
lication by the SWMO.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Approximately
12,000  abstracts have  been  prepared and
submitted. Many of the abstracted articles
will appear  in the  annotated bibliographies
for the years  1964 through  1970.
CONNOLLY, J.  A., and S. E. STAINBACK. Solid waste  management; abstracts  from the literature—1964.
        Public Health Service Publication  No  91-1964, Supplement G. Washington, U.S.  Government
        Printing Office, 1971.  280 p.
                                                                           28

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FRANKLIN INSTITUTE OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA

VERIFICATION OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-135
COST: $20,516
PROJECT START:  June 1970
PROJECT END: June 1971
CONTRACTOR
Franklin Institute of the State
  of Pennsylvania
Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, Pa. 19103

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Alec Peters
OBJECTIVE: To verify 2400 bibliographic
citations from contracts, grants, and re-
search studies sponsored by the SWMO.

APPROACH: The accuracy and completeness
of every element in each citation will be veri-
fied and then restyled in accordance with the
SWMO Mechanics of Style  manual.  Three
steps for source location will be used. If a
source cannot be located for verification in
three steps,  the reference will  be deemed
unverifiable. Verified references  will be re-
typed in the format specified by  the manual
on an  IBM Magnetic Tape Selectric Type-
writer (MTST) and proofread.  Error-free
hard copy MTST printouts and  the MTST
tape cassettes  will  be  submitted to the
SWMO.
24

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                                                GENERAL BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS, INC.
PUBLIC AWARENESS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM AND CASE  STUDY
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-122
COST:  $79,573
PROJECT START:  June 1970
PROJECT END:  August 1971
CONTRACTOR
General  Behavioral Systems,
  Inc.
Del Amo Financial Center
Torrance, Calif.  90503

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Barry Jensen
OBJECTIVE: To develop a survey question-
naire for measuring public  awareness  and
knowledge of  current solid waste practices,
problems, and solutions. An educational pro-
gram will be designed to increase this aware-
ness level. The questionnaire will be admin-
istered in one city, the educational program
carried out, and then the survey taken again.
APPROACH:  In the  development of the
questionnaire, particular attention  will be
paid to stratification and sampling proced-
ures that have a high probability of yielding
representative results. The procedure for se-
lecting a proper sample will be described in
a manual; the method for analyzing and in-
terpreting the results will also be included.
An interviewer's instruction manual for ad-
ministering the questionnaire  will be pre-
pared. The information and education pro-
gram will  be described in a separate report.
A case study report will be written for the
city in which the attitudes were measured
before and after the educational program in
the study.
                                                                        26

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GENERAL BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS, INC.
EFFECTS OF DISPOSAL SITES UPON PROPERTY VALUES
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-133
COST: $99,958
PROJECT START:  June 1970
PROJECT END:  November 1971
CONTRACTOR
General Behavioral Systems,
  Inc.
Del Amo Financial Center
Torrance, Calif. 90503

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Barry Jensen
OBJECTIVE: To provide a basis for  cost-
benefit analysis of solid waste land disposal
practices by:  (1) designing a methodology
for assessing the effect of land disposal sites
on the  value of surrounding real estate;
(2) identifying the variables which deter-
mine the size of these effects; and (3) quan-
tifying  these findings, where possible,  in
terms of a model describing the relationship
between landfill  operations and changes in
land and real estate values.

APPROACH: Twenty sample sites will  be
selected. There will be four inadequate sites
(or dumps), 10 sanitary landfills that  have
been converted from dumps, and six sanitary
landfills  (as  originally  established).  The
areas around each site will be defined and
data requirements, sampling procedures, real
estate data collection procedures, and popu-
lation sampling procedures will be developed.
Data collection will include:  (1)  historical
sales data,  data  on sales  of  comparable
homes, or data used in other valuation meth-
ods to determine the effect of the sites on
property values ; (2)  data on the factors as-
sociated with each  site which may influence
property values ; and  (3)  data on other vari-
ables such  as  demographic  and  economic
trends.
The data will be  analyzed through: (1) a
predictive study to develop a mathematical
model to forecast  the effects  of solid waste
land disposal sites on property values, using
linear and nonlinear  regression techniques;
and (2)  an  analytical study to explain  the
relationships of the various factors affecting
values for particular sites. Both a statistical
modeling and case  history approach will be
used.
26

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                                                    GENERAL SYSTKMS INDDSTRIES, INC.
FACTORS INFLUENCING CITIZENS'  ATTITUDES  AND RESPONSES
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-107
COST: $89,502
PROJECT  START:  May 1969
PROJECT  END:  October 1970
CONTRACTOR
General Systems Industries, Inc.
Del Amo Financial Center
Torrance, Calif. 90503

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Barry Jensen
 OBJECTIVE: To investigate those psycho-
 metric factors that influence human behavior
 with regard to proposed solutions  to solid
 waste systems, and to determine the present
 attitudes of citizens  to these problems.
 APPROACH: An attitude and opinion sur-
 vey will be conducted that is representative
 of the entire population.  The socioeconomic
 characterization of  the respondents as well
 as identity  of the  participants  initiating,
 supporting, opposing, and negotiating solid
 waste management decisions will be made.
 Attitudes of citizens toward solid waste prob-
 lems and their current solutions will be de-
 termined and related to background factors
 such as sex, age, occupation, and income. A
 determination will be made on how these at-
 titudes change under the influence of new
 information, persuasive  intervention,  and
 incentives.
 The  successful and  unsuccessful establish-
 ment of solid waste disposal sites  and public
 opposition to the operation of existing sites
 will be examined through  an analysis of pub-
lic and private records of the decision-mak-
ing process.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A draft  final
report was submitted that contains a descrip-
tion of the data collection instruments  used
in the study, analysis of attitudes and opin-
ions of people living up to three miles from
disposal sites in 10 cities, estimates of the
perceived seriousness of solid waste disposal
problems,  estimates of  public and official
knowledge of sanitary landfill operation, sum-
maries describing actual solid waste opera-
tion in the 10 cities studied, analysis of orga-
nizations that have protested solid waste dis-
posal operations in three cities, comparison of
attitudes, opinions,  and  distance from site
between people objecting to solid waste dis-
posal  operation and people  not objecting,
analysis of public officials' site selection de-
cision-making processes  in  10  cities, com-
munication materials and demonstration of
their use to influence public opinion. Review
of this draft has been completed, and a  final
report is in preparation.
                                                                              27

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THE GILLETTE EESEAECH INSTITUTE
PHOTODEGRADATION  OF CELLULOSE AND WASTE PAPER
CONTRACT NO.  68-03-0006
COST:  $50,000*
PROJECT START:
  January 1971
PROJECT END: July 1972
CONTRACTOR
The Gillette Research Institute
1413 Research Boulevard
Rockville, Maryland 20850

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Geoffrey Frohnsdorff
OBJECTIVE: To determine the technical and
economic feasibility of a photochemical pre-
treatment process that enhances the degrada-
tion of cellulosic wastes. Cellulose might then
be more easily assimilated by  various utili-
zation processes.
APPROACH: The contractor will establish
the conditions for sensitized photodegrada-
tion of waste cellulose. The cellulosic mate-
rials to be studied are cellophane, purified
soft  wood, kraft  paper,  and hydrapulped
refuse.  Specific environmental conditions to
be established  are—temperature,  relative
humidity, illumination,  and the selection of
a sensitizing photodegradation agent. The
effect of this photodegradation process will
be assessed  by measuring certain  physical
and chemical properties and increased rates
of biodegradation obtained in fermentation
processes. This  project, if  successful, will
provide relevant data on cellulose  photode-
gradation to be used in the development of
economical waste  cellulose  recycling proc-
esses.
  * Federal share: $1,000
   Contractor contribution: $49,000
28

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                                                             GREENLEAF/TELESCA
OPERATION  BREAKTHROUGH

CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-136
COST:  $64,506*
PROJECT START:  June 1970
PROJECT END: June 1971
CONTRACTOR
Greenleaf/Telesca
1451 Brickell Avenue
Miami, Fla. 33131

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Bruce C. Pearl
  * Funded by reimbursible Housing and Urban  Development funds.
OBJECTIVE:  To  provide technical assist-
ance to "Operation Breakthrough" of the De-
partment of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment (HUD).
APPROACH: The  contractor will perform
individual site analyses and  determinations
of site characteristics  that will  influence
solid waste  management systems. Possible
techniques that may be used will be evalu-
ated. These include existing methods as well
as those which may be applicable when tried.
Candidate systems that would be appropriate
for  "Operation Breakthrough" housing and
which promise high chances of success will
be developed. In conjunction with this, a pro-
cedure will be established that can be used
for  selecting a  candidate system for each
site, and each system-site combination will
be assigned a priority ranking. After com-
pleting this work, the contractor will submit
the  findings of the study and a plan for a
separate contract, which is expected to in-
clude such items as pilot scale testing,  per-
formance  evaluation criteria, system instal-
lation, planning for operation and  mainte-
nance, and testing of the completed systems.
 GREENLEAF/TELESCA. Solid waste management in residential complexes. Washington, U.S. Government Print-
        ing Office, 1971. [419 p.]
                                                                           29

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SAMUEL A. HART
COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGY AND COMPOST  UTILIZATION IN
EUROPE
CONTRACT NO.  PH  86-67-13
COST: $10,000
PROJECT START:  August 1966
PROJECT END:  June 1967
CONTRACTOR
Samuel A. Hart
720 Anderson Road
Davis, Calif. 95616

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Samuel A. Hart
OBJECTIVE: To investigate composting and
other biodegradation techniques as practiced
in Europe and to evaluate the utilization of
the products.
APPROACH:  Information and  data were
gathered by on-site investigation and per-
sonal interviews with  key personnel. Com-
parative descriptions of plant processes, ref-
use  handling techniques, and  ways  that
compost is utilized from the  various opera-
tions were obtained. Data were collected and
analyses made of capital and operating costs
for various processes  and marketability  of
the products.  In  addition to the technical
evaluations, the author considered  related
health  aspects, areas  of needed future re-
search, and methods used to monitor proc-
esses.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report, en-
titled  Solid  Waste  Management/Compost-
ing;  European Activity  and American Po-
tential, was submitted in fulfillment of the
contract. It contains detailed findings of the
European survey  and proposals for future
American research  and  practice.  Chapters
are devoted to the  survey of 14  European
composting plants, compost utilization in Eu-
rope, European research in  compost manu-
facture and use, the potential for composting
and compost utilization in the United States,
and recommedations for U.S. composting re-
search. The report has been published  and
is available from the SWMO.
HART, S. A. Solid waste management/composting; European activity and American potential. Public Health
        Service Publication No. 1826. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. 40 p.
30

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                                                                 SAMUEL A. HART
SOLID WASTES  MANAGEMENT IN GERMANY
CONTRACT NO.  PH 86-67-257
COST:  $2,000
PROJECT START: July 1967
PROJECT END: August 1967
CONTRACTOR
Samuel A. Hart
720 Anderson Road
Davis, Calif. 95616

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Samuel A. Hart
OBJECTIVE: To observe and study German
practices  in solid waste management,  re-
search, and technology in order to determine
their applicability in the United States.
APPROACH: Eight American engineers and
scientists spent 2 weeks on a waste manage-
ment study tour in Europe. After attending
the Ninth Congress of the International As-
sociation of Public Cleansing technical meet-
ing in Paris, they then toured Germany in
order to evaluate  garbage and refuse han-
dling, and disposal facilities. The team visit-
ed the cities of Berlin, Munich, Rosenheim,
Frankfurt,  Schweinfurt,  Diisseldorf,  and
Duisburg.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A detailed re-
port of the U.S. study team visit has been
submitted in fulfillment of the terms of this
contract. This report has been  published by
the SWMO and  is available from the Super-
intendent of Documents,  U.S.  Government
Printing Office, Washington, B.C. 20402. The
report discusses the findings of the study
team under the  general headings of charac-
teristics and changes in  European solid
wastes, domestic refuse storage and collec-
tion,  landfilling,  composting, and incinera-
tion.
HART, S. A. Solid wastes management in Germany; report of the U.S. Solid Wastes Study Team visit, June
       25-July 8, 1967. Public Health Service Publication No. 1812. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
       Office, 1968. 18 p.
                                                                           31

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JOHN F. HOLMAN & CO., INC.
CHRONICLE OF ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS  IN SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONTRACT NO. CPE R-70-0016
COST:  $5,008
PROJECT START:
   February 1970
PROJECT END:  June 1970
CONTRACTOR
John F. Holman & Co., Inc.
1346 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, B.C.  20036

PROJECT DIRECTOR
John F. Holman
OBJECTIVE: To complete a comprehensive
report on the progress of solid waste man-
agement since enactment of the 1965 Solid
Waste Disposal  Act  (Public Law 89-272).
Demand for information to be contained in
this  report  has come from Congress,  the
SWMO,  other government  agencies,  indus-
try, and the public.
APPROACH: The report will be introduced
with a statement of the solid waste problem.
Background  information  will then be sup-
plied, leading to a discussion of the 1965 Act
itself. The SWMO will receive detailed cov-
erage. Grants-in-aid programs, contracts, in-
house operations  (R&D,  technical services,
training, information, etc.),  Regional Office
activities, and liaison operations with other
Federal agencies will be  described.
Initiating a national effort to improve solid waste management. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of-
       fice, 1971. 107 p.
32

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                                                              IIT KESBABCH INSTITUTE
FEASIBILITY STUDY — DISPOSAL OF POLYETHYLENE PLASTIC
WASTE
CONTRACT NO.  PH 86-67-274
COST:  $63,485
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: September 1968
CONTRACTOR
IIT Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago, 111.  60616

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Gene Zerlaut
 OBJECTIVE:  To determine  by laboratory
 and pilot testing the feasibility of alternate
 methods of disposal of polyethylene plastic
 wastes.

 APPROACH: This project is being conducted
 by the staff of Polymer Research at Illinois
 Institute of Technology Research Institute,
 and is being carried out in two phases as
 follows:
 Phase I  will be a literature survey covering:
 (1) plastic reclamation; (2) present methods
 of plastic disposal; (3) basic properties of
 resins and components;  (4) analytical  and
 identifying methods for resins, components,
 and degradation products; (5) possible mod-
 ifications of  present plastic disposal  meth-
 ods ; (6) the use of stress cracking to reduce
 plastic waste bulk; (7)  plastic waste disposal
 products and their effect on air and waste
 pollution.
 Through laboratory and pilot testing,  the
 feasibility of alternate methods of disposal
 of polyethylene plastic  wastes will be deter-
 mined as Phase II. Economics, safety, ease
of operation, and other factors governing
potential community acceptance of alternate
methods will be carefully evaluated.

SUMMARY  OF PROGRESS:  As the first
phase of this project, a very thorough litera-
ture  search  was  conducted, the results of
which were summarized in detail in the final
report. In  the  second phase of the project,
experimental studies were made to determine
the feasibility  of alternate methods  of  dis-
posal of polyethylene plastic wastes. Despite
the difficulties  incurred by the inertness of
polyethylene  plastic,   these  experiments
showed that chemical treatment can modify
the mechanical, thermal, and  biochemical
properties  of the material in such a way as
to facilitate its ultimate  disposal. Of par-
ticular importance  were the findings that
oxidative treatment of polyethylene by acids
and nitration by red fuming nitric acid re-
sulted in pronounced  embrittlement of this
otherwise  flexible plastic,  lowered the heat
of combustion  of the  plastic, and  enhanced
its utilization by bacteria (Pseudomonas).
GUTFBEUND, K. Feasibility study of the disposal of polyethylene plastic waste. Public Health Service Publi-
        cation No. 2010. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 45 p.
                                                                               33

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IONICS, INC.

CONVERTING SOLID WASTE  MATERIALS INTO YEAST
CONTRACT NO.  PH 86-67-204
COST:  $30,000
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END:  February 1968
CONTRACTOR
Ionics, Inc.
65 Grove Street
Watertown, Mass. 02172
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Daniel L. Brown
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether various
kinds of solid wastes—mixed and unmixed
—can compete as sources of yeast for animal
protein additives and other uses, and whether
the size of the probable market  for yeast
warrants developing processes for the con-
version of solid wastes.

APPROACH: An economic evaluation of the
overall concept of  converting solid waste
materials into yeast was made. The study
included  economic  consideration  of  solid
wastes as raw material, including questions
of abundance and stable supply,  locational
cost and costs of preparation, ease of hy-
drolysis, and  chemical composition of hy-
drolysate. Various types of  solid wastes  in-
 vestigated included mixed municipal wastes,
 waste paper, and agricultural process wastes.

 SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final re-
 port, containing six sections with appendices,
 was  published. The report  includes a com-
 parative discussion of the  economic feasi-
 bility of using waste newsprint, bagasse,
 and  mixed  refuse as  raw  materials  in the
 production  of yeast  and protein additives.
 Suggested  hydrolysis  and  fermentation
 processes for these raw materials are pre-
 sented, and the costs of production are com-
 pared with those for  soy,  cotton seed, fish,
 and  animal protein. Included also is a dis-
 cussion of the market demand for any large
 quantities  of  yeast from solid waste.
MELLER, F. H. Conversion of organic solid wastes into yeast; an economic evaluation. Public Health Service
        Publication No. 1909. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 173 p.
 34

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                                 INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
INCENTIVES FOR SOLID  WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-017
COST:  $2,492
PROJECT START:
   January 1970
PROJECT END:  March 1970
CONTRACTOR
International Research and
  Technology Corporation
1225 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, B.C. 20036

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robert U. Ayres
 OBJECTIVE: To  provide  a  working plan
 articulating a one-year and a five-year strat-
 egy in regard to  regulatory  and  economic
 alternatives that  would  produce  positive
 changes in solid waste management through
 "incentives."

 APPROACH: Two action plans will be de-
 veloped setting forth,  respectively, a one-
 and a five-year planning program for the
 development of regulatory and economic in-
 centives for improving solid waste manage-
 ment. The plans will  concentrate, first, to-
 ward increasing reuse of  substances or ob-
jects otherwise discarded, and second, to en-
courage improvement in the form or char-
acteristics of substances or objects to be dis-
carded, or the circumstances of their dispo-
sition. Priorities will be designated among
the goals to be achieved and the programs
for achieving them. Estimates of time and
cost will be developed for each procedure that
is identified.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report, set-
ting forth the one-year and five-year plans,
has been prepared for use by the SWMO.
                                                                         35

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 INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
 INCENTIVES FOR TIRE RECYCLING AND REUSE
 CONTRACT NO.  CPE R-70-0047
 COST: $52,000
 PROJECT START: June 1970
 PROJECT END: June 1971
CONTRACTOR
International Research and
   Technology Corporation
1225 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washing-ton, B.C.  20036

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robert U. Ay res
 OBJECTIVE: To perform a thorough analy-
 sis of the total tire cycle, evaluating sepa-
 rately each major industry segment. Strat-
 egies to be applied to the entire system to
 improve  recycling  and  reuse  will  be  de-
 veloped.

 APPROACH:  An  overall narrative  and
 graphic model of the total tire cycle will be
 prepared. A detailed flow and process chart
 denning the scope of current operations and
 techniques will be developed for each major
 relevant industry segment. A decision-logic
 approach will indicate where and by whom
key decisions are made. Particular attention
will be paid to barriers that affect decisions
related to recycling. A number of strategies
designed to improve recycling will be formu-
lated. These strategies will have applicabil-
ity to the total tire system and may include
such factors as economic incentives,  regu-
latory actions,  education, and research and
development. Each one will then be evaluated
from an  overall model approach so that the
best strategy can  be  selected. Study will
thereafter focus upon administrative and
legislative needs for implementation of the
recommendations.
36

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                                                         LOUIS KOENIG RESEARCH
THE  COST OF MUNICIPAL INCINERATION
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-184
COST:  $34,971
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END:  February 1970
CONTRACTOR
Louis Koenig Research
Route 10, Box 108
San Antonio, Tex.  78213
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Louis Koenig
OBJECTIVE: To obtain  comparative cost
and engineering audits of municipal inciner-
ation as actually incurred and actually prac-
ticed in order to obtain data upon which to
project the cost of future incinerator instal-
lations.

APPROACH: Data will be collected on those
elements of available plant information that
make up the  cost of incineration. The unit
investments, pertinent design factors,  and
various other components of incinerator cost
will be statistically analyzed from selected
model type plants. The data and information
obtained  will  provide  public officials,  plan-
ners, economists, etc., with the level of costs
to be anticipated and the ranges and central
tendencies to be expected in wholesale stud-
ies of solid waste economics.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A final report
was submitted and is available for review in
the SWMO in  Rockville, Maryland. No publi-
cation is  planned.
                                                                        87

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 LOUIS KOENIG RESEARCH
 MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE ELECTRICAL HOME APPLIANCE
 INDUSTRY
 CONTRACT NO.  CPE 69-4
 COST:  $31,720
 PROJECT START: May 1969
 PROJECT END:  May 1971
 CONTRACTOR
 Louis Koenig Research
 Route 10, Box 108
 San Antonio, Tex. 78213

 PROJECT DIRECTOR
 Louis Koenig
 OBJECTIVE:  To study and evaluate  the
 solid waste management  practices  of  the
 electrical home appliance industry, SIC 363.

 APPROACH: Information and data  will be
 collected on the following items  of the elec-
 trical home appliance industry on a national
 basis:  (1) total number of industrial plants,
 employment, capital value of the plants, and
 quantities and types of products produced;
 (2)  past development  and production pat-
 terns within the industry  indicating pres-
 ent trends, new technology, and future  de-
 velopment; (3) flow  diagrams for the basic
 production processes; (4) location of  the in-
 dustries with particular notation of produc-
 tion centers in the country; (5) identification
 of the quantity (weight) and quality (char-
 acter)  of solid waste generated;  (6) corre-
 lation  of  solid waste  production  with  a
 readily available universal parameter of the
 plant; (7)  identification and analysis  of cur-
 rent storage, collection, and disposal practices
of the industry; (8) amount of money being
spent for storage, collection, treatment, and
disposal of solid waste for the industry;
(9) analysis of the future trends of solid
waste management within  the industry and
factors that might influence them, such as
reuse.
This data and information will be gathered
by a literature  review and personal inter-
views. The  final phase of the project  will
consist of data evaluation and analysis.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS:  Information
was gathered on the total number of plants,
location, employment, capital value, and pro-
duction.  The contractor developed a ques-
tionnaire to be used for data collection from
a selected  group of establishments,  and  a
sampling (interview) plan. Liaison was es-
tablished and  support  was promised from
the Association  of Home Appliance Manu-
facturers and  the Gas  Appliance Manufac-
turing Association.
38

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                                                               BENJAMIN LINSKY
HEALTH EFFECTS  OF  AIR POLLUTION RELATED TO  S
WASTES
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-129
COST:  $3,000
PROJECT START: May 1966
PROJECT END:  October 1966
CONTRACTOR
Benjamin Linsky
1360 Anderson Avenue
Morgantown, W. Va.  26505

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Benjamin Linsky
OBJECTIVE: To obtain a thorough evalua-
tion  of the relationships of  air pollution,
health, and solid waste disposal practices.
APPROACH: An in-depth literature search,
including law literature and judicial findings,
was conducted on health-related aspects of
air pollution and solid wastes. The informa-
tion obtained was used to integrate current
knowledge about solid wastes, air pollution,
and the relationships of air pollutants orig-
inating from solid wastes to various health
problems.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report en-
titled  "Health Effects  of Air Pollution Re-
lated to Solid Waste" was submitted in ful-
fillment of the contract. The findings included
in the report  are  in four general subject
areas: (1) general and specific information
on solid waste  management problems; (2)
specific solid waste disposal methods ; (3) air
pollutants both as they relate to solid wastes
and in general; (4) the health effects of air
pollution resulting specifically from organized
and disorganized solid waste  handling and
disposal. Fifty-two  specific  health  effects
are included. The  report is  intended for
SWMO use. No publication is planned.
                                                                           39

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ARTHUR I). LITTLE, INC.

INCENTIVES FOR PLASTIC RECYCLING AND REUSE
CONTRACT NO. CPE R-70-0048
COST: $99,356
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END:  May 1971
CONTRACTOR
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Acorn Park
Cambridge, Mass. 02140

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Jack Milgrom
OBJECTIVE: To perform a thorough analy-
sis  of the entire  plastics  cycle, evaluating
separately each major industry  segment.
Strategies for application  to the total  sys-
tem to improve recycling and reuse will be
developed.
APPROACH: An overall narrative and gra-
phic model of the plastics  cycle will be pre-
pared. A detailed flow and process chart de-
nning the  scope of current operations and
techniques will be developed for each major
industry segment. A decision-logic approach
will indicate where and by  whom key de-
cisions  are made. Particular attention will
be paid to barriers that affect decisions re-
lated to recycling. A number of strategies
designed to improve recycling will be formu-
lated. These strategies will have applicabil-
ity to the total plastics cycle and may include
economic incentives, regulatory actions, edu-
cation, research and development, etc. Each
one will then be evaluated from an overall
model approach so that the best strategy
can be selected. Study  will thereafter focus
upon administrative and  legislative needs
for implementation of the recommendations.
40

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                                                               LITTON SYSTEMS, INC.
MANAGEMENT STUDY —THE  DRUG  INDUSTRY
CONTEACT NO. CPE 69-7
COST: $85,276
PROJECT START:  May 1969
PROJECT END: July 1971
CONTRACTOR
Litton Systems, Inc.
Environmental Systems Center
3641 Santa Rosa Road
Camarillo, Calif. 93010

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Ralph Sullivan
OBJECTIVE: To study and evaluate the solid
waste management practices of the drug
industry, SIC  283.

APPROACH:  Information and data will be
collected on the following items of the drug
industry on a national basis: (1) total num-
ber of industrial plants, employment, capital
value of the plants, and quantities and types
of products produced; (2)  past development
and  production patterns  within the indus-
try indicating present trends, new technol-
ogy, and future development; (3)  flow dia-
grams for the basic  production processes;
(4) location of the industries with particular
notation of production centers in the coun-
try;  (5)  identification  of  the  quantity
(weight) and quality (character)  of solid
waste generated;  (6)  correlation of solid
waste production with a  readily  available
universal parameter of the plant;  (7) iden-
tification and analysis of current  storage,
collection, and disposal practices of the indus-
try; (8) amount  of money being spent  for
storage,  collection, treatment, and  disposal
of solid waste for the industry; (9) analysis
of the future trends of solid waste manage-
ment within the  industry and factors  that
might influence them,  such as reuse, etc.
All data and information will be gathered
by means  of a literature review and  field
interviews.  The final phase of this project
will be data analysis and evaluation.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The literature
review, numerical structuring of  the plants
by SIC groups, and statistical sample sizing
for field interviews were completed. Liaison
was  established  with  the  Pharmaceutical
Manufacturers Association  and, with their
assistance, a draft of the questionnaire was
developed.  The field  interview format  was
tested at three plants and revised. About 50
percent  (16) of the  plant interviews have
been completed. Case  study style write-ups
have been prepared on all visits. Information
will show solid waste quantities,  types, and
management practices.  The individual plant
studies, together with  data about  the indus-
try, will be  the basis for the final report. A
preliminary draft report  has been received
and is undergoing SWMO review.
                                                                              41

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LOS ANGELES COUNTY

MOTION PICTURE ON  SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
CONTRACT NO. PH
   OS-DQ-66-109
 COST: $10,500
 PROJECT START: June 1966
 PROJECT END: September 1968
CONTRACTOR
County Sanitation Districts of
  Los Angeles County
Solid Wastes  Engineering
  Section
2020 Beverly Boulevard
Los Angeles, Calif. 90057

PROJECT DIRECTOR
John D. Parkhurst
 OBJECTIVE: To use audiovisual media for
 communicating basic knowledge of sanitary
 landfilling techniques and guidelines for ac-
 cepting disposal of urban solid wastes.

 APPROACH: Locations and descriptive nar-
 ratives were chosen  to describe  successful
 landfill techniques. Sections of the film are
 devoted to site selection, equipment require-
 ments, climate influences, operating proced-
 ures,  topography and soil conditions, storm
 drainage, final contour planning, and ultimate
 use of the completed fill.
 While much of the film concerns deep filling
 —landfills of 200 tons per  day capacity or
 greater—much of the .information can, with
 judgment, be applied to smaller facilities.
 Designed for technical  audiences.

 SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A 16-mm mo-
tion picture film in color with sound, 24 min-
utes  in length, entitled Sanitary  Landfill,-
One Part Earth to  Four Parts Refuse, was
submitted in fulfillment of the contract. The
film covers all aspects of landfill  planning
and operation. Copies of the film (Order No.
M-1740-X) can be borrowed from:

    National Medical Audiovisual  Center
    (Annex)
    Station K
    Atlanta,  Georgia 30324
and purchased for  $97.75 f.o.b. Washington
from:
    Capital Film Laboratories, Inc.
    470 E Street, S.W.
    Washington, B.C. 20024
Supporting publications include a promotion-
al flyer and  a written version of the film
narrative.
 42

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                                                          LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY
PRODUCTION OF EDIBLE PROTEINS FROM  CELLULOSIC  WASTES
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-152
CONTRACTOR
Louisiana State University
Department of Chemical
   Engineering
Baton Rouge, La.  70803
 COST:  $74,230
 PROJECT START:  June 1968
 PROJECT END:  October 1970
PROJECT DIRECTORS
Claydon D. Callihan
Ralph W. Pike
 OBJECTIVE:  To construct  a pilot  plant
 which  will handle  various cellulosic sub-
 strates and which will aid in  evaluation of
 the  technical  and  economic feasibility  of
 continually producing single cell protein  by
 fermentation of cellulose-containing wastes.

 APPROACH: The process  is designed as a
 continuous operation  in  which   cellulosic
 wastes are ground, chemically treated, and
 continuously sterilized with the sterile cel-
 lulose slurry fed to  a fermenter whose  se-
 lected  organisms degrade and  metabolize
 the cellulose.  The microorganisms and un-
 disgested  cellulose  are then directed to a
 harvesting section where the single cell pro-
 tein is separated from  the growth media
 and dried. Methods for the complete evalua-
 tion of the yields from any substrate; the
 residence of time in  the reactor required by
 any  particular pretreatment;  the  aeration
 and nutrient requirement for the most eco-
 nomic growth rates; the BOD and  COD de-
 mands of the feed  and product;  and the
 equipment to determine the best harvesting
 techniques for the microorganism grown on
 the cellulose  substrate complete the pilot
 assembly.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A pilot plant
has been constructed at the National Aero-
nautics  and Space Administration's Missis-
sippi Test Facility, Bay Saint Louis, Mis-
sissippi. In conjunction with the pilot unit,
a  chemical and  microbiological  analytical
laboratory has also  been established. The
fermentation unit is capable of carrying out
any liquid phase fermentation, aerobically or
anaerobically,  using any organism, on either
a batch or continuous basis. The fermenta-
tion unit is one of the more flexible-instru-
mented units in the United States. Complete
facilities for cell separation and harvesting
are also available.

The pilot unit has been operational since
approximately  September 1, 1969. The  ini-
tial operation  of the pilot unit has utilized
sugar cane bagasse  as  the cellulosic sub-
strate. The single cell protein produced is a
light brown to yellow powder having a crude
protein content of from 50 to 60 percent.

A comprehensive report describing the pilot
plant construction, initial start up, and initial
pilot runs has been submitted in fulfillment
of  the  terms  of this  contract.
CALLIHAN, C. D., and C. E. DUNLAP. Construction of a chemical-microbial pilot plant for production of a
      single-cell protein from cellulosic wastes. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 126 p.
                                                                               43

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MARTIN-MARIETTA CORPORATION
PILOT DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM
 CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-131
 COST: $67,845
 PROJECT START:  June 1970
 PROJECT END:  June 1971
CONTRACTOR
Martin-Marietta Corporation
Orlando Division
P.O. Box 5837
Orlando, Fla. 32805
PROJECT DIRECTOR
James Gillean
 OBJECTIVE: To develop a pilot-scale data
 network in order to test and evaluate alter-
 native data  acquisition  and  analysis  sys-
 tems, thus providing a foundation for the
 implementation of a complete network. The
 data  processing  system will  analyze  and
 report the information that it receives as
 input,  with computer progra'ms remaining
 flexible so that modifications  and new  re-
 quirements can be easily included.
 APPROACH: Data of five types (legislation,
 administration and management, solid waste
 generation, characterization, and solid waste
 management systems)  will be considered.
The contractor and SWMO personnel  will
gather data of the last three types from at
least one, and not more than three, Stand-
ard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Forms,
procedures,  and sampling schemes  will be
developed. Solid waste will be separated  into
the following categories:  metal products,
glass products, paper products, food wastes,
textiles, plastics, rubber, leather, wood, yard
wastes, and inerts. Output definition will be
initiated in  three  areas:  generation  and
characterization, collection, and disposal.  The
computer programs to be developed will be
compatible with the IBM 360-50 system and,
in  general, with computer  systems accept-
ing punch card and magnetic tape inputs.
44

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                                                        MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
PACKAGING MATERIALS AND WASTE  DISPOSAL
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-114
COST: $67,368
PROJECT START: March 1967
PROJECT END: December 1968
CONTRACTOR
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Mo.  64110

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Arsen J. Darnay, Jr.
OBJECTIVE: To determine  the  present
packaging material mix and its relation  to
disposal of the materials.  To project the
trends in packaging materials types and vol-
umes to the year 1976 together with their
potential technical and economic effects  on
disposal.  To  suggest  means  of  effecting
changes in packaging technology and use  so
as to mitigate the problems of disposal.

APPROACH: A product-by-product analysis
of packaging materials, covering historical
development and a 10-year forecast (to 1976)
of material composition and configurations,
competitive relations,  industry sources and
factors affecting the markets, quantities con-
sumed, and quantities reclaimed, reused,  or
disposed of as waste, was  undertaken. At-
tempts were made to describe the technolog-
ical and convenience factors affecting pack-
aging materials development and packaging
waste generation  problems to give an analy-
sis  of  packaging  material  disposability  in
terms of combustibility, compactibility, de-
gradability, return  for reuse, and  salvage.
Means  for  alleviating the waste  disposal
problems arising from the projected  1976
volumes and types  of packaging materials
were also developed and evaluated.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final report
discusses the outlook for packaging mate-
rials and solid waste management in  1976
in terms of the base year 1966. Separate sec-
tions are devoted to major packaging mate-
rial categories. The relative disposability of
the different packaging materials are  con-
sidered,  and alternative policies  and devices
for mitigating the solid waste problems  aris-
ing from the use of packaging materials are
discussed.
A contract supplement called for a study of
nonpackaging paper in solid waste manage-
ment, and a report on this subject has  been
published.
DARNAY, A., and W. E. FRANKLIN.  The, role of packaging in solid waste management, 1966 to 1976. Public
        Health Service Publication No. 1855. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 205 p.
FRANKLIN, W. E., and A. DARNAY. The role of nonpackaging paper in solid waste management, 1966 to
        1976. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 76 p.
                                                                              45

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MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

SALVAGE MARKETS FOR RECOVERABLE SOLID WASTE MATERIALS
 CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-3
 COST:  $123,331
 PROJECT START: May 1969
 PROJECT END: May 1971
CONTRACTOR
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City. Mo. 64110

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Arsen J. Darnay, Jr.
 OBJECTIVE: To provide an economic evalu-
 ation of the marketing of recoverable solid
 waste material.

 APPROACH:  The  contractor will  define,
 evaluate, and project the markets for re-
 coverable solid waste materials. An investi-
 gation of the market prospects for materials
 recovered or reclaimed from solid wastes will
 emphasize three major areas: the structural
 framework of the market; the influence of
 prices, price differential, and price volatility
 on market prospects; and an assessment of
 the quantitative requirements for recover-
 able materials. Within municipal operations,
 data will be sought on salvage quantities,
 revenue, and costs of present operations. The
 secondary material  markets, including the
 roles of private  enterprise and of nonprofit
 organizations, will be researched. The tech-
 nical processes available or required for the
 separation,  recovery, or preparation for re-
 sale or reuse will be  reviewed. Paper, metals,
 glass and  ceramics, organic materials, and
 several miscellaneous items will be examined
in detail. The study will concentrate in four
regional markets and 10 cities.
The contract was  amended to provide for
two interim reports on special aspects of re-
cycling for SWMO  guidance in preparing in-
ternal decision documents on possible legis-
lative  recommendations. The two areas cov-
ered were beverage containers  and paper
products. The amendment provided addition-
al funds and an extension of time. A further
time extension was given to  cover the new
standard SWMO review procedures.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS:  The two inter-
im reports referred to above were completed
in April 1970. All  field and research work
called  for under the contract is complete,
and the main report in preliminary draft
form has been submitted. A questionnaire to
elicit information for a catalog of municipal
salvage operations was mailed out in August
1970 to mayors of cities of 10,000 and over,
and the results will be recorded in an appen-
dix to  the report. A preliminary draft report
has been received and is undergoing review.
46

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                                                        MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CONTRACT NO. EHS-C-71-0002
COST: $112,580
PROJECT START:  August 1970
PROJECT END:  November 1971
CONTRACTOR
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Mo.  64110

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Arsen J. Darnay, Jr.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this contract
is to create a total plan for basic research
and applied  research and  development to
bring about new and improved technological
and economic systems for reduction of the
amount of solid waste generated, increased
amounts of solid waste recycled, and new and
improved systems  for storage,  collection,
processing,  and disposal.  The end-product
of the contract will  be used as a tool by the
SWMO to implement research and develop-
ment  in the  areas of emphasis identified
through the program-planning system.

Supplemental  objectives of the contract are
to re-evaluate economic and technical factors
relative to certain other major Office contract
efforts,  and to provide specific planning in
connection therewith.
 APPROACH: The contractor will:
 a. Survey and evaluate the results of com-
 pleted research carried out through: (1) re-
 search  grants,  (2)  demonstration  grants,
 (3) research contracts,  (4) intramural re-
 search, and (5) other related research.
 b. Review the results of broad policy studies
addressing the problem of solid waste man-
agement.
c. Using the operating research and develop-
ment  matrix  and  systems-analysis  ap-
proaches, develop a time-sequenced, compre-
hensive,  resource-sensitive plan for identify-
ing, plotting, and sequencing the research
and development requirements and steps to
be taken at various  scales in the overall re-
search and development effort.
d. Provide a detailed PERT-type working
diagram charting the time- and resource-
sequenced steps.

e. Provide estimates of costs in dollars and
manpower associated with  each element of
the plan.
f. Provide a mechanism for appropriate up-
dating and extension of the plan.
g. Suggest the  mode of funding most suit-
able for each element of the plan.
h. Provide an  up-dated  evaluation  of the
economic and technical factors related to the
CPU-400 concept.
i. Develop a recommended program for test-
ing the CPU-400 pilot model.
                                                                             47

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 UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
 MICROBIOLOGICAL  QUALITY  OF  PRODUCTS  FROM  RENDERING
 PLANTS
 CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-20
                       PH 86-68-126
 COST:  $60,265
 PROJECT START: August 1966
 PROJECT END: June 1969
CONTRACTOR
University of Minnesota
College of Veterinary Medicine
St. Paul, Minnesota 55455

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Benjamin S. Pomeroy
 OBJECTIVE:  To  determine health-related
 differences in the microbiological quality of
 products from  various types of rendering
 plants and factors responsible for such  dif-
 ferences.

 APPROACH: During the first  year studies
 were made in four plants selected on the basis
 of plant construction, plant sanitation, type
 of animal waste products used,  and by-prod-
 ucts manufactured. Bacteriological examina-
 tions were made  on finished products with
 particular attention to samples collected dur-
 ing  various processing stages.  In addition,
 the  operational feasibility  and  costs of  ad-
 justments necessary to eliminate salmonellae
 organisms  in finished products  were to be
 evaluated. The  effects of various plant  de-
 signs and operational factors were considered
as they relate to the microbiological quality
and safety of  rendering plant  products. A
new contract emphasizing controlled labora-
tory investigation  to  determine  minimum
and optimum conditions for growth  of po-
tential pathogens in rendered materials with
an evaluation of the more complex automated
plants is now underway.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final prog-
ress report indicates that rendered products
are often contaminated with salmonellae and
enterpathogenic strains of  Escherichia  coli.
The studies revealed, however, that the path-
ogens often  could  not be  correlated with
visual  observation  of  plant sanitation  and
that  contamination  of products  in  larger
plants with more complex, difficult-to-clean
equipment was more frequently observed.
LOKEN, K. I., K. H. CULBEKT, R. E. SOLEE, and B. S. POMEROY. Microbiological quality of protein feed supple-
         ments produced by rendering plants. Applied Microbiology, 16(7) : 1002-1005, July 1968.
LOKEN, K. I. Sanitation and thermal destruction of salmonellae in feed and feed ingredients. Presented at the
         course, Epidemiology and Control of  Salmonellosis,  Trenton,  April 24, 1968. 7 p.
SOLEE, R. E., K. I. LOKEN, and B. S. POMEROY. Monitoring animal, fish, and poultry by-products for the pres-
         ence of salmonella. St. Paul University of Minnesota, mimeo. 11 p.
SOLEE, R. E., K. I. LOKEN, and B. S. POMEROY. The application of sanitation in rendering plants. St.  Paul,
         University of Minnesota, mimeo. 31 p.
48

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                                                      NATIONAL ACADEMY OF "SCIENCES
SOLID WASTE REMOVAL FROM HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL
STRUCTURES
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-171
COST: $10,000
PROJECT START:  June 1966
PROJECT END:  June 1967
CONTRACTOR
National Academy of Sciences
National Research Council
Building Research Advisory
   Board
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, B.C.  20418

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robinson Newcomb
OBJECTIVE: To undertake systems analysis
of on-site  refuse systems and establish a
protocol for a study relating to the develop-
ment of acceptable  methods of refuse dis-
posal that will lead quickly to improvements
in on-site refuse collection and disposal sys-
tems for high-density  residential  develop-
ments.

APPROACH: The protocol was developed by
the appointment to the Building Research
Advisory Board of an ad hoc committee com-
posed  of  scientific,  professional, and tech-
nical authorities. The committee met regu-
larly to develop a firmly established protocol
for the study with provisions for follow-up
reviews in order to evaluate the advantages
and disadvantages of the several systems
proposed for waste disposal.  The  commit-
tee's responsibility  covered the  following
areas: (1) selection of  equipment to be in-
stalled and studied; (2)  determination of
kinds of data to be obtained;  (3) establish-
ment of an experimental program for years
II and III;  (4) provision of guidance to Com-
mittee staff; (5) review and analysis of data
collected;  (6)  preparation  and  approval
of all  reports—complete with conclusions
and recommendations—emanating from the
study, including interim reports covering the
efforts  of each  of the first two years, and a
final phase-I report due at conclusion of the
third-year effort.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A final report
was accepted in June 1967 containing the re-
quested protocol for undertaking a research
program for on-site solid waste removal from
high-rise residential structures. The report
contains a  detailed description of the prob-
lem, and from a long  list of selected prob-
lems, proposes four areas for intensive study
covering the "life-cycle" of solid wastes from
generation   to  disposal.  Recommendations
have been accepted and research is currently
under way  under Contract No. PH 86-67-167
to carry out the required research program.
Information from the  report is available
through the Office of Information, SWMO.
                                                                            49

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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ON-SITE REFUSE STORAGE, COLLECTION, AND REDUCTION SYSTEM
FOR HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES
CONTRACT NO.  PH 86-67-167
 COST:  $398,078
 PROJECT START:  June 1967
 PROJECT END: September 1971
CONTRACTOR
National Academy of Sciences
Building Research Advisory
   Board
Division of Engineering
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20418

PROJECT DIRECTOR
William A. Cosby
OBJECTIVE:  To continue the  study  and
evaluation of equipment and techniques for
handling solid wastes from high-rise multi-
family structures. Concurrent  investigation
of three concepts for handling and process-
ing of refuse located close to the source of
waste will be made. These are: incineration,
compaction, and wet pulverization.
APPROACH: Collection of data and assess-
ments will include the following:  (1) quanti-
ty and  composition of refuse generated by
tenants both before and after processing by
the newly installed  refuse-handling equip-
ment ; (2) quantity and composition of waste
flowing  through the building sewer line of
one test structure in terms  of volume  and
such factors  as pH, solids, phosphates, nitro-
gen, BOD, COD etc.; (3)  inhabitants'  ages
and  numbers;  (4)  costs associated  with
newly installed equipment including capital
investment and operating, maintenance, gen-
eral, and administrative costs; (5) environ-
mental conditions associated with newly in-
stalled equipment such as  its contribution
to air pollution, vermin and insect infesta-
tion,  odor level, noise level, contribution to
building sewer line, and to the aesthetic level
of the conditions maintained; (6)  equipment
effectiveness,  requirements, and limitations.
In addition, a survey will be conducted within
several  municipalities of the  nation to ob-
tain:  (1) additional data for evaluation and
comparison with the results obtained from
investigations at the test site under this
contract; (2) an inventory of equipment now
in use  or  available for  on-site handling  of
refuse.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: An agreement
was reached with the Public Housing Author-
ity, New Haven, Connecticut, regarding the
use of three  housing authority  structures
for the purpose  of carrying out the  field
laboratory research. Data was collected  on
"as is"  conditions,  including the extent  of
contribution to air pollution by  existing gas-
fired,  flue-fed incinerators;  personnel  and
power  requirements;  costs; efficiency  and
effectiveness:  owner/tenant/custodian-jani-
tor acceptance of existing systems; weight,
volume, and composition of generated refuse;
and degree of vermin infestation associated
with existing systems. The collection of data
on the composition and volume of waste flow-
ing through structural  drainage lines will
begin after garbage grinders are installed.
The following systems have been installed:
an incinerator system in one structure, a sys-
tem of the compactor type in a  second struc-
ture, and a wet pulverizer system in a third
structure.  Preliminary plans are being pre-
pared for  investigations  to be carried out,
first without  the use of  garbage  grinders
and then with garbage grinders.
NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES—NATIONAL  RESEARCH COUNCIL. Collection, reduction, and disposal of
        solid waste in high-rise multifamily dwellings.  Rockville, Md.,  U.S. Environmental Protection
        Agency, 1971. (Distributed by National Technical Information  Service, Springfield, Va., as PB
        197 623. 169 p.)
50

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                                                      NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FEASIBILITY OF RECOMMENDATIONS IN NAS-NRC
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-240
COST: $140,580
PROJECT START:  June 1967
PROJECT END:  January 1969
CONTRACTOR
National Academy of Sciences
National Research Council
Division of Engineering
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C.  20418

PROJECT DIRECTOR
John C. Kohl
OBJECTIVE:  To obtain advice on the rele-
vance to the work of the Bureau  of  Solid
Waste Management of the recommendations
in the NAS-NRC publication Waste Manage-
ment and Control (1966), along with advice
on research needed for developing indices
and  parameters for implementation  of  a
systems concept.

APPROACH:  An ad hoc Committee on Solid
Waste  Management was established within
the National Research Council's Division of
Engineering, for correlating environmental
needs, particularly those related to  air and
water pollution, with  solid waste  disposal.
The  committee advised  on:  (1) the feasi-
bility of the recommendations of the NAS-
NRC report Waste Management and Control
as they relate to the handling and disposal
of solid wastes, including those from urban,
industrial, and agricultural sources, and resi-
dues resulting from liquid and gaseous waste
systems;  (2) whether other courses of ac-
tion similar  to  the above  are feasible  or
should be studied; (3) a priority rating for
the feasible courses of action under  (1) and
(2) above, and the estimated costs of imple-
menting these actions; (4)  criteria  for the
selection of demonstration sites for actual
studies or demonstrations of the recommen-
dations ; (5)  research  and development ef-
forts in the solid waste field which are neces-
sary for  developing the required  indices
and parameters for implementation  of  a
systems concept.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final report
covering the work  performed during the
contract has  been published.  The contract
resulted in a set of recommendations with
far-reaching implications for individuals and
government at all levels.
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING-NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. Policies for solid waste manage-
   ment. Public Health Service Publication No, 2018. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970,
   64 p.
                                                                             51

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NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES RESEARCH FOUNDATION
PROGRAM FOR REGIONAL  SOLID  WASTE  MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-290
COST: $212,950
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: June 1970
CONTRACTOR
National Association  of Count-
   ies Research  Foundation
1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, B.C. 20036
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Bernard F. Hillenbrand
OBJECTIVE: To provide local governmental
leaders  with  nontechnical  comprehensive
guides that explore all aspects of solid waste
management and will assist local government
in the development of regional solid waste
management systems.

APPROACH: The work is divided into three
phases and covers a 3-year period. The initial
phase was concerned with the development of
management and informational tools in order
to develop  a national concept of comprehen-
sive regional solid waste management  sys-
tems that  will help  guarantee environments
favorable to health and assure the preserva-
tion of natural beauty. A series of commun-
ity action  guides for solid waste manage-
ment systems have  been developed and dis-
tributed covering:  (1) legislation,  (2) man-
agement approaches, (3) planning,  (4) orga-
nization,  (5) construction  and  operations,
(6) financing,  (7) types of assistance avail-
able, (8) communication methods and tech-
niques, (9) staffing requirements, and  (10)
plans of action.
In phase two a national workshop on solid
waste management  was planned, developed,
and conducted. Attendees at the workshop
reviewed  drafts  of  the  guides  and  were
helped to understand the urgency of the need
for  local governmental agencies to initiate
comprehensive and operational systems. This
National Solid  Wastes Management Work-
shop was held in  September 1968.
Phase three will encompass the planning, de-
velopment, and conduct of 20 regional solid
waste management  institutes  to  acquaint
governmental   agencies  with  the action
guides.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Final guides
were  distributed  through  the  American
County Government  magazine. The guides
have been  reprinted, and single copies are
available from the SWMO.  Multiple copies
are  available from the Government Printing
Office.
Twenty  regional  solid waste management
institutes were held throughout the U.S. to
acquaint public officials with the guides and
the  concepts of good solid  waste manage-
ment. Over 1,500  individuals attended these
institutes.  The  project was  completed  June
30,  1970.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES RESEARCH FOUNDATION. Guidelines for local governments on solid waste
        management. Public Health Service Publication  No. 2084. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
        Office, 1971, 184 p.
52

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                                NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES RESEARCH FOUNDATION
DIGEST OF ORDINANCES AND A MODEL ORDINANCE
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-114
COST: $35,024
PROJECT START: June 1969
PROJECT END: September 1970
CONTRACTOR
National Association of Count-
  ies Research  Foundation
1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, B.C. 20036

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Mel D. Powell
OBJECTIVE:  To prepare a digest of 100
local ordinances to enable political, legal, and
technical personnel to understand and com-
pare a variety of approaches to solid waste
management. A model solid waste ordinance
will be developed to serve as a guide to good
practice so that cities and counties can make
their own decisions by comparing the exam-
ples and the model.

APPROACH: The contractor will collect ap-
proximately 400 city, country,  and regional
ordinances from various sources. These will
be categorized according to focus of regula-
tion, i.e., collection, storage, disposal, or all
three. A balance will be maintained  among
ordinances regulating privately and publicly
operated systems covering  rural,  suburban,
and urban areas, and among  the various
States.  The 100-ordinance digest  will illus-
trate the following major areas: (1) general
statement of policy and purpose, along with
definitions;  (2) location and extent of ad-
ministration responsibility; (3)  legislative
scope; (4) provision for enforcement.
A  model  ordinance will  be developed  and
formulated to  identify essential  character-
istic elements.  Its format will parallel that
of  the digest.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The digest of
ordinances is complete and was typed on tape
for delivery in September 1970. A draft of
the model local ordinance  was furnished in
April 1970 for guidance to the SWMO in
preparing a model for publication.
                                                                          53

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NATIONAL CANNERS ASSOCIATION
MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE FOOD  PROCESSING  INDUSTRY
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-138
COST: $57,120
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: August 1971
CONTRACTOR
National Canners Association
1950 Sixth Street
Berkeley, Calif.  94710

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Walter A. Mercer
OBJECTIVE: To obtain basic information
on the national, geographical, and seasonal
distribution of solid wastes generated in the
food canning industry,  with an  evaluation
and descriptions of current methods, tech-
niques, and  costs in the management  of
such wastes. The information obtained will
help in determining the relative  magnitude
of disposal problems related to this source
and enable factual and equitable  efforts to-
ward  the  development  of recycling, utiliza-
tion, and disposal methods.

APPROACH: Current  agricultural and in-
dustrial census reports,  records and reports
of various national  and state food process-
ing organizations and associations, and se-
lected publications were searched to obtain
and summarize available information. In ad-
dition, detailed interviews were conducted at
selected food processing plants to collect in-
formation on specific processes and process
streams.  Data were  obtained  on  individual
food products and food product classes, time
of production, and volume of waste generat-
ed, characteristics of  the waste solids, cost
of the processing or disposal, environmental
problems created, and the plant operations
giving rise to the quantity and characteristics
of the solid wastes generated. The informa-
tion obtained is being organized and compiled
for use by agencies responsible for planning
and integrating solid waste management sys-
tems.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The returned
solid waste questionnaires  have  been  ana-
lyzed and used as a guide in selecting the re-
maining site visits. Site visits were selected
on the criteria of geographical location, com-
modity importance, and degree of  disposal
difficulty. The questionnaire phase, site sur-
vey, and  data compilation are all complete,
and a  draft preliminary  report has been
received.
54

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                                                   NATIONAL SANITATION FOUNDATION
SINGLE-USE ITEMS IN HEALTH CARE  FACILITIES
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-102
COST:  $5,175*
PROJECT START: October 1968
PROJECT END: May 1969
CONTRACTOR
National Sanitation
  Foundation
2355 West Stadium Boulevard
P.O. Box 1468
Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Tom S. Gable
OBJECTIVE: To define problems in the use
and disposal of single-use items in hospitals,
laboratories, professional offices, and similar
health care facilities and present possible so-
lutions.

APPROACH: A conference was held at the
National Sanitation Foundation, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, to review the entire matter of the
project objectives. Existing laws and regula-
tions and literature pertaining  to  single-use
items were reviewed and compiled. The con-
ference reviewed the various types of single-
use items presently in use.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The conferees
were public health and other regulation of-
ficials ;  representatives from hospitals and
other health care facilities;  manufacturers
of single-use  items,  Pharmaceuticals, and
packaging  materials; and others having a
special  knowledge of single-use items or of
their use and disposal.

During the conference, sessions having repre-
sentation from each group or discipline were
held  to discuss their interrelationship to the
problems and possible solutions for disposal
of single-use items in health care facilities.
   * Total cost was $20,700. Additional financial support:
$5,175 Health Facilities Planning and Construction Service, U.S. Public Health Service;
$10,350 Manufacturers of Single-Use Items, Containers, and Packaging Materials.
                                                                          55

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NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

AIRBORNE  EMISSIONS  FROM  MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
CONTRACT  NO.  PH  86-67-62
                      PH  86-68-121
COST: $80,000
PROJECT START:
   December 1966
PROJECT END: April 1970
CONTRACTOR
New York University
College of Engineering and
   Science
Research Division
University Heights
New York, N.Y.  10463

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Arrigo Carotti
OBJECTIVE: To investigate and determine
the kinds and quantities of  emissions that
are discharged from incinerators in the proc-
ess of incinerating municipal solid waste.

APPROACH: Gaseous  effluents  were sam-
pled from the stack discharges of municipal
incinerators in the New York City metropoli-
tan area. These samples were  analyzed to
determine chemical composition  and varia-
tions in composition. Sampling of stack  ef-
fluents during each of the four seasons per-
mitted determination of possible seasonal
variations. An analysis  of effluents from the
same incinerator was made as often as neces-
sary  to collect detailed data on all possible
materials emitted,  with  identification  and
quantification of specific organic compounds;
effluents potentially toxic to humans received
special attention. Sampling and analyses were
done on effluents from three other municipal
incinerators different in construction and de-
sign. In all cases data were recorded on:
(1) average general composition  of the ref-
use feed; (2) the incinerator operating con-
ditions; (3)  total gaseous effluents  dis-
charged;  (4) rate of discharge of the stack
effluents;  (5)  composition  of the  quench
water and residue.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A  literature
survey and data review on airborne emissions
from municipal incinerators has been com-
pleted and submitted to the  SWMO. This
Phase I report contains the annotated bibli-
ography of the literature surveyed, a sum-
mary report of the present knowledge on
airborne emissions from municipal incinera-
tors, and recommendations for further study.
A final draft report containing detailed find-
ings from the  Phase II investigation  has
been reviewed by the SWMO  and returned
to the Contractor for final editing and trans-
fer  to magnetic tape prior to publication.
The published report will contain informa-
tion and  present data on the sampling ap-
paratus and analytical procedures, and will
discuss results from the  seasonal variations,
incinerator  comparison,  and  the detailed
analysis of stack effluent studies. In addi-
tion, the  final report is expected to contain
several recommendations for further study.
56

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                                            NORTHERN KENTUCKY SANITATION COMPANY
FIELD EVALUATION OF SANITARY LANDFILL TECHNIQUES
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-104
COST:  $19,920
PROJECT START:
  January 1970
PROJECT END:  December 1972
CONTRACTOR
Northern Kentucky Sanitation
  Company
P.O. Box 126
Walton, Ky.  41094

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Fred Stallard
OBJECTIVE: To provide the heavy equip-
ment required for:  the  construction and
maintenance of roads;  the necessary exca-
vation, compaction, and covering during the
periodic construction of test cells; all site
preparation for the facilities necessary for
the operation of a land  disposal research
site.

APPROACH: The contractor will provide the
equipment and operators  for the  construc-
tion of an access road, test cells of waste, and
other facilities necessary  for the  operation
of a land disposal research site. All planning
and supervision of construction will be done
by the staff of the Land Disposal Section, Di-
vision of Research and Development, SWMO.
Property leased by the Government from
the contractor will be used.

The work will be done by the contractor at
times mutually agreeable to  the contractor
and  the Government representative.  The
contractor will also provide services in  the
case of  fire or other emergency occurrences
within a reasonable period of time.
During  the period of  the contract, SWMO
staff  will be conducting research studies to
develop basic design  criteria for sanitary
landfills. This contract provides for the heavy
equipment necessary in the construction and
operation of the facility.
                                                                         57

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H. C. CUTTING COMPANY
SOIL INDEX PROPERTIES OF COVER MATERIAL
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-196
COST:  $13,550
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: June 1971
CONTRACTOR
H. C. Nutting- Company
4120 Airport Road
Cincinnati, Ohio  45226

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Gerard Roberto
OBJECTIVE: To determine the index prop-
erties of cover material from sanitary land-
fills within the United States in  order to
develop guidelines for the safe and efficient
operation of  sanitary  landfills in  different
geographical locations.
APPROACH: Soil samples will be analyzed
and classified according to the Unified Soil
Classification System. The number of tests
to be performed will depend on the initial
test results, soil variations per sample, and
soil variations per landfill. The soil descrip-
tions will be included as part of the test re-
sults.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Laboratory in-
vestigation of the soil engineering properties
of cover material collected from 56 sanitary
landfills at various geographic locations has
been completed. The laboratory investigation
consisted of classification tests, combined me-
chanical analysis test, and standard compac-
tion test. Twelve of  these sanitary landfills
were also visited to study present placement
procedures and to obtain more detailed infor-
mation. Knowledge of the soil engineering
properties along with additional information
to be obtained will enable us to determine
those parameters which are significant in the
evaluation of the applicability of any soil as
a cover material,
58

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                                                             STEPHEN B. OLMSTBD
PATENT SEARCH OF  ON-SITE  REFUSE  HANDLING  DEVICES
CONTRACT  NO. PH 86-67-95
COST:  $1,750
PROJECT START: March 1967
PROJECT END: May 1967
CONTRACTOR
Stephen B. Olmsted
2881 West Ritchie Parkway
Rockville, Md. 20850

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Stephen B. Olmsted
OBJECTIVE: To obtain a thorough and con-
sistent inventory and  catalog  of potential
refuse handling devices.

APPROACH: Over 3 million patents were
searched for devices  that were related to
solid wastes. Patent examiners were consult-
ed and selected patent lawyers were  ques-
tioned regarding  specific devices for solid
waste handling.


SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A detailed re-
port  covering the classes  searched, a  list of
the U.S. and foreign patents found and notes
for future searches were submitted  to the
SWMO in fulfillment of the contract. The list
of patents has been collated in 12 subject
folios with the patents arranged by date of
issuance. Three hundred and sixty-one U.S.
and 62 foreign patents were found to be of
value.  The patents show means of perform-
ance and not the many adaptations. The re-
port is available for SWMO use. Publication
of the entire patent search is not planned;
however, selected patents were  published in
a single volume, which is available from the
SWMO.
CONNOLLY, J. A., ed. Abstracts; selected patents on refuse handling facilities for buildings.
       Service Publication No. 1793. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. 320 p.
                                                                          59

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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CORPORATION

COST/BENEFIT RELATIONSHIPS IN SOLID WASTE LITTER
CONTRACT NO.  CPE 70-123
COST:  $38,491
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: October 1971
CONTRACTOR
Resource Management
  Corporation
7315 Wisconsin Avenue
Bethesda, Md. 20014

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robert Davis
OBJECTIVE: To collect and document avail-
able information  and  data on  solid waste
litter. Conclusions on the magnitude of the
costs and benefits associated with such litter
will suggest areas of highest payoff for fur-
ther analysis. Protocol development for  a
complete study of this type will also be per-
formed.

APPROACH: First, a literature survey with
documentation will be prepared.  This will in-
clude a secondary source search in selected
Federal and State agencies with particular
attention to collection costs, quantities, and
property values. After an overview of costs
and benefits  has been made,  the relevant
data will be tabulated and reduced. Conclu-
sions will then be drawn on the magnitude of
costs and benefits associated with litter.
Finally, recommendations and a protocol de-
velopment for a complete study will be pre-
pared.
60

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                                                               SC3 ENGINEERS
EVALUATION AND COMPARISON PROCEDURE FOR SANITAEY
LANDFILL EQUIPMENT
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-116
COST: $25,000
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END:  June 1971
CONTRACTOR
SCS Engineers
4014 Long Beach Boulevard
Long Beach, Calif. 90807

PROJECT DIRECTOR
E. T. Conrad
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this contract
is to develop a detailed set of procedures
whereby various pieces of sanitary landfill
equipment can be evaluated. There will be no
actual evaluation or comparison in this study.

APPROACH: A complete equipment and ac-
cessory catalog will be developed, as well as
a listing of the various combinations of equip-
ment that can be studied.  Price information
and a wide range of equipment sizes will be
included. Tasks and relevant field conditions
for sanitary landfill operations will be inves-
tigated, with particular attention paid  to
operating characteristics necessary for de-
fined tasks. Economic factors will also be con-
sidered.
From this information, detailed instructions
and forms for equipment evaluation will  be
prepared. The costs of the proposed testing
program will be estimated. In addition, the
contractor will compile a list of organizations
capable of performing the equipment evalu-
ations and comparisons.
                                                                       61

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SCS ENGINEERS
GOVERNMENT POLICIES AFFECTING  SOLID WASTE  GENERATION
AND  RECLAMATION
CONTRACT NO. EHS-C-71-0106
COST:  $42,768
PROJECT START:
  January 1971
PROJECT END:  March 1972
CONTRACTOR
SCS Engineers
4014 Long Beach Boulevard
Long Beach, Calif.  90807

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robert P. Stearns
OBJECTIVE: To identify those Government
regulations,  controls, and  policies  which
have an effect on the generation and/or rec-
lamation of  solid wastes, and to determine
how  the Federal Government, in carrying
out its various programs, might be utilized
to lessen national solid waste management
problems.

APPROACH:  The   project includes  two
phases. During Phase  I  the  contractor,
through  extensive  literature reviews  and
interviews with governmental and non-gov-
ernmental agencies,  will identify those Fed-
eral agencies which  have the greatest inter-
face with  solid waste generation and recla-
mation. Based upon the results of Phase I,
the SWMO will select twelve of the identi-
fied agencies  to be studied in more depth
during Phase II. The final report of the work
will contain the findings of the in-depth in-
vestigation, and make recommendations as
to the manner in which the agencies might
contribute to  reducing solid waste manage-
ment problems throughout the nation.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Phase I of the
work has been  completed and the  report
submitted to the SWMO.  The  investigation
and interviews for Phase II are now  under-
way and scheduled for completion  during
October 1971. A final report  of the work
will be submitted during March 1972.
62

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                                                                FOSTER D. SNELL, INC.
 DECONTAMINATION  AND COMBUSTION  OF  ORGANIC  PESTICIDES
 AND  CONTAINERS
 CONTRACT NO. CPE  69-140
 COST:  $34,251
 PROJECT START:  June 1969
 PROJECT END:  April 1970
 CONTRACTOR
 Foster D. Snell, Inc.
 29 West 15th Street
 New York, N.Y. 10011

 PROJECT DIRECTOR
 M. S. Weinberg
 OBJECTIVE: To investigate the necessary
 conditions for proper decontamination  and
 combustion of organic pesticides by investi-
 gating (1) selected oxidizers and combustible
 binding agents, and (2) combustion charac-
 teristics and requirements for container com-
 position.
for combustible pesticide containers will be
developed.
Work done under this contract will be co-
ordinated with and augmented by work be-
ing done at Mississippi State and Oregon
State Universities.
APPROACH: Each mixture of pesticide and
selected combustion aid will be investigated
to determine the  temperature and rate  at
which it burns. Combustion gases from this
procedure  will be examined for degree  of
conversion to carbon  monoxide, carbon di-
oxide,  water,  and intermediate  organics.
Also, binding agents will  be applied to such
mixtures prior to combustion to test  for
prevention of mechanical entrainment of the
pesticide in  the flame convection  currents.

Combustion  temperatures and characteris-
tics, including completeness of consumption,
for common  container types will be deter-
mined.  Based on these studies, requirements
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report enti-
tled, "Organic Pesticides and Pesticide Con-
tainers,  A Study of Their Decontamination
and Combustion" has been submitted in ful-
fillment of the contract. It includes tables and
figures which characterize the combustion
studies performed on some nine representa-
tive pesticides. Based on this data, a method
of packaging pesticides was recommended so
that safe disposal by  combustion would be
possible. It was suggested that  pesticides be
packaged in some combustible material using
polyethylene as  an inner  liner.  The poly-
ethylene acts as a binder to ensure that the
flame residence time is long enough for total
combustion  of the pesticide.
PUTNAM, R. C., F. ELLISON, R. PROTZMANN, and J. HILOVSKY. Organic pesticides and pesticide containers;
        a study of their decontamination and combustion. Rockville, Md., U.S. Environmental Protection
        Agency, 1971. (Distributed by National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., as PB-202
        202. 175 p.)
                                                                              63

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STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AIR CLASSIFICATION  PROCESS TO SEPARATE  SOLID WASTE
MATERIALS
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-157
COST: $35,038
PROJECT START:  June 1968
PROJECT END: February 1970
CONTRACTOR
Stanford Research Institute
333 Ravenswood Drive
Menlo Park, Calif. 94025

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Lester P. Berriman
OBJECTIVE: To obtain a preliminary deter-
mination of the technical feasibility of utiliz-
ing air classification to process or treat se-
lected types  of nonhomogenous,  dry, solid
wastes.

APPROACH: A detailed test  program was
developed, based on the characteristics of the
wastes  selected and  on the  purposes for
which air classification  might be employed
for processing these wastes. Appropriate ex-
periments were conducted  using an experi-
mental  pilot-scale air classifier modified to
facilitate the handling of solid materials. Five
different types  of waste were tested with
the study  limited to the technical aspects of
the air classifier operation. The experiments
were designed  to determine both  the limi-
tations and the advantages of the air separa-
tion processes.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Completed ex-
periments on the small-scale (2" x 4") air
classifier indicated that dense materials such
as metals, glass, rubber and  plastics, and
light fines such as dust could be effectively
separated from pulverized, dried solid waste.
The size of the experimental apparatus pre-
vented the separation of the various paper
fractions. The contract was extended to pro-
vide  construction of a larger column (6" x
8"), and test results with this apparatus in-
dicated it was technically  feasible to sort
cardboard and paper fractions from munici-
pal solid  waste, though the particle  sizes
used in the  experiments were  not optimum
for the column throat size. Additional exper-
iments on the larger column were successful
in classifying compost  to  remove  plastics,
metals, and  glass particles.
A draft of the final  report was submitted,
and review of this draft has been completed.
The  report is undergoing final preparation
for printing.
 64

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                                                       STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE POLYMER PRODUCTION INDUSTRY
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-160
COST: $63,280
PROJECT START:  June 1968
PROJECT END:  June 1970
 CONTRACTOR
 Stanford Research Institute
 333 Ravenswood Drive
 Menlo Park, Calif. 94025

 PROJECT DIRECTOR
 Chester W. Marynowski
OBJECTIVE: To  assess  the polymer waste
disposal problem and to evaluate alternative
approaches to polymer waste utilization.

APPROACH: Personal interviews were used
to obtain information  on:  (1) the sources,
amounts, and forms of polymer wastes gen-
erated; (2)  the availability of selected or-
ganic wastes that could be combined with
the polymers to make some disposal methods
more feasible; (3) disposal methods in use
or under investigation. Important technical
factors of alternative disposal methods were
thoroughly  evaluated  and  each  proposed
method was  rated technically against estab-
lished performance criteria. Most of the re-
search and development was directed toward
the disposal  of polyethylene and polyprophy-
lene wastes.

Recommendations  will  be made on the best
disposal methods capable of immediate indus-
trial application. The disposal process with
the highest potential for economic solution
will be developed and demonstrated through
the pilot-plant stage to obtain data for the
designs  and preliminary cost of  industrial
units.
SUMMARY OF  PROGRESS: A report en-
titled Disposal of Polymer Solid Wastes by
Primary  Polymer Producers and Plastics
Fabricators was submitted in fulfillment of
the contract. It contains information on the
nature  and extent of the problem in  the
United  States for that segment  of the plas-
tics industry representing the largest prod-
uct tonnage—the production and fabrication
of the principle thermoplastics.  It also pre-
sents technical and economic information on
the polymer waste disposal methods in actual
use, and  evaluates  alternative  approaches
to the  polymer  solid waste problem. The
report  is  undergoing final preparation  for
printing.
MARYNOWSKI, C. W. Disposal of polymer solid wastes by primary polymer producers and plastics fabricators.
        Washington, U.S. Government Printing Offiice, 1972. 92 p.

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STANFORD UNIVERSITY

CHAR FROM SOLID WASTES AS AN ADSORPTION MEDIUM
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-129
COST:  $51,180
PROJECT START:  June 1970
PROJECT END:  November 1971
CONTRACTOR
The Board of Trustees
Stanford University
Room 239, Encina Hall
Stanford, Calif.  94503

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Rolf Eliassen
OBJECTIVE: Char produced from municipal
solid wastes will be characterized  in terms
of parameters now used to describe activated
carbon. Such char will be evaluated in terms
of its effectiveness as an absorption medium.
The economic feasibility of solid waste char
utilization  versus alternative methods  of
treatment will be investigated.
APPROACH: Char from solid wastes will be
characterized  on a laboratory scale using
parameters currently employed for activated
carbon. New parameters and methods will
also be developed. The effectiveness of char
produced from solid waste  of varying com-
position,  with and without activation, will
be investigated. Process design data will be
developed from laboratory  and literature
data. The economic feasibility analysis will
be based upon laboratory data related to pro-
duction,  activation  and  reactivation  han-
dling, utilization, storage, and ultimate dis-
posal costs.
66

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                                                RALPH STONE AND CO.. INC., ENGINEERS

ENGINEERING STUDY OF A ONE-MAN  COLLECTION SYSTEM
CONTRACT NO.  PH 86-67-248
COST:  $80,200
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END:  June 1968
CONTRACTOR
Ralph Stone and Co., Inc.,
  Engineers
10954 Santa Monica Boulevard
Los Angeles. Calif.  90025

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Ralph Stone
 OBJECTIVE: To obtain basic  information
about various types of collection systems and
to provide a comparative analysis of one-man
systems and other established collection tech-
niques  in order to determine if a one-man
system can improve the efficiency  of opera-
tion from a financial standpoint and the re-
duction of hazards and nuisance problems.
APPROACH:  The overall refuse  collection
evaluation was accomplished by a comprehen-
sive study of the available one-man-operated
equipment and its use  in comparison with
two-man- and  three-man-operated  collection
vehicles. A thorough inventory of  collection
equipment suitable for one-man crew opera-
tion was made, and a municipal survey in-
volving field studies within a number of se-
lected communities that employ various types
of collection systems provided a comparative
analysis between one-man systems and others
as related  to technical feasibility, economic
applicability, and  operational practicability,
including the human factors, of one-man col-
lection systems.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The results of
the project were  published in a  report en-
titled A Study of Solid Waste Collection Sys-
tems  Comparing One-Man  with Multi-Man
Creivs (SW-9c). Single copies are available
from the SWMO  and multiple copies from
the Government Printing  Office.
RALPH STONE AND COMPANY, INC. A study of solid waste collection systems comparing one-man with multi-
   man crews; final report. Public Health Service Publication No. 1892. Washington, U.S. Government
   Printing Office, 1969. 175 p.
                                                                            67

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RALPH STONE AND CO., INC., ENGINEERS

MANAGEMENT  STUDY—THE AUTOMOTIVE  ASSEMBLY  INDUSTRY
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-212
 COST: $69,287
 PROJECT START: June 1968
 PROJECT END: September 1970
CONTRACTOR
Ralph Stone and Co., Inc.,
  Engineers
10954 Santa Monica Boulevard
Los Angeles, Calif.  90025

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Ralph Stone
OBJECTIVE: To obtain basic technical infor-
mation concerning the quality and quantity
of solid waste generated by the automotive
assembly industry in order to identify real or
potential problems  of solid waste manage-
ment.
APPROACH: Analyses will be made of stor-
age and collection practices  with emphasis
on system efficiency, economics, and aesthet-
ics. The waste generated will be character-
ized to identify real or potential problems in
disposing of solid wastes by current disposal
methods, and an analysis will be made of
past, present, and future trends of the solid
wastes generated with  special or possible
emergency management problems identified.
The solid waste production will be correlated
with a readily available and universal para-
meter of the automotive assembly industry.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS:  The final re-
port, dealing with the industry structure, its
processes and products, the methods and pro-
cedures used in the study, data analysis, and
conclusions,  has  been  submitted  to  the
SWMO for review  and clearance. The report
contains the results  of an AMA survey, 70
plant visits, and mail-out questionnaires to
plants and corresponding municipalities. The
results are presented  as qualitative and quan-
titative data related to1 industrial solid wastes
generated in  the automobile industry.  Re-
view is complete, and the report is undergo-
ing final preparation  for printing.
68

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                                                THE TRAVELERS RESEARCH CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE  CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-5
COST: $114,664
PROJECT START:  May 1969
PROJECT END: June 1971
CONTRACTOR
The Travelers Research
   Corporation
210 Washing-ton Street
Hartford, Conn.  06106

PROJECT DIRECTOR
John E. Yocom
OBJECTIVE: To study and evaluate the solid
waste management practices of the indus-
trial chemical industry, SIC 281.

APPROACH:  Information and  data will be
collected on the following items of the indus-
trial chemical industry on a national basis:
 (1) total number  of industrial plants, em-
ployment,  capital value of the plants, and
quantities  and types of products produced;
 (2) past development  and production pat-
terns within the industry indicating present
trends, new technology, and future develop-
ment; (3)  flow diagrams for the basic pro-
duction processes;  (4) location of the indus-
tries, with particular notation of production
centers in  the country; (5) identification of
the quantity (weight) and the quality (char-
acter) of solid waste generated; (6) corre-
lation of solid waste production with a read-
ily  available  universal parameter  of the
plant; (7)  identification and analysis of cur-
rent storage,  collection, and disposal  prac-
tices of the industry; (8) amount of money
being spent for storage, collection, treat-
ment, and disposal of  solid waste for the
industry; (9)  analysis of the future  trends
of solid waste management within the indus-
try, and factors that might influence them,
such as reuse, etc.
The data and information will  be gathered
by a literature review, a questionnaire  mailed
to a selected group of industrial plants, and
field interviews. The final phase of the proj-
ect will consist of data evaluation and ana-
lysis.

SUMMARY OF  PROGRESS:  The  survey
portion has been completed; 28 plant visits
were conducted and 250 replies  to the mail-
out questionnaire contained useful data. Pre-
liminary analyses have been made as well as
summaries showing coverage and data lay-
outs. Information on the industry,  its proc-
ess, and its solid waste management prac-
tices will be drawn together with the quan-
titative data from the survey and plant visits
to form the final report. A preliminary draft
report has been received and is undergoing
SWMO review.
                                                                             69

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TRW INC.

NEW CHEMICAL CONCEPTS FOR WASTE PLASTIC UTILIZATION
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-206
COST:  $99,929
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: February 1970
CONTRACTOR
TRW Inc.
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, Calif.   90278

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robert S. Ottinger
OBJECTIVE:  To determine  by  computer
simulation whether waste plastics can be con-
verted to  economically significant products
by reactions with various reagents in a high-
temperature reactor.

APPROACH: Computer programs  simulat-
ing chemical reactions between waste plas-
tics, namely polyethylene, polystyrene, and
polyvinylchloride, and various reagents such
as oxygen, water, hydrogen, ammonia, and
others selected on the basis of cost, avail-
ability,  and estimated reactivity  with the
selected plastics,  were used to obtain infor-
mation as  to the thermodynamic and kinetic
properties  of the  reactions. All of the neces-
sary information was collected and placed
on  the  program  input tapes.  The analysis
was conducted by:  (1) calculating rapidly
and inexpensively the product distribution
for a broad range of initial compositions and
temperature  and pressure  conditions; and
(2) examining the outputs for economically
significant product  concentrations and po-
tentially  harmful air or water pollutants.
Further calculations were made to quantita-
tively determine the effects of the reaction
conditions on the concentrations of important
products. The data  resulting from  these
analyses were used to develop relationships
describing disposal costs, reactants used with
the plastics,  value of products and reactor
complexity, and control capability require-
ments.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final report
indicates that the system involving the ap-
plication  of heat in the absence  of air ap-
pears most  promising for the production
of useful chemicals.
BANKS, M. E., W. D. LUSK, and R. E. OTTINGER. New chemical concepts for utilization of waste plastics; an
    analytical investigation. [Public Health Service Publication  No. 2125.] Washington, U.S.  Government
    Printing Office, 1971. 129 p.
 70

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BIODEGRADABILITY OF PLASTICS
                                                      UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION
CONTRACT NO.  CPE 70-124
COST:  $75,803
PROJECT START:  June 1970
PROJECT END: November 1971
CONTRACTOR
Union Carbide Corporation
270 Park Avenue
New York, N.Y. 10017
PROJECT DIRECTOR
J. E. Potts
OBJECTIVE:  To  determine the effect of
molecular weight, end-group composition, and
polymer chain structure on biodegradability,
and to determine the utility of the polymers
containing biodegradable structures as pack-
aging materials.

APPROACH: A series of samples of low- and
high-density polyethylene,  polystyrene, and
polyvinylchloride will be  synthesized and
screened for biodegradability. A similar se-
ries of samples with metabolically active end
groups on each polymer chain will be screened
and evaluated  for commercial applicability.
The contractor will also investigate the de-
velopment of biodegradable plastics contain-
ing mixtures of blocks, some of which are
segments of polyethylene or polystyrene and
some of which  are structural units that are
easily biodegraded. The latter will, in some
instances, be biodegradable molecules acting
as linking agents.
In addition, high molecular weight polymer
samples will be pressed into plaques from
which specimens will be cut and tested for
degradation by fungi and bacteria.
                                                                         71

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UNIROYAL, INC.

MANAGEMENT  STUDY—THE RUBBER INDUSTRY
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-208
COST: $46,966
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: March 1970
CONTRACTOR
Uniroyal Chemical Division
Uniroyal, Inc.
Elm Street
Naugatuck, Conn.  06770

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Frank  H. Roninger
OBJECTIVE:  To obtain  information  and
data on: (1) the quality and quantity of solid
waste generated by the rubber industry; (2)
the present state-of-the-art utilization of dis-
carded rubber and rubber products; (3) the
present  practices, needs, and  problems of
solid waste management within the industry.

APPROACH: Questionnaires and interviews
were used to obtain basic data on the rubber
products, scrap rubber, and reclaimed rubber
industry, and to determine the problems as-
sociated with each segment of  the industry.
The study must produce basic technical in-
formation concerning solid waste manage-
ment  within  the rubber  manufacturing
and reclaim  industries  in a form  that
will help  establish  industrial  solid  waste
guidelines and  reference material for the
industry, governmental agencies, and indus-
tries  concerned with solid waste manage-
ment. Separate studies are required to identi-
fy  and evaluate the technical  feasibility of
various unique uses of waste rubber and to
investigate  and analyze  the  feasibility  of
various postulated means of broadening the
market for scrap rubber.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A  report en-
titled Solid Waste Management and Rubber
Reuse Potential in the Rubber Industry was
submitted in fulfillment of the contract. Vol-
ume I contains data on solid waste manage-
ment in the fabricated rubber products in-
dustry  for 1968.  Solid waste quantities are
detailed for six categories of rubber products
and five categories of solid waste type. Vol-
ume II contains information on waste rub-
ber and its reuse, outlining the waste rub-
ber disposal problem, the present areas of
waste reuse with future  trends, and poten-
tial future areas of collection and reuse. The
reclaiming, retreading, and  tire splitting in-
dustries are  discussed. An analysis of the
various methods  of waste rubber collection
and reuse along  with specific  conclusions
and recommendations for further action is
presented.
PETTIGREW, R. J., F. H. RONINGER, W. J. MARKIEWICZ, and M. J. GRANSKY. Rubber refuse and solid waste
   management, pt. 1 and 2. Public Health Service Publication No. 2124. Washington, U.S. Government
   Printing  Office, 1971. 120 p.
72

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                                                          DRS RESEARCH CORPORATION
PREDICTION OF SOLID WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
CONTRACT NO.  PH 86-68-97
COST: $27,355
PROJECT START:
  January 1968
PROJECT END: January 1969
CONTRACTOR
URS Research Corporation
155 Bovet Road
San Mateo, California 94402

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Myron B. Hawkins
OBJECTIVE: To develop a technique for pre-
dicting the characteristics of solid wastes in
urban areas. The model to be developed will
identify  materials used and consumed by a
given community and will use input/output
techniques  to  determine the  quantity of
waste to be expected as  well as its physical
and  chemical  composition.  This knowledge
will enable sanitary engineers, public health
officials,  and  others concerned  with solid
waste management to plan for future col-
lection and disposal requirements.
APPROACH:   Using  available   economic
sources,  the contractor collected,  developed,
and formulated selected standard data,  de-
scriptors, and  functions for input commodi-
ties and  activities in order to design and de-
velop specifications for a basic waste predic-
tion model. The model was  tested manually
in a relatively small community to evaluate
its performance.

SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final report
has been accepted for publication. The study
consisted primarily of determining the avail-
ability  of  usable information and develop-
ing a preliminary prediction model for resi-
dential  household solid wastes.  This  model
was restricted to the prediction of present-
day,  short-residence-time  wastes. Its per-
formance  was tested by comparing its pre-
dictions for a given locality with the results
of an actual study of solid waste generation
in that locality. The areas studied  were  in
Jefferson County, Kentucky. Pertinent  demo-
graphic data were  collected and the solid
waste quantities of various materials esti-
mated by manual application of the predic-
tion method. The results compared favor-
ably with the measured values.
BOYD, G. B., and M. B. HAWKINS. Methods of predicting solid waste characteristics. Washington, U. S. Gov-
   ernment Printing  Office, 1972. 28 p.
                                                                              73

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DRS RESEARCH CORPORATION
SOLID WASTE PREDICTION MODEL
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-117
COST:  $134,700
PROJECT START: May 1970
PROJECT END:  October 1971
CONTRACTOR
URS Research Corporation
155 Bovet Road
San Mateo, California 94402

PROJECT DIRECTOR
Myron B. Hawkins
OBJECTIVE: To develop and test  a  model
for predicting the characteristics and quan-
tities of solid wastes from commercial estab-
lishments, and to complete the development,
programming, and testing of the residential
waste  prediction model produced  under  a
previous study (Contract No. PH 86-68-97).
This knowledge  will enable  sanitary engi-
neers, public health officials, and others con-
cerned with solid waste management to plan
for future collection and  disposal  require-
ments.
APPROACH: The types and magnitude of
the problems of  solid waste generation in
various commercial activities will be obtained
by  interviews, correspondence, and  discus-
sions with managers of actual  establishments,
refuse collectors, dump operators, investiga-
tors,  representatives of  trade associations,
manufacturers, and personnel of the SWMO.
Information will  also be obtained from a re-
view of studies of waste disposal operations
and by means  of rapid surveys  involving
personal observations of scrap piles, waste
containers, etc.
Program development and model testing will
include the following services: (1) identify
sources and available detail  of information
regarding size, type, and location of various
commercial establishments; (2) analyze data
and develop a usable set of  commercial ac-
tivities that will be considered in the predic-
tion model; (3)  for  each selected activity,
develop a preliminary, semiquantitative ma-
terial  input-output waste model; (4) conduct
investigations, surveys, and  measurements
to determine various  critical  factors and co-
efficients necessary to relate  the size of the
activity to the amount of each  waste com-
ponent generated;  (5)  collect, compile, and
analyze information on changes in technol-
ogy and practice that will affect waste gen-
eration by commercial activities,  and develop
modified  waste  generation coefficients; (6)
adapt the  general waste prediction  model
to handle the wastes generated by commer-
cial activities that  are  found to be contrib-
utors; (7) establish computation  specifica-
tions  and develop  computer programs for
the commercial  model; (8) assemble  stand-
ard data blanks  for the commercial model,
and collect,  evaluate,  and collate  as  many
standard activity  and  commodity  descrip-
tions as are pertinent to the test area, while
converting data to the appropriate computer
format; and  (9) select a test area for the
commercial waste study, run the waste pre-
diction model for the test area, and  evaluate
results.
The following tasks relating to the residen-
tial solid waste prediction model are  to be
performed: (1) to conduct a statistical  analy-
sis on the significance of various parameters
of the LIFE data (and the supporting source
data)  to provide bases  for decisions on the
selection of basic evaluation factors;  (2) to
review in detail the results of the earlier work
on the  residential  waste reduction  model
(under Contract PH 86-68-97) and to  estab-
lish the  design  of the short-residence-time
(SRT) residential waste model; (3) to  inves-
tigate data sources, analyze information, and
complete the development of the SRT resi-
dential model; and  (4) to investigate data
and information sources, analyze  possible
approaches,  and  establish the detailed for-
mat for handling future  waste  in the resi-
dential model.
74

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                                                            THE WESTERN COMPANY
PIPELINE TRANSPORT OF SHREDDED SOLID WASTES
 CONTRACT NO.  CPE 70-132
 COST: $17,373
 PROJECT START:  June 1970
 PROJECT END:  May 1971
CONTRACTOR
The Western Company
Research Division
2201 North Waterview Parkway
Richardson, Tex.  75080
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Gerald D. Hartsell
OBJECTIVE: To develop a detailed plan for
the  economic  feasibility  of  transporting
shredded refuse via pipeline.

APPROACH: This project is the first phase
of a three-phase research program. Continu-
ation into succeeding Phases II and III will
depend on the results and recommendations
generated from the  first  phase. Phase I.
Study and Design. The initial effort will be
to estimate  equipment and testing costs as
well as  to  outline  a scope of work so that
Phases II and III can be awarded on a com-
petitive  basis.

Phase II. Construction and Startup. The mid-
dle phase will entail the purchasing, fabrica-
tion, erection, and testing of all equipment
and submittal  of  a detailed  research plan
with  dates, accomplishments,  and  other
scheduled activities to be  used in Phase III.

Phase HI. Test and analyses. The final effort
will provide the  data upon which the ac-
companying recommendations  and conclu-
sions will be based.

Phase I will consist of:  (1) review of other
programs and data that have been generated
to take advantage of available information
and to prevent duplication of effort; (2)  de-
velopment of a plan for awarding a contract
on a competitive basis to study three trans-
port systems—water and slurry pressure
system, water and capsule pressure system,
and water and slurry gravity system;  (3) de-
sign of test apparatus and compilation of a
list of materials to provide maximum data
for an economic and uncomplicated  opera-
tion ;  (4) economic  analysis, comparing a
typical pipeline transportation system for a
city  with a typical refuse truck transfer
transportation system; and (5) preparation
of a final report containing all data, program
plans, designs, and economic analyses of  the
processes and their future potential for solv-
ing a major transport problem of solid waste
management.
                                                                            75

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 WILLIAM A. XANTBN

 PROCEDURES FOR  STATE AGENCY SURVEYS
 CONTRACT  NO.
PH
PH
86-67-12
86-67-43
 COST:  $3,000
 PROJECT START: July 1966
 PROJECT END: November 1966
CONTRACTOR
William A. Xanten
3355 Military Road, NW
Washington, B.C.  20015

PROJECT DIRECTOR
William A. Xanten
 OBJECTIVE: To obtain fundamental guide-
 lines and procedures for State agency sur-
 veys to enable the attainment of established
 objectives as progressively and uniformly
 as possible.
 APPROACH: Past  survey forms and the
 types of information obtained by their use
 were examined. The personal experience of
 the investigators  was used to modify and
 develop the required information.
                SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report en-
                titled "Codification and Data Gathering Sur-
                veys for State Planning Agencies" was ac-
                cepted by the SWMO. This report proposes
                fundamental guidelines for in-depth data
                gathering surveys. Suggested forms to  be
                used for basic data information  on the gen-
                eral survey and site investigations of com-
                munity solid waste practices were included.
                The report was prepared for use by SWMO
                personnel and will not  be published or dis-
                tributed.
76

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                                    SUBJECT  INDEX
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
  Identification Program for Solid Waste
    Research	  4
  Status of Solid Waste Processing	  7
  CPU-400 Program  Management and Systems
    Engineering  	15
  Solid Waste Management Annual Film Report- 21
  Verification of Bibliographic Citations	24
  Five-Year Plan for  Research and Development- 47
  Feasibility of Recommendations in  NAS-NRC
    Publication 	51
  Program for Regional Solid Waste
    Management Systems 	52

BIOLOGICAL  PROCESSING
  Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in
    Refuse-Sludge Composting	 18
  Composting  Dewatered Sewage Sludge	19
  Composting  Technology and Compost
    Utilization in  Europe 	30
  Converting Solid Waste Materials Into Yeast	34
  Production of Edible Proteins  From
    Cellulosic Wastes	43

COLLECTION
  Solid  Waste  Removal From High-Rise
    Residential Structures 	49
  On-site Refuse Storage, Collection, and
    Reduction  System for High-Rise
    Residential Structures	50
  Engineering  Study of a One-Man Collection
    System  	67
  Pipeline Transport  of Shredded Solid Wastes— 75

COMPOSTING
  Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in
    Refuse-Sludge Composting	18
  Composting  Dewatered Sewage Sludge	19
  Composting  Technology and Compost
    Utilization in  Europe	30

DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS
  Technical-Economic Study of Solid  Waste
    Disposal  	11
  Oceanic  Disposal of Solid  Wastes	17
  Abstracting  and Other  Services  	23
  Pilot Data Acquisition and Analysis System	44
  Packaging Materials and Waste Disposal	45
  Solid  Waste  Removal From High-Rise
    Residential Structures	49
  On-site Refuse Storage,  Collection,  and
    Reduction  System for High-Rise
    Residential Structures	50
  Single-Use Items in Health Care Facilities	55
  Patent Search of On-site Refuse Handling
    Devices  	59
  Cost/Benefit  Relationships in Solid Waste
    Litter	60
  Government  Policies Affecting Solid Waste
    Generation and Reclamation	62
  Char From Solid Wastes as an Adsorption
    Medium 	66
  Engineering Study of a  One-Man Collection
    System	67
  Procedures for State Agency Surveys	76

ENERGY RECOVERY
  Feasibility of Incineration—Jet Engine
    Technology	13
  Subscale Experiments—CPU-400	14
  CPU-400 Program Management and Systems
    Engineering 	15

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
  Decontamination and Combustion of Organic
    Pesticides and Containers  	63

HEALTH ASPECTS
  Public  Health Related to Solid Waste	  3
  Identification Program for Solid Waste
    Research 	  4
  Oceanic Disposal  of Solid Wastes	17
  Occupational  Health in Solid  Waste
    Management  	20
  Health Effects of Air Pollution Related
    to  Solid Wastes	39
  Microbiological Quality of Products From
    Rendering Plants 	48
  Single-Use Items in Health Care Facilities	55

INCINERATION
  Feasibility of Incineration—Jet  Engine
    Technology	13
  Subscale Experiments—CPU-400	14
  The Cost of Municipal Incineration	37
  Airborne Emissions From Municipal
    Incinerators 	56
  Decontamination and Combustion of Organic
    Pesticides and Containers  	63

INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT STUDIES
  Printing and  Publishing  Industry	  9
  Electrical Home Appliance Industry	38
  Drug Industry	41
  Food Processing Industry	54
  Polymer Production Industry	65
  Automotive Assembly Industry	68
  Chemical Industry	69
  Rubber Industry	72

INCENTIVES/DISINCENTIVES
  Incentives for Solid Waste Management	35
  Incentives for Tire Recycling and Reuse	36
  Incentives for Plastic Recycling  and Reuse	40
LEGISLATION
  Compilation of Solid Waste Legislation	  6
  Digest of Ordinances and a Model Ordinance	53
LITTER
  Cost/Benefit Relationships in Solid Waste
    Litter	60
                                                                                                77

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SUBJECT INDEX
OPERATIONS RESEARCH
  Systems Analysis of Solid Waste Disposal	16
  Prediction of Solid Waste Characteristics	73
  Solid  Waste Prediction  Model	74

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSING
  Status of Solid  Waste Processing	  7
  Evaluation of  Solid Waste  Processing	  8
  Development of Household  Refuse Grinder — 22
  Photodegradation of  Cellulose and Waste
    Paper	28
  The Cost of Municipal Incineration	37
  Airborne Emissions From Municipal
    Incinerators 	56
  Patent Search  of On-site Refuse  Handling
    Devices  	59
  Air Classification Process to Separate Solid
    Waste  Materials	64

PLASTICS
  Feasibility Study—Disposal of Polyethylene
    Plastic  Waste 	33
  Incentives for  Plastic Recycling and Reuse — 40
  Management Study—The Polymer Production
    Industry 	65
  New Chemical Concepts  for Waste Plastic
    Utilization   	70
  Biodegradability of Plastics	71

RECLAMATION/RECYCLING
  Evaluation of  Solid Waste  Processing	  8
  Dismantling Railroad Freight Cars	10
  Feasibility of  Incineration—Jet  Engine
    Technology	13
  Subscale  Experiments—CPU-400	14
  CPU-400 Program Management and  Systems
    Engineering 	15
  Converting Solid Waste Materials Into Yeast	34
  Production of  Edible  Proteins From
    Cellulosic Wastes	43
  Government Policies  Affecting Solid Waste
    Generation  and Reclamation	62
  Char From Solid Wastes as an Adsorption
    Medium 	66

RUBBER
  Incentives for Tire Recycling and Reuse	36
  Management  Study—The Rubber Industry	72

SALVAGE
  Dismantling Railroad Freight  Cars	10
  Salvage Markets for Recoverable Solid
    Waste Materials	46
SANITARY LANDFILL
  Effects of Disposal Sites Upon Property Values 26
  Motion Picture on Solid Waste  Disposal	42
  Field Evaluation of Sanitary Landfill
    Techniques  	57
  Soil Index Properties of Cover  Material	58
  Evaluation and Comparison Procedure for
    Sanitary Landfill Equipment	61

SOCIO-POLITICAL ASPECTS
  Public Awareness Development Program and
    Case Study	25
  Effects of Disposal Sites Upon  Property
    Values  	26
  Factors Influencing Citizens'  Attitudes and
    Responses 	27

TECHNICAL INFORMATION
  Solid Waste Management Annual Film Report- 21
  Abstracting and Other Services	23
  Public Awareness Development  Program
    and Case Study	25
  Operation Breakthrough	29
  Solid Wastes Management in Germany	31
  Chronicle  of Activities and Accomplishments
    in Solid Waste  Management  	32
  Motion Picture on Solid Waste Disposal	42

TRANSPORT
  Pipeline Transport of Shredded Solid Wastes	75

TRAINING
  Training Courses  for Public Works Officials	5
78

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                              PROJECT  DIRECTORS
Ayres, Robert U., 35, 36
Berriman, Lester P., 64
Boyd, J. L., 19
Brown, Daniel L., 34
Bugher, Robert D., 5
Butler, Dale M., 10
Callihan, Claydon D., 43
Carotti, Arrigo, 56
Conrad, E. T., 61
Cosby, William A., 50
Darnay, Arsen J., Jr., 45, 46, 47
Davis, Robert, 60
Eliassen, Rolf, 66
Engdahl, Richard B., 7
Finley, Stuart, 21
Fisher, Carl P., 6
Frohnsdorff, Geoffrey, 28
Gable, Tom S., 55
Gaby, William L., 18
Gillean, James, 44
Hanks, Thrift G., 3, 4
Hart, Samuel A., 30, 31
Hartsell, Gerald D., 75
Hasterlik, R. J., 20
Hawkins, Myron B., 73, 74
Hillenbrand, Bernard F., 52
Holman, John F., 32
Rowland, John S., 22
Jensen, Barry, 25, 26, 27
Koenig, Louis, 37, 38
Kohl, John C., 51
Linsky, Benjamin, 39
Marynowski, Chester W., 65
Mercer, Walter A., 54
Milgrom, Jack, 40
Newcomb, Robinson, 49
Olmsted, Stephen B., 59
Ottinger, Robert S., 70
Parkhurst, John D., 42
Pearl, Bruce C., 29
Peters, Alec, 23, 24
Pike, Ralph W., 43
Pomeroy, Benjamin S., 48
Potts, J. E., 71
Powell, Mel D., 53
Ranard, Elliot D., 11
Roberto, Gerard, 58
Roninger, Frank H., 72
Roth, Edwin W., 16
Short, Rufus C., 9
Smith,  David D., 17
Smith,  Richard D., 13, 14, 15
Stallard, Fred, 57
Stearns, Robert P., 62
Stone, Ralph, 67, 68
Sullivan, Ralph, 41
Testin, Robert F., 8
Weinberg, M. S., 63
Xanten, William A., 76
Yocom, John E., 69
Zerlaut, Gene, 33
                                                                                                  79
                                                             f U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE- 1972 0—427-867

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