Summaries of Solid UlastB management \ Contracts ------- SUMMARIES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTRACTS July 1, 1965—June 30, 1970 This publication (SW-5.3) was compiled by HUGH H. CONNOLLY U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 1972 ------- An environmental protection publication in the solid waste management series (SW-5.3). This publication is also in the Public Health Service numbered series as Public Health Service Publica- tion No. 1897; its entry in two government publi- cation series is the result of a publishing interface reflecting the transfer of the Federal solid waste management program from the U.S. Public Health Service to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Requests for technical information related to specific contracts should be addressed to the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460 Requests for published information should be addressed to Solid Waste Management Publications Distribution, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, or to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20402—PRICE $1. STOCK NO. 5502-0025 ------- FOREWORD THE CONTRACT MECHANISM is an integral arm of the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs of the U.S. Environmental Protec- tion Agency.* Technical investigations are conducted by the Office's own staff. But this staff cannot be the size required for carrying on all the research and studies needed for solutions to the Nation's problems of managing its solid wastes. While capa- bilities of universities and other nonprofit organizations are being tapped through re- search grants as well as other types of grants,1"3 contracts make it possible to use the accumulated practical experience and trained staffs of business and professional consultants. Contracts are administered by means of regular written reports and oral discussion on a basis comparable to the review of work performed within the Office itself. This helps to ensure that the contract research fully meets the study intent. At the same time it keeps the Office staff informed on research progress and findings as they develop. It is also important that the research world and the public at large learn of the results of contract investigations. Although a full report on each contract is usually published upon conclusion of the work, there is a legiti- mate demand for publication of prospectuses of the contracts and any information that can be made available on contract progress. The present compilation is intended to sat- isfy that need. It contains abstracts on con- tracts undertaken from the beginning of activities conducted with funds appropriated under the Solid Waste Disposal Act. In the initial stages, many of the subjects for study were suggested by applicants and led to un- solicited contracts. As more detailed informa- tion was developed, it became easier to pin- point gaps in our solid wastes knowledge and, therefore, to utilize contracts that are directed toward meeting these deficiencies. The variety and extent of subject matter defy easy characterization and can be judged only by a look at the table of contents. The contracts described in this publication, as well as other contracts planned, hold great prom- ise of extending the field of knowledge on solid waste management and, at the same time, of promoting a fruitful business- government partnership. —SAMUEL HALE, JR. Deputy Assistant Administrator for Solid Waste Management * As this report was written before the current organization took effect, the Office is referred to as the Solid Waste Management Office (SWMO) throughout the remainder of the publication. 1 LEFKE, L. W., A. G. KEENE, R. A. CHAPMAN, and H. JOHNSON, comps. Summaries of solid waste research and training grants—1970. Public Health Service Publication No. 1596. Washington, U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office, 1971. 134 p. - SPONAGLE, C. E., and P. L. STUMP. Solid waste management demonstration grant projects 1971; for grants awarded during- the period June 1, 1966—June 30, 1971. Public Health Service Publica- tion No. 1821. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 247 p. 3 TOFTNER, R. 0., D. D. SWAVELY, W. T. DEHN, and B. L. SWEENEY, comps. State solid waste plan- ning grants, agencies, and progress—1970, report of activities through June 30, 1970. Public Health Serv- ice Publication No. 2109. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 26 p. iii ------- CONTENTS Introduction Aerojet-General Corporation Public health related to solid waste . 3 Identification program for solid waste research . . . .... 4 American Public Works Association Training courses for public works officials . 5 Autocomp Inc. Compilation of solid waste legislation 6 Battelle Memorial Institute Status of solid waste processing 7 Evaluation of solid waste processing 8 Management study—the printing and pub- lishing industry . . .9 Booz, Allen Applied Research Inc. Dismantling railroad freight cars 10 Combustion Engineering, Inc. Technical-economic study of solid waste disposal 11 Combustion Power Company, Inc. Feasibility of incineration—jet engine technology . . . . .13 Subscale experiments—CPU-400 .... 14 CPU-400 program management and sys- tems engineering . . 15 Cornell Aeronautical Laboratories, Inc. Systems analysis of solid waste disposal . 16 Dillingham Corporation Oceanic disposal of solid wastes .... 17 Foster-Miller Associates, Inc. Development of household refuse grinder . 22 Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania Abstracting and other services 23 Verification of bibliographic citations 24 General Behavioral Systems, Inc. Public awareness development program and case study 25 Effects of disposal sites upon property values . 26 General Systems Industries, Inc. Factors influencing citizens' attitudes and responses 27 The Gillette Research Institute Photodegradation of cellulose and waste paper 28 Greenleaf/Telesca Operation Breakthrough 29 Samuel A. Hart Composting technology and compost utili- zation in Europe . . . . 30 Solid wastes management in Germany 31 John F. Holm an & Co., Inc. Chronicle of activities and accomplishments in solid waste management 32 IIT Research Institute Feasibility study—disposal of polyethylene plastic waste . . 33 East Tennessee State University Pathogens and indicator organisms in refuse-sludge composting . 18 Ionics, Inc. Converting solid waste materials into yeast . 34 The Eimco Corporation Composting dewatered sewage sludge . 19 Enviro-Med Inc. Occupational health in solid waste man- agement ... ... 20 Stuart Finley, Inc. Solid waste management annual film report . ... ... ... 21 International Research and Technology Corporation Incentives for solid waste management . 35 Incentives for tire recycling and reuse . . 36 Louis Koenig Research The cost of municipal incineration . . 37 Management study—the electrical home appliance industry . . .38 ------- Benjamin Linsky Health effects of air pollution related to solid wastes • 39 Arthur D. Little, Inc. Incentives for plastic recycling and re- use . 40 Litton Systems, Inc. Management study—the drug industry 41 Los Angeles County Motion picture on solid waste disposal 42 Louisiana State University Production of edible proteins from cellu- losic wastes 43 Martin-Marietta Corporation Pilot data acquisition and analysis system 44 Midwest Research Institute Packaging materials and waste disposal . 45 Salvage markets for recoverable solid waste materials . . 46 Five-year plan for research and devel- opment 47 University of Minnesota Microbiological quality of products from rendering plants . . .48 National Academy of Sciences—National Re- search Council Solid waste removal from high-rise resi- dential structures . . 49 On-site refuse storage, collection, and re- duction system for high-rise residential structures ... 50 Feasibility of recommendations in NAS- NRC publication . . 51 National Association of Counties Research Foun- dation Program for regional solid waste manage- ment systems . . .52 Digest of ordinances and a model ordi- nance . 53 National Canners Association Management study—the food processing- industry 54 National Sanitation Foundation Single-use items in health care facilities 55 New York University Airborne emissions from municipal in- cinerators . . 56 Northern Kentucky Sanitation Company Field evaluation of sanitary landfill techniques ... .57 H. C. Nutting Company Soil index properties of cover material . 58 Stephen B. Olmsted Patent search of on-site refuse handling devices . ... 59 Resource Management Corporation Cost/benefit relationships in solid waste litter 60 SCS Engineers Evaluation and comparison procedure for sanitary landfill equipment . . . . 61 Government policies affecting solid waste generation and reclamation . . 62 Foster D. Snell, Inc. Decontamination and combustion of organic pesticides and containers . . 63 Stanford Research Institute Air classification process to separate solid waste materials ... . . 64 Management study—the polymer produc- tion industry . . . .65 Stanford University Char from solid wastes as an adsorption medium . . . 66 Ralph Stone and Co., Inc., Engineers Engineering study of a one-man collection system . . ... .67 Management study—the automotive assem- bly industry . . . . . . 68 The Travelers Research Corporation Management study—the chemical industry 69 TRW Inc. New chemical concepts for waste plastic utilization . . 70 Union Carbide Corporation Biodegradability of plastics . . 71 Uniroyal, Inc. Management study—the rubber industry 72 URS Research Corporation Prediction of solid waste characteristics . 73 Solid waste prediction model . . 74 The Western Company Pipeline transport of shredded solid wastes . 75 William A. Xanten Procedures for state agency surveys . 76 SUBJECT INDEX . . . .77 INDEX OF PROJECT DIRECTORS .... 79 VI ------- SUMMARIES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTRACTS July 1, 1965—June 30, 1970 THIS is A COMPENDIUM of contract projects supported by the Solid Waste Management Office (SWMO) and its predecessors since the passage of the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965. The purpose of the publication is to inform interested readers of the variety of contracts being supported in such a way that information developed from this activ- ity can be made quickly available and dis- seminated to those persons who can best use the information. We hope that the publica- tion may stimulate prospective contractors to conceive new approaches that through re- search and development will lead to an ad- vancement of technology and to better meth- ods of solid waste management. The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, as amended by the Resource Recovery Act of 1970, directs the Secretary of the Depart- ment of Health, Education, and Welfare (functions transferred by Reorganization Plan No. 3 to the Administrator, Environ- mental Protection Agency) to conduct and encourage—and to cooperate with and assist appropriate public authorities, agencies, and institutions; private agencies and institu- tions ; and individuals in the conduct of: (1) research, training, demonstrations, sur- veys, and other studies relating to adverse health and welfare effects caused by solid wastes; (2) operation and financing of solid waste disposal programs; (3) reduction of the amounts of such waste and unsalvageable waste materials; (4) development and ap- plication of new and improved methods of solid waste processing and materials and energy recovery; (5) identification of solid waste components and potential recoverable materials and energy. In carrying out the provisions as directed, the Secretary is authorized to: (1) collect and make available, through publications and other means, the results of such research and other activities; (2) cooperate with pub- lic and private agencies, institutions, and industries in the preparation and conduct of such research and other activities; (3) make grants-in-aid and contracts with public or private agencies, institutions, and individ- uals for research, training, surveys, and dem- onstrations. Any grant, agreement, or contract made or entered into is to contain provisions ef- fective to ensure that all information, uses, processes, patents, and other developments resulting from any activity undertaken pur- suant to such grant, agreement, or contract will be made readily available on fair and equitable terms to those industries utilizing methods of solid waste disposal and to in- dustries engaged in furnishing devices, fa- cilities, equipment, and supplies to be used in connection with solid waste disposal. The summaries, arranged alphabetically by contractor, represent the efforts made to carry out this contract authority. One can readily see that there is no single approach applicable to the wide variety of solid wastes produced and that, as the concept of solid waste management has developed, so has the scope of our contracts. The characteristics of solid wastes are continually changing through product innovation, industrial proc- ess modification, and changes in living habits of the general population. Storage, collection, transport, processing, utilization, and dis- posal practices must continually be modified to keep pace with these changes. ------- Research contracts are used to implement the efforts directed by the Solid Waste Dis- posal Act of 1965 and the Resource Recovery Act of 1970. The contract mechanism makes it possible to support projects for which neither staff nor equipment is available. This mechanism permits the national program to utilize specialized facilities, organizations. and capabilities wherever they may exist. A contract may be a separate project in itself or may complement in-house research. Solicited contracts are awarded to quali- fied contractors who submit the best pro- posals in response to advertised requests as they appear in the Commerce Business Daily. This competitive mechanism is used to en- sure that the work i-equired will be per- formed in the most economical manner by those best qualified. Profit and nonprofit organizations desir- ing to perform research within the scope and intent of the Solid Waste Disposal Act are invited to submit proposals for consider- ation. All proposals submitted are evaluated for technical contribution and program rel- evancy, and compete with other proposals, both solicited and unsolicited, for priority funding. A format, selected to enable the reader to become aware of the actual content of result- ant publications, includes the objectives, the approach used, and a summary of progress where available. ------- AEROJET-GENERAL CORPORATION PUBLIC HEALTH RELATED TO SOLID WASTE CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-151 COST: $58,414 PROJECT START: June 1966 PROJECT END: January 1967 CONTRACTOR Aerojet-General Corp. 1100 West Hollyvale Street Azusa, Calif. 91702 PROJECT DIRECTOR Thrift G. Hanks OBJECTIVE: To obtain a thorough and con- sistent listing and evaluation of health prob- lems reported to be associated with solid waste disposal by identifying the relation- ships between human health and solid waste management. APPROACH: The contract was primarily concerned with those relationships resulting in disease processes. A survey of the tech- nical world literature was made: (1) to iden- tify types, sources, disease processes, and occupational descriptions; (2) to accumulate data and establish identifiable relationships; (3) to note and tabulate significant conclu- sions and recommendations; (4) to provide an annotated bibliography of related survey literature; (5) to organize and publish a survey report on the public health aspects of solid waste handling and disposal. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report on the comprehensive literature survey, Solid Waste/Disease Relationships, was published. In this report each postulated solid waste/ disease relationship is presented as follows: (1) a general statement on the disease under consideration; (2) a postulation on its asso- ciation with wastes; (3) the evidence found in the literature supporting this postulation; (4) discussion of the evidence; (5) con- clusions relative to the disease/waste asso- ciation and to possible projections of the observations; (6) recommendations for re- search or other action. HANKS, T. G. Solid waste/disease relationships; u, literature survey. Public Health Service Publication No. 999-UIH-6. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967. 179 p. ------- AEROJET-GENERAL CORPORATION IDENTIFICATION PROGRAM FOR SOLID WASTE RESEARCH CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-126 COST: $19,025 PROJECT START: May 1967 PROJECT END: August 1967 CONTRACTOR Aerojet-General Corp. Life Science Division 1100 West Hollyvale Street Azusa, Calif. 91702 PROJECT DIRECTOR Thrift G. Hanks OBJECTIVE: To develop a system for as- signing priorities to selected research and de- velopment projects related to solid waste and public health problems. APPROACH: A study of solid waste/disease relationships revealed research needs in a number of important areas. A detailed evalu- ation and assignment of priorities to those areas, however, was beyond the scope of that study. This research program was designed to select the most important topics from that report and to develop a series of task descriptions for specific research and de- velopment projects. Cost estimates as well as work statements, a description of the specific problem and its background, and an outline of a program devoted to its solution were included for the 10 most important projects. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final re port on a solid waste research identification program has been accepted. The report, de- signed for in-house use, describes in detail the rationale and methods used, the various ratings obtained, conclusions, recommenda- tions, work statements, and a basic research program outline. ------- AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION TRAINING COURSES FOR PUBLIC WORKS OFFICIALS CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-146 COST: $86,523 PROJECT START: June 1966 PROJECT END: August 1968 CONTRACTOR American Public Works Assoc. 1313 East 60th Street Chicago, 111. 60637 PROJECT DIRECTOR Robert D. Bugher OBJECTIVE: To develop a package of train- ing courses for those operators, managers, and public works officials concerned with various aspects of solid waste management that can be used to broaden solid waste training throughout the Nation. APPROACH: A comprehensive blueprint for the training of personnel in the field of solid waste management was to be prepared. This would include fully developed courses previ- ously tested in pilot programs, a fully de- veloped curriculum tailored to existing needs. and well developed teaching methodology including instructions for the use of training aids. Consideration was to be given to the educational backgrounds, work experiences, and career goals of operating officials, the requirements and responsibilities of the po- sitions, and the socioeconomic and technical trends most likely to alter the function of operating personnel. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Course outlines were prepared and pilot courses conducted in six major cities on: (1) incinerator plant operation; (2) sanitary landfill operation; (3) solid waste management; (4) refuse collection; (5) solid wastes technology; (6) solid waste management policy. Copies of the course packages are avail- able for review at SWMO offices in Cincin- nati, Ohio and Rockville, Maryland. No pub- lication is planned. ------- AUTOCOMP INC. COMPILATION OF SOLID WASTE LEGISLATION CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-118 COST: $141,840 PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: January 1972 CONTRACTOR Autocomp Inc. Autocode Division 7910 Woodmont Ave. Bethesda. Maryland 20014 PROJECT DIRECTOR Carl P. Fisher OBJECTIVE: State and territorial legisla- tion will be searched for applicability to solid wastes. Photocopies of the relevant laws will be made, indexed, and cross-indexed in sufficient detail for layman use. A com- pendium will be prepared from the applicable laws for publication. APPROACH: All legislation of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the territories of American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands will be searched for ap- plicability to solid wastes. This includes en- abling legislation, direct prohibitions, and direct authorizations. Legislation may be found in such widely separated portions of the codes as those dealing with agriculture, health, labor, highways, industry, water, and air. Examples of legislation to be covered include laws regarding storage, collection, transportation, processing, vehicles, demoli- tion materials, animal and vegetation wastes, as well as wastes from households and com- mercial and industrial establishments. In- cluded also are the general nuisance laws, zoning regulations (to the extent codified). rule-making authorizations to State agencies or local or regional jurisdictions, all insofar as they pertain to the management of solid wastes. Once located, the State and territorial laws will be checked with Shepherd's Citator, or the equivalent, to assure their currency as of the date of the contract. Laws that have been repealed will be eliminated, and new acts or amendments will be included up to the date of the contract. The compendium will be by State or terri- tory and will consist of abstracts of the particular provisions organized on a uniform subject matter basis. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: All territorial and State legislation has been indexed and checked to assure its accuracy to date of con- tract, and Phase I has been completed with submission of State-by-State volumes con- taining photo copies of existing legislation. Plans have begun for the development of the format and organization of the compendium —Phase II of the contract. ------- BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE STATUS OF SOLID WASTE PROCESSING CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-160 COST: $57,265 PROJECT START: June 1966 PROJECT END: February 1967 CONTRACTOR Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus Laboratories 505 King Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43201 PROJECT DIRECTOR Richard B. Engdahl OBJECTIVE: To assemble all available in- formation on solid waste processing in order to provide a concise reference useful to those concerned with the development of new and improved processes. APPROACH: Information on the reliability of the processes, performance data, economic factors, and range of pertinent commercially available equipment and devices was obtained by surveying and examining existing tech- nical processes and techniques. This included both industrial and municipal applications with evaluations as to applicability to solid waste treatment. The general processes con- sidered were: (1) densification and size re- duction; (2) separation; (3) recovery and utilization; (4) chemical processing. Special problems such as health hazards and environ- mental pollution were to be examined. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report on the status of unit operations and processes for solid waste disposal has been accepted. The report summarizes the present status of methods now or recently in use for the dis- posal and utilization of solid wastes. The re- port shows that, although a few aspects of solid waste processing are well developed, the availability of economic methods for most solid waste problems is scarce or non- existent. The summary is organized under four general headings into which the study is divided. ENGDAHL, R. B. Solid waste processing; a state-of-the art report on unit operations and processes. Public Health Service Publication No. 1856. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 72 p. ------- BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE EVALUATION OF SOLID WASTE PROCESSING CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-265 COST: $76,650 PROJECT START: June 1967 PROJECT END: October 1968 CONTRACTOR Battelle Memorial Institute 505 King Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43201 PROJECT DIRECTOR Robert F. Testin OBJECTIVE: To investigate, evaluate, and document separation and recovery equip- ment, processes, and techniques that have potential application in the areas of solid waste separation and utilization. APPROACH: The investigation involved a study to establish the range of expected characterization of solid wastes, including total amounts, and physical and chemical properties. A literature survey, solicitations to manufacturers, and analyses of existing reclamation and disposal plants were used to compile a list of equipment and techniques and to assess their applicability to various types of solid wastes. For each unit process considered, appropriate operating informa- tion was compiled, and effects of input characteristics on capital and operating costs and the output products and any synergistic or antagonistic effects of various processes on one another were assessed. Information was obtained to define process capabilities, reliability, economics, availability of com- mercial equipment, and special operational problems. Appropriate mathematical, statis- tical, and economic methods were used to de- velop capital and operation cost relationships as functions of input and output character- istics. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final re- port has been accepted. The expected char- acteristics of solid wastes, including the amounts and physical and chemical proper- ties, have been tabulated. Through literature surveys, solicitations from manufacturers, and analyses of existing reclamation and dis- posal plants, the list of techniques and equip- ment and processes to the solid waste field has been assessed. Process capabilities, re- liability, economics, availability of commer- cial equipment, special operational problems, and health hazards have been defined. Using appropriate mathematical, statistical, and economic methods, capital and operating cost relationships have been developed. Feasible combinations of processes or equipment have been suggested. DROBNEY, N. L., H. E. HULL, and R. P. TESTIN. Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste; a summary of available cost and performance characteristics of unit processes and systems. Public Health Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 118 p. ------- BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE PRINTING AND PUBLISHING INDUSTRY CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-6 COST: $73,484 PROJECT START: May 1969 PROJECT END: January 1971 CONTRACTOR Battelle Memorial Institute 505 King- Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43201 PROJECT DIRECTOR Ruf us C. Short OBJECTIVE: To study and evaluate the solid waste management practices of the publishing and printing industry, SIC 271, 272, 273, and 275. APPROACH: Information and data will be collected on the following items of the pub- lishing and printing industry on a national basis: (1) total number of industrial plants, employment, capital value of the plants, and quantities and types of products produced; (2) past development and production pat- terns within the industry indicating present trends, new technology, and future develop- ment; (3) flow diagrams for the basic pro- duction processes; (4) location of the indus- tries with particular notation of production centers in the country; (5) identification of the quantity (weight) and quality (char- acter) of solid waste generated; (6) cor- relation of solid waste production with a readily available universal parameter of the plant; (7) identify and analyze the cur- rent storage, collection, and disposal prac- tices of the industry; (8) amount of money being spent for storage, collection, treatment, and disposal of solid waste for the industry; (9) analysis of the future trends of solid waste management within the industry and factors that might influence them, such as reuse, etc. The methodology to collect the information and data will consist of a literature review and a variety of different types of field in- terviews. Following the data collection phase, the information will be analyzed and eval- uated. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Prior to begin- ning data collection, a literature review was carried out, plants were grouped by SIC numbers and location, and an interview guide was developed. Data collection was followed by an analysis phase, and a preliminary draft of the final report was submitted. Review of the draft is nearly complete, and a final report will be printed. ------- BOOZ, ALLEN APPLIED RESEARCH INC. DISMANTLING RAILROAD FREIGHT CARS CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-100 COST: $50,000 PROJECT START: March 1967 PROJECT END: December 1967 CONTRACTOR Booz, Allen Applied Research Inc. 4733 Bethesda Avenue Bethesda, Md. 20014 PROJECT DIRECTOR Dale M. Butler OBJECTIVE: To encourage the development of new and improved methods of railroad car dismantling and salvage operations that per- mit reuse of waste materials without pre- senting environmental problems. APPROACH: On-site observations and inter- views with key personnel were used to study current operating practices of railroad car dismantlers throughout the country, and to summarize information on proposed new techniques. Feasibility studies on new tech- niques that promise acceptable pollution con- trol and economic practicality were investi- gated. A system for rating proposed car dis- mantling systems in order to select the best method for prototype development was un- dertaken. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A final report containing the findings, conclusions, and rec- ommendations has been accepted. In effect the study was a pilot application of the systems approach to the difficult and complex problems presented by pollution and effective resource utilization. Many aspects of developing technology were investigated including new forms of explosives, high- speed water jets, cryogenic brittlizing agents, and advanced methods in wood utili- zation. Two approaches were suggested for prototype development: a system of cutting wood from railroad cars using high-pressure, manually operated water jets, and a system of using the car itself for an incinerator with a stack installed directly on the car to con- trol effluent emissions. BUTLER, D. M., and W. M. GRAHAM. Dismantling railroad freight cars; a study of improved methods with application to other demolition problems. Public Health Service Publication No. 1850. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 32 p. 10 ------- COMBUSTION ENGINEERING. INC. TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC STUDY OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-163 COST: $156,375 PROJECT START: June 1966 PROJECT END: November 1967 CONTRACTOR Combustion Engineering-, Inc. New Products Division 1000 Prospect Hill Road Windsor, Conn. 06095 PROJECT DIRECTOR Elliot D. Ranard OBJECTIVE: To obtain data on: (1) dis- posal costs for municipal and industrial solid wastes with the additional costs that will be required to meet disposal standards which prevent land, water, and air pollution; (2) relative importance of such variables as tech- nical developments, population movements, living habits, etc., that affect the composi- tion and quantity of solid wastes; (3) re- liable techniques and models for predict- ing collection and disposal facility needs. APPROACH: Through surveys and personal interviews in selected U.S. cities, in-depth studies on municipal and industrial solid waste practices were undertaken in order to obtain installed capacity of refuse disposal facilities, estimates of the production of in- dustrial solid wastes, and projections for generation and capacities in selected areas to 1975. Mathematical models to predict re- quirements for waste reduction facilities and refuse production were developed. The con- tractor also analyzed the problems relative to a refuse sampling and information sys- tem and gathered and analyzed data to de- scribe the operational situations and infor- mation input and output. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A four-volume report was accepted by the SWMO, and se- lected sections were published. Municipal In- ventory presents surveys made of various cities to obtain data on amounts and types of waste generated, with a mathematical model for the Nation that predicts future amounts of solid wastes that will be gen- erated. Industrial Inventory presents results of a survey of 23 industries indicating the disposal techniques used. Information Sys- tem emphasizes the need for a solid waste information system to aid municipalities in planning refuse disposal plants. Technical- Economic Overview presents an overview of waste management systems based on in- depth interviews in a selected number of cities. COMBUSTION ENGINEERING, INC. Technical-economic study of solid waste disposal needs and practices. Public Health Service Publication No. 1886. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. [705 p.] (Distributed by National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., as PB-187 712. 700 p.) ADDITIONAL PUBLICATIONS RESULTING FROM CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-163 BACKER, J. H., and E. D. RANARD. Use of mathematical planning models to predict incineration requirements. In Proceedings, 1968 National Incinerator Conference, New York, May 5-8, 1968, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, p. 1-11. COHAN, L. J., and J. H. FERNANDES. Potential energy-con version aspects of refuse. Paper presented at the Eighty-eighth Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pitts- burgh, Nov. 12-17, 1967. 7 p. 11 ------- PERNANDES, J. H. Incinerator air pollution control. In Proceedings, 1968 National Incinerator Conference, New York, May 5-8, 1968, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, p. 101-116. KALIKA, P. W. The effects of variations in municipal refuse on some incinerator design parameters. Paper presented at the Eighty-eighth Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pittsburgh, Nov. 12-17, 1967. 10 p. KALIKA, P. W. Influence coefficients to relate municipal refuse variations to incinerator design. In Proceedings, 1968 National Incinerator Conference, New York, May 5-8,1968, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, p. 154-170. 12 ------- COMBUSTION POWEK COMPANY. IN'C. FEASIBILITY OF INCINERATION—JET ENGINE TECHNOLOGY CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-259 COST: $138,164 PROJECT START: June 1967 PROJECT END: June 1968 CONTRACTOR Combustion Power Company, Inc. (formerly Aerospace Commercial Corporation) Stanford Industrial Park 2625 Hanover Street Palo Alto. Calif. 94304 PROJECT DIRECTOR Richard D. Smith OBJECTIVE: To determine the technological and economic feasibility of a system of solid waste incineration that utilizes waste heat to generate electric power through a jet turbine. APPROACH: Engineering studies were con- ducted as necessary to investigate use of a standard jet engine to receive the cleaned gases from the incineration of solid wastes. Separate studies were required to determine the effects of chemical composition, prod- ucts of combustion, and heating values. In addition, surveys were conducted on shred- ders, preheat feeders, and separators to ob- tain equipment suitable for use with the refuse combustor. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A technical abstract on the feasibility study was re- viewed. The results of the study indicated that the project is technically feasible and economically attractive. An additional con- tract to conduct key subscale experiments for several components of the jet turbine incinerator was awarded [see: Subscale ex- periments on the model 400 combustion power unit (CPU-400), Contract No. PH 86- 68-198.J 13 ------- COMBUSTION POWER COMPANY, INC. SUBSCALE EXPERIMENTS—CPU-400 CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-198 COST: $2,179,381 PROJECT START: June 1968 PROJECT END: January 1971 CONTRACTOR Combustion Power Company, Inc. 1346 Willow Road Menlo Park, Calif. 94025 PROJECT DIRECTOR Richard D. Smith OBJECTIVE: The objective of this contract is to build and test subscale models of vari- ous combustor and particle collector devices to obtain necessary information for final design for the CPU-400 system. The CPU- 400 system makes use of a gas turbine powered by waste heat from incineration of refuse for the purpose of generating elec- tricity. APPROACH: The contractor will investigate the design parameters of continuous flow in- cineration by a fluidized bed combustor. The investigation requires the design, fabrica- tion, and testing of two different fluid bed combustors; (1) a large (8-ft. diameter) bed operated at low pressure which will deter- mine the refuse feed and distribution prob- lems; (2) a small (12-inch diameter) high- pressure (60 to 100 psia) bed to determine heat release rates, combustion products, etc. The contractor will also investigate three different particle collection devices—an elec- trostatic precipitator, a mat filter, and an inertial separator—to determine the best device (or combination of devices) to be used for the CPU-400. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The electro- static precipitator and the inertial separator tests showed that both items are feasible to use at CPU-400 pressure and temperature conditions. The mat filter concept tested was found not to be feasible because of difficul- ties encountered in its cleaning. The 12-inch fluid bed experiments have in- dicated that high pressure fluid bed com- bustion of municipal solid waste is feasible and capable of heat release rates in excess of 500,000 Btu/ft3/hr. Design and fabrica- tion work was completed on a large-scale fluidized bed combustor along with solid waste handling equipment which is required for a continuous flow operation. Testing of this combustor and appurtenant handling equipment is now in progress. 14 ------- COMBUSTION POWER COMPANY, INC. CPU-400 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-100 COST: $283,103 PROJECT START: August 1968 PROJECT END: October 1970 CONTRACTOR Combustion Power Company, Inc. 1346 Willow Road Menlo Park, Calif. 94025 PROJECT DIRECTOR Richard D. Smith OBJECTIVE: To provide program manage- ment for the component developments by various subcontractors and to investigate the CPU-400 as a total system. The results of this investigation, combined with the re- sults of the key subscale experiments, will be combined to refine the preliminary de- sign for the CPU-400 to the point where de- tailed design work may be started. APPROACH: Overall management for the CPU-400 will be provided. A systems de- sign study will be conducted on five subsys- tems of the CPU-400: solid waste handling, hot gases, turbo-electric, controls, and resi- due handling. Materials corrosion, exhaust gas contamination, and acoustics studies will be made. Turbine compatibility tests will be defined and economic applications studies will be undertaken. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The design of the CPU-400 has been updated in both the solid waste handling and hot gas subsystems. The provision for unshredded storage has been eliminated in the solid waste subsystem, and the combustor configuration has been changed from 3 combustors all piped into the system to 2 combustors with a spare on hand. The total CPU-400 system has been identified as having 19 different components, and preliminary specifications have been made for each component. Materials corrosion studies were performed by analysis of sever- al different alloys after prolonged exposure to incinerator fly ash. All metals tested showed corrosive attack; the alloy which performed best was Inconel 625. Exhaust gas contami- nation studies indicate that HC1 and S0« can be suppressed by limestone injection into the bed. Acoustic surveys on shredder and turbine installations demonstrated the need for sound suppression to be considered in the design. Applications studies showed addition- al CPU-400 uses such as desalinization, sludge incineration, and activated char pro- duction. 15 ------- CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES, INC. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-254 COST: $98,515 PROJECT START: June 1967 PROJECT END: March 1969 CONTRACTOR Cornell Aeronautical Laboratories, Inc. Post Office Box 235 Buffalo.N.Y. 14221 PROJECT DIRECTOR Edwin W. Roth OBJECTIVE: To develop a mathematical model for determining the overall costs and effectiveness of alternate waste disposal sys- tems within a regional solid wastes system. APPROACH: The contractor will collect and analyze existing regional data, identify in- direct social costs, and establish a realistic range of constraints on deleterious effects. With this data and related background in- formation, a mathematical model of political- ly realistic regional solid waste systems, which computes overall costs and perform- ance, will be formulated. The major output of the study will be a first definition of a model or simulational method and its imple- mentation. The model will be used to prepare a program for future work centered around comprehensive utilization of the developed model with an expansion and refinement of the model structure. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A final report has been printed. It discusses systems analy- sis of regional solid waste management, the structure of regional solid waste manage- ment systems evaluation, a facility choice model as an aid in regional solid waste man- agement decision making, and various facts about the Buffalo Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA), which was the empirical base for the study. MORSE, N., and E. W. ROTH. Systems analysis of regional solid waste handling. Public Health Service Publi- cation No. 2065. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. [294 p.] 16 ------- DILLINGHAM CORPORATION APPLIED OCEANOGRAPHY BRANCH OCEANIC DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-203 COST: $76,646 PROJECT START: June 1968 PROJECT END: August 1970 CONTRACTOR Dillingham Corporation Applied Oceanography Branch 11803 Sorrento Valley Road San Diego, Calif. 92121 PROJECT DIRECTOR David D. Smith OBJECTIVE: To determine the nature and magnitude of present oceanic disposal prac- tices and to investigate their current or po- tential hazards to public health. APPROACH: Information from the Corps of Engineers District Offices provided back- ground information on marine disposal op- erations in their respective areas of control. This led to a series of interviews with waste producers, disposal operators, and pertinent municipal, State, and Federal agencies in: Seattle, Portland (Oregon), San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, Galveston, Texas City, Houston, Port Arthur, Beaumont, New Orleans, Pascagoula, Mobile, St. Petersburg, Charleston, Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. The information collected was compiled, sum- marized, and evaluated by a team of marine biologists, oceanographers, and sanitary en- gineers to provide the current "state of the art" of oceanic disposal of solid wastes and industrial sludges by barges off U.S. coastal cities. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The entire study has been completed and a report sub- mitted. Information in the report is very helpful in assaying the magnitude of and some of the problems associated with dis- posing of solid wastes and industrial sludges at sea. While the report deals only with those wastes being barged, it nonetheless fills an information gap and outlines specific con- clusions that will assist the SWMO in ac- complishing its goals. SMITH, D. D., and R. P. BROWN. Ocean disposal of barge-delivered liquid and solid wastes from U.S. coastal cities. Public Health Service Publication No. 2113. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 119 p. 17 ------- EAST TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY PATHOGENS AND INDICATOR ORGANISMS IN REFUSE-SLUDGE COMPOSTING CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-112 PH 86-68-143 COST: $81,550 PROJECT START: June 1967 PROJECT END: May 1969 CONTRACTOR East Tennessee State University Department of Microbiology Johnson City, Tennessee 37601 PROJECT DIRECTOR William.L. Gaby OBJECTIVE: Phase I—To study the occur- rence and persistence of pathogens and in- dicator organisms in refuse-sludge compost- ing. Phase II—To study the survival of path- ogens and indicator organisms in refuse- sludge composting by the windrow method. APPROACH: Methods were selected and de- veloped to permit a quantitative study of recovery of pathogens and indicator orga- nisms during the processing of municipal refuse-sewage sludge mixtures. The first phase was devoted to investigation of the occurrence of pathogenic organisms in raw refuse and sewage sludge and their survival through the composting process. The second phase covered the insertion of certain patho- gens into the composting refuse-sludge mix- ture and determining their survival by the examination of samples withdrawn at various successive stages of the composting process. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: During Phase I, determinations were made on raw or par- tially digested sludge, refuse, and refuse- sludge mixtures for the following: total bac- terial counts at 35° C and 55° C for aerobes and anaerobes, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, salmonella, staphyloccoci-coagulase pos- itive, Streptococcus faecalis, enteroviruses, pathogenic fungi, and human and animal parasites. A total of 602 samples was col- lected from 30 windrows, refuse, sludge, and refuse-sludge mixtures. These samples were taken when the windrows were laid down, at various intervals during the process, and on the terminal day (49 to 56 days). In all, 1,137 samples of bacteria, fungi, para- sites, and viruses were inserted in 24 wind- rows during Phase II. In conformity with the previous work, the samples were planted at various positions within the compost and withdrawn at intervals during the process. The studies showed that pathogen destruc- tion is achieved in the central mass of wind- rows of refuse-sludge mixtures during normal composting where temperatures re- main between 140° F and 160° F for about 20 days. The windrows were turned eight or nine times in the 35 to 42 days on the field in order to subject all material to the high temperatures. It was concluded that properly managed windrow composting with raw or partially digested sewage sludge will result in a product that is safe for agricul- tural or gardening use. Proper manage- ment consists of maintaining the moisture content between 50 and 60 percent by weight, turning with sufficient frequency to maintain aerobic conditions, and carefully preparing windrows before turning to insure thorough mixing. Pathogens in compost do not repre- sent any greater risk than other activities in which man participates. It is not planned to publish the report on this contract because the information is intended primarily for use by the SWMO. 18 ------- THE EIMCO CORPORATION COMPOSTING DEWATERED SEWAGE SLUDGE CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-103 COST: $67,695 PROJECT START: March 1967 PROJECT END: July 1968 CONTRACTOR The Eimco Corporation 537 West Sixth South Salt Lake City, Utah 84103 PROJECT DIRECTOR J. L. Boyd OBJECTIVE: To study the composting of dewatered sewage sludge using a "mechani- cal type" composter in order to provide a means of processing the sewage sludge and other organic types of sludge into an end product that is odor free, devoid of insect life and pathogens, easy to handle, and use- ful for agricultural purposes. APPROACH: Using facilities at Salt Lake City's sewage treatment plant, a pilot plant was constructed by Eimco Corporation. Thickened sludge was dewatered on a vacu- um filter and conveyed to the mechanical composter, which was equipped with stirring, aerating, sampling, and measuring devices. Tests were conducted to determine: (1) the limits of moisture content of sludge cake; (2) necessary recycle ratios; (3) processing capacity for the sewage sludge in terms of volume and time; (4) required air; (5) tem- perature in various parts of the composting mass; (6) chemical and physical composition of the final product; (7) influence of varying feed rates; (8) limits of batch feeding; (9) composition of gas evolved from the com- posting mix; (10) influence of chemicals used for sludge conditioning before vacuum filtra- tion. In addition, under a subcontract, the University of Utah School of Medicine made studies on the destruction of pathogenic bac- teria,, fungi, cysts, and viruses in the com- posted material. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Characteristics of the mechanical composted dewatered sew- age sludge have been observed and recorded. Weight, volume, moisture, and solids reduc- tion have been observed at several retention times. Conspicuous effects appeared to be that of drying (80-88 percent reduction in water), effective destruction of the organic matter by the thermophilic organisms, and the destruction of pathogenic organisms inoc- ulated into the system. Routine observations have been made on temperature at various places throughout the composter, the thor- oughness of mixing of the material, the rate of gaseous emissions, and the identifi- cation of some of these gases. Various rela- tionships have been established between the rate of air flow into the compost material, the recycling rate, the mixing of the mate- rial, and the composting temperature. The final report has been published. SHELL, G. L., and J. L. BOYD. Composting dewatered sewage sludge. Public Health Service Publication No. 1936. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. 28 p. 19 ------- ENVIRO-MED INC. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-114 COST: $34,826 PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: April 1972 CONTRACTOR Enviro-Med Inc. Suite 316 7946Ivanhoe La Jolla, Calif. 92037 PROJECT DIRECTOR R. J. Hasterlik OBJECTIVE: The study will analyze solid waste management systems to determine if useful conclusions can be drawn on the na- ture, causes, and frequencies of accidents to employees engaged in solid waste handling. Based upon this, the contractor will develop a plan for conducting a broad-based, detailed study that would provide statistically valid information applicable to the entire solid waste industry. APPROACH: The contractor will conduct on- site investigations of the records of six solid waste management systems to determine and compile the information available on the na- ture, causes, and frequencies of employee accidents resulting from the handling of solid waste over the past four years. The in- formation sources shall include both the pub- lic and private sectors of the solid waste industry. The sources sampled will include two solid waste handling systems each serv- icing populations of over 500,000, two sys- tems each servicing populations of 200,000 to 400,000, and two systems each servicing populations of 20,000 to 100,000. In addition to reviewing these records, the contractor will study the records for the past four years of State, county, or municipal health departments, workmen's compensa- tion boards, insurance companies, and other agencies with records relating to the occupa- tional health of employees within the solid waste handling systems included in the study. Analysis of the data will attempt to draw conclusions about the nature and rates of accidents as they may be related to employee age, level of education, physical condition, training, safety programs, and similar fac- tors. It is hoped that the comprehensive study, which the contractor will plan, can define ma- jor problem areas or conditions that account for high accident rates and severity. If the pilot study indicates that meaningful infor- mation is not likely to be available on a na- tional scale, the feasibility of other data- gathering methods will be investigated. 20 ------- STUART FINLEY, INC. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ANNUAL FILM REPORT CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-111 COST: $187,975 PROJECT START: June 1969 PROJECT END: November 1972 CONTRACTOR Stuart Finley, Inc. 3428 Mansfield Road Falls Church, Va. 22041 PROJECT DIRECTOR Stuart Finley OBJECTIVE: To develop film reports on solid waste research, development, and dem- onstration activities to serve the Bureau's basic responsibility for improving solid waste management practice in the United States through dissemination of technical informa- tion. APPROACH: Two separate 16-mm, color, sound, motion picture films will be produced each year that document selected planning, demonstration, research and training grants, and research contracts—all funded by the SWMO. One of the films is to be designed primarily for showing to solid waste management pro- fessionals, including but not limited to man- agers, planners, and technicians, as well as public officials. This film will be 45 minutes in length and more technically oriented than the second film. A 23-min film will be designed to produce an interesting, logically developed story to in- form the lay public entertainingly about the most recent advances in solid waste man- agement. A 15-min color film to explain "Mission 5000" will be prepared for use in meetings or on television specials. Six sets of four 60-sec. TV spots for use in explaining and eliciting public support for "Mission 5000" will be developed. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The Stuff We Throw Away, 22 min in length, and What's New in Solid Waste Management, 37 min in length, both 16-mm motion pictures with sound and color, are completed. Copies of the films can be borrowed from the National Medical Audiovisual Center (Annex), Sta- tion K, Atlanta, Georgia 30324. Order num- bers are M-2048-X and M-2049-X, respective- ly. Prints may be purchased from the con- tractor for $200 and $300, respectively. The "Mission 5000" materials are in production and will be provided on a pre-set delivery schedule. Films tell the story. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. Flyer. 6 p. Reprinted 1971. [Adden- dum inserted.] 21 ------- FOSTER-MILLER ASSOCIATES, INC. DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSEHOLD REFUSE GRINDER CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-115 COST: $78,692 PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: December 1971 CONTRACTOR Foster-Miller Associates, Inc. 135 Second Avenue Waltham, Mass. 02154 PROJECT DIRECTOR John S. Rowland OBJECTIVE: This is a two-phase project. Phase I will establish the background data required before a refuse grinder can be de- veloped. Phase II will provide preliminary design and specifications, with approximate costs, for the refuse grinder and the proper safety controls with the capacity to macerate typical household refuse and inject it into a typical sanitary sewer. APPROACH: Phase I. The contractor will determine if the average sanitary sewage system will be overloaded by the increase of solids (both dissolved and suspended) from the grinder process. If the sewers can handle the additional solids, the contractor will de- termine the maximum solids content and average particle size of the incoming refuse that can be easily transported by the sewers. From this research, a range of effluent solids content will be determined and used as a basic design criterion of the grinder. Work will be performed on a model gravity sani- tary sewer system having roughness coeffi- cients similar to existing sewer lines and with capabilities for variable slope and flow and means for injecting and extracting refuse. Tests run on this apparatus will define minimum flow rates for various refuse con- centrations, the maximum refuse volume that can be transported, and types of mate- rial expected to be deposited in sewer lines. Modified sewage flow to the treatment plant will be characterized in terms of chemical constituents and possible biological effects. Existing treatment processes will be sur- veyed, and recommendations made for their improvement should they prove inadequate. Design criteria most applicable for a house- hold grinder will be developed. Particular em- phasis will be placed on safety devices, modi- fications necessary to household plumbing, and appropriate slurry concentrations. The study will also include cost/benefit analyses for grinders capable of grinding different types of wastes. Phase II. Work on this phase will be contin- gent upon successful completion of Phase I. Only after a proper review of the first phase results and on an authorization to proceed will the contractor begin the preliminary de- sign and specifications for the grinder. 22 ------- FRANKLIN INSTITUTE OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA ABSTRACTING AND OTHER SERVICES CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-182 PH 86-68-194 COST: $328,727 PROJECT START: June 1967 PROJECT END: July 1971 CONTRACTOR Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Parkway Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 PROJECT DIRECTOR Alec Peters OBJECTIVE: To screen, acquire, abstract, index, and prepare for publication selected patents from the United States and foreign countries covering the period from 1945 to 1969, and to prepare annotated bibliographies of refuse collection and disposal literature for the years 1964 through 1970. Also in- cluded is preparation of manuscripts for an- notated bibliographies for the years 1964 through 1969 and a world patent bibliog- raphy on solid waste management for the years 1945 through 1969. APPROACH: Compilation of patents will in- clude only those patents covering significant technological advances in the field of solid wastes. One copy of each patent will be ar- ranged by subject category and by accession number, and a suitable table of contents will be included. The work dealing with the an- notated bibliographies will include document selection, checking for accuracy, depth of coverage, accession number, grouping by category, typing, proofreading, and index- ing in order to submit the material for pub- lication by the SWMO. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Approximately 12,000 abstracts have been prepared and submitted. Many of the abstracted articles will appear in the annotated bibliographies for the years 1964 through 1970. CONNOLLY, J. A., and S. E. STAINBACK. Solid waste management; abstracts from the literature—1964. Public Health Service Publication No 91-1964, Supplement G. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 280 p. 28 ------- FRANKLIN INSTITUTE OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA VERIFICATION OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-135 COST: $20,516 PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: June 1971 CONTRACTOR Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Parkway Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 PROJECT DIRECTOR Alec Peters OBJECTIVE: To verify 2400 bibliographic citations from contracts, grants, and re- search studies sponsored by the SWMO. APPROACH: The accuracy and completeness of every element in each citation will be veri- fied and then restyled in accordance with the SWMO Mechanics of Style manual. Three steps for source location will be used. If a source cannot be located for verification in three steps, the reference will be deemed unverifiable. Verified references will be re- typed in the format specified by the manual on an IBM Magnetic Tape Selectric Type- writer (MTST) and proofread. Error-free hard copy MTST printouts and the MTST tape cassettes will be submitted to the SWMO. 24 ------- GENERAL BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS, INC. PUBLIC AWARENESS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM AND CASE STUDY CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-122 COST: $79,573 PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: August 1971 CONTRACTOR General Behavioral Systems, Inc. Del Amo Financial Center Torrance, Calif. 90503 PROJECT DIRECTOR Barry Jensen OBJECTIVE: To develop a survey question- naire for measuring public awareness and knowledge of current solid waste practices, problems, and solutions. An educational pro- gram will be designed to increase this aware- ness level. The questionnaire will be admin- istered in one city, the educational program carried out, and then the survey taken again. APPROACH: In the development of the questionnaire, particular attention will be paid to stratification and sampling proced- ures that have a high probability of yielding representative results. The procedure for se- lecting a proper sample will be described in a manual; the method for analyzing and in- terpreting the results will also be included. An interviewer's instruction manual for ad- ministering the questionnaire will be pre- pared. The information and education pro- gram will be described in a separate report. A case study report will be written for the city in which the attitudes were measured before and after the educational program in the study. 26 ------- GENERAL BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS, INC. EFFECTS OF DISPOSAL SITES UPON PROPERTY VALUES CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-133 COST: $99,958 PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: November 1971 CONTRACTOR General Behavioral Systems, Inc. Del Amo Financial Center Torrance, Calif. 90503 PROJECT DIRECTOR Barry Jensen OBJECTIVE: To provide a basis for cost- benefit analysis of solid waste land disposal practices by: (1) designing a methodology for assessing the effect of land disposal sites on the value of surrounding real estate; (2) identifying the variables which deter- mine the size of these effects; and (3) quan- tifying these findings, where possible, in terms of a model describing the relationship between landfill operations and changes in land and real estate values. APPROACH: Twenty sample sites will be selected. There will be four inadequate sites (or dumps), 10 sanitary landfills that have been converted from dumps, and six sanitary landfills (as originally established). The areas around each site will be defined and data requirements, sampling procedures, real estate data collection procedures, and popu- lation sampling procedures will be developed. Data collection will include: (1) historical sales data, data on sales of comparable homes, or data used in other valuation meth- ods to determine the effect of the sites on property values ; (2) data on the factors as- sociated with each site which may influence property values ; and (3) data on other vari- ables such as demographic and economic trends. The data will be analyzed through: (1) a predictive study to develop a mathematical model to forecast the effects of solid waste land disposal sites on property values, using linear and nonlinear regression techniques; and (2) an analytical study to explain the relationships of the various factors affecting values for particular sites. Both a statistical modeling and case history approach will be used. 26 ------- GENERAL SYSTKMS INDDSTRIES, INC. FACTORS INFLUENCING CITIZENS' ATTITUDES AND RESPONSES CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-107 COST: $89,502 PROJECT START: May 1969 PROJECT END: October 1970 CONTRACTOR General Systems Industries, Inc. Del Amo Financial Center Torrance, Calif. 90503 PROJECT DIRECTOR Barry Jensen OBJECTIVE: To investigate those psycho- metric factors that influence human behavior with regard to proposed solutions to solid waste systems, and to determine the present attitudes of citizens to these problems. APPROACH: An attitude and opinion sur- vey will be conducted that is representative of the entire population. The socioeconomic characterization of the respondents as well as identity of the participants initiating, supporting, opposing, and negotiating solid waste management decisions will be made. Attitudes of citizens toward solid waste prob- lems and their current solutions will be de- termined and related to background factors such as sex, age, occupation, and income. A determination will be made on how these at- titudes change under the influence of new information, persuasive intervention, and incentives. The successful and unsuccessful establish- ment of solid waste disposal sites and public opposition to the operation of existing sites will be examined through an analysis of pub- lic and private records of the decision-mak- ing process. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A draft final report was submitted that contains a descrip- tion of the data collection instruments used in the study, analysis of attitudes and opin- ions of people living up to three miles from disposal sites in 10 cities, estimates of the perceived seriousness of solid waste disposal problems, estimates of public and official knowledge of sanitary landfill operation, sum- maries describing actual solid waste opera- tion in the 10 cities studied, analysis of orga- nizations that have protested solid waste dis- posal operations in three cities, comparison of attitudes, opinions, and distance from site between people objecting to solid waste dis- posal operation and people not objecting, analysis of public officials' site selection de- cision-making processes in 10 cities, com- munication materials and demonstration of their use to influence public opinion. Review of this draft has been completed, and a final report is in preparation. 27 ------- THE GILLETTE EESEAECH INSTITUTE PHOTODEGRADATION OF CELLULOSE AND WASTE PAPER CONTRACT NO. 68-03-0006 COST: $50,000* PROJECT START: January 1971 PROJECT END: July 1972 CONTRACTOR The Gillette Research Institute 1413 Research Boulevard Rockville, Maryland 20850 PROJECT DIRECTOR Geoffrey Frohnsdorff OBJECTIVE: To determine the technical and economic feasibility of a photochemical pre- treatment process that enhances the degrada- tion of cellulosic wastes. Cellulose might then be more easily assimilated by various utili- zation processes. APPROACH: The contractor will establish the conditions for sensitized photodegrada- tion of waste cellulose. The cellulosic mate- rials to be studied are cellophane, purified soft wood, kraft paper, and hydrapulped refuse. Specific environmental conditions to be established are—temperature, relative humidity, illumination, and the selection of a sensitizing photodegradation agent. The effect of this photodegradation process will be assessed by measuring certain physical and chemical properties and increased rates of biodegradation obtained in fermentation processes. This project, if successful, will provide relevant data on cellulose photode- gradation to be used in the development of economical waste cellulose recycling proc- esses. * Federal share: $1,000 Contractor contribution: $49,000 28 ------- GREENLEAF/TELESCA OPERATION BREAKTHROUGH CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-136 COST: $64,506* PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: June 1971 CONTRACTOR Greenleaf/Telesca 1451 Brickell Avenue Miami, Fla. 33131 PROJECT DIRECTOR Bruce C. Pearl * Funded by reimbursible Housing and Urban Development funds. OBJECTIVE: To provide technical assist- ance to "Operation Breakthrough" of the De- partment of Housing and Urban Develop- ment (HUD). APPROACH: The contractor will perform individual site analyses and determinations of site characteristics that will influence solid waste management systems. Possible techniques that may be used will be evalu- ated. These include existing methods as well as those which may be applicable when tried. Candidate systems that would be appropriate for "Operation Breakthrough" housing and which promise high chances of success will be developed. In conjunction with this, a pro- cedure will be established that can be used for selecting a candidate system for each site, and each system-site combination will be assigned a priority ranking. After com- pleting this work, the contractor will submit the findings of the study and a plan for a separate contract, which is expected to in- clude such items as pilot scale testing, per- formance evaluation criteria, system instal- lation, planning for operation and mainte- nance, and testing of the completed systems. GREENLEAF/TELESCA. Solid waste management in residential complexes. Washington, U.S. Government Print- ing Office, 1971. [419 p.] 29 ------- SAMUEL A. HART COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGY AND COMPOST UTILIZATION IN EUROPE CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-13 COST: $10,000 PROJECT START: August 1966 PROJECT END: June 1967 CONTRACTOR Samuel A. Hart 720 Anderson Road Davis, Calif. 95616 PROJECT DIRECTOR Samuel A. Hart OBJECTIVE: To investigate composting and other biodegradation techniques as practiced in Europe and to evaluate the utilization of the products. APPROACH: Information and data were gathered by on-site investigation and per- sonal interviews with key personnel. Com- parative descriptions of plant processes, ref- use handling techniques, and ways that compost is utilized from the various opera- tions were obtained. Data were collected and analyses made of capital and operating costs for various processes and marketability of the products. In addition to the technical evaluations, the author considered related health aspects, areas of needed future re- search, and methods used to monitor proc- esses. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report, en- titled Solid Waste Management/Compost- ing; European Activity and American Po- tential, was submitted in fulfillment of the contract. It contains detailed findings of the European survey and proposals for future American research and practice. Chapters are devoted to the survey of 14 European composting plants, compost utilization in Eu- rope, European research in compost manu- facture and use, the potential for composting and compost utilization in the United States, and recommedations for U.S. composting re- search. The report has been published and is available from the SWMO. HART, S. A. Solid waste management/composting; European activity and American potential. Public Health Service Publication No. 1826. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. 40 p. 30 ------- SAMUEL A. HART SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT IN GERMANY CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-257 COST: $2,000 PROJECT START: July 1967 PROJECT END: August 1967 CONTRACTOR Samuel A. Hart 720 Anderson Road Davis, Calif. 95616 PROJECT DIRECTOR Samuel A. Hart OBJECTIVE: To observe and study German practices in solid waste management, re- search, and technology in order to determine their applicability in the United States. APPROACH: Eight American engineers and scientists spent 2 weeks on a waste manage- ment study tour in Europe. After attending the Ninth Congress of the International As- sociation of Public Cleansing technical meet- ing in Paris, they then toured Germany in order to evaluate garbage and refuse han- dling, and disposal facilities. The team visit- ed the cities of Berlin, Munich, Rosenheim, Frankfurt, Schweinfurt, Diisseldorf, and Duisburg. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A detailed re- port of the U.S. study team visit has been submitted in fulfillment of the terms of this contract. This report has been published by the SWMO and is available from the Super- intendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, B.C. 20402. The report discusses the findings of the study team under the general headings of charac- teristics and changes in European solid wastes, domestic refuse storage and collec- tion, landfilling, composting, and incinera- tion. HART, S. A. Solid wastes management in Germany; report of the U.S. Solid Wastes Study Team visit, June 25-July 8, 1967. Public Health Service Publication No. 1812. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. 18 p. 31 ------- JOHN F. HOLMAN & CO., INC. CHRONICLE OF ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTRACT NO. CPE R-70-0016 COST: $5,008 PROJECT START: February 1970 PROJECT END: June 1970 CONTRACTOR John F. Holman & Co., Inc. 1346 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, B.C. 20036 PROJECT DIRECTOR John F. Holman OBJECTIVE: To complete a comprehensive report on the progress of solid waste man- agement since enactment of the 1965 Solid Waste Disposal Act (Public Law 89-272). Demand for information to be contained in this report has come from Congress, the SWMO, other government agencies, indus- try, and the public. APPROACH: The report will be introduced with a statement of the solid waste problem. Background information will then be sup- plied, leading to a discussion of the 1965 Act itself. The SWMO will receive detailed cov- erage. Grants-in-aid programs, contracts, in- house operations (R&D, technical services, training, information, etc.), Regional Office activities, and liaison operations with other Federal agencies will be described. Initiating a national effort to improve solid waste management. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of- fice, 1971. 107 p. 32 ------- IIT KESBABCH INSTITUTE FEASIBILITY STUDY — DISPOSAL OF POLYETHYLENE PLASTIC WASTE CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-274 COST: $63,485 PROJECT START: June 1967 PROJECT END: September 1968 CONTRACTOR IIT Research Institute 10 West 35th Street Chicago, 111. 60616 PROJECT DIRECTOR Gene Zerlaut OBJECTIVE: To determine by laboratory and pilot testing the feasibility of alternate methods of disposal of polyethylene plastic wastes. APPROACH: This project is being conducted by the staff of Polymer Research at Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute, and is being carried out in two phases as follows: Phase I will be a literature survey covering: (1) plastic reclamation; (2) present methods of plastic disposal; (3) basic properties of resins and components; (4) analytical and identifying methods for resins, components, and degradation products; (5) possible mod- ifications of present plastic disposal meth- ods ; (6) the use of stress cracking to reduce plastic waste bulk; (7) plastic waste disposal products and their effect on air and waste pollution. Through laboratory and pilot testing, the feasibility of alternate methods of disposal of polyethylene plastic wastes will be deter- mined as Phase II. Economics, safety, ease of operation, and other factors governing potential community acceptance of alternate methods will be carefully evaluated. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: As the first phase of this project, a very thorough litera- ture search was conducted, the results of which were summarized in detail in the final report. In the second phase of the project, experimental studies were made to determine the feasibility of alternate methods of dis- posal of polyethylene plastic wastes. Despite the difficulties incurred by the inertness of polyethylene plastic, these experiments showed that chemical treatment can modify the mechanical, thermal, and biochemical properties of the material in such a way as to facilitate its ultimate disposal. Of par- ticular importance were the findings that oxidative treatment of polyethylene by acids and nitration by red fuming nitric acid re- sulted in pronounced embrittlement of this otherwise flexible plastic, lowered the heat of combustion of the plastic, and enhanced its utilization by bacteria (Pseudomonas). GUTFBEUND, K. Feasibility study of the disposal of polyethylene plastic waste. Public Health Service Publi- cation No. 2010. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 45 p. 33 ------- IONICS, INC. CONVERTING SOLID WASTE MATERIALS INTO YEAST CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-204 COST: $30,000 PROJECT START: June 1967 PROJECT END: February 1968 CONTRACTOR Ionics, Inc. 65 Grove Street Watertown, Mass. 02172 PROJECT DIRECTOR Daniel L. Brown OBJECTIVE: To determine whether various kinds of solid wastes—mixed and unmixed —can compete as sources of yeast for animal protein additives and other uses, and whether the size of the probable market for yeast warrants developing processes for the con- version of solid wastes. APPROACH: An economic evaluation of the overall concept of converting solid waste materials into yeast was made. The study included economic consideration of solid wastes as raw material, including questions of abundance and stable supply, locational cost and costs of preparation, ease of hy- drolysis, and chemical composition of hy- drolysate. Various types of solid wastes in- vestigated included mixed municipal wastes, waste paper, and agricultural process wastes. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final re- port, containing six sections with appendices, was published. The report includes a com- parative discussion of the economic feasi- bility of using waste newsprint, bagasse, and mixed refuse as raw materials in the production of yeast and protein additives. Suggested hydrolysis and fermentation processes for these raw materials are pre- sented, and the costs of production are com- pared with those for soy, cotton seed, fish, and animal protein. Included also is a dis- cussion of the market demand for any large quantities of yeast from solid waste. MELLER, F. H. Conversion of organic solid wastes into yeast; an economic evaluation. Public Health Service Publication No. 1909. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 173 p. 34 ------- INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION INCENTIVES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-017 COST: $2,492 PROJECT START: January 1970 PROJECT END: March 1970 CONTRACTOR International Research and Technology Corporation 1225 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, B.C. 20036 PROJECT DIRECTOR Robert U. Ayres OBJECTIVE: To provide a working plan articulating a one-year and a five-year strat- egy in regard to regulatory and economic alternatives that would produce positive changes in solid waste management through "incentives." APPROACH: Two action plans will be de- veloped setting forth, respectively, a one- and a five-year planning program for the development of regulatory and economic in- centives for improving solid waste manage- ment. The plans will concentrate, first, to- ward increasing reuse of substances or ob- jects otherwise discarded, and second, to en- courage improvement in the form or char- acteristics of substances or objects to be dis- carded, or the circumstances of their dispo- sition. Priorities will be designated among the goals to be achieved and the programs for achieving them. Estimates of time and cost will be developed for each procedure that is identified. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report, set- ting forth the one-year and five-year plans, has been prepared for use by the SWMO. 35 ------- INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION INCENTIVES FOR TIRE RECYCLING AND REUSE CONTRACT NO. CPE R-70-0047 COST: $52,000 PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: June 1971 CONTRACTOR International Research and Technology Corporation 1225 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washing-ton, B.C. 20036 PROJECT DIRECTOR Robert U. Ay res OBJECTIVE: To perform a thorough analy- sis of the total tire cycle, evaluating sepa- rately each major industry segment. Strat- egies to be applied to the entire system to improve recycling and reuse will be de- veloped. APPROACH: An overall narrative and graphic model of the total tire cycle will be prepared. A detailed flow and process chart denning the scope of current operations and techniques will be developed for each major relevant industry segment. A decision-logic approach will indicate where and by whom key decisions are made. Particular attention will be paid to barriers that affect decisions related to recycling. A number of strategies designed to improve recycling will be formu- lated. These strategies will have applicabil- ity to the total tire system and may include such factors as economic incentives, regu- latory actions, education, and research and development. Each one will then be evaluated from an overall model approach so that the best strategy can be selected. Study will thereafter focus upon administrative and legislative needs for implementation of the recommendations. 36 ------- LOUIS KOENIG RESEARCH THE COST OF MUNICIPAL INCINERATION CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-184 COST: $34,971 PROJECT START: June 1968 PROJECT END: February 1970 CONTRACTOR Louis Koenig Research Route 10, Box 108 San Antonio, Tex. 78213 PROJECT DIRECTOR Louis Koenig OBJECTIVE: To obtain comparative cost and engineering audits of municipal inciner- ation as actually incurred and actually prac- ticed in order to obtain data upon which to project the cost of future incinerator instal- lations. APPROACH: Data will be collected on those elements of available plant information that make up the cost of incineration. The unit investments, pertinent design factors, and various other components of incinerator cost will be statistically analyzed from selected model type plants. The data and information obtained will provide public officials, plan- ners, economists, etc., with the level of costs to be anticipated and the ranges and central tendencies to be expected in wholesale stud- ies of solid waste economics. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A final report was submitted and is available for review in the SWMO in Rockville, Maryland. No publi- cation is planned. 87 ------- LOUIS KOENIG RESEARCH MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE ELECTRICAL HOME APPLIANCE INDUSTRY CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-4 COST: $31,720 PROJECT START: May 1969 PROJECT END: May 1971 CONTRACTOR Louis Koenig Research Route 10, Box 108 San Antonio, Tex. 78213 PROJECT DIRECTOR Louis Koenig OBJECTIVE: To study and evaluate the solid waste management practices of the electrical home appliance industry, SIC 363. APPROACH: Information and data will be collected on the following items of the elec- trical home appliance industry on a national basis: (1) total number of industrial plants, employment, capital value of the plants, and quantities and types of products produced; (2) past development and production pat- terns within the industry indicating pres- ent trends, new technology, and future de- velopment; (3) flow diagrams for the basic production processes; (4) location of the in- dustries with particular notation of produc- tion centers in the country; (5) identification of the quantity (weight) and quality (char- acter) of solid waste generated; (6) corre- lation of solid waste production with a readily available universal parameter of the plant; (7) identification and analysis of cur- rent storage, collection, and disposal practices of the industry; (8) amount of money being spent for storage, collection, treatment, and disposal of solid waste for the industry; (9) analysis of the future trends of solid waste management within the industry and factors that might influence them, such as reuse. This data and information will be gathered by a literature review and personal inter- views. The final phase of the project will consist of data evaluation and analysis. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Information was gathered on the total number of plants, location, employment, capital value, and pro- duction. The contractor developed a ques- tionnaire to be used for data collection from a selected group of establishments, and a sampling (interview) plan. Liaison was es- tablished and support was promised from the Association of Home Appliance Manu- facturers and the Gas Appliance Manufac- turing Association. 38 ------- BENJAMIN LINSKY HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION RELATED TO S WASTES CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-129 COST: $3,000 PROJECT START: May 1966 PROJECT END: October 1966 CONTRACTOR Benjamin Linsky 1360 Anderson Avenue Morgantown, W. Va. 26505 PROJECT DIRECTOR Benjamin Linsky OBJECTIVE: To obtain a thorough evalua- tion of the relationships of air pollution, health, and solid waste disposal practices. APPROACH: An in-depth literature search, including law literature and judicial findings, was conducted on health-related aspects of air pollution and solid wastes. The informa- tion obtained was used to integrate current knowledge about solid wastes, air pollution, and the relationships of air pollutants orig- inating from solid wastes to various health problems. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report en- titled "Health Effects of Air Pollution Re- lated to Solid Waste" was submitted in ful- fillment of the contract. The findings included in the report are in four general subject areas: (1) general and specific information on solid waste management problems; (2) specific solid waste disposal methods ; (3) air pollutants both as they relate to solid wastes and in general; (4) the health effects of air pollution resulting specifically from organized and disorganized solid waste handling and disposal. Fifty-two specific health effects are included. The report is intended for SWMO use. No publication is planned. 39 ------- ARTHUR I). LITTLE, INC. INCENTIVES FOR PLASTIC RECYCLING AND REUSE CONTRACT NO. CPE R-70-0048 COST: $99,356 PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: May 1971 CONTRACTOR Arthur D. Little, Inc. Acorn Park Cambridge, Mass. 02140 PROJECT DIRECTOR Jack Milgrom OBJECTIVE: To perform a thorough analy- sis of the entire plastics cycle, evaluating separately each major industry segment. Strategies for application to the total sys- tem to improve recycling and reuse will be developed. APPROACH: An overall narrative and gra- phic model of the plastics cycle will be pre- pared. A detailed flow and process chart de- nning the scope of current operations and techniques will be developed for each major industry segment. A decision-logic approach will indicate where and by whom key de- cisions are made. Particular attention will be paid to barriers that affect decisions re- lated to recycling. A number of strategies designed to improve recycling will be formu- lated. These strategies will have applicabil- ity to the total plastics cycle and may include economic incentives, regulatory actions, edu- cation, research and development, etc. Each one will then be evaluated from an overall model approach so that the best strategy can be selected. Study will thereafter focus upon administrative and legislative needs for implementation of the recommendations. 40 ------- LITTON SYSTEMS, INC. MANAGEMENT STUDY —THE DRUG INDUSTRY CONTEACT NO. CPE 69-7 COST: $85,276 PROJECT START: May 1969 PROJECT END: July 1971 CONTRACTOR Litton Systems, Inc. Environmental Systems Center 3641 Santa Rosa Road Camarillo, Calif. 93010 PROJECT DIRECTOR Ralph Sullivan OBJECTIVE: To study and evaluate the solid waste management practices of the drug industry, SIC 283. APPROACH: Information and data will be collected on the following items of the drug industry on a national basis: (1) total num- ber of industrial plants, employment, capital value of the plants, and quantities and types of products produced; (2) past development and production patterns within the indus- try indicating present trends, new technol- ogy, and future development; (3) flow dia- grams for the basic production processes; (4) location of the industries with particular notation of production centers in the coun- try; (5) identification of the quantity (weight) and quality (character) of solid waste generated; (6) correlation of solid waste production with a readily available universal parameter of the plant; (7) iden- tification and analysis of current storage, collection, and disposal practices of the indus- try; (8) amount of money being spent for storage, collection, treatment, and disposal of solid waste for the industry; (9) analysis of the future trends of solid waste manage- ment within the industry and factors that might influence them, such as reuse, etc. All data and information will be gathered by means of a literature review and field interviews. The final phase of this project will be data analysis and evaluation. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The literature review, numerical structuring of the plants by SIC groups, and statistical sample sizing for field interviews were completed. Liaison was established with the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association and, with their assistance, a draft of the questionnaire was developed. The field interview format was tested at three plants and revised. About 50 percent (16) of the plant interviews have been completed. Case study style write-ups have been prepared on all visits. Information will show solid waste quantities, types, and management practices. The individual plant studies, together with data about the indus- try, will be the basis for the final report. A preliminary draft report has been received and is undergoing SWMO review. 41 ------- LOS ANGELES COUNTY MOTION PICTURE ON SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL CONTRACT NO. PH OS-DQ-66-109 COST: $10,500 PROJECT START: June 1966 PROJECT END: September 1968 CONTRACTOR County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County Solid Wastes Engineering Section 2020 Beverly Boulevard Los Angeles, Calif. 90057 PROJECT DIRECTOR John D. Parkhurst OBJECTIVE: To use audiovisual media for communicating basic knowledge of sanitary landfilling techniques and guidelines for ac- cepting disposal of urban solid wastes. APPROACH: Locations and descriptive nar- ratives were chosen to describe successful landfill techniques. Sections of the film are devoted to site selection, equipment require- ments, climate influences, operating proced- ures, topography and soil conditions, storm drainage, final contour planning, and ultimate use of the completed fill. While much of the film concerns deep filling —landfills of 200 tons per day capacity or greater—much of the .information can, with judgment, be applied to smaller facilities. Designed for technical audiences. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A 16-mm mo- tion picture film in color with sound, 24 min- utes in length, entitled Sanitary Landfill,- One Part Earth to Four Parts Refuse, was submitted in fulfillment of the contract. The film covers all aspects of landfill planning and operation. Copies of the film (Order No. M-1740-X) can be borrowed from: National Medical Audiovisual Center (Annex) Station K Atlanta, Georgia 30324 and purchased for $97.75 f.o.b. Washington from: Capital Film Laboratories, Inc. 470 E Street, S.W. Washington, B.C. 20024 Supporting publications include a promotion- al flyer and a written version of the film narrative. 42 ------- LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY PRODUCTION OF EDIBLE PROTEINS FROM CELLULOSIC WASTES CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-152 CONTRACTOR Louisiana State University Department of Chemical Engineering Baton Rouge, La. 70803 COST: $74,230 PROJECT START: June 1968 PROJECT END: October 1970 PROJECT DIRECTORS Claydon D. Callihan Ralph W. Pike OBJECTIVE: To construct a pilot plant which will handle various cellulosic sub- strates and which will aid in evaluation of the technical and economic feasibility of continually producing single cell protein by fermentation of cellulose-containing wastes. APPROACH: The process is designed as a continuous operation in which cellulosic wastes are ground, chemically treated, and continuously sterilized with the sterile cel- lulose slurry fed to a fermenter whose se- lected organisms degrade and metabolize the cellulose. The microorganisms and un- disgested cellulose are then directed to a harvesting section where the single cell pro- tein is separated from the growth media and dried. Methods for the complete evalua- tion of the yields from any substrate; the residence of time in the reactor required by any particular pretreatment; the aeration and nutrient requirement for the most eco- nomic growth rates; the BOD and COD de- mands of the feed and product; and the equipment to determine the best harvesting techniques for the microorganism grown on the cellulose substrate complete the pilot assembly. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A pilot plant has been constructed at the National Aero- nautics and Space Administration's Missis- sippi Test Facility, Bay Saint Louis, Mis- sissippi. In conjunction with the pilot unit, a chemical and microbiological analytical laboratory has also been established. The fermentation unit is capable of carrying out any liquid phase fermentation, aerobically or anaerobically, using any organism, on either a batch or continuous basis. The fermenta- tion unit is one of the more flexible-instru- mented units in the United States. Complete facilities for cell separation and harvesting are also available. The pilot unit has been operational since approximately September 1, 1969. The ini- tial operation of the pilot unit has utilized sugar cane bagasse as the cellulosic sub- strate. The single cell protein produced is a light brown to yellow powder having a crude protein content of from 50 to 60 percent. A comprehensive report describing the pilot plant construction, initial start up, and initial pilot runs has been submitted in fulfillment of the terms of this contract. CALLIHAN, C. D., and C. E. DUNLAP. Construction of a chemical-microbial pilot plant for production of a single-cell protein from cellulosic wastes. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 126 p. 43 ------- MARTIN-MARIETTA CORPORATION PILOT DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-131 COST: $67,845 PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: June 1971 CONTRACTOR Martin-Marietta Corporation Orlando Division P.O. Box 5837 Orlando, Fla. 32805 PROJECT DIRECTOR James Gillean OBJECTIVE: To develop a pilot-scale data network in order to test and evaluate alter- native data acquisition and analysis sys- tems, thus providing a foundation for the implementation of a complete network. The data processing system will analyze and report the information that it receives as input, with computer progra'ms remaining flexible so that modifications and new re- quirements can be easily included. APPROACH: Data of five types (legislation, administration and management, solid waste generation, characterization, and solid waste management systems) will be considered. The contractor and SWMO personnel will gather data of the last three types from at least one, and not more than three, Stand- ard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Forms, procedures, and sampling schemes will be developed. Solid waste will be separated into the following categories: metal products, glass products, paper products, food wastes, textiles, plastics, rubber, leather, wood, yard wastes, and inerts. Output definition will be initiated in three areas: generation and characterization, collection, and disposal. The computer programs to be developed will be compatible with the IBM 360-50 system and, in general, with computer systems accept- ing punch card and magnetic tape inputs. 44 ------- MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE PACKAGING MATERIALS AND WASTE DISPOSAL CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-114 COST: $67,368 PROJECT START: March 1967 PROJECT END: December 1968 CONTRACTOR Midwest Research Institute 425 Volker Boulevard Kansas City, Mo. 64110 PROJECT DIRECTOR Arsen J. Darnay, Jr. OBJECTIVE: To determine the present packaging material mix and its relation to disposal of the materials. To project the trends in packaging materials types and vol- umes to the year 1976 together with their potential technical and economic effects on disposal. To suggest means of effecting changes in packaging technology and use so as to mitigate the problems of disposal. APPROACH: A product-by-product analysis of packaging materials, covering historical development and a 10-year forecast (to 1976) of material composition and configurations, competitive relations, industry sources and factors affecting the markets, quantities con- sumed, and quantities reclaimed, reused, or disposed of as waste, was undertaken. At- tempts were made to describe the technolog- ical and convenience factors affecting pack- aging materials development and packaging waste generation problems to give an analy- sis of packaging material disposability in terms of combustibility, compactibility, de- gradability, return for reuse, and salvage. Means for alleviating the waste disposal problems arising from the projected 1976 volumes and types of packaging materials were also developed and evaluated. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final report discusses the outlook for packaging mate- rials and solid waste management in 1976 in terms of the base year 1966. Separate sec- tions are devoted to major packaging mate- rial categories. The relative disposability of the different packaging materials are con- sidered, and alternative policies and devices for mitigating the solid waste problems aris- ing from the use of packaging materials are discussed. A contract supplement called for a study of nonpackaging paper in solid waste manage- ment, and a report on this subject has been published. DARNAY, A., and W. E. FRANKLIN. The, role of packaging in solid waste management, 1966 to 1976. Public Health Service Publication No. 1855. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 205 p. FRANKLIN, W. E., and A. DARNAY. The role of nonpackaging paper in solid waste management, 1966 to 1976. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 76 p. 45 ------- MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE SALVAGE MARKETS FOR RECOVERABLE SOLID WASTE MATERIALS CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-3 COST: $123,331 PROJECT START: May 1969 PROJECT END: May 1971 CONTRACTOR Midwest Research Institute 425 Volker Boulevard Kansas City. Mo. 64110 PROJECT DIRECTOR Arsen J. Darnay, Jr. OBJECTIVE: To provide an economic evalu- ation of the marketing of recoverable solid waste material. APPROACH: The contractor will define, evaluate, and project the markets for re- coverable solid waste materials. An investi- gation of the market prospects for materials recovered or reclaimed from solid wastes will emphasize three major areas: the structural framework of the market; the influence of prices, price differential, and price volatility on market prospects; and an assessment of the quantitative requirements for recover- able materials. Within municipal operations, data will be sought on salvage quantities, revenue, and costs of present operations. The secondary material markets, including the roles of private enterprise and of nonprofit organizations, will be researched. The tech- nical processes available or required for the separation, recovery, or preparation for re- sale or reuse will be reviewed. Paper, metals, glass and ceramics, organic materials, and several miscellaneous items will be examined in detail. The study will concentrate in four regional markets and 10 cities. The contract was amended to provide for two interim reports on special aspects of re- cycling for SWMO guidance in preparing in- ternal decision documents on possible legis- lative recommendations. The two areas cov- ered were beverage containers and paper products. The amendment provided addition- al funds and an extension of time. A further time extension was given to cover the new standard SWMO review procedures. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The two inter- im reports referred to above were completed in April 1970. All field and research work called for under the contract is complete, and the main report in preliminary draft form has been submitted. A questionnaire to elicit information for a catalog of municipal salvage operations was mailed out in August 1970 to mayors of cities of 10,000 and over, and the results will be recorded in an appen- dix to the report. A preliminary draft report has been received and is undergoing review. 46 ------- MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT NO. EHS-C-71-0002 COST: $112,580 PROJECT START: August 1970 PROJECT END: November 1971 CONTRACTOR Midwest Research Institute 425 Volker Boulevard Kansas City, Mo. 64110 PROJECT DIRECTOR Arsen J. Darnay, Jr. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this contract is to create a total plan for basic research and applied research and development to bring about new and improved technological and economic systems for reduction of the amount of solid waste generated, increased amounts of solid waste recycled, and new and improved systems for storage, collection, processing, and disposal. The end-product of the contract will be used as a tool by the SWMO to implement research and develop- ment in the areas of emphasis identified through the program-planning system. Supplemental objectives of the contract are to re-evaluate economic and technical factors relative to certain other major Office contract efforts, and to provide specific planning in connection therewith. APPROACH: The contractor will: a. Survey and evaluate the results of com- pleted research carried out through: (1) re- search grants, (2) demonstration grants, (3) research contracts, (4) intramural re- search, and (5) other related research. b. Review the results of broad policy studies addressing the problem of solid waste man- agement. c. Using the operating research and develop- ment matrix and systems-analysis ap- proaches, develop a time-sequenced, compre- hensive, resource-sensitive plan for identify- ing, plotting, and sequencing the research and development requirements and steps to be taken at various scales in the overall re- search and development effort. d. Provide a detailed PERT-type working diagram charting the time- and resource- sequenced steps. e. Provide estimates of costs in dollars and manpower associated with each element of the plan. f. Provide a mechanism for appropriate up- dating and extension of the plan. g. Suggest the mode of funding most suit- able for each element of the plan. h. Provide an up-dated evaluation of the economic and technical factors related to the CPU-400 concept. i. Develop a recommended program for test- ing the CPU-400 pilot model. 47 ------- UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF PRODUCTS FROM RENDERING PLANTS CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-20 PH 86-68-126 COST: $60,265 PROJECT START: August 1966 PROJECT END: June 1969 CONTRACTOR University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine St. Paul, Minnesota 55455 PROJECT DIRECTOR Benjamin S. Pomeroy OBJECTIVE: To determine health-related differences in the microbiological quality of products from various types of rendering plants and factors responsible for such dif- ferences. APPROACH: During the first year studies were made in four plants selected on the basis of plant construction, plant sanitation, type of animal waste products used, and by-prod- ucts manufactured. Bacteriological examina- tions were made on finished products with particular attention to samples collected dur- ing various processing stages. In addition, the operational feasibility and costs of ad- justments necessary to eliminate salmonellae organisms in finished products were to be evaluated. The effects of various plant de- signs and operational factors were considered as they relate to the microbiological quality and safety of rendering plant products. A new contract emphasizing controlled labora- tory investigation to determine minimum and optimum conditions for growth of po- tential pathogens in rendered materials with an evaluation of the more complex automated plants is now underway. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final prog- ress report indicates that rendered products are often contaminated with salmonellae and enterpathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. The studies revealed, however, that the path- ogens often could not be correlated with visual observation of plant sanitation and that contamination of products in larger plants with more complex, difficult-to-clean equipment was more frequently observed. LOKEN, K. I., K. H. CULBEKT, R. E. SOLEE, and B. S. POMEROY. Microbiological quality of protein feed supple- ments produced by rendering plants. Applied Microbiology, 16(7) : 1002-1005, July 1968. LOKEN, K. I. Sanitation and thermal destruction of salmonellae in feed and feed ingredients. Presented at the course, Epidemiology and Control of Salmonellosis, Trenton, April 24, 1968. 7 p. SOLEE, R. E., K. I. LOKEN, and B. S. POMEROY. Monitoring animal, fish, and poultry by-products for the pres- ence of salmonella. St. Paul University of Minnesota, mimeo. 11 p. SOLEE, R. E., K. I. LOKEN, and B. S. POMEROY. The application of sanitation in rendering plants. St. Paul, University of Minnesota, mimeo. 31 p. 48 ------- NATIONAL ACADEMY OF "SCIENCES SOLID WASTE REMOVAL FROM HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-171 COST: $10,000 PROJECT START: June 1966 PROJECT END: June 1967 CONTRACTOR National Academy of Sciences National Research Council Building Research Advisory Board 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, B.C. 20418 PROJECT DIRECTOR Robinson Newcomb OBJECTIVE: To undertake systems analysis of on-site refuse systems and establish a protocol for a study relating to the develop- ment of acceptable methods of refuse dis- posal that will lead quickly to improvements in on-site refuse collection and disposal sys- tems for high-density residential develop- ments. APPROACH: The protocol was developed by the appointment to the Building Research Advisory Board of an ad hoc committee com- posed of scientific, professional, and tech- nical authorities. The committee met regu- larly to develop a firmly established protocol for the study with provisions for follow-up reviews in order to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the several systems proposed for waste disposal. The commit- tee's responsibility covered the following areas: (1) selection of equipment to be in- stalled and studied; (2) determination of kinds of data to be obtained; (3) establish- ment of an experimental program for years II and III; (4) provision of guidance to Com- mittee staff; (5) review and analysis of data collected; (6) preparation and approval of all reports—complete with conclusions and recommendations—emanating from the study, including interim reports covering the efforts of each of the first two years, and a final phase-I report due at conclusion of the third-year effort. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A final report was accepted in June 1967 containing the re- quested protocol for undertaking a research program for on-site solid waste removal from high-rise residential structures. The report contains a detailed description of the prob- lem, and from a long list of selected prob- lems, proposes four areas for intensive study covering the "life-cycle" of solid wastes from generation to disposal. Recommendations have been accepted and research is currently under way under Contract No. PH 86-67-167 to carry out the required research program. Information from the report is available through the Office of Information, SWMO. 49 ------- NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ON-SITE REFUSE STORAGE, COLLECTION, AND REDUCTION SYSTEM FOR HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-167 COST: $398,078 PROJECT START: June 1967 PROJECT END: September 1971 CONTRACTOR National Academy of Sciences Building Research Advisory Board Division of Engineering 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20418 PROJECT DIRECTOR William A. Cosby OBJECTIVE: To continue the study and evaluation of equipment and techniques for handling solid wastes from high-rise multi- family structures. Concurrent investigation of three concepts for handling and process- ing of refuse located close to the source of waste will be made. These are: incineration, compaction, and wet pulverization. APPROACH: Collection of data and assess- ments will include the following: (1) quanti- ty and composition of refuse generated by tenants both before and after processing by the newly installed refuse-handling equip- ment ; (2) quantity and composition of waste flowing through the building sewer line of one test structure in terms of volume and such factors as pH, solids, phosphates, nitro- gen, BOD, COD etc.; (3) inhabitants' ages and numbers; (4) costs associated with newly installed equipment including capital investment and operating, maintenance, gen- eral, and administrative costs; (5) environ- mental conditions associated with newly in- stalled equipment such as its contribution to air pollution, vermin and insect infesta- tion, odor level, noise level, contribution to building sewer line, and to the aesthetic level of the conditions maintained; (6) equipment effectiveness, requirements, and limitations. In addition, a survey will be conducted within several municipalities of the nation to ob- tain: (1) additional data for evaluation and comparison with the results obtained from investigations at the test site under this contract; (2) an inventory of equipment now in use or available for on-site handling of refuse. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: An agreement was reached with the Public Housing Author- ity, New Haven, Connecticut, regarding the use of three housing authority structures for the purpose of carrying out the field laboratory research. Data was collected on "as is" conditions, including the extent of contribution to air pollution by existing gas- fired, flue-fed incinerators; personnel and power requirements; costs; efficiency and effectiveness: owner/tenant/custodian-jani- tor acceptance of existing systems; weight, volume, and composition of generated refuse; and degree of vermin infestation associated with existing systems. The collection of data on the composition and volume of waste flow- ing through structural drainage lines will begin after garbage grinders are installed. The following systems have been installed: an incinerator system in one structure, a sys- tem of the compactor type in a second struc- ture, and a wet pulverizer system in a third structure. Preliminary plans are being pre- pared for investigations to be carried out, first without the use of garbage grinders and then with garbage grinders. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES—NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. Collection, reduction, and disposal of solid waste in high-rise multifamily dwellings. Rockville, Md., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1971. (Distributed by National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., as PB 197 623. 169 p.) 50 ------- NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FEASIBILITY OF RECOMMENDATIONS IN NAS-NRC CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-240 COST: $140,580 PROJECT START: June 1967 PROJECT END: January 1969 CONTRACTOR National Academy of Sciences National Research Council Division of Engineering 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20418 PROJECT DIRECTOR John C. Kohl OBJECTIVE: To obtain advice on the rele- vance to the work of the Bureau of Solid Waste Management of the recommendations in the NAS-NRC publication Waste Manage- ment and Control (1966), along with advice on research needed for developing indices and parameters for implementation of a systems concept. APPROACH: An ad hoc Committee on Solid Waste Management was established within the National Research Council's Division of Engineering, for correlating environmental needs, particularly those related to air and water pollution, with solid waste disposal. The committee advised on: (1) the feasi- bility of the recommendations of the NAS- NRC report Waste Management and Control as they relate to the handling and disposal of solid wastes, including those from urban, industrial, and agricultural sources, and resi- dues resulting from liquid and gaseous waste systems; (2) whether other courses of ac- tion similar to the above are feasible or should be studied; (3) a priority rating for the feasible courses of action under (1) and (2) above, and the estimated costs of imple- menting these actions; (4) criteria for the selection of demonstration sites for actual studies or demonstrations of the recommen- dations ; (5) research and development ef- forts in the solid waste field which are neces- sary for developing the required indices and parameters for implementation of a systems concept. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final report covering the work performed during the contract has been published. The contract resulted in a set of recommendations with far-reaching implications for individuals and government at all levels. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING-NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. Policies for solid waste manage- ment. Public Health Service Publication No, 2018. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970, 64 p. 51 ------- NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES RESEARCH FOUNDATION PROGRAM FOR REGIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-290 COST: $212,950 PROJECT START: June 1967 PROJECT END: June 1970 CONTRACTOR National Association of Count- ies Research Foundation 1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, B.C. 20036 PROJECT DIRECTOR Bernard F. Hillenbrand OBJECTIVE: To provide local governmental leaders with nontechnical comprehensive guides that explore all aspects of solid waste management and will assist local government in the development of regional solid waste management systems. APPROACH: The work is divided into three phases and covers a 3-year period. The initial phase was concerned with the development of management and informational tools in order to develop a national concept of comprehen- sive regional solid waste management sys- tems that will help guarantee environments favorable to health and assure the preserva- tion of natural beauty. A series of commun- ity action guides for solid waste manage- ment systems have been developed and dis- tributed covering: (1) legislation, (2) man- agement approaches, (3) planning, (4) orga- nization, (5) construction and operations, (6) financing, (7) types of assistance avail- able, (8) communication methods and tech- niques, (9) staffing requirements, and (10) plans of action. In phase two a national workshop on solid waste management was planned, developed, and conducted. Attendees at the workshop reviewed drafts of the guides and were helped to understand the urgency of the need for local governmental agencies to initiate comprehensive and operational systems. This National Solid Wastes Management Work- shop was held in September 1968. Phase three will encompass the planning, de- velopment, and conduct of 20 regional solid waste management institutes to acquaint governmental agencies with the action guides. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Final guides were distributed through the American County Government magazine. The guides have been reprinted, and single copies are available from the SWMO. Multiple copies are available from the Government Printing Office. Twenty regional solid waste management institutes were held throughout the U.S. to acquaint public officials with the guides and the concepts of good solid waste manage- ment. Over 1,500 individuals attended these institutes. The project was completed June 30, 1970. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES RESEARCH FOUNDATION. Guidelines for local governments on solid waste management. Public Health Service Publication No. 2084. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971, 184 p. 52 ------- NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES RESEARCH FOUNDATION DIGEST OF ORDINANCES AND A MODEL ORDINANCE CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-114 COST: $35,024 PROJECT START: June 1969 PROJECT END: September 1970 CONTRACTOR National Association of Count- ies Research Foundation 1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, B.C. 20036 PROJECT DIRECTOR Mel D. Powell OBJECTIVE: To prepare a digest of 100 local ordinances to enable political, legal, and technical personnel to understand and com- pare a variety of approaches to solid waste management. A model solid waste ordinance will be developed to serve as a guide to good practice so that cities and counties can make their own decisions by comparing the exam- ples and the model. APPROACH: The contractor will collect ap- proximately 400 city, country, and regional ordinances from various sources. These will be categorized according to focus of regula- tion, i.e., collection, storage, disposal, or all three. A balance will be maintained among ordinances regulating privately and publicly operated systems covering rural, suburban, and urban areas, and among the various States. The 100-ordinance digest will illus- trate the following major areas: (1) general statement of policy and purpose, along with definitions; (2) location and extent of ad- ministration responsibility; (3) legislative scope; (4) provision for enforcement. A model ordinance will be developed and formulated to identify essential character- istic elements. Its format will parallel that of the digest. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The digest of ordinances is complete and was typed on tape for delivery in September 1970. A draft of the model local ordinance was furnished in April 1970 for guidance to the SWMO in preparing a model for publication. 53 ------- NATIONAL CANNERS ASSOCIATION MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-138 COST: $57,120 PROJECT START: June 1968 PROJECT END: August 1971 CONTRACTOR National Canners Association 1950 Sixth Street Berkeley, Calif. 94710 PROJECT DIRECTOR Walter A. Mercer OBJECTIVE: To obtain basic information on the national, geographical, and seasonal distribution of solid wastes generated in the food canning industry, with an evaluation and descriptions of current methods, tech- niques, and costs in the management of such wastes. The information obtained will help in determining the relative magnitude of disposal problems related to this source and enable factual and equitable efforts to- ward the development of recycling, utiliza- tion, and disposal methods. APPROACH: Current agricultural and in- dustrial census reports, records and reports of various national and state food process- ing organizations and associations, and se- lected publications were searched to obtain and summarize available information. In ad- dition, detailed interviews were conducted at selected food processing plants to collect in- formation on specific processes and process streams. Data were obtained on individual food products and food product classes, time of production, and volume of waste generat- ed, characteristics of the waste solids, cost of the processing or disposal, environmental problems created, and the plant operations giving rise to the quantity and characteristics of the solid wastes generated. The informa- tion obtained is being organized and compiled for use by agencies responsible for planning and integrating solid waste management sys- tems. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The returned solid waste questionnaires have been ana- lyzed and used as a guide in selecting the re- maining site visits. Site visits were selected on the criteria of geographical location, com- modity importance, and degree of disposal difficulty. The questionnaire phase, site sur- vey, and data compilation are all complete, and a draft preliminary report has been received. 54 ------- NATIONAL SANITATION FOUNDATION SINGLE-USE ITEMS IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-102 COST: $5,175* PROJECT START: October 1968 PROJECT END: May 1969 CONTRACTOR National Sanitation Foundation 2355 West Stadium Boulevard P.O. Box 1468 Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106 PROJECT DIRECTOR Tom S. Gable OBJECTIVE: To define problems in the use and disposal of single-use items in hospitals, laboratories, professional offices, and similar health care facilities and present possible so- lutions. APPROACH: A conference was held at the National Sanitation Foundation, Ann Arbor, Michigan, to review the entire matter of the project objectives. Existing laws and regula- tions and literature pertaining to single-use items were reviewed and compiled. The con- ference reviewed the various types of single- use items presently in use. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The conferees were public health and other regulation of- ficials ; representatives from hospitals and other health care facilities; manufacturers of single-use items, Pharmaceuticals, and packaging materials; and others having a special knowledge of single-use items or of their use and disposal. During the conference, sessions having repre- sentation from each group or discipline were held to discuss their interrelationship to the problems and possible solutions for disposal of single-use items in health care facilities. * Total cost was $20,700. Additional financial support: $5,175 Health Facilities Planning and Construction Service, U.S. Public Health Service; $10,350 Manufacturers of Single-Use Items, Containers, and Packaging Materials. 55 ------- NEW YORK UNIVERSITY AIRBORNE EMISSIONS FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-62 PH 86-68-121 COST: $80,000 PROJECT START: December 1966 PROJECT END: April 1970 CONTRACTOR New York University College of Engineering and Science Research Division University Heights New York, N.Y. 10463 PROJECT DIRECTOR Arrigo Carotti OBJECTIVE: To investigate and determine the kinds and quantities of emissions that are discharged from incinerators in the proc- ess of incinerating municipal solid waste. APPROACH: Gaseous effluents were sam- pled from the stack discharges of municipal incinerators in the New York City metropoli- tan area. These samples were analyzed to determine chemical composition and varia- tions in composition. Sampling of stack ef- fluents during each of the four seasons per- mitted determination of possible seasonal variations. An analysis of effluents from the same incinerator was made as often as neces- sary to collect detailed data on all possible materials emitted, with identification and quantification of specific organic compounds; effluents potentially toxic to humans received special attention. Sampling and analyses were done on effluents from three other municipal incinerators different in construction and de- sign. In all cases data were recorded on: (1) average general composition of the ref- use feed; (2) the incinerator operating con- ditions; (3) total gaseous effluents dis- charged; (4) rate of discharge of the stack effluents; (5) composition of the quench water and residue. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A literature survey and data review on airborne emissions from municipal incinerators has been com- pleted and submitted to the SWMO. This Phase I report contains the annotated bibli- ography of the literature surveyed, a sum- mary report of the present knowledge on airborne emissions from municipal incinera- tors, and recommendations for further study. A final draft report containing detailed find- ings from the Phase II investigation has been reviewed by the SWMO and returned to the Contractor for final editing and trans- fer to magnetic tape prior to publication. The published report will contain informa- tion and present data on the sampling ap- paratus and analytical procedures, and will discuss results from the seasonal variations, incinerator comparison, and the detailed analysis of stack effluent studies. In addi- tion, the final report is expected to contain several recommendations for further study. 56 ------- NORTHERN KENTUCKY SANITATION COMPANY FIELD EVALUATION OF SANITARY LANDFILL TECHNIQUES CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-104 COST: $19,920 PROJECT START: January 1970 PROJECT END: December 1972 CONTRACTOR Northern Kentucky Sanitation Company P.O. Box 126 Walton, Ky. 41094 PROJECT DIRECTOR Fred Stallard OBJECTIVE: To provide the heavy equip- ment required for: the construction and maintenance of roads; the necessary exca- vation, compaction, and covering during the periodic construction of test cells; all site preparation for the facilities necessary for the operation of a land disposal research site. APPROACH: The contractor will provide the equipment and operators for the construc- tion of an access road, test cells of waste, and other facilities necessary for the operation of a land disposal research site. All planning and supervision of construction will be done by the staff of the Land Disposal Section, Di- vision of Research and Development, SWMO. Property leased by the Government from the contractor will be used. The work will be done by the contractor at times mutually agreeable to the contractor and the Government representative. The contractor will also provide services in the case of fire or other emergency occurrences within a reasonable period of time. During the period of the contract, SWMO staff will be conducting research studies to develop basic design criteria for sanitary landfills. This contract provides for the heavy equipment necessary in the construction and operation of the facility. 57 ------- H. C. CUTTING COMPANY SOIL INDEX PROPERTIES OF COVER MATERIAL CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-196 COST: $13,550 PROJECT START: June 1968 PROJECT END: June 1971 CONTRACTOR H. C. Nutting- Company 4120 Airport Road Cincinnati, Ohio 45226 PROJECT DIRECTOR Gerard Roberto OBJECTIVE: To determine the index prop- erties of cover material from sanitary land- fills within the United States in order to develop guidelines for the safe and efficient operation of sanitary landfills in different geographical locations. APPROACH: Soil samples will be analyzed and classified according to the Unified Soil Classification System. The number of tests to be performed will depend on the initial test results, soil variations per sample, and soil variations per landfill. The soil descrip- tions will be included as part of the test re- sults. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Laboratory in- vestigation of the soil engineering properties of cover material collected from 56 sanitary landfills at various geographic locations has been completed. The laboratory investigation consisted of classification tests, combined me- chanical analysis test, and standard compac- tion test. Twelve of these sanitary landfills were also visited to study present placement procedures and to obtain more detailed infor- mation. Knowledge of the soil engineering properties along with additional information to be obtained will enable us to determine those parameters which are significant in the evaluation of the applicability of any soil as a cover material, 58 ------- STEPHEN B. OLMSTBD PATENT SEARCH OF ON-SITE REFUSE HANDLING DEVICES CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-95 COST: $1,750 PROJECT START: March 1967 PROJECT END: May 1967 CONTRACTOR Stephen B. Olmsted 2881 West Ritchie Parkway Rockville, Md. 20850 PROJECT DIRECTOR Stephen B. Olmsted OBJECTIVE: To obtain a thorough and con- sistent inventory and catalog of potential refuse handling devices. APPROACH: Over 3 million patents were searched for devices that were related to solid wastes. Patent examiners were consult- ed and selected patent lawyers were ques- tioned regarding specific devices for solid waste handling. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A detailed re- port covering the classes searched, a list of the U.S. and foreign patents found and notes for future searches were submitted to the SWMO in fulfillment of the contract. The list of patents has been collated in 12 subject folios with the patents arranged by date of issuance. Three hundred and sixty-one U.S. and 62 foreign patents were found to be of value. The patents show means of perform- ance and not the many adaptations. The re- port is available for SWMO use. Publication of the entire patent search is not planned; however, selected patents were published in a single volume, which is available from the SWMO. CONNOLLY, J. A., ed. Abstracts; selected patents on refuse handling facilities for buildings. Service Publication No. 1793. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. 320 p. 59 ------- RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CORPORATION COST/BENEFIT RELATIONSHIPS IN SOLID WASTE LITTER CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-123 COST: $38,491 PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: October 1971 CONTRACTOR Resource Management Corporation 7315 Wisconsin Avenue Bethesda, Md. 20014 PROJECT DIRECTOR Robert Davis OBJECTIVE: To collect and document avail- able information and data on solid waste litter. Conclusions on the magnitude of the costs and benefits associated with such litter will suggest areas of highest payoff for fur- ther analysis. Protocol development for a complete study of this type will also be per- formed. APPROACH: First, a literature survey with documentation will be prepared. This will in- clude a secondary source search in selected Federal and State agencies with particular attention to collection costs, quantities, and property values. After an overview of costs and benefits has been made, the relevant data will be tabulated and reduced. Conclu- sions will then be drawn on the magnitude of costs and benefits associated with litter. Finally, recommendations and a protocol de- velopment for a complete study will be pre- pared. 60 ------- SC3 ENGINEERS EVALUATION AND COMPARISON PROCEDURE FOR SANITAEY LANDFILL EQUIPMENT CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-116 COST: $25,000 PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: June 1971 CONTRACTOR SCS Engineers 4014 Long Beach Boulevard Long Beach, Calif. 90807 PROJECT DIRECTOR E. T. Conrad OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this contract is to develop a detailed set of procedures whereby various pieces of sanitary landfill equipment can be evaluated. There will be no actual evaluation or comparison in this study. APPROACH: A complete equipment and ac- cessory catalog will be developed, as well as a listing of the various combinations of equip- ment that can be studied. Price information and a wide range of equipment sizes will be included. Tasks and relevant field conditions for sanitary landfill operations will be inves- tigated, with particular attention paid to operating characteristics necessary for de- fined tasks. Economic factors will also be con- sidered. From this information, detailed instructions and forms for equipment evaluation will be prepared. The costs of the proposed testing program will be estimated. In addition, the contractor will compile a list of organizations capable of performing the equipment evalu- ations and comparisons. 61 ------- SCS ENGINEERS GOVERNMENT POLICIES AFFECTING SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND RECLAMATION CONTRACT NO. EHS-C-71-0106 COST: $42,768 PROJECT START: January 1971 PROJECT END: March 1972 CONTRACTOR SCS Engineers 4014 Long Beach Boulevard Long Beach, Calif. 90807 PROJECT DIRECTOR Robert P. Stearns OBJECTIVE: To identify those Government regulations, controls, and policies which have an effect on the generation and/or rec- lamation of solid wastes, and to determine how the Federal Government, in carrying out its various programs, might be utilized to lessen national solid waste management problems. APPROACH: The project includes two phases. During Phase I the contractor, through extensive literature reviews and interviews with governmental and non-gov- ernmental agencies, will identify those Fed- eral agencies which have the greatest inter- face with solid waste generation and recla- mation. Based upon the results of Phase I, the SWMO will select twelve of the identi- fied agencies to be studied in more depth during Phase II. The final report of the work will contain the findings of the in-depth in- vestigation, and make recommendations as to the manner in which the agencies might contribute to reducing solid waste manage- ment problems throughout the nation. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Phase I of the work has been completed and the report submitted to the SWMO. The investigation and interviews for Phase II are now under- way and scheduled for completion during October 1971. A final report of the work will be submitted during March 1972. 62 ------- FOSTER D. SNELL, INC. DECONTAMINATION AND COMBUSTION OF ORGANIC PESTICIDES AND CONTAINERS CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-140 COST: $34,251 PROJECT START: June 1969 PROJECT END: April 1970 CONTRACTOR Foster D. Snell, Inc. 29 West 15th Street New York, N.Y. 10011 PROJECT DIRECTOR M. S. Weinberg OBJECTIVE: To investigate the necessary conditions for proper decontamination and combustion of organic pesticides by investi- gating (1) selected oxidizers and combustible binding agents, and (2) combustion charac- teristics and requirements for container com- position. for combustible pesticide containers will be developed. Work done under this contract will be co- ordinated with and augmented by work be- ing done at Mississippi State and Oregon State Universities. APPROACH: Each mixture of pesticide and selected combustion aid will be investigated to determine the temperature and rate at which it burns. Combustion gases from this procedure will be examined for degree of conversion to carbon monoxide, carbon di- oxide, water, and intermediate organics. Also, binding agents will be applied to such mixtures prior to combustion to test for prevention of mechanical entrainment of the pesticide in the flame convection currents. Combustion temperatures and characteris- tics, including completeness of consumption, for common container types will be deter- mined. Based on these studies, requirements SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report enti- tled, "Organic Pesticides and Pesticide Con- tainers, A Study of Their Decontamination and Combustion" has been submitted in ful- fillment of the contract. It includes tables and figures which characterize the combustion studies performed on some nine representa- tive pesticides. Based on this data, a method of packaging pesticides was recommended so that safe disposal by combustion would be possible. It was suggested that pesticides be packaged in some combustible material using polyethylene as an inner liner. The poly- ethylene acts as a binder to ensure that the flame residence time is long enough for total combustion of the pesticide. PUTNAM, R. C., F. ELLISON, R. PROTZMANN, and J. HILOVSKY. Organic pesticides and pesticide containers; a study of their decontamination and combustion. Rockville, Md., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1971. (Distributed by National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., as PB-202 202. 175 p.) 63 ------- STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE AIR CLASSIFICATION PROCESS TO SEPARATE SOLID WASTE MATERIALS CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-157 COST: $35,038 PROJECT START: June 1968 PROJECT END: February 1970 CONTRACTOR Stanford Research Institute 333 Ravenswood Drive Menlo Park, Calif. 94025 PROJECT DIRECTOR Lester P. Berriman OBJECTIVE: To obtain a preliminary deter- mination of the technical feasibility of utiliz- ing air classification to process or treat se- lected types of nonhomogenous, dry, solid wastes. APPROACH: A detailed test program was developed, based on the characteristics of the wastes selected and on the purposes for which air classification might be employed for processing these wastes. Appropriate ex- periments were conducted using an experi- mental pilot-scale air classifier modified to facilitate the handling of solid materials. Five different types of waste were tested with the study limited to the technical aspects of the air classifier operation. The experiments were designed to determine both the limi- tations and the advantages of the air separa- tion processes. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Completed ex- periments on the small-scale (2" x 4") air classifier indicated that dense materials such as metals, glass, rubber and plastics, and light fines such as dust could be effectively separated from pulverized, dried solid waste. The size of the experimental apparatus pre- vented the separation of the various paper fractions. The contract was extended to pro- vide construction of a larger column (6" x 8"), and test results with this apparatus in- dicated it was technically feasible to sort cardboard and paper fractions from munici- pal solid waste, though the particle sizes used in the experiments were not optimum for the column throat size. Additional exper- iments on the larger column were successful in classifying compost to remove plastics, metals, and glass particles. A draft of the final report was submitted, and review of this draft has been completed. The report is undergoing final preparation for printing. 64 ------- STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE POLYMER PRODUCTION INDUSTRY CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-160 COST: $63,280 PROJECT START: June 1968 PROJECT END: June 1970 CONTRACTOR Stanford Research Institute 333 Ravenswood Drive Menlo Park, Calif. 94025 PROJECT DIRECTOR Chester W. Marynowski OBJECTIVE: To assess the polymer waste disposal problem and to evaluate alternative approaches to polymer waste utilization. APPROACH: Personal interviews were used to obtain information on: (1) the sources, amounts, and forms of polymer wastes gen- erated; (2) the availability of selected or- ganic wastes that could be combined with the polymers to make some disposal methods more feasible; (3) disposal methods in use or under investigation. Important technical factors of alternative disposal methods were thoroughly evaluated and each proposed method was rated technically against estab- lished performance criteria. Most of the re- search and development was directed toward the disposal of polyethylene and polyprophy- lene wastes. Recommendations will be made on the best disposal methods capable of immediate indus- trial application. The disposal process with the highest potential for economic solution will be developed and demonstrated through the pilot-plant stage to obtain data for the designs and preliminary cost of industrial units. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report en- titled Disposal of Polymer Solid Wastes by Primary Polymer Producers and Plastics Fabricators was submitted in fulfillment of the contract. It contains information on the nature and extent of the problem in the United States for that segment of the plas- tics industry representing the largest prod- uct tonnage—the production and fabrication of the principle thermoplastics. It also pre- sents technical and economic information on the polymer waste disposal methods in actual use, and evaluates alternative approaches to the polymer solid waste problem. The report is undergoing final preparation for printing. MARYNOWSKI, C. W. Disposal of polymer solid wastes by primary polymer producers and plastics fabricators. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Offiice, 1972. 92 p. ------- STANFORD UNIVERSITY CHAR FROM SOLID WASTES AS AN ADSORPTION MEDIUM CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-129 COST: $51,180 PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: November 1971 CONTRACTOR The Board of Trustees Stanford University Room 239, Encina Hall Stanford, Calif. 94503 PROJECT DIRECTOR Rolf Eliassen OBJECTIVE: Char produced from municipal solid wastes will be characterized in terms of parameters now used to describe activated carbon. Such char will be evaluated in terms of its effectiveness as an absorption medium. The economic feasibility of solid waste char utilization versus alternative methods of treatment will be investigated. APPROACH: Char from solid wastes will be characterized on a laboratory scale using parameters currently employed for activated carbon. New parameters and methods will also be developed. The effectiveness of char produced from solid waste of varying com- position, with and without activation, will be investigated. Process design data will be developed from laboratory and literature data. The economic feasibility analysis will be based upon laboratory data related to pro- duction, activation and reactivation han- dling, utilization, storage, and ultimate dis- posal costs. 66 ------- RALPH STONE AND CO.. INC., ENGINEERS ENGINEERING STUDY OF A ONE-MAN COLLECTION SYSTEM CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-248 COST: $80,200 PROJECT START: June 1967 PROJECT END: June 1968 CONTRACTOR Ralph Stone and Co., Inc., Engineers 10954 Santa Monica Boulevard Los Angeles. Calif. 90025 PROJECT DIRECTOR Ralph Stone OBJECTIVE: To obtain basic information about various types of collection systems and to provide a comparative analysis of one-man systems and other established collection tech- niques in order to determine if a one-man system can improve the efficiency of opera- tion from a financial standpoint and the re- duction of hazards and nuisance problems. APPROACH: The overall refuse collection evaluation was accomplished by a comprehen- sive study of the available one-man-operated equipment and its use in comparison with two-man- and three-man-operated collection vehicles. A thorough inventory of collection equipment suitable for one-man crew opera- tion was made, and a municipal survey in- volving field studies within a number of se- lected communities that employ various types of collection systems provided a comparative analysis between one-man systems and others as related to technical feasibility, economic applicability, and operational practicability, including the human factors, of one-man col- lection systems. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The results of the project were published in a report en- titled A Study of Solid Waste Collection Sys- tems Comparing One-Man with Multi-Man Creivs (SW-9c). Single copies are available from the SWMO and multiple copies from the Government Printing Office. RALPH STONE AND COMPANY, INC. A study of solid waste collection systems comparing one-man with multi- man crews; final report. Public Health Service Publication No. 1892. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 175 p. 67 ------- RALPH STONE AND CO., INC., ENGINEERS MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE AUTOMOTIVE ASSEMBLY INDUSTRY CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-212 COST: $69,287 PROJECT START: June 1968 PROJECT END: September 1970 CONTRACTOR Ralph Stone and Co., Inc., Engineers 10954 Santa Monica Boulevard Los Angeles, Calif. 90025 PROJECT DIRECTOR Ralph Stone OBJECTIVE: To obtain basic technical infor- mation concerning the quality and quantity of solid waste generated by the automotive assembly industry in order to identify real or potential problems of solid waste manage- ment. APPROACH: Analyses will be made of stor- age and collection practices with emphasis on system efficiency, economics, and aesthet- ics. The waste generated will be character- ized to identify real or potential problems in disposing of solid wastes by current disposal methods, and an analysis will be made of past, present, and future trends of the solid wastes generated with special or possible emergency management problems identified. The solid waste production will be correlated with a readily available and universal para- meter of the automotive assembly industry. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final re- port, dealing with the industry structure, its processes and products, the methods and pro- cedures used in the study, data analysis, and conclusions, has been submitted to the SWMO for review and clearance. The report contains the results of an AMA survey, 70 plant visits, and mail-out questionnaires to plants and corresponding municipalities. The results are presented as qualitative and quan- titative data related to1 industrial solid wastes generated in the automobile industry. Re- view is complete, and the report is undergo- ing final preparation for printing. 68 ------- THE TRAVELERS RESEARCH CORPORATION MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-5 COST: $114,664 PROJECT START: May 1969 PROJECT END: June 1971 CONTRACTOR The Travelers Research Corporation 210 Washing-ton Street Hartford, Conn. 06106 PROJECT DIRECTOR John E. Yocom OBJECTIVE: To study and evaluate the solid waste management practices of the indus- trial chemical industry, SIC 281. APPROACH: Information and data will be collected on the following items of the indus- trial chemical industry on a national basis: (1) total number of industrial plants, em- ployment, capital value of the plants, and quantities and types of products produced; (2) past development and production pat- terns within the industry indicating present trends, new technology, and future develop- ment; (3) flow diagrams for the basic pro- duction processes; (4) location of the indus- tries, with particular notation of production centers in the country; (5) identification of the quantity (weight) and the quality (char- acter) of solid waste generated; (6) corre- lation of solid waste production with a read- ily available universal parameter of the plant; (7) identification and analysis of cur- rent storage, collection, and disposal prac- tices of the industry; (8) amount of money being spent for storage, collection, treat- ment, and disposal of solid waste for the industry; (9) analysis of the future trends of solid waste management within the indus- try, and factors that might influence them, such as reuse, etc. The data and information will be gathered by a literature review, a questionnaire mailed to a selected group of industrial plants, and field interviews. The final phase of the proj- ect will consist of data evaluation and ana- lysis. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The survey portion has been completed; 28 plant visits were conducted and 250 replies to the mail- out questionnaire contained useful data. Pre- liminary analyses have been made as well as summaries showing coverage and data lay- outs. Information on the industry, its proc- ess, and its solid waste management prac- tices will be drawn together with the quan- titative data from the survey and plant visits to form the final report. A preliminary draft report has been received and is undergoing SWMO review. 69 ------- TRW INC. NEW CHEMICAL CONCEPTS FOR WASTE PLASTIC UTILIZATION CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-206 COST: $99,929 PROJECT START: June 1968 PROJECT END: February 1970 CONTRACTOR TRW Inc. One Space Park Redondo Beach, Calif. 90278 PROJECT DIRECTOR Robert S. Ottinger OBJECTIVE: To determine by computer simulation whether waste plastics can be con- verted to economically significant products by reactions with various reagents in a high- temperature reactor. APPROACH: Computer programs simulat- ing chemical reactions between waste plas- tics, namely polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyvinylchloride, and various reagents such as oxygen, water, hydrogen, ammonia, and others selected on the basis of cost, avail- ability, and estimated reactivity with the selected plastics, were used to obtain infor- mation as to the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the reactions. All of the neces- sary information was collected and placed on the program input tapes. The analysis was conducted by: (1) calculating rapidly and inexpensively the product distribution for a broad range of initial compositions and temperature and pressure conditions; and (2) examining the outputs for economically significant product concentrations and po- tentially harmful air or water pollutants. Further calculations were made to quantita- tively determine the effects of the reaction conditions on the concentrations of important products. The data resulting from these analyses were used to develop relationships describing disposal costs, reactants used with the plastics, value of products and reactor complexity, and control capability require- ments. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final report indicates that the system involving the ap- plication of heat in the absence of air ap- pears most promising for the production of useful chemicals. BANKS, M. E., W. D. LUSK, and R. E. OTTINGER. New chemical concepts for utilization of waste plastics; an analytical investigation. [Public Health Service Publication No. 2125.] Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 129 p. 70 ------- BIODEGRADABILITY OF PLASTICS UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-124 COST: $75,803 PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: November 1971 CONTRACTOR Union Carbide Corporation 270 Park Avenue New York, N.Y. 10017 PROJECT DIRECTOR J. E. Potts OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of molecular weight, end-group composition, and polymer chain structure on biodegradability, and to determine the utility of the polymers containing biodegradable structures as pack- aging materials. APPROACH: A series of samples of low- and high-density polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyvinylchloride will be synthesized and screened for biodegradability. A similar se- ries of samples with metabolically active end groups on each polymer chain will be screened and evaluated for commercial applicability. The contractor will also investigate the de- velopment of biodegradable plastics contain- ing mixtures of blocks, some of which are segments of polyethylene or polystyrene and some of which are structural units that are easily biodegraded. The latter will, in some instances, be biodegradable molecules acting as linking agents. In addition, high molecular weight polymer samples will be pressed into plaques from which specimens will be cut and tested for degradation by fungi and bacteria. 71 ------- UNIROYAL, INC. MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE RUBBER INDUSTRY CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-208 COST: $46,966 PROJECT START: June 1968 PROJECT END: March 1970 CONTRACTOR Uniroyal Chemical Division Uniroyal, Inc. Elm Street Naugatuck, Conn. 06770 PROJECT DIRECTOR Frank H. Roninger OBJECTIVE: To obtain information and data on: (1) the quality and quantity of solid waste generated by the rubber industry; (2) the present state-of-the-art utilization of dis- carded rubber and rubber products; (3) the present practices, needs, and problems of solid waste management within the industry. APPROACH: Questionnaires and interviews were used to obtain basic data on the rubber products, scrap rubber, and reclaimed rubber industry, and to determine the problems as- sociated with each segment of the industry. The study must produce basic technical in- formation concerning solid waste manage- ment within the rubber manufacturing and reclaim industries in a form that will help establish industrial solid waste guidelines and reference material for the industry, governmental agencies, and indus- tries concerned with solid waste manage- ment. Separate studies are required to identi- fy and evaluate the technical feasibility of various unique uses of waste rubber and to investigate and analyze the feasibility of various postulated means of broadening the market for scrap rubber. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report en- titled Solid Waste Management and Rubber Reuse Potential in the Rubber Industry was submitted in fulfillment of the contract. Vol- ume I contains data on solid waste manage- ment in the fabricated rubber products in- dustry for 1968. Solid waste quantities are detailed for six categories of rubber products and five categories of solid waste type. Vol- ume II contains information on waste rub- ber and its reuse, outlining the waste rub- ber disposal problem, the present areas of waste reuse with future trends, and poten- tial future areas of collection and reuse. The reclaiming, retreading, and tire splitting in- dustries are discussed. An analysis of the various methods of waste rubber collection and reuse along with specific conclusions and recommendations for further action is presented. PETTIGREW, R. J., F. H. RONINGER, W. J. MARKIEWICZ, and M. J. GRANSKY. Rubber refuse and solid waste management, pt. 1 and 2. Public Health Service Publication No. 2124. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 120 p. 72 ------- DRS RESEARCH CORPORATION PREDICTION OF SOLID WASTE CHARACTERISTICS CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-97 COST: $27,355 PROJECT START: January 1968 PROJECT END: January 1969 CONTRACTOR URS Research Corporation 155 Bovet Road San Mateo, California 94402 PROJECT DIRECTOR Myron B. Hawkins OBJECTIVE: To develop a technique for pre- dicting the characteristics of solid wastes in urban areas. The model to be developed will identify materials used and consumed by a given community and will use input/output techniques to determine the quantity of waste to be expected as well as its physical and chemical composition. This knowledge will enable sanitary engineers, public health officials, and others concerned with solid waste management to plan for future col- lection and disposal requirements. APPROACH: Using available economic sources, the contractor collected, developed, and formulated selected standard data, de- scriptors, and functions for input commodi- ties and activities in order to design and de- velop specifications for a basic waste predic- tion model. The model was tested manually in a relatively small community to evaluate its performance. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final report has been accepted for publication. The study consisted primarily of determining the avail- ability of usable information and develop- ing a preliminary prediction model for resi- dential household solid wastes. This model was restricted to the prediction of present- day, short-residence-time wastes. Its per- formance was tested by comparing its pre- dictions for a given locality with the results of an actual study of solid waste generation in that locality. The areas studied were in Jefferson County, Kentucky. Pertinent demo- graphic data were collected and the solid waste quantities of various materials esti- mated by manual application of the predic- tion method. The results compared favor- ably with the measured values. BOYD, G. B., and M. B. HAWKINS. Methods of predicting solid waste characteristics. Washington, U. S. Gov- ernment Printing Office, 1972. 28 p. 73 ------- DRS RESEARCH CORPORATION SOLID WASTE PREDICTION MODEL CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-117 COST: $134,700 PROJECT START: May 1970 PROJECT END: October 1971 CONTRACTOR URS Research Corporation 155 Bovet Road San Mateo, California 94402 PROJECT DIRECTOR Myron B. Hawkins OBJECTIVE: To develop and test a model for predicting the characteristics and quan- tities of solid wastes from commercial estab- lishments, and to complete the development, programming, and testing of the residential waste prediction model produced under a previous study (Contract No. PH 86-68-97). This knowledge will enable sanitary engi- neers, public health officials, and others con- cerned with solid waste management to plan for future collection and disposal require- ments. APPROACH: The types and magnitude of the problems of solid waste generation in various commercial activities will be obtained by interviews, correspondence, and discus- sions with managers of actual establishments, refuse collectors, dump operators, investiga- tors, representatives of trade associations, manufacturers, and personnel of the SWMO. Information will also be obtained from a re- view of studies of waste disposal operations and by means of rapid surveys involving personal observations of scrap piles, waste containers, etc. Program development and model testing will include the following services: (1) identify sources and available detail of information regarding size, type, and location of various commercial establishments; (2) analyze data and develop a usable set of commercial ac- tivities that will be considered in the predic- tion model; (3) for each selected activity, develop a preliminary, semiquantitative ma- terial input-output waste model; (4) conduct investigations, surveys, and measurements to determine various critical factors and co- efficients necessary to relate the size of the activity to the amount of each waste com- ponent generated; (5) collect, compile, and analyze information on changes in technol- ogy and practice that will affect waste gen- eration by commercial activities, and develop modified waste generation coefficients; (6) adapt the general waste prediction model to handle the wastes generated by commer- cial activities that are found to be contrib- utors; (7) establish computation specifica- tions and develop computer programs for the commercial model; (8) assemble stand- ard data blanks for the commercial model, and collect, evaluate, and collate as many standard activity and commodity descrip- tions as are pertinent to the test area, while converting data to the appropriate computer format; and (9) select a test area for the commercial waste study, run the waste pre- diction model for the test area, and evaluate results. The following tasks relating to the residen- tial solid waste prediction model are to be performed: (1) to conduct a statistical analy- sis on the significance of various parameters of the LIFE data (and the supporting source data) to provide bases for decisions on the selection of basic evaluation factors; (2) to review in detail the results of the earlier work on the residential waste reduction model (under Contract PH 86-68-97) and to estab- lish the design of the short-residence-time (SRT) residential waste model; (3) to inves- tigate data sources, analyze information, and complete the development of the SRT resi- dential model; and (4) to investigate data and information sources, analyze possible approaches, and establish the detailed for- mat for handling future waste in the resi- dential model. 74 ------- THE WESTERN COMPANY PIPELINE TRANSPORT OF SHREDDED SOLID WASTES CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-132 COST: $17,373 PROJECT START: June 1970 PROJECT END: May 1971 CONTRACTOR The Western Company Research Division 2201 North Waterview Parkway Richardson, Tex. 75080 PROJECT DIRECTOR Gerald D. Hartsell OBJECTIVE: To develop a detailed plan for the economic feasibility of transporting shredded refuse via pipeline. APPROACH: This project is the first phase of a three-phase research program. Continu- ation into succeeding Phases II and III will depend on the results and recommendations generated from the first phase. Phase I. Study and Design. The initial effort will be to estimate equipment and testing costs as well as to outline a scope of work so that Phases II and III can be awarded on a com- petitive basis. Phase II. Construction and Startup. The mid- dle phase will entail the purchasing, fabrica- tion, erection, and testing of all equipment and submittal of a detailed research plan with dates, accomplishments, and other scheduled activities to be used in Phase III. Phase HI. Test and analyses. The final effort will provide the data upon which the ac- companying recommendations and conclu- sions will be based. Phase I will consist of: (1) review of other programs and data that have been generated to take advantage of available information and to prevent duplication of effort; (2) de- velopment of a plan for awarding a contract on a competitive basis to study three trans- port systems—water and slurry pressure system, water and capsule pressure system, and water and slurry gravity system; (3) de- sign of test apparatus and compilation of a list of materials to provide maximum data for an economic and uncomplicated opera- tion ; (4) economic analysis, comparing a typical pipeline transportation system for a city with a typical refuse truck transfer transportation system; and (5) preparation of a final report containing all data, program plans, designs, and economic analyses of the processes and their future potential for solv- ing a major transport problem of solid waste management. 75 ------- WILLIAM A. XANTBN PROCEDURES FOR STATE AGENCY SURVEYS CONTRACT NO. PH PH 86-67-12 86-67-43 COST: $3,000 PROJECT START: July 1966 PROJECT END: November 1966 CONTRACTOR William A. Xanten 3355 Military Road, NW Washington, B.C. 20015 PROJECT DIRECTOR William A. Xanten OBJECTIVE: To obtain fundamental guide- lines and procedures for State agency sur- veys to enable the attainment of established objectives as progressively and uniformly as possible. APPROACH: Past survey forms and the types of information obtained by their use were examined. The personal experience of the investigators was used to modify and develop the required information. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report en- titled "Codification and Data Gathering Sur- veys for State Planning Agencies" was ac- cepted by the SWMO. This report proposes fundamental guidelines for in-depth data gathering surveys. Suggested forms to be used for basic data information on the gen- eral survey and site investigations of com- munity solid waste practices were included. The report was prepared for use by SWMO personnel and will not be published or dis- tributed. 76 ------- SUBJECT INDEX ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT Identification Program for Solid Waste Research 4 Status of Solid Waste Processing 7 CPU-400 Program Management and Systems Engineering 15 Solid Waste Management Annual Film Report- 21 Verification of Bibliographic Citations 24 Five-Year Plan for Research and Development- 47 Feasibility of Recommendations in NAS-NRC Publication 51 Program for Regional Solid Waste Management Systems 52 BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in Refuse-Sludge Composting 18 Composting Dewatered Sewage Sludge 19 Composting Technology and Compost Utilization in Europe 30 Converting Solid Waste Materials Into Yeast 34 Production of Edible Proteins From Cellulosic Wastes 43 COLLECTION Solid Waste Removal From High-Rise Residential Structures 49 On-site Refuse Storage, Collection, and Reduction System for High-Rise Residential Structures 50 Engineering Study of a One-Man Collection System 67 Pipeline Transport of Shredded Solid Wastes— 75 COMPOSTING Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in Refuse-Sludge Composting 18 Composting Dewatered Sewage Sludge 19 Composting Technology and Compost Utilization in Europe 30 DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS Technical-Economic Study of Solid Waste Disposal 11 Oceanic Disposal of Solid Wastes 17 Abstracting and Other Services 23 Pilot Data Acquisition and Analysis System 44 Packaging Materials and Waste Disposal 45 Solid Waste Removal From High-Rise Residential Structures 49 On-site Refuse Storage, Collection, and Reduction System for High-Rise Residential Structures 50 Single-Use Items in Health Care Facilities 55 Patent Search of On-site Refuse Handling Devices 59 Cost/Benefit Relationships in Solid Waste Litter 60 Government Policies Affecting Solid Waste Generation and Reclamation 62 Char From Solid Wastes as an Adsorption Medium 66 Engineering Study of a One-Man Collection System 67 Procedures for State Agency Surveys 76 ENERGY RECOVERY Feasibility of Incineration—Jet Engine Technology 13 Subscale Experiments—CPU-400 14 CPU-400 Program Management and Systems Engineering 15 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Decontamination and Combustion of Organic Pesticides and Containers 63 HEALTH ASPECTS Public Health Related to Solid Waste 3 Identification Program for Solid Waste Research 4 Oceanic Disposal of Solid Wastes 17 Occupational Health in Solid Waste Management 20 Health Effects of Air Pollution Related to Solid Wastes 39 Microbiological Quality of Products From Rendering Plants 48 Single-Use Items in Health Care Facilities 55 INCINERATION Feasibility of Incineration—Jet Engine Technology 13 Subscale Experiments—CPU-400 14 The Cost of Municipal Incineration 37 Airborne Emissions From Municipal Incinerators 56 Decontamination and Combustion of Organic Pesticides and Containers 63 INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT STUDIES Printing and Publishing Industry 9 Electrical Home Appliance Industry 38 Drug Industry 41 Food Processing Industry 54 Polymer Production Industry 65 Automotive Assembly Industry 68 Chemical Industry 69 Rubber Industry 72 INCENTIVES/DISINCENTIVES Incentives for Solid Waste Management 35 Incentives for Tire Recycling and Reuse 36 Incentives for Plastic Recycling and Reuse 40 LEGISLATION Compilation of Solid Waste Legislation 6 Digest of Ordinances and a Model Ordinance 53 LITTER Cost/Benefit Relationships in Solid Waste Litter 60 77 ------- SUBJECT INDEX OPERATIONS RESEARCH Systems Analysis of Solid Waste Disposal 16 Prediction of Solid Waste Characteristics 73 Solid Waste Prediction Model 74 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSING Status of Solid Waste Processing 7 Evaluation of Solid Waste Processing 8 Development of Household Refuse Grinder — 22 Photodegradation of Cellulose and Waste Paper 28 The Cost of Municipal Incineration 37 Airborne Emissions From Municipal Incinerators 56 Patent Search of On-site Refuse Handling Devices 59 Air Classification Process to Separate Solid Waste Materials 64 PLASTICS Feasibility Study—Disposal of Polyethylene Plastic Waste 33 Incentives for Plastic Recycling and Reuse — 40 Management Study—The Polymer Production Industry 65 New Chemical Concepts for Waste Plastic Utilization 70 Biodegradability of Plastics 71 RECLAMATION/RECYCLING Evaluation of Solid Waste Processing 8 Dismantling Railroad Freight Cars 10 Feasibility of Incineration—Jet Engine Technology 13 Subscale Experiments—CPU-400 14 CPU-400 Program Management and Systems Engineering 15 Converting Solid Waste Materials Into Yeast 34 Production of Edible Proteins From Cellulosic Wastes 43 Government Policies Affecting Solid Waste Generation and Reclamation 62 Char From Solid Wastes as an Adsorption Medium 66 RUBBER Incentives for Tire Recycling and Reuse 36 Management Study—The Rubber Industry 72 SALVAGE Dismantling Railroad Freight Cars 10 Salvage Markets for Recoverable Solid Waste Materials 46 SANITARY LANDFILL Effects of Disposal Sites Upon Property Values 26 Motion Picture on Solid Waste Disposal 42 Field Evaluation of Sanitary Landfill Techniques 57 Soil Index Properties of Cover Material 58 Evaluation and Comparison Procedure for Sanitary Landfill Equipment 61 SOCIO-POLITICAL ASPECTS Public Awareness Development Program and Case Study 25 Effects of Disposal Sites Upon Property Values 26 Factors Influencing Citizens' Attitudes and Responses 27 TECHNICAL INFORMATION Solid Waste Management Annual Film Report- 21 Abstracting and Other Services 23 Public Awareness Development Program and Case Study 25 Operation Breakthrough 29 Solid Wastes Management in Germany 31 Chronicle of Activities and Accomplishments in Solid Waste Management 32 Motion Picture on Solid Waste Disposal 42 TRANSPORT Pipeline Transport of Shredded Solid Wastes 75 TRAINING Training Courses for Public Works Officials 5 78 ------- PROJECT DIRECTORS Ayres, Robert U., 35, 36 Berriman, Lester P., 64 Boyd, J. L., 19 Brown, Daniel L., 34 Bugher, Robert D., 5 Butler, Dale M., 10 Callihan, Claydon D., 43 Carotti, Arrigo, 56 Conrad, E. T., 61 Cosby, William A., 50 Darnay, Arsen J., Jr., 45, 46, 47 Davis, Robert, 60 Eliassen, Rolf, 66 Engdahl, Richard B., 7 Finley, Stuart, 21 Fisher, Carl P., 6 Frohnsdorff, Geoffrey, 28 Gable, Tom S., 55 Gaby, William L., 18 Gillean, James, 44 Hanks, Thrift G., 3, 4 Hart, Samuel A., 30, 31 Hartsell, Gerald D., 75 Hasterlik, R. J., 20 Hawkins, Myron B., 73, 74 Hillenbrand, Bernard F., 52 Holman, John F., 32 Rowland, John S., 22 Jensen, Barry, 25, 26, 27 Koenig, Louis, 37, 38 Kohl, John C., 51 Linsky, Benjamin, 39 Marynowski, Chester W., 65 Mercer, Walter A., 54 Milgrom, Jack, 40 Newcomb, Robinson, 49 Olmsted, Stephen B., 59 Ottinger, Robert S., 70 Parkhurst, John D., 42 Pearl, Bruce C., 29 Peters, Alec, 23, 24 Pike, Ralph W., 43 Pomeroy, Benjamin S., 48 Potts, J. E., 71 Powell, Mel D., 53 Ranard, Elliot D., 11 Roberto, Gerard, 58 Roninger, Frank H., 72 Roth, Edwin W., 16 Short, Rufus C., 9 Smith, David D., 17 Smith, Richard D., 13, 14, 15 Stallard, Fred, 57 Stearns, Robert P., 62 Stone, Ralph, 67, 68 Sullivan, Ralph, 41 Testin, Robert F., 8 Weinberg, M. S., 63 Xanten, William A., 76 Yocom, John E., 69 Zerlaut, Gene, 33 79 f U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE- 1972 0—427-867 ------- |