Summaries
of Solid UlastB management
\
Contracts
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SUMMARIES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONTRACTS
July 1, 1965—June 30, 1970
This publication (SW-5.3) was compiled by
HUGH H. CONNOLLY
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1972
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An environmental protection publication in the
solid waste management series (SW-5.3). This
publication is also in the Public Health Service
numbered series as Public Health Service Publica-
tion No. 1897; its entry in two government publi-
cation series is the result of a publishing interface
reflecting the transfer of the Federal solid waste
management program from the U.S. Public Health
Service to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
Requests for technical information related to specific contracts should be addressed to the Office of Solid
Waste Management Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460 Requests for
published information should be addressed to Solid Waste Management Publications Distribution, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45268, or to the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.
FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20402—PRICE $1. STOCK NO. 5502-0025
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FOREWORD
THE CONTRACT MECHANISM is an integral
arm of the Office of Solid Waste Management
Programs of the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency.* Technical investigations are
conducted by the Office's own staff. But
this staff cannot be the size required for
carrying on all the research and studies
needed for solutions to the Nation's problems
of managing its solid wastes. While capa-
bilities of universities and other nonprofit
organizations are being tapped through re-
search grants as well as other types of
grants,1"3 contracts make it possible to use
the accumulated practical experience and
trained staffs of business and professional
consultants.
Contracts are administered by means of
regular written reports and oral discussion
on a basis comparable to the review of work
performed within the Office itself. This helps
to ensure that the contract research fully
meets the study intent. At the same time it
keeps the Office staff informed on research
progress and findings as they develop.
It is also important that the research world
and the public at large learn of the results
of contract investigations. Although a full
report on each contract is usually published
upon conclusion of the work, there is a legiti-
mate demand for publication of prospectuses
of the contracts and any information that can
be made available on contract progress.
The present compilation is intended to sat-
isfy that need. It contains abstracts on con-
tracts undertaken from the beginning of
activities conducted with funds appropriated
under the Solid Waste Disposal Act. In the
initial stages, many of the subjects for study
were suggested by applicants and led to un-
solicited contracts. As more detailed informa-
tion was developed, it became easier to pin-
point gaps in our solid wastes knowledge
and, therefore, to utilize contracts that are
directed toward meeting these deficiencies.
The variety and extent of subject matter
defy easy characterization and can be judged
only by a look at the table of contents. The
contracts described in this publication, as well
as other contracts planned, hold great prom-
ise of extending the field of knowledge on
solid waste management and, at the same
time, of promoting a fruitful business-
government partnership.
—SAMUEL HALE, JR.
Deputy Assistant Administrator
for Solid Waste Management
* As this report was written before the current organization took effect, the Office is referred
to as the Solid Waste Management Office (SWMO) throughout the remainder of the publication.
1 LEFKE, L. W., A. G. KEENE, R. A. CHAPMAN, and H. JOHNSON, comps. Summaries of solid waste
research and training grants—1970. Public Health Service Publication No. 1596. Washington, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1971. 134 p.
- SPONAGLE, C. E., and P. L. STUMP. Solid waste management demonstration grant projects
1971; for grants awarded during- the period June 1, 1966—June 30, 1971. Public Health Service Publica-
tion No. 1821. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 247 p.
3 TOFTNER, R. 0., D. D. SWAVELY, W. T. DEHN, and B. L. SWEENEY, comps. State solid waste plan-
ning grants, agencies, and progress—1970, report of activities through June 30, 1970. Public Health Serv-
ice Publication No. 2109. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 26 p.
iii
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Aerojet-General Corporation
Public health related to solid waste . 3
Identification program for solid waste
research . . . .... 4
American Public Works Association
Training courses for public works officials . 5
Autocomp Inc.
Compilation of solid waste legislation 6
Battelle Memorial Institute
Status of solid waste processing 7
Evaluation of solid waste processing 8
Management study—the printing and pub-
lishing industry . . .9
Booz, Allen Applied Research Inc.
Dismantling railroad freight cars
10
Combustion Engineering, Inc.
Technical-economic study of solid waste
disposal 11
Combustion Power Company, Inc.
Feasibility of incineration—jet engine
technology . . . . .13
Subscale experiments—CPU-400 .... 14
CPU-400 program management and sys-
tems engineering . . 15
Cornell Aeronautical Laboratories, Inc.
Systems analysis of solid waste disposal . 16
Dillingham Corporation
Oceanic disposal of solid wastes .... 17
Foster-Miller Associates, Inc.
Development of household refuse grinder . 22
Franklin Institute of the State of
Pennsylvania
Abstracting and other services 23
Verification of bibliographic citations 24
General Behavioral Systems, Inc.
Public awareness development program
and case study 25
Effects of disposal sites upon property
values . 26
General Systems Industries, Inc.
Factors influencing citizens' attitudes and
responses 27
The Gillette Research Institute
Photodegradation of cellulose and waste
paper 28
Greenleaf/Telesca
Operation Breakthrough
29
Samuel A. Hart
Composting technology and compost utili-
zation in Europe . . . . 30
Solid wastes management in Germany 31
John F. Holm an & Co., Inc.
Chronicle of activities and accomplishments
in solid waste management 32
IIT Research Institute
Feasibility study—disposal of polyethylene
plastic waste . . 33
East Tennessee State University
Pathogens and indicator organisms in
refuse-sludge composting . 18
Ionics, Inc.
Converting solid waste materials into
yeast . 34
The Eimco Corporation
Composting dewatered sewage sludge . 19
Enviro-Med Inc.
Occupational health in solid waste man-
agement ... ... 20
Stuart Finley, Inc.
Solid waste management annual film
report . ... ... ... 21
International Research and Technology
Corporation
Incentives for solid waste management . 35
Incentives for tire recycling and reuse . . 36
Louis Koenig Research
The cost of municipal incineration . . 37
Management study—the electrical home
appliance industry . . .38
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Benjamin Linsky
Health effects of air pollution related to
solid wastes • 39
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Incentives for plastic recycling and re-
use . 40
Litton Systems, Inc.
Management study—the drug industry 41
Los Angeles County
Motion picture on solid waste disposal 42
Louisiana State University
Production of edible proteins from cellu-
losic wastes 43
Martin-Marietta Corporation
Pilot data acquisition and analysis
system
44
Midwest Research Institute
Packaging materials and waste disposal . 45
Salvage markets for recoverable solid
waste materials . . 46
Five-year plan for research and devel-
opment 47
University of Minnesota
Microbiological quality of products from
rendering plants . . .48
National Academy of Sciences—National Re-
search Council
Solid waste removal from high-rise resi-
dential structures . . 49
On-site refuse storage, collection, and re-
duction system for high-rise residential
structures ... 50
Feasibility of recommendations in NAS-
NRC publication . . 51
National Association of Counties Research Foun-
dation
Program for regional solid waste manage-
ment systems . . .52
Digest of ordinances and a model ordi-
nance . 53
National Canners Association
Management study—the food processing-
industry 54
National Sanitation Foundation
Single-use items in health care facilities 55
New York University
Airborne emissions from municipal in-
cinerators . . 56
Northern Kentucky Sanitation Company
Field evaluation of sanitary landfill
techniques ... .57
H. C. Nutting Company
Soil index properties of cover material . 58
Stephen B. Olmsted
Patent search of on-site refuse handling
devices . ... 59
Resource Management Corporation
Cost/benefit relationships in solid waste
litter 60
SCS Engineers
Evaluation and comparison procedure for
sanitary landfill equipment . . . . 61
Government policies affecting solid waste
generation and reclamation . . 62
Foster D. Snell, Inc.
Decontamination and combustion of organic
pesticides and containers . . 63
Stanford Research Institute
Air classification process to separate solid
waste materials ... . . 64
Management study—the polymer produc-
tion industry . . . .65
Stanford University
Char from solid wastes as an adsorption
medium . . . 66
Ralph Stone and Co., Inc., Engineers
Engineering study of a one-man collection
system . . ... .67
Management study—the automotive assem-
bly industry . . . . . . 68
The Travelers Research Corporation
Management study—the chemical
industry
69
TRW Inc.
New chemical concepts for waste plastic
utilization . . 70
Union Carbide Corporation
Biodegradability of plastics .
. 71
Uniroyal, Inc.
Management study—the rubber industry 72
URS Research Corporation
Prediction of solid waste characteristics . 73
Solid waste prediction model . . 74
The Western Company
Pipeline transport of shredded solid
wastes . 75
William A. Xanten
Procedures for state agency surveys . 76
SUBJECT INDEX . . . .77
INDEX OF PROJECT DIRECTORS .... 79
VI
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SUMMARIES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONTRACTS
July 1, 1965—June 30, 1970
THIS is A COMPENDIUM of contract projects
supported by the Solid Waste Management
Office (SWMO) and its predecessors since
the passage of the Solid Waste Disposal Act
of 1965. The purpose of the publication is
to inform interested readers of the variety
of contracts being supported in such a way
that information developed from this activ-
ity can be made quickly available and dis-
seminated to those persons who can best use
the information. We hope that the publica-
tion may stimulate prospective contractors
to conceive new approaches that through re-
search and development will lead to an ad-
vancement of technology and to better meth-
ods of solid waste management.
The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, as
amended by the Resource Recovery Act of
1970, directs the Secretary of the Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare
(functions transferred by Reorganization
Plan No. 3 to the Administrator, Environ-
mental Protection Agency) to conduct and
encourage—and to cooperate with and assist
appropriate public authorities, agencies, and
institutions; private agencies and institu-
tions ; and individuals in the conduct of:
(1) research, training, demonstrations, sur-
veys, and other studies relating to adverse
health and welfare effects caused by solid
wastes; (2) operation and financing of solid
waste disposal programs; (3) reduction of
the amounts of such waste and unsalvageable
waste materials; (4) development and ap-
plication of new and improved methods of
solid waste processing and materials and
energy recovery; (5) identification of solid
waste components and potential recoverable
materials and energy.
In carrying out the provisions as directed,
the Secretary is authorized to: (1) collect
and make available, through publications
and other means, the results of such research
and other activities; (2) cooperate with pub-
lic and private agencies, institutions, and
industries in the preparation and conduct of
such research and other activities; (3) make
grants-in-aid and contracts with public or
private agencies, institutions, and individ-
uals for research, training, surveys, and dem-
onstrations.
Any grant, agreement, or contract made
or entered into is to contain provisions ef-
fective to ensure that all information, uses,
processes, patents, and other developments
resulting from any activity undertaken pur-
suant to such grant, agreement, or contract
will be made readily available on fair and
equitable terms to those industries utilizing
methods of solid waste disposal and to in-
dustries engaged in furnishing devices, fa-
cilities, equipment, and supplies to be used
in connection with solid waste disposal.
The summaries, arranged alphabetically
by contractor, represent the efforts made to
carry out this contract authority. One can
readily see that there is no single approach
applicable to the wide variety of solid wastes
produced and that, as the concept of solid
waste management has developed, so has the
scope of our contracts. The characteristics
of solid wastes are continually changing
through product innovation, industrial proc-
ess modification, and changes in living habits
of the general population. Storage, collection,
transport, processing, utilization, and dis-
posal practices must continually be modified
to keep pace with these changes.
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Research contracts are used to implement
the efforts directed by the Solid Waste Dis-
posal Act of 1965 and the Resource Recovery
Act of 1970. The contract mechanism makes
it possible to support projects for which
neither staff nor equipment is available. This
mechanism permits the national program to
utilize specialized facilities, organizations.
and capabilities wherever they may exist. A
contract may be a separate project in itself or
may complement in-house research.
Solicited contracts are awarded to quali-
fied contractors who submit the best pro-
posals in response to advertised requests as
they appear in the Commerce Business Daily.
This competitive mechanism is used to en-
sure that the work i-equired will be per-
formed in the most economical manner by
those best qualified.
Profit and nonprofit organizations desir-
ing to perform research within the scope
and intent of the Solid Waste Disposal Act
are invited to submit proposals for consider-
ation. All proposals submitted are evaluated
for technical contribution and program rel-
evancy, and compete with other proposals,
both solicited and unsolicited, for priority
funding.
A format, selected to enable the reader to
become aware of the actual content of result-
ant publications, includes the objectives, the
approach used, and a summary of progress
where available.
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AEROJET-GENERAL CORPORATION
PUBLIC HEALTH RELATED TO SOLID WASTE
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-151
COST: $58,414
PROJECT START: June 1966
PROJECT END: January 1967
CONTRACTOR
Aerojet-General Corp.
1100 West Hollyvale Street
Azusa, Calif. 91702
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Thrift G. Hanks
OBJECTIVE: To obtain a thorough and con-
sistent listing and evaluation of health prob-
lems reported to be associated with solid
waste disposal by identifying the relation-
ships between human health and solid waste
management.
APPROACH: The contract was primarily
concerned with those relationships resulting
in disease processes. A survey of the tech-
nical world literature was made: (1) to iden-
tify types, sources, disease processes, and
occupational descriptions; (2) to accumulate
data and establish identifiable relationships;
(3) to note and tabulate significant conclu-
sions and recommendations; (4) to provide
an annotated bibliography of related survey
literature; (5) to organize and publish a
survey report on the public health aspects
of solid waste handling and disposal.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report on
the comprehensive literature survey, Solid
Waste/Disease Relationships, was published.
In this report each postulated solid waste/
disease relationship is presented as follows:
(1) a general statement on the disease under
consideration; (2) a postulation on its asso-
ciation with wastes; (3) the evidence found
in the literature supporting this postulation;
(4) discussion of the evidence; (5) con-
clusions relative to the disease/waste asso-
ciation and to possible projections of the
observations; (6) recommendations for re-
search or other action.
HANKS, T. G. Solid waste/disease relationships; u, literature survey. Public Health Service Publication No.
999-UIH-6. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967. 179 p.
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AEROJET-GENERAL CORPORATION
IDENTIFICATION PROGRAM FOR SOLID WASTE RESEARCH
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-126
COST: $19,025
PROJECT START: May 1967
PROJECT END: August 1967
CONTRACTOR
Aerojet-General Corp.
Life Science Division
1100 West Hollyvale Street
Azusa, Calif. 91702
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Thrift G. Hanks
OBJECTIVE: To develop a system for as-
signing priorities to selected research and de-
velopment projects related to solid waste and
public health problems.
APPROACH: A study of solid waste/disease
relationships revealed research needs in a
number of important areas. A detailed evalu-
ation and assignment of priorities to those
areas, however, was beyond the scope of that
study. This research program was designed
to select the most important topics from
that report and to develop a series of task
descriptions for specific research and de-
velopment projects. Cost estimates as well
as work statements, a description of the
specific problem and its background, and an
outline of a program devoted to its solution
were included for the 10 most important
projects.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final re
port on a solid waste research identification
program has been accepted. The report, de-
signed for in-house use, describes in detail
the rationale and methods used, the various
ratings obtained, conclusions, recommenda-
tions, work statements, and a basic research
program outline.
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AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION
TRAINING COURSES FOR PUBLIC WORKS OFFICIALS
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-146
COST: $86,523
PROJECT START: June 1966
PROJECT END: August 1968
CONTRACTOR
American Public Works Assoc.
1313 East 60th Street
Chicago, 111. 60637
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robert D. Bugher
OBJECTIVE: To develop a package of train-
ing courses for those operators, managers,
and public works officials concerned with
various aspects of solid waste management
that can be used to broaden solid waste
training throughout the Nation.
APPROACH: A comprehensive blueprint for
the training of personnel in the field of solid
waste management was to be prepared. This
would include fully developed courses previ-
ously tested in pilot programs, a fully de-
veloped curriculum tailored to existing needs.
and well developed teaching methodology
including instructions for the use of training
aids. Consideration was to be given to the
educational backgrounds, work experiences,
and career goals of operating officials, the
requirements and responsibilities of the po-
sitions, and the socioeconomic and technical
trends most likely to alter the function of
operating personnel.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Course outlines
were prepared and pilot courses conducted
in six major cities on: (1) incinerator plant
operation; (2) sanitary landfill operation;
(3) solid waste management; (4) refuse
collection; (5) solid wastes technology; (6)
solid waste management policy.
Copies of the course packages are avail-
able for review at SWMO offices in Cincin-
nati, Ohio and Rockville, Maryland. No pub-
lication is planned.
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AUTOCOMP INC.
COMPILATION OF SOLID WASTE LEGISLATION
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-118
COST: $141,840
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: January 1972
CONTRACTOR
Autocomp Inc.
Autocode Division
7910 Woodmont Ave.
Bethesda. Maryland 20014
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Carl P. Fisher
OBJECTIVE: State and territorial legisla-
tion will be searched for applicability to
solid wastes. Photocopies of the relevant
laws will be made, indexed, and cross-indexed
in sufficient detail for layman use. A com-
pendium will be prepared from the applicable
laws for publication.
APPROACH: All legislation of the 50 States,
the District of Columbia, and the territories
of American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and
the Virgin Islands will be searched for ap-
plicability to solid wastes. This includes en-
abling legislation, direct prohibitions, and
direct authorizations. Legislation may be
found in such widely separated portions of
the codes as those dealing with agriculture,
health, labor, highways, industry, water,
and air. Examples of legislation to be covered
include laws regarding storage, collection,
transportation, processing, vehicles, demoli-
tion materials, animal and vegetation wastes,
as well as wastes from households and com-
mercial and industrial establishments. In-
cluded also are the general nuisance laws,
zoning regulations (to the extent codified).
rule-making authorizations to State agencies
or local or regional jurisdictions, all insofar
as they pertain to the management of solid
wastes.
Once located, the State and territorial laws
will be checked with Shepherd's Citator, or
the equivalent, to assure their currency as of
the date of the contract. Laws that have
been repealed will be eliminated, and new
acts or amendments will be included up to the
date of the contract.
The compendium will be by State or terri-
tory and will consist of abstracts of the
particular provisions organized on a uniform
subject matter basis.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: All territorial
and State legislation has been indexed and
checked to assure its accuracy to date of con-
tract, and Phase I has been completed with
submission of State-by-State volumes con-
taining photo copies of existing legislation.
Plans have begun for the development of the
format and organization of the compendium
—Phase II of the contract.
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BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
STATUS OF SOLID WASTE PROCESSING
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-160
COST: $57,265
PROJECT START: June 1966
PROJECT END: February 1967
CONTRACTOR
Battelle Memorial Institute
Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Richard B. Engdahl
OBJECTIVE: To assemble all available in-
formation on solid waste processing in order
to provide a concise reference useful to those
concerned with the development of new and
improved processes.
APPROACH: Information on the reliability
of the processes, performance data, economic
factors, and range of pertinent commercially
available equipment and devices was obtained
by surveying and examining existing tech-
nical processes and techniques. This included
both industrial and municipal applications
with evaluations as to applicability to solid
waste treatment. The general processes con-
sidered were: (1) densification and size re-
duction; (2) separation; (3) recovery and
utilization; (4) chemical processing. Special
problems such as health hazards and environ-
mental pollution were to be examined.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report on
the status of unit operations and processes
for solid waste disposal has been accepted.
The report summarizes the present status of
methods now or recently in use for the dis-
posal and utilization of solid wastes. The re-
port shows that, although a few aspects of
solid waste processing are well developed,
the availability of economic methods for
most solid waste problems is scarce or non-
existent. The summary is organized under
four general headings into which the study
is divided.
ENGDAHL, R. B. Solid waste processing; a state-of-the art report on unit operations and processes. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1856. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 72 p.
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BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
EVALUATION OF SOLID WASTE PROCESSING
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-265
COST: $76,650
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: October 1968
CONTRACTOR
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robert F. Testin
OBJECTIVE: To investigate, evaluate, and
document separation and recovery equip-
ment, processes, and techniques that have
potential application in the areas of solid
waste separation and utilization.
APPROACH: The investigation involved a
study to establish the range of expected
characterization of solid wastes, including
total amounts, and physical and chemical
properties. A literature survey, solicitations
to manufacturers, and analyses of existing
reclamation and disposal plants were used
to compile a list of equipment and techniques
and to assess their applicability to various
types of solid wastes. For each unit process
considered, appropriate operating informa-
tion was compiled, and effects of input
characteristics on capital and operating costs
and the output products and any synergistic
or antagonistic effects of various processes
on one another were assessed. Information
was obtained to define process capabilities,
reliability, economics, availability of com-
mercial equipment, and special operational
problems. Appropriate mathematical, statis-
tical, and economic methods were used to de-
velop capital and operation cost relationships
as functions of input and output character-
istics.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final re-
port has been accepted. The expected char-
acteristics of solid wastes, including the
amounts and physical and chemical proper-
ties, have been tabulated. Through literature
surveys, solicitations from manufacturers,
and analyses of existing reclamation and dis-
posal plants, the list of techniques and equip-
ment and processes to the solid waste field
has been assessed. Process capabilities, re-
liability, economics, availability of commer-
cial equipment, special operational problems,
and health hazards have been defined. Using
appropriate mathematical, statistical, and
economic methods, capital and operating cost
relationships have been developed. Feasible
combinations of processes or equipment have
been suggested.
DROBNEY, N. L., H. E. HULL, and R. P. TESTIN. Recovery and utilization of municipal solid waste; a summary
of available cost and performance characteristics of unit processes and systems. Public Health
Service Publication No. 1908. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 118 p.
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BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE PRINTING AND PUBLISHING INDUSTRY
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-6
COST: $73,484
PROJECT START: May 1969
PROJECT END: January 1971
CONTRACTOR
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King- Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Ruf us C. Short
OBJECTIVE: To study and evaluate the
solid waste management practices of the
publishing and printing industry, SIC 271,
272, 273, and 275.
APPROACH: Information and data will be
collected on the following items of the pub-
lishing and printing industry on a national
basis: (1) total number of industrial plants,
employment, capital value of the plants, and
quantities and types of products produced;
(2) past development and production pat-
terns within the industry indicating present
trends, new technology, and future develop-
ment; (3) flow diagrams for the basic pro-
duction processes; (4) location of the indus-
tries with particular notation of production
centers in the country; (5) identification
of the quantity (weight) and quality (char-
acter) of solid waste generated; (6) cor-
relation of solid waste production with
a readily available universal parameter of
the plant; (7) identify and analyze the cur-
rent storage, collection, and disposal prac-
tices of the industry; (8) amount of money
being spent for storage, collection, treatment,
and disposal of solid waste for the industry;
(9) analysis of the future trends of solid
waste management within the industry and
factors that might influence them, such as
reuse, etc.
The methodology to collect the information
and data will consist of a literature review
and a variety of different types of field in-
terviews. Following the data collection phase,
the information will be analyzed and eval-
uated.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Prior to begin-
ning data collection, a literature review was
carried out, plants were grouped by SIC
numbers and location, and an interview guide
was developed. Data collection was followed
by an analysis phase, and a preliminary draft
of the final report was submitted. Review
of the draft is nearly complete, and a final
report will be printed.
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BOOZ, ALLEN APPLIED RESEARCH INC.
DISMANTLING RAILROAD FREIGHT CARS
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-100
COST: $50,000
PROJECT START: March 1967
PROJECT END: December 1967
CONTRACTOR
Booz, Allen Applied Research
Inc.
4733 Bethesda Avenue
Bethesda, Md. 20014
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Dale M. Butler
OBJECTIVE: To encourage the development
of new and improved methods of railroad car
dismantling and salvage operations that per-
mit reuse of waste materials without pre-
senting environmental problems.
APPROACH: On-site observations and inter-
views with key personnel were used to study
current operating practices of railroad car
dismantlers throughout the country, and to
summarize information on proposed new
techniques. Feasibility studies on new tech-
niques that promise acceptable pollution con-
trol and economic practicality were investi-
gated. A system for rating proposed car dis-
mantling systems in order to select the best
method for prototype development was un-
dertaken.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A final report
containing the findings, conclusions, and rec-
ommendations has been accepted.
In effect the study was a pilot application of
the systems approach to the difficult and
complex problems presented by pollution and
effective resource utilization. Many aspects
of developing technology were investigated
including new forms of explosives, high-
speed water jets, cryogenic brittlizing
agents, and advanced methods in wood utili-
zation. Two approaches were suggested for
prototype development: a system of cutting
wood from railroad cars using high-pressure,
manually operated water jets, and a system
of using the car itself for an incinerator with
a stack installed directly on the car to con-
trol effluent emissions.
BUTLER, D. M., and W. M. GRAHAM. Dismantling railroad freight cars; a study of improved methods with
application to other demolition problems. Public Health Service Publication No. 1850. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 32 p.
10
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COMBUSTION ENGINEERING. INC.
TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC STUDY OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-163
COST: $156,375
PROJECT START: June 1966
PROJECT END: November 1967
CONTRACTOR
Combustion Engineering-, Inc.
New Products Division
1000 Prospect Hill Road
Windsor, Conn. 06095
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Elliot D. Ranard
OBJECTIVE: To obtain data on: (1) dis-
posal costs for municipal and industrial solid
wastes with the additional costs that will be
required to meet disposal standards which
prevent land, water, and air pollution; (2)
relative importance of such variables as tech-
nical developments, population movements,
living habits, etc., that affect the composi-
tion and quantity of solid wastes; (3) re-
liable techniques and models for predict-
ing collection and disposal facility needs.
APPROACH: Through surveys and personal
interviews in selected U.S. cities, in-depth
studies on municipal and industrial solid
waste practices were undertaken in order
to obtain installed capacity of refuse disposal
facilities, estimates of the production of in-
dustrial solid wastes, and projections for
generation and capacities in selected areas
to 1975. Mathematical models to predict re-
quirements for waste reduction facilities and
refuse production were developed. The con-
tractor also analyzed the problems relative
to a refuse sampling and information sys-
tem and gathered and analyzed data to de-
scribe the operational situations and infor-
mation input and output.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A four-volume
report was accepted by the SWMO, and se-
lected sections were published. Municipal In-
ventory presents surveys made of various
cities to obtain data on amounts and types
of waste generated, with a mathematical
model for the Nation that predicts future
amounts of solid wastes that will be gen-
erated. Industrial Inventory presents results
of a survey of 23 industries indicating the
disposal techniques used. Information Sys-
tem emphasizes the need for a solid waste
information system to aid municipalities in
planning refuse disposal plants. Technical-
Economic Overview presents an overview
of waste management systems based on in-
depth interviews in a selected number of
cities.
COMBUSTION ENGINEERING, INC. Technical-economic study of solid waste disposal needs and practices. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1886. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. [705 p.]
(Distributed by National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., as PB-187 712. 700 p.)
ADDITIONAL PUBLICATIONS RESULTING FROM CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-163
BACKER, J. H., and E. D. RANARD. Use of mathematical planning models to predict incineration requirements.
In Proceedings, 1968 National Incinerator Conference, New York, May 5-8, 1968, American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, p. 1-11.
COHAN, L. J., and J. H. FERNANDES. Potential energy-con version aspects of refuse. Paper presented at the
Eighty-eighth Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pitts-
burgh, Nov. 12-17, 1967. 7 p.
11
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PERNANDES, J. H. Incinerator air pollution control. In Proceedings, 1968 National Incinerator Conference,
New York, May 5-8, 1968, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, p. 101-116.
KALIKA, P. W. The effects of variations in municipal refuse on some incinerator design parameters. Paper
presented at the Eighty-eighth Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, Pittsburgh, Nov. 12-17, 1967. 10 p.
KALIKA, P. W. Influence coefficients to relate municipal refuse variations to incinerator design. In Proceedings,
1968 National Incinerator Conference, New York, May 5-8,1968, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, p. 154-170.
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COMBUSTION POWEK COMPANY. IN'C.
FEASIBILITY OF INCINERATION—JET ENGINE TECHNOLOGY
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-259
COST: $138,164
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: June 1968
CONTRACTOR
Combustion Power Company,
Inc. (formerly Aerospace
Commercial Corporation)
Stanford Industrial Park
2625 Hanover Street
Palo Alto. Calif. 94304
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Richard D. Smith
OBJECTIVE: To determine the technological
and economic feasibility of a system of solid
waste incineration that utilizes waste heat
to generate electric power through a jet
turbine.
APPROACH: Engineering studies were con-
ducted as necessary to investigate use of a
standard jet engine to receive the cleaned
gases from the incineration of solid wastes.
Separate studies were required to determine
the effects of chemical composition, prod-
ucts of combustion, and heating values. In
addition, surveys were conducted on shred-
ders, preheat feeders, and separators to ob-
tain equipment suitable for use with the
refuse combustor.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A technical
abstract on the feasibility study was re-
viewed. The results of the study indicated
that the project is technically feasible and
economically attractive. An additional con-
tract to conduct key subscale experiments
for several components of the jet turbine
incinerator was awarded [see: Subscale ex-
periments on the model 400 combustion
power unit (CPU-400), Contract No. PH 86-
68-198.J
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COMBUSTION POWER COMPANY, INC.
SUBSCALE EXPERIMENTS—CPU-400
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-198
COST: $2,179,381
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: January 1971
CONTRACTOR
Combustion Power Company,
Inc.
1346 Willow Road
Menlo Park, Calif. 94025
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Richard D. Smith
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this contract
is to build and test subscale models of vari-
ous combustor and particle collector devices
to obtain necessary information for final
design for the CPU-400 system. The CPU-
400 system makes use of a gas turbine
powered by waste heat from incineration of
refuse for the purpose of generating elec-
tricity.
APPROACH: The contractor will investigate
the design parameters of continuous flow in-
cineration by a fluidized bed combustor. The
investigation requires the design, fabrica-
tion, and testing of two different fluid bed
combustors; (1) a large (8-ft. diameter) bed
operated at low pressure which will deter-
mine the refuse feed and distribution prob-
lems; (2) a small (12-inch diameter) high-
pressure (60 to 100 psia) bed to determine
heat release rates, combustion products, etc.
The contractor will also investigate three
different particle collection devices—an elec-
trostatic precipitator, a mat filter, and an
inertial separator—to determine the best
device (or combination of devices) to be used
for the CPU-400.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The electro-
static precipitator and the inertial separator
tests showed that both items are feasible
to use at CPU-400 pressure and temperature
conditions. The mat filter concept tested was
found not to be feasible because of difficul-
ties encountered in its cleaning.
The 12-inch fluid bed experiments have in-
dicated that high pressure fluid bed com-
bustion of municipal solid waste is feasible
and capable of heat release rates in excess
of 500,000 Btu/ft3/hr. Design and fabrica-
tion work was completed on a large-scale
fluidized bed combustor along with solid
waste handling equipment which is required
for a continuous flow operation. Testing of
this combustor and appurtenant handling
equipment is now in progress.
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COMBUSTION POWER COMPANY, INC.
CPU-400 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-100
COST: $283,103
PROJECT START: August 1968
PROJECT END: October 1970
CONTRACTOR
Combustion Power Company,
Inc.
1346 Willow Road
Menlo Park, Calif. 94025
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Richard D. Smith
OBJECTIVE: To provide program manage-
ment for the component developments by
various subcontractors and to investigate
the CPU-400 as a total system. The results
of this investigation, combined with the re-
sults of the key subscale experiments, will
be combined to refine the preliminary de-
sign for the CPU-400 to the point where de-
tailed design work may be started.
APPROACH: Overall management for the
CPU-400 will be provided. A systems de-
sign study will be conducted on five subsys-
tems of the CPU-400: solid waste handling,
hot gases, turbo-electric, controls, and resi-
due handling. Materials corrosion, exhaust
gas contamination, and acoustics studies will
be made. Turbine compatibility tests will be
defined and economic applications studies
will be undertaken.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The design of
the CPU-400 has been updated in both the
solid waste handling and hot gas subsystems.
The provision for unshredded storage has
been eliminated in the solid waste subsystem,
and the combustor configuration has been
changed from 3 combustors all piped into
the system to 2 combustors with a spare on
hand. The total CPU-400 system has been
identified as having 19 different components,
and preliminary specifications have been
made for each component. Materials corrosion
studies were performed by analysis of sever-
al different alloys after prolonged exposure to
incinerator fly ash. All metals tested showed
corrosive attack; the alloy which performed
best was Inconel 625. Exhaust gas contami-
nation studies indicate that HC1 and S0«
can be suppressed by limestone injection into
the bed. Acoustic surveys on shredder and
turbine installations demonstrated the need
for sound suppression to be considered in the
design. Applications studies showed addition-
al CPU-400 uses such as desalinization,
sludge incineration, and activated char pro-
duction.
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CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LABORATORIES, INC.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-254
COST: $98,515
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: March 1969
CONTRACTOR
Cornell Aeronautical
Laboratories, Inc.
Post Office Box 235
Buffalo.N.Y. 14221
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Edwin W. Roth
OBJECTIVE: To develop a mathematical
model for determining the overall costs and
effectiveness of alternate waste disposal sys-
tems within a regional solid wastes system.
APPROACH: The contractor will collect and
analyze existing regional data, identify in-
direct social costs, and establish a realistic
range of constraints on deleterious effects.
With this data and related background in-
formation, a mathematical model of political-
ly realistic regional solid waste systems,
which computes overall costs and perform-
ance, will be formulated. The major output
of the study will be a first definition of a
model or simulational method and its imple-
mentation. The model will be used to prepare
a program for future work centered around
comprehensive utilization of the developed
model with an expansion and refinement
of the model structure.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A final report
has been printed. It discusses systems analy-
sis of regional solid waste management, the
structure of regional solid waste manage-
ment systems evaluation, a facility choice
model as an aid in regional solid waste man-
agement decision making, and various facts
about the Buffalo Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area (SMSA), which was the
empirical base for the study.
MORSE, N., and E. W. ROTH. Systems analysis of regional solid waste handling. Public Health Service Publi-
cation No. 2065. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. [294 p.]
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DILLINGHAM CORPORATION APPLIED OCEANOGRAPHY BRANCH
OCEANIC DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-203
COST: $76,646
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: August 1970
CONTRACTOR
Dillingham Corporation
Applied Oceanography Branch
11803 Sorrento Valley Road
San Diego, Calif. 92121
PROJECT DIRECTOR
David D. Smith
OBJECTIVE: To determine the nature and
magnitude of present oceanic disposal prac-
tices and to investigate their current or po-
tential hazards to public health.
APPROACH: Information from the Corps
of Engineers District Offices provided back-
ground information on marine disposal op-
erations in their respective areas of control.
This led to a series of interviews with waste
producers, disposal operators, and pertinent
municipal, State, and Federal agencies in:
Seattle, Portland (Oregon), San Francisco,
Los Angeles, San Diego, Galveston, Texas
City, Houston, Port Arthur, Beaumont, New
Orleans, Pascagoula, Mobile, St. Petersburg,
Charleston, Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadelphia,
New York, and Boston.
The information collected was compiled, sum-
marized, and evaluated by a team of marine
biologists, oceanographers, and sanitary en-
gineers to provide the current "state of the
art" of oceanic disposal of solid wastes and
industrial sludges by barges off U.S. coastal
cities.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The entire
study has been completed and a report sub-
mitted. Information in the report is very
helpful in assaying the magnitude of and
some of the problems associated with dis-
posing of solid wastes and industrial sludges
at sea. While the report deals only with those
wastes being barged, it nonetheless fills an
information gap and outlines specific con-
clusions that will assist the SWMO in ac-
complishing its goals.
SMITH, D. D., and R. P. BROWN. Ocean disposal of barge-delivered liquid and solid wastes from U.S. coastal
cities. Public Health Service Publication No. 2113. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1971. 119 p.
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EAST TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY
PATHOGENS AND INDICATOR ORGANISMS IN REFUSE-SLUDGE
COMPOSTING
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-112
PH 86-68-143
COST: $81,550
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: May 1969
CONTRACTOR
East Tennessee State University
Department of Microbiology
Johnson City, Tennessee 37601
PROJECT DIRECTOR
William.L. Gaby
OBJECTIVE: Phase I—To study the occur-
rence and persistence of pathogens and in-
dicator organisms in refuse-sludge compost-
ing. Phase II—To study the survival of path-
ogens and indicator organisms in refuse-
sludge composting by the windrow method.
APPROACH: Methods were selected and de-
veloped to permit a quantitative study of
recovery of pathogens and indicator orga-
nisms during the processing of municipal
refuse-sewage sludge mixtures. The first
phase was devoted to investigation of the
occurrence of pathogenic organisms in raw
refuse and sewage sludge and their survival
through the composting process. The second
phase covered the insertion of certain patho-
gens into the composting refuse-sludge mix-
ture and determining their survival by the
examination of samples withdrawn at various
successive stages of the composting process.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: During Phase
I, determinations were made on raw or par-
tially digested sludge, refuse, and refuse-
sludge mixtures for the following: total bac-
terial counts at 35° C and 55° C for aerobes
and anaerobes, total coliforms, Escherichia
coli, salmonella, staphyloccoci-coagulase pos-
itive, Streptococcus faecalis, enteroviruses,
pathogenic fungi, and human and animal
parasites. A total of 602 samples was col-
lected from 30 windrows, refuse, sludge, and
refuse-sludge mixtures. These samples were
taken when the windrows were laid down, at
various intervals during the process, and on
the terminal day (49 to 56 days).
In all, 1,137 samples of bacteria, fungi, para-
sites, and viruses were inserted in 24 wind-
rows during Phase II. In conformity with
the previous work, the samples were planted
at various positions within the compost and
withdrawn at intervals during the process.
The studies showed that pathogen destruc-
tion is achieved in the central mass of wind-
rows of refuse-sludge mixtures during
normal composting where temperatures re-
main between 140° F and 160° F for about
20 days. The windrows were turned eight
or nine times in the 35 to 42 days on the
field in order to subject all material to the
high temperatures. It was concluded that
properly managed windrow composting with
raw or partially digested sewage sludge will
result in a product that is safe for agricul-
tural or gardening use. Proper manage-
ment consists of maintaining the moisture
content between 50 and 60 percent by weight,
turning with sufficient frequency to maintain
aerobic conditions, and carefully preparing
windrows before turning to insure thorough
mixing. Pathogens in compost do not repre-
sent any greater risk than other activities in
which man participates. It is not planned to
publish the report on this contract because
the information is intended primarily for use
by the SWMO.
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THE EIMCO CORPORATION
COMPOSTING DEWATERED SEWAGE SLUDGE
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-103
COST: $67,695
PROJECT START: March 1967
PROJECT END: July 1968
CONTRACTOR
The Eimco Corporation
537 West Sixth South
Salt Lake City, Utah 84103
PROJECT DIRECTOR
J. L. Boyd
OBJECTIVE: To study the composting of
dewatered sewage sludge using a "mechani-
cal type" composter in order to provide a
means of processing the sewage sludge and
other organic types of sludge into an end
product that is odor free, devoid of insect
life and pathogens, easy to handle, and use-
ful for agricultural purposes.
APPROACH: Using facilities at Salt Lake
City's sewage treatment plant, a pilot plant
was constructed by Eimco Corporation.
Thickened sludge was dewatered on a vacu-
um filter and conveyed to the mechanical
composter, which was equipped with stirring,
aerating, sampling, and measuring devices.
Tests were conducted to determine: (1) the
limits of moisture content of sludge cake;
(2) necessary recycle ratios; (3) processing
capacity for the sewage sludge in terms of
volume and time; (4) required air; (5) tem-
perature in various parts of the composting
mass; (6) chemical and physical composition
of the final product; (7) influence of varying
feed rates; (8) limits of batch feeding; (9)
composition of gas evolved from the com-
posting mix; (10) influence of chemicals used
for sludge conditioning before vacuum filtra-
tion. In addition, under a subcontract, the
University of Utah School of Medicine made
studies on the destruction of pathogenic bac-
teria,, fungi, cysts, and viruses in the com-
posted material.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Characteristics
of the mechanical composted dewatered sew-
age sludge have been observed and recorded.
Weight, volume, moisture, and solids reduc-
tion have been observed at several retention
times. Conspicuous effects appeared to be
that of drying (80-88 percent reduction in
water), effective destruction of the organic
matter by the thermophilic organisms, and
the destruction of pathogenic organisms inoc-
ulated into the system. Routine observations
have been made on temperature at various
places throughout the composter, the thor-
oughness of mixing of the material, the
rate of gaseous emissions, and the identifi-
cation of some of these gases. Various rela-
tionships have been established between the
rate of air flow into the compost material,
the recycling rate, the mixing of the mate-
rial, and the composting temperature. The
final report has been published.
SHELL, G. L., and J. L. BOYD. Composting dewatered sewage sludge. Public Health Service Publication No.
1936. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970. 28 p.
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ENVIRO-MED INC.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-114
COST: $34,826
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: April 1972
CONTRACTOR
Enviro-Med Inc.
Suite 316
7946Ivanhoe
La Jolla, Calif. 92037
PROJECT DIRECTOR
R. J. Hasterlik
OBJECTIVE: The study will analyze solid
waste management systems to determine if
useful conclusions can be drawn on the na-
ture, causes, and frequencies of accidents to
employees engaged in solid waste handling.
Based upon this, the contractor will develop
a plan for conducting a broad-based, detailed
study that would provide statistically valid
information applicable to the entire solid
waste industry.
APPROACH: The contractor will conduct on-
site investigations of the records of six solid
waste management systems to determine and
compile the information available on the na-
ture, causes, and frequencies of employee
accidents resulting from the handling of
solid waste over the past four years. The in-
formation sources shall include both the pub-
lic and private sectors of the solid waste
industry. The sources sampled will include
two solid waste handling systems each serv-
icing populations of over 500,000, two sys-
tems each servicing populations of 200,000
to 400,000, and two systems each servicing
populations of 20,000 to 100,000.
In addition to reviewing these records, the
contractor will study the records for the past
four years of State, county, or municipal
health departments, workmen's compensa-
tion boards, insurance companies, and other
agencies with records relating to the occupa-
tional health of employees within the solid
waste handling systems included in the
study.
Analysis of the data will attempt to draw
conclusions about the nature and rates of
accidents as they may be related to employee
age, level of education, physical condition,
training, safety programs, and similar fac-
tors.
It is hoped that the comprehensive study,
which the contractor will plan, can define ma-
jor problem areas or conditions that account
for high accident rates and severity. If the
pilot study indicates that meaningful infor-
mation is not likely to be available on a na-
tional scale, the feasibility of other data-
gathering methods will be investigated.
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STUART FINLEY, INC.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ANNUAL FILM REPORT
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-111
COST: $187,975
PROJECT START: June 1969
PROJECT END: November 1972
CONTRACTOR
Stuart Finley, Inc.
3428 Mansfield Road
Falls Church, Va. 22041
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Stuart Finley
OBJECTIVE: To develop film reports on
solid waste research, development, and dem-
onstration activities to serve the Bureau's
basic responsibility for improving solid waste
management practice in the United States
through dissemination of technical informa-
tion.
APPROACH: Two separate 16-mm, color,
sound, motion picture films will be produced
each year that document selected planning,
demonstration, research and training grants,
and research contracts—all funded by the
SWMO.
One of the films is to be designed primarily
for showing to solid waste management pro-
fessionals, including but not limited to man-
agers, planners, and technicians, as well as
public officials. This film will be 45 minutes
in length and more technically oriented than
the second film.
A 23-min film will be designed to produce an
interesting, logically developed story to in-
form the lay public entertainingly about the
most recent advances in solid waste man-
agement.
A 15-min color film to explain "Mission
5000" will be prepared for use in meetings
or on television specials. Six sets of four
60-sec. TV spots for use in explaining and
eliciting public support for "Mission 5000"
will be developed.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The Stuff We
Throw Away, 22 min in length, and What's
New in Solid Waste Management, 37 min in
length, both 16-mm motion pictures with
sound and color, are completed. Copies of the
films can be borrowed from the National
Medical Audiovisual Center (Annex), Sta-
tion K, Atlanta, Georgia 30324. Order num-
bers are M-2048-X and M-2049-X, respective-
ly. Prints may be purchased from the con-
tractor for $200 and $300, respectively. The
"Mission 5000" materials are in production
and will be provided on a pre-set delivery
schedule.
Films tell the story. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. Flyer. 6 p. Reprinted 1971. [Adden-
dum inserted.]
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FOSTER-MILLER ASSOCIATES, INC.
DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSEHOLD REFUSE GRINDER
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-115
COST: $78,692
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: December 1971
CONTRACTOR
Foster-Miller Associates, Inc.
135 Second Avenue
Waltham, Mass. 02154
PROJECT DIRECTOR
John S. Rowland
OBJECTIVE: This is a two-phase project.
Phase I will establish the background data
required before a refuse grinder can be de-
veloped. Phase II will provide preliminary
design and specifications, with approximate
costs, for the refuse grinder and the proper
safety controls with the capacity to macerate
typical household refuse and inject it into a
typical sanitary sewer.
APPROACH: Phase I. The contractor will
determine if the average sanitary sewage
system will be overloaded by the increase of
solids (both dissolved and suspended) from
the grinder process. If the sewers can handle
the additional solids, the contractor will de-
termine the maximum solids content and
average particle size of the incoming refuse
that can be easily transported by the sewers.
From this research, a range of effluent solids
content will be determined and used as a
basic design criterion of the grinder. Work
will be performed on a model gravity sani-
tary sewer system having roughness coeffi-
cients similar to existing sewer lines and
with capabilities for variable slope and flow
and means for injecting and extracting
refuse. Tests run on this apparatus will define
minimum flow rates for various refuse con-
centrations, the maximum refuse volume
that can be transported, and types of mate-
rial expected to be deposited in sewer lines.
Modified sewage flow to the treatment plant
will be characterized in terms of chemical
constituents and possible biological effects.
Existing treatment processes will be sur-
veyed, and recommendations made for their
improvement should they prove inadequate.
Design criteria most applicable for a house-
hold grinder will be developed. Particular em-
phasis will be placed on safety devices, modi-
fications necessary to household plumbing,
and appropriate slurry concentrations. The
study will also include cost/benefit analyses
for grinders capable of grinding different
types of wastes.
Phase II. Work on this phase will be contin-
gent upon successful completion of Phase I.
Only after a proper review of the first phase
results and on an authorization to proceed
will the contractor begin the preliminary de-
sign and specifications for the grinder.
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FRANKLIN INSTITUTE OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA
ABSTRACTING AND OTHER SERVICES
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-182
PH 86-68-194
COST: $328,727
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: July 1971
CONTRACTOR
Franklin Institute of the State
of Pennsylvania
Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Alec Peters
OBJECTIVE: To screen, acquire, abstract,
index, and prepare for publication selected
patents from the United States and foreign
countries covering the period from 1945 to
1969, and to prepare annotated bibliographies
of refuse collection and disposal literature
for the years 1964 through 1970. Also in-
cluded is preparation of manuscripts for an-
notated bibliographies for the years 1964
through 1969 and a world patent bibliog-
raphy on solid waste management for the
years 1945 through 1969.
APPROACH: Compilation of patents will in-
clude only those patents covering significant
technological advances in the field of solid
wastes. One copy of each patent will be ar-
ranged by subject category and by accession
number, and a suitable table of contents will
be included. The work dealing with the an-
notated bibliographies will include document
selection, checking for accuracy, depth of
coverage, accession number, grouping by
category, typing, proofreading, and index-
ing in order to submit the material for pub-
lication by the SWMO.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Approximately
12,000 abstracts have been prepared and
submitted. Many of the abstracted articles
will appear in the annotated bibliographies
for the years 1964 through 1970.
CONNOLLY, J. A., and S. E. STAINBACK. Solid waste management; abstracts from the literature—1964.
Public Health Service Publication No 91-1964, Supplement G. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1971. 280 p.
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FRANKLIN INSTITUTE OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA
VERIFICATION OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATIONS
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-135
COST: $20,516
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: June 1971
CONTRACTOR
Franklin Institute of the State
of Pennsylvania
Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Alec Peters
OBJECTIVE: To verify 2400 bibliographic
citations from contracts, grants, and re-
search studies sponsored by the SWMO.
APPROACH: The accuracy and completeness
of every element in each citation will be veri-
fied and then restyled in accordance with the
SWMO Mechanics of Style manual. Three
steps for source location will be used. If a
source cannot be located for verification in
three steps, the reference will be deemed
unverifiable. Verified references will be re-
typed in the format specified by the manual
on an IBM Magnetic Tape Selectric Type-
writer (MTST) and proofread. Error-free
hard copy MTST printouts and the MTST
tape cassettes will be submitted to the
SWMO.
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GENERAL BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS, INC.
PUBLIC AWARENESS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM AND CASE STUDY
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-122
COST: $79,573
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: August 1971
CONTRACTOR
General Behavioral Systems,
Inc.
Del Amo Financial Center
Torrance, Calif. 90503
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Barry Jensen
OBJECTIVE: To develop a survey question-
naire for measuring public awareness and
knowledge of current solid waste practices,
problems, and solutions. An educational pro-
gram will be designed to increase this aware-
ness level. The questionnaire will be admin-
istered in one city, the educational program
carried out, and then the survey taken again.
APPROACH: In the development of the
questionnaire, particular attention will be
paid to stratification and sampling proced-
ures that have a high probability of yielding
representative results. The procedure for se-
lecting a proper sample will be described in
a manual; the method for analyzing and in-
terpreting the results will also be included.
An interviewer's instruction manual for ad-
ministering the questionnaire will be pre-
pared. The information and education pro-
gram will be described in a separate report.
A case study report will be written for the
city in which the attitudes were measured
before and after the educational program in
the study.
26
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GENERAL BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS, INC.
EFFECTS OF DISPOSAL SITES UPON PROPERTY VALUES
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-133
COST: $99,958
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: November 1971
CONTRACTOR
General Behavioral Systems,
Inc.
Del Amo Financial Center
Torrance, Calif. 90503
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Barry Jensen
OBJECTIVE: To provide a basis for cost-
benefit analysis of solid waste land disposal
practices by: (1) designing a methodology
for assessing the effect of land disposal sites
on the value of surrounding real estate;
(2) identifying the variables which deter-
mine the size of these effects; and (3) quan-
tifying these findings, where possible, in
terms of a model describing the relationship
between landfill operations and changes in
land and real estate values.
APPROACH: Twenty sample sites will be
selected. There will be four inadequate sites
(or dumps), 10 sanitary landfills that have
been converted from dumps, and six sanitary
landfills (as originally established). The
areas around each site will be defined and
data requirements, sampling procedures, real
estate data collection procedures, and popu-
lation sampling procedures will be developed.
Data collection will include: (1) historical
sales data, data on sales of comparable
homes, or data used in other valuation meth-
ods to determine the effect of the sites on
property values ; (2) data on the factors as-
sociated with each site which may influence
property values ; and (3) data on other vari-
ables such as demographic and economic
trends.
The data will be analyzed through: (1) a
predictive study to develop a mathematical
model to forecast the effects of solid waste
land disposal sites on property values, using
linear and nonlinear regression techniques;
and (2) an analytical study to explain the
relationships of the various factors affecting
values for particular sites. Both a statistical
modeling and case history approach will be
used.
26
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GENERAL SYSTKMS INDDSTRIES, INC.
FACTORS INFLUENCING CITIZENS' ATTITUDES AND RESPONSES
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-107
COST: $89,502
PROJECT START: May 1969
PROJECT END: October 1970
CONTRACTOR
General Systems Industries, Inc.
Del Amo Financial Center
Torrance, Calif. 90503
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Barry Jensen
OBJECTIVE: To investigate those psycho-
metric factors that influence human behavior
with regard to proposed solutions to solid
waste systems, and to determine the present
attitudes of citizens to these problems.
APPROACH: An attitude and opinion sur-
vey will be conducted that is representative
of the entire population. The socioeconomic
characterization of the respondents as well
as identity of the participants initiating,
supporting, opposing, and negotiating solid
waste management decisions will be made.
Attitudes of citizens toward solid waste prob-
lems and their current solutions will be de-
termined and related to background factors
such as sex, age, occupation, and income. A
determination will be made on how these at-
titudes change under the influence of new
information, persuasive intervention, and
incentives.
The successful and unsuccessful establish-
ment of solid waste disposal sites and public
opposition to the operation of existing sites
will be examined through an analysis of pub-
lic and private records of the decision-mak-
ing process.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A draft final
report was submitted that contains a descrip-
tion of the data collection instruments used
in the study, analysis of attitudes and opin-
ions of people living up to three miles from
disposal sites in 10 cities, estimates of the
perceived seriousness of solid waste disposal
problems, estimates of public and official
knowledge of sanitary landfill operation, sum-
maries describing actual solid waste opera-
tion in the 10 cities studied, analysis of orga-
nizations that have protested solid waste dis-
posal operations in three cities, comparison of
attitudes, opinions, and distance from site
between people objecting to solid waste dis-
posal operation and people not objecting,
analysis of public officials' site selection de-
cision-making processes in 10 cities, com-
munication materials and demonstration of
their use to influence public opinion. Review
of this draft has been completed, and a final
report is in preparation.
27
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THE GILLETTE EESEAECH INSTITUTE
PHOTODEGRADATION OF CELLULOSE AND WASTE PAPER
CONTRACT NO. 68-03-0006
COST: $50,000*
PROJECT START:
January 1971
PROJECT END: July 1972
CONTRACTOR
The Gillette Research Institute
1413 Research Boulevard
Rockville, Maryland 20850
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Geoffrey Frohnsdorff
OBJECTIVE: To determine the technical and
economic feasibility of a photochemical pre-
treatment process that enhances the degrada-
tion of cellulosic wastes. Cellulose might then
be more easily assimilated by various utili-
zation processes.
APPROACH: The contractor will establish
the conditions for sensitized photodegrada-
tion of waste cellulose. The cellulosic mate-
rials to be studied are cellophane, purified
soft wood, kraft paper, and hydrapulped
refuse. Specific environmental conditions to
be established are—temperature, relative
humidity, illumination, and the selection of
a sensitizing photodegradation agent. The
effect of this photodegradation process will
be assessed by measuring certain physical
and chemical properties and increased rates
of biodegradation obtained in fermentation
processes. This project, if successful, will
provide relevant data on cellulose photode-
gradation to be used in the development of
economical waste cellulose recycling proc-
esses.
* Federal share: $1,000
Contractor contribution: $49,000
28
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GREENLEAF/TELESCA
OPERATION BREAKTHROUGH
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-136
COST: $64,506*
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: June 1971
CONTRACTOR
Greenleaf/Telesca
1451 Brickell Avenue
Miami, Fla. 33131
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Bruce C. Pearl
* Funded by reimbursible Housing and Urban Development funds.
OBJECTIVE: To provide technical assist-
ance to "Operation Breakthrough" of the De-
partment of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment (HUD).
APPROACH: The contractor will perform
individual site analyses and determinations
of site characteristics that will influence
solid waste management systems. Possible
techniques that may be used will be evalu-
ated. These include existing methods as well
as those which may be applicable when tried.
Candidate systems that would be appropriate
for "Operation Breakthrough" housing and
which promise high chances of success will
be developed. In conjunction with this, a pro-
cedure will be established that can be used
for selecting a candidate system for each
site, and each system-site combination will
be assigned a priority ranking. After com-
pleting this work, the contractor will submit
the findings of the study and a plan for a
separate contract, which is expected to in-
clude such items as pilot scale testing, per-
formance evaluation criteria, system instal-
lation, planning for operation and mainte-
nance, and testing of the completed systems.
GREENLEAF/TELESCA. Solid waste management in residential complexes. Washington, U.S. Government Print-
ing Office, 1971. [419 p.]
29
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SAMUEL A. HART
COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGY AND COMPOST UTILIZATION IN
EUROPE
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-13
COST: $10,000
PROJECT START: August 1966
PROJECT END: June 1967
CONTRACTOR
Samuel A. Hart
720 Anderson Road
Davis, Calif. 95616
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Samuel A. Hart
OBJECTIVE: To investigate composting and
other biodegradation techniques as practiced
in Europe and to evaluate the utilization of
the products.
APPROACH: Information and data were
gathered by on-site investigation and per-
sonal interviews with key personnel. Com-
parative descriptions of plant processes, ref-
use handling techniques, and ways that
compost is utilized from the various opera-
tions were obtained. Data were collected and
analyses made of capital and operating costs
for various processes and marketability of
the products. In addition to the technical
evaluations, the author considered related
health aspects, areas of needed future re-
search, and methods used to monitor proc-
esses.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report, en-
titled Solid Waste Management/Compost-
ing; European Activity and American Po-
tential, was submitted in fulfillment of the
contract. It contains detailed findings of the
European survey and proposals for future
American research and practice. Chapters
are devoted to the survey of 14 European
composting plants, compost utilization in Eu-
rope, European research in compost manu-
facture and use, the potential for composting
and compost utilization in the United States,
and recommedations for U.S. composting re-
search. The report has been published and
is available from the SWMO.
HART, S. A. Solid waste management/composting; European activity and American potential. Public Health
Service Publication No. 1826. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. 40 p.
30
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SAMUEL A. HART
SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT IN GERMANY
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-257
COST: $2,000
PROJECT START: July 1967
PROJECT END: August 1967
CONTRACTOR
Samuel A. Hart
720 Anderson Road
Davis, Calif. 95616
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Samuel A. Hart
OBJECTIVE: To observe and study German
practices in solid waste management, re-
search, and technology in order to determine
their applicability in the United States.
APPROACH: Eight American engineers and
scientists spent 2 weeks on a waste manage-
ment study tour in Europe. After attending
the Ninth Congress of the International As-
sociation of Public Cleansing technical meet-
ing in Paris, they then toured Germany in
order to evaluate garbage and refuse han-
dling, and disposal facilities. The team visit-
ed the cities of Berlin, Munich, Rosenheim,
Frankfurt, Schweinfurt, Diisseldorf, and
Duisburg.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A detailed re-
port of the U.S. study team visit has been
submitted in fulfillment of the terms of this
contract. This report has been published by
the SWMO and is available from the Super-
intendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, B.C. 20402. The
report discusses the findings of the study
team under the general headings of charac-
teristics and changes in European solid
wastes, domestic refuse storage and collec-
tion, landfilling, composting, and incinera-
tion.
HART, S. A. Solid wastes management in Germany; report of the U.S. Solid Wastes Study Team visit, June
25-July 8, 1967. Public Health Service Publication No. 1812. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1968. 18 p.
31
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JOHN F. HOLMAN & CO., INC.
CHRONICLE OF ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONTRACT NO. CPE R-70-0016
COST: $5,008
PROJECT START:
February 1970
PROJECT END: June 1970
CONTRACTOR
John F. Holman & Co., Inc.
1346 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, B.C. 20036
PROJECT DIRECTOR
John F. Holman
OBJECTIVE: To complete a comprehensive
report on the progress of solid waste man-
agement since enactment of the 1965 Solid
Waste Disposal Act (Public Law 89-272).
Demand for information to be contained in
this report has come from Congress, the
SWMO, other government agencies, indus-
try, and the public.
APPROACH: The report will be introduced
with a statement of the solid waste problem.
Background information will then be sup-
plied, leading to a discussion of the 1965 Act
itself. The SWMO will receive detailed cov-
erage. Grants-in-aid programs, contracts, in-
house operations (R&D, technical services,
training, information, etc.), Regional Office
activities, and liaison operations with other
Federal agencies will be described.
Initiating a national effort to improve solid waste management. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, 1971. 107 p.
32
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IIT KESBABCH INSTITUTE
FEASIBILITY STUDY — DISPOSAL OF POLYETHYLENE PLASTIC
WASTE
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-274
COST: $63,485
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: September 1968
CONTRACTOR
IIT Research Institute
10 West 35th Street
Chicago, 111. 60616
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Gene Zerlaut
OBJECTIVE: To determine by laboratory
and pilot testing the feasibility of alternate
methods of disposal of polyethylene plastic
wastes.
APPROACH: This project is being conducted
by the staff of Polymer Research at Illinois
Institute of Technology Research Institute,
and is being carried out in two phases as
follows:
Phase I will be a literature survey covering:
(1) plastic reclamation; (2) present methods
of plastic disposal; (3) basic properties of
resins and components; (4) analytical and
identifying methods for resins, components,
and degradation products; (5) possible mod-
ifications of present plastic disposal meth-
ods ; (6) the use of stress cracking to reduce
plastic waste bulk; (7) plastic waste disposal
products and their effect on air and waste
pollution.
Through laboratory and pilot testing, the
feasibility of alternate methods of disposal
of polyethylene plastic wastes will be deter-
mined as Phase II. Economics, safety, ease
of operation, and other factors governing
potential community acceptance of alternate
methods will be carefully evaluated.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: As the first
phase of this project, a very thorough litera-
ture search was conducted, the results of
which were summarized in detail in the final
report. In the second phase of the project,
experimental studies were made to determine
the feasibility of alternate methods of dis-
posal of polyethylene plastic wastes. Despite
the difficulties incurred by the inertness of
polyethylene plastic, these experiments
showed that chemical treatment can modify
the mechanical, thermal, and biochemical
properties of the material in such a way as
to facilitate its ultimate disposal. Of par-
ticular importance were the findings that
oxidative treatment of polyethylene by acids
and nitration by red fuming nitric acid re-
sulted in pronounced embrittlement of this
otherwise flexible plastic, lowered the heat
of combustion of the plastic, and enhanced
its utilization by bacteria (Pseudomonas).
GUTFBEUND, K. Feasibility study of the disposal of polyethylene plastic waste. Public Health Service Publi-
cation No. 2010. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 45 p.
33
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IONICS, INC.
CONVERTING SOLID WASTE MATERIALS INTO YEAST
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-204
COST: $30,000
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: February 1968
CONTRACTOR
Ionics, Inc.
65 Grove Street
Watertown, Mass. 02172
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Daniel L. Brown
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether various
kinds of solid wastes—mixed and unmixed
—can compete as sources of yeast for animal
protein additives and other uses, and whether
the size of the probable market for yeast
warrants developing processes for the con-
version of solid wastes.
APPROACH: An economic evaluation of the
overall concept of converting solid waste
materials into yeast was made. The study
included economic consideration of solid
wastes as raw material, including questions
of abundance and stable supply, locational
cost and costs of preparation, ease of hy-
drolysis, and chemical composition of hy-
drolysate. Various types of solid wastes in-
vestigated included mixed municipal wastes,
waste paper, and agricultural process wastes.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final re-
port, containing six sections with appendices,
was published. The report includes a com-
parative discussion of the economic feasi-
bility of using waste newsprint, bagasse,
and mixed refuse as raw materials in the
production of yeast and protein additives.
Suggested hydrolysis and fermentation
processes for these raw materials are pre-
sented, and the costs of production are com-
pared with those for soy, cotton seed, fish,
and animal protein. Included also is a dis-
cussion of the market demand for any large
quantities of yeast from solid waste.
MELLER, F. H. Conversion of organic solid wastes into yeast; an economic evaluation. Public Health Service
Publication No. 1909. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 173 p.
34
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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
INCENTIVES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-017
COST: $2,492
PROJECT START:
January 1970
PROJECT END: March 1970
CONTRACTOR
International Research and
Technology Corporation
1225 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, B.C. 20036
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robert U. Ayres
OBJECTIVE: To provide a working plan
articulating a one-year and a five-year strat-
egy in regard to regulatory and economic
alternatives that would produce positive
changes in solid waste management through
"incentives."
APPROACH: Two action plans will be de-
veloped setting forth, respectively, a one-
and a five-year planning program for the
development of regulatory and economic in-
centives for improving solid waste manage-
ment. The plans will concentrate, first, to-
ward increasing reuse of substances or ob-
jects otherwise discarded, and second, to en-
courage improvement in the form or char-
acteristics of substances or objects to be dis-
carded, or the circumstances of their dispo-
sition. Priorities will be designated among
the goals to be achieved and the programs
for achieving them. Estimates of time and
cost will be developed for each procedure that
is identified.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report, set-
ting forth the one-year and five-year plans,
has been prepared for use by the SWMO.
35
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INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
INCENTIVES FOR TIRE RECYCLING AND REUSE
CONTRACT NO. CPE R-70-0047
COST: $52,000
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: June 1971
CONTRACTOR
International Research and
Technology Corporation
1225 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washing-ton, B.C. 20036
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robert U. Ay res
OBJECTIVE: To perform a thorough analy-
sis of the total tire cycle, evaluating sepa-
rately each major industry segment. Strat-
egies to be applied to the entire system to
improve recycling and reuse will be de-
veloped.
APPROACH: An overall narrative and
graphic model of the total tire cycle will be
prepared. A detailed flow and process chart
denning the scope of current operations and
techniques will be developed for each major
relevant industry segment. A decision-logic
approach will indicate where and by whom
key decisions are made. Particular attention
will be paid to barriers that affect decisions
related to recycling. A number of strategies
designed to improve recycling will be formu-
lated. These strategies will have applicabil-
ity to the total tire system and may include
such factors as economic incentives, regu-
latory actions, education, and research and
development. Each one will then be evaluated
from an overall model approach so that the
best strategy can be selected. Study will
thereafter focus upon administrative and
legislative needs for implementation of the
recommendations.
36
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LOUIS KOENIG RESEARCH
THE COST OF MUNICIPAL INCINERATION
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-184
COST: $34,971
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: February 1970
CONTRACTOR
Louis Koenig Research
Route 10, Box 108
San Antonio, Tex. 78213
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Louis Koenig
OBJECTIVE: To obtain comparative cost
and engineering audits of municipal inciner-
ation as actually incurred and actually prac-
ticed in order to obtain data upon which to
project the cost of future incinerator instal-
lations.
APPROACH: Data will be collected on those
elements of available plant information that
make up the cost of incineration. The unit
investments, pertinent design factors, and
various other components of incinerator cost
will be statistically analyzed from selected
model type plants. The data and information
obtained will provide public officials, plan-
ners, economists, etc., with the level of costs
to be anticipated and the ranges and central
tendencies to be expected in wholesale stud-
ies of solid waste economics.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A final report
was submitted and is available for review in
the SWMO in Rockville, Maryland. No publi-
cation is planned.
87
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LOUIS KOENIG RESEARCH
MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE ELECTRICAL HOME APPLIANCE
INDUSTRY
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-4
COST: $31,720
PROJECT START: May 1969
PROJECT END: May 1971
CONTRACTOR
Louis Koenig Research
Route 10, Box 108
San Antonio, Tex. 78213
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Louis Koenig
OBJECTIVE: To study and evaluate the
solid waste management practices of the
electrical home appliance industry, SIC 363.
APPROACH: Information and data will be
collected on the following items of the elec-
trical home appliance industry on a national
basis: (1) total number of industrial plants,
employment, capital value of the plants, and
quantities and types of products produced;
(2) past development and production pat-
terns within the industry indicating pres-
ent trends, new technology, and future de-
velopment; (3) flow diagrams for the basic
production processes; (4) location of the in-
dustries with particular notation of produc-
tion centers in the country; (5) identification
of the quantity (weight) and quality (char-
acter) of solid waste generated; (6) corre-
lation of solid waste production with a
readily available universal parameter of the
plant; (7) identification and analysis of cur-
rent storage, collection, and disposal practices
of the industry; (8) amount of money being
spent for storage, collection, treatment, and
disposal of solid waste for the industry;
(9) analysis of the future trends of solid
waste management within the industry and
factors that might influence them, such as
reuse.
This data and information will be gathered
by a literature review and personal inter-
views. The final phase of the project will
consist of data evaluation and analysis.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Information
was gathered on the total number of plants,
location, employment, capital value, and pro-
duction. The contractor developed a ques-
tionnaire to be used for data collection from
a selected group of establishments, and a
sampling (interview) plan. Liaison was es-
tablished and support was promised from
the Association of Home Appliance Manu-
facturers and the Gas Appliance Manufac-
turing Association.
38
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BENJAMIN LINSKY
HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION RELATED TO S
WASTES
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-129
COST: $3,000
PROJECT START: May 1966
PROJECT END: October 1966
CONTRACTOR
Benjamin Linsky
1360 Anderson Avenue
Morgantown, W. Va. 26505
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Benjamin Linsky
OBJECTIVE: To obtain a thorough evalua-
tion of the relationships of air pollution,
health, and solid waste disposal practices.
APPROACH: An in-depth literature search,
including law literature and judicial findings,
was conducted on health-related aspects of
air pollution and solid wastes. The informa-
tion obtained was used to integrate current
knowledge about solid wastes, air pollution,
and the relationships of air pollutants orig-
inating from solid wastes to various health
problems.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report en-
titled "Health Effects of Air Pollution Re-
lated to Solid Waste" was submitted in ful-
fillment of the contract. The findings included
in the report are in four general subject
areas: (1) general and specific information
on solid waste management problems; (2)
specific solid waste disposal methods ; (3) air
pollutants both as they relate to solid wastes
and in general; (4) the health effects of air
pollution resulting specifically from organized
and disorganized solid waste handling and
disposal. Fifty-two specific health effects
are included. The report is intended for
SWMO use. No publication is planned.
39
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ARTHUR I). LITTLE, INC.
INCENTIVES FOR PLASTIC RECYCLING AND REUSE
CONTRACT NO. CPE R-70-0048
COST: $99,356
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: May 1971
CONTRACTOR
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
Acorn Park
Cambridge, Mass. 02140
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Jack Milgrom
OBJECTIVE: To perform a thorough analy-
sis of the entire plastics cycle, evaluating
separately each major industry segment.
Strategies for application to the total sys-
tem to improve recycling and reuse will be
developed.
APPROACH: An overall narrative and gra-
phic model of the plastics cycle will be pre-
pared. A detailed flow and process chart de-
nning the scope of current operations and
techniques will be developed for each major
industry segment. A decision-logic approach
will indicate where and by whom key de-
cisions are made. Particular attention will
be paid to barriers that affect decisions re-
lated to recycling. A number of strategies
designed to improve recycling will be formu-
lated. These strategies will have applicabil-
ity to the total plastics cycle and may include
economic incentives, regulatory actions, edu-
cation, research and development, etc. Each
one will then be evaluated from an overall
model approach so that the best strategy
can be selected. Study will thereafter focus
upon administrative and legislative needs
for implementation of the recommendations.
40
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LITTON SYSTEMS, INC.
MANAGEMENT STUDY —THE DRUG INDUSTRY
CONTEACT NO. CPE 69-7
COST: $85,276
PROJECT START: May 1969
PROJECT END: July 1971
CONTRACTOR
Litton Systems, Inc.
Environmental Systems Center
3641 Santa Rosa Road
Camarillo, Calif. 93010
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Ralph Sullivan
OBJECTIVE: To study and evaluate the solid
waste management practices of the drug
industry, SIC 283.
APPROACH: Information and data will be
collected on the following items of the drug
industry on a national basis: (1) total num-
ber of industrial plants, employment, capital
value of the plants, and quantities and types
of products produced; (2) past development
and production patterns within the indus-
try indicating present trends, new technol-
ogy, and future development; (3) flow dia-
grams for the basic production processes;
(4) location of the industries with particular
notation of production centers in the coun-
try; (5) identification of the quantity
(weight) and quality (character) of solid
waste generated; (6) correlation of solid
waste production with a readily available
universal parameter of the plant; (7) iden-
tification and analysis of current storage,
collection, and disposal practices of the indus-
try; (8) amount of money being spent for
storage, collection, treatment, and disposal
of solid waste for the industry; (9) analysis
of the future trends of solid waste manage-
ment within the industry and factors that
might influence them, such as reuse, etc.
All data and information will be gathered
by means of a literature review and field
interviews. The final phase of this project
will be data analysis and evaluation.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The literature
review, numerical structuring of the plants
by SIC groups, and statistical sample sizing
for field interviews were completed. Liaison
was established with the Pharmaceutical
Manufacturers Association and, with their
assistance, a draft of the questionnaire was
developed. The field interview format was
tested at three plants and revised. About 50
percent (16) of the plant interviews have
been completed. Case study style write-ups
have been prepared on all visits. Information
will show solid waste quantities, types, and
management practices. The individual plant
studies, together with data about the indus-
try, will be the basis for the final report. A
preliminary draft report has been received
and is undergoing SWMO review.
41
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LOS ANGELES COUNTY
MOTION PICTURE ON SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
CONTRACT NO. PH
OS-DQ-66-109
COST: $10,500
PROJECT START: June 1966
PROJECT END: September 1968
CONTRACTOR
County Sanitation Districts of
Los Angeles County
Solid Wastes Engineering
Section
2020 Beverly Boulevard
Los Angeles, Calif. 90057
PROJECT DIRECTOR
John D. Parkhurst
OBJECTIVE: To use audiovisual media for
communicating basic knowledge of sanitary
landfilling techniques and guidelines for ac-
cepting disposal of urban solid wastes.
APPROACH: Locations and descriptive nar-
ratives were chosen to describe successful
landfill techniques. Sections of the film are
devoted to site selection, equipment require-
ments, climate influences, operating proced-
ures, topography and soil conditions, storm
drainage, final contour planning, and ultimate
use of the completed fill.
While much of the film concerns deep filling
—landfills of 200 tons per day capacity or
greater—much of the .information can, with
judgment, be applied to smaller facilities.
Designed for technical audiences.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A 16-mm mo-
tion picture film in color with sound, 24 min-
utes in length, entitled Sanitary Landfill,-
One Part Earth to Four Parts Refuse, was
submitted in fulfillment of the contract. The
film covers all aspects of landfill planning
and operation. Copies of the film (Order No.
M-1740-X) can be borrowed from:
National Medical Audiovisual Center
(Annex)
Station K
Atlanta, Georgia 30324
and purchased for $97.75 f.o.b. Washington
from:
Capital Film Laboratories, Inc.
470 E Street, S.W.
Washington, B.C. 20024
Supporting publications include a promotion-
al flyer and a written version of the film
narrative.
42
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LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY
PRODUCTION OF EDIBLE PROTEINS FROM CELLULOSIC WASTES
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-152
CONTRACTOR
Louisiana State University
Department of Chemical
Engineering
Baton Rouge, La. 70803
COST: $74,230
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: October 1970
PROJECT DIRECTORS
Claydon D. Callihan
Ralph W. Pike
OBJECTIVE: To construct a pilot plant
which will handle various cellulosic sub-
strates and which will aid in evaluation of
the technical and economic feasibility of
continually producing single cell protein by
fermentation of cellulose-containing wastes.
APPROACH: The process is designed as a
continuous operation in which cellulosic
wastes are ground, chemically treated, and
continuously sterilized with the sterile cel-
lulose slurry fed to a fermenter whose se-
lected organisms degrade and metabolize
the cellulose. The microorganisms and un-
disgested cellulose are then directed to a
harvesting section where the single cell pro-
tein is separated from the growth media
and dried. Methods for the complete evalua-
tion of the yields from any substrate; the
residence of time in the reactor required by
any particular pretreatment; the aeration
and nutrient requirement for the most eco-
nomic growth rates; the BOD and COD de-
mands of the feed and product; and the
equipment to determine the best harvesting
techniques for the microorganism grown on
the cellulose substrate complete the pilot
assembly.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A pilot plant
has been constructed at the National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration's Missis-
sippi Test Facility, Bay Saint Louis, Mis-
sissippi. In conjunction with the pilot unit,
a chemical and microbiological analytical
laboratory has also been established. The
fermentation unit is capable of carrying out
any liquid phase fermentation, aerobically or
anaerobically, using any organism, on either
a batch or continuous basis. The fermenta-
tion unit is one of the more flexible-instru-
mented units in the United States. Complete
facilities for cell separation and harvesting
are also available.
The pilot unit has been operational since
approximately September 1, 1969. The ini-
tial operation of the pilot unit has utilized
sugar cane bagasse as the cellulosic sub-
strate. The single cell protein produced is a
light brown to yellow powder having a crude
protein content of from 50 to 60 percent.
A comprehensive report describing the pilot
plant construction, initial start up, and initial
pilot runs has been submitted in fulfillment
of the terms of this contract.
CALLIHAN, C. D., and C. E. DUNLAP. Construction of a chemical-microbial pilot plant for production of a
single-cell protein from cellulosic wastes. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 126 p.
43
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MARTIN-MARIETTA CORPORATION
PILOT DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-131
COST: $67,845
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: June 1971
CONTRACTOR
Martin-Marietta Corporation
Orlando Division
P.O. Box 5837
Orlando, Fla. 32805
PROJECT DIRECTOR
James Gillean
OBJECTIVE: To develop a pilot-scale data
network in order to test and evaluate alter-
native data acquisition and analysis sys-
tems, thus providing a foundation for the
implementation of a complete network. The
data processing system will analyze and
report the information that it receives as
input, with computer progra'ms remaining
flexible so that modifications and new re-
quirements can be easily included.
APPROACH: Data of five types (legislation,
administration and management, solid waste
generation, characterization, and solid waste
management systems) will be considered.
The contractor and SWMO personnel will
gather data of the last three types from at
least one, and not more than three, Stand-
ard Metropolitan Statistical Areas. Forms,
procedures, and sampling schemes will be
developed. Solid waste will be separated into
the following categories: metal products,
glass products, paper products, food wastes,
textiles, plastics, rubber, leather, wood, yard
wastes, and inerts. Output definition will be
initiated in three areas: generation and
characterization, collection, and disposal. The
computer programs to be developed will be
compatible with the IBM 360-50 system and,
in general, with computer systems accept-
ing punch card and magnetic tape inputs.
44
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MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
PACKAGING MATERIALS AND WASTE DISPOSAL
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-114
COST: $67,368
PROJECT START: March 1967
PROJECT END: December 1968
CONTRACTOR
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Mo. 64110
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Arsen J. Darnay, Jr.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the present
packaging material mix and its relation to
disposal of the materials. To project the
trends in packaging materials types and vol-
umes to the year 1976 together with their
potential technical and economic effects on
disposal. To suggest means of effecting
changes in packaging technology and use so
as to mitigate the problems of disposal.
APPROACH: A product-by-product analysis
of packaging materials, covering historical
development and a 10-year forecast (to 1976)
of material composition and configurations,
competitive relations, industry sources and
factors affecting the markets, quantities con-
sumed, and quantities reclaimed, reused, or
disposed of as waste, was undertaken. At-
tempts were made to describe the technolog-
ical and convenience factors affecting pack-
aging materials development and packaging
waste generation problems to give an analy-
sis of packaging material disposability in
terms of combustibility, compactibility, de-
gradability, return for reuse, and salvage.
Means for alleviating the waste disposal
problems arising from the projected 1976
volumes and types of packaging materials
were also developed and evaluated.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final report
discusses the outlook for packaging mate-
rials and solid waste management in 1976
in terms of the base year 1966. Separate sec-
tions are devoted to major packaging mate-
rial categories. The relative disposability of
the different packaging materials are con-
sidered, and alternative policies and devices
for mitigating the solid waste problems aris-
ing from the use of packaging materials are
discussed.
A contract supplement called for a study of
nonpackaging paper in solid waste manage-
ment, and a report on this subject has been
published.
DARNAY, A., and W. E. FRANKLIN. The, role of packaging in solid waste management, 1966 to 1976. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1855. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 205 p.
FRANKLIN, W. E., and A. DARNAY. The role of nonpackaging paper in solid waste management, 1966 to
1976. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971. 76 p.
45
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MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
SALVAGE MARKETS FOR RECOVERABLE SOLID WASTE MATERIALS
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-3
COST: $123,331
PROJECT START: May 1969
PROJECT END: May 1971
CONTRACTOR
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City. Mo. 64110
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Arsen J. Darnay, Jr.
OBJECTIVE: To provide an economic evalu-
ation of the marketing of recoverable solid
waste material.
APPROACH: The contractor will define,
evaluate, and project the markets for re-
coverable solid waste materials. An investi-
gation of the market prospects for materials
recovered or reclaimed from solid wastes will
emphasize three major areas: the structural
framework of the market; the influence of
prices, price differential, and price volatility
on market prospects; and an assessment of
the quantitative requirements for recover-
able materials. Within municipal operations,
data will be sought on salvage quantities,
revenue, and costs of present operations. The
secondary material markets, including the
roles of private enterprise and of nonprofit
organizations, will be researched. The tech-
nical processes available or required for the
separation, recovery, or preparation for re-
sale or reuse will be reviewed. Paper, metals,
glass and ceramics, organic materials, and
several miscellaneous items will be examined
in detail. The study will concentrate in four
regional markets and 10 cities.
The contract was amended to provide for
two interim reports on special aspects of re-
cycling for SWMO guidance in preparing in-
ternal decision documents on possible legis-
lative recommendations. The two areas cov-
ered were beverage containers and paper
products. The amendment provided addition-
al funds and an extension of time. A further
time extension was given to cover the new
standard SWMO review procedures.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The two inter-
im reports referred to above were completed
in April 1970. All field and research work
called for under the contract is complete,
and the main report in preliminary draft
form has been submitted. A questionnaire to
elicit information for a catalog of municipal
salvage operations was mailed out in August
1970 to mayors of cities of 10,000 and over,
and the results will be recorded in an appen-
dix to the report. A preliminary draft report
has been received and is undergoing review.
46
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MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
CONTRACT NO. EHS-C-71-0002
COST: $112,580
PROJECT START: August 1970
PROJECT END: November 1971
CONTRACTOR
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Mo. 64110
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Arsen J. Darnay, Jr.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this contract
is to create a total plan for basic research
and applied research and development to
bring about new and improved technological
and economic systems for reduction of the
amount of solid waste generated, increased
amounts of solid waste recycled, and new and
improved systems for storage, collection,
processing, and disposal. The end-product
of the contract will be used as a tool by the
SWMO to implement research and develop-
ment in the areas of emphasis identified
through the program-planning system.
Supplemental objectives of the contract are
to re-evaluate economic and technical factors
relative to certain other major Office contract
efforts, and to provide specific planning in
connection therewith.
APPROACH: The contractor will:
a. Survey and evaluate the results of com-
pleted research carried out through: (1) re-
search grants, (2) demonstration grants,
(3) research contracts, (4) intramural re-
search, and (5) other related research.
b. Review the results of broad policy studies
addressing the problem of solid waste man-
agement.
c. Using the operating research and develop-
ment matrix and systems-analysis ap-
proaches, develop a time-sequenced, compre-
hensive, resource-sensitive plan for identify-
ing, plotting, and sequencing the research
and development requirements and steps to
be taken at various scales in the overall re-
search and development effort.
d. Provide a detailed PERT-type working
diagram charting the time- and resource-
sequenced steps.
e. Provide estimates of costs in dollars and
manpower associated with each element of
the plan.
f. Provide a mechanism for appropriate up-
dating and extension of the plan.
g. Suggest the mode of funding most suit-
able for each element of the plan.
h. Provide an up-dated evaluation of the
economic and technical factors related to the
CPU-400 concept.
i. Develop a recommended program for test-
ing the CPU-400 pilot model.
47
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UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF PRODUCTS FROM RENDERING
PLANTS
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-20
PH 86-68-126
COST: $60,265
PROJECT START: August 1966
PROJECT END: June 1969
CONTRACTOR
University of Minnesota
College of Veterinary Medicine
St. Paul, Minnesota 55455
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Benjamin S. Pomeroy
OBJECTIVE: To determine health-related
differences in the microbiological quality of
products from various types of rendering
plants and factors responsible for such dif-
ferences.
APPROACH: During the first year studies
were made in four plants selected on the basis
of plant construction, plant sanitation, type
of animal waste products used, and by-prod-
ucts manufactured. Bacteriological examina-
tions were made on finished products with
particular attention to samples collected dur-
ing various processing stages. In addition,
the operational feasibility and costs of ad-
justments necessary to eliminate salmonellae
organisms in finished products were to be
evaluated. The effects of various plant de-
signs and operational factors were considered
as they relate to the microbiological quality
and safety of rendering plant products. A
new contract emphasizing controlled labora-
tory investigation to determine minimum
and optimum conditions for growth of po-
tential pathogens in rendered materials with
an evaluation of the more complex automated
plants is now underway.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final prog-
ress report indicates that rendered products
are often contaminated with salmonellae and
enterpathogenic strains of Escherichia coli.
The studies revealed, however, that the path-
ogens often could not be correlated with
visual observation of plant sanitation and
that contamination of products in larger
plants with more complex, difficult-to-clean
equipment was more frequently observed.
LOKEN, K. I., K. H. CULBEKT, R. E. SOLEE, and B. S. POMEROY. Microbiological quality of protein feed supple-
ments produced by rendering plants. Applied Microbiology, 16(7) : 1002-1005, July 1968.
LOKEN, K. I. Sanitation and thermal destruction of salmonellae in feed and feed ingredients. Presented at the
course, Epidemiology and Control of Salmonellosis, Trenton, April 24, 1968. 7 p.
SOLEE, R. E., K. I. LOKEN, and B. S. POMEROY. Monitoring animal, fish, and poultry by-products for the pres-
ence of salmonella. St. Paul University of Minnesota, mimeo. 11 p.
SOLEE, R. E., K. I. LOKEN, and B. S. POMEROY. The application of sanitation in rendering plants. St. Paul,
University of Minnesota, mimeo. 31 p.
48
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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF "SCIENCES
SOLID WASTE REMOVAL FROM HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL
STRUCTURES
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-66-171
COST: $10,000
PROJECT START: June 1966
PROJECT END: June 1967
CONTRACTOR
National Academy of Sciences
National Research Council
Building Research Advisory
Board
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, B.C. 20418
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robinson Newcomb
OBJECTIVE: To undertake systems analysis
of on-site refuse systems and establish a
protocol for a study relating to the develop-
ment of acceptable methods of refuse dis-
posal that will lead quickly to improvements
in on-site refuse collection and disposal sys-
tems for high-density residential develop-
ments.
APPROACH: The protocol was developed by
the appointment to the Building Research
Advisory Board of an ad hoc committee com-
posed of scientific, professional, and tech-
nical authorities. The committee met regu-
larly to develop a firmly established protocol
for the study with provisions for follow-up
reviews in order to evaluate the advantages
and disadvantages of the several systems
proposed for waste disposal. The commit-
tee's responsibility covered the following
areas: (1) selection of equipment to be in-
stalled and studied; (2) determination of
kinds of data to be obtained; (3) establish-
ment of an experimental program for years
II and III; (4) provision of guidance to Com-
mittee staff; (5) review and analysis of data
collected; (6) preparation and approval
of all reports—complete with conclusions
and recommendations—emanating from the
study, including interim reports covering the
efforts of each of the first two years, and a
final phase-I report due at conclusion of the
third-year effort.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A final report
was accepted in June 1967 containing the re-
quested protocol for undertaking a research
program for on-site solid waste removal from
high-rise residential structures. The report
contains a detailed description of the prob-
lem, and from a long list of selected prob-
lems, proposes four areas for intensive study
covering the "life-cycle" of solid wastes from
generation to disposal. Recommendations
have been accepted and research is currently
under way under Contract No. PH 86-67-167
to carry out the required research program.
Information from the report is available
through the Office of Information, SWMO.
49
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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
ON-SITE REFUSE STORAGE, COLLECTION, AND REDUCTION SYSTEM
FOR HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-167
COST: $398,078
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: September 1971
CONTRACTOR
National Academy of Sciences
Building Research Advisory
Board
Division of Engineering
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20418
PROJECT DIRECTOR
William A. Cosby
OBJECTIVE: To continue the study and
evaluation of equipment and techniques for
handling solid wastes from high-rise multi-
family structures. Concurrent investigation
of three concepts for handling and process-
ing of refuse located close to the source of
waste will be made. These are: incineration,
compaction, and wet pulverization.
APPROACH: Collection of data and assess-
ments will include the following: (1) quanti-
ty and composition of refuse generated by
tenants both before and after processing by
the newly installed refuse-handling equip-
ment ; (2) quantity and composition of waste
flowing through the building sewer line of
one test structure in terms of volume and
such factors as pH, solids, phosphates, nitro-
gen, BOD, COD etc.; (3) inhabitants' ages
and numbers; (4) costs associated with
newly installed equipment including capital
investment and operating, maintenance, gen-
eral, and administrative costs; (5) environ-
mental conditions associated with newly in-
stalled equipment such as its contribution
to air pollution, vermin and insect infesta-
tion, odor level, noise level, contribution to
building sewer line, and to the aesthetic level
of the conditions maintained; (6) equipment
effectiveness, requirements, and limitations.
In addition, a survey will be conducted within
several municipalities of the nation to ob-
tain: (1) additional data for evaluation and
comparison with the results obtained from
investigations at the test site under this
contract; (2) an inventory of equipment now
in use or available for on-site handling of
refuse.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: An agreement
was reached with the Public Housing Author-
ity, New Haven, Connecticut, regarding the
use of three housing authority structures
for the purpose of carrying out the field
laboratory research. Data was collected on
"as is" conditions, including the extent of
contribution to air pollution by existing gas-
fired, flue-fed incinerators; personnel and
power requirements; costs; efficiency and
effectiveness: owner/tenant/custodian-jani-
tor acceptance of existing systems; weight,
volume, and composition of generated refuse;
and degree of vermin infestation associated
with existing systems. The collection of data
on the composition and volume of waste flow-
ing through structural drainage lines will
begin after garbage grinders are installed.
The following systems have been installed:
an incinerator system in one structure, a sys-
tem of the compactor type in a second struc-
ture, and a wet pulverizer system in a third
structure. Preliminary plans are being pre-
pared for investigations to be carried out,
first without the use of garbage grinders
and then with garbage grinders.
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES—NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. Collection, reduction, and disposal of
solid waste in high-rise multifamily dwellings. Rockville, Md., U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1971. (Distributed by National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., as PB
197 623. 169 p.)
50
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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FEASIBILITY OF RECOMMENDATIONS IN NAS-NRC
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-240
COST: $140,580
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: January 1969
CONTRACTOR
National Academy of Sciences
National Research Council
Division of Engineering
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20418
PROJECT DIRECTOR
John C. Kohl
OBJECTIVE: To obtain advice on the rele-
vance to the work of the Bureau of Solid
Waste Management of the recommendations
in the NAS-NRC publication Waste Manage-
ment and Control (1966), along with advice
on research needed for developing indices
and parameters for implementation of a
systems concept.
APPROACH: An ad hoc Committee on Solid
Waste Management was established within
the National Research Council's Division of
Engineering, for correlating environmental
needs, particularly those related to air and
water pollution, with solid waste disposal.
The committee advised on: (1) the feasi-
bility of the recommendations of the NAS-
NRC report Waste Management and Control
as they relate to the handling and disposal
of solid wastes, including those from urban,
industrial, and agricultural sources, and resi-
dues resulting from liquid and gaseous waste
systems; (2) whether other courses of ac-
tion similar to the above are feasible or
should be studied; (3) a priority rating for
the feasible courses of action under (1) and
(2) above, and the estimated costs of imple-
menting these actions; (4) criteria for the
selection of demonstration sites for actual
studies or demonstrations of the recommen-
dations ; (5) research and development ef-
forts in the solid waste field which are neces-
sary for developing the required indices
and parameters for implementation of a
systems concept.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final report
covering the work performed during the
contract has been published. The contract
resulted in a set of recommendations with
far-reaching implications for individuals and
government at all levels.
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING-NATIONAL ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. Policies for solid waste manage-
ment. Public Health Service Publication No, 2018. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970,
64 p.
51
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NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES RESEARCH FOUNDATION
PROGRAM FOR REGIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-290
COST: $212,950
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: June 1970
CONTRACTOR
National Association of Count-
ies Research Foundation
1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, B.C. 20036
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Bernard F. Hillenbrand
OBJECTIVE: To provide local governmental
leaders with nontechnical comprehensive
guides that explore all aspects of solid waste
management and will assist local government
in the development of regional solid waste
management systems.
APPROACH: The work is divided into three
phases and covers a 3-year period. The initial
phase was concerned with the development of
management and informational tools in order
to develop a national concept of comprehen-
sive regional solid waste management sys-
tems that will help guarantee environments
favorable to health and assure the preserva-
tion of natural beauty. A series of commun-
ity action guides for solid waste manage-
ment systems have been developed and dis-
tributed covering: (1) legislation, (2) man-
agement approaches, (3) planning, (4) orga-
nization, (5) construction and operations,
(6) financing, (7) types of assistance avail-
able, (8) communication methods and tech-
niques, (9) staffing requirements, and (10)
plans of action.
In phase two a national workshop on solid
waste management was planned, developed,
and conducted. Attendees at the workshop
reviewed drafts of the guides and were
helped to understand the urgency of the need
for local governmental agencies to initiate
comprehensive and operational systems. This
National Solid Wastes Management Work-
shop was held in September 1968.
Phase three will encompass the planning, de-
velopment, and conduct of 20 regional solid
waste management institutes to acquaint
governmental agencies with the action
guides.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Final guides
were distributed through the American
County Government magazine. The guides
have been reprinted, and single copies are
available from the SWMO. Multiple copies
are available from the Government Printing
Office.
Twenty regional solid waste management
institutes were held throughout the U.S. to
acquaint public officials with the guides and
the concepts of good solid waste manage-
ment. Over 1,500 individuals attended these
institutes. The project was completed June
30, 1970.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES RESEARCH FOUNDATION. Guidelines for local governments on solid waste
management. Public Health Service Publication No. 2084. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1971, 184 p.
52
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NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COUNTIES RESEARCH FOUNDATION
DIGEST OF ORDINANCES AND A MODEL ORDINANCE
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-114
COST: $35,024
PROJECT START: June 1969
PROJECT END: September 1970
CONTRACTOR
National Association of Count-
ies Research Foundation
1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, B.C. 20036
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Mel D. Powell
OBJECTIVE: To prepare a digest of 100
local ordinances to enable political, legal, and
technical personnel to understand and com-
pare a variety of approaches to solid waste
management. A model solid waste ordinance
will be developed to serve as a guide to good
practice so that cities and counties can make
their own decisions by comparing the exam-
ples and the model.
APPROACH: The contractor will collect ap-
proximately 400 city, country, and regional
ordinances from various sources. These will
be categorized according to focus of regula-
tion, i.e., collection, storage, disposal, or all
three. A balance will be maintained among
ordinances regulating privately and publicly
operated systems covering rural, suburban,
and urban areas, and among the various
States. The 100-ordinance digest will illus-
trate the following major areas: (1) general
statement of policy and purpose, along with
definitions; (2) location and extent of ad-
ministration responsibility; (3) legislative
scope; (4) provision for enforcement.
A model ordinance will be developed and
formulated to identify essential character-
istic elements. Its format will parallel that
of the digest.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The digest of
ordinances is complete and was typed on tape
for delivery in September 1970. A draft of
the model local ordinance was furnished in
April 1970 for guidance to the SWMO in
preparing a model for publication.
53
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NATIONAL CANNERS ASSOCIATION
MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-138
COST: $57,120
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: August 1971
CONTRACTOR
National Canners Association
1950 Sixth Street
Berkeley, Calif. 94710
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Walter A. Mercer
OBJECTIVE: To obtain basic information
on the national, geographical, and seasonal
distribution of solid wastes generated in the
food canning industry, with an evaluation
and descriptions of current methods, tech-
niques, and costs in the management of
such wastes. The information obtained will
help in determining the relative magnitude
of disposal problems related to this source
and enable factual and equitable efforts to-
ward the development of recycling, utiliza-
tion, and disposal methods.
APPROACH: Current agricultural and in-
dustrial census reports, records and reports
of various national and state food process-
ing organizations and associations, and se-
lected publications were searched to obtain
and summarize available information. In ad-
dition, detailed interviews were conducted at
selected food processing plants to collect in-
formation on specific processes and process
streams. Data were obtained on individual
food products and food product classes, time
of production, and volume of waste generat-
ed, characteristics of the waste solids, cost
of the processing or disposal, environmental
problems created, and the plant operations
giving rise to the quantity and characteristics
of the solid wastes generated. The informa-
tion obtained is being organized and compiled
for use by agencies responsible for planning
and integrating solid waste management sys-
tems.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The returned
solid waste questionnaires have been ana-
lyzed and used as a guide in selecting the re-
maining site visits. Site visits were selected
on the criteria of geographical location, com-
modity importance, and degree of disposal
difficulty. The questionnaire phase, site sur-
vey, and data compilation are all complete,
and a draft preliminary report has been
received.
54
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NATIONAL SANITATION FOUNDATION
SINGLE-USE ITEMS IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-102
COST: $5,175*
PROJECT START: October 1968
PROJECT END: May 1969
CONTRACTOR
National Sanitation
Foundation
2355 West Stadium Boulevard
P.O. Box 1468
Ann Arbor, Mich. 48106
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Tom S. Gable
OBJECTIVE: To define problems in the use
and disposal of single-use items in hospitals,
laboratories, professional offices, and similar
health care facilities and present possible so-
lutions.
APPROACH: A conference was held at the
National Sanitation Foundation, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, to review the entire matter of the
project objectives. Existing laws and regula-
tions and literature pertaining to single-use
items were reviewed and compiled. The con-
ference reviewed the various types of single-
use items presently in use.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The conferees
were public health and other regulation of-
ficials ; representatives from hospitals and
other health care facilities; manufacturers
of single-use items, Pharmaceuticals, and
packaging materials; and others having a
special knowledge of single-use items or of
their use and disposal.
During the conference, sessions having repre-
sentation from each group or discipline were
held to discuss their interrelationship to the
problems and possible solutions for disposal
of single-use items in health care facilities.
* Total cost was $20,700. Additional financial support:
$5,175 Health Facilities Planning and Construction Service, U.S. Public Health Service;
$10,350 Manufacturers of Single-Use Items, Containers, and Packaging Materials.
55
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NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
AIRBORNE EMISSIONS FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-62
PH 86-68-121
COST: $80,000
PROJECT START:
December 1966
PROJECT END: April 1970
CONTRACTOR
New York University
College of Engineering and
Science
Research Division
University Heights
New York, N.Y. 10463
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Arrigo Carotti
OBJECTIVE: To investigate and determine
the kinds and quantities of emissions that
are discharged from incinerators in the proc-
ess of incinerating municipal solid waste.
APPROACH: Gaseous effluents were sam-
pled from the stack discharges of municipal
incinerators in the New York City metropoli-
tan area. These samples were analyzed to
determine chemical composition and varia-
tions in composition. Sampling of stack ef-
fluents during each of the four seasons per-
mitted determination of possible seasonal
variations. An analysis of effluents from the
same incinerator was made as often as neces-
sary to collect detailed data on all possible
materials emitted, with identification and
quantification of specific organic compounds;
effluents potentially toxic to humans received
special attention. Sampling and analyses were
done on effluents from three other municipal
incinerators different in construction and de-
sign. In all cases data were recorded on:
(1) average general composition of the ref-
use feed; (2) the incinerator operating con-
ditions; (3) total gaseous effluents dis-
charged; (4) rate of discharge of the stack
effluents; (5) composition of the quench
water and residue.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A literature
survey and data review on airborne emissions
from municipal incinerators has been com-
pleted and submitted to the SWMO. This
Phase I report contains the annotated bibli-
ography of the literature surveyed, a sum-
mary report of the present knowledge on
airborne emissions from municipal incinera-
tors, and recommendations for further study.
A final draft report containing detailed find-
ings from the Phase II investigation has
been reviewed by the SWMO and returned
to the Contractor for final editing and trans-
fer to magnetic tape prior to publication.
The published report will contain informa-
tion and present data on the sampling ap-
paratus and analytical procedures, and will
discuss results from the seasonal variations,
incinerator comparison, and the detailed
analysis of stack effluent studies. In addi-
tion, the final report is expected to contain
several recommendations for further study.
56
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NORTHERN KENTUCKY SANITATION COMPANY
FIELD EVALUATION OF SANITARY LANDFILL TECHNIQUES
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-104
COST: $19,920
PROJECT START:
January 1970
PROJECT END: December 1972
CONTRACTOR
Northern Kentucky Sanitation
Company
P.O. Box 126
Walton, Ky. 41094
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Fred Stallard
OBJECTIVE: To provide the heavy equip-
ment required for: the construction and
maintenance of roads; the necessary exca-
vation, compaction, and covering during the
periodic construction of test cells; all site
preparation for the facilities necessary for
the operation of a land disposal research
site.
APPROACH: The contractor will provide the
equipment and operators for the construc-
tion of an access road, test cells of waste, and
other facilities necessary for the operation
of a land disposal research site. All planning
and supervision of construction will be done
by the staff of the Land Disposal Section, Di-
vision of Research and Development, SWMO.
Property leased by the Government from
the contractor will be used.
The work will be done by the contractor at
times mutually agreeable to the contractor
and the Government representative. The
contractor will also provide services in the
case of fire or other emergency occurrences
within a reasonable period of time.
During the period of the contract, SWMO
staff will be conducting research studies to
develop basic design criteria for sanitary
landfills. This contract provides for the heavy
equipment necessary in the construction and
operation of the facility.
57
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H. C. CUTTING COMPANY
SOIL INDEX PROPERTIES OF COVER MATERIAL
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-196
COST: $13,550
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: June 1971
CONTRACTOR
H. C. Nutting- Company
4120 Airport Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45226
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Gerard Roberto
OBJECTIVE: To determine the index prop-
erties of cover material from sanitary land-
fills within the United States in order to
develop guidelines for the safe and efficient
operation of sanitary landfills in different
geographical locations.
APPROACH: Soil samples will be analyzed
and classified according to the Unified Soil
Classification System. The number of tests
to be performed will depend on the initial
test results, soil variations per sample, and
soil variations per landfill. The soil descrip-
tions will be included as part of the test re-
sults.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Laboratory in-
vestigation of the soil engineering properties
of cover material collected from 56 sanitary
landfills at various geographic locations has
been completed. The laboratory investigation
consisted of classification tests, combined me-
chanical analysis test, and standard compac-
tion test. Twelve of these sanitary landfills
were also visited to study present placement
procedures and to obtain more detailed infor-
mation. Knowledge of the soil engineering
properties along with additional information
to be obtained will enable us to determine
those parameters which are significant in the
evaluation of the applicability of any soil as
a cover material,
58
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STEPHEN B. OLMSTBD
PATENT SEARCH OF ON-SITE REFUSE HANDLING DEVICES
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-95
COST: $1,750
PROJECT START: March 1967
PROJECT END: May 1967
CONTRACTOR
Stephen B. Olmsted
2881 West Ritchie Parkway
Rockville, Md. 20850
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Stephen B. Olmsted
OBJECTIVE: To obtain a thorough and con-
sistent inventory and catalog of potential
refuse handling devices.
APPROACH: Over 3 million patents were
searched for devices that were related to
solid wastes. Patent examiners were consult-
ed and selected patent lawyers were ques-
tioned regarding specific devices for solid
waste handling.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A detailed re-
port covering the classes searched, a list of
the U.S. and foreign patents found and notes
for future searches were submitted to the
SWMO in fulfillment of the contract. The list
of patents has been collated in 12 subject
folios with the patents arranged by date of
issuance. Three hundred and sixty-one U.S.
and 62 foreign patents were found to be of
value. The patents show means of perform-
ance and not the many adaptations. The re-
port is available for SWMO use. Publication
of the entire patent search is not planned;
however, selected patents were published in
a single volume, which is available from the
SWMO.
CONNOLLY, J. A., ed. Abstracts; selected patents on refuse handling facilities for buildings.
Service Publication No. 1793. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. 320 p.
59
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CORPORATION
COST/BENEFIT RELATIONSHIPS IN SOLID WASTE LITTER
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-123
COST: $38,491
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: October 1971
CONTRACTOR
Resource Management
Corporation
7315 Wisconsin Avenue
Bethesda, Md. 20014
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robert Davis
OBJECTIVE: To collect and document avail-
able information and data on solid waste
litter. Conclusions on the magnitude of the
costs and benefits associated with such litter
will suggest areas of highest payoff for fur-
ther analysis. Protocol development for a
complete study of this type will also be per-
formed.
APPROACH: First, a literature survey with
documentation will be prepared. This will in-
clude a secondary source search in selected
Federal and State agencies with particular
attention to collection costs, quantities, and
property values. After an overview of costs
and benefits has been made, the relevant
data will be tabulated and reduced. Conclu-
sions will then be drawn on the magnitude of
costs and benefits associated with litter.
Finally, recommendations and a protocol de-
velopment for a complete study will be pre-
pared.
60
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SC3 ENGINEERS
EVALUATION AND COMPARISON PROCEDURE FOR SANITAEY
LANDFILL EQUIPMENT
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-116
COST: $25,000
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: June 1971
CONTRACTOR
SCS Engineers
4014 Long Beach Boulevard
Long Beach, Calif. 90807
PROJECT DIRECTOR
E. T. Conrad
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this contract
is to develop a detailed set of procedures
whereby various pieces of sanitary landfill
equipment can be evaluated. There will be no
actual evaluation or comparison in this study.
APPROACH: A complete equipment and ac-
cessory catalog will be developed, as well as
a listing of the various combinations of equip-
ment that can be studied. Price information
and a wide range of equipment sizes will be
included. Tasks and relevant field conditions
for sanitary landfill operations will be inves-
tigated, with particular attention paid to
operating characteristics necessary for de-
fined tasks. Economic factors will also be con-
sidered.
From this information, detailed instructions
and forms for equipment evaluation will be
prepared. The costs of the proposed testing
program will be estimated. In addition, the
contractor will compile a list of organizations
capable of performing the equipment evalu-
ations and comparisons.
61
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SCS ENGINEERS
GOVERNMENT POLICIES AFFECTING SOLID WASTE GENERATION
AND RECLAMATION
CONTRACT NO. EHS-C-71-0106
COST: $42,768
PROJECT START:
January 1971
PROJECT END: March 1972
CONTRACTOR
SCS Engineers
4014 Long Beach Boulevard
Long Beach, Calif. 90807
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robert P. Stearns
OBJECTIVE: To identify those Government
regulations, controls, and policies which
have an effect on the generation and/or rec-
lamation of solid wastes, and to determine
how the Federal Government, in carrying
out its various programs, might be utilized
to lessen national solid waste management
problems.
APPROACH: The project includes two
phases. During Phase I the contractor,
through extensive literature reviews and
interviews with governmental and non-gov-
ernmental agencies, will identify those Fed-
eral agencies which have the greatest inter-
face with solid waste generation and recla-
mation. Based upon the results of Phase I,
the SWMO will select twelve of the identi-
fied agencies to be studied in more depth
during Phase II. The final report of the work
will contain the findings of the in-depth in-
vestigation, and make recommendations as
to the manner in which the agencies might
contribute to reducing solid waste manage-
ment problems throughout the nation.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Phase I of the
work has been completed and the report
submitted to the SWMO. The investigation
and interviews for Phase II are now under-
way and scheduled for completion during
October 1971. A final report of the work
will be submitted during March 1972.
62
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FOSTER D. SNELL, INC.
DECONTAMINATION AND COMBUSTION OF ORGANIC PESTICIDES
AND CONTAINERS
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-140
COST: $34,251
PROJECT START: June 1969
PROJECT END: April 1970
CONTRACTOR
Foster D. Snell, Inc.
29 West 15th Street
New York, N.Y. 10011
PROJECT DIRECTOR
M. S. Weinberg
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the necessary
conditions for proper decontamination and
combustion of organic pesticides by investi-
gating (1) selected oxidizers and combustible
binding agents, and (2) combustion charac-
teristics and requirements for container com-
position.
for combustible pesticide containers will be
developed.
Work done under this contract will be co-
ordinated with and augmented by work be-
ing done at Mississippi State and Oregon
State Universities.
APPROACH: Each mixture of pesticide and
selected combustion aid will be investigated
to determine the temperature and rate at
which it burns. Combustion gases from this
procedure will be examined for degree of
conversion to carbon monoxide, carbon di-
oxide, water, and intermediate organics.
Also, binding agents will be applied to such
mixtures prior to combustion to test for
prevention of mechanical entrainment of the
pesticide in the flame convection currents.
Combustion temperatures and characteris-
tics, including completeness of consumption,
for common container types will be deter-
mined. Based on these studies, requirements
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report enti-
tled, "Organic Pesticides and Pesticide Con-
tainers, A Study of Their Decontamination
and Combustion" has been submitted in ful-
fillment of the contract. It includes tables and
figures which characterize the combustion
studies performed on some nine representa-
tive pesticides. Based on this data, a method
of packaging pesticides was recommended so
that safe disposal by combustion would be
possible. It was suggested that pesticides be
packaged in some combustible material using
polyethylene as an inner liner. The poly-
ethylene acts as a binder to ensure that the
flame residence time is long enough for total
combustion of the pesticide.
PUTNAM, R. C., F. ELLISON, R. PROTZMANN, and J. HILOVSKY. Organic pesticides and pesticide containers;
a study of their decontamination and combustion. Rockville, Md., U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1971. (Distributed by National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va., as PB-202
202. 175 p.)
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STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AIR CLASSIFICATION PROCESS TO SEPARATE SOLID WASTE
MATERIALS
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-157
COST: $35,038
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: February 1970
CONTRACTOR
Stanford Research Institute
333 Ravenswood Drive
Menlo Park, Calif. 94025
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Lester P. Berriman
OBJECTIVE: To obtain a preliminary deter-
mination of the technical feasibility of utiliz-
ing air classification to process or treat se-
lected types of nonhomogenous, dry, solid
wastes.
APPROACH: A detailed test program was
developed, based on the characteristics of the
wastes selected and on the purposes for
which air classification might be employed
for processing these wastes. Appropriate ex-
periments were conducted using an experi-
mental pilot-scale air classifier modified to
facilitate the handling of solid materials. Five
different types of waste were tested with
the study limited to the technical aspects of
the air classifier operation. The experiments
were designed to determine both the limi-
tations and the advantages of the air separa-
tion processes.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: Completed ex-
periments on the small-scale (2" x 4") air
classifier indicated that dense materials such
as metals, glass, rubber and plastics, and
light fines such as dust could be effectively
separated from pulverized, dried solid waste.
The size of the experimental apparatus pre-
vented the separation of the various paper
fractions. The contract was extended to pro-
vide construction of a larger column (6" x
8"), and test results with this apparatus in-
dicated it was technically feasible to sort
cardboard and paper fractions from munici-
pal solid waste, though the particle sizes
used in the experiments were not optimum
for the column throat size. Additional exper-
iments on the larger column were successful
in classifying compost to remove plastics,
metals, and glass particles.
A draft of the final report was submitted,
and review of this draft has been completed.
The report is undergoing final preparation
for printing.
64
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STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE POLYMER PRODUCTION INDUSTRY
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-160
COST: $63,280
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: June 1970
CONTRACTOR
Stanford Research Institute
333 Ravenswood Drive
Menlo Park, Calif. 94025
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Chester W. Marynowski
OBJECTIVE: To assess the polymer waste
disposal problem and to evaluate alternative
approaches to polymer waste utilization.
APPROACH: Personal interviews were used
to obtain information on: (1) the sources,
amounts, and forms of polymer wastes gen-
erated; (2) the availability of selected or-
ganic wastes that could be combined with
the polymers to make some disposal methods
more feasible; (3) disposal methods in use
or under investigation. Important technical
factors of alternative disposal methods were
thoroughly evaluated and each proposed
method was rated technically against estab-
lished performance criteria. Most of the re-
search and development was directed toward
the disposal of polyethylene and polyprophy-
lene wastes.
Recommendations will be made on the best
disposal methods capable of immediate indus-
trial application. The disposal process with
the highest potential for economic solution
will be developed and demonstrated through
the pilot-plant stage to obtain data for the
designs and preliminary cost of industrial
units.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report en-
titled Disposal of Polymer Solid Wastes by
Primary Polymer Producers and Plastics
Fabricators was submitted in fulfillment of
the contract. It contains information on the
nature and extent of the problem in the
United States for that segment of the plas-
tics industry representing the largest prod-
uct tonnage—the production and fabrication
of the principle thermoplastics. It also pre-
sents technical and economic information on
the polymer waste disposal methods in actual
use, and evaluates alternative approaches
to the polymer solid waste problem. The
report is undergoing final preparation for
printing.
MARYNOWSKI, C. W. Disposal of polymer solid wastes by primary polymer producers and plastics fabricators.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Offiice, 1972. 92 p.
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STANFORD UNIVERSITY
CHAR FROM SOLID WASTES AS AN ADSORPTION MEDIUM
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-129
COST: $51,180
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: November 1971
CONTRACTOR
The Board of Trustees
Stanford University
Room 239, Encina Hall
Stanford, Calif. 94503
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Rolf Eliassen
OBJECTIVE: Char produced from municipal
solid wastes will be characterized in terms
of parameters now used to describe activated
carbon. Such char will be evaluated in terms
of its effectiveness as an absorption medium.
The economic feasibility of solid waste char
utilization versus alternative methods of
treatment will be investigated.
APPROACH: Char from solid wastes will be
characterized on a laboratory scale using
parameters currently employed for activated
carbon. New parameters and methods will
also be developed. The effectiveness of char
produced from solid waste of varying com-
position, with and without activation, will
be investigated. Process design data will be
developed from laboratory and literature
data. The economic feasibility analysis will
be based upon laboratory data related to pro-
duction, activation and reactivation han-
dling, utilization, storage, and ultimate dis-
posal costs.
66
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RALPH STONE AND CO.. INC., ENGINEERS
ENGINEERING STUDY OF A ONE-MAN COLLECTION SYSTEM
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-67-248
COST: $80,200
PROJECT START: June 1967
PROJECT END: June 1968
CONTRACTOR
Ralph Stone and Co., Inc.,
Engineers
10954 Santa Monica Boulevard
Los Angeles. Calif. 90025
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Ralph Stone
OBJECTIVE: To obtain basic information
about various types of collection systems and
to provide a comparative analysis of one-man
systems and other established collection tech-
niques in order to determine if a one-man
system can improve the efficiency of opera-
tion from a financial standpoint and the re-
duction of hazards and nuisance problems.
APPROACH: The overall refuse collection
evaluation was accomplished by a comprehen-
sive study of the available one-man-operated
equipment and its use in comparison with
two-man- and three-man-operated collection
vehicles. A thorough inventory of collection
equipment suitable for one-man crew opera-
tion was made, and a municipal survey in-
volving field studies within a number of se-
lected communities that employ various types
of collection systems provided a comparative
analysis between one-man systems and others
as related to technical feasibility, economic
applicability, and operational practicability,
including the human factors, of one-man col-
lection systems.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The results of
the project were published in a report en-
titled A Study of Solid Waste Collection Sys-
tems Comparing One-Man with Multi-Man
Creivs (SW-9c). Single copies are available
from the SWMO and multiple copies from
the Government Printing Office.
RALPH STONE AND COMPANY, INC. A study of solid waste collection systems comparing one-man with multi-
man crews; final report. Public Health Service Publication No. 1892. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1969. 175 p.
67
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RALPH STONE AND CO., INC., ENGINEERS
MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE AUTOMOTIVE ASSEMBLY INDUSTRY
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-212
COST: $69,287
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: September 1970
CONTRACTOR
Ralph Stone and Co., Inc.,
Engineers
10954 Santa Monica Boulevard
Los Angeles, Calif. 90025
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Ralph Stone
OBJECTIVE: To obtain basic technical infor-
mation concerning the quality and quantity
of solid waste generated by the automotive
assembly industry in order to identify real or
potential problems of solid waste manage-
ment.
APPROACH: Analyses will be made of stor-
age and collection practices with emphasis
on system efficiency, economics, and aesthet-
ics. The waste generated will be character-
ized to identify real or potential problems in
disposing of solid wastes by current disposal
methods, and an analysis will be made of
past, present, and future trends of the solid
wastes generated with special or possible
emergency management problems identified.
The solid waste production will be correlated
with a readily available and universal para-
meter of the automotive assembly industry.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final re-
port, dealing with the industry structure, its
processes and products, the methods and pro-
cedures used in the study, data analysis, and
conclusions, has been submitted to the
SWMO for review and clearance. The report
contains the results of an AMA survey, 70
plant visits, and mail-out questionnaires to
plants and corresponding municipalities. The
results are presented as qualitative and quan-
titative data related to1 industrial solid wastes
generated in the automobile industry. Re-
view is complete, and the report is undergo-
ing final preparation for printing.
68
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THE TRAVELERS RESEARCH CORPORATION
MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
CONTRACT NO. CPE 69-5
COST: $114,664
PROJECT START: May 1969
PROJECT END: June 1971
CONTRACTOR
The Travelers Research
Corporation
210 Washing-ton Street
Hartford, Conn. 06106
PROJECT DIRECTOR
John E. Yocom
OBJECTIVE: To study and evaluate the solid
waste management practices of the indus-
trial chemical industry, SIC 281.
APPROACH: Information and data will be
collected on the following items of the indus-
trial chemical industry on a national basis:
(1) total number of industrial plants, em-
ployment, capital value of the plants, and
quantities and types of products produced;
(2) past development and production pat-
terns within the industry indicating present
trends, new technology, and future develop-
ment; (3) flow diagrams for the basic pro-
duction processes; (4) location of the indus-
tries, with particular notation of production
centers in the country; (5) identification of
the quantity (weight) and the quality (char-
acter) of solid waste generated; (6) corre-
lation of solid waste production with a read-
ily available universal parameter of the
plant; (7) identification and analysis of cur-
rent storage, collection, and disposal prac-
tices of the industry; (8) amount of money
being spent for storage, collection, treat-
ment, and disposal of solid waste for the
industry; (9) analysis of the future trends
of solid waste management within the indus-
try, and factors that might influence them,
such as reuse, etc.
The data and information will be gathered
by a literature review, a questionnaire mailed
to a selected group of industrial plants, and
field interviews. The final phase of the proj-
ect will consist of data evaluation and ana-
lysis.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The survey
portion has been completed; 28 plant visits
were conducted and 250 replies to the mail-
out questionnaire contained useful data. Pre-
liminary analyses have been made as well as
summaries showing coverage and data lay-
outs. Information on the industry, its proc-
ess, and its solid waste management prac-
tices will be drawn together with the quan-
titative data from the survey and plant visits
to form the final report. A preliminary draft
report has been received and is undergoing
SWMO review.
69
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TRW INC.
NEW CHEMICAL CONCEPTS FOR WASTE PLASTIC UTILIZATION
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-206
COST: $99,929
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: February 1970
CONTRACTOR
TRW Inc.
One Space Park
Redondo Beach, Calif. 90278
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Robert S. Ottinger
OBJECTIVE: To determine by computer
simulation whether waste plastics can be con-
verted to economically significant products
by reactions with various reagents in a high-
temperature reactor.
APPROACH: Computer programs simulat-
ing chemical reactions between waste plas-
tics, namely polyethylene, polystyrene, and
polyvinylchloride, and various reagents such
as oxygen, water, hydrogen, ammonia, and
others selected on the basis of cost, avail-
ability, and estimated reactivity with the
selected plastics, were used to obtain infor-
mation as to the thermodynamic and kinetic
properties of the reactions. All of the neces-
sary information was collected and placed
on the program input tapes. The analysis
was conducted by: (1) calculating rapidly
and inexpensively the product distribution
for a broad range of initial compositions and
temperature and pressure conditions; and
(2) examining the outputs for economically
significant product concentrations and po-
tentially harmful air or water pollutants.
Further calculations were made to quantita-
tively determine the effects of the reaction
conditions on the concentrations of important
products. The data resulting from these
analyses were used to develop relationships
describing disposal costs, reactants used with
the plastics, value of products and reactor
complexity, and control capability require-
ments.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final report
indicates that the system involving the ap-
plication of heat in the absence of air ap-
pears most promising for the production
of useful chemicals.
BANKS, M. E., W. D. LUSK, and R. E. OTTINGER. New chemical concepts for utilization of waste plastics; an
analytical investigation. [Public Health Service Publication No. 2125.] Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1971. 129 p.
70
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BIODEGRADABILITY OF PLASTICS
UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-124
COST: $75,803
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: November 1971
CONTRACTOR
Union Carbide Corporation
270 Park Avenue
New York, N.Y. 10017
PROJECT DIRECTOR
J. E. Potts
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of
molecular weight, end-group composition, and
polymer chain structure on biodegradability,
and to determine the utility of the polymers
containing biodegradable structures as pack-
aging materials.
APPROACH: A series of samples of low- and
high-density polyethylene, polystyrene, and
polyvinylchloride will be synthesized and
screened for biodegradability. A similar se-
ries of samples with metabolically active end
groups on each polymer chain will be screened
and evaluated for commercial applicability.
The contractor will also investigate the de-
velopment of biodegradable plastics contain-
ing mixtures of blocks, some of which are
segments of polyethylene or polystyrene and
some of which are structural units that are
easily biodegraded. The latter will, in some
instances, be biodegradable molecules acting
as linking agents.
In addition, high molecular weight polymer
samples will be pressed into plaques from
which specimens will be cut and tested for
degradation by fungi and bacteria.
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UNIROYAL, INC.
MANAGEMENT STUDY—THE RUBBER INDUSTRY
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-208
COST: $46,966
PROJECT START: June 1968
PROJECT END: March 1970
CONTRACTOR
Uniroyal Chemical Division
Uniroyal, Inc.
Elm Street
Naugatuck, Conn. 06770
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Frank H. Roninger
OBJECTIVE: To obtain information and
data on: (1) the quality and quantity of solid
waste generated by the rubber industry; (2)
the present state-of-the-art utilization of dis-
carded rubber and rubber products; (3) the
present practices, needs, and problems of
solid waste management within the industry.
APPROACH: Questionnaires and interviews
were used to obtain basic data on the rubber
products, scrap rubber, and reclaimed rubber
industry, and to determine the problems as-
sociated with each segment of the industry.
The study must produce basic technical in-
formation concerning solid waste manage-
ment within the rubber manufacturing
and reclaim industries in a form that
will help establish industrial solid waste
guidelines and reference material for the
industry, governmental agencies, and indus-
tries concerned with solid waste manage-
ment. Separate studies are required to identi-
fy and evaluate the technical feasibility of
various unique uses of waste rubber and to
investigate and analyze the feasibility of
various postulated means of broadening the
market for scrap rubber.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report en-
titled Solid Waste Management and Rubber
Reuse Potential in the Rubber Industry was
submitted in fulfillment of the contract. Vol-
ume I contains data on solid waste manage-
ment in the fabricated rubber products in-
dustry for 1968. Solid waste quantities are
detailed for six categories of rubber products
and five categories of solid waste type. Vol-
ume II contains information on waste rub-
ber and its reuse, outlining the waste rub-
ber disposal problem, the present areas of
waste reuse with future trends, and poten-
tial future areas of collection and reuse. The
reclaiming, retreading, and tire splitting in-
dustries are discussed. An analysis of the
various methods of waste rubber collection
and reuse along with specific conclusions
and recommendations for further action is
presented.
PETTIGREW, R. J., F. H. RONINGER, W. J. MARKIEWICZ, and M. J. GRANSKY. Rubber refuse and solid waste
management, pt. 1 and 2. Public Health Service Publication No. 2124. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1971. 120 p.
72
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DRS RESEARCH CORPORATION
PREDICTION OF SOLID WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
CONTRACT NO. PH 86-68-97
COST: $27,355
PROJECT START:
January 1968
PROJECT END: January 1969
CONTRACTOR
URS Research Corporation
155 Bovet Road
San Mateo, California 94402
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Myron B. Hawkins
OBJECTIVE: To develop a technique for pre-
dicting the characteristics of solid wastes in
urban areas. The model to be developed will
identify materials used and consumed by a
given community and will use input/output
techniques to determine the quantity of
waste to be expected as well as its physical
and chemical composition. This knowledge
will enable sanitary engineers, public health
officials, and others concerned with solid
waste management to plan for future col-
lection and disposal requirements.
APPROACH: Using available economic
sources, the contractor collected, developed,
and formulated selected standard data, de-
scriptors, and functions for input commodi-
ties and activities in order to design and de-
velop specifications for a basic waste predic-
tion model. The model was tested manually
in a relatively small community to evaluate
its performance.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: The final report
has been accepted for publication. The study
consisted primarily of determining the avail-
ability of usable information and develop-
ing a preliminary prediction model for resi-
dential household solid wastes. This model
was restricted to the prediction of present-
day, short-residence-time wastes. Its per-
formance was tested by comparing its pre-
dictions for a given locality with the results
of an actual study of solid waste generation
in that locality. The areas studied were in
Jefferson County, Kentucky. Pertinent demo-
graphic data were collected and the solid
waste quantities of various materials esti-
mated by manual application of the predic-
tion method. The results compared favor-
ably with the measured values.
BOYD, G. B., and M. B. HAWKINS. Methods of predicting solid waste characteristics. Washington, U. S. Gov-
ernment Printing Office, 1972. 28 p.
73
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DRS RESEARCH CORPORATION
SOLID WASTE PREDICTION MODEL
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-117
COST: $134,700
PROJECT START: May 1970
PROJECT END: October 1971
CONTRACTOR
URS Research Corporation
155 Bovet Road
San Mateo, California 94402
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Myron B. Hawkins
OBJECTIVE: To develop and test a model
for predicting the characteristics and quan-
tities of solid wastes from commercial estab-
lishments, and to complete the development,
programming, and testing of the residential
waste prediction model produced under a
previous study (Contract No. PH 86-68-97).
This knowledge will enable sanitary engi-
neers, public health officials, and others con-
cerned with solid waste management to plan
for future collection and disposal require-
ments.
APPROACH: The types and magnitude of
the problems of solid waste generation in
various commercial activities will be obtained
by interviews, correspondence, and discus-
sions with managers of actual establishments,
refuse collectors, dump operators, investiga-
tors, representatives of trade associations,
manufacturers, and personnel of the SWMO.
Information will also be obtained from a re-
view of studies of waste disposal operations
and by means of rapid surveys involving
personal observations of scrap piles, waste
containers, etc.
Program development and model testing will
include the following services: (1) identify
sources and available detail of information
regarding size, type, and location of various
commercial establishments; (2) analyze data
and develop a usable set of commercial ac-
tivities that will be considered in the predic-
tion model; (3) for each selected activity,
develop a preliminary, semiquantitative ma-
terial input-output waste model; (4) conduct
investigations, surveys, and measurements
to determine various critical factors and co-
efficients necessary to relate the size of the
activity to the amount of each waste com-
ponent generated; (5) collect, compile, and
analyze information on changes in technol-
ogy and practice that will affect waste gen-
eration by commercial activities, and develop
modified waste generation coefficients; (6)
adapt the general waste prediction model
to handle the wastes generated by commer-
cial activities that are found to be contrib-
utors; (7) establish computation specifica-
tions and develop computer programs for
the commercial model; (8) assemble stand-
ard data blanks for the commercial model,
and collect, evaluate, and collate as many
standard activity and commodity descrip-
tions as are pertinent to the test area, while
converting data to the appropriate computer
format; and (9) select a test area for the
commercial waste study, run the waste pre-
diction model for the test area, and evaluate
results.
The following tasks relating to the residen-
tial solid waste prediction model are to be
performed: (1) to conduct a statistical analy-
sis on the significance of various parameters
of the LIFE data (and the supporting source
data) to provide bases for decisions on the
selection of basic evaluation factors; (2) to
review in detail the results of the earlier work
on the residential waste reduction model
(under Contract PH 86-68-97) and to estab-
lish the design of the short-residence-time
(SRT) residential waste model; (3) to inves-
tigate data sources, analyze information, and
complete the development of the SRT resi-
dential model; and (4) to investigate data
and information sources, analyze possible
approaches, and establish the detailed for-
mat for handling future waste in the resi-
dential model.
74
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THE WESTERN COMPANY
PIPELINE TRANSPORT OF SHREDDED SOLID WASTES
CONTRACT NO. CPE 70-132
COST: $17,373
PROJECT START: June 1970
PROJECT END: May 1971
CONTRACTOR
The Western Company
Research Division
2201 North Waterview Parkway
Richardson, Tex. 75080
PROJECT DIRECTOR
Gerald D. Hartsell
OBJECTIVE: To develop a detailed plan for
the economic feasibility of transporting
shredded refuse via pipeline.
APPROACH: This project is the first phase
of a three-phase research program. Continu-
ation into succeeding Phases II and III will
depend on the results and recommendations
generated from the first phase. Phase I.
Study and Design. The initial effort will be
to estimate equipment and testing costs as
well as to outline a scope of work so that
Phases II and III can be awarded on a com-
petitive basis.
Phase II. Construction and Startup. The mid-
dle phase will entail the purchasing, fabrica-
tion, erection, and testing of all equipment
and submittal of a detailed research plan
with dates, accomplishments, and other
scheduled activities to be used in Phase III.
Phase HI. Test and analyses. The final effort
will provide the data upon which the ac-
companying recommendations and conclu-
sions will be based.
Phase I will consist of: (1) review of other
programs and data that have been generated
to take advantage of available information
and to prevent duplication of effort; (2) de-
velopment of a plan for awarding a contract
on a competitive basis to study three trans-
port systems—water and slurry pressure
system, water and capsule pressure system,
and water and slurry gravity system; (3) de-
sign of test apparatus and compilation of a
list of materials to provide maximum data
for an economic and uncomplicated opera-
tion ; (4) economic analysis, comparing a
typical pipeline transportation system for a
city with a typical refuse truck transfer
transportation system; and (5) preparation
of a final report containing all data, program
plans, designs, and economic analyses of the
processes and their future potential for solv-
ing a major transport problem of solid waste
management.
75
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WILLIAM A. XANTBN
PROCEDURES FOR STATE AGENCY SURVEYS
CONTRACT NO.
PH
PH
86-67-12
86-67-43
COST: $3,000
PROJECT START: July 1966
PROJECT END: November 1966
CONTRACTOR
William A. Xanten
3355 Military Road, NW
Washington, B.C. 20015
PROJECT DIRECTOR
William A. Xanten
OBJECTIVE: To obtain fundamental guide-
lines and procedures for State agency sur-
veys to enable the attainment of established
objectives as progressively and uniformly
as possible.
APPROACH: Past survey forms and the
types of information obtained by their use
were examined. The personal experience of
the investigators was used to modify and
develop the required information.
SUMMARY OF PROGRESS: A report en-
titled "Codification and Data Gathering Sur-
veys for State Planning Agencies" was ac-
cepted by the SWMO. This report proposes
fundamental guidelines for in-depth data
gathering surveys. Suggested forms to be
used for basic data information on the gen-
eral survey and site investigations of com-
munity solid waste practices were included.
The report was prepared for use by SWMO
personnel and will not be published or dis-
tributed.
76
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SUBJECT INDEX
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
Identification Program for Solid Waste
Research 4
Status of Solid Waste Processing 7
CPU-400 Program Management and Systems
Engineering 15
Solid Waste Management Annual Film Report- 21
Verification of Bibliographic Citations 24
Five-Year Plan for Research and Development- 47
Feasibility of Recommendations in NAS-NRC
Publication 51
Program for Regional Solid Waste
Management Systems 52
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in
Refuse-Sludge Composting 18
Composting Dewatered Sewage Sludge 19
Composting Technology and Compost
Utilization in Europe 30
Converting Solid Waste Materials Into Yeast 34
Production of Edible Proteins From
Cellulosic Wastes 43
COLLECTION
Solid Waste Removal From High-Rise
Residential Structures 49
On-site Refuse Storage, Collection, and
Reduction System for High-Rise
Residential Structures 50
Engineering Study of a One-Man Collection
System 67
Pipeline Transport of Shredded Solid Wastes— 75
COMPOSTING
Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in
Refuse-Sludge Composting 18
Composting Dewatered Sewage Sludge 19
Composting Technology and Compost
Utilization in Europe 30
DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS
Technical-Economic Study of Solid Waste
Disposal 11
Oceanic Disposal of Solid Wastes 17
Abstracting and Other Services 23
Pilot Data Acquisition and Analysis System 44
Packaging Materials and Waste Disposal 45
Solid Waste Removal From High-Rise
Residential Structures 49
On-site Refuse Storage, Collection, and
Reduction System for High-Rise
Residential Structures 50
Single-Use Items in Health Care Facilities 55
Patent Search of On-site Refuse Handling
Devices 59
Cost/Benefit Relationships in Solid Waste
Litter 60
Government Policies Affecting Solid Waste
Generation and Reclamation 62
Char From Solid Wastes as an Adsorption
Medium 66
Engineering Study of a One-Man Collection
System 67
Procedures for State Agency Surveys 76
ENERGY RECOVERY
Feasibility of Incineration—Jet Engine
Technology 13
Subscale Experiments—CPU-400 14
CPU-400 Program Management and Systems
Engineering 15
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Decontamination and Combustion of Organic
Pesticides and Containers 63
HEALTH ASPECTS
Public Health Related to Solid Waste 3
Identification Program for Solid Waste
Research 4
Oceanic Disposal of Solid Wastes 17
Occupational Health in Solid Waste
Management 20
Health Effects of Air Pollution Related
to Solid Wastes 39
Microbiological Quality of Products From
Rendering Plants 48
Single-Use Items in Health Care Facilities 55
INCINERATION
Feasibility of Incineration—Jet Engine
Technology 13
Subscale Experiments—CPU-400 14
The Cost of Municipal Incineration 37
Airborne Emissions From Municipal
Incinerators 56
Decontamination and Combustion of Organic
Pesticides and Containers 63
INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Printing and Publishing Industry 9
Electrical Home Appliance Industry 38
Drug Industry 41
Food Processing Industry 54
Polymer Production Industry 65
Automotive Assembly Industry 68
Chemical Industry 69
Rubber Industry 72
INCENTIVES/DISINCENTIVES
Incentives for Solid Waste Management 35
Incentives for Tire Recycling and Reuse 36
Incentives for Plastic Recycling and Reuse 40
LEGISLATION
Compilation of Solid Waste Legislation 6
Digest of Ordinances and a Model Ordinance 53
LITTER
Cost/Benefit Relationships in Solid Waste
Litter 60
77
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SUBJECT INDEX
OPERATIONS RESEARCH
Systems Analysis of Solid Waste Disposal 16
Prediction of Solid Waste Characteristics 73
Solid Waste Prediction Model 74
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSING
Status of Solid Waste Processing 7
Evaluation of Solid Waste Processing 8
Development of Household Refuse Grinder — 22
Photodegradation of Cellulose and Waste
Paper 28
The Cost of Municipal Incineration 37
Airborne Emissions From Municipal
Incinerators 56
Patent Search of On-site Refuse Handling
Devices 59
Air Classification Process to Separate Solid
Waste Materials 64
PLASTICS
Feasibility Study—Disposal of Polyethylene
Plastic Waste 33
Incentives for Plastic Recycling and Reuse — 40
Management Study—The Polymer Production
Industry 65
New Chemical Concepts for Waste Plastic
Utilization 70
Biodegradability of Plastics 71
RECLAMATION/RECYCLING
Evaluation of Solid Waste Processing 8
Dismantling Railroad Freight Cars 10
Feasibility of Incineration—Jet Engine
Technology 13
Subscale Experiments—CPU-400 14
CPU-400 Program Management and Systems
Engineering 15
Converting Solid Waste Materials Into Yeast 34
Production of Edible Proteins From
Cellulosic Wastes 43
Government Policies Affecting Solid Waste
Generation and Reclamation 62
Char From Solid Wastes as an Adsorption
Medium 66
RUBBER
Incentives for Tire Recycling and Reuse 36
Management Study—The Rubber Industry 72
SALVAGE
Dismantling Railroad Freight Cars 10
Salvage Markets for Recoverable Solid
Waste Materials 46
SANITARY LANDFILL
Effects of Disposal Sites Upon Property Values 26
Motion Picture on Solid Waste Disposal 42
Field Evaluation of Sanitary Landfill
Techniques 57
Soil Index Properties of Cover Material 58
Evaluation and Comparison Procedure for
Sanitary Landfill Equipment 61
SOCIO-POLITICAL ASPECTS
Public Awareness Development Program and
Case Study 25
Effects of Disposal Sites Upon Property
Values 26
Factors Influencing Citizens' Attitudes and
Responses 27
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Solid Waste Management Annual Film Report- 21
Abstracting and Other Services 23
Public Awareness Development Program
and Case Study 25
Operation Breakthrough 29
Solid Wastes Management in Germany 31
Chronicle of Activities and Accomplishments
in Solid Waste Management 32
Motion Picture on Solid Waste Disposal 42
TRANSPORT
Pipeline Transport of Shredded Solid Wastes 75
TRAINING
Training Courses for Public Works Officials 5
78
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PROJECT DIRECTORS
Ayres, Robert U., 35, 36
Berriman, Lester P., 64
Boyd, J. L., 19
Brown, Daniel L., 34
Bugher, Robert D., 5
Butler, Dale M., 10
Callihan, Claydon D., 43
Carotti, Arrigo, 56
Conrad, E. T., 61
Cosby, William A., 50
Darnay, Arsen J., Jr., 45, 46, 47
Davis, Robert, 60
Eliassen, Rolf, 66
Engdahl, Richard B., 7
Finley, Stuart, 21
Fisher, Carl P., 6
Frohnsdorff, Geoffrey, 28
Gable, Tom S., 55
Gaby, William L., 18
Gillean, James, 44
Hanks, Thrift G., 3, 4
Hart, Samuel A., 30, 31
Hartsell, Gerald D., 75
Hasterlik, R. J., 20
Hawkins, Myron B., 73, 74
Hillenbrand, Bernard F., 52
Holman, John F., 32
Rowland, John S., 22
Jensen, Barry, 25, 26, 27
Koenig, Louis, 37, 38
Kohl, John C., 51
Linsky, Benjamin, 39
Marynowski, Chester W., 65
Mercer, Walter A., 54
Milgrom, Jack, 40
Newcomb, Robinson, 49
Olmsted, Stephen B., 59
Ottinger, Robert S., 70
Parkhurst, John D., 42
Pearl, Bruce C., 29
Peters, Alec, 23, 24
Pike, Ralph W., 43
Pomeroy, Benjamin S., 48
Potts, J. E., 71
Powell, Mel D., 53
Ranard, Elliot D., 11
Roberto, Gerard, 58
Roninger, Frank H., 72
Roth, Edwin W., 16
Short, Rufus C., 9
Smith, David D., 17
Smith, Richard D., 13, 14, 15
Stallard, Fred, 57
Stearns, Robert P., 62
Stone, Ralph, 67, 68
Sullivan, Ralph, 41
Testin, Robert F., 8
Weinberg, M. S., 63
Xanten, William A., 76
Yocom, John E., 69
Zerlaut, Gene, 33
79
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