-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(ftettt rt*d Irutructtoni on tht rtrtrte At/err tonpltting)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA/600/3-88/058
a.
RECIPIENT'S ACCES&IOK"f^ £»!•'*
PB89 1 ET9 8 5 6/AS
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Application Guide for the Source PM-10 Exhaust Gas
Recycle Sampling System
B. Mf PONT DATE
April 1989
•. PERFORMING ORGANISATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Randal S. Martin, S.S. Oawes, A.O. Williamson,
H.E. Farthing
I. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO AOORESS
•
Southern Research Institute
Birmingham, AL 35255
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-4442
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME ANO AOORESS
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE Of REPORT ANO PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/09
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
1C ABSTRACT
This document describes assembly, operation, and maintenance of the Exhaust Gas
Recycle (EGR) sampling system. The design of the sampling train allows the operator
to maintain a constant flow rate through an 1nert1a1 sampler while the gas flow rate
into the sampling nozzle 1s adjusted to remain isokinetic with the local duct velocity
This manual specifically addresses the operation of the EGR system for determination
of stationary source PM-10 emissions. Material 1n tho text includes:" construction
details, calibration procedures, presampling calculations, sample retrieval, data
reduction, and equipment maintenance.
17.
KEY WORDS ANO DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTOR*
b.lOENTIPIERS/OPSN ENOEO TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
1S. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
IS. SECURITY CLASC (T*U Rrporll
Unclassified
21. NO. Or PAGES
30. SECURITY CLASS (Thltptftj^
Unclassified
M. PRICE
If A Mm 2220.1 («•». 4-77) »R«VIO«M S.OITIOM i* OMOLC
-------
-------
DISCLAIMER AND PEER REVIEW NOTICE
The information in this document has been funded wholly or in part by
the Onit»d States Environmental Protection Agency under contract 68-02-4442
to Southern Research Institute. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer
and administrative review, and it has been approved for publication as an
EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
-------
FOREWORD
Measurement and monitoring research efforts are designed to anticipate
environmental problems, to support regulatory actions by developing ait
in-depth understanding of the nature and processes that impact health and the
ecology/ to provide innovative means of monitoring compliance with regula-
tions, and to evaluate the effectiveness of health and environmental protec-
tion efforts through the monitoring ot" long-term trends. The Atmospheric
Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, has responsibility fort assessment of environmental monitoring
technology and systems for air, implementation of agency-wide quality assur-
ance programs for air pollution measurement systems, and supplying technical
support to other groups in the Agency including the Office of Air and
Radiation, the Office of Toxic Substances, and the Office of Solid Waste.
The environmental effects of PM1(J particulate matter are of concern to
the Agency. Acceptable measurement methodology is critical for proper assess-
ment of the impact on the environment of these emissions from stationary
sources. Preparation of a manual which specifies measurement procedures is a
key component for assuring reliable test data. This manual was prepared to
describe the construction, maintenance, and operating procedures tor the
Exhaust Gas Recycle approach for measurement of PM1Q emissions from stationary
sources.
•
Gary J. Foley
Acting Director
Ataospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory
Research Triangle Pane, North Carolina 27711
iii
-------
ABSTRACT
This report describes assembly, operation, and maintenance of the Exhaust
Gas Recycle (EGR) sampling train. Although the potential us»s of this system
are numerous, this manual specifically addresses the operation of the ZGR
train for the determination of stationary source PM10 emissions. The design
of the EGR system allows the operator to maintain a preselected constant flow
rate through an inertial sampler while the gas flow rate into the sampling
nozzle is adjusted at each traverse point to remain isokim*tic with the local
gas velocity. The isokinetic sample flow rate, Q , enters the sample nozzle
where it is mixed with a metered flow rate of recycled exhaust gas, Q . The
combination of these two flew rates brings the total flow rate to the
predetermined constant level, Q . After passing through the inertial sampler,
which collects the larger particle size fraction (>10 urn), through an in-stack
filter which collects the smaller PMj0 size fraction, and through a heated
probe, the water vapor is removed from the gas stream by condensation in an
ice-cooled condenser or impinger train. The gas stream then enters the
control console where the total flow rate is eventually split into the compo-
nent flow rates, Q and Q . The sample flow rate is monitored in the usual
manner by using a dry g£ this device has shown Cyclone I
produces a 10-ym size cut at a flow rate of approximately 0.5 dscfm; the
precise flow rate depends on stack conditions. Calibration procedures for the
EGR sampling train are essentially the same as standard Method 5 or Method 17
trains with the exception of the two L?Ea. Calibration of the total flow rate
UTB may be performed simultaneously with the dry gas meter and orifice.
iv
-------
Calibration of the recycle Clow rate LPE requires an additional, separate
step. Pretest calculation of sampling parameters for operation of the system
involves determining target pressure differentials (AH, AP , and AP ) for a
range of possible velocity pressures, AP , and stack temperatures. An
vel
approximate solution of the governing equations provides acceptable agreement
with the exact solution and allows calculation of these parameters in a few
simple steps. Operation of the sampling train is the same as Method 5 except
that valve settings must be adjusted for two flow rates (Q and Q ) rather
than one (Q ). Sample retrieval is dependent on the type of sampling device
used. For Cyclone I, a combination of brushing and rinsing with a suitable
solvent is required to quantitatively recover the larger size fraction. The
?M10 size fraction is recovered by simply removing the filter from the filter
holder. Test data analysis requires essentially the same calculations as
outlined in Method 5 with the addition of the cyclone cut size, or 0$0. Other
postsanpling activities include calibration checks and equipment maintenance.
-------
CONTENTS
Page
roc ward iii
Abstract iv
Figures x
Tables xii
Symbols xiii
Acknowledgement xvi
M Introduction 1
2. Construction 3
2.1. General system description 3
2.2. Component detail 5
2.2.1. Control unit 13
2.2.2. Condenser/Impinger train IV
2.2.3. Umbilical 18
2.2.4. Sampling/Reheat probe 18
2.2.5. Exhaust gas recycle nozzle 20
2.2.6. FM10 sampler 22
3. Calibration 32
3.1. Flow metering system 32
3.2. Pi tot tube 36
3.3. EGR nozzles 37
3.4. Thermocouples 38
3.5. Magnehelic gauges 38
3.6. Support equipment 38
4. Presampling Activities 39
4.1. Equipment calibration and checks 39
4.2. Preparation of sampling reagents 41
vii
-------
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
5. Sampling Parameters 42
5.1. Preliminary measurements 42
5.2. EGR flow rates 44
5.3. Target pressure differentials (AH, AP , AP ) 45
5.4. Nozzle selection 55
6. Taking the Sample 56
6.1. Field assembly 56
6.2. Leak test 57
6.3. Pretest equipment warm-up 58
6.4. Flow rates 59
6.5. Traversing 60
6.6. Flow rate checks 60
6.7. Shutdown or i en tat ion 60
6.P. Datalogging 61
7. Sample Retrieval 63
7.1. Recovery of particulate mass 63
7.2. Moisture determination 64
8. Postsampling Ch-soles 65
8.1. Equipment calibration checks 65
8.2. Sample analysis 66
9. Data Analysis 68
9.1. Average run parameters 68
9.2. Dry gas (sample) volume 68
9.3. Sample flow rate 69
9.4. Recycle and total gss flow rates 69
9.5. Volume of water vapor 70
9.6. Moisture content 70
9.7. Flow rates (actual conditions) 71
9.8. Recycle ratio 71
9.9. Stack gas velocity 71
9.10. Concentration 72
viii
-------
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
9.11. Sampler Dj0 72
9.12. Percent isokinetic 74
10. Maintenance 75
10.1. Vacuum system 75
10.2. EGR pump 75
10.3. Magnehelic differential pressure gauges 77
10.3.1. Zero adjustment , 77
10.3.2. Calibration check 77
10.3.3. Recalibration *.. 78
10.4. Dual nanometer 79
10.5. Pi tot tube 80
10.6. Hoizles 80
10.7. Thermocouples 81
10.8. BGR sampling probe 81
10.8.1. Probe cleaning 81
10.8.2. Probe heater check 82
10.9. Condensing system 82
11. Auditing Procedures 84
12. Recoonended Standards f.->r Establishing Traceability 86
References 87
Appendices
A. EGR System Coaponents L'.st 89
B. EGR System Shop Drawings 99
C. Blank Data Forms 110
0. HP41C Setup Program 129
Glossary 134
ix
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FIGURES
Page
1. Gas Flow in EGR Train 3
2. Schematic of the EGR Train 4
3. 15GR sampling system control module (front view) 6
4. EGR sampling system control module (rear view) 7
5. EGR sampling system control module (rear view)
showing internal components 8
6. EGR sampling *••_-3i.&* control module (right side) 9
7. EGR sampling system control module (left side)
with 4-cfm Pump 10
8. EGR PM.Q cyclone sampling device (front view) 11
9. EGR PMjg cyclone sampling device (side view) 12
10. EGR concept nozzle assembly 21
11. Calibration system for heated aerosols 24
12. Efficiency envelope for PM1(J sampler 30
13. Cyclone 1 Dimensions 31
14. BGR Setup Calculation Worksheet It Orifice AH SO
15. EGR Setup Calculation Worksheet lit Total Flow LFE AP 51
16. EGR Setup Calculation worksheet III: Recycle Plow LFE AP 53
17. Suggested EGR Run sheet 62
B-l. EGR Panel (Control Box) 96
B-2. EGR Sampling System/ (Manometer Leveling Accessories) 97
-------
FIGURES (Continued)
Page
B-3. EGR Sampling System, DGM Supports 98
B-4. BGR Sampling System, Back Panel: Magnehelic Zero Valves 99
B-5. BGR Sampling Systea, Probe Components 100
B-6. BGR Sampling Systea, Sample Orifice Assembly 101
B-7. BGR Sampling System, EGR Nozzle Assembly 102
B-8. BGR Sampling Systen, Pi tot Assembly 103
B-9. BGR Sampling Systea, BGR Circuit Diagram 104
B-10. BGR Sampling Train, Condenser 105
xi
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TABLES
Page
1. Performance Specifications foe Source PM1|} Samplers 28
2. Particle Sizes and Nominal Gas Velocities for Efficiency
Performance Tests 29
xii
-------
SYMBOLS
A Cross-sectional area of sampling nozzle, ft2
n
B Proportion by volume of water vapor in mixed gas, dimensionless
mix
B Water fraction of stack gas (also f )
WS HjO
C Concentration of particulate, mg/dNm3
C1 Concentration of particulate matter, gr/dscf
C Pi tot tube coefficient
P
DL. Cyclone cut diameter, urn
d Diameter of nozzle n, in.
n
D Stack differential pressure, in. H20
pstack
f Fraction C02
f Fraction 0,
o *
f _ Water fraction of stack gas (also B )
ws
1 Percent isokinetic sampling
K 35.48 ft/s (Ib/mole-'R)
P
M. Dry molecular weight of stack gas, Ib/oole
a
M Mass of collected particulate (either per stage or total), mg
P
N Wet molecular weight of stack gas, Ib/mole
M Wet molecular weight of the mixed gas, Ib/mole
M_ Molecular weight of water, 18 Ib/mole
H^O
P Ambient pressure, in. Bg
P_ Absolute pressure at LFB inlet, in. Hg
L
P Absolute stack pressure, in. Bg
P Absolute pressure at standard conditions, 29.92 in. Bg
S7
PR Recycle ratio at stack conditions, percent
Q. The sampler flow rate when the total flow is composed entirely of dry
recycle gas (100% recycle)
Q Flo«« rate through the sampler (sampler conditions) , acfm
xiii
-------
o Sample flow rate (standard conditions) , ft3/min
^ST
Q Total (mixed) cyclone flow rate (sampler conditions) , acfm
Q Total flowrate through the sampler (standard conditions, dry basis) ,
fcST
dixrfm
Q Recycle flow rate, acfm
Q The sampler flow r&te when the total flow is composed entirely of
sample gas with a known moisture fraction (0% recycle)
R Ideal gas constant, 21.83 in. Hg-ft3/raole-*R
S Recycle flow LPB calibration constant
3 Total flow LFE calibration constant
T Absolute gas meter temperature, *R
H
T LFB temperature, *R
L
T Absolute stack gas temperature, *R
T Absolute temperature at standard conditions, 528 *R
ST
v Average stack velocity, ft/s
avg
V Total volume of liquid collected in impingers or condenser/silica
ic
gel, mL
V Volume of gas sample flow through the dry gas meter
(meter conditions), ft3
V Volume of gas sample flow through the dry gas meter (standard
Ho
conditions), ft3
V Maximum expected stack gas velocity, ft/s
•ax
V Stack gas velocity, ft/s
V Volume of water vapor in the gas sample (standard conditions) , ft3
Vf9
W Recycle flow LPB calibration constant
W Total flow LFB calibration constant
AH Orifice pressure drop
Al Orifice pressure differential for a flow rate of 0.75 cfm at standard
conditions, in.
&P__ Velocity pressure drop of BGR S-type pi tot tube, in.
AP Pressure drop across the recycle flow LP2, in. H.O
APg- Velocity pressure drop of standard pi tot tube, in.
A?t Pressure drp across the recycle flow LFB, in. H2O
A? . Velocity pressure head, in. H2O
xiv
-------
p_ _ Density of watar, 1 g/mL
n,u
9 ~ Total run time, min
u Gas viscosity, up
u. Stack gas viscosity at 0% moisture
a
U Gas viscosity at LFB conditions
L
u Viscosity of the mixed gas, up
U Gas viscosity at standard conditions, 180.1 up
S?
u Stack gas viscosity for a known moisture fraction
(/AP ) Average square root of velocity APs, used to calculate average
vel avg
stack velocity.
Y Gas meter calibration constant
xv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This manual builds on material presented in two previous report? written
on the subject: "Operations Manual for Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
Sampling Train," prepared for the Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment
Laboratory of EPA, Contract No. 68-02-3118, August 1984, and an expanded
version of that manual, "Procedures Manual for The Recommended ARB Size
Specific Stationary Source Particulate Method (Emission Gas Recycle),*
prepared for the California Air Resources Board, Contract No. A3-092-32, May
1986.
xv i
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
To ensure a representative sample of particulate matter is obtained from
a flowing gas stream, the sample must be withdrawn isokinetically; that is,
the gas flow rate of the sample must be adjusted so that the velocity in the
sampling nozzle equals that in the surrounding gas stream. If a velocity
mismatch occurs at the nozzle, the particulate matter in the sample gas .may be
selectively enriched or depleted; the concentration increase or decrease will
depend in part on the particle size. This bias is avoided in EPA Reference
Methods 5 and 17 by specifying isokinetic sampling. To obtain a spatially
representative sample, the duct is divided into a number of equal area zones.
The centroid of each zone is then sampled for a fixed time interval, and the
sample flow rate is adjusted at each centroid to be isokinetic with respect to
the local gas stream velocity.
The procedure outlined above is satisfactory for total particulate mass
measurements. However, when sampling is conducted with inertial particle-
sizing devices such as cascade impactors or sampling cyclones, an additional
constraint is introduced. These samplers must be operated at a constant flow
rate to maintain constant size cuts for each particle size fraction. For a
fixed nozzle size/ it is impossible to satisfy both the requirements of con-
stant sampler flow rate and isokinetic nozzle velocity with conventional samp-
ling trains.
This manual describes assembly, operation, and maintenance of a sampling
train that allows isokinetic sampling while maintaining a constant flow rate
through an inertial particle-sizing device. The sampling train uses the prin-
ciple of exhaust gas recycle (EGR). Its design allows a preselected constant
-------
flow rate through the inertial sampler while the gas flow rate into the samp-
ling nozzle ia adjusted to remain isokinetic with the local duct velocity.
This method may bo identified in other EPA documents as the Omission Gas
Recycle method. Although the potential uses of this system are numerous, this
manual specifically addresses the operation of the EGR system for the deter-
mination of utationery source emissions of particulate matter with diameter
<10 urn (PM10)>. The sizing device described consists of a commercially avail-
able version of Cyclone I of the Southern Research Institute (SRI)/EPA five-
stage series cyclone sampler (Smith et al. 1979) and an in-stack backup
filter. However, most components of the EGR system are independent of the
type of inertial sampler used, and the material provided in this manual
pertaining to these components is applicable to most sampling situations.
This manual is organized chronologically, from construction details to
postsampling and audit checks of the system. Section 2 describes the critical
construction details of the EGR system. Section 3 describes the procedures by
which various components of the system may be calibrated. Activities that are
required or recommended before field use of the system are outlined in
Section 4. Section 5 describes the calculations required to obtain the system
sampling parameters before sampling, and Section 6 outlines the steps to fol-
low during op-scat ion of the sampling system. Retrieval of the collected
sample is described in Section 7. Sections 8 and 9 describe postsampling
checks of the system and analysis of the field data. Routine maintenance of
the BGR sampling system is discussed in Section 10. Auditing procedures and
recommended standards are described in Sections 11 and 12. Included as
Appendix A is a list of components necessary to fabricate an EGR system simi-
lar to that developed at SRI. Appendix B contains a complete set of fabrica-
tion drawings for the prototype BGR system. Examples of data forms necessary
in the course of calibrating and operating the EGR system can be found in
Appendix C. Appendix D contains a listing of a program written for the HP41C
that performs EGR setup calculations.
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SECTION 2
CONSTRUCTION
2.1. GENERAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The principle of operation of the EGR train is illustrated in Figure 1.
Stack gas is extracted i sole ine tic ally at volumetric flow rate Q . If the
stack moisture fraction is f , the sample flow consists of Q {f ) moisture
I^O s 82°
and Q (1 - f ) dry gas. In the EGR nozzle a flow, Q , of dry recycle gas
s HjO r
is added to the sample stream to bring the total flow rate to the predeter-
mined constant level, Q . In the impingers or condenser, the moisture content
Q (f _) is removed. Downstream of the pump and total flow metering element,
8 82"
the recycle flow (Q ) is diverted by means of an adjustable valve. By mass
balance, in a leak-free system, the remaining flow that passes through the dry
gas meter (DGM) and orifice will simply be Q (1 - f ) , exactly as would
8
occur in an isokinetic sampling train without exhaust gas recycle (Martin,
1971).
MIXING
NOZZLE
CONDENSER.
IMPINGER
DRY GAS
METER
IMI-4II
Figun 1. Gas flow In EGR train f Ham's and Bfddingfield, 1981).
3
-------
MTOT TUBE
EGR PROBE ASSEMBLY
RECYCLE
LINE
EXHAUST
4III-KIC
Figure 2. Schematic of the EGR train (Williamson et a/., 1984).
-------
A block diagram of the research train of Williamson et al. (1984) is
shown in Figure 2. The gas sample containing participate matter enters
through the sample inlet of the nixing nozzle. After passing through the PM1Q
classifier, which collects the larger particle size fraction (>10 urn), through
a second stage, which collects the smaller PM10 size fraction, and through a
heated probe, the combined sample and recycle gas passes through an ice-cooled
condenser or impingec train, followed by a sealed pump controlled by valves Vj
and V2 for coarse and fine flow adjustment, respectively. From this point the
gas in a standard isokinetic sampling train would pass directly to the DGM and
sample orifice and finally be exhausted. In the train as modified for EGR,
after the gas exits the pump, it passes through an absolute filter and the
first o* two laminar flow elements (LFEs), where the total flow is measured.
The gas stream is then split into the recycle and sample lines. The recycle
gas flow is controlled by valves V3 and V^ and is measured by a second LFE.
The sample flow is monitored in the usual manner by using a DGM and a calibra-
ted orifice. Valve V$, at the inlet to the DGM, was added to the system to
extend the range of control to higher recycle percentages by adding back-
pressure to the sample flow line.
Figures 3 through 7 show the control module for the SRI/EPA second-gener-
ation EGR system. As can be seen, the module appears similar to a Method 5
sampling box, with the exception of the total, inlet, and recycle magnehelic
gauges, the recycle and sample (back-pressure) control valves, and the recycle
gas outlet. The probe head is shown in Figures 8 and 9 with a filter in line
behind the SRI/EPA Cyclone X for collecting the PM10 size fraction. The loca-
tion of the pitot tube relative to the cyclone body shown in the figures was
used during initial testing of the method. The location of the pitot tube was
eventually changed to that described in Section .3.2.
2.2. COMPONENT DETAIL
This section describes essential and specific components of the SRI/EPA
exhaust gas recycle train. The included specifications are intended as a gen-
eral outline. Substitutions of the designated components may be acceptable if
-------
Figure 3. EGR rampling system control module (front view).
-------
r
Figure 4. EGR sampling system control module (rear view).
-------
SAMPLE
ORIFICE
RECYCLE LFE
SAMPLE
GAS METER
HEPA
FILTER
TOTAL LFE
ItM-ll
Figure 5. EGtt sampling system control module (rear view) showing internal components.
-------
MAIN POWER
INPUT
AUXILIARY
RECEPTACLE
Illl-ll
£G^ sampling system control module (right side).
-------
JSP ARE
•'iiKi^Sig^'y THERMOCOUPLE'-
^^^T-"? PORTS • '
,j 4-cfm SEALED
' CARBON-VANE
' PUMP
PUMP POWER INPUT
Figure 7. £GR samp/ing system control module (left side) with 4-cfm pump.
10
-------
y>vVV?HpfeK:^*
••• '•.":''";*,: ^.?^';'*: |"1SP
-^-,-.
NOTE: Se text regarding pitot tube location.
IIM-II
Figun 8. EGR PMJO cyclone sampling device (front view).
11
-------
• »'Tv,'1*lc-r^TL-;_r""; -'i*.' .'"'^
^-r.^ssgrWV?> '.-•>•.?>--:.;?
63-mm Fl LTER HOLDER
NOTE: See text regarding pilot tube location.
£G/? ^Af ;^ cyclone sampling device (side view).
12
-------
it can be shown that the substitutions do not negatively affect the principles
of exhaust gas recycle. An itemized list of all components used foe construc-
tion of the BGR sampling system can be found in Appendix A. Additionally, a
complete set of shop drawings, as used by SRI for fabricating the EGR system,
can be found in Appendix B.
2.2.1. Control Dnit
The BGR control unit actually consists of two units, the control box and
a leak-free pump. In many source sampling systems, the pump is internal to
the control box. However, the combined weight of the BGR control box and the
4-cfnt pump is approximately 115 Ib. Therefore, to distribute the system
weight and minimize the control box dimensions, the EGR pump is external to
the system. The pump is connected to the control box via 1/2-in. i.d. flex-
ible, high-pressure rubber hose. Full-flow, quick-connect fittings allow
rapid assembly and disassembly.
The gas recirculated within the BGR system must be free of any foreign
particles or vapors; therefore, a leak-free, carbon-vane 4-cfm pump (Andersen
Samplers, Inc., 1991584) is used with the EGR system. The pump operates on
115 V ac and draws approximately 4-6 A. The specified pump requires no lubri-
cation, and little maintenance is needed to ensure long working life. It is
suggested the pump be housed, at least during transportation and storage, in a
separate and unique container (e.g., a tool box). The pump may be left in the
housing during system operation; however, caution should be exercised to pro-
tect the pump against overheating. A small circulating fan installed in the
pump box and ventilated to the outside should be adequate.
The control box contains the required electrical circuits, internal
plumbing, flow control valves, devices to monitor flow and pressure, and
temperature readout and control instrumentation. The components are housed in
a custom-sized, heavy-duty transit case (Gemini, Inc., KSH2325RPP-2). The
electricity to the system (115 V ac at 15 A) is brought into the control box
via a single length of 12-gauge, three-wire cable. To prevent accidental
disconnection during sampling runs, the electrical input cable is attached to
13
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the control box with a locking plug and receptacle. The input power is
paralleled to the various pieces of electrical equipment (solenoid valves,
indicator lights, pump, temperature readout, and heater tape control) via
standard, double-row terminal strips.
The internal plumbing of the EGR sampling train can be inferred from the
schematic drawing shown in Figure 2 and is shown in some detail in Figures 4
and 5. Rigid! copper tubing, 1/2-in. o.d. for the total flow and sample lines
and 3/8-in. o.d. for the recycle line, is used for all internal flow lines.
The lin-as are assembled into the required geometry by using a combination of
copper "sweat" fittings and a variety of brass compression tube fittings. The
total flow (mixed gas) enters the control box just upstream of the system
vacuum gauge, through a 1/2-in. bulkhead quick-connect-, fitting. As previously
mentioned, this flow is controlled through the pump by valves V1 (coarse
adjust) and V, (fine adjust). After exiting the pump, the total flow is
directed through an absolute, HEPA-type, capsule filter (Gelraan Sciences
112127). The filter prevents artifact particulate matter (e.g., graphite dust
from the pump vanes) from plugging the flow-monitoring devices or entering the
recycle gas stream. The particle-free tota." flow is monitored by an appropri-
ately sized LJ*B, after which the flow is split into the recycle and sample
flows. The nscycle flow is also monitored with an appropriately sized LFE and
controlled with a set of coarse and fine adjust valves (V, and V^, respective-
ly) . The recycle gas then exits the control box through a 3/8-in. bulkhead
quick-connect fitting. A normally open, 0.281-in. orifice, two-way solenoid
valve (Automatic Switch Co., I8262A152) i* located at both the total flow
inlet and the recycle outlet. The solenoid valves may be switched closed
while the sampler is in-stack and is not sampling; this prevents erroneous
sample gas meter volumes and helps protect the sampling filter from rupture
due to excess duct pressures. The sample flow, after the split from the total
flow, is monitored in a manner similar to that of a standard Method 5 train by
using a DGM and a calibrated orifice. The back-pressure valve (V5) added to
the sample line is similar to the fine adjustment valves used in the recycle
and total flow lines. The fine adjust valves are 1/4-in. orifice, stainless
steel, angled regulating valves (Whitey ISS-1RF4-A). The coarse valves are
stainless steel ball valves with a 0.281-in. orifice (Whitey ISS-44P4).
14
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2.2.1.1. Flow Metering Devices—
As mentioned above, the total and recycle flows are monitored by using
LFEs. These are differential-pressure flow measurement devices composed of a
stainless steel capillary aatrix. The calibration curve of most LFEs approa-
ches linearity over a wide flow range, and accuracy is limited mainly by flow
stability and pressure gauge readability. Pressure drop (AP) across an LFE is
a function of the friction between the flowing air and the walls of the LFE's
capillary section. Because the pressure differential is not produced by a
restriction, such as an orifice, the absolute system pressure does not contri-
bute to the AP-flow rate relationship of an LFE (at meter conditions). The
total flow LFE should have a rated capacity of at least 1.0 cfm without exces-
sive AP (Meriam Instrument I50MJ10-1/2 type 10). The LFE used to monitor the
recycle flow rate should have a minimum capacity of 0.7 cfm (Meriam Instrument
I50MJ10-1/2 type 11). During construction, care should be taken to prevent
dust and debris from entering the LFE's capillary section. Any accumulation
of foreign natter within the laminar matrix could seriously affect the accu-
racy and reliability of the device. Periodically, the capsule filter immedi-
ately upstream of the total flow LFB should be inspected for filter integrity,
efficiency, and pressure differential. If the HBPA filter were to rupture,
particulate matter from the pump could enter the LFEs, altering the known
calibration and potentially altering the LFEs1 linearity.
The sample gas iu measured and monitored by using an orifice-DGM assembly
similar to that of a Method 5 train. The DGM should have a flow rate capacity
of at least 1.0 cfm and be readable to 0.002 ft3 (Rockwell Series T-100). The
geometry of the sample gas orifice, which connects directly to the outlet of
the DGM, is comparable to that of the Method 5 sample orifice. However,
because of the reduced total flow rate of the PM10 sampler (approximately
0.45 scfm) and partitioning of the flow rate between sample and recycle flows,
the sample orifice for the EGR train requires a smaller diameter to obtain an
adequate orifice pressure drop (AH). Theoretical and empirical determinations
have shown 0.129 in. is a practical diameter for the EGR sample orifice. How-
ever, to ensure effective coverage of the range of possible sample flow-rates,
it is recommended a set of sample orifices be fabricated with the following
diameters: 0.180 in., 0.129 in., and 0.094 in. A shop drawing of the EGR
orifice set is shown in Appendix B, Figure B-6.
15
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2.2.1.2. Pressure Monitors—
The differential pressure across the sample orifice is monitored by using
one leg of a dual-column, partially inclined, water-gauge manometer (Dwyer
Instruments, Inc., 4422-10). The BGR system uses a 0-10-in. manometer, with
an inclined range (0.01-in. divisions) of 0-1.0 in. Accurate reading with an
inclined-vertical manometer requires that the inclined portion of the scale be
at the exact angle for which it was designed. Therefore, the specified mano-
meter must be mounted to allow alignment as indicated by the integral spirit
level. The total and recycle LFE pressure differentials are monitored by
using separate magnehelic pressure that the measured flow rates, total and recycle, can be rela-
ted to tho flow rate at stack conditions. To determine this pressure, a
magnehelic gauge with a 0-25-in. range (Dwyer 42025) is used to measure the
pressure at tho specified location, relative to ambient pressure. In prac-
tice, the high-pressure tap of this differential pressure gauge is connected
in parallel with the high-pressure tap of the total flow LFB, and the low-
pressure tap isi vented to the ambient pressure. The absolute pressure at the
total LFB can then be determined from the sun of the local barometric pressure
and the measured inlet relative pressure. Finally, as with a typical Method 5
sampling system, the second leg of the dual inclined manometer is used to
measure the pitot (stack velocity) differential pressure. All pressure dif-
ferential measurement devices are connected to the appropriate pressure taps
with 1/4-in. i.d. Tygon tubing (Sargent-Welch S-73C51-KC).
The pitot Lines enter the control box through two 1/4-in., stainless
steel bulkhead 'compression quick-connect tube fittings. The fittings are
coded to distinguish between the high and low pressure lines (red-high,
bluelow). This code combination is maintained on all pitot line tube fittings
from the control box to the probe. A three-way solenoid valve .(Automatic
Switch Co. 483MC21) is installed at the control box inlet to each pitot line.
The solenoid valves can be toggled to pitot pressures or vented to ambient air
for a quick check of the manometer's zero reading. The solenoid valves are
connected directly to the appropriate leg of the dual manometer with 1/4-in.
Tygon tubing.
16
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2.2.1.3. System Temperature Monitors—
The system temperatures are monitored with type K (Chrorael-Alurael) therm
occupies. A multiposition switch (Omega IOSW3-10) allows the operator to
measure all system temperatures with a single digital meter (Oiaega I199KF).
As a minimum, provisions should be made to monitor the following system
temperatures:
o local flue gas te&pArature,
o heated recycle gas temperature,
o heated probe temperature,
o mixed gas temperature at total LP3,
o sample gas temperature at DGM, and
o local ambient temperature.
The thermocouple connections to the control box are made via a multipin,
flanged connector (Onega IMTC-24-FF) for the SRI/EPA prototype BGR system.
The pins and sockets of the appropriately compensated metal (Chromel or
Alumel) are also used. The power to the probe heating system is controlled
through a proportional, 10-A-capacity, temperature controller (Omega
I6102-K-0/500 *F). The controller is wired and mounted according to
manufacturer's instructions. The controlling thermocouple for the probe
heater is housed within the probe assembly, sandwiched between the internal
tubing and the heater tape (described in more detail under Section 2.2.4.
Sampling/Reheat Probe). A parallel extension from this same thermocouple line
(within the control box) is used to visually monitor the probe temperature.
2.2.2. Condenser/Inpinger Train
Because the BGR system is typically operated in a Method 17 rather than a
Method 5 configuration, the water dropout portion of the prototype EGR system
consists of a coiled, stainless steel condenser followed by a drying column.
A layout drawing of a typical BGR-type condenser is shown in Appendix 8,
Figure B-10. The condenser, as well as the required amount of ice, is housed
in any appropriate, commercially available ice chest. The drying column
should be leak-free and capable of holding 500-600 g of an appropriate
17
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desiccant (silica gel, calcium sulfate, etc.). Several commercially available
drying columns or towers (Sargent Welch fS-28730) are available. Alterna-
tively, a standard Method 5-type impinger train may be used according to
traditional protocol.
2.2.3. Umbilical
An with a standard Method 5 train, the EGR umbilical consists of
thermocouple, electrical, pressure, and flow lines bound into a single cable.
The only significant difference between a standard Method 5 umbilical and that
of the EGR system is the addition of another flow line, the recycle gas line.
All flow lines should be fabricated from flexible, durable (abrasive-
resistant) tubing. The inside diameter of the total and recycle lines should
be sufficient 'to avoid significant pressure drop through the length of the
tubing. The EGR system umbilical uses heavy wall, black neoprene rubber
tubing: 3/8-in. i.d. and 1/8-in, wall (Sargent Welch *S-73655-KF). The pitot
pressure lines nay be fabricated from similar tubing of the appropriate size
(Sargent Welch IS73655-KD). For ease of assembly and disassembly during
testing, it is suggested quiclc-connect-type tube fittings be attached to both
ends of the umbilical. Furthermore, for stress relief, 90* elbows are recom-
mended for use on the flow lines at the probe end of the umbilical.
The thermocouple and electrical extension lines within the umbilical are
made from flexible and durable extension wire of the appropriate type.
Although not required, it is strongly recommended that a ground wire be
included in th« electrical wires to the probe. The ground wire should be
coupled to the probe and the system ground at the control box (refer to the
Sampling/Reheat: Probe section, which follows). The thermocouple and
electrical connections at each end of the umbilical may be made by using
individual connectors or a single, multipin connector. In either case, the
properly compensated connectors should be used.
2.2.4. Sampling/Reheat Probe
In most rospects, the EGR sampling/reheat probe is similar to the
standard Method 5-type probe. As with a Method 5 probe, the EGR probe houses
18
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the pitot extension lines and a heat-traced sample line. A stack gas thermo-
couple and probe-temperature-measuring thermocouples are also include* in the
probe assembly. Unlike the Method 5 probe, however, the EGR probe also
contains a heat-traced recycle gas line. The sample gas line, referred to as
the total flow line within the EGR system, is fabricated from a single length
of 5/8-in. stainless steel tubing. The recycle line is fabricated from
1/2-in. stainless tubing, and the pitot lines are 1/4-in. stainless steel
tubing. The various tubes are held in place by rigid (weld or silver solder)
attachment to an 0-ring-sealed probe cap. The 0-ring seal between the end cap
and the sheath prevents particulate material from entering the probe housing,
which would have the potential to create electrical and abrasive problems. A
second, loose-fit, end cap supports the out-of-stack end of the tubing. The
entire probe assembly is housed within a sheath of 2-in. schedule 5 stainless
steel pipe of the appropriate length (the prototype EGR probe sheath is
96 in. long}. The 8-ft probe weighs approximately 24 Ib.
The heat tracing of the total flow and recycle lines within the probe
sheath serves a dual function. As with the Method 5 sample line, the total
flow line is heated to prevent unwanted condensation from occurring within the
length of the probe. The second function of the heated probe is to warm the
recycle gas to stack temperatures to ensure isothermal mixing of the recycle
and sample gases at the \BGR mixing nozzle. The heated recycle gas temperature
is monitored by a thermocouple mounted in-line, immediately upstream of the
BGR nozzle (refer to Figure 8). The total and recycle flow lines are heated
by using a single, proportionally controlled heater tape (Cole-Parmer
tT-3107-80) of the appropriate length. The 1.75-in.-wide heater tape is
cupped over both flow lines, spiralling around the tubes several times, and is
held securely in place with glass fiber tape. A controlling thermocouple is
secured to the recycle line directly beneath the heater tape. Unless the
thermocouple is placed in direct contact with both the recycle tube and the
heater tape, the system can overheat, causing damage to the assembly. A layer
of 1.0-in. x 0.06-in. ceramic fiber cloth tape (Sargent Welch #3-1210-100) is
wrapped completely around the heater tape and appropriate tubing to serve as
thermal insulation for the probe assembly. Finally, the insulated, heat-
traced tubing is completely wrapped with glass fiber tape for security and
19
-------
protection. The* heated assembly, along with the 1/4-in. pitot extension
lines, is then housed within the stainless steel sheath.
The external flow extension lines (recycle, pitot) and th- specified PM1Q
sampler are attached to the appropriate probe lines by means of commercially
available tube compression fittings (e.g., Swagelok, Parker CPI). It is
suggested the in-stack fittings be assembled by using stainless steel ferrules
for strength and reusability. However, because it may be desirable to dis-
assemble the probe at a future date. Teflon or nylon ferrules are recommended
for all tube fittings on the exit end of the probe. These softer ferrules do
not cause tubing deformation as do the metal ferrules. This preserves the
clearance of the exit probe cap around each tube, allowing smooth disassem-
bly.
It is strongly recommended that the electrical (heater) wires extending
from the probe include a ground wire attached to the probe via one of the end
cap fastening bolts. Electrical shorts within the heater tape or stray static
charges from particulate control devices have been known to cause sampling
system interferences and/or damage.
2.2.5. Exhaust Gas Recycle Nozzle
A conceptual design of the stainless steel EGR nozzle can be seen in
Figure 10. As is shown, the recycled exhaust gas enters the nozzle through a
1/4-in. side entry tube and fills an annular region around the sample inlet
tube. A range of sizes suitable for isokinetic sampling at varying recycle
rates should be available, for example, 0.32 to 0.64 cm (1/8 to 1/4 in.) inlet
diameter. Furthermore, because inertia tends to cause deposition of particles
in the PMj0 size range in bends, only straight sampling nozzles should be
used. "Gooseneck" or other nozzle extensions designed to turn the sample gas
flow 90*, as in Methods 5 and 17, should not be used.
20
-------
MIXED
GAS TO
CYCLONE
RECYCLE
GAS
Figun 10. EGR concept nozzle assembly.
Figure 8 shows the recycle line of the system contains a "tee* immedi-
ately upstream of the EGR nozzle. The exhaust recycle gas enters the tee
through a short section of 1/4-in. stainless steel tubing, bent as required,
which ia silver-soldered to -»ie branch portion of the tee. The recycle gas
exits the tee via one of the "run* end fittings, where the tee is directly
connected to the HGK nozzle with compression tube fittings. The second "run"
end of the fitting ia .ised to introduce an open-bead, typ«-K thermocouple to
the recycle gas stream. By monitoring the temperature of the recycle gas
near the EGR nozzle, isothermal mixing of the recycle and sample gases can be
more easily ensured. It is suggested the extension vire for the recycle
thermocouple, as well as the stack gas thermocouple, be contained in a
braided (stainless steel) sheath for abrasion resistance and durability.
21
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2.2.6 PMjf, Sampler
The exhaust gas recycle concept has been applied to a single-stage PM^.
cyclone sampler of a specific geometry. This manual gives specific instruc-
tion for this device but does not preclude other cyclones. Before, any cyclone
is used as a MID sampler, its performance must be characterized to derive the
relationship for the flow rate giving a 10-ym size cut and to verify that
performance, including the nozzles, satisfies minimum requirements.
2.2.6.1 Performance Determination for m. 0 Cyclones—
To determine that a given cyclone meets the requirements for use as a
PMj. device, the performance determination procedures outlined in the
following text must be performed. The objectives of these procedures are
twofold: (1) to calibrate the cyclone (i.e., establish the relationship
between collection efficiency, flow rate, gas viscosity, and gas density for
the given device) and (2) to determine that cyclone performance satisfies the
performance specifications with the sampling nozzle geometry used in
practice.
Particle generation—The particle generating system used for the
performance determination of the sampler must be capable of producing solid,
monodisperse dye particles with mass median aerodynamic diameters ranging from
5 to 20 iim. The geometric standard deviation (a ) for each particle size
g
should not exceed 1.1. Furthermore, the proportion of multiplets and
satellites should not exceed 10% by mass.
The size of Uhe solid dye particles delivered to the test section of the
wind tunnel should be established by using the operating parameters of the
particle generating system. This should be verified during the tests by
microscopic examination of samples of the particles collected on a membrane
filter. The precision of the particle size verification technique should be
0.5 urn or better, and the particle size determined in this manner should not
differ by more than 10% from that established by th« system operating para-
meters.
22
-------
The monodispersity of the particles should be verified for each te*t by
either microscopic inspection of particles collected on filters or monitoring
techniques such as an optical particle counter followed by a multichannel
pulse height analyzer. It is preferable that verification of acceptable
particle size distribution be performed on an integrated sample obtained
during the sampling period of each test. As an alternative, samples obtained
before and after each test may be used fo verify the size distribution.
To determine cyclone behavior as a function of gas conditions, the
system must be operated at a range of temperatures. The dye particles must
withstand temperatures from 22 *C (70 *F) to 200 *C (400 *F) without signifi-
cant change in size, density, or spectral properties in solution (associated
with measurement of collected particulate c.ass). Ammonium fluorescein
(available from a number of sources) has been shown to meet these require-
ments for temperatures up to 350 *F and Pontamine Past Turquoise 8GLP (avail-
able from B.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company) has been shown to meet them up
to 400 *F (Smith et al., 1979). However, the thermal integrity of each dye
batch should be verified.
The requirements of the apparatus for heating the monodisperse dy* aero-
sol are illustrated in Figure 11. A pump with an orifice or other flow meter
is used to obtain the test flow rate through the cyclone. The combination of
absolute filter/bleed valve allows excess aerosol to escape or additional air
to enter as needed. The aerosol stream from the generator passes through a
copper tube heated to attain the test temperature. The heat transfer rate
and uniformity of heating should be sufficient for the aerosol to attain the
teat temperature but should not cause the temperature of any interior sur-
faces to rise above the temperature used for verifying the integrity of the
dye. The inlet tube to the cyclone must have the same inside diameter as the
inlet diameter of th« cyclone. This tube must be cleaned between runs and
blanks performed to check for possible effects of reentrainment of particles
which accumulate on its interior. The sample port is necessary to collect
and examine heated particles for correct size, color, and shape for «ach
measurement run.
23
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AEROSOL STREAM
FROM VIBRATING
ORIFICE AEROSOL
GENERATOR
3LUTE FILTER
OVEN
I KEPT AT
AEROSOL TEMPERATURE
«
u.
i
o
£
IU
PUMP
THERMOCOUPLE
SAMPLING
PORT
MERCURY WATER
MANOMETER MANOMETER
4181-92
Figure 11. Calibration systim for heated aerosols.
Wind tunnel—A portion of the collection efficiency tests must be
performed under isokinetic sampling conditions in a wind tunnel or similar
apparatus so that the effect of the sampling nozzle on the cyclone perfor-
mance may be determined. This apparatus must be capable of establishing and
maintaining (within 10%) velocities ranging froa 7 to 25 m/s.
The velocity of the wind tunnel gas stream in the vicinity of the samp-
ling nozzle should be raer "M by using an appropriate technique capable of a
precision of 5% or better and of a spatial resolution of 1 cm or less (e.g.,
hot wire anemametry or miniature pitot tubes). The velocity should be con-
stant within 10* over the inlet area of the largest sample nozzle to be used
with the PM1C| sampler. If the sampler obstructs mora than 10% of the wind
tunnel cross-sectional area, the velocity uniformity must be demonstrated by
velocity measurements with the sampler in position and operating.
24
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Foe each efficiency test, the gas stream velocity should be determined
at the beginning of each test and maintained within 10% of the set value by
using a suitable monitoring technique with precision better than 5%.
Cyclone calibration—To achieve the first objective of the performance
determination (establish the relationship between collection efficiency, flow
rate, and gas conditions) the following procedures should be followed.
The operator should establish operation of the particle generator and
verify particle size microscopically. If monodispersity is to be verified by
measurements at the beginning and end of the measurement run rather than by
an integrated sample, these measurements should be performed at this time.
Plow should be initiated through the cyclone at the test value after stable,
correct operation of the generator is established. The operator should sample
long enough to obtain ±5% precision on total collected mass as determined by
precision and sensitivity of the measuring technique. Immediately after
completion of sampling, the size of the aerosol particles should be verified
microscopically.
The sampled particulate mass is determined by a suitable technique
(fluorimetry or absorption spectrophotometry for ammonium fluorescein). The
mass collected in the nozzle, PM1Q sampler body, FM1Q sampler exit tube, and
backup filter (M , M . M . M_. respectively) is determined separately.
noz saw et cii
Bach separate surface must be rinsed with an adequate amount of an appropri-
ate solvent to dissolve the collected dye particles, and care must be taken
not to contaminate the rinses with dye from other surfaces. Sufficient
solvent must be added to each rinse until the rinse volume is suitable for
measurement or calculation. It is suggested that the mass of dye in the
rinses be determined from spectroscopic cr^ fluorescence measurement by using
appropriate blank and standard solutions for reference and quality control.
The total (nozzle and sampler) and sampler-only collection efficiencies (B
tot
and B ) may be calculated from the following equations!
sam
B • 100% X (M + N )/(M -I- M + M + M..,) (2-1)
tot noz sam noz sam et fil
25
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Bsam - 100t x M8am/(M8am + Met + MfU) (2-2)
At least two replicates of the above steps should be performed.
The average efficiency should be calculated and recorded as
'tot'" '-'"
(2-3'
where B (i) .and S (i) represent individual & and E values and n
tot sam tot aara
equals the number of replicates.
The standard deviation (S) for the replicate measurements should be calcu-
lated and recorded as
0.5
I B2(i) - ( I E(i))2/n
(2-4)
S •
n - 1
where E(i) represents B (i) and B (i).
tot san
For n - 2, S - [E{1) - B(2)]//2*. If the value of S for B exceeds 10% of
tot
B , the test run must be repeated.
The size cut, t^Q, of the cyclone is established by either of two sets
of measurements. In one set, operating conditions are adjusted to obtain a
collection efficiency, B , of 50 ±5% for a single particle size. Three
replicate runs uhould be performed with the actual particle size for each run
within ±5% of the average value. In the other set, B is measured with at
8
least three particle sizes at the same operating conditions, and linear
interpolation in log-probability space is used to determine the D. In the
latter set, the measured B values must be between 20 and 80% and include
values both below and above 50%.
26
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Plow rate—To determine the empirical relationship between PM10 flow
rate and gas conditions, the D^0 determination described above must be per-
formed for at least three temperatures. The OSQ'S must be between 5 and 15 urn
and measured at temperatures within 60 *C (108 *P) of the temperature at which
the cyclone will be used. In addition, one of the measured D^o's must be 10 ±
0.5 urn.
Linear regression analysis is used to determine the relationship between
the dimensionless parameters *50 (= 0.5 Stkso) and Re, where Sttc50 is the
Stokes number giving 50% collection and Re is the Reynolds number of the gas
entering the cyclone.
*50 " °'5 St*SO
and
where Q - gas flow rate through the cyclone at the inlet conditions
v • gas viscosity
d » diameter of the cyclone inlet
p » gas density at the cyclone inlet
With the substitution of Dgg * 10 um into the resulting relationship, the flow
rate for M10 measurements is predicted as a function of gas conditions.
Determination of cyclone/nozzle collection efficiency—Because the
cyclone and sampling nozzles are used as a unit in actual sampling situations,
it is necessary to establish that the nozzles do not perturb the particle
sizing characteristics of the cyclone as determined by the calibration proce-
dures discussed previously. To do this, collection efficiency tests should be
performed for the cyclone/nozzle unit by using the particle diameters and gas
velocities shown in Table 1. For the appropriate PM1Q sampler flow rate, the
operator should determine the nozzle size appropriate for isokinetic sampling
in each of the three velocity ranges shown in the table. If more than one
nozzle is suitable for a range, the larger nozzle may be chosen.
27
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TABLE 1. PAR7ICLB SIZES AND NOMINAL GAS VELOCITIES FOR
EFFICIENCY PERFORMANCE TESTS OF CYCLONES
Target Gas Velocity (m/s)
Particle Size (urn)* 7 ± 1.0 15 ± 1.5 25 ± 2.5
5 ± 0.5
7 ± 0.5
10 ± 0.5
14 ± 1.0
20 ± 1.0
Mass median aerodynamic diameter.
Number of test points (minimum of two replicates for each
combination of gas velocity and particle size): 30.
After the three nozzle sizes have been determined, the first airstream
velocity to be tested in the wind tunnel should be established and verified
as described previously. The particle generating system should then be star-
ted and the particle size distribution verified. The particle size, as
determined by the system operating conditions, must be within the tolerances
specified in the table. The operator should begin sampling by establishing
the flow rate required for a 10-iin DL. in the cyclone. .
At the completion of the runs, the total and sampler-only collection
efficiencies (B. . and E ) should be determined from equations 2-3 and 2-4.
cot s am
For each of th* tihree gas stream velocities tested, the average E and B
should be plotted! as functions of particle size (0). Smooth curves should be
drawn through all sizes used. The D^Q 'or Ba should be defined as the diame-
ter at which the B curve crosses 50% efficiency.
28
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2.2.6.2 Performance Specifications for PM10 Cyclones- -
The performance specifications for a PM1Q cyclone are shown in Table 2.
To be acceptable for use, the E%0 for the sampler (determined from the E
curve as described previously) must be 10 ± 1 urn. In addition, all data
points used to determine the B curves for each of the gas stream velocities
tested must fall within the banded region shown in Figure 12. The portion of
the acceptance envelope corresponding to large particles is bounded by a
vertical line at 12 um, a horizontal line at 90% efficiency, and a lognormal
function (oblique line) with geometric standard deviation (o ) of 1.7 and 50%
9
efficiency at 12 um. The boundary at small particle sizes has a vertical line
at 8 um and horizontal lines and lognormal functions which vary between three
ranges of gaa stream velocity. These horizontal lines are at 10, 20, and 30%
efficiency, respectively, with increasing gas velocity. At the lowest range
of velocity the lognormal function has a of 1.7 and 50% efficiency at 8 um.
9
For the two higher velocity ranges, the lognormal functions have 55% effi-
ciency at 8 u« and values of a of 2 and 2.9, respectively, with increasing
9
gas velocity.
TABLE 2. PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR SOORCE PN10 SAMPLERS—CYCLONES
Parameter
Units
Specification
1. Collection Efficiency
Such that collection efficiency
falls within envelope specified
in Figure 12
2. Sampler 50% cut point
10 ± 1 um aerodynamic diameter
29
-------
g
\
0
\
z
o
§
3T100
99
90
80
70
60
SO
40
30
20
10
5
1 1 1
—
—
—
S/)
1 1 I__
/
/ —
/ —
/ —
// /
"V / / /
9 < v < 17 m/t / /
/
v < 9 m/t /
/
1 II
,
/
••«•
i r
1 2 4 8 8 10 20 40
AEROMWaC OWOER. m tm
-------
CYCLONE I DIMENSIONS
BOTTOM EXIT
nc
-
0*H 0 D, B
cm 127 447 1.50 1.88
h. O50 1.76 0.59 0.74
c ,:
\
B—
OIMEN2
H
6.95
174
_
i
•»
ION
1
2w
0.1
*
j
1
m
s
i
u
u
Q
•
/
^
0'.
P "^
/in. 1 0.01)
\emi0.02
z
I 471
I 1.85
t
s
i
i •
(
;
H«
S
1.5*
0.6:
'
1
1
'
MP
J
I
1
125 445 1.02 1.24
0.89 1.75 0.40 0.49
IIII-UA
Figure 13. Cyclone I dimensions.
31
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SECTION 3
CALIBRATION
As in Method 5 or Method 17, calibration of specific components of the
BGR sampling system is required. A notebook or other record should be kept of
all calibration data pertinent to each EGR system. This record should contain
the complete calibration history of each ievice requiring such service (i.e.,
flow metering devices, pitot tubes, nozzles, thermocouples, and magnehelic
gauges). A separate record may be desirable for support equipment such as
balances and field barometers, which are not directly connected with the EGR
system.
3.1. FLOW METERING SYSTEM
The best calibration of a flow metering device is achieved when the
calibration data are restricted to the range of expected use. The defined
Method 5 flow ra<:e of 0.75 dscfm provides a finite range of flow rates over
which the flow metering system should be calibrated. However, the PMjo flow
rate depends on Uhe characteristics of the sampler used and cannot be easily
defined as a single value. This makes defining a calibration range for the
flow metering devices difficult at best. For the purposes of this manual, the
FMjg flow rate at typical meter box conditions is assumed to be 0.50 acfm.
For BGR sampling^ the'range of potential sample flow rates then becomes 0.1 to
0.5 acfm. The investigator must determine the applicability of these flow
ranges to his particular system.
The four flow metering devices of the EGR system (dry gas meter, sample
orifice, total LFE, and recycle LFE) should undergo a stringent laboratory
calibration prior to field use. Thereafter, the calibration should be checked
after each test series. This calibration check procedure ensures that the
32
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calibration parameters assigned to the flow metering devices are still valid
without requiring the level of effort of the initial calibration. Should the
results of the calibration check fall outside acceptable limits, the flow
metering device in question should be recalibrated by using the initial cali-
bration procedure.
A leak check of the flow metering system should be performed before
calibration. The leak check of the vacuum (negative pressure) system should
be performed according to the following procedure:
1) turn on the pump, close the recycle valves, and completely open the
total flow, fine-adjust valve;
2) plug the sample inlet of the control console, and adjust the total
fJow, fine-adjust valve until a vacuum of 25 in. Bg is achieved;
3) observe the gas meter reading for 1 min.
If the gas meter registers a leak rate in excess of 0.005 cfm, the leaks
must be found and corrected until the above specifications are met.
The positive pressure side of the system should also be leak checked,
from the vacuum pump to the sample orifice and recycle outlets, according to
the following procedure:
1. open the recycle valves and close both the total flow, coarse- and
fine-adjust valves;
2. plug the vacuum pump exhaust at the inlet to the control console (if
a quick disconnect with a leak-free check valve is used here, a plug
will not be needed;
3. plug the recycle gas outlet;
4. place a one-hole rubber stopper with a tube through the hole in the
outlet of the sample orifice.
5. attach l«tex or similar tubing to the tube;
6. blow into the tubing until a pressure of approximately 20 in. H20 is
registered on the total m inlet pressure magnehelic gauge;
7. observe the gauge reading for 1 min.
33
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If a loss in pressure occurs, a leak(s) is present in the system. All
leaks should be corrected before calibration.
A calibrated wet test meter or any other such calibration standard should
be used to calibrate the EGR flow metering system. The outlet of the calibra-
tion standard ohould be connected to the sample inlet of the control console.
Before the calibration is started, the EGR vacuum pump should be run for 15
rain with the orifice meter AH set at approximately 0.5 in. H.O to allow the
pump to warm up and to wet the interior surface of the wet test meter.
Calibration of the EGR flow metering system must be performed in two
separate steps, the second step being the calibration of the recycle system
components. Calibration of the dry gas meter, sample orifice and total flow
LPE iihould be performed as follows:
1) close the recycle valves and open the back-pressure valve>
2) perform the calibration as required in EPA Reference Method 5
for a irange of orifice AH settings: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0,
and 4.0 in. J^O (the minimum wet test meter volume for each run
should be 5.0 ft3, except for the two lowest flow rates where
a volume of 3.0 ft3 is acceptable).
3) record the total LPE pressure differential, inlet pressure, and
temperature, in addition to the data requested in Method 5.
To effectively cover the range of possible sample flow rates, a set of
orifices is recommended. Suggested orifice diameters are given in Section 2.
Calibration of the complete set should be performed before testing. For each
orifice, the calibration procedure should be performed by using the AH set-
tings listed above, neglecting those that fall outside the sample flow range
described previously.
34
-------
The recycle LFB snould be calibrated as follows:
1) open both recycle valves and close the back -pressure valve;
2) perform the calibration procedure for recycle AP values of 0.5, 1.0,
1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 in. H20 (the minimum wet test meter voluae f.o::
each run should be 3.0 ft3);
3) record the recycle LPB pressure differential, inlet pressure, and
temperature, as well as the wet test meter volume, temperature and
calibration run time.
The calibration constants for the dry gas meter and orifice I'Y and AH@,
respectively) should be calculated as outlined for Method 5. The behavior of
the total and recycle L?Bs may be best described by the equation
u
Q • SAP (-S) + W (3-1)
vnere u am m viscosity of standard air (180.1 micropoise) ,
ST
u • viscosity of sample gas (micropoise) , and
it
S,W • linear calibration constants.
The calibration constants S and W may be obtained by plotting the calibration
data points and determining the best-fit line. A linear regression on the
data is another alternative.
i
A calibration check should be performed on all of the flow metering
devices after each field test series. The post test calibration check should
consist of three calibration runs at a single orifice setting. This orifice
setting should be representative of the orifice settings used during the field
test. The run procedure should be the same as described for the initial
calibration of the dry gas meter, orifice, and total flow LPB. At the end of
each run,
t) record the final wet test meter and dry gas meter readings,
2) restart the pump without changing the total flow settings,
35
-------
3) open both recycle valves and close the back-pressure valve/
4) record the pressure differential across the recycle LFB.
If the dry gas meter calibration factor, y, deviates by less than 5% from
the initial calibration factor, then the calibration constant assigned to the
meter is atill valid. If the posttest calibration check yields a calibration
factor outside th:is limit, the gad meter should be recalibrated by using the
initial calibration procedure.
The average oreasure drops across the sample orifice, total LFS, and
recycle LFE recorded during the calibration check should be compared with
those obtained frcn the calibration equation for each device. The AP is cal-
culated from the calibration equation by using the wet test meter flow rate
corrected for temperature and pressure at each of the devices. If the
recorded APs vary from the calculated values by more then 10%, the flow
metering device should be recalibrated.
If either the dry gas meter or total flow LFE requires recalibration, for
the purposes of data reduction, use whichever coefficient (initial or recali-
brated) yields the lower gas meter volume and higher cyclone flow rate.
3.2. PITOT TUBE
The construction, configuration, and calibration specificationc outlined
in EPA Reference Method 2 (U.S. EPA, 1977) should be applied to the EGR pi tot
tube. The pitot tube should be located at the side of the nozzle furthest
from the axis of the PM10 sampler. To check the pitot tube for leaks, one end
of the tube should .be plugged and a positive pressure applied at the opposite
end. If the tube will not maintain pressure, a soap solution can txs used to
identify the location of any leaks. The EGR pitot tube is calibrated by
measuring the velocity pressure, AP, at the same point within a cross-section
of a straight run of ductwork with a standard pitot tube and with the S-type
EGR pitot tube for a desired range of gas velocities. The EGR pitot tube
should be calibrated as used; that is, the complete sampler assembly shO'jW be
used in pitot tube calibration determinations. The EGR pitot tube should be
36
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calibrated twice, as recommended in Method 2, with the direction of the legs
reversed during the second calibratrion. For each velocity, determine a pitot
tube coefficient as
" '"
where C - EGR 3 -type calibration cc fficient, dimensionleec;
P
0.99 • C value for standard pitot tube, dimensionless;
P
AP _ • velocity pressure drop of standard pitot tube,
STD
inches of water i and
AP__ • velocity pressure drop of EGR S-type pitot tube,
BGR
inches of water.
The average value of C for each direction over the range of velocities used
P
should be calculated.
3.3. BGR NOZZLES
The BGR nozzles are calibrated in the following manneri
1) use a micrometer to measure the inside diameter of the EGR nozzle to
the nearest 0.001 in.;
2) make four separate measurements by using different diameters each
time and obtain the average of the measurements.
The largest deviation from the average should not exceed 0.004 in. If
the variation is more than 0.004 in., the r
-------
3.4. THERMOCOUPLES
The thermocouples used to measure the various temperatures withi:. the EGR
sampling train (Chromel-Alumel; type K) should be checked for proper calibra-
tion before installation in the system. A two-point calibration check with an
ice bath and a boiling water bath should be performed as outlined in EPA
Reference Method 2. If any individual thermocouple does not produce a reading
within 3* of the expected value, it should be replaced with another thermo-
couple of the same type. If all thermocouples show a bias, the readout should
be adjusted or recalibrated according to the manufacturer's procedure,
3.5. MAGN3HELIC GAUGES
The calibration of the magnehelic differential pressure gauges should be
checked before field use and periodically thereafter to prevent invalidation
of test data, liefore its calibration is checked, the magnehelic gauge should
be zeroed by using the external zero-edjust screw. A calibration check is
performed by comparing AP values/ as read from the magnehelic gauge, with
those from an inclined manometer at a minimum of three points. The 69 values
read from the magnehelic gauge should not deviate from the inclined manometer
readings by more thrn 5% at any point.
3.6. SUPPORT EQUIT— at
The field barometer should be adjusted initially and before each test
series to agree with a standard (a mercury-in-glass barometer or the pressure
reported by a nearby National Weather Service station) to ±0.1 in. Hg.
The calibration of all balances to be used during a test series should b«
checked initially with Class-S weights. Trip balances should be within ±0.5 g
of the standard. Analytical balances should agree to ±2 mg "t the standard.
Balances that fail to meec these criteria should be adjusted or returned to
the manufacturer,.
38
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SECTION 4
PRBSAMPLZNG ACTIVITIES
Preparation of the BGR sampling system for field use requires much the
same effort as preparation for Method 5 or Metliod 17 sampling. Some type of
pretest calibration or operation check is necrssary for most components of the
system. This is also true of supporting equipment such as analytical bal-
ances. Sampling reagents also require preparation before field use. In
several cases, the presampling activities described below are very similar to
or the same as those required for Method 5.
4.1. EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION AND CHECKS
All EGR sampling nozzles should be inspected for damage and repaired
where necessary. The nozzles should be cleaned with tap water, deionized
water, and finally acetone. The dimension of the inside diameter of each
nozzle should be determined to the nearest 0.001 in. as described in Section 3
of this manual. The knife edge of the nozzle should be protected during ship-
ment by serum caps or similar covers.
The PMj0 sampler and filter holder should be ultrasonically cleaned with
tap water and rinsed with deionized water. After a final rinse with acetone,
the sampler assembly should be allowed to air dry. An adequate supply of
Viton or silicon* rubber O-rings should be available for replacement of worn
0-rings in these devices.
The openings of the pitot tube should be inspected for damage such as
dents or nicks. A check should also be made for proper alignment. The two
legs of the pitot should be in a straight line so that the opening of one leg
is directed 180* from the other. If damage or misalignment is evident, the
39
-------
pitot tube should be repaired or replaced. If repairs are made, the pitot
tube should be recalibrated/ as described in Section 3.
All lines of the EGR probe, including the recycle and pitot lines, should
be cleaned before field use. The lines should be cleaned internally by rins-
ing, first with tap water, then deionized water followed by acetone. The
lines should b« rinsed a final tine with acetone and allow to air dry. The
probe heating siystem should be checked for proper operation. If problems are
encountered, the operator should refer to Section 10 of this manual for
troubleshooting guidelines.
The water dropout system (condenser and drying column) should be checked
for leaks. The condenser should be cleaned with deionized water and rinsed
with acetone. The condenser should be inverted to ensure total drainage and
allowed to air dry.
The system flow metering devices (dry gas meter, orifice, total LFE, and
recycle LPE) should have appropriate calibration factors assigned to them. A
pretest calibration check, performed with the procedure outlined for posttest
calibration checks in Section 3, is recommended to ensure the calibrations are
still valid. Although pretest calibration checks of the flow metering devices
are not required! and do not take the place of the posttest checks, they are
useful for detecting problems before field use. Such a pretest calibration
check is strongly recommended if the system has not been used for some time.
It is recommended, but not required., that the calibration of the magnehe-
lic pressure differential gauges be checked prior to field sampling. As with
the flow metering system, this is strongly suggested if the system has not
been used for an extended period of time.
All system temperature sensors (thermocouples, temperature gauges, etc.)
should be checked against a mercury-in-glass thermometer at ambient tempera-
ture.
40
-------
Finally, it is recommended that a leak check of the complete system be
performed before it is shipped to the field. The system should be assembled
from the pcobe (it is not necessary to include the EGR nozzle or PM10 sampler)
to the control console. The probe should be capped and the system leak-
checked at 15 in. Hg vacuum. Leak check in excess of 0.02 cfm should be
corrected. Bach leg of the pitot tube, including the umbilical lines and the
differential pressure gauge, should be leak-checked.
4.2. PREPARATION OF SAMPLING REAGENTS
Used silica gel should be regenerated by drying at 350 *F for 2 h. New
silica gel may be used as received. Several 200- to 300-g portions raay ,.be
weighed in airtight containers to the nearest 0.5 g. The total weight for
each container should be recorded. As an alternative, the silica gel may be
weighed in the drying column at the test site.
Filters should be desiccated and weighed as required for EPA Reference
Method S. To prevent the loss of filter cake, it is recommended that aluminum
foil envelopes be made to enclose the filter. If used, these envelopes should
be desiccated and weighed with the filter.
Aluminum foil envelopes can also be used to collect the PM.Q cyclone
catch. These foil envelopes should be uniquely identified, desiccated, and
weighed in the same manner as the filters.
Acetone for sample recovery should be reagent grade with less than 0.001%
residue. Acetone blank deterainations to ensure residue levels are acceptable
may be male before field use or as part of sample recovery.
41
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SECTION 5
SAMPLING PARAMETERS
During Method 5 sampling, the operator must be able to convert the
velocity pressure and stack temperature at multiple traverse points into the
sample flow race needed to maintain isokinetic sampling. This flow rate is
then translated to a pressure differential across the sample orifice which the
operator can adjust. There are a variety of methods (nomographs, hand calcu-
lator prograo.3,, etc.) for doing this in a few simple steps.
Isokinetic sampling must also be maintained with the EGR system. How-
ever, the EGR siystem introduces complications in the form of additional flow
rates that must be monitored in the same Banner as the sample flow rate. This
section describes two methods for accomplishing this objective. The first
method described provides an exact solution to the governing equations. The
multiple iterations required to obtain this solution have prompted the deve-
lopment of the second method, an approximate solution to the equations that
avoids the necessity of iterations.
5. 1. PRELIMINARY MEASUREMENTS
Before the appropriate sampling parameters can be calculated for the EGR
system, some type of preliminary determination of the stack gas conditions
must be made. Stack temperature and velocity profiles of the sampling plane
may be obtained from Method 2 data. This information is necessary for the EGR
setup and nozzle selection calculations discussed later in this section.
The concentration of the primary stack gas constituents (i.e., oxygen,
carbon dioxide/ nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and water vapor) may be determined
s
42
-------
from Method 3 and Method 4 data. With this information, the gas dry and wet
molecular weights (M) may be determined from the following equations:
M - 32(f ) + 44(f ) + 28(1 - f - f ) (5-1)
doc o c
M - M.(1 - B ) + 18 B (5-2)
w d ws ws
where B • the water fraction.
ws
It may be necessary to perform additional methods in cases where the stack gas
composition is influenced by gases other than those listed above. For
example, when sampling gases from a high-sulfur source, Method 8 should be
performed to determine the percentage of H2SO4 present in the gas as vapor and
the acid dew point.
The viscosity (u)of the flue gas can be determined by the equation
(Williamson et al., 1983)
«• C2T * C3T2 * C.B * C5f (5-3)
where u is in nicropoise, T in *C, and
Cj » 160.62
Cj • 0.42952
C3 - 1.0483 x 10-1*
C,, - 74.143
C; • 53.147
or for T in *R
G! " 51.05
C2 • 0.207
C3 - 3.24 x 10-5
G, • 74.143
C - 53.147
43
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This equation fits data (with a standard error of 0.98 micropoise) for
combustion gas of arbitrary composition in the range 0-350 *C, 0-70% moisture.
this equation was generated by SRI personnel from large "data banks* of visco-
sities calculated by the more rigorous algorithm of Wilke (1950). Finally,
the location of the traverse points should be determined as outlined in
Method 1.
5.2. BGR FLOW RATES
The flow irates of interest in the BGR system are the sample flow rate
(Q ), total flow rate (Q ), and, of secondary interest, the recycle flow rate
8 C
(Q ). At each point of A sample traverse, these three flow rates must be
determined and then converted to pressure differentials across the appropriate
flow metering device.
The sample flow rate may be determined in the same manner as in Method 5
from the equation
The total flow rate through tho PM1() sampler is, in principle, fixed by the
characteristic" of the sampler. For SRI/EPA Cyclone I, the flow rate equation
for a 10-um cut: diameter takes the form
N p -0.29-9
Qfc • 0.002837 (-J-S) u (5-5)
Onfortunately, equation 5-5 cannot be solved in a straightforward manner
because the wet: molecular weight and viscosity terms are dependent on the
aj»unt of moisture in the total flow. This cannot be easily determined
because the total flow through the cyclone is a mix of sample gas (with a
known moisture fraction) and recycle gas (dry). Solution of this equation
requires iterations of Q. until a desired resolution is achieved. Once Q has
been determined in this manner, the recycle flow rate may be calculated as the
difference between the total and sample flow rates.
44
-------
As an alternative to the solution described above/ an approximation may
be made that avoids the necessity of iterations on Q . Such an approximation
•ay take several forms. Of primary importance is the accuracy of the approxi-
mate solution over the range of potential sampling conditions. The total flow
approximation discussed below agrees with tha exact solution of the equation
to ±1% for stack temperatures ranging from 100 to 500 *F and stack gas
moisture up to 50%.
During a sample traverse, the total flow through the PMj0 sampler at any
given time is a mix of moist sample gas and dry recycle gas. First, Q is
defined aa the PtL. sampler flow rate when the total flow is composed entirely
of sample gas with a known moisture fraction (zero percent recycle). At the
other limit, Q is defined as the PH.. sampler flow rate when the total flow
is composed entirely of dry recycle gas (100% recycle). Q must fall some-
where between these two extremes. A linear interpolation between Q and Q
'H a
provides an approximate solution for Q , which takes the form
(5-6)
5.3. TARGET PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALS (AS, AP , AP )
When all three flow rates have been determined, the pressure differen-
tials across the flow metering devices must be determined for each flow rate.
The sample orifice AH may be calculated in the same manner as in Method 5.
The pressure drop across the total and recycle LFEs may be found by using the
calibration equation, corrected for local conditions, presented in Section 3.
For the total flow LFB,
45
-------
Similarly, for the recycle LPE,
Apr - ^ C^ r ^ (Qt - V - r 1 <5-8>
ST r L a r
Although an exact solution of equations 5-7 and 5-8 could be obtained
iteratively, it is only necessary to utilize the approximate solution for Q .
Using the approxim solution given in equation 5-6, the term of interest in
equation 5-7 is
- V-
By using the approximation for Q given above, this becomes
VQd -Qw}
Q - Q B 20 -- - — - - - -- Q B
Ut U8 wa Ud Q Us ws
Prom the flow rate equation for the PM1Q sampler (equation 5-5) and the
definitions given previously, we can obtain equations for Q and Q .
w d
M P -0.29<»9
Qw - 0.002837 (-*_£) uw (5-10)
M p -0.29W9
Qd - 0.002837 (-|-S) ud (5-11)
where v is the sample gas viscosity and u is the recycle gas viscosity.
w a
46
-------
Talcing the ratio of these two flow rates and simplifying
Q M -0.2949
- (5-12,
By solving M and u in terms of M. and u and substituting into the
W w da
above equation
Performing a binominal expansion on the first term of this equation
yields
t1 -•-.t1 -r)l H 1 * °*2949 C"8*,0 -ir*] (
WO ".a wa n •
a a
After substituting into equation 5-*3 and simplifying, we have
(B v (l - 0.2949(1 - — ))•»• 74.143
y. wo Q M.
Qw Ud - 74.143 B
(5-15)
^
Finally, to obtain the pressure differential across the total flow LPE,
which corresponds to total flow, Q., in the PM10 sampler/ we apply the equa-
tions for Q (equation 5-4), Q (equation 5-11), and Q./Q (equation 5-12) to
s a d w
equation 5-15. The result is the expression for AP shown below:
47
-------
where
„ T p 0.7051
' M S
Kx - 1.5752 x 10"5 -=-£
p M 0.29i»9
L d
0.1539
°
- 0.2949(1 - ^)J - 74.143
Md
Taking a similar approach for the recycle LFE pressure differential, we
see that the term of interest in equation 5-8 is
Qt * Qs
Applying the Q approximation,
VQ
3 Qd -
2 Qdry
Following the stops discussed previously to determine AP , the equation for
AP becomes
r
48
-------
where
„ T p 0.7051
K. - 1.5752 X 10-5 --
. PL
0.1539 UL M "
PL
-0.2Cbl M -0.29<»9
"
d U
-------
EGR WORKSHEET I
ORIFICE AH
Baronetric Pressure, ?a/ in. Hg •
Stack Differential Pressure, 0 Stack, in. B20
Average Stack Temperature, TS, *R » __________
Meter Teaperature, TM, *R • _________________
Gas Analysis:
COj Fraction, f »
Oj Fraction, f •
Watei: Fraction;
Calibration DaUa:
Nozzle Diaaecer, d , in.
Pitoi: Coefficient, C_ -
44 (fc) + 32 + 18(Bws'
0_ Stack
p - p + p.^
rs *a 13.?
A0 - 846.72
' Ao APvel
/4. f G^ »fwp calculation worksheet I: orifice
50
-------
BGR WORKSHEET II
TOTA'. 7LOW LFB AP
Barometric Pressure Pa/ in. Hg »
Stack Differential Pressure, 0 Stack, in. B.O -
Average Stack Temperature, Tg, *R • ______________
L7E Temperature, TM, "R • __________________
Cas Analysis*
CO_ Fraction, f • _
Oj Fraction, f • __
Water Fraction, Bw>
Calibration Data:
Nozzle Diameter, dR, in.
Pitot Coefficient, C_ •
st "
44(fc) + 32
-------
BGR Worksheet II (Continued)
5752
5'«
, ULTL p 0.7051
-5 b fa 8 a
0.1539
' - 0.2949(1 - i) + 74.143 Bws(1 - Bwg)
st
-
Bt
UL Wt
/5. £G/? setup calculation worksheet II: total flow LFE &P (sheet 2 of 2).
52
-------
BGR WORKSHEET III
RECYCLE FLOW LFB AP
Barometric Pressure, Pa, in. Hg » _____________
Stack Differential Pressure, 0 Stack, in. H.,0 »
Stack Temperature, Ta, *R »
LFB Temperature, T-, *R « _________
Gas Analysis:
C02 Fraction, f «
O Fraction, fQ •
Water Fraction, Bwg »
Calibration Data:
Nozzle
Pitot Coefficient,
Nozzle Diameter, dR, in. •
44
-------
EGR Worksheet III (Continued)
A
" Ud -
ur . w.
r S(7)°.7051 180.1
-Bc
/6'. EGR setup calculation worksheet III: recycle flow LFE &P (sheet 2 of 2).
-------
To obtain a function of this type for AH, Apfc or APf, stack temperature
is assumed to be constant. Values for AH and AP obtained in this manner were
found to agree with exact solutions to ±10% for tei&pet ature ranges of ±50 *F
around the average and stack gas moisture up to 50%.
5.4. NOZZLE SELECTION
Selection of the appropriate nozzle size for EGR sampling is not as
straightforward as in Method 5. Tor Method 5 sampling, the only consideration
when choosing a nozzle size is that it must provide a flow rate of approxi-
mately 0.75 dscfm at isokinetic conditions. When sampling with the EGR
system, the recycle rates anticipated at each traverse point must also be
considered. The chosen nozzle should not require recycle rates less than 10%
or greater than 80% of the total flow.
The first step in nozzle selection is to determine the PM1Q flow rate for
the sampler at the average stack temperature, pressure and moisture fraction.
This flow rate has been defined previously as Q and may be calculated by
using equation 5-10.
The target nozzle diameter may then be calculated as shown below:
d (inches) • 1.74808 /•£•— (5-19)
V max
Because periodic fluctuations in duct velocity can occur, the velocity used in
the above calculation anould be the maximum expected velocity increased by
10%.
Once the target nozzle diameter has been determined, the next smallest
available nozzle size should be chosen for sampling. The actual, calibrated
size of the chosen nozzle should be used for all setup calculations.
55
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SECTION 6
TAKING THE SAMPLE
6.1. FIELD ASSEMBLY
After the EGR sampling system has arrived at the test site it should be
visually inspected for any damage incurred during transport. To check for
internal probe damage, a positive pressure leak check on each of the four
lines running through the probe is recommended. This check is performed by
blocking one end of each line and applying positive pressure at the other.
The pressure on the line is monitored with a manometer connected in parallel.
Failure to hold pressure indicates an internal probe leak, which should be
found and repaired before proceeding.
When it has been determined the EGR system is in proper operating condi-
tion, the operator should begin assembling the system. The particle-sizing
device should bo assembled as its specific operating manual dictates. The EGR
nozzle should then be attached to the sampler and the complete device mounted
on the probe by using tube unions, as necessary, to attach the sampler to the
sample line. The nozzle recycle line should be attached to the temperature-
monitored recycle line on the probe. With flexible extension tubes of proper
length, the pi tot head should then be mounted on the probe. The EGR sampling
nozzle and one leg of the pitot tube must face the same direction while all
the tubing unions are fully tightened. A combined umbilical or individual
tubing can then be used to connect the probe to the control console. If
individual tubing is used, the recycle line should run directly from the probe
to the control box. The sample line should be attached to the inlet of the
water dropout system (condenser and silica gel column), which is, in turn,
attached to the sample inlet of the control console. An umbilical that
56
-------
encloses the recycle line, the sample line, and the various thermocouple
extensions in a single sheath is preferred if it is available.
Because the amount of water collected from the condensing system must be
known, all components of this system sfould be clean and free of any foreign
material. If silica gel columns are used, a preweight of the column and
silica gel should be obtained before any testing. Then the column must be
sealed until testing begins to avoid any accidental uptake of moisture. After
sampling, the column should be weighed again to determine the amount of water
uptake. If a condenser is used, it should be placed in an ice chest and ice
added to the chest until the condenser is sufficiently covered.
After establishing power to the control console, the multipin, electrical
thermocouple connector should be attached at both the probe and the control
box. The readouts of the thermocouples should be checked before proceeding to
ensure all are working properly. The manometer leads should be check to make
sure they are connected to the correct port and that each port is in the open
position. The pump should be connected to the BGR control box, with the hoses
provided. The pump's power cord should be plugged into the control box near
the pump flow lines. At this point the BGR sampling system is fully assembled
and ready for a presampling leak check.
6.2. LEAK TEST
The sampler, probe, condenser, and sampling lines should be leak-checked
before final assembly. This can be achieved by plugging one end of the line
to be tested and applying a positive pressure at the opposite end. By placing
a pressure gauge in parallel with the test line, the pressure within the
system can be monitored. If the system fails to maintain pressure after it is
sealed, a soap solution can be used to locate leaks.
When the system has been completely assembled, the BGR control console
pump may be used to leak check the vacuum system as in Method 5 by following
the procedure below.
57
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o Plug the sampling nozzle
o Turn the recycle gas valves completely off/ and turn on the
BGR pump to produce a vacuum across the desired test section
e Ose the total flow fine-adjust valve to set che system
vacuum to 15 in. Bg.
If the required vacuum reading on the console-mounted vacuum gauge cannot
be achieved or if the gas meter indicates a leak rate greater than 0.02 cfra,
the system is not sealed and the leak(a) must be located and fixed.
The positive pressure portion of the control console can be tested for
leaks by using the procedure described in Section 3. As an alternative, an
auxiliary pump-DGM system (or spare sampling system) may be used to draw a
vacuum in this portion of the system, as follows:
e Attach the recycle output of the BGR system, by using latex
or flim:ilar tubing, to the inlet of the auxiliary system
e Completely open the recycle valves and close the total flow
and sample back-pressure valves
o Continue the procedure as outlined in the preceding
paragraph
The same leak-rate limit (<0.02 cfm) should be applied to the positive
side of the system as is used for the negative side.
6.3. PRETEST EQUIPMENT MA3M-OP
Because most flue streams to be tested are not at ambient temperatures,
the BGR sampling train must be heated to stack conditions. This helps ensure
isokinetic sampling, significantly reduces the chance of acid deposition with-
in the sample line, and allows isothermal introduction of recycle gas at the
inlet of the particle-sizing device. This is accomplished through the use of
the heated BGR probe and in-the-flue heating of the sampler.
The sampler should be heated in the flue long enough to equilibrate with
the temperature of the surrounding stack gasses. Typically, the PM10 sampler
58
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should remain in the flue at least 15-20 min. to ensure thermal equilibrium.
The nozzle, if uncapped, should not point into the flow field during preheat-
ing. If possible, the nozzle should be capped or plugged during preheating,
and the cap or plug removed immediately before sampling.
The probe temperature is regulated by a proportional temperature control-
ler. While the sampling device is heating in the gas stream, the probe heater
controller should be adjusted to heat the recycle line to stack temperature.
When condensible vapors are present, the probe should be heated to and main-
tained above the dew point. Care should be taken to ensure that vapor does
not condense in the portion of the probe extending outside the duct and flow
back into the sampler.
6.4. PLOW RATES
As stated previously, the flow rate through the sampling nozzle is
directly dependent on the stack gas velocity at the sample point. In opera-
tion, therefore, the pressure drop across the sample orifice, AH, is adjusted
according to the previously determined run calculations with shifts in the
pitot AP readings. This ensures continued isokinetic sampling. In turn, the
flow rate of the recycle gas must also be adjusted to maintain the proper
total flow through the particle-sizing device. During start-up the operator
initially sets the total sampler flow rate by using valves Vj and V2. After
setting the approximate total flow rate, the sample flow rate is set by
adjusting the recycle valves V3 and V4. if hiqh recycle ratios are required,
the back-pressure valve, V$, nay need to be adjusted. Because there is some
interaction between flow rates, a few minor repeat adjustments may be required
between the total and sample flow rates. Typically, when traversing to
another sampling point, only the fine recycle adjust (V^) or the sample back-
pressure valve (V5) will need adjustment. These point-to-point adjustments
may require slight adjustment to the total flow. If so, repeat the iterative
process outlined above until the target AP and AH sample values are achieved.
The practiced operator can usually obtain the target values within one or two
iterations at each new point.
59
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6.5. TRAVERSING
During traversing (moving to a new point or new port), all motion should
b« smooth and brief to avoid bumping or vibrating the sampler. When removing
or inserting the sampler, care must be taken not to scrape the nozzle on che
port wall. Also, the sampler should not be allowed to bump against the far
inside wall of the duct.
6.6. PU3W RATE CHECKS
During sampling, a quality assurance check of the flow rates through the
EGR system should be performed periodically to ensure proper operation. By
definition, the total flow through the EGR sampling system is the sum of the
recycle and sample gas flows. For example, if the total flow LPE reading
relates to 1.0 cfa and the sample orifice pressure relates to 0.6 cfm, the
reading on the recycle LPE must relate to 0.4 cfm. The EGR setup equations
use this principle to calculate the orifice, total LPS, and recycle LPB set-
tings for a given atack temperature and velocity AP. Therefore, when the
total LPB and s<«pl>) orifice pressure differentials have been set to the
appropriate values, the recycle LPB reading from the control box should agree
with the value provided by the setup calculations to ±10%.
If the flow* are fairly constant, the EGR dry gas meter may also be used
as a quality assurance check. By measuring the seconds per revolution of the
gas meter rotation needle, the sample flow rate can be determined. This, by
definition, is the difference between the total and recycle gas flow rates.
6.7. SHUTDOWN ORIENTATION
Depending on the orientation of the sampler, it may be advisable to
maintain an appreciable flow rate while removing the sampler from the flue.
Extreme care must be taken during removal so the sample is not contaminated by
dust from the port walls. The flow rate should be maintained until the samp-
ler can be placed in a favorable orientation (usually horizontal). This is
particularly true when operating a cyclone in a vertical orientation. Other-
60
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wise, some dust might fall from one stage of the sampler to another and thus
be measured where it was not collected. After the flow has been terminated,
the sampler can be transported to the laboratory. It should be kept in a
horizontal position with the nozzle plugged or covered to avoid contamination
or loss of sample.
6.0. DATA LOGGING
The parameters of the test should be recorded in a clear, concise format
like that shown in Figure 17. Parameters that are likely to change, such as
sample and recycle gas flow rates, should be recorded periodically. Other
examples are port number, traverse point, gas meter temperature, gas meter
volume, metering orifice and LFE pressure drops, atmospheric pressure, stack
gas temperature, etc.
61
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Run
Coda
10
FUtar
ID
Orlantation
Location
Msala
OlaMtav-tO (in)
Oo«eatox< *)
Data i
1
Start C
YilBat 1
Snd /
(aMpllaf 1
Duration lain) 1
OGH ' (
(initial) %
OGM a
( final)
Saapla
volvaM ( ft1 1
Dual Manoaatar Uivalad «nd Zaroad?
Maanahalica Zarmid?
Ron
ttj»a
Port No
Tra».?t.
1'itot
Sa£l.
oo«
Total
Itack
•aaearatora Cr)
litfacaatial Stack
raaaura (in.R.O)
Mbiane
•aaoacatura ( *T)
•biane
^r««ura (in.M)
>aa
raloeity
lyatan Laak Chack
Inlut
Raeyela
Stack
Gaa Composition
%CO. »O? «CO
Hoiatora Contant
rltot Laak Chack
(real (Maa)
Kotaa
(acycla
rroba
Ln
H.
''
•tll-ll
Figure 17. Suggested EGR run sheet.
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SECTION 7
SAMPLE RETRIEVAL
After the sampling system has been allowed to cool to a point where it
can be safely handled, the collected sample may be carefully recovered.
7.1. RECOVERY OF THE PARTICDLATE MASS
Great care is needed during recovery of the collected particles from the
PMj0 sampler to ensure that all of the particulate matter is recovered and
placed in the proper sample containers. The sample can be effectively recov-
ered from both stages of the PM10 sampler (cyclone and filter) by using a com-
bination of brushing and washing.
The first step in recovery of the particulate matter from the nozzle and
cyclone is brushing the collected mass into the appropriate foil envelope. A
clean no. 7 camel's hair brush or small nylon bristle brush is suggested for
this operation. The brushed surfaces should then be rinsed thoroughly with
acetone, or similar solvent, to recover any particles that continue to adhere
to the sampler. These rinses should be collected in a uniquely identified
sample container. The brush used for recovery should also be rinsed into this
container.
The fil:er should be recovered from the filter holder and returned to the
appropriate container. Any particulate matter or filter fibers adhering to
the fi'.rer holder surfaces or rubber 0-ring should be brushed onto the surface
o .ne filter. The interior surfaces of the filter holder should then >e
rinsed with the solvent as described above.
63
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As stated previously, assignment of the collected pait^culate natter to
che appropriate siampla container is very important. Particulate matter
collected from the inner surfaces of the BGR nozzle, the cyclone body, collec-
tion cup and cap are to be considered as collected by the cyclone. Further-
more, any matter brushed or rinsed from the outside of the cyclone exit tube
is also to be considered part of the cyclone catch. The PM.. fraction
consists of particulate matter collected from the inner surface of the "turn-
around" on the cyclone cap, the inside wall of the exit tube, the inner walls
of the filter holder (upstream oC the filter), and the surface of the filter.
Final weights for all particulate samples should be determined on site,
prior to shipment. Recommended procedures are outlined in Section 8.
7.2. MOISTURE DETERMINATION
The condenser should be drained of any collected moisture and the amount
of liquid determined either volumetrically (to ± 1 aL) or gravimetrically (to
±0.5 g). The liquid may be discarded after the weight or volume is recorded.
The spent silica <;el should be weighed in the appropriate container (such as
the drying column or shipment container) to determine the moisture uptake.
64
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SECTION 8
POSTSAMPLING CHECKS
Posttest activities for the EGR system involve equipment calibration
checks, field sample analysis, and equipment maintenance. The first two
items will be discussed in this section. The third item is discussed in
Section 10 of this manual.
8.1. EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION CHECKS
A posttest calibration check of the flow metering devices is required.
The posttest calibration checks should be performed as described in Sec-
tion 3 of this manual. If the gas meter ' .erection factor obtained from
the calibration check deviates from ths initial calibration factor by more
than 5%, the meter should be recalibrated. The posttest data reduction
should then be performed with whichever calibration factor yields the lower
gas meter volumes. If the calibration check of. the total flow LKE deviates
from the initial calibration by mote than 101, the L?B should also be
recalibrated. The calibration factor used for data reduction should be
that which yields the higher cyclone flow rate.
Calibration checks should also be performed on the stack, dry gas
meter, and L?B thermocouples. Each of the above temperature sensors should
be compared with a mercury-in-glass thermometer at ambient temperature. If
the stack temperature thermocouple reading differs from the reference by
more than 1.5% of the absolute temperature, the thermocouple should be
recalibrated as described in Section 3. The old and new calibrations
should be compared to determine the sign and magnitude of the correction to
be applied to the average stack temperature. If the DO! or L?B thermo-
couple readings vary from the reference by more than 6 *C (10.8 *F), the
65
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thernocouples should be recalibrated. For data reduction calculations, the
calibrations that give the higher DGM or LFE temperatures should be used.
A posttest calibration check is also required Cor the system raagne-
helic gauges. This calibration check should be performed as described in
Section 3.
8.2. SAMPLE ANALYSIS
Analyuia of the EGR field samples is essentially the same as for
Method 5. filter and cyclone catches should desiccate for a minimum of
24 h before the initial weighing. Each sample shouoJ be weighed to a
constant wight, which is achieved when the difference between consecutive
weighings Is no more than 0.5 mg or 1% of the total weight less tare
weight, whichever is greater; no less than 6 h of desiccation time should
be allowed between weighings.
As an alternative, the samples may be oven dried at the average stack
temperature or 220 *?, whichever is less, for 2 to 3 h, cooled in a
desiccator„ and weighed to a constant weight. The tester may also opt to
oven dry the samples as described above, weigh the sample, and use this as
the final weight. Whichever option is chosen/ final weights of all cyclone
and filter samples should be determined to the nearest 0.1 mg on site,
before shipping.
Acetone rinse and blank samples should be inspected to confirm that no
leakage hati occurred. If a noticeable amount of sample has been lost
through leakage, the sample must either be declared void or corrected ir.
the final results with methods approved by the sponsoring agency. The
liquid should be measured either volumetrically to ±1 mL or gravimetrically
to ±0.5 g. Each sample should be evaporated to dryness at anbient tempera-
ture and pressure in a tared 250-mL beaker or smilar container. The
evaporated samples should be desiccated for 24 h and weighed to a constant
weight. Results should be recorded to the nearest 0.1 rag.
66
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If the silica gel was not analyzed in the field, the spent silica gel
samples should be weighed in the appropriate container to the neacest
0.5 g.
67
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S3CTION 9
DATA ANALYSIS
9.1. AVERAGE RUN PARAMETERS
To calculate the resultant values from a test run, the average values of
the recorded temperatures and pressure drops must be calculated. The pressure
drop across the pitot tube, however, requires special attention. The stack
velocity is a function of the square root of the pitot AP; therefore, a
straight averaye of the APs over a given run would not result in the true
average velocity. Because of this, the value used for calculating the average
velocity must b« the average square root of the velocity heads f (/AT?) 1.
1 vel avgj
This will result in a AP . value that allows calculation of the true average
vel
velocity.
9.2. DRY GAS (SAMPLE) VOLUME
The sample volume measured by the EGR dry gas meter can be corrected to
standard conditions (68 "P, 29.92 in. Hg) by using the following equation:
VMS- (-) f-*^)
TM PST
- 17.65 (V v) (?a *T?T?) (9-1)
TM
68
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9.3. SAMPLE PLOW RATE
The sample flow rate at standard conditions can be found by using
equation 9-2
— (9-2)
ST 9
9.4. RECYCLE AKO TOTAL GAS PLOW RATES
The recycle and total gas flow rates are monitored by LPEs. Therefore,
the average flow rates through these devices (Q and Q , respectively) can be
determined by using the manufacturers calibration charts or an empirically
determined calibration equation in the form shown below.
ST
- 17.65 (S AP (122^) + Wj(-i-) (9-3)
U T
"L M
ST
- 17.65 StAPr (l * W l (9-4)
L L
69
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9.5. VOLUME OF WATER VAPOR
The volume of the water vapor collected tram flue gas is calculated as
follows:
p R T
320 u ST
vws" vzc t~' '~J
Mu— _ f*im
n« O ST
0.04707 V (9-5)
1C
9.6. MOISTURE CONTENT
The moisture content of the stack (or sample) gas is calculated by the
equation
Vws
Bws ' v - ^Tv - (9"6)
OT MS WS
The addition of a known amount of dried recycle gas to the measured sam-
ple gas upstrtiam of the particle-sizing device changes the moisture content of
the
-------
9.7. FLOW RATES (ACTUAL CONDITIONS)
To calculate the particle cut diameter of the inertial classifier/ it is
necessary to know the flow rate through the sampler at the actual sampler con-
ditions. This can be accomplished by using the following equation:
T P
Q . Q ( ] ) ( ^) (_§!)
Ut Ut_, M - B . ' * T ' l P '
ST mix ST s
T
- 0.056 a h-J-g ) fci) (9-8)
ST * mix s
It is also necessary to calculate the sample and recycle flow rates and
express them in terns of stack conditions. The format shown in equation 9-8
should be used for these calculations. However, for the sample flow rate the
moisture fraction becomes the actual stack moisture content, B , and for the
W8
recycle flow rate the moisture content equals zero..
9.8. RECYCLE RATIO
The actual recycle ratio through the cyclone sampler may be calculated by
the equation
Qt-Q8
PR - ( ) x 100» (9-9)
9.9. STACK GAS VELOCITY
The average stack gas velocity or the gas velocity at any one point with-
in the stack can be found by using the following equation:
71
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V - K C (/AP ,)
s p p vel avg
1/2
(9-10)
K « 85.48 ft/s (lb/mole-*R) when these units are used
P
9.10. CONCENTRATION
The concentration of the participate matter caught by each stage and the
total particulate concentration in the stack gas can be calculated by the
equation below:
, .
C' • 0.0154 gr/mg (__) (9-11)
* MS
where C' * concentration of particulate natter for a given stage or
in-stack gas, grains per dry standard cubic foot (gr/dscf ) ,
M » mass of collected particulate (either per stage or total) , mg
P
The units of gr/scf can be converted to milligrams per dry normal cubic
meter, mg/dNn3, by using the following:
C - 2293.2 C' (9-12)
ffl B
9.11. SAMPLER Djg
The D^Q oir cut-point of each stage of the chosen particle-sizing device
should be calculated for accurate determination of the particle size distribu-
tion. The cut-point is primarily a function of the actual flow rate through
the sampler and the viscosity and density of the gas mixture. The procedure
for calculating the actual flow r.ate (rclm) was described previously. The
72
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viscosity of the mixture must be calculated. As was shown in equation 5-3, it
can be determined as follows (Williamson et al., 1983):
' Cl * C2T + ^ + V.ix * C5f0
where u is in micropoise/ T in *C, and
Cj - 160.62
C2 - 0.42952
C3 - 1.0483 x 10-4
C^ • -74.143
05 « 53.147
for T in *R
Cj • 51.05
C2 • 0.207
C3 - 3.24 x 10-5
Q, • -74.143
C - 53.147.
The currently available data concerning calibration of Cyclone I, used to
obtain the 10-un cut for PM10 measurement, show the behavior to be described
by the equation
Because the proposed FN:g cyclone is actually pert of a five-stage series
cyclone system, it may at some point be desirable to operate the full cyclone
set with the EGR system. If such is the case, the D50's for each of the
remaining cyclones should be calculated as described in the vendor-supplied
operator's manual.
73
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9.12. PERCENT ISOKINETIC
To ensure nonbiased particulate sampling, the following equation should
be used to determine the percentage of isokinetic sampling:
. 0.00267 »lo»(Pa. -^)]
" -- -
If 90% < Z% < 110%, the results are acceptable; otherwise, reject the results
and repeat the test.
74
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SECTION 10
MAINTENANCE
A notebook or other record of all maintenance procedures should be kept.
This will provide a definite and current record of all information pertinent
to reliable operation of the EGR sampling system. Maintenance of the system
should be performed as described previously (Rom, 1972) with the exceptions
noted below.
10.1. VACUUM SYSTEM
A preventative maintenance check of the vacuum system is performed as
follows:
e Insert a plugged 1/2-in. male quick-connect into the sample
inlet of the EGR control console.
• Turn the pump switch to ON.
o Turn the coarse-adjust valve to the ON position.
o Close fully the fine-adjust valve and the recycle valves.
The vacuum gauge should read about 25 in. Hg when ambient barometric
pressure is near 30 in. Hg. If this pressure cannot be achieved, a leak or
sticking pump vane should be suspected, if the leak rate measured by the dry
gas meter exceeds 0.02 cfm, the leak or leaks must be found and corrected.
Parts to check are the pump, vacuum gauge, metering valves, and tubing.
10.2. EGR PUN?
Because the gas recirculated within the EGR system must be free of any
foreign particles or vapors, the system is equipped with a leak-free, carbon-
75
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vane pump. The pump requires no lubrication, and little maintenance is needed
to ensure long working life. The most important factor in ensuring long pump
life is to allow only clean, dry gas to circulate through the pump. This is
accomplished through the sampling system backup filter and condenser. Onlike
the oil-lubricated pumps used in most commercial Method 5 control boxes, this
pump should never be operated with oil in the muffler jars.
During start-up if the motor fails to start or hums, the operator shoulu
pull the plug and check for the correct current. It should be 5 to 6 A. The
operator should .also visually inspect the plug and switch. If the unit is
extremely crld, it may be helpful to bring the unit to ioora temperature before
starting.
Most pump trouble can be corrected by flushing the unit according to the
manufacturer's instructions rather than disassembly. A noisy or inefficient
pump is frequently caused by nothing more serious than a vane stuck in a rotor
slot because of foreign material in the unit. To flush the unit, follow the
procedure given below.
e Separate the pump from the system.
e Slowly add several teaspoons of solvent at the intake while
the unit is running (recomnK.nded commercial solvents include
Loctite Safety Solvent, Inhibisol Safety Solvent, or Dow
Chemical Chlorothane).
o Lay the unit on its side with the outlet downward so the
solvent will work out again.
If flushing does not eliminate the problem, take the corrective actions
belowt
o Remove only the end plate and the four carbon vanes.
o Remove any visible foreign materials, and clean the chamber
with solvent.
« Ose the solvent to clean any buildup on inner pump walls,
which is caused by normal wear of the carbon vanes.
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o Replace any broken or excessively worn vanes.
» Replace the pump end plate.
o Check the unit Cor leaks by plugging the inlet of the pump
and connecting a gas meter to the outlet.
If the pump causes the gas meter to register a reading, the pump end
plate should be retightened and leak-checked again. This should be repeated
until the unit is leak-free.
10.3. MAGNEHELIC DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE GAUGES
Magnehelic differential pressure gauges are precision instruments assem-
bled and precalibrated by the manufacturer. If trained instrument mechanics
are not available, it is recommended that any instruments requiring repair be
returned to the factory.
No lubrication or periodic servicing is required. If the interior is
protected from dust, dirt, and corrosive gases and fluids, years of trouble-
free service may be expected.
10.3.1. Zero Adjustment
The indicating pointer should be set exactly on the zero mark by using
the external zero-adjust screw on the cover at the bottom. The zero check or
adjustment can be made only if the high and low pressure taps are both open to
a.-jiosphere.
10.3.2. Calibration Check
For service requiring a high degree of continued accuracy, periodic cali-
bration checks are recommended. In general, the Magnehelic calibration should
be checked, along with the LFBs, by following the procedure below.
1. As a comparison gauge, use a hook gauge, micromanometer, or inclined
gauge of kno»n accuracy.
77
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2. Connect the Magneheiic gauge and test gauge together with two leads from
a *T.' Connect rubber tubing to the third leg of the "I" and impose the
pressure, slowly.
3. 3e certain no leaks exist in the system, and provide adequate time for
comparison gauges to reach equilibrium, because fluid drainage and dif-
ferent dynamic characteristics can affect the reading.
10.3.3. Recallbration
1. Remove plastic cover.
2. Remove two screws holding scale, and slide scale out, using care not to
damage pointer.
3. Loosen two set screws in range spring clamp (Dwyer part no. NOA-70B);
move toward the helix to increase the range and back to decrease. Secure
the clamp with the set screws, replace scale, check zero, and compare
readl..j as in preceding paragraph.
4. Replace cover. The cover must be tight and leakproof for accurate
readings on high-pressure side. Observe the following procedure.
a. Place the cover in position with notch engaged and with 0-ring
properly seated.
b. Jockey zero-adjust screw into position so its hex end is inserted in
tha socket set screw, which actuates the zero-adjusting mechanism.
c. Hold cover in position and screw bezel down snug. The Or ing must
take sane squeeze to effect an airtight seal.
Caution: If bezel binds because of galling action of aluminum sur
faces/ lubricate sparingly with light oil or molybdenum suifate com
pound.
d. Troubleshooting.
1) Gauge sluggish.
78
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- Leads ;uay be plugged or leaking.
- Cover may be loose or leaking.
- Pointer may be touching scale.
- Jewels supporting helix may be over tightened.
2) Gauge fails to indicate zero properly.
- See comments above regarding sluggish readings.
- Iron particles in a strong magnetic field between helix and
magnet. If found, they may be removed by touching each
particle and withdrawing it with a small screw driver.
- Magnet shifted and touching helix.
3) Apparent inaccuracy.
- See preceding comments.
- Improper connections to pick up desired differential.
4) Consult factory for unusual conditions of temperature, pressure,
etc., and the effect on gauge operation and accuracy.
10.4. OCTAL MANOMETER
A preventative maintenance check of the dual manometer is performed as
follows:
o visually check the pitot and orifice manometer lines to
ensure they are free of fluid.
o Check for leaks, especially around the fluid-level zeroing
controls and drain screws.
e wipe the dual manometer clean. The back can be cleaned with
compressed air, oc the device can be removed from the control
panel and wiped clean.
o if the dual manometer is unusually dirty, clean as recom-
mended on the instruction plate.
o Make sure that the manometer ports are open (1 1/2 turns
counterclockwise from the seat) and the manometer lines are
connected.
o Level the manometer and check the fluid level.
79
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e To till the manometer with fluid, remove the screw on the
left side. When the oil meniscus and the reflected image at
zero are aligned, the fluid-level plunger (zeroing control)
should have about 1/4 to 1/2 in. travel inward.
Motet During rough shipment, the manometer lines should be
disconnected and the manometer ports closed by turning clock-
wise uiiitil sealed.
o if for any reason the manometer unit has been inverted, be
sur«> the floating check valves of the manometer have
returned to their normal position. These floating valves
are located under the manometer ports and must be in the
normal position to use the manometer.
10.5. PITOT TUBE
The pitot tube should occasionally be inspected for any defornation of
the pressure* inlets, because this may change the pitot calibration coeffi-
cient. Any dents or nicks should be repaired or the pitot head should be
replaced if the damage warrants it. Before each test run, the operator should
blow gently into each pitot inlet to check for obstructions. If the pitot
tubes are clear, the pitot tube gauge will respond. If no response is noted,
the operator should blow out the pitot lines with compressed air. The pitot
can be checked for leaks by plugging one end of the tube and applying a posi-
tive pressure at the opposite end. If the tube will not maintain pressure, a
soap solution can be used to identify the location of any leaks.
10.6. N02ZI.BS
The BGIt noxzle should be visually inspected before any testing. If
repair is necessary, a plumb bob should be used for inside damage or emery
paper for outside damage. After any nozzle repair, the nozzle diameter should
be remeasured. The knife edge of the nozzle should be covered with serum caps
or similar covers to avoid damage when the nozzle is not in use.
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10.7. THERMOCOUPLES
The thermocouples throughout the EGR system should occasionally be
checked against room temperature by using a metcury-in-glass thermometer as
the standard. If any thermocouples do not read within ±5 *C, the thermo-
couples or readout should be replaced or recalibrated.
10.8. EGR SAMPLING PROBE
10.8.1. Probe Cleaning
Before each field test, all lines of the EGR heated sampling probe should
be cleaned. This includes the sample, recycle, and pitot tube lines. A
probe-cleaning procedure is outlined below.
o Clean the probe internally by rinsing, first with tap water,
then distilled, deionized water, followed by an acetone or
• dichloronethane rinse.
e Rinse the internal tubes with the chosen organic solvent and
allow them to air dry.
o Visually inspect the probe for cleanliness, and repeat the
procedure if necessary.
» Rinse the recycle line, even if it appears clean.
e Rinse the pitot lines with water and blow them out with com-
pressed air.
e Clean the tube fittings associated with the EGR probe sample
lines by brushing, rinsing with distilled, deionized water
and then with acetone oc dichloronethane; allow to air dry.
e Cover all open ends of the probe with serum caps or Saran
Wrap when not in use to prevent them from becoming contain2
inated.
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10.8.2. Probe Heater Check
The procedure below may be used to check the probe heater.
o Plug the probe heater line and controlling thermocouple into
the control case, and turn the heater controller on to
approximately 300 *?.
o The indicator light on the controller should come on, and
the probe should become warm to the touch in a few minutes.
After a few minutes, the indicator light should begin to
cycle on and off.
o if the probe does not heat, check the probe for loose
connections.
o If the probe still does net heat, it may be necessary to
renove the probe lines from the probe sheath for inspection
of the heating element, as follows:
Remove the tu ee set screws and tube fittings at the
outlet end of the probe,
Onscrew the front end connector and gently slide out
the proo* lines,
Unwrap the insulation
Visually inspect the probe heating element for shorts
or burned spots, and
If necessary, use an ohmmeter to measure the resistance
between leads (approximately 17 ohms) and also to
ground (infinite). Deviations from these values
indicate faulty wiring.
o After any electrical problem has been solved, rewrap the
probe lines with insulating material, and reassemble the
probe.
10.9. CONDENSING SYSTEM
Becauite it is generally preferable to operate the BGR system with a
Method 17 rather than Method 5 filter configuration, a condenser and silica
82
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gel column may i«place the built-in impinger train assembly. An impingec
system will be required if the "back-half" catch is to be measured. Whichever
system is used for collection of water vapor from the sampled stack gas, it
must be clean and free of leaks before being used. Glass impingera should be
cleaned with distilled, deionized water and then acetone and should then be
allowed to air dry. Stainless steel condensers should also be rinsed by the
same procedure and allowed to air dry, inverted to ensure total drainage. The
drying can be speeded by olowing out the condenser with compressed air.
Silica gel columns (along with condensers) should be leak tested, along with
the control box or separately, by applying positive pressure at the inlet and
plugging the outlet. Ideally, these devices should maintain a pressure of at
least 10 in. Bg above absolute. It is recommended new silica gel be used for
each field test.
83
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SECTION 11
AUDITING PROCEDURES
Routine quality assurance activities, such as equipment calibrations, are
essential to obtaining good data. An assessment of the quality of these data
•ay be made through an audit. The audit must be performed by using equipment
or standards independent of those used in a measurement program to ensure that
the tasks involved are being performed properly.
The audits recommended for use in a program using the BGR sampling system
are similar to those described for Method 5 (U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency* 1977). Two types of audits, performance and system, are commonly
performed.
Performance audits provide a quantitative evaluation of the quality of
data produced by • measurement system. One type of performance audit
recommended for Method 5 assesses the accuracy of the system's flow metering
devices using a critical flow orifice. This is also recommended for measure-
ment programs using the BGR system. All four flow metering devices in the EGR
system may be included in the audit by using the procedure for posttest
calibration checks outlined in Section 3 of this report.
A performance audit of data processing is also recommended. As for
Method 5, an audit of this type can uncover and eliminate errors in data
transfer, calculations, etc. The flow of data from field data forms and
weight sheets to data reduction programs or hand calculations should be traced
for at least .1 portion of the data base. Calculation of results for a
standard data set is another method by which data reduction procedures may ue
audited.
84
-------
A system audit is a qualitative inspection and examination of the proced-
ures and techniques used by the field team. This type of audit is strongly
recommended if the team is not familiar with the BGR system.
85
-------
SECTION 12
RECOMMENDED STANDARDS FOR ESTABLISHING TRACEABILITY
Although the use of quality control checks and independent audits is
essential to obtaining data of the desired quality, another important consid-
eration is the traceability of individual elements of the measurement process.
All materials, equipment* and procedures used should be traceable to a
standard of reference.
Workine) calibration standards should be traceable to primary or higher
level standards. The EGR flow metering devices should be calibrated against a
wet test meter that has been verified as required for Method 5. The perfor-
mance of th« analytical balance should be checked against Class-S weights
that are tr,seeable to NBS standards.
86
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REFERENCES
Farthing, W. B. and A. D. Williamson. "A Unified View of Inertial
Znpactors and Cyclones." Presented at 1985 Annual Meeting of American
Association for Aerosol Research, Albuquerque, MM, 1985.
Harris, 0. B. and L. Beddingfield. "Isokinetic Sampling with Fixed Flow
Rate Devices Using Exhaust Gas Recirculation." Presented at the third
EPA Symposium on Advances in Particle Sampling and Measurements, Daytona
Beach, FL, 1981.
Martin, R. M. Construction Details of Isokinetic Source-Sampling
Equipment. APTD-0581, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, DC, April 1971.
Ron, J. J. Maintenance, alibration, and Operation of Isokinetic Source
Sampling Equipment. APTD-0576, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, DC, March 1972.
Smith, W. B., D. B. Harris, and R. R. Wilson, Jr. A Five-Stage Cyclone
System for In Situ Sampling. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13(11)«1387-1392,
1979.
*
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Methods 1-5 of 40 CFR, Part 60,
Afoendix A.
-------
0.3. Environmental Protection Agency. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air
Pollution Measurement Systems, Volume III: Stationary Source Specific
Methods, Section 3.4.8. BPA-600/2-77-026, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, HC, 1977.
Wilke, C. R. A Viscosity Equation for Gas Mixtures. J. Chen. Phys.
8«517, 1950.
Williamson, A. 0., O. L. losia, P.V. Bush, W. B. Farthing, J. D. McCain,
and W. B. Smith. Development, Application, and Support of Particulate
Sampling Procedures. 3rd Annual Report (1982). SRX-BAS-83-348,
Southern fmsearch Institute, Birmingham, AL, 1963.
Williamson, A. 0., R. S. Martin, 0. B. Harris, and T. B. Ward. "Design
and Characterisation of an Isokinetic Sampling Train for Particle Sise
Measurements Using Exhaust Gas Recireolation." Paper 84-56.5. Presented
at the 77th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, San
Francisco,, CA, 1984.
88
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APPENDIX A
BGR SYSTBi CO»'PONB#K>
TUBE/PIPE FITTINGS
1/2-in. tube bulkhead quick-connect, S.S. (1 each)
1/2-in. tube quick-connect sten, S.S. (2 each)
1/2-in. tube quick-connect body, S.S. (1 each}
1/2-in. tube Cull flow quick-connect sten, S.S. (2 each)
1/2-in. tube full flow quick-connect body, S.S. (2 each)
3/8-in. tube bulkhead quick-connect, S.S. (1 each)
3/8-in. tube quick-connect stem, S.S. (2 each)
3/8-in.' tube quick-connect body, S.S. (1 each)
1/4-in. tube bulkhead quick-connect, S.S. (2 each)
1/4-in. tube quick-connect ate*, S.S. (4 each)
1/4-in. tube quick-connect body, S.S. (2 each)
5/8-in. tube union, S.S. (1 each)
1/4-in. tube union, S.S. (2 each)
1/4-in. tube bulkhead union, brasa (€ each)
5/8-in. tub« x 1/2-tube reducing union, S.S. (1 each)
1/2-in. tube x 3/8-tube reducing union, S.S. (1 each)
1/2-in. tube elbow, S.S. (1 each)
1/2-in. tube elbuw, brass (3 each)
3/8-in. tube elbow, S.S. (1 each)
3/8-in. tube elbow, braaa (1 each)
1/4-in. tube elbow, S.S. (2 each)
1/2-in. tube x 1/4-tube tube end reducer, braaa (3 each)
3/8-in. tube x 1/4-tube tube end reducer, S.S. (1 each)
89
-------
1/2-in. tube tee, brass (1 each)
3/8-in. tube t««, brass (1 each)
1/4-in. tulD* tee, 3.S. (1 each)
S/8-in. tubing ferrules, Teflon (2 each)
1/2-in. tubing ferrules, Teflon (2 each)
3/8-in. tubing ferrules. Teflon (2 each)
1/4-in. tubing ferrule.. Teflon (4 each)
1/2-in. tube x 1/2-NFT aale connector, brass (1 each)
1/2-in. tube x 3/8-NPT male connector, brass (2 each)
1/2-in. tube x 1/4-NFT Bale connector, S.S. (1 each)
1/2-in. tube x 1/4-NPT aale connector, brass (2 each)
3/8-in. tube x 1/4-NFT «ale connector, brass (1 each)
1/4-in. tub* x 1/8-NFT Bale connector, S.S. (4 each)
1/2-in. tub* x 1/4-NPT feaale connector, be ass (2 each)
3/8-in. tub* x 1/4-MPT feaale connector, brass (3 each)
1/4-in. tub* x 1/4-NFT feaale connector, brass (1 each)
3/8-in. tub* x 1/2-NPT »«1* elbow, brass (1 each)
1/2-in. tub* x 1/2-NFT aale elbow, brass (2 each)
1/2-in. tub* x 1/4-NFT aale elbow, brass (1 each)
3/8-in. tub* x 1/2-NFT *al* elbow, brass (1 each)
3/8-in. tub* x 1/4-NFT male elbow, brass (1 each)
1/4-in. tub* x 1/8-NFT male elbow, brass (12 each)
1/2-in. tub* x 1/2-MPT mole branch tee, brass (1 each)
1/2-in. tub* x 3/8-NPT Bale run tee, brass (1 each)
1/4-in. tub* x 1/4-hos* hose/tub* adapter, brass (26 each)
90
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3/8-NW x 1/4-NPT reducing adapter, S.S. (1 each)
3/8-NPT x 1/4-NPT bushing, brass (1 each)
3/8-NPT coupling, braas (1 each)
1/4-NPT adapter, brass (1 each)
1/4-NPT aale tee, brass (3 each)
3/8-NPT x 1/2 hose barb connectors, nylon (1 each)
3/8-NPT x 1/2 hose barb elbow, nylon (1 each)
1/4-NPT x 1/4 hose barb connector, S.S. (4 each)
1/8-NPT x 1/4 hose barb connector, brass (6 each)
1/4 hose barb tae, nylon (10-15 each)
1/4 flexible metal hose connector, S.S. (1 «>ach)
-Swagelok ISS-4HO-6-S4; short length
0.281-orifice ball valve, S.S. (2 each)
- Nbitey ISS-44P4
0.250-orifice angled regulating valve, S.S. (3 each)
- Nhitey ISS-1RP4-A
0.125-orifice 3-way ball valve, brass (6 each)
- Nhitey IB-42XF2
COPPER SWEAT FITTINGS
1/2-inch elbow (8 each)
3/8-inch elbow (4 each)
1/4-inch elbow (1 each)
1/2-inch tee (1 each)
-------
PLOW (or VOLUME) MEASUREMENT
Laminar flow element, total flow (1 each)
- Meriam bOMJ10-10
Laminar flow element, recycle flow (1 each)
• Koriam 50MJ10-1!
Dry gas &eter, sample volume (1 each)
- Rockwell T-100 series (thru Andersen Samplers, Inc.)
PRESSURE MEJISORBMENT
0-4 inNS magnehelic, (1 each)
- D»yer 12004
0-8 inNG magnehelic, (1 each)
- Dwyer 12008
0-25 inWG magnehelic, (1 each)
- Dvyer 12025
Vacuum gauge, panel mount (1 each)
- Onega fFGP-25 B-30V
0-10 inWG dual inclined-vertical manometer (1 each)
- Dwyer 1422-10
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Temperature controller (1 each)
- Omega Model 6100 (16102-K-0/500 *P)
Thermocouple, type K, Readout (1 each)
- Omega Model 199A (I199K?) (may substitute Model 115)
10-position thermocouple switch (1 each)
- Omega IOSW3-10
Flanged female multipin connector, 24 position (1 each)
- Onega IMTC-24-FF
Male multipin connector, 24 position (1 each)
- Omega IMTC-24-MC
Male multipin connector, 12 position (1 each)
- Omega IMTC-12-MC
92
-------
Female multipin connector, 12 position (1 each)
- Onega IMTC-12-FC
Backshell cable clamp, foe 24 position connector (1 each)
- Omega IMTC-24-SHL
Backshell cable clamp, foe 12 position connector (2 each)
- Onega iMTC-12-SHL
Alumel sockets (6 each)
- Onega fMTC-AL-S
Alumel pins (6 each)
- Onega fMTC-AL-P
Chromel sockets (6 each)
- Onega fMTC-CH-S
Chromel pins (6 each)
- Onega IMTC-CH-P
Gold-plated sockets (12 each)
- Onega tMXC-Au-S
Gold-plated pins (12 each)
- Onega fHTC-Au-p
Sealing plugs (12 each)
- Onega fMTC-HP
Type K thermocouple, open bead, 1/4" dia x 4" L (2 each)
- Onega ICASS-14B-4
Type K T.C. ext wire, 20 AWG, stranded, polyvinyl insl (100 ft)
- Onega tBXPP-K-20S
Type R T.C. ext wire, 24 AWG, solid, glass insl (15 ft)
- Onega tGG-K-24 '
Type X T.C. ext wire, 24 AtfG, glass insl ft SS overbeaid (30 ft)
- Marlin Nan. Corp. I628S-K-24-30 ft
Hi-temp mini plugs. Type K (2 each)
Type K T.C. ext wire, 24 ANG, solid, glass insl (15 ft)
- Onega tGG-K-24
93
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Type K T.C. ext wire, 24 AWG, qlase insl 4 SS overbeaid (30 ft)
- Mairlin Man. Corp. I628S-K-24-30 ft
Hi-temp mini plugs, type K (2 each)
- Mtulin Man. Corp. fH-1260-K
Hi-tear «ini jacks, type K (2 each)
- Marlin Man. Corp. IH-1210-K
Mini cattle clamps (4 each)
- Marlin Man. Corp. 11280
Female thermocouple connectors, type K (4 each)
- Omega fOST-K-K
Panel adapters, round hole (2 each)
- Omega IRSACL
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
Toggle 11 witch, DPDT, On-On, rated 15 amps at 120 V*C (2 each)
• N«wark Electronics Type 7565K5
Toggle awith, DPOT, On-Off, rated 15 amps at 120 VAC (2 each)
- Newark Electronics Type 7561K4
Green modular panel lights, 120 VAC 4 1.5 mA, w/bushing (5 each)
- Newark Electronics Type 05115 (bushing Type 100-G)
Red modular panel lights, 120 VAC 4 1.5 mA, w/buahing (2 each)
- Newark Electronics Type N5115 (bushing Type 100-R)
Circuit breaker, two-pole, 25 amps, Potter 4 Brumfield (1 each)
- Newark Electronics IW92X11-2-25
Male plug, 120 VAC 4 15-20 amps (2 each)
Female recepticles, recessed, 120 VAC 4 15-20 amps (2 each)
Male plug, recessed, "twist-lock", 120 VAC 4 20 amps (1 each)
Female recepticle, "twist-lock", 120 VAC 4 20 amps (1 each)
Power cord, 3-wire, 12-14 gage (30 ft each)
Power cord, 2-wire, 14-16 gage (40 ft each)
Electrical wire, 14-16 gage, stranded, black sheath (30 ft each)
94
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Electrical wire, 14-16 gage, stranded, white sheath (30 ft each)
Electrical wire, 14-16 gage, stranded, green sheath (60 ft each)
Terminal block, 15-20 position w/jumpers (1 each)
Heat shrink tubing, black, 3/16-1/8 dia (3 ft each)
Heat shrink tubing, white, 3/16-1/8 dia (3 ft each)
Assortment electrical connectors, ring and forked
Assortment wire nuts
Assortment cable tie mounts, self-sticking
Assortment wire ties, nylon, 3-inch length
2-way solenoid, miniature, 120 VAC - 16.7 watts (2 each)
- ASCO I8262A152
3-way solenoid, midget, 120 VAC - 11.0 watts (2 each)
- ASCP 18314C21
Heater tape, 1.75" W x 96.0" L, 120 VAC - 832 watts (1 each)
- Cole Farmer I T-3107-80
TUBING (rigid and flexible)
2" schedule 5 pipe, S.S. (10 ft each)
5/8" 0.0. x .049 wall, S.S. (10 ft each)
1/2" 0.0. x .049 wall, S.S. (10+ ft each)
1/2" O.B. x .049 wall, copper (10 ft each)
3/8" O.D. x .035 wall, S.S. (5 ft each)
3/8" O.D. x .035 wall, copper (5 ft each)
1/4" 0.0. x .035 wall, S.S. (2
-------
1/4" 1.0. SS braided Teflon hose (6 ft each)
- MeMaster Carr I5244K52
- NOTE; requires purchase of special S.S. fittings
(McMaster Carr IS244K82) which must be machined
to desired geometry (4 each)
1/4" I.IX x 3/32" wall, heavy wall, black neoprene (50 ft each)
- Sargent Welch #S-73655-KD
1/4" I.D. x 3/32" wall, Latex (1 roll)
- Sargent Welch »S-73571-KD)
1/4" I.B. x 1/16- wall, Tygon (30 ft each)
- Sargent Welch IS-73651-KC
MISCELLANEOUS
PMjg cyclone system (eye Z, eye IV (if desired), and filter holder)
- Andersen Samplers, Inc. ISB-280 Series
1/4 - 21) x 3" L bolt, washer, nut assembly; S.S. (1 each)
Aasort»»nt 1/1 - 20 x 1/2" L bolts, washers, nuts, S.S.
Assortment 110 x J/4" L bolts, washers, nuts; S.S.
Assortment t 8 x 3/4" L bolts, washers, nuts; S.S.
Primer, line chrornate (1 can each)
Bnamel paint, peanut beige (1 can each)
Acrylic resin clear coat, gloss finish (1 can)
- i.e. Datakoat doss
Lettering, rub-on style (lettering tool desired)
- custom fabricated
Hand knob assembly, threaded 1/4 - 20, manometer level (1 each)
- McMaster Carr 6085K12
- Wave wanners, 1/4" dia hole
Assorted 1/8" AL plate (for system support)
RTV siliicone rubber, for weather proofing (1 tube each)
RTV silicone rubber, high temp. (1 tube)
Teflon Cape (1 roll each) - ...
96
-------
Liquid thread sealant, (1 tube)
Pin stripping, red and blue, see umbilical assembly (1 each)
Expanding sleeve, nylon, 1.25" dia, for umbilical (25 ft each)
- Bentley Harris f 6762001-13
- Cole-Flex t XS-100
Expanding sleeve, nylon, 0.75" dia (10 ft each)
- available fro* above sources
Drying column, drierite or silica gel, 285 mm x 67 mm (1 each)
- Sargent Welch I S-28730
4 CFM pump, carbon vane, leak-free, w/muffler-filter (1 each)
- available through Andersen Samplers, Inc.
FABRICATED (Shop) ITEMS
BGR noxxle assemblies, 3 individual dianeters
- SRI Dwg. No. 6211-21-01
Control box front panel, 1/8" AL plate
- SRI Owg. No. 5785-1-C-01
Control box back panel, 1/8" AL plate
• SRI Dwg. No. 5785-1-C-04
Nanometer leveling accessories, leveling guide £ bolt base
- SRI Dwg. No. 5785-1-C-02
Gas meter supports, bottom & top supports
- SRI Dwg. No. 5785-1-C-03
Probe sheath, modified 2" Sen 5 SS pipe
- SRI Dwg. No. 5785-1-C-05
Probe caps, front ft back, with front 0-ring
- SRI Dwg. No. 5785-1-C-05
Sample orifice assemblies, 3 individual diameters
-SRI Dwg. NO. 5785-1-B-06
Pitot clamp (1 each)
- SRI Dwg. No. 5785-1-C-08
97
-------
Cyclone Z modification, to allow pitot attachment
- SRI Dwg. No. 5785-1-C-08
Pitot flex-line fitting modification (4 each)
- SFJ Dwg. Ho. 5785-1-C-08
Coiled condenser, SS
-SRI Dwg. No. 4266-D-05
98
-------
APPENDIX B
LIST OF EGR SYSTEM SHOP DRAWINGS
BGR panel (control box)
BGR sampling system, manometer leveling accessories
BGR sampling system, DGN supports
BGR sampling system, back panel! aagnohelic sero valves
BGR sampling system, probe components
BGR sampling system, sample orifice assembly
BGR sampling system, BGR nozzle
BGR sampling system, pitot assembly
BGR sampling system, BGR circuit diagram
BGR sampling train, condenser
99
-------
8
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Figure B-6. EGR umpling tyttem, ample orifice assembly.
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O.387 1.47B O.S6S O.624
O.4S2 0.87B 0.104 O.234
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NOTE: SILVER SOLOCR ASSY
At AREAS INDICATED THUS *.
USE MINIMUM FLUX TO
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Figure 8-7. EG ft sampling system, EGR nozzle.
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TSL
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SWITCHES
tl SfOf (ON ON) MHO IIMW* I20VAC
it ft' (on ant »ATCO iuwntKewu
LAHF5
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tf t|»K«l> 10 « «>« AM
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-------
Figure B-10. EGR sampling train, condenser.
-------
APPENDIX C
LIST OP BIANK FORMS
Dry Gas Meter/Orifice Calibration Sheet
LFB Calibration Sheet
Pitot Calibration Sheet
Mozzle Calibration Porn
Temperature Sensor Calibration Form
Magnehelic Gauge Calibration Check
System Vacuum Gauge Calibration Check
Field Barometer Calibration Porn
Triple Beam Balance Calibration Form
Pyrite Analyser Calibration Form
Method 1 Data Sheet
Method 2 Data Sheet
Method 3 Data Sheet
Method 4 Data Sheet
BGR Field Data Sheet
Lab load/Onload Sheet
Field Sample Weight Sheet
Reagent Blank Evaluation Form
110
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DRY GAS METER/ORIFICE
(STANDARD! TEST METER)
CALIBRATION SHEET
She«t Z.O.
Dry Gas Meter I.D. Standard Teat Meter I.D.
Barometric Pressure, P.
Calibrated by:
Run *
Orifice Setting, AH
Final Reading (STM)
Initial Reading (STM)
Volume VT, ft3
Temp Tj, *F
APf, in. HjO
Final Reading (DUM)
Initial Reading (DGM)
Vblume VuQ(.ft3
Temp 1D(ai, ~r
Elapsed Time 0, min.
DGM Flow Rate Q, acfm
Q ^ . AH (103,4460) .
Correction Factor, YI
% Error • tf 1) 100%
AHi . JO'"'^
in. Bg;
Orifice I.D.
Datei
1
2
3
Leak Check!
4
H r — T. si i Y • T
Previous Calibration!
Date;
Old Y
Orifice AH from:
___ Manometer
Magnehelic
Zero
Equipment Set Op:
Positive Pressure
(MS w/leakless pump)
Other
Avg
AP,
*B^ ^^^P^ * DGM^
Deviation - (T «**- T previous) 100%
Hotei Must be within ±5%.
'previous
fcfeei YJ criteriaJ±2»), OMp is Dry iwlecular weight (28.97 for Standard air).
If a Laainar Flow Element is substituted for the Standard Test Meter the STM
column. >ay be used to record A^L^ (in. H.O) and AP8W (gauge pressure at
orific. inlet, in. H.O) if different fro. XH. For aBPositiv« Pressure equipment
arrangement AP • AH.
Ill
-------
LFB CALIBRATION SHEET USING MET TEST METER
LFE 1.0.
DATS:
OPERATOR:
BAROMETRIC PRESSCRE (In Hg)
TEMPERATURES (*F):
Ambient *
This calibration uses the fit:
where: Q - LFE flowrate
Ap « pressure drop
K^pg • Gas viscosity at LFE
X,Y - Calibration constants
LFB
VISCOSITY (STD) - 180.1 micropcise
VISCOSITY (LFB) - 163.526 + 0.2552 (TLpB) + 3.2355 x 10"s
micropoise (Note: For
in *F)
RUN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
WTM
VOLCMB
(Pt3)
TIME
(min)
DP LFB
(In HoO)
DP
System
(In H.,0)
Q
WTM
(AC?M)
*
g
LFB
(ACFM)
NOTBt Dp system i» the pressure differential between the LFB inlet and
ambient;
O
QLFB
tflPMl
lPMl 1 f
J IP
AMB
.-
> 460)1
+ "ZJJ
Calibration Results: X •
r •
112
-------
Sheet l.D.
Pitot Calibration Sheet
Pitot X.D. Leak Check?
Date
Operator Manometers/Magnehelics Zeroed?
•p(STD)
Sketch or describe configuration:
(in. H.O)
APTEST
(in. HjO)
Average
Cp
-------
Mosul* Calibration form
(S«« Instructions Below)
Shoet 1.0.
DateAi**
Calibrated
By
ctossie
10
Ruaber
Nossle Di weter (inches)
"I
»2
D3
AD
0
•vg
where i
Oj ,2 ,3 « three different nossle dimeters at (0 degrees
0.001 inch
AD •• •axlaus) difference between any two diameters,
AD < 0.004 inch
D •• (Dj * Dj * Dj) » 3
Instructions
1. Inspect the nossle for nicks, dents, and corrosion. If
these are found they should be corrected before calibration.
2. Placft a reference «ark on the nosale. Place the nossle at
the -seftteir of Figure 1, aligned with Point 1. Measure and
record 0..
3. Mot^t* tft'i nossle so that the reference mark is aligned
with Point 2. Measure and record D2.
4. Rotate th
-------
Sheet 1.0.
TEMPERATURE SENSOR CALIBRATION DATA FORM
Date
Thermocouple I.D. No.
Asbient T*?oerature
Calibrated by
Potentiometer I.D. tto._
Barometric Pressure
in. Hg
Eefi Mercury-in-glasa
Other
Reference
Point No.
Source
(specify)
Reference
Thermometer
Temperature,
Thermocouple
Potentiometer
Temperature,
Temperature
Difference,*
ar tret, temp. *F *460) - (test thermom temp. *f *4601 i 100.
I (rez temp, 'f +4ouj J
Motet Temperature difference must be within ±1.51.
115
-------
Sheet 1,0.
Date
Aabient Teap
MAGNBBBLIC GAOGB CALIBRATION CHECK
__________ Gauge I.D. _____
•?
Calibrated bys
Baroaetric Press. in. Bg
Positive
Side
negative
Sid*
Manoaeter
AP
(in. BjO)
Leak Checks
Poa. t "BjO Acceptable _____
Reg. . •_____ "BjO Acceptable ______
NAGNEHBLIC
AP
(in. 820)
Deviation
inn«
1 Han. )10°*
Calibcatu and leak ch«ck the differential pceaaur* gauge using the following
proceduret
t. Connect Che differential pressure gauge to a
gaugv-oi.'l •anoaeter, M shown.
2. Vent the vacuua tide to the ataosphere, and
place pressure on each ayate* to approxiaately
•axiaua <(«ug« reading. Close system and observe
gauge reading for one minute. If no change in
reading occurs, leak check is acceptable.
3. Compare Ap readings of the dirterential pressure
gauge wi those of the gauge-oil nanometer at a
•iniaua of three points representing approxiaately
the rango of Ap values to be encountered, follow
the saae procedures on the vacuua side by venting
the presiiure side to the atmosphere and by putting
a vacuua on the systea.
4. During a pretest calibration check if, «c each point,
the valuo of Ap as read by the differential pressure
gauge and the gauge-oil aanoaeter agree within 5%,
the difforential pressure gauge should be considered
properly calibrated.
S. The postt-.est calibration should be perforaed at the
average Ap. If the agrecaent is within ±5% the
calibration is acceptable! if not, refer to EPA
Reference Method 2 to deteraine acceptability.
116
-------
Sbe«t X.D.
SYSTEM VftCtnW GAOGB CVLIBRATION CHBCK
Date
Gauge Z.O.
Ambient Temp
Calibrated by
Barometric Press.
_ in. Bg Leak Rate (cfm)
Mercury Nanoaeter
(in. Bg)
Vacuua Qauge
(in. Bg)
Correction
Factor
1. Assemble system as shown. Notes Mercury nanometer
should have at least 24" vacuum capacity.
2. System leack checks With pinch clamp closed,
adjust system vacuum to 20 "Bg (manometer),
observe gas meter flowrate (must be <0.02 cfm) .
3. If leak rate is accept ab'., adjust system vacuum to
15 and 19" Bg. Record each comparison. The vacuum
gauge reading should be within ±10% of the reference.
Correction Factor, CFy -
117
-------
Sheet X.D._
Field Baroneter Calibration Fora
Field B«os»etei: I.O.
Calibration Source
The field baromter should be adjusted initially and before each test
series to agreo within ±2.5 •• (0.1 in) 09 of a Bercury-in-gl&ss barometer or
with the station pressure value reported by a nearby National Weather Service
station and corrected for elevation. The correction for elevation difference
between the station and the sampling point should be applied at a rate of
-2.4 SB Hg/30 11 (-0.1 in Hg/100 ft).
Was the pretest field baroswter calibrated? yes _____ no
Operator! ______________________
Dates
Reference Pressure • ___________________
Difference •
Measured Pressure »
118
-------
Triple Beaa Balance
Calibration Form
(S«« Instructions B«low)
Date i
Zero*
Operator:
1
2
3
4
S
Reference
Wt.
(9)
Measured
Wt.
(9)
Difference
(9)
Instructionsi
The triple bean balance shoiO.3 be calibrated by using Class-S standard
weights and should be within ±0.5 g of the standard weight. Adjust or return
the balance to the manufacturer if Units are not >et.
119
-------
Fyrite Analyzer Calibration Form
Octet
Op«cator>
1
2
3
Z«ro
(/)
Oxygen
Source
Average
Reading
% Brror
Carbon Dioxide
Source
Aver age
Reading
% Error
NOTBt If Oxygen Source is ambient air, the aeasured average Bust be 20.8 t 0.7%.
If Source is a known mixture of gas*s, the average should be t 0.5% of known
concentration for both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
120
-------
METHOD 1. DATA SHEET
Instructions: Draw port configuration on appropriate duct geometry.
Duct Diameter _____ in.
No. Diameterj to
nearest upstream
disturbance
No. Diameters to
nearest downstream
disturbance _____
No. Required traverse
points _____
Port flange depth in.
Duct dimensions ______ in.
Equivalent diameter,
De • 2 L* in.
L-Hf
No. Diameters to
nearest upstream
disturbance ______
No. Diameters to
nearest downstream
disturbance _____
No. Required traverse
points ______
Poet flange depth
Point No
1
2
3
4
S
Position of traverse points
(Distance from inner wall in inches)
121
-------
Method 2 Data Sheet
Plant:
Datr«
Locationt
Ti.se i
%oo2-
%CO-
(HG)l
1AP
stack
Pi tot Constant*
Point
NQ.
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
9
10
Avg.*
Por
A(V
1
T
Por
APy
t
2
T
Port
APy
t 3
T
Por
APy
4
T
Por
APy
S
T
Por
APy
6
T
Por
APV
7
T
Por
APy
8
T
Por
APV
9
T
KJ
• Averages are /ZTp, not Ap.
AVERAGE DUCT VBLOCITY -
AVERAGE DUCT TEMPERATURE
-------
METHOD 3 DATA SHEET
Test HaoMi
Swpl* Location:
fYRJTB GAS ANALYSIS
Oat*
Tiac
Operator
123
-------
MLTIKN) 4 - WATKH ANALYSIS
Date
rime
. «
Run I.D.
'
vwc" <°'°«72 ftj/«l>
Vme • JI7.65 *H/ln. 1
Water
Collected, •(
r
(water Collectc
V V
, / *• r«i i
*' 1 f I
VCH Volu*
"initial
a)
"wo •
.£_«•* £i?
final
IXM -TBBP,
W£ _. a A ft?1!
we BO
BaroBetrlc
Press, I'm
% 11*0
0|>erator
-------
tun
Cod.
Maplac
ID
PUtcr
10
Savplar
Orientation
SaBpllag
location
Moisi*
Oi«Mt«c-IO (in)
Ovwator(s)
«
•t*rt |
Ttnw i
lad . J
Tla€ *
ScvplUig ;
Duration (ala) 1
OGM ' (
(initial) \
OCM
(final)
Sa*pl«
VoloM ( ft1 )
Dual Manontcr L«v«l«d and I«ro«d?
Ma4n«h«lica Z«rc«d?
Ion
TiM
fort no
Trav.pt.
Af
Pitoe
«8
Saopla
OCM
VolOM
4» ~1
Total
leadt
>i({«r«neial Stack
^rvsaur* (in.H^O)
Mblcnt
r«ttv»r»tor« ( *f )
V^iaae
?r««*ur« (ia.Bq)
iu
r«locitr
lyataa Leak Ch^ek
p
Inlit
AP
Recycle
Stack
CM Composition
Hoiatur* Contcne
Pitoc Leak OMCk
(Po«) (H«4)
•otca
t«cycl«
Proe*
T»
in
&
125
-------
LAB LOAD/UNLOAD SHEET FOR MT FILTHH. PM10. OR 5 SERIES CYCLONE
•UK COM
OMMCIB
MHO MM CM£u»raM mm MuuwmMi
r*fi**um AxraHHinT
•UT. OUTUT. OT>«*
*uMmu- • •
antMCAnm
(MVUM0MMMIM
MMOK UMMM IMMCTO* AMU OATI UVWMO
• uuu>UM*m
• HAM MOM* WIM MM COM
• UIMTUT
• «M» MIH »O1 AMD MM* MTN HIM COM
L»UA« emeu no ttcrttnuna ttnaa
CMCOI UMWI v«cuu« <-« M. M«
MtU «• OMIII VATWM
•
•on YOUII a»«u>v«no«» o» r« A>nAiumc« o» UCM
IUM. WMnun. on CTdOM UTOM OIMMUMI r
TM( fOMM MAT M U«O MM »•* 0* TUMI DVffMlir TT»M 0* tUWUM.
CMCU 1M TV*f MMKfll UOO
MTMUV) HI10 IXIMJCTCUMI
•**• nuw mnN emeu O"B
. »XU^T^. mmniut
• «J MM mnfl ttozaA WA*H 10 to.
• HIIIM.I
•M10MMMJII
CTCLOMI1
w -or
i ii mo i
Ml -CT
mtw
.v -»
IMMmCTOOMIHr
evcuMii
CT .1
CVCLOMJ
CT 4
etctaMi
CT 4
CTCUM4
CT 4
CTCU3MI
CT •»
mm
CT *
126
-------
Sheet 1.0.
WBZGia SHEETS FOR USE WITH THE METTLER BAIAHCS
Substrata S«t Z.O.
PRE-TES7 WEIGHTS
Operator
Oat*
Operator
Data
Calibration Check?
Calibration Check?
Weight Offset Actual
Z.O. (ga)
Weight Offset Actual
Final
FIHAL WEIGHTS
Operator
Date
Operator
Date
Calibration Check?
Calibration Check?
Weight Offset Actual
Weight Offset Actual
Z.O.
Final
(•g)
Wt.Cain
Hotei A control weight should be recorded at least every tenth weight.
127
-------
She*3t 1.0.
Date t
Operator:
REAGENT BLANK EVALUATION FORM
Reagent:
I.D.i:
Barometric Pressure (in. Hg):_
Ambient Temperature (*F)x ~
Density (mg/ml)_
In a tared weighing pan add a specified amount (20-30ml) of the reagent.
Allow the solution to evaporate and reweigh the pan. The net weight gain shall
be considered residue from the reagent.
NOTE: For each separate bottle or container of reagent a minimum of three
blanks should be obtained to determine an average residue mass.
Pan
I.D.
TARS
(*3)
Volume
Reagent
(ml)
Final
Weight
(mq)
Mass
Residue
(mg)
Average1*
%
Impurities*
.__..,<». i _.,
Impuritie«
(Residu
idue, n
/ml) (\
• x 100%
(Density,mg/ml)(volume,ml)
reagentti the average to impurities should be <0.001%
128
-------
APPENDIX 0
HP41C SBTOP PROGRAM FOR EGR SYSTEM (BGR SET)
The BGR setup program is used to determine the sample orifice, total flow
LFB, and recycle flow LFB pressure differentials required to maintain isokine-
tic sampling for given stack conditions. The program uses an approximation of
the total flow rate, Q. to eliminate the necessity of an iterative solution.
This approximation agrees with the exact solution of the equation to ±1% for
stack conditions in the range of ICO to 500 *F and 0 to 50% moisture. An>
additional approximation is introduced by assuming stack temperature to be
constant at the average stack temperature. This approximation removes the
complicated temperature dependence from all three pressure drop equations.
Pressure drops calculated in this manner agree within ±10% with exact solu-
». I
tions for temperatures in the range of ±50 *F of the average.
Initial prompts for data input are as follows:
1) Barometric pressure
2) Static pressure of stack
3) Average stack temperature
4) Gas meter temperature
S) Dry molecular weight
6) Met molecular weight
7) Percent oxygen -•
8) Percent moisture
9) Calibration constants
os
o s
r
o w
129
-------
o Delta Ha
o Kozzle diameter
o Pitot C
P
After the above data are entered, the program calculates the equation
constants for each of the pressure differentials, in the following form:
AH • KAp ,
*vel
t t t "vel
r t t 'vel
When the pressure differential equations have been determined, the
program enters a short loop and prompts for the velocity pressure, Ap .
After entering this information, the sample orifice AH, total flow LFB Ap ,
and the recycle flow LKE Ap are determined. The program then asks if there
are more travenie points. A "Yes" answer resets the program to the beginning
of the loop. A "No" answer ends the program.
Note that if the stack temperature deviates from the average temperature
entered by more than 50 *?, the equation constants should be recalculated by
reentering the beginning of the program.
130
-------
01 * LBL "BGR SET"
02 FIX 2
03 CLRG
04 "BAR PRESS?"
05 PROMPT
06 STO 01
07 .59
08 +
09 STO 06
10 "STATIC P INWG?"
11 PROMPT
12 13.6
13 /
14 RCL 01
15 +
16 STO 07
17 "STACK TEMP?"
18 PROMPT
19 STO 08
20 X*2
21 3.2355 B-5
22 *
23 .25529
24 RCL 08
25 *
26 +
27 152.418
28 +
29 STO 09
30 "METER TEMP?"
31 PROMPT
32 STO 10
33 X + 2
34 3.2355 B-5
35 *
36 .25529
37 RCL 10
38 *
39 +
40 152.418
41 +
42 STO 11
43 460
44 ST+ 08
45 ST+ 10
46 "DRY MOL WT?"
47 PROMPT
48 STO 12
49 "WET MOL WT?"
50 PROMPT
51 STO 13
52 "%02 ?"
53 PROMPT
54 .53147
55 *
56 ST+ 09
57 ST+ 11
58 "% MOISTURE?"
59 PROMPT
60 100
61 /
62 STO 14
63 "CALIBRATION"
64 AVIEW
65 PSE
66 "DATA"
67 AVIEW
68 PSE
69 "XT ?"
70 PROMPT
71 STO 15
72 "XT ?"
73 PROMPT
74 STO 16
75 "XR ?"
76 PROMPT
77 STO 17
78 "YR 7"
79 PROMPT
80 STO 18
81 "DELTA Ha?"
82 PROMPT
83 RCL 01
84 /
85 STO 01
86 "DIA NOZZLE?"
87 PROMPT
88 X+2
89 STO 19
90 X*2
91 ST* 01
92 "PITOT CP?"
93 PROMPT
94 ST* 19
95 X f 2
96 ST* 01
97 1
98 RCL 14
99 -
100 Xf2
101 ST* 01
102 RCL 12
103 ST* 01
104 RCL 10
131
-------
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119*
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
M7
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
ST* 1«>
ST* 01
RCL 07
ST* 01
SORT
ST* 19>
RCL 131
ST/ 01
RCL 0€l
ST/ 01
SQRT
ST/ 19i
846.72
ST* 01
LDL 01
RCL 11
ST* 1<>
RCL 06
ST/ 1SI
.1539
ST* 19
18
RCL 12
/
1
XOY
-
.2949
*
1
XOY
-
RCL Oil
*
RCL U
*
STO 03
1
RCL U
*>
RCL 14
*
74.143
*
ST+ o:\
RCL 0<»
RCL HI
74.143
*
-
ST/ 03!
RCL IS)
,57
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
RCL 15
/
RCL 13
SQKT
/
ST* 03
RCL 11
RCL 10
*
RCL 07
.7051
Y*X
*
RCL 09
*
RCL 06
/
RCL 12
.2949
RCL 08
.7051
1.5752 B-5
*
STO 20
RCL 11
180.1
16
RCL
*
RCL 20
XOY
RCL 15
/
STO 02
LBL 02
RCL 17
ST/ 19
RCL 09
RCL 14
74.143
*
RCL 09
XOY
/
RCL 12
.2949
132
-------
209 Y*X 261 AON
210 / 262 "MORE PTS? Y,N"
211 RCL 13 263 PROMPT
212 .2051 264 ASTO Y
213 Y*X 265 AOFF
214 / 266 "Y"
215 RCL 19 267 ASTO X
216 * 268 X-Y?
217 STO 05 269 GTO 03
218 HCL 11 270 CLX
213 180.1 271 END
220 /
221 RCL 18
222 *
223 RCL 20
224 'XOY
225 -
226 RCL 17
227 /
228 STO 04
229fLBL 03
230 •VELOCITY DP?"
231 PROMPT
232 STO 00
233 RCL 01
234 *
235 "DELTA H* "
236 ARCL X
237 AVIBW
238 PSE
239 RCL 00
240 SQRT
241 RCL 03
242 *
243 RCL 02
244 XOY
245 -
246 "DP TOTAL • "
247 ARCL X
248 AVIBW
249 PSE
250 RCL 00
251 SQRT
252 RCL 05
251 *
254 RCL 04
255 XOY
256 -
257 "DP RECYCLE • "
258 ARCL X
259 AVIBW
260 PSE
133
-------
GLOSSARY
Aerodynamic diameter: The aerodynamic diameter of a particle ie the diameter
of a sphere of unit density whch has the name settling velocity in the
gas aa the particle of interest. For spherical particles with diameter
Op, larger than a few aicrons and gas conditions of interest for source
PM. n» the aerodynamic diameter is essentially given by /p~ 0 where p
*« p p p
is the particle density.
Cut-point: Tint cut-point of a aiz« classifier is the particle diameter for
which all particles of equal or greater diameter are captured and all
particles with smaller diameters ate not captured. Mo real device
actually has a sharp step function cut-point, but the theoretically
defined CVi0 of a stage is often called its cut-point.
Geometric standard deviation, a t A measure of dispersion in a lognornal
distribution. It can be calculated as the ratio of particle diameter
corresponding to a cumulative percent of SO to the diameter
corresponding to a cutbciative percent of 15.86.
134
-------
------- |