United States Industrial Environmental Research EPA-600/7-79-175
Environmental Protection Laboratory August 1979
Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27711
A Handbook of Key
Federal Regulations and
Criteria for Multimedia
Environmental Control
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program Report
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EPA-600/7-79-175
August 1979
A Handbook of Key Federal
Regulations and Criteria for
Multimedia Environmental Control
by
D.R. Greenwood, G.L. Kingsbury, and J.G. Cleland
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Contract No. 68-02-2612
Task No. 67
Program Element No. INE825
EPA Project Officer: T. Kelly Janes
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
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Foreword
The intent of this report is to provide those working in the multimedia
environmental control area an awareness of the types and breadth of regulations
and criteria that have been and will be implemented. This compilation is not
intended to be a definitive summary or an exhaustive listing. Nor, is the
report able to reflect accurately the current status of regulations because of
ongoing additions or changes.
The reader must constantly be aware that this compilation and related
text will have the above limitations, and due to summarization may not always
reflect the true intent of specific regulations.
Regulations and legal notices by the Federal Agencies are published by
the Office of Federal Register, National Archives and Record Service, General
Service Administration, Washington, D. C. 20408. The Federal Register's publi-
cation should be referred to for the official full text document.
J'.VKT. Bi/rchard
Director, Industrial
Research Laboratory
Environmental
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ..... 111
List of Tables vi
List of Abbreviations .......... . x
List of Acronyms xiii
Acknowledgments xvi
1.0 Introduction ....... . 1
2.0 Summary 7
3.0 Clean Air Act 29
3.1 National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality
Standards 3]
3.2 National Emissions Standards (Mobile Sources) ...... 32
3.3 New Stationary Source Performance Standards 33
3.4 National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
(NESHAP) 3-4
3.5 Prevention of Significant Deterioration 35
4.0 Federal Water Pollution Control Act 55
4.1 Water Quality to be Achieved by 1983 56
4.2 Consent Decree Settlement Agreement 55
4.3 Source Based Effluent Limitations 5C
4.4 Best Conventional Pollutant Control Technology (BCT) ... 55
4.5 Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards 59
4.6 Oil and Hazardous Liability 50
5.0 Safe Drinking Water Act 91
5.1. National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations .... 91
5.2 National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations for
Radionuclid,es 93
5.2.1 Maximum Contaminant Levels for Radiumr226, Radiurn-
228, and Gross Alpha Particle Radioactivity in
Community Water Systems .... 93
5.2.2 Maximum Contaminant Levels for Beta Particle and
Proton Radioactivity from Manmade Radionuclides
in Community Water Systems 93
5.3 Proposed Primary Drinking Water Regulations 94
5.4 National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (Proposed) . 95
5.5 Underground Injection Control for the Protection of Under-
ground Drinking Water Supply . 95
5.6 Protection of Sole, or Principal Source Aquifer 96>
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
6.0 Occupational Safety and Health Act ............. 103
6.1 OSHA Regulations Dealing with Occupational Exposure to
Specific Chemicals .................. 104
6.2 Proposed OSHA Policy on Carcinogens .......... 104
6.3 Recommended Contaminant Limits for Workroom Air .... 105
7.0 Radiation Regulations ................... 143
7.1 Standards for Protection Against Radiation ...... 144
7.2 Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for
Nuclear Power Operations ............... 146
8.0 Toxic Substances Control Act ............... 155
8.1 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (40 CFR, Part 761) ..... 156
8.2 Fully Halogenated Chlorofluoroalkanes (40 CFR, Parts
712, 762) .......... . .......... . . 157
9.0 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act ..... 159
9.1 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act FIFRA) ...................... 159
9.2 Classification of Pesticides ............. 160
9.3 Pesticide Tolerance Levels .............. 161
10.0 Noise Control Act ..................... 167
11.0 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ........... 169
11.1 Solid Waste Regulations ................ 169
11.2 Proposed Hazardous Waste Regulations ......... 170,
11.3 Resource Conservation and Recovery .......... 171
12.0 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act ...... 1.85
12.1 Designation of Marine Sanctuaries ........... 185
12.2 Criteria for the Evaluation of Permit Applications for
Dumping of Materials ................. T85
13.0 National Environmental Policy Act .............. 189
13.1 Guidelines for Preparation of Environmental Impact
Statements ...................... 189
13.2 Review of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement . . 190
Appendices
A. Public Laws and Code of Federal Regulations Citations . . .197
B. Bibliography ........................ 217
C. Criteria Documents ..................... 2.4-3
D. Units of Quantitative Levels for Pollutant Regulation . . .
Index ................................ 267
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LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
1 Categories of Environmental Regulations and Activities
Listed by Legislative Act 9
2 Milestone Regulations in Environmental Control and
Pollutants or Industries Affected 10
3 Federal Regulations Specified by Media 12
4 Agency Offices Responsible for Federal Regulations and
Standards 13
5 Structure of Environmental Protection Agency 14
6 Offices and Organizations Making Recommendations to
Regulatory Agencies 15
7 Procedure for Promulgating Regulations 16
8 Regulations Categories Listing Existing Regulations with
Quantitative Enforceable Control Limits . . 17
9 Pollutants Controlled by Federal Regulations 18
10 Industries Specifically Addressed by Federal Regulations. 21
11 Hierarchy of Regulations by Pollutant 23
12 Projected New Regulatory Activity and Proposed Regula-
tions 26
13 National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality
Standards (40 CFR, Part 50) 38
14 Criteria Documents in Revision and Projected Issuance
Dates 39
15 Identification of Air Quality Control Regions (ACQRs) . . 40
16 Emission Standards for Control of Air Pollution from
Mobile Sources 42
17 Proposed Emission Levels for Control of Air Pollution
from Aircraft and Aircraft Engines 43
18 New Stationary Source Performance Standards 44
19 Proposed New Source Performance Standards 47
20 Proposed Priority List of Source Categories to be Subject
to NSPS 48
21 Organic Chemicals Industry Processes Considered Likely
Candidates for NSPS or NESHAPs Coverage 49
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Number Page
22 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants . 50
23 Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Clean Air
Region Classification Criteria 51
24 Prevention of Significant Deterioration Permitted Incre-
ments 52
25 Additional Allowances for Class I 52
26 Major Stationary Sources Subject to PSD Review 53
27 EPA 1976 Quality Criteria for Water . 62
28 Toxic Pollutants Specified in the NRC-EPA Settlement
Agreement . 66
29 Point Source Categories to be Addressed in Accordance
with the NRDC vs. EPA Settlement Agreement 67
30 Industries for Which BAT Guidelines and Data 18 Months
after Final Guidelines 67
31 Selected EPA Effluent Standards ..... 53
32 Selected Pretreatment Standards . . 78
33 Pollutants and Water Quality Characteristics Addressed
by Effluent Standards ............. 80
3^ Categories and Subcategories Not Requiring Analysis ... 31
35 Categories and Subcategories of Industries where BAT
Effluent Limitations were Determined to be Cost-Effective 82
36 Industrial Categories and Subcategories Requiring New
BCT Limits ........ ....... 84
37 Compounds Initially Designated Toxic Pollutants under
Section 307a of the FWPCA 85
38 Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards . . ... 86
39 Hazardous Substances . 87
40 Chemicals Designated Hazardous under Section 311 of the
FWPCA 89
41 Drinking Water Inorganics Levels .... 97
42 Drinking Water Fluoride Levels 97
43 Drinking Water Organics Levels ..... . g^
44 Average Annual Concentrations assumed to Produce a Total
Body or Organ Dose of 4 mrem/yr c$
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Number
45 Chemical Indicators of Industrial Contamination 99
46 Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels 100
47 States Required to Formulate Deep Well Injection Regu-
lations 101
48 OSHA Regulations Prescribing Levels of Chemicals Per-
missible in Workroom Air 108
49 OSHA Standards Establishing Workroom Air Contaminant
Levels . 126
50 OSHA Designated Suspected Carcinogens 127
51 Preliminary List of OSHA Category I Confirmed Carcinogens
Produced in Significant Quantities 128'
52 Summary of NIOSH Recommendations for Occupational
Health Standards ...... ... 130
53 Chemicals, Physical Agents, and Processes to be Addressed
by NIOSH in 1979-1980 . . . 134
54 Compounds Known to be Present in Coal Gasification Pro-
cesses and which Have Occupational Standards 135
55 Compounds Suspected to be Present in Coal Gasification
Processes and for which Occupational Standards Exist . . 135
56 1977 ACGIH TLVR Recommendations not Included in 1968
List 13.7
57 Chemicals with ANSI Standards for Acceptable Concen-
trations 141
58 Official Documents in which Regulations and Recommendations
Dealing with Radiation are Set Forth 148
59 Official Documents Containing Regulations and Recommen-
dations for Radiation Exposure 149
60 Limiting Air and Water Concentrations of Radioactivity
Above Natural Background for Selected Radioisotopes in
Restricted and Non-Restricted Areas ..... 150
61 Isotopes with Radioactivity Limitations for Air and
Water 151
62 Allowable Microcuries Specified for Materials Addressed
by Standards for Protection Against Radiation 153
63 Chemicals under Consideration for Regulation under TSCA . 158
64 Classification of the Use of Pesticide Chemicals .... 162
65 Pesticides to be Considered for Restricted Classifi-
cation 164
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Number Page
66 Pesticides Addressed by Tolerance Level Limitations for
Raw Agricultural Products . 165
67 Noise Regulations Promulgated or Posed. ... 1C£
68 Controlled Substance List 172
69 Hazardous Pesticide Not Listed Elsewhere 173
70 Substances Considered Hazardous by the Department of
Transportation ..... 174
71 Selected Priority Pollutants Proposed to Hake Solid Waste
Hazardous ................... 175
72 Incompatible Hazardous Waste ......... 176
73 Infectious Agents Proposed to Make Solid Waste Hazardous . 178
74' Extract Concentration Levels Determining Hazardousness of
Solid Waste . 180
75 Processes Generating Hazardous Waste ..... 181
76 Interim Criteria for Evaluating Permit Applications for
Ocean Dumping of Constituents Prohibited in Other than
Trace Quantities 188
77 Materials Permitted for Ocean Dumping, Subject to
Limitations . .......... 188
78 Areas of Environmental Impact and Federal Agencies and
Federal State Agencies with Jurisdiction by Law or Special
Expertise to Comment Thereon ..... 191
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AloOo - Aluminum oxide
As - Arsenic
bbls - Barrels
Btu - British thermal unit
C - Ceiling
°C - Temperature in degrees Celsius
cc - Cubic centimeter
Cd - Cadmium
CN - Cyanide
C02 - Carbon dioxide
Cr - Chromium
- Chromous
Cr03 - Chromic
cu m - Cubic meter
2,4-D - 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
dBA - Decibels
ODD - 1 ,l-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane
DDE - 1 ,l-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene
DDT - 1 ,1 ,l-Trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenol)ethylene
Do - Same as above
dscf - Dry standard cubic foot (air)
dscm - Dry standard cubic meter (air)
EDTA - Ethyl enedi ami netetraacetic acid
F - Fluorine
Fe - Iron
g - Gram
gal - Gallon
gr - Grain
ha - Hectacre
HCN - Hydrogen cyanide
Hg - Mercury
Hp - Horsepower
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (Continued)
hp-hr - Horsepower hour
hrs - Hours
H£S - Hydrogen sulfide
kcal - Kilocalorie
kg - Kilogram
3
kkg - 10 kilograms
km - Kilometer
2
km - Square kilometer
1 - Liters
Ib - Pound
LC5Q - Concentration lethal to 50% of colony
m - Square meter
3
m - Cubic meter
mg - Milligram
min - Minute
ml - Mi 111liter
mm - Millimeter
Mn - Manganese
mpn - Most probable number
mrem - Millirem
MW - Megawatt
mW - Milliwatt
N - Nitrogen
ng - Nanogram
Ni - Nickel
NO - Nitrous oxide
NO- - Nitrogen dioxide
P - Phosphorus
Pb - Lead
PCB - Polychlorinated biphenyls
pet - Percent
pCi - Picocuries
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (Continued)
pH - Measure of acidity or alkalinity
ppb - Parts per billion
ppm - Parts per million
psia - Pound per square inch area
S - Secondary
sec - Second
SiO - Silicon oxide
Si02 - Silicon dioxide
S02 - Sulfur dioxide
Stat - Statute
T/2 - Half-life
2,4,5-T - (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid
TCDD - 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
TDE - Tetrachlorodiphenylethane
Te - Tellurium
TEPP - Tetraethylpyrosphate
2,4,5-TP - (2,4,5-Trichlorphenoxy)propionic acid
VpOj- - Vanadium oxide
wt - Weight
Yr - Year
yci - Microcurie
yg - Microgram
ym - "Micrometer
xll
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
ACGIH
AEC
ANSI
AQCR
BAT
BATEA
BCT
BMP
BOD
BOD5
BPT
BRH
CA
CAA
CEQ
CFR
COD
CWA
DOD
DOE
EGD
EIS
EPA
FIFRA
FR
FRC
FWPCA
GAC
6C/MS
HEW
ICC
ICRP
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
Atomic Energy Commission
American National Standards Institute
Air Quality Control Regions
Best Available Technology
Best Available Technology Economically Achievable
Best Conventional Technology
Best Management Practice
Biological Oxygen Demand
5-Day Biological Oxygen Demand
Best Practicable Technology
Bureau of Radiological Health
Court of Appeals
Clean Air Act
Council on Environmental Quality
Code of Federal Regulations
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Clean Water Act
Department of Defense
Department of Energy
Effluent Guidelines Division
Environmental Impact Statement
Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
Federal Register
Federal Radiation Commission
Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Granulated Activated Charcoal
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrophotometry
Health, Education, and Welfare
Interstate Commerce Commission
International Commission on Radiation Protection
xiii
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LIST OF ACRONYMS (Continued)
LAER - Lowest Achievable Emission Rate
NA - Nonattainment
NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NAS - National Academy of Science
NBS - National Bureau of Standards
NCI - National Cancer Institute
NCRP - National Council on Radiation Protection
NCRPM - National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement
NEPA - National Environmental Policy Act
NESHAP - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NIEHS - National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences
NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NPDES - National Pollutant Discharges Elimination System
NRC - Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NRDC - Natural Resources Defense Council
NSF - National Science Foundation
NSPS - New Source Performance Standards
OAQPS - Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
ORD - Office of Research and Development - EPA
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PL - Public Law
POM - Polycyclic Organic Matter
POTW - Publicly Owned Treatment Works
PPAH - Particulate Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
PSD - Prevention of Significant Deterioration
RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
SDWA - Safe Drinking Water Act
SIP - State Implementation Plans
TDS - Total Dissolved Solids
TKN - Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
p
TLV - Threshold Limit Values
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LIST OF ACRONYMS (Continued)
TSCA - Toxic Substances Control Act
TSL - Toxic Substances List
TSS - Total Suspended Solids
TTHM - Total Trihalomethanes
Tu - Turbidity units
TWA - Time Weighted Averages
USC - United States Code
xv
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge contributions made to the preparation of
this report by the following individuals: Bill Berryhill, Marjorie
Riepma, Frances Scott, and Jocelyn Watson.
A special thanks is extended to T. K. Janes of the Environmental
Protection Agency for his advice and information which provided
direction for the preparation of this report. We also wish to thank Dr.
William P. Kirk of the Environmental Protection Agency/Health Effects
Research Laboratory for his assistance.
xvi
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This review of Federal environmental regulations is timely in view
of recent challenges within both the public domain and the Federal
Government, to current U.S. regulatory policy. In recent years, there
has been increasing public pressure to protect the environment by a
rapid proliferation of regulations. Indeed, the speed with which these
regulations have been adopted or changed has created some concern and
confusion among those affected by them. Nevertheless, a strong commitment
remains to the environmental protection mandate and the current approach
to legal controls.
The text makes little or no attempt to evaluate or describe the
political, economic, social or legal and scientific technicalities
involved in regulation formulation and enforcement. For such details,
the reader is referred to citations listed in the text, to the Federal
Register, Code of Federal Regulations (cf. Appendix A), or to the bibli-
ography of Appendix B.
This handbook concentrates on information about specific pollutants,
concentrations, industrial control levels, and defining the areas to
which each regulation applies. The information should be relatable to
process or control system design and provide an overview of what sub-
stances, within the scope of knowledge to date, have been officially
(i.e., federally) designated hazardous or environmentally significant.
The information herein covers all areas of the environment which can be
polluted (air, water, land) and are therefore controlled—hence the term
multimedia.
Federal regulations are the primary product of the environmental
assessment process, and, as legally enforceable limitations, constitute
the "last word" on specific pollutants. Thus, regulations must be of
interest to all who are involved with environmental protection.
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Obviously, this data base does not give all the information required
for making an environmental assessment or selecting control technology.
Variances and other exceptions to the regulations are common, patterns
of enforcement are not well established in some areas, regulations are
constantly being challenged in court, and revisions to the regulations
are always being made. Also, little attention is given here to the
increased influence of Federal control in projects involving government
funds. Any of these factors may be most important in planning and
control.
One of the most obvious patterns in the development of environmental
protection procedures has been increased responsibility of the Federal
Government, primarily through the Environmental Protection Agency. This
approach has allowed more uniform regulation and control, solutions to
interstate problems, and the assurance of a national commitment to
solving environmental problems.
An example of the progress of environmental protection can be seen
in U.S. water pollution control:
In 1948, the Fede-raCl Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) was passed.
It provided limited Federal authority to be administered by the Department
of the Interior, while primary control and enforcement authority remained
with the States. The Federal responsibility for FWPCA enforcement was
transferred to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1956,
and in 1966, it was transferred again to the Department of the Interior.
Individual states still retained initiative and authority in the area of
water pollution control.
It was not until the creation of the Environmental Protection
Agency in 1970, and the transfer of the authority for protection of the
United States water quality to that organization, that the Federal
government began to provide specific programs for water pollution
control. The FWPCA stated as its goal the restoration and maintenance
of the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the waters, and
EPA was given the responsibility to develop programs to make the United
States' waterways fishable and swimmable by 1983 and to achieve zero
discharge of pollutants by 1985. The FWPCA has been amended yearly to
provide additional authority for these programs.
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Public influence in environmental issues has continued to have a
major effect in setting goals for EPA's water pollution control program.
In response to four citizen suits, a Settlement Agreement was reached in
1976, resulting in a Consent Decree Document listing 65 specific pollutants
whose discharges were to be regulated by effluent limitations and pretreat-
ment standards. The National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) has been used to monitor compliance with the various effluent
limitations set.
The Clean Air Act was enacted in 1963. This.legislation resulted
from increasing publicity concerning the adverse health effects of air
pollution. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was given
the job of providing Federal leadership in the area of air pollution
control. As in the case of water pollution, the majority of the authority
remained with the States. In 1967, the Air Quality Act was passed.
This provided Federal criteria for air quality with State enforcement.
When EPA was established in 1970, it was given the HEW authority in
the area of air pollution. That year, the Congress passed the Clean Air
Act Amendments, which provided the authority for EPA to establish National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs), and New Source Performance Standards
(NSPS) for stationary sources. More recently, the Clean Air Act Amend-
ments of 1977 provide a mechanism for instituting a program for Prevention
of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and Non-Attainment (NA) regulations.
These regulations provide for continued protection of the existing
background ambient air quality.
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) amends the Public Health Service
Act and is established primarily to assure that the public is provided
with safe drinking water. It provides the legislative initiative under
which the Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Regulations are pro-
mulgated by EPA. These regulations apply to all public drinking water
systems. This act also provides for the protection of underground
sources of drinking water, assures that there will be adequate supplies
of chemicals needed to treat public water systems, and establishes the
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National Drinking Water Advisory Council to make recommendations to the
Environmental Protection Agency about matters relating to this act.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 authorizes the development
and enforcement of standards for safe and healthful work conditions and for
protection against workplace toxic substances. It provides assistance to the
States to develop workplace safety and health programs and provides funding
for research and education in the field of occupational safety and health.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was created to
administer these programs. The act also created the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH has the responsibility of
conducting research and making recommendations for the OSHA regulatory standards.
The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 established the basis for the regulation of
ionizing radiation. It created the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which is
now defunct, the Federal Radiation Council (FRC), and the Bureau of Radiological
Health (BRH). With the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency in
1970, the FRC was dissolved, and its functions were assigned to the EPA. When
the AEC was dissolved in 1975, its regulatory functions were assigned to the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC).
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was established to regulate
chemicals not controlled by established mechanisms. Under this act, a number
of existing chemicals would be selected each year for testing and possible
regulation. The act required that each new chemical product be subjected to a
testing regimen prior to marketing.
It is the objective of the Federal Environmental PeBtioide Control Act of
1972, or as it is commonly known, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Aat (FIFRA), to assure the safety of pesticide chemicals. In
order to accomplish this goal, a permit program has been established by EPA to
control the manufacture, distribution, and application of pesticides. Also
under this act, regulations are promulgated specifying tolerance levels for
certain pesticide chemicals in or on specific agricultural commodities.
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The Noise Control Act of 1972 was legislated to control the emission
of noise detrimental to the human environment. Under this act, specific
regulations on noise are promulgated by EPA, The act specifies that
noise limitations should be set for major noise sources in the following
categories:
1. Construction equipment.
2. Transportation equipment (airplanes, railroads, and trucks).
3. Any motor or engine.
4. Electrical or electronic equipment.
It provides for the proper labeling of (1) the noise level produced by
products capable of emitting noises that might "adversely affect the
public health or welfare," and (2) the effectiveness of products for the
purpose of reducing noise.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (ECRA) provides
technical and financial assistance for the development of management
plans and facilities for the recovery of energy and other resources from
solid waste and for the safe disposal of discarded materials, and to
regulate the management of hazardous waste. Solid waste management in-
formation and guidelines stipulate that EPA must describe levels of
performance for disposal facilities in order to protect (1) the quality
of ground and surface waters from leachates, (2) the quality of surface
waters from runoff, (3) ambient air quality, (4) public health from
disease and pest control, and (5) safety and aesthetics. The guidelines
also stipulate minimum State criteria for solid waste management.
The Marine Protection, Research, and Santuaries Act of 1972 addresses
unregulated dumping operations in ocean waters. To accomplish this, the
act provides for an Environmental Protection Agency permit program for
all ocean-dumping activities in territorial marine waters. The act also
mandates a comprehensive and continuing research program into the effects
of pollution, overfishing, and other man-induced ecological effects on
the marine environment. In addition, the Secretary of Commerce is given
the authority to designate areas of the ocean as marine sanctuaries.
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The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) established a
national environmental policy and deals with the implementation of the
policy goals. The act provides for the consideration of environmental
consequences of Federal actions by requiring Environmental Impact state-
ments on all Federal projects affecting the environment. The Council on
Environmental Quality was also created under this act.
The Rivers and Harbors Act provides a permit system to regulate
dredge and fill activities in navigable waters.
The Oil Pollution Act of 1961 deals with discharge of oil or oily
mixtures from any ship at sea, maintenance of complete records of all
oil transfers, and penalties for the spillage of any oil.
The Coastal Zone Management Act calls for a comprehensive, long-
range, and coordinated national program for the management, beneficial
use, protection, and development of the land and water resources of the
nation's coastal zones. To facilitate the achievement of these goals,
the act established a National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering
Development, and a Commission of Marine Science, Engineering, and Resources.
It also provided for funding from the States to acquire property for the
establishment of estuarine sanctuaries and to provide public access to
beaches.
The following text describes the specific results of the major
environmental legislation. The summary compares the various types of
limitations. The body of the report describes the specific regulations
resulting from each legislative act. The Appendices contain an index to
the Public Laws and Code of Federal Regulations cited in this handbook,
a listing of criteria documents published by the National Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health and American National Standards Institute
and a unit conversion chart. It is hoped that constant updating of the
information will allow this to serve as a useful tool.
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2.0 SUMMARY
This section summarizes in tabular form some of the most pertinent
information concerning Federal environmental standards. In some of the
tables, regulations are cross-referenced and correlated with respect to
legislative act, time, media, control levels, and pollutants.
There are 18 categories of adopted or proposed Federal regulations
that establish quantitative, enforceable, environmental control limits.
These categories of regulations are listed in Table 1 with the corre-
sponding authorizing legislation. These regulations address noise,
pesticides, radionuclides, and toxic substances as well as a variety of
other contaminants in air, water, and land.
Table 2 presents a listing of regulations that set milestones in
environmental control. In Table 3, the regulations are organized
according to the media to which they apply. Most of the standards
address air and water pollution.
The responsibility for the promulgation and enforcement of these
regulations rests with the EPA, the OSHA, and the NRC. The specific
offices within these agencies which are associated with the various
regulations are listed in Table 4. It may be noted that offices within
EPA have authority for most of these regulations. For that reason, a
more detailed organizational chart of EPA is included as Table 5.
Although the above agencies are responsible for the actual promulgation
and enforcement of standards, they receive official recommendations from
a variety of sources. These sources are listed in Table 6.
Table 7 is a flow chart for the process of promulgating an environ-
mental regulation.
Regulations that have been promulgated with enforceable quantitative
control limits are tabulated in Table 8. The pollutants controlled by
these limits are found in Table 9. Point source discharges that are
addressed as specific industrial sources are listed in Table 10. In Table
11, regulations are presented in decreasing order of severity (based on
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control limitations) for those pollutants addressed by more than one set of
regulations. Table 2 summarizes projected new regulations.
A discussion of each specific category of regulations may be found in
Sections 3 through 13 of this report.
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TABLE 1. CATEGORIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND
ACTIVITIES LISTED BY LEGISLATIVE ACTS
Legislative Acts Authorizing
Environmental Control Activities
Environmental Activities or Categories
of Regulations Established
Clean Air Act
Federal Water Pollution Control
(Clean Water Act)
Safe Drinking Water Act
Occupational Safety & Health Act
of 1970
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Mobile Source Emission Standards
National Emissions Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants
New Stationary Source Performance
Standards
Quality Criteria for Water
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System
EPA Point Source Effluent Standards
Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards
Pretreatment Standards
Oil and Hazardous Substance Regulations
Consent Decree (Settlement Agreement)
National Interim Primary Drinking Water
Regulations
National Secondary Drinking Water
Regulations
Limitations for Toxic and Hazardous
Substances in Workplace Air
Atomic Energy Act
Toxic Substances Control Act
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act
Noise Control Act of 1972
Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act of 1976
Marine Protection, Research, and
Sanctuaries Act
Effluent Limitations for Radionuclides
Nuclear Fuel Cycle Regulations
Limits for Burial of Radionuclide
Establishment of Interagency Testing
Committee
Compounds Recommended for Testing
Regulations on PCBs and Fully Halo-
genated Chlorofluoroalkanes
Registration Rules
Classification and Use Restrictions
Pesticide Tolerance Levels on
Agricultural Commodities
Noise Regulations
Low Noise Emission Product Standards
Proposed Hazardous Waste Regulations
Solid Waste Regulations
Permit System for Ocean Dumping
-------
TABLE 2. MILESTONE REGULATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND
POLLUTANTS OR INDUSTRIES AFFECTED
Legislative Act
Regulatory Activity
Date
Clean Air Act 1965
Air Quality Act 1967
--Amended 1970
Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1977
Federal Water Pollution
Control Act 1948
— Amended 12/28/73
1/2/74
1/2/75
3/23/76
12/27/77
Safe Drinking Water Act
1974
Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970
Atomic Energy Act 1954
Reorganization Act 1970
Toxic Substances Control
Act
Federal Pesticide Control
Act
Final NAAQS
Final SIP Requirements
Final Group I NSPS
Final NESHAP Regulations for
Asbestos, Beryllium, and
Mercury
Final Group II NSPS
Mobile Source Standards
Proposed Addition of Lead to
NAAQS
Proposed Change of Oxidants to
Ozone in NAAQS
Proposed Mobile Source Standards
for 1981--Light Duty Vehicles
NSPS Proposed Priority List
Published
Proposed Toxic Pollutant
Standards
First Source Based (wet corn
milling) effluent standard
Water Quality Criteria
Final Toxic Pollutant Standards
Final Harmful Quantities of
Hazardous Substances Lists and
Penalties
Proposed Pretreatment Program
Primary Drinking Water Standards
Secondary Standards
Organics
Adoption of Asbestos Workplace
Air Contaminant Level
Adoption of Permissible Exposure
Limits for Over 400 Chemicals
Proposed Carcinogen Policy
Radionuclides in Effluents
Nuclear Fuel Cycle Regulations
Regulations of Fluorocarbons
Regulations of PCBs
Registration Guidelines
Revised Guidelines
4/30/71
8/14/71
12/23/71
4/6/73
3/8/74
9/19/75
12/14/77
6/22/78
8/78
8/31/78
12/27/73
4/75
9/76
1/12/77
3/13/78
7/78
12/24/75
3/31/77
7/6/78
7/7/72
5/29/71
10/77
10/60
12/28/76
2/78
4/78
8/25/71
9/8/75
continued
10
-------
TABLE 2. (continued)
Legislative Act Regulatory Activity Date
Noise Control Act Low Noise Emission Standard 2/21/74
Railroad Noise Emission Standard 1/14/76
Resource Conservation and Solid Waste 8/14/74
Recovery Act Hazardous Waste 4/28/78
7/11/78
NEPA Guidelines 1974
New Guidelines Proposed 6/9/78
11
-------
TABLE 3. FEDERAL REGULATIONS SPECIFIED BY MEDIA
AIR
National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Standards
Mobile Source Emission Standards
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
New Stationary Source Performance Standards
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Standards
Air Contaminants Resulting from Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage,
and Disposal Emissions
WATER
Toxic Pollutants Effluent Standards
EPA Point Source Effluent Standards
Pretreatment Standards
Harmful Quantities of Hazardous Substances
Interim Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards
Standards for Protection Against Radiation
(Effluent Limits for Radionuclides)
SOIL
Standards for Protection Against Radiation
(Limits for Burial of Radionuclides)
Hazardous Waste Regulations
12
-------
TABLE 4. AGENCY OFFICES RESPONSIBLE FOR FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
Category of regulations
Agency office responsible
NAAQS
NESHAPs
NSPS
Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards
EPA Point Source Effluent Standards
Pretreatment Standards
Harmful Quantities of Hazardous Substances
Mobile Source Emissions Standards
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Assistant Administrator for
Water and Hazardous Materials
Office of Mobile Source
Air Pollution Control
Interim Primary and Secondary Drinking
Water Standards
OSHA Air Standards
Standards for Protection Against Radiation
Effluent Limits for Radionuclides
Nuclear Fuel Cycle Regulations
Limits for Burial of Radionuclides
Toxic Substances Control Act Regulations
Office of Water Supply
aOccupational Safety and
Health Administration
Dir. of Health Stand. Program
Office of Radiation Programs
aNuclear Regulatory Commission
Assistant Administrator for
Toxic Substances
Pesticide Regulations
Office of Pesticide Programs
Noise
Office of Noise Abatement
and Control
Solid Waste Regulations
Office of Solid Waste
under EPA.
13
-------
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ADMINISTRATOR
: DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR
OFFICE OF
CIVIL
RIGHTS
ASST. ADMINISTRATOR
FOR PLANNING
AND MANAGEMENT
ASST. ADMINISTRATOR
FOR
ENFORCEMENT
REGIONAL OFFICES
OFFICE OF
INTERNATIONAL
ACTIVIT/ES
ASST. ADMINISTRATOR
FOR WATER AND
WASTE MANAGEMENT
ASST. ADMINISTRATOR
FOR AIR. NOISE.
AND RADIATION
OFFICE OF
: AIR QUALITY
' PLANNING AND
STANDARDS
OFFICE OF
MOBILE SOURCE
AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL
OFFICE OF
NOISE ABATEMENT
AND CONTROL
OFFICE OF
: RADIATION
PROGRAMS
ASST. ADMINISTRATOR
FOR RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT
-------
TABLE 6. OFFICES AND ORGANIZATIONS MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS TO REGULATORY AGENCIEj
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
7910 Woodmont Avenue
Washington, D.C. 20014
International Commission on Radiation Protection
Clifton Avenue
Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PU, England
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
5600 Fisher Lane
Rockville, Maryland 20852
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
1014 Broadway
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
American National Standards Institute
1430 Broadway
New York, New York 10018
Department of Energy
Washington, D.C. 20585
TSCA Interagency Commission
Office of Toxic Substances
Washington, D. C. 20460
Council on Environmental Quality
722 Jackson Place, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20006
Manufacturing Chemists Association
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20009
National Fire Protection Association
470 Atlantic Avenue
Boston, Massachusetts 02210
National Cancer Institute
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
15
-------
TABLE 7. PROCEDURE FOR PROMULGATING REGULATIONS5
1.
2.
3.
4.
LAW TRANSMITTED TO EPA
I
STANDARD FORMULATION
Source Priority Determination
Industry Survey
Pollution Control Technology
Survey
Issues Analysis
Industry
Trade Associations
Consultants
REGULATION PROPOSED AND PUBLISHED IN FEDERAL REGISTER
J
PUBLIC COMMENT
I
REGULATION BECOMES FINAL
IMPLEMENTATION
EVALUATION
Individual
Environmental Groups
Industy
Trade Associations
aNew Stationary Source Performance Standards used as an example.
16
-------
TABLE 8. REGULATIONS CATEGORIES LISTING EXISTING REGULATIONS
WITH QUANTITATIVE ENFORCEABLE CONTROL LIMITS
National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Standards
Mobile Source Emission Standards
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
New Stationary Source Performance Standards
Toxic Pollutants Effluent Standards
EPA Point Source Effluent Standards
Pretreatment Standards
National Interim Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Limitations for Toxic
and Hazardous Substances in Workplace Air
Effluent Limits for Radionuclides
Nuclear Fuel Cycle Regulations
Limits for Burial of Radionuclides
Toxic Substances Control Act Regulations on PCBs and Fully Halo-
genated Chlorofluoro Alkanes
Pesticide Tolerances Levels on Agricultural Commodities
Noise Regulations
CATEGORY AND PROPOSED REGULATIONS
Hazardous Waste Regulations
17
-------
TABLE 9. POLLUTANTS CONTROLLED BY FEDEML REGULATIONS
CM
«a-
4J
W
_1
tn
•g
f«
•o
3
(S)
0)
1
CO
0)
Lf)
3
O
O.
O
PO
V
ndards (
13
•hJ
CO
-U
c
s
tfj
«a*
bstances
3
C/l
(/I
3
"E
in
•s
t.
fl
•o
e
JS
to
S-
(U
+-»
rd
3
CT»
C
^i
CM
OT
**""*
S
2
£
0)
O
i—
n a)
•a
«^ ^~
*~^ (j
P-*
VI
|
•M
-------
TABLE 9. (continued)
•i— CO pr-
2,4-Dimethylphenol
Dim' tro benzene
Dim' tro toluene
Diphenylhydrazine
Diquat
Endosulfan and metabolites
Endrin and metabolites
Ethyl benzene
Ethylene diamine
Fecal col i form
Fluoranthene
Fluoride
Fluorocarbons
Fumaric acid
Gold
Guthion
Haloethers
Halomethanes
Heptachlor and metabolites
Heyachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hydrocarbons
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen sulfide, sulfide
Iridium
Iron and compounds
Isophorone
Isopropanolamine
Lead and compounds
Lindane
Malathion
Manganese
Mercury and compounds
Methoxychlor
Methyl mercaptan
Naled
Naphthalene
Nickel and compounds
Nitrobenzene
Nitrogen oxides, nitrates
Nitrophenols
Nitrosamines
Oil and grease
Organohalogens
Osmium
Ozone
PAH
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
3-Q-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
TABLE 9,
•w'
\fl
1
cCT
•o
4J
in
— . oj
- s ~ y
• — • ro p
M • t/1
J*^*x*
ff
U1
5
XI
-M
C
3
i
^
Standards (4
e
S"
«M.
t/1
1
LT*
I/)
1
|
I
(0
C
s
CM
en
1
Tolerances
2 $
*-^ u
•(••
C1
—
1
Regulations
O C
00 .2
••^ 4J
-- fl
s
Id
I
s
€
Palladium
ParatMon and metabolites
Partlculatss
Ptntachlorophenol
Pesticides (not listed)
Phenol
Phosgene
Phosphorus
Phthalate asters
Platinum
Polychlorlnated blphenyls (PCbs)
Radioactive materials
Radium
Rhodium
Ruthenium
Selenium and compounds
Silver and compounds
Strontium chromate
Strychnine
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfurlc add sulfate
Sulfur monoehlorlde
Sulfur (total reduced)
2,4,5-T add and esters
TOE
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorod1benzo-p-d1ox1n (TCDD)
Tetrachloroethylene
Thallium and compounds
Toluene
Toxaphene
Trlchloroethylene
Tritium
Uranium and compounds
Vanadium pentoxlde
Vinyl chloride
Uater parameters (BOD, TSS, pH. COD)
Z1nc and compounds
Zirconium and compounds
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
20
-------
TABLE 10, INDUSTRIES SPECIFICALLY ADDRESSED BY
- - ..FEDERAL JREfiULmOMi-__
"Z
•3
Asbestos manufacturing
Auto and other laundries
Beryllium rocket motor firing
Builders paper and board mill
Canned and preserved fruits and vegetables
Canned and preserved seafood processing
Carbon black manufacture
Cement manufacturing
Portland Cement Plant
Charcoal production facilities
Chemical process plants
Coal mining
Coal preparation plants (Coal cleaning)
Cooling water Intake structures
Dairy products processing
Electronic component production
Electroplating
Explosives manufacturing
Feedlots
Ferroalloy manufacturing
Fertilizer manufacture
Phosphate fertilizer industry
Fossil fuel fired steam generators
(Boilers, power plants)
Fuel conversion plants
Glass fiber processing plants
Glass manufacturing
Grain mills (Grain elevators)
Gum and wood chemicals manufacturing
Hospitals
Incinerators (Municipal)
Sludge Incinerators
Ink formulating
Inorganic chemicals manufacturing
Chlorine production
Hydrofluoric add plants
Nitric acid plants
Sulfuric add plants
Boric acid production
Antimony oxide production
Iron and steel manufacturing
Coking
Steel plants
Lead add storage battery production
Leather tanning and finishing
Machinery and mechanical products manufacturing
Meat products
Mercury cell chlor-alkall plants
Mineral mining and processing
Miscellaneous chemicals
L1me manufacturing plants
Nonferrous metals manufacturing
Primary aluminum plants
Primary zinc smelters
Primary copper smelters
Primary lead smelters
Secondary lead smelters
Secondary brass and bronze Ingot production plants
Secondary metal production
011 and gas extraction (offshore segment)
Ore mining and dressing
Mercury ore processing
Taconlte ore processing
Organic chemicals manufacturing
Vinyl chloride production
Benzldlne manufacturers and applicators
Polychlorinated biphenyls manufacturers
X
X
X
X
(X)
(X)
X
X
(X)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(X)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
21
-------
TABLE 10. (continued)
2!
a
to
a.
£
S
•2
-S
-S
2S
ffl -M
4J tf»
LO irt 4-» ,—
Paint formulation
Paving and roofing materials (tars and asphalt)
Asphalt concrete plants
Pesticide chemicals manufacturing
Aldrin/dieldrin manufacturers and formulators
DOT, ODD, DOE manufacturers and formulators
Toxaphene manufacturers and formulators
Petroleum refining
Petroleum storage and transfer facilities
Pharmaceutical manufacturing
Phosphate manufacturing
Photographic
Plastics and synthetics manufacturing
Printing
Pulp, paper, and paperboard
Pulp, paperboard, and converted paper products
Kraft pulp mills
Rubber manufacturing
Sewage treatment plants
Sintering plants
Soap and detergent manufacturing
Sugar processing
Sulfur recovery plants (Petroleum refining)
Textile industry
Timber products processing
Specific sources (>100 tons/y any pollutant)
Any other source (>250 tons/y any pollutant)
X
X
(X)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(X)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
22
-------
TABLE 11. HIERARCHY OF REGULATIONS BY.POLLUTANT
Pollutant
Medium
Recommendation, regulation,
or criteria
Value
Lead
and compounds
Air
Water
NAAQS
NIOSH
OSHA
Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards
1.5 yg/m3,
0.15 nig An
50 ug/m
0.05 mg/8.
Water Quality Criteria 0.05 mg/B.
Effluent Standard 0.100 mg/i
. (Iron and steel manufacturing, vacuum degassing)
Pretreatment l.Omg/n
(Inorganic chemicals manufacturing, lead monoxide production
Hazardous Substances 454 kg
(Lead fluoride)
Nitrogen oxides,
nitrates
Cadmium and compounds A1r
Water
Chromium and compounds A1r
Water
.100 mg/rc
1.8 mg/m •
9 mg/m3
400 mg/vehlcle mile
A1r NAAQS
NIOSH
OSHA
Mobile Source Standards
(Low emission vehicle)
NSPS 86 mg/joule heat Input
(Fossil fuel fired steam electric power generator using gaseous fossil fuels)
Water Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards 10 mg/i
Water Quality Criteria 10 mg/i
Effluent Standard 0.0094 kg/kkg product
Arsenic A1r NIOSH
OSHA
Water Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards
Water Quality Criteria
Pretreatment
(Timber products [wood preserving steam])
Effluent Standards
(Ore mining and dressing, ferroalloy ores)
Hazardous Substances
(Arsenic disulflde. oentoxide. trichloride.
2 ug/m ,
10 wg/m
0.05 rng/i
0.05 mg/J.
0.41 mg/2.
0.5 mg/z.
2270 kg
tri oxide, trlsulflde)
NIOSH .utu iiiy/rn-
OSHA 0.1 mg/m3
Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards 0.010 mg/i
Water Quality Criteria 0.010 mg/i
Effluent Standard 0.05 mg/i
(Ore mining and dressing [base and precious metals])
Pretreatment Standard 0.2 mg/i
(Nonferrous metal manufacture)
Ocean Dumping Criteria 0.6 mg/kg
Hazardous Substances 45.5 kg
(Cadmium acetate, bromide, chloride) ,
NIOSH
OSHA 100 yg/10
Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards 0.05 rng/J.
Water Quality Criteria 0.05 mg/i
Effluent Standard .0026 mg/i
(Iron and steel manufacturing, hot coatings-galvanizing)
Pretreatment Standard 0.09 mg/i.
(Electroplating)
Hazardous Substances 454 ko
Mercury and compounds Air
Water
NIOSH0.05 mg/m3 TWA
OSHA 0.1 mg/m3
NESHAP 2300 g/24 hr
(Mercury ore, mercury cell processing facilities, chloroalkall plants)
Effluent Standard 0.0001 mg/i'
(Ore mining and dressing [base and precious metals])
Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards 0.002 mg/i
Water Quality Criteria 0.002 mg/i
Ocean Dumping Criteria 0.75 mg/kg
Hazardous Substances .45 kg
(Merc
anide)
Cyanide
Air NIOSH 5 mg/cu m
OSHA 10 ppm
Water Water Quality Criteria 5.0 yg/n
Effluent Standard 0.1 mg/i
(Ore mining and dressing [base and precious metals])
Pretreatment Standard 0.08 mg/i
(Electroplating)
Hazardous Substances .454 kg
(Mercurous cyanide)
Ammonia
A1r NIOSH 50 ppm
OSHA 50 ppm
Water Water Quality Criteria 0.02 mg/i
Effluent Standard 100 mg/i
(Ore mining and dressing, uranium, radium, and vanadium ores)
Pretreatment 100 mg/i
Hazardous Substances 45.4 kg
23
-------
TABLE 11. (continued)
Pollutant
Medium
Recommendation, regulation,
or criteria
Value
Endrin and metabolites
Fluoride
Air
Water
Air
OSHA
Toxic Pollutant Standard
Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards
Water Quality Criteria
Hazardous Substances
NIOSH
0.1 mg/m
0.004 ug/j.
0.0002 mg/j,
0.0002 mg/s,
dM kg
2.5 mg/m.
Selenium and compounds Air
• Water
OSHA
NSPS
(Phosphate fertilizer industry)
Water Effluent Standard
(Mineral mining and processing, industrial sand)
Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards
Hazardous Substances
(Ferric fluoride) ____
0.25 g/hr/kkg of equiva-
lent P,0c stored
0.003 fng/4
1.4 mg/8, (26.3-32.5°C)
45.4 kg
OSHA
Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards
Water Quality Criteria
Effluent Standard
(Nonferrous metals manufacturing, primary zinc)
Hazardous Substances
0.2 mg/m
0.01 mg/i
0.01 mg/fc
0.027 kg/kkg product
454 kg
Beryllium
Carbon monoxide
Air
Water
Air
NIOSH
OSHA
NESHAP
Water Quality Criteria
Hazardous Substances
(Chloride, fluoride}
NAAQS
NIOSH
OSHA
Mobile Source Standards
2 ug/m,
2 ug/m
10 g/24 hr
11 ug/i
2270 kg
10 mg/m
35 ppm
50 ppm
0.7/vehicle mile
(Low emission vehicles)
NSPS
(Petroleum refining, catalyst regenerator)
0.050% by volume
Chlorine, chloride Air
Water
Copper and compounds Air
Water
Phenol
NIOSH 0.5 ppm
OSHA 1 ppm
Water Quality Criteria 2.0 ug/«.
Effluent Standard 0.2 yg/s.
(Steam electric power generating (generating unit)
Hazardous Substances 4.54 kg ,
0.1 mg/m
OSHA
(Fume)
Water Quality Criteria
Effluent Standard
(Ore mining and dressing [base and precious metals])
Pretreatment Standard
(Inorganic chemicals manufacturing, copper sulfate production, nonferrous
metals, secondary copper)
1.0 mg/s.
0.15 mg/s,
0.5 mg/8.
Hydrocarbons
Air
NAAQS
NIOSH
OSHA
160 tig/mi
350 mg/m
1000 ppm
CPentane)
OSHA
(n-Heptane, octane, n-hexane)
Mobile Source Standards
(Low emission vehicles)
NSPS
(Storage vessels for petroleum liquid must have vapor recovery system)
500 ppm
0.08 g/vehicle mile
Air NIOSH 20 mg/mj
OSHA 5 ppm
Water Water Quality Criteria 1 yg/8.
Effluent Standard 0.0002 kg/kkg product
(Ferroalloy manufacturing, covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations
with wet air pollution control devices)
Silver and compounds
Toxaphene
Air
Water
Air
Water
OSHA
Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards
Water Quality Criteria
Pretreatment Standard
Effluent Standard
OSHA
Toxic Pollutants Standard
Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards
Water Quality Criteria
Hazardous Substances
0.01 mg/mj
0.05 mg/d
0.05 mg/s,
0.34 mg/s.
429 mg/4
0.5 mg/m
0.005 yg/£
0.005 mg/i
0.005 mg/4
0.454 kg
24
-------
TABLE 11. (continued)
Pollutant
Zinc and compounds
Medium
Air
Recommendation, regulation,
or criteria
NIOSH
Value
5 mg/m
(Zinc oxide) ,
OSHA 5 mg/mj
(Zinc oxide)
Water Effluent Standard 0.100 mg/i
(Iron and steel manufacturing, vacuum degassing)
Pretreatment Standard 2.5 mg/i
(Inorganic chemicals, aluminum sulfate production)
Hazardous Substances 4.54 kg
Aldrin/dieldrin
Asbestos
DDT
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Nickel and compounds
Parathion and
metabolites
Sulfide, hydrogen
sulfide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfuric acid
Barium
Chlordane
Polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs)
Uranium
Endosulfan and
metabolites
Manganese and compounds
Strychnine
Air
Water
Air
Water
Air
Water
Air
Water
Air
Water
Air
Water
Air
Water
Air
Water
Air
Air
Water
Air
Water
Air
Water
Water
Air
Water
Water
Water
Air
Water
OSHA
Toxic Pollutant Standard
Water Quality Criteria
Hazardous Substances
NESHAP
NIOSH
OSHA
Effluent Standard
(Asbestos manufacturinq)
OSHA
Toxic Pollutant Standard
Water Quality Criteria
Hazardous Substances
OSHA
Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards
Water Quality Criteria
Hazardous Substances
OSHA
Interim Primary Drinking Water Standard
Water Quality Criteria
Hazardous Substances
NIOSH
OSHA
Effluent Standard
(Ore mining and dressing, mercury ore)
Hazardous Substances
(Nickel hydroxide)
NIOSH
OSHA
Water Quality Criteria
Hazardous Substances
NIOSH
OSHA
Water Quality Criteria
Effluent Standard
(l.pat.hpr tanninal
NAAQS
NSPS
(liquid fossil-fuel fired steam generators)
NIOSH
OSHA
NIOSH
OSHA
NSPS
(Sulfuric acid plants)
Hazardous Substances
OSHA
Water Quality Criteria
Hazardous Substances
(Barium cyanide)
OSHA
Water Quality Criteria
Hazardous Substances
Effluent Standard
(Steam electric power generating [generating
Toxic Pollutant Standard
Water Quality Criteria
0.25 mg/m -skin
0.003 yg/2.
0.003 yg/2.
0.454 kq
No visible emissions
100,000 fibers/m ,
10,000,000 fiber/m
No discharge
1 mg/m
0.001 yg/J.
0.002 yg/J.
0.454 kq ,
0.15 mg/m
.004 mg/i
.004 mg/i
0.454 kg
15 mg/m
0.1 mg/i
0.1 mg/i
0.454 kq -
0.15 mg/m
1 mg/m
0.1 mg/i
454 kg
0.05 mg/m
0.1 mg/m
0.04 yg/2.
.454 kq
15 mg/m
20 ppm
2 ug/J.
.1 mg/i
80 yg/m3(l yr)
0.340 ng/joule heat input
0.5 ppm
5 ppm
1 mg/m?. TWA
1 mg/m TWA
0.075 kg/kkg acid produced
454 ka -
0.5 mg/m
1 mg/i
4.54 kg
0.5 mg/m"
0.01 vg/i
0.454 kq
0 discharge
unit])
0.001 yg/J
0.001 yq/»
OSHA 0-05 mg/m' (soluble)
0.25 mg/m (insoluble)
Effluent Standard 2.0 mg/i
(Ore mining and dressing, uranium, radium, and vanadium ores)
Hazardous Substances 2270 kg
Water Quality Criteria
Hazardous Substances
.001 yg/J
0.454 kq
Water Quality Criteria sO yg/2.
Effluent Standard 0.100 mg/i
(Iron and steel manufacturinq, vacuum deqassinq) ,
OSHA
Hazardous Substances
0.15 mg/nT
4.54 kg
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TABtE 12. PROJECTED NEW REGULATORY ACTIVITY AND PROPOSED REGULATIONS*1
Category of regulations
Proposed regulatory activity
NAAQS
Mobile Source Standards
NSPS
NESHAPs
Pretreatment standards
Harmful quantities of hazardous
substances
'Ozone,, primary and secondary
In revision, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides,
particulates, nitrogen oxides.
Proposed--!981 mobile source standards for
light duty vehicles and light duty trucks. A
list of 72 issues to be addressed by future
NSPS or NESHAPs regulations was proposed. The
first five of these are synthetic organic chemi-
cals manufacturing, carbon black, industrial
surfact coating (cans), petroleum refining
(fugitive sources), industrial surface coating
(paper)
Proposed—vinyl chloride
To be proposed—benzene
--asbestos from crushed stone
—arsenic
--coke oven emissions
Electroplating industries. There is a list of
28 substances to be considered for future regu-
lation among these are adipic acid, n-butyl
phthalate, carbofuran, carbon tetrachloride,
crotonaldehyde, etc.
Secondary drinking water standards Chloride
Color
Copper
Corrosivity
Foaming agents
Hydrogen sulfide
Iron
Manganese
Odor
pH
Sulfate
TDS
Zinc
Primary drinking water standards
OSHA
Trihalomethanes and other synthetic organic
chemicals
A new policy concerning carcinogens listed 276
chemicals for consideration for control under a
new OSHA program for carcinogens.
aAdditional references on these proposed regulations will be presented in the
section of the report dealing with the specific regulation.
26
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TABLE 12. PROJECTED NEW REGULATORY ACTIVITY AND PROPOSED REGULATIONS (cont'd)
Category of regulations
Proposed regulatory activity
TSCA
Pesticides
Noise
Sol id waste
NEPA
Substances under study are alkyl epoxides, alkyl
phthalate, chlorinated benzenes, chlorinated
paraffins, chloromethane, cresols, hexachloro-
1,3-butadiene, nitrobenzene, toluene, and xylenes.
There are 33 pesticide chemicals under consider-
ation for classification for restricted use.
Noise regulations have been proposed for the
following categories: crawler tractors, wheel
loaders, wheel tractors, buses, motorcycles,
motorcycle aftermarket exhaust systems, truck
mounted solid waste compactors, and the label-
ing of hearing protectors.
There is an entire program for the control of
hazardous waste proposed. Among the issues
addressed are air emission standards from solid
waste, permissible concentrations of hazardous
substances in solid waste,and processes producing
hazardous wastes.
New guidelines for simplifying the drafting and
reviewing of Environmental Impact Statements have
been proposed.
27
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3,0 CLEAN AIR ACT
In October 1948, 20 deaths and 6,000 cases of Illness 1n the
Industrial community of Donora, Pennsylvania, were attributed to a
prolonged period of air pollution. After this Incident focused the
public's attention on health problems associated with air pollution,
seven years passed before there was any Federal legislative response to
the problem.
In 1955 the Congress provided temporary authority for research,
demonstration, and testing of air pollution control measures. This
authority was extended several times. In 1963 this authority was made
permanent by the Clean Air Act (CAA). In accordance with the CAA, however,
the enforcement authority remained with the States. The Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, at the request of the State, could hold
a public hearing on air pollution within the State. After a conference
with the offending polluters, HEW could finally initiate Federal court
proceedings against them. Only if the pollution originated in one State
and affected a population in another State could the Department act on
its own initiative without the permission of the involved State.
In 1965 the Congress passed the Motor Vehicles Air Pollution Control
Act. This provided that HEW establish Federal regulations on the emissions
from 1968 model vehicles.
In response to increasing public pressure, the Air Quality Act of
1967 was passed. It was modeled on the Water Quality Act of 1965. It
established Federal criteria for pollution control, but the States
retained primary authority for setting standards and enforcing them.
According to the procedure established in this act, HEW established air
quality control regions (AQCRs) for the States and set ambient air
quality criteria.
The State would have 90 days to file a letter of intent to comply
with the established criteria. The State then was given an additional
180 days to adopt specific standards to meet the Federal criteria. If
these standards were approved, the State was given 360 more days to
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submit an implementation plan for enforcing those standards. In the
event of a failure to comply with this scheme, Federal authority could
promulgate regulations for the State. If this occurred, the State would
be given an additional six months to try to set its own standards.
In order to accelerate the program of air pollution control and
abatement, Congress passed the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1970. These
amendments provided for increased Federal (EPA) control in the area of
air pollution. They established Standards (NAAQS), to be implemented
under State Implementation Plans (SIP) in the 247 air quality control
regions designated. The amendments provided for national standards to
reduce emissions standards for new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle
engines by 90 percent. Specific industrial source categories were
addressed under standards of performance for new stationary sources
(NSPS). National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
(NESHAP) were also promulgated under these amendments. The enforcement
procedure was shortened considerably. If a source within a State did
not comply with the appropriate standard and the State took no action to
assure compliance, the EPA notified the State of the failure. If the
State then took no action within 30 days, the EPA could issue an order
to comply or bring civil action in the courts against the offending
polluter. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 outline additional
legislation aimed at achieving and maintaining the NAAQS. The last
amendments institute Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)
regulations and Non-Attainment (NA) rules. Three classes of air quality
regions are defined and incremental allowances for increasing baseline
concentrations of specific pollutants (particulates and S02) are specified
for each class. Each of the ACQRs is charged with the responsibility of
meeting the NAAQS. Various aspects of the Clean Air Act are presented
in more detail in subsections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5.
30
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3.1 NATIONAL PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
The first National Primary and Secondary Ambient Federal Air
Quality Standards and a description of the "reference methods" to be
used in sampling and measurements were published on April 30, 1971 in 42
CFR 410, recodified to 40 CFR 50 on November 25, 1972. Primary
standards were set for the protection of health. Secondary standards
were set for the protection of welfare, which, in the words of the Act,"
included, but was not limited to, effects on soils, water, crops, vegetation,
manmade materials, animals, wildlife, weather, visibility, and climate,
damage to and deterioration of property, and hazards to transportation,
as well as effects on economic values and on personal comfort and well
being."
Pollutants for which NAAQS have been established may be referred to
as "criteria pollutants." Criteria air pollutants are those substances
in the air which are reasonably anticipated to endanger public health or
welfare and which are released to the air by numerous or diverse sources.
Criteria documents containing the latest scientific knowledge on the
kind and extent of public health and welfare problems caused by the
presence of pollutants in the air have been prepared for each criteria
pollutant. The NAAQS for each criteria pollutant is proposed with
issuance of the criteria document. The NAAQS promulgated under the
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 address particulate matter, sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide, photochemical oxidants, hydrocarbons (non-
methane), and nitrogen dioxide. A primary standard for lead was added
in September 1978. The standards for photochemical oxidants were
amended in February 1979. Table 13 summarizes the current and proposed
NAAQS.
Currently, five criteria documents for criteria pollutants are
being revised. These pollutants and the projected dates of issuance of
the revised documents are listed in Table 14. Consideration is being
given to merging the annual and short-term nitrogen oxide standards.
Pollutants that are under consideration as possible candidates for
additional NAAQS include cadmium, arsenic, POM, and radioactive pollutants.
31
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Further information regarding recent developments pertaining to
NAAQS may be obtained from the Office of Strategies and Air Standards
Division, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
27711, 919/541-5204, FTS 8-629-5204.
In order to make the control of air quality a more reasonable task,
the United States has been divided into 247 AQCRs. The various AQCRs
are identified in Table 15. Each State has the responsibility for
achieving the NAAQS in the AQCRs within its jurisdiction.
States are also given the authority by EPA to promulgate regulations
to control point source air pollution within State borders in order to
meet ambient standards. Such regulations must be at least as stringent
as Federal regulations. Each State must submit a SIP specifying the
manner in which the NAAQS will be achieved and maintained within nine
months after the Federal criteria are issued then EPA has four months to
approve or reject the plan. If a State fails to adopt regulations that
meet Federal criteria or fails to enforce the regulations, authority
reverts to the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
3.2 NATIONAL EMISSIONS STANDARDS (MOBILE SOURCES)
Under the National Emissions Standards Act (included as part of the
Clean Air Act), EPA is responsible for prescribing and enforcing standards
applicable to the emissions of air pollutants from motor vehicles or
motor vehicle engines produced after 1976. Emissions from aircraft
engines are also controlled under this act. Standards are promulgated
for the protection of public health or welfare. Pollutants addressed by
these standards include carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of
nitrogen. Standards applicable to the various 1977-1981 model vehicles
are tabulated in Table 16', The exhaust emissions standards for light
duty vehicles are given in 40 CFR, Part 86. Those applicable to aircraft
are in 40 CFR, Part 87- Exhaust emissions for aircraft and aircraft
engines are tabulated in Table 17.
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The Clean Air Act also mandates EPA to set requirements for fuels
and fuel additives to be used in mobile sources in order to further
reduce the pollution from this source. The CAA also provides
incentives for encouraging the use of mass transit and for the formation
of carpools in order to reduce the number of private vehicles in use.
3.3 NEW STATIONARY SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 require EPA to publish a list
of categories of stationary sources (i.e., industries), which
include those sources judged to cause or contribute significantly to air
pollution and which may be reasonably anticipated to endanger the public
health or welfare. Proposed regulations for specific source categories
are to be published within 120 days after inclusion in the source listing.
Final adoption of new stationary source standards for each source category
follows a public comment. All States are required to submit plans for
establishing and implementing standards of performance consistent with
these Federal guidelines. The listing of stationary sources to be
controlled under this part of the Clean Air Act is to be updated
regularly, and existing standards are to be reviewed systematically and
revised as technology advances. These standards of performance apply to
sources for which construction began after the publication of applicable
standards.
The term "standard of performance" means a control level for emissions
of air pollutants that reflects the degree of emission limitation achievable
through the application of the best system of emission reduction which
(taking into account the cost of achieving such reduction) EPA determines
has been adequately demonstrated. EPA does not attempt to define averages
or representative emission rates. Consideration of cost is applied as a
modifier to avoid extremes. To be adequately demonstrated, the pollutant
control technology must be available at a cost and at a time which EPA
determines to be reasonable.
Individual standards are not directly designed to achieve any
ambient air quality goals. They are designed to reflect the best
technology for each individual source. The long-range goal and overriding
33
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purpose of the collective body of standards is to prevent new pollution
problems from developing. To achieve this end, the standards must be an
incentive for technological change.
NSPS regulations currently adopted include three types. Most of
the regulations establish allowable emission limitations for a given
source category. Other regulations require the achievement of a specified
percentage reduction in emissions, and in cases where it is not feasible
to prescribe or enforce a standard of performance of the types, EPA may
promulgate designs, equipment, work practices, operational standards, or
combination thereof, that reflect the best environmental control.
New stationary source performance standards are located at 40 CFR,
Part 60, for 26 source categories. Pollutants addressed in these
standards include particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfuric
acid mist, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, fluorides, and total reduced
sulfur. Table IB presents the New Stationary Source Performance Standards,
On September 1978, EPA proposed New NSPS standards for fossil fuel fired
steam generator and primary aluminum smelting. These proposed limits
are found in Table 19.
A list of priorities was added at 40 CFR, Part 60, on August 31,
1978, designating source categories to be addressed by either new or
revised NSPSs or NESHAPs (see Section 3.4). This list is given in
Table 20 which includes the various source categories along with their
assigned priority numbers as specified in the proposed amendment to the
regulations. The organic chemicals industry processes (Priority 1)
considered most likely candidates for NSPS or NESHAP are listed in
Table 2T-.
3.4 NATIONAL EMISSIONS STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (NESHAP)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to establish National
Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs). The purpose
of these standards is to limit emissions of certain very hazardous
34
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pollutants from specific source categories. Pollutants addressed by
these standards have been shown to cause or contribute to an increase in
human mortality or to an increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating
reversible illness. The Clean Air Act Amendment of 1970 requires EPA to
publish a list of hazardous air pollutants to be addressed by NESHAPs.
Proposed regulations for a hazardous pollutant are to be published
within 180 days after inclusion of the pollutant in the EPA list. After
a public hearing and comment period, proposed regulations judged to
provide an ample margin of safety to protect the public health may be
adopted. In cases where it is not feasible to prescribe or enforce a
hazardous emission standard, EPA may promulgate designs, equipment, work
practices, operational standards, or a combination thereof, to protect
public health. Authority to enforce NESHAPs may be delegated to States
that have submitted to EPA a plan for enforcing such regulations.
Current NESHAPs pertain to asbestos, beryllium, mercury, and vinyl
chloride. The emissions standards for mercury and beryllium are derived
from ambient concentrations which are considered to be safe, i.e.,
levels that would not adversely affect human health. For asbestos and
vinyl chloride a safe concentration has not been specified, and standards
are established to minimize exposure to the population from certain
operations. Current enforceable NESHAPs as specified in 40 CFR, Part 61
are summarized in Table 22. Revised NESHAPs for vinyl chloride have
been proposed and are included.
In addition to the standards summarized in Table 22, EPA has
designated or is considering designating additional pollutants and
sources as hazardous. Arsenic, benzene, coke oven emissions, lead,
fluorides, cadmium, POM, and asbestos from crushed stone are under study
for NESHAPs. Additional information pertaining to the current status of
NESHAPs may be obtained from the Emissions Standards and Engineering
Division, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
27711, 919/541-5271, FTS 8-629-5271.
35
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3.5 PREVENTION OF SIGNIFICANT DETERIORATION
The Clean A1r Act Amendments of 1977 Instituted a new method of
achieving and maintaining NAAQS. Under these amendments, States were
required to submit by December 6, 1977, for each Air Quality Control
Region, a report on the attainment status of each pollutant addressed by
NAAQS. AQCRs shown to possess air quality cleaner than that specified
by the NAAQS for S02 or for particulates will be designated a Prevention
of Significant Deterioration area for that pollutant. AQCRs in which
the air quality does not meet the NAAQS are designated Non-Attainment
(NA) areas. It is possible for an AQCR to have PSD regulations regarding
one pollutant and NA regulations for the other.
Regions designated PSD are assigned one of three clean air classifi-
cations. PSD increment limitations are specified for each of the three
Clean Air Act classifications for SO^ and for particulates. Criteria
for clean air class designations are presented in Table 23, The specific
PSD permitted increments are listed in Table £4. in Class I regions a
new source may receive special permission for additional allowances for
SOg emissions on 18 days per year. These allowances, listed in Table 25,
are in addition to the normally allowed 24 hours and 3 hours SC^ control
limitation. The excess emission permitted depends upon the terrain and
stack height of the particular source involved.
New construction of certain major stationary sources 1s subject to
PSD review in areas regulated by PSD regulations. Stationary sources
affected by the PSD review are listed in Table 26. Before construction
it must be shown that emissions from the new facility will not cause an
increase in the ambient air concentrations greater than allowed Increments
(as specified in Table 24) and that the ambient concentration will
remain below the NAAQS. The PSD allowed increment applies to all sources
in an AQCR for all future times. It is therefore unlikely that an
individual new facility will be permitted to use an entire increment.
36
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For AQCRs not meeting the NAAQS for a specific pollutant, In-
dustrial expansion 1s regulated by NA rules, Construction or expansion
of major stationary sources 1n NA areas are subject to EPA's emission
offset policy as established in the 1977 Clean A1r Act amendments. This
requires expanding Industrial facilities to reduce emissions at their
own facilities to the lowest level possible and to obtain emission reductions
from other plants in the affected AQCR so that the net ambient pollution
levels are lowered. New facilities must also attain an emission level
that is the Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER).
37
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TABLE 13 NATIONAL PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS (40 CFR Part 50)
Pollutant
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
(nonmethane)
Nitrogen dioxide
Photochemical
oxidants
Participate
matter
Sulfur dioxide
Lead
Type of
standard
Primary and
secondary
Primary and
secondary
Primary and
secondary
Primary and
secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Averaging
time
1 hr
8 hr
3 hr
(6 to 9
a.m. )
1 yr
1 hr
24 hr
24 hr
24 hr
24 hr
24 hr
1 yr
3 hr
90 day
Frequency
parameter
Annual maximum9
Annual maximum
Annual maximum
Arithmetic mean
Annual maximum
Annual maximum
Annual geometric
mean
Annual maximum
Annual geometric
mean
Annual maximum
Arithmetic mean
Annual maximum
Concentration
yg/m3
40,000
10,000
160b
100
16Q
260
75
150
60d
365
80
1,300
1.5
ppm
35
9
0.24b
0.05
0.08
—
-
0.14
0.03
0.5
Ozone
Primary and
Secondary
1 hr
235
0.12
Not to be exceeded more than once per year.
As a guide in devising implementation plans for achieving oxidant standards,
Expressed as ozone by the Federal Reference Method.
As a guide to be used in assessing implementation plans for achieving the
annual maximum 24-hour standard.
38
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TABLE 14. CRITERIA DOCUMENTS IN REVISION AND PROJECTED ISSUANCE DATES
Criteria pollutant Projected issuance date
Carbon monoxide July 1979
Sulfur oxides December 1980
Particulates December 1980
Nitrogen oxides (Short-term) November 1978
Nitrogen oxides (Annual) June 1979
39
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TABLE 15. TnFNTIFICATTON ™ ATR Q||fti TTY mNTRfll RFRTONS (ACQRs)
Alabama:
Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers 1
Columbus-Phenix City 2
East Alabama 3
Metropolitan Birmingham 4
Mobile-Pensacola-Panama City-
Southern Mississippi (Fla.,
Miss.) 5
Southeast Alabama 6
Tennessee River Valley-
Cumberland Mountains (Tenn.) 7
Alaska:
Cook Inlet 8
Northern Alaska 9
South Central Alaska 10
Southeastern Alaska 11
Arizona:
Arizona-New Mexico Southern
Border (N.Hex.) 12
Clark-Mohave 13
Four Corners (Colo., N.Mex.,
Utah) 14
Phoenix-Tucson 15
Arkansas:
Central Arkansas 16
Metropolitan Fort Smith 17
Metropolitan Memphis 18
Monroe-El Dorado (La.) 19
Northeast Arkansas 20
Northwest Arkansas 21
Shreveport-Texarkana-Ty1er
(La., Okla., Texas) 22
California:
Great Basin Valley 23
Metropolitan Los Angeles 24
North Central Coast 25
North Coast 26
Northeast Plateau 27
Sacramento Valley 28
San Diego 29
San Francisco Bay Area 30
San Joaquin Valley 31
South Central Coast 32
Southeast Desert 33
Colorado:
Comanche 34
Four Corners (Ariz., N.Mex.,
Utah) 14
Grand Mesa 35
Metropolitan Denver 36
Pawnee 37
San Isabel 38
San Luis 39
Yampa 40
Connecticut:
Eastern Connecticut 41
Hartford-New Haven-Springfield
(Mass.) 42
New Jersey-New York-Connecticut
(N.J., N.Y.) 43
Northwestern Connecticut 44
Delaware:
Metropolitan Philadelphia
(N.J., Pa.) 45
Southern Delaware 46
District of Columbia:
National Capital (Md.) 47
Florida:
Central Florida 48
Jacksonville-Brunswick (Ga.) 49
Mobile-Pensacola-Panama City-
Southern Mississippi (Ala.,
Miss.) 5
Southeast Florida 50
Southwest Florida 51
West Central Florida 52
Georgia:
Augusta-Aiken (S.C.) 53
Central Georgia 54
Chattanooga (Tenn.) 55
Columbus-Phenix City (Ala.) 2
Jacksonville-Brunswick (Fla.) 49
Metropolitan Atlanta 56
Northeast Georgia 57
Savannah-Beaufort (S.C.) 58
Southwest Georgia 59
Hawaii:
Entire State 60
Idaho:
Eastern Idaho 61
Eastern Washington-Northern
Idaho (Wash.) 62
Idaho 63
Metropolitan Boise 64
Illinois:
Burlington-Keokuk (Iowa) ob
East Central Illinois 66
Metropolitan Chicago (Ind.) 67
Metropolitan Dubuque (Iowa,
Wis.) 68
Metropolitan Quad Cities (Iowa) 69
Metropolitan St. Louis (Mo.) 70
North Central Illinois 71
Paducah-Cairo (Ky.) 72
Rockford-Janesv i11e-Beloi t
(Wis.) 73
Southeast Illinois 74
West Central Illinois 75
Indiana:
East Central Indiana 76
Evansville-Owensboro-Henderson
(Ky.) 77
Louisville (Ky.) 78
Metropolitan Chicago (111.) 67
Metropolitan Cincinnati (Ky.,
Ohio) 79
Metropolitan Indianapolis 80
Northeast Indiana 81
South Send-Elkhart-Benton
Harbor (Mich.) 82
Southern Indiana 83
Wabash Valley 84
Iowa:
Burlington-Keokuk (111.) 65
Metropolitan Dubuque (111.,
Wis.) 68
Metropolitan Omaha-Council
Bluffs (Nebr.) 85
Metropolitan Quad Cities (111.) 69
Metropolitan Sioux City (Nebr.,
S.Dak.) 86
Metropolitan Sioux Falls
(S.Dak.) 87
Northeast Iowa 88
North Central Iowa 89
Northwest Iowa 90
Southeast Iowa 91
South Central Iowa 92
Southwest Iowa 93
Kansas:
Metropolitan Kansas City (Mo.) 94
Northeast Kansas 95
North Central Kansas 96
Northwest Kansas 97
Southeast Kansas 98
South Central Kansas 99
Southwest Kansas 100
Kentucky:
Appalachian 101
Bluegrass 102
Evansvi11e-Owensboro-Henderson
(Ind.) 77
Hunti ngton-Ashland-Portsmouth-
Ironton (Ohio, W.Va.) 103
Louisville (Ind.) 78
Metropolitan Cincinnati (Ind.,
Ohio) 79
North Central Kentucky 104
Paducah-Cairo (111.) 72
South Central Kentucky 105
Louisiana:
Monroe-El Dorado (Ark.) 19
Shreveport-Texarkana-Tyler
(Ark., Okla., Texas) 22
Southern Louisiana-Southeast
Texas (Texas) 106
Mai ne:
Androscoggin Valley (N.H.) 107
Aroostook 108
Down East . 109
Metropolitan Portland 110
Northwest Maine 111
Maryland:
Central Maryland 112
Cumberland-Keyser (W.Va.) 113
Eastern Shore 114
Metropolitan Baltimore 115
National Capital (D.C.) 47
Southern Maryland 116
Massachusetts:
Berkshire 117
Central Massachusetts 118
Hartford-New Haven-Springfield
(Conn.) 42
Metropolitan Boston 119
Metropolitan Providence (R.I.) 120
Merrimack Valley-Southern New
Hampshire (N.H.) 121
Michigan:
Central Michigan 122
Metropolitan Detroit-Port
Huron 123
Metropolitan Toledo (Ohio) 124
South Bend-Elkhart-Benton
Harbor (Ind.) 82
South Central Michigan 125
Upper Michigan 126
Minnesota:
Central Minnesota 127
Southeast Minnesota-La Crosse
(Wis.) 128
Duluth-Superior (Wis.) 129
Metropolitan Fargo-Moorhead
(N.Dak.) 130
Minneapolis-St. Paul 131
Northwest Minnesota 132
Southwest Minnesota 133
Mississippi:
Metropolitan Memphis (Ark.,
Tenn.) 18
Mississippi Delta 134
Mobile-Pensacola-Panama City-
Southern Mississippi (Ala.,
Fla.) 5
Northeast Mississippi 135
Missouri:
Metropolitan Kansas City
(Kans.) 94
Metropolitan St. Louis (111.) 70
Northern Missouri 137
Southeast Missouri 138
Southwest Missouri 139
Montana:
Billings 140
Great Falls 141
Helena 142
Miles City 143
Missoula 144
Nebraska:
Lincoln-Beatrice-Fairbury 145
Metropolitan Omaha-Council
Bluffs (Iowa) 85
Metropolitan Sioux City (Iowa,
S.Dak.) 86
Nebraska 146
Nevada:
Clark-Mohave (Ariz.) 13
Nevada 147
Northwest Nevada 148
New Hampshire:
Androscoggin Valley (Maine) 107
Merrimack Valley-Southern New
Hampshire (Mass.) 121
New Hampshire 149
New Jersey:
Metropolitan Philadelphia
(Del., Pa.) 45
New Jersey 150
New Jersey-New York-Connecticut
(N.Y., Conn.) 43
Northeast Pennsylvania-Upper
Delaware Valley (Pa.) 151
New Mexico:
Albuquerque-Mid Rio Grande 152
Arizona-New Mexico Southern
Border (Ariz.) 12
El Paso-Las Cruces-Alamogordo
(Texas) 153
Four Corners (Ariz., Colo.,
Utah) 14
Northeastern Plains 154
Pecos-Permian Basin 155
Southwestern Mountains-
Augustine Plains 156
40 _
'Federal Register, Vol. 43, No. 43—Friday, March 3, 1978
-------
TABLE 15. (continued)
Upper Rio Grande Valley 157
New York:
Central New York 158
Champlain Valley (Vt.) 159
Genesee-Finger Lakes 160
Hudson Valley 161
New Jersey-New York-Connecticut
(N.J., Conn.) 43
Niagara Frontier 162
Southern Tier East 163
Southern Tier West 164
North Carolina:
Eastern Mountain 165
Eastern Piedmont 166
Metropolitan Charlotte (S.C.) 167
Northern Coastal Plain 168
Northern Piedmont 136
Sandhills 169
Southern Coastal Plain 170
Western Mountain 171
North Dakota:
Metropolitan Fargo-Moorhead
(Minn.) 130
North Dakota 172
Ohio:
Dayton 173
Greater Metropolitan Cleveland 174
Huntington-Ashland-Portsmouth-
Ironton (Ky., W.Va.) 103
Mansfield-Marion 175
Metropolitan Cincinnati (Ind.,
Ky.) 79
Metropolitan Columbus 176
Metropolitan Toledo (Mich.) 124
Northwest Ohio 177
Northwest Pennsylvania-
Youngstown (Pa.) 178
Parkersburg-Marietta (W.Va.) 179
Sandusky 180
Steubenvilie-Weirton-Wheeling
(W.Va.) 181
Wilmington-Chillicothe-Logan 182
Zanesvilie-Cambridge 183
Oklahoma:
Central Oklahoma 184
Metropolitan Fort Smith (Ark.) 17
North Central Oklahoma 185
Northeastern Oklahoma 186
Northwestern Oklahoma 187
Shreveport-Texarkana-Tyler
(Ark., La., Texas) 22
Southeastern Oklahoma 188
Southwestern Oklahoma 189
Oregon:
Central Oregon 190
Eastern Oregon 191
Northwest Oregon 192
Portland (Wash.) 193
Southwest Oregon 194
Pennsylvania:
Central Pennsylvania 195
Metropolitan Philadelphia
(Del., N.J.) 45
Northeast Pennsylvania-Upper
Delaware Valley (N.J.) 151
Northwest Pennsylvanfa-
Youngstown (Ohio) 178
South Central Pennsylvania 196
Southwest Pennsylvania 197
Rhode Island:
Metropolitan Providence
(Mass.) 120
South Carolina:
Augusta-Aiken (Ga.) 53
Camden-Sumter 198
Charleston 199
Columbia 200
Florence 201
Greenville-Spartanburg 202
Greenwood 203
Georgetown 204
Metropolitan Charlotte (N.C.) 167
Savannah-Beaufort (Ga.) 58
South Dakota:
Black Hills-Rapid City 205
Metropolitan Sioux City (Iowa,
Neb.) 86
Metropolitan Sioux Falls
(Iowa) 87
South Dakota 206
Tennessee:
Chattanooga (Ga.) 55
Eastern Tennessee-Southwestern
Virginia (Va.) 207
Metropolitan Memphis (Ark.,
Miss.) 18
Middle Tennessee 208
Tennessee River Valley-
Cumberland Mountains (Ala.) 7
Western Tennessee 209
Texas:
Abilene-Wichita Falls 210
Amarillo-Lubbock 211
Austin-Waco 212
Brownsville-Laredo 213
Corpus Christi-Victoria 214
El Paso-Las Cruces-Alamagordo
(N.Mex.) 153
Metropolitan Dallas-Ft. Worth 215
Metropolitan Houston-Galveston 216
Metropolitan San Antonio 217
Midland-Odessa-San Angelo 218
Shreveport-Texarkana-Tyler
(Ark., La., Okla.) 22
Southern Louisiana-Southeast
Texas (La.) 106
Utah:
Four Corners (Ariz., Colo.,
N.Mex.) 14
Utah 219
Wasatch Front 220
Vermont:
Champlain Valley (N.Y.) 159
Vermont 221
Virginia:
Central Virginia 222
Eastern Tennessee-Southwestern
Virginia (Tenn.) 207
Hampton Roads 223
National Capital (D.C., Md.) 47
Northeastern Virginia 224
State Capital 225
Valley of Virginia 226
Washington:
Eastern Washington-Northern
Idaho (Idaho) 62
Northern Washington 227
Olympia-Northwest Washington 228
Portland (Ore.) 193
Puget Sound 229
South Central Washington 230
West Virginia:
Allegheny 231
Central West Virginia 232
Cumberland-Keyser (Md.) 113
Eastern Panhandle 233
Huntington-Ashland-Portsmouth-
Ironton (Ky., Ohio) 103
Kanawha Valley 234
North Central West Virginia 235
Parkersburg-Marietta (Ohio) 179
Southern West Virginia 236
Steubenville-Wierton-Wheeling
(Ohio) 181
Wisconsin:
Duluth-Superior (Minn.) 129
Lake Michigan 237
Metropolitan Dubuque (111.,
Iowa) 68
North Central Wisconsin 238
Rockford-Janesville-Beloit
(111.) 73
Southeastern Wisconsin 239
Southeast Minnesota-La Crosse
(Minn.) 128
Southern Wisconsin 240
Wyoming:
Casper 241
Metropolitan Cheyenne 242
Wyoming 243
Puerto Rico:
Puerto Rico 244
American Samoa:
American Samoa 245
Guam:
Guam 246
U.S. Virgin Islands:
U.S. Virgin Islands 247
41
-------
TABLE 16. EMISSION STANDARDS FOR CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
FROM MOBILE SOURCES
Mobile Sources
Light duty vehicles
Light duty trucka
Low emission vehicles
Motorcycles
Gasoline-fueled
heavy duty"3'0 engine
Diesel-fueled
heavy dutybjC
engine
H
1978
1.5
2.0
0.08
5-
14e
— v-
yrlrnr.arhnns
1979
1.5
1.7
—
5e
14e
1.5
1980
0.41
1.7
--
5
1.5
1.5
1981
0.41
1.7
--
5
1.5
1.5
Carbon Monoxide
1978
15
20
0.7
__
40
40
1979
15
18
--
17
25
1980
7.0
18
--
12
25
25
1981
3.4
18
--
12
25
25
Nitrogen Oxides
1978
2.0
3.1
0.4
--
16f
-—
16
1979
2.0
2.3
—
--
IQf
or
9.5
lOf
or
9.5
1980
2.0
2.3
--
--
iof
lOf
or
9.5
1981
1.0
2.3
—
--
iof
Values for standards reported in grams per vehicle mile.
Values for standards reported in grams per brake horsepower.
Opacity limitation-20% during acceleration mode; 15% during lugging mode; 50% maximum
during either mode.
Values for standards reported in gm/km.
Dependent on displacement from 170-720 cc.
Nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons.
42
-------
TABLE 17. GASEOUS EMISSION STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO NEWLY
MANUFACTURED AIRCRAFT GAS TURBINE ENGINES
Engine class
T-l Turbojet/turbofan less than
8000 Ibs thrust
T-2 Turbojet/turbofan greater
than 8000 Ibs thrust
(Except JT8D and JT3D)
T-2*
T-3 P&W JT3D
T-4 P&W JT8D
T-5*
?2 Turboprop engines
T-5 Turbojet/turbofan engines
for supersonic aircraft
P, Piston engines
APU Auxiliary power units
HC
1.6
0.8
0.4
0.8
0.8
1.8
4.9
3.9
1.9
0.4
CO
9.4
4.3
3.0
4.3
4.3
7.8
26.8
30.1
42.0
5.0
Pollutant
NOx
3.7
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
5.0
12.9
9.0
1.5
3.0
Effective Date
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Dec.
Jan.
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
30
1,
1979
1979
1981
1979
1979
1984
1979
1980
, 1979
1979
*Newly certified aircraft engines
Note: "T" standards as: lb/1000 Ibs thrust-hour/cycle
"P?" standards as: lbs/1000 horsepower-hours/cycle
"pf" standards as: lbs/1000 rated horsepower/cycle
APU standards as: lbs/1000 horsepower
43
-------
__JABLE ,1.8. NEW STATIONARY SOURCE .PERFORMANCE. STANDARDS. ,
New stationary source
performance standards
Subpart D--Foss1l Fuel Fired Steam
Generators
Generating more than 63 million
Kcal per hr heat Input (250 million
Btu/hr)
(When a lignite or a solid fossil
fuel containing 25% by wt. or more
of coal refuse- 1s burned, 1n com-
bination with other fuels, the
standard for nitrogen oxides does
not apply.)
Subpart E--Incinerators
Subpart F--Portland Cement Plant
Kiln
Cl Inker cooler
Subpart G--Nitric Acid Plants
Subpart H— SulfuHc Add Plants
Subpart I--Asphalt Concrete Plants
Subpart J--Petroleum Refineries
Fluid catalytic
Cracking unit
Catalyst regenerator or
incinerator-waste
Heat boiler
Catalyst Regenerator
Claus Sulfur Recovery Plant
Subpart K--Storage Vessels for
Petroleum Liquid
(Storage capacity greater than
151,412 liters or 40,000 gal.)
Pollutant
Partlculate
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Partlculate
Partlculate
Nitrogen oxides
Add mist
Sulfur dioxide
Partlculate
Partleulate
Carbon monoxide
Sulfur dioxide
Hydrocarbons
Vapor pressure
78 to 570 mm Hg
Vapor pressure
>570 mm Hg
(11.1 psia)
No discharge In excess of regulation
43 ng/joule heat input (0.10 Ib/m1llion
Btu) derived from fossil fuel
340 ng/Joule heat Input (0.80 Ib/m1llion
Btu) derived from liquid fossil fuel
520 ng/Joule heat input (1.2 Ib/million
Btu) derived from solid fossil fuel
86 ng/Joule heat input (0.20 Ib/milHon
Btu) derived from gaseous fossil fuel
130 ng/Joule heat input (0.30 Ib/m1ll1on
Stu) derived from liquid fossil fuel
300 ng/Joule heat Input (0.70 Ib/m1ll1on
Btu) derived from solid fossil fuel
(except lignite)
260 ng/Joule heat Input (0.60 Ib/m1ll1on
Btu) derived from lignite or Hgnlte and
wood residue
0.18 g/dscm
0.08 gr/dscf corrected to 12% COg
0.15 kq/metric ton of feed (dry basis) to
the kiln (0.30 Ib/ton)
0.050 kg/metric ton of feed (dry basis) to
the kiln (0.10 Ib/ton)
NO, 1.5 kg/metric ton of acid produced
(370 Ib/ton)
0.075 kg. metric ton of acid produced
(0.15 Ib/ton)
2 kg/metric ton of add produced
(4 Ib/ton)
90 mg/dscm (0.04 gr/dscf)
1.0 kg/1000 kg (1.0 lb/1000 Ib) of coke
burn-off in the catalyst regenerator
0.050% by volume
No burning of fuel gas containing H2S 1n
excess of 230 mg/dscm (0.10 gr/dscff
0.025% by volume at 0% oxygen on a dry basl
if emissions are controlled by an oxidation
controls system or a reduction system
followed by Incineration
0.030% by volume of reduced sulfur compound
and 0.0010% by volume of hydrogen sulflde
calculated as SO. at 056 oxygen on a dry
basis tf emissions are controlled by
reduction not followed by incineration
Vessel must be equipped with floating roof,
vapor recovery system or equivalent
Vessel must be equipped with a vapor recove
system or Its equivalent
Opacity
20%
20%
20%
10%
10%
10%
20%
30%
>
ry
44
-------
TABLE 18. (continued)
New stationary source
performance standards
Subpart (.--Secondary Lead Smelters
Blast or Reverberatory Furnace
Pot Furnace more than
250 kg (550 Ib) charging
capacity
Subpart M--Secondary Brass and Bronze
Ingot Production Plants
Reverberatory Furnace
Production capacity of 1000 kg
(2205 Ib) or greater
Blast Furnace of 250 kg/hr
(550 Ib/hr) or greater production
capacity, or
Electric Furnace of 1000 kg
(2205 Ib) or greater production
capacity
Subpart N— Iron and Steel Plants
Subpart 0-Sewage Treatment Plants
Subpart P--Primary Copper Smelters
Dryer
Roaster, Smelting Furnace, or
Copper Converter
Subpart Q--Primary Z1nc Smelters
Sintering Machine
Roaster
Subpart R--Pr1mary Lead Smelters
Blast Furnace, Dross Reverberatory
Furnace, or Sintering Machine
Sintering Machine, Electric
Smelting Furnace, or Converter
Subpart S--Pr1mary Aluminum
Plants
Vertical Stud Soderberg Plants,
Horizontal Stud Soderberg Plants
Potroom Groups at Prebake Plants
Anode Bake Plants
Subpart T--Phosphate Fertilizer
Wet Process Phosphoric Acid
Plants
Subpart U— Phosphate Fertilizer
Industry: Superphosphorlc Acid
Plants
Subpart V--Phosphate Fertilizer
Industry: D1 ammonium Phosphate
Plants
Subpart W--Phosphate Fertilizer
Industry: Triple Superphosphate
Plants
Subpart X--Phosphate Fertilizer
Industry: Triple Superphosphate
Storage Fad! 1ty
Subpart Y--Coal Preparation Plants
Thermal Dryer
Pneumatic Coal Cleaning Equipment
Processing, Conveying, Storage,
Transfer, Loading
Pollutant
Partlculate
Partlculate
Partlculata
Partlculata
Partlculate
Sulfur dioxide
Particulate
Sulfur dioxide
Partlculate
Sulfur dioxide
Fluorides
Total fluorides
Total fluorides
Total fluorides
Total fluorides
Total fluorides
Particulate
No discharge in excess of regulation
50 mg/dscm (0.222 gr/dscf)
50 mg/dscm (0.022 g/dscf)
50 mg/dscm (0.022 g/dscf)
50 mg/dscm (0.022 gr/dscf)
0.65 g/kg dry sludge input (1.30 Ib/ton
dry sludge Input)
50 mg/dscm (0.022 gr/dscf)
0.06556 by volume
50 mg/dscm (0.022 gr/dscf)
0.065% by volume
50 mg/dscm (0.022 gr/dscf)
0,065% by volume
Produced 1 kg/metric ton (2 Ib/ton) of
aluminum
0.95 kg/metric ton (1.9 Ib/ton) of
aluminum produced
0.05 kg/metric ton (0.1 Ib/ton) of
aluminum equivalent
10 g/metric ton of equivalent P?0,- feed
(0.020 Ib/ton)
5.0 g/metric ton of equivalent P-Oc feed
(0.010 Ib/ton)
30 g/metric ton of equivalent P,0R feed
0.060 Ib/ton) "
100 g/metric ton of equivalent P,0R feed
(0.20 Ib/ton) i b
0.25 g/hr/metric ton of equivalent P.O.
stored (5.0 x 10~* Ib/hr/ton) t 5
0.070 g/dscm (0.031 gr/dscf)
0.040 g/dscrn (0.018 gr/dscf)
Opacity
20%
10%
20%
20%
10%
10*
2ox
20%
20%
20%
10%
20%
20%
10%
20%
45
-------
TABLE 18. (continued)
New stationary source
performance standards
Subpart Z--Ferroalloy Production
Facil ities
Electric Submerged Arc
Furnace Control Device
Uhile silicon metal, ferro-
silicon, calcuim silicon, or
silicon-manganese zirconium is
being produced
While high-carbon ferrochrome,
charge chrome, standard ferro-
manganese, silico-manganese,
calcium carbide, ferrochrome
silicon, ferromanganese silicon,
or silvery iron is being produced.
Dust Handling Equipment
Electric Submerged Arc Furnace
Subpart AA— Steel Plants:
Electric Arc Furnaces
From control device of Electric
Arc Furnace
From Shop
From Dust-handling Equipment
Subpart BB-Kraft Pulp Mills
Recovery Furnaces
Smelt Dissolving Tank
Lime Kiln (burning gaseous fossil
fuel)
(burning liquid fossil
fuel)
Digester System, Brown Stock Washer
System, Multiple-Effect Evaporator
System, Black Liquor Oxidation
System, Condensate Stripper System,
Recovery Furnace or Lime Kiln
Smelt Dissolving Tank
Cross Recovery Furnace
Smelt Dissolving Tank
Lime kiln
Subpart DD— Grain Elevators
Column Dryer, Rack Dryer
Truck Unloading Station, Rail
Car Unloading Station
Grain Handling Operation
Truck Loading Station
Barge or Ship Loading Station
Subpart HH--Lime Manufacturing Plants
Rotary Lime Kiln
Lime Hydrator
Pollutant
Particulate
Carbon monoxide
Particulate
Particulate
Total reduced
sulfur
Total reduced
sulfur
Particulate
Air venti-
lation
Particulate
No discharge in excess of regulation
0.45 kg/MW-hr'(0.99 Ib/MW-hr)
0.23 kg/MW-hr (0.51 Ib/MW-hr)
20% by volume (dry basis)
12 mg/dscm (0.0052 gr/dscf)
0.10 g/dscm (0.044 gr/dscf) corrected to
8% oxygen
0.10 g/kg air-dried pulp (0.3 Ib/ton air-
dried pulp)
0.15 g/dscm (0.067 gr/dscf)
0.30 g/dscm (0.13 gr/dscf)
5 ppm by volume
0.025 g/kg air-dried pulp (0.0125) Ib/ton
air-dried pulp
25 ppm on dry basis corrected to 8% oxygen
.0084 g/kg black liquor solids (0.0168 Ib/t
8 ppm corrected to 10% oxygen
0.023 g/dscm, (0.01 gr/dscf)
32.1 m air/m grain handling capacity
0.15 kg/mg limestone feed (0.30 Ib/ton)
0.075 kg/mg lime feed (0.15 Ib/ton)
Opacity
15%
15%
10%
3%
0%
10%
35%
on)
0%
5%
0%
10%
20%
10%
46
-------
TABLE 19. PROPOSED NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
New Stationary Source
Performance Standards
Pollutant
No Discharge in Excess
of Regulations Opacity
Subpart D--Fossil Fuel Fired
Steam Generators generating
more than 73 MW (250 M Btu)
Particulate
13 ng/Joule heat input
,(0.030 Ib/mBtu) derived
from fossil fuel
20%
Sulfur Dioxide
520 ng/Joule heat input
(1.20 Ib/M Btu) from
solid fossil fuel and
85% reduction of un-
controlled S02 emissions
if S0? emissions >86 ng/J
(0.20^1b/M Btu)(0.80
Ib/M Btu) from liquid or
gaseous fossil fuel and
85% reduction of un-
controlled S02 emissions
if SO, emissions > 86ng/J
(0.20^1b/M Btu)
Nitrogen Oxides
210 ng/J (0.50 Ib/M Btu)
heat input derived from
subbituminous coal, shale
oil, or any solid, liquid
or gaseous fuel derived
from coal 260 ng/J
(0.60 Ib/M Btu) heat input
derived from bituminous
coal
Subpart S--Primary
Aluminum Plants
Soderberg Plants
Potroom groups at Prebake
Plants
Fluorides
1.25 kg/metric ton
(2.5 Ib/ton) of aluminum
1.25 kg/metric ton
(2.5 Ib/ton) of aluminum
4.7
-------
TABLE 20 PROPOSED PRIORITY LIST OF SOURCE CATEGORIES
TO BE SUBJECT TO NSPS OR NESHAP COVERAGE
1- Synthetic organic chemical manufacturing
2. Carbon black
3. Industrial surface coating: Cans
4. Petroleum refinery: Fugitive sources
5. Industrial surface coating: Paper
6. Dry cleaning
7. Fuel conversion
8. Industrial surface coating: Fabric
9. Graphic arts
10. By-product coke ovens
11. Incineration: Industrial-commercial
12. Polymers and resins: Acrylic resins
13. Mineral wool
14. Stationary internal combustion engines
15. Industrial surface coating: Automobiles
16. Fossil-fuel-fired steam generators:
Industrial boilers
17. Explosives
18. Non-metallic mineral processing
19. Metallic mineral processing
20. Secondary copper
21. Phosphate rock preparation
22. Chemical wood pulping: Neutral sulfite (NSSC)
23. Foundries: Grey iron
24. Chemical wood pulping: Acid sulfite
25. Crude oil and natural gas production
26.
27. Vegetable oil
23. Synthetic rubber
29. Varnish
30. Polymers and resins: Polyethylene
31. Charcoal
32. Industrial surface coating: Metal coil
33. Transportation and marketing
34. Printing ink
35. Synthetic fibers
36. Plywood manufacture
37. Industrial surface coating: Large appliances
38. Glass
39.
40. Potash
41. Foundries: Steel
42. Secondary aluminum
43. Sintering; Clay and flyash
44. Ammonium sulfate
45. Gypsum
46. Sodium carbonate
47. Hydrofluoric acid
48. Fiberglass
49. Brick and related clay products
50. Polymers and resins: Phenolic resins
51. Polymers and resins:
Urea-melamine resins
52. Ammonia
53. Polymers and resins: Polystyrene
54,. Polymers and resins: ABS-SAN resins
55. Polymers and resins: Polypropylene
56. Textile processing
57. Asphalt roofing
58. Ceramic clay
59. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer
60. Castable refractories
61. Borax and boric acid
62. Polymers and resins: Polyester resins
63. Starch
64. Perlite
65. Phosphoric acid: Thermal process
66. Secondary zinc
67. Uranium refining
68. Alfalfa dehydrating
69. Animal feed defluorination
70. Urea (for fertilizer and polymers)
71. Detergent
72. Gasoline additives
aLead acid battery manufacture.
aSolvent metal cleaning (degreasing).
alndustrial surface coating: metal furniture.
Not prioritized but included on list.
Note: Priorities 26 and 39 were not designated in the list.
48
-------
TABLE 21- ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY PROCESSES CONSIDERED
LIKELY CANDIDATES FOR NSPS OR NESHAPs COVERAGE
Acetic anhydride plants
Acetone plants
Acetic acid plants
Acrylic acid plants
Acrylom'trile plants
Adi pic acid plants
Ally! chloride plants
Carbon tetrachloride plants
Cyclohexane plants
Cyclohexanol/cyclohexanone plants
Dimethyl terephthalate plants
Ethyl benzene plants
Ethylene dichloride plants
Ethylene glycol plants
Ethylene oxide plants
Ethylene plants
Formaldehyde plants
Maleic anhydride plants
Methanol plants
Methyl chloroform plants
Methyl methacrylate plants
Phenol plants
Phthalic anhydride (PAN) plants
Propylene oxide plants
Styrene plants
Terephthalic acid plants
Vinyl acetate plants
49
-------
TABLE 22. NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS
AIR POLLUTANTS (NESHAP)
Source
Standard
SUBPART 8 ASBESTOS
Asbestos Mills
Roadways
Fabricating or manufacturing (specific operations
using commercial asbestos)
Demolition and renovation (structures containing
>80 m of pipe Insulated with friable asbestos or
>15 m2 of other friable asbestos Insulation
material)
Spraying (material containing >1 percent asbestos
dry weight basis)
Treatment of asbestos containing waste material
with water
No visible emissions.
Surfacing with asbestos tailings
containing wastes 1s prohibited
No visible emission
with asbestos-
Prior written notice to Administrator of Intention to
demolish or renovate 1s required. Asbestos material
should be removed before demolishing.
Report of Intention required. No visible emission.
Spray-on materials used to Insulate or fireproof
buildings, structures, pipes, and conduits shall
contain <1 percent asbestos.
No visible emission
SUBPART C BERYLLIUM
Emissions from stationary sources
10 grams/24 hr
to exceed 0.01
or concentration Hm1t 1n vicinity not
averaged over 30 days
SUBPART D BERYLLIUM ROCKET MOTOR FIRING
Atmospheric concentrations at rocket motor test
sites
Emissions from tank collecting combustion products
from firing of beryllium propel 1 ant
75 tag • minutes/m of air within 10 to 60 minutes,
accumulated during two consecutive weeks.
2 g/hr and maximum 10 g/day
SUBPART E MERCURY
Emissions from mercury ore processing facilities 2300 g/24 hrs
and mercury cell chlor-alkali plants
Emissions from sludge incineration plants, sludge 3200 g/24 hrs
drying plants or combinations that process waste-
water treatment plant sludges
SUBPART F VINYL CHLORIDE
Ethylene Oichloride Plants^
All exhaust gases
Each oxychlorination reactor.
Relief valves
Fugitive emissions
Vinyl Chloride Plants
Formation and purification exhaust gases
Relief valves
Fugitive emissions
Polyvinyl Chloride Plants
Exhaust gases from reactor or stripper pr mixing,
weighing, or holding containers, or monomer
recovery system
Opening loss from reactor
Manual vent valve discharge
Relief valves.
Fugitive emissions
10 ppm (Proposed: 5 ppm)
0.2 g/kg of the 100 percent ethylene dichloride product.
No discharge
Minimized
10 ppm (Proposed:
No discharge
Minimized
5 ppm)
10 ppm (Proposed: 5 ppm)
0.02 g vinyl chloride per kg of polyvinyl chloride
product
No discharge.
No discharge
Minimized
a40 CFR, Part 60.
50
-------
TABLE 23, PREVENTION OF SIGNIFICANT DETERIORATION (PSD)
CLEAN AIR REGION. CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA
Class
Criteria
Class I A. The following areas are automatically classified as
Class I if they were in existence at the time of
enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
(August 7, 1977). They may not be redesignated.
. International parks
. National wilderness areas >5,000 acres
. National memorial parks >5,000 acres
. National parks >6,000 acres.
B. All areas which were redesignated as Class I under
regulations promulgated before enactment of the
amendments may be redesignated.
Class II
All areas except those automatically designated as
Class I or petitioned to Class III are Class II
areas.
The following areas may remain Class II or may be
redesignated as Class I only.
. National monument >10,000 acres
. National primitive area >10,000 acres
. National preserve >10,000 acres
. National recreation area >10,000 acres
. National wild and scenic river >10,000 acres
. National wildlife refuge >10,000 acres
. National lakeshore or seashore >10,000 acres
. National park or wilderness area >10,000 acres
established after enactment of amendments
(August 7, 1977).
Indian reservations may be designated only by the
appropriate Indian governing body.
Class III
Designation as a Class III area is achieved by
petition and public hearing and requires approval
from the Governor of the State, consultation with
the legislature and local governments representing
the affected residents. A Class III.redesignation
must not contribute to concentrations of a pollutant
which exceed the maximum allowable increase in
another area.
51
-------
TABLE 24. PREVENTION OF SIGNIFICANT DETERIORATION PERMITTED INCREMENTS
(Allowed Increase over baseline concentration 1n yg/m3)
___———____ _____ - L— •— 1
so2
TSPb
Annual
24-houra
3-houra
Annual
24-houra
Class I
2
8
25
5
10
Class II
20
91
512
19
37
Class III
40
182
700
37
75
.NAAQS
80
365
1,300 (sf
7,560 (S]F
260,150 (SF
aAll 24-hour and 3-hour values may be exceeded once per year.
TSP is total suspended particulate.
fS
(S) indicates secondary standard.
TABLE .25. ADDITIONAL ALLOWANCES FOR CLASS I
(S00 Increment limits for 18 exceeding days/yr)
High Terrain
Time (900 ft above stack base) Low Terrain
24 hour maximum 62 yg/m3 36 yg/m3
3 hour maximum 221 yg/m3 130 yg/m3
52
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TABLE 26. MAQOR STATIONARY SOURCES SUBJECT TO PSD REVIEW
Carbon Black Plants Primary Aluminum Ore Reduction Plants
(furnace process) Primary Copper Smelters
Charcoal Production Facilities Primary Lead Smelters
Coal Cleaning Plants Primary Zinc Smelters
Chemical Process Plants Secondary Metal Production Facilities
Coke Oven Batteries Sintering Plants
Fossil-Fuel Boilers Specific Sources
(>250 million Btu/h) (>100 tons/y any pollutant)
Fuel Conversion Plants Sulfur Recovery Plants
Glass Fiber Processing Plants Sulfuric Acid Plants
Hydrofluoric Acid Plants Taconlte Ore Processing Facilities
Iron and Steel Mill Plants Any other source
Kraft Pulp Mills (>250 tons/yr any pollutant)
Lime Plants
Municipal Incinerators
(>250 tons/day)
Petroleum Refineries
Petroleum Storage and Transfer Facilities
|>300,000 bbls)
Phosphate Rock Processing Plants
Portland Cement Plants
Power Plants
Power Plants
(>250 million Btu/h)
53
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4.0 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
In 1948, the original Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
was passed. This act and its various amendments are often referred to
as the Clean Water Act (CWA). It provided loans for treatment plant
construction and temporary authority for the Federal control of interstate
water pollution. The enforcement powers were so heavily dependent on
the States as to make the act almost unworkable. In 1956, several
amendments to the FWPCA were passed which made the Federal enforcement
procedures less cumbersome. According to these provisions, a conference
among the interested parties would be held. (If the conference did not
result in action within six months, a public hearing would be held). If
after an additional six-month waiting period neither of these procedures
resulted in action, the matter could be taken to court with the consent
of the State. The provision for State consent was removed by amendments
passed in 1961. The 1961 amendments also extended Federal authority to
include all navigable waters in the United States.
In 1965 the Water Quality Act established a new trend in water
pollution control. It provided that the States set water quality
standards in accordance with Federal guidelines. If the States failed
to do so, the standards would be set by HEW subject to a review hearing.
In 1966, the Clean Water Restoration Act transferred the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration from the Department of HEW to the
Department of the Interior. It also gave the Interior Department the
responsibility for the Oil Pollution Act.
After the creation of EPA in 1970, the present system of water
pollution control was formulated. The EPA was given the responsibility
previously held by the Department of the Interior with respect to water
pollution control. In subsequent amendments to the FWPCA in 1973, 1974,
1975, 1976, and 1977, additional Federal programs were established. The
goals of these programs were to make waterways of the United States
fishable and swimmable by 1983 and to achieve zero discharge of pollutants
55
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by 1985. The National Pollutant Discharge System was established as the
basic regulatory mechanism for water pollution control. Under this
program, the States were given the authority to issue permits to "point-
source" dischargers provided the dischargers assured that the following
standards would be met:
1. Source specific effluent limitations (including New Source
Performance Standards).
2. Toxic pollutant regulations (for specific substances regardless
of source).
3. Regulations applicable to oil and hazardous substance liability.
The specific regulatory programs are discussed in Sections 4.1,
4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, and 4.6.
4.1 WATER QUALITY TO BE ACHIEVED BY 1983
In order to achieve the stated water quality goal of fishable and
swimmable waters by 1983, each State has been required by EPA to adopt
water quality standards that meet or exceed the Federal water quality
criteria. The EPA 1976 Quality Criteria for Water (EPA-440/9-76-023)
are presented in Table 27, After each State submitted its own water
quality standards, which were subsequently approved by EPA, the Federal
criteria were removed from the Code of Federal Regulations.
The State water quality standards are used as basis for establishing
both point-source based effluent limitations and toxic pollutant limitations
used in issuing NPDES permits to point-source discharges.
4.2 CONSENT DECREE SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT
On June 7, 1976, a settlement agreement was reached in response to
four suits brought against EPA by various environmental groups. These
suits (Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., et al. versus Russell E.
Train, CA No. 2153-73; Environmental Defense Fund, et al. versus Russell
E. Train, CA No. 75-0172; Citizens for a Better Environment, et al.
versus Russell E. Train, CA No. 75-1698; Natural Resources Defense
Council, Inc., et al. versus James I. Agee, et al., CA No. 75-1267) were
filed under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act to force EPA to
promulgate regulations to assure meeting of water quality criteria.
56
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According to the "Consent Decree" document, EPA agreed to develop and
promulgate effluent guideline limitations for 65 compounds or types of
compounds. These compounds are enumerated in Table 28. The EPA is
expected to propose criteria to be used in setting effluent limitations
for all of these substances
Another provision of the Consent Decree was that 21 industries
should be addressed by these effluent limitations and pretreatment
standards. These industries are listed in Table 29. The effluent
standards developed for these sources should reflect the best available
technology economically achievable (BATEA). All of these effluent
limitation regulations are due to be promulgated by December 31, 1979.
(The settlement agreement also required EPA to set pretreatment standards
for this same group of industries to assure the protection of Publically
Owned Treatment Works (POTW). At this time pretreatment standards have
been promulgated or proposed for eight categories of point sources. It
is not known at this time if pretreatment standards will be required for
all of the remaining sources.
In anticipation of the issuance of the new effluent guidelines
required by the Consent Decree, all NPDES permits being issued are due
to expire with 18 months of the anticipated date for the promulgation of
the new BATEA regulations required by the Consent Decree. If a State
wishes to issue a longer permit, the permit must contain a clause that
automatically requires compliance with the new regulations within the
scheduled time period.
4.3 SOURCE BASED EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
Under the FWPCA, EPA is responsible for establishing point-source
effluent limitations for municipal dischargers, industrial dischargers,
industrial users of municipal treatment works, and effluent limitations
for toxic substances (applicable to all dischargers).
Standards promulgated or proposed by EPA at 40 CFR, Parts 402
through 699, prescribe effluent limitation guidelines for existing
sources, standards of performance for new sources, and pretreatment
standards for new and existing sources. Effluent limitations and New
Source Performance Standards apply to discharges made directly into
57
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receiving bodies of water. The new standards are to be used by the
States when issuing NPDES permits for all sources 18 months after they
are made final by EPA. Table 30 presents a list of industries for which
BAT Guidelines will be issued and the date on which they must be used in
setting effluent limitations in State NPDES permits. Pretreatment
standards apply to waste streams from these same sources that are sent
to POTW for final treatment. These regulations are meant to protect the
POTW from any materials that would either harm the treatment facility or
pass through untreated. They are to be enforced primarily by the local
POTW. These standards are applicable to particular classes of point-
sources and pertain to discharges into navigable waters without regard
to the quality of the receiving water. Standards are specific for
numerous subcategories under each point-source category. Effluent and
pretreatment standards that reflect the more stringent guidelines are
presented in Tables 31 and 32, respectively. A listing of the pollutants
and water quality characteristics addressed by effluent limitations is
given in Table 33.
Limitations based upon application of the best practicable control
technology currently available (BPT) apply to existing point-sources and
should have been achieved by July 1, 1977. Limitations based upon
application of the BATEA which will result in reasonable further progress
toward elimination of discharge must be achieved by July 1, 1984. New
Source Performance Standards (NSPS) apply to sources for which construction
is commenced after publication of proposed regulations prescribing
standards of performance for new sources within a point-source category.
4.4 BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY (BCT)
On August 23, 1978 (43 FR 37570), the EPA proposed a new approach
to the control of conventional pollutants by effluent guidelines limi-
tation. The new guidelines would be known as Best Conventional Pollutant
Control Technology (BCT). These guidelines would replace the existing
BAT limitations which are determined to be unreasonable for conventional
pollutants. Currently EPA proposes to withdraw the unreasonable BAT
58
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limits and leave the BPT limits in effect until new BCT limitations are
developed. The BAT limitations for unconventional and toxic pollutants
would remain in effect. Currently, biological oxygen demanding pollutants
(BODg), total suspended solids (TSS), fecal coliform, and pH are considered
conventional pollutants. EPA also proposes to include chemical oxygen
demanding (COD) pollutants, oil and grease, and total phosphorus on this
list. BCT also requires that the limitations set consider the cost in
relation to the effluent reductions achieved.
The 1977 Clean Water Act directs EPA to review all BAT guidelines
for conventional pollutants in those industries not covered by the
Consent Decree Settlement Agreement. If BPT and BAT do not allow a
discharge of process wastewater or if BAT and BPT limitations are
identical, no further study is made because BCT regulations would be
unnecessary. A list of these categories is found in Table 34.
The remaining industrial sources of process wastewater have been
reviewed with respect to the reduction of BODg, TSS, COD, oil and grease
and total phosphorus. Since BAT and BPT limitations for fecal coliform
and pH are always identical a review of these pollutants were not made.
In order to determine if BCT limitations would be necessary the cost
effectiveness of conventional pollutant reduction to BAT levels beyond
BPT levels must be determined and compared to the cost of removal of
this same amount of pollutant by a Publicly Owned Treatment Works of
similar capacity. If it is equally cost-effective for the industry to
achieve the reduction required for meeting the BAT limitations as the
POTW then the BCT limit is made equal to the BAT levels and no further
studies are necessary. The industries for which this is true are listed
in Table 35.
When this test is applied, the BAT limitation set for six categories
were found to be unreasonable. These categories and subcategories are
listed in Table 36. In these subcategories EPA proposes to remove the
BAT limitations and revert to the BPT limitations until BCT control
levels can be formulated. There will be no variance granted to compliance
59
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to the BCT limits once they are set. These limits are required to meet
the cost-effectiveness conditions outlined above and be at least as
stringent as BPT levels.
4.5 TOXIC POLLUTANT EFFLUENT STANDARDS
Under Section 307a of the FWPCA, EPA is required to publish a list
of designated toxic pollutants and is authorized to promulgate effluent
standards for those pollutants. Such effluent standards should take
into account the toxicity of the pollutant, Its persistence, degradability,
the usual or potential presence of affected organisms in any waters, the
importance of the affected organisms, the nature and extent of the
effect of the toxic pollutant on such organisms, and the extent to which
effective control is being or may be achieved under other regulatory
authority. Effluent standards promulgated under this section should
provide "an ample margin of safety." Source categories to which such
standards apply are also specified.
Compounds initially designated toxic pollutants under Section 307a
are presented in Table 37. in addition to these compounds, the Clean
Water Act of 1977 requires that the "Consent Decree Pollutants" (listed
in Table 21) be added to the list of toxic pollutants if effluent limits
fail to achieve water quality criteria.
Efforts to promulgate standards under this section of the FWPCA
have been underway since 1973, but due to procedural and legal diffi-
culties, only nine chemicals have been regulated to date as toxic
pollutants. These regulations from 40 CFR, Part 129, are presented in
Table 38. EPA expects to propose criteria for 20 additional toxic
pollutants by the end of 1978. The remaining pollutants from the
Consent Decree list are due to have proposed criteria by early 1979.
60
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4.6 OIL AND HAZARDOUS LIABILITY
The FWPCA under Section 311 entitled "Oil and Hazardous Substance
Liability," authorizes EPA to promulgate Hazardous Spill Regulations.
Under these regulations EPA designated as hazardous those substances
which, when discharged, present an imminent and substantial danger to
the public health or welfare. Harmful quantities for each substance
designated as hazardous were specified and rates of penalty for dis-
charging designated hazardous substances were also established under
this section. In 1978 a 11st of 271 hazardous substances along with
determined harmful quantities discharged in a 24-hour period and
penalties for such discharge were adopted by EPA. These regulations
found in 40 CFR, Parts 116, 118, and 119, are presented in Table 39.
The regulations require that any owner or operator of a point-source
discharging hazardous substances in quantities exceeding those specified
in the regulations must pay penalties 1n accordance with the rates of
penalty established 1n the regulations. Sources in compliance with
effluent standards established in other sections of the Clean Water Act
are exempt from these requirements.
In addition to the substances listed in Table 39, an additional
list of 28 pollutants have been proposed by EPA to be designated as
hazardous under Section 311 of FWPCA. These compounds are listed in
Table 40.
On October 6, 1978, Judge Earl E. Vernon of the Western District of
Louisiana ruled that these regulations were arbitrary, capricious, and
contrary to law and therefore overturned this whole body of regulations.
In response to this action, Congress immediately passed an amendment to
the Clean Water Act which deleted the removability and harmful quantity
segments of the Hazardous Spill Regulations. Under the new provisions,
EPA must seek to impose penalties on a case-by-case basis through the
court.
61
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TABLE 27. EPA 1976 QUALITY CRITERIA FOR WATER
Water Quality Characteristic
_ or Pollutant _
Criteria
Aesthetic Qualities
Alkalinity
Amnonia
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Chlorine
Chromium
Fecal Coliform Bacteria
Color
Copper
Cyanide
All waters free from substances attributable to waste-
water or other discharges that:
(1) settle to form objectionable deposits;
(2) float as debris, scum, oil, or other matter to form
nuisances;
(3) produce objectionable color, odor, taste, or turbidity;
(4) injure or are toxic or produce adverse physiological
responses in humans, animals, or plants; and,
(5) produce undesirable or nuisance aquatic life.
20 mg/£ or more as CaCO, for freshwater aquatic life except
where natural concentrations are less.
0.02 mg/z (as un-ionized ammonia) for freshwater aquatic life.
50 vg/i for domestic water supplies (health);
100 ug/2 for irrigation of crops.
1 mgA for domestic water supply (health).
11 vg/i. for the protection of aquatic life in soft fresh water;
1,100 pg/i for the protection of aquatic life in hard fresh water;
100 vg/i for continuous irrigation on all soils; except
500 vg/i for irrigation on neutral to alkaline fine-textured
soils.
750 vg/i for long-term irrigation on sensitive crops.
10 vg/i for domestic water supply (health). Aquatic Life:
Fresh Water
Soft Water
0.4 vg/i
4.0 vg/i
Hard Water
1.2 vg/i
12.0 vg/i
Marine
5.0 vg/i.
for cladocerans and salmonid
fishes;
for other, less sensitive,
aquatic life.
Total residual chlorine:
2.0 ng/fc for salmonid fish;
10.0 vg/i for other freshwater and
marine organisms.
50 vg/i for domestic water supply (health);
100 ug/e for freshwater aquatic life.
Bathing Waters: Based on a minimum of not less than five
samples taken over a 30-day period, the fecal coliform bacterial
level should not exceed a log mean of 200 per 100 mi nor should
more than 10 percent of the total samples taken during any
30-day period exceed 400 per 100 mi.
Shellfish Harvesting Waters: Not to exceed a median fecal
coliform bacterial concentration of 14 per 100 mi with not
more than 10 percent of samples exceeding 43 per 100 mi for
the taking of shellfish.
Waters shall be virtually free from substances producing
objectionable color for aesthetic purposes;
The source of supply should not exceed 75 color units on the
platinum-cobalt scale for domestic water supplies; and
Increased color (in combination with turbidity) should not
reduce the depth of the compensation point for photosynthetic
activity by more than 10 percent from the seasonally established
norm for aquatic life.
1.0 mg/l for domestic water supplies (welfare).
For freshwater and marine aquatic life, 0.1 times a 96-hour LC50
as determined through nonaerated bioassay using a sensitive
aquatic resident species.
5.0 yg/n for freshwater and marine aquatic life and wildlife.
62
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TABLE .27. (continued)
Gases. Total Dissolved
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrates, Nitrites
011 and Grease
Dissolved Oxygen
Aldrin-Dieldrin
Chlordane
Chlorophenoxy Herbicides
DDT
Dementon
Endosulfan
EndHn
Guthion
Heptachlor
To protect freshwater and marine aquatic life, the total
dissolved gas concentrations 1n water should not exceed 110
percent of the saturation value for gases at the existing
atmospheric and hydrostatic pressures.
0.3 mg/i for domestic water supplies (welfare).
1.0 mg/«, for freshwater aquatic Hfe.
50
for domestic water supply (health).
0.01 times the 96-hour LC5Q value, using the receiving or
comparable water as the dTTuent and soluble lead measurements
(nonfllterable lead using an 0.45 micron filter), for sensitive
freshwater resident species.
50 yg/n for domestic water supplies (welfare);
100 vg/i for protection of consumers of marine mollusks.
2.0 vg/i for domestic water supply (health);
0.05 ug/j. for freshwater aquatic life and wildlife;
0.10 yg/z for marine aquatic Hfe.
0.01 of the 96-hour
for freshwater and marine aquatic Hfe.
10 mg/i nitrate nitrogen (N) for domestic water supply (health).
For domestic water supply: Virtually free from oil and grease,
particularly from the tastes and odors that emanate from
petroleum products.
For aquatic life: 0.01 of the lowest continuous flow 96-hour
LCj-Q to several important freshwater and marine species, each
having a demonstrated high susceptibility to oils and petro-
chemicals.
Levels of oils or petrochemicals in the sediment which cause
deleterious effects to the biota should not be allowed.
Surface waters shall be virtually free from floating nonpetroleum
oils of vegetable or animal origin, as well as petroleum derived
oils.
Aesthetics: Water should contain sufficient dissolved oxygen to
maintain aerobic conditions in the water column and, except as
affected by natural phenomena, at the sediment-water interface.
Freshwater aquatic life: A minimum concentration of dissolved
oxygen to maintain good fish populations is 5.0 mg/i. The
criterion for salmonid spawning beds is a minimum of 5.0 mg/i
in the interstitial water of the gravel.
0.003 vg/i for freshwater and marine aquatic life.
The persistence, bioaccumulation potential and carcinogenicity of
aldrin-dieldrin cautions human exposure to a minimum.
0.01 yg/z for freshwater aquatic life.
0.004 vg/i for marine aquatic life.
The persistence, bioaccumulation potential and carcinogenicity of
chlordane cautions human exposure to a minimum.
2, 4-D; 100 \ig/i for domestic water supply (health)
2, 4, 5-TP: 10 vg/i. for domestic water supply (health)
0.001 vg/i- for freshwater and marine aquatic life.
The persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and carcinogenicity
of DDT cautions human exposure to a minimum.
0.1 yg/z for freshwater and marine aquatic life.
0.003 vg/i for freshwater aquatic life;
0.001 yg/z for marine aquatic life.
0.2 yg/z for domestic water supply (health);
0.004 yg/z for freshwater and marine aquatic life.
0.01 vg/i for freshwater and marine aquatic life.
0.001 yg/£ for freshwater and marine aquatic life.
The persistence, bioaccumulation potential and carcinogenicity
of heptachlor cautions human exposure to a minimum.
63
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TABLE 27. (continued)
Lindane
Malathion
Methoxychlor
Mi rex
Parathion
Toxaphene
pH
Phenol
Phosphorus
Phthalate Esters
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Selenium
Silver
Solids (Dissolved) and Salinity
Solids (Suspended, Settleable) and Turbidity
Sulfide - Hydrogen Sulfide
Tainting Substances
Temperature
4.0 pg/i for domestic water supply ineaitnj;
0.01 yg/i for freshwater aquatic life;
0.004 yg/n for marine aquatic life.
0.1 v-g/l for freshwater and marine aquatic life.
100 yg/s. for domestic water supply (health);
0.03 yg/J, for freshwater and marine aquatic life.
0.001 yg/i for freshwater and marine aquatic life.
0.04 yg/2 for freshwater and marine aquatic life.
5 ygA for domestic water supply (health);
0.005 yg/J. for freshwater and marine aquatic life.
Range: 5-9 Domestic water supplies (welfare);
6.5-9.0 Freshwater aquatic life;
6.5-8.5 Marine aquatic life.
(... but not more than 0.2 units outside of normally
occurring range)
1 ug/s. for domestic water supply (welfare), and to protect
against fish flesh tainting.
0.10 yg/«. yellow (elemental) phosphorus for marine or
estuarine waters.
3 ygA for freshwater aquatic life.
0.001 yg/J. for freshwater and marine aquatic life and for
consumers thereof.
Every reasonable effort should be made to minimize human
exposure.
10 yg/z for domestic water supply (health);
For marine and freshwater aquatic life; 0.01 of the 96-hour IC™
as determined through bioassay using a sensitive resident species
50 yg/n for domestic water supply (health).
For marine and freshwater aquatic life; 0.01 of the 96-hour LCcQ
as determined through bioassay using a sensitive resident specTSs
250 mg/d for chlorides and sulfates in domestic water supplies
(welfare).
Freshwater fish and other aquatic life: Settleable and suspended
solids should not reduce the depth of the compensation point
for photosynthetic activity by more then 10 percent from the
seasonably established norm for aquatic life.
2 yg/i undissociated H2S for fish and other aquatic life,
fresh and marine water.
Materials should not be present in concentrations that individu-
ally or in combination produce undesirable flavors which are
detectable by organoleptic tests performed on the edible
portions of aquatic organisms.
Freshwater Aquatic Life: For any time of year, there are two
upper limiting temperatures for a location (based on the
important sensitive species found there at that time):
(1) One limit consists of a maximum temperature for short
exposures that is time dependent and is given by the
species-specific equation:
-a) -2°C
Temperature
where: log.
l/b (1°910 time
"(min)
logarithm to base 10 (common logarithm)
a intercept on the "y" or logarithmic axis of the
line fitted to experimental data and which is
available from Appendix II-C, NAS, 1974 for some
species.
b slope of the line fitted to experimental data
and available from Appendix II-C, NAS, 1974 for
some species.
and
(2) The second value is a limit on the weekly average
temperature that:
64
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TABLE 27. (continued)
Temperature (continued) a. In the cooler months (mid-October to mid-April in the
north and December to February in the south) will
protect against mortality of important species if the
elevated plume temperature is suddenly dropped to the
ambient temperature, with the limit the acclimation
temperature -2°C when the lower lethal threshold tempera-
ture equals the ambient water temperature (in some
regions this limitation may also be applicable in sum-
mer); or
b. In the warmer months (April through October in the north
and March through November in the south) is determined
by adding to the physiological optimum temperature
(usually for growth) a factor calculated as one-third
of the difference between the ultimate upper incipient
lethal temperature and the optimum temperature for the
most sensitive important species (and appropriate life
state) that normally is found at that location and time.
c. During reproductive seasons (generally April through
June and September through October in the north and
March through May and October through November in the
south) the limit is that temperature that meets site-
specific requirements for successful migration, spawning.
egg incubation, fry rearing, and other reproductive
functions of important species. These local require-
ments should supersede all other requirements when they
are applicable.
d. There is a site-specific limit that is found necessary
to preserve normal species diversity or prevent appear-
ance of nuisance organisms.
65
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TABLE 28. TOXIC POLLUTANTS SPECIFIED IN THE NRDC-EPA
SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT (CONSENT DECREE COMPOUNDS)
Acenaphthene
Acrolein
Acrylon1tr11e
Aldrin/D1eldr1n
Antimony and compounds*
Arsenic and compounds
Asbestos
Benzene
Benzidlne
Beryllium and compounds
Cadmium and compounds
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane (technical mixture and metabolites)
Chlorinated benzenes (other than dichlorobenzenes)
Chlorinated ethanes (including 1,2-dichloroethane,
1,1,1-tHchloroethane, and hexachloroethane)
Chloroalkyl ethers (chloromethyl, chloroethyl, and
mixed Pthers)
Chlorinated naphthalene
Chlorinated phenols (other than those listed else-
where; includes trichlorphenols and chlorinated
cresols)
Chloroform
2-Chlorophenol
Chromium and compounds
Copper and compounds
Cyanides
DDT and metabolites
Dichlorobenzenes (1,2-,1,3-, and 1,4-dichlorobenzenes)
Dichlorobenzidine
Dichloroethylenes (1,1- and 1,2-dichloroethylene)
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Dichloropropane and dichloropropene
2,4-Dimethylphenol
Dinitrotoluene
Diphenylhydrazine
Endosulfan and metabolites
Endrin and metabolites
Ethyl benzene
Fluoranthene
Haloethers (other than those listed elsewhere:
includes chlorophenylphenyl ethers, bromophenyl-
phenyl ether, bis(dichloroisopropy1) ether, bis-
(chloroethoxy) methane and polychlorinated diphenyl
ethers)
Halomethanes (other than those listed elsewhere;
includes methylene chloride, methylchloride, methyl -
bromide, bromoferm, dichlorobromomethane, trlchloro-
fluoromethane, dicnlorodlfluoromethane)
Heptachlor and metabolites
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclohexane (all Isomers)
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Isophorone
Lead and compounds
Mercury and compounds
Naphthalene
Nickel and compounds
Nitrobenzene
Nitrophenols (including 2,4-dinitrophenol, dinitro-
cresol)
Nitrosamines
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phthalate esters
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (including benzan-
thracenes, benzopyrenes, benzofluoranthene, chrysenes,
dibenzanthracenes, and indenopyrenes)
Selenium and compounds
Silver and compounds
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
Tetrachloroethylene
Thallium and compounds
Toluene
Toxaphene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
Zinc compounds
aAs used throughout this table, the term "compounds" shall include organic and inorganic compounds.
66
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TABLE 29- POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES TO BE ADDRESSED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH THF NRDC VS. FPA SFTTI.EMFNT AGREEMENT
1. Timber products processing
2. Steam electric power plants
3. Leather tanning and finishing
4. Iron and steel manufacturing
5. Petroleum refining
6. Inorganic chemicals manu-
facturing
7. Textile mills
8. Organic chemicals manu-
facturing
9. Nonferrous metals manu-
facturing
10. Paving and roofing materials
(Tars xind asphalt)
11. Paint and ink formulation
and printing
12. Soap and detergent manu-
facturing
13. Auto and other laundries
14. Plastic and synthetic
materials manufacturing
15. Pulp and paperboard mills,
and converted paper products
16. Rubber processing
17. Miscellaneous chemicals
18. Machinery and mechanical
products manufacturing
19. Electroplating
20. Ore mining and dressing
21. Coal mining
TABLE 30. INDUSTRIES FOR WHICH BAT GUIDELINES AND DATA
18 MONTHS AFTER FINAL GUIDELINES
Petroleum Refining
Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing
Textile Mills
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing
Plastic and Synthetic Materials
Manufacturing
Rubber Processing
Paving and Roofing Materials
Manufacturing
Soap and Detergent Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Chemicals Manufacturing
Electroplating
Paint and Ink Formulating and Printing
September 30, 1980
March 31, 1981
March 31, 1981
March 31, 1981
March 31, 1981
March 31, 1981
December 31, 1980
June 30, 1981
June 30, 1981
June 30, 1981
December 31, 1981
67
-------
TABLE 31. SELECTED EPA EFFLUENT STANDARDS
Category
Cool ing water Intake
structures (Part 402)
Dairy products processing
(Part 405)
[Expressed In kg/kkg of
30Dj Input]
Grain mills (Part 406)
[Expressed 1n kg/kkg of
wheat, corn, rlca, cereal
product, raw material]
Canned and preserved
fruits and vegetables
(Part 407)
Canned and preserved seafood
processing (Part 408)
[Expressed 1n kg/kkg of
seafood]
Sugar processing (Part 409)
[Expressed 1n kg/kkg of
product]
' Textile Industry (Part 410)
[Expressed 1n kg/kkg of
product]
Subcategory
None
[A through L]
A. Receiving
stations
[A through J]
For four sub-
categories
B. Bulger wheat
[A through H]
G. Canned and
preserved
vegetables
[A through AG]
For three sub-
categories
B. Conventional
blue crab
processing
R. West Coast
hand-butchered
salmon
processing
[A through H]
A. Beet sugar
processing
B. Crystalline
cane sugar
refining
[A through G]
C. Dry processes
F, Carpet mills
Basis
BAT
BAT, NSPS
BPT, BAT,
NSPS
BAT, NSPS
BAT, NSPS
BAT
BAT, NSPS
BAT
NSPS
BAT, NSPS
BAT
BPT, BAT,
NSPS
BPT, BAT,
NSPS
Pollutant or
effluent
characteristic
Minimum adverse
location, design
contained 1n the
80D5
TSS
PH
No discharge of
navigable waters
BOD5
TSS
PH
BOD5
TSS
PH
No pollutants
any dimension.
BOD5
TSS
Oil and grease
PH
TSS
Oil and grease
No discharge o
navigable wate
BOD5
TSS
PH
SODg
TSS
COD
Fecal coliform
PH
Total chromium
Phenol
Sulfids
Maximum for
any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive
days shall not exceed:
environmental Impact from each
, construction, and capacity as
Development Document.
0.100
0.126
6.0 - 9.0
process wastewa
0.015
0.0099
6.0 - 9.0
0.046
0.087
6.0 - 9.0 a
discharged excet
0.30
0.90
0.13
6.0 to 9.0
0.23
0.045
' process wastev
•s.
0.18
0.11
6.0 to 9.0
0.4
0.4
O.S
400 counts/
100 ml
6.0 - 9.0
0.04
0.04
O.OS
O.OSO
0.063
ter pollutants to
0.005
0.0033
0.038
0.064
t all times
>ding 1.27 cm (0.5") 1n
0.15
0.45
0.065
0.14
0.018
rater pollutants to
0.09
0.035
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.02
0.02
0,04
-6B,
Color
225 ADMI units
a40 CFR, Parts 402-460.
-------
TABLE 31. (continued)
Category
lament Manufacturing
(Part 411}
[Expressed In kg/kkg of
iroduct]
Feedlots (Part 412)
[Expressed in kg/kkg of
animal /fowl]
Electroplating (Part 413)
[Expressed as mg/llter]
tote: All previous stand-
ards have been revoked/
suspended.
Organic Chemicals Manu-
facturing (Part 414)
[Expressed 1n kg/kkg of
iroduct]
Inorganic Chemicals Manu-
facturing (Part 415)
[Expressed in kg/kkg of
Jroduct]
Note: For many of the sub-
categories, standards have
seen temporarily revoked.
Many others are in "re-
served" status.
Plastics and Synthetics
Manufacturing (Part 416)
Note: All standards have
Been revoked/suspended.
Soap and Detergent Manu-
facturing (Part 417)
Subcategory
[A through C]
A. Leaching
C. Materials Stor-
age Piles Run-
off
[A and B]
For both sub-
categories.
[A through G]
All subcategorles-
Plants discharging
more than 40,000
gals/day of pro-
cess wastewater
[B]
B. Processes with
process water
contact as
steam diluent
or absorbent
[A through BK]
For thirty-three
subcategorles
[A through T]
[A through S]
I. Oleum Sulfona-
tlon and
Sulfatlon
N. Neutralization
of Sulfurlc
Add Esters &
Sulfonlc Adds
P. Manufacture of
Liquid
Detergents
Basis
8PT, BAT,
NSPS
NSPS
NSPS
Pretreat-
ment
Standards
BAT, NSPS
NSPS, BAT
NSPS
NSPS
BAT, NSPS
Pollutant or
effluent
characteristic
TSS
No discharge of p
waters.
PH
Tamparaturs
No discharge of f
waters.
Cyanide Amenable
to Chlor1nat1on
Total Cyanide
Hexavalent
Chromium
pH
COD
BOD5
TSS
pH
No discharge of
waters.
Surfactants
80D5
COD
PH
TSS
Oil and Grease
Maximum for
any one day
0.005 (of
dust leached)
rocess wastewate
6.0 - 9.0
3"C rise above
Inlet temper-
ature
rocess wastewata
0.20
0.64
0.25
7.5 to
7.8
0.57
0.94
6.0 - 9.0
process wastewat
0.03
0.02
0.08
6.0 to
0.01
0.01
Average of dally values
for 30 consecutive !
days shall not exceed: j
j
r pollutants to navigable
" pollutants to navigable
0.08
0.08
0.09
10.0
4.2
0.27
0.50
»r pollutants to navigable
0.01
0.01
0.04
9.0
0.005
0.005
69.
-------
TABLE 31. (continued)
Category
Fertilizer Manufacture
(Part 418)
[Expressed in kg/kkg of
product]
Petroleum Refining
(Part 419)
:or typical lube re-
:ining, 19785 m3 per
stream • day through-
put.
[Expressed in kg/kra3 of
feedstock]
Iron and Steel Manu-
facturing (Part 420)
[Expressed in kg/kkg of
product]
Subcategory
[A through G]
For two sub-
categories
A. Phosphate
B. Ammonia
C. Urea
D. Ammonium
Nitrate
[A through E]
A. Topping (for
discharges
other than
runoff or
ballast)
[A through Z]
For three sub-
categories.
A. Byproduct
Coking
G. Basic Oxygen
(with wet air
pollution con-
trol methods)
H. Open-Hearth
Furnace
Basis
BPT, BAT
NSPS
BPT, BAT,
NSPS
BAT
Pollutant or
effluent
characteristic
No discharge of pro<
waters.
No Phosphorus
Fluoride
TSS
Ammonia
! PH
NSPS
Ammonia
BAT 1 Organic Nitrogen
(as N)
NSPS
BAT, NSPS
BAT
BPT (3)
BAT, NSPS
(2)
BAT, NSPS
BAT, NSPS
BAT
Organic Nitrogen
(as N)
Nitrate (as N)
BOD5
TSS
COD
Oil and Grease
Phenolic Com-
pounds
Ammonia (as N)
Sulfide
Total Chromium
No discharge of proc
waters.
Cyanide Amen-
able to
Chlorination
Phenol
Ammonia
Sulfide
PH
TSS
Fluoride
Nitrate
Maximum for
any one day
:ess wastewater p
105.0
75.0
150.0
0.005
6.0 to
0.11
0.61
0.45
0.12
2.5
2.4
10.0
0.5
0.012
0.68
0.055
0.124
ess wastewater p<
0.0003
0.0006
0.0126
0.0003
6.0 - 9.0
0.0156
0.0126
0.0282
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive
days shall not exceed:
ollutants to navigable
35.0
25.0
50.0
0.025
9.0
0.055
0.33
0.24
0.07
2.0
2.0
8.0
0.4
0.0060
0.51
0.035
0.105
)llutants to navigable
0.0001
0.0002
0.0042
0.0001
0.0052
0.0042
0.0094
70
-------
TABLE 31. (continued)
Category
Iron and Steel Manu-
facturing (Cont. )
Nonferrous Metals Manu-
facturing (part 421)
[Expressed in kg/kkg of
product]
Phosphate Manufacturing
(Part 422)
[Expressed in kg/kkg of
product]
Subcategory
K. Vacuum Degas-
sing
Q. Pickling-
Sulfuric-
Ac1d
T. Hot Coatings-
Galvanizing
U. Hot Coatings-
Terne
X. Scale Removal
(Kolene and
Hydride)
Y. Wire Pickling
and Coating
Z. Continuous
Alkaline
[A through H]
For six sub-
categories.
B. Primary Alum-
inum Smelting
H. Primary Zinc
[A through F]
For five sub-
categories (ex-
cept for waste-
water from a
cooling water
redrculation
system or non-
process)
F. Sodium Phos-
phate
Basis
BAT, NSPS
BPT
BPT
BPT
BPT
BPT
BPT
BPT, BAT
(6)
NSPS (2)
NSPS
BAT
BPT, BAT,
NSPS
BAT, NSPS
Pollutant or
effluent
characteristic
TSS
Zinc
Manganese
Lead
Dissolved Iron
Oil and Grease
Chromium
Hexavalent
Chromium
Tin
Cyanide
Dissolved Copper
Suspended Solids
Dissolved
Chromium
Dissolved Iron
Dissolved Nickel
Maximum for
any one day
0.0078
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.00033
0.00312
0.0225
0.00015
0.0375
0.0015
0.0030
0.0156
0.0003
0.0006
0.00015
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive
days shall not exceed:
0.0026
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.00011
0.00104
0.0075
0.00005
0.0125
0.0005
0.0010
0.0052
0.0001
0.0002
0.00005
No discharge of process wastewater pollutants to navigable
waters.
Fluoride
TSS
TSS
Arsenic
Cadmium
Selenium
Zinc
0.05
0.1
0.28
1 .1 x 10"8
5.4 x 10"3
0.054
0.054
0.025
0.05
0.14
5.4 x 10"4
2.7 x 10"3
0.027
0.027
No discharge of process wastewater pollutants to navigable
waters.
TSS
Total Phosphorus
(as P)
Fluorides (as F)
PH
0.35
0.56
0.21
6.0 - 9.0
0.10
0.28
0.11
71
-------
TABLES!. (continued)
Category
Steam Electric Power
Generating (Part 423)
[Expressed in rng/n]
:erroalloy Manu-
facturing (Part 424}
^Expressed in kg/kkg of
Jroduct]
Leather Tanning
(Part 425)
'Expressed in kg/kkg of
Jroduct]
Subcategory
[A through D]
A. Generating Unit
[A through G]
A. Open Electric
Furnaces with
Wet Air
Pollution
Control Devices
i. Covered Electric
Furnaces and
Other Smelting
Operations with
Wet Air Pollution
Control Devices
D. Finishing of
Tanned Hides
Basis
BPT, BAT,
NSPS
BAT
BAT, NSPS
BAT, NSPS
BAT
Pollutant or
effluent
characteristic
PH
(all discharges)
Polychlorinated
Biphenyl
Compounds
TSS
Oil and Grease
Total Copper from
Metal Cleaning or
Boiler Slowdown
Total Iron from
Metal Cleaning or
Boiler Slowdown
Free Available
Chlorine from
Cool ing Tower
Slowdown
Materials added
for Corrosion
Inhibition in
Cooling Tower
Slowdown
From Cooling
Tower Blow-
down
Zinc
Chromium
Phosphorus
Heat from Main
Condensers
TSS
Total Chromium
Hexavalent
Chromium
Total Manganese
pH
Total Cyanide
Phenols
BOD5
TSS
Chrome
Oil and Grease
Sulfide
TKN
Fecal Col i form
Maximum
any one day
6.0 9.0
No disci-
100.0
20.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
No detectable
1.0
0.2
5.0
0.024
0.0008
0.00008
0.008
6.0
0.0005
0.0004
1.0
1.2
0.04
0.48
0.004
0.2
400 counts/10
time
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive
days shall not exceed
arge
30.0
15.0
1.0
1.0
0.2
amount
1.0
0.2
5.0
None
0.012
0.0004
0.00004
0.0039
to 9.0
0.0003
0.0002
0.5
0.6
0.02
0.24
0.002
0.1
3 ml maximum at any one
72
-------
TABLE 31. (continued)
Category
Glass Manufacturing
(Part 426)
[Expressed in kg/kkg
of product]
Asbestos Manu-
facturing
(Part 427)
[Expressed in kg/kkg
of product]
Rubber Manu-
facturing (Part
428)
[Expressed in kg/kkg
of product]
Timber Products
(Part 429)
[Expressed in
kg/ 1000 m3 of pro-
duct]
Subcategory
[A through M]
For four sub-
categories
E. Float Glass
[A through K]
For four sub-
categories.
I. Solvent Re-
covery
[A through K]
A. Tire and Tube
Plants
0. Latex Rubber
I. Medium-Sized
General Molded,
Extruded, and
Fabricated
Rubber Plants
(lead-sheathed
hose production)
J. Latex-dipped,
latex -extruded,
and latex-
molded rubber
K. Latex Foam
[A through M;
Q and R]
For twelve sub-
categories
G. Wood Pre-
serving
I. Wet Storage
Basis
BAT, NSPS
BAT, NSPS
BAT, NSPS
BAT, NSPS
BPT, BAT,
NSPS
BAT
BPT, BAT,
NSPS
BPT, BAT,
NSPS
BPT, BAT,
NSPS
NSPS
BPT (10)
BAT (11)
BAT, NSPS
BPT, BAT,
NSPS 7
Pollutant or
effluent
characteristic
No discharge of
waters.
TSS
Oil
Phosphorus
PH
No discharge of
waters.
COD
TSS
pH
TSS
Oil and Grease
COD
BOD5
TSS
Oil and Grease
PH
Lead
Chromium
Zinc
BOD5
TSS
No discharge of
waters.
COD
Phenols
Oil and Grease
PH
Debris
k
Maximum for
any one day
process wastewate
0.70
1 .40
0.05
6.0
process wastewate
0.30
0.18
6.0
0.096
0.024
2.66
0.11
0.21
0.11
6.0
0.0017
0.0086
0.058
2.4
2.26
process wastewats
220.0
0.21
6.9
6.0
0
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive
days shall not exceed:
r pollutants to navigable
0.70
1.40
0.05
to 9.0
r pollutants to navigable
0.15
0.09
to 9.0
0.064
0.016
1.78
0.07
0.14
0.07
to 9.0
0.0007
0.0036
0.024
1.4
0.94
r pollutants to navigable
110.0
0.064
3.4
to 9.0
0
-------
TABLE 31. (continued)
Category
Pulp, Paper and Paper-
board (Part 430)
[Expressed 1n kg/kkg of
product]
3u1lders Paper and
Board Mill (Part
431)
[Expressed 1n kg/kkg of
product]
Meat Products (Part
432)
[Expressed In kg/kkg
of product]
Coal Mining (Part 434)
^Expressed in mg/4
Oil and Gas Extraction
[Offshore Segment)
(Part 435)
^Expressed in mg/J.]
Subcategory
[A through V]
D. Unbleached
Kraft-Neutral
Sulfite Semi-
Chemical
(cross re-
covery)
E. Paperboard
from Water
Paper
L. Groundwood-
Chemi-Mechanical
(using zinc
hydrosulfite as
bleaching agent)
[A]
A. Builders Paper
and Roofing Felt
[A through J]
A. Simple
Slaughterhouse
F. Meat Cutter
[Expressed in kg/
kkg of finished
product]
[B through D]
All subcategories
[A through F]
A. Near-Offshore
C. On Shore
E. Beneficial Use
Basis
BAT, NSPS
BAT
BPT
BAT, NSPS
BAT
BAT
BPT, BAT,
NSPS
BPT, BAT
BPT
BPT
BPT
BPT
Pollutant or
effluent
characteristic
Color
BOD5
TSS
PH
Zinc
BOD5
TSS
Settleable Solids t
Ammonia
Fecal Coliform
TSS
Oil and Grease
PH
Total Iron
TSS
PH
Drilling Muds
Drill Cuttings
Well Treatment
Produced Water
Deck Drainings
Produced Sand
No discharge of wa:
waters.
Produced Water-
Oil and Grease
Maximum for
any one day
25.0
1.3
1.6
6.0
0.034
1.75
1.75
ot to Exceed 0.2
8.0
400 mf
0.0024
0.012
6.0
7.0
70.0
6.0 to 9.0
No discharge
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive
days shall not exceed:
12.5
0.65
0.8
to 9.0
0.017
1.0
1.0
ml/i
4.0
h/100 ma
0.0012
0.006
to 9.0
3.5
35.0
of free oil
No discharge of free oil
No discharge of free oil
72.0
72.0
No discharge
tewater pollutar
45 mg/a
48.0
48.0
of free oil
ts into navigable
74
-------
TABLE 31. (continued)
Category
lineral Mining and
Processing (Part 436)
[Expressed in mg/74% reduction
raw waste conte
factor of 2.2.
6.0
52 mg/8.
30.0
0.30
0.4
0.6
0.002
0.10
0.2
6.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
0.40
10.0
30.0
200.0
—
0.2
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive
days s'hall not exceed:
stewater pollutants to
0.003
10
1
n any calendar month >90%
ng-term daily average raw
variability factor of 3.
in long-term daily average
nt of COD X variability
to 9.0
20.0
0.15
0.2
0.3
0.001
0.05
0.1
to 9.0
0.5
1.0
0.5
2.0
3.0
10.0
100.0
100.0
0.1
75
-------
TABLE 31. (continued)
Category
Paving and Roofing
Materials (Part 443)
[Expressed 1n kg/kkg
of runoff]
:a1nt Formulating
(Part 446)
Ink Formulating
(Part 447)
Gum and Mood
Chemicals Manu-
facturing (Part 454)
'Expressed in kg/kkg
of product]
"estldde Chemicals
Manufacturing (Part
455)
^Expressed 1n kg/kkg
of pesticide
chemicals]
Explosives Manu-
'acturlng (Part 457)
^Expressed 1n kg/kkg
of product]
Subcategory
[A through D]
A. Asphalt Emulsion
B. Asphalt Concrete
D. Linoleum and
Printed Asphalt
[A]
A. 011-Base Solvent
Wash Paint
[A]
A. 011-Base Solvent
Mash Ink
[A through F]
A. Char and Char-
Coal Briquets
B. Tall 011 Resin,
Pitch, and
Fatty Adds
[A through C]
For two sub-
categories
A, Organic Pesti-
cide Chemicals
Manufacturing
[A through C]
NOTE: For subcategory
B, standards are 1n
"reserve" status
A. Manufacture of
Explosives
C. Explosives Load
Assemble, and
Pack Plants
Basis
BAT, NSPS
BPT, BAT,
BAT. NSPS
BPT, BAT,
NSPS
BPT, BAT,
NSPS
BPT
BPT
BPT
BPT
BPT
BPT
Pollutant or
effluent
characteristic
011 and Grease
No discharge of pr
waters.
TSS
PH
No discharge of pr
waters.
No discharge of pr
waters.
No discharge of pr
waters.
BOD5
TSS
PH
No discharge of pr
waters.
COD
BOD5
TSS
Pesticide
Chemicals
PH
COD
BOD5
TSS
PH
011 and Grease
Maximum for
any one day
0.015
•ocess wastewater
0.019
5.0 - 9.0
ocess wastewater
ocess wastewater
ocess wastewater
0.995
0.705
6.0 - 9.0
ocess wastewater
13.0
7.4
6.1
0.010
6.0
7.77
0.72
0.25
6.0 - 9.0
0.11
Average of dally values
for 30 consecutive
days shall not exceed:
0.010
pollutants to navigable
0.013
pollutants to navigable
pollutants to navigable
pollutants to navigable
0.529
0.243
pollutants to navigable
9.0
1.6
1.8
0.0018
to 9.0
2.59
0.24
0.084
0.035
76
-------
TABLE '31. (continued)
Category
Carbon Black Manu-
facturing (Part
458)
Photographic (Part
4S9)
[Expressed In kg/1000
m2 of product]
Hospital (Part 460)
[Expressed 1n kg/1000
occupied beds]
Subcategory
[A through D]
All subcategorles
[A]
A. Photographic
Processing
[A]
A. Hospital
Basis
BPT
BPT
BPT
Pollutant or
effluent
characteristic
No discharge of p
waters.
Silver
Cyanide
PH
BOD5
TSS
PH
Maximum for
any one day
rocess wastewater
0.14
0.18
6.0 - 9,0
41.0
55.6
6.0 - 9.0
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive
days shall not exceed:
pollutants to navigable
0.07
0.09
33.6
33.8
77
-------
TABLE 32. SELECTED PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
Category
Textiles (Part 410)
Electroplating (Part 413)
[Expressed as mg]
Inorganic chemicals manu-
facturing )Part 415)
[Expressed as mg]
Subcategory
[A through 6]
All subcategories
For all subcate-
gories
B. Precious
metals
[A through BK]
A. Aluminum
chloride pro-
duction
B. Aluminum
sulfate pro-
duction
L. Potassium
di chroma te
production
AH. Copper sul-
fate pro-
duction
AR. Lead Mon-
oxide pro-
duction
BA. Silver ni-
trate pro-
duction
Basis
Existing
sources
New sources
Proposed for
existing
sources
discharging
<38,000
liters/ day
of process
wastewater
Proposed for
existing
sources
discharging
>38,000
liters/day
of
wastewater
Proposed for
existing
sources
discharging
>38,000
liters/day
of
wastewater
Existing
sources
New sources
Existing
sources
Existing
sources
Existing
sources
Existing
sources
Existing
sources
Pollutant or
effluent
characteristic
Prohibited waste
Maximum for
any one day
s per 40 CFR
Prohibited wastes per 40 CFR
incompatible pollutantst
Prohibited waste
Cyanide amenable
to chlorination
Hexavalent
chromium
Lead
Cadmium
Prohibited waste
liters/day of pr
Cyanide amenable
to chlorination
Cyanide, Total
Copper
Nickel
Total chromium
Zinc
Total metals
Prohibited waste
liters/day of pr
plus:
Silver
Prohibited waste
pH
5 per 40 CFR
2.0
0.25
0.8
1.0
s as for plar
jcess wastewa
0.2
0.64
4.6
3.6
4.2
3.4
7.5
s as for plar
ocess wastewa
1.0
s per 40 CFR
5.0
Prohibited wastes per 40 CFR
incompatible pollutantst
Prohibited waste
Zinc
Prohibited waste
Hexavalent
chromium
Total chromium
Prohibited waste
Copper
Nickel
Prohibited waste
Lead
Prohibited waste
Silver
i per 40 CFR
5.0
s per 40 CFR
0.25
3.0
s per 40 CFR
1.0
2.0
s per 40 CFR
2.0
s per 40 CFR
1.0
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive
days shall not exceed:
128.131*
128.131 plus NSPS for
128.131* plus:
0.8
0.09
0.4
0.5
ts discharging <38,000
ter plus:
0.8
0.24
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.5
3.9
ts discharging >38,000
ter (all subcategories)
0.34
128.131* plus:
10.0
128 plus NSPS for
128.131* plus:
2.5
128.131* plus:
0.09
1.0
128.131* plus:
0.5
1.0
128.31* plus:
1.0
128.131* plus:
0.5
a 78
40 CFR, Part 410-429.
-------
Category
Steam electric power
generating (Part 423)
Leather tanning (Part 425)
Petroleum refining
(Part 419)
[Expressed in mg]
Nonferrous metals manu-
facturing (Part 421)
[Expressed as mg]
Timber products (Part 429)
[Expressed in my]
TABLE
Subcategory
[A through D]
For 3 sub-
categories
[A through F]
For all sub-
categories
[A through t]
All subcategories
[A through H]
C. Secondary
aluminum
smelting
F. Secondary
copper
[A through M;
Q and R]
F. Wood pre-
serving
G. Wood pre-
serving steam
For nine
subcategories
32. (continued)
Basis
Existing
sources
New sources
Existing
sources
New sources
Existing
sources
New sources
Existing
sources —
metal
coating
Existing
sources --
demagging
fume scrub-
bers
New sources
Existing
sources
Existing
sources
New sources
Existing
sources
New sources
Pollutant or
effluent
characteristic
Prohibited wast
No discharge o
Copper not to
x 1 mg/Hter
011 and grease
exceed flow of
Maximum for
any ona day
is per 40 CFR 1!
' polychlorlnate
ixceed flow of ir
Average of dally values
for 30 consecutive
days shall not exceed:
8.31* plus:
d blphenyl compounds
etai cleaning wastes
1n combined discharges not to
combined discharge x 100 mg/llter
Prohibited wastes per 40 CFR 12
no limitations on heat, free av
total residue chlorine
Prohibited wast
es per 40 CFR 12
Prohibited wastes per 40 CFR 12
Incompatible pollutantst
Prohibited wast
Ammonia (as N
Oil and greas
>s per 40 CFR 12
) 100
s 100
Prohibited wastes per 40 CFR 12
incompatible pollutantst
Prohibited wast
Oil and greas
Prohibited wast
pH
ss per 40 CFR 12
• 100
>s per 40 CFR 12
5 tc
Prohibited wastes per 40 CFR 12
incompatible pollutantst
Prohibited wast
Copper
Cadmium
No discharge of
;s per 40 CFR 12
1.0
0.4
process wastewa
8 plus NSPS but with
ailable chlorine, and
8.131*
8 plus NSPS for
8.31* plus:
8.131 plus NSPS for
8.131* plus:
8.131* plus:
10
8 plus NSPS for
8.31* plus:
0.5
0.2
ter pollutants
Prohibited wastes per 40 CFR 128 less Sec. 128.133*t
Prohibited wastes per 40 CFR 12
Oil and grease 100
Copper
Chromium
Arsenic
Prohibited wast
5
4
4
es per 40 CFR 12
8.131* plus:
20.5
0.62
0.41
0.41
8 less Sec. 128.133*t
79
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TABLE 33. POLLUTANTS AND WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
ADDRESSED BY EFFLUENT STANDARDS
Aluminum
Ammonia
Ammonia (as N)
Arsenic
Asbestos
Barium
Cadmium
Chlorine (free avail-
able)
Chrome
Chromium; total
Chromium; dissolved
Chromium VI
Copper
Copper; dissolved
Cyanide (total)
Cyanide (amenable to
chlori nation)
BODr
COD0
PH
TKN
TSS
Fluorides
Fluoride (as F)
Gold
Iridium
Iron
Iron; dissolved
Iron; filtrable
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Nickel ; dissolved
Nitrate
Nitrate (as N)
Organic nitrogen (as N)
Osmium
Palladium
Color
Debris
Fecal col i form
Oil and grease
Settleable solids
PCB compounds
Phenol
Phenolic compounds
Phosphorus
Phosphorus (as P)
Phosphorus, elemental
Platinurapr
Radium ^pc'' total
Radium ; dissolved
Rhodium
Ruthenium
Selenium
Silver
Sulfate
Uranium
Zinc
Suspended solids
Drilling muds &
cuttings
Water
Sand
Deck drainings
80
-------
TABLE 34. CATEGORIES AND SUBCATEGORIES NOT REQUIRING
ANALYSIS (BPT=BAT)
Grain Mills
Normal wheat flour milling
Normal rice mill ing
Animal feed
Hot cereal
Fertilizer
Phosphate
Ammonia
Ammonium sulfate production
Mixed and blend fertilizer production
Glass Manufacturing
Sheet glass manufacturing
Rolled glass manufacturing
Vapor Absorption
Solvent Recovery
Cement Manufacturing
Nonleaching
Materials storage piles, runoff
Feedlots
All subcategories except ducks
Phosphate Manufacturing
Defluorinated phosphate rock
Defluorinated phosphoric acid
Ferroalloys Manufacturing
Other calcium carbide furnaces
Asbestos Manufacturing
Asbestos millboard
coating or finishing of asbestos
textiles
81
-------
TABLE 35. CATEGORIES AND SUBCATEGORIES OF INDUSTRIES WHERE BAT EFFLUENT
LIMITATIONS HERE DETERMINED TO BE COST-EFFECTIVE (BCT = BAT)
Dairy
All subcategories
Grain Mills
Corn, wet
Corn, dry
Parboiled rice
Ready-to-eat cereal
Wheat starch and gluten
Canned and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables
Apple juice
Citrus products
Frozen potato
Dehydrated potato
Canned and preserved vegetables
Canned and miscellaneous specialties
Canned and Preserved Seafoods
Fish meal
West coast hand-butchered salmon
West coast mechanical salmon processing
Non-Alaskan conventional bottom fishing
Non-Alaskan mechanized bottom fishing
Hand-shucked clams
Mechanized clam processing
Pacific hand-shucked oysters
Atlantic and Gulf hand-shucked oysters
Steamed and canned oyster processing
Sardine processing
Non-Alaskan herring fillet processing
Abalone processing
Sugar Processing
Beet sugar
Liquid cane sugar
Feedlots
Ducks
Ferroalloys
Open electric furnaces wet
Covered electric furnaces and other smelting operations with wet air pollution
control devices
Slag processing
Glass
Insulation fiberglass
Plate glass manufacturing
Float glass manufacturing
82 —
-------
Table 35. (continued)
Asbestos
All additional categories (7)
Meat Products
Sausage and luncheon meats processor
Ham processor
Canned meats processor
Renderer
Phosphates
Sodium phosphates
83
-------
TABLE 36. INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES AND SUBCATEGORIES REQUIRING NEW
BCT LIMITS
Grain Mills
Bulgar wheat
Canned and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables
Apple products
Canned and preserved fruits
Canned and Preserved Seafoods
Farm raised catfish
Conventional blue crab
Mechanical blue crab
Nonremote Alaskan crab
Remote Alaskan crab
Nonremote Alaskan whole crab
Remote Alaskan whole crab
Dungeness and tanner crab
Nonremote Alaskan shrimp
Remove Alaskan shrimp
Northern shrimp
Southern nonbreaded shrimp
Breaded shrimp
Tuna
Sugar Processing
Crystalline cane sugar
Cement
Leaching
Ferroalloys,
Covered calcium carbide wet
Electrical Manganese
Electrical chromium
Glass
Auto tempering
Auto laminating
Container
Tubing
TV picture tube
Incandescent
Hand pressed and blown
Meat Products
Simple slaughterhouse
Complex slaughterhouse
Low processing packing house
High processing packing house
Small processor meat cutter
84
-------
TABLE 37. COMPOUNDS INITIALLY DESIGNATED TOXIC POLLUTANTS
UNDER SECTION 307a OF THE FWPCAa
Aldrin/dieldrinb
Benzidine
Cadmium
Cyanide
DDT, (ODD, DDE)b
Endrinb
Mercury
PCBsb
Toxaphene
65 pollutants listed in the Settlement Agreement were designated toxic
pollutants and added to the initial list under the Clean Water Act Amend-
ments of 1977. See Table 24.
Regulations adopted 1977.
85
-------
TABLE 38. TOXIC POLLUTANT EFFLUENT STANDARDS
Pollutant
Ambient water
criterion
Source regulated
Regulation
Aldrin/dieldrin
0.003 ug/n
All manufacturers and formulators:
Existing and new sources
Prohibited 1n any discharge.
DDT, ODD, DDE
0.001
All manufacturers and formulators:
Existing and new sources
Prohibited in any discharge.
Endrin
0.004
Manufacturers:
Existing sources
New sources
Formulators:
Existing and new sources
Discharge concentration not to
exceed average of 1.5 yg/z per
working day calculated over any
calendar month; shall not exceed
a monthly average daily loading of
0.0006 kg/kkg of endrin produced;
and shall not exceed 7.5 yg/s. in
a sample representing any working
day.
Discharge concentration not to
exceed average of 0.1 ug/i per
working day calculated over any
calendar month; shall not exceed
a monthly average daily loading of
4x10" kg/kkg of endrin produced;
and shall not exceed 0.5 yg/i in a
sample representing any working day
Prohibited in any discharge.
Toxaphene
0.005 yg/£
Manufacturers:
Existing sources
Manufacturers:
New sources
Formulators:
Existing and new sources
Discharge concentration not to
exceed average of 1.5 vg/a per
working day calculated over any
calendar month; shall not exceed a
monthly-average daily loading of
3 x 10 kg/kkg of toxaphene pro-
duced; and shall not exceed 7.5
yg/£ in a sample representing any
working day.
Discharge concentration not to
exceed average of 0.1 yg/2. per
working day calculated over any
calendar month; shall not exceed
a monthly average daily loading of
2 x 10 kg/kkg of toxaphene pro-
duced; and shall not exceed 0.5
yg/l in a sample representing any
working day.
Prohibited in any discharge.
Benzidine
0.1 yg/Jt
Manufacturers:
Existing and new sources
Applicators:
Existing and new sources
_L
Discharge concentration not to
exceed average of 10 yg/£ per
working day calculated over any
calendar month; shall not exceed
a monthly average daily loading of
0.130 kg/kkg of benzidine pro-
duced; and shall not exceed 50
yg/j, in a sample representing any
working day.
Discharge concentration not to
exceed average of 10 \ig/i per
working day calculated over any
calendar month; and shall not
exceed 25 yg/«, in a sample repre-
senting any working day.
86
-------
TABLE 38. (continued)
Pollutant
Ambient water
criterion
Source regulated
Regulation
'olychlorlnated
blphenyls (PCBs)
0.001 ug/z
Manufacturers:
Existing and new sources
Electrical capacitor
manufacturers:
Existing and new sources
Electrical transformer
manufacturers:
Existing and new sources
Prohibited 1n any discharge.
Prohibited in any discharge.
Prohibited in any discharge.
87
-------
TABLE 39. HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Material
Acetaldehyde
Acetic Acid
Acetic Anhydride
Acetone Cyanohydrin
Acetyl Bromide
Acetyl Chloride
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Aldrin
Ally Alcohol
Aluminum Sulfate
Ammonia
Ammonium Acetate
Ammonium Benzoate
Ammonium Bicarbonate
Ammonium Bichromate
Ammonium Bifluoride
Ammonium Bisulfite
Ammonium Carbamate
Ammonium Carbonate
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium Chromatt
Ammonium Citrate
Ammonium Fluoride
Ammonium Hydroxide
Ammonium Oxalate
Ammonium Silicufluoride
Ammonium Sulfamate
Ammoniun Sulfide
Ammonium Sulfite
Ammonium Tartrate
Ammonium Thiocyanate
Ammonium Thosulfate
Aniline
Antirrony Pentacnloride
Antimtny Potassium.
Tartrate
Antimony Tribromide
Antimony Trichloride
Antimony Tfifluoride
Antimony Trioxide
Arsenic Disulfide
Arsenic Pentoxide
Arsenic Trichloride
Arsenic Trioxide
Arsenic Trisulfide
Barium Cyanide
benzoic Acic*
Benzonitrile
Benzoyl Chloiide
Benzyl Chloride
Beryllium Chloride
Berryllium Flouride
Beryllium Nitrate
Butyl Acetate
Butylamine
Butyric Acid
Cadmium Acetate
Cadmium Bromide
Cadmium Chloride
Calcium Arsenate
Calcium Arsenite
Calcium Carbide.
Calcium Chromate
Calcium Cyanide
Calcium Dodecyloenzent.'-
sulfonate
Material
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Hypochlorite
Calcium Oxide
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbon Disulfide
Chlordane
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloropyrifos
Chlorosulfonic Acid
Chromic Acetate
Chromic Acid
Chromic Sulfate
Chromous Chloride
Cobaltous Bromide
Cobaltous Formate
Cobaltous Sulfamate
Coumaphos
Cresol
Cupric Acetate
Cupric Acetoarsenite
Cupric Chloride
Cupric Nitrate
Cupric Oxalate
Cupric Sulfate
Cupric Sylfate
Ammoniated
Cupric Tartrate
Cyanogen Chloride
2,4-D Acid
2,4-D Esters
DDT
Diazinon
Dicamba
Dichlobenil
Dichlone
2,2-Dichloropropionic
Acid
Dichlorvos
Dieldrin
Diethylamine
Dimethylamine
Dinitrobenzene
Dinitrophenol
Diquat
Disulfoton
Diuron
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic
Acid
Endosulfan
Endrin
Ethion
Ethylenediamme
EDTA
Ferric Ammonium Citrate.
Ferric Ammonium Oxalate
Ferric Chloride
Ferric Fluoride
Ferric Nitrate
Ferric Sulfate
Ferrous Ammonium
Sulfate
Ferrous Chloride
Ferrous Sulfate
Formaldehyde
Material
Formic Acid
Fumaric Acid
Furfural
Guthion
Heptachlor
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrogen Cyanide
Isopropanolamine
Dodecylbenzenesulfonate
Kelthane
Lead Acetate
Lead Arsenate
Lead Chloride
Lead Fluoborate
Lead Fluoride
Lead Iodide
Lead Nitrate
Lead Stearate
Lead Sulfate
Lead Sulfide
Lead Thiocyanate
Lindane
Lithium Chromate
Malathion
Maleic Acid
Maleic Anhydride
Mercuric Cyanide
Mercuric Nitrate
Mercuric Sulfate
Mercuric Thiocyanate
Mercurous Nitrate
Mercuric Sulfate
Mercuric Thiocyanate
Mercurous Nitrate
Methoxychlor
Methyl Mercaptan
Methyl Parathion
Mevinphos
Mexacarbate
Monoethylamine
Monomethylamine
Naled
Napthalene
Naphthenic Acia
Nickel Ammonium Sulfate
Nickel Chloride
Nickel Hydroxide
Nickel Nitrate
Nickel Sulfate
Nitric Acid
Nitrobenzene
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrophenol
Paraformaldehyde
Parathior
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phosgene
Phosphoric Acid
Phosphorous
Phosphorous Oxychloride
Phosphorous Pentasulfide
Phosphorous Trichloride
Potassium Arsenate
Potassium Arsenite
Potassium Bichromate
Potassium Chromate
Potassium Cyanide
Potassium Hydroxide
Material
Potassium Permanganate
Propionic Acid
Propionic Anhydride
Pyrethrins
Quinoline
Resorcinol
Selenium Oxide
Sodium
Sodium Arsenate
Sodium Arsenite
Sodium Bichromate
Sodium Bifluoride
Sodium Bisulfite
Sodium Chromate
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Dodecylbenzene-
sulfonate
Sodium Floride
Sodium Hydrosulfide
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Hypochlorite
Sodium Methylate
Sodium Nitrite
Sodium Phosphate
Dibasic
Sodium Phosphate
Tribasic
Sodium Selenite
Strontium Chromate
Strychnine
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfur Monochloride
2,4.5-T Acid
2,4,5-T Esters
TDE
Tetraethyl Pyrophosphaic
Toxaphene
Trichlorfon
Trichlorophenol
Triethanolamine Dodecyl-
benzenesulfonate
Triethylamine
Trimethylamine
Uranyl Acetate
Uranyl Nitrate
Vanadium Pentoxide
Vanadyl Sulfate
Vinyl Acetate
Xylenol
Zinc Acetate
Zinc Ammonium
Chloride
Zinc Borate
Zinc Bromide
Zinc Carbonate
Zinc Chloride
Zinc Cyanide
Zinc Flouride
Zinc Formate
Zinc Hydrosulfite
Zinc Nitrate
Zinc Pehnolsulfonate
Zinc Phosphide
Zinc Silicofluoride
Zinc Sulfate
Zirconium Nitrate
Zirconium Potassium
Fluoride
Zirconium Sulfate
Zirconium TetrachloricL
-------
TABLE 40. CHEMICALS DESIGNATED HAZARDOUS
UNDER SECTION 311 OF THE FWPCA (PROPOSED)
1. Adipic acid 14.
2. n-Butyl phthalate 15.
3. Carbofuran 16.
4. Carbon tetrachloride 17.
5. Crotonaldehyde 18.
6. Dichlorobenzenes 19.
7. Dichloropropane 20.
8. Dichloropropene 21.
9. Dichloropropene-dichloropropane 22.
mixture 23.
10. Dinitrotoluene 24.
11. Epichlorohydrin 25.
12. Ethylene dibromide 26.
13. Ethylene dichloride 27.
28.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hydrogen sulfide
Kepone
Mercaptodimethur
Nitrotoluenes
Propargite
Propylene oxide
Silver nitrate
2,4,5rT amines
2,4,5-T salts
2,4,5-TP acid
2,4,5-TP acid esters
Thallium sulfate
Trichloroethylene
Vinylidene chloride
89
-------
5.0 SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 amends the Public Health
Service Act and is established to assure that the public is provided
with safe drinking water. The Safe Drinking Water Act provides the
legislative initiative under which Primary and Secondary Drinking Water
Regulations are promulgated by EPA. These regulations apply to water
after treatment by all public drinking water systems. This act also (1)
provides for the protection of underground sources of drinking water,
(2) assures that there will be adequate supplies of chemicals needed to
treat public water systems, and (3) establishes the National Drinking
Water Advisory Council to make recommendations to the EPA about matters
relating to this act.
The National Drinking Water Advisory Council consists of 15 members,
appointed for three-year rotating terms. The membership consists of
five members from the general public, five from State and local water
hygiene and public water supply agencies, and five from private groups
or organizations interested in water hygiene and public water supplies.
Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations have been adopted by EPA
under the Safe Drinking Water Act to protect public health. These
regulations specify maximum levels for certain contaminants in public
drinking water. Secondary drinking water regulations have been proposed
as guidelines to the States for setting regulations to assure non-health
related qualities of drinking water. Some of the qualities considered
by these regulations are color, odor, corrosivity, and taste.
5.1 NATIONAL INTERIM PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS
In 1975, under the Safe Drinking Water Act, EPA adopted National
Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations specified at 40 CFR, Part
141. The regulations specify maximum levels for several organic and
inorganic contaminants, microbiological contamination, and turbidity.
Regulations covering radionuclides in drinking water were added in 1976.
91
-------
Additional Primary Drinking Water Regulations were proposed in January
1978 to control additional organic pollutants.
The maximum levels set forth (other than fluorides) in the Primary
Drinking Water Regulations for inorganics are listed in Table 41.
Maximum levels set for fluorides depend on the average of the maximum
daily air temperatures for the location of the community water supply.
Table 42 lists the maximum allowable fluoride levels for various temperature
ranges. Table 43 presents the maximum contaminant levels for organic
chemicals. These levels apply only to community water systems.
The maximum contaminant levels for turbidity are applicable to both
community and noncommunity water systems using surface water sources in
whole or in part. The maximum contaminant levels must meet both of the
following criteria for turbidity in drinking water, measured at a
representative entry point(s) to the distribution system. The standards
are:
1. One turbidity unit (TU), as determined by a monthly average
except that five or fewer turbidity units may be allowed if
the supplier of water can demonstrate to the State that the
higher turbidity does not do any of the following:
a. Interfere with disinfection.
b. Prevent maintenance of an effective disinfectant agent
throughout the distribution system.
c. Interfere with microbiological determinations.
2. Five turbidity units based on an average for two consecutive
days.
The maximum contaminant levels for coliform bacteria, applicable to
community and noncommunity water systems, are given below.
When the membrane filter technique is used, the number of coliform
bacteria shall not exceed any of the following:
1. One/100 ml as the arithmetic mean of all samples examined per
month.
2. Four/100 ml in more than one sample when less than 20 are
examined per month.
3. Four/100 ml in more than five percent of the samples when 20
or more are specified per month. Levels based on an alternate
test method are also specified.
92
-------
Primary drinking water regulations for radionuclides are given in
Section 5.2. The propsed primary drinking water regulations are discussed
in Section 5.3.
5.2 NATIONAL INTERIM PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS FOR RADIONUCLIDES
The regulations presented below were adopted in 1976 under the
Clean Water Act as part of the National Interim Primary Drinking Water
Regulations. They are specified at 40 CFR, Part 141. The regulations
follow.
5.2.1 Maximum Contaminant Levels for Radium-226, Radium-228, and Gross
Alpha Particle Radioactivity in Community Water Systems"
The following are the maximum contaminant levels for radium-226,
radium-228, and gross alpha particle radioactivity.
1. Combined radium-226 and radium-228, 5 pCi/1.
2. Gross alpha particle activity (including radium-226 but
excluding radon and uranium), 5pC1/l.
5.2.2 Maximum Contaminant Levels for Beta Particle and Proton Radioactivity
from Manmade Radionuclides in Community Water Systems'
The average annual concentration of beta particle and proton
radioactivity from manmade radionuclides in drinking water shall not
produce an annual dose equivalent to the total body or any internal
organ greater than 4 millirem/yr.
Except for the radionuclides listed in Table 44, the concentration
of manmade radionuclides causing milHrem total body or organ dose
equivalents shall be calculated on the basis of a 2-liter/day drinking
water Intake using the 168-hour data listed 1n "Maximum Permissible Body
Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentration of Rad1onucl1des in Air or
Water for Occupational Exposure," NBS Handbook 69 as amended August
1963, U.S. Department of Commerce. If two or more radionuclides are
present, the sum of their annual dose equivalent to the total body or to
any organ shall not exceed 4 m1ll1irem/yir.
93
-------
5.3 PROPOSED PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS
Primary Drinking Water Regulations were proposed by EPA in January
1978 to control trihalomethanes and other synthetic organic chemical
contaminants (43 CFR, Part 13077). The proposed regulations establish a
maximum contaminant level of 0.10 mg/1 total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and
a prescribed treatment technique requirement to reduce levels of other
pollution related synthetic organic chemicals to the maximum extent
feasible.
TTHMS, including chloroform, occur in drinking water as a result of
the interaction of chlorine, applied for disinfection and other purposes,
with naturally occurring organic substances in raw water. The regulations
to control pollution related synthetic organic chemicals in drinking
water have been proposed because there is evidence to suggest that long-
term exposure to low levels of organic chemicals may increase the risk
of human cancer and other chronic effects. Initially the proposed
regulations will apply only to those systems serving a population of
greater than 75,000. If adopted, these regulations will be added at 40
CFR, Part 141.
Since monitoring for the presence of all synthetic organic chemicals
is not technologically or economically feasible, the proposed regulations
require that synthetic organic pollutants should be controlled by using
granulated activated charcoal (GAC). The GAC system should satisfy the
following criteria:
1. The concentration in the effluent of any of the volatile
halogenated organic compounds (except for TTHMS) determined by
the purge-and-trap/gas chromatography method shall not exceed
0.5 yg/1.
2. The removal of influent total organic carbon with fresh
activated carbon shall be at least 50 percent.
3. The effluent total organic carbon may not exceed the value
with fresh activated carbon by more than 0.5 mg/1.
4. A variance from the GAC treatment technique requirement will
be granted to systems for which raw water is furnished from
one of the following sources: deep ground water, watersheds
protected from manmade pollution, the Great Lakes, or water
purchased from a supplier who complied with the regulations.
94
-------
Other systems may be granted variances provided the prescribed treatment
technique is demonstrated to be unnecessary to protect public health.
As a guideline, a list of chemicals Indicative of industrial pollution
is specified and analytical data on these chemicals must be submitted to
EPA to establish the quality of the water in systems seeking variances.
This list of chemical indicators of pollution for the regulations is
presented in Table 45,
5.4 NATIONAL SECONDARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS (PROPOSED)
National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, to be added at 40
CFR, Part 143, were proposed in March 1977. These regulations propose
maximum levels for certain contaminants that by their presence in
excessive quantities may discourage the utilization of a public drinking
supply. While primary regulations prescribe maximum contaminant limits
to protect public health, secondary regulations deal with such qualities
as taste, color, odor, and corrosivity for drinking water.
Table 46 lists the maximum contaminant levels specified in the
proposed secondary regulations.
5.5 UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL FOR THE PROTECTION OF UNDERGROUND
DRINKING WATER SUPPLY
The EPA issued a list on September 25, 1978 (43 FR-4320), of 22
States required to formulate regulations to protect underground drinking
water supplies from contamination of deep-well injection of toxic sub-
stances. According to the EPA, a deep well is any hole dug, bored, or
drilled in the ground that is deeper than its largest surface dimension.
The material to be controlled is any substance that would endanger the
quality of the drinking waters by either causing adverse health effects
or making the water unpalatable. These regulations specifically exclude
deep well operations concerned with oil or natural gas production provided
they do not endanger drinking waters. If no underground drinking water
sources occur in an area, that area need not be concerned with making
deep well injection control regulations. The 22 States required to
propose such regulations are listed in Table 47. The remaining States
will be required to formulate such regulations at a later date.
95
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5.6 PROTECTION OF SOLE, OR PRINCIPAL SOURCE AQUIFER
These regulations are designed to protect any aquifer that is
determined to be the sole or principal drinking water sources for any
large population and whose contamination would result in a significant
hazard to public health. A significant hazard means that the level of
any contaminant exceeds the National Interim Primary Drinking Waters
Standards for that pollutant. When an aquifer is thus designated, the
EPA also publishes a description of the boundaries of its recharge zone.
All major projects within this recharge zone area are required to be
reviewed for groundwater impacts. All environmental impact statements
required for federal projects proposed in the recharge zone must also
consider groundwater contamination. At this time, the Edwards Under-
ground Reservoir for San Antonio, Texas, Santa Cruz County of Aquifer
in California, the Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer in Idaho and
Washington, and the Biscayne Aquifer in Florida are the only underground
water thus designated.
96
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TABLE 41. DRINKING WATER INORGANICS LEVELS
(not to be exceeded in community water systems)
Level,
Contaminant milligrams
per liter
Arsenic 0.05
Barium 1
Cadmium 0.010
Chromium 0.05
Lead 0.05
Mercury 0.002
rate (as N) 10
Selenium 0.01
Silver 0.05
aApplicable to community and noncommunity water systems.
TABLE 42. DRINKING WATER FLUORIDE LEVELS
(not to be exceeded)
Temperature
Degrees
Fahrenheit
53.7 and below
53.8 to 58.3
58.4 to 63.8
63.9 to 70.6
70.7 to 7.9.2
79.3 to 90.5
Degrees Celsius
12.0 and below
12.1 to 14.6
14.7 to 17.6
17.7 to 21.4
21.5 to 26.2
26.3 to 32.5
Level ,
milligrams
per liter
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
Annual average daily maximum temperature.
97
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TABLE 43. DRINKING WATER ORGANICS LEVELS
(not to be exceeded)
Level,
Contaminant milligrams
per liter
(a) Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Endrin (1,2,3,4,10, 10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-l,4 0.0002
4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-l,4,-endo,endo-5,8-
dimethano naphthalene).
Lindane (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma 0.004
isomer)
Methoxychlor (1,1,l-Trichloro-2,2-bis[p-methoxyphenyl] 0.1
ethane).
Toxaphene (C,0H,QClg-Technical chlorinated camphene, 0.005
67-69% chlorine).
(b) Chlorophenoxys:
2,4-D, (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). 0.1
2,4,5-TP Silvex (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxypropionic acid). 0.01
TABLE 44. AVERAGE ANNUAL CONCENTRATIONS ASSUMED TO PRODUCE A TOTAL
BODY OR ORGAN DOSE OF 4 mrem/yr
Radionuclide Critical organ pCi/1
Tritium Total body 20,000
Strontium-90 Bone marrow 8
98
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TABLE 45. CHEMICAL INDICATORS OF INDUSTRIAL CONTAMINATION
Chemical type
Industrial Chemicals
Pesticides
Polypi/clear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Chlorophenols
2-Chlorovinyl ether
Dichlorobenzenes
Dichlorodifluorome thane
1^1-Dichloroethene
1,2-Dichloroethene
Dichlorome thane
1,1-Dichloroe thane
1,2-Oichloroethane
1, 2-i>1chloropropane
1,3-Dichloropropene
Dinitrotoluenes
Ethylbenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Herachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Nitrobenzene
Phthalate esters
Polychlorlnated biphenyls
Propylbenzene
Styrene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroetnane
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichlorobenzenes
1,1jl-Trichloroethane
1,1j2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Tri chlorof1uoromethane
Vinyl Chloride
Xylenes
Benzene
Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether
Bis (2-chloroisopropy) ether
Bromobenzene
4-Bromophenylphenyl ether
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorinated naphthalenes
Chlorobenzene
4-Chlorophenylphenyl ether
Aldrin
Atrazine
Chlordane
ODD, DDE, DDT
Dieldrin
Endrin
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Kepone
Lindane and Hexachlorocyclohexanes
Pentachlorophenol
Toxaphene
3,4-Benzof1uoranthene
1,12-Benzoperylene
11,12-Benzofluoranthene (Benzo(K)
fluoranthene)
Benzo(a)pyrene
Fluoranthene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
aAnalytical data on these compounds are to be provided for those systems seeking a
variance from the GAC treatment technique requirement proposed.
99
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TABLE 46. SECONDARY MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS
Contaminant
Level
Chloride
Color
Copper
Corrosivity
Foaming agents
Hydrogen sulfide
Iron
Manganese
Odor
PH
Sulfate
IDS
Zinc
250 mg/1
15 color units
1 mg/1
Noncorrosive
0.5 mg/1
0.05 mg/1
0.3 mg/1
0.05 mg/1
3 Threshold Odor Number
6.5 - 8.5
250 mg/1
500 mg/1
5 mg/1
too
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TABLE 47. STATES REQUIRED TO FORMULATE DEEP WELL
INJECTION REGULATIONS
Arizona Michigan
Arkansas Mississippi
California New Mexico
Colorado New York
Florida Ohio
Illinois Oklahoma
Indiana Pennsylvania
Iowa Texas
Kansas Utah
Kentucky West Virginia
Louisiana Wyoming
101
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6.0 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (PL 91-596, Stat.
1590 et seq.; 29 USC 651 et seq.) intends to assure safe and healthful
working conditions by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed
under the act, by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts
to assure safe and healthful working conditions and by providing for
research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational
safety and health. The Occupational Safety and Health Act created the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration and charged the agency with
the regulatory responsibility to protect workers from hazards of the
workplace. The act also created the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH), which has among its responsibilities the duty
to make recommendations for the OSHA regulatory standards.
Both safety and health regulations have been promulgated by OSHA
under the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Safety regulations include
handling and labeling requirements, safety precautions (such as pro-
tective clothing or equipment). Health regulations are exemplified by
employee health record requirements, and the setting of contaminant
exposure limits and maximum contaminant levels for workplace air.
Regulations dealing with specific chemicals encountered in occupational
environments are discussed in Section 6.1. Chemicals that may be
subject to future regulation by OSHA are also listed in Section 6.1.
Recommendations for regulations are made to OSHA by NIOSH, the
scientific advisory body of OSHA and other recognized standards-
setting organizations, including the American Conference of Governmental
and Industrial Hygienists and the American National Standards Institute.
These groups are discussed in Section 6.2.
On October 24, 1978, OSHA revoked 928 unnecessary regulations.
These revocations were made to simplify its rules and recordkeeping
procedures.
103
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6.1 OSHA REGULATIONS DEALING WITH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO SPECIFIC
CHEMICALS
In 1974, OSHA promulgated the first regulations establishing levels
of pollutants that would be acceptable for workplace atmosphere. The
levels adopted are time weighted averages (TWA) based on 8 hours per day
or 40 hours per week exposure. The levels specified reflect the recommended
D
Threshold Limit Values (TLV ) published by the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) in 1968 and the then current
American National Standards Institute (ANSI). These regulations are
presented in Table 48. Table Z-l is the 1968 ACGIH TLVR list. Table
Z-2 shows values based upon ANSI recommendations, and Table Z-3 refers
to Mineral Dust Concentration, also from the ACGIH standard.
Besides these regulations, occupational standards requiring special
precautions and/or protective devices have been adopted or proposed for
20 additional workplace air contaminants. Also, numerical standards
have been set or proposed for seven workplace air contaminants. These
are found in Table 49.
Table 50 lists the chemical contaminants that have been regulated
as potential carcinogens by OSHA. Special handling, protective devices,
and minimum contact regulations have been adopted to address these
compounds.
NIOSH has also assigned a special designation to ethylene dibromide
and disulfiram. Interaction of these compounds is deemed harmful although
they are not suspected carcinogens. Ethylene thiourea is also designated
as dangerous to health.
All of the regulations discussed above are listed (or to be added
in the case of the proposed standards) at 24 CFR, Part 1910, Subpart Z,
entitled "Toxic and Hazardous Substances."
6.2 PROPOSED OSHA POLICY ON CARCINOGENS
On October 4, 1977, OSHA proposed a new policy concerning the regu-
lation of suspected carcinogens (42 FR 54148). Under this proposed policy,
substances that are confirmed carcinogens will be placed in Category I.
In Category I, a substance would be considered a confirmed carcinogen if
104
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it is found to be carcinogenic by two different mammalian studies.
Emergency temporary standards would then be formulated immediately for
Category I substances with permanent standards required in six months.
The exposure limit set would be the lowest attainable level. This might
include a total ban if a suitable substitute were available. Suspected
carcinogens, or substances found to be carcinogenic in one animal species,
would be placed in Category II. For Category II substances, a permanent
standard would be required to prevent acute or chronic toxic effects,
but no time limit on promulgation would be in effect. Category III
would be established to include substances for which evidence is insufficient
for classification in a higher category. These substances would be
listed for additional study, but no standard would be set. Category IV
would include substances that could fall in Categories I-III, which are
not found in the U.S. workplaces.
On July 14, 1978, OSHA released a preliminary list of 276 chemicals
that could be classified as Category I, i.e., confirmed carcinogens
under the proposal. There were 290 substances considered for Category II,
and 396 chemicals placed in Category III. Compounds appearing on the
preliminary list of Category I compounds that are produced in significant
quantities in the United States are listed in Table 51. These compounds
are the ones most likely to be subject to OSHA regulation in the near
future.
6.3 RECOMMENDED CONTAMINANT LIMITS FOR WORKPLACE AIR
Recommendations for contaminant limits in workroom air are made by
the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health by the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and by the American
National Standards Institute.
NIOSH is the sister research body of OSHA, and its responsibilities
include developing criteria for setting occupational standards. This
information is generally developed on a substance-by-substance basis,
or more recently, in the case of coke oven emissions, on a process
basis. Results of the NIOSH literature investigations are published in
105
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criteria documents. Preparation of a criteria document addressing a
single chemical contaminant or industry requires about 45 weeks.
Approximately 24 criteria documents are produced in a year by NIOSH.
Table 52 presents a summary of the NIOSH exposure limit recommendations
transmitted to OSHA since 1972. A listing of the chemicals, physical
agents, and industries proposed to be addressed by NIOSH in 1979-1980
are listed in Table 53. Criteria documents will be prepared for these.
NIOSH also prepares documents addressing health and safety guide-
lines for various occupations. An example of one of these is a document
entitled "Recommended Health and Safety Guidelines for Coal Gasification
Pilot Plants." This document addresses the various coal gasification
processes and attempts to identify the associated potential health
hazards. On the basis of identified hazards, guidelines for worker
protection are prescribed in terms of engineering controls, work practices,
workplace monitoring, medical surveillance, and personal protection.
Table 54 lists those compounds known to be present in coal gasification
processes for which occupational standards have been established.
Table 55 lists substances suspected to be present for which occupational
standards exist.
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists is
composed of professionals in government agencies or educational in-
stitutions who are engaged in occupational safety and health programs.
The conference was organized in 1938. The ACGIH publishes annually a
listing of Threshold Limit Values (TLVsR). The TLVsR address both
chemical substances and physical agents and prescribe recommended levels
for workroom air based on 10 hours per day or 40 hours per week exposure.
Although the published TLVsR other than the 1968 values (see Table 48)
carry no legal status, they provide an indication of exposure levels
that may eventually be considered by NIOSH or OSHA. The objective of
the ACGIH in recommending TLVs is to describe conditions to serve as
guides in the control of health hazards. Documentation of the TLVsR is
also published. Table 56 lists specific recommendations advanced in
1977 by ACGIH that were not included in the adopted 1968 listing.
106
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The third organization concerned with occupational standards is the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI). ANSI is a federation of
national trade, technical, professional, labor, and consumer organizations,
government agencies, and individual companies. It coordinates and
administers a voluntary standardization system within the United States
that is directed toward the protection of consumers and industrial
workers. Among the standards endorsed by ANSI are acceptable concentrations
of toxic dusts and gases. Publications addressing standards for the
chemicals listed in Table 56 have been prepared by ANSI.
A fourth group that should be mentioned here is the American Society
of Testing Materials. It also makes recommendations for industrial
exposure.
107
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TABLE 48. OSHA REGULATIONS PRESCRIBING LEVELS OF CHEMICALS PERMISSIBLE
, 7)
SUBPART Z—TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Source: 39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, unless otherwise noted. Redesignated
at 40 FR 27073, May 28, 1975.
§ 1910.1000 Air contaminants.
An employee's exposure to any material listed in Tables Z-l, Z-2, or Z-3
of this section shall be limited in accordance with the requirements of the
following paragraphs of this section.
(a) Table Z-l:
(a) Materials with names preceded by "C"-Ceiling Values. An employ-
ee's exposure to any material in Table Z-l, the name of which is preceded by a
"C" (e.g., C boron trifluoride), shall at no time exceed the ceiling value
given for that material in the table.
(b) Other materials--8-hour time weighted averages. An employee's
exposure to any material in Table Z-l, the name of which is not preceded by
"C," in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour workweek, shall not exceed the 8-
hour time weighted average given for that material in the table.
(c) Table Z-2:
(a) 8-hour time weighted averages. An employee's exposure to any
material listed in Table Z-2, in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour workweek,
shall not exceed the 8-hour time-weighted average limit given for that materi-
al 1n the table.
(b) Acceptable ceiling concentrations. An employee's exposure to a
material listed in Table Z-2 shall not exceed at any time during an 8-hour
shift the acceptable ceiling concentration limit given for the material in the
table, except for a time period, and up to a concentration, not exceeding the
maximum duration and concentration allowed in the column under "acceptable
maximum peak above the acceptable ceiling concentration for an 8-hour shift."
108
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TABLE 48, (continued)
Cd Example. During an 8-hour work shift, an employee may be
exposed to a concentration of benzene above 25 ppm (but never above 50 ppm)
only for a maximum period of 10 minutes. Such exposure must be compensated by
exposures to concentrations less than 10 ppm so that the cumulative exposure for
the entire 8-hour work shift dqfes not exceed a weighted average of 10 ppm.
(c) Table Z-3: an employee's exposure to any material listed in table
Z-3, in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week, shall not exceed the 8-
hour time weighted average limit given for that material in the table.
(d) Computation formulae:
(1) (i) The cumulative exposure for an 8-hour work shift shall be
computed as follows:
E . Ca Ta + Cb Tb + • • • Cn Tn
t _
Where:
E is the equivalent cumulative exposure for the wwk shift.
C is the concentration during any period of time T where the concen-
tration remains constant.
T is the duration in hours of the exposure at the concentration C.
The value of E shall not exceed the 8-hour time-weighted average limit in
Tables z-1, 1-2, or Z-3 for the material involved.
(ii) To illustrate the formula prescribed in subdivision (i) of this
subparagraph, note that isoamyl acetate has an 8-hour time weighted average
limit of 100 ppm (Table Z-1). Assume that an employee is subject to the
following exposure:
Two hours' exposure at 150 ppm
Two hours' exposure at 75 ppm
Four hours' exposure at 50 ppm.
Substituting this information in the formula, we have
2X150 +2x75 +4X50 = 81 25 ppm
o
Since 81.25 ppm is less than 100 ppm, the 8-hour time weighted
average limit, the exposure is acceptable.
109
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TABLE 48. (continued)
(2) (i) In case of a mixture of air contaminants an employer shall
compute the equivalent exposure as follows:
r r
**1 ^2
p — +
m Li Lo
Where:
E is the equivalent exposure for the mixture.
C is the concentration of a particular contaminant.
L is the exposure limit for that contaminant, from Table Z-l, Z-2, or
Z-3.
The value of E shall not exceed unity (1).
(ii) To illustrate the formula prescribed in subdivision (i) of this sub-
paragraph, consider the following exposures:
Actual concen- 8-hour time-weighted
Material tration of 8- average exposure limit
hour exposure
Acetone (Table Z-l)
2-Butanone (Table Z-l)
Toluene (Table Z-2)
500 ppm
45 ppm
40 ppm
1,000 ppm
200 ppm
200 ppm
Substituting in the formula, we have:
F = 500 45 40
m 1000 200 200
Em = 0.500 + 0.225 + 0.200
Em = °'925
Since Em is less than unity (1), the exposure combination is within acceptable
limits.
(e) To achieve compliance with paragraphs (a) through (d) of this sec-
tion, administrative or engineering controls must first be determined and
implemented whenever feasible. When such controls are not feasible to achieve
110
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TABLE 48. (continued)
full compliance, protective equipment or any other protective measures shall be
used to keep the exposures of employees to air contaminants within the limits
prescribed in this section. Any equipment and/or technical measures used for
this purpose must be approved for by each particular use by a competent indus-
trial hygienist or other technically qualified person. Whenever respirators
are used, their use shall comply with CFR 29, Chapter XV, II Part 1910.134.
Ill
-------
TABLE 48. (continued)
TABLE Z-l
Substance
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone
Acetonitrile
Acetylene dichloride, see 1,2-
Dichloroethylene
Acetylene tetrabromide
Acrolein
Ac ryl amide- Skin
Acrylonitrile-Skin
Aldrin-Skin
Allyl alcohol-Skin
Ally! chloride
C Allylglycidyl ether (AGE)
Allyl propyl disulfide
2-Aminoethanol , see Ethanolamine
2-Aminopyridine
Ammonia
Ammonium sulfamate (Animate)
n-Amyl acetate
sec-Amy! acetate
Aniline-Skin
Anisidine (o, p-isomers)-Skin
Antimony and compounds (as Sb)
ANTU (alpha naphthyl thiourea)
Arsenic and compounds (as As)
Arsine
Azinphosmethyl-Skin
Barium (soluble compounds)
p-Benzoquinone, see Quinone
Benzoyl peroxide
Benzyl chloride
Biphenyl , see Diphenyl
Biphenyl A, see Diglycidyl ether
Boron oxide
C Boron tri fluoride
Bromine
Bromoform-Skin
Butadiene (1,3-butadiene)
Butanethiol, see Butyl mercaptan
2-Butanone
ppm^'
200
10
5
1,000
40
1
0
20
2
1
10
2
0.5
50
100
125
5
0.05
1
1
0.1
0.5
1,000
200
,27
mg/m
360
25
20
400
70
14
0.25
0.3
45
0.25
5
3
45
12
2
35
15
525
650
19
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.5
5
5
15
3
0.7
5
2,200
590
See footnotes at end of table.
112
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TABLE 48. (continued)
TABLE Z-l
Substance
2-Butoxy ethanol (Butyl Cellosolve)-Skin
Butyl acetate (n-butyl acetate)
sec-Butyl acetate
tert-Butyl acetate
Butyl alcohol
sec-Butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl alcohol
C Butyl ami ne-Skin
C tert-Butyl chromate as (Cr02)-Skin
n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE)
Butyl mercaptan
p-tert-Butyl tol uene
Calcium arsenate
Calcium oxide
Camphor
Carbaryl (Sevin ®)
Carbon black
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Chlordane-Skin
Chlorinated camphene-Skin
Chlorinated diphenyl oxide
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
C Chlorine tri fluoride
C Chloroacetaldehyde
orChloroacetophenone (phenacyl chloride)
Chlorobenzene (monochlorobenzene)
o-Chlorobenzyliden malononitrile (OCBM)
Chi orobromomethane
2-Chloro-1.3-butadiene, see Chloroprene
Chlorodiphenyl (42 percent Chlorine)-Skin
Chlorodiphenyl (54 percent Chlorine)-Skin
l-Chloro,2,3-epoxypropane, see
Epichlorhydrin
2-Chloroethanol , see Ethyl ene
chlorohydrin
Chloroethylene, see Vinyl chloride
C Chloroform (trichloromethane)
1-Chloro-l-nitropropane
Chloropicrin
Chloroprene (2-chloro-l,3-butadiene)-Skin
(cont. )
ppm-
50
150
200
200
100
150
100
5
50
10
10
2
5,000
50
1
0.1
0.1
1
0.05
75
0.05
200
50
20
0.1
25
32/
mg/m
240
710
950
950
300
450
300
15
0.1
270
35
60
1
5
5
3.5
9,000
55
0.5
0.5
0.5
3
0.3
0.4
3
0.4
350
0.4
1,050
1
0.5
240
100
0.7
90
See footnotes at end of table.
113
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TABLE ...43• ._jc on 11 n uedj
TABLE Z-l (cont.)
I/ , &
Substance. ppnv- mg/m
Chromium, sol. chromic, chromous
salts as Cr 0.5
Metal and insol. salts 1
Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene
soluble fraction) anthracene, BaP,
phenanthrene, acridine, chrysene,
pyrene 0.2
Cobalt, metal fume and dust 0.1
Copper fume 0.1
Dusts and Mists 1
Cotton dust (raw) 1
Crag® herbicide 15
Cresol (all isomers)-Skin 5 22
Crotonaldehyde 2 6
Cumene-Skin 50 245
Cyanide (as CN)-Skin 5
Cyclohexane 300 1,050
Cyclohexanol 50 200
Cyclohexanone 50 200
Cyclohexene 300 1,015
Cyclopentadiene 75 200
2,4-D 10
DDT-Skin 1
DDVP, see Dichlorvos
Decaborane-Skin 0.05 0.3
Demeton@-Skin 0.1
Diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy-
methyl-l-2-pentanone) 50 240
1,2-diaminoethane, see Ethylenediamine
Diazomethane 0.2 0.4
Diborane 0.1 0.1
Dibutylphthalate 5
C o-Dichlorobenzene 50 300
p-Dichlorobenzene 75 450
Dichlorodifluoromethane 1,000 4,950
l,3-Dichloro-5.5-dimethyl hydantoin 0.2
1,1-Dichloroethane 100 400
1,2-Dichloroethylene 200 790
C Dichloroethyl ether-Skin 15 90
Dichloromethaiie, see Methylene chloride
(table Z-2)
Dichloromonofluoromethane 1,000 4,200
See footnotes at end of table.
-------
TABLE 48. (continued)
TABLE Z-l (cont.)
Substance
ppm-
32/
mg/m
C 1,1-Dichloro-l-nitroethane 10 60
1,2-Dichloropropane, see
Proplyene dichloride
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,000 7,000
Dichlorvos (DDVP)-Skin 1
Diedrin-Skin 0.25
Di ethyl ami ne 25 75
Diethyl ami no ethanol-Skin 10 50
Diethyl ether, see Ethyl ether
Difluorodibromomethane 100 860
C Diglycidyl ether (DGE) 0.5 2.8
Dihydroxybenzene, see Hydroquinone
Diisobutyl ketone 50 290
Diisopropylamine-Skin 5 20
Dimethoxymethane, see Methylal
Dimethyl acetamide-Skin 10 35
Dimethyl amine 10 18
Dimethyl aminobenzene, see Xylidene
Dimethyl aniline (N-dimethylaniline)-Skin 5 25
Dimethyl benzene, see Xylene
Dimethyl l,2-dibromo-2,2-dichlorethyl
phosphate, (Dibrom) 3
Dimethylformamide-Skin 10 30
2,6-Dimethylheptanone, see Diisobutyl
ketone
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine-Skin 0.5 1
Dimethylphthal ate 5
Dimethylsulfate-Skin 1 5
Dinitrobenzene (all isomers)-Skin 1
Dinitro-o-cresol-Skin 0-2
Dinitrotoluene-Skin 1-5
Dioxane (Diethylene dioxide)-Skin 100 360
Diphenyl 0.2 1
Diphenylmethane diisocyanate,
see Methylene bisphenyl
isocyanate (MDI)
Dipropylene glycol methyl ether-Skin 100 600
Di-sec, octylphthalate (Di-2-
ethylhexylphthalate 5
Endrin-Skin °-l
Epichlorhydrin-Skin 5 19
EPN-Skin 0-5
1,2-Epoxypropane, see
Propylene oxide
See footnotes at end of table.
115
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TABLE 48. (continued)
TABLE Z-l
Substance
2,3-Epoxy-l-propanol , see Glycidol
Ethanethiol, see Ethyl mercaptan
Ethanolamine
2-Ethoxyethanol-Skin
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate (Cellosolve
acetate)-Skin
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acrylate-Skin
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
Ethyl ami ne
Ethyl sec-amyl ketone (5-methyl-
3-heptanone)
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl bromide
Ethyl butyl ketone (3-Heptanone)
Ethyl chloride
Ethyl ether
Ethyl formate
C Ethyl mercaptan
Ethyl silicate
Ethyl ene chlorohydrin-Skin
Ethyl enedi ami ne
Ethyl ene di bromide, see 1,2-
Dibromoethane
Ethylene dichloride, see 1,2-
Dichloroethane
C Ethylene glycol di nitrate
and/or Nitroglycerin-Skin
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether
acetate, see Methyl cellosolve acetate
Ethylene i mine-Skin
Ethylene oxide
Ethyl i dine chloride, see 1,1
Dichloroethane
N-Ethyl morphol i ne-Ski n
Ferbam
Ferrovanadium dust
Fluoride (as F)
Fluorine
Fluorotrichloromethane
Formic acid
Furfural -Skin
Furfural alcohol
(cont.)
pprn^
3
200
100
400
25
1,000
10
25
100
200
50
1,000
400
100
10
100
5
10
o/
0.2^
0.5
50
20
0.1
1,000
5
5
50
32/
mg/fa
6
740
540
1,400
100
1,900
18
130
435
890
230
2,600
1,200
300
25
850
16
25
1
1
90
94
15
1
2.5
0.2
5,600
9
20
200
See footnotes at end of table.
116
-------
TABLE 48. (continued)
TABLE Z-l
Substance
Glycidol (2,3-Epoxy-l-propanol)
Glycol monoethyl ether, see
2-Ethoxyethanol
Guthion®, see Azinphosmethyl
Hafnium
Heptachlor-Skin
Heptane (n-heptane)
Hexachloroethane-Skin
Hexachl oronaphthal ene-Ski n
Hexane (n-hexane)
2-Hexanone
Hexone (Methyl isobutyl ketone)
sec-Hexyl acetate
Hydrazine-Skin
Hydrogen bromide
C Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanide-Skin
Hydrogen peroxide (90%)
Hydrogen selenide
Hydroquinone
C Iodine
Iron oxide fume
Isoamyl acetate
Isoamyl alcohol
Isobutyl acetate
Isobutyl alcohol
Isophorone
Isopropyl acetate
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl ami ne
Isopropyl ether
Isopropyl glycidyl ether (IGE)
Ketene
Lead arsenate
Lindane-Skin
Lithium hydride
L.P.G. (liquified petroleum gas)
Magnesium oxide fume
Malathion-Skin
Maleic anhydride
C Manganese
Mesityl oxide
Methanethiol , see Methyl mercaptan
(£ont.)
ppm-
50
500
1
0.2
500
100
100
50
1
3
5
10
1
0.05
0.1
100
100
150
100
25
250
400
5
500
50
0.5
1,000
0.25
25
32/
mg/m
150
0.5
0.5
2,000
10
1,800
410
410
300
1.3
10
7
11
1.4
0.2
2
1
10
525
360
700
300
140
950
980
12
2,100
240
0.9
0.15
0.5
0.025
1,800
15
15
1
5
100
See footnotes at end of table.
117
-------
TABLE 48. (continued)
TABLE Z-l
Substance
Methoxychlor
2-Methoxyethanol , see Methyl cellosolve
Methyl acetate
Methyl acetylene (propyne)
Methyl acetylene-propadiene
mixture (MAPP)
Methyl acrylate-Skin
Methyl al (dimethoxymethane)
Methyl alcohol (methanol)
Methyl ami ne
Methyl amyl alcohol, see Methyl
isobutyl carbinol
Methyl (n-amyl) ketone (2-Heptanone)
C Methyl bromide-Skin
Methyl butyl ketone, see 2-Hexanone
Methyl cellosolve-Skin
Methyl cellosolve acetate-Skin
Methyl chloroform
Methyl cycl ohexane
Methyl cycl ohexanol
o-Methyl cycl ohexanone-Ski n
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), see
2-Butanone
Methyl formate
Methyl iodide-Skin
Methyl isobutyl carbinol -Skin
Methyl isobutyl ketone, see Hexone
Methyl isocyanate-Skin
C Methyl mercaptan
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl propyl ketone, see 2-Pentanone
C a Methyl styrene
C Methyl ene bisphenyl
isocyanate (MDI)
Molybdenum:
Soluble compounds
Insoluble compounds
Monomethyl aniline-Skin
C Monomethyl hydrazine-
Skin
Morpholine-Skin
Naphtha (coal tar)
Naphthalene
(cont.)
pprn^
200
1,000
1,000
10
1,000
200
10
100
20
25
25
350
500
100
100
100
5
25
0.02
10
100
100
0.02
2
0.2
20
100
10
£
mg/m
15
610
1,650
1,800
35
3,100
260
12
465
80
80
120
1,900
2,000
470
460
250
28
100
0.05
20
410
480
0.2
5
15
9
0.35
70
400
50
See footnotes at end of table.
118
-------
TABLE 48. (continued)
TABLE Z-l
Substance
Nickel carbonyl
Nickel, metal and soluble compounds, as Ni
Nicotine-Skin
Nitric acid
Nitric oxide
p-Nitroani line- Skin
Nitrobenzene-Skin
p-Nitrochlorobenzene-Skin
Nitroethane
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen tri fluoride
Nitroglycerin-Skin
Nitromethane
1-Nitropropane
2-Nitropropane
Ni trotol uene-Ski n
Nitrotrichloromethane, see
Chloropicrin
Octachl oronaphthal ene-Ski n
Octane
Oil mist, mineral
Osmium tetroxide
Oxalic acid
Oxygen di fluoride
Ozone
Paraquat-Skin
Parath ion- Skin
Pentaborane
Pentachl oronaphthal ene-Ski n
Pentachlorophenol-Skin
Pentane
2-Pentanone
Perch! oromethyl mercaptan
Perchloryl fluoride
Petroleum distillates (naphtha)
Phenol-Skin
p-Phenylene diamine-Skin
Phenyl ether (vapor)
Phenyl ether-biphenyl mixture (vapor)
Phenyl ethyl ene, see Styrene (table Z-2)
Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE)
Phenyl hydrazi ne-Ski n
Phosdrin (Mevinphos®)- Skin
(Cont. )
ppm-
0.001
2
25
1
1
100
5
10
0.2
100
25
25
5
500
0.05
0.1
0.005
1,000
200
0.1
3
500
5
1
1
10
5
,27
mg/nr
0.007
1
0.5
5
30
6
5
1
310
9
29
2
250
90
90
30
0.1
2,3504/
5^7
0.002
1
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.11
0.01
0.5
0.5
2,950
700
0.8
13.5
2,000
19
0.1
7
7
60
22
0.1
See footnotes at end of table.
119
-------
TABLE 48. (continued)
TABLE Z-l
Substance
Phosgene (carbonyl chloride)
Phosphine
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorus (yellow)
Phosphorus pentachloride
Phosphorus pentasulfide
Phosphorus trichloride
Phthalic anhydride
Picric acid-Skin
Pival®(2-Pivalyl-l,3-indandione)
Platinum (Soluble salts) as Pt
Propane
Propargyl alcohol -Skin
n-Propyl acetate
Propyl alcohol
n-Propyl nitrate
Propyl ene di chloride
Propyl ene imine-Skin
Propyl ene oxide
Propyne, see Methyl acetylene
Pyrethrum
Pyridine
Quinone
RDX-Skin
Rhodium, metal fume and dusts, as Rh-
soluble salts
Ronnel
Rotenone (commercial)
Selenium compounds (as Se)
Selenium hexafluoride
Silver, metal and soluble compounds
Sodium fluoroacetate (1080)-Skin
Sodium hydroxide
Stibine
Stoddard solvent
Strychnine
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfuric acid
Sulfur monochloride
Sulfur pentafluoride
Sulfuryl fluoride
(c ont. )
ppm-
0.1
0.3
0.5
2
1,000
1
200
200
25
75
2
100
5
0.1
0.05
0.1
500
5
1,000
1
0.025
5
32/
mg/m
0.4
0.4
1
0.1
1
1
3
12
0.1
0.1
0.002
1,800
840
500
110
350
5
240
5
15
0.4
1.5
0.1
0.001
10
5
0.2
0.4
0.01
0.05
2
0.5
2,950
0.15
13
6,000
1
1
0.25
20
See footnotes at end of table.
120
-------
TABLE 48, (continued)
TABLE Z-l (cont.)
Substance ppm^ mg/m
Systox, see Demeton
2,4,5T 10
Tantalum 5
TEDP-Skin 0.2
Tellurium 0.1
Tellurium hexafluoride 0.02 0.2
TEPP-Skin 0.05
C-Terphenyls 1 9
l,l,l,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 500 4,170
l,l,2,2-Tetrachloro-l,2-difluoroethane 500 4,170
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-Skin 5 35
Tetrachloroethylene, see
Perchloroethylene
Tetrachloromethane, see Carbon
tetrachloride (table Z-2)
Tetrachloronaphthalene-Skin 2 ,-/
Tetraethyl lead (as Pb)-Skin 0.075-
Tetrahydrofuran 200 590 ^,
Tetramethyl lead (as Pb)-Skin 0.07-
Tetramethyl succinonitrile-Skin 0.5 3
Tetranitromethane 1 8
Tetryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-
methylnitramine)-Skin 1.5
Thallium (soluble compounds)-Skin as Tl 0.1
Thiram 5
Tin (inorganic compounds, except oxides) 2
Tin (organic compounds) 0.1
Titanium dioxide 15
C Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 0.02 0.14
o-Toluidine-Skin 5 22
Toxaphene, see Chlorinated camphene
Tributyl phosphate 5
1,1,1-Trichloroethane, see
Methyl chloroform
1,1,2-Trichloromethane-Skin 10 45
Trichloromethane, see Chloroform
Trichloronaphthalene-Skin 5
1,2,3-Trichloropropane 50 300
1,1,2-Trichloro 1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1,000 7,600
Triethyl amine 25 100
Trifluoromonobromomethane 1,000 6,100
2,4,6-Trinitrophenol, see Picric acid
2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine,
see Tetryl
See footnotes at end of table.
121
-------
TABLE 48. (continued)
TABLE Z-l (tont.)
I/
Substance ppm- mg/m
Trinitrotoluene-Skin 1.5
Triorthocresyl phosphate 0.1
Triphenyl phosphate 3
Turpentine 100 560
Uranium (soluble compounds) 0.05
Uranium (insoluble compounds) 0.25
C Vanadium:
V205 dust 0.5
V205 fume 0.1
Vinyl benzene, see Stryene (table Z-2)
Vinyl cyanide, see Acrylonitrile
Vinyl toluene 100 480
Warfarin 0.1
Xylene (xylol) 100 435
Xylidine-Skin 5 25
Yttrium 1
Zinc chloride fume 1
Zinc oxide fume 5
Zirconium compounds (as Zr) 5
Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume
at 25° C and 760 mm Hg pressure.
2
Approximate milligrams of particulate per cubic meter of air.
An atmospheric concentration of not more than 0.02 ppm or personal
protection may be necessary to avoid headache.
4
As sampled by method that does not collect vapor.
For control of general room air, biologic monitoring is essential for
personnel control.
122
-------
TABLE 1-2
ro
oo
8-hour time
Material weighted
average
Benzene (Z37. 4-1969)
Beryllium and beryllium compounds
(Z37. 29-1970)
Cadmium fume (Z37. 5-1970)
Cadmium dust (Z37. 5-1970)
Carbon disulfide (Z37. 3-1968)
Carbon tetrachloride (Z37. 17-1967)
Ethylene dibromide (Z37.31-1970)
Ethyl ene di chloride (237.21-1969)
Formaldehyde (Z37. 16-1967)
Hydrogen fluoride (Z37.28-1969)
Fluoride as dust (Z37.28-1969)
Lead and its inorganic compounds
(Z37. 11-1969)
Methyl chloride (237.18-1969)
Methylene chloride (Z37. 3-1969)
Organo (alkyl) mercury (Z37. 30-1969)
Styrene (237.15-1969)
Trichloroethylene (Z37. 19-1967)
Tetrachl oroethyl ene (Z37. 22-1967)
Toluene (Z37. 12-1967)
Hydrogen sulfide (Z37. 2-1966)
Mercury (237.8-1971)
Chromic acid and chromates (Z37. 7-197
10 ppm
2 ug/
0.1 mg/
0.2 mg/
20 ppm
10 ppm
20 ppm
50 ppm
3 ppm
do
2.5 mg/
0.2 mg/
100 ppm
500 ppm
0.01 mg/
100 ppm
do
do
200 ppm
1)
Acceptable
ceiling
concentration
25 ppm
5 ug/
0.6 mg/
30 ppm
25 ppm
30 ppm
100 ppm
5 ppm
200 ppm
1,000 ppm
0.04 mg/
200 ppm
do
do
300 ppm
20 ppm
1 rag/10
do
Acceptable maximum peak above
the acceptable ceiling concentration
for an 8-hour shift
Concentration
50 ppm
25 Mg
200 ppm
50 ppm
200 ppm
10 ppm
300 ppm
2,000 ppm
600 ppm
300 ppm
do
500 ppm
50 ppm
Maximum duration
10 minutes
30 minutes
do
5 minutes in
any 4 hours
5 minutes
5 minutes in
any 3 hours
30 minutes
5 minutes in
any 3 hours
5 minutes in
any 2 hours
5 minutes in
any 3 hours
5 minutes in
any 2 hours
5 minutes in
any 3 hours
10 minutes
10 minutes once
only if no other
measurable expo-
sure occurs.
-------
TABLE 48.. (continued)
TABLE Z-3
Substance
mppcf-
0
mg/m
Silica:
Crystalline:
?/
Quartz (respirable) 250-7 10mg/M
%Si02+5
Quartz (total dust) 3Qmg/M3
Cristobalite: Use h the
value calculated from the count
or mass formulae for quartz.
Tridymite: Use h the value calculated
from the formulae for quartz.
Amorphous, including natural 3
diatomaceous earth 20 80mg/M
%Si02
Silicates (less than 1% crystalline
silica):
Mica 20
Soapstone 20,,
Talc (non-asbestos form) 20-
Talc (fibrous). Use asbestos limit
Tremolite (see talc, fibrous)
Portland cement 50
Graphite (natural) 15
Coal dust (respirable fraction ,,
less than 5% SiOJ 2.4mg/MJ
or o
For more than 5% SiO? lOmg/M
Inert or Nuisance Dust: ,
Respirable fraction 15 5mg/M,
Total dust 50
See footnotes on next page.
124
-------
TABLE 48. (Continued)
Footnotes for Table Z-3
Millions of particles per cubic foot of air, based on impinger samples counted
by light-field technics.
p
The percentage of crystalline silica in the formula is the amount determined
from air-borne samples, except in those instances in which other methods have
been shown to be applicable.
3
Both concentration and percent quartz for the application of this limit are
to be determined from the fraction passing a size-selector with the follow-
ing characteristics:
Aerodynamic diameter Percent passing
(unit density sphere) selector
2
2.5
3.5
5.0
10
90
75
60
25
0
The measurements under this note refer to the use of an AEC instrument.
If the respirable fraction of coal dust is determined with an MRE, the
figure corresponding to that of 2.4 Mg/M3 in the table for coal dust is
4.5 Mg/M3. [39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974. Redesignated and amended at 40
FR 23073, May 28, 1975.]
Containing <1% quartz; if >1% quartz, use quartz limit.
125
-------
TABLE 49. QSHA STANDARDS ESTABLISHING WORKPLACE -AIR CONTAMINANT LEVELS9
(adopted or proposed since 1972).
Contaminant
Asbestos
Coke oven emissions
Cotton Dust
Slashing and weaving
Others
1,2,-Dibromo-3-
chloropropane
Vinyl Chloride
Benzene
Acrylonitrile
Carcinogens (14)°
Lead
Standard
2 fibers/cc air
150 ug/m3 - 8-hour day
750 ug/m° - 8-hour day
500 ug/m - 8-hour
1 ppb 8-hour day
1 ppm 8-hour day
1 ppm
2 ppm TWA
50 yg/m3
Ceiling
10 fibers/cc
5 ppm
5 ppm
10 ppm
Regulations for these contaminants also include rules covering personal
protective equipment, work practices, environmental monitoring, medical
surveillance, record keeping, etc.
Revoked by court action.
:See Table 53.
126
-------
TABLE 50. SUBSTANCES REGULATED BY OSHA AS CARCINOGENS
2-Acetylamino fluorine
Acrylonitnle
4-Aminodiphenyl
Asbestos
Benzene
Benzidine
bis-Chloromethyl ether
Coke oven emissions
3,3-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts)
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
Ethyleneimine
Methyl chloromethyl ether
a-Naththylamine
g-Naphthylamine
4-Nitrobiphenyl
n-Ni trosodimethylami ne
3-Propiolactone
Vinyl chloride
127
-------
TABLE 51. PRELIMINARY LIST OF OSHA CATEGORY I CONFIRMED CARCINOGENS
PRODUCED IN SIGNIFICANT QUANTITIES
Organic Substances
b
Acetamide (60-35-5); Acetic acid, Chromium (3+) salt (1066-30-4); Acetic acid,
Lead (2+) salt (301-04-2); Ammonium, (4-(p-Dimethylamino)-alpha-(p-ethyl-m-sulfo-
benzyl)amino)phenylbenzylidene-2,5-cyclohexadien-l-ylidene)ethyl(m-sulfobenzyl)-,
hydroxide, inner salt, sodium salt (1694-09-3); Aniline, N,N-Dimethyl-p-(phenylazo)-
(60-11-7); Aniline, 4,4'-(Imidocarbonyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl- (492-80-8); Aniline, 4,4'-
(Imidocarbonyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-hydrochloride (2465-27-2); Aniline, p-(Phenylazo)-
(60-09-3);
Barbituric Acid, 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-, Sodium salt (57-30-7); Benz(a)anthracene,
7,12-Dimethyl- (57-97-6); Benzenamine, 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloro- (101-14-4);
Benzene (71-43-2); Benzene, 4-Allyl-l,2-(methylenedioxy)- (94-59-7); Benzene, 1,2-
Methylenedioxy-4-propyl- (94-58-6); Benzidine (92-87-5); Benzidine, 3,3'-Dichloro-
(91_94_1); Benzidine, 3,3'-Dimethoxy- (119-90-4); Benzidine Sulfate (531-86-2); 1,2-
Benzisothiazolin-3-one, 1,1-dioxide (81-07-2); l,2-Benzisothiazolin-3-one, 1,1-diox-
ide, Sodium salt (128-44-9); Butyric Acid, 4-(p-Bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl)-
(305-03-3);
Cadmium, Bis(diethyldithiocarbamato)- (14239-68-0); Carbamic acid, ethyl ester
(51-79-6); Carbon tetrachloride (56-23-5); Chloroform (67-66-3); Cholanthrene, 3-
Methyl- (56-49-5); Coumarin (91-64-5); Cyclohexane, 1,2,3.4,5,6-Hexachloro-, gamma-
isomer (58-89-9); 1,4:5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene, l,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-
l,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro, endo, exo- (60-57-1); Dimethylamine, N-Nitroso-
(62-75-9); p-Dioxane (123-91-1);
Ethane, 1,2-Dibromo- (106-93-4); Ethane, l,l,l-Trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-
(50-29-3); Ethylene, Chloro-, monomer (75-01-4); Ethylene, Trichloro- (79-01-6);
Ethylenimine (151-56-4); Formic Acid, 2-(4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl)-, Hydrazide
(3570-75-0); Hydrazine, Phenyl-, Hydrochloride (59-88-1); Isonicotinic acid hydrazide
(54-85-3); Lead, Bis (acetato)tetrahydroxytri- (1335-32-6); Lead Naphthenate
(61790-14-5);
l,3,4-Metheno-lH-cyclobuta(cd)pentalene, 1,la,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6-Dodecachloro-
octahydro- (2385-85-5); l,3,4-Metheno-2H-cyclobuta(cd)pentalene-2-one,l,la,3,3a,4,5,
5a,5b,6-Decachlorooctahydro- (143-50-0); 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic Acid, 3,3'-((3,3'-
Dimethyl-4,4'-biphenylene)-bis(azo))bis-(5-amino-4-hydroxy-, Tetrasodium salt
(72-57-1); 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic Acid, 3-Hydroxy-4-((2,4,5-trimethylphenyl)azo)-,
Disodium salt (3564-09-8); 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic Acid, 3-Hydroxy-4-(2,4-xylylazo)-,
Disodium salt (3761-53-3); 2-Naphthol, l-((2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)azo)- (6358-53-8);
2-Naphthol, l-(o-Tolylazo)- (2646-17-5); 1-Naphthylamine (134-32-7); 2-Naphthylamine
(91-59-8); Nickel (II) acetate (1:2) (373-02-4); Nickel, Bis (dibutyldithiocarbamato)-
(13927-77-0); 19-nor-17-alpha-Pregn-5(10)-en-20-yn-3-one, 17-Hydroxy- (68-23-5);
Oxetanone (57-57-8); Polyethylene glycol monostearate (90004-99-3); Progesterone
(57-83-0); Propane, l,2-Dibromo-3-chloro- (96-12-8); Pyridine, 2,6-Diamino-3-(phenylazo)-,
Monohydrochloride (136-40-3); 4,4'-Stilbenediol, alpha, alpha-Diethyl- (56-53-1);
Sulfuric acid, Dimethyl ester (77-78-1); Sulfurous acid, 2-(p-t-Butylphenoxy)-l-
methyl-ethyl-2-chloroethyl-ester (140-57-8); Tannic Acid (1401-55-4); Thioacetamide
(62-55-5); o-Toluidine (95-53-4);
4-Toluidine, alpha-(p-Aminophenyl)-alpha-(4-imino-2,5-cyclohexadien-l-ylidene)-,
Monohydrochloride (569-61-9); s-Triazole, 3-Amino- (61-82-5); Uracil, 6-Propyl-2-thio-
(51-52-5); Uracil, 2-Thio- (141-90-2); 2,4-Xylidene, alpha(sup 4)-p-Aminophenyl)-alpha
(sup 4)-(4-imino-2,5-cyclohexadien-l-ylidene (3248-93-9); 2,4-Xylidene, alpha(sup 4)-
(p-Aminophenyl)-alpha-(sup4)-(4-imino-2,5,cyclohexadien-l-ylidene)-, Monohydrochloride
(632-99-5).
Chemical Abstract Service Numbers
128
-------
TABLE 51, (Continued)
Inorganic Substances
Amosite (12172-73-5); Anthophylite (17068-78-9); Arsenic (7440-38-2); Arsenic
Acid, Calcium salt (2:3) (10103-62-5); Arsenious Acid, Disodium salt (15120-17-9);
Arsenic Acid, Lead(2+)salt(1:1) (7784-40-9); Arsenious Acid, Potassium salt (10124-
50-2); Arsenic Trioxide (1327-53-3); Asbestos (1332-21-4);
Bertrandite (1318-19-0); Beryl (1302-52-9); Beryllium (7440-41-7); Beryllium
hydrogen phosphate (13598-15-7); Beryllium oxide (1304-56-9); Beryllium sulfate (1:1)
(13510-49-1); Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate(l:1:4) (7787-56-6);
Cadmium (7440-43-9); Cadmium chloride (10108-64-2); Cadmium oxide (1306-19-0);
Cadmium sulfate (1:1) (10124-36-4); Cadmium sulfate, Tetrahydrate (13477-21-9);
Cadmium sulfide (1306-23-6); Chromic Acid, Calcium salt(l:l) (13765-19-0); Chromic
Acid, Calcium salt(l:l), dihydrate (10060-08-0);
Chromic Acid, Chromium(3+) salt (3:2) (24613-89-6); Chromic Acid, Dipotassium
salt (7789-00-6); Chromic Acid, Disodium salt (7775-11-3); Chromic Acid, Lead (2+)
salt (1:1) (7758-97-6); Chromite (1308-31-2); Chromium (7440-47-3); Chromium Chromate
(41261-95-4); Chromium(III)oxide(2:3) (1308-38-9); Chromium(VI)oxide(1:3) (1333-82-0);
Chrysotile (12001-29-5); Crocidolite (12001-28-4);
Dichromic Acid, Disodium salt (10588-01-9); Hematite (1317-60-8); Hydrazine
(302-01-2); Lead Chromate(VI)oxide (1344-38-3); Lead(II)phosphate(3:2) (7446-27-7);
Nickel (7440-02-0); Nickel Carbonyl (13463-39-3); Nickel(II)oxide (1313-99-1); Nickel
Refinery Dust; Nickel sulfide(3:2) (12035-72-2); Serpentine (14567-66-9).
aToxic Materials News, Business Publishers, Inc., July 19, 1978, p. 207, 208.
129
-------
TABLE 5-2. SUMMARY OF NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH STANDARDS
Substance
Acetylene
Aery 1 amide
Alkanes (C5-CS)
Allyl chloride
Ally! glyddyl ether
Ammonia
Arsenic
Inorganic
Asbestos
Benzene
Benzyl chloride
Benzoyl peroxide
Beryllium
Boron Tri fluoride
n-Butyl glycidyl ether
Cadmium
Carbaryl
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorine
Chloroform
Transmitted to OSHA
July 1, 1976
October 21, 1976
March 29, 1977
September 21, 1976
July 1978
July 15, 1974
January 21 . 1974
Revised: June 23, 1975
January 21 , 1972
Revised: December 15, 1976
July 24, 1974
Revised: August 20, 1976
August 1978
June 7, 1977
June 30, 1972
Revised: December 10, 1975
December 15, 1976
July 1978
August 23, 1976
September 30, 1976
August 11, 1976
May 4, 1977
August 3, 1972
December 22, 1975
Revised: June 9, 1976
May 25, 1976
September 11 , 1974
Revised: June 9, 1976
Current OSHA
Environmental Standard*
2,500-ppm (10* of lower
explosive limit)
0.3 mg/cu m, 8-hr TWA "skin"
Pentane: 1000 ppm,
8-hr TWA.
8-hexane, 8-heptane,
octane: 500 ppm, 8-hr TWA
1-ppm, 8-hr TWA
45 mg/cu m, celling
50-ppm; 8-hr TWA
lOufi As/cu m TWA
2,000,000 fibers/cu m
8-hr TWA; 10,000,000
fibers/cu m ceiling
1-ppm, 8-hr TWA;
5-ppm maximum
5 mg/cu m TWA
5 mg/cu m, 8-hr TWA
2 ug/cu m, 8-hr TWA
5 ug/cu m acceptable
ceiling; 25 ug/cu m
maximum ceiling (30-
minute)
1-ppm ceiling
270 mg/cu m TWA
0.1 mg/cu m, 8-hr TWA;
0.3 mg/cu m ceiling (fume;
erroneously published as
3 mg/cu m) 0.2 mg/cu m, 8-hr
TWA; 0.6 mg/cu m ceiling
(dust)
5 mg/cu m, 8-hr TWA
5,000-ppm, 8-hr TWA
20-ppm, 8-hr TWA; 30-ppm
acceptable ceiling; 100-ppm
maximum ceiling
50-ppm, 8-hr TWA
10-ppm, 8-hr TWA; 25-ppm
acceptable celling; 200-ppm
maximum ceiling (5-minute
in 4 hours)
1-ppm, 8-hr TWA
50-ppm ceiling
NIOSH Recommendation for
Environmental
Exposure Limit*
No exposure in excess of
2,500-ppm
0.3 mg/cu m TWA
350 mg/cu m TWA; Mixtures
to be not greater than 350
mg/cu m TWA; 1800 mg/cu m
ceiling singly or mixtures
(15-mlnute)
1-ppm TWA; 3-ppm ceiling
(l5-m1nute)
45 mg/cu m ceiling
(15-mlnute)
50-ppm ceiling (5-m1nute)
2 yg As/cu m ceiling
(15-mlnute)
100,000 f1bers/cu m over
5 microns TWA; 500,000
fibers/cu m over 5 microns
ceiling; (15-minute)
1-ppm celling (120-minute)
5 mg/cu m ceiling (15-min)
5 mg/cu m TWA
2 ug/cu m TWA
25 ug/cu m ceiling (30-
minute)
None recommended
30 mg/cu m ceiling (15-min)
40 pg Cd/cu m TWA; 200 Mg
Cd/cu m ceiling (15-minute)
5 mg/cu m TWA
10,000-ppm TWA; 30,000-ppm
ceiling (10-minute)
1-ppm TWA; 10-ppm ceiling
(15-minute)
35-ppm TWA; 200-ppm ceiling
2-ppm ceiling (60-minute)
0. 5-ppm ceiling (15-mlnute)
2-ppm celling (60-minute)
sNIOSH TWA recommendations based on up to a 10 hour exposure unless otherwise noted.
130
-------
TABLE 52. (continued)
Substance
Chromic acid
Chromium (VI)
Coke oven emissions
Cotton dust
Cresol
Cyanide, hydrogen and
cyanide salts
Cyclohexanone
Diacetone alcohol
Diglycidyl ether
Diisobutyl ketone
1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine
Epichlorohydrin
Ethyl ene glycol
di nitrate or nitro
glycerine
Ethylene dichloride
Fibrous glass
Fluorides, inorganic
Formaldehyde
Hot environments
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydroquinone
Isophorone
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl g lye idyl ether
Kepone
Lead, inorganic
Malathion
Mercury, inorganic
Transmitted to OSHA
July 17, 1973
December 1 , 1975
February 28, 1973
September 26, 1974
October 4, 1976
(HCN); 5 mg CN/cu m
September 17, 1976
July 1978
March 9, 1976
April 15, 1977
June 30, 1975
December 30, 1976
June 30, 1972
March 9, 1976
May 4, 1977
April 1978
March 9, 1976
January 27, 1976
January 5, 1973
Revised: August 4, 1975
July 1, 1976
January 5, 1973
Current OSHA
Environmental Standard*
1 mg/10 cu m ceiling
100 ug/10 cu m ceiling
0.15 mg/cu m (coal tar
pitch volatiles)
750 yg/cu m 8-hr slashing
and weaving; 500 pg/cu m
other processes 8-hr
22 mg/cu m TWA
10-ppm, 8-hr TWA
(alkali cyanides)
200 mg/cu m TWA
240 mg/cu m TWA
2.8 mg/cu m TWA
290 mg/cu m TWA
5-ppm, 8-hr TWA 20 mg/cu m
1 mg/cu m ceiling
50-ppm, 8-hr TWA, 100-ppm
acceptable ceiling; 200-ppm
maximum ceiling (5-minutes
in 3 hours)
15 mg/cu m total dust; 5 mg/
cu m respirable fraction
(nuisance dust)
2.5 mg/cu m, 8-hr TWA
3-ppm, 8-hr TWA; 5-ppm
acceptable ceiling; 10-ppm
maximum ceiling (30-minute)
None
3-ppm, 8-hr TWA
20-ppm acceptable ceiling;
50-ppm maximum ceiling (10-
minute)
2 mg/cu m 8-hr TWA
140 mg/cu m TWA
400-ppm, 8-hr TWA
240 mg/cu m TWA
None
0.2 mg/cu m, 8-hr TWA
15 mg/cu m, 8-hr TWA
0.1 mg/cu m ceiling
NIOSH Recommendation for
Environmental
Exposure Limit*
0.05 mg Cr03/cu m TWA 0.1
mg Cr03/cu m ceiling (15-min)
1 ug/cu m for carcinogenic
Cr (VI); 25 ug/cu m TWA for
other Cr (VI); 50 yg/cu m
ceiling (15-minute)
Work practices to minimize
exposure to emissions
Lowest feasible limit
10 mg/cu m TWA
5 mg CN/cu m ceiling (10-
minute)
100 mg/cu m TWA
240 mg/cu m TWA
1 mg/cu m TWA
140 mg/cu m TWA
0.15 mg/cu m (2-hr)
2 mg/cu m TWA; 19 mg/cu m
ceiling (15-minute)
0.1 mg/cu m ceiling (20-
minute)
5-ppm TWA, 1 5-ppm ceiling
(15-minute)
3,000,000 fibers/cu m TWA
(fibers « 3.5 microns diameter
and >10 microns length); 5 mg/cu
m TWA (total fibrous glass)
2.5 mg F/cu m TWA
1.2 mg/cu m ceiling (30-
minute)
Variable (sliding scale)
2.5 mg F/cu m TWA; 5.0 mg/cu m
ceiling (15-minute, fluoride ion)
15 mg/cu m ceiling (10-minute)
2 mg/cu m ceiling (15-minute)
23 mg/cu m TWA
400-ppm TWA, 800-ppm ceiling
(15-minute)
240 mg/cu m ceiling (15-min)
1 yg/cu m ceiling (15-minute)
0.05-045 mg/cu m 8 hr
15 mg/cu m TWA
0.05 mg/cu m TWA
131
-------
TABLE 58, (continued)
Substance
Mesltyl oxlds
Methyl alcohol
Methyl n-amyl ketone
Methyl n-butyl ketone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazlne
Methyl isoamyl ketone
Methyl Isobutyl ketone
Methyl parathlon
Methyl n-propyl ketone
Methylene chloride
Nickel , inorganic and
compounds
Nitric acid
Nitrogen, oxides
Noise
Organotin compounds
Parathlon
Phenol
Phenylhydrazlne
Phosgene
Silica, crystalline
Sodium hydroxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfuric acid
1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorethane
Tetrachloroethylene
o-FoHd1ne
Toluene
Toluene d11socyanate
1,1,1 .-Trichloroethane
Triehloroetnylene
Transmitted to OSHA
March 22, 1976
June 1978
September 30, 1976
March 9, 1976
May 13, 1977
March 9, 1976
March 22, 1976
August 10, 1972
November 12, 1976
June 30, 1976
June 30, 1976
June 1978
February 23, 1976
November 11, 1974
September 16, 1975
February 11, 1974
Revised: May 12, 1977
June 6, 1974
December 17, 1976
July 2, 1976
-
July 23, 1973
July 13, 1973
July 2, 1976
July 23, 1973
Current OSHA
Environmental Standard*
100 mg/cu m TWA
200-ppm TWAi 500-ppm celling
465 mg/cu m TWA
410 mg/cu m TWA
590 mg/cu m TWA
None
None
410 mg/cu m TWA
None
700 mg/cu m TWA
500-ppm, 8-hr TWA; 1000-ppm
acceptable celling; 2000-ppm
maximum (5-minutes 1n 2-hrs)
1 mg/cu m, 8-hr TWA
2-ppm, 8-hr TWA
N02: 5-ppm, 8-hr TWA
NO: 25 ppm 8 hr TWA
90 dBA, 8-hr TWA
0.1 mg t1n/cu m 8-hr TWA
0.1 mg/cu m TWA
5-ppm, 8-hr TWA skin
0.1 -ppm, 8-hr TWA
250«S10 + 5 1n mppcf, or 10
mg/cu m/J!S10 + 2 (resplra-
ble quartz)
2 mg/cu m, 8-hr TWA
5-ppm, 8-hr TWA
1 mg/cu m, 8-hr TWA
5-ppm; 5-hr TWA "skin"
100-ppm, 8-hr TWA; 200-ppm
acceptable maximum celling;
300-ppm maximum celling
(5-mlnutes In 3 hours)
-
200-ppm, 8-hr TWA; 300-ppm
acceptable celling; 500-ppm
maximum celling (10-m1nute)
0.02-ppm celling
350-ppm, 8-hr TWA
100-ppm, 8-hr TWA', 200-ppm
acceptable celling; 300-ppm
maximum ce1 11 na; [5-m1nutei
1n any 2 noun)
NIOSH Recommendation for
Environmental
Exposure Limit*
4U mg/cu m TWA
200-ppm TWA; 500-ppm celling
(15-mlnute)
465 mg/cu m TWA
4 mg/cu m TWA
590 mg/cu m TWA
0.15 mg/cu m (2-hr)
140 mg/cu m TWA
200 mg/cu m TWA
0.2 mg/cu m TWA
590 mg/cu m TWA
75-ppm TWA; 500-ppm celling,
(15-m1nute). TWA to be lowered
1n presence of carbon monoxide.
15 ug N1/cu m TWA
2-ppm TWA
N02: 1-ppm celling
NO: 25 ppm TWA
85 dBA TWA; 115 dBA celling
0.1 mg t1n/cu m TWA
0.05 mg/cu m TWA
20 mg/cu m TWA; 60 mg/cu m
ceiling (15-mlnute)
0.6 mg/cu m (2-hr)
0. 1-ppm TWA; 0. 2-ppm celling
(15-m1nute)
50 yg/cu m TWA, resplrable
free silica
2 mg/cu m celling (15-mlnute)
0. 5-ppm TWA
1 mg/cu m TWA
1-ppm TWA
50-ppm TWA; 100-ppm celling
(15-m1nute)
20 yg/cu m celling (1-hr)
100-ppm TWA; 200-ppm celling
(10-m1nute)
0.005-ppm TWA; 0.02 celling
(20-m1nute)
350-ppm celling (15-minute)
100-ppm TWA; IBO-ppm celling
(I0-m1nute)
132
-------
TABLE 52. (continued)
Substanea
Ultraviolet radiation
Vinyl chloride
Waste anesthet.c gases
and vapors
Xylene
Z1nc oxide
ADDITIONAL SUBSTANCES:
Asphalt fumes
Coal tar products
Dinltro-ortho-cresol
Tungsten
Polychlorinated
bipheryls (PCBs)
Refined atroleum
solvents
Decomposition products
of fluorocarbon polymers
Ethyl ene di bromide
Dioxone
Chloroprene
Acetone
Vanadium (Compounds)
Metallic and vanadium
carbide
Transmitted to OSHA
December 20, 1972
March 11, 1974
March 4, 1977
May 23, 1975
October 10, 1975
September 1977
September 1977
February 1978
September 1977
September 1977
July 1977
September 1977
August 1977
September 1977
August 1977
July 1978
August 16, 1977
Current OSHA
Environmental Standard*
10 mW/cm avarngsd over any
1-hour period
1-ppm, 8-hr TWA; 5-ppm
celling, (!5-m1nute sample)
None for substances when
used as anesthetic agents
100-ppm, 8-hr TWA
5 mg/cu m, 8-hr TWA
-
0.2
0.2 mg/cu m
-
-
-
-
30 ppm ceiling
25 ppm TWA
100 ppm 360 mg/cu m
25 ppm 90 mg/cu m
2400 mg/cu m TWA
N'lQ'SH Recommendation for
Environmental
Exposure Limit*
1.0 mW/cm for over 1000 sec.i
100 mW sec/em far periods
under 1000 sac.
Minimum Detectable level; 1-ppm
celling (!5-m1nute)
2-ppm ceiling (halogenated
anesthetic agents) (1-hour);
25-ppin TWA during periods of
use (nitrous oxide)
100-ppm TWA; 200-ppm celling
(I0-m1nute)
5 mg/cu m TWA, 15 mg/cu m
ceiling (15-minute)
5 mg/cu m; 15 min period
0.1 mg/cu m TWA
0.2 mg/cu m TWA
5 mg/cu m TWA
1 .0 ug/cu m TWA
350 mg/cu m TWA
No recommendation
1.0 mg/cu m; 0.13 ppm eeiling
(I5m1n)
1 ppm (3.6 mg/cu m)
30 min celling
3.6 mg/cu m; 1 ppm ceiling
(15 m1n)
590 mg/cu m TWA
0.05 mg/cu m; 15 m1n celling
1 .0 mg/cu m TWA
133
-------
TABLE 53. CHEMICALS, PHYSICAL AGENTS, AND PROCESSES TO BE ADDRESSED
BY NIOSH IN 1979-1980
Aliphatic Di and polyamines
Aromatic amines
Brominated aliphatics
Dichloropropane
Diesel emissions
Diphenyl
Dyeing and finishing textiles
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hydrogen chloride
Infrared radiation
Manufacture of N-metal pigments and dyes
Monochloroacetic acid
Monochloroethane
Plastics and resins manufacture
Pentachloroethane
Pulp and paper mills
Secondary aliphatic monoamines
Terphenyl
Tertiary aliphatic monoamines
Tetrahydrofuran
Trichloropropane
Ultrasonics
Vibration, whole body
Wood preserving
134
-------
TABLE 54. COMPOUNDS KNOWN TO BE PRESENT IN COAL GASIFICATION PROCESSES
AND WHICH HAVE OCCUPATIONAL STANDARDS
Compound
Where found
Acetic add
Acetone
Armenia
Aniline-skin
Antimony
Arsenic
Benzene
Beryllium
l,3-Butad1ene
Cadmium fume dust
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chromium, soluble salts
Metal, Insoluble salts
Coal dust (<5% S102)
(>5* S102)
Coal tar pitch volatlles
Cresol-skin
Ethyl mercaptan
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead and inorganic lead compounds
Manganese
Mercury
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl mercaptan
Naphtha (coal tar)
Naphthalene
Nickel carbonyl
Nickel metal and soluble compounds (as Ni)
Phenol-skin
Propane
Pyridine
Selenium compounds
Silica (resplrable)
(total dust)
Styrene
Sulfur dioxide
Toluene
Vanadium
V205 dust
V205 fume
Xylene
Gas stream
Laboratory
Gas stream
Trace element 1n coal
Trace element in coal
Gas stream, laboratory
Trace element 1n coal
Gas stream
Trace element 1n coal
Gas stream
Gas stream
Gas stream
Laboratory
Trace element in coal
Coal preparation areas
Gas stream
Gas stream
Gas stream
Stream
Gas stream
Trace element in coal
Trace element in coal
Trace element in coal
Laboratory
Gas stream
Gas stream
Gas stream
Methanatlon areas
Trace element in coal
Gas and effluent stream
Gas stream
Gas stream
Trace element in coal
Thermal oxidizer
Slurry oil, gas stream
Trace element in coal
Gas stream
aAs listed in NIOSH document entitled
Pilot Plants."
"Recommended Health and Safety Guidelines for Coal Gasification
135
-------
TABLE 55. COMPOUNDS SUSPECTED TO BE PRESENT IN COAL GASIFICATION PROCESSES
AND FOR HHICH OCCUPATIONAL STANDARDS EXIST*
Butyl mercaptan n-Heptane
Calcium arsenate n-Hexane
Cyclohexane Isobutyl acetate
Cyclohexanol Methyl acetate
Cyclohexene Methyl alcohol
Cyclopentadiene Methyl amine
Dimethyl amine Nitrobenzene - skin
Dimethylsulfate - skin Nitrogen dioxide
Dinitrobenzene - skin Octane
Dinitro-6-cresol - skin Oil mist, mineral
Dinitrotoluene - skin Pentane
Oiphenyl Petroleum distillates
Ethanol Phosphorus compounds
Ethanolamine Picric acid - skin
2-Ethpxyethanol - skin n-Propyl acetate
Ethyl acetate Propyl alcohol
Ethyl amine Sodium hydroxide
Ethyl benzene Tellurium
*As listed in NIOSH document "Recommended Health and Safety Guidelines for
Coal Gasification Pilot Plants."
136
-------
TABLE 56. 1977 ACGIH TLVR RECOMMENDATIONS
NOT INCLUDED IN 1968 LIST
Substance
ADOPTED VALUES
TWA
ppm mg/n
ADOPTED VALUES
Argon s
Asbestos (all forms)
Asphalt (petroleum) fumes
Baygon (propoxur)
Benzene Skin 10,A2
Benzidine
production Skin
8enz(a)pyrene
Beryllium
Bismuth telluride
Bismuth telluride, Se-doped
Sorates, tetra, sodium salts,
Anhydrous
Decahydrate
Pentahydrate
Boron tribromide
Bromine pentafluoride
Bromochloromethane
Butane
n-Butyl lactate
Cadmium, dust & salts (as Cd) -
C Cadmium oxide fume (as Cd) —
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium cyanamide
Calcium hydroxide
Caprolactam
Dust
Vaoor
Captafol
(Difolatan ) Skin
Captan
Carbofuran (Furadan )
Carbon disulfide Skin
Carbon tetrabromide
Carbon tetrachloride Skin —
Catechol (Pyrocatechol)
Cellulose (paper fiber)
Cesium hydroxide
Chlorodifluoromethane
Chlorpyrifos (Dursban ) Skin
o-Chlorostyrene
o-Chlorotoluene Skin
2-Chloro-
6-(trichloromethyl
pyridine (N-Serve )
Chromates, certain insoluble
forms
Chromic acid and Chromates,
(as Cr.)
Clopidol (Coyden )
Corundum (Al- 0^)
Skin
Crufornate
C'.'anamide
Cyanogen
Cyclohexylami ne
Diazinon Skin
1, 2-Dibromoethane (Ethylene
Dibromide) Skin
Dibrom ---
1
0.1
200
600
5
20
0.1
10
5
1,000
50
50
10
10
20
5
0.5
30,c
b
e
0.002
10
5
1
5
1
10
0.7
1,050
1 ,400
25
0.05
0.05
d
0.5
. 5
1
20
0.1
5
0.1
60
1.4
65
20
d
2
3,500
0.2
285
250
10
O.OSa
0.05
10
d
5
2
20
40
0.1
145
3
TWA
Substance
a 3
ppm mq/m
2-tl-Dibutylaminoethanol Skin --
Dibutyl phosphate
C Dichloracetylene
Dichlorobenizidine Skin
Dicrotophos (Bidrin ) Skin
Dicyclop.ntadiene
Dicyclopentadienyl iron
Oiethylene triamine Skin
Diethyl ether, see Ethyl ether --
Diethyl phthalate
3, 5-Dinitro-o-toluamide
(Zoalene )
Dioxathion (Delnav )
Diphenylamine
Diquat
Disulfuram
Disyston Skin
2, 6-Oitertbutyl-p-cresol
Di uron
Dyfonate
Emery
Endosulfan (Thiodan ) Skin
Ethane
Ethion (Nialate ) Skin
Ethylene
Ethylene glycol,
Particulate
Vapor
C Ethylidene norbornene
Fensulfothion (Dasanit)
C Formaldehyde
Formamide
Gasoline
Germanium tetrahydride
Glass, fibrous or dust
C Glutaraldehyde, activated or
unactivated
Glycerin mist
Graphite (Synthetic)
Gypsum
Helium
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexafluoroacetone
C Hexylene glycol
Hydrogen
Hydrogenated terphenyls
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen sulfide
Indene
Indium & Compounds (as In)
lodoform
Iron pentacarbonyl
Iron salts, soluble (as Fe)
Isophorone diisocyanate skin
Kaolin
Lead, inorg., fumes & dusts
(as Pb)
Lead Chromate (as Cr)
2
1
0.1
1
400
100
5
2
20
0.2
F
0.01
0.1
25
F
0.5
3
10
10
b)
0.2
0.01
0.01
,1.37
14
5
0.4
c
0.25
30
10
4
1,200
5
5
0.2
10
0.5
2
0.1
10
10
0.1
d
0.1
0.4
10
260
25
0.1
3
30
h
0.6
d
(0.25)
d
d
d
0.11
0.7
125
5
2
15
45
0.1
3
0.08
1
0.06
0.15
0.05,
be
-------
TABLE 56. (continued)
Substance
Limestone
Man oei f-p
lagnesi te
Manganese
cyclopentadienyl
tricarbonyl (as Mn) - Skin
Marble
ADOPTED VALUES
TWA
s i 3
DPm ^9/^1
d
d
0.1
d
ADOPTED VALUES
Substance
,
_ ,
Propylene glycol
. ,
ppma
10
TWA
3b)
mg/mj
b
360
45
Mercury (Alky! compounds) - Skin,
as Hg
Mercury (All forms except alkyl)
as Hg -
Methane
Methomyl (Lannate ) Skin
Methyl acrylonitrile Skin
Methyl chloride
Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate
Methyl isoamyl ketone
Methylcyclopentadl enyl
manganese tricarbonyl (as Mn)
Skin
Methyl demeton Skin
C Methylene bisphenyl
isocyanate (MDI)
Methylene chloride
(dlchloromethane)
4,4'-Methylene bis
(2-chloraniline) Skin
C Methylene bis (4-cyclo-
hexylisocyanate)
C Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide --
Methyl parathion Skin
C Metnyl silicate -
Monocrotophos (Azodrin*)
B-Naphthylamine
Neon
4-Ni trodiphenyl
N-Nitrosodi methyl ami ne
(dimethylnitrosoamine) Skin
Nonane
Paraffin wax fume
Particulate polycyclic
aromatic
hydrocarbons (PPAH)
as benzene solubles
0.001
1
100
2
100
0.1
0.02
200
0.02,
A2
0.01
0.2
200
100
Pentaerythritol
Perchloroethylene Skin
Phenothiazine - Skin
C Phenylphosphine - 0..05
Phorate (Thimet ) Skin --
m-Phthalodi'nitrile
Picloram (Tordon ) —.
Plaster of Paris
Polychlorobiphenyis, see
Chlorodiphenyls
Polytetrafluoroethyleno
decomposition products
C Potassium hydroxide
0.01
0.05
2.5
3
210
8
475
0.2
0.5
0.2
720
0.11
1.5
0.2
30
0.25
c
b
1,050
2
0.2,
a
d
6/0
5
0.25
0.05
5
10
d
Rosin core solder
pyrolysis products (as
formaldehyde) 0.1
Rouge d
Rubber cement 400 1,600
Sevin (see Carbaryl) 5
Silane (see Silicon tetrahydrlde) 0.5 7
Silicon E
Silicon carbide E
Silicon tetrahydride (Silane) — 0.5 0.7
C Sodium azide 0.1 0.3
Starch d
Styrene, monomer (Phenylethylene) 100 420
Succinaldehyde (see
Glutaradehyde) (0.25)
C Subtllisins (Proteolytlc
enzymes as 100% pure
crystalline enzyme) 0.00006°)
Sucrose d
Sulfur tetrafluoride 0.1 0.4
Teflon decomposition products — f
Tellurium 0.1
Tellurium hexafluoride, as Te — 0.02 0.2
TEPP - Skin 0.004 0.05
4,4'-Thiobis (6-tert.
butyl-m-cresol) 10
Tin oxide - d
Titanium dioxide d
Toluene (toluol) - Skin 100 375
Trichloroethylene 100 535
Tricyclohexyltin
hydroxide (Plictran ) — 5
Trimethyl benzene 25 120
Tungsten & compounds, as W
Soluble 1
Insoluble 5
Vinyl acetate 10 30
Vinyl bromide (250) (1,100)
Vinyl cyclohexene dioxide 10 60
Vinylidene chloride 10 40
Welding fumes (Total particulate) e
.Wood dust (nonallergenic) 5
C m-Xylene a, a'-diamine 0.1
Zinc cnromate (as Cr) - 0.05
Zinc stearate •
138
-------
Ala. Human Carcinogens. Substances, or substances associated with industrial
processes, recognized to have carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic potential, with
an assigned TLV:
TLV
o
Arsenic trioxide production As-Oo, 0.05 mg/m as As
S02, C 5.0 ppm
Sb203, 0.5 mg/m3 (as Sb)
Asbestos, all forms 5 fibers/cc, >5 ym in length
bis (chloromethyl ) ether 0.001 ppm
Chromite ore processing (chromate) 0.05 mg/m3 (as Cr)
Nickel sulfide roasting, fume and dust 1.0 mg/m3 (as Ni)
Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic „
Hydrocarbons (PPAH) 0.2 mg/m , as benzene solubles
IB. Human Carcinogens. Substances, or substances associated with industrial
processes, recognized to have carcinogenic potential without an assigned TLV:
4-Aminodiphenyl 9p-Xenylamine)
Benzidine production
3-Naphthylamine
4-Nitrodiphenyl
p
A2. Industrial Substances Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential for Man. Chemical
substances or substances associated with industrial processes, which are suspect
of inducing cancer, based on either (1) limited epidemiologic evidence, exclusive
of clinical reports of single cases, or (2) demonstration of carcinogenesis in
one or more animal species by appropriate methods.
3
Antimony trioxide production 0.05 mg/m
Benzene--skin 10 ppm
Benz(a)pyrene -- 3
Beryllium 2.0 yg/m 3
Cadmium oxide production 0.05 mg/m
Chloroform 10 ppm 3
Chromates of lead and zinc (as Cr) 0.05 mg/m
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
Dimethyl carbamyl chloride
. o
Some Nuisance Particles* —TLV, 30 mppcf or 10 mg/m
Alundum (A^Os) Kaolin
Calcium carbonate Limestone
Calcium silicate Magnesite
Cellulose (paper fiber) Marble
Portland cement Mineral wool fiber
Corundum (A^Os) Pentaerythritol
Emery Plaster of Paris
Glass, fibrous**or dust Rouge
Glycerin mist Silicon
Graphite (synthetic) Silicon carbide
Gypsum Starch
Vegetable oil mists (except castor, Sucrose
cashew nut, or similar irritant Tin oxide
oils) Titanium dioxide
Zinc oxide dust Zinc stearate
*When toxic impurities are not present, e.g., quartz *1%.
** 7 urn in diameter.
-------
o
^Welding Fumes—Total Pavtiaulate. (NOC)--TLV, 5 mg/m
Welding fumes cannot be classified simply. The composition and quantity of both
are dependent on the alloy being welded and the process and electrodes used.
Reliable analysis of fumes cannot be made without considering the nature of the
welding process and system bein examined; reactive metals and alloys such as
aluminum and titantium are arc-welded in a protective, inert atmosphere such as
argon. These arcs create relatively little fume, but an intense radiation which
can produce ozone. Similar processes are used to arc-weld steels, also creating
a relatively low level of fumes. Ferrous alloys also are arc-welded in oxidizing
environments which generate considerable fume, and can produce carbon monoxide
instead of ozone. Such fumes generally are composed of discreet particles of
amorphous slags containing iron, manganese, silicon and other metallic con-
stituents depending on the alloy system involved. Chromium and nickel com-
pounds are found in fumes when stainless steels are arc-welded. Some coated
and flux-cored electrodes are formulated with fluorides and the fumes associated
with them can contain significantly more fluorides than oxides. Because of the
above factors, arc-welding fumes frequently must be tested for individual con-
stitutents which are likely to be present to determine whether specific TLV's
are exceeded. Conclusions based on total fume concentration are generally
adequate if no toxic elements are present in welding rod, metal, or metal
coating and conditions are not conducive to the formation of toxic gases.
Most welding, even with primitive ventilation, does not produce exposures in-
side the welding helmet above 5 mg/m3. That which does, should be controlled.
Bl. Polytetrafluovoethylene Decomposition Products. Thermal decomposition
of the fluorocarbon chain in air leads to the formation of oxidized products
containing carbon, fluorine and oxygen. Because these products decompose in
part by hydrolysis in alkaline solution, they can be quantitatively determined
in air as fluoride to provide an index of exposure. No TLV is recommended
pending determination of the toxicity of the products, but air concentrations
should be minimal.
^Simple asphixiant.
B2. Gasoline. The composition of gasoline varies greatly and thus a single
TLV for all types of these materiasl is no longer applicable. In general, the
aromatic hydrocarbon content will determine what TLV applies. Consequently
the content of benzene, other aromatics and additives should be determined to
arrive at the appropriate TLV (Elkins, et al. A.I.H.A.J. 24:99, 1963): Runion,
ibid. 36, 338, 1975).
140
-------
TABLE 57. CHEMICALS WITH ANSI STANDARDS FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
Carbon monoxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Carbon disulfide
Benzene
Cadmium fume and cadmium dusts
Manganese
Chromic acid and chromates
Inorganic mercury and non-alky! organo
Xylene
Lead and its inorganic compounds
Toluene
Nitrogen dioxide
Methanol
Styrene
Formaldehyde
Carbon tetrachloride
Methyl chloride
Trichloroethylene
Ethylene dichloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)
Methyl bromide (Monobromomethane)
Chlorine
Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Paradichlorobenzene (1,4-Dichlorobenzene)
Hydrogen fluoride and inorganic fluoride dusts
Beryllium and beryllium compounds
Ethylene dibromide
Acetone
Trifluoroethane (Fluorocarbon> 113)
Trichlorofluoromethane (Fluorocarbon 11)
Dichlorodifluoromethane (Fluorocarbon 12)
Acetic acid
141
-------
142
-------
7.0 RADIATION REGULATIONS
Since World War II, several agencies have been responsible for
various aspects of the regulations, use, and effects of radioactivity.
The list of agencies currently responsible includes the following:
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), successor to Federal
Radiation Council (FRC).
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), successor to Atomic
Energy Commission (AEC).
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW)--Bureau of
Radiological Health (BRH).
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).
Department of Defense (DOD)—military application only.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
Advisory agencies whose recommendations are recognized by the
various regulatory agencies include the National Council on Radiation
Protection and Measurements (NCRPM), the International Commission on
Radiological Protection (ICRP), the Department of Energy (DOE), and the
American National Standards Institution (ANSI).
The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 established the basis for the regulation
of radiation. It created the Atomic Energy Commission, the Federal
Radiation Council, and the Bureau of Radiological Health. With the
creation of the Environmental Protection Agency, the FRC was dissolved,
and its functions were assigned to the EPA. When the Atomic Energy
Commission was dissolved in 1975, its regulatory functions were assigned
to the new Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Since the Atomic Energy Act was written, regulations and recommendations
addressing radiation have proliferated to a confusing degree. In 1977,
the Committee on Energy and the Environment of the National Academy of
Sciences wrote that "...the regulations are unnecessarily fragmented be-
cause of overlaps among regulatory agencies. Some overlap of responsibility
may be unavoidable, but regulations should still be better coordinated
so as to be reasonably consistent and free of confusing duplications."
143
-------
There are three major sets of regulations dealing with radiation
protection (10 CFR 20, Standards for Protection Against Radiation; 40
CFR 190, Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Nuclear Power
Operations; and 40 CFR 141, Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations--
Radionuclides) plus a number of recommendations by the NCRP and others.
These regulations and recommendations are set forth in the documents
listed in Table 58. Each of these documents deals with a set of issues
related to protection from radiation exposure. Table 59 indicates the
particular issues addressed in each document.
The Standards for Protection Against Radiation are discussed further
in Section 7.1, and the EPA Standards for Nuclear Power Operations are
presented in Section 7.2. The Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations
pertinent to radionuclides were presented earlier in Section 5.2.
7.1 STANDARDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION
The comprehensive standards for protection against radiation were
adopted in 1960 at 10 CFR, Part 20, to control radiation exposure levels
for a wide variety of operations. Since the act was set forth by the
Atomic Energy Commission, now defunct, its provisions are governed by
the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The regulations address both restricted
and nonrestricted areas and prescribe limiting dosages to individuals as
well as concentrations allowable in air and water.
Restricted areas are defined as places with controlled access for
protection of individuals from radiation. Dosage limits for persons in
restricted areas prescribed in rems per calendar quarter are given
below.
Whole body, head and trunk; active blood-forming organs;
lens of eyes; or gonads: 1 1/4 rems/calendar quarter.
Hands and forearms; feet and ankles: 18 3/4 rems/calendar
quarter.
Skin of whole body: 7 1/2 rems/calendar quarter.
144
-------
Exposure to minors (individuals under 18 years of age) in restricted
areas is limited to 10 percent of the figures above. In addition, the
dose to the whole body when added to the accumulated occupational dose
to the whole body shall not exceed 5(N-18) rems when N = the individual's
age in years at his last birthday. Methods for determining the accumulated
dose are specified. Whole body dose limits to individuals in unrestricted
areas are prescribed as well. These are 2 mrem per hour, 100 mrem per
week (assuming continuous exposure) and a measured accumulated annual
dose of 0.5 rem.
The regulations establish limiting levels of radioactivity in air
and water for 90 radioisotopes. Concentrations in restricted and un-
restricted areas are specified. Because these regulations are applicable
to a very large number of special types of chemical contaminants, i.e.,
radioisotopes, the complete listing of the concentration values specified
will not be included here. Concentration limits for selected isotopes
of general interest are presented in Table 60. A complete listing of
the isotopes that are affected by these regulations is given in Table 61.
The ranges of concentration values specified for this entire list of
compounds is as follows:
Restricted areas:
Air 6 x 10"3 to 1 x 10"12 y
Water 4 x 10"1 to 4 x 10"7 y
Nonrestricted Areas:
Air 1 x 10"4 to 5 x 10"14 y
Water 1 x 10"2 to 3 x 10"8 y
Releases into sanitary sewage systems and into water in restricted
areas are also controlled and specifications are established for soil
burial. The total activity for any burial location is limited as well.
Table 62, taken from Appendix C of the regulations, lists the isotopes
and corresponding levels in microcuries, which, when multiplied by 1000,
are the limiting values for activity at any burial location. Further
restrictions are that burial shall be at a minimum depth of four feet;
successive burials must be at least six feet apart; and no more than 12
145
-------
burials shall be made per year. Disposal by incineration is prohibited
except by approval.
Other issues regulated by the Standards for Protection Against
Radiation include the following: medical treatments (no limits are
placed on exposures of patient for diagnosis or therapy); bioassay
services; personnel monitoring; caution signs and labels for radioactive
materials and radiation areas; instruction of personnel; recordskeeping
and reports on personnel monitoring, loss or theft of material, incidents
involving overexposure or property damage, and dosages received by
present and former employees; applications for exemptions; and enforce-
ment.
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION PROTECTION STANDARDS FOR NUCLEAR POWER
OPERATIONS
These EPA standards set limits on radiation dosage to members of
the public and on release of radioactive materials into the environment,
resulting from nuclear power generation with light-water reactors.
Provisions mainly involve the "uranium fuel cycle," which means the
operations of milling of uranium ore, chemical conversion of uranium,
isotopic enrichment of uranium, fabrication of uranium fuel, generation
of electricity by a light-water-cooled nuclear power plant using uranium
fuel. The regulations are applicable to these operations to the extent
that they directly support the production of electrical power for public
use utilizing nuclear energy. Excluded are mining operations, operations
at waste disposal sites, transportation of any radioactive material in
support of these operations, and the reuse of recovered nonuranium
special nuclear and byproduct materials from the cycle.
Standards for normal operations are as follows.
Effective December 1, 1979, the annual dose equivalent does
not exceed 27 millirems to the whole body, 75 millirems to the
thyroid, and 25 millirems to any other organ of any member of
the public as the result of exposures to planned discharges of
radioactive materials, radon, and its daughters accepted, to
the general environment from uranium fuel cycle operations and
to radiation from these operations. For uranium ore milling
operations, the effective date shall be December 1, 1980.
146
-------
In addition, the total quantity of radioactive materials
entering the general environment from the entire uranium fuel
cycle, per gigawatt-year of electrical energy produced by the
fuel cycle, contains, effective January 1, 1983, less than
50,000 curies of krypton-85, 5 millicuries of iodine-129, and
effective December 1, 1979, 0.5 millicuries combined of
plutonium-239 and other alpha-emitting transuranic radio-
nuclides with half-lives greater than one year.
Conditions are specified under which variations, for unusual operations,
may be permitted.
These regulations are set forth at 40 CFR, Part 190, and were adopted
by EPA on December 28, 1976.
147
-------
TABLE 58. OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS IN WHICH REGULATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
DEALING WITH RADIATION ARE SET FORTH*
Regulations
10 CFR 20, Standards for Protection Against Radiation
40 CFR 190, Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Nuclear Power Operations
40 CFR 141, Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations - Radionuclides
Recommendations
NCRP Report 39, Basic Radiation Protection Criteria
NCRP Report 42, Radiological Factors Affecting Decision-Making in a Nuclear Attack
NCRP Report 43, Review of the Current State of Radiation Protection Philosophy
NCRP Report 46, Alpha-Emitting Particles in Lungs
NCRP Report 48, Radiation Protection for Medical and Allied Health Personnel
NCRP Report 50, Environmental Radiation Measurements
NCRP Report 52, Cesium-137 from the Environment to Man: Metabolism and Dose
NCRP Report 53, Review of NCRP Radiation Dose Limit for Embryo and Fetus in Occupa-
tionally-Exposed Women
NCRP Report 54, Medical" Radiation Exposure of Pregnant and Potentially Pregnant
Women
NCRP Report 55, Protection of the Thyroid Gland 1n the Event of Releases of Radio-
iodine
NCRP Report 56, Radiation Exposure from Consumer Products and Miscellaneous Sources
HEW/BRH, Regulations, Standards, and Guides for Microwaves, Ultraviolet Radiation,
and Radiation from Lasers and Television Receivers - An Annotated Bibliography
NBS Handbook 69, Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concen-
trations of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occupational Exposure
ICRP Publication 6, Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection
ICRP Publication 8, The Evaluation of Risks from Radiation
FRC Report 1, Background Material for the Development of Radiation Protection Standards
Federal Register 9/26/61, Federal Radiation Council: Radiation Protection Guidance
for Federal Agencies
FRC REport 5, Background Material for the Development of Radiation Protection Standards
(Iodine-131)
FRC Report 8, Guidance for the Control of Radiation Hazards in Uranium Mining
NAS Analytical Studies for US EPA, Vol. VI, Implications of Environmental Regulations
for Energy Production and Consumption
^Specific issues addressed in each document are indicated in Table 59.
148
-------
TABLE 59. OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS CONTAINING REGULATIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RADIATION EXPOSURE
Personal dosage limits
Minors
Pregnant women and fetuses
Medical and dental exposure
Drinking water contamination
Environmental effects -
radloecology
Biological effects • somatic
and genetic
Manmade sources - consumer
products
TV sets
Lasers
Radlonuclldis (general)
Tritium
Iodine
Cesium
Radium
Radon and daughters
Uranium
Plutonium and transuranlcs
Alpha emitters
Beta and photon emitters
Strontium
X-rays
Microwaves
Ultraviolet radiation
Nuclear power
Uranium fuel cycle
Uranium mining
Workroom standards
Occupational exposure
Waste disposal
Caution sign
Records and reports
Loss and theft of radioactive
material
Risks of radiation
Radiation protection criteria
Radiation protection costs
Radiation protection
philosophy
Accidents, terrorism, or
nuclear attack
o
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X
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149
-------
TABLE fiSL LIMITING AIR AND WATER CONCENTRATIONS OF RADIOACTIVITY
ABOVE NATURAL BACKGROUND FOR SELECTED RADIOISOTOPES
IN RESTRICTED AND NON-RESTRICTED AREAS
Limiting Concentration in yC./rol
Restricted area
Isotope
Air
Water
Non-restricted area
Air
Water
Natural uranium
Soluble
Insoluble
Natural thorium
Soluble
Insoluble
Strontium 90
Soluble
Insoluble
7 x 10
6 x 10
-11
-11
3 x 10
3 x 10
-11
-11
1 x 10
5 x 10
-9
-9
5 x 10
5 x 10
-4
-4
3 x 10
3 x 10
-5
-4
1 x 10
1 x 10
-5
-3
3 x 10
2 x 10
-12
-12
10
10
-12
-12
3 x 10
2 x 10
-11
-10
2 x 10
2 x 10
-5
-5
10
10
-5
3 x 10
4 x 10
-7
-5
150
-------
Table 61. ISOTOPES WITH RADIOACTIVITY LIMITATIONS
FOR AIR AND WATER
Element (Atomic number)
Actinium (89)
Americlum (95)
Antimony (51)
Argon (18)
Arsenic (33)
Astatine (85)
Barium (56)
Berkelium (97)
Beryllium (4)
Bismuth (83)
Bromine (35)
Cadmium (48)
Calcium (20)
Californium (98)
Carbon (6)
Cerium (58)
Cesium (55)
Chlorine (17)
Chromium (24)
Cobalt (27)
Copper (29)
Curium (96)
Dysprosium (66)
Einsteinium (99)
Erbium (68)
Isotope
Ac 227
Ac 228
Am 241
Am 242m
Am 242
Am 243
Am 244
Sb 122
Sb 124
Sb 125
A 37
A 41
As 73
As 74
As 76
As 77
At 211
Ba 131
Ba 140
Bk 249
Bk 250
Be 7
B1 206
Bi 207
Bi 210
B1 212
Br 82
Cd 109
Cd 115m
Cd 115
Ca 45
Ca 47
Cf 249
Cf 250
Cf 251
Cf 252
Cf 253
Cf 254
C 14 (CO-)
L
Ce 141
Ce 143
Ce 144
Cs 131
Cs 134m
Cs 134
Cs 135
Cs 136
Cs 137
Cl 36
Cl 38
Cr 51
Co 57
Co 58m
Co 58
Co 60
Cu 64
Cm 242
Cm 243
Cm 244a
Cm 245
Cm 246
Cm 247
Cm 248
Cm 249
Dy 165
Dy 166
Es 253
Es 254m
Es 254
Es 255
Er 159
Er 171
Element (Atomic number)
Europium (63)
Fermi urn (100)
Fluorine (9)
Gadolinium (64)
Gallium (31)
Germanium (32)
Gold (79)
Hafnium (72)
Holmlum (67)
Hydrogen (1)
Indium (49)
Iodine (53)
Iridium (77)
Iron (26)
Krypton (36)
Lanthanum (57)
Lead (82)
Lutetlum (71)
Manganese (25)
Mercury (80)
Molybdenum (42)
Neodymium (60)
Neptunium (93)
Nickel (28)
Niobium (Columbium)(41 )
Osmium (76)
Palladium (46)
Phosphorus (15)
Isotope
Eu 152
(T/2-9.2 hrs)
Eu 152
(T/2-13 yrs)
Fh IRA
LU 1 3*t
Fm 254
Fm 255
Fm 256
F 18
Gd 153
Gd 159
Ga 72
Ge 71
Au 196
Au 198
Au 199
Hf 181
Ho 166
H3
In 113m
In 114m
In 115m
In 115
I 125
I 126
I 129
I 131
I 132
I 133
I 134
I 135
Ir 190
Ir 192
Ir 194
Fe 55
Fe 59
Kr 85m
Kr 85
Kr 87
Kr 88
La 140
Pb 203
Pb 210
Pb 212
Lu 177
Mn 52
Mn 54
Mn 56
Hg 197m
Hg 197
Hg 203
Mo 99
Nd 144
Nd 147
Nd 149
Np 237
Np 239
Ni 59
Ni 63
Ni 65
Nb 93m
Nb 95
Nb 97
Os 185
Os 191m
Os 191
Os 193
Pd 103
Pd 109
P 32
151
-------
Element (Atomic number)
Platinum (78)
Plutonium (94)
Polonium (84)
Potassium (19)
Praseodymium (59)
Promethium (61 )
Protactinium (91)
Radium (88)
Radon (86)
Rhenium (75)
Rhodium (45)
Rubidium (37)
Ruthenium (44)
Samarium (62)
Scandium (21 )
Selenium (34)
Silicon (14)
Silver (47)
Sodium (11)
Strontium (38)
Sulfur (16)
Tantalum (73)
Technetium (43)
TABLE 61.
Isotope
Pt 191
Pt 193
Pt 193m
Pt 197m
Pt 197
Pu 238
Pu 239
Pu 240
Pu 241
Pu 242
Pu 243
Pu 244
Po 210
K 42
Pr 142
Pr 143
Pm 147
Pm 149
Pa 230
Pa 231
Pa 233
Ra 223
Ra 224
Ra 226
Ra 228
Rn 220
Rn 222
Re 183
Re 186
Re 187
Re 188
Rh 103m
Rh 105
Rb 86
Rb 87
Ru 97
Ru 103
Ru 105
Ru 106
Sm 147
Sm 151
Sm 153
Sc 46
Sc 47
Sc 48
Se 75
Si 31
Ag 105
Ag 110m
Ag 111
Na 22
Na 24
Sr 85m
Sr 85
Sr 89
Sr 90
Sr 91
Sr 92
S 35
Ta 182
Tc 96m
Tc 96
Tc 97m
Tc 97
Tc 99m
Tc 99
(continued)
Element (Atomic number)
Tellurium (52)
Terbium (65)
Thallium (81)
Thorium (90)
Thulium (69)
Tin (50)
Tungsten (Wolfram) (74)
Uranium (92)
Vanadium (23)
Xenon (54)
Ytterbium (70)
Yttrium (39)
Zinc (30)
Zirconium (40)
Isotope
Te 125m
Te 127m
Te 127
Te 129m
Te 129
Te 131m
Te 132
Tb 160
Tl 200
Tl 201
Tl 202
Tl 204
Th 227
Th 228
Th 230
Th 231
Th 232
Th natural
Th 234
Tm 170
Tm 171
Sn 113
Sn 125
W 181
W1 OC
lob
W 187
U 230
U 232
U 233
U 234
U 235
U 236
U 238
U 240
U natural
V 48
Xe 131m
Xe 133
Xe 133m
Xe 135
Yb 175
Y 90
Y 91m
Y 91
Y 92
Y 93
Zn 65
Zn 69m
Zn 69
Zr 93
Zr 95
Zr 97
152
-------
TABLE 62. ALLOWABLE MICROCURIES SPECIFIED FOR MATERIALS ADDRESSED
BY STANDARDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION
Material
Americium-241
Antimony-122
Antimony-124
Antimony-125
Arsenic-73
Arsen1c-74
Arsenic-76
Arsenic -77
Barium-131
Barium-133
Barium-140
Bismuth-210
Bromine-82
Cadmium-109
Cadmium-115m
Cadmium-US
Calcium-45
Calcium-47
Carbon-14
Cerium-141
Cerium-143
Cerium-144
Cesium-131
Cesium-134m
Cesium-134
Cesium-135
Cesium-136
Cesium-137
Chlorine-36
Chlorine-38
Chromium-51
Cobalt-58m
Cobalt-58
Cobalt-60
Copper-64
Dysprosium-165
Dysprosium-166
Erbium-169
Erbium-171
Europium-152 9.2h
Europium-152 13 yr
Europium-154
Europium-155
Fluorine-18
Gadol inium-153
Gadolinium-159
Gallium-72
Germanium-71
Gold-198
Gold-199
Hafnium-181
Holmium-166
Hydrogen-3
Indium-113m
Indium-114m
Indium-115m
Indium-115
Iodine-125
Iodine-126
Iodine-129
Iodine-131
Iodine-132
Iodine-133
Iodine-134
Iodine-135
Iridium-192
Iridium-194
Iron-55
Iron-59
Krypton-85
Krypton -87
Lanthanum-140
Lutetium-177
Manganese-52
Manganese-54
Manganese-56
Mercury-197m
Mercury-197
Mercury-203
Molydenum-99
Neodymium-147
Neodymium-149
Nickel -59
Microcuries
.01
100
10
10
100
10
10
100
10
10
10
1
10
10
10
100
10
10
100
100
100
1
1,000
100
1
10
10
10
10
10
1,000
10
10
1
100
10
100
100
100
100
1
1
10
1,000
10
100
10
100
100
100
10
100
1,000
100
10
100
10
1
1
0.1
1
10
1
10
10
10
100
100
10
100
10
10
100
10
10
10
100
100
10
100
100
100
100
Material
Nickel -63
Nickel -65
N1obium-93m
Niobium-95
Niobium-97
Osmium-185
Osmium-191m
Osmium-191
Osmium-193
Palladium-103
Palladium-109
Phosphorus-32
Platinum-191
Platinum-193m
Platinum-193
Platinum-197m
Platinum-197
Plutonium-239
Polonium-210
Potassium-42
Praseodymium-142
Praseodymium-143
Promethium-147
Promethium-149
Radium-226
Rhenium-186
Rhenium-188
Rhodium- 103m
Rhodium-lOS
Rubidium-86
Rubidium-87
Ruthenium-97
Ruthenium-103
Ruthenium-105
Ruthenium-106
Samarium-151
Samarium-153
Scandium-46
Scandium-47
Scandium-48
Selenium-75
Silicon-31
Silver-105
Silver-llOm
Silver-Ill
Sodium-24
Strontium-85
Strontium-89
Strontium-90
Strontium-91
Strontium-92
Sulphur-35
Tantalum-182
Technetium-96
Technetium-97m
Technetium-97
Technetium-99m
Technetium-99
Tellurium-125m
Tellurium-127m
Tellurium-127
Tellurium-129in
Tellurium-129
Tellurium-131m
Tellurium-132
Terbium-160
Thallium-200
Thallium-201
Thallium-202
Thallium- 204
Thorium (natural)
Thullium-170
Thullium-171
Tin-113
Tin-125
Tungsten-181
Tungsten-185
Tungsten-187
Uranium (natural)
Uranium-233
Uranium-234--Uranium-235
Vanadium-48
Xenon-131m
Microcuries
10
100
10
10
10
10
100
100
100
100
100
10
100
100
100
100
100
.01
0.1
10
100
100
10
10
.01
100
100
100
100
10
10
100
10
10
1
10
100
10
100
10
10
100
10
1
100
10
10
1
0.1
10
10
100
10
10
100
100
100
10
10
10
100
10
100
10
10
10
100
100
100
10
50
10
10
10
10
10
10
100
50
.01
.01
10
1,000
153
-------
TABLE 62. (continued)
Material
M1crocur1es
Material
M1crocur1es
Xenon-133
Xenon-135
Ytterb1um-l75
Yttr1uiii-90
Yttr1um-9l
Yttrium-92
Yttr1um-93
Z1nc-65
Z1nc-69m
Z1nc-69
Z1rcon1um-93
Z1rcon1um-95
Z1rcon1um-97
100
100
100
10
10
100
100
10
100
1,000
10
10
10
Any alpha emitting radlonucUde
not listed above or mixtures of
alpha emitters of unknown compo-
sition
Any radlonucUde other than alpha
emitting radlonucHdes, not listed
above or mixtures of beta emitters
of unknown composition
.01
.1
For purposes of si 20.203 and 20.304, where there 1s Involved a combination of Isotopes 1n known amounts the
Hm1t for the combination should be derived as follows: Determine, for each Isotope 1n the combination, the ratio
between the quantity present 1n the combination and the limit .otherwise established for the specific isotope when not
1n combination. The sum of such ratios for all the Isotopes In the combination may not exceed "1" (i.e.,,.unity").
Example: For purposes of 5 20.304* if a particular batch contains 20,000 yc of Aui98 and 50,000 yc of C 14,1t may
also Include not more than 300 yc of IIJi. This limit was determined as follows:
20,000 yc Au
100,000 yC
198
50.000 uc C14
100,000 yc
300 yc I
131
1,000 yc
The denominator 1n each of the above ratios was obtained by multiplying the figure 1n the table by 1,000 as provided 1n
S 20.304.
a§ 20.203 pertains to caution signs, labels, signals, and controls.
i 20.304 pertains to disposal by burial 1n soil.
154
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8.0 TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT
The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) enacted on October 11, 1976
provides the authority for the Environmental Protection Agency to
secure information on all new and existing chemical substances and to
control any of these substances determined to cause unreasonable risk to
the public health or environment. The hazards controlled under these
regulations are those that are not controlled by other acts, i.e., CAA,
FWPCA, FIFRA, SDWA. If it is determined that a substance can be con-
trolled by the enforcement of an existing regulation, that method will
be used in preference to new regulations under TSCA.
In order to carry out the mandate of the Toxic Substances Control
Act, the Interagency Testing Committee was established. The agencies
represented are Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and
Health Administration, Council on Environmental Quality, National Institute
of Environmental Health and Safety, National Cancer Institute, National
Science Foundation, and Department of Commerce. It is the responsibility
of this committee to make recommendations to EPA on substances for which
further testing is needed. In order to make this determination more
efficient, a priority system had to be established. First, a "Candidate
List" of all existing chemicals was made. From this, all drugs, food
additives, pesticides, and noncommercial chemicals were eliminated.
This resulted in an "Initial List" of approximately 3,500 compounds.
From this list, all chemicals already regulated, well characterized as
hazardous, well characterized as inert, and natural products that would
be difficult to test were eliminated, creating a "Master List" of 2,100
compounds. This list was prioritized according to human and environmental
exposure levels, and 300 compounds were selected for the "Preliminary
List." From this list, 100 of the compounds were selected on which to
have detailed dossiers prepared. From these compounds, the Interagency
Committee may select as many as 50 compounds or groups of compounds to
be thoroughly tested in the 12 months following their selection. The
compounds in Table 63 were selected in November 1977 with recommendations
for testing.
155
-------
On October 2, 1978, additional compounds were added to the priority
testing list but no recommendations were made as to the tests to be con-
ducted. The compounds added were chlorinated benzenes (tr1~, tetra- and
penta-), glycidol (and derivatives) and 1, 2-d1chloropropane. The
testing procedures was designed to yield the following Information.
1. Physical and chemical properties of the chemical and its
byproduct.
2. Health and ecological effects.
3. Environmental behavior and fate.
4. Likely sources of environmental discharges and exposed
populations.
5. Technological and economic factors.
6. Industry's risk assessment.
At the completion of this premarket review by the Interagency
Committee, one of the following actions may be taken.
1. No action. (Manufacture and marketing proceed without delay.)
2. No action but a notice in the Federal Rejjster if further
study is needed.
3. Delay in manufacture pending submission of more data.
4. Manufacture and marketing may proceed with regulation.
5. No action now but further evaluation to be required with
regard to manufacture and distribution of the new substance
after commercialization.
To date only two substances have been regulated under the Toxic
Substances Control Act. They are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and
fully halogenated chlorofluoroalkanes.
8.1 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (40 CFR, Part 761)
Under TSCA, the EPA has issued a ban on the manufacture, processing
and distribution of products containing PCBs. Exporting of PCB has also
been banned. The use of PCBs to service transformers, use of railroad
transformers, hydraulic die casting systems, and carbonless carbon paper
has been extended five years. The processing and distribution of PCB
fluids for transformer servicing and servicing of mining equipment 1s
authorized until July 1, 1979. The use of PCB fluids 1n mining machinery
is permitted until December 31, 1981. All other uses of PCB fluids or
mixtures containing more than 50 ppm PCB 1s prohibited.
156
-------
PCB mixtures must be disposed of 1n an acceptable Incinerator or
chemical waste landfill. All PCB containers or products containing RGBs
should be clearly marked. Records should be maintained by the operator
of each facility handling at least 45 kilograms of PCB. These records
should include PCBs 1n use 1n transformers and capacitors, PCBs 1n
transformers and capacitors removed from service, PCBs stored for
disposal, and a report on the ultimate disposal of the PCBs. The report
should include all transfers of the material from one site to another.
At all times the PCB-containing vessels must be clearly marked.
8.2 FULLY HALOGENATED CHLOROFLUOROALKANES (40 CFR , Parts 712, 762)
In the second regulation, restrictions were placed on the use of
fully halogenated chlorofluoroalkanes as an aerosol propellant. The
compound cannot be manufactured for use as a propellant after October 15,
1978. The following uses are exempt from these restrictions.
1. Mercaptan stench warning devices.
2. Release agent for molds used in the production of plastic and
elastomeric materials.
3. Flying insect pesticides for use in nonresidential food handling
areas.
4. Diamond-grit spray.
5. Nonconsumer articles used as cleaner-solvent, lubricants, or
coatings for electrical or electronic equipment.
6. Aircraft articles.
7. Defense articles.
157
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TABLE -£3. CHEMICALS UNDER CONSIDERATION FOR REGULATION UNDER TSCA
Substance
or Category
Alkyl Epoxides
Alkyl Phthalates
Chlorinated Benzenes,
(Mono- and Di-)
(^lorinated Paraffins
00
Chloromethane
Cresols
Hexachloro-
1 ,3-butadiene
Nitrobenzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Carcinogenicity
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Mutagenicity Teratogenicity
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
resting Recommen
Other Chronic
Effects
X
X
X
X
X
X
rlorl
uea
Environmental Epidemic! ogical
Effects Study
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
9.0 FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE AND
RODENTICIDE ACT
9.1 FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT (FIFRA)
According to this act, pesticides are any substance intended for
preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest. A pest is
defined as any insect, rodent, nematode, fungus, weed, or any other form
of terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life or virus, bacterial
organism, or other microorganism (except viruses, bacteria, or other
microorganisms on or living in man or other living animals) which is
declared by the EPA as being injurious to health and environment. All
pesticides meeting this definition must be registered with EPA. Registration
is for a limited period of five years. Registered pesticides are
classified for either general or restricted use. Certain chemicals may
be further restricted in that they must be applied either by or under
the direct supervision of a certified applicator. All pesticides must
be labeled clearly to specify ingredients, uses, warnings, registration
number, and any use restrictions. There are also regulations specifying
tolerance levels for certain pesticide chemicals in or on agricultural
commodities. These regulations pertain to specific chemicals, and the
permitted residues may vary from 0 to 100 ppm (calculated from the
weight of the raw agricultural product) depending on the particular kind
of crop involved.
The pesticide chemicals aldrin/dieldrin, DDT, ODD, DDE, endrin, and
toxaphene are also regulated as toxic pollutants under Part 307a of the
Federal Use Water Pollution Control Act. (See Section 4.5.) The
pesticides, endrin, lindane, methoxy chlorophyll, toxaphene, 2, 4-D and
2,4, S-TP siluex are also regulated by Primary Drinking Water Standards
(See Table 43, Section 5.1.)
159
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9.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES
As stated in 40 CFR, Part 162, all pesticide chemicals must be
registered before they may be distributed or sold. Any one who desires
to sell or distribute any pesticide may apply for a registration for
that pesticide. The burden of proof for the safety and efficacy of the
pesticide rests upon the applicant. The applicant should also suggest a
classification of either general use or restricted use for each proposed
use of the chemical. The registration application should include complete
proposed labeling, data supporting the safety and efficacy of the product
and the complete formulation of the product. If the same product is to
be sold under a different brand name, an amended or supplemental registration
application should be submitted. If the label is to be changed and the
product repackaged, an amended registration is required. If the product
remains in an unbroken container and no significant changes appear in
the labeling, a supplemental registration is required. After consideration
of the application, the agency may classify the pesticide chemicals for
either general or restricted use.
The EPA may place an additional restriction upon the use of certain
pesticides and require that they be applied by only certified applicators.
Applicators are certified by the various States under guidelines found
in 40 CFR, Part 17. The applicator should demonstrate competency and
understanding of the correct use and handling of pesticides by written
examination administered by the State. The examination should include
the following:
1. The understanding of labels.
2. Safety precautions necessary.
3. The potential risks to the environment.
4. The recognition of pests.
5. The selection of the appropriate pesticide.
6. Proper selection and use of pesticide application equipment.
7. Knowledge of applicable Federal and State laws and regulations
affecting the use of pesticides.
160
-------
Table 64 indicates those chemicals that have been classified for
restricted use and are limited to use by or under the direct supervision
of a certified applicator. The chemicals in Table 65 are currently
under consideration for restricted classification.
9.3 PESTICIDE TOLERANCE LEVELS
Quantitative regulations specifying tolerances for certain pesticide
chemicals in or on agricultural commodities have been established by
EPA. These regulations are described in 40 CFR, Part 180, Subpart C.
The regulations pertain to 310 specific compounds, and residue tolerance
limits range from 0 to 100 ppm. Tolerances are expressed in terms of
parts by weight of the pesticide chemical per 1 million parts by weight
of the raw agricultural commodity.
Pesticide chemicals addressed by these regulations are listed in
Table 66, in the order of presentation in the regulations. Due to the
complexity of the regulations (i.e., different tolerances prescribed for
various kinds of agricultural commodities—spinach, cucumbers, tomatoes,
milk, etc.), no numerical specifications are included here. The reader
is referred to the Part 180 (Subpart C) of CFR 40 for specific tolerance
limits pertinent to a particular pesticide chemical included in the
list.
161
-------
TABLE 64. CLASSIFICATION OF THE USE OF PESTICIDE CHEMICALS
Active Ingredient
Acroleln
Acrylon1tr1le
Aldlcarb
Ally! alcohol
Aluminum phosphide
Azlnphos methyl
Calcium cyanide
Oemeton
Endrln
Ethyl parathion
F1 uoroacetami de/ 1 081
Hydrocyanic acid
Methomyl
Formulation
As sole active Ingredient. No mixtures registered.
In combination with carbon tetrachlorlde. No
registrations as the sole active Ingredient.
As sole active Ingredient.
No mixtures registered.
All formulations.
As sole active Ingredient. No mixtures registered.
All liquids with a concentration greater than 13.5
pet.
All other formulations.
As sole active ingredient. No mixtures registered.
1 pet fertilizer formulation, 1.985 pet granular
formulation.
All granular formulations, emulslflable concentrates
and concentrated solutions.
All emulsions, dusts, wettable powders, pastes, and
granular formulations 2 pet and above.
All concentrations less than 2 pet.
All granular and dust formulations greater than 2 pet,
fertilizer formulations, wettable powders, emulsifi-
able concentrates, concentrated suspensions, concen-
trated solutions.
Smoke fumigants.
Dust and granular formulations 2 pet and below.
As sole active ingredient in baits. No mixtures
registered.
As sole active ingredient. No mixtures registered.
As sole active ingredient in 1 pet to 2.5 baits
(except 1 pet. fly bait).
All concentrated solution formulations.
90 pet wettable powder formulation (not in water
soluble bags).
90 pet wettable powder formulation in water soluble
bags.
All granular formulations.
Use Pattern
All uses
All uses
Ornamental uses
(Indoor and outdoor)
Agricultural crop
uses.
All uses
All uses
All uses
All uses
All uses
All uses, including
domestic uses.
All uses
All uses
All uses
All uses
All uses
All uses
All uses
All uses
Nondomestic outdoors-
agricultural crops,
ornamental and
turf, all other
registered uses.
Nondomestic outdoors-
agricultural crops,
ornamental and
turf, all other
registered uses.
Nondomestic outdoors-
agricultural crops,
ornamental and
turf, all other
registered uses.
Nondomestic outdoors-
agricultural crops,
ornamental and
turf, all other
registered uses.
Nondomestic outdoors-
agricultural crops,
ornamental and turf
all other registere
uses.
Classification
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Under further evaluation
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Under further evaluation
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Unclassified
Unclassified
d
162
-------
TABLE 64. (continued)
Active Ingredient
Methomyl (Continued)
Methyl bromide
Methyl parathion
Mevinphos
Paraquat (dichloride)
and paraquat bis
(methyl sulfate).
Picloram
Sodium cyanide
Sodium fluoroacetato
Strychnine
Sulfotepp
Tepp
Formulation
All granular formulations.
25 pet wettable powder formulations.
In 1.24 pet to 2.5 pet dusts as sole active ingredi-
ent and in mixtures with fungicides and chlorinated
hydrocarbon, inorganic phosphate and biological
insecticides.
All formulations in containers greater than 1.5 Ib.
Containers with not more than 1.5 Ib of methyl
bromide with 0.25 pet to 2.0 pet chloropierin
as an indicator.
Container with not more, than 1.5 Ib having no
indicator.
All dust and granular formulations less than 5 pet.
Microencapsulated
All dust and granular formulations 5 pet and greater
and all wettable powders and liquids.
All emulsifiable concentrates and liquid concentrates.
Psycodid filter fly liquid formulations.
2 pet dusts
All formulations and concentrations except those
listed below.
Pressurized spray formulations containing 0.44 pet
Paraquat bis(methyl sulfate) and 15 pet petroleum
distillates as active ingredients.
Liquid fertilizers containing concentrations of
0.025 pet paraquat dichloride and 0.03 pet
atrazine; 0.03 pet paraquat dichloride and
0.37 pet atrazine, 0.04 pet paraquat dichloride
and 0.40 pet atrazine.
All formulations and concentrations except tordon
101 R.
Tordon 101 R forestry herbicide containing 5.4 pet
picloram and 20.9 pet 2.4-D.
All capsules and ball formulations.
All solutions and dry baits.
All dry baits, pellets and powder formulations
greater than 0.5 pet.
All dry baits, pellets and powder formulations.
All dry baits, pellets and powder formulations
0.5 pet and below.
All dry baits, pellets and powder formulations
0.5 pet and below.
Sprays and smoke generators.
Emulsifiable concentrate formulations.
Use Pattern
Nondomestic outdoors-
agricultural crops,
ornamental and turf,
all other registered
uses.
Nondomestic outdoors-
agricultural crops,
ornamental and turf,
all other registered
uses.
Nondomestic outdoors -
agricultural crops,
ornamental and turf,
all other registered
uses.
All uses
Single applications
(nondomestic use)
for soil treatment
in closed systems.
All uses
All uses
All uses
All uses
All uses
All uses
All uses
All uses
Spot weed and grass
control .
All uses
All uses
Control of unwanted
trees by cut surface
treatment.
All uses
All uses
All uses
All uses calling for
burrow builders.
All uses except
subsoil.
All subsoil uses.
All uses
All uses
Classification
Unclassified
Unclassified
Unclassified
Restricted
Unclassified
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Unclassified
Unclassified
Restricted
Unclassified
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Restricted
Unclassified
Restricted
Restricted
1(Note-M-44 sodium cyanide capsules may only be used by certified applicators who have also taken the required.
163
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TABLE 65. PESTICIDES TO BE CONSIDERED FOR:RESTRICTED CLASSIFICATION.
Carbofuran
Carbon disulfide
Chlorfenvinphos
Chloropicrin
Clonitralid
Cycloheximide
Dicrotophos
Dimethoate
Dioxathion
Diquat
Disulfoton
Endosulfan
Endothall
EPN
Ethoprop
Ethyl 3-methyl-4-
(methyHhio)
phenyl (1-methyl-
ethyl) phosophor-
amidate
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene dichloride
Fensulfothion
Fenthion
Fonofos
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorobenzene
Methamidophos
Methidathion
Monocrotophos
Nicotine (alkaloid)
0,0-bis (p-chlorophenyl)
acetimidoylphosphor-
amidothioate
Oxamyl
Oxydemeton methyl
Phorate
Phosphamidon
Phosphorus
Ternephos
Terbufos
Toxaphene
Xylene (aquatic uses)
Zinc phosphide
164
-------
TABLE 66.
PESTICIDES ADDRESSED BY TOLERANCE LEVEL LIMITATIONS
Acephate
Aldlcarb
Aldrln
Allethrln
Aluminum phosphide
Ametryn
Ami ben
4-Am1no-6-(l)-d1methylethyl-3(mBthynh1o)-
l.2,4-tr1az1n-5(4H)-one
4-Am1nopyr1d1ne
Ammonlates of [ethylene b1s-(d1th1ocarbam«te}]
zinc and ethylene b1s(d1th1o carbamlc add bltnolecular
and trlmolecular cyclic anhydrosul fides and dlsulflde
Ammonium sulfamate
Aramlte
Atrazlne
Barban
Benomyl
Bentazon
Benzadox
Blfenox
Blphenyl
l,l-B1s(p-chlorophenyl)
(2,2,2-Trichloroetnanol)
2,4-B1s(1sopropylam1no)6-methylth1o-S-triaz1ne
Boron
Bromacll
Bromides, Inorganic
0-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)-0-ethyl-S-propyl
phosphorothloate
3-4-(Bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-l-methoxy-l -methyl urea
3-(p-Bromophenyl )-l-methoxy-l-methyl urea
ButraHn
sec-Butyl ami ne
2-( sec-Butyl ami no) -4-ethyl ami no-6-methoxy- -trlazlne
2-tert-Butylamino-4-ethylam1no-6-methylth1o- -trlazine
N-Butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-tr1fluoro-2,6-d1n1tro-p-tolu1d1ne
Cacodyllc add
Calcium arsenate
Calcium cyanide
Calcium hypochlorlte
Captan
Captafol
Carbaryl
Carbofaran
Carbophenothlon
Carboxlm
Chlordane
Chlordlmsform
2-Chloroallyl diethyldlthlocarbamate
Chlorobenslde
2-Ch1oro-4,6-b1s(1sopropyl-am1no)-S-tr1«z1ne
Chlorobromuron
2-Chloro-N,N-d1allylacetatem1de
2-Chloro-l(2,4-d1ch1orophenyl)v1nyl dlethylphospnate
2-Chloro-2',6'-d1ethyl-N-(methoxy methyl)
2-Chloro-l-(3-ethoxy-4-n1trophenoxy)-4-tr1fluoromethyl
benzene
2[4-Chloro-6-(ethylam1no)-S-tr1az1n-2-yl]am1no-
2-methyl -prop1on1tr1le
2-Chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methyl-phenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-l-
methyl ethyl Jacetamlde
2-Chl oro-N-1 sopropyl acetaml 1 1de
Chloroneb
l-Chloro-2-N1tropropane
p-Chlorophenoxy acetic add
2-(m-Chlorophenoxy)prop1on1c add
N(4-Chlorophenylamino)carbona1-2,6-d1fluorobexam1de
p-Chlorophenyl-2,4,5-tr1chlorophenyl sulflde
6-Chlorop1col1n1c add
Chloropropylate
Chlorothalonll
2-Chloro-l-(2,4,5-tr1chlorophenyl)v1nyl dimethyl phosphate
Chloroxuron
Chlorpyrlfos
C1PC
Copper arsenate
Copper carbonate (basic)
Coumaphos
Cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl-4-chloro-alpha
(1 -methyl ethyl )benzene acetate)
Cyclic methylena dithlolmldo-carbonate
Cyclohexlmlde
Cyprazlne
2,4-D
Dalapon
Dam1nox1de
DDD
DDT
Demeton
Desmedlpham
D1al1for
Dlbromochioropropane
Dlcamba
D1chloben1l
Dlchlona
S-2,3-D1chloroallyl d11sopropyl-th1ocarbamate
l-D1chloro-2,2-b1s (dlethyl-phenylJethane
2,4-D1chloro-6-0-chloro anH1no-3-tr1az1ne
3,5-D1chloro-N-(l,l-d1methyl-2-propynyl)benzam1da
2,6-D1chloro-4'-nitroan1Hne
4-(2,4-01 chlorophenoxy)butyric add
2,4-D1chlorophenyl-p-n1trophenyl ether
3',4'-D1chloroprop1onal1de
01eldr1n
N3,N3-D1ethyl-2,4-d1n1tro-6-(tr1fluoromethyl)-
m-phenylene-d1am1ne
0,0-D1ethyl-S-[2-(ethylth1o)ethyl]phosphoro-
dlthloate
0,0-01 ethyl-0-2-1sopropyl-4-methy!-6-pyr1m1dynyl
phosphorothloate
D1ethyl-0-(2-1so-propyl)-6-methyl
(4-pyr1m1d1nyl)phosphoroth1oate
D1ethyl-0-[p-(methylsu1f1nyl)phenyl]
phosphorothloate
N,N-D1ethyl-2-(l-naphthalenyl oxy)-prop1onam1de
0-0-D1ethyl-0-2-pyraz1nyl phosphorothloate
Dlfenzoquat
S-(0,0-D11sopropyl phosphorodlthioate of N-
(2-mercaptoethyl(benzene sulfonlamlde
Dlmethoate
2-(Dimethyl ami no)-5,6-d1methyl-4-pyram1d1nyl
dimethylcarbamate
0,0-D1methyl-0-p-(d1methyl sulfamaylJphenyl
phosphorothloate
3,5-D1methyl-4-methylth1o phenyl methyl carbamate
0,0-D1methyl-S-[4-oxo-l,2,3-benzotr1az1n-3(4H)-
yl methyl]phosphorod1th1oate
Dimethyl phosphate of 3-Hydroxy-n-methyl-ds-
crotonlmlde
Dimethyl phosphate of a-methylbenzyl-3-hydroxy-
ds-crotonate
0,S-Dimethyl phosphoroamldothloate
N,N-D1methylp1per1d1num chloride
Dimethyltetrachlorotere phthalate
Dimethyl 2,2,2-tr1chloro-l-hydroxyethyl
phosphonate
4,6-D1n1tro-o-cresol
2,4-D1n1tro-6-octyl phenyl crotonate and
2,6-d1n1tro-4-octylphenyl crotonate
Dlnoseb
D1oxath1on
D1phenam1d
Dlphenyl amlne
Dlpropyl 1soc1nchomeronate
Dlquat
Dluron
Dodecachloroactahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclo
buta[cd]pentalene
Dodlne
Dypropetryn
Endosulfan
Endothall
Endrln
EPN
Erthroprop
Ethephon
Ethlolate
Ethlon
2-Ethoxy-2,3-d1hydro-3,3-d1methyl-5-
benzofuranyl methanesulfonate
3-Ethoxy-3-tr1chloromethyl-l,2,4-th1ad1azole
2-Ethyl am1no-4-1sopropyl am1no-6-methylth1o-
S-tr1az1ne
S-Ethylcyclohexylethylthlocarbamate
Ethyl 4,4-dlchlorobenzHate
S-Ethyl dUsobutylthlocarbamate
S-Ethyl dlpropylthlocarbamate
165
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TABLE 66. (continued)
Ethylene oxide
S-Ethyl hexahydro-lH-azepine-1-carbothioate
Ethyl 3-methyl-4-(methylthio phenyl)(1-methylethyl)
phosporamidate
0-Ethyl-0-[4(methylthio)phenyl]-S-propyl phosphorodithioate
0-Ethyl-S-phenyl ethyl phosphorodithioate
N-(l-Ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzeamine
S-[2(Ethylsulfinyl)ethyl]0,0-dimethyl phosphorothioate
2-Ethylthio-4,6-bis(isopropyl amino)-S-triazine
Fenthion
Ferbam
Fluchloralin
Fluometuron
Fluorine compounds
Fluorodifen
Folpet
Formetanate hydrochloride
Gibberillic acid
Glyodin
Glyphosate
Glyphosine
Gossyplure
Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide
Hexachlorophene
Hexakis
Hydrogen cyanide
Isopropalin
Isopropyl 4,4'-dichlorobenzilate
Lead arsenate
Lindane
Linuron
Magnesium arsenate
Malathion
Maleic hydrazide
Maneb
Manganous dimethyldithio carbamate
Hefluide
Mercaptobenzothiazole
N-(mercaptomethylJphthalimide-S-(0,0-dimethyl)
phosphorodithioate
Methane arsonic acid
Methazole
Methidathion
Metnomyl
Methoprene
Hethoxychlor
m-(l-Methylbutyl)pheny1 methylcarbamate and
m-(l-ethylpropyl)phenyl methyl carbamate
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy-acetic acid
4-(2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)butyric acid
Methyl-2-[4-2',4'-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxyl]
propanoate
Methyl 3-[dimethoxyphosphinyloxy]butenoate
(alpha and beta isomers)
6-Methyl-l,3-dithiolo[4,5-6]quinoxalin-2-one
4-Methyl sulfonyl-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyloniline
Metolachlor
Mineral oil
Naled
a-Naphthalene acetamide
a-Naphthalene acetic acid
6-Naphthoxy acetic acid
2-(ci-Naphthoxy)-N,N-diethyl-propionimide
N-1-Naphthyl phthalamic acid
Neodecanoic acid
Nicotine-containing compounds
Norea
Norflurazon
n-Octyl bicycloheptenedicarboximide
2-n-Octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
Orthoarsenic acid
Oryzalin
Ovex
Oxadiazon
Oxamyl
Oxyfluorofen
Oxytetracycline hydrochloride
Ovex
Paraquat
Parathion
Pendimethalin
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Perfluidone
Phenmediphan
o-Phenyl phenol and its sodium salt
Phorate
Phosalone
Phosphamidon
Phosphorothiate (0,0-diethyl)
Picloram
Piperonyl butoxide
Potassium arsenate
Profluralin
Prometryn
Propargite
Propazine
S-Propyl butyl ethylthiocarbamate
S-Propyldipropylthiocarbamate
Pyrazon
Pyrethrins
Schradan
Secbumeton
Sesone
Silicone dioxide
Si 1 vex
Simazine
Sodium arsenate
Sodium azide
Sodium dehydroacetate
Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate
Sodium trichloroacetate
Streptomycin
Sulfphenone
Tartar emetic
TDE (ODD)
Terbacil
Terbufos
Terbutryn
Terbutyl azine
Terpene polychlorinates
l,2,4,5-Tetrachloro-3-nitrobenzene
Tetradifon
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
Tetraiodoethylene
O.O.O'.O'-Tetramethyl-O.O'-thiodi-p-phenylene
phosphorothioate
Thiobandazole
Thiophante-methyl
2-(Thiocyanomethyl)thiobenzothiazole
Thiram
Toxaphene
Tributylphosphoro ithioite
S,S,S,-Tributyl phosphorotrithioite
S-2.3,3,-Trichloroallyl diisopropyl thio
carbamate
Trichlorobenzyl chloride
Trichlorophenyl acetic acid
Tricyclohexyltin hydroxide
Trifluralin
Triiodobenzoic acid
3,4,5-Trimethyl phenylmethyl carbamate and
2,3,5-trimethyl phenylmethyl carbamate
Triphenyltin hydroxide
Zinab
Zinc ion and maneb coordination products
Zinc phosphide
Zinc sulfate (basic)
Ziram
166
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10.0 NOISE CONTROL ACT
It is under the Noise Control Act of 1972 that the regulations on
noise are promulgated. It specifies that noise limitations should be
set for major noise sources in the following categories:
1. Construction equipment.
2. Transportation equipment (airplanes, railroads, and trucks).
3. Any motor or engine.
4. Electrical or electronic equipment.
It provides for the proper labeling of the noise level produced by
products capable of emitting noises that might adversely affect the
public health or welfare. It also provides for correct labeling of the
effectiveness of products sold for the purpose of reducing noise.
The act encourages the development of low-noise emission products
by providing that they will have priority in government procurement
policies provided their cost does not exceed 125 percent of the cost of
the least expensive product for which they would substitute. Regula-
tions limiting noise levels (in dBA) emitter from a variety of
sources have been promulgated. These regulations are located in
40 CFR, Parts 203 and 204. The effective dates of the regulations
vary. The promulgated and proposed regulations are found in
Table 67.
Originally the problem of noise control was addressed by the Noise
Pollution and Abatement Act of 1970. This act which was a section of
the Clean Air Act directed the EPA to investigate and classify the major
causes and sources of noise and to determine its effect on man and his
environment. The Noise Control Act of 1972 was the result of this
study.
The Noise Control Act of 1972 may be found in the Public Laws as
P.L. 92-574, 86 Stat. 1234 as amended by P.L 94-301, 90 Stat. 590,
May 31, 1976.
167
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TABLE 67. NOISE REGULATIONS PROMULGATED OR PROPOSED
Noise Source
Locomotive—Stationary
In gear
Idle
Moving
Railroad car—Under 72 km/hr
Over 72 ktn/hr
Motor carriers in interstate commerce—Under
--Over
-- Full throttle stationary
Medium and heavy trucks
Exemptions for fire trucks and mobile homes
3
Portable air compressors— <250 ft /min
— >250 ft3/min
aCrawler tractors 20-199 HP
20-450 HP
dWheel loaders 20-249 HP
250-500 HP
aWheel tractors 20+ HP
New truck-mounted solid waste compactors
•Exterior bus noise
Interior bus noise
Street motorcycles
aMoped-type
Off road below 170 cc
aOffroad above 170 cc
Noise Level
in dBA
87
70
90
88
92
86
90
88
83
80
76
76
77
74
83
80
79
76
84
80
74
78
75
83
80
77
86
83
80
83
80
78
70
83
80
78
86
82
Date
Effective
December 31 , 1976
December 31, 1976
December 31 , 1976
October 15, 1975
January 1 , 1978
January 1 , 1982
January 1 , 1978
July 1, 1978
March 1, 1981
1984
1981
1984
1981
1984
1981
1984
March 1, 1981
January 1, 1979
1982
January 1 , 1979
1983
1985
1979
1983
1985
January 1, 1980
1982
1985
1980
1980
1982
1985
1980
1983
Proposed
168
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11.0 RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 is the legislation
that is the basis for the regulations of solid waste. It provides for the
protection of the public health and welfare by supplying guidelines to protect
the quality of groundwater, surface water, and the ambient air from contamination
by solid waste. The EPA has established that the problem of disposal of non-
hazardous solid waste is primarily a State and local problem and has proposed
criteria to assist the States in making regulations to assure the environ-
mentally safe disposal of solid waste. The problem of hazardous wastes is
viewed as a more severe problem and one that requires more stringent Federal
regulations.
11.1 SOLID WASTE REGULATIONS
On February 6, 1978, the Office of Solid Waste proposed criteria (43FR7988)
for the disposal of nonhazardous solid waste. The conditions enumerated in
the proposal are designed to protect groundwater quality, surface water quality,
environmentally sensitive areas, air quality, food chain crops, disease vectors,
and safety. Final promulgation is scheduled for July 1979. According to the
proposed regulations, the States will be required to survey and evaluate all
existing disposal sites within one year of final promulgation. It is estimated
that several hundred thousand such sites will need to be evaluated. Draft
guidelines for the design and operation of landfills were issued August 1978.
These contained recommendations for leachate control, gas migration control,
and groundwater monitoring. A formally proposed regulation is scheduled for
March 1979, and final promulgation for January 1980. The guidelines for
landspreading of solid wastes may also be proposed in 1979. Guidelines for
the surface impoundment of solid waste are planned for 1980. The States will
be required to develop solid waste plans to implement the Federal criteria.
According to the proposed guidelines, the States' plans should be developed
within 18 months of the promulgation of the Federal criteria. The plans
should cover a minimum time of five years. The States will be required to
review the plan on a regular basis every three years.
16.9
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11.2 PROPOSED HAZARDOUS WASTE REGULATIONS
The Office of Solid Waste proposed new hazardous waste regulations on
December 18, 1978 (43FR58996). These regulations will control hazardous waste
from the point of generation through transportation, storage, and ultimate
disposal of the substance determined to be hazardous. The proposed regulations
are waste specific rather than industry specific. Wastes that are ignitable,
corrosive, reactive, or toxic are to be considered hazardous. EPA proposes to
add radioactivity, infectiousness, phytotoxicity, teratogenicity, and mutagenicity
to the list of characteristics to be considered in determining hazardous
wastes. When the proper test protocols are available, a list of substances
that may be considered hazardous are found in Tables 68=74; Table 75 contains
a concentration of various pollutants that may be used to determine if a waste
is toxic. A specified extraction procedure is to be formed on the solid waste
and if the values in Table 75 are exceeded the waste is considered hazardous.
These values are ten times the the National Interim Drinking Water Standards
and will change as the National Interim Drinking Water Standards are revised.
Processes generating potentially hazardous wastes are listed in Table 76.
Under the proposed guidelines it is the responsibility of the waste
generator to determine if the waste is hazardous. If a generator produces
less than 100 kg of hazardous waste, he is not subject to regulations under
the current proposal. If it is determined that a generator produces hazardous
wastes in sufficient quantities, he is responsible for the proper disposal.
He must obtain a permit to manage the waste onsite or to transport it to
another facility for proper disposal. The proposed regulations contain strict
requirements for the siting and operation of hazardous waste facilities.
Extensive long-term monitoring of such facilities will be required to assure
that surface and groundwater are not contaminated. It has been suggested that
permit requirements for hazardous waste disposal be integrated with the NPDES
permit under the Clean Water Act and the underground injection plan permits
Issued under the Safe Drinking Water Act. These permit programs are operated
by the various States. The States would be required to promulgate regulations
to implement the Federal guidelines for hazardous wastes. These regulations
must then be approved by EPA. If however a State fails to make or enforce its
170
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own acceptable regulations, the responsibility for the control of hazardous
waste will revert to EPA.
11.3 RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY
RCRA also provides for the encouragement of conservation by the recycling
of many resources by municipalities and commercial establishments. The specific
resources identified as suitable for recycling are paper, beverage containers,
corrugated boxes, tires, and energy from solid waste. EPA has conducted
seminars for local officials to help them in establishing recycling programs
for these resources. Federal procurement policy gives preference to products
making the greatest use of recycled materials provided the cost is not significantly
higher than the product for which it is to be substituted.
171
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TABLE 68. CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE LIST5
Aloperidin Grisefulvin
Amantadine 1-Hydroxysafrole
4-Aminoantipyrin acetamide Maleic hydrazide
Aminopterin Methotrexate
3-Amino-l,2,4-triazole Methylthiouracil
6-Azauridine Mytomycin-C
Azo dyes d-Pencillamine
Benzene Phenylalanine
Bisulfan Phorbol esters
Carbon tetrachlorlde Quinine
Chloroqulne Reserpine
ChloroambucH p-Rosanl1n
Cobalt salts Safrole
Colch1c1ne Serotonin
Coumarln derivatives Streptomycin
Cycasln Testosterone
Cyclophosphamlde Th1oacetam1de thlourea
Dextroamphetamlne sulfate Tr1methad1ona
Dlazepam (Vallum) d-Tubocurar1ne
Diethylstllbesterol
Dimethyl aminoazobenzene
Dimethylnitrosamine
Diphenylhydantoin
Ethlonine
aSubstances considered carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic.
172
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TABLE 69. HAZARDOUS PESTICIDES NOT LISTED ELSEWHERE
Aramite Mi rex
BAAM Monuron
Benomyl OMPA
Benzac PCNB
Chloranil Phenarzine Chloride
Chiorobenzilate Polychlorinated Terphenyls
DBCP Pronamide
Dial late Strobane
Dimethoate 284,5-T
EBDC 1080/1081
Kepone Thiophonate Methyl
Maleic Hydrazide Trysben
173
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TABLE 70. SUBSTANCES CONSIDERED HAZARDOUS BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
Acecaldehyde ammonia
Acetone cyanohydrin
Acetylene tetrabromide
Allethrin
Ammonium hydrosulfide solution
Ammonium polysulfide solution
Aniline oil drum
Aniline oil, liquid
Antimony lactate, solid
Antimony potassium tartrate,
solid
Antimony sulfide, solid
Barium cyanide, solid
^Beryllium compound, n.u.s.
Bone oil
Bromoacetone
Brucine, solid (dimethoxy
strychnine)
Calcium cyanide, solid, or
Calcium cyanide mixture, solid
Camphene
Carbaryl
Carbolic acid, liquid or phenol,
liquid (liquid tar acid contain-
ing over 50% benzophenol)
Carbolic acid, or phenol
Carbon tetrachloride
Chemical ammunition, nonexplosive
(containing a Poison B material)
Chemical ammunition, nonexplosive
(containing a Poison A material)
Chloroform
4-chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride
Chloropicrin, absorbed
Chloropicrin and methyl chloride
mixture
Chloropicrin, liquid
Chloropicrin mixture (containing no
compressed gas or Poison A liquid)
Cocculus, solid (fishberry)
*Compound, tree or weed killing,
liquid
Copper cyanide
*Cyanide or cyanide mixture, dry
Cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen chloride (containing less than
0.9% water)
DDT
Diazinon
Dibromodifluoromethane
Dichlorobenzene, ortho, liquid
Dichlorobenzene, para, solid
Dichlorodifluorolthylene
Dichloromethane or methylene
chloride
2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Dieldrin
Dinitrobenzene, solid or
dinitrobenzol, solid
*Dinitrobenzene solution
Dinitrochlorobenzol, solid or
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrocyclohexylphenol
*Dinitrophenol solution
*Disinfectant, liquid
'Disinfectant, solid
*Drugs, n.o.s., liquid
*Drugs, n.o.s., solid
Ethylene chlorohydrin
Ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromo-
me thane)
Ferrophosphorus
Flue dust, poisonous
Formaldehyde, or formalin
solution (in containers
of 110 gallons or less)
Germane
Grenade without bursting charge:
with Poison A gas charge
Grenade without bursting charge:
with Poison B charge
Hexachloroe thane
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate and
compressed gas mixture
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate, liquid
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixture,
dry (containing more than 27,
hexaethyl tetraphosphate)
*Hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixture,
dry (containing not more than 2%
hexaethyl tetraphosphate)
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixture,
liquid (containing more than 25%
hexaethyl tetraphosphate)
*Hexaethyl tetraphosphate mixture,
liquid (containing not more than
25% hexaethyl tetraphosphate)
Hydrocyanic acid, liquified
Hydrocyanic acid (prussic), solution
(5% or more hydrocyanic acid)
Hydrocyanic acid solution, less
than 5% hydrocyanic acid
*Insecticlde, dry, n.o.a.
Insecticide, liquified gas, containing
Poison A material or Poison B
material
*Insecticide, liquid, u.u.s.
London purple, solid
Malathion
*Medicines, u.u.a., liquid
*Medicines, n.o.s., solid
*Mercaptan mixture, aliphatic (in
containers of 110 gallons or less)
Methyl bromide and ethylene dibro-
mide mixture, liquid
Methyl bromide and more than 2% Chloro-
picrin mixture, liquid
Methyl bromide and nonflammable, non-
liquified compressed gas mixture,
liquid (including up to 2% chloro-
prin)
Methyl bromide, liquid (bromoethane)
including up to 2% Chloropicrin
Methyl chloroform
Methyl parathion, liquid
*Methyl parathion mixture, dry
*Methyl parathion mixture, liquid
(containing 25% or less methyl
parathion
Methyl parathion mixture, liquid
(containing over 25% methyl
parathion)
Mipafox
Motor fuel antiknock compound, or
antiknock compound
Napthalene or napthalin
Nickel cyanide, solid
Nicotine hydrochloride
Nicotine, liquid
Nicotine, salicylate
*Nicotine sulfate, liquid
Nicotine sulfate, solid
Nicotine tartrate
Nitric oxide
Nitroaniline
Nitrobenzol, liquid (oil or mirbane,
nitrobenzene
Nitrochlorobenzene, ortho, liquid
Nitrochlorobenzene, meta or para,
solid
Nitrogen dioxide, liquid
Nitrogen peroxide, liquid
Nitrogen tetraoxide, liquid
Nitroxylol
*0rganic phosphate, organic phosphate
compound, or organic phosphorus com-
pound; mixed with compressed gas
*0rganic phosphate, organic phosphate
compound, or organic phosphorus com-
pound; liquid
*0rganic phosphate, organic phosphate
compound, or organic phosphorus com-
pound; solid or dry
*0rganic phosphate mixture, organic
phosphate compound mixture, or
organic phosphorus compound mixture,
liquid
*0rganic phosphate mixture, organic
phosphate compound mixture, or
organic phosphorus compound mixture,
liquid
"•Organic phosphate mixture, organic
phosphate compound mixture, or
organic phosphorus compound mixture,
solid or dry
Parathion and compressed gas mixture
Parathion, liquid
*Parathion mixture, dry
Parathion mixture, liquid
Perchloro-methyl-mercaptan
Perfluoro-2-butene
Phencaptan
Phenyl dichloro arsine
Phenylenediamine, meta or para, solid
Phosgene (diphosgene)
Phosphine
Poisonous liquid, n.o.s. or poison B,
liquid, n.o.s.
Poisonous liquid or gas, u.u.o.
Poisonous solid, u.u.s., or poison B,
solid, L..U.S.
Potassium cyanide, solid
^Potassium cyanide solution
Silver cyanide
Sodium azide
Sodium cyanide, solid
*Sodium cyanide, solution
Sodium dichromate
Sodium pentachlorophenate
Strontium arsenite, solid
*Strychnine salt, solid
Strychnine, solid
Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene or perchloro-
ethylene
Tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate and
compressed gas mixture
Tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate,
liquid
Tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate,
mixture, dry
Tetraethyl dithio pyrophosphate,
mixture, liquid
Tetraethyl lead, liquid (including
flash point for export shipment
by water)
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate and com-
pressed gas mixture
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate, liquid
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate, mixture,
dry
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate, mixture,
liquid
Tetramethyl methylene diamine
*Thallium salt, solid n.o.a.
Thallium sulfate, solid
Thiophosgene
Thiram
Toluenediamlne
Trichloroe thylene
Zinc cyanide
*Not regulated unless the commodity meets the DOT definition of hazard.
n.o.s. * not otherwise specified.
174
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TABLE 71. SELECTED PRIORITY POLLUTANTS PROPOSED TO MAKE
SOLID WASTE HAZARDOUS
Acenaphthene
Acrolein
Acrylonlcrlle
Benzene
Benzidine
Chlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,1,2-Tiichloroethane
Chloroechane
Bis(chloromechyl) ether
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed)
2-Chloronaphthalene
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
Parachloro-m-cresol
2-Chlorophenol
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
3,3-Dichlorobenzidine
1,1-Dichloroethylene
L,2-trans-Dichloroethylene
2,4-Dichlorophenol
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,2-Dichloropropylene (1,3-dichloropropene)
2,4-Dlmethylphenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
Ethylbenzene
Fluoranthene
4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Bis(2-chlorolsopropyl) ether
Bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane
Methyl chloride (chloromethane)
Bromoform (tribromomethane)
Dichlorobromomethane
Trichlorofluoromethane
Dichlorofluoromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Chlorodibromomethane
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Isophorone
2-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
N-nitroaodimethylamine
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
N-nitrosodi-n-propylaraine
Pentachlorophenol
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Benzo(a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)
Benzo(a)pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)
3,4-Benzofluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthane (11,12-benzofluoranthene)
Chrysene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo (g,h, Operylene (1,12-benzoperylene)
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Dibenzo(a.h)anthracene (1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)
Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (2,3-o-phenylenepyrene)
Pyrene
Toluene
Vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)
Aldrin
Chlordane (technical mixture & metabolites)
A-endosul fan-Alpha
B-endosulfan-Beta
Endosulfan sulfate
Endrin aldehyde
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
a-BHC-Alpha
b-BHC-Beta
g-BHC-Delta
PCB-1242 (Arochlor 1242)
PCB-1254 (Arochlor 1254)
PCB-1221 (Arochlor 1221)
PCB-1232 (Arochlor 1232)
PCB-1248 (Arochlor 1243)
PCB-1260 (Arochlor 1260)
PCB-1016 (Arochlor 1016)
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
*Theae substances are not covered by general characteristics or listed in any other specific list.
175
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TABLE 72. INCOMPATIBLE HAZARDOUS WASTE
The mixing of a Group A waste with a Group B waste may have the potential consequence as noted.
Group 1-A Group 1-B
Acetylene sludge Acid sludge
Alkaline caustic liquids Acid and water
Alkaline cleaner Battery acid
Alkaline corrosive liquids Chemical cleaners
Alkaline corrosive battery fluid Electrolyte acid
Caustic wastewater Etching acid liquid or solvent
Lime sludge and other corrosive alkalies Liquid cleaning compounds
Lime wastewater Pickling liquor and other
Lime and water corrosive acids
Spent caustic Spend acid
Spent mixed acid
Spent sulfuric acid
Potential consequences: Heat generation, violent reaction.
Group 2-A Group 2-B
Asbestos waste, and other toxic wastes Cleaning solvents
Beryllium wastes Data processing liquid
Unrinsed pesticide containers Obsolete explosives
Waste pesticides Petroleum waste
Refinery waste
Retrograde explosives
Solvents
Waste oil and other flammable
and explosive wastes
Potential consequences: Release of toxic substances in case of fire or explosion.
Group 3-A Group 3-B
Aluminum Any waste in Group 1-A or 1-B
Beryl Hum
Calcium
Lithium
Magnesium
Potassium
Sodium
Zinc powder and other reactive metals
and metal hydrides
Potential consequences: Fire or explosion; generation of flammable hydrogen gas.
Group 4-A Group 4-B
Alcohols Any concentrated waste in Groups
Water 1-A or 1-B
Calcium
Lithium
Metal hydrides
Potassium
Sodium
S02C13, SOC12, PC13, CH3SiCl2,
and other water-reactive system
Potential consequences: Fire, explosion, or heat generation; generation of flammable or toxic gases.
Group 5-A Group 5-B
Alcohols Concentrated Group 1-A or 1-B
Aldehydes wastes
Halogenated hydrocarbons Group 3-A wastes
Nitrated hydrocarbons and other reactive
organic compounds and solvents
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Potential consequences: Fire, explosion, or violent reaction.
Group 6-A Group 6-B
Spent cyanide and sulfide solutions Group 1-B wastes
Potential consequences: Generation of toxic hydrogen cyanide or hydrogen sulfide gas.
(continued)
176
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TABLE 72. (continued)
Chlorates and other strong oxidizers
Chlorine
Chlorites
Chromic acid
Hypochlorites
Nitrates
Nitric acid, fuming
Perchlorates
Permanganates
Peroxides
Potential consequences: Fire, explosion, or violet reaction.
Acetic acid and other organic acids
Concentrated mineral acids
Group 2-B wastes
Group 3-A wastes
Group 5-A wastes and other flammable
and combustible wastes
Source:
"Law, Regulations and Guidelines for Handling of Hazardous Waste."
California Department of Health, February 1975.
177
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TABLE 73. INFECTIOUS AGENTS PROPOSED TO MAKE SOLID
WASTE HAZARDOUS
BACTERIAL AGENTS
Actlnobacil lus
Arizona h1nshawii--a11 serotypes
Bacillus anthracis
Bordetilla—all species
Borrelia reeurrentis, B. vincentl
Clostridium botullnum,
C1. chauvoei, C1. haemolyticum,
C1. histolyticum, C1. novyi,
C1. septicum, C1. tetani
Corynebacterium diptheriae,
C. equi, C. renale
Diplococcus (streptococcus) pheumoniae
Erysipelothrix insidiosa
Escherichia coli —all enteropathogenic serotypes
Haemophilus ducreyi, H. influenzae
Herellea vaginicola
Klebsiella—all species and all serotypes
Listen'a—all species
Mima polymorpha
Moraxe11a--al1 species
Mycobacteria
Hycoplasma—all species except Mycoplasma mycoides
and Mycoplasma agalactiae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae N. meningitidis
Pasteurella
5a1monena--a11 species and all serotypes
Shigel la—all species and all serotypes
Sphacrophorus necrophorus
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptobacillus moniliformis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Treponema carateum, T. pallidum and T. pertenue
Vibro fetus, V. comma, including biotype El Tor,
and V. parahemolyticus
Actinobacillus mallei
Bartone11a--a11 species
Brucella—all species
Francisella tularensis
Hycobacterium avium, M. bovis, M. tubercolosis
Pasteurella multocida type B ("buffalo" and other
foreign virulent strains)
Pseudomonas pseudomallei
Yersenia pestis
FUNGAL AGENTS
Actinomycetes (including Nocardia species and
Actinomyces species and Arachnia propionica)
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Paracoccidioides brasiliem's
Coccidioides immitis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii
PARASITIAGENTS
Endamoeba histolytica
Leishmania sp.
Naegleria gruberi
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxocara canis
Trichinella spiralis
Trypanosoma cruzi
Schistosoma p?.nsoni
VIRAL, RICKETSIAL AND CHLAMYDIAL AGENTS
Adenoviruses—human—all types
Cache Valley virus
Coxsackie A and B viruses
Cytomegaloviruses
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC)
Flanders virus
Hart Park virus
Hepatitis-associated antigen material
Herpes viruses—except Herpesvirus simiae
(Honkay B virus)
Corona viruses
Influenza vlruses—al 1 types except A/PR8/34
Langat virus
Lymphogranuloma venereum agent
Measles virus
Mumps virus
Parainfluenza viruses—all types except
Parainfluenza virus 3, SF4 strain
Polio viruses—all types, wild and attenuated
Pox viruses—all types except Alastrium,
smallpox, monkey pox, and whitepox
Rabies virus—all strains except Rabies street
virus
Reoviruses—all types
Respiratory syncytial virus
Rhinpviruses—all types
Rubella virus
Simiae viruses—all types except Herpesvirus
simiae (Monkey B virus) and Marburg virus
Sindbis virus
Tensaw virus
PROPOSED RULES
Turlock virus
Vaccinia virus
Varicella virus
Vole rickettsia
Yellow fever virus, 17D vaccine strain
Alastrium, smallpox, monkey pox, and whitepox,
when used in vitro
Arboviruses—West Nile and Semiliki Forest viruses
are classified depending on the conditions or
use and geographical location of the laboratory
Dengue virus, when used for transmission or animal
inoculation experiments
Lymphocytic chorimeningitis virus (LCM)
Psittacosis-Ornithesis-Trachoma group of agents
Rabies street virus, when used in Inoculations
of carnivores
Rickettsia—all species except Vole rickettsia
when used for transmission or animal
inoculation experiments
Vesicular stomatitis virus
Yellow fever virus—wild, when used in vitro
Alastrun, Smallpox, Monkey pox and Whitepox,
when used for transmission or animal
inoculation experiments
Hemorrhagic fever agents, including Crimean
hemorrhagic fever (Congo), Junin. and
Machupo viruses, and others as yet undefined
Herpesvirus simiae (Monkey B virus)
Lassa virus
Marburg virus
Tick-borne encephalitis virus complex, including
Russian spring-summer encephalitis, Kyasanur
forest disease. Omsk hemorrhagic fever, and
Central European encephalitis viruses
Venzuelan equine encephalitis virus, epidemic
strains, when used for transmission or
animal inoculation experiments
Yellow fever virus—wild, when used for
transmission or animal inoculation
experiments
A. Animal agents excluded from the
United States by law.
Virus of foot and mouth disease
B. Animal agents excluded by USDA
administrative policy
African horse sickness virus
African swine fever virus
Besnoitia besnoiti
(continued)
178
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TABLE 73, (continued)
Borna disease virus
Bovine infectious petechial fever
Camel pox virus
Ephemeral fever virus
Fowl plague virus
Goat pox virus
Hog cholera virus
Louping ill virus
Lumpy skin disease virus
Nairobi sheep disease virus
Newcastle disease virus (Asiatic strains)
Mycloplasma mycoides (contagious bovine
pi euro-pneumonia)
Mycoplasma agalactiae (contagious agalactia
of sheep)
Rickettsia ruminatium (heart water)
Rift valley fever virus
Sheep pox virus
Swine vesicular disease virus
Teschen disease virus
Trypanosoma vivax (Nagana)
Theileria parva (East Coast fever)
Theileria annulata
Theileria lawrencei
Theileria bovis
Theileria hirci
Vesicular exanthema virus
Wesselsbron disease virus
Zyonema farciminosum (pseudofarcy)
179
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TABLE 74. EXTRACT CONCENTRATION LEVELS DETERMINING
HAZARDOUSNESS OF SOLID WASTE
Extract level,
Contaminant mini grams per liter
Arsenic 0.50
Barium 10.00
Cadmium 0.10
Chromium 0.50
Lead 0.50
Mercury 0.02
Selenium 0.10
Silver 0.50
Endrin (l,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6, 7-epoxy-l,4,4a,5,6,7,
8,8a-octahydro-l, 4-endo, endo-5, 8-di methano
naphthalene) 0.002
Lindane (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane gamma isomer) 0.040
Methoxychlor (1,1,1-Trichloroethane) 2,2-bis (p-
methoxyphenyl) 1.0
Toxaphene (C10H10Cl8-technical chlorinated camphene,
67-69 percent chlorine) 0.050
2,4-D. (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 1.0
2,4,5-TP Silvex (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxypropionic acid) 0.10
180
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TABLE 75. PROCESSES GENERATING HAZARDOUS WASTE
Waste rock and overburden from uranium mining (A)
ChloHnator residues and clarlfler sludge from zirconium extraction (A)
Overburden and slimes from phosphate surface mining (A)
Waste gypsum from phosphoric add production (A)
Slag and fluid bed prills from elemental phosphorus production (A)
Wool fabric dyeing and finishing wastewater treatment sludges (T, 0)
Woven fabric dyeing and finishing wastewater treatment sludges (Y, 0)
Knit fabric dyeing and finishing wastewater treatment sludges (0, T)
Yarn and stock dyeing and finishing wastewater treatment sludges (0, T)
Carpet dyeing and finishing wastewater treatment sludges (0, T)
Wool scouring wastawater treatment sludges (T)
Mercury bearing sludges from brine treatment from mercury cell process 1n chlorine production (T)
Sodium calcium sludge from production of chlorine by Down Cell process (R)
Mercury bearing brine purification muds from mercury cell process 1n chlorine production (T)
Wastewater treatment sludge from diaphragm cell process In production of chlorine (T)
Chlorinated hydrocarbon bearing wastes from diaphragm cell process 1n chlorine production (0, M)
Chromium bearing wastewater treatment sludge from production of chrome green pigment (T)
Chromium bearing wastewater treatment sludge and other chromium bearing wastes from production of chrome
oxide green pigment (anhydrous & hydrated)
Ferric ferrocyanlde bearing wastewater treatment sludges from the production of iron blue pigments (T)
Mercury bearing wastewater treatment sludges from the production of mercuric sulflde pigment (T)
Chromium bearing wastewater treatment sludges from the production of T102 pigment by the chloride process
(T)
Chromium bearing wastewater treatment sludges from the production of Ti02 pigment by the sulfate process
(T)
Arsenic bearing sludges from purification process in the production of antimony oxide (T)
Antimony bearing wastewater treatment sludge from production of antimony oxide (T)
Chromium or lead bearing wastewater treatment sludge from production of chrome yellows and oranges (lead
chromate) (T)
Chromium or lead bearing wastewater treatment sludge from production of molybdate orange (lead molydate
lead chromate) (T)
Zinc and chromium bearing wastewater treatment sludge from production of zinc yellow pigment (hydrated
zinc potassium chromate) (T)
Ash from Incinerated still bottoms (paint and pigment production) (T)
Arsenic bearing wastewater treatment sludges from production of boric acid (T)
Arsenic or organo-arsenlc containing wastewater treatment sludges from production or veterinary pharma-
ceutlcals (T.M.O.)
Wastewatar treatment sludges from paint production (C,T)
A1r pollution eontro.l sludge* from paint production (T)
Vacuum still bottoms from the production of malelc anhydride (0)
Still bottoms from distillation of benzyl ehlorida (0)
Distillation residues from fractionating tower for recovery of benzene and ehlorob«nz«n«s (0, B)
Vacuum distillation residues from purification of l-ehloro-4-nltrobanzene (0, M)
Still bottoms or heavy ends from mathanol recovery In methyl mathaerylste production (0)
Heavy ends (still bottoms) from fraetlonator 1n production of aplchlorahydrin (M, 0)
Heavy ends from fraetlonatlon 1n ethyl chloride production (M, 0)
Column bottoms or heavy ends from production of triehloroethylene (0, B)
Residues from the production of hexachlorophenol, tHchlorophenol, and 2, 4, 5-T (0)
Heavy ends from distillation of vinyl chloride in production of vinyl chloride from ethylane dlchlorlde
(0)
Heavy ends from distillation of ethylena dlchlorlde in vinyl chloride production (0)
Heavy ends or distillation residues from carbon tetrachloride fraetlonatlon tower (B, 0)
Heavy ends from distillation of ethylene dlchlorlde in ethylene dlchlorlde production (0)
Purification column wastes from production of nitrobenzene (0)
Still bottoms from production of furfural (0)
Spent catalyst from fluorocarbon production (T, 0)
Centrifuge residue from toluene dii'socyanate production (0)
Lead slag from lead alkyl production (T)
Stripping still tails from production of methyl ethyl pyridines (I, 0)
Still bottoms from aniline production (0)
Aqueous effluent from scrubbing of spent add in nitrobenzene production (0)
Bottom stream from quench column in acrylonitrile production (0)
Bottom stream from wastewater stripper 1n production of acrylonitrile (0)
Still bottoms from final purification of acrylonitrile (0, M)
Solid waste discharge from ion exchange column in production of acrylonitrile (0, M)
Waste stream from purification of HCN in production of acrylonitrile (0, M)
Waste stream (column bottoms) from acetonltrlle purification In production of acrylonitrile (0)
Sludges, wastes from tufa washer (Ink Formulation) (T, C, 0)
' ~~ " ~~~~ (continued)
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TABLE 75. (continued)
Wastewater treatment, sludges from the production of dieldrin, chlordane, toxaphene, disulfoton, malathion,
phorate, carbaryl, pentadiene, trifluralin, alachlor, methyl parathion, vernoloate, methomyl, carbo-
furan, captan, creosote, dithacarbamates, pentachlorophenol, bromacil, diuron, p-chlorobenzene and
cloroxuron (ft, M, 8)
Wastewater from oxidation of aldrin solution in production of dieldrin (0, M, 8)
Wastewater from extraction of dieldrin solution in production of dieldrin (0, M, 8)
Wastewater and scrub water from chlorination of cyclopentadiene in production of chlordane (0, M, B)
Filter solids from filtration of hexachlorocyclopentadiene in production of chlordane (0, M, B)
Filter cake from filtration of toxaphene solution in production of toxaphene (0, M, B)
Unrecovered trieser from production of disulfoton (0, M)
Still bottoms from toluene reclamation distillation in production of disulfoton (0, M)
Filter cakes from filtration of dimethylphosphorothion and DMTA in production of malathion (0, M)
Liquid wastes from washing and stripping in production of malathion (0, M)
Liquid and solid wastes from the washing, stripping, and filtering of phorate in phorate production (0, M)
Filter cake from the filtration of diethylphosphorodithoric acid in the production of phorate (0, M)
Heavy ends and distillation residues from production of carbaryl (0, M)
2, 6-0 waste byproduct from production of 2,4-0 (0, M, B)
Heavy ends or distillation residues from distillation of tetrachlorobenzene in production of 2, 4, 5-T
(0, M, B)
Scrubber and filter wastes from production of atrazine (0, M)
Filter cake from production of pyrethrins (0)
Filter cake from production of diazinon (0, M)
Byproduct salts in production of MSMA (0)
Byproduct salts in production of cacodylic acid (T)
Tars from manufacture of bicycloheptadiene and cyclopentadiene (0, M, B)
Wastewater treatment sludges from explosives, propellants, and initiating compounds manufacture (C, T, R, I)
Wastes recovered from acid vapor scrubber stream in the production of
RDX/HMX (0, R, I)
Catch basin materials in RDX/HMX production (C)
Spent carbon columns used in treatment of wastewater-LAP operations (R)
Wastewater treatment sludges from production of initiating compounds (T)
Red water and pink water from TNT production (0)
Petroleum refining, high octane production neutralization HF alkylation sludge (T, 0, M)
Petroleum refining OAF sludge (T, I, 0)
Petroleum refining kerosene filter cakes (T, 0, M)
Petroleum refining lube oil filtration clays (T, 0, M)
Petroleum refining—slop oil emulsion solids (T, I, 0)
Petroleum refining exchange bundle cleaning solvent (T, 0)
API separator sludge (T, 0)
Leather tanning and finishing: wastewater treatment sludge from chrome tannery, beamhouse/tanhouse (T)
Leather tanning and finishing: wastewater treatment screenings from sheepskin tannery, split tannery,
and retan/finishers (T)
Trimmings and shavings from leather tanning and finishing chrome, split, beam/tanhouse and retan/finishers
Wastewater treatment sludge from dehairing (R, T)
Coking: Decanter tank tar (T, 0)
: Decanter tank pitch sludge (T, 0)
Oleum wash waste (C)
Caustic neutralization waste (C)
: Ammonia still lime sludge (T)
Iron making: Ferromanganese blast furnace dust (T, R)
: Ferromanganese blast furnace sludge (T)
: Electric furnace dust and sludge (T)
Steel finishing: Alkaline cleaning waste (C)
: Waste pickle liquor (C)
Cyanide-bearing wastes from electrolytic coating (T)
Chromate and dichromate wastes from chemical treatment (T)
Descaling acid (T, C)
Primary copper smelting and refining electric furnace slag, converter dust, acid plant sludge, and
reverberatory dust (T)
Primary lead blast furnace dust (T)
Primary lead lagoon dredging from smelter (T)
Zinc acid plant blowdown lime treatment: gypsum cake (acid cooling tower and neutral cooling tower) (T)
Zinc production: oxide furnace residue and acid plant sludge (T)
Zinc anode sludge (T)
Primary antimony—electrolytic sludge (T)
Primary tungsten—digestion residues (T)
(continued)
182
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TABLE 75.. (continued)
Primary laad sinter dust scrubbing sludge (T)
Ferromanganese emissions control: baghouse dusts and scrubwater solids (T)
Ferrochrome silicon furnace emission control dust or sludge (T)
Ferrochrome emissions control: furnace baghouse dust, and ESP dust (T)
Primary antimony—pyrometallurgical blast furnace slag (T)
Secondary lead—scrubber sludge from S02 emission control, soft lead production (T)
Secondary lead—white metal production furnace dust (T)
Secondary copper—pyrometallurgical, blast furnace slag (T)
Secondary copper--electrolytic refining wastewater treatment sludge (T)
Secondary aluminum dross smelting--h1gh salt slag plant residue (T)
Zinc—cadmium metal reclamation, cadmium plant residue (T)
Lead acid storage battery production wastewater treatment sludges (T)
Lead add storage battery production clean-up wastes from cathode and anode paste production (T)
Nickel cadmium battery production wastewater treatment sludges (T)
Cadmium silver oxide battery production wastewater treatment sludge (T)
Mercury cadmium battery production wastewater treatment sludges (T)
Magnesium carbon battery production chromic acid wastewater treatment sludges (T)
183
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12.0 MARINE PROTECTION, RESEARCH,
AND SANCTUARIES ACT
The Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 pro-
tects the ocean waters from unregulated dumping operations. To accomplish
this, the act provides for an Environmental Protection Agency program
for all ocean dumping activities in territorial marine waters. The act
also mandates a comprehensive and continuing research program into the
effects of pollution, overfishing, and other man-induced ecological
effects on the marine environment.
12.1 DESIGNATION OF MARINE SANCTUARIES
The Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 is
enacted under Public Laws as indicated below:
Public Law 92-532, 86 Stat. 1052, October 23, 1972, as amended by
P.L. 93-254, by P.L. 93-472, 88 Stat. 1430, October 26, 1974; by
P.L. 94-62, 89 Stat. 303, July 25, 1975; by P.L. 94-326, 90 Stat.
725, June 30, 1976 and by P.L. 95-153, 91 Stat. 1255., November 4,
1977.
Under the act, the Secretary of Commerce is given the authority to
designate areas of the ocean as marine sanctuaries. These areas may
include waters as far seaward as the outer edge of the Continental
Shelf. Once an area has been designated as a marine sanctuary the
activities in that area are regulated by the Secretary of Commerce in
order to preserve and restore its conservation, recreational, ecological,
and aesthetic values. Any activity that does not promote these goals
will not be permitted.
12.2 CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION OF PERMIT APPLICATIONS FOR OCEAN
DUMPING OF MATERIALS
Title II of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuary Act
pertains to ocean dumping. Under Section 102 of the act, criteria have
been established by EPA to govern the application for and the issuance
and denial of permits for the transportation and dumping of materials into
185
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ocean waters. These criteria set forth at 40 CFR, Part 227 are estab-
lished to protect the waters of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone
and the ocean.
Criteria for the evaluation of ocean dumping permit applications
are prescribed for the four classifications of materials listed below:
1. Prohibited materials.
2. Constituents prohibited as other than trace contaminants.
3. Materials permitted for dumping subject to limitations.
4. Waste which may generally be approved for dumping.
The dumping of materials classified as prohibited will not be
approved by EPA under any circumstances. Prohibited materials are (1)
high level radioactive waste, (2) materials produced or used for bio-
logical, chemical, or radiological warfare, and (3) persistent inert
synthetic or natural materials which may float or remain in suspension
so as to interfere with legitimate uses of the ocean.
Constituents prohibited other than trace contaminants include
organohalogen compounds, mercury and mercury compounds, cadmium and
cadmium compounds, oil of any kind or in any form, and known or suspected
carcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens. These constitutents will be
considered to be present as trace contaminants only when they are present
in materials otherwise acceptable for ocean dumping in such form and
amounts that the dumping of the materials will not cause significant
undesirable effects. Undesirable effects include the possibility of
danger associated with high accumulation in marine organisms. Interim
criteria are established to describe concentrations to be permitted for
substances in this classification. These criteria are presented in
Table 76. These criteria will be effective until acceptable bioassay
procedures have been approved by EPA to determine the potential for
significant undesirable effects due to the presence of these constituents.
Several types of materials are permitted for ocean dumping subject
to limitations. Materials in this classification and the corresponding
limiting conditions to be met are presented in Table ,77.
186
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Wastes which may be generally approved for dumping include the
following:
1. Solid wastes consisting of inert natural minerals or material
compatible with the ocean environment provided they are
insoluble above the applicable trace or limiting permissible
concentrations and are rapidly and completely settleable, or
they are of particle size and density deposited or rapidly
dispersed without damage to benthic, demersal, or pelagic
biota.
2. Persistent inert synthetic or natural materials which have
been processed in such a fashion that they will sink to the
bottom and remain in place.
3. Dredged material determined to be environmentally acceptable
for sumping.
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TABLE ?.&. INTERIM CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING PERMIT APPLICATIONS FOR OCEAN
DUMPING OF CONSTITUENTS PROHIBITED. IN OTHER THAN TRACE QUANTITIES
Material
Criterion
Mercury and its compounds
Cadmium and its compounds
Organohalogens
Oil and greases
Solid phase: <0.75 mg/kg
Liquid phase: May not exceed average
normal ambient concentration by more
than 50 percent.
Solid phase: <0.6 mg/kg
Liquid phase: Not to exceed appli-
cable marine water quality criteria
after allowance for initial mixing.
Haste as transported for dumping; < a
concentration known to be toxic to
marine organisms.
Will not produce a visible sheen on
water in a 1/100 dilution.
TABLE '.77,. MATERIALS .PERMITTED FOR OCEAN DUMPING, SUBJECT TO LIMITATIONS
Material
Limitations
Liquid waste constituents immiscible with
or slightly soluble in seawater (such as
benzene, xylene, carbon disulfide, and
toluene).
Radioactive materials other than those
considered to be high-level radioactive
wastes.
Wastes containing living organisms.
Highly acidic or alkaline wastes.
Wastts containing biodegradable con-
stituents or constituents which con-
sume oxygen 1n any fashion,
May be present in wastes only in con-
centrations below their solubility
limits in seawater.
Must be appropriately containerized
according to the properties of the
material to be disposed.
May be dumped only if the material
presents no danger to human health.or
the health of domestic animals, fish,
shellfish, and wildlife.
Consideration to be given to effects on
acidity or alkalinity at the disposal
site and to the potential for the for-
mation of toxic compounds.
Dissolved oxygen after allowance for
Initial mixing will not be depressed
by more than 25$ belew normal ambient
levels.
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13.0 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) provides for
the consideration of environmental consequences of Federal actions.
Under this act, Congress and all Federal agencies must submit an Environ-
mental Impact Statement (EIS) for any project that directly or indirectly
affects the human environment and uses Federal funding, Federal land
leasing, or requires Federal permits for operation. Research projects
that may have widespread application at a future date should also submit
periodic evaluation of projected environmental impacts. These require-
ments apply to Federal projects both inside and outside the United
States.
NEPA also created a Council on Environmental Quality. It is the
duty of the council to review all environmental impact statements and
make recommendations on the environmental merits of Federal actions.
The council also develops and recommends policies to enhance the
environmental quality of the United States.
13.1 GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS
Federal agencies begin to assess the environmental impact of a
project when they begin the technical and economic feasibility studies.
If this initial assessment indicates a significant environmental effect,
the agency prepares a draft (EIS) to be circulated with the project
proposal. The draft EIS should contain a discussion of the following
topics:
1. A complete description of the proposed project.
2. A discussion of both the positive and negative effects on the
environment.
3. A discussion of the relationship of the proposed action to
land use plans and policies.
4. An evaluation of primary, secondary, direct and indirect
environmental impact.
5. A thorough dicussion of alternatives to be proposed action
including environmental consequences.
189
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6. Any unavoidable negative environmental effect such as air or
water pollution.
7. The relationship between the short- and long-term effects of
the project.
8. Other interests and considerations that might offset the
negative environmental aspects of the proposed action.
In a revision of these guidelines issued May 31, 1973, it was
proposed that the EIS should be dombined with any statements required by
the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, the National Historic Preservation
Act of 1966, the Endangered Species Act of 1972, and/or any other environ-
mental review legislation. It was also proposed that the statement be
limited in length to a maximum of 300 pages.
13.2 REVIEW OF THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
The draft environmental impact statement must first receive an
internal review by the initiating agency. Next it is sent for review to
other Federal agencies having jurisdiction or special expertise in
fields affected by the project. (A list of the various agencies and
their areas of involvement may be found in Table 78. ) The Environmental
Protection Agency must also review each draft EIS prepared. The State
and local governmental bodies in the area of the proposed project are
also sent copies of the draft EIS by the Office of Management and Budget.
The draft should also be made available to interested private citizens
and groups of citizens. Each of the above groups may submit written
comments and recommendations for improvement to or alternatives for the
project under consideration. If a significant number of comments are
received, a public hearing will be held on the EIS draft.
At the conclusion of the review process, a final draft Environmental
Impact Statement should be prepared. It should include references to
responsible opposing points of view raised in the review period. A copy
or summary of all the comments received during the review period should
be attached to the final draft. A copy of the final draft EIS should be
sent to each reviewer and to EPA. Ten copies of the EIS and five copies
of the comments should be sent to the Council for Environmental Quality
(CEQ). A period of 90 days is then allowed for further comments before the
CEQ makes a final recommendation on the proposal.
190
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TABLE7&, AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND FEDERAL AGENCIES
AND FEDERAL STATE AGENCIES WITH JURISDICTION BY LAW OR SPECIAL
EXPERTISE TO COMMENT THEREON
APPENDIX II—AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IM-
PACT AND FEDERAL AGENCIES AND FEDERAL
STATE AGENCIES *• WITH JmusDicriON BY LAW
OR SPECIAL EXPERTISE TO COMMENT
THEREON "
Am
Air Quality
Department of Agriculture-
Forest Service (effects on vegetation)
Atomic Energy Commission (radioactive sub-
stances)
Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare
Environmental Protection Agency
Department of the Interior—
Bureau of Mines (fossil and gaseous fuel
combustion)
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
(effect on wildlife)
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (effects on
recreation)
Bureau of Land Management (public
lands)
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian lands)
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion (remote sensing, aircraft emissions)
Department of Transportation—
Assistant Secretary for Systems Develop-
ment and Technology (auto emissions)
Coast Guard (vessel emissions)
Federal Aviation Administration (aircraft
emissions)
Weather Modification
Department of Agriculture—
Forest Service
Department of Commerce—
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin-
istration
Department of Defense—
Department of the Air Force
Department of the Interior
Bureau of Reclamation
1 River Basin Commissions (Delaware,
Great Lakes, Missouri, New England, Ohio,
Pacific Northwest, Sourls-Red-Ralny, Sus-
quehanna, Upper Mississippi) and similar
Federal-State agencies should be consulted
on actions affecting the environment of their
specific geographic Jurisdictions.
2 In all cases where a proposed action will
have significant International environmental
effects, the Department of State should be
consulted, and should be sent a copy of any
draft and final Impact statement which cov-
ers such action.
WATEB BKSOUBGSS
WATEE
Water Quality
Department of Agriculture-
Soil Conservation Services
Forest Service
Atomic Energy Commission (radioactive sub-
stances)
Department of the Interior-
Bureau of Reclamation
Bureau of Land Management (public
lands)
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian lands)
Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Geological Survey
Office of Saline Water
Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare
Department of Defense—-
Army Corps of Engineers
Department of the Navy (ship pollution.
control)
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion (remote sensing)
Department of Transportation—
Coast Guard (oil spills, ship sanitation)
Department of Commerce—
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin-
istration
Water Resources Council
River Basin Commissions (as geographically
appropriate)
Marine Pollution, Commercial Fishery
Conservation, and Shellfish Sanitation
Department of Commerce—
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin-
istration
Department of Defense—
Army Corps of Engineers
Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy
Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare
Department of the Interior-
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Bureau of Land Management (outer con-
tinental shelf)
Geological Survey (outer continental shelf)
Department of Transportation-
Coast Guard
Environmental Protection Agency
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion (remote sensing)
Water Resources Council
River Basin Commissions (as geographically
appropriate)
Waterway Regulation and &tr®@,m
Modification
Department of Agriculture—
Soil Conservation Service
191
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TABLE .W (continued)
Department of Defense—
Army Corps of Engineers
Department of the Interior—
Bureau of Reclamation
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Geological Survey
Department of Transportation—
Coast Guard
Environmental Protection Agency
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion (remote sensing)
Water Resources Council-
River Basin Commissions (as geographically
appropriate)
PISH AND WILDLIFE
Department of Agriculture—
Forest Service
Soil Conservation Service
Department of Commerce—
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin-
istration (marine species)
Department of the Interior—
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Bureau of Land Management
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Environmental Protection Agency
SOLID WASTE
Atomic Energy Commission (radioactive
waste)
Department of Defense—
Army Corps of Engineers
Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare
Department of the Interior—
Bureau of Mines (mineral waste, mine acid
waste, municipal solid waste, recycling)
Bureau of Land Management (public
lands)
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian lands)
Geological Survey (geologic and hydrologic
effects)
Office of Saline Water (demineralization)
Department of Transportation—
Coast Guard (ship sanitation)
Environmental Protection Agency
River Basin Commissions (as geographically
appropriate)
Water Resources Council
NOISE
Department of Commerce—
National Bureau of Standards
Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare
Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment (land use and building materials
aspects)
Department of Labor—
Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-
tration
Department of Transportation—
Assistant Secretary for Systems Develop-
ment and Technology
Federal Aviation Administration, Office of
Noise Abatement
Environmental Protection Agency
— HI 9-2
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion
RADIATION
Atomic Energy Commission
Department of Commerce—
National Bureau of Standards
Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare
Department of the Interior—
Bureau of Mines (uranium mines)
Mining Enforcement and Safety Adminis-
tration (uranium mines)
Environmental Protection Agency
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Toxic Materials
Atomic Energy Commission (radioactive
substances)
Department of Agriculture—
Agricultural Research Service
Consumer and Marketing Service
Department of Commerce—
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
ministration
Department of Defense
Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare
Environmental Protection Agency
Food Additives and Contamination of
Foodstuffs
Department of Agriculture—
Consumer and Marketing Service (meat
and poultry products)
Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare
Environmental Protection Agency
Pesticides
Department of Agrlcultv
Agricultural Research Service ('biological
controls, food and fiber production)
Consumer and Marketing Service
Forest Service
Department of Commerce!—
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
ministration
Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare
Department of the Interior—
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
(fish and wildlife effects)
Bureau of Land Management (public
lands)
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian lands)
Bureau of Reclamation (Irrigated lands)
Environmental Protection Agency
Transportation and Handling of Hazardous
Materials
Atomic Energy Commission (radioactive sub-
stances)
Department of Commerce—
Maritime Administration
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
ministration (effects on marine life and
the coastal zone)
-------
TABLE 76. (continued),
Department of Defense—
Armed Services Explosive Safety Board
Army Corps of Engineers (navigable
waterways)
Department of Transportation—
Federal Highway Administration, Bureau
of Motor Carrier Safety
Coast Guard
Federal Railroad Administration
Federal Aviation Administration
Assistant Secretary for Systems Develop-
ment and Technology
Office of Hazardous Materials
Office of Pipeline Safety
Environmental Protection Agency
ENERGY SUPPLY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
DEVELOPMENT
Electric Engergy Development, Generation,
and, Transmission, and Use
Atomic Energy Commission (nuclear)
Department of Agriculture—
Rural Electrification Administration
(rural areas)
Department of Defense—
Army Corps of Engineers (hydro)
Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare (radiation effects)
Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment (urban areas)
Department of the Interior—
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian lands)
Bureau of Land Management (public
lands)
Bureau of Reclamation
Power Marketing Administrations
Geological Survey
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
National Park Service
Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Power Commission (hydro, transmis-
sion, and supply)
River Basin Commissions (as geographically
appropriate)
Tennessee Valley Authority
Water Resources Council
Petroleum Development, Extraction,
Refining, Transport, and Use
Department of the Interior—
Office of Oil and Gas
Bureau of Mines
Geological Survey
Bureau of Land Management (public lands
and outer continental shelf)
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian lands)
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
(effects on fish and wildlife)
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
National Park Service
Department of Transportation (Transport
and Pipeline Safety)
Environmental Proection Agency
Interstate Commerce Commission
Natural Gas Development, Production,
Transmission, and Use
Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment (urban areas)
Department of the Interior—
Office of Oil and Gas
Geological Survey
Bureau of Mines
Bureau of Land Management (public
lands)
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian lands)
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
National Park Service
Department of Transportation (transport
and safety)
Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Power Commission (production,
transmission, and supply)
Interstate Commerce Commission
Coal and Minerals Development, Mining,
Conversion, Processing, Transport, and Use
Appalachian Regional Commission
Department of Agriculture—
Forest Service
Department of Commerce
Department of the Interior1—
Office of Coal Research
Mining Enforcement and Safety Adminis-
tration
Bureau of Mines
Geological Survey
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian lands)
Bureau of Land Management (public
lands)
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Bureau of Outdoor 'Recreation
National Park Service
Department of Labor—
Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-
tration
Department of Transportation
Environmental Protection Agency
Interstate Commerce Commission
Tennessee Valley Authority
Renewable Resource Development, Produc-
tion, Management, Harvest, Transport, and
Use
Department of Agriculture—
Forest Service
Soil Conservation Service
Department of Commerce
Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment (building materials)
Department of the Interior—
Geological Survey
Bureau of Land Management (public
lands)
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian lands)
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
National Park Service
Department of Transportation
Environmental Protection Agency
Interestate Commerce Commission (freight
rates)
Energy and Natural Resources Conservation
Department of Agriculture—
Forest Service
Soil Conservation Service
-------
TABLE 75.. (continued)
Department of Commerce—
National Bureau of Standards (energy
efficiency)
Department of Housing and Urban Devel-
opment—
Federal Housing Administration (housing
standards)
Department of the Interior—
Office of Energy Conservation
Bureau of Mines
Bureau of Reclamation
Geological Survey
Power Marketing Administration
Department of Transportation
Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Power Commission
General Services Administration (design and
operation of building)
Tennessee Valley Authority
LAND USE AND MANAGEMENT
Land Use Changes, Planning and Regulation
of Land Development
Department of Agriculture—
Forest Service (forest lands)
Agricultural Research Service (agricultural
lands)
Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment
Department of the Interior—
Office of Land Use and Water Planning
Bureau of Land Management (public
lands)
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian lands)
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
(wildlife refuges)
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (recreation
lands)
National Park Service (NPS units)
Department of Transportation
Environmental Protection Agency (pollution
effects)
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion (remote sensing)
River Basins Commissions (as geographically
appropriate)
Public Land Management
Department of Agriculture—
Forest Service (forests)
Department of Defense
Department of the Interior—
Bureau of Land Management
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian lands)
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
(wildlife refuges)
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (recreation
lands)
National Park Service (NPS units)
Federal Power Commission (project lands)
General Services Administration
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion (remote sensing)
Tennessee Valley Authority (project lands)
PROTECTION OP ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL
AREAS—FLOODPLAINS, WETLANDS, BEACHES
AND DUNES, UNSTABLE SOILS, STEEP SLOPES,
AQUIFER RECHARGE AREAS, ETC.
Department of Agriculture—
Agricultural Stabilization and Conserva-
tion Service
Soil Conservation Service
Forest Service
Department of Commerce—
National Oceanic and Atomspherlc Admin-
istration (coastal areas)
Department of Defense—-
Army Corps of Engineers
Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment (urban and floodplaln areas)
Department of the Interior—
Office of Land Use and Water Planning
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Bureau of Reclamation
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Bureau of Land Management
Geological Survey
Environmental Protection Agency (pollution
effects)
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion (remote sensing)
River Basins Commissions (as geographically
appropriate)
Water Resources Council
LAND USE IN COASTAL AREAS
Department of Agriculture—
Forest Service
Soil Conservation Service (soil stability,
hydrology)
Department of Commerce—
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin-
istration (impact on marine life and
coastal zone management)
Department of Defense—
Army Corps of Engineers (beaches, dredge
and nil permits, Refuse Act permits)
Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment (urban areas)
Department of the Interior—
Office of Land Use and Water Planning
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
National Park Service
Geological Survey
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Bureau of Land Management (public
lands)
Department of Transportation—
Coast Guard (bridges, navigation)
Environmental Protection Agency (pollution
effects)
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion (remote sensing)
REDEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION IN
BUILT-UP AREAS
Department of Commerce—
Economic Development Administration
(designated areas)
Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment
Department of the Interior—
Office of Land Use and Water Planning
Department of Transportation
-------
TABLE 78. (continued)
Environmental Protection Agency
General Services Administration
Office of Economic Opportunity
DENSITY AND CONGESTION MITIGATION
Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare
Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment
Department of the Interior—
Office of Land Use and Water Planning
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Department of Transportation
Environmental Protection Agency
NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTER AND CONTINUITY
Department of Health, Ech;cation, arid Wel-
fare
Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment
National Endowment for the Arts
Office of Economic Opportunity
IMPACTS ON LOW-INCOME POPULATIONS
Department of Commerce—
Economic Development Administration
(designated areas)
Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare
Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment
Office of Economic Opportunity
HISTORIC, ARCHITECTURAL, AND ARCHEOLOGICAL
PRESERVATION
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment
Department of the Interior—
National Park Service
Bureau of Land Management (public
lands)
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Indian lands)
General Services Administration
National Endownment for the Arts
SOIL AND PLANT CONSERVATION AND
HYDROLOGY
Department of Agriculture—
Soil Conservation Service
Agricultural Service
Forest Service
Department of Commerce—
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin-
istration
Department of Defense—
Army Corps of Engineers (dredging, aqua-
tic plants)
Department of Health, Education, and Wel-
fare
Department of the Interior—
Bureau of Land Management
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Geological Survey
Bureau of Reclamation
Environmental Protection Agency
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion (remote sensing)
River Basin Commissions (as geographically
appropriate)
Water Resources Council
OUTDOOR RECREATION
Department of Agriculture—
Forest Service
Soil Conservation Service
Department of Defense—
Army Corps of Engineers
Department of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment (urban areas)
Department of the Interior—
Bureau of Land Management
National Park Service
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Environmental Protection Agency
National Aeronautics and Space Administra-
tion (remote sensing)
River Basin Commissions (as geographically
appropriate)
Water Resources Council
-------
APPENDIX A
PUBLIC LAWS
AND
CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS CITATIONS
1§7
-------
CLEAN AIR ACT
Public Law 88-206, 77 Stat. 392 (1965), 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq; as amended by
the Air Quality Act of 1967, P.L. 90-148, the Clean Air Amendments of 1970,
P.L. 91-604, (1970), P.L. 92-157, 85 Stat. 431, P.L. 93-15, 87 Stat. 11,
P.L. 93-319, 88 Stat. 246, the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, P.L. 95-95,
91 Stat 685, and P.L. 95-190, 91 Stat. 1393.
Parts of the Clean Air Act Regulations as listed in CFR Title 40, Chapter 1:
National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards. . . . Part 50
Requirements for Preparation, Adoption, and Submittal of Imple-
mentation Plans Part 51
Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans Part 52
Prior Notice of Citizen Suits Part 54
Energy Related Authority .... Part 55
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources Part 60
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Part 61
Prevention, Control, and Abatement of Air Pollution From Federal
Government Activities: Performance Standards and Techniques of
Measurement Part 76
Registration of Fuel Additives Part 79
Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives Part 80
Air Quality Control Regions, Criteria, and Control Techniques . . Part 81
Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles and New Motor
Vehicle Engines Part 85
Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles and New Motor
Vehicle Engines: Certification and Test Procedures Part 86
Control of Air Pollution From Aircraft and Aircraft Engines . . . Part 87
Procedures For Certification of Low-Emission Vehicles Part 400
General Provisions Part 401
199
-------
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
Act of June 30, 1948, Ch. 758, as amended by P.L. 92-500; P.L. 93-207,
December 28, 1973; P.L. 93-243, January 2, 1974; P.L. 93-611, January 2, 1975;
P.L. 94-238, 90 Stat. 250, March 23, 1976, and by P.L. 95-217, 91 Stat. 1566,
December 27, 1977.
Parts of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as listed in CFR 40, Chapter 1:
Loan Guarantees for Construction of Treatment Works Part 39
Research And Demonstration Grants Part 40
Public Hearings on Effluent Standards for Toxic Pollutants .... Part 104
Public Participation in Water Pollution Control Part 105
Criteria for State, Local, and Regional Oil Removal Contingency
Plans Part 109
Discharge of Oil Part 110
Oil Pollution Prevention Part 112
Liability Limits for Small Onshore Storage Facilities Part 113
Civil Penalties for Violation of Oil Pollution Prevention
Regulations Part 114
Aquaculture Projects Part 115
Designation of Hazardous Substances Part 116
Determination of Removability of Hazardous Substances Part 117
Determination of Harmful Quantities for Hazardous Substances . . . Part 118
Determination of Units of Measurement and Rates of Penalty for
Hazardous Substances Part 119
Water Quality Standards Part 120
Thermal Discharges Part 122
State Certification of Activities Requiring A Federal License
or Permit Part 123
State Program Elements Necessary For Participation in the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Part 124
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Part 125
200
-------
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT (Continued)
Toxic Pollutants Effluent Standards Part 129
State Continuing Planning Process „ . Part 130
Preparation of Water Quality Management Basin Plans Part 131
Secondary Treatment Information Part 133
Prior Notice of Citizen Suits Part 135
Test Procedures for The Analysis of Pollutants Part 136
Marine Sanitation Device Standard Part 140
Control of Pollution by Oil and Hazardous Substances, Discharge
Removal Part 153
Navigable Waters Part 230
Pretreatment Regulations for Existing and New Sources of Pollution . Part 403
Effluent Limitations Guidelines for Dairy Products Processing
Industry Point Source Category ..... Part 405
Grain Mills Point Source Category Part 406
Canned and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables Processing Point Source
Category Part 407
Canned and Preserved Seafood Processing Point Source Category .... Part 408
Sugar Processing Point Source Category Part 409
Textile Industry Point Source Category Part 410
Cement Manufacturing Point Source Category Part 411
Feedlots Point Source Category Part 412
Electroplating Point Source Category Part 413
Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source Category Part 414
Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source Category Part 415
Plastics and Synthetics Point Source Category Part 416
Soap and Detergent Manufacturing Point Source Category Part 417
201
-------
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT (Continued)
Fertilizer Manufacturing Point Source Category Part 418
Petroleum Refining Point Source Category Part 419
Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category Part 420
Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category Part 421
Phosphate Manufacturing Point Source Category Part 422
Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category Part 423
Ferroalloy Manufacturing Point Source Category Part 424
Leather Tanning and Finishing Industry Point Source Category .... Part 425
Glass Manufacturing Point Source Category Part 426
Timber Products Processing Point Source Category Part 429
Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Point Source Category Part 430
Builders Paper and Roofing Felt Segment of the Builders Paper and
Board Mills Point Source Category Part 431
Meat Products Point Source Category Part 432
Coal Mining Point Source Category Part 434
Offshore Segment of the Oil and Gas Extraction Point Source Category Part 435
Mineral Mining and Processing Point Source Category Part 436
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Point Source Category Part 439
Ore Mining and Processing Point Source Category Part 440
Paving and Roofing Materials (Tars and Asphalt) Point Source
Category Part 443
Paint Formulating Point Source Category Part 446
Ink Formulating Point Source Category Part 447
Gum and Wood Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source Category Part 454
Pesticides Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source Category Part 455
202
-------
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT (Continued)
Explosives Manufacturing Point Source Category ... Part 457
Carbon Black Manufacturing Point Source Category Part 458
Photographic Point Source Category Part 459
Hospitals Point Source Category Part 460
Parts of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as listed in CFR 40, Chapter 5:
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan . . Part 1510
Parts of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as listed in CFR 46, Chapter IV:
Financial Responsibility for Removal of Oil and Hazardous Substances Part 542
203
-------
SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT
Public Law 93-523, 86 Stat. 1660, as amended by P.L. 95-190, 91 Stat. 1393.
Parts of the Safe Drinking Water Act regulations as listed in CFR 40, Chapter 1:
National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations Part 141
National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations Implementation . Part 142
Review of Projects Affecting Sole Source Aquifiers Part 149
204
-------
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT
Public Law 91-596, 84 Stat. 1590, December 29, 1970.
Parts of the Occupational Safety and Health Act regulations as listed in
CFR 29, Chapter XVII:
Toxic and Hazardous Substances . . Part 1910.1000 Subpart Z
Asbestos ..... . Part 1910.1001
Coal tar pitch volatiles: Interpretation of
term Part 1910.1002
4-Nitrophenyl ..... Part 1910.1003
a-Naphthylamine ...... Part 1910.1004
Methylchloromethylmethyl ether ......... Part 1910.1006
3,3-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts) ..... Part 1910.1007
bis-Chloromethyl ether . Part 1910.1008
e-Naphthylamine ....... Part 1910.1009
Benzidine ..... Part 1910.1010
4-Aminodiphenyl ..... ... Part 1910.1011
Ethyleneimine ......... Part 1910.1012
3-Propiolactone ....... Part 1910.1013
2-Acetylaminofluorene . Part 1910.1014
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene ........... Part 1910.1015
N-Nitrosodimethylamine ..... . Part 1910.1016
Vinyl chloride ........... Part 1910.1017
Benzene Part 1910.1028
Coke oven emissions ..... Part 1910.1029
Source of standards .............. Part 1910.1499
41 CFR 50-204, 50 except for Table Z2, the source of which is ANSI, Z37 series
205
-------
CFR 41, Part 50-214—Safety and Health Standards for Federal Supply Contracts
Subpart A - Scope and application
Subpart B - General safety and health standards
Subpart C - Radiation standards
Subpart D - Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts and mists
206
-------
ATOMIC ENERGY ACT
Atomic Energy Act of 1954, Public Law 703, August 30, 1954.
Parts of the Atomic Energy Act Regulations as listed in CRF 10, Chapter 1:
Standards for Protection Against Radiation Part 20
Parts of the Atomic Energy Act Regulations as listed in CFR 40, Chapter 1:
Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Nuclear Power
Operations Part 190
207
-------
TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT
Public Law 94-469, October 11, 1976.
Parts of the Toxic Substances Control Act Regulations as listed in CFR 40,
Chapter 1:
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Part 761
Fully Halogenated Chlorofluoroalkanes Parts 712,762
208
-------
FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL PESTICIDE CONTROL ACT
(Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act)
Public Law 92-516, 86 Stat. 973, as amended by P.L. 94-51, 89 Stat. 257,
July 2, 1975, P.L. 94-109, 89 Stat. 571, October 10, 1975, and P.L. 94-140,
89 Stat. 751, November 28, 1975.
Parts of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Regulations
as listed in CFR 40, Chapter 1:
Regulations for the Enforcement of the Federal Pesticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act Part 162
Certification of Usefulness of Pesticide Chemicals Part 163
Rules Governing the Appointment, Compensation, and Proceedings
of an Advisory Committee, and Rules of Practice Governing
Hearings Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenti-
cide Act Part 164
Regulations for the Acceptance of Certain Pesticides and
Recommended Procedures for the Disposal and Storage of
Pesticides and Pesticide Containers ... Part 165
Exemption of Federal and State Agencies for Use of Pesticides
Under Emergency Conditions Part 166
Registration of Pesticide-Producing Establishments, Submission
of Pesticides Reports and Labeling Part 167
Rules of Practice Governing Proceedings Conducted in the
Assessment of Civil Penalties Under the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Part 168
Books and Records of Pesticide Production and Distribution . . Part 169
Worker Protection Standards for Agricultrual Pesticides .... Part 170
Certification of Pesticide Applicators Part 171
Experimental Use Permits Part 172
Tolerances for Pesticides on Raw Agricultural Products .... Part 180,
Subpart C
Parts of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Regulations as
listed in CFR 21, Chapter 1:
Tolerances for Pesticides in Food Administered by the Environmental
Protection Agency Part 193
209
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NOISE CONTROL ACT
Public Law 92-574, 86 Stat. 1234, as amended by P.L. 94-301, 90 Stat. 590,
May 31, 1976.
Parts of the Noise Control Act Regulations as listed in CFR 40, Chapter 1:
Railroad Noise Emission Standards . Part 201
Motor Carriers Engaged in Interstate Commerce Part 202
Low-Noise-Emission Products Part 203
Noise Emission Standards for Construction Equipment Part 204
Transportation Equipment Noise Emission Controls Part 205
Prior Notice of Citizen Suits Part 210
210
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RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT
Public Law 94-580, 90 Stat. 2795, October 21, 1976.
Parts of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Regulations as listed in
CFR 40, Chapter 1:
Guidelines for the Thermal Processing of Solid Wastes Part 240
Guidelines for the Land Disposal of Solid Wastes Part 241
Guidelines for the Storage and Collection of Residential, Commercial,
and Institutional Solid Waste Part 243
Solid Waste Management Guidelines for Beverage Containers Part 244
Promulgation Resource Recovery Facilities Guidelines ........ Part 245
Source Separation for Materials Recovery Guidelines ......... Part 246
Guidelines for Procurement of Products that Contain Recycled Material Part 247
Public Participation in Solid Waste Management . Part 249
Prior Notice of Citizen Suits Part 254
Identification of Regions and Agencies for Solid Waste Management . . Part 255
211
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MARINE PROTECTION, RESEARCH, AND SANCTUARIES ACT
Public Law 92-532, 86 Stat. 1052, October 23, 1972, as amended by P.L. 93-254,
by P.L. 93-472, 88 Stat. 1430, October 26, 1974; by P.L. 94-62, 89 Stat. 303,
July 25, 1975; by P.L. 94-326, 90 Stat. 725, June 30, 1976 and by P.L. 95-153,
91 Stat. 1255, November 4, 1977.
Parts of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act Regulations as
listed in CFR 40, Chapter 1:
General--Transportation for Dumping of Material into Ocean Waters . . Part 220
Applications Part 221
Action on Applications Part 222
Contents of Permits Part 223
Records Part 224
Corps of Engineers Permits Part 225
Enforcement Part 226
Criteria Part 227
Criteria for the Management of Disposal Sites for Ocean Dumping . . . Part 228
General Permits Part 229
212
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT
Public Law 91-190, 83 Stat. 852 (1970); as amended by P.L. 94-83, 89 Stat. 424
(1975).
Parts of the National Environmental Policy Act Regulations as listed in CFR 40,
Chapter 5:
Preparation of Environmental Impact Statements: Guidelines .... Part 1500
213
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OIL POLLUTION ACT
Public Law 87-167, August 30, 1961, 75 Stat. 402, 33 U.S.C. 1001-1015; as
last amended by P.L. 93-119, 80 Stat. 372 (1973).
Parts of the Oil Pollution Act Regulations as listed in CFR 33, Chapter 1:
Oil Pollution Regulations Part 151
Large Oil Transfer Facilities Part 154
Vessel Design and Operations Part 155
Oil Transfer Operations Part 156
Rules and Regulations for Protection for the Marine Environment
Relating to Tank Vessels Carrying Oil in Domestic Trade Part 157
214
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COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT
Public Law, 92-583, 86 Stat. 1280, 10/27/72, as amended by Public Law 93-612,
1/2/75 and Public Law 94-370, 7/26/76.
Parts of the Coastal Zone Management Act Regulations as listed in CFR 15,
Chapter 9:
Coastal Zone Management Program Development Grants ......... Part 920
Estuarine Sanctuary Guidelines Part 921
Coastal Zone Management Program Approval Regulations ........ Part 923
State Coastal Zone Management Program ..... Part 925
Coastal Zone Management Program Development Grants, Allocation of
Funds to States ............... Part 926
215
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APPENDIX B
217
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following is a selected bibliography, which includes a listing of
many additional sources for background information on the subject of
environmental regulation.
219
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anastaplo, 6., et al.. THE LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF POLLUTION.
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT. Baltimore, Md.: John Hopkins
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Autocamp Inc. SOLID WASTE LAWS IN THE U. S. TERRITORIES AND STATES.
Solid Waste Management Series, SW-40c. Washington, D.C.: U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1972. 502 p.
Baldwin, Malcolm F., and James K. Page, Jr., eds. LAW AND THE ENVIRON-
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Barbara, Ronald, and Frank L. Cross. PRIMER OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
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Barrett, Bruce R. "CONTROLLING THE ENTRANCE OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS INTO
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154-162, February 1978.
Benvene, A., and Y. Kawaro. "PESTICIDES, PESTICIDE RESIDUES, TOLERANCES,
AND THE LAW (U.S.A.)." Residue Reviews 34 (1971): 103-49.
Berman, William H., and Lee M. Hydeman. A STUDY: FEDERAL AND STATE
RESPONSIBILITIES FOR RADIATION PROTECTION: THE NEED FOR FEDERAL LEGIS-
LATION. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Law School, 1959. 120 p.
Bibbero, Robert J., and Irving G. Young. SYSTEMS APPROACH TO AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1974. 531 p.
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NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society, June 1972.
Boksleitner, R.P.V. (ed). AIR POLLUTION: AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOR
NITROGEN OXIDES. NATO/CCMS Document No.15, 240 pp. Brussels, Belgium,
NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society, June 1973.
Boksleitner, R.P.V. (ed). AIR POLLUTION: AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOR
PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS AND RELATED HYDROCARBONS. NATO/CCMS Document
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Modern Society, February 1974.
221
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Brecher, Joseph J., and Manuel E. Nestle. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW HANDBOOK.
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Bryerton, Gene. NUCLEAR DILEMMA. Foreword by D. R. Inglis. New York:
Ballantine Books, 1970. 138 p.
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Bureau of National Affairs. ATOMIC INDUSTRY REPORTER. 3 sections.
Washington. 1955- . Section 1, weekly. Sections 2 and 3.
Business Publishers, Inc. TOXIC MATERIALS REFERENCE SERVICE. Washington,
D. C. January 1977.
Caldwell, Lynton, K., ed. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES: PAPERS ON THE POLITICS
AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF MAN-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS. 4 vols.
Bloomington: Institute of Public Administration, Indiana University,
1967.
Center for Political Research. Research Services Division. THE FEDERAL
ROLE IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT. Washington, D. C.: Center for Political
Research. 1970. 47 p.
Chalupnik, James D., ed. TRANSPORTATION NOISES: A SYMPOSIUM ON ACCEPT-
ABILITY CRITERIA. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1970. 358 p.
Chanlett, Emil T. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. Water Resources and Environ-
mental Engineering Series. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1973. 569 p.
Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association. COMPILATION OF FEDERAL
AND STATE ECONOMIC POISONS (PESTICIDES) LAWS, REGULATIONS, RULINGS, AND
OTHER EXPLANATORY MATTER. Edited by J. D. Conner and R. L. Ackerly.
New York: 1961- .
Chicago. University of Center for Policy Study. LEGAL AND ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF POLLUTION. Chicago: 1970. 37 p.
Chicago. University of School of Law. CONFERENCE ON ATOMIC RADIATION
AND THE LAW. November 1961. Chicago: 1961. 58 p.
Ciaccio, Leonard L., ed. WATER AND WATER POLLUTION HANDBOOK. 4 vols.
New York: Marcel Dekker, 1972. 512 p.
Clark, Robert Emmet, ed. WATERS AND WATER RIGHTS: A TREATISE ON THE
LAW OF WATERS AND ALLIED PROBLEMS. 6 vols. Indianapolis: The Allen
Smith Co., 1967. 3,468 p.
Colley, Richard A., and Geoffrey Wandesforde-Smith, eds. CONGRESS AND
THE ENVIRONMENT. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1970. 277 p.
222
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Commerce Clearing House. ATOMIC ENERGY LAW REPORTER. Chicago: 1958- .
, POLLUTION CONTROL GUIDE. Chicago: 1973- .
The Conservation Foundation. POLLUTION BY PESTICIDES. SOME NOT VERY
WELL CALCULATED RISKS AND SOME ALTERNATIVES FOR BETTER REGULATION.
Washington, D.C.: 1969. 32 p.
Currie, David P. POLLUTION: CASES AND MATERIALS. American Casebook
Series. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., 1975. 715 p.
Deck, G. "Federal and State Pesticide Regulations and Legislation."
ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 20 (1975): 119-31.
Degler, Stanley E. FEDERAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS: WATER, AIR AND
SOLID WASTES. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs, 1971. 176 p
Dickson, Lance E., comp. LAW AND THE ENVIRONMENT: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIO-
GRAPHICAL GUIDE TO MATERIALS IN THE TARLTON LAW LIBRARY. Austin:
Tarlton Law Library, School of Law, University of Texas, 1973. 42 p.
Ditton, Robert B. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT OF 1969 (P. L. 91-
190): BIBLIOGRAPHY ON IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODS AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS.
Council of Planning Librarians Exchange Bibliography No. 415. Monticello,
111.: Council of Planning Librarians, 1973. 22 p.
Dolgin, Erica L., and Thomas G. Guilbert, eds. FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co. for the Environmental Law
Institute, 1974. 1,600 p.
Donnelly, Warren H. EFFECT OF CALVERT CLIFFS AND OTHER COURT DECISIONS
UPON NUCLEAR POWER IN THE UNITED STATES. Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office for the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs,
1972. 57 p.
Dunning, H. C. "Pests, Poisons, and the Living Law: The Control of
Pesticides in California's Imperial Valley." ECOLOGY LAW QUARTERLY 2
(1972): 633-93.
Durrenberger, Robert W. ENVIRONMENT AND MAN: A BIBLIOGRAPHY. Palo
Alto, Calif.: National Press Books, 1970. 118 p.
Edelman, Sidney. THE LAW OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. Wilton, Conn.:
Environmental Science Service, 1970. 293 p.
Edwards, C. A., ed. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY PESTICIDES. New York:
Plenum, 1973. 440 p.
Enviro Control, Inc. RECOMMENDED HEALTH AND SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR COAL
GASIFICATION PILOT PLANTS. DHEW (NIOSH) 78-120, U. S. Department of
Health, Education and Welfare, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1978, 239 pp.
223
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ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS. PROCEEDINGS OF A
SYMPOSIUM... Held by the International Atomic Energy Agency in Cooperation
with the United States Atomic Energy Commission in New York, 10-14 Aug.
1970. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1971. 970 p.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW DIGEST. Washington, D. C.: Environmental Law
Institute. 1970. 80 p.
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REPORTER. Washington, D. C.: Environmental Law
Institute. 1971- .
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIRECTORY. 2d ed. Chicago: Marquis Publications,
1975.
ENVIRONMENT REPORTER. Washington, D. C.: Bureau of National Affairs,
1970- .
Faith, W. L., and Arthur A. Atkisson, Jr. AIR POLLUTION. 2d ed. New
York: Wiley Interscience, 1972. 393 p.
Farnham, Henry P. THE LAW OF WATERS AND WATER RIGHTS. 3 vols. Rochester,
N.Y.: The Lawyers Cooperative Publishing Co., 1904. 2,956 p.
Federal Radiation Council. Report No. 1. BACKGROUND MATERIAL FOR THE
DEVELOPMENT OF RADIATION PROTECTION STANDARDS. Washington, D. C., 1960.
_, Report No.8. Revised. GUIDANCE FOR THE CONTROL OF RADIATION
HAZARDS IN URANIUM MINING. Washington, D. C., 1967-
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
ON WATER QUALITY CRITERIA. Washington, D. C.: Department of the Interior,
1968. 234 p.
Goldman, Charles R., James McEvoy, III, and Peter J. Richerson. ENVIRON-
MENTAL QUALITY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and
Co., 1973. 510 p.
Goldsmith, Barbara J., and James R. Mahoney. "IMPLICATIONS OF THE 1977
CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS FOR STATIONARY SOURCES." Environmental Science
& Technology, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 144-149, February 1978.
Grad, Frank P., et al. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL: PRIORITIES, POLICIES AND
THE LAW. Prepared by the Legislative Drafting Research Fund of Columbia
University. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. 311 p.
Green, Harold P. THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT IN THE COURTS.
(January 1, 1970-April 1, 1972). Washington, D.C.: The Conservation
Foundation, 1972, 31 p.
Grossman, George S. LEGAL BIBLIOGRAPHY: A CRITICAL OVERVIEW FOR
ENVIRONMENTALIST. Council of Planning Libraries Exchange Bibliography
No. 366. Monticello, 111.: Council of Planning Libraries, 1972. 21 p.
224
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Handschu, Barbara, et al., eds. POLLUTION AND INDUSTRIAL NASTE. Criminal
Law and Urban Problem Transcript Series, No. 4. New York: Practicing
Law Institute, 1970. 514 p.
Hanks, Eva H., et al., CASES AND MATERIALS ON ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND
POLICY. St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1974. 1,150 p.
Harris, Cyril M., ed. HANDBOOK OF NOISE CONTROL. New York: McGraw-
Hill Book Co., 1957.
Hasset, Charles M., ed. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. Ann Arbor, Mich.: The
Institute of Continuing Legal Education, 1971. 195 p.
Hazeltine, W. THE LEGISLATIVE HISTORY AND MEANING OF THE FEDERAL
INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE AND RODENTICIDE ACT AS AMENDED, 1972. Oroville,
Calif.: Privately printed, 1975.
Headley, J. C., and J. N. Lewis. THE PESTICIDE PROBLEMS: AN ECONOMIC
APPROACH TO PUBLIC POLICY. Washington, D. C.: Resources for the Future,
1967. 141 p.
Hertzendorf, Martin S. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL: GUIDEBOOK TO U. S.
REGULATIONS. Westport, Conn.: Technomic Publishing Co., 1973. 266 p.
Hildebrand, James L., ed. NOISE POLLUTION AND THE LAW. Buffalo, N. Y.:
W. S. Hein, 1970. 354 p.
Hodges, Laurent. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. New York: Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, 1973. 384 p.
Hurley, William D. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION. Springfield, 111.:
Charles C. Thomas, 1971. 81 p.
Hutton, Gerald L. LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS ON IONIZING RADIATION: RADIO-
NUCLIDES AND RADIATION EMITTING DEVICES. Springfield, 111.; Thomas,
1966. 93 p.
International Joint Conference of the American Division of the World
Academy of Art and Science and the American Geographical Society, the
Continuation Committee, and the New York Academy of Sciences, eds.
PUBLIC POLICY TOWARD ENVIRONMENT 1973: A REVIEW AND APPRAISAL. Annals
of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 216. New York: The New York
Academy of Sciences, 1973. 202 p.
International Atomic Energy Agency. NUCLEAR POWER AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
New York: Unipub., 1973. 85 p.
International Atomic Energy Agency. REGULATIONS FOR THE SAFE TRANSPORT
OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS, 1964. Rev. ed. Vienna: 1965. 104 p.
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International Atomic Energy Agency. SAFE OPERATION OF NUCLEAR POWER
PLANTS. CODE OF PRACTICE SPONSORED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY
AGENCY AND THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, AND TECHNICAL APPENDICES.
Vienna: 1969. 125 p.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication
No. 6. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL
PROTECTION, Oxford, England. 1964.
, ICRP Publication No.8. THE EVALUATION OF RISKS FROM
RADIATION, Oxford, England, 1965.
Jacobstein, J. Myron, and Roy M. Mersky. WATER LAW BIBLIOGRAPHY 1847-
1965 and SUPPLEMENT 1966-67. Silver Springs, Md.: Jefferson Law Book
Co., 1966. 24 p.
Jaffe, Louis J., and Laurence H. Tribe. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.
Chicago: Bracton Press, 1971. 702 p.
Kerbec, Matthew J., ed. YOUR GOVERNMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT: AN ANNUAL
REFERENCE. Arlington, Va.: Output Systems Corporation, 1971- .
Kiraldi, Louis, and Janet L. Burk. POLLUTION: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF U. S. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS ON AIR, WATER, AND LAND POLLUTION.
Kalamazoo: Western Michigan University Institute of Public Affairs,
1971. 78 p.
Knelson, J. H.. THE ROLE OF CLINICAL RESEARCH IN ESTABLISHING AIR
QUALITY CRITERIA AND STANDARDS. In: F. Coulzton (ed.) Environmental
Quality and Safety: Global Aspects of Chemistry, Toxicology and Technology
as Applied to the Environment, pp. 207-211. New York, Academic Press,
1974.
Knelson, J. H. UNITED STATES AIR QUALITY CRITERIA AND AMBIENT STANDARDS
FOR CARBON MONOXIDE. Staub, Reinhalt. Luft 32(4): 183-185, April
1972.
Krier, James E. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY: READINGS, MATERIALS AND
NOTES ON AIR POLLUTION AND RELATED PROBLEMS. Contemporary Legal Education
Series. Indianapolis; Bobbs-Merril, 1971. xxii, 480 p.
Landau, Norman J., and Paul D. Rheingold. THE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW HANDBOOK:
THE LEGAL REMEDIES IN EXISTENCE NOW TO KEEP GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY FROM
DESTROYING OUR ENVIRONMENT. New York: Ballantine Books, 1971. 496 p.
Lund, Herbert F., ed. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL HANDBOOK. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1971.
MacDonald, James B., and John E. Conway. ENVIRONMENTAL LITIGATION.
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438 p.
226
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_, LEGAL CONTROL OF THE ENVIRONMENT. Criminal Law and Urban Pro-
blems Course Handbook Series, No.21. New York: 1970. 399 p.
, LEGAL CONTROL OF THE ENVIRONMENT--2d Criminal Law and Urban
Problems Courses Handbook Series, No.22, New York: 1970. 168 p.
., LEGAL CONTROL OF THE ENVIRONMENT-3d Criminal Law and Urban
Problems Course Handbook Series, No.30. New York: 1971. 204 p.
, POLLUTION LITIGATION. Criminal Law and Urban Problems Course
Handbook Series, No.26. New York: 1970. 240 p.
Mackintosh, Douglas R. THE ECONOMICS OF AIRBORNE EMISSIONS: THE CASE
FOR AN AIR RIGHTS MARKET. Praeger Special Studies in U. S. Economic,
Social, and Political Issues. New York: Praeger, 1973. 121 p.
Marquis, Ralph W., ed. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT: AIR, WATER AND SOIL.
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1966. 105 p.
McClellan, Grant S., ed. PROTECTING OUR ENVIRONMENT. The Reference
Shelf Series, Vol.42, No.l. New York: H. W. Wilson, 1970. 218 p.
McNeil, Richard, J. PESTICIDES. Current Topics in Conservation, Series
II, No.8. Ithaca: Department of Conservation, New York State College
of Agriculture, State University of New York, Cornell University, 1966.
28 p.
Meyers, Charles J., and A. Dan Tarlock. SELECTED LEGAL AND ECONOMIC
ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. Mineola, N. Y.: Foundation Press,
1971. 410 p.
Meyers, S. CRITERIA FOR AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES.
Conf. on New Technology in the Solution of Practical Problems in Air and
Water Pollution Control. Tokyo, Japan, December 8, 1971. 15 pp. 1971.
Morrisey, Thomas J., ed. POLLUTION CONTROL PROBLEMS AND RELATED FEDERAL
LEGISLATION. New York: MSS Information Corp., 1974. 289 p. Pap.
Murphy, Earl Finbar. MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT: LAW. New York: Harper
& Row, 1971. 168 p.
National Agricultural Chemicals Association. FEDERAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PESTICIDE CONTROL ACT OF 1972, AMENDING THE FEDERAL INSECTICIDE,
FUNGICIDE AND RODENTICIDE ACT: A COMPILATION OF THE STATUTE AND
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xv, 110 p.
227
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National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. NCRP REPORT
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, NCRP REPORT No.42, RADIOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING DECISION-
MAKING IN A NUCLEAR ATTACK, Washington, D. C., 1974.
, NCRP REPORT No.43, REVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATE OF RADIATION
PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY, Washington, D. C., 1975.
, NCRP REPORT No.46, ALPHA EMITTING PARTICLES IN LUNGS,
Washington, D. C., 1975.
_, NCRP Report No.48, RADIATION PROTECTION FOR MEDICAL AND
ALLIED HEALTH PERSONNEL, Washington, D. C., 1976.
, NCRP REPORT No.50, ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION MEASUREMENTS,
Washington, D. C., 1976.
, NCRP REPORT No.52, CESIUM-137 FROM THE ENVIRONMENT TO MAN:
METABOLISM AND DOSE, Washington, D. C., 1977.
, NCRP REPORT No.53, REVIEW OF NCRP RADIATION DOSE LIMIT FOR
EMBRYO AND FETUS IN OCCUPATIONALLY-EXPOSED WOMEN, Washington, D. C.,
1977.
, NCRP REPORT No.54, MEDICAL RADIATION EXPOSURE OF PREGNANT
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, NCRP REPORT No.55, PROTECTION OF THE THYROID GLAND IN THE
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, NCRP REPORT No.56, RADIATION EXPOSURE FROM CONSUMER PRODUCTS
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Nickolaieff, George A., ed. THE WATER CRISIS. The Reference Shelf, Vol.
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1974- .
Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute. LAWS FOR A
BETTER ENVIRONMENT; SEMINAR CONDUCTED BY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE,
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THE ENVIRONMENT. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1972. 473 p.
228
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Robin, Edward H., and Mortimer D. Schwartz, eds. THE POLLUTION CRISIS:
OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1972. 510 p.
Reitze, Arnold W., Jr. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. 2 Vols. Washington, D. C.:
North American International, 1972.
Research Corporation of New England. IMPACT OF NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS ON 1985 NATIONAL EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES. EPA-450/
3-75-017. April 1977.
Research and Development Corporation, ed. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. Greenvale,
N.Y.: 1970. 307 p.
Rohrer, David C., et al. THE ENVIRONMENT CRISIS: A BASIC OVERVIEW OF
THE PROBLEM OF POLLUTION. Skokle, 111.: National Textbook Co., 1970.
346 p.
Rosenfeld, Martin J. OUTLINE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. Irvington-On-
Hudson, N.Y.: American Legal Publications, Blackstone Law Summaries,
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Science. "Toxic Substance Legislation: How Well Are Laws Being Implemented?"
September 29, 1978. Vol. 201, pp. 1198-1205.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DATA BASE FOR CRITERIA AND HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS.
1975 ERC/RTP Review. EPA Report No. EPA-600/1-76-023. Research Triangle
Park, N. C., May 1976.
Scorer, R. S. POLLUTION IN THE AIR: PROBLEMS, POLICIES AND PRIORITIES.
Boston and Landon: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973. 148 p.
Selig, Edward I. EFFLUENT CHARGES ON AIR AND WATER POLLUTION: A CONFERENCE
REPORT. Eli Monograph Series, No.l. Washington, D.C.: Environmental
Law Institute, 1973. 102 p.
Setter, Lloyd R., David R. Snavely, Duane L. Solem, VanWye, and F.
Rodman. REGULATIONS, STANDARDS AND GUIDES FOR MICROWAVES, ULTRAVIOLET
RADIATION, AND RADIATION FROM LASERS AND TELEVISION RECEIVERS: AN
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. U. S. Department of Health, Education and
Welfare, Public Health Service, Consumer Protection and Environmental
Control Administration, Bureau of Radiological Health, Rockville, Md.,
1969, p.77.
Sloan, Irving, J. ENVIRONMENT AND THE LAW. Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.: Oceana
Publications, 1971. 120 p.
Smith, David S., and Robert P. Brown. OCEAN DISPOSAL OF BARGE-DELIVERED
LIQUID AND SOLID WASTES FROM U. S. COASTAL CITIES. For U. S. EPA, Solid
Waste Management Office. Washington, D. C,: Government Printing Office,
1973. 119 p.
Sproull, Wayne T. AIR POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL. 2d ed. New York:
Exposition Press, 1972. 131 p.
229
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Stason, Edwin, et al., ATOMS AND THE LAW. Ann Arbor: University of
Michigan Law School, 1959. 1,512 p.
Stern, Arthur C., ed. AIR POLLUTION, VOLUME III: SOURCES OF AIR
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, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1961. COM-
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, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL LEGISLATION—1971 (PROPOSED AMENDMENTS
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U. S. Congress. House. Committee on Public Works. Subcommittee on
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, Subcommittee on Oceans and Atmosphere. OCEAN WASTE DISPOSAL.
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Office, 1971. 340 p.
, Committee on Government Operations. Subcommittee on Executive
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, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1971; REPORT,
TOGETHER WITH SUPPLEMENTAL VIEWS TO ACCOMPANY S. 2770. 92d Cong., 1st
sess., Senate Report No. 92-414. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing
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, NATIONAL AIR QUALITY STANDARDS ACT OF 1970; REPORT TOGETHER
WITH INDIVIDUAL VIEWS TO ACCOMPANY S. 4358. 91st Cong., 2d sess.,
Senate Report No. 91-1196. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing
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, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. HEARINGS BEFORE A SPECIAL SUBCOMMITTEE
ON AIR AND WATER POLLUTION... ON S. 649 (and others)... 88th Cong., 1st
sess. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1963. 716 p.
, WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. HEARINGS BEFORE A SUBCOMMITTEE
S. 45 (and others) AMENDING THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT TO
PROVIDE FOR A MORE EFFECTIVE PROGRAM OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. 87th
Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1961.
288 p.
235
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, Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution. IMPLEMENTATION OF
CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1970 (TITLE I): HEARINGS... 3 vols. 92d
Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1972.
910 p.
, IMPLEMENTATION OF CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1970 (TITLE II):
HEARINGS... 2 vols. 92d Cong., 2d sess. Washington, D. C.: Government
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, NOISE POLLUTION. HEARINGS... ON S. 1016..,
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„__, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RESOURCE RECOVERY ACT OF 1970. HEARING...
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, RESOURCE RECOVERY ACT OF 1969. HEARINGS... PART I. 91st
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AND WELFARE AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ON THE HEALTH
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U. S. Department of Health, .Education, and Welfare. Solid Waste Manage-
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MANAGEMENT. Washington, .p. C.: Government Printing Office, 1970.
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U. S. Department of the Interior. Water Resources Scientific Information
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U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ACTION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY:
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GUIDELINES AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE SYNTHETIC RESINS
SEGMENT OF THE PLASTICS AND SYNTHETIC MATERIALS MANUFACTURING POINT
SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/l-74-036a, Washington, D. C. 1974. 110 pp.
, THE CHALLENGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT: A PRIMER ON EPA'S STATUTORY
AUTHORITY. Washington, D. C.: 1972. 34 p.
, CURRENT LAWS, STATUTES.AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS. 3 vols. Washington,
D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1972.
. DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR BEST TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE FOR THE
LOCATION, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND CAPACITY OF COOLING WATER INTAKE
STRUCTURES FOR MINIMIZING ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, EPA-440/1-76-
015a, Washington, D. C. 1976. 263 pp.
. , DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE BUILDERS AND ROOFING FELT
SEGMENT OF THE BUILDERS PAPER AND BOARD MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY,
EPA-440/l-74-026a, Washington, D. C. 1974. 135 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND NEW
SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING CATEGORY,
EPA/440/1-74-005-a, Washington, D. C. 1974. 115 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND NEW
SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE FABRICATED AND RECLAIMED RUBBER
SEGMENT OF THE RUBBER PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA/440/1 -
74/030a, Group I, Phase II, Washington, D. C, 1974. 240 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND NEW
SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARD FOR THE FEEDLOTS POINTS SOURCE CATEGORY,
EPA-440/1-74-004a, Washington, D. C. 1974. 319 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND NEW
SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE FISH MEAL, SALMON, BOTTOM FISH,
CLAM, OYSTER, SARDINES, SCALLOP, HERRING, AND ABALONE SEGMENT OF THE
CANNED AND PRESERVED FISH AND SEAFOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY POINT SOURCE
CATEGORY, EPA-440/l-75-041a, Group I, Phase II, Washington, D. C. 1975,
484 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND NEW
SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE FLAT GLASS SEGMENT OF THE GLASS
MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-74-001-c, Washington, D.
C. 1974. 127 pp.
237
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, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE GRAIN PROCESSING SEGMENT OF THE
GRAIN MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/l-74-028a, Washington, D. C.
1974. 137 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING
POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-74-016a, Washington, D. C. 1974. 158
pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE PHOSPHORUS DERIVED CHEMICALS
SEGMENT OF THE PHOSPHATE MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-
74-006a, Washington, D. C. 1974. 154 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE PLYWOOD, HARDBOARD AND WOOD
PRESERVING SEGMENT OF THE TIMBER PRODUCTS PROCESSING POINT SOURCE
CATEGORY, EPA-440/l-74-123a, Washington, D. C. 1974. 325 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE STEAM ELECTRIC POWER GENERATING
POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-74-029a, Group I, Washington, D. C.
1974. 770 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARD--SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT
SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-74-018a, Washington, D. C. 1974. 201 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATION GUIDELINES (BEST
PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE) FOR THE BLEACHED
KRAFT, GROUNDWOOD, SULFITE, SODA, DEINK, AND NON-INTEGRATED PAPER MILLS
SEGMENT OF THE PULP, PAPER, AND PAPERBOARD MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY,
EPA-440/1-76-047b, Washington, D. C. 1967. 638 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL AND PROPOSED EFFLUENT
LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE
FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND SPECIALTIES SEGMENTS OF THE CANNED AND PRESERVED
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-75-046, Group I,
Phase II, Washington, D. C. 1975. 520 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL AND PROPOSED EFFLUENT
LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE ORE
MINING AND DRESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, Vol. II-Sections VII-XIV,
EPA-440/1-75-061, Washington, D. C. 1975. 847 pp.
DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
GUIDELINES AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE COAL MINING POINT
SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/-76-057a, Washington, D. C. 1976. 288 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL AND PROPOSED EFFLUENT
LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE ORE
MINING AND DRESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, Vol. I-Sections I-VI, EPA-
440/1-75-061, Group II, Washington, D. C. 1975. 401 pp.
238
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, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS AND
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE SIGNIFICANT ORGANIC PRODUCTS
SEGMENT OF THE ORGANIC CHEMICALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY,
EPA-440/1-75-045, Group I, Phase II, Washington, D. C. 1975. 391 pp.
» DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS,
GUIDELINES AND PROPOSED NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE CARBON
BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-76-060h, Group II,
Washington, D. C. 1976. 125 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
GUIDELINES AND PROPOSED NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE
ELECTROLYTIC FERROALLOYS SEGMENT OF THE FERROALLOYS MANUFACTURING POINT
SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-75-038a, Group I, Phase II, Washington, D. C.
1975. 68 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
GUIDELINES AND PROPOSED NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE
EXPLOSIVES MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-76-060J, Group
II, Washington, D. C. 1976. 215 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
GUIDELINES AND PROPOSED NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE
FORMING, FINISHING AND SPECIALITY STEEL SEGMENTS OF THE IRON AND STEEL
MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, Vols. I & II, EPA-440/1-76-048b,
Group I, Phase II, Washington, D. C. 1976. 819 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
GUIDELINES AND PROPOSED NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE GUM AND
WOOD CHEMICALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-76-060b,
Group II, Washington, D. C. 1976. 185 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
GUIDELINES AND PROPOSED NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE HOSPITAL
POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-76-060n, Group II, Washington, D. C.
1976. 131 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
GUIDELINES AND PROPOSED NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE OIL AND
GAS EXTRACTION POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-76-055a, Group II,
Washington, D. C. 1976. 154 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLUENT LIMTATIONS
GUIDELINES AND PROPOSED NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE
PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-75-060,
Group II, Washington, D. C. 1976. 331 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS,
GUIDELINES AND PROPOSED NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE PHOTO-
GRAPHIC PROCESSING SUBCATEGORY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC POINT SOURCE CATEGORY,
EPA-440/1-76-060. Group II, Washington, D. C. 1976. 187 pp.
239
-------
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
GUIDELINES AND PROPOSED NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE RAW
CONE SUGAR PROCESSING SEGMENT OF THE SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE
CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-75-044, Group I, Phase II, Washington, D. C. 1975.
291 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE MINERAL MINING AND PROCESSING
INDUSTRY, EPA-440/1-76-059a, Group II, Washington, D. C. 1976. 432 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR INTERIM FINAL EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS,
GUIDELINES FOR THE PESTICIDE CHEMICALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE
CATEGORY, EPA/440-l-75-050d, Group II, Washington, D. C. 1976. 331 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR PROPOSED EFFLUENT LIMTIATIONS GUIDE-
LINES AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE PAINT FORMULATING AND
INK FORMULATING POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES, EPA-440/1-75-060, Washington,
D. C. 1975. 96 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR PROPOSED EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDE-
LINES AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR PAVING AND ROOFING MATERIALS
(TARS AND ASPHALT) POINT SOURCE CATEGORY, EPA-400/1-74-049, Group II,
Washington, D. C. 1974. 90 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR PROPOSED EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES
AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE SYNTHETIC POLYMER SEGMENT
OF THE PLASTICS AND SYNTHETIC MATERIALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE
CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-74-036. Washington, D. C. 1974. 262 pp.
, DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT FOR PROPOSED EFFLUENT LIMTATIONS GUIDELINES
AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR THE TEXTILE, FRICTION MATERIALS
AND SEALING DEVICES SEGMENT OF THE ASBESTOS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE
CATEGORY, EPA-440/1-74-035, Washington, D. C. 1974. 91 pp.
, INDEX OF EPA LEGAL AUTHORITY: STATUTES AND LEGISLATIVE HISTORY,
EXECUTIVE ORDERS, REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES AND REPORT: Washington, D. C.
Government Printing Office, 1972. 218 pp.
_, INDEX OF EPA LEGAL AUTHORITY: STATUTES AND LEGISLATIVE HISTORY,
EXECUTIVE ORDERS, REGULATIONS. Washington, D. C. Field Operations
Division. Environmental Protection Agency. 1973. 233 pp.
, LAWS AND INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS CONTROLLING THE RELEASE OF
PESTICIDES INTO THE ENVIRONMENT. Washington, D. C. Government Printing
Office, 1972. 140 pp.
_, LEGAL COMPILATION. 7 vols. Washington, D. C. Government
Printing Office, 1973-.
, Office of Noise Abatement and Control. STATE AND MUNICIPAL NON-
OCCUPATIONAL NOISE PROGRAMS. Washington, D. C.. Government Printing Office,
1971. 24 pp.
, SUMMARY OF NOISE PROGRAMS IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, DECEMBER
31, 1971. Washington, D. C. Government Printing Office, 1972. 137 pp.
Z4Q
-------
, TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT (TSCA) PI94-469 CANDIDATE LIST OF
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES, Vols. I-III, Washington, D. C. 1977, 1978.
U. S. Federal Council for Science and Technology. Committee on Environ-
mental Quality. NOISE: SOUND WITHOUT VALUE. Washington, D. C.:
Government Printing Office, 1968. 56 pp.
U. S. General Accounting Office. CONTROLLING INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION-
PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS: REPORT TO THE CONGRESS (on the) FEDERAL WATER
QUALITY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR, BY THE COMPTROLLER
GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing
Office, 1970. 72 pp.
, NEED FOR IMPROVING PROCEDURES TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE WITH LAW
REGARDING DEPOSITION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOLIDS INTO NAVIGABLE WATERS,
CORPS OF ENGINEERS (CIVIL FUNCTIONS) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY: REPORT TO
THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES BY THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE
UNITED STATES. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1966.
25 pp.
U. S. Laws and Statutes. COMPILATION OF SELECTED PUBLIC HEALTH LAWS,
INCLUDING PARTICULARLY THE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE ACT, THE FEDERAL WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL ACT, AND ACTS RELATING TO AIR POLLUTION. Washington,
D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1963. 157 p.
, CURRENT LAWS: STATUTES AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS. Washington,
D. C.: Environmental Protection Agency. Government Printing Office,
1972- .
, LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES RELATING TO WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. Compiled by the Committee on Public Works,
House of Representatives. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing
Office, 1970. 265 p.
, Environmental Policy Division. CONGRESS AND THE NATION'S
ENVIRONMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS OF THE 91st CONGRESS. Washington, D. C.
Government Printing Offijce, 1971. 288 p.
, CONGRESS AND THE NATION'S ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL AND
NATURAL RESOURCES AFFAIRS OF THE 92d,CONGRESS. 93d Cong., 1st sess.
Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1973. 1,145 p.
, Environmental Policy Division. A LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF THE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1972. 2 vols. Washington, D. C,
Government Printing Office, 1973. 1,766 p.
, NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT OF 1969; AN ANALYSIS OF
PROPOSED LEGISLATIVE MODIFICATIONS. 93d Cong., 1st sess. Washington,
D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1973. 78 p.
U. S. National Water Commission. A SUMMARY-DIGEST OF STATE WATER LAWS.
Edited by R. L. Dewsnup and D. W. Jense. Washington, D. C.: Government
Printing Office, 1973. 826 p.
241
-------
, A SUMMARY-DIGEST OF THE FEDERAL WATER LAWS AND PROGRAMS.
Edited by J. L. DeWeerdt and P. M. Glick. Washington, D. C.: Govern-
ment Printing Office, 1973. 205 p.
U. S. Secretary of Commerce. THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT ON
INTERNATIONAL TRADE: THE FIRST REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE TO
THE PESDIENT AND CONGRESS IN COMPLIANCE WITH SECTION 6 OF THE FEDERAL
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1972 (PUBLIC LAW 92-500). 93d
Cong., 1st sess. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1973.
126 p.
Van Tie!, N. "Principles and Problems of Pesticides Registration."
PESTICIDES SCIENCE 6 91975): 189-97.
Von Rumker, Rosmarie, et al. THE USE OF PESTICIDES IN SUBURBAN HOMES
AND GARDENS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. Washington, D. C.:
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Programs. Government
Printing Office, 1972.
Wilson, Billy Ray. ed. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS; PESTICIDES, THERMAL
POLLUTION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYNERGISMS. Philadelphia: Lippincott,
1968. 183 p. Illus.
Wright, Gordon P. DESIGNING WATER POLLUTION DETECTION SYSTEMS; ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW ENFORCEMENT ON THE U. S. COASTAL WATERS AND THE GREAT LAKES. Cambridge,
Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co., 1974, 225 p.
242
-------
APPENDIX C
CRITERIA DOCUMENTS
243
-------
APPENDIX C
Appendix C is a listing of Criteria Documents with their publication
numbers that have been issued by NIOSH and ANSI. They may be obtained by
ordering from the address given at the beginning of each list.
245
-------
U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare
Public Health Service
Center for Disease Control
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Cincinnati, Ohio
CRITERIA DOCUMENTS
FEB 1978
CRITERIA FOR A RECOMMENDED STANDARD:
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO
ACETYLENE
ACRYLAMIDE
ACRYLONITRILE
ALKANES
ALLYL CHLORIDE
AMMONIA
ASBESTOS
ASBESTOS
ASPHALT FUMES
BENZENE
BENZOYL PEROXIDE
BERYLLIUM
BORON TRIFLUORIDE
CADMIUM
CARBARYL
CARBON DIOXIDE
CARBON DISULFIDE
CARBON MONOXIDE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
CHLORINE
CHLOROFORM
CHLOROPRENE
NIOSH PUB NO
76-195
77-112
78-116
77-151
76-204
74-136
77-169
72-10267
78-106
74-137
77-166
72-10268
77-122
76-192
77-107
76-194
77-156
73-11000
76-133
76-170
75-144
77-210
247
-------
CHROMIC ACID 73-11021
CHROMIUM (VI) 76-129
COAL TAR PRODUCTS 78-107
COKE OVEN EMISSIONS 73-11016
COTTON DUST 75-118
CRESOL 78-133
CRYSTALLINE SILICA 75-120
DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF FLUOROCARBON POLYMERS 77-193
DIBROMOCHLOROPROPANE 78-115
DINITRO-ORTHO-CRESOL 78-131
DIOXANE 77-226
EPICHLOROHYDRIN 76-206
ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE 77-221
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE 76-139
FIBROUS GLASS 77-152
FORMALDEHYDE 77-126
HOT ENVIRONMENTS 72-10269
HYDROGEN CYANIDE AND CYANIDE SALTS 77-108
HYDROGEN FLUORIDE 76-143
HYDROGEN SULFIDE 77-158
HYDROQUINONE 78-155
AN IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM FOR OCCUPATIONALLY HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS 75-126
INORGANIC ARSENIC 74-110
INORGANIC ARSENIC 75-149
INORGANIC FLUORIDE 76-103
INORGANIC LEAD 73-11010
INORGANIC MERCURY 73-11024
INORGANIC NICKEL 77-164
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL 76-142
MALATHION 76-205
METHYL ALCOHOL 76-148
248.
-------
METHYL PARATHION 77-106
METHYLENE CHLORIDE 76-138
NITRIC ACID 76-141
NOISE 73-11001
ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS 77-115
OXIDES OF NITROGEN 76-149
PARATHION 76-190
PHENOL 76-196
PHOSGENE 76-137
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 77-225
REFINED PETROLEUM SOLVENTS 77-192
SODIUM HYDROXIDE 76-105
SULFUR DIOXIDE 74-1,11
SULFURIC ACID 74-12$
1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE 77-121
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERCHLOROETHYLENE) 76-185
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE 73-11022
TOLUENE 73-11023
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE (METHYL CHLOROFORM) 76-184
TRICHLOROETHYLENE 73-11025
TUNGSTEN AND CEMENTED TUNGSTEN CARBIDE 77-227
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION 73-11009
VANADIUM 77-222
WASTE ANESTHETIC GASES AND VAPORS 77-140
XYLENE 75-168
ZINC OXIDE 76-104
NIOSH SPECIAL OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD REVIEW AND CONTROL RECOMMENDATIONS
CHRYSENE 78-163
RECOMMENDED HEALTH AND SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR COAL GASIFICATION PILOT
PLANTS 78-120
249
-------
American National Standards Institute
1430 Broadway
New York, New York 10018
Z37.1-1941 (R 1971) Carbon Monoxide
Z37.2-1972 Hydrogen Sulfide
Z37.3-1968 (R 1973) Carbon Disulfide
Z37.4-1969 Benzene
Z37.5-1970 Cadmium Fume and Cadmium Dusts
Z37.6-1948 (R 1971) Manganese
Z37.7-1973 Chromic Acid and Chromates
Z37.8-1972 Inorganic Mercury and Non-alkyl Organo Compounds
Z37.10-1971 Xylene
Z37.11-1969 Lead and Its Inorganic Compounds
Z37.12-1974 Toluene
Z37.13-1971 Nitrogen Dioxide
Z37.14-1971 Methanol
Z37.15-1969 Styrene
Z37.16-1967 (R 1973) Formaldehyde
Z37.17-1967 (R 1973) Carbon Tetrachloride
Z37.18-1969 Methyl Chloride
Z37.19-1967 Trichloroethylene
Z37.21-1969 Ethylene Dichloride
Z37.22-1967 Tetrachloroethylene
Z37.23-1969 Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane)
Z37.24-1970 Methyl Bromide (Monobromomethane)
Z37.25-1974 Chlorine
Z37.26-1970 Methyl Chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
Z37.27-1970 Paradichlorobenze (1,4-Dichlorobenzene)
Z37.28-1969 (R 1973) Hydrogen Fluoride & Inorganic Fluoride
Dusts
Z37.29-1970 Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds
Z37.31-1970 Ethylene Dibromide
Z37.32-1971 Acetone
250
-------
Z37.35-1973 Trifluoroethane (Fluorocarbon 113)
Z37.36-1973 Trichlorofluoromethane (Fluorocarbon 11)
Z37.38-1974 Dichlorodifluoromethane (Fluorocarbon 12)
Z37.39-1974 Acetic Acid
Zl29.1-1976 Precautionary Labeling of Hazardous In-
dustrial Chemicals
Z136.1-1976 Lasers, Safe Use of
Z245.1-1975 Refuse Collection and Compaction Equip-
ment, Safety Requirements for
25J
-------
APPENDIX D
UNITS OF QUANTITATIVE LEVELS
FOR POLLUTANT REGULATION
253
-------
APPENDIX D
UNITS OF QUANTITATIVE LEVELS FOR POLLUTANT REGULATION
Some of the terms used in defining regulated pollution control are
less common than others. A brief refresher:
BOD5, biological oxygen demand, 5-day test period. Usually defined
as the amount of oxygen required by bacteria while stabilizing decomposible
matter under aerobic conditions.
mg 0
= - days'
for nondi luted samples.
- D0i) 100] -[D0b- (DOS)J,
diluted samples (with water),
where DO = dissolved oxygen in nondi luted samples.
o
DO. = dissolved oxygen in control blank of dilution water
at end of 5 days.
DO- = dissolved oxygen in diluted sample at the end of 5
days.
% = percent of sample in diluted mixture.
curie. Measure of radioactivity. The quantity of radioactive material
exhibiting 3.70 x 10 disintegrations/second.
dBA. decibel. Expresses relative loudness of sound. Zero dBA is barely
audible. Hearing impairment is medically defined as the inability to hear
below 25 dBA, at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz.
50 dBA = average conversation; 60 dBA = average factory.
80 dBA = noisy office; 100 dBA = loud street noise.
110 dBA = nearby riveter (deafening); 120 dBA = thunder, artillery
(pain threshold).
255
-------
p
Sound Pressure Level = 20 log-,0 p- dBA
o 2
P = sound pressure - dyne/cm
2
PQ= 0.002 dyne/cm .
2
hectare. 10,000 m area.
2
joule. 1 newton-meter, or 1 kg-meter/sec .
LCcri. The calculated concentration of a substance in either air or
— ^oi)
water (as separate figures) which will cause the death of 50 percent of an
experimental animal population under controlled conditions and time exposure,
usually 96 hours for aquatic species.
LDgQ. The lethal dose to 50 percent of a population (of test animals);
the calculated dose of a chemical substance which is expected to cause the
death of half the population through exposure to the substance by any route
other than inhalation (e.g., ingestion, injection).
no discharge (zero discharge). Usually implies that no process effluent
will increase a pollutant level above existing background, ambient levels,
i.e., no net pollutant increase in the environment.
opacity. The measurement of light extinction by particles in the air,
caused by scattering and absorption. The reduction in intensity, I , of a
light beam of intensity I , over a distance, x, is given by
I = IQ exp (-ax)
where a is the extinction coefficient.
% opacity = 100 (1 - ~) = 100 (l-e~ax).
o
Various levels of % opacity correspond to shades (gray-to-black, 0-5)
on the widely used Ringelmann chart.
pH. Universal term for expressing the intensity of the acid or alkaline
condition of a solution. It thus defines the hydrogen ion concentration, or
more closely, the hydrogen ion activity.
PH = -log[H+].
1Q
256
-------
PPm. PPb. Parts per million and parts per billion respectively. May
be expressed as volume or mass concentrations, e.g.,
1 ppmvolume = ] millil
= 1 mole pollutant/10 moles air
or, 1 ppbmass = 1 microgram/1 kilogram.
rem. Roentgen equivalent man. Measure of radiation hazard from radio
active sources. The rem takes into account that heavy particles (e.g., pro
tons, neutrons, alpha particles) cause greater biological effects than elec
trons, gamma rays or X-rays.
1 rem = 1 rad x RBE (relative biological effect)
= (ergs of radiant energy absorbed/gram of tissue) x RBE.
threshold odor number. This number is obtained by adding a sample to
200 ml of distilled water until an odor is barely detectable from the water.
The sample threshold value (in ml) divided into 200 ml is then the odor
number; e.g., if odor is first detected after adding 12.5 ml of sample,
Threshold Odor No. = -^— = 16.
TSS, total suspended solids (nondissolved suspended matter) in water.
Measured by filtering through a Gooch crucible and weighing, or by filtering
water through a paper filter and calculating the difference between total solids
in unfiltered and filtered samples.
TWA, time weighted average. Usually refers to an "average" pollutant con-
centration over a specified time period, which may commonly vary from 8 hours
to one year. TWA limits permit excursions above the limit provided they are
compensated by equivalent excursions below the limit during the time period.
watt. 1 joule/second.
257
-------
Prefixes in the International System of Units (SI) used in expressing
quantitative regulations:
Giga
Mega
Kilo -
Hecto -
Deka
Deci
(G) 109
(M) 106
(k) 103
(h) 102
(da) 101
(d) 10"1
Centi -
M1111 -
Micro -
Nano -
Pico -
(c)
(m)
(y)
(n)
(P)
ID'2
io-3
ID'6
ID'9
1C'12
Some difficulties arise in attempting to compare regulatory controls
(e.g., on the basis of which one demands most stringent control) because
different regulations for the same pollutant are often expressed in
different units. Part of the problem arises from the fact that regulations
must often be tailored to the source type, such as vehicles, industry, and
disposal or treatment systems. The units or descriptive terms of regulations
may also be associated with sampling or measurement approaches.
On the other hand, regulations must be related to control levels for
pollutants in the environment, based on toxicological, medical, epidemiological,
and ecological studies. This relationship has been most widely interpreted
in terms of concentrations of pollutants in the various media—air, water,
3
soil. Many regulations are already expressed in ug/m , mg/1, mg/kg, and
similar units. For some of those which are not expressed in this manner,
some possible unit conversion approaches for comparison purposes are dis-
cussed below.
One approach for comparing regulations is to narrow the scope of
comparison to source emission constraints. This restriction eliminates the
problem of attempting to estimate ambient pollutant concentration from source
emissions data, utilizing dispersion models. Therefore, the conversions
described in Table D-l are some possible, though not necessarily recommended,
approaches for normalizing regulation limits to concentrations of pollutants
at the pollution source.
258
-------
The expression of pollutant concentrations as mass per unit volume
(in fluids) or per unit mass (in land) is the most universal approach and
can be applied to almost any regulation involving control of particular
substances. Much interpretation of environmental data in terms of Multi-
media Environmental Goals, Source Analysis Models, Threshold Limit Values,
and other methodologies utilized by environmental agencies is expressed
in these concentration units.
259
-------
TABLE D-l. UNIT CONVERSIONS
Current Regulation Units
Typical Conversion
(to source concentration)
Conversion Coefficients
ro
<71
CD
Pollutant Concentrations
ppmvolume
ass
% volume
% mass
for air pollution:* 1 ppm = 24.45 ~
p m
for water pollution: 1 ppm = p
mg
n
for air pollution:* 1 ppm = 1.185
for water pollution: 1 ppm = 1
for solid waste or raw solid product (such
as pesticides on crops):
PPm -
— same as ppm x 10 —
% volume = 409 x MWn
p n
4
-- same as ppm x 10 --
MW = molecular weight of
p pollutant
p = pollutant
*For air at 25°C; 760 mm Hg; 24.45 £/g-mole; 28.97 g/g-mole.
-------
TABLE D-1. UNIT CONVERSIONS (continued)
Current Regulation Units
Typical Conversions
(to source concentration)
Conversion Coefficients
Pollutant Mass Levels per
Feedstock or Product
Examples:
Ib pollutant/ton product,
mg/kg input
Land Area Pollution
kg/ha
Pollutant Level per
Unit Time
Example:
g/hr
mg/kg =
j_ mg pollutant
R
m stream
trig
1
10 p d kg soil
O
m
or
1
Q
_ i polluted stream
g (feed, product)
p = soil density (g/cm )
d = so-il de'pth (cm)
Q = volumetric or solid mass
flow rate of polluted
stream:
mm hr
-------
TABLE D-1. UNIT CONVERSIONS (continued)
Current Regulation Units
Typical Conversions
(to source concentration)
Conversion Coefficients
Pollutant Level per
Energy Input/Output
Examples:
mg/joule heat fuel input
lb/1000 hp-hour
lb/100 Ib-thrust-hour cycle
mg/vehicle mile
Radiation Limits
pCi/£
mg _ R mg
joule H 3
H.P. mg_
7.6Q 3
F mg
•8Q V
75.8Q
_ mpg mg
R
m
37D a.
m
R = volume of output/feed mass\-j^-
H = fuel heating value
Q = exhaust flow rate (m /min)
H.P. = horsepower
o
Q = exhaust flow rate (m /min)
F = engine Ib-thrust cycle
3
R =
exhaust volume / nT
volume fuel input \ gal
mpg = miles/gallon
D =
disintegrations
second-gram substance
-------
TABLE D-1. UNIT CONVERSIONS (continued)
Current Regulation Units
Typical Conversions
(to source concentration)
Conversion Coefficients
Radiation Limits (continued)
millirem/year
Particulate Levels in Air
% opacity
= (1333 TTdS0d^ t)"
(for a single source)
(this is a grossly simplified approach)
C = (concentration of particles of
radius r)
3000 Dk
In
mg
3
o / m
opacity
100
% opacity = 100 ( 1 - exp
[
L
750
s_ =
t =
_ millirem
gram-hr
for a particular
source at a given
distance, d (m)
exposure to source (hours/year)
at a distance, d, from the
S =
source
S d 2
0 0
inillirem
g-hr
D = plume diameter (m)
p = particle density/-^--
p Van
k = scattering area ratio for
particles of radius r (r in
microns)
I = light intensity
-------
TABLE D-1. UNIT CONVERSIONS (continued)
Current Regulation Units
Typical Conversions
(to source concentration)
Conversion Coefficients
Water Pollution Terms
BODC
ro
on
TSS
Considering biological oxidation as a
first order reaction:
BOD5 = xCi("l-e~kt)
TSS =
mg solids filtered
a water through filter
x =
mg oxygen reacted
mg decomposible organics reacted
C-= concentration of decomposible
organics of interest in sample,
mg_
£
k = reaction rate constant for dis-
posable organics of interest,
e.g.,
k = 0.17/day, for domestic
9 waste
k normally ranges from 0.08 to
0.25/day for raw wastes and
sewage
t = 5 days
-------
TABLE D-1. UNIT CONVERSIONS (continued)
Current Regulation Units
Typical Conversions
(to source concentration)
Conversion Coefficients
Water Pollution Terms
(continued)
PH
counts/ma (fecal coliform)
threshold odor number
Toxicity Levels
Example:
% of 96-hr. LD5Q or
LC50 (for aquatic life)
Asbestos
fibers/m"
There are 104~pH
solution at 25°C.
H ions in a water
mg_ total acidity or alkalinity is commonly
£ measured by titration, and determination
of a particular acid concentration may be
quite complex. For a simple case, how-
ever:
Single strong acid,
"2pH
10
_
acid
-|
counts _ mg
m& B a
(threshold odor number)
p mg sample
5000 a water
-1
in = — i^i
L_U T~ f\ \ I n
'50
wt mg
V £
LC
50
mg
£
= 1000
k, = ionization constant
= bacterium mass (yg)
p = sample density -r
V = milliters of water
intake
wt= mass of animal (g) or
plant
= yg/fiber
-------
INDEX
ACQRS, 29, 36, 37
Aluminum, 18, 34, 75, 80, 112, 176
Ammonia, 18, 23, 62, 70, 74, 75, 79, 80, 88, 112, 130, 135
Areas of environmental impact, 191-195
Arsenic, 18, 23, 26, 31, 35, 62, 66, 71, 75, 79, 80, 88, 97, 112, 130, 135,
137, 139, 151, 153, 180
Asbestos, 10, 18, 25, 26, 35, 51, 66, 80, 81, 126, 127, 130, 176
Atomic Energy Act, 4, 9, 143-154
Automobiles, see mobile sources
BAT (BATEA), 57, 58, 59, 60, 67, 81, 82, 83
BCT, 58, 59, 60, 81-84
Benzene, 18, 26, 35, 66, 99, 123, 126, 127, 130, 135, 137, 139, 141, 172
175, 188,
Beryllium, 10, 18, 23, 35, 50, 62, 66, 88, 123, 130, 135, 137, 141, 151, 174, 176
Bibliography, 217-242
BOD., 59, 80
Body dose, 144-146
Bone marrow, 144
BPT, 58, 59, 81
BRH, 4, 143
Cadmium, 18, 23, 31, 35, 62, 66, 71, 75, 78, 79, 80, 85, 88, 97, 123, 131, 134,
135, 137, 141, 151, 153, 180, 193
Cancer, 94
Candidate list, 155
Carbon monoxide, 18, 23, 26, 31, 32, 34, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 46, 113, 130
135, 141
Carcinogens, 10, 12, 104, 105, 127, 129, 172
Ceiling values, 108
Chemical indicators, 93, 9.9
Chlorofluoroalkanes, 157
Chromium, 18, 23, 62, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 78, 79, 80, 88, 97, 114, 130,
135, 137, 139, 141, 153, 180
Chronic effects, 105
Clean Air Act (CAA), 3, 9, 10, 29-53, 155, 167, 199
Clean air class, 36, 51
Clean Water Restoration Act, 55
Coal, charcoal, coke, carbon, 135-136
Coastal ,5, 215
COD, 59
Code of Federal Regulations, 197-215
Coke oven emissions, 35, 105
Coliform bacteria, 19, 59, 62, 68, 72, 74, 80, 92
Color, 79, 95., 100
Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources, 6
Community water systems, 91-9.9
Consent Decree, 3, 9, 18, 21, 56, 57, 60, 66, 67
Consumers, 107
Contents, table of, iv
267
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Conventional pollutants, 59
Copper, 18, 23, 26, 62, 66, 71, 72, 75, 78, 79, 80, 88, 100, 114, 153
Council on Environmental Quality, 15, 189
Criteria documents, 31, 105, 106, 243-251
Criteria pollutants, 31, 39
Cumulative exposure, 109
Cyanide, 18, 23, 62, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78, 80, 85, 88, 114, 130,
174, 176
DDT, 18, 25, 63, 66, 85, 86, 88, 99, 114, 159, 174
Deep well, 95, 101
Department of Commerce, 155
DOD, 143
DOE, 143
Donora, Pa., 15, 29
Dosage, 29
Drinking water, 3, 9, 10, 12, 15, 91-101,
Effluent limitations, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 18, 21, 57, 58, 68-77, 80
Emission control technology, 33
Emissions offsets, 37
Endangered Species Act, 189
Environmental impact statement, 189
EPA, 2, 7, 13, 14, 143, 155
Federal agencies, 191, 195
Federal Radiation Council (FRC), 4, 143
FIFRA, 159-166
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 190
Fluorides, 34, 35, 45, 47, 70, 71, 75, 80, 88, 92, 97, 123, 131
Fluorocarbons, 10, 133, 157
Fossil fuel fired boilers, 44, 47
Freshwater, 62-65
Fungicide, 159
FWPCA, 2, 3, 9, 10, 55-89, 155, 201-203
Granulated activated charcoal (GAC), 94, 95
Groundwater, 95, 96
Harbors, 6
Hazardous substances, 10, 12, 13, 26, 56, 61, 88, 89
Hazardous waste, 9, 11, 12, 17, 169-183
HEW, 12, 29, 55, 56, 143
Hydrocarbons, 18, 23, 31, 32, 34, 38, 42, 43, 44, 130, 140
ICC, 143
ICRP, 15, 143
Industrial hygiene, 106
Industries, 21-22, 44-49, 66-79
Initial list, 155
Insecticide, 159-166
Interagency Testing Committee, 155
Interior, Department of, 55
Introduction, 1-6
Iron, 19, 26, 63, 71, 72, 74, 75, 80, 88, 100, 117, 137, 151, 153
Isotopes, 145, 146
208
-------
Labeling, 159, 160, 167
LAER, 37
Leachates, 169
Lead, 10, 19, 23, 31, 35, 38, 63, 66, 73, 75, 78, 80, 88, 97, 123, 126, 131, 135
Legislation, 9, 10, 16
Light water reactors, 146
Mammalian studies, 105
Manganese, 19, 25, 26, 63, 71, 72, 80, 100, 117, 135, 151, 153
Manufacturing Chemists Association, 15
Marine, 5, 6, 9
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act, 5, 185-188, 212
Master list, 155
Media, 12
Membrane filter, 92
Mercury, 10, 19, 23, 35, 50, 63, 66, 75, 80, 85, 88, 97, 123, 131, 135, 138
141, 151, 153, 180, 188
Microbiological contaminants, 91
Milestone, 7, 10, 11
Mobile source, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 42, 43, 167-168
Motor vehicles, see mobile source
Municipal waste, 169
NA, 3, 30, 37
NAAQS, 3, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 26, 30-32, 36, 37, 38, 39
National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, 187
National Drinking Water Advisory Council, 91
National Fire Protection Association, 15
National Historic Preservation Act, 190
National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 9, 10, 13, 17, 26, 91-93,
.97, 98, 144
National parks, monuments, wilderness, 189
National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, 9, 10, 13, 17, 26, 91, 95, 100
Navigable waters, 6
NCI, 15, 155
NCRPM, 15, 143
NEPA, 6, 11, 27, 189-195, 213
NESHAP, 3, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 26, .30, 34, 35
Nickel, 19, 25, 63, 65, 71, 75, 78, 80, 88, 119, 132, 135, 151., 153
NIEHS, 15, 155
NIOSH, 15, 103-106, 130-133, 134, 135, 136
Nitrogen oxides, 26, 32, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 47, 119, 132, 141
Noise, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 27, 167-168, 210
Noise Control Act, 5, 7, 9, 167-168, 210
Noise Pollution and Abatement Act, 167
NO , see Nitrogen oxides
NP6ES, 3, 9, .56, 58
NRC, 4. 7, 143
NSF, 155
NSPS, 3, 9, 10, 12, 26, 29, 3,0,, 33, 34, 44-49, 51-53
Nuclear fuel cycle, 9, 10, 13, 17, 144, 146
Nuclear power, 144, 146
269'
-------
Occupational safety, 4, 103, 141
Ocean dumping, 5, 185-188
Odor, 91, 95, 98
Office of Management and Budget, 190
Oil , 9
Oil and grease, 1, 9, 63, 69, 71., 72, 73, 74, 76., 79., 80, 136, 188
Oil Pollution Act, 55, 59, 81, 214
Opacity, 44-47
Organ dose, 94, 98
Organic chemicals, 94, 107
Organic chemicals (processes), 49
OSHA, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 103-141, 205-206
Ozone, 10, 19, 26, "31, 38, 119
Particulates, 20, 26, 31, 36, 38, 39, 44, 45, 46, 51, 124, 140
PCB, 10, 64, 66, 72, 80, 85, 87, 133, 156, 175
Permits, 4, 5
Pesticide registration, 9, 160, 161
Pesticide tolerance levels, 9, 161, 165, 166
Pesticides, 4, 7, 9, 13, 17, 159-166
pH, 59, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80
Photochemical oxidants, see Ozone
Policy, 18, 20, 23-25
POM, 31, 35
POTW, 57, 58, 59
Power plants, see Fossil fuels
Preliminary list, 155
Pretreatment, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 26, 57, 59, 78, 79
Proposed regulations, 16, 17, 26, 47, 168, 170, 172-183
PSD, 3, 9, 29, 36, 51, 52, 53
Public Health Service Act, 91
Public laws, 197-215
Radiation, 13, 31, 143-154
Radium, 93
Radon, 149, 152, 153
Railroad cars, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 168
RCRC, see Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Recharge zone, 96
Recycling, 171
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 5, 9, 113, 169-183
Restricted areas, 145
Rivers, 6
Rodenticide, 159
Safe Drinking Water Act, 3, 9, 91, 101
Sanctuaries, 5
Settlement agreement, see Consent decree
Sewage systems, 57, 58, 59, 145
SIP, 10, 30
Soil burial, 145
Soil standards (solid waste) 5, 9, 10, 11, 13
Solid waste, 169
270
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Spills, 56
Standard of performance, 33, 34
State requirements, 3, 4, 6, 29, 32, 33, 55, 56, 91, 94, 101
Stationary sources, 44-49
Sulfur, sulfur compounds, 26
Summary, 6j, 7
Testing, toxic substance, 155-158
Time-weighted averages (TWAs), 108-125, 137-140
TLV, 10, 104, 106, 108-125
Toxic pollutant, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 56, 60, 86, 87
Transformers, 156
Treatment plants, 57, 58, 59
Trihalomethanes, 26, 94
Trucks, 42, 168
TSCA, 4, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 155-158, 208
Turbidity, 92
Underground water, 91, 95, 169, 170
Units, 253-265
Uranium fuel cycle, 146
Vinyl chloride, 26, 35, 50, 66, 99, 126, 127, 133, 175
Water parameters, 20, 62-65, 180
Water Quality Act, 55
Water quality by 1983, 56
Water quality criteria, 9, 10, 62-65
Water standards, 62-89
Water temperatures, 64-65
Workplace, 4, 9, 12, 17, 103-141
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-175
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE A Handbook Of Key Federal Regulations
and Criteria for Multimedia Environmental Control
5. REPORT DATE
August 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
D. R. Greenwood, G. L. Kingsbury, and J. G. Cleland
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
RTI/1603/18-01F
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
ME 82 5
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2612, Task 67
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 9/78 - 6/79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is T.
541-2851.
Kelly Janes, Mail Drop 61, 919/
16. ABSTRACT
The handbook summarizes major Federal environmental regulations and recommen-
dations and the legislative acts that authorize them. It summarizes and tabulates
quantitative control limits specified by Federal agencies. It compares the various
regulations, standards, and criteria. It includes a selected bibliography addressing
Federal environmental control activities.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Regulations
Legislation
Standards
Criteria
Bibliographies
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Federal Regulations
Quantitative Limits
13 B
05D
14B
05B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
288
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
272
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