-------
Table of Contents
Section Page
I. Foreword 1
II. Test procedure for determining exhaust emissions 4
from heavy-duty vehicles under transient conditions.
§86.1404 Section numbering; construction. 4
§86.1405 Introduction; structure of subpart. 5
§86.1406 Equipment required and specifications; 6
overview.
§86.1407 [Reserved]. 7
§86.1408 Dynamometer. 8
§86.1409 Exhaust gas sampling system. 9
§86.1410 [Reserved]. 10
§86.1411 Exhaust gas analytical system. 11
§86.1412 [Reserved]. 12
§86.1413 Fuel specifications. 13
•o
§86.1414 Analytical gases. 14
§86.1415 EPA heavy-duty transient chassis cycles. 15
§86.1416 Calibrations; frequency and overview. 17
§86.1417 [Reserved]. 19
§86.1418 Dynamometer calibration. 20
§86.1419 CVS calibration. 24
§86.1420 [Reserved]. 25
§86.1421 Hydrocarbon analyzer calibration. 26
§86.1422 Carbon monoxide analyzer calibration. 27
§86.1423 Oxides of nitrogen analyzer calibration. 28
§86.1424 Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration. 29
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I wo nuno^ erracs \v\ '-t-nis clocuwe*\t tieecl.tb Ae poin(~i\.cjl\ a
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Table of Contents continued
Section
§86.1425
§86.1426
§86.1427
§86.1428
§86.1429
§86.1430
§86.1431
§86.1432
§86.1433
§86.1434
§86.1435
§86.1436
§86.1437
§86.1438
§86.1439
§86.1440
§86.1441
§86.1442
§86.1443
§86.1444
Appendix I
[Reserved] .
Calibration of other equipment.
Chassis dynamometer test procedures;
overview.
Transmissions .
Dynamometer load determination.
Test sequence; general requirements.
Vehicle preparation.
Vehicle preconditioning.
[Reserved] .
[Reserved] .
[Reserved] .
Engine starting and restarting.
Chassis dynamometer test runs.
[Reserved] .
[Reserved] .
Exhaust sample analysis.
[Reserved] .
Information required.
[Reserved] .
Calculations; exhaust emissions.
Page
30
31
32
36
38
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
50
54
55
56
57
58
61
62
74
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I. Foreword
This recommended practice represents the completion of
one phase of EPA's transient cycle development effort. The
finalized chassis procedures detailed here parallel the engine
test procedures recently published as Subpart N of the Heavy-
Duty Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM). The engine test
will remain for EPA the primary means of determining transient
heavy-duty emissions; however, the chassis test will be
available when total-vehicle testing is desired (for example,
for a radically new engine design, for in-use programs, or
perhaps for future durability testing on in-service vehicles).
An emission test according to these procedures begins
with a cold-start exercise of the vehicle over a 20 minute
driving cycle followed by a hot-start repeat of that cycle
after a 20 minute soak period. As in the case of the engine
test, a constant volume sampler (CVS) is used to provide a
continuous proportional sample of the varying exhaust flow.
The diluted exhaust is collected in separate bags during the
cold-start and hot-start segments for analysis.
The dynamometer road-load equation specified here comes
from an SAE Recommended Practice (J688), and also appears in a
similar form in the proposed EPA Heavy-Duty Evaporative
Emissions Test Procedure. There are currently plans within
EPA to improve the accuracy and shorten the duration of this
heavy-duty road-load setting procedure, and we will document
the work as it occurs.
In format, this recommended practice closely follows the
above-mentioned transient engine procedure, which in turn
was patterned after the light-duty vehicle regulations. Many
of these sections are identical in content to portions of the
engine regulations, and refer the reader there; most of the
other sections will be found to have direct counterparts in
the previous test procedures.
The actual chassis driving cycle appears in Appendix I.
Both it and the previously published engine cycle are descen-
dants of the same in-service truck data, and were generated by
computer to represent on-the-road operation. The following
EPA Technical Reports and contract reports document various
aspects of the cycles' development. Technical Reports are
available from the Motor Vehicle Emissions Laboratory in Ann
Arbor, Michigan (48105). The remaining reports may be ob-
tained through the National Technical Information Service
(U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Spring-
field, Virginia 22161).
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-2-
EPA Report Technical Report
Number Title
HDV 76-03 Engine Horsepower Modeling
for Diesel Engines
HDV 76-04 Engine Horsepower Modeling
for Gasoline Engines
HDV 77-01 Selection of Transient
Cycles for Heavy-Duty
Engines
HDV 78-01 Category Selection for
Transient Heavy-Duty
Chassis and Engine Cycles
HDV 78-02 Selection of Transient
Cycles for Heavy-Duty
Vehicles
HDV 78-03 Truck Driving Patterns
and Use Survey, Phase II,
Final Report, Part II
Los Angeles
HDV 78-04 Transient Cycle Arrange-
ment for Heavy-Duty
Engine and Chassis
Emission Testing
HDV 78-05 Analysis of Hot/Cold
Cycle Requirements
for Heavy-Duty Vehicles
HDV 78-06 A Preliminary Examina-
tion of the Repeata-
bility of the Heavy-Duty
Transient Dynamometer
Emission Test
HDV 78-08 Exhaust Emissions and
Fuel Consumption of a
Heavy-Duty Gasoline
Powered Vehicle Over
Various Driving Cycles:
361 Cubic Inch 1966 Ford F-600
Author
Date
C. France Oct. 1976
L. Higdon Dec. 1976
C. France Nov. 1977
&
T. Wysor
C. France May 1978
T. Wysor June 1978
&
C. France
L. Higdon May 1978
C. France July 1978
C. France July 1978
W. Clemmens June 1978
R. Nash Aug. 1978
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-3-
EPA Report Technical Report
Number Title Author Date
R. Nash Aug. 1978
HDV 78-09 Exhaust Emissions and
Fuel Consumption of a
Heavy-Duty Gasoline
Powered Vehicle Over
Various Driving Cycles:
427 Cubic Inch
1977 California CMC 6500
HDV 78-10 Exhaust Emissions and R. Nash Aug. 1978
Fuel Consumption of a
1 Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle
Over Various Driving Cycles:
CMC Astro 95, 8V-71 NA
APT.D-1523 Heavy-Duty Vehicle Driving
Pattern and Use Survey,
Final Report Part I,
New York City
EPA-406/ Heavy-Duty Vehicle Driving
3-75-005 Pattern and Use Survey:
Part II - Los Angeles
Basin Final Report
EPA-460/ Truck Driving Pattern
3-77-009 and Use Survey Phase II
- Final Report, Part I
EPA-460/ Heavy-Duty Vehicle
3-78-008 Cycle Development
J.C. Cosby,
Wilbur Smith
& Associates
Wilbur Smith
& Associates
Wilbur Smith
& Associates
May 1973
Feb. 1974
June 1977
Malcolm Smith July 1978
Systems Control,Inc.
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-4-
II. Test procedures for determining exhaust emissions from
heavy-duty vehicles under transient conditions.
§86.1404-83 Section numbering; construction.
(a) The model year of initial applicability is indicated
by the section number. The two digits following the hyphen
designate the first model year for which a section is effec-
tive. A section remains effective until superseded.
Example: Section §86.1411-83 applies to the 1983 and
subsequent model years until superseded. If a section
§86.1411-85 is promulgated it would take effect beginning with
the 1985 model year; §86.1411-83 would apply to model years
1983 and 1984.
(b) A section reference without a model year suffix
refers to the section applicable for the appropriate model
year.
(c) Unless indicated, all provisions in this subpart
apply to both gasoline-fueled and diesel heavy-duty engines.
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-5-
§86.1405-83 Introduction; structure of subpart.
(a) This subpart describes the equipment required and
the procedures to follow in order to perform exhaust emission
tests on gasoline-fueled and diesel heavy-duty vehicles.
Subpart A sets forth the testing requirements and test inter-
vals necessary to comply with EPA certification procedures.
(b) Four topics are addressed in this subpart. Sectipns
86.1306 through 86.1315 set forth specifications and equipment
requirements; §§86.1316 through 86.1326 discuss calibration
methods and frequency; test procedures and data requirements
are listed (in approximately chronological order) in §§86.1327
through 86.1342; and calculation formulas are found in
§86.1344.
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-6-
§86.1406-83 Equipment required and specifications;
overview.
(a) This subpart contains procedures for exhaust emis-
sion tests on diesel or gasoline-fueled heavy-duty vehicles.
Equipment required and specifications are as follows:
(1) Exhaust emission tests. All vehicles subject to
this subpart are tested for exhaust emissions. Diesel and
gasoline-fueled vehicles are tested identically with the
exception of hydrocarbon measurements; diesel vehicles require
a heated hydrocarbon detector, §86.1409. Necessary equipment
and specifications appear in §§86.1408 through 86.1411.
(2) Fuel, analytical gas, and engine cycle specifica-
tions. Fuel specifications for exhaust emission testing are
specified in §86.1413. Analytical gases are specified in
§86.1414. The EPA heavy-duty transient chassis cycles for use
in exhaust testing are specified in §86.1415 and Appendix XII.
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-7-
§86.1407-83 [Reserved]
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-8-
§86.1408-83 Dynamometer.
(a) The dynamometer shall have a power absorption
capability for simulation of road-load power and flywheels or
other means of simulating the inertia weight as specified in
§86.1429.
(b)(l) The dynamometer shall have a roll or shaft revolu-
tion counter for determination of distance driven.
(2) In lieu of requirement (b)(l) above, the manufac-
turer may provide an alternate means of determining the
distance driven, subject to advance approval by the Admin-
istrator.
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-9-
§86.1409-83 Exhaust gas sampling system.
The requirements of §86.1309-83 also apply to this
section. §86.1309-83 can be found in Subpart N of the Heavy-
Duty NPRM (44FR9464, Feb. 13, 1979).
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-10-
§86.1410-83 [Reserved]
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-11-
§86.1411-83 Exhaust gas analytical system.
The requirements of §86.1311-83 also apply to this
section. §86.1311-83 can be found in Subpart N of the
Heavy-Duty NPRM (44FR9464, Feb. 13, 1979).
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-12-
§86.1412-83 [Reserved]
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-13-
§86.1413-83 Fuel specifications.
The requirements of §86.1313-83 also apply to this
section. §86.1313-83 can be found in Subpart N of the
Heavy-Duty NPRM (44FR9464, Feb. 13, 1979).
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-14-
§86.1414-83 Analytical gases.
The requirements of §86.1314-83 also apply to this
section. §86.1314-83 can be found in Subpart N of the
Heavy-Duty NPRM (44FR9464, Feb. 13, 1979).
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-15-
§86.1415-83 EPA heavy-duty transient chassis cycles.
(a) The reference dynamometer driving schedule for
heavy-duty vehicles is a 1060 second transient speed versus
time cycle which is designed to simulate gasoline-fueled HDV
operation in urban areas. A second by second listing of this
schedule is given in Appendix I. 33% of the cycle is idle
operation, and the average vehicle speed is 18.9 mph (30.4
km/hr).
(b) The speed tolerance at any given time on the tran-
sient speed vs. time driving schedule is defined by upper
and lower limits. The upper limit is 2 mph (3.2 km/hr) higher
than the highest point on the trace within 1 second of the
given time. The lower limit is 2 mph (3.2 km/hr) lower than
the lowest point on the trace within 1 second of the given
time. Speed variations greater than the tolerances (such as
may occur during gear changes) are acceptable provided they
occur for less than 2 seconds on any occasion. Speeds lower
than those prescribed are acceptable provided the vehicle is
operated at maximum available power during such occurrences.
When conducted to meet the requirements of §86.1432 the speed
tolerance shall be as specified above, except that the upper
and lower limits shall be 4 mph (6.4 km/hr).
(c) Figures 083-1(a) and 083-1(b) show the range of
-------
VEHICLE PRECONDITIONING
COLD START EXHAUST EMISSION TEST
HOT SOAK
HOT START EXHAUST EMISSION TEST
END
FIGURE 0 83-2 - Test Sequence
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-16-
acceptable speed variations for typical points. Figure
083-l(a) is typical of portions of the speed curve which are
increasing or decreasing throughout the two second time
interval. Figure 083-1(b) is typical of portions of the speed
curve which include a maximum or minimum value.
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-17-
§86.1416-83 Calibrations; frequency and overview.
(a) Calibrations shall be performed as specified in
§§86.1418 through 86.1426.
(b) At least .monthly or after any maintenance which
could alter calibration, the following calibrations and checks
shall be performed:
(1) Calibrate the hydrocarbon analyzer, carbon dioxide
analyzer, carbon monoxide analyzer, and oxides of nitrogen
analyzer.
(2) Calibrate the dynamometer. If the dynamometer
receives a weekly performance check (and remains within
calibration) the monthly calibration need not be performed.
(c) At least weekly or after any maintenance which could
alter calibration, the following calibrations and checks shall
be performed:
(1) Check the oxides of nitrogen converter efficiency,
and
(2) Perform a CVS system verification.
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-18-
(d) The CVS positive displacement pump or critical flow
venturi shall be calibrated following initial installation,
major maintenance or as necessary when indicated by the CVS
system verification (described in §86.1419).
(e) Sample conditioning columns, if used in the CO
analyzer train, should be checked at a frequency consistent
with observed column life or when the indicator of the column
packing begins to show deterioration.
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-19-
§86.1417-83 [Reserved]
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-20-
§86.1418-83 Dynamometer calibration.
(a) The dynamometer shall be calibrated at least once
each month or performance verified at least once each week and
then calibrated as required. The calibration shall consist of
the manufacturer's recommended calibration procedure plus a
determination of the dynamometer frictional power absorption
at 50 mph (80.5 km/hr). One method for determining dynamo-
meter frictional power absorption at 50 mph (80.5 km/hr) is
described below. The same general method can be used at other
speeds. Other methods may be used if shown to yield equiva-
lent results. The measured absorbed road power includes the
dynamometer friction as well as the power absorbed by the
power absorption unit. The dynamometer is driven above the
test speed range. The device used to drive the dynamometer is
then disengaged from the dynamometer and the roll(s) is (are)
allowed to coastdown. The kinetic energy of the system is
dissipated by the dynamometer. (This method neglects the
variations in rollbearing friction due to the drive axle
weight of the vehicle). In the case of dynamometers with
paired rolls, the inertia and power absorption of the free
(rear) roll may be neglected if its inertia is less than 3.0%
of the total equivalent inertia required for vehicle testing.
(1) Devise a method to determine the speed of the
roll(s) to be measured for power absorption. A fifth wheel,
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-21-
revolution pickup, or other suitable means may be used.
(2) Place a vehicle on the dynamometer or devise another
method of driving the dynamometer.
(3) If the dynamometer is capable of simulating more
than a single inertia mass, engage the inertial flywheel
or other inertial simulation system or the most common vehicle
mass category for which the dynamometer is used. In addition,
other vehicle mass categories may be calibrated, if desired.
(4) Drive the dynamometer up to 50 mph (80.5 km/hr).
(5) Record indicated road power.
(6) Drive the dynamometer up to 60.0 mph (96.9 km/hr).
(7) Disengage the device used to drive the dynamometer.
(8) Record the time for the dynamometer roll(s) to
coastdown from 55.0 mph (88.5 km/hr) to 45.0 mph (72.4 km/hr).
(9) Adjust the power absorption unit to a different
level.
(10) Repeat steps (4) to (9) above a sufficient number of
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-22-
times to cover the range of road power used.
(11) Calculate absorbed road power (HP,). (See para-
graph (c) of this section.)
(12) Plot indicated road load power at 50 mph (80.5
km/hr) versus the calculated road load power at 50 mph (80.5
km/hr).
(b) The performance check consists of conducting a
dynamometer coastdown comparing the coastdown time to that
recorded during the last calibration. If the coastdown time
differs by more than 1 second or by 5 percent of the time
recorded during the last calibration, whichever is greater, a
new calibration is required.
(c) Calculations. The road load power actually absorbed
by each roll assembly (or roll-inertia weight assembly) of the
dynamometer is calcualted from the following equation:
HP, = (1/2)(W/32.2)(V? - vj)/550t
a 12.
Where:
HP = Power, horsepower (kilowatts)
W = Equivalent inertia, Ib. (kg)
V. = Initial velocity, ft/s (m/s)
(55 mph = 88.5 km/hr = 80.67 ft/s-= 24.58 m/s)
V = Final velocity, ft/s (m/s)
(45 mph = 72.4 km/hr = 66 ft/s = 20.11 m/s)
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-23-
t = Elapsed time for rolls to coast from 55 to 45 mph
(88.5 to 72.4 km/hr)
(Expressions in parentesis are for SI units.) When the
coastdown is from 55 to 45 mph (88.5 to 72.4 km/hr) the above
equation reduces to :
HP, = 0.06073 (W/t)
d
For SI units:
HP, = 0.09984 (W/t)
d
The total road load power actually absorbed by the dynamometer
is the sum of the absorbed road load power of each roll
assembly.
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§86.1419-83 CVS calibration.
The requirements of §86.1319-83 also apply to this
section. §86.1319-83 can be found in Subpart N of the Heavy-
Duty NPRM (44FR9464, Feb. 13, 1979).
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-25-
§86.1420-83 [Reserved]
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-26-
§86.1421-83 Hydrocarbon analyzer calibration.
The requirements of §86.1321-83 also apply to this
section. §86.1321-83 can be found in Subpart N of the Heavy-
Duty NPRM (44FR9464, Feb. 13, 1979).
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§86.1422-83 Carbon monoxide analyzer calibrations.
The requirements of §86.1322-83 also apply to thi-s
section. §86.1322-83 can be found in Subpart N of the Heavy-
Duty NPRM (44FR946A, Feb. 13, 1979).
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§86.1423-83 Oxides of nitrogen analyzer calibration.
The requirements of §86.1323-83 also apply to this
section. §86.1323-83 can be found in Subpart N of the Heavy-
Duty NPRM (44FR9464, Feb. 13, 1979).
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§86.1424-83 Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.
The requirements of §86.1324-83 also apply to this
section. §86.1324-83 can be found in Subpart N of the Heavy-
Duty NPRM (44FR9464, Feb. 13, 1979).
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§86.1425-83 [Reserved]
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-31-
§86.1426-83 Calibration of other equipment.
The requirements of §86.1326-83 also apply to this
section. §86.1326-83 can be found in Subpart N of the
Heavy-Duty NPRM (44FR9464, Feb. 13, 1979).
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§86.1427-83 Chassis dynamometer test procedures; overview.
(a) The chassis dynamometer test procedure is designed
to determine hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and oxides of
nitrogen mass emissions while simulating a typical urban trip
for a heavy-duty truck. All emission testing is conducted on
a chassis dynamometer. The test procedure consists of a
"cold" start test after a minimum 12-hour and a maximum
36-hour soak as described in §86.1432. A "hot" start test
follows the "cold" start test after a hot soak of 20 minutes.
The exhaust emissions are diluted with ambient air and a
continuous proportional sample is collected for analysis
during the cold and hot start tests. The composite samples
collected in bags are analyzed for hydrocarbons (except diesel
hydrocarbons which are analyzed continuously), carbon mon-
oxide, carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. A parallel
sample of the dilution air is similarly analyzed for hydro-
carbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxides of
nitrogen.
(b) Except in cases of component malfunction or failure,
all emission control systems installed on or incorporated in a
new motor vehicle shall be functioning during all procedures
in this subpart. Maintenance to correct component malfunction
or failure shall be authorized in accordance with §86.078-25.
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(c) During dynamometer operation, one or more cooling
fans shall be positioned so as to direct cooling air to the
vehicle in an appropriate manner. The engine compartment
cover shall be closed. If, however, the manufacturer can show
that the engine compartment cover must be open to provide a
test representative of field operation, the Administrator will
allow the engine cover to be open. In the case of vehicles
with front engine compartments, the fan(s) shall be squarely
positioned within 12 inches of the vehicle. In the case of
vehicles with rear engine compartments (or if special designs
make the above impractical), the cooling fan(s) shall be
placed in a position to provide sufficient air to maintain
vehicle cooling. The fan capacity shall normally not exceed
10,600 cfm (5.0 m /s). If, however, the manufacturer can show
that during field operation the vehicle receives additional
cooling, and that such additional cooling is needed to
provide a representative test, the fan capacity may be in-
creased or additional fans used. If necessary, additional
fans may be used to cool the rear tires of the vehicle.
(d) The vehicle speed as measured from the dynamometer
rolls shall be used.
(e) Practice runs over the prescribed driving schedule
may be performed at test points, provided emissions are not
measured, for the purpose of finding the minimum throttle
action to maintain the proper speed-time relationship, or to
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-34-
permit test procedure adjustments.
NOTE - When using two-roll dynamometers a truer speed-
time trace may be obtained by minimizing the rocking of the
vehicle in the rolls. The rocking may be minimized by re-
straining the vehicle horizontally (or nearly so) by using a
cable and winch, or chain.
(f) Drive wheel tires shall be inflated to the maximum
gauge pressure recommended to the ultimate purchaser. If
drive wheel tires have a maximum recommended inflation gauge
pressure of less than 45 psi (310 kPa), they may be inflated
up to a gauge pressure of 45 psi (310 kPa) in order to prevent
tire damage. The drive wheel tire pressure shall be reported
with the test results.
(g) If the dynamometer has not been operated during the
2-hour period immediately preceding the test it shall be
warmed up for 15 minutes by operating at 30 mph (48 km/hr)
using a non-test vehicle or as recommended by the dynamometer
manufacturer.
(h) If the dynamometer horsepower must be adjusted
manually, it shall be set within 1 hour prior to the exhaust
emissions test. The test vehicles shall not be used to make
this adjustment. Dynamometers using automatic control of
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-35-
preselectable power settings may be set any time prior to the
beginning of the emissions test.
(i) The driving distance as measured by counting the
number of dynamometer roll or shaft revolutions, shall be
determined for the "cold" start and the "hot" start phases of
the exhaust emission test. The revolutions shall be measured
on the same roll or shaft used for measuring the vehicle's
speed.
(j) Two axle drive vehicles will be tested in one axle
drive mode of operation. Full time two axle drive vehicles
will have one axle temporarily disengaged by the vehicle
manufacturer.
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-36-
§86.1428-83 Transmissions.
(a) All test conditions, except as noted, shall be run
in a manner representative of in-use operation, and where
appropriate, according to the manufacturer's recommendation to
the ultimate purchaser.
(b) Except for the first idle mode, idle modes less than
one minute in length shall be run with automatic transmissions
in "Drive" and the wheels braked; manual transmissions shall
be in gear with the clutch disengaged, except first idle. The
first idle mode and idle modes longer than one minute in
length shall be run with automatic transmissions in "Neutral",
and manual transmissions shall be in "Neutral" with the clutch
engaged (clutch may be disengaged for engine start-up).
(c) The vehicle shall be driven with minimum accelerator
pedal movement to maintain the desired operation.
(d) Accelerations shall be driven smoothly according to
the manufacturer's recommendation to the ultimate purchaser.
For manual transmissions, the operator shall accomplish each
shift with minimum time. If the vehicle cannot accelerate at
the specified rate, the vehicle shall be operated with the
accelerator pedal fully depressed until the vehicle speed
reaches the value prescribed for that time in the driving
schedule.
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-37-
(e) For those deceleration modes which decelerate to
zero, manual transmission clutches shall be depressed when the
speed drops below 15 mph (24.14 km/hr), when engine roughness
is evident, or when engine stalling is imminent.
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-38-
86.1429-83 Dynamometer load determination.
(a) Flywheels, electrical or other means of simulating
inertia shall be used. The value of equivalent inertia weight
shall be within 250 pounds of the loaded vehicle weight (LVW).
(b) Power absorption unit adjustment.
(1) The power absorption unit shall be adjusted to
reproduce road load power at 50 mph true speed. The indicated
road load power setting shall take into account the dynamo-
meter friction. The relationship between road load (absorbed)
power and indicated road load power for a particular dynamo-
meter shall be determined by the procedure outlined in
§86.1418 or other suitable means.
(2) The road load power used shall be determined from
the following equation:
RLP = 0.67(H - 0.75)W + 0.00125[LVW - (N x DW)]
where RLP = Road Load Power at 50 mph (horsepower)
H = Vehicle overall maximum height (feet).
W = Vehicle overall maximum width (feet).
i
LVW = Loaded vehicle weight (pounds).
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-39-
DW = Vehicle weight supported by the dynamometer
(pounds).
N = Number of dynamometer rolls supporting a tire.
or, the vehicle manufacturer may determine the road load
power by an alternate procedure if approved in advance by the
Administrator.
(c) For vehicles which the maufacturer chooses to
certify by the light-duty truck test procedure as allowed
in the optional certification provision, §86.079-1(b), the
exhaust emission test procedure (and standard) will be that
specified by the light-duty truck regulations.
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-40-
§86.1430-83 Test sequence, general requirements.
The test sequence shown in Figure 083-2 shows the major
steps encountered as the test vehicle undergoes the procedures
subsequently described. The average ambient temperature of
the vehicle intake air shall be maintained at 25°C +5°C (77"F
^9°F) throughout the test sequence. The vehicle shall be
approximately level during all phases of the test sequence to
prevent abnormal fuel distribution.
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-41-
§86.1431-83 Vehicle preparation.
Provide additional fittings and adapters, as required, to
accommodate a fuel drain at the lowest point possible in the
tank(s) as installed on the vehicle.
-------
o
111
LJJ
QL
CO
t
1s
1s
ALLOWABLE
RANGE
TIME
FIGURE 0 83-1 (a) DRIVERS TRACE, ALLOWABLE RANGE
ALLOWABLE
RANGE
TIME
FIGURE 0 83-1 (b) DRIVERS TRACE, ALLOWABLE RANGE
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-42-
§86.1432-83 Vehicle preconditioning.
(a) The vehicle shall be moved to the test area and the
following operations performed: •
(1) The fuel tank(s) drained and filled to the pre-
scribed "tank fuel volume" with the specified test fuel,
§86.1413.
(2) Within one hour of being fueled the vehicle shall be
placed, either by being driven or pushed, on a dynamometer and
operated through one HDV urban dynamometer driving schedule,
(see §86.1415). A test vehicle may not be used to set dynamo-
meter horsepower.
(b) After completion of preconditioning the vehicle
shall be driven off the dynamometer and parked. The engine
shall be turned off within five minutes of completion of
preconditioning. The vehicle may be pushed to its parking
location after its engine has been turned off.
(c) Within five minutes of completion of preconditioning
the vehicle shall be driven off the dynamometer and parked.
The vehicle shall be stored for not less than 12 hours nor for
more than 36 hours (except diesel vehicles which have no
maximum time limitation) prior to the cold start exhaust test.
-------
§86.1433-83 [Reserved"]43'
-------
-44-
§86.1434-83 [Reserved]
-------
-45-
§86.1435-83 [Reserved]
-------
-46-
§86.1436-83 Engine starting and restarting.
(a) Gasoline-fueled vehicles. This paragraph (a)
applies to gasoline-fueled vehicles.
(1) The engine shall be started according to the manu-
facturer's recommended starting procedures in the owner's
manual. The initial idle period shall begin when the engine
starts.
(2) Choke operation:
(i) Vehicles equipped with automatic chokes shall be
operated according to the manufacturer's operating instruc-
tions in the owner's manual, including choke setting and
"kick-down" from cold fast idle.
(ii) Vehicles equipped with manual chokes shall be
operated according to the manufacturer's operating instruc-
tions in the owner's manual.
(3) The transmission shall be placed in gear 20 seconds
after the engine is started. If necessary, braking may be
employed to keep the drive wheels from turning.
(4) The operator may use the choke, accelerator pedal,
etc. where necessary to keep the engine running.
-------
-47-
(5) If the manufacturer's operating instructions in the
owner's manual do not specify a warm engine starting procedure,
the engine (automatic- and manual-choke engines) shall be
started by depressing the accelerator pedal about half way and
cranking the engine until it starts.
(b) Diesel vehicles. The engine shall be started
according to the manufacturer's recommended starting proce-
dures in the owner's manual. The initial idle period shall
begin when the engine starts. The transmission shall be
placed in gear 20 seconds after the engine is started. If
necessary, braking may be employed to keep the drive wheels
from turning.
(c)(l) If the vehicle does not start after 10 seconds of
cranking, cranking shall cease and the reason for failure to
start shall be determined. The gas flow measuring device (or
revolution counter) on the constant volume sampler (and the
hydrocarbon integrator when testing diesel vehicles, see
§86.1437, Chassis dynamometer test runs) shall be turned off
and the sample selector valves placed in the "standby" posi-
tion during this diagnostic period. In addition, either the
CVS should be turned off or the exhaust tube disconnected from
the tailpipe during the diagnostic period. If failure to
start is an operational error, the vehicle shall be resche-
duled for testing from a cold start.
-------
-48-
(2) If a failure to start occurs during the cold portion
of the test and is caused by a vehicle malfunction, corrective
action of less than 30 minutes duration may be taken (accor-
ding to §86.083-25), and the test continued. The sampling
system shall be reactivated at the same time cranking begins.
When the engine starts, the driving schedule timing sequence
shall begin. If failure to start is caused by vehicle mal-
function and the vehicle cannot be started, the test shall be
voided, the vehicle removed from the dynamometer, and correc-
tive action may be taken according to §86.083-25. The reasons
for the malfunction (if determined) and the corrective action
taken shall be reported to the Administrator.
(3) If a failure to start occurs during the hot start
portion of the test and is caused by vehicle malfunction, the
vehicles must be started within one minute of key on. The
sampling system shall be reactivated at the same time cranking
begins. When the engine starts, the driving schedule timing
sequence shall begin. If the vehicle cannot be started within
one minute of key on, the test shall be voided, the vehicle
removed from the dynamometer, corrective action taken, (accor-
ding to §86.083-25), and the vehicle rescheduled for testing.
The reason for the malfunction (if determined) and the correc-
tive action taken shall be reported to the Administrator.
(d) If the engine "false starts", the operator shall
-------
-49-
repeat the recommended starting procedure (such as resetting
the choke, etc.).
(e) Stalling.
(1) If the engine stalls during an idle period, the
engine shall be restarted immediately and the test continued.
If the engine cannot be started soon enough to allow the
vehicle to follow the next acceleration as prescribed, the
driving schedule indicator shall be stopped. When the vehicle
restarts, the driving schedule indicator shall be reactivated.
(2) If the engine stalls during some operating mode
other than idle, the driving schedule indicator shall be
stopped, the vehicle shall then be restarted and accelerated
to the speed required at that point in the driving schedule
and the test continued. During acceleration to this point,
shifting shall be performed in accordance with §86.1328.
(3) If the vehicle will not restart within one minute,
the test shall be voided, the vehicle removed from the dynamo-
meter, corrective action taken, and the vehicle rescheduled
for testing. The reason for the malfunction (if determined)
and the corrective action taken shall be reported to the
Administrator.
-------
-50-
§86.1437-83 Chassis dynamometer test run.
(a) The following steps shall be taken for each test:
(1) Place the drive wheels of vehicle on dynamometer
without starting engine. Reset the roll revolution counter.
(2) Position the cooling fan(s).
(3) With the sample selector valves in the "standby"
position, connect evaculated sample collection bags to the
dilute exhaust and dilution air sample collection systems.
(4) Start the CVS (if not already on), the sample pumps,
the temperature recorder, the engine cooling fan(s) and the
heated hydrocarbon analysis recorder (diesel only). (The heat
exchanger of the constant volume sampler, if used, diesel
hydrocarbon analyzer, continuous sample line and filter (if
applicable) shall be preheated to their respective operating
temperatures before the test begins.
(5) Adjust the sample flow rates to the desired flow
rate and set the gas flow measuring devices to zero.
NOTE - CFV-CVS sample flowrate is fixed by the venturi
design.
-------
-51-
(6) Attach the CVS flexible exhaust tube to vehicle
tailpipe(s).
(7) Follow the manufacturer's choke and throttle in-
structions for cold starting. Simultaneously start the engine
and begin exhaust and dilution air sampling. For diesel
engines, turn on the hydrocarbon analyzer system integrator
and mark the recorder chart.
(8) Twenty seconds after the engine starts, place the
transmission in gear.
(9) Twenty-five seconds after the engine starts, begin
the initial vehicle acceleration of the driving schedule.
(10) Operate the vehicle according to the dynamometer
driving schedule (§86.1415).
(11) On the last record of the cycle turn the engine off.
(12) Five seconds after the engine stops running, cease
sampling, turn off the CVS, disconnect the exhaust tube from
the tailpipe of the vehicle, and start a hot soak timer.
Record the measured roll or shaft revolutions and reset the
counter. As soon as possible transfer the "cold start cycle"
exhaust and dilution air samples to the analytical system and
-------
-52-
process the samples according the §86.1440 obtaining a stabil-
ized reading of the exhaust sample on all analyzers within 20
minutes of the end of the sample collection phase of the
test.
(13) Allow the vehicle to soak for 20 _+! minutes.
(14) Repeat the steps in paragraph (b)(2) through (11) of
this section for the "hot start" test. The key-on operation
described in paragraph (b)(7) of this section shall begin
between 19 and 21 minutes after the end of the sample period
for the "cold start" test.
(15) Five seconds after the engine stops running, cease
sampling.
(16) As soon as possible transfer the "hot start cycle"
exhaust and dilution air samples to the analytical system and
process the samples according to §86.1440 obtaining a stabil-
ized reading of the exhaust sample on all analyzers within 20
minutes of the end of the sample collection phase of the test.
(17) Disconnect the exhaust tube from the engine tail-
pipe(s).
(18) The CVS may be turned off, if desired.
-------
-54-
§86.1439-83 [Reserved]
-------
§86.1438-83 [Reserved] -55-
-------
-56-
§86.1440-83 Exhaust sample analysis.
The requirements of §86.1340-83 also apply to this
section. §86.1340-83 can be found in Subpart N of the
Heavy-Duty NPRM (44FR9464, Feb. 13, 1979).
-------
-57-
§86.1441-83 [Reserved]
-------
_c o_
§86.1442-83 Records required"!
The following information shall be recorded with respect
to each test:
(a) Test number.
(b) System or device tested (brief description).
(c) Date and time of day for each part of the test
schedule.
(d) Instrument operator.
(e) Driver or operator.
(f) Vehicle: ID number; Manufacturer; Model year;
Engine family; Basic engine description (including displace-
ment, number of cyliners, and catalyst usage); Engine maximum
power rating and rated speed; Fuel system (including number of
carburetors, number of carburetor barrels, fuel injection
type, fuel tank(s) capacity and location, and number and size
of evaporative control canisters); Engine code; Gross vehicle
weight rating; Actual curb weight at zero miles; Actual road
load at 50 mph; Transmission configuration; Axle ratio;
Vehicle line; Odometer reading; Idle rpm; and Drive wheel tire
pressure, as applicable.
(g) Indicated road load power absorption at 50 mph (80
-------
-59-
km/hr) and dynamometer serial number. As an alternative to
recording the dynamometer serial number, a reference to a
vehicle test cell number may be used, provided the test cell
records show the pertinent information.
(h) All pertinent instrument information such as tuning,
gain, serial number, detector number and range. As an alter-
native a reference to a vehicle test cell number may be used
provided test cell calibration records show the pertinent
information.
(i) Recorder charts: Identify zero, span, exhaust gas,
and dilution gas sample traces.
(j) Test cell barometric pressure, humidity, and ambient
temperature.
NOTE - A central laboratory barometer may be used:
Provided, That individual test cell barometric pressures are
shown to be within j^ 0.1 percent of the barometric pressure at
the central barometer location.
(k) Pressure of the mixture of exhaust and dilution air
entering the CVS metering device, and the temperature at the
inlet. The temperature may be recorded continuously or
digitally to determine temperature variations.
-------
-60-
(1) The number of revolutions of the positive displace-
ment pump accumulated during each test phase while exhaust
samples are being collected. The number of standard cubic
feet metered by a critical flow venturi during each test phase
would be the equivalent record for a CFV-CVS.
(m) The humidity of the dilution air.
NOTE - If conditioning columns are not used (see §86.1422
and §86.1444) this measurement can be deleted. If the condi-
tioning columns are used and the dilution air is taken from
the test cell, the ambient humidity can be used for this
measurement.
(o) Temperature set point of the heated sample line and
heated hydrocarbon detector temperature control system (for
diesel engines only).
(p) The driving distance for the cold start test and hot
/
start test, calculated from the measured roll or shaft revolu-
tions.
-------
-a-
§86.1443 [Reserved]
-------
-62-
§86.1444-83 Calculations; exhaust emissions.
(a) The final reported emission test results shall be
computed by use of the following formula:
A = 1,8C, + 6,8H,.
™ T(D7) 7
Where:
A = Weighted mass emission level (HC, CO, CO-
or NOx) in grams per vehicle mile.
g = Mass emission level in grams, measured during
the cold start test.
g = Mass emission level in grams, measured during
the hot start test.
D = The measured driving distance from the cold
start test, in miles.
D = The measured driving distance from the hot
start test, in miles.
(b") The mass of each pollutant for the cold start test
and the hot start test is determined from the followng equa-
tions :
(1) Hydrocarbon mass:
HC = V . X Density.,., X (HC /1,000,000)
mass mix •'HC cone ' '
(2) Oxides of nitrogen mass:
NOx = V . X Density... X Ku X (NOx /1,000,000)
mass mix NO H cone
-------
-63-
(3) Carbon monoxide mass:
CO = V . X Density.,. X (CO /1,000.000)
mass mix JCO cone ' '
(4) Carbon dioxide mass:
C°2mass = Vmix X ^^C X (C°2conc/100)
(c) Meaning of symbols:
(1) HC = Hydrocarbon emissions, in grams per test
phase.
2
Density = Density of hydrocarbons is 16.33 g/ft (.5767
kg/m ), assuming an average carbon to hydrogen ratio
of 1:1.85, at 68°F (20°C) and 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa)
pressure.
HC = Hydrocarbon concentration of the dilute ex-
haust sample corrected for background, in ppm carbon
equivalent, i.e., equivalent propane X 3.
HCconc = HCe - HCd[1 -
where:
HC = Hydrocarbon concentration of the dilute exhaust
sample or, for diesel, average hydrocarbon concentration
of the dilute exhaust sample as calculated from the
integrated HC traces, in ppm carbon equivalent.
-------
-64-
HC, = Hydrocarbon concentration of the dilution air
as measured, in ppm carbon equivalent.
HC = Hydrocarbon concentration of the dilution air
as measured, in ppm carbon equivalent.
(2) NOx = Oxides of nitrogen emissions, in grams per
TTlfl S S
test phase.
Density _ = Density of oxides of nitrgen is 54.16 g/ft
3
(1.913 kg/m ), assuming they are in the form of nitrogen
dioxide, at 68°F (20°C) and 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa) pressure,
NOx = Oxides of nitrogen concentration of the dilute
exhaust sample corrected for background, in ppm.
N0xconc = N0xe " N0xd
where:
NOx = Oxides of nitrogen concentration of the dilute
exhaust sample as measured, in ppm.
NOx = Oxides of nitrogen concentration of the dilute
air as measured, in ppm.
(3) CO = Carbon monoxide emissions, in grams per test
mass
phase.
3
Density = Density of carbon monoxide is 32.97 g/ft
-------
3 -65-
(1.164 kg/m ), at 68CF (20°C) and 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa)
pressure.
CO = Carbon monoxide concentration of the dilute ex-
cone
haust sample corrected for background, water vapor, and
C00 extraction, in ppm.
CO' = CO - CO, [1 - (1/DF)]
cone e d
where:
CO = Carbon monoxide concentration of the dilute exhaust
e
sample volume corrected for water vapor and carbon
dioxide extraction, in ppm. The calculation assumes the
carbon to hydrogen ratio of the fuel is 1:1.85.
CO = [1 - 0.01925CO. - 0.000323R]CO
e 2e em
Where:
CO = Carbon monoxide concentration of the dilute ex-
em
haust sample as measured, in ppm.
CO. = Carbon dioxide concentration of the dilute exhaust
2e
sample, in percent.
R = Relative humidity of the dilution air, in percent
(see §86.1442).
CO, = Carbon monoxide concentration of the dilution air
d
corrected for water vapor extraction, in ppm.
-------
-66-
CO = (1 - 0.000323IOCO.,
d dm
Where:
CO, = Carbon monoxide concentration of the dilution air
dm
sample as measured, in ppm.
NOTE: If a CO instrument which meets the criteria speci-
fied in §86.1311 is used and the conditioning column has been
deleted, CO can be substituted directly for CO and CO, can
em • J e dm
be substituted directly for CO..
(4) C00 = Carbon dioxide emissions, in grams per test
^ni3S s
phase.
3
Density „ = Density of carbon dioxide is 51.85 g/ft
(1.843 kg/m3), at 68°F (20°C) and 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa)
pressure.
CO. = Carbon dioxide concentration of the dilute ex-
2conc
haust sample corrected for background, in percent.
C°2conc = C°2e " C°2d[1
Where:
C00, = Carbon dioxide concentration of the dilution air
2d
as measured, in percent.
-------
-67-
(5) DF = 13.4[C02e + (RCe + C0e) x 10~4J
= Humidity correction factor.
- 0.0047(H - 75)]
Ll
for SI units = 1/[1 - 0.0329(H - 10.71)]
Where:
H = Absolute humidity in grains (grams) of water per
pound (kilogram) of dry air.
H = [(43.478)Ra x P^/fPg - (?d x Ra/100)]
for SI units, H = [(6.211)R x P.]/[P, - (P. x R /100)]
a d B d a
R = Relative humidity of the ambient air, in percent.
3
PJ = Saturated vapor pressure, in mm Hg (kPa) at the am-
bient dry bulb temperature.
PB = Barometric pressure, in mm Hg (kPa).
V . = Total dilute exhaust volume in cubic feet per test
phase corrected to standard conditions (528°R (293°K) and
760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa)).
For PDP-CVS, V . is:
mix
N(PR - P,)(528 R)
D H.
v . = v x
mix ° (760 mm Hg)(T )
P
-------
for SI units, -68-
N(P - P X293.15 K)
v . = v x
mix o
(101.3 kPa)(T )
P
Where:
V = Volume of gas pumped by the positive displacement
pump, in cubic feet (cubic metres) per revolution. This
volume is dependent on the pressure differential across
the positive displacement pump.
N = Number of revolutions of the positive displacement
pump during the test phase while samples are being
collected.
P = Barometric pressure, in mm Hg (kPa).
B
P. = Pressure depressions below atmospheric measured at
the inlet to the positive displacement pump, in mm Hg
(kPa) (during an idle mode).
T = Average temperature of dilute exhaust entering posi-
tive displacement pump during test, °R (°K).
(d) Sample calculation of mass values of exhaust emis-
sions :
(1) Assume the following test results:
-------
-69-
V .
mix
R
R
a
PB
Pd
HC
e
NOx
CO
em
CO
2e
HCd
NOx
dm
2d
Cold Start Cycle
Test Results
6924 ft
30.2%
30.2%
735 mm Hg
22.676 mm Hg
132.07 ppm C equiv.
7.86 ppm
171.22 ppm
.178%
3.60 ppm C equiv.
0.0 ppm
0.89 ppm
0.0%
5.53
Hot Start Cycle
Test Results
6873 ft3
30.2%
30.2%
735 mm Hg
22.676 mm Hg
86.13 ppm C equiv.
10.98 ppm
114.28 ppm
.381%
8.70 ppm C equiv.
0.10 ppm
0.89 ppm
0.038%
5.55
CO
CO
DC
DH
Then:
Cold Start Test
H = [(43.478X30.2)(22.676)]/[735 - (22.676) (30.2)/100]
= 41 grains of water per pound of dry air.
KR =
- 0.0047(41-75)] = 0.862
C0g = [1 - 0.01925(.178) - 0.000323(30.2)]171.22
= 169.0 ppm
-------
-70-
CO = [1 - 0.000323(30.2)]0.89 = .881 ppm
DF = 13.4/1.178 + (132.1 + 168.9)(10~4)] = 64.265
HC = 132.1 - 3.6[l-(l/64.265)] = 128.6 ppm
cone rr
HCn,occ = 6924(16.33X128.6/1,000,000) = 14.53 grams
III3S 5
N0xconc = 7'86 " °'0[1 ' d/64.265)] = 7.86 ppm
NOx = 6924(54.16)(.862)(7.86/l,000,000) = 2.54 grams
ul3 S S
C°conc = 169>0 ~ '881ll ~ (1/64.265)] = 168.0 ppm
CO = 6924(32.97X168.0/1,000,000) = 38.35 grams
nia s s
CO. = .178 - 0[1 - 1/64.265)] = .178%
2conc
CO
2mass = 6924(51.85)(.178/100) = 639 grams
Hot Start Test
Assume similar calculations result in the following:
HCmass - 8'72
N°Xmass = 3'49
CO = 25.70 grams
mass
C02mass = 1226
(2) Weighted mass emission results:
-------
-71-
HC = 1,14.53X+ 6,8.72x
NOx = l2.54s+ 63.49
CO = 1,38.35N + 6,25.70
C00 = 1/6.3JK+ 6,12.26 x
2wm 7(535-) 7(5755-)
(e) The final reported fuel economy (mpg) for gasoline-
fueled vehicles shall be computed by use of the following
formula:
_ 2421
mpg 0.866(HCwm) + 0.429(00^) + 0.273(C02wm)
Where:
mpg = Miles traveled per gallon of fuel used. Round
off to the nearest 0.1 miles/gallon.
HC = Weighted HC. mass emission level in grams per
vehicle mile, rounded of to the nearest 0.01
grams/mile. This value is calculated under
paragraph (a) of this section.
CO = Weighted CO mass emission level in grams per
vehicle mile, rounded off to the nearest 0.1
grams/mile. This value is calcualted under
paragraph (a) of this section.
CO = Weighted CO mass emission level in grams per
vehicle mile rounded off to the nearest grams/
mile. This value is calculated under paragraph
(a) of this section.
-------
-72-
(f) The final reported fuel economy (mpg) for diesel
vehicles shall be computed by use of the following formula:
_ 2778
mp8 ~ 0.866(HC ) + 0.429(CO ) + 0.273(C00
win win /wm
Where:
mpg - Miles traveled per gallon of fuel used. Round
off to the nearest 0.1 miles/gallon.
HC = Weighted HC mass emission level in grams per
vehicle mile, rounded off to the nearest 0.01
grams/mile. This value is calculated under
paragraph (a) of this section.
CO = Weighted CO mass emission level in grams per
TJTfl f
vehicle mile, rounded off to the nearest 0.1
grams/mile. This value is calculated under
paragraph (a) of this section.
CO = Weighted C0? mass emission level in grams per
vehicle mile rounded off to the nearest gram/
mile. This value is calculated under paragraph
(a) of this section.
(g) Sample calculation of vehicle fuel economy:
(1) Assume the following test results obtained from a
gasoline-fueled vehicle:
HC =1.90 grams/mile
wm
CO =5.2 grams/mile
wm
-------
-73-
C°2wm = 821 §rams/mile
(2) Fuel economy results:
mpg = 2421
0.866(1.90) + 0.429(5.2) + 0.273(821)
10.6 miles/gallon
-------
-74-
Appendix I
Transient Heavy-Duty Chassis Cycle
-------
HECORD
(SEC)
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
S.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
1?.
13.
1*.
15.
16.
17.
IB.
19.
?0.
21.
22.
?3.
?4.
25.
2t.
?7.
28.
29.
30.
31.
3?.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
3b.
.39.
4Q.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
UP,.
49.
SPtE'.'
(MPH)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
o.o
o.o
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
o.o
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0. 1-v
1 .0''
1.51
2.6>>
4.64
6.9tS
fl.M'l
7.71
7.4'i
9.22
10. 0"
9.04
10. OH
11.?-*
12.7*
14.0<>
1 2 . 5 -i
12. */
13. OK
13.011
13.6'-
15.00
15.0-'
13. 3/
l?.0i
HEC'IRO
(SFC)
'30.
51.
S,?.
S3.
54.
56.
S6.
57.
S8.
54.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
/i.
72.
73.
74.
7S.
76.
77.
78.
79.
HO.
''I.
82.
H3.
84.
as.
»6.
17.
4B.
R9.
90.
91.
92.
93.
04.
95.
96.
17.
9H.
9'V.
SPEED
( "IPH )
1,2.26
14.29
14.56
15.20
l-'i.76
17.00
17.00
17.23
1H.77
?O.S4
19.60
1H.14
17.98
1 7 . 0 0
16.34
15.00
l:i.OO
15.00
15.96
12.35
15.28
14.27
12.59
12.25
9.28
9.00
8.00
3.38
9.53
10.69
11.00
9.00
9.00
9.32
10.00
9.36
9.00
9.95
14.3.1
17.53
19.42
?0.00
20.74
21.00
21.11
23.84
27.00
27.00
2'J.OS
32.52
RECORD
(SEC)
loo.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
low.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
MM.
119.
1?U.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
1?6.
12?.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
139.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
1"H.
149.
SPEED
(MPH)
31.01
31.00
31.62
33.00
32.37
30.43
30.00
30.00
30.51
32.41
33.00
32.27
32.00
31.04
32.20
33.36
34.00
34.00
34.00
33.01
31. H6
30.10
26.17
23.39
21.46
17.28
15.83
1J.76
12.60
10.33
8.28
5.38
2.91
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
RECORD
(SEC)
150.
151.
15?.
153.
154.
15=;.
156.
157.
15*.
159.
160.
161.
16?.
161.
164.
165.
166.
167.
160.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
17*.
179.
no.
181.
18?.
183.
1H4.
1«5.
ISA.
187.
18«.
1«9.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
19fl.
190.
SPEED
(MPH)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.51
0.33
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
o.o
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.13
0.71
0.0
RECORD
(SEC)
2'JO.
201.
202.
2J3.
204.
205.
206.
2u7.
20B.
21)9.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215..
216.
217.
216.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
22b.
227.
2ri«.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
23«.
239.
240.
2*1.
2-*2.
243.
244.
245.
2*6.
247.
2*8.
2<*9.
SPEED
(MPH)
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.15
6.00
6.00
6.00
5.30
4.14
1.96
O.U
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
O.U
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.48
1.64
0.41
0.0
0.0
0.0
O.U
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 .
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
RECORD
(SEC)
250.
251.
?52.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
258.
259.
260.
261.
262.
263.
264.
265.
266.
267.
268.
269.
270.
271.
272.
273.
274.
275.
276.
277.
278.
279.
280.
281.
262.
283.
284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
289.
290.
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
SPEED
(MPH)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
RECORD
(SEC)
300.
301.
302.
303.
304.
305.
3U6.
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
314.
315.
316.
317.
'318.
319.
320.
321.
322.
323.
324.
325.
326.
327.
32d.
329.
330.
331.
332.
333.
334.
335.
336.
337.
338.
339.
340.
341.
342.
343.
344.
345.
346.
347.
34b.
349.
SPEED
(MPH)
0.24
0.60
0.0
1.42
2.00
3.08
5.63
4.00
4.00
3.34
1.37
1.00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.23
1.39
2.00
<».ll
5.00
6.02
7.18
7.33
6.49
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.43
8.00
8.00
7.09
11.06
12. R9
14.49
11.46
13.08
16.55
16.00
15.34
12.32
13.00
13.00
13.00
15.86
RECORD
(SEC)
350.
351.
352.
353.
354.
355.
356.
357.
358.
359.
360.
361 .
362.
363.
364.
365.
366.
367.
368.
369.
370.
371.
372.
373.
374.
375.
376.
377.
378.
379.
380.
38!.
382.
383.
384.
38b.
336.
387.
388.
389.
390.
391.
392.
393.
394.
395.
396.
397.
39H.
399.
bHEED
(MPH)
1 2.0<)
.i2.00
(2.00
'2.00
RE(M)"0
I Sir)
45:1.
45].
fc5?.
"51.
454.
"55.
45',.
4b7.
«.5.'..
'•^y.
4foi.1.
t'll .
46^.
46 3.
464 .
46ui.
4^14.
467.
"«6-<.
«4 t) -1 .
*7:).
*n .
47^.
473.
47<» .
47S.
'» 7*.
4/7.
4 7 n .
^7^.
480.
4bi .
48?.
"83.
4rta.
<*85.
48h.
<*«7.
4.1-^.
4*19.
491.
491.
<.9?.
49'U
494.
49 i.
49^>.
497.
'•9M.
49'y.
SPFFO
(MHi|>
32. MS
33.01
34.00
33.^8
J2.S2
-12.00
J2.no
32. -ib
33.00
3 3.00
J3.4t
<4.:JO
.14. 74
35.!)0
Jb. UO
35.00
35.00
35. 10
35. 00
.ib. "1 4
?7..JV
3H.OU
37.0'?
)«.4l
39. i7
39.00
39.00
3«.lil
19.00
39.41
40.S7
41.73
43.00
41.
17.--.0
16.. '44
-------
RFTOPi) SPKF') HtCOMU SPEED HfcCOHo SPEED RFCOPD SPEFO RECOkD SPEEO RECORD SPEED Re.CORD SPEED HfcCO^D
kt'CUKD SPEEn RtCOi-0
SF.C)
Son.
501.
5M2.
503.
504.
5u5.
506.
507.
SOP.
509.
510.
511.
512.
513.
514.
515.
516.
517.
518.
519.
520.
521.
5?2.
5?3.
5?4.
5-J5.
526.
527.
52*.
529.
530.
531.
532.
533.
534.
535.
5.36.
537.
53H.
539.
540.
541.
542.
543.
544.
54S.
5'*6.
5.7.
5 •»>'.
S-9.
(M-'H)
14. S7
13.13
11.^7
10.81
9.31
7 . 5 •: i
6.34
4.37
3 . 0 .1
1.87
0.71
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
o.o
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.3b
3.^4
5.31
H.26
9.'.^
11.15
(SFO
550.
551.
552.
553.
554.
555.
556.
557.
558.
559.
560.
561.
562.
563.
564.
565.
566.
567.
568.
569.
570.
571.
572.
573.
574.
575.
576.
577.
578.
579.
580.
5*1.
582.
bft.3.
5(14.
585.
5«6.
5-17.
5^4.
589.
590.
591.
59?.
593.
594.
595.
596.
597.
598.
599.
(WPH)
12.73
14.78
16.05
17.41
19.72
21 .52
?1.35
24.83
25.99
27.15
28.31
29.46
30.62
31.73
32.94
34.18
:^.25
37.41
3M.56
3<).72
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.00
40.82
41 .00
41.00
41.30
42.00
42.00
42.00
42.93
4.3.00
4 1.00
43.00
43.56
44.71
45.00
44.97
44.18
41.66
44.00
44.00
44.81
45.00
45.00
45.00
45.44
(SEC)
600.
601 .
602.
603.
604.
605.
606.
6o7.
60 3.
609.
61U.
611.
612.
613.
614.
615.
616.
617.
618.
619.
620.
621.
622.
623.
624.
625.
626.
6?7.
628.
629.
630.
631.
6 12.
633.
634.
635.
636.
637.
638.
639.
640.
641.
642.
6t»3.
6<»4.
6^5.
616.
6'»7.
648.
649.
(MPH)
46.00
46.00
46.92
47.00
47.00
47.00
47.00
47.00
47.00
47.04
49.00
49.33
49.51
44.00
49.0.0
49.00
49.00
48.72
48.87
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
49.78
49.00
49.00
49.69
50.00
50.00
50.00
49.68
49.00
49.00
48.20
48.00
48.00
48.27
49.00
49.58
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
(SFO
650.
651.
65?.
65->.
654.
655.
656.
657.
65«.
65^.
660.
661.
66?.
663.
664.
66S.
666.
667.
66".
669.
670.
671.
67?.
673.
674.
675.
676.
677.
67R.
670.
680.
681.
68?.
683.
684.
685.
686.
687.
68«.
6*9.
690.
691.
69?.
693.
694.
695.
696.
697.
69K.
690.
(MPH)
50.47
51.00
51.00
51 .00
51.00
51.00
51.42
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.20
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
5.3.00
52.38
52.00
52.93
52.Q1
52. ?5
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.00
53.98
55.00
55.00
55.0"
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.0(1
(SEC)
700.
7ul.
702.
7U3.
704.
7i(5.
7')6.
707.
708.
7o9.
710.
711.
H2.
713.
714.
715.
716.
717.
718.
719.
720.
721.
722.
723.
724.
725.
72b.
727.
728.
729.
730.
711.
732.
7j3.
734.
7jb.
736.
737.
738.
739.
7-+0.
741.
742.
743.
7<»4.
7u5.
746.
7'* 7.
748.
749.
(MPH)
55.00
54.50
54.66
55.00
54.03
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.77
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.02
57.00
56.67
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.91
57.00
57.00
57.00
57.00
57.00
57.85
58.00
58.00
58.00
58.00
58.00
58.00
58.00
58.00
58.00
57.15
56.00
56.00
56.00
56.00
(SEC)
750.
751.
752.
753.
754.
755.
756.
757.
758.
759.
760.
761.
762.
763.
764.
765.
766.
767.
768.
769.
770.
771.
772.
773.
774.
775.
776.
777.
778.
779.
780.
781.
782.
783.
784.
785.
786.
787.
788.
789.
790.
791.
792.
793.
794.
795.
796.
797.
798.
799.
(MPH)
56.00
55.63
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
54.22
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
54.00
53.01
50.86
49.70
48.54
47.39
46.23
45.07
43.91
42.51
40.60
39. 4<+
38.28
37.13
35.94
33.81
32.66
30.50
28.34
26.37
25.03
21. B7
19.85
16.56
15.40
14.24
12.17
(SEC)
800.
801.
802.
803.
804.
805.
806.
807.
808.
809.
810.
811.
812.
813.
814.
815.
816.
817.
818.
819.
820.
821.
822.
823.
824.
825.
826.
827.
828.
829.
830.
831.
832.
833.
834.
835.
836.
837.
838.
839.
840.
841.
842.
843.
H44.
845.
846.
847.
848.
849.
(MPH)
10.71
6.08
2.61
1.45
0.30
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
o.o
0.0
o.o
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.19
1.00
1.51
2.66
4.64
6.96
8.86
7.71
7.45
9.22
10.00
9.08
10.08
11.24
12.79
14.00
12.58
12.87
13.00
(SEC)
850.
851.
852.
853.
854.
855.
855.
857.
858.
fl':>9.
660.
861.
8h2.
bfi3.
864.
865.
866.
867.
86b.
869.
870.
P71.
872.
873.
874.
875.
876.
877.
87«.
879.
880.
881.
882.
883.
884.
885.
88b.
887.
88M.
889.
890.
891.
892.
893.
894.
895.
696.
897.
898.
899.
(MPM)
13.00
IJ.bH
15.00
1 b . 0 0
13.37
12.03
12.26
14.^9
14.^0
1 5 . / I!
16. 7h
17.,)()
1 7 . )o
1 7.^3
18.77
2u . S4
IV. iSO
IH. i ;»
1 7.98
17.00
Ifi. 14
1 b . 0 0
1 b . 0 o
Ib. )0
15.90
12. JS
15. s-\
1 4 . P 7
12. Sv
l£?.2b
9. <»i
b.oo
fc.O'l
t- . .I.H
9 . -> 3
10 .69
1 1.00
9.00
9.00
9. V
10.00
9. 16
9.00
9.9b
14. 13
1 7 . n J
19. -2
20.00
2ll. 74
'C i .0(1
( b>f.C)
900.
•vol.
902.
"-•03.
904.
9 Ob.
906.
9n7.
90b.
9 '.) 9 .
VlO.
Ml.
912.
M3.
914.
915.
916.
9)7.
91H.
919.
920.
9,^1 .
922.
9^3.
4V4 .
925.
9^6.
927.
9^8.
929.
•>30 .
9 Jl.
932.
933.
934.
93b.
936.
917.
9 38.
939.
9-fO .
9f 1 .
9**2.
9-43.
9 ••-><«.
9-5.
9->6.
•**7.
9UH.
•<*9.
(MPH)
d.' 1 . 1 ]
23. Hu
27.00
^7.00
/?9.05
-12.5V
.11.01
1 1 .00
.51 .62
j3.no
12.37
10.43
jo.no
10.00
iU.51
32.41
.j3.on
32.27
.12.00
Jl . 0<*
J2.<0
J J • 3 *")
t i* • 0 Ci
'4. U()
34.00
33.01
J 1 .86
10.10
'6.17
>-3.39
21 .46
1 7 ,2M
I5.H3
13.76
12.60
10.3.3
8.2H
b.3H
2.91
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
(SEC)
95.1.
9bi .
9b '.
9bl.
954.
9b-> .
Vb-'..
9b ,' .
9b • .
"^ O ' •
9b.> .
96 i .
96,'.
96 i.
96...
9b , .
96->.
9b ' .
96 «.
9t >.
9 I i) .
97|.
9 f -J .
97 (.
97...
97 .
97->.
9-77.
9 7 •• .
97 ).
9fa-l .
9f. 1 .
98?.
9f t.
9 ti •> .
9t'.~i.
98-'..
98 7 .
9h (.
9t ..
VSr.'i.
991 .
99. J.
99 ..
99 . .
99 ...
99" .
U9 '.
9^ .
99 '.
("t- n)
O . 0
0 . ' I
0 . 0
ti . 0
0 . ..I
0. 0
I! . '.)
(, . 0
0 . •')
'1 . 0
'i. 0
ri.o
J. 0
ri . 0
0. 0
II. 0
o. 0
f: . 0
". 0
./. 0
i'l . 'I
.'i , 0
0 * ' }
U. 0
0. 0
0. 0
0.0
0.0
" . 1
'J . 0
'J . S I
0. 33
';• . o
'). 0
O.O
U. 0
o. o
0. 0
o. 0
0 . 0
'1 . 0
•o.o
0. 0
v' . 0
' ) * ' '
' . 1
•'• . 1
'• . •->
•.1 . : '
-------
RFCO^n
(SffC)
1000.
1001.
100?.
1003.
1004.
1005.
ioof..
1007.
! OOh.
1009.
1010.
1011.
101?.
1013.
1014.
1015.
1016.
10)7.
lOltf.
1019.
10-?0.
10?).
10??.
10?3.
10?4.
10?5.
10?6.
10?7.
102*.
10?9.
1030.
1031.
103?.
1033.
1034.
1035.
1036.
1037.
103R.
1039.
1040.
1041.
104?.
1043.
1044.
1045.
1046.
1047.
1048.
1049.
SPi.TiJ
(Mi-'H)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1 3
0.71
0.0
0.0
0,0
0.0
4. I'D
6.00
b.Oii
6. Oo
5.30
4.1-.
1.9-S
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
o.o
0.0
o.o
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
o.o
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4H
1 . f-.'*
0.41
0.0
0.0
0 . 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
o.o
RtCORU SPFED
(SFO (MPH)
1050. 0.0
1051. 0.0
105?. 0.0
1053. 0.0
.10S4. 0.0
10S5. 0.0
1056. 0.0
1057. 0.0
10S3. 0.0
1055. 0.0
1060. 0.0
------- |