JUNE 1976
EPA-440/9-76-019
IMPLEMENTING
A
BEST
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
FOR RESIDUALS:
THE WASTE EXCHANGE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Water Planning Division
and
Hazardous Waste Management Division
Washington, D.C. 20460
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IMPLEMENTING "BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES" FOR RESIDUALS:
THE WASTE EXCHANGE
by
Alan K. Vitberg
Michael L. Rucker
Water Planning Division
Office of Water Planning and Standards
and
Christopher H. Porter
Hazardous Waste Management Division
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
September 1976
-------
Acknowledgement
Portions of this paper are based on information provided
to the authors by Mr. Robert C. Terry, Jr. and Dr. Joan
B. Berkowitz of Arthur D. Little, Inc. under Contract No,
68-01-3241.
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Table of Contents Page
Introduction 1
Characteristics of Waste Exchange Systems 3
The Role of the State and Areawide
Planning Agency 10
Additional Information 14
Appendix A: European Clearinghouses 15
Appendix B: U.S. Clearinghouses 17
Appendix C: Examples from U.S. Clearinghouses 19
List of Tables
Table 1: Initial Design Specifications for
Industrial Waste Exchanges 4
Table 2: Internal Characteristics of Waste
Exchange Organizations 6
Table 3: External Conditions Influencing Waste
Exchange Organizations 8
Table 4 Suggested Internal Characteristics of
a Waste Exchange Organization 12
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IMPLEMENTING "BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES" FOR RESIDUALS:
THE WASTE EXCHANGE
Introduction
The "Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972" (The Act) delineate water quality goals which are to
be met by 1983 and 1985. The Act calls for the formation of
State and Areawide Planning Agencies to "encourage and facil-
itate the development and implementation of areawide waste
treatment management plans." These plans are to present an
integrated comprehensive system for managing water quality
problems.
The Act calls for planners to develop techniques to
control the disposition of all residual wastes generated
within the planners's jurisdiction which could affect water
quality and to control the disposal of pollutants on land
or in subsurface excavations to protect groundwater and
surface water quality [Section 208(b)(2)(J) and (b)(2)(K)].
Residual wastes are defined as those solid, liquid, or
sludge substances resulting from man's activities in the
urban, agricultural, industrial, and mining environment
and are not discharged directly to water after collection
and treatment, if any. Residual wastes include municipal
solid waste, industrial wastes and sludges, hazardous
wastes, and sewage sludges.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
encourages planners to develop a sound, results orientated
program of conceptualization, investigation, analysis
and evaluation, planning and programming, and (most
importantly) the excercise of capable leadership and
strong resolve to implement State and areawide programs
and systems. The term Best Management Practices (BMP)
originated as an outgrowth of this concept and means a
practice, or combination of practices, that is determined
to be the most effective, practicable (including techno-
logical, economic, and institutional considerations)
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means of preventing or reducing the amount of pollution
generated by nonpoint sources to a level compatible with
water quality goals. State (or designated areawide)
planning agencies can only make this determination after
assessing the problem, examining alternative practices,
and soliciting appropriate public participation. A BMP
does not necessarily imply a single approach; rather, a
BMP for residuals may be a combination of techniques and
practices which must be integrated into an overall effective
residual waste management system for a given area. Inherent
in the notion of BMP are programs which are practical, useful,
and low in cost.
There are three concepts which planners should consider
as they develop a BMP for residuals management:
- Waste reduction
- Resource conservation
- Environmentally safe disposal.
The "waste exchange" is a mechanism which will help
local jurisdictions and industry to deal with industrial
wastes and residuals through resource conservation and
utilization. The premise is that many wastes contain
valuable materials, some of which are in short supply.
Extraction of materials from these wastes makes sense
from both the conservation and the environmental points
of view. Waste recycling and utilization is especially
effective when the wastes can be transferred from the
generator to the user "as is," thereby reducing the need
for costly treatment processes and the incidence of
potentially harmful disposal practices. The waste
exchange assists industry to identify industrial wastes
which may be useful raw materials.
The waste exchange is a system which is universally
beneficial. First, industry can dispose of its unwanted
wastes and perhaps receive a monetary bonus either through
the sale of its wastes or by reducing waste magnitudes
and as a consequence, costs of disposal. Second, the
waste user can potentially reduce costs for raw materials.
Finally, the environment is saved from the introduction
of potential pollutants resulting from land and water
disposal methods.
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Characteristics of Waste Exchange Systems
Two characteristics appear to be of dominant
importance when describing waste exchange systems. The
first distinction is between those systems which limit
themselves to transferring information and referring
potential offerers and acceptors to each other, and those
systems which also physically handle the wastes. This
distinction between information and materials-handling
(which can include information services) is important
because the latter requires more staff skills, larger
facilities and thus more investment capital.
The second distinction relates to a waste exchange's
approach to or strategy for conducting its business. Under
a passive strategy, the industrial waste exchange does not
seek out potential waste users, but waits for waste users
to provide input to the system. The passive industrial
waste exchange plays no role in negotiations between waste
-sources and potential waste users. By contrast, under an
active strategy, the waste exchange both identifies a
potential match and assists in consummating a contract
between the waste generator and the waste user. Active
systems perform technical functions (i.e., analysis,
recognizing or creating users, processing into more salable
form, etc.) and business functions (i.e., arranging trans-
portation, financing, etc.). This distinction between passive
and active strategies is important not only because the latter
implies greater costs and risks, but also because the active
strategy may be more effective in reducing the amount of
industrial wastes ultimately disposed into the environment.
These two distinctions can be combined to produce four
variations:
- Information/Passive
- Information/Active
- Information and Materials-handling/Passive
- Information and Materials-handling/Active
Table 1 shows some design specifications of these four
possibilities.
To further elaborate on specific design characteristics,
Table 2 shows the spectrum of possibilities for each of
sixteen general characteristics. Most of the characteristics
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TABLE 1
INITIAL DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE EXCHANGES
I. Information/Referral Only II. Both Information and Materials
Handling Services
A. Minimum Needs for Passive Strategy
Maintain confidentiality ° Maintain confidentiality
Credibility among users ° Credibility
1 part-time manager with ° Storage & handling capacity
1 part-time secretary
0 Chemical analysis capability
Small financial support
0 Manager, secretary, chemists,
and handlers (according to
volume)
0 Modest financial support
(depending on volume and
revenue)
B. Additional Needs for Active Strategy
Intimate knowledge of user ° Stable volume of exchange
industries and processes activity
Location in industrial region ° Intimate current knowledge of
user industries & processes
Additional staff
0 Chemical treatment capability
Technical imagination
0 Provide general consulting
Entrepreneurial vigor services
0 Additional financial backing
0 Additional technical and market
personnel
0 Technical imagination
0 Entrepreneurial vigor
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are self-explanatory, but a few deserve further comment.
Wastes accepted (Element 6) is critical to a system's
technical and economic success; whereas a private business
must limit itself to shrewdly selecting wastes with greater
potential for use in order to realize a profit, a
non-profit system, perhaps less constrained by short-term
profit goals may accept marginal residues which are less
immediately attractive in expectation of holding them
until buyers or acceptors appear.
Volume of activity (Element 7) is likely to vary,
and the variations will strongly influence whether a system
can become and remain viable. The experience of the European
systems suggests that a new industrial waste exchange will
receive many listings for a while, including some large-volume
wastes. However, as the existing backlog of supplies is
cleared, and after offerers and buyers of regular waste
streams are linked and continue their relations without
the system's further intercession, the system's activity
may both diminish in number and change in character to
irregular offerings (e.g., wastes resulting form accidents
or occasional below-standard production runs). Potential
volume influences system design because, while an association
or government-sponsored system might use a part-time staff
on a demand-only basis, a private firm would require a
threshold volume to cover costs or have to operate the
exchange as a "loss leader" to attract new business or a
service ancillary to other profitable enterprises.
"Private individual", "informal network", "informal
subsidies" (Elements 8, 9, and 17) are included to recognize
that the establishment of a new industrial waste exchange
probably institutionalizes an existing pattern of matching
conducted informally by individual engineers or plant
managers, perhaps supported by minor subsidies of telephone
costs and storage space from their employers.
The financial elements (Elements 16, 17, and 18) suggest
that a system's financial basis may be mixed. It might
start with subsidies, but shift, after establishing its
value to customers, to a profit or surplus-making mode.
Or it might initially sell only to buyers, but be able,
as disposal costs rise, to charge fees also to waste
generators.
Whereas Table 2 summarizes characteristics internal or
inherent to a waste management information system, Table 3
presents important features of its external environment.
Elements 7 and 8 highlight the important role of the
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Element
1. Services Offered
TABLE 2
INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE'EXCHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
Spectrum
Materials:
Information and Referral Only:
by Magazine by special
Ads Clearinghouse
I I
only handling Analysis, repro-
and transport cessing & transport
I I
Service Role or
Strategy
Passive
Active
I
Geographic Radius
Served Normally 25 mi.
50 mi.
75 mi.
100 mi. 1,000 mi.
2,000 mi.
I
Industry Coverage
Offered
Type of Clients
Sought
1 sector of
an 'industry
1 industry
Related
industries
I
Many
industries
I
Small, local firms;
weak technical skills
I I
Medium, Regional
moderate skills
Large, national firms;
strong technical skills
I
Number and Value
Reusable Wastes
Accepted
Volume of Activity
Few, most valuable
only
1 1
Small, episodic,
unpredictable
1 1
Private Sector:
Legal Status Private Non-Profit Private
Individual Institution Firm
Many, even of
Marginal Value
I 1 1
Moderate, Large, continual,
variable regular
1 1 i
Public Utility:
Private Special- Government
Firm with Purpose Line
Government Government
Franchise Corporation Agency
9. Private-Sec- Private Informal
tor Organiza- Individual Network
tional Forms
Trade Independent, Subsidiary
Association Small, single of large multi-
company purpose company
10. Public-Sector Single local Several local State Multistate Federal International
Sponsors Government Governments Agency Authority Agency Federation
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11. Skills of Staff Limited
(managerial
and clerical)
TABLE 2 (Continued)
Moderate
I
12. Technical Ex- Limited
perience and
Imagination of
Staff
Extensive (chemical
'analysis, processing,
marketing)
I
ited
1
Moderate Extens
1
13. Size of Pro-
fessional
Staff
14. Data Bank
1 p^rt-time
manager, few volunteer
advisors
1-3 full-time
Blackboard Files, library, staff experience, &
Simple card files contacts:
Limited Moderate Extensive
L
I
3-6 full-time
I
Large,
Computerized,
Matching &
retrieval system
15.
16.
17.
18.
Advertising Informal
word-of- Via magazine
mouth & journals
1 1
Pricing Policy Free
1
Financial Subsidized Subsidized
Policy informally formally
1 I
Special Occasional Vigorous
lists marketing marketing
1
1
At cost At profit
1
1
Subsidizes Break even Profit or
& revenues on revenues surplus
1 1
Income Severs Individual Informal Formal Client Client Fees Public
|
subsidies:
subsidies. subsidies subsidies Fees (Waste
19.
20.
21.
1 1
Risk Level
Acceptable None Small
1
Styl-.; of
Management Reactive.
1
Capital
Requirements $25,000
'
(Waste Generator) Partial
Users)
1 1 1
Medium Large
1
Full
|
Mixed Aggressive
$250,000 $400,
1
1
000+
1
22. Annual Opera- $10,000
ting Budget
(all costs accounted)
$100,000+
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TABLE 3
1.
3.
EXTERNAL CONDITIONS I.'.TLl'EN'CIXG' WASTE EXCHANGE ORGANIZATIONS
Element Hindrance-4- Spectrum »-Aid
Dispersed Concentrated
1 I
Industrial
locations
Transport
costs
High
Number of small
low technology
firms Few
Disposal costs
to generators Low and
Stable
Competing raw
materials
costs to users
Low
Many
I
High or
Rising
6.
7.
9.
Treatment
Costs
High
Industry Extensive,
Communications inter-industry
Generators'
Analysis and
Knowledge of
Waste Stream
Chemistry
Users' Techni-
cal Knowledge
Much
Low
Little or none,
within industry
Little or none
10.
11.
Potential
Value of
Reusable
Wastes
Concentration
of Residuals
in- Waste
Stream
Low
High
I
Low
High
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TABLE 3 (Continued)
12. . Regularity of
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Streams (com-
bined total)
.
Quantity of
Wastes Avail-
able for
Transfer
Public Aware-
ness of
Environmental
Dangers
Initiative
Available to
Create Trans-
fer Organiza-
tion
Regulations
Requiring
Reuse or Safe
Disposal
Financial
Incentives ,
Subsidies, or
Capital
Legal Liabi-
bility
Episodic
1
Small
1
Low
I
Individual, Informal,
Voluntary Group,
Voluntary
1 1
Few or none,
limited scope
1
Unavailable
1
Unclear,
unlimited
Sustained,
continuous
1
Large
1
High
1
Formal, Spotty Comprehensive
Group, Regulation, Regulation,
Voluntary Mandatory Mandatory
1 1 1
Many
Comprehensive
1
Available
1
Clearly defined
and limited
-^.i-Vfcii;
C' ,T i
Lp
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system's technical personnel in recognizing or treating
reuse possibilities unknown by offerers. The last
four elements (Elements 11, 12, 13, and 14) are closely
related to the system's size, complexity, and stage of
development.
Of the four institutional variations which have been
identified, the Information and Materials-handling/Passive
type appears to hold little promise. It is unlikely
that any institution could afford to accept and hold
wastes awaiting the appearance of a potential user.
The most widely known and discussed type of waste
exchange is the Information/Passive type. There are
a number of examples of this type in both Europe and
the United States. Appendix A provides a brief description
of the European clearinghouses and Appendix B provides
a brief description of two clearinghouses in the United
States. It should be noted that these waste exchanges
are generally operated by organizations which have close
ties to industry (i.e., industry trade associations),
they are subsidized by the sponsoring organizations with
personnel and materials, and they are able to handle
information without revealing the source until the source
wishes to be known.
There are a few examples of the Information/Active
waste exchanges. The Information/Active type of service
is usually offered by a broker or consultant who identifies
waste sources, consolidates waste lots, and resells the
wastes to users. The broker may even arrange for transpor-
tation and reprocessing, but never actually invests capital
in waste handling equipment.
The Information and Materials-handling/Active type
of waste exchange is operated in a similar manner to the
Information/Active exchange, except that the operator
makes a capital investment in some waste handling equipment
(i.e., trucks, storage tanks, etc.) and reprocessing
facilities (i.e., evaporators, distillation equipment,
chemical reactors, etc.).
The Role of State and Areawide Planning Agencies
Waste exchanges provide industry with a means to
identify alternative uses for their process and pollution
control residuals. The best way to begin a waste exchange
is by susidizing the Information/Passive type of organ-
10
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ization (or more precisely, a waste information clearing-
house) . Table 4 shows the portion of each element from
Table 2 which would appear to be applicable to the
Information/Passive type of organization. As part of their
residuals management planning, State and Areawide Planning
Agencies can determine the usefulness of a waste exchange
within their jurisdictions. If they determine that a waste
exchange is warranted, planning agencies can act as a catalyst
to establish a waste exchange. It is not likely that a waste
exchange which is sponsored and operated by State and/or
Areawide Planning Agencies would be well received by industry.
Industry would be suspect of possible government regulation
and of potential public disclosure of information which it
might consider confidential. Therefore, planning agencies
should limit themselves to assisting other organizations
with the development of a viable waste exchange system.
In their role as catalyst, State and Areawide Planning
Agencies may wish to provide educational services. As an
example, planning agencies can sponsor meetings with industry
representatives to discuss the waste exchange concept and
provide information to the media (i.e., newpapers, regional
journals, professional publications, newsletters, etc.) to
explain and encourage the establishment of waste exchange
systems. Planning agencies also have the means to identify
potential industry participants to help develop and use the
system.
Even though State and Areawide Planning Agencies should
not have direct access to waste exchange data, agency staff
can assist in the development and operation of a waste exchange
by participating on a waste exchange advisory committtee.
The purpose of the advisory committee would be to establish
policy for the waste exchange and to evaluate its effective-
ness in transferring wastes to potential users.
The importance of a waste exchange in residuals management
should not be overemphasized. Utilization of industrial
wastes is a viable concept for a number of waste streams, but
only a small number (and volume) of wastes can be expected to
be handled in this mannner.
11
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TABLE 4
SUGGESTED INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A WASTE EXCHANGE ORGANIZATION
Element Spectrum
1. Services Offered Information and Referral Only: Materials:
by Magazine by special only handling Analysis, repro-
Ads clearinghouse.4 and transport cessing 6 trans-
| f*t ( fr») | port I
2. Service Role or
Strategy Passive v Active
| («« | »J I II
3. Geographic Radius
Served Normally 25 mi. 50 mi. 75 mi. 100 mi. 1,000 mi. 2,000 mi.
i i I («•! *r) i
4. Industry Coverage
Offered 1 sector of Related Many
an industry 1 industry industries industries
5. Type of Clients Small, local firms; Medium, Regional Large, national firms
Sought weak technical skills moderate skills strong technical
skills
6.
7.
\r
V
Number and Value Few, most valuable
Reusable Wastes only
Accepted
1 1
Volume of Activity Small, episodic,
unpredictable
ft* 1
Private Sector:
1 . ff..
J
Many, even of
Marginal Value
1 1 (+-+-+)
Moderate, Large, continual,
variable regular
I •-> 1 |
1 *y \ \
Public Utility:
8. Legal Status Private Non-Profit Private Private Special- . Government
Individual Institution Firm Firm with Purpose Line
Government Government
Franchise Corporation Agency
fr I $ I I I
9. Private-Sec- Private Informal Trade Independent, Subsidiary
tor Organiza- Individual Network Association Small, single of large multi-
tional Forms - company purpose company
10. Public-Sector Single local Several local State Multistate Federal International
Sponsors Government Governments Agency Authority Agency Federation
I I I I _J I
* Brackets indicate the range on the spectrum which would
represent the characteristics for a Information/Passive
waste exchange.
12
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TABLE 4 (Continued)
±
Limited
11. Skills of Staff Limited
(managerial
and clerical)
12. Technical Ex-
perience and
Imagination of
Staff
13. Size of Pro-
fessional
Staff
Moderate
Extensive (chemical
analysis, processing,
marketing)
Moderate
Extensive
1 part-time
manager, few volunteer
advisors 1-3 full-time
") I
3-6 full-time
J
14. Data Bank Blackboard Files, library, staff experience, f, Large,
Simple card files contacts: Computerized,
Limited Moderate Extensive Matching £
v retrieval system
f) I J |
15. Advertising Informal
wprd-of- Via magazine Special Occasional Vigorous
mouth 5 journals lists marketing marketing
I I
16. Pricing
Policy
Free
At cost
At profit
I
17. Financial
Policy Subsidized Subsidized Subsidizes Break even Profit or
informally formally 3 revenues on revenues surplus
18. Income Individual Informal Formal Client Client Fees Public subsidies
Sources subsidies subsidies subsidies Fees (Waste
(Waste Generator) Partial Full
& Users) s
I I I ' H | 1
19. Risk Level
Acceptable None
Small
Medium
Large
20. Style of
Management Reactive
fr-
Mixed
S
Aggressive
21. Capital
Requirements $25,000
I
$250,000
$400,000+
22.
Annual Opera-
ting Budget
(all costs
accounted)
$10,000
fe
$100,000+
13
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Additional Information
A soon to be completed study commissioned by EPA's Office
of Solid waste Management Programs, entitled Waste
Clearinghouses and Exchanges; New Ways for Identifying and
Transferring Reusable Wastes, will expand upon the concepts
presented here and offer additional information about waste
exchange operations.
14
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Appendix A: European Clearinghouses
During the past four years, waste exchange clearing-
houses have been established in ten European countries to
promote the utilization of industrial wastes.
The first waste exchange in Europe was set up in the
Netherlands by the Association of Dutch Chemical Industries
(VNCI) early in 1972. The Belgian Chemical Industry
Association (FICB soon followed suit. West Germany's
Chemical Industry Association (VCI) set up its "Abfallborse"
in December 1972, and Austria soon joined it. In Germany,
a number of exchanges have also been established by local
chambers of commerce, in cooperation with VCI. In March
1973, the Swiss Society for the Chemical Industry, the
Association of Swiss Paint and Varnish Manufacturers, and
Switzerland's Union of Soap and Detergent Manufacturers
jointly set up a waste exchange for their members. The
Federations of Industry in the four Scandanavian countries
(Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland) jointly established
the Nordic Waste Exchange in November 1973. In the United
Kingdom, a government-run waste exchange has been operating
since November 1974.
In most cases, the initative for establishing a waste
exchange clearinghouse came form the national chemical
industry trade association, and all but two of the exchanges
are financed wholly by the industry. In Scandinavia, a
Nordic intergovernmental foundation (Nordisk Industrifond)
was formed at the recommendation of an official Nordic
working group on waste management, to cover the costs of
operating a clearinghouse for a three year period. Matching
funds are provided by each country's Federation of Industry.
In the United Kingdom, a committee of chemical manufacturers
recommended the establishment of a waste exchange clearing-
house to the Department of Enviroment and the Department
of Trade and Industry. The clearinghouse is now sponsored
by the latter.
These European waste exchange clearinghouses all
began with a very low budget, with no clear idea of what
might happen, but with a belief that waste utilization
made sense. Most of the exchanges appear to be integrated
into the operations of the chemical industry associations,
which run them with a staff of one administrator supervised
by one or two part-time senior staff. The latter are
usually engineers or chemists. The cost is kept to a
minimum by using existing resources (offices, staff, etc.)
15
-------
and existing communications vehicles (trade journals,
association bulletins, etc.). Except in Scandinavia and the
United Kingdom, the role of government agencies is apparently
nonexistent.
The basic service provided by the clearinghouses is
simple and inexpensive. The administering organizations
receive offers of, and requests for, waste material. They
circulate them anonymously to potentially interested parties.
Offers and requests are often listed in the industry associ-
ation journal. Parties interested in purchasing any material
offered write to the clearinghouse, and their inquiries are
forwarded to the firm which placed the offer. The firm
contacts respondents for further negotiations if it wishes
to do so. The clearinghouse services are provided to partici-
pants free of charge, except for the subscription fee which
sometimes charged for the publication in which offers and
requests are listed.
The waste exchange clearinghouse in the United Kingdom
is unique among the exchanges in Europe in that it is
exclusively government sponsored. The U.K. Waste Materials
Exchange is operated by the Warren Spring Laboratory at
Stevenage and is funded by the Department of Trade and
Industry. The clearinghouse is run by three people, one
full-time secretary, one half-time secretary and one third-
time technical person. Of the 845 items which were listed as
available in the U.K. Waste Material Exchange's first five
quarterly bulletins, a total of 2,802 inquiries were received
for 620 of them. This activity resulted in 62 transactions.
There were also 635 offers to supply 120 of the 158 items
which were listed as wasted. There have been no transactions
reported involving the "wanted" materials, and the U.K.
Waste Materials Exchange is reassessing the value of the
"wanted section."
16
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Appendix B: U.S. Clearinghouses
Two waste exchange clearinghouses have recently been
established in the United States. Both clearinghouse
operations are similar to those in Europe.
A volunteer task force, composed of government and
industry representatives, emerged from a conference sponsored
jointly by the St. Louis Regional Commerce and Growth
Association (RCGA), the East-West Gateway Coordinating Council
(the St. Louis area's Council of Governments and Areawide
Planning Agency), and the Associated Industries of Missouri
to study the potential for a waste exchange clearinghouse.
The work of this group resulted in the establishment of
the first U.S. waste exchange clearinghouse on October 30,
1975. RCGA, acting as the Secretariat for the St. Louis
Industrial Waste Exchange, receives, codes, compiles, and
publishes offers and requests from industry. All listings
are confidential. Responses to listings are received and
forwarded by RCGA to the firm which made the offer. The
firm chooses the respondents with which it wishes to
negotiate. The St. Louis Industrial Waste Exchange and
RCGA do not participate in negotiations and do not assume
any responsibility for the accuracy of descriptions.
The St. Louis Exchange published its first list of
waste offerings in January 1976. The listing included 43
items which were available and 8 items which were wanted.
Even though the St. Louis Exchange primarily serves the
St. Louis metropolitan area (including several counties
in Illinois), the first list carried offers and requests
from the East Coast, the Upper Midwest, and the South.
No wastes are known to have been transferred as a result
of the St. Louis Exchange's efforts, however, this is not
unexpected since negotiations often take several months.
The second clearinghouse to be established in the
United States, the Iowa Industrial Waste Information
Exchange, evolved from the cooperative efforts of Iowa
State University's Center for Industrial Research and
Service (CIRAS), the Iowa Department of Environmental
Quality, the Iowa Development Commission, the Iowa
Manufacturer's Association, and private firms. CIRAS
is an extension service of lowas State University
which offers consulting services to Iowa industries.
The Iowa Exchange was established at CIRAS to provide
a formalized and orderly approach to handling a greater
17
-------
volume and variety of requests for help with waste disposal
problems from Iowa industry.
Like other waste clearinghouses, the Iowa Exchange
receives, codes, compiles, and publishes lists of available
and wasted waste materials. Sources of listings are
confidential until the firm which placed the listing
responds to an inquiry. Listings are carried for one
year, free of charge to Iowa industry. Inquiries are
forwarded to the firm which makes the offer or request.
The Iowa Exchange does not participate in negotiations
nor does it warrant character or contents of any items
listed. The Iowa Exchange does not make recommendations
with respect to legal requirements for storage, handling,
transportation, or disposal of potentially hazardous
substances. Firms offering materials are not required
to disclose what means they now use, or have used in
the past, to dispose of waste materials.
Appendix C includes the listing questionnaires,
instructions, and examples of lists from the St. Louis
Industrial Waste Exchange and the Iowa Industrial Waste
Information Exchange.
18
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Appendix C: Examples from U.S. Clearinghouses
Saint Louis Regional Commerce & Growth Association
Ten Broadway/Saint Louis. Missouri 63102/314 231-5555
ST. LOUIS INDUSTRIAL WASTE EXCHANGE
"ST. LOUIS REGIONAL COMMERCE & GROWTH ASSOCIATION
.10 Broadway
St. Louis, Missouri 63102
OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES:
The Exchange will publish listings and make every effort to circulate them
as widely as possible. Items listed will be published every quarter and
will be carried for three consecutive quarters. The types of materials
offered or sought should be those for which well-established markets do
not exist.
The Exchange will make every effort to protect the identity of participating
firms from competitors and government regulatory agencies. Each item listing
which the Exchange receives will be assigned a confidential code number.
Only the person managing the day-by-day activities of the Exchange will have
access to the coding index relating listing numbers to the firms' names.
Federal and State agencies dealing with hazardous waste have agreed to this
procedure in the interest of increasing resource recovery and reducing the
volume of industrial waste requiring disposal.
Responses to listings will be received by the Regional Commerce ?t Growth
Association and will be promptly forwarded to the firm v/hich made the
listing. The firm chooses the responders, if any, with which it wishes to
negotiate. The Exchange will not participats in negotiations. The firm's
only obligation to the Exchange is to notify the Secretariat when1a successful
negotiation is completed.
LISTINGS:
The Exchange will publish two types of listings for which there will be a
nominal fee of $5.00 per itam listed. The fee 'is to be paid by the listing
party and is intended to cover the Exchange's -rp.il': ing and stationery costs.
The Type "A" listing is for iterris which arc available and the Type"W" listing
is for items which h\-z .^s^lr&d. Each listing should include a description of
the item, composition, quantity3 packaging, and geographic origin.
Fees for the items 'Ivvi-sdl should be paid in advance.
The Exchange will not be responsible for the contents of any item listed.
19
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pige 2
ADDITIONAL BACKGROUND:
The waste exchange concept, while non-existent in the U.S., is currently a
successful operation in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium,
Britain, and the Scandinavian Countries. These waste "bourses" are institutions
where companies can offer potentially salable waste products and where buyers
can bid for them. Such inter-industry trading of waste materials is rare in
the United States, and the St. Louis region is no exception. Moreover, adequate
hazardous waste disposal facilities are lacking in the Missouri-Illinois area.
SAMPLE LISTINGS:
A 0001-75 Chrome (III) oxide, water content approx. 30%. Dry weight
composition: Cr^O-, over 992, carbon, trace; kieselguhr, trace.
Quantity: Approx. 7 tons/mo.
Location: St. Louis
W 0001-75 Aluminum chloride, as hexahyclrate or as solution with at least
10% Al, without heavy metals.
Quantity: up to 30,000 tons/yr
Location: St. Louis area, if possible
20
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LISTINS FORM
ST. LOUIS INDUSTRIAL WASTE EXCHANGE
ST. LOUIS REGIONAL COMMERCE & GROWTH ASSOCIATION
10 Broadway
St. Louis, Missouri 63102
(314) 231-5555
Company Name:
Mailing Address:
Company Contact:
Telephone Number:
Company identities will be kept confidential
Code Number (to be provided by RCGA)
The following item should be listed in the next bulletin (separate sheet for each
item):
Item Available
Quantity and Description
Frequency*
Item Desired
Quantity and Description
Frequency*
*P1ease provide the quantity per period of time, i.e., gals/wk, Ibs/month. A
regular production of 1,000/gals/month should not be listed as 123COO gals/year.
Please enclose the $5.00 fee for each item. Checks payable to St. Louis
Industrial Waste Exchange.
21
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LISTING 1-76
St. Louis Industrial Waste Exchan
operated by
a
Saint Louis Regional
Commerce & Growth
Association
Ten Broodway/Saint Louis, Missouri 63102/314 231-5555
There are two types of items that are listed herein, Items Available and
Items Wanted. If there is an interest in any item, send a letter to:
Roland C. Marquart
St. Louis Regional Commerce
& Growth Association
10 Broadway
St. Louis, Missouri 63102
Please note the Code Identification in your response. Inquiries will be
promptly forwarded to the firm which made the listing. Any future
actions, including terms and conditions of a sales agreement, are left
between the inquiring parties. The Exchange will not participate in the
negotiations.
INFORMATION GIVEN HAS BEEN SUPPLIED BY THE OFFEROR; NEITHER THE REGIONAL
COMMERCE & GROWTH ASSOCIATION, THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE EXCHANGE, NOR ANY
MEMBER THEREOF MAKES ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS TO THE ACCU-
RACY OF DESCRIPTION, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY
OF ANY ITEM LISTED HEREIN.
Listings are scheduled to be published quarterly, in January, April,
July, and October. For additional information, send a letter as in-
dicated above, or call 314-231-5555, extension 41.
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ITEMS AVAILABLE
Code Identification: Al-1
Item: Coated Abrasive Scrap-Mixed Pieces/Sizes, both Cloth and Paper Backings; Grit Range 16-400 Unsorted.
Availability; Ten Tons per Month, 350 Pound Bales.
Location" Mid-South.
Code Identification: Al-2
Item: Spent Nitric Acid Strip with Approximately l>i Pounds Copper Metal per Gallon Plus % Pound Nickel
Metal per Gallon.
Availability: 3,000 Gallons at this Time.
Location"Local.
Code Identification: Al-3
Item; Centrifuge Cake-lOt Plus Moisture; Solids-Approximately 841 Sand, 141 Glass, 2\ Iron. Average
Particle Size 20 Microns.
Availability: 200 Tons per Week.
Location: Local.
Code Identification: Al-4
Item: Thermoplastic Resins, Reground; Various Types and Colors. Contaminated froa It to SOt; Average1
Contamination 51 with Other Resins. Average Particle Size 3/16 Inch Diameter.
Availability; 50,000 Pounds per Month.
Location": Midwest.
Code Identification; Al-5
Item; Nitric, HF Acid Solution with Urea. 451 Nitric Acid, 15* Hydroflouric Acid, S Ounces Urea •
per Gallon. Also Contains Dissolved Titanium/Vanadium Metal.
Availability: 2,000 Gallons per Week.
Location': Local.
Code Identification; Al-6
Item; Ferric Chloride Solution. 30* to 451 Ferric Chloride, with Dissolved Iron, Nickel, Chromium,
and Aluminum Metal.
Availability: 1,000 Galleys per Month.
Location!Local.
Code Identification; Al-7 ^ -
Item: Chromic HF Solution .SI to 20* Chromic Acid, S* to 15t Hydrofluoric Acid, with Dissolved
Titanium Metal.
Availability; 3,000 Gallons per Month.
fi
Location: Local .
Code Identification; Al-8
Item:' Shotdust-Finely Divided Particles Smaller than a No. 80 U.S. Standard Sieve. Composition-Ferrus
Oxide 41.81, Ferric Oxide 31.88, Iron Ferrum 26.44, Iron Content 80.88*.
Availability; , 10 Tons per Month.
Location": Local .
Code Identification; Al-9
Item: Sawdust (From Shaping Particle Board).
Availability: 100 55-^Gallon Drums per Month.
Location": Local.
Code Identification: Al-10
Item: Scrap Nail Polish, 701 Solvent Mixture (N/Butyl Acetate, Toluene, Ethyl Acetate); 231 Nitro-
cellulose, Thixotropic Agent, and Pearl Essence Pigment; 7* Color Pignents.
Availability: Approximately 3,500 Gallons at this Time.
Location: Midwest.
Code Identification: Al-11
Item: "D.C.I.P.E." CDichlorodiisoproplyether) By-Product Of Propylene Oxide. Production-S Major
~~
Availability: 10-15,000 Gallons per Month.
Location: tast Coast. 23
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;iRAS Fact Sheet
Iowa Industrial Waste
Information Exchange
Conducted by: Center for Industrial Research and
Service (CIRAS)
Iowa State University—201 Building E
Ames,. Iowa 50011
Background
Legislation, both state and federal, in recent years has
brought into- focus increasing problems for industrial
firms in handling by-products and waste materials. En-
vironmental considerations and regulations preclude
many of the historical methods of disposal such as open
burning or use of landfills for certain materials.
CIRAS, in its 12 years, has handled many projects re-
lating to possible uses for wastes and has worked with
individual firms to search out economical methods for
use or disposal of them. These requests have been
handled on a one-to-one basis and in many cases
satisfactory solutions have been achieved. No special
publicity has been given to this effort. However, the pro-
blems are increasing and the Iowa Industrial Waste In-
formation Exchange has been established at CIRAS to
provide a formalized and orderly approach ttrhandlitigr
greater volume and variety of requests for help from
Iowa firms.
The waste exchange concept is currently showing suc-
cess in several European countries, and the first ex-
change of this type in the United States is operating in
the St. Louis, Missouri area. The chemical industry, in
particular, has accomplished much in developing
markets between individual firms in which the by-
product from one plant has been utilized or reprocessed
by other firms.
Salable wastes are already being handled satisfactori-
ly in many cases, and nothing in this Exchange effort is
intended to interfere in any way with these existing ar-
rangements and agreements. The focus of this effort is
on materials for which no satisfactory means of use or
disposal have been found.
It is inevitable that questions about some waste
materials will come to CIRAS, as they have in past
years, for which no satisfactory answers are now availa-
ble. Should these develop in a significant way, research
activity beyond the scope of CIRAS staff time and
capabilities may be needed, and could be conducted only
if they were to be undertaken by the interested firm or
groups of firms. ;;
Operations and Procedures
The Exchange functions as a clearinghouse for in-
formation about types and quantities of industrial waste
materials. It gathers and disseminates information
about available materials and about materials war.u
by Iowa manufacturers. The Exchange also has
veloped a list of firms who are in the scrap and salv
business which is available upon request
"Listings" of materials available or wanted
solicited by the Exchange. The Exchange pnm
special listing questionnaire form to interested fir
which they can make their wishes known. (See •
side.) These "listings" of materials available or
by Iowa firms are handled on a confident.;;..
number basis so there is no public disclosure of this
involved.
Names of firms interested in-certain "listings" wii,
forwarded promptly to the firm which placed the Us"
It is the responsibility of the firm having the mate-.
to choose the inquirer, if any, with which it wishes
negotiate. The firm's only obligation will be to notify
Exchange when the problem is resolved.
The Exchange will not participate in negotiations m.
will it knowingly list materials for the specific purpoh
of trying to develop a higher price for the owner of it
The ExrftarrgB" will nrrt 'be-'heftr responsible for de~
termination of the character or contents of any itero
listed nor for determination of what may constitute
hazardous substance or create a hazardous conditi' "
The Exchange does not make recommendations w .:
respect to legal requirements for storage, handlin.,-.
transportation, or disposal of what may be defined >
hazardous substances.
Firms offering listings of available materials are no-
required to disclose what means they now use, or have
used in the past, to dispose of waste-materials unless
they wish to do so.
'.Listings
The Exchange solicits and will publicize in the widest
means available two types of listings:
1. "A"—For available materials.
2. "W"— For materials wanted by manufacturers.
Each listing will include a description (and/or
analysis) of the material, its composition, quantity per
week or month, packaging or available form, and
general area of the state where the material exists or is
wanted.
Listings are coded by consecutive number and date of
first listing, such as A-001-1/76 or W-001-1/76. Listings
will be carried for up to one year or until a successful
solution has been achieved..
A listing form is on the reverse side. Only one item is
to be listed on each form. Make additional copies for
each available or wanted item. . ;
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LISTING FORM
Iowa Industrial Waste Information Exchange
c/o CIRAS, 201 Building E (Code Number)
Iowa State University __
Ames, Iowa 50011 515/294-3420 (Date)
Check One: This is a listing for Material available
Material wanted
Please list the following through Iowa Industrial Waste Information Exchange: (Type or print information)
Material: (Describe as fully as possible as to content and/or analysis)
Quantity: (Amount per period of time, i.e. gal./week or Ib./month, etc.)
Packaging: (Barrels, loose, bales, etc.)
Where available or wanted:
The following 3 points are optional. Your answers will help the Exchange provide better service.
1. Is this material now being disposed of or obtained satisfactorily? Yes No.
If Yes, please list here any firms which are providing disposal or supply services.
2. Please state your primary reason for asking the Exchange to make this listing for your firm.
3. Comments: (Use additional pages, if needed.)
PLEASE READ BEFORE SIGNING
In submitting this listing it is understood that the Exchange and CIRAS will not disclose our firm's identity. We
also recognize that determining the nature and content of the subject material and the description or representa-
tion of it is our company's sole responsibility. CIRAS and the Exchange will not be involved in negotiations
between our firm and potential customers or suppliers and will not make any determinations as to prices of
materials or what may constitute hazardous substances or conditions.
Your Name Title.
Signature __ ——
Company Name — Telephone.
Address _____
(Street) (City) (State) (Zip)
For Office Use: Accepted for the Exchange by: — Date
25
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StatC UniVerSitlj of Science and Technology
^^
Aiiirs, Iowa .WOK)
University Extension
Address reply to:
Center for Industrial Research and Scrvio
201 Building E
April 20, 1976 Telephone 515-294-3420
IOWA INDUSTRIAL WASTE INFORMATION EXCHANGE - LIST #1
Available and Wanted Waste Materials
Listed below are the materials which have been submitted to the Exchange
through April 15, 1976, by Iowa firms. When inquiring about any of these ma-
terials please refer to the code numbers. Inquirers will not be given names
of owners of these materials but owners will be made aware of, and will be
urged to contact the firms who do inquire. Address all inquiries to Iowa
Industrial Waste Information Exchange, c/o CIRAS, Bldg. E., Iowa State Univer-
sity, Ames, IA 50011.
Available Materials
Type
Code
Oils;
A-20.
A-33.
A- 33.
A- 34.
&
0
0
1
0
Description
Used Motor Oil
Cutting Oils (Mobil met
308 & 26)
Water Soluble Cutting Oils
Transformer Oil (contam-
Amount
250 Gal /Mo
1200 Gal /Mo
500 Gal /Mo
Form
Drums
Drums
Drums
Location
E.C.
S.W.
S.W.
la
la
la
Wood Products:
A-10.0
A-15.0
A-15.1
A-15.2
A-17.0
A-29.2
A-30.0
A-31.0
Paper Products:
A-25.1
A-29.0
A-29.1
inated)
Ponderosa K.D. Sawdust &
Scrap
Wood Shavings & Sawdust
Mixture
Sawdust (Powdery)
Wood Hog Residue
Southern Yellow Pine
Sawdust & Blocks
Wood Pallets
Wood Pallets
Wood Blocks, Chips, Sawdust
Cardboard
Cardboard
Paper
Up to 7000 Gal
Drums
N.W. la.
9 Cu Yd/Da
3 Cu Yd/Da
9 Cu Yd/Da
1 to 2 T/Wk
100/Mo
200/Wk
1000 #/Wk
6 Cu Yd/Wk
5000 #/Mo
8000 #/Mo
Rail Cars E. la.
Loose S.E. la.
Loose S.E. la.
Loose S.E. la.
Loose
Bulk
Bales
Bales
N.E. la,
N. la.
N.E. la.
N.E. la.
S.E.
N.
N
OU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1976 210-810/180
26
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