EPA-450/3-77-011
April 1977
DEVELOPMENT
OF HATREMS DATA BASE
AND EMISSION INVENTORY
EVALUATION
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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EPA-450/3-77-011
DEVELOPMENT
OF HATREMS DATA BASE
AND EMISSION INVENTORY EVALUATION
by
Christine M. Maxwell, Russel Bohn,
Roger Caiazza, and Chatten Cowherd, Jr.
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110
Contract No. 68-02-2390
EPA Project Officer: Jacob G. Summers
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
April 1977
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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are
available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and
grantees, and nonprofit organizations - in limited quantities - from the
Library Services Office (MD-35), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711; or, for a fee, from the National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
Midwest Research Institute, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City. Missouri
64110, in fulfillment of Contract No.. 68-02-2390. The contents of this report
are reproduced herein as received from Midwest Research Institute. The
opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the author
and not necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency. Mention
of company or product names is not to be considered as an endorsement
by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Publication No. EPA-450/3-77-011
11
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PREFACE
This report was prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, under Contract No.
68-02-2390. Mr. Jacob Summers served as EPA project officer. The work was
performed in the Environmental and Materials Sciences Division of Midwest
Research Institute (MRI) under the supervision of Dr. Chatten Cowherd, Jr.,
Head, Air Quality Assessment Section.
Mrs. Christine Maxwell, Principal Investigator, was the main
author of this report. She was assisted by Mr. Russel Bohn and Mr. Roger
Caiazza. Other MRI staff members who contributed to the program include
Mr. Thomas Cuscino, Mr. Ralph Keller, and Mr. Leroy Trame.
Approved for:
MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
L, J. SMannon, Director
Environmental and Materials
Sciences Division
111
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Special acknowledgment is made to Mr. David Anderson, EPA Region
VII, who compiled lead emission factor data and authored the original draft
of the lead chapter (revised herein as Appendix B).
In addition, special thanks is due to Dr. Richard Reznik, Monsanto
Research Corporation, who provided data for use in Task I.
v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Summary 1
I. Introduction 3
A. Background 3
B. Objectives • 5
II. Overall Technical Approach 6
III. Literature Review and Special Pollutant Selection .... 9
A. Literature Search 9
B. Pollutant Selection Criteria 10
C. Pollutant Evaluation 11
IV. Point Source Emission Factor Data 15
A. Data Requirements 15
B. Data Coding Methodology and Results 16
V. Area Source Emission Factor Data 31
A. Data Requirements 31
B. Data Coding Methodology 31
C. Computational Techniques 41
VI. "Free" Area Source Emission Factor Data 46
A. Data Requirements 46
B. Data Coding Methodology and Results 46
VII. Processing of Coded HATREMS Data 55
VIII. HATREMS Data Base Evaluation 56
A. Reliability 56
B. Completeness 58
C. Updating HATREMS 58
D. Recommendations 60
vii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Concluded)
Page
IX. Analysis of Emission Factor Input Into EHIS 64
A. Lead Data Compilation • • 65
B. Summary 73
X. Overall Program Discussion 74
A. Accomplishments 74
B. Recommendations 74
References 85
Bibliography 87
Appendix A - Example Coded HATREMS Data A-l
Appendix B - Lead Special Report B-l
Appendix C - Fluoride Special Report C-l
Appendix D - Hydrogen Chlorine/Chloride Special Report D-l
Appendix E - Format for Emissions Inventory Evaluation E-l
VI11
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LIST OF FIGURES
No. Title ' ' Page
1 Overall Project Task/Subtask Design ..a. .00000 7
2 Point Source Emission Factors—Card 3 Format 0 . o o o 18
3 SCG Emission Factor Origin Card Format 0000.00° 19
4 Area Source Emission Factors—Card 1 Coded Data o o • • 34
5 Area Source Emission Factors--Card 2 Coded Data o o o o 37
6 Area Source Emission Factors—Card 3 Format a a , , 0 , 40
7 "Free" Area Source Input Format .0000.000000 51
ix
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List of Tables
Table Title
1 Summary of Data Sources Searched ^
2 Pollutant Evaluation 12
3 Threshold Limit Values and Atmospheric Emissions by
Pollutant 13
4 Summary of Point Source Data Availability 17
5 Codes for HATREMS Pollutants 20
6 Emission Factor Reliability Ratings 22
7 Comparison of Data for Combustion Sources 24
8 Pollutant Concentration in Coal and Oil (Bibliography
Reference 41) 27
9 Summary of Recommendations for Additional SCCs 28
10 Summary of Area Source Data Availability 33
11 Assumptions for Calculation of Area Source Emission
Factors (CATEGORY I) 42
12 Default Multipliers for Fugitive Dust Area Sources. ... 45
13 Summary of "Free" Area Source Data Availability 47
14 Nonindustrial Area Sources of Particulate Pollution in
the United States 49
15 State Population and Vehicle Miles Traveled Data 52
16 Percentage of Coded HATREMS Emissions 59
17 Relative Toxicity of HATREMS Pollutants 53
18 Lead Emission Factors
x
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List of Tables (Concluded)
Table Title Page
19 Analysis of Particulate Tables 72
20 Uncontrolled Lead Emissions 76
XI
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SUMMARY
This report presents the results of an extensive data collection
and analysis program which was conducted to (a) develop an emission factor
data base for HATREMS; (b) prepare this data for loading into HATREMS; and
(c) evaluate emission inventory information from HATREMS. HATREMS (Hazard-
ous and Tjrace Emission System) is a computerized subsystem of EPA's AEROS
(Aerometric and Emission Reporting £>ystem). HATREMS stores and reports
source and emissions data for noncriteria pollutants in a manner parallel
to NEDS (National Emissions D_ata System) which stores and reports data for
the five criteria pollutants.
The emission factor data base distinguishes between point, area,
and "free" (non-NEDS) area sources. The data base consists of the following
specific items:
Point Sources
Source Classification Code (SCC)
Pollutant Code
Emission Factor
Default Multiplier (e.g., pollutant content)
Multiplier Units
Control Efficiency Multiplier
NEDS Pollutant Flag
Action Code
Area Sources
Area Source Category (ASC)
Pollutant Code
Emission Factor
Default Multiplier
Multiplier Units
Action Code
"Free" Area Sources
State
County
Air Quality Control Region (AQCR)
Area Source Category (ASC)
Pollutant Code
Year of Record
Source Rate
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Source Activity Factor
Emissions (tons/year)
Comments
Additional HATREMS data items include: data entered into HATREMS, emission
factor origin, emission factor reliability and comments on assumptions in
the emission factors.
Point source data were developed/coded for each of the following
26 pollutants:
Ammonia Hydrogen Sulfide
Arsenic Lead
Asbestos Magnesium
Barium Manganese
Beryllium Mercury
Boron Molybdenum
Cadmium Nickel
Chlorinated Compounds Phosphorus
Chlorine Selenium
Hydrogen Chloride Silver
Chromium Titanium
Copper Vanadium
Fluorinated Compounds Zinc
Fluorides
Hydrogen Fluoride
In addition, area source data were developed/coded for all the above pollu-
tants except ammonia, asbestos, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and
hydrogen sulfide. Area source data were also developed/coded for polycyclic
organic material. Finally, "free" area source data were developed for rub-
ber tire wear, brake lining wear, and motor oil consumption. "Free" area
source data were coded for asbestos, barium, cadmium, and zinc.
Three hazardous pollutants (lead, fluorides, and HCl/chlorine)
were selected from a list of nine pollutants for incorporation as separate
chapters into "Emission Factors for Trace Substances" (EPA-450/2-73-001).
These special report chapters are included as appendices to this report.
Although the HATREMS data base was not processed through the com-
puter system as part of this study, methodology was developed for evalua-
tion of the emission inventory information to be generated from HATREMS. Fi-
nally, lead was evaluated for use in the Emission History Information System
(EHIS), another subsystem of NEDS.
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I. INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of a program conducted by Mid-
west Research Institute (MRI) to develop an expanded hazardous and trace
substance emissions data base and evaluate HATREMS emissions inventory in-
formation.
In this section, the background of the hazardous and trace emis-
sions problem and the AEROS system are reviewed and the objectives of the
overall program are stated.
A. Background
The environmental impact of hazardous and trace emissions gen-
erated by various sources has become a matter of increasing national con-
cern. Strong correlations are indicated between ambient levels of toxic
substances and adverse health effects. Clearly there is a need for assess-
ment and control of hazardous and trace emissions in addition to the stand-
ard criteria pollutants.
To aid in the analysis of the causes and extent of air pollution
in the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National
Air Data Branch, has established the Aerometric and Emissions Reporting
System (AEROS)--a comprehensive computer-based system designed to collect,
store and analyze air pollution data. Subsystems of AEROS include:—'
1. The National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
2. The Storage and Retrieval of Aerometric Data (SAROAD).
3. The Hazardous and Trace Substance Emissions System (HATREMS).
4. The Source Test Data System (SOTDAT).
5. The Emissions History Information System (EHIS).
6. The Weighted Sensitivity Analysis Program (WSAP).
7. The Source Inventory and Emission Factor Analysis Program
(SIEFAP).
8. The Regional Emissions Projection System (REPS).
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HATREMS inputs, stores, and reports source and emissions data
for noncriteria pollutants in a manner closely parallel to NEDS which
stores and reports data for the five criteria pollutants (i.e., carbon
monoxide, particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocar-
bons). Data stored in NEDS includes (a) more than 135,000 point emission
sources at 45,000 facilities and (b) area source records for every county
within the United States.I/
NEDS data (some of which is accessible to HATREMS) include:
1. Point Source Data
Source description - Name, address, types of source, year
of record, comments.
Emissions data - Operating or production rate, estimated
emissions, EPA calculated emissions, con-
trol device type and efficiency on each
criteria pollutant.
Modeling parameters - UTM coordinates of source, stack
height, and diameter, exhaust gas
temperature, and flow rate.
Compliance information - Allowable emissions, applicable
control regulations, compliance
status, and schedules.
2. Area Source Data
Source description - Name and location of area (county)
source, population, year of record.
Activity levels - Countywide activity level of each type of
area source (e.g., tons of coal burned
in all domestic space heating equipment
in a county).
Emissions data - Emission estimates for the entire county
(for each pollutant) as well as for each
area source category.
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B. Objectives
The principal objectives of the investigation reported herein
were (a) to develop an expanded hazardous and trace substance emission
factor data base, (b) to prepare this information for loading into EPA's
HATREMS, and (c) to evaluate emission inventory information from HATREMS.
To accomplish the above objectives, the overall program was
organized into eight major tasks:
Task I - Collect and Assess Available Data
Task II - Review Reference Reports
Task III - Code Emission Factor Data for NEDS SCC/HATREMS Cate-
gories
Task IV - Develop/Code Emission Factor Data for NEDS Area Source
Categories
Task V - Develop/Code Emission Factor Data for "Free" Area Source
Categories
Task IV - Keypunch and Verify Coded Data
Task VII - Evaluate HATREMS Emissions Inventories
Task VIII - Evaluate Use of NEDS Emissions History Information
System
The remainder of this report is organized by task as follows:
• Section II presents a description of each program task.
• Section III presents the methodology used in Tasks I and II.
Sections IV through IX present detailed descriptions of the
methodology and results for Tasks III through VIII, respec-
tively.
• Section X presents an overall discussion of the project, in-
troduces example coded data for lead and introduces special
report section write-ups for the selected hazardous pollutants'
lead, fluorides and hydrogen chloride/chlorine. In addition,
recommendations are presented for future work.
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II. OVERALL TECHNICAL APPROACH
The overall technical approach for this program is diagrammed
in Figure 1. The following paragraphs describe the objectives of each task.
Subsequent chapters describe in detail the methodology used in accomplish-
ing each task.
Task I (Section III) - The objective of this task was to select
approximately three pollutants, from a list of nine, for inclusion in EPA
Publication No. EPA-450/2-73-001, Emission Factors for Trace Substances.
The nine pollutants considered in this task were:
1. Fluorides,
2. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
3. Polycyclic organic material (POM),
4. Hydrogen fluoride,
5. H SO and/or other sulfates,
6. Hydrogen chloride and chlorine,
7. Total reduced sulfur,
8. Fluorocarbons, and
9. Lead.
Task II (Section III) - The objective of this task was to re-
view (a) reports provided by the EPA project officer for this study, and
(b) miscellaneous reports specific to the pollutants listed in Task I.
These data sources were subsequently used in Task I and Tasks III through
V and are reported herein as a bibliography.
Task III (Section IV) - For this task, emission factor data were
assessed for each reference in Task II, with the objective of coding point
source emission factors and control efficiency factors for any pollutant
with sufficient data.
Task IV (Section V) - The objective of Task IV was to develop
and code emission factors for the NEDS Area Source Categories (ASC).
These source categories include: fuel consumption, on-site incineration,
open burning, air traffic, road vehicle traffic, construction and forest
fires. References designated in Task II were used.
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TASK I
COLLECT AND ASSESS AVAILABLE DATA
TASK II
REVIEW REFERENCE REPORTS
TASK III
CODE "EMISSION FACTOR DATA
FOR NEOS SCC/HATREMS CATEGORIES
TASK IV
DEVELOP/CODE EMISSION FACTOR DATA
FOR NEDS AREA SOURCE CATEGORIES
TASK V
DEVELOP/CODE EMISSION FACTOR DATA
FOR "FREE" AREA SOURCE CATEGORIES
TASK VI
KEYPUNCH AND VERIFY CODED DATA
TASK VII
EVALUATE HATREMS EMISSIONS
INVENTORIES
TASK VIII
EVALUATE USE OF NEDS EMISSIONS
HISTORY INFORMATION SYSTEM
For each Specified Pollutant
Perform Compi le Determi ne
Search Data
-»
L
Review EPA-450/2-73-001
and Draft Sections
Review HATREMS
Partial Final Report
Recommend Pollutants
Availability/Suitability
Review EPA-650/2-75-0&
and OAQPS Data File
Initate Preparation of
for EPA-450/2-73-001
Revie
Artie
• E
• S
*
Asseu Point Determine Apportion Data
Factor Data Each Source to Each SCC
Code HATREMS Point Source
Document
Auess Area Source
Emission Factor Data
Determine Data Availabi ity
for NEDS ASC's ~*
Asseu "Free" Area Source
Emission Factor Data
^ Specify "Free "Area
Source Codes Needed
Develop Emission
* Factors for NEDS ASC's
H Misc. Reports and
es on Trace Substances
missions
surces
ontrol Devices
i
s* ' * »
Recommend
as Required
Code HATREMS Area Source Data
by Pollutant/ASC and Document
For Each "Free" Area Source Category
Deter/nine Emission
Multipliers
Keypunch Coded Data — •
Evaluate HATREMS
Inventory Accuracy
Evaluate HATREMS J D
Data Base/Emission — * fo
nventory Completeness H
stermine Criteria Me
*TREMS M<
*
Review NEDS
Emissions History
Information System
• Logic
• Design
• Auumptions
Evaluate Feasibility
of System to Produce
Hazardous and Trace
nventories and
Corresponding Text
Document and Discuss
Feasibility
• Example Text
• Calculation
Routines
Determ
— ^ Data a
Method
ne Activity Level Code HATREMS "Free" Area
ology ASC and Document
ke Recommen-
tions and Suggest
edifications
Figure 1 - Overall Project Task/Subtask Design
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Task V (Section VI) - The objective of this task was to develop
and code emission factors and activity levels for "free" area source cat-
egories. A "free" area source category is a category which (a) accounts
for a significant quantity of emissions of some non-NEDS pollutant(s) and
(b) is not presently included as an Area Source Category (ASC) in NEDS.
Task VI (Section VII) - This task consisted of the keypunching
and verification of area and "free" area source data as coded under Tasks
IV and V, respectively.
Task VII (Section VIII) - The objective of Task VII was to eval-
uate the HATREMS input data base and develop a procedure for evaluating
HATREMS emissions inventories. This task reviews the overall program and
provides suggestions for updating coded pollutant data.
Task VIII (Section IX) - The objective of this task was to eval-
uate the feasibility of using the NEDS Emissions History Information Sys-
tem (EHIS) to produce emissions inventories for hazardous and trace sub-
stance emissions. Example text and calculation routines were prepared for
lead.
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III. LITERATURE REVIEW AND SPECIAL POLLUTANT SELECTION
The general approach taken to accomplish Task I (Collect and
Assess Available Data) and Task II (Review Reference Reports) was to (a)
perform a comprehensive literature search and compile available reference
material, and (b) determine pollutants suitable for inclusion in HATREMS
and incorporation in EPA-450/2-73-001.1/
The pollutants considered in the initial literature review were:
fluorides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic organic material, hydro-
gen fluoride, t^SO^ and/or other sulfates, hydrogen chloride (and chlorine),
total reduced sulfur, fluorocarbons and lead.
A. Literature Search
The literature search began with a preliminary review of docu-
ments supplied by the EPA project officer and a review of MRI in-house
documents. A listing of the most pertinent references is presented in the
bibliography. Because many of the documents on hand were written prior to
1973, a review of more recent literature sources was indicated and subse-
quently undertaken. Table 1 presents a summary of the major data sources
reviewed. In addition, an effort was made to identify pre-1973 documents
of significance which may not have been previously obtained.
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF DATA SOURCES SEARCHED
Data Source Dates Searched
Journal of the Air Pollution 1973 through August 1976
Control Association
Environmental Science and Technology 1973 through August 1976
Atmospheric Environment 1973 through August 1976
Air/Water Pollution Report February 1976 through August 1976
ORD Publications Summary June 1975 through March 1976
Air Pollution Abstracts 1975 through August 1976
69th Annual Air Pollution Control June 1976
Association Meeting
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During the early stages of this project, lead was tentatively
selected as one of the pollutants to be included in FPA 450/2-73-001. An
in-house search on lead was computer-generated from a literature file be-
ing compiled by MRI for the National Institutes of Health. Approximately
80 references related to lead in the atmosphere were found. In addition,
an NTIS lead search was reviewed covering reports published and abstracted
from 1964 to January 1976. Approximately 30 references related to emissions
from stationary and mobile sources, as well as sampling and analysis meth-
ods, were determined to be relevant to this study.
B. Pollutant Selection Criteria
The intent of Task I was to perform an evaluation of the pol-
lutants focusing on the availability of sufficient data to develop source-
specific emission factors, incorporating control equipment type and effi-
ciency.
Source emissions data can be reported in three forms: (a) con-
centration of pollutant emitted in units of parts per million by volume
(or weight) or micrograms per cubic meter, (b) emission rate in units of
weight per time (e.g., pounds per hour), and (c) emission factor in units
of weight per quantity of material processed.
Emission factors (as well as application of control technology)
are required input to HATREMS and may be calculated using concentration
or emission rate data in conjunction with process throughput data. When
data are reported in a variety of forms, or in different units, they are
difficult, if not impossible, to compare within an industrial group.
The emission factors listed in the EPA Publication AP-42, "Com-
pilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors," were summarized for each of
the nine pollutants. A review of all other compiled reference material
was performed to determine data gaps.
In addition to data availability, the following factors were
considered in judging the suitability of each pollutant:
1. Evidence of adverse health impacts.
2. Extent of measurement of emissions from major sources.
3. Reliability of sampling techniques and analysis methods.
4. Compatibility of the major emissions sources with the NEDS
Source Classification Codes and Area Source Categories.
10
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C. Pollutant Evaluation
Table 2 presents a summary of the evaluation of each pollutant.
For each pollutant/criteria combination, a qualitative rating is given.
Table 2 was compiled on the basis of data sources found in the
literature search or contained within the documents listed in the bibli-
ography. The extent of the emission factor data was evaluated on the basis
of (a) determination of whether the emissions data reported could be con-
verted to uncontrolled emission factors and control efficiencies, and (b)
the extent to which the major emissions sources of each pollutant were
represented.
Assessment of the reliability of sampling and analysis methods
were based on an evaluation by in-house personnel. MRI staff members were
able to base their judgments of this criterion on (a) experience in col-
laborative testing of various emissions measurement techniques, including
methods for sampling and analysis of sulfates, and (b) familiarity with
potential pollutant sampling problems.
Assessment of adverse health impacts was based on an analysis
of threshold limit values (in micrograms per cubic meter) and mass em-
mission rates (in tons per year). Table 3 presents a ranking of rela-
tive health impact by pollutant--the higher the rank, the higher potential
for adverse health effects.
The compatibility of the sources with Source Classification
Codes and Area Source Categories were determined by a comparison of lists
of each code type with the major emissions sources of each pollutant.
As indicated in Table 2, the extent of emission factor data
for polychlorinated biphenyls. total reduced sulfur, and fluorocarbons
is limited. Availability of data for the remaining six pollutants is
rated fair to good.
Polycyclic organic material and H2S04 and/or other sulfates
have unreliable source sampling methods which reduce the reliability
of emissions data for these pollutants. Analysis methods for all can-
didate pollutants have been rated fair or good.
Fluorocarbons do not have a direct health impact, although the
effective impact could be considered greater with the additional considera-
tion of the indirect problem—long term atmospheric effects.
Finally, total reduced sulfur and fluorocarbons have very low
compatibility with existing Source Classification Codes and Area Source
Categories.
11
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TABLE 2
POLLUTANT EVALUATION
Pollutant
Fluorides
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Polycyclic organic material
Hydrogen fluoride
H2SO, and/or other sulfates
Hydrogen chloride (and chlorine)
Total reduced sulfur
Fluorocarbon
Lead
Extent of
Emission
Factor Data
Good
Poor
Fair
Good
Fair
Fair
Poor
Poor
Fair
Reliability
of Sampling
Methods
Good
Good
Poor
Good
Poor
Good
Good
Uncertain
Good
Reliability
of Analysis
Methods
Good
Fair
Fair
Good
Good
Fair
Good
Fair
Good
Adverse
Health
Impacts
Moderate
High
High
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
to High
Moderate
Data
Compatibility
With Source
Codes
Fair
Fair
Good
Good
Good
Good
Poor
Low to High^/ Poor
High
Fair
a/ Indirect effects.
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TABLE 3
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES AND ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS BY POLLUTANT2-'
Mass of Emissions
(tons/year)
Pollutant
Fluorides
Polychlorlnated biphenyls
Polycyclic organic material
Hydrogen fluoride
H_SO and/or other sulfates
Hydrogen chloride (and chlorine)
Total reduced sulfur
Fluorocarbons
Lead
Threshold Limit
Value-TLV (mj»/m3 )
2.5
-
0.001
2.0
1.0 (as H.SO )
/7.0 (as HC1)
13.0 (as Cl)
fl5.0 (as H2S)
\13.0 (as mercaptans )
1,900
0.15
Point
Sources—'
20,000
-
20,500
14,400
57,600
29,000
11,100
308,000
83,300
24,400
9,590
TQtalc/
163, 1404-/
-
4,784,318^
-
-
307,600l/
678, 200^'
-
331,80o5ii/
325.400S/
Mass -f TLV Rank
Point Point
Sources Total Sources
8,000 65,300 5
-
2.05 x 107 4.8 x 109 1
7,200 - 6
57,600 - 3
4,100 43,900
3,700 226,000
20,500
6,400
13 175 8
64,000 2.17 x 106 2
Total
4
-
1
-
-
3
-
5
2
a/ From Reference 3 unless otherwise designated.
b/ Controlled emissions.
c/ Uncontrolled emissions.
d/ Based on Reference 4 and Bibliography Reference 80; coal combustion included as chlorine.
e/ See Table 16.
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Fluorocarbons and total reduced sulfur have low priority for
inclusion in EPA 450/2-73-001 in comparison with the remaining pollutants.
Fluorocarbons are rated poor in two areas. Total reduced sulfur is a nebu-
lous pollutant which includes potentially hazardous as well as nonhazardous
sulfur compounds with no distinction.
Hydrogen fluoride does not include as many sources of emissions
as the total fluoride category, and thus the latter category may prove
more useful in an emissions inventory.
Lead, fluorides, and hydrogen chloride/chlorine were selected
for preparation of sections for inclusion in EPA 450/2-73-001 (reproduced
herein as Appendices B, C, and D).
14
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IV. POINT SOURCE EMISSION FACTOR DATA
Task III consisted of the development and coding of emission fac-
tor data for point sources based on the NEDS Source Classification Codes
(SCCs). The following subsections: (a) list the point source data re-
quired in the HATREMS data base, and (b) describe the methodology and re-
sults of this task.
A. Data Requirements
The following point source data were designated for coding by
NEDS SCC/HATREMS pollutant combination:
1. Emission factor;
2. Default emission factor multiplier;
3. Multiplier units;
4. Control efficiency multiplier;
5. NEDS pollutant flag; and
6. Action code.
An emission factor can be defined as the ratio of the rate of
emissions to the process (or product) rate, or the quantity of emissions
to the quantity of process material. In HATREMS, the emission factor is
given in units of pounds per SCC unit times the pollutant content of the raw
material. The default emission factor multiplier, with appropriate multi-
plier units, provides the average pollutant content of the raw material.
If the pollutant content is not used, the emission factor is given in
unit of pounds per SCC unit and the default emission factor multiplier is
given as 1 with no units.
The control efficiency multiplier is a percentage multiplier
which is applied to the NEDS pollutant control efficiency. The NEDS pol-
lutant categories are coded as follows: 1 = particulate; 2 = sulfur di-
oxide; 3 = nitrogen oxides; 4 = hydrocarbons; and 5 = carbon monoxide.
Thus, if the HATREMS pollutant is a particulate, the control device multi-
plier would be 1007» of the control efficiency provided by NEDS for particu-
lates (NEDS pollutant Code 1).
Finally, the action code designates whether the data keypunched
are to be added (A), has been changed (C), or is to be deleted (D) from
HATREMS.
15
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B. Data Coding Methodology and Results
The following paragraphs describe the methodology used in coding
the point source data for HATREMS:
!• Review of reference reports: A review of the reference ma-
terial was performed and a listing of specific pollutants to be considered
in this study was derived. Table 4 presents a summary of the availability
of data in the principal references by specific pollutant.
2. Preparation of data coding forms; Data coding forms were
prepared following specific formats for coding the point source emission
factor data and emission factor origin as supplied by the project officer.
For ease of coding, the data forms were designed for coding by specific
pollutant. Figures 2 and 3 present example data forms for "Point Source
Emission Factors--Card 3," and "SCC Emission Factor Origin."
Additional point source emission factor data, specifically Cards
1 and 2, were supplied by EPA. This latter set of cards contains the name
and source units for each SCC.
3. Determination of HATREMS codes: The physical state (gas,
particulate, or both) of each pollutant was determined (see Table 5). As
indicated in Figures 2 and 3, the following data were assumed to be con-
stant for each pollutant:
1. Pollutant code;
2. Control efficiency multiplier (percent); and
3. NEDS pollutant flag.
These data are also summarized in Table 5.
The pollutant code is a five-digit code: the first digit desig-
nates the pollutant state, and the remaining four digits are pollutant spe-
cific. The last four digits were obtained from the AEROS Manual of Codes.-!'
The control efficiency multiplier is used to modify the control
device information listed in NEDS; i.e., HATREMS utilizes the NEDS pollutant
control device efficiency and the control multiplier stored in HATREMS to
estimate emissions for each pollutant.
16
-------
SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE DATA AVAILABILITY
W. E. Davis/
OCA Reports
Pollutant
Ammonia
Arsenic
Asbestos
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Chlorinated Compounds
Chlorine
Hydrogen chloride
Chromium
Copper
Fluorinated Compounds
Fluoride
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorus
Polycyclic organic material
Selenium
Silver
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
(Ref. 1-
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
EPA-450/
2-73-001
(Ref. 22
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
HATREMS Partial
Final Report
(Ref. 36)5/
xk/
X
X
X
X
xb/
xk/
X
xk/
X-
v
x£/
xk/
X
xk/
x£/
xb/
HATREMS Emission
Factor Forms
(Ref.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
AP-42
(Ref. 60)*
X
X
X
X
X
af As listed in the Bibliography.
b/ Emission factors only.
c/ Emissions data only.
-------
Field Identification
1-10
1 I2|3|4|5|6|7|8
sec
1 . I 1 1 . .
1 1
.111.1.
1 . . 1 1 . t
»ln i
POLLUTANT:
11-20
Pollutant
'Code
v— >
• I
1 »
1 •
1
i i
— '
1 .
1 1
1 •
" 1
' •
il5
6I7I8I9IO
21-30
IT?
imissipn Factor
,
1 1
i I
1 1 1 1 1
• * * • •
i
i
3|4|5|6|7|8
- Default
. Multiplier
i
i
I
i
i
i
i
i
i * i i i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i . i . .
i
iii..
i
i i i i i
1
«— ' *_i_._L_
y
O
31-40
l|Z|3|4
5|6|7|8|9|0
Multiplier Unirs
i i i i i i i i i • •
_j
. . i
i i i i
. i . .
.1.1.
i i i i i
i i i i i
.1.11
... i i
i i i i i
i i i i i i
41-50
I|2|3|4|5|6|7|8I9|0
» • i i
i . i i i i • i •
. . . i . i . i >
. • i . . i . i i
i i i i .... i
i i i . . i . i i
. . i i . • i i i i
. . i i . i i i i
.... i i i i i
i . i i * . i . .
i i i i i • i— i i i
5I-6O
I|2I3I4|5|6[7
• i i • i j__
>ii . — i — 1__
II , . , _L
1 . . . « I
1 1 1 1 1 .
1 1 1 . 1 A
1 1 1 1 1 1
.... *._L_
i t ... 1
.111.1
i 1 1 1 1 1
i i i— i i i- A
BI9IL
61-63
"T[2 3
Flag— i
-*J
g
1 '
_
1 1
• 1
' 1
• '
J .1
1 '
| |
1
78-80
8 9]0
C
A3(F
*^p* '
f '
I
tion
NEDS Pollutant Flag: 1 = Particulate; 2 = SC>2;
Action Code : A = Add; C = Change; D =
3 NOX; 4 = HC; 5 = CO
Delete
Figure 2 - Point Source Emission Factors—Card 3 Format
18
-------
Field Identification
POLLUTANT:
I-IO 1 11-20 | 21-30 | 31-40 I 41-50 I 51-60 1 61-70
1 12 I3l4l5l6l7lel9k)l 1 I2|3l4l5|6|7|8|9|6 i |2|
lilt
SCC m Date | J-8 [
(orASC) ^(mo/yr)!] <£ 3 |/
i i i i i • •
i i i i i i i
^^-L^^
_J i i 1 1 1 i
1 • . 1 i • i
-
/
• I
1 1
_l_L
1
i i
i •
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
v—
• i
i i
-^
_l_J-
l
1 I
t '
* i
i i
i i
i i
i i
t_L.
I I
J
4l5|6mel9|0l ll2f3l4[5|6|7l8T9]OTlT2l3l4l5l6l7l8[9[Ol 1 1?T3 [41516171819101 i l2[M4|5l6l7]B|9lO
1 ["Source Origin
i IH c°de
11 pReliability Code
\ m Comments
-
-
-
-
71-60
l|2|3|4|5|6U
III III
1 1 . I 1 1
... .11
1 1 • 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 . • • III
....II.
• i 1 . 1 . 1
J l_L A. . .1—1
u|y|o
Card
No.
« 1
1 1
1 1
1 - 1
• 1
_i_J
1 1
-1_1_
Figure 3 - SCO Emission Factor Origin Card Format
-------
TABLE 5
CODES FOR HATREMS POLLUTANTS
Pollutant
Ammonia
Arsenic
Asbestos
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Chlorinated Compounds
Chlorine
Hydrogen chloride
Chromium
Copper
Fluorinated Compounds
Fluoride
Fluoride
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorus
Polycyclic Organic Material
Benzo(a)pyrene
Selenium
Silver
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Pollutant State
Gas
Particulate
Particulate
Particulate
Particulate
Particulate
Particulate
Gas
Gas
Particulate
Particulate
Particulate
Particulate and gas
Gas
Gas
Particulate
Particulate
Particulate
Particulate and gas
Particulate
Particulate
Particulate
Particulate and gas
Particulate
Particulate
Particulate
Particulate
Particulate
Pollutant
Code
D2604
A2103
A2801
A2107
A2105
A2108
A2110
D2215
D2502
A2112
A2114
A2202
E2202
D2503
D2402
A2128
A2140
A2132
E2142
A2134
A2136
A2152
E7242
A2154
A2166
A2161
A2164
A2167
Control Efficiency
Multiplier (r.)^
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
NEDS Pollutant
Flas^
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
a/ Can be process specific if this data is available.
To I NEDS pollutant flag:
—
1 = particulate; 2 = SO.; 3 = NO ;
2 x
HC; and 5 = CO.
20
-------
In general, HATREMS particulate pollutants were assumed to have
identical control as total particulate (control efficiency multiplier =
100%; NEDS pollutant flag code =1). In addition, gaseous pollutants were
assumed not to be controlled by particulate control equipment (control
efficiency multiplier = 0%; NEDS pollutant flag code =1). Additional
study is needed to determine the actual control efficiency multiplier based
on the particle size of the pollutant versus the particle size of the total
effluent. Future study may indicate that a pollutant is controlled equiva-
lently to one of the other NEDS pollutants. It may also be possible to de-
velop individual multipliers for specific processes. These data can be
easily updated.
Finally, the source origin data were coded as:
A= EPA-450/2-73-001 (Reference 22 of Bibliography).
B = W. £• Davis/GCA reports (References 1 through 20 of Bibliogra-
phy).
G = AP-42, April 1976 (Reference 60 of Bibliography)!/
D = Other reference (References 21, 23 through 59, and 61 through
80 of Bibliography).
A reliability rating of each emission factor was added into Col-
umn 24 of the "SCO Emission Factor Origin Card." The ratings are based on
AP-42Z/ and are listed in Table 6.
In addition, the reference numbers, as specifically assigned in
the bibliography, were coded in the comment column. Specific assumptions
were also noted.
4. Coding of emission factors/default multipliers; A listing of
sources and national emissions was prepared for most of the pollutants from
the principal references (listed in Table 4). Source categories were con-
sidered for coding only if they represented more than 2.5% of the total
national emissions. SCCs were designated, if possible, for each emission
source category.
Point source emission factor data (Card 3) and SCC emission fac-
tor origin were coded for: (a) noncombustion sources; and (b) combustion
sources. These data were then consolidated by pollutant.
21
-------
TABLE 6
EMISSION FACTOR RELIABILITY RATINGS
Code
A
B
C
Reliability
Excellent
Above average
Average
Below average
Poor
Basis
Field measurements of a large number of
sources
Limited number of field measurements
Limited data and/or published emission
factors where the accuracy is not stated
Engineering estimates made by knowledge-
able personnel
Estimated value; assumptions not given
22
-------
The coded data were assessed in terms of the size of the source
emissions coded in relation to the national emissions. SCCs were reviewed
and new SCCs were recommended.
Final tabulations of coded data were sent to the project officer
for keypunching and input into HATREMS (see Appendix A). These data were
tabulated alphabetically by pollutant.
5• Calculation of Emission Factors for Combustion Sources: The
following equation was used for determination of emission factors for com-
bustion sources:""
r, . . T, lb pollutant emitted
Emission Factor — ' r —
ton coal burned - ppm
fraction of pollutant lb 2,000 lb coal burned
entering flue gas 106 lb - ppm ton coal burned
where: fraction of pollutant _, „_ . „. , . ,
= 0.85 for Be, Mn, Ni (except for cyclone
entering flue gas . .n ,
re r, r o£ boilers)
(from Reference Jo
of Bibliography)
= 1.0 for Cl, F, Hg
= 0.90 for As
= 0.75 for Ni (for cyclone boilers)
Example: For lead (A2128), bituminous coal electrical generation
(SCC = 10100201)
Emission Factor = 0.90 x ~- x 2,000 - 0.0018 lb lead emitted
s -ft- c- , uww — u. UULO —————^-^—^—^————^——
10° ton coal burned - ppm
For all pollutants not listed above, the volatility of each pol-
lutant was compared to the volatility of the pollutants listed above to
derive equivalent factors.
The total national emissions calculated for each pollutant, based
on the assumptions concerning volatility of metals, compare reasonably well
with data supplied in References 1 through 20 (see Bibliography). This com-
parison is summarized in Table 7. The percentage difference between the
* Example for SCC = 10100201.
23
-------
TABLE 7
COMPARISON OF DATA FOR COMBUSTION SOURCEjB
Pollutant
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
. Data
3.7
Year— Source
1968 MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 1 .
b/
Combination"
1969 MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 3, .
b/
Combination—
1968 MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 4
b/
Combination—
1969 MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 5, .
o/
Combination-
Emission
Factor
(Ib/ton-ppm)
0.0018
0.0022
0.0018
0.0017
0.0007
0.0017
0.0017
0.0020
0.0017
0.0017
0.0013
0.0017
Default
Multiplier
(ppm)
28
5.44
5.44
36
89
89
20
1.9
1.9
53
59
59
National
Emissions
(tons/yr )
12,827
3,095
2,492
15,792
16,666
39,041
8,653
980
822
23,250
19,583
25,822
Cadmium 1970
Chlorine 1969
Chromium 1969
Copper 1969
Fluoride 1969
Lead 1970
Magnesium 1970
MRI Coded
MRI Coded
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 7
Combination—
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 8
Combination—
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 36
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 9
Combination—
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 10
Combination—
0.0018
0.0020
0.0017
0.0016
0.0017
0.0017
0.0013
0.0017
0.0017
0.0018
> 0. 002
0.0018
0.0017
0.0016
0.0017
0.4
1,500
14
20.8
20.8
13
13
13
81
9
8.2
8.2
800
560
560
186
774,126
6,141
8,700
9,123
5,703
4,292
5,703
41,803
32,500
419
382
351,667
236,000
246,167
24
-------
TABLE 7 (concluded)
Pollutant
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorus
Selenium
Silver
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Yeara/
1968
1968
1970
1968
1970
1969
1970
1970
1968
1969
Data
Source
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 11.
Combination—
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 12.
Combination—
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 13,
Q/
C omb i na t i on—
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 14
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 15
Combination—
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 16
i . .Of
Combination—
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 17.
Q/
Combination—
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 18.
Combination—
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 19.
Combination—
MRI Coded
Bib. Ref. 2,0,
b/
Combination-
Emissions
Factor
(Ib/ton-ppm)
0.0017
0.0010
0.0017
0.0020
0.0020
0.0020
0.0017
0.0016
0.0017
0.0017
-
0.0020
0.0020
0.0020
0.0013
0.0020
0.0018
0.0016
0.0018
0.0017
0.0016
0.0017
0.0017
0.0013
0.0017
0.0018
0.0013
0.0018
Default
Multiplier
(ppm)
46
26.4
26.4
0.2
0.5
0.5
4
8
8
14
-
62.77
59.2
59.2
3
8
8
0.08
0.56
0.56
589
592
592
28
22.5
22.5
22
54.6
54.6
National
Emissions
(tons/yr )
19,902
6,515
11,422
102
255
102
1,758
3,380
3,516
3,570
400
32,571
30,719
1,548
2,625
4,128
36
236
260
258,500
243,000
260,154
12,114
7,292
9,734
10,218
17,958
25,359
a/ Coal consumption by year: 1968 = 508,990,000 tons; 1969 = 516,084,000
tons; and 1970= 517,158,000 tons.
b/ MRI coded emission factor with reference default multiplier.
£/ Calculated value based on emission factor x default multiplier x annual
consumption.
25
-------
coded emission factors and those reported in referenced reports ranges from
0 to 43%.
In addition, comparison of the coded emission factors with Ref-
erence 22 (see Bibliography) indicates some discrepancies. Assumptions for
control equipment efficiency were not specified, making comparison unreli-
able. Major differences in the emission factors were found for beryllium,
manganese, and nickel as controlled by scrubbers.
6. Comparison of MRI coded data with Reference 49 (see Bibli-
ography ); Data previously coded (Reference 49) were analyzed. References
for default multipliers of noncombustion sources had not been documented
and in most cases, these data were not found in References 1 through 87
(see Bibliography).
The combustion source data given in Reference 49 appear to be
similar to the calculated data obtained in this study. The default multi-
pliers represent the pollutant concentrations in the various types of coal
and fuel oil. Pollutant concentrations in coal and oil, as used in this
study and found in Reference 41, are listed in Table 8 by pollutant. These
concentrations agree well with the data found in Reference 49. In addition,
the combustion source emission factors found in Reference 49 agree well with
those factors calculated by MRI,
7» Determination of additional SCGs needed: SCCs should be
added for sources which represent a large percentage of the total emission
of a pollutant. Recommendations for additional SCCs are summarized in
Table 9.
26
-------
TABLE 8
POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION IN GOAL AND OIL ("BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCE 41)
Concentration in Coal (ppm)
Pollutant
Ammonia
Arsenic
Asbestos
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Chlorinated Compounds:
Chlorine
Hydrogen chloride
Chromium
Copper
Fluorinated Compounds:
Fluoride
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorus
Polycyclic organic material
Selenium
Silver
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Anthracite
Coal
10.0
58.0
3.0
1.0
0.10
1,500
120.0
75.0
110.0
9.0
1.82.0
0.3
10.0
50.0
0.20
600.0
13.0
33.0
Bituminous
Coal
28.0
36.0
2.0
53.0
0.4
1,500
14.0
13.0
81.0
9.0
46.0
0.2
4.0
14.0
3.0
589.0
28.0
22.0
Lignite
303.0
0.2
41.0
2,000
4.1
8.0
-
6.0
31.0
2.0
3.0
-
9.0
12.0
Residual
Oil
0.30
0.67
0.09
0.11
2.02
16.23
1.78
10.0
-
0.04
2.08
0.02
2.30
50.07
0.14
5.41
57.14
Distillate
Oil
0.04
0.03
0.13
-------
TABLE 9
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL SCCs
Pollutant
Boron
Chlorine
N>
00
Chromium
Hydrogen Chloride
Fluorides
Hydrogen Sulfide
Source
Frit Manufacturing - General
Boron Processing - General
Glass Manufacturing - General
sec
Category.
3-05-013
3-05-040
3-05-014
% of
National
Emissions
4.3
21.8
9.1
sec
Units,
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
Chlorine Manufacturing - Liquefaction
Chlorination of Organic Compounds
- Thermal Ghlorination Propane to CCl4
- Thermal Chlorination Propane to
Perchloroethylene
Petroleum Miscellaneous - Chlorination
of Propane
Sulfate Pulping - Bleaching
Sulfite Pulping - Bleaching
Glass Manufacturing - General
Ferroalloy Open Furnace - General
Adipic Acid - Adipontrile Manufacturing
Chlorination of Organic Compounds
- Chlorination of Carbon Bisulfide
- Chlorination of Ethylene
- Chlorohydrination of Alychloride
- Chlorohydrination of Propylene
- Hydrochlorination of Ethylene
Hydrogen Fluoride Alkylation - General
Petroleum Miscellaneous - Sulfur Plant
Natural Gas Processing - General
3-01-007
3-01
3-01
3-06-008
> 2.5
> 2.5
> 2.5
53
3-07-001
3-07-002
3-05-014
3-03-006
3-01-001
3-01
3-01
3-01
3-01
3-01
3-01
3-06-008
3-06
> 2.5
> 2.5
5.3
68.3
33.1
> 2.5
> 2.5
> 2.5
> 2.5
> 2.5
3.7
20.6
3.1
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
103 Cubic Feet
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
103 Tons Produced
103 Tons Produced
103 Tons Produced
103 Tons Produced
103 Tons Produced
Tons Produced
1,000 Barrels
Refined
106 Cubic Feet
-------
TABLE 9 (Continued)
Pollutant
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Source
Lead Alkyl Manufacturing
- Electroyltic Process
- Sodium Lead Alloy Process
- Recovery Furnace
- TEL Process Vents
- TML Process Vents
- Sludge Pits
Lead Oxide Production
- Lead Oxide Barton Pot
- Lead Oxide Calcining Furnace
- Lead Oxide Hammermill
- Lead Oxide Surge Hopper
- Refining Kettles
Lead Battery
- Lead Oxide Mill
- Lead Reclaim Furnace
- Small Parts Casting
Miscellaneous Casting and Fabrication
- Cable Covering Melting Kettle
- Ammunition
- Bearing Metal
- Type Metal
- Metallic Lead
- Lead Solder Melt Pot
Glass Manufacture - Lead Glass
Magnesium Carbonate - Oxide Production
Ferroalloy Open Furnace - General
Ferroalloy Open Furnace - General
SCC
Category
3-01
3-01
3-04-004
3-04-005
3-04-050
3-05-014
3-05-024
3-03-006
3-03-006
% of
National
Emissions
<1
<1
<1
4.8
47.1
6.3
SCC
Units
Tons Processed
Tons Procssed
Tons Produced
Tons Metal Charged
Tons Batteries
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
-------
TABLE 9 (Concluded)
Pollutant
Phosphorus
Selenium
Zinc
Source
Fertilizer - Triple Superphosphate
- Grinding
- Drying
- Cooling
Elemental Phosphorus Production
- Briquetting/Sintering
- Flares
- Furnace Operations
- Grinding
- Ore Handling
Glass Manufacturing General
Zinc Smelting - Zinc Oxide Production
SCC
Category.
3-01-029
3-01
3-05-014
3-03-030
% of
National
Emissions
19.9
6.2
21
5.1
SCG
Units
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
Tons Produced
-------
AREA SOURCE EMISSION FACTOR DATA
Task IV consisted of the development and coding of emission fac-
tor data for area source data based on the NEDS Area Source Categories
(ASCs). The following sections: (a) list the area source data required
in the HATREMS data base; (b) describe the data coding methodology; and
(c) show special computational techniques used in deriving the emission
factors.
A. Data Requirements
The following data were designated for characterizing the area
source emissions by pollutant and NEDS Area Source Category (ASC):
!• Emission factor, in units of pounds per ASC source rate unit
times the pollutant content of the raw material.
2. Default multiplier, equal to 1 or the pollutant content of
the raw material.
3. Multiplier units, specified for (2).
4. Action code, designating whether the data keypunched is to
be added (A), has been changed (C), or is to be deleted (D) from HATREMS.
5. Date entered into HATREMS.
6. Source origin code; A = Reference 22, B = References 1 through
20, C = Reference 60, D = other reference (see Bibliography).
7. Reliability code, as defined in Bibliography Reference 60:
A = excellent, B = above average, C = average, D = below average, and E =
poor.
B. Data Coding Methodology
The following steps describe the methodology for coding the area
source data for HATREMS:
1. Review of reference reports; A review of the reference
material was performed. The following general area source categories were
developed:
31
-------
a. Category I - Combustion sources: coal, oil, natural
gas, wood, and coke.
b. Category II - Solid waste disposal: incineration and
open burning.
c. Category III - Highway vehicles: light duty gasoline,
heavy duty gasoline and heavy duty diesel.
d. Category IV - Other vehicles: off-highway vehicles (e.g.,
farm and construction equipment), aircraft, locomotives, inboard and out-
board powered vessels.
e. Category V - Miscellaneous sources: forest wildfires,
fugitive dust sources, etc.
Table 10 presents a summary of the availability of area source
emission factor data by pollutant and general category. As indicated, area
source emission factors were not specified (i.e., in Bibliography Refer-
ences 1 through 87) for the following pollutants: ammonia, asbestos, hy-
drogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen sulfide. In addition, only
limited data were found for Categories III and IV (highway and other ve-
hicles ).
2» Preparation of data coding forms: Data coding forms were
prepared following specific formats for coding the area source emission
factor data and emission factor origin data as supplied by the project of-
ficer. Figures 4 and 5 present coded data forms for "Area Source Emissions
Factors" - Cards 1, 2, and Figure 6 presents the example format for Card 3.
Emission Factor Origin cards (see Figure 2) were used in the same manner as
the point sources.
3. Coding of area source emission factors--Cards 1 and 2;
Cards 1 and 2 (as shown in Figures 4 and 5, respectively) contain data on
the source category name, source rate units and source activity factor
units for each ASC. These data were coded on the basis of information
supplied by the project officer and a listing of area source codes in the
AEROS Manual of Codes. —'
4. Coding of area source emission factors—Card 3 and emission
factor origin; Area source emission factor data (Figure 6) and emission
factor origin (Figure 2) were coded for each of the general specified cate-
gories.
An assessment of the coded data indicated that data were avail-
able only for ASCs 01-04, 07-10, 13-14, 16-17, 23, 55-59. However, major
emissions from area sources (i.e., emissions representing more than 2.5%
of the total national emissions of that pollutant) were coded. In addition,
all available data were coded for lead.
-------
TABLE 10
SUMMARY OF AREA SOURCE DATA AVAILABILITY
ASC Category
Pollutant l_ 11 III rv V
Ammonia^'
Arsenic XX X
Asbestos—'
Barium XX X
Beryllium X X
Boron X X
Cadmium XX X
Chlorinated compounds:
Chlorine X X
Hydrogen chloride^
Chromium XX X
Copper XX X
Fluorinated compounds:
Fluoride XX X
Hydrogen fluoride—'
Hydrogen sulfide—'
Lead XX XXX
Magnesium X X
Manganese XX X
Mercury X
Molybdenum X X
Nickel XX X
Phosphorus X
Polycyclic organic material X X
Selenium X X
Silver X X
Titanium X X
Vanadium XX X
Zinc XX X
a/ Area source data not available.
33
-------
AREA SOURCE EMISSION FACTORS -- CARD 1 (Occurs Once per ASC)
1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40
3l4|5l6l7l6l9lol 112|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0| 112|3|4|5|6|7|6|9|0| 112|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0
41-50
I4|5l6|7|8|9|0
51-60
8-80
J2
|4|5|6|7|8|9|0
ASC
Category Name
0
.A.N/.T/V.^A.C,
i i i i i i i—l_i—i—l—L
02
sjO W£ C 0 A..U
_1 • II l_l I.I.I L_l I I l_
I I I I I I i
,
04
0?
I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I • I I
i .s.T/A^JTE, ,0,1 A , ........... ,,,,,.,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,
/ o
, ..... ,,,,,,,
, ,
I i
^A
I I I I I
I I I
JLJ • ' I ' i
1 7,
i I i i i i
UUOO D
i i i 1^1 i i i i i. i i i
-i .1
i i
i i i i i i
i i i i i i
AWT^/.'.'.T.E, 1C1oA^
, . ,
/t
7
*
, ,
» ' i
4. _ Ajrea Souiroe Emission Factors Ga-ird 1 Coded Data
-------
AREA SOURCE EMISSION FACTORS — CARD 1 (Occurs Once per ASC)
Ln
1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60
Tf2
ASC
Zo
.;/
-? a.
•3. 3
^
«25
3(0
3^
^
V
+?
^
5o
5 /
S?-
3I4I5I6I7I8I9IO 1 |2|3|4|5|6|7|8l9IO 1 12|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0 l|2|3|4l5|6|7|8|9|0 1 12|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0 l|2|3|4|5|6|7|8l9|0
Category Name
•/; . •;. , , ... /;v. .-,._-_ iV-v:
t: I C : L- f /.rf i /: i C-fJ - C l'T\- J-rfr ,/;.-' A J i '; /•/
* i i > • i i i i i i i i i i i i' i i i i i i i i i i i r i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
"/'i^KV/i'A^, i°,w, ~,s T'.^, A'',r-,; •' ,'V/",'1",' ,-iff
c,°,11-^^,'7: M-.s.'T.e. F/^.'/^/J.'^X . , , ,,,,,,,,,
^.^i1,1'.1 .'(^ !'J\* -. ,C\PJ'.(( &V ,!l ','',';
T,'^''!.-;r^/^.-, AW-: ,?. '.',*;',':,-, , , . ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~l 1 1 J 1 1 '*! 1 i I 1 'l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
O^F ifJi l,*3t !-/_'.'/ /A,/ 1£iAi"liCi.-.i( f^£§ .^.f.H' ,^i' /-!>,
C,FA ,n,',6Ay-;AX A'^-A-i .y,f:,H!,^,(,r,-
^.^i'^,^ I^/.K r^^P/ 1 ','•','•,£,", , , . , , , i i i , i , i i . . i . i i i i i . . i , i 1 1 ,
^A-'j//.'', ,^Aj!?,r,:/,r,"T; AT^'.^
s'^'A. A1,', .^AM A,1:0,1,-
'7V1hWML. A',R:r//,':TAT^'^
^,A/. y.Es.^.E/;. , , , ,
PA~'.DML pt(L, v.r.s,:/,^
G AvS O i- / ti L _ / £ _„ ._ f. .. »,._ _ , . . , . 111111111
i i i i ~i i i i i i i t i r i i i i i i i i i i i i i i > i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i L
-A-.'-.1-. 'AL, /•',/i,t,'",r,'17/, , ,,,,,, ,,,,,,.. , 1. 1..1 J_i_A_
76
8
i
i
V
!
-80
9|0
IE
fE
Figure 4 - (Continued)
-------
AREA SOURCE EMISSION FACTORS -- CARD 1 (Occurs Once per ASC)
I-IO
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
I|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|Q;
8-80
IHQ
I I2|3l4l5l6l7l8l9l0l 112|3|4|5|6|7
|4|5|6|7|
l|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0
l2l3l4l5l6|7|8|9|Q|
ASC
Category Name
A / R. Sr/? i P LTO
• i • ' i ' i—i i i i • •—1_
sr-j
'"i i i i i i i~ i i i i i i i i i i i i
ti EOU3 UJ I N D FftS S / O fJ
i i i i i i i t i i i i i i i i i i i i—1_
.T'X-A. .
' i i • t i
to
i »
6Ui
!''••
ED
i
_i—i i
AGRICULTURAL
r/zosr- Co
I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I i I
\-re-K5\
i i .1 i .i>i i i i i i i
i i i i i i
£ -f CT
AA
L I &• /-i i p ii-T Y G A 5 o L i »•) C F w E L
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
AB
T Y G A 5 c i. / M £ FUEL
iiiiiiiiii
i i i t i i
AC
//i' A v Y D '-•/ T v c i c i F: i r n r ;.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
'•ii
i i-
.j—i i i i i
'••'''
.1111—L_l_
— (Concluded)
-------
AREA SOURCE EMISSION FACTORS -- CARD 2
Tl2
ASC|
01
0,7.
03
°P
05
ot
07
i
Dg
0-7
/ 0
1
/ f
/Z.
/3
/4
/ff
/t
f 7
/ S1
i
_i-_
1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40
3l4l5l6l7l8l9lO I|2|3|4|5|6|7|8l9|0 l|2|3|4|5|6|7|8[9|0 l|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0
Source Rate Units
To fs)i
T0|0 S
THOMSA.ND G-ALUO^^
• i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
1 1 L L. 1 O fij CM^IC P E £ 7~
> i i i > j i i • i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
TO A;^
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i . i i i i i i i i
7~W o n s A tj D GA,ucoMS
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
T'H o u 5 *K H D
-------
AREA SOURCE EMISSION FACTORS -- CARD 2
OJ
OO
I-IO 11-20 21-30 31-40
7T?
ASC
zo
°y
^
-?3
•*,*
as
J&
i
3^
V
¥5
fa
~/-7
yg
V
So
s/
3*
53
.5"4
3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0 1 12l3|4|5l6|7|8l9|0 1 12|3|4|5|6|7|8|9]0 I|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9l0
Source Rate Units
HILL to*) CH6IC ^E£T
TOVS
-TorJS
TONS
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ToriS
To rl5
• i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i t i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
T~onlS
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
T~#ny.5A /\JD G^LLO^J^S
1 1 I 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L I
TA/o U5/3/UP GALLONS
IIIllllIlllllllllllllJIlllllllllIIIII
T/V^u S/q/VD GALLONS
• i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
L.KNDI /1/6-/TA KE. DPF CYCLES
i i i i i i •' i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
L A N D / N G /TV» £ £ o P £- I I i > i i i 1 i i i l i i i i l 1 i l i i i i i i l i i i i i l r I
i i i 1 i i i i i i i i > i i • i i i i i i , i i i 1,11 i i i i i i 1
i i i l i i i i 1 i l i i i i i i i i i , i , i , , i i i , i , , i i t 1
— 1— 1 — I— J — 1 1 l 1 I — 1 l 1 1 1 — I—I — i_l — 1 1 1 1 — i i i i i i • . i i . . i i 1
U
2E
>,E
1
. 1
]
Figure 5 - (Continued)
-------
AREA SOURCE EMISSION FACTORS — CARD 2
l|2
ASC
sts
SL,
?7
$8
5?
(,0
V
•
W
AS
A£>
Ac
t
I-IO 11-20 21-30 31-40
3l4l5l6l7l8l9lO 1 12|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0 l|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0 l|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0
Source Rate Units
TP?tL',s ,*™f> ,VE.W /cc£. .n/ i£s
^.A^py A/Gr/TAKE oCi= CYCLES
— 1 — Li 1 1 1 I' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 i I i i i i i | i , i , i | | | i | | . |
ACR ES
ACRES
AC /?£5
A r R r *z
n <- ^ x o
> . . i i > • i . i i i . i i . . i i i i i i i i i . i i i i . i . i i .
i i ' •" i « i i i i i i i i i i i i . i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
AC R ES
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.iiii.iiiiiiiiiii..i
fjL4tf&E£ OP ORCHARD UEATZ/dS
/VUA1/3ER OF -3T R U CT U K A L. F/ZES PE K YEAR
T.H.cu^A.dD, frALLp^, , , , ,
TV-) 0 U S A f\/C> G- A t- £. O A/ -S>
TWO t< .5 A N D (? A L /. 0 hJ S
41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80
I|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0 1 12|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0 l|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0 1 2|3|4|5|6|7
Source Activity Factor Units
Illl IIIIIIIIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 | f | 1 1 I 1 1 III
11 II IIIIIIIIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 III
Tor-OS PER ACRE:
II II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I II 111
TC^KKS PEtR. A.C-.K-.E., ,
N UflB E-R OF DAYS F/^?E£> P££ VEAH
ill iii i i i 1*1 i i . i i i i i i i ii i i i i i i . . i i i . .
i . i i . i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i . i i • >
. i i i . i i i . .iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.il
i . i i i i . . i i i i i i i i . . . i . i i i . i i i i i
• i i i . i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
9 JO
2E
2,E
i i
OJ
^D
Figure 5 - (Concluded)
-------
ll?
AS
I
i
i
i
1-10
3|4l5|6|7
Pollutan
Code
i i i i
i i i i
i i i i
i i i i
iiii
i i i i
i i i i
i i i i
iiii
iiii
H-2
6l9lO l|2|3|4|5|6
Emission
Factor
1
i
1
ill i L • *
iii till
ill 1 i I i
lit iiii
ill IIII
iii Iiii
i f I iiii
iii iiii
iii Iiii
1.1 1 I i 1
iii Iiii
III IIII
III IIII
111 IIII
0
7J8I910 JJ2
Default
Multiplier*
ii ii
11 ii
ii ii
ii it
i 4 ii
ii il
ii ii
II ii
ll ii
II il
il i 1
1 1 I
ii 1 i
21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60
3l4|5|67|8|9|0 l|2|3|4|5|6|7|e|9|0 1 12I3|4|5I6|7|8|9|0 1 12I3|4|5I6|7|8|9|0
Multiplier Units (Name)
,11 i.i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i • i i i i i > i.i-_i — i — i — i—
11,1111 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i • i i i i i — i
,11 i i i , i i i i i i i i i • i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ill ll iilllllllllllllJlLl-
i 1 1 1 1 , 1 i , I i 1 1 l i i l 1 l l 1 l 1 I 1 i 1 .1 l 1 J _
1 1 I I 1 I 1 1 I 1 i 1 1 1 I 1 1 i 1 1 I i i 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 I i 1 I 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l l l 1 l i i i 1 l 1 l 1 1 i l i l 1 1 1 1 1 l i 1 I 1 1
1 1 1 l 1 l l 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 l 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 l 1 I 1 1 l 1 1 1 1
Illllll llllll|lll illll III II Illil ,1 111
Ililliillliilillllfipllllfllilllfllll
Illllilliifllllllllllllllllfllll Illll
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i i l 1 l 1 i 1 1 i 1 l 1 l i J 1 1 1 1 1 I i 1 i 1 1 l 1
Illllllllillililllllllliiillllll illll
1 1 1 1 l 1 1 l i l l 1 1 1 i 1 1 l 1 l 1 1 1 1 l , , 1 l i ( l i i 1 1 i
1 i l i 1 1 i l i 1 l 1 i 1 i l 1 1 1 i 1 1 l i l i i 1 1 l i 1 l l i 1 1
II 1 i 1 1 1 l l 1 1 1 1 i i i 1 1 1 , | 1 1 1 l i i i , i i i
1 1 1 1 1 1 i i l 1 1 1 1 i i l 1 1 i i l 1 1 1 l i 1 l 1 l 1 1 l 1 1 1 1
8-80
02
I
*Blank if NEDS Area Source
Figure 6
- Area Source Emission Factors—Card 3 Format
-------
Copies of all coded data forms were supplied to the project offi-
cer for review and keypunched (see Section VII) for input into HATREMS. The
keypunched data are listed in Appendix A.
C. Computational Techniques
The following paragraphs describe the methodology/computation
techniques used in deriving emission factors for each ASC/pollutant.
!• Category I - Combustion Sources; This category contains resi-
dential, commercial/institutional, and industrial burning of coal, oil,
natural gas, wood, and coke. ASCs 01 through 20 are represented. The method-
ology used to calculate emission factors for this category is essentially
the same as the methodology described for point sources in Section IV.
„ . . Ib pollutant emitted
Emission Factor, ' ' ' ' ' =
ton coal burned - ppm
X, fraction of pollutant Ib 2,000 l.b
entering flue gas 10° Ib - ppm ton
where X is a derived value based on data specified in
References 36 and 41 (see Bibliography)
Example: For arsenic (A2103), anthracite coal residential
heating (ASC =01):
1 ~ «~,-,~, Ib arsenic emitted
Emission Factor = 0.005 x ^ x 2,000 = 0.00001 ton coal burned . ppm
Assumptions for each ASC are given in Table 11.
In addition, specific calculations were performed for polycyclic
organic material, i.e., tons BaP emitted per ASC unit consumed. These data
are also based on data specified in Bibliography 41.
2. Category II - Solid Waste Disposal: This category contains
incineration and open burning. Only limited data were found for this cate-
gory, (Bibliography References 81 and 84) and these data were coded as
ASCs = 21, 22, and 23• ASCs 21 and 22 wer.e assumed to have the same default
multipliers as ASC 23, since specific data were not available. The assump-
tion was made that 100% of the pollutant in refuse is emitted. Thus, the
emission factor can be calculated as:
41
-------
TABLE 11
ASSUMPTIONS FOR CALCULATION OF AREA SOURCE EMISSION
FACTORS (CATEGORY I)
ASC Comments —
01 X = 0.005; Except for Br, Cl, F, BaP (X = 1), Hg (X = 0.9) and
Se (X = 0.7)
02 X = 0.01; Except as in 01
03 X = 0.005; Assumed 7.5 Ib/gal distillate oil
04 X = 0.005; Same as 03
05 Data not available (natural gas)
06 Data not available (wood)
07 Same as point sources (SCC = 10100102)
08 Coded the same as point sources (SCC = 10100202 and 10200202)
09 Coded the same as point sources (SCC = 10100501)
10 Coded the same as point sources (SCC = 10100401)
11 Data not available (natural gas)
12 Data not available (wood)
13 Coded the same as point sources (SCC = 10200101)
14 X = 0.75 for all pollutants coded as Mn
X = 0.90 for all pollutants coded as As
X = 1.0 for Br, Cl, F
15 Data not available (coke)
16 Coded the same as point sources (SCC = 10100501 and 10200501)
17 Coded the same as point sources (SCC = 10100401 and 10200401)
18 Data not available (natural gas)
19 Data not available (wood)
a_/ X = fraction of pollutant entering flue gas
42
-------
Emission Factor = 1 x 1 ton x 2,000 Ib.
106 tons - ppm ton
= 0.002 lb pollutant
ton refuse burned - ppm
The default multipliers were coded as parts per million or percentage of
pollutant in refuse burned.
3. Category III - Highway Vehicles and Category IV - Other Ve-
hicles : Category III is represented by ASCs AA, AB, and AC; and Category
IV by ASCs 39 and 44 through 52. Gasoline and diesel powered vehicles are
included. Lead (in gasoline) was the only pollutant coded.
Default multipliers for gasoline were determined from Reference
85 and derived in units of grams per gallon of pollutant in gasoline. The
following equation was used in deriving the emission factor (assumes 75% of
the lead in gasoline is emitted in the exhaust):
„ . Ib Pb
Emission Factor
0.75 x lb
1,000 gal. - g Pb/gal gasoline
x
106 lb - ppm 0.00255 g/gal gasoline
5.61 lb „ T nnn _ 1.65 lb Pb
gal. gasoline 1,000 gal. - g Pb/gal gasoline
1 ppm Pb = 0.00255 g Pb/gal
0.66 g Pb 1.000 cm3 3.785 liters
cm3x i liter x 1 gal. * 1U
(density of gasoline)
6
0.0025
gal. of gasoline
4. Category V - Miscellaneous Sources: Fugitive dust sources
(ASCs 55 through 59) and area burning (ASCs 60 through 64) are included
in this category. Limited pollutant data are available.
43
-------
Table 12 presents a summary of pollutant concentrations in dust
(i.e., earth's crust). These data were used as default multipliers for
the fugitive dust categories (ASC = 55, 56, 59). Wind erosion emissions
(ASC =58) and construction (ASC =57) are too variable across the country
to determine nationwide averages.
Emissions data for area burning were found to be limited to
polycyclic organic material (Bibliography Reference 86).
44
-------
TABLE 12
DEFAULT MULTIPLIERS FOR FUGITIVE DUST AREA SOURCES
Bibliography
Reference for
Average ppm in Dust Concentration Data
Ammonia Not applicable (N.A.)
Arsenic 0.05^ 82
Asbestos
Barium 3.(£/ 82
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium 0.01-' 82
Chlorinated compounds
Chlorine N.A.
Hydrogen chloride N.A.
Chromium 1.8l/ 82
Copper 0.8-/ 84
Fluorinated compounds
Fluoride 2.037 82
Hydrogen fluoride N.A.
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead 0.4-^ 82
Magnesium 140- 81
Manganese 18.3-' 82
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel 0.8£/ 82
Phosphorus
Polycyclic organic material
Benzo(a)pyrene
Selenium
Silver -/
Titanium ^ K/ ^
Vanadium 1.4— 82
Zinc 0.52,/ 82
a/ Assumed ratio of element composition in soil and element composition
in dust was equal to one.
b/ Measured ratio of element composition in soil and element composition
in dust was used. Ratio was used to modify soil element concentration
figures (Bibliography References 81 and 82).
c/ No modifications of published data (Bibliography Reference 84).
45
-------
VI, "FREE" AREA SOURCE EMISSION FACTOR DATA
Task V consisted of the development and coding of emission factor
data for "free" area sources. "Free" area sources can be defined as area
sources which are not currently defined as NEDS Area Source Categories.
The following subsections present: (a) data requirements; and (b) method-
ology and results for Task V.
A. Data Requirements
The data required for characterizing the "free" area sources were
as follows:
1. State;
2. County;
3. Air Quality Control Region (AQCR);
4. Area source category, not defined previously;
5» Pollutant code, as defined in Table 5;
6. Year of record;
7. Source rate, in source specific units;
8. Source activity factor, in source specific units as required;
9. Emissions in units of tons per year; and
10. Comments.
B. Data Coding Methodology and _Results
The following paragraphs describe the methodology for coding
"free" area source data for HATREMS.
1. Review of references and specification of "free" source
categories; Table 13 presents a summary of the availability of "free" area
source emission factor data by pollutant. This table represents a compila-
tion of all emission factor data as given in the bibliography. The emission
factor reliability, with the exception of leaf burning (POM), is poor.
46
-------
TABLE 13
SUMMARY OF "FREE" AREA SOURCE DATA AVAILABILITY
•P-
—i
"Free" Area
Pollutant Source Category
Asbestos Brake lining wear
Steel fireproofing
Boiler insulating cement
Construction
Barium Rubber tire wear
Cadmium Rubber tire wear
Fungicides
Super-P-Fertilizers
Motor oil consumption
Cigarettes
Mercury Agricultural spraying
Pharmaceuticals
Dental preparations
General lab handling
Zinc Rubber tire wear
POM (total) Leaf burning
Source Extent Units
1,000 VMT
Tons asbestos
applied
Tons asbestos
applied
Tons asbestos
applied
1,000 VMT
1,000 VMT
1,000 gal. of spray
Tons of fertilizer
1,000 VMT
1,000 cigarettes
Tons of Hg in the
spray material
Tons of Hg applied
Tons of Hg handled
Tons of Hg used
1,000 VMT
Tons of leaves burned
Emission
Factor
(Ib/unit)
0.0005
40
227
25
0.0011
0.0001
0.05
0.0002
0.000002
0.000002
1,000
400
20
80
0.016
0.03
7o of
National
Emission
0.4
0.9
3.0
0.9
4.0
0.2
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.03
2.3
0.31
0.14
6.0
5.3
_
Emission
Factor
Reliability Bibliography
Code Reference
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
B
22
22
22
22
3
6
22
22
22
22
12
22
22
22
20
59
-------
Analysis of the data indicates that boiler insulating cement
(asbestos), general laboratory handling (mercury), and rubber tire wear
(barium and zinc) are the only sources with emissions greater than 2.5%
of the total national emissions of the particular pollutant.
Boiler insulating cement as well as steel fireproofing and con-
struction emissions of asbestos were not coded because of the lack of data
on tons of asbestos applied.
Laboratory handling, dental preparations and pharmaceuticals are
general sources of mercury emissions. However, only limited data are avail-
able on the extent (tons of mercury used, handled, or applied) of the afore-
mentioned sources; therefore, these sources were not coded.
Rubber tire wear, brake lining wear, and motor oil consumption
all have source extent units of thousands of vehicle miles traveled. VMT
data are available by state from the Department of Transportation^/ and
were found to be suitable for coding of these categories as "free" area
sources.
An alternate approach to defining these three "free" area sources
could have been to utilize existing area source categories (i.e., AA =
light duty gasoline vehicles; AB = heavy duty gasoline vehicles; and AC =
heavy duty diesel fuel vehicles). The emission factors could be converted
from units of thousands of vehicle miles traveled to thousands of gallons
burned, by dividing by the fuel economy (miles per gallon). Reference 10
contains an overall conversion factor (which includes passenger vehicles,
buses, and various truck types) of 12.13 miles/gal for 1974. It is ap-
parent that the use of this conversion factor is highly dependent on the
year studied, whereas vehicle miles traveled is less variable. Fuel economy
is a function of vehicle speed, vehicle mix, and percentage of smaller (more
efficient) automobiles. In addition, emissions from rubber tire wear, brake
lining wear, and motor oil consumption are more directly related to vehicle
miles traveled than gallons of fuel burned.
The remaining source categories in Table 13 (i.e., fungicides,
superphosphate fertilizers, cigarettes, agricultural spraying, and leaf
burning) have emissions less than 2.5% of the national emissions by pol-
lutant. These data were not coded.
By comparison, Table 14 presents a summary of nonindustrial
sources of particulate pollution. These data indicate that minor sources
of emissions (i.e., rubber tires, cigarette smoke, aerosols from spray cans,
and ocean salt spray) represent only slightly more than 1% of the total
national particulate emissions from nonindustrial sources (123 x 10^ tons/
year). The total particulate emissions in the continental United States
were estimated to be 141 x 106 tons/year, based on 1968 through 1970 data.
48
-------
TABLE 14
NONINDUSTRIAL AREA SOURCES OF PARTICIPATE
POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES11/'
Emissions
Source (10^ tons/yr)
Natural Dusts 63
Forest Fires 56.^
Wildfires (37)
Controlled fires
Slash burning (6)
Accumulated litter (11)
Agricultural burning (2)
Transportation 1.2
Motor vehicles
Gasoline (0.42)
Diesel (0.26)
Aircraft (0.03)
Railroads (0.22)
Water transport (0.15)
Nonhighway use
Agricultural (0.079)
Commercial (0.012)
Construction (0.003)
Other (0.026)
Incineration 0.931
Municipal incineration (0.098)
On-site incineration (0.185)
Wigwam burners (0.035)
Open dump (0.613)
Other Minor Sources 1.284
Rubber tires (0.300)
Cigarette smoke (0.230)
Aerosols from spray cans (0.390)
Ocean salt spray (0.340)
Other (0.024)
Total 122.7
a_/ More recent estimates indicate that these
should be as much as a factor of five lower.—
49
-------
2. Preparation of data coding forms; Data coding forms were
prepared following specific formats for coding the area source emission
factor data and emission factor origin data as supplied by the project
officer. These data forms were presented in Section IV« In addition, a
data coding form was prepared for "free" area source input (see Figure 7).
3. Determination/coding of emission factors by "free" ASG:
"Free" area source emission factor data and emission factor origins were
coded for each of the following categories:
• Rubber tire wear (barium, cadmium, and zinc)--AD,
• Brake lining wear (asbestos)—AE, and
• Motor oil consumption (cadmium)--AF.
The emission factors, data sources, and data reliabilities are given in
Table 13. These emission sources all have source rates expressed in units
of pounds per thousands of vehicle miles traveled. In coding the source
rate data (see Figure 7), the source rate units were changed to millions
of vehicle miles traveled and the emission factors were multiplied by
1,000.
4. Determination/coding of activity levels by "free" ASG; The
activity level for the coded "free" area source categories is coded in
terms of source rate units which may require multiplication by a source
activity factor. For the three sources coded, the source activity factor
was not required.
The source rate units for "free" area source categories AD, AE,
and AF are all given per millions of vehicle miles traveled (10^ VMT).
Table 15 presents 1974 VMT and population data by state.i^/ In order
to determine the source rate by county, the following apportioning
methodology was used:
County
Source Rate by Source Rate 1
County (106 VMT) = for State (10^ VMT) x P°Puiatlon
ot at e
Population
I O /
County data was determined from County and City Data Book, 1972.— An
example of the "free" area source input coded data is shown in Appendix A.
It was originally felt that using the population over 18 years
of age would be more meaningful. However, calculation of selected extreme
areas indicated a difference in the apportioned value of less than 0.1%.
50
-------
"FREE" AREA SOURCE INPUT
1-10
l|2
Q)
o
1/1
'
1
!
i
i
3141516
>*
c
g
u
i i i
i . i
< i i
, , ,
. i i
i i i
t 1 i
. i i
. i i
. i i
7|8|9
oi
»
<
' '
• i
i i
- i
. i
0
M-20
l|213|4|5|6|7|8
u
to
<
Pollutanl
Code
ill.
.1.1
1 1 . I
i . 1 1
1 t 1 1
4 1 1 ,
I 1 1 1
YR
OF
REC
9
0
21-30
112I3I4I5
Source Rate
. i i .
.111
! r - -
til.
6]718|9|0
Source
Activity
Factor
l
• ...
i 1 i
1 1 1
. . 1
.1
31-40
213R5T6
Emis-
sions
(TAO
1 ' -
1 1
r » -
7|B
Exp
*
9|0
i
.
41-50
U2L3J415L617[8J910
. . 1 . . . 1 . 1
.Ill
.... I . 1 1 .
. •
.1 •
51-60
l|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0
Comments
..... i i i i
j . -
.1111.11.
• i . .
61-70
I|2|3|4|5|6|7I8I910
t . , j . . i . .
i i . t i , . i i
• .... i i ..
. , . . i . i . .
...1.1...
71-60
'|Zl3|4l5|6l7
, 1 . Ill
1 1 1 1 1 1
111 III
8
-z.
o
h-
(_
A
9 |o
IA
I,A
i
'
*
,
* Power of 10 exponent for emissions (e.g. + 3, -2)
Figure 7 - "Free" Area Source Input Format
-------
TABLE 15
STATE POPULATION AND VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED DATA
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
1974
106 VMT— '
23,922
2,095
15,686
13,515
127,600
16,156
18,005
3,475
62,021
35,082
3,920
5,657
59,210
36,993
19,065
15,203
23,811
19,545
6,713
23,896
28,237
55,749
24,588
13,734
29,710
5,823
10,940
4,195
5,078
47,244
9,438
65,262
35,000
4,371
63,084
21,494
15,233
67,607
1970 13/
Population —
3,444,165
300,382
1,770,900
1,923,295
19,957,715
2,207,259
3,031,709
548,101
6,789,412
4,589,575
768,561
712,567
11,109,935
5,193,669
2,824,376
2,246,578
3,218,706
3,640,490
993,663
3,922,399
5,689,170
8,875,083
3,804,971
2,216,912
4,676,501
694,409
1,482,412
488,738
737,681
7,168,164
1,016,000
18,236,951
5,082,059
617,761
10,651,848
2,559,229
2,091,385
11,793,907
1970
% Population
18 yril/
64.0
60.1
63.4
65.8
66.6
64.8
66.2
64.0
68.8
64.0
64.1
62.8
65.7
64.4
65.3
66.7
65.2
61.7
65.1
64.7
66.8
63.2
63.5
61.7
66.7
63.4
65.7
65.1
65.4
66.6
59.8
67.8
65.2
63.2
64.8
67.2
66.5
67.3
52
-------
TABLE 15 (concluded)
State
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
District of Columbia
Total
1974
106 VMTJ2/
5,544
20,012
5,093
30,756
78,691
7,457
3,024
33,634
22,585
10,118
27,965
3,452
2,957
1,289,645
1970
Population—/
948,845
2,590,516
665,507
3,923,780
11,195,431
1,059,273
444,330
4,648,494
3,409,169
1,744,237
4,417,731
332,416
756,510
1970
% Population
18 yrl^/
68.2
62.9
63.5
66.0
64.1
59.8
64.5
65.7
65.9
66.5
64.0
63.8
70.2
53
-------
5. Analysis of "free" area source coded data; All "free" area
sources including those selected for coding were determined to be minor
sources. Rubber tire wear emissions of barium, cadmium, and zinc repre-
sented 4%, 0.2%, and 5.3% of the respective national emissions of those
pollutants. Brake lining wear represented 0.4% of the national emissions
of asbestos, and motor oil consumption represented 0.04% of the national
emissions of cadmium. All "free" area sources not coded should have
little impact on an emissions inventory of any of the previously desig-
nated 26 pollutants.
54
-------
VII. PROCESSING OF CODED HATREMS DATA
Data for the point, area, and "free" area sources, coded under
Tasks III through V, respectively, were reviewed for discrepancies or cod-
ing errors and any errors were corrected. All completed coding forms were
submitted to EPA for final review.
The major effort of this task was to keypunch and verify the
coded data for only the area and "free" area sources (point source data
were keypunched by EPA). These data were keypunched in MRI's Computation
Center and machine verified for keypunching errors. The cards were listed
on MRI in-house equipment and visually verified. Any errors were corrected!
The "free" area source data represented the major portion of the
keypunched cards. Approximately 3,200 cards (i.e., one card per county)
were keypunched for each pollutant/"free" area source category. Keypunch-
ing was simplified by duplicating a deck with blank fields for the "free"
area source code and the pollutant code. Then, the data for these two
fields were duplicated into each card for each of the following five cases:
"Free" Area Source CateRorv Pollutant
AD: Rubber tire wear A2107: Barium
AD: Rubber tire wear A2167: Zinc
AD: Rubber tire wear A2110: Cadmium
AE: Brake lining wear A2801: Asbestos
AF: Motor oil consumption A2110: Cadmium
The keypunched area and "free" area source data cards were sent
to EPA. These data cards, along with poinf source data cards, make up the
HATREMS emission factor data base (i.e., the input to HATREMS).
55
-------
VIII. HATREMS DATA BASE EVALUATION
HATREMS, when fully operational, will be capable of providing
emission inventories on a national, state, county, air quality control
region (AQCR), or specific source basis. The HATREMS output format will
be modeled after the NEDS system. Utilizing the NEDS and HATREMS emis-
sions inventories, the magnitude and location of virtually all the nation's
criteria and selected hazardous pollutant sources will be readily avail-
able on a computerized system.
The credibility of HATREMS rests on the completeness and accuracy
of the system's input data base for each pollutant. Three types of data
are needed to calculate the emissions from a particular source operation:
* Process emission factor and default multiplier,
* Process material throughput rate, and
* Control device efficiency.
where the product of these three factors equals the emission rate. The key
to an accurate emissions inventory for a particular source operation depends
on the reliability and completeness of this input data.
A. Reliability
The NEDS system provides emission inventories for the five
criteria pollutants. HATREMS will augment this by providing inventories
for hazardous or trace noncriteria pollutants. Although major field test-
ing and related studies have been undertaken in verifying the accuracy of
the emissions data for the criteria pollutants, evaluation of hazardous
pollutant emissions is limited.
HATREMS pollutant input data, especially the emission factors/
default multipliers and control device removal efficiences, are based on
less than adequate data. Here adequate input implies data generated from
a series of documented source tests. Much of the HATREMS coded input data
are based on limited source testing, material balances, or engineering es-
timates. Only the process material throughput rate, which is already coded
in the NEDS system, is believed to have a high degree of accuracy. Process
material throughput rate is documented for most sources and available in
plant production records.
56
-------
HATREMS emission factors, as reported in the literature, usually
span a wide range. This indicates that either (a) not all the processes
within a Source Classification Code (SCC ) category are similar and/or (b)
the emission testing results are not reproducible. The procedure for coding
emission factors, for each of the various SCC categories consisted of tak-
ing an average of the reported emission factors or using engineering judg-
ment to determine the best factor available. Coding emission factors by SCC
implies that a single emission factor/default multiplier combination is ap-
plicable to all the sources within a SCC category.
For some SCC categories, notably the combustion sources, a pol-
lutant default multiplier is used in combination with a base emission fac-
tor (expressed in emission factor units per default multiplier unit) to
obtain the total emission factor. The default multiplier usually specifies
the pollutant concentration in the process feed material. Here again it is
difficult to ascertain from the literature, what pollutant concentration
(default multiplier) is typical for the feed material in a particular SCC
category.
Even though the base emission factor may be reliable, the default
multiplier may render the total emission factor unreliable for a particular
source. For example, lead emissions from the combustion of coal in an
electrical generation power boiler are coded as the product of a base emis-
sion factor, 0.0018 Ib Pb emitted per ton coal burned per ppm Pb in coal
times an appropriate default multiplier (in this case 9 ppm Pb in coal).
Although the base emission factor is supported by adequate test data, the
default multiplier is based on a typical lead content for bituminous coal.
Because the actual lead content in coal may range from 4.3 to 47 ppm, the
HATREMS total emission factor for the power boiler may deviate from the ac-
tual emission factor by a factor of 5.
The control device efficiency may introduce additional uncertainty
in the calculated emission rate. HATREMS applies a control device multi-
plier to the NEDS SCC category control device efficiency. For example, it
is assumed that an industrial coal-fired power boiler will have the same
collection efficiency for noncriteria particulate pollutants as for total
particulates. However, many of the combustion related hazardous materials
are enriched in the fine particulate size ranges, which escape collection
by conventional control equipment. This source of uncertainty will remain
until removal efficiences are adequately documented for HATREMS pollutants.
57
-------
B. Completeness
Currently, there is considerable variation in reported national
hazardous pollutant emissions inventories. Since NEDS/HATREMS have the
capability of including all emitting source categories in the nation, the
emission inventories produced by these sytems should be the most complete.
To be complete, the inventories generated by HATREMS need to
include coded data for all pollutant/SCC categories. As indicated in Table
16 the percentage of each HATREMS pollutant emissions currently coded rela-
tive to estimated national emissions is far from being complete. Approxi-
mately 53% of the total HATREMS pollutant emissions are coded. In order to
provide complete inventories, much of the remaining 47% of the uncoded emis-
sions needs to be added to the data base. Only the emission factors for be-
ryllium, chlorine, lead, and vanadium are entered in the system to such an
extent as to provide complete inventories.
Some of the emission factors which apply to the remaining 47%
of the uncoded emissions are available in the literature. However, one prob-
lem with coding these emission factors lies with their associated source
rate units, which because they are not compatible with the NEDS source rate
units, cannot be directly entered into HATREMS. A method to alleviate this
discrepency in units is to require reporting of all emission factors in NEDS
source rate units.
Another factor which hinders HATREMS from providing complete
inventories is the fact that not all of the hazardous pollutant sources can
be associated with NEDS SCCs. NEDS should be continually updated until vir-
tually all the hazardous pollutant sources are coded into the system.
C. Updating Hatrems
The HATREMS input data base will need to be periodically updated
to incorporate new input data which improve the accuracy of the HATREMS
emission inventories. Any data which are judged more reliable than that
in the existing data base should be added into HATREMS.
The following steps in the emission inventory calculation scheme
need to be periodically checked and updated for input data accuracy.
I ~ ——
For Each SCC
Emission Factor
Default
Multiplier
NEDS Process
Throughput Rate
Control Device
Efficiency
1
1
1
Pollutant
Emission
Inventory
58
-------
TABLE 16
PERCENTAGE OF CODED HATREMS EMISSIONS
Pollutant
Ammonia
Arsenic
Asbestos
Barium
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Chlorine^
Chromium
Copper
Fluoride
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorus
POM
Selenium
Silver
Titanium
Vanadium
Zinc
Total
Estimated Annual
Emissions
(tons/year)
1,272,500
9,415
6,579
15,420
164
11,003
2,480
678,200
307,600
39,774
13,680
163,140
14,400
308
325,400
75,400
19,000
840
990
6,177
160,300
4,784,318
986
417
88,351
19,219
159,922
Bibliography
Reference
a/
88^'
I-/
2-/
3a/
4^/
537
&
Qf\SL/
O^«—
Ov^^—
7— /
a 1
&'
a/
scr'
f/
f/
£/,
10£'
11-
12-/
13£/
14§/
15£/
80^
16S/
17£/
lg£/
0 /
I9a/
20^'
HATREMS
Coded Emissions
(tons/year)
700,000
5,471
577
4,077
159
4,720
1,241
643,000
25,400
9,070
3,840
84,800
12,000
214
318,910
60,085
10,454
501
639
5,070
76,142
2,261,142
695
57
73,750
18,750
13,160
% Coded
in
HATREMS
55
58
9
26
97
43
50
95
8
23
28
52
83
70
98
80
55
60
65
82
47
47
70
14
83
98
8
8,167,583
4,326,014
53
a/ Includes uncontrolled and controlled emission sources.
b/ Uncontrolled emissions.
£/ Controlled emissions.
d/ Includes all chlorine-compound coal combustion emissions.
e/ Excludes coal combustion emissions.
_f/ Controlled emissions, obtained from Reference 3.
£/ Calculated from Table 20.
59
-------
First, any new, reliable source test data for any hazardous pol-
lutant should be compared with the existing data base emission factors. Only
test data should be considered which were generated from a representative
source within a particular SCC category rather than from an atypical opera-
tion. The method and accuracy of the testing should be fully documented to
provide a basis for its credibility. New test data may be supplied by (a)
air quality control agencies, (b) industrial organizations, or (c) research
and development contractors. Increased source testing of hazardous pollu-
tant sources should be performed on all pollutants of national concern.
Default multipliers should also be periodically updated. Any new
data that would alter a default multiplier should be typical for a SGC pro-
cess category and the method of deriving the factor should be well docu-
mented. Industrial test data on the constituents of process feed materials
for source operations which emit hazardous pollutants should be used in up-
dating default multipliers. Given pollutant concentrations in the feed ma-
terial, pollutant mass balances could be compared with source testing data
to better understand the emission process.
Within HATREMS, the control device efficiencies are not adequately
quantified. This input data category currently has a great potential for im-
provement. Information on true collection efficiencies for the hazardous
pollutants should be generated from source/control device testing. The con-
trol devices tested should be indicative of typical processes and controls
within a given SCC category. The test methods should be fully documented to
support the credibility of the results.
Since HATREMS depends on the NEDS SCC categories, it is imperative
that all possible emitting sources are included in NEDS. Currently, this is
not the case. During the search for emissions information to be included in
HATREMS, it was found that a number of SCC categories were either too gen-
eral or too specific for the emission factors reported in the literature.
To alleviate this problem, the emission factors were apportioned into exist-
ing SCCs or new SCCs were initiated. As more information is collected per-
taining to the sources of hazardous pollutants, the potential for updating
the SCC categories increases. By including and updating all possible sources
within NEDS/HATREMS, the reliability and completeness of their resultant
emission inventories will be improved.
D• Recommendat ions
HATREMS provides a mechanism for storing emission data and gen-
erating emissions inventory information. Included within the system are
not only emission factor/source information but also supportive data such
as (a) emission factor reliability codes, (b) physical state of the pollu-
tant, (c) date of inclusion into the system, (d) literature reference of
the coded information, and (e) any comments or assumptions which were
incorporated into the derivation of the coded material. This additional
coded information supports the input data entered into the system.
60
-------
The following sections discuss recommendations/modifications to
HATREMS.
1. SCC refinement: Both NEDS and HATREMS depend on the SCCs
as the building blocks for the classification of coded emissions data. SCCs
are continually being updated to reflect changes in emission factors, and
any additions/deletions pertaining to the emitting process sources. However,
some of the source categories are vague, and it is unclear as to what pro-
cesses they cover. Examples include the many "general" SCC categories, such
as (a) 3-01-014-01, Paint Manufacturing; (b) 3-03-030-01, Zinc Smelting; or
(c) 3-06-012-01, Fluid Coking. When emission factors are reported for these
categories, a reviewer may not be able to decide what processes are included.
It is best to change this category "General" to "Total," denoting inclusion
of all sources within a particular industrial process, or to initiate only
distinct codes for various process sources. Ultimately, the NEDS SCC cate-
gories will include all the nation's major emitting process point and area
sources. If emission factors are reported in proper SCC units, the update
of emission factors will be a minor task.
2. Control device/efficiency refinement: HATREMS bases the type
and efficiency of any SCC category's control device on that data provided
in the NEDS system. This means, for example, that lead particulates emitted
from a municipal incinerator are assumed to be collected with equal effi-
ciency and to possess the same size distribution as the total particulates.
However, lead, like many of the hazardous pollutants emitted from combustion
processes, occurs as fine particulate matter which escapes collection de-
vices. Therefore, particulate emission control device efficiencies which
are now coded for many of the HATREMS pollutants, are typically incorrect
for hazardous pollutants. This will lead to inaccurate emission inventories.
To alleviate this problem, HATREMS could specify the device for pollutant
removal and the actual control efficiency of that device for each hazardous
pollutant. This would aid in updating the control device/efficiency input
data as new techniques of control are developed to specifically control
fine particulate or gaseous hazardous pollutants.
3. Recommended pollutants to load into HATREMS: Since HATREMS
is a new system for storing and generating emission inventory information,
an initial set of pollutants should be selected for inclusion into the
system. The scope of this project has been to develop an emissions data
base for 28 selected hazardous pollutants. For reasons expressed in the
previous sections, not all of these pollutants are currently coded to the
extent necessary to provide accurate and complete emission inventories.
The following text explains the criteria for selection of the pollutants
which should be entered into HATREMS.
61
-------
The recommended criteria for pollutant selection are: (a)
completeness of coded emission process sources for a given pollutant; (b)
reliability of the emission factor input data; and (c) relative magnitude
of the toxicity associated with the pollutant. Initially, it is recommended
that beryllium, chlorine, lead, and vanadium should be placed into the ac-
tive HATREMS file because they meet the above criteria.
In order to generate a complete emissions inventory for a
selected pollutant, a high percentage of the emissions for that pollutant
should be coded into HATREMS. As shown in Table 16, only four pollutants have
a high percentage of emissions adequately coded. These are beryllium (977o),
chlorine (95%), lead (98%), and vanadium (98%). Other pollutants for which
greater than 70%, of emissions are coded include: hydrogen sulfide (70%);
hydrogen fluoride (83%); magnesium (80%); nickel (82%); and titanium (83%).
As a higher percentage of pollutant emissions are coded, other pollutants
should be considered for inclusion in HATREMS.
The reliability of the coded emission information ' \\i e sec-
ond criteria for determining whether a pollutant is acceptable for inclusion
in HATREMS. Approximately 95% of the nation's beryllium emissions and 8870 of
the chlorine emissions result from combustion sources (i.e., power generation
stations). These coded emission data are considered to have average reliabil-
ity (i.e., based on limited data and/or published emission factors where the
accuracy is not stated). In addition, emissions results for the numerous lead
emitting sources are fairly well documented; thus, reliability codes for lead
are above average or average. The majority of the nation's vanadium emissions
are from the combustion of coal and oil. This coded information for vanadium
is stated to be of average reliability. As previously indicated, the verifi-
cation of the accuracy of emission factor input data is lacking for the haz-
ardous pollutants. Currently, average reliability for the HATREMS input data
is regarded as adequate. As more information is gathered on these hazardous
pollutants, the reliability of the coded information should increase.
The final criterion for selecting pollutants to be entered
into HATREMS is the consideration of the relative toxicity levels of the
various pollutants. Those pollutants deemed the most toxic should be given
a higher priority. A relative toxicity scale, based on pollutant TLV con-
centrations, is presented in Table 17. From the table it is evident there
is a wide range of toxicity levels for these hazardous pollutants. The four
pollutants determined suitable for input into HATREMS have relatively high
toxicity levels based on the TLV concentrations.
62
-------
TABLE 17
RELATIVE TOXICITY OF HATREMS POLLUTANTS
Annual Emissions
Pollutant
(tons/yr )
4. TLV® (mg/m3
Polycyclic organic material 4.8 x 10^
*Lead 2,170,000
^Chlorine 226,000
Phosphorus 160,300
Zinc 159,900
*Bery Ilium 82,000
Chromium 79,500
Ammonia 70,700
Fluoride 65,300
Nickel 61,800
Cadmium 45,900
Hydrogen chloride 43,900
Silver 41,700
^Vanadium 38,500
Barium 30,800
Arsenic 18,800
Mercury 16,800
Copper 13,700
Titanium 8,800
Hydrogen fluoride 7,200
Selenium 5,000
Manganese 3,800
Magnesium 1,900
Boron 1,100
Molybdenum 198
Hydrogen sulfide 21
Asbestos—'
Note: * Indicates pollutant recommended for input into
HATREMS.
a/ TLVs® Threshold Limits Values (milligrams per cubic
meter): time weighted average concentration for
a normal 8-hr work day or 40-hr work week. Ameri-
can Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygien-
ists (1976).
b_/ TLV given in different concentration units so rela-
tive toxicity could not be ascertained.
63
-------
IX. ANALYSIS OF EMISSION FACTOR INPUT INTO EHIS
Task VIII began with a complete familiarization with the National
Air Data Branch documentation on the NEDS Emissions History Information
System1^?15/ and the Aerometric and Emissions Reporting System. —' MRI per-
formed a detailed review of the system logic, design and assumptions of
the NEDS Emissions History Information System.
The Emissions History Information System was developed to (a)
provide historical trends information on nationwide emissions and (b) pro-
duce synopses of air pollutant emissions. The primary use of the system
will be the former; other anticipated uses are control strategy evaluation
and emissions projections. Noncriteria pollutant summaries would be bene-
ficial in determining long-range trends in addition to current emissions
status.
EHIS data tabulations have been developed for the five criteria
pollutants (carbon monoxide, particulates, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, and
nitrogen oxides) for 1973.—' These tables present (a) summaries of emis-
sions for primary and secondary source categories, similar to those speci-
fied in the 1972 National Emissions Report,—' and (b) summaries of pro-
duction/consumption quantities and emission factors for specific source
categories. The primary source categories are:
1. Transportation,
2. Fuel combustion for stationary sources,
3. Industrial processes,
4. Solid waste disposal, and
5. Miscellaneous.
Each of these categories is broken down into appropriate component second-
ary source categories.
EHIS input data include production or consumption rate and activ-
ity level for each type source, emission factor, and control device infor-
mation. Output consists of tables of estimated annual emissions for each
source category on a national basis.
64
-------
EHIS is designed to provide for: (a) simple input modification,
(b) automatic updating of production/consumption data, and (c) output
suitable for document printing.
The following are some of the more important aspects of the
system.
1. Text and table files are separate.
2. Text is standardized, so that references to emissions esti-
mates are made through table referencing.
3. Table structure is standardized.
A. Lead Data Compilation
The feasibility of utilizing this system to produce emissions
inventories and corresponding text was evaluated for lead.
Data compiled on lead for Appendix B of this project was used
for this evaluation. Lead emission factors, as coded in the HATREMS
system, are presented in Table 18 by EHIS source category.
As part of this evaluation, an analysis of the tables in a 1973
EHIS computer printout—' was performed. Table 19 presents a summary of
the processing types (i.e., calculation procedures) and interrelationships
between EHIS particulate Tables 2.1 through 2.25. Similar processing types
were designated for lead tables.
The following three major problems arise in utilizing EHIS to
produce emissions inventories for lead or other noncriteria pollutants:
1. Emission factor units for a given tabulation need to be
specified consistently as mass of emissions per unit of production or
mass per unit of consumption. In several cases sufficient data are not
available to provide for derivation of the conversion factor. In addition,
it is not known whether the production rate or consumption rate is obtain-
able for new source categories to be input into the system on an annual
basis.
2. The specific source categories used for EHIS tabulations of
the five criteria pollutants are combinations of several Source Classifi
cation Codes (SCCs) and assumptions for combining emission factors are
not indicated.
65
-------
TABLE 18
a/
LEAD EMISSION FACTORS-'
A. Transportation
Emission Factor-
Units
Gasoline
Light Duty Vehicles (A)
Heavy Duty Vehicles (A)
Off Highway Vehicles (A)
B. Fuel Combustion
1.65 Y£
1.65 Y£
1.65 Y
lb/103 gal.
lb/103 gal.
lb/103 gal.
Residential Fuel (A)
Anthracite Coal 0.00009
Bituminous Coal 0.00002
Distillate Oil 1.2 x 10
Residual Oil 1.6 x 10
Electric Generation (P)
Anthracite Coal 0.016
Bituminous Coal 0.016
Lignite Coal 0.011
Residual Oil 0.00016
Distillate Oil 0.00012
Industrial Fuel (P) and (A)
Anthracite Coal 0.016
Bituminous Coal 0.016
Lignite Coal 0.011
Residual Oil 0.00016
Distillate Oil 0.00012
Commercial/Institutional Fuel
(P) and (A)
Anthracite Coal 0.016
Bituminous Coal 0.016
Lignite Coal 0.011
Residual Oil 0.00016
Distillate Oil 0.00012
-7
-6
Ib/ton burned
Ib/ton burned
lb/103 gal.
ib/icr
Ib/ton burned
Ib/ton burned
Ib/ton burned
lb/10 gal.
lb/103 gal.
Ib/ton burned
Ib/ton burned
Ib/ton burned
lb/10;
gal.
gal.
Ib/ton burned
Ib/ton burned
Ib/ton burned
lb/103 gal.
lb/103 gal.
66
-------
TABLE 18 (continued)
Co Industrial Processes
1. Primary Metals
Emission Factor
Units
Coke Met. By-Product (General) 0.035
Copper Smelter (Total/General) 4.0
Roasting
Converting
Reverberatory Furnace
Ferro Alloy Open Furnace
Silicon Metal
Silicomanganese
Ferro Alloy Semi-Covered
Furnace
Ferro Manganese
Blast Furnace
Iron Production
6.9
2.6
1.7
0.0016
0.85
0.41
3.7
Blast Furnace - Ore Charging 0.091
Blast Furnace - Agglomerate
Charging 0.033
Sintering (General) 0.013
Steel Production
Open Hearth, Ox Lance 0.1
Open Hearth, No Lance 0.2
EOF (General) 0.2
Electric Arc, With Lance 0.04
Electric Arc, No Lance 0.22
Ib/ton
Ib/ton
ore
Ib/ton
ore
Ib/ton
ore
Ib/ton
ore
coal charged
concentrated
concentrated
concentrated
concentrated
Ib/ton produced
Ib/ton produced
Ib/ton produced
Ib/ton produced
Ib/ton produced
Ib/ton produced
Ib/ton produced
Ib/ton
Ib/ton
Ib/ton
Ib/ton
Ib/ton
produced
produced
produced
produced
produced
67
-------
TABLE 18 (continued)
C. Industrial Processes
(continued)
Lead Smelters
Emission Factor
Units
Sintering
Blast Furnace
Reverberatory Furnace
Ore Crushing
Total (General)-/
Zinc Smelting
Roasting
Sintering
Horizontal Retorts
Vertical Retorts
2. Secondary Metals
Brass and Bronze Melting
Rotary Furnace—
Crucible^/
d/
Electric Induction—
d/
Reverberatory Furnace—'
Gray Iron
Cupola
Reverberatory Furnace
Electric Induction
Lead Smelter Secondary
Reverberatory Furnace
Blast/Cupola Furnace
Refining Kettle
d/
174.2
58.8
4.8
0.13
5.0
26.0
38.5
2.4
4.5
0.1
0.04
0.04
0.1
0.6
0.07
0.05
53.0
56.0
0.21
Ib/ton produced
Ib/ton produced
Ib/ton produced
Ib/ton concentrated
ore
Ib/ton produced
Ib/ton processed
Ib/ton product
Ib/ton processed
Ib/ton processed
Ib/ton charged
Ib/ton charged
Ib/ton charged
Ib/ton charged
Ib/ton metal product
Ib/ton metal product
Ib/ton metal product
Ib/ton lead produced
Ib/ton lead produced
Ib/ton lead produced
68
-------
TABLE 18 (continued)
C. Industrial Processes
(continued)
Lead Oxide Production
Barton Pot
Barton Pot
Calcining Furnace
Lead Battery
Total (General)
Casting Furnace
Paste Mixer
Lead Oxide Mill
Lead Reclaim Furnace
Small Parts Casting
Grid Casting
Stacking, Burning,
and Assembly
Miscellaneous Casting and
Fabrication
Cable Covering - Melting
Kettle
Ammunition
Type Metal
Metallic Lead
Lead Solder Melt Pot
Emission Factor
Units
0.44
0.47
14.0
8.0
0.25
2.71
2.9
0.1
0.1
0.44
1.73
0.5
1.0
0.25
1.5
0.03 to 2.0
Ib/ton lead produced
Ib/ton lead processed
Ib/ton lead product
Ib/ton lead processed
lb/103 batteries
produced
lb/103 batteries
produced
lb/103 batteries
produced
lb/103 batteries
produced
lb/103 batteries
produced
lb/103 batteries
produced
lb/103 batteries
produced
Ib/ton processed
lb/103 ton pro-
cessed
Ib/ton lead pro-
cessed
Ib/ton lead pro-
cessed
Ib/ton solder
melted
69
-------
TABLE 18 (continued)
C. Industrial Processes
(continued)
Emission Factor
Units
3, Mineral Products
Mining (Lead Ores)
Primary Crusher
Other
Cement Manufacturing (Dry)
Total /General
Kiln/Cooler
Dryers /Grinders
Cement Manufacturing (Wet)
Total /General
Clinker Cooler-''
Finishing Mill-/
Kiln/Cooler
Dryers /Grinders
0.16
0.2
0.15
0.11
0.04
0.12
5 x 10"5
1 x 10"3
0.10
0.02
Ib/ton processed
Ib/ton processed
Ib/ton cement pro-
duced
Ib/ton cement pro-
duced
Ib/ton cement pro-
duced
Ib/ton cement pro-
duced
Ib/ton cement pro-
duced
Ib/ton cement pro-
duced
Ib/ton cement pro-
duced
Ib/ton cement pro-
duced
Glass Manufacturing
Lead-Glass (General)
5.0
Ib/ton glass pro-
duced
70
-------
TABLE 18 (concluded)
C. Industrial Processes _ Emission Factor
(concluded)
4. Petroleum Industry
Units
Lead Alkyl Manufacturing
Electrolytic Process
Sodium Lead Alloy Process
Process Vents, TEL
Process Vents, TML
Sludge Pits
Recovery Furnace
D. Solid Waste
Municipal Incineration
Multiple Chamber
Single Chamber
Auxiliary Fuel
Residual Oil-/
Distillate Oil-'
1.0
20.0
4.0
150.0
1.2
55.0
0.4
0.4
40.0 M
40.0 M
Ib/ton product
Ib/ton
Ib/ton
Ib/ton
Ib/ton
Ib/ton
processed
product
product
product
product
tons burned
tons burned
103 gal.
103 gal.
ja/ A = area source
P = point source
b_/ Uncontrolled unless otherwise specified.
£/ Y = lead content in g/gal. Resultant emission factor unit is
lb/103 gal. of gasoline. Average 1975 lead content was 1.7 g/gal.
d_/ Controlled emission factor.
e/ M = percent lead in waste oil; average = 1%.
71
-------
TABLE 19
ANALYSIS OF PARTICUIATE TABLES
EHIS
Table No.
0.1
0.2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
EHIS
Processing
15
16
,17
.18
.19
.20
2.21
22
,23
.24
2.25
01
01
02
02
03
05
05
08
05
07
07
05
05
05
05
06
03
11
04
09
05
12
10
10
10
10
10
Data
from
Table(s)
2.1
0.1
2.3 to 2.8,
2.16 to 2.19
2.1
Data
to
Table(s)
0.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1, 2.15
2.15
2.14, 2.15
2.10, 2.11,
2.12
2.8 to 2.13
2.20 to 2.25
2.14,
2.14,
2.15
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.16
a_/ Processing Type
01 - Document Summary Table
Total all fields and construct metric table
02 - Chapter Summary Table
Total field one, calculate percentage for each line and place
in field two and construct metric table
03 - Add all but the last field and place result in the last field
04 - Multiply all fields but last divide by 2 and place the result
in the last field
05 - Same as 04 but divide by 2,000
06 - Table 1.14 special multi-table processing
Add all fields to last, add all columns and carry results down
to second table
07 - Field one times field two divided by 2, times (field three sub-
tracted from one), place result in field four
08 - Same as 07 except divide by 2,000
09 - Field one times field two equals field three. Field three times
field four divided by 2,000 results in field five
10 - Field one times field two divided by 2,000 equals field three.
Field three times (field four subtracted from one) equals field
five
11 - Summation of all lines for all fields
12 - Same as 10 divided by 2
72
-------
3. Referencing of emission factors and production/consumption
rates is not clearly documented.
The aforementioned problems decrease the reliability of the EHIS
reported emissions. Emission factors which are not in the correct units
have to be ignored. In addition, lead was assumed to have the same charac-
teristic emissions as particulates. Thus, lead emission factors for some
source categories were apportioned by the same methodology as particulate
emission factors, if the apportioning methodology could be derived.
B. Summary
Example text and calculation routines were needed to load the
selected pollutant into EHIS. A skeleton table file containing emission
factors and control efficiencies was constructed for lead on the basis of
emission factors developed in Tasks III through V. These data, along with
the example text and calculation procedures required to develop emissions
estimates, were supplied to the project officer.
Table 18 presented emission factors for lead which represent
approximately 957» of the total national lead emissions. In comparison,
the data tabulated for EHIS represented approximately 80% of the total
lead emissions. This decrease is attributable to problems in compatibility
of the emission factors.
73
-------
X. OVERALL PROGRAM DISCUSSION
A. Accomp Li sliment s
A major objective of this program was to develop an emission fac-
tor data base for HATREMS. This objective was accomplished by the compila-
tion of available point, area, and "free" area source data for each of 27
pollutants (see Summary). Appendix A presents example coded data for lead
(for point and area sources) and selected coded data for "free" area sources.
Related secondary objectives were to prepare the data for load-
ing into HATREMS and evaluate emission inventory information from HATREMS
and EHIS. To achieve these objectives, the following specific tasks were
accomplished:
• Area and "free" area source data were keypunched and
verified.
• Methodology was developed for evaluating HATREMS emission
inventories.
• Review of the major problems associated with HATREMS data
base was performed.
• Lead data were compiled for EHIS.
The second major accomplishment of this program was the prepar-
ation of three chapters for inclusion in Emission Factors for Trace Sub-
stance.—/ These chapters (for lead, fluorides, and HCl/chlorine) present
data compiled throughout the program. These three special report chapters
are included herein as Appendices B, C, and D.
B. Recommendations
The following suggestions for future efforts are made based on
the results of this project:
1. A select few pollutants should be initially entered into
HATREMS for evaluation. Based on the selection criteria presented in
Section VIII, four pollutants (beryllium, chlorine, lead, and vanadium)
are recommended for consideration.
2. Emissions inventories should be generated for the selected
pollutants on a nationwide level and possibly for several individual states
74
-------
or AQCRs. The output inventories should be reviewed for completeness and
accuracy as also described in Section VIII.
A format for evaluating the emissions output from HATREMS (by
pollutant/SCC or by pollutant and combination of SCCs) is presented in Ap-
pendix E. The primary use of this evaluation form would be to compare emis-
sions as output from HATREMS (based on HATREMS emission factor data and
NEDS process data) with HATREMS emission factor data and non-NEDS process
data* A sample data sheet presenting lead emissions from copper smelter
roasting operations is provided in Appendix E. Table 20 presents calculated
uncontrolled lead emissions based on HATREMS emission factors and non-NEDS
process throughput data. Comparison of Table 20 (and assuming average con-
trol efficiences from NEDS) with HATREMS lead output will give the evalua-
tor an indication of what percentage of the emissions of a pollutant are
covered in the NEDS system.
In addition, the HATREMS output can be compared with calculated
emissions based on: (a) non-HATREMS emission factors and non-NEDS process
data; or (b) non-HATREMS emission factors and NEDS process data. These
latter comparisons will determine whether or not revisions should be made
to the HATREMS emission factor data.
75
-------
TABLE 20
UNCONTROLLED LEAD EMISSIONS
I. Point Sources
A. Electrical Generation
1. Anthracite coal
10100101 > 100 MM Btu Pulvizd
10100102 > 100 MM Btu Stokers
10100103 10-100 MM Btu Pulvd
10100104 10-100 MM Btu Stokers
10100105 <10 MM Btu Pulvd
10100106 <10 MM Btu Stoker
10100199 Other/Not Clasifd
2. Bituminous coal
10100201 > 100 MM Btu Pulv Wet
10100202 >100 MM Btu Pulv Dry
10100203 >100 MM Btu Cyclone
10100204 >100 MM Btu Spd Stk
10100205 >100 MM Btu/Hr OFSK
10100206 10-100 MM Btu Pul wt
10100207 10-100 MM Btu Pul dy
10100208 10-100 MM Btu Of stk
10100209 10-100 MM Btu Ufstk
10100210 <10 MM Btu Ofstoker
10100211 < 10 MM Btu Ufstoker
10100212 <10 MM Btu Pulv-Dry
10100299 Other/Not Classifd
HATREMS
Emi s s i on
Factor^/
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
Coded Non-NEDS
Default Annual Process
Multiplier Throughput
9.0^
9.0^
9.05/
9.0*/
" /
l'.&
J
l.ASO.OOO^/
9-0a/ ,
9.^
9.0^-'
9.0^
I'^Ll
9.Qi/
a"/
9.0-
9.(£/
9.0^-'
>. 372,598,00^
9.C)£/ x
Emission
Units
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
Annua1
Emissions
(tons/yr)
12
3,018
-------
TABLE 20 (continued)
sec
Code
10100301
10100302
10100303
10100304
10100305
10100306
10100307
10100308
10100309
ioioo?io
10100J11
10100312
10100313
10100314
10100315
10100401
10100402
10100403
10100501
10100502
10100503
Process
Description
3. Lignite
> 100 MM Btu Pulwet
> 100 MM Btu Puldry
> 100 MM Btu Cyclone
>100 MM Btu Ofstk
>100 MM Btu Ufstk
>100 MM Btu Spdstk
10-100 MM Btu DyPul
10-100 MM Btu TvtPul
10-100 MM Btu Ofstk
10-100 MM Btu Ufstk
10-100 MM Btu Spdstk
<10 MM Btu Pulv dry
< 10 MM Btu Of stk
< 10 MM Btu Uf stk
< 10 MM Btu Spdstk
4. Residual oil
> 100 IIM litu/lir Genl
10-100 MM Btu/Kr Genl
< 10 MM Btu/Hr Genl
5. Distillate oil
> 100 MM Btu/Hr Genl
10-100 MM F1:u/Kr Genl
< 10 MM Btu/Hr Genl
.HATREMS
Emission
Factor£'
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0013
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0 . 004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
Coded Non-NEDS
Default Annual Process Emission
Multiplier Throughput Units
6.0^
6.0*/
!:£'
6.01/
6.02./
e'.oS-'
6 . Q§/
o . o.-''
6 . c£'
6 . 0 -
6 0-a/
6 . 0-' J
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
>• 12,500,000^ Tons burned
Tons barue-d
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Annual
Emissions
(tons/yr )
68
J
'
' b/
o!o4^
0.003-/
0.003^/
0.00 3^ ''
•v
, 1,000 gal. burned
>• 19,534,050- 1,000 gal. burned L 2
1,0(.'D gal. burned
1,000 gal. burned
>• 1,117, 817-' 1,000 gal, burned V negligible
1,000 gal. barned I
-------
TABLE 20 (continued)
HATREMS Coded
Non-NEDS
00
sec
Code
Process
Description
B. Industrial
1. Anthracite coal
10200101 >100 MM Btu/Hr Pulv
10200102 >100 MM Btu/Hr Stk
10200103 10-100 MM Btu Pulvd
10200104 10-100 MM Btu Stk
10200105 < 10 MM Btu/Hr Pulvd
10200106 < 10 MM Btu/Hr Stk
10200107 < 10 MM Btu/Hr Hndfr
10200199 Other/Not Clasifd
2. Bituminous coal
10200201 > 100 MM Btu Pulvwet
10200202 > 100 MM Btu Pulvdry
10200203 >100 MM Btu Cyclone
10200204 > 100 MM Btu Spdstk
10200205 10-100 MM Btu Ofstk
10200206 10-100 MM Btu Ufstk
10200207 10-100 MM Btu Pulwt
10200208 10-100 MM Btu Puldry
10200209 10-100 MM Btu Spdstk
10200210 < 10 MM Btu Ofdstk
10200211 < 10 MM Btu Ufdstk
10200212 < 10 MM Btu Pulv Dry
10200213 < 10 MM Btu Spd Stk
10200214 < 10 MM Btu Handfire
10200299 Other/Not Clasifd
Emission
Factor£/
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
Default
Multiplier
a/
9.02-'
9.0*/
9.0^7
9.01/
9.0^
9.0*7
9.0*/
9.0^7
••
9.0^
9.0^7
9.0— /
9.0*7
9.0^7
9.0*/
9.0^
>.
9.0*/ ^
9.05-/
9.0^
9.oi/
9 0^7
a/
9.0-'
9.^
9.0-
Annual Process
Throughput
364,000i/
62,928,000-/
Emission
Units
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
Annua1
Emissions
(tons/yr )
510
-------
TABLE 20 (continued)
sec
Code
10200301
10200302
10200303
10200304
10200305
10200306
10200307
10200308
10200309
10200310
10200311
10200312
10200313
10200314
10200315
10200316
10200401
10200402
10200403
10200501
10200502
10200503
Process
Description
3. Lignite
>100 MM Btu PulvWet
> 100 MM Btu PulvDry
>100 MM Btu Cyclone
>100 MM Btu Ofstkr
>100 MM Btu Ufstkr
>100 MM Btu Spdstk
10-100 MM Btu Dy Pulv
10-100 MM Btu Wt Pul
10-100 MM Btu Ofstk
10-100 MM Btu Ufstk
10-100 MM Btu Spdstk
< 10 MM Btu Pulv Dry
< 10 MM Btu Ofstk
< 10 MM Btu Ufstk
< 10 MM Btu Handfire
< 10 MM Btu Spdstk
4. Residual oil
> 100 MM Btu/Hr
10-100 MM Btu/Hr
< 10 MM Btu/Hr
5. Distillate oil
> 100 MM Btu/Hr
10-100 MM Btu/Hr
< 10 MM Btu/Hr
HATREMS
Emi s s i on
Factor£/
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
Coded Non-NEDS Annual
Default Annual Process Emission Emissions
Multiplier Throughput Units (tons/yr)
^
6.0^
6.0i{
6.0*'
6.0i/
6.0i/
6.0i/
6.0i/
6.0^
6.Q3-/
eioi/
e.oi/
e.oi/
e.oi/
6.03-7
6.02/
6.oi/
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
s_ * nrr ~ i / Tons burned
r 2,866,000i/
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
>• 23
•^ x
0.04^] 1,000 gal. burned"^
0.04^
8,443,28li' 1,000 gal. burned) 0.68
0.04^{, 1,000 gal. burnedj
0.003-/1 1,000 gal. burnedl
0.003^/f 3,024,84oi/ 1,000 gal . burned \ 0.02
0.003^J 1,000 gal. burned)
-------
TABLE 20 (continued)
HATREMS Coded
Non-NEDS
oo
o
SCC
Code
Process
Description
C. Commercial/Institutional
1. Anthracite coal
10300105 10-100 MM Btu Pul Wt
10300106 10-100 MM Btu Pul Dy
10300107 10-100 MM Btu Spdstk
10300108 <10 MM Btu Pulvized
10300109 <10 MM Btu Stoker
10300110 <10 MM Btu Spdstk
10300199 Other/Not Clasifd
2. Bituminous coal
10300205 10-100 MM Btu Pulwt
10300206 10-100 MM Btu Puldy
10300207 10-100 MM Btu Ofstk
10300208 10-100 MM Btu Ufstk
10300209 10-100 MM Btu Spdstk
10300210 10-100 MM Btu Hanfr
10300211 <10 MM Btu Ofstkr
10300212 <10 MM Btu Ufstkr
10300213 <10 MM Btu Spdstkr
10300214 <10 MM Btu Handfire
3. Lignite
10300305 10-100 MM Btu Pulwt
10300306 10-100 MM Btu Puldy
10300307 10-100 MM Btu Ofstk
10300308 10-100 MM Btu Ufstk
10300309 10-100 MM Btu Spdstk
10300310 <10 MM Btu Pulv Dy
10300311 <10 MM Btu Ofstk
10300312 <10 MM Btu Ufstk
10300313 <10 MM Btu Spdstk
10300314 <10 MM Btu Handfire
Emi s s i on
Factor^'
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
0.0018
Default
Multiplier
a /
9.0*'
9.0-/
9>/
9.0S./
9 0^-
9>/
9.0S-/
9.0*0
9.0S./
9.0^
a/
9.05-',
a/
9.05-7
9.QS./
9 OS-/
3 /
g.o^7
a/
9.05-'
>•
^>
9.0^ J
a/
6.05-7
6. OS./
6.^
e.oi/
6.0S-/
6. OS./
6.0S-/
a/
6.CF-7
6.0^-
e!o£/
.
Annual Process
Throughput
2,118,000i/
4,519,00oi/
62,500i
i/
Emission
Units
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons burned
Tons
Tons
Tons-
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
burned
Annual
Emissions
(tons/yr)
17
37
0.34
-------
TABLE 20 (continued)
00
HATREMS Coded Non-NEDS
sec
Code
10300401
10300402
10300403
10300501
10300502
10300503
D.
30300301
30300501
30300502
30300503
30300504
30300604
30300605
30300701
30300801
30300802
30300803
Process Emission Default Annual Process
Description Factor2 Multiplier Throughput
4. Residual oil
> 100 MM Btu/Hr 0.004
10-100 MM Btu/Hr 0.004
<10 MM Btu/Hr 0.004
5. Distillate oil
MOO MM Btu/Hr 0.004
10-100 MM Btu/Hr 0.004
< 10 MM Btu/Hr 0.004
Industrial Process
1. Primary metals
Coke Met., General 0.035
Copper, Total/General 4.0
Copper, Roasting 2.3
Copper, Smelting 1.7
Copper, Converting 2.6
Feralloy Open F., Si 0.0016
Metal
Feralloy Open F., Si 0.85
Mn
Feralloy Sem Cov. F, 0.4
Fero Mn
Iron Prod., Blast F- 0.091
Ore C.
Iron Prod., Blast F. 0.033
Agl C.
Iron Prod., Sintering 0.013
Gen
0.04^]
O.O^) 8,256,36oi/
0.04^/J
0.003]
0.003V 7,964,796-
0.003J
75,514,838-i/
5,500,0001/
0.3-/ 4,400,OOOJ-/
5,500,OOOJ-/
5,500,OOOJ-/
m/
222,772J-/
607,697^
0.062E/ 79,920,000-i/
30,830,00(4
Emission
Units
1,000 gal. burned!
1,000 gal. burned S
1,000 gal. burned j
/
1,000 gal. burned]
1,000 gal. burned^
1,000 gal. burned |
Tons coal charged
Tons concentrated
ore
Tons concentrated
ore
Tons concentrated
ore
Tons concentrated
ore
Tons produced
Tons produced
Tons produced
Tons produced
Tons produced
Annual
Emissions
(tons/yr)
0.66
0.55
1,322
11,000
1,518
4,675
7,150
-
94.7
121.5
2,478
1,319
200.4
-------
TABLE 20 (continued)
sec
Code
30300901
30300902
30300903
30300904
30300905
30301001
30301002
£ 30301003
30301004
30303002
30303003
30303004
30303005
30400206
30400301
30400302
30400303
Process
Description
Steel Prod. , Op.
Hearth Oxl.
Steel Prod. , Op.
Hearth No. Oxl.
Steel Prod. , EOF
General
Steel Prod. , Elec.
Arc W/L
Steel Prod., Elec Arc
No L.
Lead Smelters, Sinter-
ing
Lead Smelters, Blast F
Lead Smelters, Reverb
F.
Lead Smelters, Ore
Crushing
Zinc Smelting, Roast-
ing/M-H.
Zinc Smelting, Sinter-
ing
Zinc Smelting, Horz.
Retorts
Zinc Smelting, Vert.
Retorts
2. Secondary Metals
Brass/Bronze, Rotary F.
Gray Iron, Cupola
Gray Iron, Reverb F.
Gray Iron, Elec. Indue.
HATREMS Coded
Emission Default
Factor£/ Multiplier
0.2 )
0.352/
0.5 )
0.2
0.22 )
0.20H/
0.18 )
105.0
35.0
2.9
0.13
13.0
19.0
1.2
2.2
3.0
0.51
0.06
0.04
Non-NEDS
Annual Process
Throughput
22,160,000
71,800, OOOJ/
22,680,000-i-7
1,070, 000^
1,070,000^
1,070,000-^
9,330,OOQJ./
890,000-1
sgo.oooi/
62,000^
142,000^
m/
ll,645,OOCl/
l,020,000l/
3,995,000-i/
Emission
Units
Tons produced
Tons produced
Tons produced
Tons concentrated
ore
Tons concentrated
ore
Tons concentrated
ore
Tons Ore Crushed
Tons processed
Tons processed
Tons processed
Tons processed
Tons charged
Tons metal charge
Tons metal charge
Tons metal charge
Annua 1
Emissions
( tons/yr )
3,878
7,180
2,268
56,175
18,725
1,552
606.5
5,785
8,455
37
156
2,969
31
80
-------
TABLE 20 (continued)
HATREMS Coded
SCC Process
Code Description
30400402 Lead Smelt Sec.,
Reverb F.
30400403 Lead Smelt Sec.,
Blast/Cupola
30400501 Lead Battery, Total/
General
30400502 Lead Battery, Casting
F.
30400503 Lead Battery, Paste
Mixer
E. Solid Waste - Government
1. Municipal Incineration
50100101 Multiple Chamber
CO
Co
50100102
50190004
50190005
Single Chamber
2. Auxiliary fuel
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
II. Area Sources
A. Combustion
01 Residential Anthracite
02 Residential Bituminous
03 Residential Distillate
04 Residential Residual
07 Comm/Inst. Anthracite
08 Comm/Inst. Bituminous
09 Comm/Inst. Distillate
10 Comm/Inst. Residual
13 Industrial Anthracite
Emission
Factor-^
25.0
32.0
0.4
0.0021
0.18
i
0.4
0.4
40.0
40.0
0.00001
0.00002
0.00004
0.00004
0.0018
0.0018
0.004
0.004
0.0018
Default
Multiplier
-
-
-
-
-
.]
-j
1.0^/1
i.o^/i
9.0^
0.003^
0.04k/
9.0l/
9.0^
0.04k/
9.0-/
Non-NEDS
Annual Process
Throughput
424
,506-i/
5 70, 05 1-'
h/
966,500-
966, 500^
966,
18,200,000^
m/
m/
Emission
Units
Tons metal charged
Tons metal charged
Tons of batteries
produced
Tons of batteries
produced
Tons of batteries
produced
Tons burned
Tons burned
J
1,000 gal.
1,000 gal.
2,884,615i/
5,133,929i/
16,300,000i/
m/
m/
m/
m/
m/
m/
Tons
Tons
1,000 gal.
1,000 gal.
Tons
Tons
1,000 gal.
1,000 gal.
Tons
Annual
Emissions
(tons/yr)
5,306
9,121
193
1
87
3,640
0.13
0.46
negligible
-------
TABLE 20 (concluded)
00
HATREMS Coded Non-NEDS Annual
SCC Process Emission Default Annual Process Emission Emissions
Code Description Factor0/ Multiplier Throughput Units (tons/yr )
a/
14 Industrial Bituminous 0.0018 9.0-
16 Industrial Distillate 0.004 0.003^
17 Industrial Residual 0.004 0.04b-/ x
21 Residential On-Site 20.0 0.217-'
Incin.
22 Industrial On-Site 20.0 0.217- V 30, C
Incin.
23 Comm-Inst. On-Site 20.0 0.217-
m/ Tons
m/ 1,000 gal.
SI/ 1,000 gal.
Tons 1
)00,000^/ Tons ^ 7,000
Tons
Incin. _J _,
39 OFF HiWay Gas Vehicles 1.68 1.7-/ 2,072,000-^ 1,000 gal. 3,000
55 Unpaved Rodd Travel 0.0087 0.4S/ 1,998^/ 1,000 vehicle 0.0035
miles
56 Unpaved Airstrips 0.00002 0.4&./ 913, 020^' Landing/takeoff 0.0036
cycles
59 Land Tilling 0.00003 0.4&7 819,048,000-' Acre-tilled 4.9
AA Light Duty Gas. 1.65 1.71/1 1,000 gal."
Vehicles <• 106,301,765^' - 149,088
AB Heavy Duty Gas 1.65 I.?!/ 1,000 gal.
a/
b/
c/
d/
e/
f/
S/
h/
i/
i/
k/
I/
m/
Vehicles
ppm Pb in coal.
ppm pb in oil.
Percentage Pb in concentrated ore.
Percentage by weight in fuel.
Percent lead in refuge.
Grams lead per gallon of gasoline.
PPM lead in dust.
1974 data.
1973 data.
1975 data.
1970 data.
1969 data.
Data not available.
Total 318,910
n/ Average value.
"PotjiTLd-S
s s 1. on unit— ppm.
-------
REFERENCES
!• AEROS Manual Series, Vol. I; AEROS Overview, U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, National Air Data Branch, Monitoring and Data Anal-
ysis Division, Publication No. EPA-450/2-76-001.
2. Anderson, D., Emission Factors for Trace Substances, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Pub-
lication No. EPA-450/2-73-001, December 1973.
3. Personal communication from Monsanto Research Corporation, September
1976.
4. Duncan, L. J., E. L. Jutz, and E. P. Krajeski, Selected Characteristics
of Hazardous Pollutant Emissions, Vol. II, The MITRE Corporation,
Washington, MTR-6401, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Contract
No. 68-01-0438, May 1973.
5. Midwest Research Institute, Chlorofluorocarbon Emission Control in
Selected End Use Applications, EPA Contract No. 68-01-3201, Task
III, August 1976.
6. Arthur D. Little, Inc., Preliminary Economic Impact Assessment of
Possible Regulatory Action to Control Atmospheric Emissions of Se-
lected Halocarbons, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1349, Task 8, September
1975.
7. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Publication No. AP-42, April 1976.
8. Davis, W. E., Emission Study of Industrial Sources of Lead Pollutants,
1970, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Publication No. APTD-1543,
April 1973.
9. AEROS Manual Series, Volume V: AEROS Manual of Codes, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, National Air Data Branch, Publication No.
EPA-450/2-76-005, OAPQS No. 1.2-042, April 1976.
10. Highway Statistics 1974, U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of
Highway Planning, Federal Highway Administration.
11. Particulate Pollutant System Study, Volume I - Mass Emissions, Midwest
Research Institute Project No. 3326-C, prepared for the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Contract No. CPA-22-69-104, May 1, 1971.
85
-------
REFERENCES (concluded)
12. Fennelly, P. R., "The Origin and Influence of Airborne Participates,"
American Scientist, Vol. 64, pp. 46-55, January and February 1976.
13. County and City Data Book 1972; A Statistical Abstract Supplement,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1973.
14. Upgrading of Emissions History Information System, Final Documentation,
ICSC, Inc., for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Air
Data Branch, Contract No. DU-76-C129, July 30, 1976.
15. "Emissions History Information System 1973" printout, dated August 29,
1976; personal communication from Jacob G. Summers, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, National Air Data Branch, December 7,
1976.
16. 1972 National Emissions Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Air Data Branch, Publication No. EPA-450/2-74-012, June
1974.
86
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Davis, W. E., National Inventory of Sources and Emissions; Arsenic—
1968, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. APTD-
1507, May 1971.
2. Davis, W. E., National Inventory of Sources and Emissions: Asbestos--
1968, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. APTD-70,
February 1970.
3. Davis, W. E., National Inventory of Sources and Emissions; Barium—
1969, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. APTD-
1140, May 1972.
4. Davis, W. E., National Inventory of Sources and Emissions: Beryllium—
1968, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. APTD-
1508, September 1971
5. Davis, W. E., National Inventory of Sources and Emissions: Boron--
1969, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. APTD-
1159, June 1972.
6. Davis, W. E., National Inventory of Sources and Emissions; Cadmium--
1968, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. APTD-68,
February 1970.
7. CCA Corporation, National Emissions Inventory of Sources and Emissions
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8. Davis, W. E., National Inventory of Sources and Emissions; Copper--
1969, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. APTD-
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10. GCA Corporation, National Emissions Inventory of Sources and Emissions
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11. Davis, W. E., National Inventory of Sources and Emissions; Manganese —
1968, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. APTD-
1509, August 1971.
87
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
12. Davis, W. E., National Inventory of Sources and Emissions; Mercury —
1968, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. APTD-
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13. GCA Corporation, National Emissions Inventory of Sources and Emissions
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14. Davis, W. E., National Inventory of Sources and Emissions; Nickel —
1968, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. APTD-69,
February 1970.
15. GCA Corporation, National Emissions Inventory of Sources and Emissions
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16. Davis, W. E., National Inventory of Sources and Emissions; Selenium--
1969, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. APTD-
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17. GCA Corporation, National Emissions Inventory of Sources and Emissions
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18. GCA Corporation, National Emissions Inventory of Sources and Emissions
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19. Davis, W. E., National Inventory of Sources and Emissions; Vanadium—
1968, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. APTD-
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1973.
23. Anderson, D., Draft chapter on lead for Reference 22.
88
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
24. Anderson, D., Draft chapter on vinyl chloride for Reference 22.
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26. Billings, C. E., "Mercury Balance on a Large Pulverized Coal-Fired
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30. Two letters from William Henry of Battelle to Dr. Robert E. Lee of
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31. Jacko, R. B., "Trace Metal Emissions from a Scrubber Controlled Muni-
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. EPA-650/2-74-
087, September 1974.
34. Littman, F., H. Wang, and J. Piere, Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS).
Rockwell International Contract No. 68-02-1081, January 1976.
89
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
35. O'Gorman, J. V., "The Determination of Mercury in Some American Coals,"
Applied Spectroscopy, 2£(D (1972).
36. Orner, R., Hazardous and Trace Emissions Systems (HATREMS), Partial
Final Report (revised), GCA Corporation Contract No. 68-02-1006,
January 1976.
37. Robinson, J. M., G. I. Gruber, W. D. Lusk, and M. J. Santy, Engineer-
ing and Cost Effectiveness Study of Fluoride Emissions Control, Vol.
I, Office of Air Programs, EPA Contract No. EHSD-71-14, Janaury 1972.
38. Ruch, R. R., H. J. Gluskoter, and N. F. Shimp, Occurrence and Pistri-
bution of Potentially Volatile Trace Elements in Coal, U.S, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Publication No. EPA-650/2-74-054, July
1974.
39. Schlesinger, M. D., An Evaluation of Methods for Detecting Mercury in
Some U.S. Coals, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines Report
of Investigations No. 7609 (1972).
40. Spencer, J. D., "Bureau of Mines Energy Program, 1971," Information
Circular No. 8551, p. 43.
41. Surprenant, N., R. Hall, S. Slater, T. Susa, M. Sussmann, and C. Young,
Preliminary Emissions Assessment of Conventional Stationary Combus-
tion Systems, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No.
EPA-600/2-76-046b, March 1976.
42. Letter dated February 25, 1971, from Richard J. Thompson of Division
of Air Quality and Emission Data to Carl V. Spangler of DAQED, re:
Coal and coke analyses.
43. Letter from Darryl J. von Lehmden of Source Sample and Fuels Analysis
Branch, DAS, EPA, dated January 19, 1972, re: Trace elements analy-
sis results.
44. Wallace, R. A., W. Fulkerson, W. Shultz, and ¥. Lyon, "Mercury in the
Environment: The Human Element," Oak Ridge National Laboratory -
National Science Foundation, Interagency Agreement No. AAA-4-79,
January 1971.
45. Zubovic, P., T. Staonichenko, and N. Sheffey, Distribution of Minor
Elements in Coal Beds of the Eastern Interior Region, U.S. Geologi-
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90
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
46. Zubovic, P., "Physiochemical Properties of Certain Minor Elements as
Controlling Factors in Their Distribution in Coal," Coal Science,
pp. 221-231 (1965).
47. "EPA-NBS Inter laboratory Comparison for Chemical Elements in Coal Fly
Ash," Fuel Oil and Gasoline, May 1973.
48. Background Information on National Emissions Standards for Hazardous
Air Pollutants—Proposed Amendments to Standards for Asbestos and
Mercury, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication No. EPA-
450/2-74-009A, October 1974.
49. "HATREMS Emission Factor Data Entry Forms."
50. OAP Data File of Nationwide Emissions, National Air Data Center, Ap-
plied Technology Division, July 1972.
51. "Characterization of Standard Reference Materials for the Determina-
tion of Trace Elements in Fuels," bimonthly report from National
Bureau of Standards to Division of Atmospheric Surveillance, EPA,
May 1, 1973 (File No. 0158-4).
52. Coal Fired Power Plant Trace Element Study; A Three Station Compari-
son, Vol. I, Radian Corporation for EPA Region VIII, September 1975.
53. Coal Fired Power Plant Trace Element Study; Stations I, II, III,
Radian Corporation for EPA Region VIII, September 1975.
54. "Hazardous Materials Mailing List: Mercury, Beryllium, Asbestos —
Section I—Mercury and Beryllium," Final Report Task 17, Research
Triangle Institute, prepared for National Source Inventory Section,
EPA Contract No. CPA-70-147 RTI, April 1972.
55. "Field Sampling for Cytotoxicity Test Samples," TRW Systems Group,
Contract No. 68-02-1412, October 1975.
56. Baladi, E., "Stationary Source Testing of Bagesse Fired Boilers at the
Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company, Puunene Maui, Hawaii," pre-
pared by Midwest Research Institute under EPA Contract No. 68-02-
1403, February 1976.
57. Darley, E. F., and S. L. Lerman, Air Pollutant Emissions from Burning
Sugar Cane and Pineapple Residues from Hawaii, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Publication No. EPA-450/3-75-071, July 1975.
91
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
58. Snowden, W. D., D. A. Alguard, G. A. Swanson, and W. E. Stolberg,
Source Sampling Residential Fireplaces for Emission Factor Develop-
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450/3-76-010, November 1976.
59. Darley, E. F., "Evaluation of the Impact of Leaf Burning - Phase I:
Emission Factors for Illinois Leaves," Preliminary Report for the
State of Illinois, Institute of Environmental Quality, Chicago,
Illinois, August 1975.
60. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Publi-
cation No. AP-42, April 1976.
61. Magee, E. M., H. J. Hall, and G. M. Varga, Jr., Potential Pollutants
in Fossil Fuels, Esso Research and Engineering Company, EPA Contract
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62. Cuffe, S. T., and R. W. Gerstle, Emissions from Coal-Fired Power
Plants; A Comprehensive Summary, U.S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion and Welfare, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
(1967).
63. Wixson, B. G., E. Bolter, N. L. Gale, J. C. Jennett, and K. Purushothaman,
"The Lead Industry as a Source of Trace Metals in the Environment -
Cycling and Control of Metals," Proceedings of an Environmental Re-
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64. Zoller, W. H., E. S. Gladney, G. E. Gordon, and J. H. Bors, "Emission
of Trace Elements from Coal-Fired Power Plant," Trace Substances in
Environmental Health - VIII, Proceedings of University of Missouri
Eighth Annual Conference on Trace Substances in Environmental Health,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, pp. 167-171, June 11
through 13, 1974.
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66. Lee, R. E., Jr., H. L. Crist, A. E. Riley, and K. E. Macleod, "Concen-
tration and Size of Trace Metal Emissions from a Power Plant, A Steel
Plant, and A Cotton Gin," Environ. Sci. Technol., 9(7):643-647 (1975).
92
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued)
67. Klein, D. H., A. W. Andren, J. A. Carter, J. F. Emery, C. Feldman,
W. Fulkerson, W. S. Lyon, J. C. Ogle, Y. Tlami, R. I. van Hook, and
N. Bolton, "Pathways of 37 Trace Elements Through Coal-Fired Power
Plants," Environ. Sci. Technol.. 9:973, October 1973.
68. Reznik, R. B., "Special Project Report, Lead Emissions Report,"
Monsanto Research Corporation, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1974, June
1976.
69. Kaakinen, J., Trace Element Study in a Pulverized Coal-Fired Power
Plant, Doctoral Thesis, University of California (1974).
70. PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc., "Interim Report on Control
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Factors and 1975 National Lead Emission Inventory," EPA Contract
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71. The Effects of Pollution Control on the Nonferrous Metals Industries;
Lead-Part II - Structure of the Industry, Charles River Associates,
PB-207 156, December 1971.
72. Jacko, R. B., D. W. Neuendorf, and F. Faire, "Fractional Collection
Efficiency of Electrostatic Precipitator for Open Hearth Furnace
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October 1976.
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by Chronic Low-Level Environmental Pollution by Fluoride," Fluoride,
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ing and Cost Effectiveness Study of Fluoride Emissions Control, Vol.
I, Office of Air Programs, EPA Contract No. EHSD-71-14, January 1972.
76. Robinson, J. M., G. I. Gruber, W. D. Lusk, and M. J. Santy, Engineer-
ing and Cost Effectiveness Study of Fluoride Emissions Control, Vol.
II, Office of Air Programs, EPA Contract No. EHSD-71-14, January 1972,
/
77. National Academy of Science, Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride, NTIS
Publication No. PB-253 196, April 1976.
93
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY (coneluded)
78. Stahl, Q. R., Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Hydrochloric Acid-
Literature Review, Litton Systems, Contract No. PH-22-25, October
1969.
79. Gaarder, D. S., and A. V. Jensen, Eds., Hydrogen Chloride Detection,
Measurement, and Monitoring, EPIA Publication No. 272, December 1972.
80. Gerstle, R. W., and T. W. Devitt, "Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride
Emissions and Their Control," Paper No. 71-25, presented at the 64th
Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, June 27
through July 2, 1971.
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Sci., 39^165-176 (1972).
82. Vinogradov, A. P., The Geochemistry of Rare and Dispersed Chemical
Elements in Soils, Consultants Bureau, Inc., New York (1959).
83. Gorman, P. G., L. J. Shannon, M. P. Schrag, and D. E. Fiscus, St. Louis
Demonstration Project Final Report: Power Plant Equipment, Facil-
ities and Environmental Evaluations (Volume III), Midwest Research
Institute, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1871 (1976).
84. Friedlander, S. K., Environ. Sci. Technol., 7^:235-240 (1973).
85. Control Techniques for Lead Air Emissions, Draft Final Report, PEDCo-
Environmental, EPA Contract No. 68-02-1375, Task 32, October 1976.
86. Shum, Y. S., and W. D. Loveland, "Atmospheric Trace Element Concentra-
tions Associated with Agricultural Field Burning in the Willamette
Valley of Oregon," Atmos. Environ., 8:645-655 (1974).
87. McFarland, A. R., Ed., Control Technology for Toxic and Hazardous Air
Pollutant, Illinois University at Urbna, for Illinois Institute for
Environmental Quality, PB-247780, December 1974.
88. Bibbero, R. J., and I. G. Young, Systems Approach to Air Pollution Con-
trol, Advanced Technology Staff, Honeywell, Inc., John Wiley and Sons
Publishers (1974).
94
-------
APPENDIX A
EXAMPLE HATREMS DATA
A-l
-------
A. Point Source Data
1. Point Source Emission Factors—Card 3 A-3 to A-28
2. SCO Emission Factor Origin (Example: Lead Noncom-
bustion Sources A-29 to A-30
B. Area Source Data
1. Area Source Emission Factors—Cards 1 and 2 (Also
see Figures 4 and 5 in Text) A-31 to A-32
2. Area Source Emission Factors—Card 3 A-32 to A-37
3. Emission Factor Origin (See Pages A-27 to A-29 for
Example)
C. "Free" Area Source Data
1. Area Source Emission Factors--Cards 1, 2, and 3. . . A-38
2. Emission Factor Origin A-39
3. "Free" Area Source Input (Example) ... A-40
A-2
-------
A. Point Source Data
3U3CC302D260«»
303G0303D260H
303COH01026G'*
30 EC C2 01 02 60 H
30G003C11.': buM
10 ID 01 01 A2 10 3
1G1CG1G2A2103
1C 13 Cl 03 Ai 10 3
1010011^2103
10 12 01 05 A2 10 3
101CC106A2103
10 ID 01 99 A2 10 3
ioiac2ciAZia3
1C1CG2L2A21C3
1U1002C3A21C3
101C02CHA2103
101CC2C5A2103
1U10C206A2103
1C1CC2C7A2103
10 1C 02 US A2 10 3
1C1CC209A2103
1U1C0210A2103
1U1C0211A2103
101DC212A2103
HJIC0298A2103
1G10C<»C1A2103
1013C1C2121Q3
lUlDO«tC312103
1U10C501A2103
10iaC502A2103
1U1CC503A2103
1020L1C1A2103
10ZQC102A2103
1C2CL10.5A21C3
1U220104A2103
102CL135A2103
1U2DC.1C6A2103
ltlCQblC7A21D3
102CJU199A2103
1U2CC2C1A2103
1020L2C2A2103
1U2CG203A2103
1020JJ204A2103
!U2CLi205A2103
1020L206A2103
1Q20L2C7A2103
1G20C238A2103
1C20L,2C9A2103
1G2CL21GA2103
1C2CD2'11A2103
102D(j212A2l03
1U200213A2103
1020liZmA2103
10ZGU299A2103
1G2CC401A2103
1U^DU'»G2A2103
102CC4C3A2103
3U30CS01A2103
303C3X.01A21C3
30 EC m 01 A2 10 3
3G113101A29C1
30ECil05A2801
30SC3107A2801
3L!111103A2301
02
1
2
51
6
00018
00(118
COU18
00018
00 018
CO 01 3
00018
00018
00013
00018
OU018
00018
00 01 8
OOO18
00018
00018
OU018
00013
00018
00018
0008
UUU8
0003
CO 03
0003
00 US
00018
00018
00018
00018
OOC18
00013
OOU18
00018
00018
00018
00018
00018
00018
CO 01 8
00018
00018
00018
00018
00018
00018
00018
00013
00018
COG3
00 US
GCC3
5
1
02
2
2
2
10
1
1
1
1
1
100
100
ICO
100
100
100
ICO
280
280
280
280
28C
230
280
280
280
280
28C
280
28C
030
030
C30
CC4
004
00<»
IOC
100
100
100
ICC
ICC
ICO
100
280
280
280
28C
280
280
23C
280
230
230
280
280
280
28C
280
03
C3
C3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPH ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM ARSENIC IN
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
PPM AS IN COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
CCAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
CCAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
CC01
rooi
0001
COOl
COOl
1C0001
1D0001
1C0001
1COOQ1
1CC001
lonooi
1CC001
1C0001
100001
1CC001
1C0001
1CC001
1CG001
100001
1C0001
irnooi
100001
12DOC1
1C0001
1C0001
10C001
icnooi
1C0001
DISTILLATE OILlOnOGl
DISTILLATE QILlCOaOl
DISTILLATE 01
PPM AS IN RESIDUAL 0 H.
PPM AS IN RESIDUAL 0 IL
PPM AS IN RESIDUAL OIL
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
U.CD001
1C0001
100001
100001
100001
100001
1000C1
IGC001
1C0001
1C0001
10C001
100001
100001
1CP001
10C001
IOC001
100001
10C001
10C001
1C0001
1CC001
1CC001
IGOOOl
1G0001
1GO 1
1"C 1
ICC 1
icnooi
incooi
1 CC 0 0 1
ircooi
1SC001
10C001
1C0001
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
ASF
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A-3
-------
1C1CC101A2107
1UU00102A2107
1UHJ0103A2107
10UJC10<»A2107
1UUJC1Q5A2107
1U1S0106A2107
10 12 Cl 99 A2 10 7
10 10 DC 01 A2 10 7
10 1C 02 02 A210 7
1U1£C203A21Q7
101CC20'»A2107
1C ID 02 05 A2 10 7
10 10 02 06 A210 7
10 10 02 07 A2 10 7
10 ID 02 08 A210 7
10 ID 02 09 A210 7
1010 0210 A210 7
1C 10 0211A2107
101C 0212 A210 7
10 ID 0293A2107
101DC301A2107
1C100302AZ107
101C0303A2107
10 1C 03 0<» A2 10 7
101D0305A2107
10 1C 03 06 A210 7
10 1C 03 07 A2 10 7
10 10 03 08 A21C 7
10 1C 03 09 A2 10 7
1C10C310A2107
101DC311A2107
10 1C C312 A2 10 7
101C0313A2107
101CC311A2107
10 1EC315A21C7
101CC401A2107
1C1CC402A2107
101CC403A2107
102CC101A2107
1G20C102A21C7
1020L'103A2107
102C010i»A2107
1C2C0105A2107
102CU106A2107
102CC107A2107
102CC199A2107
1020C201A2107
1C20L202A21C7
1C20U203A2107
102CU204A2107
1C2CLJ205A2107
1U:-00206A2107
1C2GL207A2107
1U20LJ208A2107
1C2CL1209A2107
1D20L210A2107
10 20 L2 11A210 7
1020L,212A2107
102CC213A2107
102CL214A21G7
1C200299A2107
10COC3C1A21C7
1020G302A2107
1C2CDZ03A2107
1020C30<»A21C7
102C0305A2107
CO 01 7 5 3C
QOUU2 530
00017 5SC
GCUD2 5SC
cc ci 7 sac
G0i:02 580
00017 580
OQC13 350
COU17 3£C
02 CO 2 360
OU013 3 SO
00005 36C
00013 360
00017 360
DC CCS 360
ODC05 360
00 DC 2 360
OOOC2 360
00017 360
CCC160 3£>Q
OCC065303C
0000653030
00 OU 6-53030
00 CU 65 30 30
CO 006530 30
COOL653030
00 00 6530 30
0000653030
0000653030
0000653030
CO CU6 5 30 3C
OOOU653030
00 CU 65 30 30
0000653030
UCGU653030
00 OS 06 7
00 08 06 7
00 US 06 7
00017 530
CC 00 2 5 80
CC 01 7 5 80
GGCCZ 580
00017 sen
00 CO 2 5 30
0001 580
UOC17 580
00013 360
00017 360
00002 3 EC
00 01 3 360
00005 360
UOUU5 36C
00013 360
00017 360
OGQ13 360
OOOU2 360
CO OU 2 3 60
00017 360
00002 360
0002 360
00013 360
COCC7 3030
DOC07 3030
00 CO 7 30 3C
CO Ob 7 3030
CCUu7 303C
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
SA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
EA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
PA
BA
BA
PA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
EA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
PA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
icnooi
100001
1C0001
1COOC1
1000C1
1C0001
innooi
innooi
100001
1CC001
1CP001
1C0001
icnooi
100001
100001
inocoi
100001
100001
100001
10C001
1CC001
100001
icoaoi
100001
130001
1CC001
inoaci
100001
100001
100001
1P0001
100001
icnoci
100001
icnooi
1D0001
10C001
1C0001
lacooi
1C0001
1CC001
1CC001
lacooi
icrooi
inoooi
1C0001
100001
1CC001
irnooi
12CUC1
inoooi
inoooi
1CC001
12C001
1C0001
1PP001
100001
10C001
10C001
innooi
insani
icnooi
ircooi
irnooi
1CCCC1
laccoi
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A-4
-------
1C2CCZQ6A21C7
1G2CL307A21C7
1C20L303A21C7
1CJ2CL3C9A21C7
10 20 L 3 1C A2 10 7
1C 20 U 3 11 A2 1C 7
102CC312A21C7
1023C313A2107
10 20 L'3 11 A2 10 7
10 20 1.3 15 A2 10 7
1020G31SA2107
10 2C C<» 01 A2 1C 7
1C2CC402A21C7
KJ2Cu<»03A2107
3C1C1<*01A21C7
3C4C0301A21C7
1C 10 01 01 A2 10 5
1C1BL1U2A2105
1G1C0103A21C5
1C 1C L.1 Lit A2 10 5
1U1QC1U5A21C5
101CC1UEA21C5
1C 1C 01 99 A2 10 5
1C 10 CZ Ql A2 1C 5
1U1GC202A21C5
1C 1C 02 03 A2 1C 5
101CC2C<»A21C5
1C1CG2U5A2105
101CC2CSA2105
1LI1CC207A2105
101CC203A2105
1C1CC2U9A21Q5
1C1CC2IOA21D5
iaiuC211A21G5
101CC212A21G5
1G1CC299A21G5
101CC301A21C5
101C03C2A2105
1U1CU303A2105
101C0304A21C5
1G1CC305A21C5
1G1C03C6A21CS
101C.C307A21C5
1UHJ0308A21C5
101LC303A21C5
1U1U031CA21C5
1U1CLI311AZ1G5
1D13C312A2105
1G1C0313A2105
lC!lCU314A21C5
iQlCC3l5A2l05
1C1GC401A21C5
1G1CG1C2A2105
10 10 04 03 A2 10 5
10CCC1C1A21C5
1U20L-1D2A21C5
1C2CC103A21C5
1022C10tA2105
10 20 01 05 A2 1C 5
1C2GU1CCA2105
1C2CC107A2105
lu2Cu!99A2105
1L2C0201A2105
1U2CC2C2A21C5
1U2CU203A21C5
1G2LC204A21C5
CC uu 7
00 Lib 7
L!U CU 7
CO GO 7
CCUC7
UOCL7
CUC07
00 Uli 7
L'O Uj 7
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2
2
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CO oil 2
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00013
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OC013
CC017
GC005
CUOG5
COOU2
UOOG2
00017
CG016Q
OUGU65
GGG065
CGG065
000065
COQC65
CO CO 65
CGOG65
OUDG65
CUOU65
CQGU65
CLOC65
000065
OGC065
000065
CCOC65
COGS
GO 08
OCC8
co a. 7
GGUC2
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CO CO 2
QCC17
UOCC2
00 Cl
CCU17
OCC13
COG17
COOL 2
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3C3C
3030
303C
3030
303C
303C
3030
3030
3030
30 3C
3C3
OS 7
OS 7
CS7
i
1
30
30
3C
30
30
30
30
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
02
02
C2
02
C2
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
009
009
009
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
20
20
2C
2C
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPH
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
NONE
NONE
PPM
PPM
PPH
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPH
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPH
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPH
PPrt
PPH
PPK
PPH
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
CA IN COAL
PA IN COAL
CA IN COAL
DA IN CJAL
BA IN COAL
BA IN COAL
BA IN COAL
BA IN COAL
EA IN COAL
BA IN COAL
BA IN COAL
BA IN RESIDUAL 0 IL
BA IN RESIDUAL OD-
EA IN RESIDUAL 0 0.
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUH
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUH
BERYLLIUH
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUH
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BERYLLIUM
BE IN CCAL
BE IN COAL
BE IN COAL
BE IN COAL
BE IN COAL
BE IN COAL
EE IN COAL
BE IN COAL
BE IN COAL
EE IN COAL
DE IN COAL
EC IN COAL
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
C CAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
CCAL
COAL
CCAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
CCAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
irrooi
1 COOOl
1CCOC1
icrooi
ircooi
ICPOCl
irnoci
1COQC1
1CC001
icnooi
icro i
icno i
icro i
icno i
1CC001
icnoci
1C0001
1CC001
100001
1C0001
ICC 001
10C001
1CCOC1
1C0001
1CC001
1CCCD1
icoaci
1DC001
1CCQC1
100001
1CC001
1CC001
1C0001
100CC1
1CCOC1
100001
locaoi
icrooi
1CCD01
100001
100001
100001
100001
100001
10COC1
1C"001
icoaoi
icnooi
incooi
100001
lacoci
OIU.OC001
01 U.CC001
OJ.L1C0001
10U001
1CC001
ICCOOl
icncci
icnooi
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1CCQ01
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1 COOOl
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A-5
-------
lCrjGG2C5A2iC5
1G2CC2CEA21G5
1G2GG2C7A21C5
1G2CC208A21CS
1G2CC2C9A21CG
1G2CG21CA21CE
1G2CC211A21G5
UJ2GG212A21C5
1J2CC213A21C5
1G2CG214A21C5
i02CG299A21G5
1G2C'J3C1A21C5
1C20C3C2A21C5
lG20C303A21Cii
102CC304 A2105
1U2CG3C5A21C5
1G2CC30GA21C5
1U2UC:;C7A21C5
1G2CG303A21C5
1G2CG3CTA21C5
1G2GG31CA21C5
1G2GG311A21U5
1G2UG312A21Q5
1C. 22 G 3 13 A2 10 5
1G2CC314A21C5
1U2GG31SA21C5
1G2GL31SA21C5
iG2G'C401A21C5
1C2GC4C2A21C5
1U2CC4C3A21C5
3C
-------
10 iOCJ15A21CB
101UL''I01A^103
10 nj O'i 02 A;: ic 8
10 iOL)<403 A2 108
102CL101A21C3
1020L'1G2A21C?
lu2C0103A2108
HJ2CL1C4A21C3
102C0105A21C3
102CL106A21C8
1C 20 01 07 A2 1C 3
1C2L.C193A2103
1C 20 02 01 42 10 8
1IJ2CL.202A21D8
1U2CD203A21C8
iU2oL:2'J4A2ia8
1020C205A2103
1L20L20SA210S
102QUC07A21D8
102CC203A2103
lU20Li209A2103
102CC.21CA2103
1C2CL211A21CS
iL,2UL212A2103
1L2CL213A2103
1U2CU214A2108
1020C299A21C3
102C03C1A2103
1U2-J0302A2103
10<:C03k;3A21C3
10 20 03 04 A2 1C 3
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10 20 03 05 A2 1C 3
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102Q!jjC?A2108
10 2C u309A21C8
1020L310A2103
1C22L.311A21CS
1L200312A2103
1G20U313A2108
1U2CL314A21C8
102CU J15A2108
1020U316A21C3
102GL401A21C8
102CC402A2103
1C2CL403A2103
101CC1C1A2HC
101UC102A211Q
101CG103A211C
10 i~ Gl 04 A 2 110
101LC105A2110
iLl!_'C10EA211i;
1C1EC199A2110
10 10C2C1A2110
1C1CC202A2110
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1C1CC209A2110
10 1DC21CA2110
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1C "•'" L" ' "A2110
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53C
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530
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530
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53C
53C
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410
410
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412
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Cll
Cll
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C4
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C4
C4
C4
C4
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C4
C4
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PFM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPW
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PFM
PPM
PPM
PPM
P IN COAL
!1 IN RESIDUAL OIL
U IN RLSIOUAL OIL
B IN RLSIDUAL OIL
B IN COAL
S IN COAL
e IN COAL
B IN COAL
S IN COAL
E IN COAL
B IN COAL
S IM COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IM COAL
B IN COAL
0 IN COAL
P IN COAL
B IN COAL
P IN COAL
S IN COAL
C IN COAL
5 IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
P IN COAL
B IN COAL
S IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN COAL
B IN RESIDUAL OIL
B IN RESIDUAL OIL
B IN RESIDUAL OIL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
CD IN COAL
1"POG1
icruoi
1CTOC1
irnuoi
1CDGC1
icrooi
1C0001
icnooi
icnooi
ICCOOl
1CC001
ICCOOl
iraoci
10C001
inooai
1C0001
ICCOOl
incaoi
icirooi
incaoi
icnooi
1CP001
100001
icaoci
10D001
icnoai
1CCOC1
1CPOC1
ICCOOl
1CCOC1
ICCOOl
icnooi
ICCOOl
inoooi
ICCOOl
10C001
icaooi
1CC001
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ICCOOl
1DC001
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1CDO 1
1CDO 1
1CPO 1
1CCO 1
1COOC1
1CCCC1
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icrooi
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1CCOD1
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
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A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A-7
-------
1U lCtJ4iJlA211C
1LJ1L;C102A2110
1C UJC4C3A2110
lUlUClOlASlliJ
1C
-------
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1G2C riUl J2215
101uC10»;.'J2215
1C2CC103D2215
1U2C0101D2215
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10 20 CI 07 32 21 5
10 2f 01930221 5
1G2CC2G1D2215
1C 20 02 G2 D2 21 5
1C 20020302 21 5
1G20C2G1D2215
1C'2CC2C5D2215
1G2CC206J2215
1C20C207U2215
1C2U02D8C2215
1G2GG2C9D2215
1C 20 02 10 02 21 5
1C 2C 02 11 22 21 5
1G2CC21222215
lu 2002 13 ^2 21 5
1U2CC21102215
1020023902215
1C2CG;01D2215
1C UC S3 02 02 21 5
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1C 20 C; 01 ^2 21 5
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1U2CC307D2215
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1U2CCJG9D2215
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1U2CC31J.D2215
1G2CC312D2215
1C2CC313D2215
1G2GLJ11D2215
1G2CC315D2215
1U2UC31S02215
1Q2JC101G2215
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3C1CC301U2215
3G1CC3G232215
3C1CG3Q3D2215
301CC3C1D2215
3G 1C US 05 02 21 5
1C1CG101A2112
IL! 1C 01 02 42 112
1CTJC1C3A2112
1C1CC1C1A2112
1U10C105A2112
J.U1C-C1CSA2112
10 1CC193A2112
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1C1EC202A2112
1C 1C 02 03 A2 11 2
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1C 1CC2C5A2112
1C1UG20EA2112
10 1C 02 07 A2 11 2
1U1CC2C3A2112
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cu im
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L'UC
200
LOU
2GC
2UG
2 GO
2CC
2UJ
2CC
2CU
2CC
2CO
2CU
ICO
2CG
2CU
2C'U
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20U
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200
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0008
60
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CCCC2
CO 017
LiH GC 2
CO 01 7
CO 002
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CGOC2
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DGUUb
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GGOU5
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rcr :i
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CIS
Clb
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C15
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015
016
CIS
CIS
015
CIS
015
CIS
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CIS
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020
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02 C
020
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C20
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C20
C20
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1&23
1G23
1C23
1
1
1
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1200
1200
12CO
1200
12CC
12CC
120C
110
11C
11C
110
lie
lie
nc
lie
110
fl-f CHLOHINr IN HEM DUAL OIL
f'I'M CMLOHINE IN fJCGIDUAL H IL
f'PM CHLORINt' IN l;ESIOUAL n IL
PERCC NT AdE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PERCENTAGE
PPM CI IN
PPM CI IN
PPH CI IN
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
PPM CR IN
PPH CR IN
PPM CR IN
PPM CR IN
PPM CR IN
PPM CR IN
PPM CR IN
PPM CR IN
PPM CR IN
PPM CR IN
PPM CR IN
PPM CR IN
PPM CR IN
PPM CR IN
PPM CR IN
PPM CR IN
CHLUKl'lE
CHLOKIN E
CHLOKINE
CHLOKINE
CHL CRIME
CHLORINE
CHLORINE
CHLOKINE
CHLORINE
CHLOKINE
CHLOKINE
CHLORINE
CHLOKINE
CHLORINE
CHLOKINE
CHLORINE
CHLORINE
CHLOKINE
CHLORINE
CHLCKINE
CHLOKINE
CHLOKIN E
CHLORINE
CHLORIN E
CHLOKINE
CHLOKINE
CHLOKINE
CHLORINE
CHLORIN E
CHLORINE
CHLOKINE
CHLOKIN E
CHLOKINE
CHLOKINE
CHLOKINE
CHLORINE
CHLOKINE
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RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL 0
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RESIDUAL 0 IL
RESIDUAL OIL
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1U1CL203A2123
101CC204A2128
101CC2C5A2128
1U1CC206A2128
10100207A2128
lL'ii:C203A212S
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101C0210A2123
1L1 10 C211 A212 3
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101CC299A2123
1U10C301A2128
101DC3Q2A2128
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233
247
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CO 01 8
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1
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10
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10
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1
1
1
1
1
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1
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30
90
90
90
90
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90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
9C
90
90
90
9D
9C
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EC
60
EC
EC
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NCNE
NOME
NOME
NONE
NONE
NOME
NONE
NONE
NCNE
NONE
NONE
NCNE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NCNE
NOME
NONE
NOME
NONE
NOME
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NCNE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NCNE
PPM PB
PPM PS
PPM P3
PPM PB
PPM PB
PPM PB
PPM PB
PPM PB
PPM PP
PPM PB
PPM P8
PPM PB
PPM PB
PPM PB
PPM PB
PPM P3
PPM PB
PPM PB
PPM PB
PPM PS
PPM PB
PPM PB
PPM PB
PPM PE
PPM PB
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
rooi
COOI
rooi
COOI
10C001
icrooi
icr-ooi
ICCOOI
1CCC01
1CCC01
ICCOOI
ICCOOI
CO 1
ro i
CO
no
CO
"0
00
re
CO
no
CO
oo
CO
CO
no
CO
00
CO
COOI
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nooi
0001
nooi
roci
f oci
cooi
0001
nooi
10C001
iroooi
icrooi
icnooi
iccooi
iccooi
iccooi
ICCOOI
10COC1
10C001
100UOI
10COC1
iCCOOl
1DC001
ICfOOl
1DC001
10C001
100001
iccaoi
1CP001
1GC001
1CCCC1
1C0001
10COC1
ICCOOI
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
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A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A-13
-------
IL 1CC3C6A2123
If 10C3U7A2128
1C 1C C3C3A2128
IL 1CC3C9A2123
1C1CC31CA212 3
1L1CG311A2123
1C 1CC312A2123
IL 1CC313A2128
1C 1C C3 it A2 12 S
lb' 1GL315A212B
lU 1COUC1A2123
ICiECf C2A2128
1C1CG4C3A2123
1U1ESS01A212S
1C1GCEC2A2123
HJ1CCEC3A2123
1LJ2UC101A2123
1U 2UU102A212S
1L20C103A2123
102JC104A2123
1U2CL105A2123
1U2LU1CCA2128
1Q2CL107A2123
1U2CL199A2128
ID 2C 02 Cl A2 12 3
1U2CC202A2123
1C IX b2 03 A 2 12 8
1C2CC2C1A2123
1C2CL2C5A2128
1L2CC2CJGA2123
1C2C0207A2128
102CC20SA2128
1C2CC209A212S
l(j2Cb21CA2123
1U2CC211A2122
lb2Cb212A2128
1L2CC213A2128
!C2Ci:21tA212a
1C2CC299A2128
102CL301A2123
iU2CL302A2122
1C2CC3C3A2128
iU2CL,3C'4 A2123
1C2CL305A2123
lb'2CC3CSA2128
1C2CL3C7A212S
1C2CC30SA2128
1C2L>C309A2128
1U2UL31CA2128
1C2CC311A2128
1C2C. L312A2123
1C2CL313A2128
10 20 L 3 11 A2 12 9
1L2CL31SA212B
1C2CL31EA2128
1C2CC4G1A2123
1C2CCM02A2128
1L2CC1C3A2128
lC2CCf03A2123
1L2CC501A2123
lb2CCEG2A2128
ib2CC503A2128
1C3CC1LJ5A2128
1C .5CU10GA2128
1C :JCC107A2123
1C ;-CUl08A2123
Lib 31 3
bbU18
b2 Cl 8
LoLll 3
bb Gl 8
Ob 31 8
CO ill 8
bUOl 8
Ci2 01 8
CC018
CC U1
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OC 04
COU18
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CD 01 8
COU18
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CCU18
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CiJGl 8
CL Lil 8
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(jC bl 8
CC018
Lib 01 3
com. a
Ub JIB
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UUU18
QOG18
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Ub Cl 8
UOU18
OCOld
LJC18
OCb'18
CUb'ia
DC Ul 8
QUC1H
C0018
Ub'OlS
CC018
CCC18
CC Cl 8
CLi Ul 8
C2C13
CC018
00 01 8
LO'M
cocq
LIC U"«
CCC1*
CCC'*
00 0^
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OCC18
CuLUS
CCblS
bcuie
EC PPM
GC PPM
ec PPM
c p p PH
6C FPM
LC PPM
CC PPM
£C PPM
60 PPM
ec PPM
CC<4 PPM
CC1* PPM
CC4 PPM
OC03PPM
CCC3PPM
OCG3PPM
9C PPM
90 PPM
9C PPM
9C PPM
9C PPM
9C PPM
9C PPM
9C PPM
9C PPM
9C PPM
90 PPM
9C PPM
90 PPM
9C PPM
SC PPM
9C PPM
90 PPM
30 PPM
9C PFM
9C PPM
9C PPM
9C PPM
3C PPM
CC PPM
6C PPM
6C PPM
GC PPM
CO PPM
60 PPM
EC PPM
60 PPM
CC PPM
6C PPM
6C PPM
EC PPM
6C PPM
EC PPM
CC PPM
CC PPM
CC<» PPM
act PPM
CC1 PPM
CC4 PPM
CC03PPM
CC03PPM
CC03PPM
3C PPM
30 PPM
9C PPM
90 PPM
rB
PB
PS
PB
PB
P3
P3
P3
P3
PB
FB
PB
PB
PS
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
P3
FB
PB
PB
PB
PB
PE
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
P3
PB
PG
P3
P3
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
FB
PB
PB
PB
PB
FB
PB
PB
PB
PB
PB
P3
PE
P(3
I'J
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
If!
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
CCAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
RESIDUAL 0 IL
RESIUUAL 0 IL
RESIDUAL C IL
DISTILLATE OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
CUAL
CUAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COCL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
KESib'UAL 0 IL
RESIDUAL 0 IL
REilUUAL 0 IL
RESIDUAL OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
IfODl
1 C'°001
icrooi
i rcooi
icroci
1PCG01
icrcoi
j. crooi
icnoci
i CCOOl
icroci
1CC001
1CCCC1
!CnC01
iCCOCl
1CD001
1 ""001
1COG01
i"CG01
1CCOC1
1CCC01
inroci
icrcoi
1CTC01
1CC001
i croo i
1 17COO 1
ICCOCl
1CCD01
1CC001
1CC001
icrooi
icroci
ICCbCl
ICCOCl
1CC001
icrcoi
icooai
1CC001
1CC001
1CC001
1 C-0001
10C001
icccai
icrooi
icrooi
iCCOCl
i "COOl
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1CC001
1CC001
icrooi
i nroci
iOCUCl
10COC1
icroci
ICCOCl
1CC001
i "coni
1CCOD1
loroGi
icron
icro i
irrc i
icro i
1C<-0 1
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
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A3F
A3F
A3F
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A3F
A3F
A5F
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A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
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A3F
A3F
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A3F
A3F
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A7F
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A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A-14
-------
10 20C109A2128
1C3LC110A2123
103DI.199A2128
1C?UC205A2123
lli 3CC20EA2128
1U rOC2C7A2120
1C 30C2C3A2128
10 30 02 U9 A2 12 8
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10 30 02 11 A2 12 3
1C 3CC212A2128
10 20 C2 13 A2 12 8
1C2CC214A2128
10 ii 02 99 A2 12 8
1030C2C5A2128
1U 3CC3Q6A212S
10 TCC307A2128
1U 30 03 08 A2 12 8
1C 3CC309A2123
1C iDC310A2128
1C 3UC311A2128
10 To 03 12 A2 12 3
103CC313A2123
1U 30UJmA2128
10 ZC04C1A2128
1U 2C0402A212B
103CC4Q3A2123
1UOJOE01A2128
103CC!:02A2ir3
10 20 05 03 A2 12 8
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3C3CCEC3A2123
30 3CC5C4A2128
302LCC04A2128
20 30 LE 05 A 2 12 3
30 iG0701«2123
30 Ju!L301A2123
30 JQCa02A2128
3030C303A2128
303000Q1A2128
3C3CCOC2A2128
3L3CC903A2128
3C3CC9C4A2128
3CZUC9C5A2128
3C3CiraiA2128
30 3C1CD2A2123
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3C301C04A2128
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3C2C3CC3A2128
303C3C04A2128
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3C10C206A2128
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3C1CL303A2123
3C4CC402A2128
3L'<»Ca403A2128
30!tCQE01A2123
300CC5C2A2128
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CO 01 8
DC 01 8
CC018
0001 8
CO 01 8
CO 01 8
00 01 8
CO 01 8
00018
CO 01 8
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CO 01 8
CCC18
DC 01 8
00018
OCU.3
00018
00018
00018
00018
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0001 8
CD 01 8
00018
CO 04
0004
0004
0004
0004
0004
0035
1C
23
17
25
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035
04
00 3L
00 A3
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02
022
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29
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130
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12
22
3C
LSI
COS
004
250
320
04
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04
04
400
9C
9C
90
90
9C
9C
90
9D
90
90
90
3C
90
9C
EO
6C
ec
CO
60
SC
ec
ec
GO
uO
cc
CO
CC'
cc
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00
ID
1C
03
1C
10
10
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
10
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1C
10
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1C
10
10
1C
10
1C
1C
1C
ID
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
1C
10
1C
1C
1C
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PE IN COAL
PPM TB IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PE IN COAL
PPM PS IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM PB IN CO.AL
PPM P8 IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
PPM P8 IN COAL
PPM PB IN COAL
CC4 PPM PB IN RESIDUAL OIL
C04 PPM PS IN RESIUOAL OIL
CC4 PPM PB IN RESIOUAL 0IL
CC03PPM PB IN DISTILLATE OIL
CC03PPM PB IN DISTILLATE OIL
OD03PPM PB IN DISTILLATE OIL
NONE
NONE
PERCENTAGE PB IN CCXCENTRATL
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NCNE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NCUE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NCNE
NONE
NONE
NONE
PERCENTAGE i3 Y U E 1C HT IN FUEL
ICCO 1
icrc i
icco i
icco i
icco i
icco
icro
icno
icco
icco
icco
icco i
icro i
10CO 1
icco i
iccc i
10CO 1
ICCO 1
icrc i
loco i
icrc i
icra i
10PC 1
icro i
10PQ 1
1COO 1
icno i
i
i
i
i
icca
icco
1DDO 1
1DCO 1
icno
icro
icro
icro
iroo
icno
10CO
inco i
icro i
icca i
icco i
irco i
icro i
icro i
icoa i
icca i
1DCO 1
inco i
icco i
icno i
ioro i
icro i
icco i
icrc i
icco i
inra i
icco i
inra i
inno i
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A-15
-------
5U19CC05A212S
1U1CC1C1A2.L4C
101C0102A214C
1C 1C LI 03 A 2 140
1C 1-0104 A2 14 C
1C1'JC105A214C
10 1-C10EA214C
101CLlUgA2140
10 10 02 01 A2 140
1U100202A2140
1C 1C 02 03 A2 140
1C 1C 02 04 A2 140
101CC2C5A2140
1010C206A214C
J.C1GC207A2140
10 1C 02 03 A2 140
1C 1C 02 19 A2 140
1C, 1C 02 1C A2 14 0
10 1C 02 11 A2 140
1G1UD212A2140
1C 1C 02 33 A2 140
101C03C1A214C
101003C2A214C
1C1CC3C3A2140
10 1C 03 04 A2 140
iCiCOJ!J5A214C
1C 1C C306A214C
101COZU7A214C
1C 1CL30SA214C
10 1C C3Q9A214C
101LC310A2140
101DC311A214C
101CC312A214C
1U1CC313A2140
1C1CCZ14A2140
1C1CC315A2140
1C1CC401A2140
101CC4C2A214C
101CC4C3A214C
1C 20 01 01 A2 140
1CCOC102A2140
1C2CC103A214C
102CC1C4A2140
102001C5A2140
10 20 01 06 A2 140
102CL'1Q7A2140
102'J0199A2140
1C-CC201A214C
102CL202A2140
102CL2C3A214C
1020C204A2140
102C02Q5A214C
1C"'OC2CEA2140
1C2CC207A2140
1C2CQ20SA2140
1C2CC2C3A2140
102CC21CA214G
1C2C0211A214C
102CC212A2140
1C20C213A214C
1C 20 02 14 A2 140
1C2CC293A2140
102CC3C1A214C
102C0302A2140
1C2CCL'C3A2140
1C2CC--04A2140
400
170
20
170
20
170
20
170
130
170
20
130
50
130
170
50
50
20
20
170
160
65
65
65
65
E5
65
65
£5
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
0003
ocoa
oc ua
170
20
170
20
170
20
100
170
13C,
170
20
130
5C
50
130
170
130
20
20
170
20
200
1JC
70
70
70
70
10
roe
OCT.
CCb
cce,
006
CC6
CC6
GG8
008
oca
COS
cce
OC8
008
COS
COS
COS
CC8
008
008
045
045
045
045
045
045
045
04 5
045
045
045
045
045
045
045
15
15
15
006
006
006
006
006
006
006
006
008
008
008
008
008
COS
008
008
COS
008
008
DCS
008
oca
008
045
045
C45
045
PERCENTAGE BY WtlGHT IN
PERCENTAGE MB IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN CCAL
PERCENTAGE Mb IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MB IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MU IN C CA L
PERCENTAGE MB IN COAL
PERCENTAGE M6 IN COAL
PERCENTAGE HG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MS IN C CA L
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MO IN COAL
PERCENTAGE WG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN CCAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN C OA L
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PPM MG IN RESIDUAL OH.
PPM MG IN RESIDUAL OIL
PPM MG IN RESIDUAL OIL
PERCENTAGE MB IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MS IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCTNTAGE MC IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MC IN C CAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MB IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE Me IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
PERCENTAGE MG IN COAL
FUEL ic-rc i
1CV001
loroci
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1DCOD1
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100001
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A-16
-------
102UU3C5A2mC
1C2U0306A214C
10200307 A214C
1020LI3G3A2.i.<»0
102L03CJ9A214C
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1L2CG201A2132
1L2LJC202A2132
1U2CL2C3A2132
1U20L2C1A2132
1G2CG205A2132
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102CL207A2132
1G2CG203A2132
1U2CL209A2132
1G2CL210A2132
1G2GL211A2132
1U2CC212A2132
1C2CC.213A2132
1LI 2C G2 1H A2 13 2
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1U20C3C1A2132
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1U20L303A2132
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1C20G3QSA2132
102CG307A2132
1L2CC3C8A2132
1G20 G309A2 132
1U2CG310A2132
102CL311A2132
1C2CG312A2132
1J2GG313A2132
1G2CC31HA2132
1G2CC315A2132
1C20L31SA2132
1G 20L401A2132
1G2CG402A213Z
1J2CL403A2132
1G2CCSC1A2132
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310
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PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MM IN COAL
PPM MM IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MM IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MM IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN COAL
PPM MN IN RESIDUAL 0IL
PPM MN IN RESIDUAL OIL
PPM MM IN RESIDUAL OIL
PPM MN IN DISTILLATE OIL
PPM MN IN DISTILLATE OIL
PPM MN IN DISTILLATE OIL
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
PPM MERCURY IN CCAL
PPM MERCURY IN COAL
PPM MERCURY IN CCAL
PPM MERCURY IN CCAL
PPM MERCURY IN COAL
PPM MERCURY IN COAL
PPM MERCURY IN COAL
PPM MERCURY IN CCAL
PPM MERCURY IN COAL
PPM MERCURY IN COAL
PPM MERCURY IN COAL
PPM MERCURY IN COAL
PPM MERCURY IN COAL
PPM MERCURY IN COAL
PPM MERCURY IN CCAL
PPM MERCURY IN COAL
PPM MERCURY IN COAL
PPM MERCURY IN COAL
PPM MERCURY IN CCAL
20 PPM MERCURY IN COAL
iCt-001
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A-18
-------
llj liJC4UlL2 142
10 10 0 4 02 L2 14 2
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102C01C1L2142
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10 2L C2 03 L'2 14 2
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10 10 Cl 01A2 134
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10 1C010EA2134
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1L12L202A2134
10100203*2134
101C0204A2134
1U1C0205A2134
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101CC207A2134
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101DG21.1A2134
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1U1U0299A2134
101CC3C1A2134
1010C302A2134
1C 1C 03 03 A2 13 4
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101CC3C5A2134
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10 1C 03 09 ft2 13 4
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302
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ICC
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100
100
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40
40
40
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40
40
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40
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4C
2C
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20
20
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20
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20
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20
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PPM HEKCURV IN RESIDUAL OIL T001
PPM MEKCURY IN wESIDUAL OIL TOC1
PP« HEHCURY IN RESIDUAL OIL COCl
PPM HG It COAL C001
PPM HG IN COAL T001
PPM HG IN COAL rOOl
PPM HG IN COAL T001
PPW HG IN COAL rOOl
PPM HG IN COAL COP1
PPM HG IN COAL C001
PPM HG IN COAL C001
PPM HG IN COAL T001
PPM HG IN COAL CC01
PPM HG IN COAL C001
PPM HG IN COAL C001
PPM HG IN COAL COC1
PPM HG IN COAL COC1
PPM HG IN COAL COC1
PPM HG IN COAL POC1
PPM HG IN COAL C001
PPM HC IN COAL D001
PPM HG IN COAL C001
PPM HG IN COAL C001
PPM HG IN COAL COP1
PPM HO IN COAL C001
PPM HG IN COAL C001
PPM HG IN RESIDUAL OIL 01
PPM HG IN RESIDUAL OIL 01
PPM HG IN RESIUUAL OIL 01
NONE rooi
NONE C001
NONE COD1
PERCENT HG IN PAINT C001
PERCENT HG IN PAINT C001
PPM MO IN COAL 10C001
PPM MO IN COAL 1CCD01
PPM MO IN COAL 100001
PPM MO IN COAL lOrOOl
PPM MO IN COAL 1CS001
PPM MO IN COAL 1CC001
PPM MO IN COAL 1?0001
PPM MO IN COAL 100001
PPM MO IN COAL 10C001
PPM MO IN COAL lOCOOl
PPM MO IN COAL lOCOOl
PPM MO IN COAL lOrOOl
PPM MO IN COAL 1QC001
PPM MO IN COAL lOCOOl
PPM MO IN COAL ICrOOl
PPM MO IN COAL 1CC001
PPM MO IN COAL ICTOCl
PPM MO IN COAL lOCOOl
PPM MO IN COAL irCOOl
PPM MO IN COAL 1CC001
PPM MO IN COAL 1CC001
PPM MO IN COAL 100001
PPM HO IN COAL ICrOCl
PPM KC IN COAL 1CCD01
PPM MO IN COAL lOCOOl
PPM MO IN COAL 1CC001
PPM MO IN COAL lOCOOl
PPM MO IN COAL 1CCOC1
PPM MO IN COAL ICrOCl
PPM MO IN COAL 10CC01
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PPM MO IN COAL 1CC001
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A-19
-------
1C1CL313A2134
1U1C-314A2134
1C1CL315A2134
1U1EU401A2134
1U10C402A2134
1U10C40342134
1U2CL1C1A2134
1U2CL1G2A2134
1LJ2LC103A2134
1U2CL1C4A2134
1U2CC1G5A2134
102CC126A2134
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10 20 01 99 A2 134
102C0201A2134
102CU202A2134
10 20 02 03 A2 13 4
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40
40
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40
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40
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4C
40
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40
40
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20
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500
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140
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MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MC IN COAL
MO IN RESIDUAL 0 H_
MC IN RESIDUAL OIL
MC IN RESIDUAL OIL
MO IN COAL
KO IN COAL
HO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
KO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
KO IN COAL
MC IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
HO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MC IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN COAL
MO IN RESIDUAL 0IL
MO IN RESIDUAL OIL
MO IN RESIDUAL OIL
NICKEL IN COAL
VICKEL IN COAL
NICKEL IN COAL
NICKEL IN COAL
NICKEL IN COAL
NICKEL IN COAL
NICKEL IN COAL
NICKEL IN COAL
NICKEL IN COAL
NICKEL IN COAL
NICKEL IN COAL
NICKEL IN COAL
NICKEL IN COAL
NICKEL IN COAL
NICKEL IN COAL
NICKEL IN COAL
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NICKEL IN COAL
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1U10Q311A2167
101L'L312A2167
1U1CL313A21S7
10 1C u3m A 2 16 7
1U1EC315A2167
1U1DLIH01A2167
10 IE 0402 A2 16 7
1U1CL403A2167
1L2GC101A2167
1020U1C2A2167
1U2CU103A2167
J.02C0104AZ167
102CulC5A2167
102CL106A2167
102C0107A2167
1U2CU199A2167
1U2QC201A2167
1C2CL202A2167
!OrcCi2C3A2167
10201120^2167
1C2CL2C5A2167
1020U206A2167
102CL2C7A2167
1C2CU208A2167
1C20L2C9A2167
1020L210A2167
1020C211A2167
1020L212A2167
1C20U213A2167
102CC211A21G7
10 20 CC 99 A2 16 7
10 20 03 01 A2 16 7
102E0302A2167
1LI20C303A2167
102CL304A2167
1C2CLJ05A2167
1020L306A2167
102Cb307A2167
ouaia
ao 01 a
CO 01 8
uouia
ouuia
00 01 8
00018
U0018
00 01 8
CO 01 »
co 01 a
00 Ul 8
00018
ocuia
00018
OGCU8
OC018
00018
00018
OU018
oo 01 a
OCQ18
CCU18
ouuia
00018
oa 01 a
OOU18
00018
CD 01 a
oo 01 a
oc 01 a
com a
couia
00 03
00 03
CO 03
00013
ULOia
ca ui a
00018
ooaia
co 01 a
00018
00018
ocoia
00 01 8
00018
UOU18
00018
oc 01 a
co ui a
L'ULU.8
00018
00018
GO 018
00018
OG 01 a
00018
OCG18
0001 8
00018
00018
00 CIS
00018
00018
ObU.8
33C
3 3D
33C
33C
33C
22C
22C
22C
22C
22C
22C
220
220
220
220
220
22C
220
12C
12C
120
120
120
120
12D
12C
120
12C
120
12C
12C
12C
120
019
019
C19
33C
333
330
330
330
330
33C
330
220
220
22C
22C
22C
220
22C
220
22C
22C
22C
22C
22C
22C
220
120
12C
ICC
120
12C
12C
12C
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
ZN
zn
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
ZN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
RESIDUAL 0 IL
RESIDUAL OIL
KESIUUAL OIL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
10C001
10C001
10C001
1CC001
10C001
1CC001
100001
lorooi
100001
100001
10C001
1CC001
100001
100001
100001
100001
100001
icnooi
1D0001
10C001
lorooi
10C001
1CC001
100001
1C0001
10C001
1C0001
100001
100001
1C0001
1CC001
100001
100001
10C001
100001
10D001
100D01
10D001
100001
100001
100001
1C0001
100001
100001
10D001
10C001
1D0001
1CC001
100001
100001
100001
10COD1
icnooi
100 001
100001
1C0001
100001
1 OC 00 1
100001
10C001
100001
10C001
100001
1CC001
100001
10C001
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A-27
-------
102CL303A2167 CL Cl 8 12C PPM ZN
102CL3C9A21G7 OC! 01 8 1 2C PPM ZN
1U2CL310A2167 OL018 12C PPM ZN
1U2CL!311A21&7 CUU18 120 PPM ZN
1U2C-312A2167 00016 12C PPM ZN
1U2GL313A2167 COQ18 12C PPM ZN
1D2CLJ11A21S7 OCQ18 120 PPK ZN
102Cu315A2167 OL018 12C PPM ZN
1Q2CLJ16A21S7 CQ Cl 8 120 PPM ZN
lU2CL't0142167 OU03 019 PPM ZN
lU2CLi'»02A2167 CO C3 C19 PPM ZN
!U2EmC3A2167 UC LS Gl 9 PPM ZN
IN COAL
IN COAL
IN COAL
IN COAL
IN COAL
IN COAL
IN COAL
IN COAL
IN COAL
IN RESIDUAL 0 H.
IN HESILiUAL 0 IL
IN KESIUUAL 0IL
iOCOOl
icncoi
inrooi
1DP001
10D001
100001
100001
1CC001
1CCO 1
1CSO 1
icro i
icno i
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A3F
A-28
-------
SCC EMISSION FACTOR ORIGIN
Field Identification
POLLUTANT:
i
1X3
1-10
U2I3I4I5I6I7I8IS
0SAC f
3o 3 oo3o/
303 ooSol
303 oosoi
3,oJ opS o3
Jo 3 oo5ot
30300601
J o 3 o ofeo,s
jo 3 oo 7 o /
3,0-3 po&0t\
3,o 3 opzpl
3 o 3 oo So 1
3o3 00802
5o3 ooRo a.
3,030,0,80.=.
3 o 3 DO8O3
So.V.o/i.o/
3/-\31O1Qc?1013.
3,0 ,3, oo^ 0,3
3,0,3,0,0,^04
11-20
10 I|2|3|4I5|6|7|8|9|0
ll
Date «U =-§
tmo/yr) (i <£ u
• i , . 1 1 • . i .
^-Y
1
, '
1 1
1
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*— — ^
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21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80
J2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0 I|2I3|4|5I6I7I8I9IO II2I3I4I5I6I7I8I9IO II2I3I4I5I6I7I8I9IO I|2I3|4|5|6I7|8I9IO U2|3|4|5|6|7
|
1
D
O
p
D
D
s
C
C
C
£>
D
0
b
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n
|
"Source Origin
Code
pReliability Code
\ Comments
C,REF 85" , , , ,
0 KE.F "1 C/^COL^Tfc F^QM AN 85?* COftrROt. E?F,C/£#cy
C K£f 85"
C KEF 8S
C REF 85-
Cj/?£F 85-
1 /?£/= S5"
c. REF ss
C ££F 8S THE SLflST Fu/?A/flCE LEAP £ « / 5 S / 0 A/ FACfo/2 OF
O. 13.1} tjfli APPo^TlohJED BFTWeEfJ 3o3oo8ol Awp 3o3oo 801
SA5ED O fJ PAST ICULATE NEC'S fiifl jr FW/SAjAOE £ 1 iSS / o f\J FC.TR-S
C *£T *S- T/V£ BCrtST ^u/e^/lC£ i£/ND e^/^S/OA^ ^CTOA fl A
BASED ow PAKTic.ue.f~TE fJE&S BLAST- FURNACE fA\iss/oflJ FCTK^
C, RfLP S5-
B £,EF °i3 RAw&£ o,o7 TO 0^ ^
B (?£F 2.3 £AWG-E 0,1 To O.?
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,
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,
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SCC EMISSION FACTOR ORIGIN
UJ
o
Field Identification POLLUTANT: ie«o - P t>
1-10 1 -20
Il2l3l4l5l6l7l8
SCC
(or ASC)
3o3 o o
c
P
5 '
£
^
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^
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m
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"Source Origin
Code
pReliability Code
| Comments
- KEF SJT
6 REF SS UM ITS CorJV £ *S / O A/ MfiDE FROM PEODUCED To COARSE
B KEF ss WWITS coMvcRSipfO M&DE F/SOM PRO zu c^& TO ^KA/;E FSOM P Ro D U, C7" T"O C t-i A £ €- £,
C^.RE.F .8.5. MIJ^. ,C.,°fJXe.«,Si».o/s/. .M.AAC, .r/^o.M PRp.D.ucT. ,T,o, .C^.A^.E
C;/?EF %S" UrO ITS COfJ\/E^.SlOh^ K A D L FCT" TO 1 -£££-£
E!,R£F 13 UNj,T5 COWVER^IO^ riP&E F/?OM §ATTF^,E^To TwJ^
e,REF 2.>, UtJirs COKjvE/isioM M ^ E, FRo M B^TTERjES TO Toi^S
EJ,, R,EF 2.3 U,lJ ITS Co Klx/ERS i orJ /1ADE, FRo^ 3 &TTE p. i E^ TO TO/jS.
B. ,^EP 1.3
890
Card
No.
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1
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1
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-------
B. Area Source Data
Ul ft. SI OE NT IA L AN TH RA CI TE C OA L A IE
U2 ft SI UE NT IA L BITUMINOUS COAL A IE
U3 ft SICE NT IAL DISTILLATE OIL A IE
U<4 »t SI DE NT IA L RESIDUAL OIL A IE
05 ft SI UE NT IA L NA TU RA L GA S A IE
U6 Ht SI DE NT IA L WO 00 A IE
07 UD MM -I NS T AN TH RA Cl TE C OA L A IE
08 CO MM -I MS T BI TU MI NO US C OA L A IE
09QOMM-INST DISTILLATE OIL A IE
1UCOMM-INST RESIDUAL OIL A IE
11UOMM-INST NATURAL GAS A IE
12COMM-INST WOOD A IE
1J IN OUST RIAL ANTHRACITE COAL A IE
!•» INDUSTRIAL BITUMINOUS COAL A IE
15 INDUSTRIAL COKE A1E
16 INDUSTRIAL DISTILLATE OIL A IE
17 INDUSTRIAL RESIDUAL OIL A1E
IB INDUSTRIAL NATURAL GAS A IE
19INUUSTRIAL WOOD A IE
2U INDUSTRIAL PROCESS GAS A IE
21 ft SI DE NT IA L ON-SITE INCINERATION A IE
22 INDUSTRIAL ON-SITE INCINERATION A IE
23COMM-INST ON-SITE INCINERATION A IE
21 It SI DE NT IA L OPEN BURNING A IE
25 INDUSTRIAL OPEN BURNING A IE
26COMM-INST OPEN BURNING AlE
39 CF F HI GH WA Y GA SO LI NE V EH 1C LE S A IE
HtffF HIGHWAY DIESEL VEHICLES AlE
tSWILROAD LOCOMOTIVES A IE
<»& MILITARY AIRCRAFT LTO'S AlE
HI O. VI L AI RC RA FT L TO «S A IE
t8 COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT LT 0* S AlE
<»9 CO AL V ES SE LS A IE
SCLHtSEL OIL VESSELS AlE
51 ft SI DUAL OIL VESSELS AlE
52WSOLINE VESSELS AlE
53 SOLVENT PURCHASED AlE
54 tA SO LINE MARKETED AlE
55 UN PA VE D RO AD T RA \£ L A IE
5fa UN PA VE D AI R ST RI P LT 0* S A IE
57 U) NS TR UC TI ON A IE
£8 MISCELLANEOUS WI 1C EROSION AlE
59 LA NO T IL LL NG AlE
eUTORtSTWILOFIRES AlE
61 Mi NA BED BURNING (SLA SH/P RE SC RI BE 0 BURNING) AlE
62 Hi Kl CU LT UR AL F IE LD B UR NIN6 A IE
faj FROST CONTROL (ORCHARD HEATERS! AlE
64 STRUCT URAL FIRES AlE
AA LIGHT DUTY GASOLINE FUEL AlE
*» It AV Y DU TY G AS OL IN E FU EL A IE
tAVY DUTY DIESEL FUEL AlE
Ul TO NS A 2E
U2 TO NS A 2E
03THOUSAND GALLONS A 2£
^THOUSAND GALLONS A 2E
U5 MILL ION CUBIC FE CT A 2E
U6 TO NS A 2E
U7 TO NS A 2L
L8 TO NS A 2L
U9TMOUSAND GALLONS A 2E
HJ TH OU SA MO G AL LO NS A 2E
U KILL ION CUBIC FEET A 2E
12 TO NS A2£-
A-31
-------
G ALLOWS
GALLONS
CUBIC FEET
13 TO NS
11 TO NS
IS TO NS
16 TH OU SA ND
17 THOU SAM)
18 MI LL 10 M
19 TONS
20 MI LL 10 N CU Bl C FE ET
21 TONS
22 TONS
23 TO NS
24 TO NS
25 TONS
26 TONS
39 THOUSAND
44 THOU SAND
45 THOUSAND
46 UA NO IN G/ TA KE
47 LA NO IN G/ TA KE
GALLONS
GALLONS
GALLONS
OFF
OFF
18 LA ND ING/ TAKE OFF
49 TO NS
50 THOU SAND GALLONS
51 THOU SAND GALLONS
52 THOUSAND GALLONS
5J TO NS
54 THOUSAND GALLONS
55 THOU SAND VEHICLE
C YCLES
C YCLES
C YC LE S
b6 LA ND IN G/ TA KE
57 ACRES
53 1C RtS
59 A; RES
OFF
MILES
C YCLES
51 K KE S
62 A: RES
b3NUKt) ER
64NUKB ER
AA TH OU SA ND
At TH OU SA ND
A; 1HOUSA ND
OF ORCHARD HEATERS
OF STRUCTURAL FIRES PER YEAR
GALLONS
GALLONS
GALLONS
TONS P St ACRE
TONS P ER ACRE
TONS P ER A CRE
NUMBER 0 F DA YS
F3RED PER YEAR
A2E
A2E
A2E
A2E
A2E
A2E
A2E
A2E
A2E
A2E
A2E
AZE
A2E
A2E
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
AZE
LI «10 3
01 AZ 1C 7
Ul A2 ID 5
Ul «2 11 0
Ul 02215
Ul A2U2
01 flZ114
Ul £2202
Ul «128
111 AZ 14 0
Ul A213Z
Ul L2 14 2
Ul A2134
Ul AZ 13 S
Ul L7 24 2
01 t2 15 4
Ul AZ IB 6
Ul AZ 16 1
01 A2164
Ul A2 16 7
Ul A2108
UZ AZ 1C 3
UZ AZ 10 7
UZ AZ 1C 5
UZ A2110
U2U2215
D2 A2 11 2
3U
a o
015
000001 1 UO
000001 51)
CO 00 01
000001
ZOO
COOC011ZOJ
000001 750
00 OZ 11 OU
000001 SO
CO 00 01 60 UO
CO 00 0118 20
00018 03
00 00 01 1 OU
CO 00 01 5 1C
0002
00014
oo oo 01 ca
00 00 01 60 00
000001 130
DOQCC1 330
000001 10
co oo oz z ac
OOOOCZ 360
000002
000002
200
00 00 02
52U
02 0
20
U+
U.5
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPK IN COAL
PERCENTAGE IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PERCENTAGE IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A-32
-------
02 A2111
U212202
02 A2128
02 AZ 14 0
U2 A2132
U2t2142
02 A2 13 1
02 A2136
02 A2 15 2
L2 t7 24 2
02 E2 15 4
U2 A2166
02 AZ 16 1
U2 AZ IE 4
02 AZ 16 7
02 AZ 10 8
U3 A2103
U3 A2 11 4
U3 A2128
U3 fiZ 13 2
03 E7 24 2
L4 A2103
U4 AZ 10 7
04 A2 1C 5
U4 AZ 11 0
(J4 AZ215
04 AZ112
04 AZ114
LJ4 AZ128
U4 A2 14 0
tj4 A2 13 2
L4 E2 14 2
04 AZ 13 4
U4 AZ136
U4 A2 15 2
04 C2 15 4
U4 AZ 16 6
04 AZ161
U4 A2164
U4 A2 16 7
U4 AZ 108
U7 A21C3
U7 A2107
U7 AZ 10 5
U7 A2108
U7 A2110
07 JZ215
U7 A2112
U7 AZ114
07 t2 20 2
U7 AZ 12 8
07 A2 14 0
U7 A2 13 2
07 t2 14 2
07 AZ 13 4
07 K. 13 6
07 L7 24 2
07 A2154
07 AZ 16 6
07 AZ 16 1
07 AZ 16 4
07 AZ 16 7
U3 AZ 1C 3
08 AZ107
US AZ 10 5
08 A2 10 8
CD DC 02
0002
00 00 02
1 JU
8 10
33
00 00 02 SO OJ
000002
00018
000002
OOCC02
00 02
0002
00014
000002
460
02
40
140
6277
4bU
30
UJ8
00000258 80
000002
000002
OOOOQ2
000004
000004
000004
000004
0003
000004
000004
CO 00 04
000004
000004
000004
000004
000004
000004
000004
000004
000004
000004
000004
000004
000004
000004
000004
000004
000004
oo 01 a
00002
00002
00002
00018
200
CO 00 2
00002
0002
00018
00002
00002
0002
00002
00002
0002
0002
00018
00002
00002
00018
00018
00017
00017
OCC17
23U
220
53C
004
UQ3
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
00 03 PPM
013
PPM
OU 08PPM
030
C67
CO 9
3J2
1 6Z3
178
103
004
15
3J 8
002
230
5 OJ 7
9
014
OJ5
54 1
5 714
U 9
Oil
1OD
5 SJ
3U
X}
01
a 5
1200
750
11 OJ
*
60 UD
18 20
03 0
100
50J
014
02
01
6000
13C
330
2 SO
3 ffi
ZU
530
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
DISTILLATE OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
RESIDUAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
PERCENTAGE CHLORINE IN C W L
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A-33
-------
08 A2110
U8U2215
U8 A2112
U8 A2114
U8 E2 2(J 2
US A2128
C8 A2 l8 A2 16 6
08 A2 16 1
U8 A2 16 4
US A2 16 7
L9 A2 1C 3
U9 A2114
uy A2128
U9 A2 132
b9 \J L4 2
10 A2 10 3
1C A2 1C 7
1U A2 1C 5
10 A2 1Q 8
10 A2UO
10 U2215
10 A211Z
10 A2114
10 A2128
ID A2 1«» 0
10 A2132
1U tZ 14 2
10 A2 134
10 A2 13 6
10 A2152
1U t7 24 2
1U t2 15 4
10 A2166
10 A2 16 1
10 A2 16 4
10 A2 16 7
13 A2 1C 3
13 A2 10 7
13 A2 1C 5
13 A2 1C 8
13 A2UO
13 A2115
13 A2112
13 A2114
13 E2 20 2
13 A2 12 8
13 A2 It 0
13A2132
13 t2 If 2
13 A2 13 4
13 A2 13 6
13 t7 24 2
13 A2 15 1
13 A2 16 6
13 A2 16 1
13 A2 16 4
13 A2 16 7
It A2103
00018
2GG
00017
00017
0002
00 01 3
00017
00017
0002
00017
00017
0002
0002
DC 02
00018
00017
00017
00018
CO 08
CO 08
GOC4
COOS
0008
0008
0003
CO 08
0008
0003
0008
0008
0008
0004
OC03
OCC3
0008
0008
0003
0008
0003
0008
0008
0003
0003
0008
00018
00002
00002
00002
00018
2CO
00002
00002
0002
00018
00002
00002
0002
CO 00 2
00002
0002
0002
DC 01 8
CO CO 2
00002
CO 01 8
00018
C4
01 5
1 MU
130
8 UJ
yu
80 UO
46U
02
40
14U
627 7
01 3
30
LL, 8
5830
2 SO
22U
CJL4
QQ3
PPK
IN
COAL
PERCENTAGE CHLORINE IN C CA L
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPK
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
00 03 PPM
013
PPM
OU08PPH
030
U67
UJ3
CO. 1
2C2
1623
173
1 LD
CD 4
05
2D 8
LD2
230
5 OJ 7
30
OJ 08
014
005
541
5 714
O. 9
1 U3
580
3C
1U
Ul
U15
12 UO
750
11 UD
90
6000
18 20
030
1 ID
5GO
73
G2
d
60 UD
1 30
330
2 aj
PPM
PPK
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IM
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
DISTILLATE OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
DISTILLATE OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
PERCENTAGE CHLORINE IN C 0» L
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
PPM
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
AX
A3E
AX
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3£
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A-34
-------
14 AZ 10 7
14 AZ 1C 5
14 AZ 10 8
14 AZ11D
1H UZ 21 5
14 A2212
14 AZ 21 4
lit £2202
11 A2 12 8
11 AZ 11 0
14 AZ 13 2
It E2 11 2
14 AZ 13 4
14A213E
14 A2 15 2
14E7Z4Z
14 A2 15 4
14 AZ 16 6
14 A2 16 1
14 AZ lb 4
14 AZ lb 7
16 AZ 1C 3
16 A21J.4
16 AZIZ 8
16 A2 13 2
lb a 24 2
17 A2103
17 AZ 10 7
17 AZ 1C 5
17 AZ 10 8
17 AZ110
17 LE215
17 A2112
17 A2114
17 AZIZ 8
17 AZ 14 0
17 AZ132
17 t2 14 2
17 A2134
17 AZ 13 6
17 AZ152
17 t7 24 2
17 £2154
17 A2 16 6
17 AZ 16 1
17 AZ 16 4
17 AZ 16 7
21 A2128
21 A21Q7
21 A2110
21 AZ166
21 AZ 13 4
21 A2 15 4
21 AZ1C3
21 AZ 16 7
21 AZ114
21 A2U6
21 AZ 13 2
21 A2112
21 A2164
21 UZ215
21 AZ 2U 2
21 A2108
21 A2105
22 AZ128
22 A21C7
00 015
00 01 5
00015
00018
2 CO
00015
CO 015
0002
00018
00015
00015
0002
00015
00015
CC02
0002
0002
C0015
OOU15
00015
00018
0003
0008
CO 04
CODS
CO 08
0008
0003
CO 08
0008
0008
0008
CO 08
0008
CO 04
0008
0008
COOS
0008
0008
CO 08
COOS
0008
0008
CO 08
0008
COOS
20000
20000
002
002
002
002
002
20000
20000
002
002
20000
002
20000
002
002
002
20000
20000
36
20
53U
U4
in
140
13U
8 IS
90
8 CD
46C
IE
40
140
627
OU
3U
(JO
53 bC
2SC
220
CO
QU
Hi
UL
CO
03
US
CO
CO.
2C
1 62
17
1 CC
CO
15
20
CD:
23 I
SCO
9Q
GUI
O. '
UC '.
54 :
s TL<
01'
2 :
1 !
23
71
44
38
22
4 I
2 (
827
77 3
1 <
35
22
467
27'
2 E
2J
1 <
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
U.5 PERCENTAGE CHLORINE IN C 0V L
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
627 7 PPM IN COAL
006 PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
(JOB PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
PPM IN COAL
CC4 PPM IN DISTILLATE OIL
OU3 PPM IN DISTILLATE OIL
CU03PPM IN DISTILLATE OIL
U13 PPM IN DISTILLATE OIL
002 PPM IN DISTILLATE OIL
030 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
i£7 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
cc 9 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
QLI PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
ZC2 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
1623 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
178 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
004 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
208 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
CD 2 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
230 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
5 CO 7 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
OJ08PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
LC 5 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
541 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
4 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
019 PPM IN RESIDUAL OIL
2 17 PERCENT LEAD IN REFUSE
197 PERCENT BARIUM IN REFUSE
PPM CADMIUM IN REFUSE
PPM SILVER IN REFUSE
PPM MOLYBDENUM IN REFUSE
PPM SELENIUM IN KEFUSE
PPM ARSENIC IN REFUSE
483PERCENT ZINC IN REFUSE
2 87 PERCENT COPPER IN REFUSE
PPM NICKEL IN REFUSE
PPM MANGANESE IN KEFUSE
199PERCENT CHROMIUM IN REFUSE
PPM VANADIUM IN REFUSE
2 23 PERCENT CHLORINE IN KE FU Z
PPM FLUORIDE IN REFUSE
277 PPM BORON IN REFUSE
26 PPM BERYLLIUM IN REFUSE
2 17 PERCENT LEAD IN REFUSE
197 PERCENT BARIUM IN REFUSE
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A-35
-------
22 A2110
22 A2166
22 A2 13 1
22 A2 15 4
22 A2 10 3
22 A2167
22 A2114
22 A2136
22 A2132
22 A2112
22 A2164
2212215
22 A2202
22 A2108
22 A2 ID 5
23 A2128
23 A2 10 7
23 A2110
23 A2 16 6
23 A2 13 4
23 A2154
23 A2 10 3
23 A2 IS 7
23 A2114
2-i A2136
2J A2132
23 A2112
23 A2164
2302215
23 A2 20 2
23 A2108
23 A2105
55 A2 10 3
55 A2 10 7
55 A2110
55 A2112
55 A2U4
55 A2202
55 A2128
55 A2 It 0
55 A2 13 2
55 «2 13 6
55 A2 16 1
55 A2164
55 A2 IE 7
56 A2103
56 A2107
56 A2110
56 A2U2
56 A2114
5b A2 2C 2
56 A2128
56 A2140
56 A2132
56 A2 13 6
56 A2161
5b A2164
56 A2 16 7
59 A2 1C 3
59 A2 1C 7
59 «2 110
59 A2112
b9 A2114
53 A2202
59 A2128
R9 A2 1H 0
002 28 PPM CADMIUM IN REFUSE
002 71 PPM SILVER IN REFUSE
002 HI PPM MOLYBDENUM IN REFUSE
002 33 PPM SELENIUM IN REFUSE
002 22 PPM ARSENIC IN REFUSE
20000 t 83 PERCENT ZINC IN KEFUSE
20000 2 87 PERCENT COPPER IN REFUSE
002 827 PPM NICKEL IN REFUSE
002 773 PPM MANGANESE IN KEFUSE
20000 199PERCEMT CHROMIUM IN REFUSE
002 35 PPM VANADIUM IN REFUSE
20000 223PERCENT CHLORINE IN REFUSE
002 HB 7 PPM FLUORIDE IN REFUSE
002 277 PPM BORON IN REFUSE
002 26 PPM BERYLLIUM IN REFUSE
20000 2 17 PERCENT LEAD IN KEFUSE
20000 197PERCENT BARIUM IN REFUSE
002 28 PPM CADMIUM IN REFUSE
002 H PPM SILVER IN REFUSE
002 <»
-------
59 A2 13 2
59 A2 13 6
53 A2 16 1
59 A2161
59 A2167
49A2128
bl E7 2<» 2
b2 £7 21 2
M A2128
« A2128
00003
00003
00003
00003
00003
168
053
057
IE 5
IBS
1 83
3
6
it
5
17
1
1
17
a
PPM IN
PPK IN
PPM IN
PPH IN
PPM IN
GRAMS
NONE
NOME
GRAMS
GRAMS
DUST
DOST
DUST
DUST
OUST
PER GALLON
PER GALLON
PER GALLON
OF
OF
OF
GA SO LI NE
GA SO LI NE
GA SO LI tf.
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A3E
A-37
-------
G. "Free" Area Source Data
AORUBBER TIRE WEAR A1F
AEBRAKE LINING WEAR A1F
AFMOTOR OIL CONSUMPTION A1E
AOMILLION VEHICLE MILES TRAVELLED A2F
AEMILLION VEHICLE MILES TRAVELLED A?F
AFMILLION VEHICLE MILES TRAVELLED ft?F
AOA2107 11 1 NONE 43F
ADA2110 01 1 NONE A3F
ADA2167 16 1 NONE A3F
AEA2801 05 1 NONE A3E
AFA2110 0002 1 NONE A3F
AD 12/76 A2107 8 E, REF 3
AD 12/76 A2110 ti E. REF 6
AD 12/76 A2167 B E. REF 20
AE 12/76 A2801 A E. REF 22
AF 12/76 A2110 A E, REF 22
A-38
-------
EMISSION FACTOR ORIGIN
Field Identification
POLLUTANT: Asbes-t-os,
1-10 1 11-20
II2I3|4|5I6I7I8I9|0| 1 12I3I4I5I6I7I8I9IO
1 l«
SCC A Date A =2-8
(orASC) mmo/yr)n £ 3
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AF
• . i I i i i
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i i
1
, '
i i
<
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i
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r
31-30 31-40
lj2|3|4|5|6|7|Bl9lO 1 12|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|0
1
i
6
B
B
f\
k
I
.
"Source Origin
Code
r-Reliability Code
E^AEF . .3
E, REf- <*
Z^F .2.0
£, f(E,F 33r
41-50
I|2l3|4|5l6|7|8|9|0
'51-60
Il2l3l4l5l6l7l8l9l0
Comments
1 ........
61-70
I|2|3|4|5|6|7|B|9|0
71-80
• Iel3|4|5|6
f
E>REF 11.
i . i i i i
8 9|0
Care
No.
i J
1
1
1
i /
i i
, ,
-------
"FREE" AREA SOURCE INPUT
i
-F>
O
1-10
?
£
un
01
T'
^
3|4|5|6
'c
o
u
oa'r-D
oa,c,,o
0.2, ?,0
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0 V 00
CP5,i^>
OS ^0
0,5,4,0
0,5,8,0
0,6.0,0
0, fc.fc 0
O.fc.iO
0,7,2,0
0,7,V,0
0,7,6,0
07^,0
36,0,0
0,»,2,0
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qs.ro
q ?,o,o
0,7,^,0
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'.8,\°
7|R|90
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oov
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CO 2.
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0,0,3
0,0,3
00,3
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0,0, /
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0,o,7
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CO, 3
00,4
0,0,1
0,0,7
0,0, /
0.0,7
Op. 3.
0,0|5
0,0,3
0,0,7
0,0,t
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o,o,fc
o.o fc. '
11-20
I 213141516
j 3ollutan
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P A.3.I./.0
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7
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21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60
1 12131415
Source Rate
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Source
Activity
Factor
ii 11
. . . .
j .
I .
I .
1 . 1 .
l . > .
II .1
II II
t 1 . .
4 1
. . .1
1 1 .1
-i— J 1 1 1
3[3|4|5|6|7J8
Emissions
(T/Year)
— L L. 1. J >...
... I
. i . .
i
i I i i
f .11.
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1 i i i i
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t ..il
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1
1 I 1 1 1 .
1
9|0 l|a|3H|5|6|7lB]9|0 I|2l3l4|5|6|7|8|9|0
Comments
• ••••• i .... t i i_»
• •••••• . i . i i .
61-70
l|2|3|4|5|6|7|B
•— • ' ' • ' * •
.
y|o
i i
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71-60
||2|3I4J5|6
r t
2
<
;
. i .....
i i i i i i i
i i i i .
« - - .........
1 1 1 1 i . 1 . 1 . . 1 . . 1 . 1 1 , 4 .
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i
1
i i i i j i ... i i i i i < i i i .
i . . . 11 i_» . i . i • i . . i i . •
. . . i i . , , . i , . . .
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... l l l 1 i i i 1 l t l i . i l l l l
1 . 1 1 1 1 I 1 l i l i 1 l l t 1 1 1 1 1
L^ LI i • • II , . . . i . . t 1 1 . i..i
_.... L J l_l 1 .... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
. 1 1 ... 1 ... 1 .. 1 .. 1 1 1 1 1
J t A I 1 !__» ... 1 . 1 1 . 1 . . 1 I
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 1
• i i . . i .
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 , 1
1 1 1 1 I . 1 1,
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APPENDIX B
LEAD SPECIAL REPORT
B-l
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CONTENTS
10. LEAD 10-1
Mining and Milling 10-1
Primary Metallurgical Industries 10-1
Primary Lead Smelting 10-1
Primary Copper Smelting 10-2
Primary Zinc Smelting 10-2
Secondary Metallurgical Recovery and Other Industrial
Sources 10-3
Secondary Lead Smelting 10-3
Steel Production 10-3
Gray Iron Foundry 10-4
Brass and Bronze 10-5
Ferroalloys ..... . 10-5
Cement Plant 10-6
Processing and Utilizing Lead and Its Compounds 10-7
Lead Oxide 10-7
Storage Batteries 10-7
Gasoline Additives 10-8
Cable Covering 10-8
Lead Pigments 10-9
Paint 10-10
Lead Solder 10-10
Type Metal 10-10
Metallic Lead 10-10
Glass 10-11
Ammunitions 10-11
Bearing Metals 10-11
Fuel Combustion • 10-12
Coal 10-12
Oil 10-13
Gasoline 10-13
Solid Waste Incineration. 10-15
Fugitive Dust 10-16
Other Industrial/Agricultural Sources 10-17
References for Chapter 10 10-17
10-i
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TABLES
Table
1-1
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
10-10
Emission Factor Symbols
Emission Factors for Lead From Mining and Primary Metallur-
gical Industrial Sources
Emission Factors for Lead From Secondary Metallurgical Re-
covery and Other Industrial Sources . . . .
Emission Factors for Lead From Industries Processing and
Utilizing Lead and Its Compounds ...
Emission Factors for Lead From Coal Combustion
Collection Efficiencies for Lead From Coal-Fired Boilers . .
Emission Factors for Lead From Oil Combustion
Emission Factors for Lead From Gasoline Combustion . . . . <
Weight Percent of Lead Compounds in Collected Particulate. .
Roadway Configurations . . •
Emission Factors for Lead From Solid Waste Incineration. . .
10-23
10-24
10-25
10-27
10-28
10-29
10-30
10-31
10-32
10-33
10-34
FIGURES
Figure Page
10-1 Primary Lead Smelter Schematic 10-35
10-2 Primary Copper Smelter Schematic 10-35
10-3 Secondary Lead Production Schematic 10-36
10-4 Schematic of Barton Pot and Calcining Furnace. ....... 10-36
10-5 Schematic for Lead Battery Production 10-37
10-6 Schematic for Lead Additive Production by Sodium-Lead
Process 10-37
10-7 Schematic for Lead Additives Production by Electrolytic
Process 10-38
10-8 Percentage of Burned Lead Exhausted Versus Vehicle Cruise
Speed 10-38
10-ii
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10. LEAD
MINING AND MILLING1'2
About 85 percent of the domestic supply of lead recovered from primary
lead ores comes from Missouri.*'2 The predominant ore mined in Missouri is
galena (lead sulfide, PbS, 86.6 percent lead), having an average lead con-
tent of about 4.8 percent. The other three major states that produce lead
are Idaho, Utah, and Colorado. The average lead content of these ores are
4.7, 8, and 3 percent, respectively. Minor amounts of lead come from Nevada,
Arizona, New Mexico, and California.2 Lead is also associated with recovery
of copper and zinc ores.
After it is mined, the ore is transported to concentrating plants, where
it is concentrated before shipment to the smelter. Concentration is accom-
plished by crushing, screening, classification (rod mill and ball mill), and
flotation (cleaning, thickening, and filtering).
Lead emissions are a result of ore handling, crushing, and screening,
and of wind loss from the outdoor storage of concentrates. At present, cy-
clones and baghouses are the principal air pollution control equipment used
in the milling operations. The chemical composition of these emissions is
the same as that of the ore itself because all processes preceding smelting
involve physical rather than chemical operations (e.g., the principal emis-
sion of lead from the mining and milling of galena is lead sulfide, PbS).
The controlled emission factor for the mining and milling of lead ores is
presented in Table 10-1. •*• Lead emissions from the mining and milling of
copper ores are negligible.2
PRIMARY METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES
Primary Lead Smelting-'-'^
Primary lead production involves the upgrading of ore by a flotation-
concentration process, sintering of the concentrated ore, processing of the
sintered material in a blast furnace, and refining to produce lead bullion. »
Sintering converts lead sulfides to lead oxides, and lead oxides are reduced
with coke in a blast furnace to produce lead bullion. The final step, refin-
ing, removes the last impurities from the bullion.
Gases produced by sintering are usually cleaned. In 1970 the gas, dust,
and fume emissions from blast furnaces were controlled by baghouses at all
lead smelters. Refining emissions were also controlled by baghouses at most
plants.1
10-1
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The entire smelting process is summarized in Figure 10-1. Emissions from
the stacks are principally lead oxides. The particle size of lead emissions
from baghouses was reported to be 1 micron or less, while those from concen-
trate storage ranged upward to 100 microns.-*- Lead emission factors for the
primary lead smelting industry arc presented in Table 10-1.
Primary Copper Smelting1»2>^~°
Copper smelting generally consists of roasting, reduction in a reverber-
atory furnace, converting, and refining (Figure 10-2). Because lead sulfide
is often found in copper ore, lead emissions are to be expected.
Roasting removes volatile impurities and oxidizes sulfur. The "roasted"
product is then fed to the reverberatory furnace which reduces copper and
iron. This molten matter is then processed through a converter which re-
moves the iron; and finally, the copper is refined to the desired purity.
The processes most likely to emit the majority of the lead are the
roaster, the reverberatory furnace, and the converter. The probable chemi-
cal form of the lead emissions is lead oxide. Based on particulate samples
collected before and after an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) using EPA
Method 5 and lead analysis by atomic absorption, the collection efficiency
of an ESP on lead emissions from a converter has been reported to be about
90 percent. ' Lead emissions for these processes are dependent on the lead
content of the copper ore.
Emission factors (uncontrolled and controlled) shown in Table 10-1 for
the converter are based on the percent lead found in the particulate sam-
ples collected and the particulate emission factor for converters.^~° The
controlled emission factor reported for combined emissions from a roaster
and reverberatory furnace is based on percent lead found in collected par-
ticulate matter exiting from an ESP and the particulate emission factor.^'^
Primary Zinc Smelting^
Lead minerals are also found in zinc ore. The zinc smelting process is
similar to copper smelting. Roasting removes sulfur, and sintering or nod-
ulizing agglomerates the ore for reduction in a furnace or by an electro-
lytic process. With the exception of the electrolytic reduction process,
lead is emitted during all phases of zinc smelting. Condensers, cyclones,
baghouses and/or electrostatic precipitators are used to control emissions.
Lead emission factors are specified in Table 10-1 for sintering, vertical
retort, and horizontal retort.
10-2
-------
SECONDARY METALLURGICAL RECOVERY AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
Secondary Lead
Secondary lead recovery plant operations usually include lead scrap re-
ceiving yards, battery cutting areas, oxidizing furnaces, refining kettles
(not furnaces), casting lines, and the shipping of lead ingots. As Figure
10-3 shows, the materials are processed into hard lead.
Lead emissions and control equipment are similar to those associated
with primary ore handling. Lead emissions result from the operation of both
types of oxidizing furnaces (reverberatory and blast furnaces). Lead emis-
sions from the refining kettles will occur, but are lower than the oxidiz-
ing furnaces because of the difference in operating temperatures. Scrubbers
and baghouses are used for the furnaces and refining kettles. Emission fac-
tors are presented in Table 10-2.
Steel Production^-»5>6>9~3-2
Trace amounts of lead are found in the feed materials (iron ore, coal,
and scrap metal) for the major steel making operations. Sources of lead
emissions include sintering and the four main furnace operations employed
in the production of steel: (a) blast furnace; (b) open-hearth furnace;
(c) basic oxygen furnace; and (d) electric arc furnace.
Sintering is a major source of particulates in the steelmaking process.
A typical lead content of these particulates is 320 ppm. Major emission
points are the discharge end and the windbox. An uncontrolled sinter emis-
sion factor is presented in Table 10-2.
Large quantities of particulate are produced during the operation of
the blast furnace. Reference 9 reports lead in particulate samples collected
at steel mills varying from 100 to 10,000 parts per million; however, the
emission sources were not specified. An emission factor for lead emissions
from a blast furnace is presented in Table 10-2.
In the open-hearth furnace, steel is made from a mixture of scrap and
pig iron in a shallow basin or hearth. Lead is emitted during all operations.
For an uncontrolled open-hearth furnace, the particulate emission factors
are 4.15 (no oxygen lance) and 8.7 (oxygen lance) kilograms per 1,000 kilo-
grams of steel produced. ^ Dust samples from an open-hearth furnace were an-
alyzed with a reported average lead content of about 0.8 percent.1 Partic-
ulate matter collected from an open-hearth furnace was also analyzed by
spectrographic techniques, and the lead content was about 5 percent. 9 Ref-
erence 11 reports the lead content of particulate from an open-hearth fur-
nace controlled by electrostatic precipitator as about 1 percent. Based
on the lead content and the particulate emission factors given above,
the emission factors for lead were estimated for an open-hearth furnace
(Table 10-2).
10-3
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The basic oxygen furnace consists of a refractory-lined pear-shaped
vessel mounted on trunions. Oxygen is added to the molten mass within the
furnace to mix the mass—increasing the lead (oxide) emissions. Scrubbers,
electrostatic precipitators, or a combination of control equipment are
sometimes employed to reduce particulate emissions. The uncontrolled par-
ticulate emission factor for this source is 25.5 kilograms per 1,000 kilo-
grams of steel produced (based on particulate sampling). The average lead
content of the particulates collected from several basic oxygen furnaces
was about 0.4 percent.6 The emission factor for lead (Table 10-2) is based
on the uncontrolled particulate emission factor and the percent lead found
in the collected particulate material.
The electric arc furnace is a refractory-lined vessel with carbon elec-
trodes passing through the top of the furnace. This type of operation pro-
duces fewer particulates than do the other processes. The particulate emis-
sion factors (uncontrolled) are 5.5 (oxygen lance) and 4.6 (no oxygen lance)
kilograms per 1,000 kilograms of steel produced.-* Based on analysis of par-
ticulate samples collected from several electric arc furnaces, the lead
content ranged from 0.17 to 5.7 percent with an average of 2.0 percent."
The emission factors for lead are based on the particulate emission fac-
tors and average percent lead found in the particulate samples.
In Reference 12, an EPA particulate sampling train equipped with a cas-
cade impactor was used to collect particulate before and after a baghouse
controlling emissions from an electric arc furnace. Processes included
meltdown, oxidizing, slagging, and refining steps. The lead collection ef-
ficiency of the baghouse was about 99.8 percent. The emission factors shown
in Table 10-2 are based on the percent lead found in the particulate sam-
ples and the process weight rate obtained during the testing.
Gray Iron Foundry1'5'6'9
There are three types of furnaces used in the gray iron industry: (a)
cupola, the most common; (b) electric arc furnace; and (c) reverberatory
furnace. In the cupola furnace operation charging fuel, fluxing material
(e.g., limestone) and scrap iron, are melted together. The molten mass is
used to make metal castings or specialty iron products.
The amount of lead emissions (as lead oxide) resulting from the opera-
tion of the cupola is determined primarily by the type and quality of the
scrap, fuel, and furnace size. Particulate samples were collected from a
baghouse servicing a cupola furnace and analyzed for lead by spectrographic
methods. The average lead content was reported to be 17 percent.9
Air pollution control equipment for cupolas consists of high efficiency
cyclones; dynamic water scrubbers, venturi scrubbers, impingement wet scrub-
bers, baghouses, and electrostatic precipitators, or a combination thereof.
10-4
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Afterburners are also employed but mainly for control, by oxidation, of
carbon monoxide emissions.
Reference 1 reports that dust samples collected in the foundry area
showed a lead range of 0.5 to 2.0 percent (based on spectrographic analy-
sis) with an average lead content of about 1.2 percent. Lead emission fac-
tors for cupola, electric arc and reverberatory furnaces are given in Ta-
ble 10-2.1.5,6,9
Brass and Bronze1»5>°,9,13,14
Lead content in various red and yellow brasses usually ranges from less
than 1 to 8 percent with a high value of 25 percent.1»" There are several
furnace (oil and gas-fired) types employed in the production of brass and
bronze alloys. Slabs and billets (brass and bronze shapes) are formed in
reverberatory furnaces. Commercial castings are products from induction,
crucible, rotary, and electric furnaces.
Baghouses are the most efficient air pollution control equipment in this
industry. Based on stack tests, the collection efficiency has been reported
to be approximately 95 percent. Electrostatic precipitators have not been
satisfactory in controlling zinc and lead oxide fumes. Lead oxide, in par-
ticular, has been difficult because of its high resistivity. Scrubbers have
also been ineffective in controlling emissions in the less than 1 micrometer
Q
size range.7
Particulate sampling using EPA Method 5 has been conducted on three
plants, with lead analyses by atomic absorption.13,14 These furnaces (types
not specified) were fired by natural gas and controlled by baghouses. Par-
ticulate emissions ranged from 0.004 to 2.931 pounds per hour with an aver-
age value of 1.36 pounds per hour. Lead emissions (based on atomic absorp-
tion in the particulate samples) ranged from 0.86 to 12.4 percent with an
average value of 6.1 percent. No process weight data were provided from
which to develop emission factors from the tests. The emission factors pre-
sented in Table 10-2 are based on percent lead found in the EPA stack tests,
data reported in Reference 9 and the particulate emission factors.5»°»">13»1
Ferroalloys1»2>5>6»15>I6
The ferroalloy industry uses three types of furnaces to prepare molten
metal for casting: (a) electric arc; (b) aluminothermic; and (c) blast
furnace. Most widely used is the electric furnace in which carbon electrodes
cause reduction of metallic oxides. In the aluminothermic furnace, the me-
tallic oxides are reduced by aluminum. The blast furnace is infrequently
used to reduce the raw ore. Other ferroalloy operations are slag processing
(concentrating or shotting), casting, sizing, and shipping of finished fer-
roalloy.
10-5
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Control measures used in the ferroalloy industry include process changes,
improving raw material sizing and quality, and the application of high en-
ergy scrubbers, baghouses and concomitant cooling systems, and wet electro-
static precipitators. Lead emissions from the furnaces are in the lead ox-
ide form.1'2'15
X-ray diffraction analyses of dust fumes from a silicomanganese (SiMn)
and manganese ore-lime melt electric furnace showed lead oxide contents of
0.47 and 0.98 percent, respectively.2 No particulate emission factor appears
in the literature for the manganese ore-lime melt furnace. The particulate
emission factor for the SiMn electric furnace is 97.5 kilograms per 1,000
kilograms of SiMn produced.5 Based on this emission factor and the percent
lead reported from Reference 2, the emission factor for lead is shown in
Table 10-2.
A silicon metal electric furnace was tested by EPA.16 Particulate sam-
ples were collected by EPA Method 5 before and after the exhaust gases
through a baghouse. The particulate samples were analyzed for elements by
optical emission spectrographic and visual absorption spectrophotometrie
techniques. The inlet and outlet lead contents were 0.00026 and 0.000045
percent, respectively. Process weight data were not given. The emission
factors shown in Table 10-2 are based on the percent lead found in the par-
ticulate samples and the uncontrolled particulate emission factor (312.5
kilograms per 1,000 kilograms of silicon metal).5
The average lead content of particulate from ferromanganese electric and
blast furnaces is about 0.9 percent.1 The particulate emission factors for
the electric and blast furnaces are 22.5^ and 205^ kilograms per 1,000 kilo-
grams of ferromanganese produced, respectively. The emission factors for
lead shown in Table 10-2 are based on the above data.
Cement Plant
Lead is present in most of the basic materials used to produce cement.
In the dry process, limestone is crushed, ground, and ball milled. With the
exception of a slurry produced initially in the raw mill, the wet process
is the same as the dry process.
Dry Process6'17
Two plants using the dry processing method were visited, and particulate
samples were obtained by EPA Method 5.17 Sources tested included the kiln,
raw mill, raw mill separator, feeding to raw mill, and finishing mill. All
sources were controlled by individual multicyclones and/or baghouses. Sam-
ples were taken from the baghouse effluent. Some of the samples (total
catch) were analyzed by emission spectroscopy for trace metals. The emission
factors (Table 10-2) were calculated from the percent of lead present in the
10-6
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sample and the emission factor calculated for total particulates emitted
from the sources.
Wet Process6'18
Particulate emissions were obtained by EPA Method 5 at three wet process
cement plants.^ Sources tested included the kilns, clinker coolers, and
finishing mill. The kilns were controlled by electrostatic precipitators or
baghouses, and the finishing mill was controlled by a baghouse. Samples were
obtained at the various control device outlets and analyzed for trace metals
by emission spectrography and optical emission spectrography. Emission fac-
tors (Table 10-2) were calculated as described above for the dry process.
PROCESSING AND UTILIZING LEAD AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Lead Oxide1»6,19
There are three main lead oxides produced: (a) lead monoxide or lith-
arge (PbO); (b) lead dioxide (Pb02)j and (c) trilead tetraoxide or red lead
(Pb304). Lead monoxide is used mainly in the production of storage batteries
and pigments. Lead dioxide is employed in the production of dyes, chemicals,
watches, pyrotechnics, rubber substitutes, and as a curing agent in poly-
sulfide polymers. Trilead tetraoxide is produced from litharge and is used
in pigment production.
Figure 10-4 illustrates a generalized lead oxide production process us-
ing both the Barton Pot and calcining furnace. The processes tested at one
plant were the Barton Pot, and inlet-outlet of the cyclone and baghouse
controlling the calcining furnace.19 Particulate samples were collected by
EPA Method 5, and analyzed for lead by atomic absorption. The control sys-
tem for the hammermill and calcining, consisting of a cyclone followed by
a baghouse, had a lead removal efficiency of 99.97 based on the total catch
of the EPA train. The emission factors developed are shown in Table 10-3.
Storage Batteries
6,20
Wet and dry storage batteries are produced from lead pigs and lead mon-
oxide. Lead emissions result from the casting, smelting, pasting, stacking,
and burning steps used in producing the batteries. Almost all sources of
lead are controlled by cyclones, water sprays, and a baghouse (often in ser-
ies ).
One plant producing lead batteries has been tested using EPA Method 5
to determine emissions from the casting furnace, paste mixer, plate stack-
ing, element burning, and battery assembly.20 The samples were analyzed
10-7
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for lead by flame atomic absorption. The emission factors (Table 10-3) are
based on the EPA train total catch, process weight rates, and the amount
of lead found by atomic absorption in the particulate matter. The emission
factors developed from Reference 6 are also shown in Table 10-3 for com-
parison. A schematic of a typical lead battery manufacturing process is
shown in Figure 10-5.
In the aforementioned plant the paste mixer off gas was controlled by a
scrubber with a lead collection efficiency of about 84.9 percent. The stack-
ing, burning and battery assembly operations were controlled by a baghouse
which resulted in a lead removal efficiency from the particulate matter of
on
about 96.7 percent (based on EPA train total catch)./u
Gasoline Additives
There are two basic antiknock agents produced at gasoline additive
plants: tetraethyl lead (TEL) and tetramethyl lead (TML). These two com-
pounds are mixed with chloride-bromide additives after the sodium-lead or
the electrolytic process.
In the sodium-lead process, lead particulate emissions, probably lead
oxide, result from the lead melter, sodium-lead alloy pot, and lead recov-
ery furnace. Lead is emitted as vapor in the form of TML and TEL from the
autoclaves, steam distillation, purification, and possibly, the blending
process. The released TML and TEL are quickly reduced in the atmosphere,
with lead oxide formed as one of the products. Particulate emissions are
controlled by high-energy venturi scrubbers, and cyclones with water sprays.
Vapors are controlled by condensing and refrigeration systems. See Figure
10-6 for the schematic of the process.
Lead emissions from the electrolytic process are in the vapor form (TML
and TEL). The emissions result from the stripping, distilling, solvent ex-
traction and possibly the blending steps. Vapor emissions are controlled by
condensing and refrigeration systems (Figure 10-7).
Emission factors for the production of gasoline additives from the
sodium-lead alloy and electrolytic processes are shown in Table 10-3.
Cable Covering1'6?2!
Lead sheaths are used to cover the outer layer of telephone lines, tele-
graph lines, and underground cables for electrical power distribution. Three
types of presses are used to cover cable: (a) vertical hydraulic press; (b)
straight-through press; and (c) continuous extrusion press.
10-8
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Cyclones and bag filters are employed on the melt pots, presses, and
possibly on the stripping machine. Lead emissions have been reported to be
in the form of elemental lead, lead oxides, and silicates.1»21 Based on
questionnaire data, the particle size of the controlled emissions from a
cable-covering plant ranges from 0.015 to 5 micrometers.1
One cable-covering plant tested by EPA uses continuous extrusion
presses.2-*- Three stacks were tested using EPA Method 5. The following pro-
cesses were serviced by the stacks: (a) Stack 1—dross kettle, Robertson
electric lead melt pot, Robertson press, and Perrille press; (b) Stack 2--
Perrille gas-fired lead melt pot; and (c) Stack 3—Perrille press lead pit.
The particulate matter collected from each stack was analyzed for lead by
flameless atomic adsorption. The emission factors shown in Table 10-3 are
based on the lead content of particulate and the amount of lead processed
during testing. The dross kettle did not operate during one test, and its
operation increased lead emissions by a factor of 15.
Lead Pigments1»4,6
Pigment and paint production represents a major source of lead and lead
compounds. Lead pigments include red lead (the major pigment), white lead,
lead chromates, and leaded zinc oxides. Regardless of the type of pigment
produced or process employed, operations in common are grinding or pulver-
izing, bagging, and material handling. No chemical reactions occur in any
of these processes.
Limited data are available for lead emission factors for the production
of lead pigments. The following source test data provided by the pigment
industry are reported in Reference 4:
Type of Percent lead Number
Process control in Particulate of tests
Blenders-baggers None 29 2
Dumping-bin None 29 3
Grinders and hoppers None 23 to 31 4
Air dryer Baghouse 60 to 62 2
Mechanical dryer None 58 to 61 2
Grinders Baghouse 58 1
Lead kettle None ~ 100 2
Drum distributor None 60 to 61 2
and bagger
However, supporting data are not given for: (a) lead pigment produced;
(b) sampling and analysis methods used; and (c) process weight rates. Table
10-3 contains emission factors for the production of various lead pigments.
10-9
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Paint
1,5
Lead pigment is added to an oil or resin and an organic solvent to pro-
duce paints. The emissions of lead primarily result from the dry pigment
weighing, mixing, and grinding operations. Tinting, thinning, and packaging
operations also occur in the manufacture of lead based paints. No chemical
reactions take place.
Air pollution control equipment (if used) consists of baghouses and wet
scrubbers. Particulate matter emitted from pigment handling is about 0.5
to 1 percent of the pigment. An emission factor for paint manufacture is
presented in Table 10-3.
Lead Solder1'4'6
Lead solders are available in wire, tape, bar, or pellet form and con-
tain about 40 to 98 percent lead by weight. Cyclones are used to control
lead oxide emissions from liquid solder. >^
Emission factors for a lead solder melt pot used for seam soldering are
reported in Table 10-3. The emission factors are based on measurements of
the amount of lead emitted in the particulate matter (EPA Method 5) and the
amount of solder melted. Some of the particulate samples were analyzed for
lead by atomic absorption. Emission factors presented may not be based on
the correct process weight rate. Also given in Table 10-3 is an emission
factor for all can manufacturing operations based on questionnaires from
industrial sources.
Type Metal6
Type metal alloys contain lead, antimony and tin. Production of these
metals begins with the recovery of lead from batteries, lead pipe, etc.,
in a reverberatory blast and/or pot furnace. Antimony and tin are added and
the mixture is cast. Lead oxide emissions result from the melting furnaces
and the casting operations. Emission factors are presented in Table 10-3.
Metallic Lead1'6
Lead is used in the production of terne metal, weights and ballasts,
plumbing supplies, caulking lead, roofing materials, casting metal, foil,
sheet lead, galvanizing, annealing, and lead plating. The general process
steps involved in the production of metallic lead products are melting,
casting, and mechanical forming by extrusion or rolling.
Lead emissions as lead oxide result from the melting and casting pro-
cesses. Air pollution control equipment is usually not employed except for
10-10
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product recovery. The uncontrolled emission factor in Table 10-3 is based
on questionnaires from manufacturers.
Glass6'9
Five basic types of glass are currently produced: soda-lime, lead, fused
silica, borasilicate, and 96 percent silica. About 90 percent of the glass
produced is the soda-lime type and 3 percent is the leaded type.0 Particu-
late is emitted from the cullet crushing, batch mixing of initial furnace
feed, and regenerative furnace. Particulate emissions from soda-lime regen-
erative furnaces increase with an increase in sulfate in the batch charge.
The forming operations and annealing ovens are minor sources of particulate.
Control of particulate from cullet crushing and batch mixing can be ef-
fected by changes in furnace design and control of raw materials and oper-
ating procedures. Wet centrifugal scrubbers and baghouses can also be uti-
lized for air pollution control. Stack tests show that wet centrifugal
scrubbers effect 52 percent particulate reduction, whereas baghouses show
collection efficiences of over 99 percent." To date, however, baghouses have
been installed only on small regenerative furnaces.
Particulate sampling and component analysis have been performed on a
soda-lime furnace." The uncontrolled particulate emission factor developed
from the tests is 1.7 kilograms per 1,000 kilograms of glass produced. One
baghouse catch was analyzed for lead oxide (PbO) by a spectrographic method.
The amount of lead oxide found was about 0.39 percent. The uncontrolled
lead emission factors for soda-lime and lead glass are shown in Table 10-3.
1,6
Ammunitions
Lead alloyed with arsenic or antimony is used in the manufacture of lead
shot, bullets, and bullet cores. Lead oxide is also used as a detonating
agent. Lead emissions probably result from the iron casting pot and remelt-
ing and polishing operations. Bag filters are employed for controlling emis-
sions polishing operations. Based on stack test data obtained from an ammu-
nition manufacturer (sampling and analytical methods not specified) the lead
emission factors from dry bag filters are presented in Table 10-3.
Bearing Metals-"-
The most common bearing metals include copper-lead alloys, bronzes, and
various babbitts. The emissions of lead from melting and alloying of bear-
ing metals are negligible (Table 10-3).
10-11
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FUEL COMBUSTION
Coal6,10,12,22-32
Lead, like many elements, tends to be enriched in coal. Lead is present
in most coals as galena (PbS), but once the coal has been ashed, the form
is lead oxide.24,30
The most reproducible spectrochemical results for determination of lead
in coal and coal ash have been from a lithium borate fusion and spectro-
scopic analysis.22 The variance ratio, which is the ratio of the highest to
the lowest average lead content, has been established as 3. The results are
shown below:
Lead content Weight percent of
Region in coal (ppm) lead ashing (%)
Appalachian 4 to 14 0.001 to 0.008
(0.014 to 0.332)*
Interior-Eastern 8 to 14 0.007 to 0.028
Interior-Western 4 0.003 to 0.020
Western 5 to 10 0.001 to 0.004
Northern Plains 7 0.002 to 0.004
* Near lead ore body.
Lead in the various coal ashes has also been analyzed by a semiquanti-
tative spectrochemical technique. The percent lead in ashed anthracite,
bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite is 0.005, 0.011, 0.0025, and 0.001
percent, respectively.22 In the studies summarized in Reference 22, lead
was detected in all of the coal ashes. In another study in which anthracite
was analyzed by spark-source mass spectrometry (semiquantitative), the lead
content ranged from 1 to 36 parts per million with an average lead content
of 11 parts per million.2^ The highest lead content in coal (36 parts per
million) occurred in Appalachian coals (Pennsylvania and Virginia).
Particulate sampling (before and after control equipment) has been per-
formed on coal-fired boilers at power plants.6»12,25-31 particulate samples
were analyzed by optical emission spectrography (OES), flameless atomic ab-
sorption (FAA), isotope dilution spark source mass spectroscopy (IDSSMS),
atomic absorption (AA, unspecified as to flame or flameless), emission
spectrometry (EST), or X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Only samples analyzed by
OES appear not to agree with the other analytical techniques.
The emission factors for combustion of bituminous coal presented in Ta-
ble 10-4 are based on the process firing rate and the percent lead found in
10-12
-------
the particulate collected during sampling.6»10,12,25-32 the large range of
emission factors from uncontrolled coal-fired boilers could be directly re-
lated to lead content in the coal. However, part of this apparent variation
is probably due to the fact that both EST and OES are semiquantitative tech-
niques. Lead collection efficiences obtained during testing for the various
types of air pollution control equipment employed on the boilers are shown
in Table 10-5.
0115,6,9,33-37,53,54
Based on an unspecified analytical technique, the lead content of nearly
100 domestic crude oil samples ranged from 0.0003 to 11.4 parts per million,
with an average of 0.29 parts per million.33 The lead content of residual
oils ranges from 1.7 to 4.1 parts per million.3^
A few studies have determined the lead content in fly ash from oil-fired
boilers.35,36 Particulate matter from two residual oil-fired boilers was
collected and analyzed for lead by optical emission spectrometry. The emis-
sion factors for these studies are presented in Table 10-6, and are based
on lead content in the particulate matter and the fuel firing rate.
Also presented in Table 10-6 are two emission factor estimates--one de-
rived from the lead content in residual oil,3^ and the other from the lead
percent found in fly ash9 and the emission factor for particulate matter.^
The emission factor derived from the lead content in residual oil assumes
31 percent of the lead is emitted and an oil density of 944 grams per liter
of oil. The percent lead emitted is based on reported data that indicate 40
to 97 (average 69) percent of the lead remains in solid deposits in an oil-
fired boiler.3^ The emission factor will be larger if soot blowing is con-
sidered.
Several studies have been completed on waste oil combustion. In Refer-
ence 34, lead contents of fuel mixtures of 1, 5, 10, 25, and 100 percent of
waste oil in residual oil (Type 6) have been reported. Emission factors de-
rived from these data are based on the lead content in the fuel mixture,
assumed boiler deposit of input lead of about 69 percent, and oil densities
from Reference 37.
Gasoline38-46,55
Lead is added to gasoline as an antiknock agent. It effectively raises
the octane level of gasoline at a minimum cost to the refiner. Because lead
in the environment is considered a health hazard, the lead content in gas-
oline has been regulated by EPA. In the past, commerical gasoline lead con-
tent has been as high as 3 grams of lead per gallon of gasoline. In order
to reduce the lead load on the environment, EPA has promulgated maximum al-
lowable gasoline lead content limits, as follows:38
10-13
-------
Large refineries* Small refineries**
(g Pb/gal.) (g Pb/gal.)
April 1976 1.70 2.56
After January 1, 1978 0.8 ***
After October 1, 1979 0.5 ***
* Large refinery, capacity greater than 30,000 barrels crude oil per
day.
** Small refinery, capacity less than 30,000 barrels crude oil per day.
*** Regulations to be promulgated at a later date.
The average national lead content of gasoline as of April 1976 is stated
in Reference 38 to be 1.72 grams of lead per gallon of gasoline. This fig-
ure will be reduced to 0.5 grams of lead per gallon of gasoline in 1979.
Many newer model motor vehicles (i.e., equipped with catalytic converters)
are unable to use leaded gasoline. Instead, these vehicles must use unleaded
gasoline, which currently has a lead content of 0.04 grams lead per gallon.^"
In the future, as more of these vehicles are on the road, the lead load upon
the environment should be lessened.
The testing of automobile exhaust for lead particulate has been fairly
well documented.39-46 xhe lead emitted in automobile exhaust is a function
of the lead content of the gasoline, mode of vehicle operation, and age and
mileage of the vehicle. As vehicle speed increases, lead emissions rise; and
as a vehicle ages, the amount of lead emitted relative to the amount which
remains in the exhaust system also rises. The emission factors for various
vehicles and driving modes are listed in Table 10-7-
All engines and automobiles were tested using a dynamometer, but partic-
ulate collection techniques varied from study to study. In References 39
and 40, an electrostatic precipitator was employed for the entire exhaust
stream resulting in a reported lead collection efficiency of 90 to 95 per-
cent. Isokinetic sampling and total exhaust filter sampling were used in
studies done in Reference 41. The total filter exhaust techniques gave a
lead collection efficiency of greater than 99 percent. In Reference 42, a
large polyethylene bag trapping technique was used. Particulates were sam-
pled from the bag by filtration, and the bag also prevented any photochemi-
cal reactions which might cause secondary particulate formation. References
43 and 44 used an Andersen sampler (particle size) and a backup filter.
10-14
-------
The elemental analysis for lead was not well-defined in any of the stud-
ies. Wet chemical methods were used in References 39, 40, and 42. Atomic ab-
sorption was also used for lead analyses in Reference 42; and electron probe
was used in Reference 45; and X-ray diffraction in References 39, 40, and
45. Table 10-8 presents the results of analyses, by X-ray diffraction, of
lead compounds from collected auto exhaust particulates.39,40
The emission factors in Table 10-7 are in equation form and are based
on the lead content of the gasoline. Emission factor equations are given
for each study because they offer more flexibility to a potential user.
Also, equations were used instead of emission factor numbers because the
lead content in gasolines and automobile mileages will continue to vary in
future years.
Lead emissions from vehicles can be projected for future years based on
the following formula:
fEF/lOO] x PB x APT _ . . .._ ..
—' J = Emission Rate Eq. (10-1)
MPG x 1609.4 x 24 x 3600
where Emission Rate = grams per meter per second
EF = Emission Factor derived from Figure 10-8 based on
vehicle speed (70)
PB = Lead content of gasoline (g/gal)
ADT = Average daily traffic (vehicles per day)
MPG = Fuel economy (miles per gallon)
1609.4 = Constant; 1 mile = 1,609.4 meters
24 = Constant; 1 day = 24 hours
3600 = Constant; 1 hour = 3,600 seconds
Projected lead emissions emanating from vehicles using seven different
roadway configurations are given in Table 10-9. The values presented in
the table are corrected for gasoline efficiency at the vehicle speed des-
ignated. The data are projected lead emission rates from 1974 to 1995. These
rates decline from 1974 to 1995 because of the lower lead content of gaso-
line and the increased gasoline combustion efficiencies which are assumed
for this time period.
An estimated evaporation for lead as TEL from automotive fuel systems and
gasoline handling operations is provided in Reference 46. This emission fac-
tor, which does not cover gasoline storage losses, is given in Table 10-7.
SOLID WASTE INCINERATION6*47'48
There are two main types of sewage sludge incinerators: multiple hearth
and fluidized beds. Scrubbers are used to control emissions. Municipal in-
cinerators have used settling chambers, settling chambers combined with wa-
ter spray, wetted baffles, mechanical collectors, scrubbers, electrostatic
precipitators, and fabric filters as controls for lead oxide emissions. Emis^
sion factors for sewage sludge and municipal incineration are given in Table
10-10.
10-15
-------
FUGITIVE DUST22'49"52
Lead concentrations in emissions from fugitive dust sources such as wind
erosion, unpaved roads, agricultural tilling, construction sites, aggregate
storage sites, etc., have not been reported. The percent lead in the earth's
crust is reported to be about 0.001 percent,22 and the percent lead in city
soil dust is reported to be about 0.02 percent.^ The soil content in total
ambient particulate matter collected over an 11-day period at a particular
sampling site was found to be 20 percent.
An equation for particulate emissions from wind erosion of soils is pro-
vided in Reference 50.
f Eq'
where E = emissions of suspended dust, tons per acre
e = soil erodibility, tons per acre per year
s == percent silt content (particles smaller than 75 micrometers
in diameter) of surface material, dimensionless
V = mitigative fractional reduction in wind erosion due to veg-
etative cover, dimensionless
f = fraction of time wind exceeds the threshold value (12 miles
per hour) for wind erosion
P-E = Thornthwaite's Precipitation-Evaporation Index5!
To obtain lead emissions from natural wind erosion, the percent lead in
soil silt fraction could be applied to this equation.
Particulate emission factors for emissions from unpaved roads, agricul-
tural tilling, and aggregate storage piles have been developed.51'52 The
particulate emission factor equations are shown below:
Unpaved Roads: E = 0.49s(S/30)(d/365) pounds per vehicle- Eq. (10-3)
mile
Agricultural Land Tilling: E = — * pounds per Eq. (10-4)
acre tilled
Construction: E = D pounds per acre of active construe- Eq. (10-5)
tion
10-16
-------
0.33
Aggregate Storage Piles: E = ^p_E/lOQ-)2 pounds per ton Eq. (10-6)
put through storage
where E = emission factor (units as specified)
s = surface silt content (percent)
S = vehicle or implement speed (miles per hour)
d = number of dry days per year
P-E = Thornthwaite's Precipitation-Evaporation Index51
D = average duration of construction projects (months)
Emission factors for lead may be estimated by multiplication of the above
factors by the fraction of lead in the surface silt. A correction would
have to be applied to Eq. (10-3) to account for elevated lead levels in the
dust on unpaved roads resulting from vehicle exhaust.
OTHER INDUSTRIAL/AGRICULTURAL SOURCES1'5'9'10'12
Lead is used in the production of ceramics, plastics, fusible alloys,
powdered lead greases, metal deposition, and pesticides. Lead is also re-
covered from sweating furnaces. Lead is present in feed materials in min-
eral wool manufacturing, frit smelters, automobile body incineration,
phosphate rock processing, coal cleaning, and fly ash sintering. Other po-
tential sources of lead are agricultural burning and pesticide application,
wood combustion, phosphoric acid production, detergents, phosphate fertil-
izer production and application, sugar cane processing, sand gravel produc-
tion, perlite manufacturing, coke production, and stone crushing. No emis-
sion data or limited data were reported to develop emission factors for
lead from the above mentioned possible sources.
There is a possibility that lead contamination of cotton fields will
lead to lead emissions during cotton processing. In tests made on a cotton
gin operation the lead content of material before entering a scrubber was
0.1 percent but was below detectable limits after passing through the con-
trol device.12
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 10
1. Davis, W. E. Emission Study of Industrial Sources of Lead Air Pollu-
tants, 1970. W. E. Davis and Associates. Leawood, Kansas. Contract No. 68-
02-0271. April 1973.
10-17
-------
2. Katari, V., G. Isaacs, and T. W. Devitt. Trace Pollutant Emissions from
the Processing of Metallic Ores. PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.
Cincinnati, Ohio. Contract No. 68-02-1321, Task No. 5 (EPA-650/2-74-115).
October 1974.
3. Test No. 73-PLD-l. Emission Measurement Branch, Environmental Protection
Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. Contract No. 68-02-0229. October 1973.
4. Preferred Standards Path Analysis on Lead Emissions from Stationary
Sources (Draft). Emission Standards and Engineering Division, Environmental
Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. August 9, 1974.
5. Compilation of Air pollutant Emission Factors (Revised). U.S. Environ-
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grams Publication No. AP-42. April 1976.
6. Control Techniques for Lead Air Emissions. Draft Final Report. PEDCo-
Environmental Specialists, Inc. EPA Contract No. 68-02-1375, Task No. 32.
October 1976.
7. EPA Test No. 74-SLD-l (Preliminary Report). Emission Testing Branch,
Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. Contract No.
68-02-0225, Task No. 22, July 1974.
8. Tests Nos. 72-CI-7, -8, -29, and -33. Emission Testing Branch, Environ-
mental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. Contract No. 68-02-
0230. August 1972.
9. Air Pollution Engineering Manual (2nd Ed., Danielson, J. A., ed. ). Air
Pollution Control District, County of Los Angeles, Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air and Water Program, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, N.C. AP-40. May 1973.
10. Lee, R. E., Jr., and D. J. von Lehmden. Trace Metal Pollution in the
Environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23_(10):853-857, October 1973.
11. Jacko, R. D. Industrial Source Sampling for Trace Metals. Proceedings
of the First Annual NSF Trace Contaminants Conference. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory. August 8 through 10, 1973.
12. Lee, R. E., Jr., H. L. Crist, A. E. Riley, and K. E. MacLeod. Concen-
tration and Size of Trace Metal Emissions from a Power Plant, a Steel Plant,
and a Cotton Gin. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2_5(6), July 1975.
13. Test No. 71-CI-27. Emission Measurement Branch, Environmental Protec-
tion Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. February 1971.
10-18
-------
14. Tests Nos. 71-CI-26 and -30. Emission Measurement Branch, Environmental
Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.G. March 1972.
15. Pearson, R. A. Control of Emissions from Ferroalloy Furnace Processing.
Paper Presented at 27th Electric Furnace Conference. Sheraton-Cadillac Ho-
tel, Detroit, Michigan. Sponsored by the Metallurgical Society of the Amer-
ican Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. December
10 through 12, 1969.
16. Test No. 72-PC-02. Emission Testing Branch, Environmental Protection
Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C.
17. Tests Nos. 71-MM-02 and -05. Emission Testing Branch, Environmental
Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. March through April 1972.
18. Tests Nos. 71-MM-01, -03, and -06. Emission Testing Branch, Environmen-
tal Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. March 1972.
19. Test No. 74-PBO-l. Emission Testing Branch, Environmental Protection
Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. Contract No. 68-02-0226, Task No. 10.
August 20 through 31, 1973.
20. Test No. 74-BAT-l. Emission Testing Branch, Environmental Protection
Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. Contract No. 68-02-0237, Task No. 28.
September 1973.
21. Test No. 73-CCC-l. Emission Testing Branch, Environmental Protection
Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. Contract No. 68-02-0228, Task No. 31.
June 26 through 29, 1973.
22. Magee, E. M., H. J. Hall, and G. M. Varga, Jr. Potential Pollutants in
Fossil Fuels. Esso Research Engineering Company, Linden, New Jersey. Con-
tract No. 68-02-0629. Program Element No. 1A2013. Prepared for Control Sys-
tems Laboratory, National Environmental Research Center. Research Triangle
Park, N.C. EPA-R2-73-219. June 1973.
23. Kessler, T., A. G. Sharkey, Jr., and R. A. Friedel. Analysis of Trace
Elements in Coal by Spark-Source Mass Spectrometry. Report No. 7714.
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Bureau of
Mines, United States Department of the Interior. 1973.
24. Bethell, F. V. British Coal Utilization Research Association Monthly
Bulletin. 26_(12):401-430. 1962.
25. Klein, D. H., A. W. Andren, J. A. Carter, J. F. Emery, C. Feldman, W.
Dulderson, W. S. Lyon, J. C. Ogle, Y. Talmi, R. I. van Hook, and N. Bolton.
Pathways of Thirty-Seven Trace Elements Through Coal-Fired Power Plant.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 2(1°):973-979' October 1975.
10-19
-------
26. Cowherd, C. Jr., M. Marcus, C. M. Guenther, and J. L. Spigarelli. Haz-
ardous Emission Characterization of Utility Boilers. Midwest Research In-
stitute, Kansas City, Missouri. Contract No. 68-02-1324, Task No. 24, RCAP
No. 21AU2-002. Control Systems Laboratory, National Environmental Research
Center. Research Triangle Park, N.C, July 1975.
27. Cuffe, S. T., and R. W. Gerstle. Emissions from Coal Fired Power Plants.
National Center for Air Pollution Control, Public Health Service, U.S. De-
partment of Health, Education, and Welfare, Cincinnati, Ohio. Publication
No. 999-AP-35. 1967.
28. Tests Nos. 71-CI-01, -02, and -03. Emission Testing Branch, Environmen-
tal Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. Contract No. CPA-70-131.
October and April 1971.
29. Test No. 71-CI-07. Emission Testing Branch, Environmental Protection
Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. Contract No. CPA-70-131. October and
April 1971.
30. Kaakinen, J. N., R. M. Jorden, M. H. Lawasani, and R. E. West. Trace
Element Behavior in Coal-Fired Power Plant. Environ. Sci. Technol. £(9):
262-269. September 1975. "*
31. Miller. W. E. The Cat-Ox Project at Illinois Power. Illinois Power Com-
pany. Proceedings Presented at Flue Gas Desulfurization Symposium. Jung Ho-
tel, New Orleans, Louisiana. EPA-650/2-72-039. May 14 through 17, 1973.
32. Torn, F. M., C. L. Cheever, and C. M. Berry. Lead and Cadmium Distribu-
tion in the Particulate Effluent from a Coal-Fired Boiler. Amer. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J. September 1973. pp. 396-403.
33. Hora, C. A., A. T. Myers, P. J. Dunton, and H. J. Heyden. Metals in
Crude Oils. Geological Survey Bulletin 1100. U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 1961.
34. Chansky, S., J. Carroll, B. Hincannon, J. Sahagian, N. Surprevant. Waste
Automotive Lubricating Oil Reuse as a Fuel. GCA, Contract No. 68-01-1859.
Program Element 1BA030, ROAP/Task 51AZK-03. Washington Environmental Research
Center, Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C. EPA-600/5-74-032.
September 1974.
35. Test No. 71-CI-08. Emission Testing Branch, Environmental Protection
Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. April 19 through 23, 1971.
36. Levy, A., S. E. Miller, R. E. Barrett, E. J. Schulz, R. H. Melvin, W. H.
Axtman, and D. W. Locklin. A Field Investigation of Emission from Fuel Oil
Combustion for Space Heating. Battelle, Columbus. Presented at American Pe-
troleum Institute Committee on Air and Water Conservation Meeting at Columbus,
Ohio. November 1, 1971.
10-20
-------
37. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (4th Ed., Perry, J. H., ed. ). New
York, McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1963.
38. Codes of Federal Regulations. 40 Part 80--Regulation of Fuels and Fuel
Additives. Revised as of September 28, 1976.
39. Hirschler, D. A., L. F. Gilbert, L. W. Lamb, and L. M. Niebylaki. Par-
ticulate Lead Compounds in Automobile Exhuast Gas. Ind. Eng. Chem. 49(7):
1131-1142, July 1957.
40. Hirschler, D. A., and L. F. Gilbert. Nature of Lead in Automobile Ex-
haust Gas. Arch. Environ. Health. 8_:109-125, February 1964.
41. Habibi, K. Characterization of Particulate Lead in Vehicle Exhaust-
Experimental Techniques. Environ. Sci. Technol. 4_(3 ):239-248, March 1970.
42. Ter Haar, S. L., D. L. Lenane, J. N. Hu, and M. Brandt. Composition,
Size and Control of Automotive Exhuast Particulates. Environ. Sci. Technol.
22_(l):39-46, January 1972.
43. Habibi, K. Characterization of Particulate Matter in Vehicle Exhaust.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 7_(3 ):223-234, March 1973.
44. Ganley, J. T., and G. S. Springer. Physical and Chemical Characteris-
tics of Particulate in Spark Ignition Engine Exhaust. Environ. Sci. Technol.
8_(4):340-347, April 1974.
45. Sampson, R. E., and G. S. Springer. Effects of Temperature and Fuel Lead
Content on Particulate Formation in Spark Ignition Engine Exhaust. Fluid Dy-
namic Laboratory Report 72-1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Univer-
sity of Michigan. April 1972.
46. Huntzicher, J. J., S. K» Friedlander, and C. I. Davidson. Material Bal-
ance for Automobile-Emitted Lead in Los Angeles Basin. Environ. Sci. Tech-
nol. 2(5):448-457, May 1975.
/ /
47. Sewage Sludge Incineration. Environmental Protection Agency. Research
Triangle Park, N.C. EPA-R2-72-040. August 1972.
48. Test Nos. 71-CI-05 and -11. Emission Testing Branch, Environmental Pro-
tection Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. Contract No. CPA 70-81.
September 1971.
49. Hammerle, R. H., and W. R. Pierson. Sources and Elemental Composition
of Aerosol in Pasadena, California by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 9(12):1058-1068, November 1975.
10-21
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50. Cowherd, C., C. M. Guenther, D. Nelson, and N. Stack. Quantification
of Dust Entrainment from Paved Roadways. Midwest Research Institute, Kansas
City, Missouri. Final Report Draft. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Contract No. 68-02-1403, Task No. 7.
March 31, 1976.
51. Cowherd, C., K. Axetell, C. M. Guenther, and G. A. Jutze. Development
of Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust Sources. Midwest Research Institute,
Kansas City, Missouri. Publication No. EPA-450/3-74-037. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Tri-
angle Park, N.C. June 1974.
52. Cowherd, C., C. M. Guenther, and D. Wallace. Emissions Inventory of Ag-
ricultural Tilling, Unpaved Roads and Airstrips, and Construction Sites.
Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Missouri. Publication No. EPA-450/
3-74-085. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards. Research Triangle Park, N.C. November 1974.
53. Waste Lube Oil Pose Disposal Dilemma. Environ. Sci. Technol. 6_(1):25-
26, January 1972.
54. Final Report of the API Task Force on Used Oil Disposal. American Petro-
leum Institute. May 1970.
55. Personal Communication, Jacob Summers, Project Officer, January-
February 1977.
10-22
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Table 1-1. EMISSION FACTOR SYMBOLS
Emission
factor
symbol
Techniaue
Estimated precision
PV
E
q
HB
Source
sampling
AA
CM
DM
EP
ES
EST
FAA
IDSSMS
OES
S
SC
SSMS
Plant visits
Engineering judgment
Questionnaire surveys
Material balances
Atomic absorbtion
Flame atomic absorption
fflF
Dithizone
Electron probe
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectrometry
Flameless atomic absorption
Isotope dilution spark source
mass spectroscopy
Neutron activation
Optical emission spectrography
Saltzman's colorimetric
Spectrochemical analyses
Spark source mass spectrography
Unknown, reported in literature
based on unspecified analytical
technique
Wet chemical method
X-ray diffraction
X-ray fluorescence
Unknown.
Unknown.
Unknown.
Unknown.
See flame and flameless below (CAA and FAA, respectively).
Precision is 1, 3, and 10 percent for minimum detectable levels of 1, 0.5,
and 0.1 parts per million, respectively, for beryllium and for nickel in oil
samples. Minimum detectable level is 0.4 parts per million for cadium in oil
samples. Minimum detection limit is 0.001 nicrograms per milliliter of pre-
pared sample for cadmium generally. Less precise than FAA for mercury.
Comparable to FAA for mercury analysis.
Precision + 30%
Semiquantitative.
Semiquantitative.
+ 5 percent with minimum resolution of 2 parts per billion for analysis of
mercury.
Mass balance using this technique was within i 15% for lead for a coal fired
boiler. Results for coal and flyash were less than 10% with NBS coal and
flyash standards.
+ 25 percent for one sample of particulate analyzed. Arsenic in biolgical
materials had an average deviation of about + 6.9 percent. + 20 percent pre-
cision for mercury in coal. Precision of + 5 percent for biological tissues
analyzed for cadmium.
Considered to be Semiquantitative. Reported to have a precision of + 25 per-
cent for samples from cement plants.
Unknown.
Limit of detection is 0.0001 percent with an precision of + 15 percent for
beryllium analysis in coal.
Precision + 100 percent.
Unknown.
Precision + 10%.
Precision + 507..
Lead analysis in flyash samples agreed within + 30% of an NBS flyash
standard.
10-23
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Table 10-1. EMISSION FACTORS FOR LEAD FROM MINING AND PRIMARY
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
Emission factors'3
Source kg/!03kg Ib/ton
Mining and mill ingd 0.1 (0.006-0.15) 0.2 (0.012-0.3)
Emission
factor
symbolc
E
Reference
1, 6
Primary lead smelting6
Auxiliary operations
Sinter machine
Blast furnace
Blast furnace^
Primary lead smelting
Dross reverberatory
Sinter machine
Blast furnace
Copper smelting1
Roasting
Reverberatory furance
Roasting and reverber-
atory furance
Converting
Converting
Zinc smelting
Sintering
Vertical retort
Horizontal retort
2.2 (1.4-3.5)
2.1 (1.3-3.2)
4.7 (2.2-8.7)
4.4 (2.1-8.1)
11 (7.3-16)
10 (6.6-14)
0.23 (0.099-0.34)
4.4 (2.8-6.9) CAA (3)
4.1 (2.6-6.4) CAA (3)
9.5 (4.5-17) CAA (3)
8.8 (4.2-16) CAA (3)
23 (15-31) CAA (3)
21 (13-28) CAA (3)
0.45 (0.20-0.67) CAA (3)
0.20 (0.093-0.30) 0.41 (0.10-0.60) CAA (3)
2.4 (1.3-3.5)
87.1 (4.2-170)
29.3 (8.7-50)
1.2PJ
0.33
0.03
1.3
0.3
19.3 (13.5-25)
2.2 (2-2.5)
1.2
4.8 (2.6-7) UK
174.2 (8.4-340) UK
58.8 (17.5-100) UK
2.3PJ UK
1.7 UK
0.06 E, FAA
2.6 UK
0.6 E, FAA
38.5 (27-50) UK
4.5 (4-5) UK
2.4 UK
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
3, 4
6
6
6
6
6
, 5
a Uncontrolled unless otherwise specified.
" Emission factor conversion from one set of units to another set of units by a user
cannot always be done because the emission factors have been rounded to one or two
significant figures.
c Defined in Table 1-1.
d Emission factor expressed as unit per unit of lead in ore.
e Emission factor (first row of numbers) expressed as units per unit of lead produced,
and (second row of numbers) expressed as units per unit of lead processed.
f Operations consist of two cleanup conveyors, sinter breaker, spiked roll, conveyor,
and collecting drum.
° Water spray chamber and baghouse exit (emission factor based on continuous plant
monitor ).
Emission factor expressed as units per unit of lead produced.
Emission factor expressed as units per unit of concentrated ore charged.
P = lead content in copper concentrate in percent by weight. Average lead content
for U.S. concentrates is 0.3 percent. Emission factor for copper operations are
expressed as pounds per ton (grams per kilogram) concentrate ore.
Exit from an ESP with a reported MMPD of about 0.5 micrometer for particulate mat-
ter.
Exit from an ESP with a reported MMPD of 2.0 micrometers for particulate matter.
10-24
-------
Table 10-2. EMISSION FACTORS FOR LEAD FROM SECONDARY METALLURGICAL
RECOVERY AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
Emission factors*3
Source3
kg/103 kg
Ib/ton
Emission factor
svmbolc
Reference
Secondary lead"!
Blast furnace
(uncontrolled)
Blast furnace6
Blast furnace^
Blast furnaceS
Blast furnace11
Reverberatory furnace
Slag tap blast furnace
(uncontrolled)
Refining kettles
Refining kettles
and slag tap*
Steel productionJ
Sintering
Coking
Blast furnace
Open-hearth furnace
Oxygen lance
No oxygen lance
Basic oxygen furnace
Electric arc furnace
Oxygen lance
Oxygen lance
Oxygen lance™
Gray iron foundry"
Cupola
Electric induction
Reverberatory furnace
Brass and bronze"
Crucible™
Electric induction"1
Rotary™
Reverberatory furnace"1
High lead alloys
Red and yellow brass
Other alloys
Ferroalloys0
Electric arc furnacesP
Silicomanganese
Silicon metal
Standard ferromangan-
ese
Blast furnace
Cement plantsl
Dry process17
Kilns - 2s
Kiln/cooler
Dryers/grinders
Air separator after
raw mill"1
Feed to raw mill™
Total
28 (11-48)
0.019 (0.0089-0.032)
0.043 (0.028-0.055)
0.0048 (0.0034-0.0075)
0.012
27
0.45 (0.21-0.65)
0.10
0.012
0.0067k
0.00181
0.062
0.07
0.1 (0.03-0.2)
0.2 (0.07-0.4)
0.1
0.11
0.02
0.1
0.002
0.3
0.026
0.035
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
25
6.6
2.5
0.43
0. 0008
0.2
1.9
0.08 (10-3)
0.06
0.02
0.001 (10-3)
0.003 (10-3)
0.08
56 (22-97)
0.037 (0.018-0.063)
0.085 (0.056-0.11)
.0.0096 (0.0067-0.015)
0.024
53
0.90 (0.42-1.3)
0.21
0.025
0.013k
0.00351
0.12
0.14
0.2 (0.07-0.4)
0.5 (0.1-0.9)
0.20
0.22
0.04
0.3
0.004
0.6
0.05
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.1
0.1
50
13.2
5.0
0.85
0.0016
0.4
3.7
0.2 (10-3)
0.11
0.04
0.002 (10-3)
0.005 (10-3)
0.15
CAA (4)
CAA (4)
CAA (3)
CAA (3)
CAA (3)
UK
CAA (3)
CAA (3)
CAA (3)
UK
UK
UK
UK
E, UK, ES (1)
E, UK, ES (1)
UK
UK
E, UK
FAA (1)
FAA (1)
UK
UK
UK
E, CAA (7)
E, CAA (7)
E, CAA (7)
E, CAA (7)
UK
UK
UK
XRD
XRD
XRD
XRD
ES (1)
UK
UK
ES (1)
ES (1)
UK
6, 7
7
6
6
6
1, 5, 9, 11
1, 5, 9, 11
6
6
If 5
12
12
6
6
5, 9, 13, 14
5, 13, 14
5, 13, 14
5, 13, 14
6
6
6
2, 5, 6
5, 6, 15, 16
1, 5, 6
1, 5, 6
17
6
6
17
17
6
10-25
-------
Table 10-2. (continued)
a
b
Emission factors'3
Source3 kg/103 kg Ib/ton
Wet process
Kiln£ 1 (1CT3) 2 (1CT3)
Kiln/cooler 0.05 0.10
Dryers/grinders 0.01 0.02
Clinker coolerm'u 0.03 (10-3) 0.05 (10"3)
Finishing mill™ 0.6 (10"3) 1 (10-3)
Total 0.6 0.12
Uncontrolled unless otherwise specified.
Emission factor
symbol0 Reference
ES (2) 18
UK 6
UK 6
ES (2) 18
ES (1) 18
UK 6
Emission factor conversion from one set of units to another set of units by a user cannot always be
done
because the emission factors have been rounded to one or two significant figures.
c
d
e
f
S
h
i
j
k
1
Til
n
o
P
q
r
s
t
u
Defined in Table 1-1.
Emission factor expressed as units per unit of lead produced.
Afterburner, settling chamber, cooling system, and baghouse exit (lead collection efficiency of 99.9
cent ).
Settling chamber, venturi scrubber, and demister unit.
Afterburner, water spray, cooling system, baghouse, venturi scrubber, and
mist eliminator exit.
per-
Afterburner, three cyclones, and baghouse exit (front half of EPA train only).
Exit from a venturi scrubber and a rococlone.
Emission factor expressed as units per unit of steel produced.
Units are in grams per kilogram of sinter produced (pounds per ton).
Units are in grams per kilogram of coal consumed (pounds per ton).
Exit from a baghouse.
Emission factor expressed as units per unit of metal produced.
Emission factor expressed as units per unit weight of ferroalloy (silicoma
X-ray di£f race ion analysis used.
Emission factor expressed as units per unit weight of feed to the process.
nganese, silicon metal).
Lead content was below the detectable limits of ES for samples collected from raw mill, finish mill,
feed to finish mill.
Multiclone and two baghouses exit.
Exit from an electrostatic precipitator.
Lead content from another clinker cooler (controlled by ESP) was below the
detectable limit of ES.
and
10-26
-------
Table 10-3. EMISSION FACTORS FOR LEAD FROM INDUSTRIES
PROCESSING AND UTILIZING LEAD AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Source3
Lead oxide production1*
Barton pote
Calcining furnace, hammermill,
and surge hopper
Calcining furnace, haramermill,
and surge hopper^
Lead oxide^
Storage battery production
Casting furnace*
Casting furnace"
Paste mixern
Paste mixeri
Lead oxide mill*1
Stacking, burning, and assembly
Stacking, burning, and assembly11
Lead reclaim furnace"
Grid casting"
Small parts casting11
Gasoline additives-1
Lead recovery furnace
Pot furnace
TEL process vents
TML process vents
Sodium lead alloy sludge pit
Electrolytic process*1
Cable covering^
Perrille lead melt pot
Melting kettle
Lead pigments-1
White leadf
Red lead1
Chrome pigments
Paint manufacture1"
Lead solders
Can soldering"
Lead solder melt pot
Type metal8
Metallic lead?
Glass manufacture0
Soda-lime1
Lead
Anmuni tionP
Bearing metals
Emission
kg/ 103 kE
0.22 (0.16-0.35)
0.24 (0.17-0.38)
7
0.024 (0.013-0.033)
0.22
0.021
0.11
1.23
0.027
1.32
0.9
0.78
0.05
0.2
0.05
28
0.4
2.0
75
0.6
0.5
0.015 (0.0073-0.029)
0.25
5
0.28
0.5
0.065
10X
0.08
0.02-1
0.13
0.75
0.006
2.5
0.5
Negligible
factors'3
Ib/ton
0.44 (0.31-0.70)
0.47 (0.33-0.75)
14
0.047 (0.025-0.066)
0.44
0.042
0.25
2.71
0.053
2.90
1.8
1.73
0.10
0.44
0.10
55
0.8
4.0
150
1.2
1
0.03 (0.015-0.058)
0.5
10
0.55
0.9
0.13
20X
0.16
0.03-2
0.25
1.5
0.01
5.0
1.0
Negligible
Emission factor
symbol0
CAA (3)
CAA (3)
CAA (2)
CAA (3)
UK
CAA (3)
UK
UK
CAA (3)
UK
CAA (3)
UK
UK
UK
UK
Q, UK
Qi UK
UK
UK
UK
q
CAA (3)
UK
Q
UK
UK
UK
Q
UK (3)
AA (2), UK (4)
MB
Q
E, OES (1)
UK
UK
Q
Reference
6, 19
19
19
19
6
20
6
6
20
6
20
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1, 6
21
6
1
6
6
6
1, 5
6
4
6
1, 6
9
6
6
1, 6
Uncontrolled unless otherwise specified.
Emission factor conversion from one set of units to another set of units by a user cannot always be done be-
cause the emission factors have been rounded to one or two significant figures.
c Defined in Table 1-1.
"* Settling chamber, cyclone, and baghouse exit.
e Emission factor expressed as units per unit of lead product. Second row of numbers for Barton pot expressed as
units per unit of lead processed.
f Cyclone and baghouse exit.
g Emission factor expressed as units per unit of lead processed.
h Emission factor expressed as units per 103 batteries produced.
i Emission factor expressed as units per unit lead oxide processed.
j Emission factor expressed as units per unit of lead produced.
k Two process stacks at plant. Flare stack gases are scrubbed in two packed column units. Furnace stack uncon-
trolled.
1 Baghouse exit.
m Emission factor expressed as units per unit of pigment processed (X = lead content in pigment by weight frac-
tion).
n Units in Mg of lead (ton) per million base boxes.
o Emission factor expressed as unit per unit glass produced.
p Emission factor expressed as grams per milligram lead processed (pounds per 103 ton).
10-27
-------
Table 10-4. EMISSION FACTORS FOR LEAD FROM COAL COMBUSTION
O
i
ro
oo
Emi ssicm
Lead content Emission factor 'c factor
Source3 (ppm) kg/106 kg
Power plant
Boiler, uncontrolled
0.05 (0.009-0.2)
Boiler, uncontrolled 4.7 (2.3-7.4)e 3.2 (1.5-6.3)
Pulverized-f ired utility boiler, 8.3
uncontrolled
Cyclone-fired utility boiler, 8.3
uncontrolled
Boiler, uncontrolled 5
Boiler, fly ash
reinj.8
Boiler, 100 MwS
Boiler, 50 MwS
BoilerS 3.7
Boilerh
Boiler1 -J
Boiler1 -, 6.2
Boilerk 100
Boiler1
a Uncontrolled unless otherwise specified.
b Emission factor conversions from one set of
emission factors have been rounded to one
c Emission factor expressed as units per unit
d Defined in Table 1-1.
e Based on data from References 25 and 26; no
Multiply this emission factor per parts per
the gross emission factor.
8 Mechanical collector exit.
h Cyclone and electrostatic precipitator exit.
1 Electrostatic precipitator exit.
J Below the detectable level of the analytical
k Wet limestone scrubber
0.8Pf
0.8Pf
1
0.04
8
4
2
0.002
0.008-1
0.1 (0.01-0.2)
0.9
0.04
units to another set of units by a
or two significant figures.
of coal burned.
lead determination was reported in
million by the lead content in the
technique (EST).
lb/103 ton symbold
0.1 (0.02-0.4) OES (6)
6.5 (3-13) FAA (4),
IDS SMS (2 )
1.6Pf UK
1.6Pf UK
2 E, XRF (3)
0.08 OES (1)
20 E, AA (1)
8 E, AA (1)
3 FAA (3)
0.004 OES (2)
0.02-2 OES (2),
EST (5)
0.2 (0.02-0.3) FAA (1),
IDSSMS (2)
2 EST (2)
0.07 XRF (3)
Reference
27
12, 25, 26
6
6
30
27
31
31
26
27
27, 29
12, 25
28, 29
30
user cannot always be done because the
Reference 12.
coal (P in parts per million)
to obtain
1 Exit from cyclone and electrostatic precipitator and scrubber in parallel.
-------
Table 10-5. COLLECTION EFFICIENCIES FOR LEAD
FROM COAL-FIRED BOILERS
Control equipment3
C and ESP
ESP
ESP and FAR
C
C and FAR
ESP
C, and ESP and WS
(parallel )
ESP
C
Lead collection
(%)
81 (67-95)
91
81
0
79
99
70
97
29
Analysis for
lead
OES (2)
OES (1)
OES (1)
OES (1)
OES (1)
FAA (1)
E, XRF (3)
IDSSMS (2)
FAA (3)
Reference
27
27
27
27
27
12
30
25
26
a C-mechanical collector, ESP-electrostatic precipitator, FAR-fly ash
reinjection, WS-wet scrubber.
10-29
-------
Table 10-6. EMISSION FACTORS FOR LEAD FROM OIL COMBUSTION
Source3
Typical residual fired boiler
Typical distillate fired boiler
Power plant, residual oil^
Commercial unit, residual oil
Residential unit (distillate oil)
Residual oil
Residual oil
1% W.O. and 99% R.O. 8
5% W.O. and 95% R.O.
10% W.O. and 90% R.O.
25% W.O. and 75% R.O.
Waste oil
Waste oilh
Waste oil
75% W.O. and 25% R.O.
Soot blowing
25% W.O. and 75% R.O.
Lead content
(ppm)
1.0 (up to 1.0)
0.1 (0.1 to 0.5)
-
-
-
1.7-4.1
-
63
303
603
1,502
6,000
-
0.6 to 1%
7,000 (6,700-7,200)
7,000 (6,700-7,200)
b c
Emission factors '
kg/103 liters
0.0005Pe
0. 0005P6
0.1
0. 0002
0. 0004
0.0005-0.001
0.005
0.02
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
7 (5-8)
4.8M1
2 (1-2)
5
0.7
lb/10-3 gal.
0.0042Pe
0.0042Pe
1
0.002
0.003
0.004-0.01
0.04
0.2
0.8
2
4
10
60 (40-70)
40M1
20 (10-30)
40
6
Emission
factor
symbol
UK
UK
ES (2)
OES (3 )
OES (3)
E, UK
E, OES (1)
E, UK
E, UK
E, UK
E, UK
E, UK
UK (9)
UK
UK (9)
UK (1)
AA (?)
Reference
6
6
35
36
36
34
5,
34,
34,
34,
34,
34,
53
6
54
54
54
9
37
37
37
37
37
a Uncontrolled emissions unless otherwise specified.
b Emission factor expressed in units
c Emission factor conversion from one
sion factors have been rounded to
d Defined in Table 1-1.
e MiilMnlv t-hi R emission far.f-or oer D
per unit of oil burned.
set of units to another
one or two significant
arl:s DPI- million hv thp_
set of units
figures.
l^aH rrmf-^nt-
by a user cannot
in t-ho ni 1 fV i -n .
always be done because
1«^f«f"O r\i~t v -m-i 11-1 n^ \ 4- rt .-* I
the e
t- l_ _
gross emission factor.
Exit from an electrostatic precipitator.
W.O. = waste oil, R.O. = residual oil, and D.O. = distillate oil.
Considered to be the "best" emission factors for burning 100% waste oil.
Multiply this emission factor by the percent lead in waste oil (M) to obtain the gross emission factor.
-------
Table 10-7. EMISSION FACTORS FOR LEAD FROM GASOLINE COMBUSTION
Source3
Six-cylinder, 1950<1
25 mph
40 mph
60 mph
V-8, 1954 single exhaust6
City driving after suburban
driving
City driving
Full-throttle acceleration
After 240 miles at 60 mph
V-8, 1953-dual exhaustf
City driving after suburban
driving
City driving
20-60 mph
After 240 miles at 60 mph
1966, 327 C.I.D.
20 mph
45 mph
70 mph
1966, 16 per emission control
vehicles (30,000-100, 000 miles )8
Federal 7-mode cycle
4 Cold
4 Hot
Weighted11
1970 Cars (0-1, 000 mi les )
Federal 7-mode cycle
4 Cold
4 Hot
Weighted"
26 Cars-10, 1963-1968 and 16, 19661
25 mph
45 mph
60 mph
Federal cycle
Cold
Hot
Fullh
WOT acceleration
1970, Chevrolet V-8
55 mph
Evaporation losses for TEL
AVERAGE VEHICLE EMISSION FACTOR
Emission factor
equation^
0.14 C/M
0.28 C/M
0.54 C/M
0.20-0.24 C/M
0.50-0.60 C/M
12 C/M
12-1 C/M
0.20-0.25 C/M
0.30-0.40 C/M
19 C/M
19-0.67 C/M
0.16 C/M
0.28-0.91 C/M
0.49-0.91 C/M
0.16 C/M
0.18 C/M
0.17 C/M
0.13 C/M
0.16 C/M
0.13 C/M
0.12 C/M (0.009, 0.11)
0.18 C/M (0.04, 0.14)
0.33 C/M (0.103, 0.224)
0.21 C/M (0.06, 0.15)
0.44 C/M (0.20, 0.24)
0.29 C/M (0.11, 0.13)
11 C/M (7, 4)
0.38-0.43 C/M
0.004 kg/103 liters
1.65YJ
Emission
factor
symbol0 Reference
W, XRD
W, XRD
W, XRD
W, XRD
W, XRD
W, XRD
W, XRD
W, XRD
W, XRD
W, XRD
tf, XRD
UK
UK
UK
W, AA (16)
W, AA (17)
W, AA (16)
W, AA (6)
W, AA (15)
W, AA (6)
W, AA
W, AA
W, AA
W, AA
W, AA
W, AA
W, AA
EP, XRD
E
UK
39,
39,
39,
39,
39,
39,
39,
39,
39,
1 Q
J V ,
39,
41
41
41
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
45
46
6
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
/, A
M-U
40
Uncontrolled unless otherwise specified.
C-kilograms of lead per liter (pounds of lead per gallon), M-gasoline mileage, kilo-
meters per liter (miles per gallon).
Defined in Table 1-1.
Percent of input lead emitted less than 5 micrometers at 25, 40, and 60 miles per
hour was 13, 20, and 33 percent, respectively (e.g., at 25 miles per hour the
equation would be 0.13 C/M).
Percent of input lead emitted less than 5 micrometers for city driving after sub-
urban service, city driving, full-throttle acceleration 20 to 60 miles per hour,
and 240 miles at 60 miles per hour was 10 to 16, 30 to 50, 780 and 780 to 81 per-
cent, respectively.
Percent of input lead emitted less than 5 micrometers for city driving after sub-
urban service, city driving, full-throttle acceleration 20 to 60 miles per hour,
and 240 miles at 60 miles per hour was 16 to 20, 20 to 30, 1,100 and 1,100 to 57.
Well-established lead deposits.
Thirty-five percent cold and 65 percent hot.
Numbers in parentheses are based on the percent of input lead emitted that was
caught in a cyclone (coarse, > 5 micrometers) and filter (fine, < 0.5 micrometer).
The total emitted lead at 25 miles per hour, for example, would be 0.12 C/M =
0.009 C/M+ 0.11 C/M.
To obtain emission factor multiply by Y. Y = lead content in gasoline in grams per
gallon. Resulting emission factor units are pounds per 103 gallons of gasoline.
(Y in 1976 averaged 1.7 grams per gallon.)
10-31
-------
Table 10-8. WEIGHT PERCENT OF LEAD COMPOUNDS IN COLLECTED PARTICIPATE
I—1
o
1
OJ
ro
Single exhuast
City-type driving, fuel 4- TEL only
Constant speed, 60 mph
Full-throttle accelerations
City-type driving, added phosphorus
Dual exhaust
City-type driving, fuel 4- TEL only
Constant speed, 60 mph
Full-throttle accelerations
PbCl'Br
68
60
85
35
33
30
90
-NH4C1.
2PbCl'Br
24
20
10
18
40
30
10
-NH4C1. 2NH4C1. 3Pb3(P04)2
2PbCl'Br PbCl'Br PbCl'Br
62-
20
5
17 10 20
5 22
35 5 -
-
-------
55/
Table 10-9. LEAD EMISSIONS FOR VARIOUS ROADWAY CONFIGURATIONS—'
Parameter
Driving cycle
Average speed (mph)
ADT (vehicle/day)
Emission factor fraction
Area Year
49 States 1974
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1983
1985
1990
1995
California 1974
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1983
1985
1990
1995
Highway
60
50,000
0.54
Composite
30
5,000
0.22
Highway
48
118,000
0.405
City
16
28,000
0.105
Highway
38
108,000
0.30
City
16
28,000
0.365
Highway/city—'
60/0-60
80,000/24,300
0.54/10.0
Emission rates (g/m - sec)
1.94 x
9.08 x
6.94 x
4.07 x
3.84 x
3.58 x
1.58 x
8.27 x
2.30 x
2.20 x
1.69 x
7.87 x
5.98 x
3.54 x
3.33 x
3.12 x
1.37 x
7.27 x
2.00 x
1.41 x
io-5
10-6
ID'6
io-6
10-6
10-6
10-6
10-7
10-7
10-7
10-5
10-6
ID'6
10-6
10-6
ID'6
ID'6
10-7
10-7
10-7
1.04 x ID'6
4.87 x ID'7
3.70 x ID'7
2.19 x ID'7
2.06 x 10-7
1.93 x 10-7
8.48 x 10-8
4.47 x 10-8
1.24 x ID'8
1.18 x 10-8
9.45 x ID'7
4.41 x 10-7
3.35 x ID'7
1.98 x lO-7
1.87 x lO-7
1.74 x ID'7
7.67 x IO-8
4.05 x ID'8
1.12 x 10-8
1.07 x 10-8
3.29 x
1.53 x
1.16 x
6.88 x
6.51 x
6.08 x
2.68 x
1.42 x
3.90 x
3.73 x
2.37 x
1.36 x
1.03 x
6.10 x
5.75 x
5.38 x
2.36 x
1.25 x
3.44 x
3.29 x
10-5
10-5
10-5
ID'6
10-6
IO-6
IO-6
IO-6
10-7
10-7
10-5
10-5
10-5
10-6
10-6
ID'5
10-6
10-6
10-7
10-7
4.23 x
1.97 x
1.49 x
8.84 x
8.35 x
7.80 x
3.43 x
1.81 x
5.00 x
4.79 x
3.92 x
1.83 x
1.39 x
8.20 x
7.73 x
7.23 x
3.17 x
1.68 x
4.64 x
4.43 x
ID'6
ID'6
ID'6
io-7
10-7
ID'7
10-7
10-7
10-8
10-8
10-6
10-6
ID'6
10-7
10-7
10-7
10-7
10-7
10-8
10-8
2.33 x
1.09 x
8.29 x
4.89 x
4.60 x
4.30 x
1.89 x
1.00 x
2.76 x
2.64 x
2.08 x
9.68 x
7.38 x
4.36 x
4.11 x
3.84 x
1.69 x
8.94 x
2.46 x
2.36 x
10-5
ID'5
ID'6
ID'6
10-6
10-6
ID'6
ID"6
10-7
10-7
10-5
ID'6
ID"6
ID'6
10-6
ID'6
ID'6
10-7
10-7
10-7
1.47 x
6.84 x
5.20 x
3.08 x
2.89 x
2.71 x
1.19 x
6.29 x
1.73 x
1.67 x
1.36 x
6.35 x
4.83 x
2.85 x
2.69 x
2.51 x
1.10 x
5.84 x
1.61 x
1.55 x
io-5
10'6
10'6
lO-6
ID"6
ID'6
10-6
lO-7
10-7
10-7
10-5
IO-6
10-6
lO-6
ID"6
10-6
lO-6
10-7
10-7
10-7
3.80
1.78
1.35
7.96
7.50
7.01
3.01
1.63
4.50
4.30
3.51
1.64
1.24
7.35
6.92
6.48
2.85
1.51
4.15
3.97
x ID'4
x ID'4
x IO-4
x ID'5
x ID'5
x 10-5
x 10-5
x ID'5
x 10-6
x ID'6
x IO-4
x ID'4
x ID'4
x 10-5
x ID'5
x 10-5
x 10-5
x 10-5
x ID'6
x 10-6
a/ Represents combination of highway portion and acceleration portion (city) of an expressway ramp.
-------
Table 10-10. EMISSION FACTORS FOR LEAD FROM SOLID WASTE INCINERATION
OJ
-P-
Source3
Sewage s ludge
Multiple hearth6
Fluidized bed6
Municipal incineration
Uncontrolled
After electrostatic
precipitator
Emission
Emission factorsb'c factor
kg/ 103 kg Ib/ton symbold
0.02 (0.01-0.02) 0.03 (0.02-0.03) OES (4)
0.0005 (0.0005-0.002) 0.001 (0.0001-0.003) OES (3)
0.2 (0.15-0.25) 0.4 (0.03-0.5) EST (2),
UK
0.03 0.06 EST (2)
Reference
1, 47
1, 47
6, 48
48
a Uncontrolled unless otherwise specified.
D Emission factor conversion from one set of units to another set of units by a user cannot
always be done because the emission factors have been rounded to one significant fig-
ure.
c Emission factor expressed as units per unit of solid waste (sludge waste) burned.
d Defined in Table 1-1.
e Exit from a wet scrubber. Lead ratio of metal in particulate to metal in sludge range
from 0.1 to 4.5 with an average of 2.6.
-------
Lead Emiiiloni
t
, Jc .
Lead emissions
Ore y
Flotation
Lead
Storage
Bin
1
Charge
Material
^
>
rr
Cha
Crusher 01
Hammers
T
Lead Emissions
Dross
Material
or
•s
N
1
' V
Mixing
Drum
Lead Emissions
t t
i i
\Chute7
\|/ \l/
Sinter
Machine
Recy
Sinte
A
Lead Emissions'^
Slag
KetH"
Breake
Figure 10-1. Primary Lead Smelter Schematic
Lead Emissions
A
t A
1
•^
Concentrated
Ore
/
s
\
Multiple Hearth
Roaster
. ^"^
__^
t
Fuel
Roaster
Product ^
4-
Limestone
A\ Lead Emissions
i
Concentrated
Ore
Fluidlzed Bed Roaster
t
Fluidizing Gas
ALea
a Emissions
leverberatory
X'
t
Fuel
Furnace
-^
s
A Lead Emissions
1
p- — ^_ Cylindrical
1 -^ Tilting
A ^~-~J~5
1 1 °r
Reverberatory
j,r Refining
t
Figure 10-2. Primary Copper Smelter Schematic*
10-35
-------
Lead Emissions
Lead Emissions
Batteries,
Other Letd
Casting Lead
Into Ingots
Slag Removal
Lead Removal
Figure 10-3. Secondary Lead Production Schematic*
To ATM
( Lead Emissions)
Calcining
Furnace
Hammermill
To ATM
( Lead Emissions)
Lead Oxides
ige
Figure 10-4. Schematic of Barton Pot and Calcining Furnace
10-36
-------
PbO Acid
^Pb Emiiiionj
^ I
Pasting
JL
Stacking §
Pb Emissions
A
I
Burning
Dry Battery Line
A.
Wet Battery Line
A.
Form
A.
Drain & Rime
Dry
Assembly
Assembly [
*
Burn Post
*
A:
A.
Bum Post
A.
Change Acid
JL
A.
Seal
Charge
^
Wash
±
Paint
Figure 10-5. Schematic for Lead Battery Production1
/T* Pb Emissions
Sodi
Ethyl Chloride
Ethviene i ~-
Dichlorid. i>[__8lending_
Dye
Figure 10-6. Schematic for Lead Additive Production by Sodium-Lead Process1
10-37
-------
-Allrrt Holldw
Figure 10-7. Schematic for Lead Additives Production by Electrolytic Process^-
< 30-
Z
»Hinehl.< and Gilbert, 19573'
UHobibi, 1970'1
OT.rHoor, 197242
• Ganl«y and Springvr. 1?73
• Bradow 1976
20 30
VEHICLE CRUISE jPEED (rnohj
Figure 10-8. Percentage of Burned Lead Exhausted Versus Vehicle Cruise Speed
55
10-38
-------
APPENDIX G
FLUORIDE SPECIAL REPORT
C-l
-------
CONTENTS
Chapter Page
11. FLUORIDES 11-1
Mining. 11-1
Metallurgical Processing. •••••••••••.«..... 11-1
Primary Aluminum Smelting ••••••»•*....... 11-1
Iron and Steel* ••••••............... 11-2
Nonferrous Metals Smelting and Refining Industry* • • • • 11-2
Processing and Utilizing Fluorides. ••••••....... 11-3
Phosphate Rock Processing ••••••••........ 11-3
Glass Manufacture • ••••••.......«..... 11-4
Frit Smelting ••••••••••••••••...... 11-4
HF Alkylation Processes ••••••••••••••••. 11-4
HF Production . ..................... 11-5
Heavy Clay Products ••••••••••••••••••• 11-5
Expanded Clay Aggregates* •••••••••••••••. 11-5
Cement Manufacture* •••••••••••••••..*• 11-5
Other Industries* ••••••••••• .*. 11-6
Fuel Combustion ••••••••••••••••••••••• 11-6
Coal • 11-6
References for Chapter 11 •••••••••••••••••• 11-6
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
11-1 Emission Factors for Fluoride Emissions from Metallurgical
Processing •••••••••••••••••••••••• 11-8
11-2 Emission Factors for Fluoride Emissions from the Processing
and Utilization of Fluorides . . 11-10
11-3 Emission Factor for Fluoride Emissions from Coal Combustion. 11-11
-------
11. FLUORIDES
MINING1
The chief fluoride minerals are fluorspar, cryolite, and fluoroapatite.
Fluorspar is a raw material used to produce hydrogen fluoride. The aluminum
industry uses cryolite, and the fluoroapatite is mined for the phosphate.
The drilling, blasting, grinding, drying, and calcining of ore can pro-
duce fluoride emissions. No emission factors for these operations are pre-
sented because the emissions are relatively small and the solubility, which
is related to the ecological impact, is low.
METALLURGICAL PROCESSING
1 o
Primary Aluminum Smelting
Primary aluminum production is a major source of fluoride emissions.
Particulate fluorides are emitted during the preliminary bauxite refining
and the baking and reduction of the molten alumina metal. Most of the gas-
eous fluoride emissions come from the reduction process.
Aluminum is manufactured by the electrolytic reduction of alumina in a
molten salt bath. There are three types of cells used today for the elec-
trolysis: prebake, horizontal stud Soderberg, and vertical stud Soderberg.
The anode configuration and type differs in the three cells but the basic
process is the same.
The cell or "pot" contains a mixture of cryolite (Na3AlF6), alumina
(A1203), and several other salts. The molten mass forms a mixture with two
layers. The less dense upper layer consists of cryolite and additives, the
lower of molten aluminum. The alumina oxidizes the anode forming aluminum,
and is protected from the atmosphere by the cryolite layer.
The gaseous and particulate fluorides evolve from the fluoride used in
the feed material. Although the pot lining absorbs 50% of the fluorides,
some fluorides are emitted. Emission factors for these sources are listed
in Table 11-1.
Dry dust collection devices and/or wet scrubbers are used to control
the particulate and gaseous fluoride emissions from the electrolytic cells.
Dust from the handling of raw materials is a relatively small source of
fluorides and is well controlled by dust collection devices.
11-1
-------
Iron and
In the iron and steel industry, fluoride emissions are present mainly
in the high temperature operations: iron ore pelletizing, iron ore sinter-
ing, and in the furnace operations. The pelletizing operation normally oc-
curs at the mine sites and the sintering is usually done at the plant site.
The furnace operations occur at the plant site in several configurations
and combinations making any generalization difficult.
Pelletization is used mainly for taconite ores. The ore is ground, mixed,
and formed into small balls. The balls are dryed, heated to bind the parti-
cles, and then cooled. Fluoride emissions occur during heating.
Sintering fuses fine material (iron ore and collected fumes) into an
agglomerated mass suitable to use as blast furnace feed. The fine material
is fused by heating, which also releases fluoride.
The furnace operations are described in Chapter 6. In all cases, the
high temperatures cause fluoride to be emitted from the feed material. If
hydrogen is available, gaseous fluoride is emitted as hydrogen fluoride;
f\
if not, calcium fluoride is emitted as dispersoid particulate.
Only one United States iron and steel plant attempts to control fluoride
emissions. The plant uses limestone in the feed material to the sintering
plant and treats the flue gas with calcium hydroxide.2 These alkaline sub-
stances react with the hydrogen fluoride to form particulates which can be
collected by electrostatic precipitators. These procedures probably are not
applicable to the industry as a whole.
Particulate control processes in the industry are incidental controls
for fluorides. Wet scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, and venturi
scrubbers have been used for control of the particulates. Emission factors
for the industry are given in Table 11-1.
Nonferrous Metals Smelting and Refining Industry2
The nonferrous metals smelting and refining industry produces copper,
lead, and zinc. Most of the ores processed in the United States are sul-
fide mineral concentrates. The smelting and refining industry extracts the
metals from these ores. Fluorides are associated with the gangue minerals
and are emitted during the high-temperature steps. No fluoride emissions
have been measured at smelter plants, but emission factors for copper, lead,
and zinc plants determined by material balances are shown in Table 11-1.
Fluoride emissions in the industry are controlled only incidentally by
sulfur dioxide control equipment.
11-2
-------
PROCESSING AND UTILIZING FLUORIDES
Phosphate Rock
Phosphate rock is a raw material for the production of phosphoric acid,
several types of phosphate fertilizers, and phosphorus. After the rock is
removed from the ground, it is processed to remove impurities and moisture
and then ground to increase reactivity. These process steps yield particu-
late emissions. The final products all require thermal and/or chemical pro-
cessing which releases both gaseous and particulate fluorides.
Wet process phosphoric acid is produced by digesting phosphate rock with
sulfuric acid. Particulate emissions include SiF^ and CaF2« Gaseous HF is
also emitted. Wet scrubbing systems are used universally for control.
The phosphoric acid produced by the wet process is used mainly for the
production of ammonium phosphate fertilizers. There are several types of
ammonium phosphate fertilizers, all made by reacting phosphoric acid, sul-
furic acid, and anhydrous ammonia. The fertilizer can also have potash salts
added. Phosphoric acid is the main source of fluroide emissions. These are
controlled by two types of scrubber systems. One system is used to control
the gaseous fluorides and ammonia emitted during the reaction process. The
other controls particulates evolved during drying.
Triple superphosphate is made by combining phosphate rock and wet pro-
cess phosphoric acid. The fertilizer can be produced in granular or pulver-
ized forms, although the pulverized form is more common. Silicon tetraflu-
oride, some hydrogen fluoride, and some particulates will be emitted during
triple superphosphate production. Wet scrubbers are usually used to remove
the gaseous fluoride emissions.
Normal superphosphate is made by combining phosphate rock with sulfuric
acid. After mixing, the material is allowed to solidify and cure. It is
available ground or granulated. Fluoride emissions result from the acidula-
tion, solidification, or denning and curing steps, as well as the original
handling of the phosphate rock. Wet scrubbers are used to control the gase-
ous emissions from the acidulation and denning steps.
Elemental phosphorus is produced by smelting phosphate rock with silica
and coke. Phosphorus is volatilized and collected in a gas stream coming
from the furnace by a direct contact scrubber/condenser. Effluent gas from
the original preparation of the rock is the main source of fluoride emis-
sions. These emissions are controlled by spray towers or wet cyclone collec-
tors.
The emission factors for these processes are given in Table 11-2.
11-3
-------
Glass Manufacture^
Sand, limestone, soda ash, and broken glass scrap are melted together
to produce glass. Other minor constituents are added to produce different
varieties of glass. Soda-lime glass accounts for 90% of the U.S, produc-
tion. Fluoride makes the glass opaque, consequently the fluoride content
of the raw materials is minimized. The only exception is during the manu-
facture of opal glass where fluoride is deliberately added to make a trans-
lucent glass.
The fluoride emissions from glass manufacturing are dependent upon the
fluoride content in the feed material. The emission factor for glass melt-
ing equals 4 F, pounds per ton of glass produced, where F is the percentage
of fluoride input to the furnace. The average content of fluoride in the
raw material used for opal glass manufacture is 1070.
Both particulates and gases are emitted during production. Wet cyclone
scrubbers are effective for the gases but are not as efficient as a bag-
house for removing the fine particulates emitted.
Frit Smelting-*-'^
Frits are coatings used to protect or decorate metal, glass, and pot-
tery. Frit is prepared by fusing together a mixture of borax, feldspar, so-
dium fluoride or fluorspar, soda ash, zinc oxide, litharge, silica, boric
acid, and zircon. This molten mass is quenched with air or water which
causes the mass to solidify rapidly and shatter into the frit. The frit is
dried and ground into finer particles. The frit coatings are applied as
slip, a mixture of frit and clay in a water suspension.
Both particulate and gaseous fluoride emissions are emitted during the
frit smelting. Total fluoride frit emissions for a rotary furnace are given
in Table 11-2. Baghouses and venturi scrubbers are used for control.
HF Alkylation Processes^
High octane petroleum products are formed by alkylation. This process
reacts isoparaffins with olefins and olefin mixtures to form the high oc-
tane products. Hydrofluoric acid is used in some alkylation processes as
a catalyst.
Hydrogen fluoride can be recovered in some of the processes by using de-
fluorinating towers packed with alumina. The HF reacts with the alumina and
forms A1F3, a solid which is easily recovered. This system is used only for
HF emitted in the process stream; other sources of HF are not controlled.
The total emission factor for the alkylation process is given in Table 11-2.
11-4
-------
HF Production2'5'6
Hydrogen fluoride is produced by mixing fluorospar and sulfuric acid in
a furnace. The hydrogen fluoride gas that evolves from the furnace reaction
is treated and dissolved in a strong acid solution. Anhydrous hydrofluoric
acid is formed by distilling 80% hydrofluoric acid and condensing the gase-
ous HF which has been driven off. Soluble fluoride emission factors are
given in Table 11-2.
The economic benefits of efficient control (the evolved HF is the prod-
uct and the pollutant) and the large quantity and concentration of the toxic
fluorides have combined to make the industry use the most efficient control
systems available. Water scrubbers and/or caustic scrubbers are integrated
within the production system for control.
Heavy Clay Products2
Structural heavy clay products, e.g., brick, pipe and tile, use over 20
million tons of clay annually. The fluorides present in the clay are vola-
tilized during the product firing and emitted exclusively as hydrogen flu-
oride.
A typical brick production plant emits 0.87 Ib of soluble fluorides per
ton of brick produced. It was assumed that these emissions were exclusively
hydrogen fluoride (Table 11-2). Emissions can be controlled by cleaning the
effluent gas with a spray scrubber, although less than 1% of the heavy clay
plants currently use this control procedure.
Expanded Clay Aggregates2
Expanded clay aggregate pellets are used as a replacement for gravel in
the production of high strength concrete. After formation of the pellets
from a mixture of clay, oil, and water, the pellets are fired in a sinter
machine, then coated and stored.
Hydrogen fluoride is evolved from the calcium fluoride in the sinter ma-
chine, and the crusher emits particulate calcium fluoride. The total process
fluoride emission factor is given in Table 11-2.
Very few of the current producers of expanded clay aggregates use any
control equipment. Those producers use spray scrubbers or baghouses.
Cement Manuf acture*-'5
Cement manufacturing processes are described in Chapter 4. Fluoride is
present in the major raw materials as calcium fluoride. Emissions from both
the wet and dry process occur during calcination when hydrogen fluoride is
11-5
-------
evolved and during the handling of the raw materials and product when cal-
cium fluoride is emitted.1
The hydrogen fluoride gas evolved during calcination is usually adsorbed
by alkaline particulate matter in the flue gas from the furnace. Cyclone
filters and baghouses collect the particulate matter with the fluorides that
have reacted with them. Thus the particulate control effectively reduces the
fluoride emission. The only quantitative data available is for soluble fluo-
rides (Table 11-2).
Other Industries
The manufacture of fluorine and fluorocarbon chemicals is not a signifi-
cant source of fluoride emissions.2 Since fluorine is a portion of the raw
material and the product, it is economically feasible to use advanced con-
trol systems. The fluoride emissions also constitute a health hazard, so
controls are needed to avoid legal action. No emission factor data for these
operations are available.
Other industries that are minor sources of fluoride emissions include
uranium fluoride production, aluminum anodizing, and beryllium production.
No emission factor information is available for these operations.
FUEL COMBUSTION
Coal2'7'8
Coal-burning electric power plants emit most of the fluorides associated
with coal combustion. This industry is the largest consumer of coal in the
country. The average content of fluoride in bituminous coal, usually as
fluorspar or fluorapatite, is 0.008%.
It has been shown that about half the contained fluoride is emitted as
gaseous HF, SiF4 and particulate matter during coal combustion.^ The emis-
sion factors for coal combustion are shown in Table 11-3.
Generally, pollution control at power plants is limited to fly ash col-
lecting systems. A few facilities use alkaline injection and/or scrubbing
systems to control S02 which would also limit hydrogen fluoride emissions.
The actual effectiveness of fluoride control by these methods is not known
at this time.
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 11
1. Semrau, K. T. Emission of Fluorides From Industrial Processes. J. Air
Pollut. Contr. Assoc. 6_:92-108. July 1957.
11-6
-------
2. Robinson, J. M., G. I. Gruber, W. D. Luck, and M. J. Santy. Engineering
and Cost Effectiveness Study of Fluoride Emissions Control. TRW Systems
Group. McLean, Virginia. 1972.
3. McFarland, A. P. (Ed. ). Control Technology for Toxic and Hazardous Air
Pollutants. NTIS/PB-247 780. December 1974.
4. Katari, V., G. Isaacs, and T. W. Devitt. Trace Pollutant Emissions From
the Processing of Metallic Ores. PEDCo, Environmental Specialists, Inc.
Cincinnati, Ohio. 1974.
5. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency. Publication No. AP-42. April 1976.
6. Faith, W. L., D. B. Keyes, and R. L. Clark. Industrial Chemicals, Third
Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 852 pp. 1965.
7. Surprenant, N. et al. Preliminary Emissions Assessment of Conventional
Stationary Combustion Systems. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Publi-
cation No. EPA-600/2-76-046b. March 1976.
8. Thompson, R. J., T. B. McMullen, and G. B. Morgan. Fluoride Concentra-
tions in the Ambient Air. J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc. 2_l_:484-487. August
1971.
11-7
-------
Table 11.1 EMISSION FACTORS FOR FLUORIDE EMISSIONS FROM METALLURGICAL PROCESSING3
00
* Gaseous fluoride (HF)
emission factors
Source
Bauxite grinding, uncontrolled0
Calcining of aluminum hydroxide,
uncontrolled
Primary aluminum production
Anode baking furnace,
uncontrolled
Spray tower6
Dry electrostatic
precipitator
Self-induced spray
Prebaked reduction cell, un-
controlled^
Multiple cyclone
Fluid-bed dry scrubber
Coated filter dry scrubber
Dry electrostatic
precipitator
Spray tower
Floating-bed scrubber
Chamber scrubber
Vertical flow packed bed
Dry alumina adsorption
Horizontal-stud Soderberg cell,
uncontrolled^
Spray tower
Floating-bed scrubber
Wet electrostatic
precipitator
Vertical-stud Soderberg cell,
uncontrolled*-
Spray tower
Self -induced spray
Venturi scrubber
Wet electrostatic
precipitator
Multiple cyclones
Dry alumina adsorption
kg/103 kg
Neg
Neg
0.47
0.0186
0.47
0.0186
12.35
(6.9-17.4)
12.35
0.124
0.99-2.97
12.35
0.247-1.36
0.247
1.48
4.2
0.247
13.3
(12.6-14.4)
0.93-1.195
0.266
13.3
15.2
(10.0-17.5)
0.152
0.152
0.152
15.2
15.2
0.304
Ib/ton
Neg
Neg
0.93
0.0372
0.93
0.0372
24.7
(13.8-34.8)
24.7
0.247
1.98-5.93
24.7
0.494-2.72
0.494
2.96
8.4
0.494
26.6
(25.2-28.8)
1.86-2.39
0.532
26.6
30.4
(20.0-35.0)
0.304
0.304
0.304
30.4
30.4
0.608
Particulate fluoride (P)
emission factors
kg/ 103 ks
NAd
NA
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
10.2
(4.9-17.8)
2.25
0.253
0.204
0.204-1.12
2.04
2.04
1.53
1.53
0.204
7.8
(7.2-8.1)
1.56-2.885
0.1715
0.563
5.3
(2.8-27.7)
1.325
NA
0.212
0.053-0.53
2.65-3.18
0.106
Ib/ton
NA
NA
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
20.4
(9.8-35.5)
4.49
0.507
0.408
0.408-2.24
4.08
4.08
3.06
3.06
0.408
15.6
(14.4-16.2)
3.12-5.77
0.343
1.13
10.6
(5.6-55.3)
2.65
NA
0.424
0.106-1.06
5.30-6.36
0.212
Emission
factor
symbol
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
IfK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
Reference
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
-------
Table 11.1 (continued)
I
vD
Gaseous fluoride (HF)
emission factors
Source
Materials handling, uncontrolled
Spray tower
Floating-bed scrubber
Quench tower and spray screen
Electrostatic precipitator
Iron and steel mills
Open hearth
No oxygen lance, uncontrolled
Venturi scrubber
Electrostatic precipitator
Oxygen lance, uncontrolled
Venturi scrubber
Electrostatic precipitator
Basic oxygen, uncontrolled
Venturi scrubber
Electrostatic precipitator
Spray chamber
Electric arc
No oxygen lance, uncontrolled
Venturi scrubber
Electrostatic precipitator
Baghouse
Oxygen lance, uncontrolled
Venturi scrubber
Electrostatic precipitator
Baghouse
Copper smelters, uncontrolled
Zinc smelters, uncontrolled
Lead smelters, uncontrolled
kg/103 kg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
0.015
0.0008
0. 0003
0.015
0.0055
0.050
Neg
-
-
-
0.006
0. 0009
0.006
0.006
0.006
0.0009
0.006
0.006
0.36
0.23
0.17
Ib/ton
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
Neg
0.030
0.0015
0.0006
0.030
0.011
0.100
Neg
-
-
-
0.012
0.0018
0.012
0.012
0.0012
0.0018
0.012
0.012
0.78
0.46
0.34
Particulate fluoride (P)
emission factors
kg/ 103 kg
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.05
0.0055
0.050
0.050
0. 0008
0. 0003
0.100
0.001
0.001
0.030
0.119
0.0055
0.0055
0.0012
0.119
0.0055
0.0055
0.0012
NA
NA
NA
Ib/ton
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.100
0.011
0.100
0.100
0.0015
0. 0006
0.200
0.002
0.002
0.060
0.238
0.011
0.011
0. 0024
0.238
0.011
0.011
0. 0024
NA
NA
NA
Emission
factor
symbolb
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
MB
MB
MB
Reference
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
2
2
2
a Unless otherwise stated, uncontrolled emission factors are expressed as pounds F emitted per ton of metal produced.
b Defined in Table 1-1.
c Units are pounds per ton (kilograms per metric ton) of bauxite processed.
d No information available.
e Controlled emissions are based on industrial average observed collection efficiencies.
£ Numbers in parentheses are ranges.
-------
Table 11-2. liHISSION FACTORS FOR H.IIORIDE EMISSIONS FROM 1HK I'ROCH SSIHfi AMD UTILIZATION OF FLUORIIiFS'
Source Fluoride3 (F) emission factors
Emission
factor
Gaseous fluoride (HF) emission factors symbol0
Reference
Phosphate rock processing
Wet process phosphoric acid
Reactor
Gypsum pond
Condenser
Dlammonlum phosphate
Triple superphosphate
Normal superphosphate
Electrothermal phosphorus
Glass manufacture
Frit smelting (rotary furnace)
HF alkylation processes
HF production
Heavy clay products
Expanded clay aggregate
Cement manufacture
9 kg/MT (18 Ib/ton) of phosphate rock processed
1.1 kg/hectare/day0 (3.14 lb/acre/dayc )
10 kg/MT (20 Ib/Lon) of phosphate rock processed
0.65 kg/MT*1 (1.31 lb/tond) of P205 in product
10.6 kg/Ml11 (21.2 lb/tond) of P205 in product
35.5 kg/Mfd (71 lb/tond) of P205 In product
15 kg/MTd (30 lb/tond) of P205 In feed
2F kg/Ml* (4F lb/tone) of glass produced
2.5 kg/MT (5 Ib/ton) weight of charge
0.09 kg/barrel* (0.18 Ib/barrel1) of alkylate produced 0.09 kg/barrel (0.18 Ib/barrel) of alkylate produced
26 kg/Mid (52 lb/tond) of HF produced
0.44 kg/MT£ (0.87 lb/tonf) of material produced 0.44 kg/MT (0.87 Ib/ton) of material produced
0.75 kg/NT"1 (1.5 lb/tond) of aggregate produced
0.004 kg/MTd (0.008 lb/tond) of cement produced
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
inc
2
2
2
5
5
5
5
2
2
5
5
5
5
5
3 Unless otherwise stated, uncontrolled emission factors are expressed as pounds of total F emitted per unir listed.
M L Defined in Table 1-1.
1—1 c Approximately 0.5 acre (0.213 hectare) is required to produce 1 ton of P205 daily.^
l i d Fluoride emitted as "soluble" fluoride where soluble fluorides are defined as those fluorides with significantly greater solubility than calcium fluoride.^
O e Fisequalto the percentage of fluoride in the feed material.
f The soluble fluorides were emitted "exclusively" as gaseous hydrogen fluoride.2
-------
Table 11-3. EMISSION FACTOR FOR FLUORIDE EMISSIONS
FROM COAL COMBUSTION3
Fluoride (F)
emission factor
Source Ib/ton
Coal combustion 0.16
kg/103 kg
0.08
Emission
factor
symbol
MB
Reference
2
a Uncontrolled emission factors are expressed as pounds F emitted per ton
of coal burned.
b Defined in Table 1-1.
11-11
-------
APPENDIX D
HYDROGEN CHLORINE/CHLORIDE SPECIAL REPORT
D-l
-------
CONTENTS
Chapter Page
12. CHLORINE/HYDROGEN CHLORIDE 12-1
Chlorine 12-1
Primary Production Industries* ••••••••••••••• 12-1
Handling and Utilizing Chlorine *•••• 12-2
Fuel Combustion • . . . . ...*.... 12-3
Hydrogen Chloride* ••...... .... 12-4
Primary Production Industries ............. 12-4
Handling and Utilizing Hydrogen Chloride. ....... 12-4
Solid Waste Incineration. ............... 12-5
Other Industrial/Agricultural Sources ......... 12-5
References for Chapter 12. ................. 12-5
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
12-1 Emission Factors for Chlorine 12-7
12-2 Emission Factors for Hydrogen Chloride ........... 12-8
12-i
-------
12. CHLORINE/HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
CHLORINE
Chlorine emissions result primarily from anthropogenic sources, there
being no significant natural sources known. The majority of the chlorine
emissions result from the production and handling of chlorine. Emission
factors for chlorine are summarized in Table 12-1. The following text pro-
vides background information on the development of these factors.
i q
Primary Production Industries
About 97 percent of primary chlorine production utilizes electrolysis
of alkali chloride-water solutions through the diaphragm cell and mercury
cell processes. ' In the diaphragm cell process, chlorine gas is lib-
erated at the anode, cooled to remove water, and then dried by contact
with sulfuric acid. The chlorine gas may then be liquefied or compressed
for use or storage. The mercury cell process uses mercury as the cathode
and liberates chlorine gas at the anode. The chlorine is cooled, dried,
and processed for use or storage.
Within these processes, sources of chlorine emissions are (a) blow gas
resulting from the liquefaction of chlorine, (b) removal of water vapor
from the chlorine gas stream, (c) air blowing of depleted brine in mercury
cell plants, and (d) emergency venting.
The blow gas from the liquefaction of chlorine contains 20 to 100 pounds
per ton of chlorine in the diaphragm cell process and 40 to 160 pounds per
ton of chlorine in the mercury cell process. Control of chlorine emissions
may be obtained with either water absorbers or caustic or lime scrubbers.
The process for removal of water vapor from the chlorine product gas
stream is also a source of chlorine emissions. In cooling the chlorine gas
stream sufficiently to condense the water, the loss of chlorine ranges from
4 to 12 pounds per ton of chlorine liquefied.-'- The water may be treated by
absorption or stripping to reduce the chlorine emissions to 0.1 to 0.2
pounds per ton chlorine liquefied (10 ppm con centration ).1
In mercury cell plants, recycled brine becomes saturated with chlorine
after use, and the depleted brine is air-blown to reduce the chlorine con-
tent. The chlorine in the air stream is present at low concentration and
can be successfully controlled by absorption or stripping.
12-1
-------
Emergency venting is an intermittent source of chlorine. This source,
as well as sources relating to valve and packing failure, can be controlled
by venting to control equipment. Estimation of emission factors is not
possible for this source.
Another process, the Downs cell, uses electrolysis to liberate chlorine
and molten sodium from a sodium chloride-calcium chloride mixture at 550 C.
The chlorine is removed from the cell, cooled, and handled in the same man-
ner as in the diaphragm and mercury cells. Similar chlorine emissions and
controls are found for this process.
Handling and Utilizing Chlorine
Storage and Transport
The handling and transportation of chlorine results in emissions of
chlorine to the atmosphere. The primary sources of emissions are (a) large
containers used to ship and store chlorine, and (b) air used to compress
and transport chlorine. Storage tank vents can release 1,200 pounds per 100
tons of chlorine stored (uncontrolled). Large containers and tank cars con-
tain residual chlorine gas after unloading; this can result in 450 pounds
emitted per 100 tons stored (uncontrolled). These emissions are prevented
by vacuuming the containers. Chlorine may be transferred or compressed
using air padding to pressurize and remove liquid chlorine. The air will
pick up some chlorine. The chlorine lost with this air can be from 1.1 to
60 pounds per ton of chlorine liquified (average 17 Ib). This source of
emissions can be adequately controlled with scrubbers.
Synthesis of and Reaction with Organic Chemicals
In 1970, 23 organic processes used approximately 67 percent of the chlorine
produced in the United States. Of these processes, 13 generated no signifi-
cant chlorine emissions, five had emissions less than 0.002 pound per ton
of product, and two had emissions of 20 pounds per ton of product.
The latter two processes are the thermal chlorination of propane to car-
bon tetrachloride, and thermal chlorination of propane to perchloroethylene.
The purge stream which removes impurities in the raw materials is the source
of the chlorine emissions.
The use of chlorine in the inorganic industry does not result in signifi-
cant emissions. Because of the hazardous nature of the products of these in-
organic processes, emission controls have been well established within the
industry.
12-2
-------
Glass Manufacturing '
The major source of chlorine emissions in the glass industry is the melt-
ing furnace. Chlorine has been measured in the exhaust gas from melting
furnaces^ and does not appear to vary in concentration from flint or amber
glass. Due to the high temperatures in the exhaust gas, chlorine apparently
reacts to form HCl. Partial control of chlorine may be realized by utiliza-
tion of control devices designed for other emissions. Concentrations of
chlorine in melting furnace exhaust gas range from 4.1 to 4.9 ppm, but emis-
sion factors cannot be estimated from existing data.5
Pulp and Paper Bleaching
The pulp and paper industry uses hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide to
bleach paper pulp and to purify the dissolving pulps to obtain high concen-
trations of alpha-cellulose. These processes can result in the release of
chlorine, but most of the chlorine emissions are controlled.
Brick Manufacturing"
The drying of bricks in kilns is an emission source of chlorine. Emis-
sion factors given in Table 12-1 represent extreme emission cases. The ex-
tent of controls on this source is not known.
Water and Wastewater Treatment 1
Chlorine is used to destroy microorganisms in water and wastewater treat-
ment facilities. The release of chlorine from these sources does not con-
stitute a significant environmental problem.
Fuel Combustion'-'5'7'8
The combustion of coal and oil releases the chlorine bound in these fuels.
One of the primary products of combustion is hydrogen chloride gas or hydro-
chloric acid. To alleviate the problem of apportioning the original chlorine
to the various compounds it may react to form, emissions are stated as chlo-
rine. In the literature, this is a common method of reporting chlorine re-
lated combustion emissions.
Coal may contain from 0 to 0.46 percent chlorine, with an average of
0.128 percent.1 Ninety-three percent to 98.5 percent of the chlorine gener-
ated exits from the stack. The quantity of coal burned in the United States
make this a significant source of chlorine. Emission factors are given in
Table 12-1.
12-3
-------
The burning of fuel oil can also result in chlorine emissions, but emis-
sions are considered to be negligible. An estimated 500 pounds of chlorine
is emitted daily per 100,000 persons due to domestic heating by oil.'
Control of chlorine from the combustion of coal or oil can be achieved
through scrubbers which will also control sulfur dioxide.
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
Nearly all hydrogen chloride emissions to the atmosphere result from
anthropogenic sources. The only known significant natural source of hydro-
gen chloride is volcanic eruption. Hydrogen chloride emission factors are
presented in Table 12-2.
Primary Production Industries-*-
Approximately 90 percent of the hydrogen chloride produced in the U.S.
is obtained as a by-product of chlorination of organic compounds. By-
product hydrogen chlorine is produced in the manufacture of chlorinated
benzene, chlorinated toluenes, vinyl chlorides, chloroform, chlorinated
paraffins and many other compounds. The emissions of hydrogen chloride
from these processes vary with the type of process and equipment used.
Emission concentrations of 0.5 percent by volume of the tail gas are com-
mon for these processes. Reported emission factors are given in Table
12-2.
The primary process used to create high purity hydrogen chloride is the
synthesis process. The synthesis process is a process in which chlorine
and hydrogen are burned to produce high purity gas. Process emissions vary
with raw materials and control equipment, but emissions are slight. Emis-
sion factors are given in Table 12-2.
The manufacture of hydrogen chloride by the Mannheim and Hargreaves pro-
cesses results in greater emissions than from the other two sources (by-
products and synthesis process). Limited data for emissions from the Mannheim
process plants are available, and there are none for the Hargreaves process
plants.
Handling and Utilizing Hydrogen Chloride*-
Hydrogen chloride emissions from its handling and storage have not been
studied. No emission factors exist for these operations.
Hydrogen chloride emissions are present in automobile exhaust. The use
of antiknock compounds introduces chlorine into the exhaust system with the
possibility of the formation of hydrogen chloride. No data are available on
the quantity of hydrogen chloride emitted.
12-4
-------
Solid Waste Incineration
The burning of insulated wire cover results in hydrogen chloride emis-
sions. Emission factors cannot be assigned due to the lack of information
on burning procedures.
The incineration of automobile bodies results in hydrogen chloride emis-
sions, but emission factors have not been developed because of the lack of
information on burning procedures.
Emissions stemming from the incineration of municipal refuse have been
studied, and the hydrogen chloride emissions can be estimated. Hydrogen
chloride emissions result primarily from the burning of polyvinyl chloride
and polyvinylidene chloride. Approximately 3 percent of municipal refuse
is plastic material, but most (87 percent) of this plastic does not contain
chlorine. The chlorine content of typical municipal refuse has been esti-
mated to be 0.5 percent. Emission factors for incineration are given in
Table 12-2.
Other Industrial/Agricultural Sources >»
Hydrogen chloride is released by some metallurgical processes. Emis-
sion factors for aluminum batch processing and hot strip pickling are given
in Table 12-2.
The surface of steel is cleaned or "pickled" in a bath of sulfuric or
hydrochloric acid. The prickling action removes the surface oxide on the
steel. The pickling bath is a source of hydrogen chloride emissions.
Chlorine gas is used to reduce the magnesium content of aluminum alloys.
The chlorine is bubbled through the molten aluminum. Some of the chlorine
escapes as hydrogen chloride. This source is generally well controlled,
but hydrogen chloride escapes when the magnesium chloride is skimmed off• ^
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 12
1. Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride. National Academy of Science, National
Research Council. NTIS Publication No. PB-253 196. April 1976.
2. Selected Characteristics of Hazardous Pollutant Emissions. MITRE
Corporation. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Contract No. 68-01-0438.
May 1973.
3. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Revised). U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Office
of Air Programs Publication No. AP-42. April 1976.
4. Stockhom, J. D., The Composition of Glass Furnace Emissions. J. Mr
Pollut. Contr. Assoc. 21(11):713-715. November 1971
12-5
-------
5. McFarland, A. P. (Ed.). Control Technology for Toxic and Hazardous
Air Pollutants. NTIS Publication No. PB-247 780. December 1974.
6. Characterization of Air Pollutants Emitted from Brick Kilns. Wilson
and Johnson. Preprint. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina. Particulate and Chemical Processes Branch.
1973.
7. Stahl, Q. R. Preliminary Air Pollution Survey of Hydrochloric Acid—
Literature Review. Litton Systems. Contract No. PH 22-68-25. October 1969.
8. Suprenant, N., et al. Preliminary Emissions Assessment of Conventional
Stationary Combustion Systems. EPA-600/2-76-046b. March 1976.
9. American Iron and Steel Institute. The Making of Steel. Washington, B.C.
10. Air Pollution Engineering Manual. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Publication No. AP-40. Page 287. 1973.
12-6
-------
Table 12-1. EMISSION FACTORS FOR CHLORINE
Emission factor"
Source3
Chlor-alkali
Diaphragm cell"
Diaphragm celld'e
Mercury eel id
Mercury cell">e
Air blowing of mercury cell
brined
Air blowing of mercury cell
brined* e
Condensed water losses
Loading of chlorine
Storage tank vents
Storage tank ventsd»e
Tank car ventsd
Tank car ventsd»e
Chlorine in air padded to compress
C12
Thermal chlorination of propane to:
CC14
Perchloroethylene
Pulp bleaching
Brick manufacturing6
Fuel combustion
Coal
Oil
kg/103 kg
10-50
0.25
20-80
0.4
2.5
0.12
0.10
6.0
0.12
8.5
0.11
0.55-30
10
10
9-21
0.12-0.5
2
0.07
Ib/ton
20-100
0.5
40-160
0.8
5.0
0.25
0.20
12.0
0.25
17.0
0.21
1.1-60
20
20
18-42
0.23-1.0
4
0.13
Emission
factor
symbol0
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
Reference
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
1
3
4
3
1
1
1
5
6
8
8
a Uncontrolled unless otherwise specified.
b Emission factor expressed as mass of chlorine emissions per mass unit of product,
c Defined in Table 1-1.
d Total process emissions.
e Controlled emissions.
-------
Table 12-2. EMISSION FACTORS FOR HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
ho
00
Sourcea
HCl manufacturing
By-product
Synthesis process
HCl manufacturing^
By-product
Synthesis process
Chlorination of carbon disulfide
Chlorination of ethylene
Hydrochlorination of ethylene
Chlorohydrination of alychloride
Chlorohydrination of propylene
Open burning
On-site incineration
Conical burner
Municipal incineration
Aluminum batch processing
Hot strip pickling
Emission
ka/103 ke
0-6.5
0-13
0.25
0.05
0.0001
0.0005
0.0005
0.001
0.001
1.0
1.28
1.0
0.82
0.06-1.5
0.007-
0.047
Emission
factor*3 factor
Ib/ton
0-13
0-27 (per ton of
100% acid)
0.5
0.1 (per ton of
100% acid)
0.0003
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
2.0
2.55
2.0
1.65
0.12-3.1 (lb/hr/13.5
T batch)
0.014-0.094 (ton of
steel )
a Uncontrolled unless otherwise specified*
b Emission factor expressed as mass of hydrogen chloride emissions per mass
otherwise specified.
c Defined in Table 1-1 •
d Controlled emissions.
symbol0
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
UK
5
unit of
Reference
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
5
5
5
5
product, unless
-------
APPENDIX E
FORMAT FOR EMISSIONS INVENTORY EVALUATION
E-l
-------
HATREMS EMISSION INVENTORY EVALUATION
BY POLLUTANT/SCC
Pollutant Code: SCC No.
Pollutant: . SCC
Date:
By: _
Emission Factor Input
Basis:
Coded HATREMS Data
Non-HATREMS Data
Emission Factor Units
Default Multiplier Units
Control Efficiency Multiplier
NEDS 'Pollutant Flag Type '
NEDS Pollutant Control Efficiency (70) Unknown Estimated %
Date Entered into HATREMS
Source Origin Code Type
Emission Factor Reliability Type
Comments
Process Input
Basis: [__] NEDS Data £_ Non-NEDS Data
Annual SCC Process Throughput Rate
Units
Area: Q Plant Q County [j AQCR [__ State Q]~National
Reference
Emissions Output Comparison
HATREMS/NEDS Emissions tons/year
Calculated Emissions* __tons/year
Basis: Q HATREMS Emission Factors/Non-NEDS Process Data
Q Non-HATREMS Emission Factors/Non-NEDS Process Data
Non-HATREMS Emission Factors/NEDS Process Data
* Emissions (ton/year) = Emission Factor (Ib/SCC unit - DM unit)
x Default Multiplier x Control Efficiency
(DM units) 100
x Annual Process Throughput Rate x 1
(SCC units/year) 2,000 Ib
E-2
-------
HATREMS EMISSION INVENTORY EVALUATION
BY POLLUTANT/SCC
Pollutant Code:
Pollutant: Lead
A2128
Date: 5/9/77
By. R. Bohn
Emission Factor Input
Basis:
Coded HATREMS Data
Emission Factor 2.3
Default Multiplier 0.3
SCC No. 30300502
SCC Industrial Process - Primary
Metals - Copper Smelter -
Roasting
Non-HATREMS Data
Units Tons concentrated ore
Units Percentage lead in concentrate ore
Control Efficiency Multiplier
NEDS "Pollutant Flag 1 Type
NEDS Pollutant Control Efficiency (7.)
Date Entered into HATREMS 11/1976
Source Origin Code _
Par ficu late
(Unknown)
Estimated
7.
D
Type Other reference
Type Average
Emission Factor Reliability c,
Comments Based on Bibliography Reference 85 data, HATREMS Final Report
Process Input
Basis: Q NEDS Data (x] Non-NEDS Data
Annual SCC Process Throughput Rate 4,400,000 (1975)
Units Tons of concentrated ore per year
Area: I
Plant
County (j AQCR
State
National
Reference
Emissions Output Comparison
HATREMS/NEDS Emissions
tons/year
Calculated Emissions* 1,518 (uncontrolled) tons/year
Basis: JF] HATREMS Emission Factors/Non-NEDS Process Data
Q Non-HATREMS Emission Factors/Non-NEDS Process Data
Non-HATREMS Emission Factors/NEDS Process Data
* Emissions (ton/year) = Emission Factor (Ib/SCC unit - DM unit)
x Default Multiplier x Control Efficiency (70)
(DM units) 100
x Annual Process Throughput Rate x * ton
(SCC units/year) 2,000 Ib
E-3
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(/'lease read Instructions on the reverse before co
1. REPORT MO.
EPA-450/3-77-011
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Development of HATREMS Data Base and Emission Inventory
Evaluation
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSI ON-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
April 1977
7. AUTHOR(S)
Christine M. Maxwell, Russel Bohn, Roger Caiazza, and
Chatten Cowherd, Jr.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2390
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report - 7/76-3/77
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report presents the results of an extensive data collection and analysis
program which was conducted to (a) develop an emission factor data base for HATREMS;
(b) prepare this data for loading into HATREMS; and (c) evaluate emission inventory
information from HATREMS. HATREMS is a computerized subsystem of EPA's AEROS. HATREMS
stores and reports source and emission data for noncriteria pollutants in a manner
parallel to NEDS which stores and reports data for the five criteria pollutants.
Three hazardous pollutants (lead, fluorides, and HCl/chlorine) were selected
from a list of nine pollutants for incorporation as separate chapters into "Emission
Factors for Trace Substances" (EPA-450/2-73-001). These special report chapters are
included as appendices to this report.
Point source data were developed/coded for 26 pollutants; area source data for
22 pollutants; and "free" area source data for 4 pollutants. Although the HATREMS
data base was not processed through the computer system as part of this study, meth-
odology was developed for evaluation of the emission inventory information to be gen-
erated from HATREMS. Finally, lead was evaluated for use in the EHIS, another subsys-
tem of NEDS.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Emission factors
Trace pollutants
Hazardous pollutants
Lead
Fluoride
Chlorine
Data system
Emission inventory
Point sources
Area sources
h.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COS AT I Field/Group
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
215
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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