United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-454/R-94-027
October 1994
&EPA
Air
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION TRENDS,
1900-1993
1993 CO STATE-LEVEL EMISSION DENSITIES
CO Emissions (tons/yr)
2,400,000 to 7,600,000
1,500,000 to 2,400,000
900,000 to 1,500,000
0 to 900,000
1993 VOC STATE-LEVEL EMISSION DENSITIES
VOC Emissions (tons/yr)
660 to 3,100
300 to 660
170 to 300
0 to 170
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National Air Pollutant
Emission Trends
1900 1993
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication. Mention of trade names or
commercial products is not intended to constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
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FOREWORD
This document presents the most recent estimates of national emissions of the criteria air pollutants.
The emissions of each pollutant are estimated for many different source categories, which collectively
account for all anthropogenic emissions. The report presents the total emissions from all 50 States and
from each EPA region in the country. These estimates are updated annually.
This is the third of a series of reports that is tracking the changes in national emissions since passage
of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Air emission trends are the net effect of many factors,
including changes in the nation's economy and in industrial activity, technology, consumption of fuels,
traffic, and other activities that cause air pollution. The trends also reflect changes in emissions as a
result of air pollution regulations and emission controls. These reports will serve as a measure of our
nation's progress in reducing air pollution emissions as a result of mandatory and voluntary controls and
of continuous changes in national activity.
This report also/'reflects recent improvements in the way national and regional emissions are calculated.
Improvement in estimation methods is an on-going effort, and it is expected that future reports will
reflect this effort. Revisions to the National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993, (hereinafter
referred to as "Trends") methodology include a change in the method used to estimate pre-1985 to the
present emissions, recalculation of mobile source emissions for the years 1970 to 1993 using an updated
emissions model, use of certain years' estimates for trends only, modification of the method used to
calculate particulate matter emissions, and use of other years' estimates as both trend and absolute
indicators. Further details of these methodological changes are described in section 6 of this report.
Preliminary estimates are presented for the years 1990 through 1993. This year's report continues to
provide limited coverage of biogenic, global warming gases, air toxics, and international emissions.
Final estimates (including refinements to the data used to estimate emissions) will be presented in future
reports.
The Division solicits comments on this report and welcomes suggestions on our trend techniques,
interpretations, conclusions, and methods of presentation. Please forward any response to Sharon V.
Nizich, Project Officer, (MD-14) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technical Support Division,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 Hi
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CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD iii
CONTENTS v
TABLES xi
FIGURES xiv
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xvii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT xx
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1
ES.l EMISSION SUMMARY ES-1
ES.2 EMISSIONS SUMMARY BY POLLUTANT ES-2
ES.2.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions ES-2
ES.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides Emissions ES-2
ES.2.3 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions ES-3
ES.2.4 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions ES-3
ES.2.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions ES-4
ES.2.6 Lead Emissions ES-5
ES.3 CURRENT NONATTAINMENT AREAS ES-5
ES.4 REFERENCES ES-5
SECTION 1.0
INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 HEALTH EFFECTS 1-1
1.1.1 Carbon Monoxide 1-1
1.1.2 Nitrogen Dioxide 1-1
1.1.3 Volatile Organic Compounds 1-1
1.1.4 Sulfur Dioxide 1-2
1.1.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10) 1-2
1.1.6 Lead 1-2
1.2 POLLUTION TRENDS 1-2
1.3 REPORT ENHANCEMENTS 1-3
1.3.1 Methodology Changes 1-3
1.3.2 Highway Vehicle Emissions 1-5
1.3.3 Temporal and Spatial Allocation 1-5
1.3.4 Other Emission Inventories 1-5
1.3.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions 1-5
1.4 REPORT STRUCTURE 1-5
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 v Contents
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1.5 REFERENCES 1-6
SECTION 2.0
SUMMARY OF 1993 EMISSIONS 2-1
2.1 EMISSIONS FOR 1993 BY SOURCE CATEGORY 2-1
2.1.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions 2-1
2.1.2 Nitrogen Oxides Emissions 2-2
2.1.3 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions 2-2
2.1.4 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions 2-3
2.1.5 Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Emissions 2-3
2.1.6 Lead Emissions 2-3
2.2 SPATIAL EMISSIONS 2-4
2.2.1 State Level 2-4
2.2.2 County Level 2-4
2.2.3 Nonattainment Areas 2-4
2.3 SEASONAL EMISSIONS 2-5
2.4 LARGEST POINT SOURCES IN AIRS/AFS 2-6
2.5 REFERENCES 2-7
SECTION 3.0
SUMMARY OF NATIONAL EMISSION TRENDS 3-1
3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1
3.2 NATIONAL EMISSION TRENDS, 1900 THROUGH 1993 3-1
3.3 CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1940 THROUGH 1993 3-2
3.3.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-2
3.3.2 Industrial Processes 3-3
3.3.3 Transportation: Highway Vehicles and Off-highway 3-3
3.3.4 Remaining Sources 3-4
3.4 NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION TRENDS, 1900 THROUGH 1993 3-4
3.4.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-4
3.4.2 Transportation: Highway Vehicles and Off-highway 3-4
3.4.3 Remaining Sources 3-4
3.5 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSION TRENDS, 1900 THROUGH 1993 3-5
3.5.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-5
3.5.2 Industrial Processes 3-5
3.5.3 Transportation: Highway Vehicles and Off-highway 3-6
3.5.4 Remaining Sources 3-6
3.6 SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1900 THROUGH 1993 3-6
3.6.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-6
3.6.2 Industrial Processes 3-7
3.6.3 Remaining Sources 3.7
3.7 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) EMISSION TRENDS, 1940 THROUGH 1993 . 3-7
3.7.1 Point and Process Fugitive Sources 3.7
3.7.1.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-8
3.7.1.2 Transportation: Highway Vehicles and Off-highway 3-8
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 vi Contents
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3.7.1.3 Remaining Sources 3-8
3.7.2 Fugitive Dust Sources 3-9
3.8 LEAD EMISSION TRENDS, 1970 THROUGH 1993 3-9
3.8.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility, Industrial, and Other 3-9
3.8.2 Industrial Processes 3-9
3.8.3 Transportation: Highway Vehicles and Off-highway 3-9
3.9 REFERENCES 3-10
SECTION 4.0
REGIONAL EMISSION TRENDS, 1985 THROUGH 1993 4-1
4.1 REFERENCES 4-1
SECTION 5.0
NATIONAL ESTIMATE PROJECTIONS, 1996 to 2010 5-1
5.1 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS 5-1
5.2 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSIONS 5-1
5.3 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
EMISSIONS 5-2
5.4 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS 5-2
5.5 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) EMISSIONS5-2
5.6 REFERENCES 5-3
SECTION 6.0
NATIONAL CRITERIA POLLUTANT ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY 6-1
6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-1
6.2 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1985 THROUGH 1993 6-2
6.2.1 Fuel Combustion 6-2
6.2.1.1 Electric Utility Units 6-3
6.2.1.2 Industrial and Other Combustion 6-4
6.2.2 Transportation 6-6
6.2.2.1 Highway Vehicles 6-7
6.2.2.2 Off-highway 6-8
6.2.3 Industrial Processes 6-9
6.2.4 Remaining Categories 6-9
6.2.4.1 Natural Sources, Geogenic, Wind Erosion 6-10
6.2.4.2 Miscellaneous, Agriculture and Forestry 6-10
6.2.4.3 Miscellaneous, Other Combustion 6-11
6.2.4.4 Miscellaneous, Fugitive Dust 6-11
6.3 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1940 THROUGH 1984 6-13
6.3.1 Fuel Combustion 6-13
6.3.1.1 Coal 6-13
6.3.1.2 Fuel Oil 6-14
6.3.1.3 Natural Gas 6-14
6.3.1.4 Wood and Other Fuels 6-14
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 vii Contents
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6.3.2 Transportation 6-14
6.3.2.1 Highway Vehicles 6-14
6.3.2.2 Aircraft 6-15
6.3.2.3 Railroads 6-15
6.3.2.4 Vessels 6-15
6.3.2.5 Off-highway 6-15
6.3.3 Industrial Processes 6-15
6.3.4 Remaining Categories 6-16
6.3.4.1 Solid Waste Disposal 6-16
6.3.4.2 Miscellaneous Sources 6-16
6.4 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1900 THROUGH 1939 6-17
6.4.1 Emission Estimation Methodologies for Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides .. 6-17
6.4.1.1 Emissions for Every 5 Years 6-17
6.4.1.2 Emissions for Intervening Years 6-19
6.4.2 Emission Estimation Methodologies for Volatile Organic Compounds 6-19
6.4.2.1 Emissions for Every 5 Years 6-19
6.4.2.2 Emissions for Intervening Years 6-20
6.4.2.3 Changes in Estimated Emissions 6-20
6.5 EMISSIONS REVISIONS 6-20
6.5.1 Methodological Changes 6-20
6.5.2 Other Changes 6-20
6.5.3 Future Changes 6-21
6.6 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL EMISSIONS, 1993 6-22
6.6.1 Spatial Emissions, 1993 6-22
6.6.2 Temporal Emissions, 1993 6-22
6.7 LARGEST POINT SOURCES IN AIRS/AFS 6-23
6.8 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1996 to 2010 6-24
6.8.1 Highway Vehicles 6-24
6.8.1.1 VMT Growth 6-24
6.8.1.2 Emission Factor Modeling 6-24
6.8.2 Utilities 6-25
6.8.2.1 Electric Utility Growth 6-25
6.8.2.2 Electric Utility Controls 6-25
6.8.3 Nonutility Point Sources 6-25
6.8.3.1 Carbon Monoxide Controls 6-26
6.8.3.2 Nitrogen Oxides Controls 6-26
6.8.3.3 Volatile Organic Compound Controls 6-26
6.8.3.4 Sulfur Dioxide Controls 6-26
6.8.3.5 Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Controls 6-26
6.8.4 Area/Off-highway Projections 6-26
6.8.4.1 Carbon Monoxide Area/Off-highway Controls 6-26
6.8.4.2 Nitrogen Oxides Area/Off-highway Controls 6-27
6.8.4.3 Volatile Organic Compound Area/Off-highway Controls 6-27
6.8.4.4 Sulfur Dioxide Area/Off-highway Controls 6-27
6.8.4.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10) Area/Off-highway Controls 6-27
6.9 REFERENCES 6-27
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 viii Contents
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SECTION 7.0
INTERNATIONAL CRITERIA POLLUTANT EMISSIONS 7-1
7.1 PER CAPITA EMISSIONS 7-1
7.2 CANADA 7-1
7.3 EUROPE 7-2
7.3.1 CORINAIR: The Atmospheric Emission Inventory for Europe 7-2
7.3.2 CORINAIR85 7-2
7.3.3 CORINAIR90 7-3
7.3.4 CORINAIR90 Summary Tables 7-4
7.4 RUSSIA 7-4
7.5 MEXICO 7-4
7.6 REFERENCES 7-5
SECTION 8.0
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 8-1
8.1 NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 8-1
8.1.1 Introduction 8-1
8.1.2 Methodology and Data 8-1
8.2 INTERNATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 8-2
8.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions 8-2
8.2.2 Global Trends 8-2
8.2.3 Canada 8-3
8.2.4 Mexico 8-3
8.3 REFERENCES 8-4
SECTION 9.0
BIOGENIC EMISSIONS 9-1
9.1 REFERENCES 9-1
SECTION 10.0
AIR TOXIC EMISSIONS 10-1
10.1 INTRODUCTION 10-1
10.2 TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY SUMMARIES 10-2
10.3 NATIONAL INVENTORIES FOR SPECIFIC POLLUTANTS 10-3
10.3.1 Section 112(k) Inventories (Urban Area Source Program) 10-3
10.3.2 Section 112(c)(6) Inventories 10-4
10.4 SOURCE CATEGORY ESTIMATES AND MAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY STATUS 10-5
10.4.1 Aerospace Manufacturing and Rework Industry 10-6
10.4.2 Petroleum Refineries 10-6
10.4.3 Halogenated Solvent Cleaning 10-7
10.4.4 Magnetic Tape Manufacturing 10-7
10.4.5 Marine Vessel Loading Operations 10-7
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 ix Contents
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10.4.6 Polymers and Resins II 10-7
10.4.7 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Manufacturing Processes 10-7
10.4.8 Gasoline Distribution Industry (Stage I) 10-8
10.4.9 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization Facilities 10-8
10.4.10 Chromium Electroplating Operations 10-8
10.4.11 Coke Oven Batteries 10-8
10.4.12 Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning Facilities 10-8
10.4.13 Secondary Lead Smelters 10-9
10.4.14 Industrial Process Cooling Towers 10-9
10.4.15 Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI) 10-9
10.5 REFERENCES 10-9
APPENDIX A
NATIONAL EMISSIONS (1970 TO 1993) BY SUBCATEGORY A-l
APPENDIX B
REGIONAL EMISSIONS (1985 TO 1993) B-l
APPENDIX C
NATIONAL TOTAL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS (1940 TO 1993) BY SUBCATEGORY . . C-l
APPENDIX D
NATIONAL EMISSIONS (1940 TO 1993) FROM THE REPORT IN METRIC UNITS D-l
APPENDIX E
DENSITY MAPS OF 1993 COUNTY-LEVEL EMISSIONS BY POLLUTANT E-l
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 \ Contents
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TABLES
Number Page
ES-1 Summary of National Emissions ES-9
ES-2 Percent Change in National Emissions ES-10
ES-3 Current Nonattainment Areas ES-11
1-1 Major Source Categories 1-8
2-1 1993 National Point and Area Carbon Monoxide Emissions by Source Category 2-8
2-2 1993 National Point and Area Nitrogen Oxides Emissions by Source Category 2-8
2-3 1993 National Point and Area Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Source Category . 2-9
2-4 1993 National Point and Area Sulfur Dioxide Emissions by Source Category 2-9
2-5 1993 National Point and Area Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Emissions by Source Category 2-10
2-6 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Carbon Monoxide 2-11
2-7 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Carbon Monoxide Ranked by Total
Emissions 2-12
2-8 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides 2-13
2-9 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides Ranked by Total
Emissions 2-14
2-10 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds 2-15
2-11 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds
Ranked by Total Emissions 2-16
2-12 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Sulfur Dioxides 2-17
2-13 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Sulfur Dioxides Ranked by Total
Emissions 2-18
2-14 1993 State-level Fugitive Dust, Nonfugitive Dust, and Total Emissions of Paniculate
Matter (PM-10) 2-19
2-15 1993 State-level Fugitive Dust, Nonfugitive Dust, and Total Emissions of Paniculate
Matter Ranked by Total Estimates 2-20
2-16 Predominant Industries Listed Among the Top 30 Plants from AIRS/AFS 2-21
2-17 Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Carbon Monoxide 1993 2-22
2-18 Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Nitrogen Oxides 1993 2-23
2-19 Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Volatile Organic Compounds 1993 2-24
2-20 Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Sulfur Dioxide from All Sources 1993 2-25
2-21 Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Sulfur Dioxide from Industrial Sources 1993 2-26
2-22 Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Paniculate Matter (PM-10) - 1993 2-27
2-23 Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Lead 1993 2-28
3-1 Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1940 through 1993 3-11
3-2 Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1940 through 1993 3-12
3-3 Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1940 through 1993 3-13
3-4 Total National Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, 1940 through 1993 3-14
3-5 Total National Emissions of Paniculate Matter (PM-10), 1940 through 1993 3-15
3-6 Total National Emissions of Lead, 1970 through 1993 3-16
5-1 National Carbon Monoxide Emissions by Source Category for 1990 to 2010 5-4
5-2 National Nitrogen Oxides Emissions by Source Category for 1990 to 2010 5-5
5-3 National Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Source Category for 1990 to 2010 ... 5-6
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 xi Tables
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5-4 National Sulfur Dioxide Emissions by Source Category for 1990 to 2010 5-7
5-5 National Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions by Source Category for 1990 to 2010 ... 5-8
6-1 Equations Used to Estimate Emissions from Electric Utility Boilers 6-35
6-2 Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry 6-36
6-3 Bureau of Economic Analysis's SQ-5 National Growth in Earnings by Industry 6-38
6-4 Sample E-GAS Growth Factors Arranged by Tier 1 and Tier 2 Source Category 6-39
6-5 Historic Nitrogen Oxides and Sulfur Dioxide Emission Source Categories and
Subcategories 6-40
6-6 Historic Volatile Organic Compound Emission Source Categories and Subcategories . . . 6-41
7-1 1985 Per Capita Emissions for 15 Selected Countries 7-6
7-2 1985 Canada Nitrogen Oxides Emissions by Province 7-7
7-3 1985 Canada Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Province 7-8
7-4 1990 Canada Nitrogen Oxides Emissions by Province 7-9
7-5 1990 Canada Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Province 7-10
7-6 Canada Sulfur Dioxide Emissions by Province 7-11
7-7 CORINAIR 1985: Nitrogen Oxides Emissions 7-12
7-8 CORINAIR 1985: Volatile Organic Compound Emissions 7-12
7-9 CORINAIR 1985: Sulfur Dioxide Emissions 7-13
7-10 CORINAIR90 Emissions for Belgium 7-14
7-11 CORINAIR90 Emissions for Denmark and France 7-15
7-12 CORINAIR90 Emissions for Former Republic of Germany and Greece 7-16
7-13 CORINAIR90 Emissions for Ireland and Italy 7-17
7-14 CORINAIR90 Emissions for Luxembourg and Netherlands 7-18
7-15 CORINAIR90 Emissions for Portugal and Spain 7-19
7-16 CORINAIR90 Emissions for United Kingdom and European Union (EU-12 except
Former Democratic Republic of Germany) 7-20
7-17 CORINAIR90 Emissions for Austria and Bulgaria 7-21
7-18 CORINAIR90 Emissions for Czech Republic and Finland 7-22
7-19 CORINAIR90 Emissions for Former Democratic Republic of Germany and Norway . . . 7-23
7-20 CORINAIR90 Emissions for Poland and Slovakia 7-24
7-21 CORINAIR90 Emissions for Sweden and Selected European Countries (EU-12 +
Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, Former Democratic Republic of Germany,
Norway, Poland, Slovakia, and Sweden) 7-25
7-22 CORINAIR90 Estimates of the Percentage of Europe Emissions from Source Categories 7-26
7-23 Emissions in the Territory of Russia 7-27
7-24 Mexico Emissions in 1985 7-27
8-1 Summary of U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Sinks by Source Category, 1990 to
1993 8-6
8-2 Summary of U.S. Methane Emissions by Source Category, 1990 to 1993 8-7
8-3 Summary of U.S. Nitrous Oxide Emissions by Source Category, 1990 to 1993 8-8
8-4 Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions 8-9
8-5 Regional Carbon Dioxide Emissions 8-11
8-6 Carbon Dioxide Emissions for the United States 8-13
8-7 Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Canada 8-14
8-8 Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Mexico 8-15
10-1 State Total Air Emissions from TRI, 1988 to 1992 10-14
10-2 1990 National Emissions for 3 Hazardous Air Pollutants 10-16
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 xii Tables
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10-3 1990 National Emissions for 4 Chlorinated Hazardous Air Pollutants 10-17
10-4 1990 National Extractable Organic Matter Emissions 10-18
10-5 1990 National Hexachlorobenzene Emissions 10-19
10-6 1990 National Tetraethyl Lead and Tetramethyl Lead Emissions 10-20
10-7 1990 National Polychlorinated Biphenyls Emissions 10-20
10-8 1990 National Emissions for Cadmium and Mercury 10-21
10-9 Summary of Proposed or Promulgated Maximum Achievable Control Technology
Standards 10-22
A-l Carbon Monoxide Emissions A-2
A-2 Nitrogen Oxides Emissions A-6
A-3 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions A-10
A-4 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions A-17
A-5 Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Emissions A-21
A-6 Lead Emissions A-26
B-l Regional Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1985 to 1993 B-2
B-2 Regional Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1985 to 1993 B-2
B-3 Regional Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1985 to 1993 B-2
B-4 Regional Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, 1985 to 1993 B-3
B-5a Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10) from Point and Fugitive Process
Sources, 1985 to 1993 B-3
B-5b Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10) from Fugitive Dust Sources, 1985 to
1993 B-3
B-5c Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10) from All Sources, 1985 to 1993 .... B-4
B-6 Regional Emissions of Lead, 1985 to 1993 B-4
C-l Total Particulate (TSP) Emissions C-2
D-l Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1940 through 1993 in Metric Units .... D-2
D-2 Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1940 through 1993 in Metric Units D-3
D-3 Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, 1940 through 1993 in Metric
Units D-4
D-4 Total National Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, 1940 through 1993 in Metric Units D-5
D-5 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10), 1940 through 1993 in Metric
Units D-6
D-6 Total National Emissions of Lead, 1970 through 1993 in Metric Units D-7
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 xiii Tables
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FIGURES
Number
ES-1 Trend in National Emissions, NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS, SULFUR DIOXIDE, (1900 to 1993) and PARTICULATE MATTER
([PM-10]: nonfugitive dust sources; 1940 to 1993) ES-7
ES-2 Trend in National Emissions, CARBON MONOXIDE (1940 to 1993), FUGITIVE
DUST (1985 to 1993), and LEAD (1970 to 1993) ES-8
ES-3 Trend in National Per Capita Emissions of NITROGEN OXIDES, VOLATILE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, and SULFUR DIOXIDE, 1900 to 1990 ES-10
2-1 1993 National CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories . . . 2-29
2-2 1993 National NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories .... 2-30
2-3 1993 National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by 5 Principal Source
Categories 2-31
2-4 1993 National SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories 2-32
2-5 1993 National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions 2-33
2-6 1993 National LEAD Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories 2-34
2-7 Top 10 States Ranked by CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions in 1993 2-35
2-8 Top 10 States Ranked by NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions in 1993 2-36
2-9 Top 10 States Ranked by VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions in 1993 . . . 2-37
2-10 Top 10 States Ranked by SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions in 1993 2-38
2-11 Top 10 States Ranked by PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions in 1993 .... 2-39
2-12 Density Map of 1993 County-level CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions 2-40
2-13 Density Map of 1993 County-level NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions 2-41
2-14 Density Map of 1993 County-level VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions . . 2-42
2-15 Density Map of 1993 County-level SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions 2-43
2-16 Density Map of 1993 County-level PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions . . . 2-44
2-17 Relative Profiles of CARBON MONOXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDES, and VOLATILE
ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions in a Composite Ozone Nonattainment Area by
Principal Source Category 1990 2-45
2-18 Principal CARBON MONOXIDE Emission Categories for a Composite Ozone
Nonattainment Area - 1990 2-46
2-19 Principal NITROGEN OXIDES Emission Categories for a Composite Ozone
Nonattainment Area 1990 2-47
2-20 Principal VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emission Categories for a Composite
Ozone Nonattainment Area - 1990 2-48
2-21 1993 Seasonal CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by Source Category 2-49
2-22 1993 Seasonal NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions by Source Category 2-50
2-23 1993 Seasonal VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by Source Category . . 2-51
2-24 1993 Seasonal SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by Source Category 2-52
2-25 1993 Seasonal PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Source Category . . . 2-53
2-26 Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting CARBON MONOXIDE - 1993 2-54
2-27 Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting NITROGEN OXIDES -1993 2-55
2-28 Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - 1993 .... 2-56
2-29 Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting SULFUR DIOXIDE from All Sources 1993 2-57
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 xiv Figures
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2-30 Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting SULFUR DIOXIDE from Industrial Sources 1993 . 2-58
2-31 Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) - 1993 2-59
2-32 Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting LEAD 1993 2-60
3-1 Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1940
through 1993 3-17
3-2 Trend in NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1900
through 1993 3-18
3-3 Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by 7 Principal Source
Categories, 1900 through 1993 3-19
3-4 Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by 6 Principal Source Categories, 1900 through
1993 3-20
3-5 Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Point and Fugitive Process
Sources (1940 through 1993) and by Fugitive Dust Sources (1985 to 1993) 3-21
3-6 Trend in LEAD Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories, 1970 through 1993 3-22
3-7 Trends in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions, Vehicle Miles Traveled, and Fuel Usage . 3-23
3-8 Ratio of Off-highway Gasoline and Diesel Vehicle to Highway Vehicle CARBON
MONOXIDE Emissions 3-24
4-1 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Administrative Regions 4-2
4-2 Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by Region, 1985 TO 1993 4-3
4-3 Trend in NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions by Region, 1985 TO 1993 4-4
4-4 Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by Region, 1985 TO 1993 . . 4-5
4-5 Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by Region, 1985 TO 1993 4-6
4-6 Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Region, 1985 TO 1993 .... 4-7
4-7 Trend in LEAD Emissions by Region, 1985 TO 1993 4-8
5-1 Projected Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories,
1990 through 2010 5-9
5-2 Projected Trend in NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories,
1990 through 2010 5-9
5-3 Projected Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by 5 Principal
Source Categories, 1990 through 2010 5-10
5-4 Projected Trend in SULFUR OXIDE Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories, 1990
through 2010 5-10
5-5 Projected Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by 5 Principal Source
Categories, 1990 through 2010 5-11
8-1 1950 to 1991 Global CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions from Fossil Fuel Burning, Cement
Production, and Gas Flaring 8-10
8-2 Comparison of Per Capita CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions 8-12
8-3 CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions for the United States 8-13
8-4 CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions for Canada 8-14
8-5 CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions for Mexico 8-15
9-1 Oak Forest 1990 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by State 9-2
9-2 Other Deciduous Forest 1990 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by State 9-3
9-3 Coniferous Forest 1990 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by State 9-4
9-4 Grassland 1990 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by State 9-5
9-5 Scrubland 1990 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by State 9-6
9-6 Urban Vegetation 1990 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by State 9-7
9-7 Agricultural Crop 1990 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by State 9-8
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends. 1900-1993 xv Figures
-------
9-8 Inland Water 1990 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by State 9-9
9-9 Total 1990 Biogenic VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by State 9-10
9-10 Seasonal Breakdown of Total 1990 Biogenic VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
Emissions 9-11
10-1 TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY Air Emissions Trends 10-11
10-2 Top 10 HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS - 1988 Basis 10-12
10-3 TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY Releases by Industry, 1988 - 1992 10-13
E-l Density Map of 1993 County-level CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions E-2
E-2 Density Map of 1993 County-level NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions E-3
E-3 Density Map of 1993 County-level VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emission
Estimates E-4
E-4 Density Map of 1993 County-level SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions E-5
E-5 Density Map of 1993 County-level PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions .... E-6
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 xvi Figures
-------
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AAMA American Automobile Manufacturers Association
AFS AIRS Facility Subsystem
AIRS Aerometric Information Retrieval System
AMS AIRS Area/Mobile Source Subsystem
ARCINFO name of commercial Graphical User Interface (GUI) product
BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis
BTEX benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes
CAA Clean Air Act
CAAA 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
CCT Clean Coal Technology
CE control efficiency
CEC European Commission
CEFIC Conseil European de 1'Industrie Chimique (European Chemical Industry Council)
CEUM Coal and Electric Utility Model
CH4 methane
CITEPA Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d'Etudes de la Polution Atmopherique (currently,
the main contractor for the CORINAIR program)
CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
CORINAIR CORINE AIR
CORINE COoRdination d'INformation Environnementale
CTG Control Techniques Guidelines
DDE p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichlorethylene
DGXI Directorate General Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
DOI U.S. Department of the Interior
DOT U.S. Department of Transportation
E-GAS Economic Growth Analysis System
EEA European Environment Agency
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EIA Energy Information Administration
EIB Emission Inventory Branch
EMFAC7F California on-road motor vehicle emission factor model
EOM extractable organic matter
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986
ERCAM Emission Reduction and Cost Analysis Model
EU-12 12 European Union countries
EUROTRAC EUROpean experiment on TRAnsport and transformation of environmentally relevant
trace Constituents in the troposphere over Europe (a scientific research program)
FCCC Framework Convention on Climate Change
FHWA Federal Highway Administration
FMVCP Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program
FTP Federal Test Procedure
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
XV11
Acronyms and Abbreviations
-------
GACT generally available control technology
HAPs hazardous air pollutants
HC hydrocarbon
HCB hexachlorobenzene
HDDV heavy-duty diesel vehicle
HDGV heavy-duty gasoline vehicle
HPMS Highway Performance Monitoring System
I/M inspection and maintenance
IIASA International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
L&E Locating & Estimating (documents)
Ibs pounds
LDDT light-duty diesel truck
LDDV light-duty diesel vehicle
LDGT light-duty gasoline truck
LDGV light-duty gasoline vehicle
LEV low emission vehicle
LRTAP long range transboundary air pollution
MACT maximum achievable control technology
MC motorcycle
MEK methyl ethyl ketone
MBBK methyl isobutyl ketone
MOBILESa EPA's mobile source emission factor model
MSA Metropolitan statistical area
MTBE methyl tert-butyl ether
MVMA Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association
n.e.c. not elsewhere classified
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NADB National Allowance Data Base
NACE nomenclature generale des activites economiques de la Communaute europeenne
NAPAP National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research
NEDS National Emissions Data System
NESHAP National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NMHC nonmethane hydrocarbons
NMOG nonmethane organic gases
NMVOC nonmethane VOC
NO nitric oxide
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
NOX nitrogen oxides
NSPS New Source Performance Standards
NSTU Nomenclature of Statistical Territorial Units
O3 ozone
OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OMS Office of Mobile Sources
OPPE Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
XV111
Acronyms and Abbreviations
-------
Pb lead
PCB polychlorinated biphenyl
PHOXA PHotochemical OXidants study (a scientific research program)
PM-10 particulate matter less than ten microns in aerodynamic diameter
POM polycyclic organic matter
POTW publicly owned treatment works
QA/QC quality assurance/quality control
RACT Reasonably Available Control Technology
RE rule effectiveness
RIA Regulatory Impact Analysis
ROM Regional Oxidant Model
RVP Reid vapor pressure
SCC Source Classification Code
SEDS State Energy Data System
SIC Standard Industrial Classification
SIP State Implementation Plan
SNAP90 source sector split
SO2 sulfur dioxide
SOCMI sysnthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry
SRAB Source Receptor Analysis Branch
TCA 1,1,1-trichloroethane
TCDD 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
TCDF 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran
TEL tetraethyl lead
TF task force
TML tetramethyl lead
TSP total suspended particulate
tpy tons per year
TRI Toxic Release Inventory
TSDF treatment storage and disposal facility
U.S. United States
UAM Urban Airshed Model
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
UNICE UNion des Confederations de 1'Industrie et des employeurs d'Europe (union of
industrial and employers' confederations of Europe)
VMT vehicle miles traveled
VOC volatile organic compounds
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
XIX
Acronyms and Abbreviations
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report was prepared with the help of many people. The EPA wishes to acknowledge the assistance
of Sharon Nizich, Ron Ryan, David Misenheimer, Thomas McMullen, and David Mobley of the
Emission Inventory Branch, Mark Wolcott and Lois Platte of the Office of Mobile Sources, and Bill
Hohenstein of the Climate Change Division. Acknowledgement is also extended to Laurel Schultz,
William Frietsche, Dat Giap, Evelyn Sue Kimbrough, and Charles Mann of EPA in preparation of past
Trends reports. The agency also wishes to acknowledge the data and information that were provided
by numerous people from Government agencies and private institutions and organizations, especially
Marc Deslauriers of Environment Canada and Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environmental Agency,
Denmark.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 xx Acknowledgement
-------
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) latest estimates of
national and regional emissions for criteria air
pollutants:* carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb),
nitrogen oxides (NOX), fine paniculate matter less
than 10 microns (PM-10), sulfur dioxide (SO2),
total suspended particulate matter [TSP (only in
Appendix C)] and volatile organic compounds
(VOC). Estimates are presented for the years
1900 to 1993, with greater detail in more recent
years.
National emissions are estimated annually by the
EPA based on statistical information about each
source category, emission factor, and control
efficiency. The estimates are made for over 450
individual source categories that include all major
sources of anthropogenic emissions for the years
1900 through 1984.
Methodologies to estimate pre-1985 and 1985 to
the present emissions differ. Differences in
methodologies for allocating emissions among
source categories could result in significant
changes in the emissions, particularly at the more
detailed source category level. CAUTION
BE EXERCISED WID3N COMPARING TRENDS FOR
TQTALS OF PRE-1985 AND 1985 TO THE PRESENT
YEAR VALUES.
Starting with 1985, the estimates are based on a
modified National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program (NAPAP)1 inventory. This will allow for
future inclusion of emissions data compiled and
submitted by individual state pollution control
agencies. As these detailed source emissions data
progressively replace the broader, economic-
activity based emissions, the accuracy of the
national and regional estimates should improve,
but comparisons with previously published
estimates must take into account this changing
complexion of the data base. This change in
methodology is only a first step, however, so
caution should be used when using this report for
comparative purposes. More details on the
changing methodology are described in section 6.
The emissions for individual source categories are
aggregated to show the emission trends at the
national and regional levels and by major source
category.
ES.l EMISSION SUMMARY
Figures ES-1 and ES-2, in units of million short
tons, and Table ES-1, in units of thousand short
tonsb per year, present national emissions of each
pollutant. Table ES-1 shows estimates for every
fifth year from 1900 to 1980, and for every year
from 1983 to 1993. Table ES-2 shows the change
in total national emissions of each pollutant since
1900, where available. The percentage change is
shown for six time periods; 1900 to 1993,1940 to
1993, 1970 to 1993, 1990 to 1993, the most recent
decade, and the most recent year. The 1990 to
1993 interval has been added to help track
progress following passage of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 (CAAA).
Since 1900°, total national NOX emissions have
increased by 796 percent (approximately a factor
of 9), SO2 emissions have increased approximately
120 percent, and VOC emissions have increased
200 percent. From 1970 to 1993, emissions of Pb
show the greatest decrease (98 percent), followed
by PM-10 [excluding fugitive dust (71 percent)],
SO2 (30 percent), CO (24 percent), and VOC
(24 percent). NOX emissions appear to have
increased approximately 13 percent. Emissions of
PM-10 and Pb show their greatest decrease in the
1970s; SO2, CO, and VOC emissions show their
largest decrease over the period 1970 to 1990.
NOX emissions have remained essentially constant
since 1980.
Figure ES-3 shows the trend in population2 and
per capita emissions for NOX, VOC, and SO2 over
the period 1900 to 1990. Although the emission
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
ES-1
Executive Summary
-------
trend for these pollutants shows variability over
the entire time period, Figure ES-3 clearly shows
that since the initial passage of the Clean Air Act
in 1970 (CAA), per capita emissions have been
steadily declining, with the exception of NOX.
NOX emissions (on a per capita basis) have been
declining since 1980.d
The following sections present a brief description
of the changes in total emissions of each pollutant
from 1940 to 1993. The data are presented in
Table ES-1.
ES.2 EMISSIONS SUMMARY BY
POLLUTANT
ES.2.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions
Most anthropogenic CO is generated in some
combustion process. Internal combustion engines,
both in highway vehicles and in diverse
off-highway uses, comprise the principle sources,
contributing about 62 and 16 percent, respectively,
of the estimated 97.2 million short tons of CO
emissions in the United States in 1993. The
majority of the carbon in gasoline and diesel fuel
is oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2), a concern in
its own right as a greenhouse gas (see section 8).
A small fraction (up to 8 percent in an
uncontrolled gasoline engine) is incompletely
oxidized to CO, which is poisonous to humans.
The national trend in CO emissions since 1940 has
been influenced primarily by changing emissions
from highway vehicles. In 1940, highway
vehicles contributed some 30 percent (27 million
short tons) of the 91 million total short tons
emitted; total CO emissions peaked in the early
1970s at around 130 million short tons, of which
almost 70 percent (88 million short tons) derived
from highway vehicles. By 1993, the national
total had declined to 97 million short tons, 62
percent of which (60 million short tons) came
from highway vehicles, despite increases in
vehicle miles traveled (VMT) during the same
period. In other notable categories, over the same
53 year period, off-highway engine emissions of
CO increased by 90 percent and now stand at 16
percent of the total; CO from residential wood
combustion deceased by 63 percent (from 11
million to 4 million short tons) and is now 4
percent of the total; the contribution from wildfires
decreased 83 percent (from 25 million to 4 million
short tons) and is currently 5 percent of the total.
Over the last 5 years, the overall trend in CO
emissions has been slightly downward, from
almost 101 million short tons in 1989 to 97
million short tons in 1993. This is primarily the
result of decreasing CO emissions from the
highway vehicle category as older vehicles are
displaced by new models designed to operate more
consistently at near-optimum air/fuel ratios and
equipped with exhaust catalyzers that convert
much of the remaining CO to additional CO2.
ES.2.2 Nitrogen Oxides Emissions
Nitrogen oxides are formed during high
temperature fuel combustion, principally in fossil
fuel-fired electric utility and industrial boilers and
in internal combustion engines. The principal
components of NOX, nitric oxide (NO) and
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), participate in the
photochemical reactions producing tropospheric
ozone, can be further oxidized to nitric acid
(HNO3), a component of acid rain, and can induce
respiratory effects in humans.
From 1940 through 1970, NOX emissions increased
by over 200 percent (from 7.5 million to 20.5
million short tons). Since 1980, national NOX
emissions have leveled off at about 23 million
short tons. In 1940, industrial fuel combustion
was the largest of the four major contributors,
adding 34 percent (2.5 million short tons) to the
national total; fuel combustion by electric utilities
added less than 9 percent (two thirds of a million
short tons). Highway vehicles contributed 20
percent (1.5 million short tons); off-highway
vehicles and machinery, principally coal-fueled
railroad locomotives, added 13 percent (just under
1 million short tons). By 1993, NOX emissions
from electric utilities and highway vehicles had
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
ES-2
Executive Summary
-------
risen markedly, each now contributing about one
third to the national total (approximately 7.5
million short tons each). Emissions from
industrial combustion and off-highway sources
have risen more slowly, in fact, industrial
combustion emissions are now about 25 percent
below their 1970 level; each now comprises about
13 percent (approximately 3 million short tons
each) of the national total for NOX.
ES.2.3 Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions
Volatile organic compounds6 are a principal
component in the chemical and physical
atmospheric reactions that form ozone and other
photochemical oxidants. Emissions of VOC
increased for the nation from 1900 to 1970,
peaking in the early 1970s, but have decreased
steadily since that time. Some categories have
increased while others have decreased. Variability
of emission levels is based on pollution controls,
population, and economic factors. For instance, in
1900, emissions from all fuel combustion sources
represented 68 percent of the total national VOC
emissions, but by 1993 the contribution was 3
percent. These decreases, occurring despite large
population growth, are due to increased controls
on the burning of fossil fuels for utilities and
industry. While emissions of petroleum product
storage and marketing operations increased during
the mid-1970s as a result of increased demand for
petroleum products, especially motor gasoline,
emissions from these sources began to decrease
after 1978 as a result of more effective control
measures. Another reason for the overall decrease
in the emissions between 1970 and 1993 is the
substitution of water-based emulsified asphalt for
asphalt liquified with petroleum distillates.
With the advent of wider use of the automobile
and aircraft, VOC emissions for transportation
sources increased 161 percent from 1940 to 1970.
After 1970, the Federal Motor Vehicle Control
Program (FMVCP) initiative resulted in a drastic
decline in vehicle emissions, even with the
enormous increase in VMT. From 1970 to 1993,
highway vehicle emissions dropped approximately
53 percent. Inspection/maintenance, oxygenated
fuels programs, and other control programs are
expected to contribute to a continuing decline in
emission rates for highway vehicles, despite
increasing VMT.
ES.2.4 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
The majority of SO2 emissions derive from the
combustion of fossil-fuels containing trace
amounts of sulfur. Various particulate sulfate
compounds can be formed, as well. Once emitted
into the atmosphere, SO2 can be further oxidized
to sulfuric acid, a component of acid rain.
In 1940, national SO2 emissions were almost 20
million short tons. In the early 1970s, the total
reached some 31 million short tons; by 1993 it
had declined again to almost 22 million short tons.
In 1940, the major contributor was the industrial
fuel combustion category, producing 30 percent (6
million short tons) of the total. The next three
ranking categories were "other combustion
sources" (consisting primarily of residential and
commercial coal furnaces), 18 percent (3.5 million
short tons), metals refining and processing, and
off-highway vehicles (largely coal-fueled
locomotives), each adding about 16 percent (some
3 million short tons each). Fifth among the major
categories was electric power generation;
coal-fueled steam generators added about 12
percent (almost 2.5 million short tons) to the
national total of SO2 emissions.
By 1993, decreases were seen in the first four
categories in varying degrees. Emissions of SO2
from electric power generation, on the other hand,
rose markedly with the demand for electric power;
by the decade of the 1970s, SO2 emissions from
electric utilities had increased sevenfold and
dominated the national total at 56 percent (17.5
million short tons). By 1993, the electric utility
companies had installed emission controls and/or
switched to low sulfur fuels, reducing their
emissions to under 16 million short tons, but
because of reductions in other categories as well,
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
ES-3
Executive Summary
-------
electric utilities now constitute some 72 percent of
the national total of SO2 emissions. The second
ranking contributor is the industrial combustion
category at 13 percent (less than 3 million short
tons). The remaining three categories each now
account for less than 3 percent of the national total
(< 0.6 million short tons each).
ES.2.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10)
Emissions
Air pollutants called paniculate matter include
dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets directly
emitted into the air by sources such as factories,
power plants, cars, construction activity, fires, and
natural windblown dust as well as particles formed
in the atmosphere by condensation or
transformation of emitted gases such as SO2 and
VOC. (Note: The particulate matter emissions in
this report do not include emissions from gas
phase particulate matter precursors.)
On July 1,1987 EPA promulgated new annual and
24-hour standards for particulate matter using a
new indicator, PM-10, that includes only those
particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller
than 10 micrometers. These smaller particles are
likely responsible for most adverse health effects
of particulate because of their ability to reach the
thoracic or lower regions of the respiratory tract.
Because of the new standard, EPA now only
reports total suspended particulate (TSP) in
Appendix C of this report. Unless otherwise
noted, all references in this report to particulate
matter emissions are the 10 microns or less
portion only. Trends in the PM-10 portion of
historically inventoried (generally from sources
referred to as "Point and Fugitive Processes")
particulate matter emissions are presented for the
years 1940 to 1993 in this report. National
emissions are also provided for PM-10 fugitive
dust emissions from 1985 to 1993. In total, these
fugitive emissions are 11 to 16 times more than
the point and fugitive process categories.
In 1940, emissions from fuel combustion
represented 25 percent of the total national PM-10
emissions. Despite continuing increases in coal
consumption, PM-10 emissions from electric
utilities decreased after 1970, as a result of
installing air pollution control equipment required
by new facilities constructed in the 1970s. Fuel
combustion sources contributed 22 percent to the
total national emissions in 1970, and 33 percent in
1993. In 1940, emissions from transportation
emissions accounted for 17 percent of the total
national PM-10 emissions. Railroad and light-duty
gasoline vehicles (LDGV) represented 15 and
1 percent, respectively, of the total 1940
emissions. By 1970, the railroad emissions
decreased by 99 percent and the LDGV emissions
decreased by 61 percent. The railroad emissions
increased from 1970 to 1993 by 91 percent. Over
the same period, the LDGV emissions decreased
by 49 percent. In 1993 emissions from the
transportation source represented 16 percent of the
total national PM-10 emissions.
The PM-10 emissions from industrial processes
increased from 1940 through 1950, primarily as a
result of increases in industrial production. From
1950 to 1970, industrial output continued to grow,
but the emissions from industrial processes
decreased due to the installation of pollution
control equipment mandated by air pollution
control programs. The reduction of emissions by
these control devices more than offset the increase
in emissions due to production increases. In 1970,
industrial processes contributed 60 percent to the
total national PM-10 emissions, while in 1993,
they contributed 17 percent, thus indicating
considerable progress in reducing emissions. In
1940, wildfires contributed 14 percent to the total
national emissions, but in 1993 they contributed
only 11 percent to the total.
The PM-10 emissions from fugitive dust sources
decreased by 6 percent from 1985 to 1993. The
decrease is mainly the result of wind erosion
emissions. Particulate matter (PM-10) emissions
due to wind erosion are very sensitive to regional
soil conditions and year-to-year changes in total
precipitation and wind speeds. For example, the
total national emissions from wind erosion in 1993
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
ES-4
Executive Summary
-------
are estimated to be 1 million short tons, compared
to 18 million short tons in 1988. The lack of
precipitation in 1988 prior to spring crop planting,
especially in the central and western United States,
contributed to greater wind erosion for that year.
In 1993, unusually heavy spring rains in Kansas
and Oklahoma, where wind erosion is normally
very significant, resulted in a 97 percent decrease
in the wind erosion emissions from the previous
year.
ES.2.6 Lead Emissions
Lead gasoline additive, nonferrous smelters, and
battery plants are the most significant contributors
to atmospheric Pb emissions. Total Pb emissions
from all sources dropped from 219 thousand short
tons in 1985 to 5 thousand short tons in 1993.
The decrease in lead emissions from highway
vehicles accounts for essentially all of this drop.
The reasons for this drop are noted in section
3.8.3 of this report.
Electric utility, industrial, and other fuel
combustion emissions in 1940 represented
5 percent of the total national Pb emissions. The
Pb emissions decreased by 95 percent from 1970
to 1993. By 1993, fuel combustion emissions
accounted for 10 percent of the total emissions.
Industrial processes in 1970 represented 12 percent
of the total national Pb emissions. The emissions
decreased by 91 percent from 1970 to 1993. By
1993, industrial process estimates accounted for
47 percent of the total emissions. Emissions from
highway vehicles accounted for 78 percent of the
total emissions in 1970. Total national Pb
emissions decreased sharply from 1970 to 1986 as
a result of the widespread use of catalytic
converters on automobiles to reduce NOX, VOC,
and CO emissions and the use of unleaded
gasoline for vehicles with these converters. From
1975 to 1993, the percent of unleaded gasoline
sales increased from 13 to 99 percent, while the
Pb emissions from highway vehicles decreased
from 130 thousand short tons in 1975 to
1 thousand short tons in 1993, or about
99 percent. In 1993, highway vehicle emissions
accounted for 28 percent of the total national Pb
emissions.
ES.3 CURRENT NONATTAINMENT
AREAS
The numbers of areas designated in nonattainment
of air quality standards, as of mid-1994, are listed
in Table ES-3. This list provides information on
how the states are meeting their goals set forth in
Title I of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.
As state data are federally approved for these
nonattainment areas, they will be incorporated into
the 1995 Trends Report.
ES.3 REFERENCES
1. The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory (Version 2): Development of the Annual Data and Modeler's
Tapes. EPA-600/7-89-012a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
November 1989.
2. National Data Book and Guide to Sources, Statistical Abstract of the United States
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 1989.
7995. U.S.
3. Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United States from 1900 to 1980.
EPA-600/7-85-009a and b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. April 1985.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
ES-5
Executive Summary
-------
4. Historic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in the United States from 1900 to 1985. EPA-
600/7-88-008a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. May 1988.
a The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires that the EPA Administrator publish a list of pollutants that have adverse effects
on public health or welfare, and which are emitted from numerous and diverse stationary or mobile sources. For each
pollutant, a "criteria" document must be compiled and published by the Administrator. The criteria are scientific
compendia of the studies documenting adverse effects of specific pollutants at various concentrations in the ambient air.
For each pollutant, NAAQS are set at levels which, based on the criteria, protect the public health and the public welfare
from any known or anticipated adverse effects. These regulated pollutants are therefore referred to as "criteria
pollutants."
b Unless otherwise noted, all references to tons in this report are short tons.
c It should be noted that the historic emissions may not be as reliable as the more recent estimates as a result of
increased uncertainty in early statistics and assumptions.
d Please note that the apparently encouraging downward trend is probably due as much to the increase in population as
to the decrease in emissions.
e It should be noted that EPA's definition of VOC (40CFR51.100) excludes methane, ethane, and certain other
nonphotochemically reactive organic compounds.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 RS-6 Executive Summary
-------
F
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nonf ugitive dust sources; 1 940 to 1 993)
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/ \f*~*~^~'^~' ' ~"^ - . '
°C-/ NOi,-^...---"" "'\
^ ... ^ ,.-'*" PM-10-*\
* * ..
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Year
-------
I
£.
*v
1
c
1
i
EJ"
i*
§
?
re
k*.
^1
^O
*>
Ui
w
GO
(XI
&
X
p.
<
3
i/i
c
Figure ES-2. Trend in National Emissions, CARBON MONOXIDE (1940 to 1993),
FUGITIVE DUST (1985 to 1993), and LEAD (1970 to 1993)
150 n
120
Carbon
Monoxide 90
and Fugitive
Dust
Emissions
(million
short tons)
30
oi
CO
Pb
FD*
^^7K
.^^ j \ ^^r ^^^^ -
e&2^ \ ^^^-w
^^ *""^ i
PbVv\
\
\
\ FD-^/\
* »
\ -'V -%
V
\
\
\
1 I 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 | 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 |n III! 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 TT 1 | 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 I" 1 1 I
uuu
-240
-180 Lead
Emissions
(thousand
short tons)
-120
-60
-0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Year
*FD=Fugitive dust
-------
Table ES-1. Summary of National Emissions
(thousand short tons, 1.1 million short tons equals 1 million metric tons)
Year
1900***
1905"*
1910*"
1915***
1920***
1925"*
1930*"
1935***
1940
1945**"
1950
1955*"*
1960
1965""
1970""*
1975
1980
1983
1984
1985*"*"
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990"*""
1991*******
1992***""
1993*******
Nitrogen
Oxides
2,611
3,314
4,102
4,672
5,159
7,302
8,018
6,639
7,568
9,643
10,403
11,851
14,581
17,836
20,625
21,889
23,281
22,364
23,172
22,853
22,409
22,386
23,221
23,250
23,192
22,977
22,991
23,402
Volatile
Organic
Compounds
7,765
8,124
8,402
9,046
9,291
13,357
18,316
16,200
17,118
19,128
20,856
22,349
24,322
28,072
30,646
25,677
25,893
24,607
25,572
25,417
24,826
24,338
24,961
23,731
24,276
23,508
23,020
23,312
Sulfur
Dioxide
9,988
13,959
17,275
20,290
21,144
23,264
21,106
16,978
19,954
19,850
22,384
20,883
22,245
24,500
31,096
27,907
25,813
22,471
23,396
23,148
22,361
22,085
22,535
22,653
22,261
22,149
21,592
21,888
Carbon
Monoxide
NA"
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
90,865
94,825
98,785
101,281
103,777
115,928
128,079
115,110
115,625
115,334
114,262
112,072
108,070
105,117
106,100
100,806
103,753
99,898
96,368
97,208
Particulate
Matter (PM-10)
without
fugitive dust
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
15,956
16,545
17,133
16,346
15,558
14,198
12,838
7,414
6,928
5,849
6,126
3,676
3,679
3,630
3,697
3,661
4,229
3,902
3,676
3,688
Fugitive
Dust
(PM-10)*
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
44,701
49,940
42,131
59,975
53,323
44,929
49,127
44,953
41,801
Lead
(short tons)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
219,471
158,541
74,956
49,232
42,217
20,124
7,296
6,840
6,464
6,099
5,635
5,020
4,741
4,885
NOTE(S): *
Fugitive dust emissions not estimated prior to 1985. They are defined in section ES.2.5.
NA denotes not available.
NAPAP historical emissions3'4
Combination of revised transportation values and NAPAP historical emissions.
There is a change in methodology for determining highway vehicle and off-highway emissions (see section 6).
There is a change in methodology in all sources except highway vehicles and off-highway and all pollutants except
lead, as reflected by the dotted line.
1990, 1991, 1992, and 1993 estimates are preliminary.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
ES-9
Executive Summary
-------
Table ES-2. Percent Change in National Emissions
Year
^=^^^==
1900 to
1993
1940 to
1993
1970to
1993
1983 to
1993
1990 to
1993
1992 to
1993
Nitrogen
Oxides
=^==
796
209
13
5
1
2
Volatile
Organic
Compounds
=^^=^=^=
200
36
-24
-5
-4
1
Sulfur
Dioxide
^^M^^^HI^^^^^^^^^
119
10
-30
-3
-2
1
Carbon
Monoxide
==^=^=^=
NA*
7
-24
-16
-6
1
Particulate r
Matter
=^==^=
NA
-77
-71
-37
-13
0
ugitive uusi wcau
=======
NA NA
NA NA
NA -98
NA -88
-7 -13
-7 3
NOTE(S): * NA denotes not available. 1990 to 1993 estimates are preliminary; negative percent change indicates a decrease.
Figure ES-3. Trend in National Per Capita Emissions of NITROGEN OXIDES,
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, and SULFUR DIOXIDE, 1900 to 1990
=©250
1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
Year
Nitrogen oxides -- Sulfur dioxide
Volatile organic compounds -0- Population
NOTE: The apparent encouraging downward trend in emissions is probably due as much to increase in
population as to the decrease in emissions.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce's Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1993
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
ES-10
Executive Summary
-------
TABLE ES-3. Current Nonattainment Areas
Category
OZONE
Serious and above
Moderate
Marginal
Unclassified
CO
Serious
Moderate
Unclassified
PM10
Serious
As of Areas added Current
1990 CAAA* or subtracted
98 93
22
31
40
5
(59)-
42 39
1
38
3
(34)
70 83
5
Redesignation Status"
1996-2010, area dependent
1996
Currently in process of redesignation to
attainment
In attainment
2000
1996
In attainment
10 years from nonattainment
Moderate
13
designation
65 4 years from nonattainment
designation
6 years from nonattainment
designation
S02
Pb
Unclassified
51 3
5
12 1
49
13
(9)
5 years from nonattainment
designation
In attainment
5 years from nonattainment
designation
NOTE(S): * Column presents original number in nonattainment as of passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments, 1990.
" Column presents expected dates that areas will be in attainment.
*** Denotes areas not in attainment, but not classified to date according to level of violation.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
ES-11
Executive Summary
-------
SECTION 1.0
INTRODUCTION
This report presents the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) latest estimates of
national and regional emissions for criteria air
pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb),
nitrogen oxides (NOX), participate matter less than
ten microns (PM-10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), total
suspended particulate matter (TSP [only in
Appendix C]), and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs [excludes certain nonreactive organic
compounds]). The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires
that the EPA Administrator publish a list of
pollutants that have adverse effects on public
health or welfare, and which are emitted from
numerous and diverse stationary or mobile
sources. For each pollutant, a "criteria" document
must be compiled and published by the
Administrator. The criteria documents are
scientific compendia of the studies documenting
adverse effects of specific pollutants at various
concentrations in the ambient air. For each
pollutant, National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS) are set at levels that, based on the
criteria, protect the public health and the public
welfare from any known or anticipated adverse
effects. Regulated pollutants are therefore referred
to as "criteria pollutants." Some of the health
effects are described in section 1.1.
Emissions are presented through this report since
1900 with increasing detail in the current year.
This report also contains information on the
improved methodology for estimating emissions
from 1985 to the present, and for calculating
emissions from highway vehicles. The tier
category reporting initiated in last year's report has
been continued. The methodology for estimating
1993 emissions allows emissions to be calculated
by season as well as by state. International
emissions from Europe and Canada are presented,
as well as emissions from the Toxics Release
Inventory (TRI).
1.1 HEALTH EFFECTS
1.1.1 Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream and
reduces the delivery of oxygen to the body's
organs and tissues. The health threat from CO is
most serious for those who suffer from
cardiovascular disease, particularly those with
angina or peripheral vascular disease. Healthy
individuals also are affected but only at higher
levels. Exposure to elevated CO levels is
associated with impairment of visual perception,
work capacity, manual dexterity, learning ability
and performance of complex tasks.1
1.1.2 Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) can irritate the lungs and
lower resistance to respiratory infection (such as
influenza). Nitrogen oxides are an important
precursor both to ozone and to acidic precipitation
and may affect both terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems. Atmospheric deposition of NOX is a
potentially significant contributor to ecosystem
effects including algal blooms in certain estuaries
such as the Chesapeake Bay. In some western
areas, NOX is an important precursor to particulate
concentrations.2
1.1.3 Volatile Organic Compounds
Volatile organic compounds are a principal
component in the chemical and physical
atmospheric reactions that form ozone and other
photochemical oxidants. The reactivity of ozone
(O3) causes health problems because it damages
biological tissues and cells. Ozone is also
responsible each year for agricultural crop yield
loss in the United States of several billion dollars
and causes noticeable foliar damage in many crops
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
1-1
Introduction
-------
and species of trees. Forest and ecosystem studies
indicate that damage is resulting from current
ambient O3 levels/
1.1.4 Sulfur Dioxide
The major health effects of concern associated
with exposures to high concentrations of SO2
include effects on breathing, respiratory illness and
symptoms, alterations in the lung's defenses,
aggravation of existing respiratory and
cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Children
and the elderly may also be sensitive. Also, SO2
can produce foliar damage on trees and
agricultural crops. Together SO2 and NOX are the
major precursors to acidic deposition (acid rain),
which is associated with a number of effects
including acidification of lakes and streams,
accelerated corrosion of buildings and monuments,
and visibility impairment.4
1.1.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10)
Based on studies of human populations exposed to
ambient particle pollution (sometimes in the
presence of SO2), and laboratory studies of
animals and humans, the major effects of concern
for human health include effects on breathing and
respiratory symptoms, aggravation of existing
respiratory and cardiovascular disease, alterations
in the body's defense systems against foreign
materials, damage to lung tissue, carcinogenesis,
and premature mortality. Particulate matter causes
damage to materials and soiling; it is a major
cause of substantial visibility impairment in many
parts of the United States.4
1.1.6 Lead
Exposure to Pb can occur through multiple
pathways, including inhalation of air, diet and
ingestion of Pb in food, water, soil, or dust. Lead
accumulates in the body in blood, bone, and soft
tissue. Because it is not readily excreted, Pb also
affects the kidneys, liver, nervous system, and
blood-forming organs. Excessive exposure to Pb
may cause neurological impairments such as
seizures, mental retardation and/or benavioral
disorders. Even at low doses, Pb exposure is
associated with changes in fundamental enzymatic,
energy transfer and homeostatic mechanisms in the
body. Fetuses, infants, and children are especially
susceptible to low does of Pb, often suffering
central nervous system damage. Recent studies
have also shown that Pb may be a factor in high
blood pressure and subsequent heart disease in
middle-aged Caucasian males.5
1.2 POLLUTION TRENDS
Trends in emissions can result from a wide variety
of individual, multiple, or synergistic influences.
Tracking emission trends allows EPA, other
government and private organizations, and
individuals to assess the combined impacts of
government regulatory programs, improvements in
control technologies, changes in noncontrol related
technologies, and the overall influence of the
economy. Separating the effects of the parameters
that can influence emissions can be
straightforward; more often the combination of
influences is less discernable. For instance,
Figure ES-1 clearly shows a sharp decline in S02
estimates beginning in 1929 and a sharp increase
in SO2 estimates over the period 1940-1950.
These affects can clearly be associated with the
overall economic activity associated with the Great
Depression and increased productivity during
World War II, respectively. As another example,
regulatory influences are clearly indicated in
Figure ES-2 which shows a sharp reduction in
lead emissions resulting from regulation of the
lead content in gasoline in the early 1970s.
Synergistic effects can be seen when looking at
VOC emissions in Figure ES-1. The VOC
emissions have steadily declined since 1970. This
decline has occurred despite increases in vehicle
miles traveled (VMT) by highway vehicles (a
major source of VOC emissions). This decline is
certainly the result of regulatory programs
designed to reduce VOC emissions (i.e., cleaner
cars and fuels), however the influence of
economic factors on this trend is difficult to
ascertain.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
1-2
Introduction
-------
1.3 REPORT ENHANCEMENTS
To date, EPA has prepared annual national
emissions in order to assess historic trends in
criteria pollutant emissions since 1973. While
these estimates were prepared using consistent
methodologies and were useful for evaluating
emission changes from year to year, they did not
provide an absolute indication of emissions for
any given year. Beginning with the 1900 to 1992
report (published in October 1993), EPA set the
primary goal of preparing emission trends that
would also represent the best available estimates
of emissions/ Another goal is to show how
emission levels have changed over time. To the
extent possible, to allow fair comparison of these
estimates, efforts have been made to develop the
estimates using consistent methods. However, it
is not possible to achieve both objectives in all
cases. There must be a tradeoff between
consistency of methodology and the completeness
and accuracy of the data. A combination of
methods is required to be able to present the best
available emissions data. While the use of
inconsistent methods has some effect on the
integrity of the data for comparison purposes,
technical judgments have been applied to attempt
to balance the need for consistency with the need
for accuracy. Data that are presented are judged
to be the combination that best serves both
purposes.
In this year's report, the reader will find four types
of methodologies covering three distinct time
periods: 1900 to 1939, 1940 to 1984, and 1985
forward (see description of methods on the
following page and in section 6). Since the
accuracy and availability of historical data is
limited, revisions to earlier years' estimates will
not generally be made (pre-1984 [some exceptions
are discussed in section 6]). However, numerous
changes in current year totals will be made as
State Implementation Plan (SIP) and modeling
data become available. Please note that
methodologies within a given time period
(especially more recent periods) will also vary, as
more accurate data are loaded into the Trends data
base.
States are currently finalizing a large emissions
data base from calendar year 1990 to support
Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990
requirements for ozone and carbon monoxide
nonattainment areas. Actions in revising the
Trends methodology to achieve consistency with
state emission inventories will be described in
more detail in section 6. This change in
methodology has allowed the Trends report to
present emissions for the state and ozone
nonattainment areas. It also allows for the display
of estimates by season. This report continues the
change in scope from simply reporting national-
level criteria pollutant emissions to providing
additional information on international (Canada,
Mexico, and Europe), air toxics, and greenhouse
gas emissions.
1.3.1 Methodology Changes
Emission inventory data being submitted by the
states in response to the CAAA will be used in
numerous activities, one of which is ambient
modeling. The modeling community will
incorporate emissions data into Regional Oxidant
Model (ROM) and Urban Airshed Model (UAM)
runs. Results obtained with urban models may be
sensitive to assumptions made about pollution
transported into the urban modeling domain.
Thus, the EPA will be using the ROM to provide
base and future year boundary conditions. For the
base year, this entails multiple ROM runs covering
approximately 180 episode days over a 5-year
period (1987 to 1991). For the future base year
modeling, the attainment years 1996, 1999, 2005,
or 2007 and 2010 will be modeled. To support
the ROM runs, an emission inventory is needed
for the regional modeling domain. Since the states
are not required to develop or submit statewide
emission inventories for all source categories, and
since nonattainment area emission inventories are
not required to be submitted and approved in a
time frame to support the ROM runs, EPA
developed Regional Interim Emission Inventories
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
1-3
Introduction
-------
(1987-1991), Volume I: Development Method-
ologies6 (hereinafter referred to as "Interim") for
the 1987 to 1991 base years.
Within the current Aerometric Information
Retrieval System (AIRS), the majority of the
emissions data reported are for sources within a
nonattainment area or for sources emitting greater
than 100 short tons per year, because this is the
only information the states are required to report.
However, for modeling analysis and trend
evaluations, information on emissions from all
sources (both within and outside of nonattainment
areas) is required. Several projects are in progress
or have been recently completed that attempt to
reconcile the different data bases. For instance, in
an effort to compare inventories, a new listing of
source categories (Tier 1) and subcategories
(Tier 2) applicable to all criteria pollutants was
developed.7 A third level of subcategories (Tier 3)
that is pollutant specific was also developed, and
Source Classification Codes (SCCs) were assigned
to these subcategories.8 The Tier 1 and Tier 2
categories are listed in Table 1-1.
The U.S. EPA's Emission Inventory Branch (EIB)
is developing procedures/criteria for replacing
Interim emissions data with ozone SlP-submitted
data. Eventually, this will result in a 1990 Base
Year Inventory that consists of state data for
nonattainment areas and EPA-generated data for
all other areas.8
The EIB is also developing a data management
and reporting system to manipulate the output
from the above tasks. When all these tasks are
completed, the EIB will be able to extract the
most current state inventories from AIRS and
supplement the gaps with EPA-generated
attainment inventories. The EIB has already made
several changes to the Trends methodology to
make the transition smoother.
By developing procedures/criteria for the
replacement of Interim emissions data with state
SIP data, and by developing management and
reporting tools for these data, EIB is providing
itself with the capability of tracking emission
reductions related to passage of the CAAA. By
the year 2005, the number of areas not meeting
ambient air quality standards should be reduced
from 190 to 15. This change will mean that the
number of people living in areas that exceed
ambient air quality standards will be reduced from
148 million people living in 190 nonattainment
areas to 45 million living in nonattainment areas.
The remaining 15 nonattainment areas are
scheduled to meet NAAQS by 2010.
With regard to particular pollutants, ozone
precursor emissions in nonattainment areas should
be showing consistent annual reductions of
3 percent per year, beginning in 1990. The result
of these emission reductions should be a decrease
in the number of ozone nonattainment areas from
94 to 5 by the year 2005. By the year 2010, all of
these areas should be in attainment.
Consistent annual reductions for the other
pollutants are expected as well. The result should
be that, by 2005, nonattainment areas for PM-10
should be reduced from 70 to zero, for CO from
41 to zero, for SO2 from 46 to zero, for Pb from
13 to zero, and for NOX from 1 to zero.
Efforts to revise the Trends methodology to
achieve consistency with state emission inventories
were initiated by integrating the Interim
methodology into the current estimation
procedures. The next step will be to integrate the
state SIP emission inventories into Trends. In
general, the Trends emissions will reflect the
Trends methodology for 1900 through 1984 and
the Interim-based methodology for 1985 through
the present. Since the Interim methodology and
emissions used the 1985 National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program Emissions
Inventory (NAPAP)9 as its base, 1985 emissions
closely reflect the NAPAP estimates for many
categories. As approved state SIP data become
available, they will be incorporated into the Trends
methodology (as defined in section 6) derived data
to provide a composite set of emissions that
represent the best available emissions data.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
1-4
Introduction
-------
Although there have been many changes to the
Trends methodology, some methods have
remained constant. For example, the 1900 through
1939 VOC, NOX, and SO2 estimates were
extracted from the NAPAP historical emissions
report.10'11 In addition, Pb estimates (1970 to
present), PM-10 (1940 to 1984), and all SO2, NOX,
CO, and VOC estimates from 1940 to 1984
reported in Trends are based upon the previous
national "top-down" methodology. Section 6
describes exceptions to the above, and
modifications made to the previous Trends, 1985
NAPAP, and Interim methodologies to produce
this report. Thus, the Trends methodology is an
amalgam of several different estimation methods.
Starting with this report, Trends methodology
reflects the information provided in section 6.
1.3.2 Highway Vehicle Emissions
The methodology for estimating highway vehicle
emissions has been modified from that used to
produce previous estimates. The main differences
are use of MOBILESa, and use of a California-
specific version of MOBILESa to estimate
California emissions. More details are described
in section 6.
1.3.3 Temporal and Spatial Allocation'
Beginning with the 1900 to 1992 report (October
1993), emissions were allocated to various spatial
and temporal apportionments for the current year
for SO2, CO, NOX, and VOC. Starting with this
report, PM-10 will also be presented for various
spatial and temporal configurations. Because of
greater uncertainty in historical estimates for small
geographic areas, multiple year trends will
continue to be portrayed only at the regional and
national levels for all criteria pollutants.
1.3.4 Other Emission Inventories
In addition to presenting an update of the U.S.
greenhouse gas emission inventory reported in the
last Trends report, global greenhouse gases, and
updated air toxic emissions are presented. The
latest emissions from Canada, Mexico, Russia, and
Europe are also presented in this report.
1.3.5 Particulate Matter (PM-lO)Emissions
On July 1, 1987, EPA published a final rule
embodying an ambient air quality standard for
PM-10 designed to replace the existing standard
for particulate matter, commonly referred to as
TSP. Starting with last year's report, TSP is
presented only in Appendix C. The PM-10
emissions for years prior to 1985 are based on
TSP emissions and were developed by engineering
judgment. The methodology is explained in
section 6.
The PM-10 emissions for 1985 to the present are
based upon a 1990 county-level emission
inventory12 developed for EPA's Office of Policy
Planning and Evaluation (OPPE) using methods
similar to those developed as part of the Interim
inventory. For years prior to, and following 1990,
PM-10 emissions were developed by backcasting
and forecasting 1990 emissions using economic
growth indicators for most source categories.
Details of the methodology are explained in
section 6.
1.4 REPORT STRUCTURE
Changes instituted in the format of last year's
report, intended to make the report more
comprehensible and informative, have been
maintained for this report. The executive
summary includes two parts: (1) a quick look at
the emission trends and (2) an introduction,
section 1, which informs the reader of changes to
the report and how the report is structured.
Section 2 gives a detailed account of the current
year emissions by pollutant, source category, state,
nonattainment area, county, and season and by a
listing of top-emitting facilities. Section 3
discusses the national trend in emissions from
1900 (where available) to the current year.
Section 4 presents the regional trends in emissions
from 1985 through the current year. The total
emission projections for the nation are presented
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
1-5
Introduction
-------
in section 5. An explanation of the methodologies
used to determine emissions for 1900 through
1939, 1940 through 1984, and 1985 through the
current year is found in section 6. Sections 7, 8,
and 10 display emissions from sources, noncriteria
pollutants, or countries not traditionally part of the
Trends report. These emissions were developed
by EPA and other Government agencies. Section
9 presents biogenic emissions.
As in last year's report, all emissions reported in
tables and figures in the body of the report are in
multiples of thousand short tons, except Pb.
Tables and figures now appear at the end of each
section in the order in which they are discussed.
Appendix A contains tables for each of the
criteria pollutants by Tier 3 source categories. If
a zero is reported, the emissions are less than 0.5
thousand tons (or 0.5 tons for Pb). A "NA"
means that the apportionment of the historic
emissions to these subcategories was not possible.
If a tier category does not appear, then emissions
are not currently estimated for that category (either
EPA thinks the emissions are zero or does not
currently know how to estimate them with limited
resources). The regional total emissions for each
criteria pollutant are located in Appendix B. The
PM-10 fugitive dust emissions are also shown
separately by region. Emissions of TSP by Tier 3
source categories are presented in Appendix C.
Some duplicate tables of the major source
categories and subcategories for each criteria
.pollutant in metric units are located in
Appendix D of the report. Appendix E presents
black and white copies of the county-level color
maps presented in section 2.
Emissions of NOX are expressed as weight-
equivalent NO2. Thus, the actual tons of NO
emitted have been inflated to report them as if
they were NO2. The molecular weight of NOX
should therefore be assumed to be that of N02
when using numbers in this report. VOC
emissions are reported as the actual weight of a
multitude of different compounds. The relative
amounts of the individual compounds emitted will
determine the average molecular weight of a given
source category's emissions. Therefore, no
equivalent molecular weight standard exists for
VOC. The VOC emissions referred to in this
report exclude those organic compounds which are
considered negligibly photochemically reactive, in
accordance with the EPA definition of VOC at
40CFR51.100. Thus, methane, ethane, and certain
other organic compounds are not included in the
VOC totals.
1.5 REFERENCES
1. Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide. EPA/600/8-90/045F (NTIS PB93-167492). Office of
Health and Environment Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1991.
2. Air Quality Criteria for Oxides of Nitrogen. EPA/600/8-9 !/049aF-cF.3v. Office of Health and
Environment Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1993.
3. Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants. EPA/600/8-84/020aF-eF.5v
(NTIS PB87-142949). Office of Health and Environment Assessment, Environmental Criteria and
Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1991.
4. Air Quality Criteria for Paniculate Matter and Sulfur Oxides. EPA/600/8-82/029aF-cF.3v (NTIS
PB84-156777). Office of Health and Environment Assessment, Environmental Criteria and
Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1991.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
1-6
Introduction
-------
5. Air Quality Criteria for Lead. EPA/600/8-83/028aF-dE4v (NTIS PB87-142378). Office of Health
and Environment Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1991.
6. Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991), Volume I: Development Methodologies,
EPA-454/R-93-021a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May
1993.
7. Barnard, W., E. Laich, S. Bromberg, et al. "Development of Tier Categories for the Collection,
Management, and Reporting of Emissions Inventory Data." In Proceedings of the 1993 U.S.
EPA/A&WMA Emission Inventory Specialty Conference, Air and Waste Management Association,
Pasadena, CA. 1993.
8. Laich, E., M. Mullen, D. Solomon, et al., "Incorporating Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventories
into Regional Inventories." In Proceedings of the 1993 U.S. EPA/A&WMA's Emission Inventory
Specialty Conference, Air and Waste Management Association, Pasadena, CA. October 1993.
9. The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory (Version 2): Development of the Annual Data and
Modeler's Tapes. EPA-600/7-89-012a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. November 1989.
10. Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United States from 1900 to 1980.
EPA-600/7-85-009a and b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. April 1985.
11. Historic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in the United States from 1900 to 1985.
EPA-600/7-88-008a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. May 1988.
12. Emissions Inventory for the National Particulate Matter Study, Final Draft, Prepared for the Office
of Policy, Planning and Evaluation/Office of Policy Analysis, U.S. EPA under EPA Contract No.
68-D3-0035, Work Assignment No. 0-10, Washington, DC. July 1994.
f All data are estimates only, true values of emissions are not known.
8 The SCC assignment to Tier category is available on the Technology Transfer Network's (919-541-5742) Emission
Inventories/Emission Factors Information (CHIEF) Technical Information Area.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 1-7 Introduction
-------
71ER1
Table 1-1. Major Source Categories
TIER 2
FUEL COMBUSTION-ELECTRIC UTILITIES
FUEL COMBUSTION-INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMBUSTION-OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG.
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
Commercial / Institutional Coal
Commercial / Institutional Oil
Commercial / Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Combustion (except residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
Organic Chemical Mfg.
Inorganic Chemical Mfg.
Polymer & Resin Mfg.
Agricultural Chemical Mfg.
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg.
Pharmaceutical Mfg.
Other Chemical Mfg.
Nonferrous
Ferrous
Not elsewhere classified (NEC)
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
Solvent Utilization (NEC)
(continued)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
1-8
Introduction
-------
Table 1-1 (continued)
T1ER1
TIER 2
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES
MISCELLANEOUS
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
Bulk Materials Transport
Incineration
Open Burning
Publicly Owned Treatment Works
Industrial Waste Water
Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility
Landfills
Other
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
Off-highway Gasoline
Off-highway Diesel
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
Biogenic
Geogenic
Miscellaneous (lightning, freshwater, saltwater)
Agriculture & Forestry
Other Combustion (forest fires)
Catastrophic / Accidental Releases
Repair Shops
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
NOTE(S): Refer to section 6 for a description of source categories. For the purposes of this report, forest fires are considered
anthropogenic sources although many fires are caused by nature.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
1-9
Introduction
-------
SECTION 2.0
SUMMARY OF 1993 EMISSIONS
Although the EPA has produced an annual
estimate of emission trends since 1973, this report
is the second in a series which will present
emissions at the state, ozone nonattainment area,
and seasonal level for CO, NOX, VOC, and SO2
for the current year. Starting with this report,
PM-10 will be presented at the same level of
detail as CO, NOX, VOC, and SO2. The more
detailed information (state, county, nonattainment
area, and seasonal emissions) will be presented for
the current year of emissions. The fourteen major
source categories as listed in Table 1-1 are:
FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITIES,
FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL,
FUEL COMBUSTION - OTHER,
CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT
MANUFACTURING,
METALS PROCESSING,
PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES,
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES,
SOLVENT UTILIZATION,
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT,
WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING,
HIGHWAY VEHICLES,
OFF-HIGHWAY,
NATURAL SOURCES, AND
MISCELLANEOUS.
The 1993 emissions of Pb were estimated by the
same methodology used to produce the 1992
emissions in the last report.1 The 1993 estimates
are based on extending the trend of the Pb activity
data from previous years (details are provided in
section 6) which are then multiplied by the current
emission factors and control efficiencies. This
methodology makes estimating state and seasonal
emissions very resource intensive; therefore, only
national emissions are presented here.
This report is the third in a series which will track
the changes in the top-emitting sources of CO,
NOX, VOC, and SO2 emissions and the second in
a series which will track PM-10, Pb, and industrial
SO2. The AIRS Facility Subsystem (AFS) was
used to determine the types of plants that emit
large quantities of criteria pollutants. Emissions
were extracted from AIRS/AFS using an ad hoc
report2 which excluded plants listed as
permanently closed. In addition, some
adjustments were made for data that were
obviously in error after conferring with appropriate
State and Region personnel.
2.1 EMISSIONS FOR 1993 BY SOURCE
CATEGORY
The 1993 emissions of all criteria pollutants
except lead were calculated using one of four
major methodologies depending on the source
category. These estimates were generated in a
similar methodology as in the previous report.
The exceptions are detailed in section 6. The
methodology differs for highway vehicles, electric
utilities, fugitive dust, and all other sources. The
four methodologies are similar to the
methodologies used to produce the 1992 emissions
presented in this report. Modifications to the 1992
methodology were made due to inability to obtain
information to generate the 1993 estimates.
Changes in methodology are required in order to
make the best estimate with available data. These
emissions are preliminary and will be modified in
the next Trends report.
2.1.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions
Currently only 13 of the 14 Tier 1 source
categories are estimated for CO. In Tier 1, the
natural sources category contains minimal CO
emissions and thus is not estimated for the Trends
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-1
1993 Estimates
-------
report. (Studies are currently underway, however,
on isoprene oxidation, monoterpene, and other
organic compound emissions which are likely to
significantly change the current estimates.)
Figure 2-1 presents a pie chart of the 13 Tier 1
categories, three of which (solvent utilization,
storage and transport, and electric utility fuel
combustion) constitute less than 0.5 percent of the
total and are combined with petroleum and related
industries, industrial fuel combustion, other
industrial processes, waste disposal and recycling,
and chemical and allied chemical manufacturing in
the "Remaining Categories" grouping. As the
figure shows, highway vehicles are the major
contributor to CO emissions. In 1993, they
represented 62 percent of the total CO emissions.
Of the total highway emissions, 65 percent are
from light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGV). The
second major contributor to CO emissions is off-
highway vehicles, which constitute approximately
16 percent of total CO estimates. These emissions
result primarily from the gasoline consumption by
construction, industrial and farm equipment, and
recreational marine vessels. Table A-l, in
Appendix A presents a complete breakdown of
CO emissions.
Table 2-1 presents the point and area split of the
Tier 1 source categories. Area source emissions,
including transportation sources, constituted
94 percent of total CO emissions in 1993.
2.7.2 Nitrogen Oxides Emissions
Currently only 13 of the 14 Tier 1 source
categories are estimated for NOX. Of these
14 categories, natural source emissions of NOX are
considered minimal, and therefore are not
estimated for the Trends report. Studies underway
to estimate fertilization NOX emissions will likely
change the natural source emissions. Figure 2-2
presents a pie chart of the remaining 13 categories,
four of which (solvent utilization, storage and
transport, waste disposal and recycling, and metals
processing) constitute less than 1 percent of the
total and are combined with chemical and allied
product manufacturing, other industrial processes,
miscellaneous, and petroleum and related
industries in the "Remaining Categories" grouping.
As shown, electric utility emissions represent 33
percent, of the total 1993 NOX emissions. The
estimates from electric utilities are made up of
90 percent coal, of which 61 percent are emissions
from bituminous coal. As with CO emissions,
LDGV (49 percent) are a major contributor to
1993 highway vehicle NOX emissions. Table A-2,
in Appendix A, present a complete breakdown of
NOX emissions.
Table 2-2 presents the point and area source split
of the Tier 1 source categories. Area source
emissions, including highway vehicles, contributed
slightly more than half (54 percent) of the total
NOX emissions in 1993.
2.1.3 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
Currently only 13 of the 14 Tier 1 source
categories are estimated for VOC. Natural sources
are not included, although biogenics, a
subcategory of natural sources, are considered a
major source of VOC emissions. Biogenic
emissions for 1990 are included in section 9.
More extensive studies are underway for this
category, and results will be published in the 1995
Trends report. Figure 2-3 presents a pie chart of
the remaining 13 categories. Two of the source
categories (electric utility fuel combustion and
metals processing) constituted less than 0.5 percent
of the total emissions and are combined with
chemical and allied products, petroleum and
related industries, miscellaneous, other industrial
processes, and fuel combustion (industrial, other)
in the "Remaining Categories" grouping. The
"Remaining Categories" grouping contributed 20
percent to the total VOC estimate in 1993. As
shown, solvent utilization contributed 27 percent
and highway vehicles contributed 26 percent to the
total 1993 VOC emissions. Light-duty gasoline
vehicles represent 63 percent of the highway
vehicle 1993 VOC emissions. Surface coating
represents 43 percent of the solvent utilization
emissions. There are 26 subcategories of surface
coating. Their contribution to surface coating
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-2
1993 Estimates
-------
emissions are presented in Figure 2-3. The
emissions from all categories are presented in
Table A-3, in Appendix A The contributions
made to the "Remaining Categories" grouping by
Tier 1 source categories are also presented in
Figure 2-3.
Table 2-3 presents the point and area split of the
Tier 1 source categories. Area source emissions,
including highway vehicles, constituted 82 percent
of total VOC emissions in 1993.
2.1.4 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
Currently only 13 of the 14 Tier 1 source
categories are estimated for SO2. Only the natural
sources category is not currently estimated for
Trends (there are sulfur emissions from marine
sources, but they are considered minor).
Figure 2-4 presents a pie chart of the remaining
13 categories, five of which (solvent utilization,
storage and transport, waste disposal and
recycling, off-highway, and miscellaneous)
constitute less than 2 percent of the total and are
combined with chemical and allied product
manufacturing, petroleum and related industries,
and other industrial processes in the "Remaining
Categories" grouping. As shown, electric utilities
are the major contributor to SO2 emissions. In
1993 they represented 72 percent of the total SO2
emissions. The second largest contributor is
industrial fuel combustion, which produced
13 percent of the 1993 SO2 emissions. The
combustion of coal is 96 percent of the electric
utility emissions. Bituminous coal combustion is
87 percent of the electric utility coal combustion
emissions.
Table 2-4 presents the point and area split of the
Tier 1 source categories. Point source emissions
constituted 92 percent of the total SO2 emissions
in 1993.
2.1.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions
Currently all 14 Tier 1 source categories are
estimated for PM-10. Figure 2-5 presents a pie
chart in which all categories, with the exclusion of
fugitive dust sources, have been combined in the
"Remaining Categories" grouping. Fugitive dust
sources constitute 92 percent of the 1993 total
PM-10 emissions. Unpaved roads (32 percent) are
the greatest contributor to 1993 PM-10 fugitive
dust emissions. The remaining 5 categories are
construction (24 percent), paved roads (18
percent), agricultural (16 percent), wind erosion
(1 percent), and mining and quarrying (1 percent).
The point source fugitive dust emissions are
minimal and not presented in the column chart
presented in Figure 2-5.
Table 2-5 presents the point and area source split
of the Tier 1 source categories. Area source
emissions, dominated by the fugitive dust
category, contributed 97 percent to the total
PM-10 emissions in 1993.
Wind erosion PM-10 emissions were significantly
reduced during 1993. This reduction was the
result of substantial spring and early summer
precipitation in midwestern states that are normally
significant contributors to wind erosion emissions
(i.e., Kansas, Oklahoma, and to a lesser extent,
Texas). The flooding that occurred along the
Mississippi River during the summer of 1993 was
a direct result of this precipitation, and subsequent
runoff.
2.1.6 Lead Emissions
The 1993 emissions of Pb were estimated by the
same methodology used to produce the 1992
emissions in the last report.1 The 1993 estimates
are based on extending the trend of the Pb activity
data from previous years (details are provided in
section 6) which are then multiplied by the current
emission factors and control efficiencies. This
methodology makes estimating point and area
emissions very resource intensive; therefore, only
national emissions are presented here.
Of the 14 Tier 1 source categories, the following
five are not estimated for Pb, since they are
though to be negligible: solvent utilization,
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-3
1993 Estimates
-------
storage and transport, petroleum and related
industries, natural sources, and miscellaneous.
The remaining nine categories are presented in a
pie chart in Figure 2-6. The "Remaining
Categories" grouping includes chemical and allied
product manufacturing, other industrial processes,
and fuel combustion (electric utility and
industrial). Metal processing, the major
contributor of Pb emissions in 1993, represents 43
percent of the total emissions. Nonferrous metal
processing represents 64 percent of the 1993
metals processing Pb emissions. Primary and
secondary Pb products are responsible for 49 and
42 percent, respectively, of the nonferrous metals
processing Pb emissions in 1993.
2.2 SPATIAL EMISSIONS
The 1993 criteria pollutant emissions were
estimated for all pollutants except lead at the
county level and summed to the state level. These
estimates are presented in Tables 2-6 to 2-15 and
Figures 2-7 to 2-20.
2.2.1 State Level
Tables 2-6 through 2-14 present the point, area,
and total emissions per pollutant for each state in
alphabetical order and in descending order. The
estimates for Alaska and Hawaii include only
highway vehicle and fossil-fuel steam electric
utility emissions. PM-10 estimates listed in
Table 2-15 also include some fugitive dust
estimates for Alaska and Hawaii. (A base year
inventory similar to NAPAP was not available for
these states.)
Figures 2-7 through 2-11 present the top 10 states
with the largest emissions, by pollutant, for 1993.
These top 10 states represent a range of 46 to
61 percent of the national emissions, depending on
the particular pollutant.
2.2.2 County Level
For all criteria pollutants except Pb, the emissions
are derived at the county level. The exceptions
explained in detail in section 6 are fugitive dust
sources and wildfires. Figures 2-12 to 2-16
presents the total 1993 emissions per square mile
for each county. As Figure 2-12 shows, the
eastern third and west coast emit more CO than
the western two-thirds of the continental United
States. In contrast, Figures 2-13 to 2-15 illustrate
that the eastern half and the west coast emit more
NOX, VOC, and SO2 than the western half of the
continental United States. The emissions of
PM-10 are dominated by the fugitive dust
emissions that are predominant in the rural and
agricultural areas.
2.2.3 Nonattainment Areas
In the 1993 Trends report,1 charts of typical NOX,
VOC, and CO emissions in 'serious1 and above
ozone nonattainment areas were compiled using
the 1992 Trends emissions. This year, sufficiently
complete base year (1990) inventories for six such
areas have been submitted to AIRS, as part of the
SIP process, to warrant basing composite emission
profiles on these actual inventory data. (As final
action on these SIPs is still pending, the identity
of the areas cannot be disclosed.) These six
comprise a small portion of the set of
nonattainment areas, thus their composite profiles
must be considered provisional and they cannot be
directly compared with last year's estimated
profiles. Nevertheless, there are reassuring
similarities with the profiles of estimated
emissions from last year; there are two notable
differences, discussed later. These six areas
represent the populous northeast and the
southwest. As additional base year inventories are
completed in AIRS, composite profiles in future
Trends reports will become increasingly
comprehensive.
There are over 6,000 potential emission source
categories (SCCs) that could be inventoried,
covering detailed components of industrial,
commercial, agricultural, residential, and
recreational sources. Only sources emitting at
least 10 tons per year (tpy) of VOC, 100 tpy of
NOX, or 100 tpy of CO need be inventoried as
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-4
1993 Estimates
-------
point sources, so in a given area the number of
significant sources is smaller, and will vary in
nature depending on the commercial and industrial
complexion of each area. For summarization in
Figure 2-17, these sources have been condensed
into the following ten categories used previously,
which differ in significance depending on the
pollutant being considered:
On-Road Mobile Sources: all cars, trucks,
buses, motorcycles used on streets and
highways (HwY VEH.);
Off-highway Mobile Sources such as tractors,
bulldozers, lawn mowers, power boats, planes,
trains (OFF-HWY);
Industrial fuel combustion emissions from
factories, mills, etc. (FUEL:lND.);
Fuel combustion emissions from electric power
utilities (FUEL:ELEC.);
Fuel combustion emissions from space heating
for buildings, homes, etc. (FUEL:OTHER);
Solvent evaporation during application of
coatings, cleaners, adhesives, etc. (SOLV.
UTIL.);
Evaporative losses during the storage and
transport of fuels, solvents, and products
containing volatile components (STOR. &
XPORT);
Disposal activities such as open dump burning
and incinerators (WASTE);
Primary and secondary metals refining and
processing (METALS); and
All other emissions (MiSC).
In Figure 2-17, composites of the relative
emissions of NOX, VOCs, and CO for the six
inventoried nonattainment areas are graphed for
these ten source categories. The small solid bars
show the range from minimum to maximum
percentage among the six areas, for each category.
Both highway vehicle and off-highway vehicles
contribute significantly to emissions of all three
pollutants, and are by far the predominant sources
of CO. Stationary source fuel combustion is
significant only for NOX. One of the notable
contrasts with the profiles presented last year is
the large contribution to VOC emissions from
solvent storage and transport. The second evident
difference is that in last year's profiles, the metals
industry made a small contribution to the CO
profile; the six areas comprising the current
profiles evidence no significant metals processing
activity. These minor contrasts are Interpreted as
consequences of the different data sets employed,
and the expectation that emissions for specialized
source categories like chemicals and metals will
vary from area to area more than emissions from
the ubiquitous automobile. The spans from
minimum to maximum in the data for these six
areas demonstrate that profiles may vary
significantly from area to area. (Pie charts based
on the same percentage profiles are presented in
Figures 2-18 to 2-20.)
2.3 SEASONAL EMISSIONS
The seasonal emissions were estimated using three
methodologies for five pollutants. The
methodology was specific to highway vehicles,
electric utility point and all other area sources, and
all other point sources. The five pollutants are
CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10. Highway
vehicle emissions were estimated for each month,
and then summed to the four seasons. Electric
utilities and area source emissions were temporally
apportioned using state point and area factors
obtained from the NAPAP methodology.3 The
point emissions were distributed to the seasons
based on the 1985 NAPAP seasonal throughput
percentages for each point. The seasons are
defined as winter (December, January, February),
spring (March, April, May), summer (June, July,
August), and autumn (September, October,
November).
As shown in Figure 2-21, most Tier 1 source
categories emitted CO in approximately equal
amounts all year, with three exceptions. The first
exception is fuel combustion-other, which
contributes 56 percent during the winter and only
2 percent in the summer. This difference is a
result of more residential wood burning during the
winter months. The second exception is off-
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-5
1993 Estimates
-------
highway sources, which emit less in the winter
and more in the summer. The third exception is
highway vehicles that emit greater amounts in cold
weather (i.e., the winter).
As shown in Figure 2-22, in 1993 most Tier 1
source categories emitted NOX in approximately
equal amounts all year, with two exceptions: fuel
combustion-other and off-highway emissions. The
estimates from fuel combustion-other are 47
percent in the winter and 8 percent in the summer.
The off-highway emissions are 21 percent in the
winter and 29 percent in the summer.
As shown in Figure 2-23, in 1993, most Tier 1
source categories emitted VOCs in approximately
equal amounts with three exceptions. The first
exception is the other fuel combustion sources
(primarily residential wood) which accounts for 56
percent of VOC estimates during the winter and
3 percent during the summer. Secondly, off-
highway sources emit 19 percent during the winter
and 31 percent in the summer. Thirdly, even
though the highway vehicle VOC emissions are
distributed 27 percent in the winter and 24 percent
in the summer, the evaporative VOC emissions
(18 percent of total highway emissions) are greater
during the summer (36 percent) than the winter
(16 percent). The seasonal percentage distribution
of highway vehicle evaporative and exhaust
emssons are:
Season
Exhaust
Evaporative
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
25
23
24
29
25
36
24
16
As shown in Figure 2-24, in 1993, most Tier 1
source categories emitted SO2 in approximately
equal amounts all year. An exception is fuel
combustion-other, which emits 42 percent during
the winter and only 12 percent in the summer.
This difference is a result of more residential fuel
combustion in the winter than any other time of
the year. Highway vehicles and solvent utilization
emit less during the winter.
As shown in Figure 2-25, in 1993 most Tier 1
source categories emitted PM-10 in approximately
equal amounts all year. The only exception to this
is other fuel combustion (primarily residential
wood) which accounts for 56 percent of PM-10
emissions during the winter and 2 percent during
the summer.
2.4 LARGEST POINT SOURCES IN
AIRS/AFS
This report is the third in a series which will track
the changes in the top-emitting sources of CO,
NOX, VOC, and SO2 emissions and the second in
a series which will track PM-10, Pb, and industrial
SO2. The AIRS/AFSh was also used to determine
the types of plants that emit large quantities of
criteria pollutants. Emissions were extracted on
July 8, 1994 from AIRS/AFS using an ad hoc
report which excluded plants listed as permanently
closed. In addition, some adjustments were made
for data that were obviously in error. Details on
how the data was extracted from AIRS is provided
in section 6.7.
NOTE* Depending on the day the data are
extracted, the list of top emitters may change.
Because these lists are based on several different
extractions and some additional adjustments have
been made, the data in tables in this report may
not correspond precisely to the data currently in
AIRS/AFS, However, this report has presented
the top 30 sources based to the maximum extent
possible, on AIRS/AFS.
The most common industries by pollutant
contained in the list of top 30 emitting sources are
defined in Table 2-16. Figures 2-26 to 2-32 and
Tables 2-17 to 2-23 present the plant-level
emissions of the top 30 largest point source
emitters of these pollutants. Figures 2-31 and 2-
32 also present states that currently have not
reported any PM-10 or Pb point source emissions
to AIRS.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-6
1993 Estimates
-------
2.5 REFERENCES
1. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1992. EPA-454/R-93-032, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1993.
2. AIRS Facility Subsystem. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 1992.
3. Fratt, D.B., D.F. Mudgett, and R.A. Walters. The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory: Development
of Temporal Allocation Factors. EPA-600/7-89-010d. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1990.
The AIRS data is not the main basis for the data in this report.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 2-7 1993 Estimates
-------
Table 2-1. 1993 National Point and Area Carbon Monoxide
Emissions by Source Category
(thousand short tons)
Source Category Point Area Total % Point % Area % Total
FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITY
FUEL COMBUSTION - INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMBUSTION - OTHER
CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PROD. MFC
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
322
465
90
1,998
2,091
398
730
2
56
76
0
0
0
6,227
Table 2-2. 1993 National Point
Emissions
0
202
4,354
0
0
0
2
0
0
1,657
59,989
15,272
9,506
90,981
and Area
322
667
4,444
1,998
2,091
398
732
2
56
1,732
59,989
15,272
9,506
97,208
Nitrogen
5.17
7.47
1.44
32.08
33.58
6.40
11.72
0.03
0.90
1.21
0
0
0
100
Oxides
0
0.22
4.79
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.82
65.94
16.79
10.45
100
0.33
0.69
4.57
2.06
2.15
0.41
0.75
0
0.06
1.78
61.71
15.71
9.78
100
by Source Category
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITY
FUEL COMBUSTION - INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMBUSTION - OTHER
CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PROD. MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
Point
7,782
1,856
100
414
82
95
310
3
3
20
0
0
0
10,663
Area
0
1,319
632
0
0
0
5
0
0
64
7,437
2,986
296
12,739
Total %
7,782
3,176
732
414
82
95
314
3
3
84
7,437
2,986
296
23,402
Point %
72.98
17.41
0.93
3.88
0.77
0.89
2.90
0.02
0.02
0.19
0
0
0
100
Area
0
10.36
4.96
0
0
0
0.04
0
0
0.51
58.38
23.44
2.32
100
% Total
33.26
13.57
3.13
1.77
0.35
0.40
1.34
0.01
0.01
0.36
31.78
12.76
1.26
100
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 2-8 1093 R timates
-------
Table 2-3. 1993 National Point and Area Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions by Source Category
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Point
Area
Total % Point % Area % Total
FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITY
FUEL COMBUSTION - INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMBUSTION - OTHER
CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PROD. MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
36
254
10
1,355
74
305
407
1,225
609
8
0
0
1
4,283
Table 2-4. 1993 National Point
0
17
331
456
0
415
79
5,024
1,252
2,263
6,094
2,207
892
19,030
36
271
341
1,811
74
720
486
6,249
1,861
2,271
6,094
2,207
893
23,312
and Area Sulfur
0.85
5.92
0.23
31.64
1.72
7.12
9.50
28.60
14.22
0.19
0
0
0.02
100
Dioxide
0
0.09
1.74
2.40
0
2.18
0.41
26.40
6.58
11.89
32.03
11.60
4.69
100
0.16
1.16
1.46
7.77
0.32
3.09
2.08
26.80
7.98
9.74
26.14
9.47
3.83
100
Emissions by Source Category
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITY
FUEL COMBUSTION - INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMBUSTION - OTHER
CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PROD. MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
Point
15,836
2,254
200
450
580
409
412
1
5
21
0
0
0
20,168
Area
0
577
400
0
0
0
2
0
0
16
438
278
11
1,720
Total %
15,836
2,830
600
450
580
409
413
1
5
37
438
278
11
21,889
Point %
78.52
11.18
0.99
2.23
2.88
2.03
2.04
0.00
0.02
0.11
0
0
0
100
Area
0
33.51
23.25
0
0
0
0.10
0
0
0.92
25.46
16.13
0.62
100
% Total
72.35
12.93
2.74
2.06
2.65
1.87
1.89
0.00
0.02
0.17
2.00
1.27
0.05
100
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-9
1993 Estimates
-------
Table 2-5. 1993 National Point and Area Particulate Matter (PM-10)
Emissions by Source Category
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Point
Area
Total % Point % Area % Total
FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC
UTILITY
FUEL COMBUSTION - INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMBUSTION - OTHER
CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PROD.
MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED
INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES (wind erosion)
MISCELLANEOUS
fugitive all sources
nonfugitive dust
TOTAL
269
191
14
75
141
26
298
2
55
8
0
0
0
10
10
0
1,089
1
28
709
0
0
0
13
0
0
240
197
395
628
42,189
41,790
399
44,400
270
219
723
75
141
26
311
2
55
248
197
395
628
42,200
41,801
399
45,489
24.67
17.56
1.27
6.91
12.91
2.39
27.39
0.17
5.02
0.74
0
0
0
0.96
0.96
0
100
0.00
0.06
1.60
0
0
0
0.03
0
0
0.54
0.44
0.89
1.41
95.02
94.12
0.90
100
0.59
0.48
1.59
0.17
0.31
0.06
0.68
0.00
0.12
0.55
0.43
0.87
1.38
92.77
91.89
0.88
100
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends. 1900-1993
2-10
1993 Estimates
-------
Table 2-6. 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Carbon Monoxide
State
Point
(thousand short tons)
Area Total
% Point
%Area
/.Total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
251
0
11
108
104
8
5
42
2
79
197
1
5
157
643
10
75
82
793
17
25
15
273
77
94
147
39
3
59
16
8
23
37
130
8
344
81
25
269
0
51
5
155
764
48
0
51
433
329
69
54
6,227
2,142
1,397
1,702
947
7,487
1,391
808
216
117
4,648
3,675
248
1,260
3,287
2,212
963
1,145
1,455
1,726
473
1,314
1,799
3,209
1,712
1,397
2,201
770
642
636
376
1,892
1,226
3,852
2,708
277
3,742
1,280
1,799
3,495
299
1,518
364
2,083
6,721
848
241
2,303
2,065
644
1,900
369
90,981
2,393
1,397
1,712
1,054
7,591
1,399
814
258
119
4,727
3,873
249
1,266
3,444
2,855
973
1,220
1,537
2,519
490
1,339
1,814
3,482
1,789
1,492
2,348
809
645
695
393
1,900
1,249
3,889
2,838
286
4,086
1,360
1,824
3,765
299
1,569
370
2,238
7,485
896
241
2,354
2,499
973
1,970
423
97,208
4.03
0.00
0.17
1.73
1.67
0.14
0.09
0.67
0.03
1.27
3.17
0.01
0.08
2.53
10.33
0.17
1.20
1.32
12.74
0.27
0.40
0.23
4.39
1.24
1.52
2.36
0.62
0.05
0.95
0.26
0.13
0.37
0.60
2.09
0.14
5.52
1.30
0.40
4.33
0.00
0.82
0.09
2.49
12.28
0.77
0.00
0.83
6.96
5.28
1.11
0.87
100
2.35
1.54
1.87
1.04
8.23
1.53
0.89
0.24
0.13
5.11
4.04
0.27
1.39
3.61
2.43
1.06
1.26
1.60
1.90
0.52
1.44
1.98
3.53
1.88
1.54
2.42
0.85
0.71
0.70
0.41
2.08
1.35
4.23
2.98
0.30
4.11
1.41
1.98
3.84
0.33
1.67
0.40
2.29
7.39
0.93
0.26
2.53
2.27
0.71
2.09
0.41
100
2.46
1.44
1.76
1.08
7.81
1.44
0.84
0.27
0.12
4.86
3.98
0.26
1.30
3.54
2.94
1.00
1.25
1.58
2.59
0.50
1.38
1.87
3.58
1.84
1.53
2.42
0.83
0.66
0.72
0.40
1.96
1.29
4.00
2.92
0.29
4.20
1.40
1.88
3.87
0.31
1.61
0.38
2.30
7.70
0.92
0.25
2.42
2.57
1.00
2.03
0.43
100
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-11
1993 Estimates
-------
Table 2-7.1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Carbon Monoxide Ranked by Total
Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Area Total
Point
% Point
"/.Area
% Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
California
Texas
Florida
Ohio
New York
Georgia
Pennsylvania
Michigan
Illinois
Indiana
North Carolina
Louisiana
Washington
Alabama
Virginia
Missouri
Tennessee
Wisconsin
New Jersey
Oregon
Massachusetts
Minnesota
Arizona
South Carolina
Kentucky
Mississippi
Colorado
Alaska
Oklahoma
Maryland
Idaho
New Mexico
Kansas
Arkansas
Iowa
West Virginia
Utah
Connecticut
Montana
Nevada
Nebraska
Maine
Wyoming
New Hampshire
South Dakota
Rhode Island
North Dakota
Delaware
Hawaii
Vermont
District of Columbia
National
104
764
79
344
37
197
269
273
157
643
130
793
433
251
51
147
155
69
8
25
15
77
11
51
82
94
8
0
81
25
5
23
75
108
10
329
48
5
39
59
3
17
54
16
5
0
8
42
1
0
2
6,227
7,487
6,721
4,648
3,742
3,852
3,675
3,495
3,209
3,287
2,212
2,708
1,726
2,065
2,142
2,303
2,201
2,083
1,900
1,892
1,799
1,799
1,712
1,702
1,518
1,455
1,397
1,391
1,397
1,280
1,314
1,260
1,226
1,145
947
963
644
848
808
770
636
642
473
369
376
364
299
277
216
248
241
117
90,981
1
7,591
7,485
4,727
4,086
3,889
3,873
3,765
3,482
3,444
2,855
2,838
2,519
2,499
2,393
2,354
2,348
2,238
1,970
1,900
1,824
1,814
1,789
1,712
1,569
1,537
1,492
1,399
1,397
1,360
1,339
1,266
1,249
1,220
1,054
973
973
896
814
809
695
645
490
423
393
370
299
286
258
249
241
119
97,208
1.67
12.28
1.27
5.52
0.60
3.17
4.33
4.39
2.53
10.33
2.09
12.74
6.96
4.03
0.83
2.36
2.49
1.11
0.13
0.40
0.23
1.24
0.17
0.82
1.32
1.52
0.14
0.00
1.30
0.40
0.08
0.37
1.20
1.73
0.17
5.28
0.77
0.09
0.62
0.95
0.05
0.27
0.87
0.26
0.09
0.00
0.14
0.67
0.01
0.00
0.03
100
7.39
5.11
4.11
4.23
4.04
3.84
3.53
3.61
2.43
2.98
1.90
2.27
2.35
2.53
2.42
2.29
2.09
2.08
1.98
1.98
1.88
1.87
1.67
1.60
1.54
1.53
1.54
1.41
1.44
1.39
1.35
1.26
1.04
1.06
0.71
0.93
0.89
0.85
0.70
0.71
0.52
0.41
0.41
0.40
0.33
0.30
0.24
0.27
0.26
0.13
100
7.70
4.86
4.20
4.00
3.98
3.87
3.58
3.54
2.94
2.92
2.59
2.57
2.46
2.42
2.42
2.30
2.03
1.96
1.88
1.87
1.84
1.76
1.61
1.58
1.53
1.44
1.44
1.40
1.38
1.30
1.29
1.25
1.08
1.00
1.00
0.92
0.84
0.83
0.72
0.66
0.50
0.43
0.40
0.38
0.31
0.29
0.27
0.26
025
0.12
100
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-12
1993 Estimates
-------
Table 2-8. 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides
(thousand short tons)
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota.
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
Point
304
3
141
106
276
145
18
36
2
398
328
10
7
515
628
145
218
410
363
16
125
78
352
186
114
300
68
80
66
27
99
162
197
250
132
631
214
23
446
1
126
22
327
1,452
131
0
139
103
340
209
194
10,663
Area
276
51
235
152
1,159
187
124
30
18
514
394
25
90
481
350
148
211
270
407
58
201
231
426
220
199
273
84
111
70
48
285
124
524
334
52
497
250
197
486
34
181
43
264
1,253
103
28
327
253
107
253
104
12,739
Total
579
54
375
257
1,435
332
142
66
20
912
722
35
97
996
978
293
428
680
769
74
326
309
777
405
313
573
152
190
136
75
384
286
722
585
185
1,128
464
220
932
35
308
65
591
2,705
234
28
466
355
447
462
299
23,402
% Point
2.85
0.03
1.32
0.99
2.59
1.36
0.17
0.34
0.02
3.73
3.08
0.09
0.07
4.83
5.89
1.36
2.04
3.84
3.40
0.15
1.17
0.73
3.30
1.74
1.06
2.81
0.64
0.75
0.62
0.26
0.93
1.52
1.85
2.35
1.24
5.92
2.01
0.21
4.18
0.01
1.18
0.21
3.07
13.62
1.23
0.00
1.30
0.96
3.19
1.96
1.82
100
% Area
2.17
0.40
1.84
1.19
9.10
1.46
0.97
0.24
0.14
4.03
3.09
0.19
0.71
3.77
2.75
1.16
1.65
2.12
3.19
0.46
1.58
1.81
3.34
1.73
1.56
2.14
0.66
0.87
0.55
0.38
2.23
0.97
4.11
2.62
0.41
3.90
1.96
1.55
3.82
0.27
1.42
0.33
2.07
9.83
0.81
0.22
2.57
1.99
0.84
1.99
0.82
100
% Total
2.48
0.23
1.60
1.10
6.13
1.42
0.61
0.28
0.08
3.90
3.09
0.15
0.42
4.26
4.18
1.25
1.83
2.91
3.29
0.32
1.39
1.32
3.32
1.73
1.34
2.45
0.65
0.81
0.58
0.32
1.64
1.22
3.08
2.50
0.79
4.82
1.98
0.94
3.98
0.15
1.31
0.28
2.53
11.56
1.00
0.12
1.99
1.52
1.91
1.97
1.28
100
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-13
1993 Estimates
-------
Table 2-9. 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides Ranked by
Total Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Rank
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
State
Texas
California
Ohio
Illinois
Indiana
Pennsylvania
Florida
Michigan
Louisiana
Georgia
New York
Kentucky
Tennessee
North Carolina
Alabama
Missouri
Virginia
Oklahoma
Wisconsin
West Virginia
Kansas
Minnesota
New Jersey
Arizona
Washington
Colorado
Maryland
Mississippi
Massachusetts
South Carolina
Wyoming
Iowa
New Mexico
Arkansas
Utah
Oregon
Nebraska
North Dakota
Montana
Connecticut
Nevada
Idaho
New Hampshire
Maine
Delaware
South Dakota
Alaska
Rhode Island
Hawaii
Vermont
District of Columbia
National
Point
1,452
276
631
515
628
446
398
352
363
328
197
410
327
250
304
300
139
214
209
340
218
186
99
141
103
145
125
114
78
126
194
145
162
106
131
23
80
132
68
18
66
7
27
16
36
22
3
1
10
0
2
10,663
Area
=====
1,253
1,159
497
481
350
486
514
426
407
394
524
270
264
334
276
273
327
250
253
107
211
220
285
235
253
187
201
199
231
181
104
148
124
152
103
197
111
52
84
124
70
90
48
58
30
43
51
34
25
28
18
12,739
Total
=====
2,705
1,435
1,128
996
978
932
912
777
769
722
722
680
591
585
579
573
466
464
462
447
428
405
384
375
355
332
326
313
309
308
299
293
286
257
234
220
190
185
152
142
136
97
75
74
66
65
54
35
35
28
20
23,402
% Point
=======
13.62
2.59
5.92
4.83
5.89
4.18
3.73
3.30
3.40
3.08
1.85
3.84
3.07
2.35
2.85
2.81
1.30
2.01
1.96
3.19
2.04
1.74
0.93
1.32
0.96
1.36
1.17
1.06
0.73
1.18
1.82
1.36
1.52
0.99
1.23
0.21
0.75
1.24
0.64
0.17
0.62
0.07
0.26
0.15
0.34
0.21
0.03
0.01
0.09
0.00
0.02
100
% Area
=====
9.83
9.10
3.90
3.77
2.75
3.82
4.03
3.34
3.19
3.09
4.11
2.12
2.07
2.62
2.17
2.14
2.57
1.96
1.99
0.84
1.65
1.73
2.23
1.84
1.99
1.46
1.58
1.56
1.81
1.42
0.82
1.16
0.97
1.19
0.81
1.55
0.87
0.41
0.66
0.97
0.55
0.71
0.38
0.46
0.24
0.33
0.40
0.27
0.19
0.22
0.14
100
% Total
=====
11.56
6.13
4.82
4.26
4.18
3.98
3.90
3.32
3.29
3.09
3.08
2.91
2.53
2.50
2.48
2.45
1.99
1.98
1.97
1.91
1.83
1.73
1.64
1.60
1.52
1.42
1.39
1.34
1.32
1.31
1.28
1.25
1.22
1.10
1.00
0.94
0.81
0.79
0.65
0.61
0.58
0.42
0.32
0.32
0.28
0.28
0.23
0.15
0.15
0.12
0.08
100
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-14
1993 Estimates
-------
State
Table 2-10. 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Volatile Organic
Compounds
(thousand short tons)
Point Area Total % Point %Area
% Total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
207
0
2
39
98
6
6
14
1
23
50
0
1
308
129
12
30
85
145
5
24
54
105
60
62
141
6
5
1
5
92
8
157
190
2
117
25
47
116
10
30
8
170
1,234
9
1
145
45
106
129
16
4,283
392
185
275
197
1,672
234
182
101
24
817
613
31
164
681
470
218
234
267
517
83
247
342
646
346
266
372
112
136
111
68
487
180
812
578
79
745
263
227
763
60
662
74
402
1,848
132
41
454
348
455
362
56
19,030
599
185
277
237
1,770
240
188
115
25
839
663
31
165
989
599
230
264
352
663
88
271
396
751
405
327
513
118
141
112
73
579
188
969
768
80
862
288
274
879
70
692
83
572
3,082
142
42
599
392
561
491
72
23,311
4.82
0.00
0.05
0.92
2.29
0.15
0.15
0.32
0.02
0.54
1.17
0.01
0.02
7.20
3.02
0.27
0.71
1.99
3.39
0.13
0.55
1.25
2.45
1.40
1.44
3.29
0.14
0.12
0.02
0.11
2.14
0.19
3.67
4.45
0.04
2.74
0.58
1.09
2.71
0.23
0.70
0.20
3.98
28.81
0.22
0.03
3.39
1.05
2.47
3.02
0.38
100
2.06
0.97
1.44
1.04
8.79
1.23
0.96
0.53
0.12
4.29
3.22
0.16
0.86
3.58
2.47
1.15
1.23
1.40
2.72
0.43
1.30
1.80
3.39
1.82
1.40
1.96
0.59
0.72
0.58
0.36
2.56
0.95
4.26
3.04
0.41
3.91
1.38
1.19
4.01
0.32
3.48
0.39
2.11
9.71
0.70
0.21
2.39
1.83
2.39
1.90
0.29
100
2.57
0.79
1.19
1.02
7.59
1.03
0.81
0.49
0.11
3.60
2.84
0.13
0.71
4.24
2.57
0.99
1.13
1.51
2.84
0.38
1.16
1.70
3.22
1.74
1.40
2.20
0.51
0.61
0.48
0.31
2.48
0.81
4.16
3.30
0.34
3.70
1.24
1.17
3.77
0.30
2.97
0.35
2.45
13.22
0.61
0.18
2.57
1.68
2.41
2.11
0.31
100
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-15
1993 Estimates
-------
Table 2-11. 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Volatile Organic
Compounds Ranked by Total Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Point Area Total % Point %Area
Rank State
% Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Texas
California
Illinois
New York
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Florida
North Carolina
Michigan
South Carolina
Georgia
Louisiana
Indiana
Virginia
Alabama
New Jersey
Tennessee
West Virginia
Missouri
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Massachusetts
Washington
Kentucky
Mississippi
Oklahoma
Arizona
Oregon
Maryland
Kansas
Colorado
Arkansas
Iowa
Connecticut
New Mexico
Alaska
Idaho
Utah
Nebraska
Montana
Delaware
Nevada
Maine
South Dakota
North Dakota
New Hampshire
Wyoming
Rhode Island
Vermont
Hawaii
District of Columbia
National
1,234
98
308
157
116
117
23
190
105
30
50
145
129
145
207
92
170
106
141
129
60
54
45
85
62
25
2
47
24
30
6
39
12
6
8
0
1
9
5
6
14
1
5
8
2
5
16
10
1
0
1
4,283
1,848
1,672
681
812
763
745
817
578
646
662
613
517
470
454
392
487
402
455
372
362
346
342
348
267
266
263
275
227
247
234
234
197
218
182
180
185
164
132
136
112
101
111
83
74
79
68
56
60
41
31
24
19,030
_
3,082
1,770
989
969
879
862
839
768
751
692
663
663
599
599
599
579
572
561
513
491
405
396
392
352
327
288
277
274
271
264
240
237
230
188
188
185
165
142
141
118
115
112
88
83
80
73
72
70
42
31
25
23,311
.
28.81
2.29
7.20
3.67
2.71
2.74
0.54
4.45
2.45
0.70
1.17
3.39
3.02
3.39
4.82
2.14
3.98
2.47
3.29
3.02
1.40
1.25
1.05
1.99
1.44
0.58
0.05
1.09
0.55
0.71
0.15
0.92
0.27
0.15
0.19
0.00
0.02
0.22
0.12
0.14
0.32
0.02
0.13
0.20
0.04
0.11
0.38
0.23
0.03
0.01
0.02
100
9.71
8.79
3.58
4.26
4.01
3.91
4.29
3.04
3.39
3.48
3.22
2.72
2.47
2.39
2.06
2.56
2.11
2.39
1.96
1.90
1.82
1.80
1.83
1.40
1.40
1.38
1.44
1.19
1.30
1.23
1.23
1.04
1.15
0.96
0.95
0.97
0.86
0.70
0.72
0.59
0.53
0.58
0.43
0.39
0.41
0.36
0.29
0.32
0.21
0.16
0.12
100
13.22
7.59
4.24
4.16
3.77
3.70
3.60
3.30
3.22
2.97
2.84
2.84
2.57
2.57
2.57
2.48
2.45
2.41
2.20
2.11
1.74
1.70
1.68
1.51
1.40
1.24
1.19
1.17
1.16
1.13
1.03
1.02
0.99
0.81
0.81
0.79
0.71
0.61
0.61
0.51
0.49
0.48
0.38
0.35
0.34
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.18
0.13
0.11
100
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-16
1993 Estimates
-------
State
Table 2-12. 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide
(thousand short tons)
Point Area Total % Point
% Area % Total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
714
1
231
87
73
94
41
102
5
853
886
19
25
1,202
1,545
248
117
1,050
295
62
320
213
470
124
215
758
73
67
57
66
117
244
446
513
180
2,451
143
24
1,325
2
251
34
1,077
1,139
58
1
329
134
1,185
384
118
20,168
67
2
13
19
140
11
18
4
2
43
22
2
11
28
144
14
10
41
125
14
52
39
27
16
75
39
5
9
7
7
47
12
85
47
18
83
19
30
63
5
15
5
23
125
17
5
45
28
10
19
15
1,720
781
3
244
106
212
105
59
106
6
896
907
21
36
1,230
1,689
262
127
1,091
420
76
371
252
497
139
290
797
78
77
63
73
164
256
531
560
198
2,533
162
55
1,388
7
266
39
1,100
1,263
75
6
374
162
1,195
403
133
21,888
3.54
0.00
1.14
0.43
0.36
0.47
0.20
0.50
0.02
4.23
4.39
0.09
0.12
5.96
7.66
1.23
0.58
5.21
1.46
0.31
1.59
1.06
2.33
0.61
1.07
3.76
0.36
0.33
0.28
0.33
0.58
1.21
2.21
2.54
0.89
12.15
0.71
0.12
6.57
0.01
1.25
0.17
5.34
5.65
0.29
0.01
1.63
0.66
5.88
1.90
0.59
100
3.92
0.13
0.77
1.13
8.11
0.63
1.07
0.26
0.10
2.47
1.25
0.09
0.65
1.61
8.39
0.81
0.59
2.38
7.24
0.84
3.00
2.27
1.57
0.91
4.36
2.28
0.31
0.54
0.38
0.40
2.75
0.69
4.94
2.72
1.06
4.81
1.09
1.76
3.68
0.27
0.87
0.28
1.33
7.24
0.98
0.27
2.64
1.63
0.57
1.10
0.86
100
3.57
0.01
1.11
0.48
0.97
0.48
0.27
0.49
0.03
4.09
4.14
0.09
0.17
5.62
7.72
1.20
0.58
4.99
1.92
0.35
1.70
1.15
2.27
0.64
1.33
3.64
0.36
0.35
0.29
0.33
0.75
1.17
2.43
2.56
0.90
11.57
0.74
0.25
6.34
0.03
1.22
0.18
5.03
5.77
0.34
0.03
1.71
0.74
5.46
1.84
0.61
100
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-17
1993 Estimates
-------
Table 2-13. 1993 State-level Point, Area, and Total Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide Ranked by
Total Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Point Area Total % Point
Rank State
% Area
% Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Ohio
Indiana
Pennsylvania
Texas
Illinois
West Virginia
Tennessee
Kentucky
Georgia
Florida
Missouri
Alabama
North Carolina
New York
Michigan
Louisiana
Wisconsin
Virginia
Maryland
Mississippi
South Carolina
Iowa
New Mexico
Massachusetts
Arizona
California
North Dakota
New Jersey
Washington
Oklahoma
Minnesota
Wyoming
Kansas
Delaware
Arkansas
Colorado
Montana
Nebraska
Maine
Utah
New Hampshire
Nevada
Connecticut
Oregon
South Dakota
Idaho
Hawaii
Rhode Island
District of Columbia
Vermont
Alaska
National
2,451
1,545
1,325
1,139
1,202
1,185
1,077
1,050
886
853
758
714
513
446
470
295
384
329
320
215
251
248
244
213
231
73
180
117
134
143
124
118
117
102
87
94
73
67
62
58
66
57
41
24
34
25
19
2
5
1
1
20,168
83
144
63
125
28
10
23
41
22
43
39
67
47
85
27
125
19
45
52
75
15
14
12
39
13
140
18
47
28
19
16
15
10
4
19
11
5
9
14
17
7
7
18
30
5
11
2
5
2
5
2
1,720
2,533
1,689
1,388
1,263
1,230
1,195
1,100
1,091
907
896
797
781
560
531
497
420
403
374
371
290
266
262
256
252
244
212
198
164
162
162
139
133
127
106
106
105
78
77
76
75
73
63
59
55
39
36
21
7
6
6
3
21,888
12.15
7.66
6.57
5.65
5.96
5.88
5.34
5.21
4.39
4.23
3.76
3.54
2.54
2.21
2.33
1.46
1.90
1.63
1.59
1.07
1.25
1.23
1.21
1.06
1.14
0.36
0.89
0.58
0.66
0.71
0.61
0.59
0.58
0.50
0.43
0.47
0.36
0.33
0.31
0.29
0.33
0.28
0.20
0.12
0.17
0.12
0.09
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
100
4.81
8.39
3.68
7.24
1.61
0.57
1.33
2.38
1.25
2.47
2.28
3.92
2.72
4.94
1.57
7.24
1.10
2.64
3.00
4.36
0.87
0.81
0.69
2.27
0.77
8.11
1.06
2.75
1.63
1.09
0.91
0.86
0.59
0.26
1.13
0.63
0.31
0.54
0.84
0.98
0.40
0.38
1.07
1.76
0.28
0.65
0.09
0.27
0.10
0.27
0.13
100
11.57
7.72
6.34
5.77
5.62
5.46
5.03
4.99
4.14
4.09
3.64
3.57
2.56
2.43
227
1.92
1.84
1.71
1.70
1.33
1.22
1.20
1.17
1.15
1.11
0.97
0.90
0.75
0.74
0.74
0.64
0.61
0.58
0.49
0.48
0.48
0.36
0.35
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.29
0.27
0.25
0.18
0.17
0.09
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.01
100
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-18
1993 Estimates
-------
Table 2-14. 1993 State-level Fugitive Dust, Nonfugitive Dust, and Total Emissions of
Particutlate Matter (PM-10)
(thousand short tons)
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
Fugitive Nonfugitive
Dust
815
214
421
610
2,443
737
227
58
16
1,234
1,413
88
782
1,503
840
939
1,116
528
639
112
423
534
967
1,300
1,438
1,609
838
930
171
83
523
1,454
1,262
725
639
1,166
927
729
1,098
92
549
742
599
5,172
360
110
601
929
184
665
252
41,801
Dust
116
120
90
64
211
32
22
10
1
147
172
4
100
113
87
25
52
75
109
24
28
37
85
79
77
121
60
18
35
13
45
78
106
137
13
108
38
125
142
5
60
13
112
229
25
8
87
104
46
56
25
3,688
Total % Fugitive % Nonfugitive
930
335
511
673
2,653
770
249
68
18
1,380
1,585
92
882
1,615
926
963
1,168
603
747
137
451
572
1,052
1,378
1,515
1,729
898
948
206
96
569
1,532
1,368
862
651
1,274
964
853
1,240
97
610
755
711
5,401
385
118
687
1,033
230
721
277
45,489
Dust
1.95
0.51
1.01
1.46
5.84
1.76
0.54
0.14
0.04
2.95
3.38
0.21
1.87
3.59
2.01
2.25
2.67
1.26
1.53
027
1.01
1.28
2.31
3.11
3.44
3.85
2.00
2.23
0.41
0.20
1.25
3.48
3.02
1.73
1.53
2.79
2.22
1.74
2.63
0.22
1.31
1.78
1.43
12.37
0.86
0.26
1.44
2.22
0.44
1.59
0.60
100
Dust
3.14
3.26
2.45
1.73
5.71
0.88
0.58
0.26
0.04
3.97
4.65
0.10
2.71
3.06
2.35
0.67
1.41
2.02
2.94
0.66
0.76
1.00
2.31
2.14
2.09
3.27
1.63
0.48
0.96
0.36
1.23
2.12
2.87
3.73
0.34
2.93
1.02
3.38
3.84
0.13
1.63
0.36
3.05
6.21
0.68
0.23
2.35
2.83
1.25
1.52
0.69
100
% Total
2.05
0.74
1.12
1.48
5.83
1.69
0.55
0.15
0.04
3.03
3.48
0.20
1.94
3.55
2.04
2.12
2.57
1.32
1.64
0.30
0.99
1.26
2.31
3.03
3.33
3.80
1.97
2.08
0.45
0.21
1.25
3.37
3.01
1.90
1.43
2.80
2.12
1.88
2.73
0.21
1.34
1.66
1.56
11.87
0.85
0.26
1.51
2.27
0.51
1.59
0.61
100
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-19
1993 Estimates
-------
Table 2-15. 1993 State-level Fugitive Dust, Nonfugitive Dust, and Total Emissions of
Particutlate Matter (PM-10) Ranked by Total Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
State
Texas
California
Missouri
Illinois
Georgia
New Mexico
Mississippi
Florida
Minnesota
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Kansas
Michigan
Washington
Oklahoma
Iowa
Nebraska
Alabama
Indiana
Montana
Idaho
North Carolina
Oregon
Colorado
South Dakota
Louisiana
Wisconsin
Tennessee
Virginia
Arkansas
North Dakota
South Carolina
Kentucky
Massachusetts
New Jersey
Arizona
Maryland
Utah
Alaska
Wyoming
Connecticut
West Virginia
Nevada
Maine
Vermont
Rhode Island
New Hampshire
Hawaii
Delaware
District of Columbia
National
Fugitive Nonfugitive
Dust
5,172
2,443
1,609
1,503
1,413
1,454
1,438
1,234
1,300
1,262
1,166
1,098
1,116
967
929
927
939
930
815
840
838
782
725
729
737
742
639
665
599
601
610
639
549
528
534
523
421
423
360
214
252
227
184
171
112
110
92
83
88
58
16
41,801
Dust
229
211
121
113
172
78
77
147
79
106
108
142
52
85
104
38
25
18
116
87
60
100
137
125
32
13
109
56
112
87
64
13
60
75
37
45
90
28
25
120
25
22
46
35
24
8
5
13
4
10
1
3,688
Total % Fugitive % Nonfugitive
5,401
2,653
1,729
1,615
1,585
1,532
1,515
1,380
1,378
1,368
1,274
1,240
1,168
1,052
1,033
964
963
948
930
926
898
882
862
853
770
755
747
721
711
687
673
651
610
603
572
569
511
451
385
335
277
249
230
206
137
118
97
96
92
68
18
45,489
Dust
12.37
5.84
3.85
3.59
3.38
3.48
3.44
2.95
3.11
3.02
2.79
2.63
2.67
2.31
2.22
2.22
2.25
2.23
1.95
2.01
2.00
1.87
1.73
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.53
1.59
1.43
1.44
1.46
1.53
1.31
1.26
1.28
1.25
1.01
1.01
0.86
0.51
0.60
0.54
0.44
0.41
0.27
0.26
0.22
0.20
0.21
0.14
0.04
100
Dust
6.21
5.71
3.27
3.06
4.65
2.12
2.09
3.97
2.14
2.87
2.93
3.84
1.41
2.31
2.83
1.02
0.67
0.48
3.14
2.35
1.63
2.71
3.73
3.38
0.88
0.36
2.94
1.52
3.05
2.35
1.73
0.34
1.63
2.02
1.00
1.23
2.45
0.76
0.68
3.26
0.69
0.58
1.25
0.96
0.66
0.23
0.13
0.36
0.10
0.26
0.04
100
% Total
11.87
5.83
3.80
3.55
3.48
3.37
3.33
3.03
3.03
3.01
2.80
2.73
2.57
2.31
2.27
2.12
2.12
2.08
2.05
2.04
1.97
1.94
1.90
1.88
1.69
1.66
1.64
1.59
1.56
1.51
1.48
1.43
1.34
1.32
1.26
1.25
1.12
0.99
0.85
0.74
0.61
0.55
0.51
0.45
0.30
0.26
021
0.21
0.20
0.15
0.04
100
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-20
1993 Estimates
-------
Table 2-16. Predominant Industries Listed Among the Top 30 Plants from AIRS/AFS
Pollutant
Industry
Number of Plants
CO
NOX
VOC
S02
Industrial SO,
PM-10
Pb
Steel mills
Carbon black production
Aluminum production
Petroleum Refineries
Electric utilities
Chemical & Allied Products
Petroleum Refineries
Steel mills
Electric utility
Petroleum refineries
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals
Steel mills
Paper mills
Steel mills
Mining
Electric utilities
Primary smelting of nonferrous metals
Secondary smelting nonferrous metals
Electric utility
12
10
3
3
30
9
6
5
29
8
7
5
3
6
5
4
6
5
4
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-21
1993 Estimates
-------
1
1
c"
1
i
a
1'
-^
1
-^
§
^
Uj
s>
1
s>
3
S
ra
a.
3
Table 2-17. Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
NOTE(S):
Plant Name
USX Corporation - Edgar Thomson Works
Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel Steubenville
U.S. Steel Co., Gary Works Part 2
Columbian Chemicals Co.
USX Corporation - Clairton Works
Bethlehem Steel
Shenango Iron & Coke Works
ACME Steel Company
Cabot Corp.
Gulf States Steel
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Columbian Chemical
Cabot Corp.
Sid Richardson Carbon and Gasoline
Degussa Carbon Black
Cabot Corporation
ALCOA (Aluminum Co. of America)
Ashland Petroleum
WITCO Corp., Continental Carbon Division
Addis Plant Sid Richardson Rd.
WITCO Corp., Continental Carbon Division
ORMET Corporation
LTV Steel Company
Noranda Aluminum, Incorporated
Degussa Corporation
E.I. Du Pont De Nemours and Co.
Weirton Steel Corporation
Total Petroleum Inc
United Refining Co.
ARMCO Steel Company L.P.
These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA
reflect the current emissions of facilities. However, it is
The values presented in the 'County" column are FIPS
The AIRS data is not the main basis for the data in this
EPA
Region
3
5
5
3
3
3
3
5
6
4
3
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
6
6
6
5
5
7
5
4
3
5
3
5
Emitting Carbon
State
PA
OH
IN
WV
PA
MD
PA
IL
LA
AL
PA
LA
LA
TX
LA
TX
IN
MN
OK
LA
OK
OH
IN
MO
OH
TN
WV
Ml
PA
OH
recognizes that there may be
County
3
81
89
51
3
5
3
31
101
55
95
101
39
227
101
179
173
163
71
121
71
111
89
143
167
85
29
57
123
17
inaccuracies and
Monoxide- 1993
NEDS ID
9
5006
121
19
11
147
50
823
4
8
48
5
1
2
18
1
7
3
703
6
4
5001
318
8
5015
7
1
9
3
5002
incompleteness
SIC
3312
3312
3312
2895
3312
3312
3312
3312
2395
3312
3312
2895
2895
2895
2895
2895
3334
2911
2895
2895
2895
3334
3312
3334
2895
2816
3312
2911
2911
3312
in the data,
Year
91
90
92
90
90
91
90
93
90
92
90
90
90
92
90
92
92
90
92
90
85
90
92
89
90
90
90
90
90
90
and the data
Emissions
(short tons)
288,469
185,571
175,432
142,575
125,163
118,969
115,614
100,507
98,008
97,000
91,305
86,089
66,615
65,207
64,258
63,232
61 ,582
59,264
54,955
54,322
53,430
52,947
52,640
50,808
48,745
46,928
46,153
44,007
43,104
40,636
may not accurately
the most recent information available from States.
county codes.
report.
-------
Table 2-18. Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Nitrogen Oxides -1993
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Plant Name
TVA Cumberland Steam Plant
TVA Paradise A & B
General James M. Gavin Plant
Detroit Edison - Monroe
James M. Stuart Electric Generating Station
Com Ed - Powerton Station
Indiana Kentucky Electric Corporation
Davis Gas Processing *
Appalachian Power Co., John E. Amos Plant
Com Ed - Kincaid Generating Station
Illinois Power Co. - Baldwin Power Plant
GA Power Co./Bowen Steam Elec. Gen. Station
Alabama Power Co. - E C Gaston
Penn Power-Mansfield
Central Illinois Public Service
Kyger Creek Station Ohio Valley Elec. Corp.
PSI - Gibson
Ohio Edison Company W. H. Sammis Plant
Associated Electric
FL Power-Crystal River
Alabama Power Co-Barry Steam Plant
Assoc. Electric Co. - Thomas Hill
Monongahela Power - Harrison
Detroit Edison - Belle River
Pen Elec - Homer City
CP&L, Roxboro, Units 1234
Pen Elec - Conemaugh
Pen Elec - Keystone
Muskingum River Plant
Duke Power-Belews Cr
EPA
Region
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
3
5
5
4
4
3
5
5
5
5
7
4
4
7
3
5
3
4
3
3
5
4
State
TN
KY
OH
Ml
OH
IL
IN
TX
WV
IL
IL
GA
AL
PA
IL
OH
IN
OH
MO
FL
AL
MO
WV
Ml
PA
NC
PA
PA
OH
NC
County
161
177
53
115
1
179
77
235
79
21
157
15
117
7
135
53
51
81
143
17
97
175
33
147
63
145
63
5
167
169
NEDS ID
11
6
5002
20
5001
53
1
6
48
33
11
5
5
38
5001
13
5010
4
4
1001
1
15
36
3
29
1
12
5001
4
SIC
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
1321
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
Year
90
90
90
90
90
93
90
92
90
93
93
90
92
90
93
90
90
90
90
90
92
90
90
90
90
88
90
90
90
89
Emissions
(short tons)
106,928
97,787
86.748
85,451
76,905
72,628
70,705
70,406
65,460
64,984
63,212
63,131
62,359
57,962
57,687
57,462
57,063
54,153
54,027
52,832
52,409
51 ,452
50,726
50,376
49,553
46,668
46,521
46,069
45,409
44,071
NOTE(S): * The Davis Gas Processing facility was extracted from the Texas Air Control Board's data base on its way to AIRS and did not have a NEDs ID yet.
These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and incompleteness in the data, and the data may not accurately
reflect the current emissions of facilities. However, it is the most recent information available from States.
The values presented in the "County* column are FIPS county codes.
The AIRS data is not the main basis for the data in this report.
-------
1
5"
I
i
5'
1
3
-*
i
1
K
*
«
n Estimates
Table 2-19. Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
NOTE(S):
Plant Name
Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.
Courtaulds North America, Inc.
Tenn Eastman Co.
Chemi-trol Chemical Co.
BP Oil Company
3M Hutch Mag Media
BP Chemicals Inc.
International Paper Company
Lenzing Fibers Corporation
Neches Butane Products
Wheeling-Pitt (Follansbee)
Ashland Oil Co.
LTV Steel Company - Pittsburgh Works
ARMCO Steel Company L.P.
Farmland Industries, Inc. (Ref. Div.)
ACME Steel Company, Chicago Coke Plant
EXXON Co USA Refinery
E.I. Dupont De Nemours & Company Inc.
E.I. Dupont De Nemours & Company Inc.
USX Corporation - Clairton Works
Roanoke Cement Co. (Formerly Tarmac)
CL Industries Inc.
Impression Coating, Inc.
Tenn Eastman Co.
Chevron U.S.A., Incorporated
Congoleum Corp.
Cook Inlet Pipe Line
Conoco Inc.
Modine Mfg. Co.
Shell Oil Company
EPA
Region
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
4
6
3
4
3
5
7
5
6
4
6
3
3
5
5
4
6
3
10
6
7
6
Volatile Organic Compounds -
State County
KY
AL
TN
OH
OH
MN
OH
TX
TN
TX
WV
KY
PA
OH
KS
IL
LA
NC
TX
PA
VA
IL
OH
TN
TX
PA
AK
OK
MO
TX
157
97
163
143
95
85
3
37
63
245
9
19
3
17
125
31
33
19
245
3
23
183
91
163
245
45
122
71
79
201
NEDS ID
9
5002
1007
5017
5046
3
5006
11
197
19
2
4
22
5002
3
1302
15
13
3
11
3
99
5008
1004
4
49
7
502
4
39
These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and incompleteness
reflect the current emissions of facilities. However, it is the most recent information available from States.
The values presented in the "County* column are
The AIRS data is not the main basis for the data
FIPS county codes.
in this report.
SIC
2819
2823
2819
3443
2911
2641
2819
2421
2823
2869
3312
2042
3312
3312
2911
3312
2911
2824
2869
3312
3241
2992
3089
2824
2911
3996
4463
2911
3714
2911
in the data,
1993
Year
90
92
93
90
90
90
90
88
92
85
90
90
90
90
92
93
90
87
92
90
92
93
90
93
92
90
79
92
86
92
and the data
Emissions
(short tons)
28,670
22,349
21 ,065
17,190
15,337
13,316
12,583
12,198
11,850
11,274
10,644
10,134
9,623
9,006
8,652
8,386
8,213
7,944
7,932
7,710
7,516
7,504
7,486
7,374
7,355
7,242
7,148
6,932
6,854
6,785
may not accurately
-------
Table 2-20. Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Sulfur Dioxide from All Sources - 1993
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Plant Name
General James M. Gavin Plant
TVA Cumberland Steam Plant
GA Power Co., Bowen Steam Elec. Gen. Station
Monongahela Power - Harrison
Indiana Kentucky Electric Corporation
PSI - Gibson
Union Electric Company - Labadie Plant
Kyger Creek Station Ohio Valley Elec. Corp.
GA Power Co., Wansley
Muskingum River Plant
Illinois Power Co - Baldwin Power Plant
Pen Electric - Conemaugh
Associated Electric
James M. Stuart Electric Generating Station
Ohio Edison Company W.H. Sammis Plant
Central Illinois Public Service
West Penn Power Co.
Alabama Power Co. E C Gaston
Tampa Elec, Big Bend
Cardinal Operating Company
Virginia Power - Mount Storm
TVA- Paradise A & B
ALCOA Generating Corp.
Pen Elec - Keystone
PP & L - Montour
GA Power Co. Yates Steam Elec. Gen. Station
TVA-Gallatin
CEI - Eastlake
Detroit Edison - Monroe
Columbus Southern Power - Conesville
EPA
Region
5
4
4
3
5
5
7
5
4
5
5
3
7
5
5
5
3
4
4
5
3
4
5
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
State
OH
TN
GA
WV
IN
IN
MO
OH
GA
OH
IL
PA
MO
OH
OH
IL
PA
AL
FL
OH
WV
KY
IN
PA
PA
GA
TN
OH
Ml
OH
County
53
161
15
33
77
51
71
53
149
167
157
63
143
1
81
135
59
117
57
81
23
177
173
5
93
77
165
85
115
31
NEDS ID
5002
11
11
15
1
13
3
5001
1
5001
33
1
4
5001
5010
38
6
5
39
5002
3
6
2
12
3
1
25
5012
20
5001
SIC
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
4911
Year
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
93
90
90
90
90
93
90
92
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
89
90
90
90
Emissions
(short tons)
373,413
346,171
305,302
292,039
281 ,423
273,037
250,119
249,143
248,651
245,099
233,768
179,167
176,535
173,828
169,131
166,111
161,939
156,480
149,425
148,751
141,490
137,432
135,281
134,880
1 32,450
129,844
128,724
128,547
128,540
128,227
NOTE(S): These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and incompleteness in the data, and the data may not accurately
reflect the current emissions of facilities. However, it is the most recent information available from States.
The values presented in the "County" column are FIPS county codes.
The AIRS data is not the main basis for the data in this report.
-------
1
5'
?
§
c"
|
i
3
1"
^
1
^
i
i.
i
to
a\
3
vo
<*>
ra
a.
Table 2-21. Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
NOTE(S):
Plant Name
Aluminum Company of America
Copper Range Company
Asarco Incorporated
Asarco Incorporated
Shell Oil Co., Wood River Mfg. Complex
Dakota Gasification Company
Phelps Dodge Mining/Hidalgo Smelter
USS/Kobe Steel Co. - Lorain Works
Mead Corporation
Star Enterprise, Delaware City Plant
Asarco Incorporated
Kodak Park Div.
James River Corporation
Phillips 66 Company, Division of Phillips
Kennecott
ARMCO Steel Company L.P.
Phelps Dodge/Chino Mines
Mobil Oil Corp.
Bethlehem Steel Corporation
Exxon Co. USA
Mobil Joliet Refining Corp.
Wheeling Pittsburgh Steel, Steubenville
Conoco Inc.
Inland Steel Flat Products, Part 2
Tenn Eastman Co.
Westvaco
Champion International Corp.
Fort Howard Corporation
Uno-Ven Company
Union Camp Corp., Fine Paper Div.
These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA
reflect the current emissions of facilities. However, it is
The values presented in the 'County* column are FIPS
The AIRS data is not the main basis for the data in this
EPA
Region
6
5
6
7
5
8
6
5
5
3
9
2
5
6
8
5
6
2
5
4
5
5
6
5
4
3
4
5
5
3
Sulfur
State
TX
Ml
TX
MO
IL
ND
NM
OH
OH
DE
AZ
NY
Ml
TX
UT
OH
NM
NJ
IN
AL
IL
OH
OK
IN
TN
MD
NC
Wl
IL
VA
recognizes that there may be
Dioxide from
County
331
131
141
93
119
57
23
93
141
3
7
55
77
233
35
17
17
15
127
53
197
81
71
89
163
1
87
9
197
93
Industrial Sources -
NEDS ID
1
2
1
8
104
13
3
5004
5001
16
4
258
39
15
30
5002
1
6
1
7
89
5006
10
317
3
11
159
328
77
6
inaccuracies and incompleteness
SIC
3334
1021
3331
3332
2911
1311
3331
3312
2621
2911
3331
3861
2621
2911
3331
3312
3331
2911
3312
1311
2911
3312
2911
3312
4961
2621
2621
2621
2911
2621
in the data,
Year
92
90
90
90
93
93
91
90
90
92
90
90
90
92
90
90
91
87
90
92
93
90
87
90
93
91
89
90
93
92
and the
1993
Emissions
(short tons)
67,988
65,156
47,341
44,136
40,063
37,394
34,592
34,467
33,921
33,574
32,959
32,718
32,714
30,661
30,047
29,132
28,058
26,240
26,029
25,876
24,824
22,714
22,494
21,242
19,236
18,901
18,613
18,071
18,021
17,398
data may not accurately
the most recent information available from States.
county codes.
report.
-------
Table 2-22. Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting Particulate Matter (PM-10) - 1993
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Plant Name
LTV Steel Mining Co.
US Steel
Jaeco Coal/Eel River Coal
Nemo Coal, Inc.
Inland Steel Flat Products Part 2
Asarco Incorporated
Empire District Electric
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Pacificorp - Jim Bridger
Ash Grove Cement Co.
Kennecott
Inland Steel Flat Products
Peabody Coal Co. Midwest Division
Harbison-Walker Refractory
S. D. Warren Co., Scott Paper Co.
Aluminum Company of America
Central Soya Company Inc.
Medusa Cement Company
Pacificorp-Centralia Plant
Cal Portland Cement Co.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
U.S. Army Engineer Center
U.S. Steel Corp.
PP & L - Montour
A. E. Staley Manufacturing Co.
Imperial Products Co.
GMC Powertrain Division
Mead Paper Company
A. P. Green Refracto
ACME Steel Company
EPA
Region
5
5
5
7
5
9
7
5
8
7
8
5
5
7
1
6
5
5
10
9
3
7
3
3
5
7
5
5
7
5
State
MN
MN
IN
MO
IN
AZ
MO
IN
WY
NE
UT
IN
IL
MO
ME
TX
IN
Ml
WA
CA
PA
MO
PA
PA
IL
MO
Ml
Ml
MO
IL
County
137
137
21
175
89
19
97
127
37
25
35
89
157
27
25
57
1
29
41
29
95
169
17
93
115
35
145
41
7
31
NEDS ID
9
5
13
15
317
1
1
1
1002
2
30
316
34
1
27
2
5
7
10
9
48
4
55
3
18
4
30
2
1
823
SIC
1011
1011
1211
1211
3312
1021
4911
3312
4911
3241
3331
3312
1222
3255
2611
2819
2075
3241
4911
3241
3312
9711
3312
4911
2046
2861
3321
2621
3255
3312
Emissions
ear (short tons)
90
90
88
87
90
92
90
90
92
92
90
90
93
87
90
92
90
90
93
90
90
87
90
90
93
90
90
90
86
93
15,992
15,295
14,705
11,562
6,404
5,920
5,661
4,161
3,999
3,743
3,616
3,553
3,371
3,334
3,166
3,130
3,129
3,124
2,944
2,826
2,721
2,648
2,613
2,585
2,568
2,461
2,369
2,354
2,352
2,326
NOTE(S): These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and incompleteness in the data, and the data may not accurately
reflect the current emissions of facilities. However, it is the most recent information available from States.
The values presented in the 'County* column are FIPS county codes.
The AIRS data is not the main basis for the data in this report.
-------
1
5"
1
£
§:
|
§3
|-
i'
H
1
§
£
§
N>
oo
l .
il
1
Table 2-23. Top 30 AIRS/AFS
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
NOTE(S):
Plant Name
Granite City Steel Company
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
Northwestern Steel & Wire Co.
Doe Run Company
Chemetco
Medusa Cement Company
GMC Powertrain Division
ST. Joe Minerals Corp., Josephtown
Holnam Inc./Dundee Cement
Asarco Incorporated
Detroit Edison - Monroe
Doe Run Company
North Chicago Refiners and Smelters Inc.
National Cement Co.
Calaveras Cement Co.
Continental Cement
St. Joe Minerals CorpVBrushy Creek Div.
PPG Industries Inc., Works No. 14
Great Lakes Steel
Asarco Incorporated
East Jordan Iron Works Inc.
Detroit Edison - Belle River
Asarco Incorporated
C. R. Huntley Steam Station, Tonawanda
Haeger Potteries, Inc.
CAL Portland Cement Co.
Southwestern Electric Power Company
Kurdziel Iron of Rothbury
Refined Metals Corp.
Northwest Waste to Energy
These data were reported as found in AIRS/AFS. EPA
reflect the current emissions of facilities. However, it is
The values presented in the 'County* column are FIPS
The AIRS data is not the main basis for the data in this
EPA
Cr f\
Region
5
5
5
7
5
5
5
3
5
7
5
7
5
9
9
5
7
5
5
6
5
5
7
2
5
9
6
5
4
5
Plants
State
IL
IL
IL
MO
IL
Ml
Ml
PA
Ml
MO
Ml
MO
IL
CA
CA
IL
MO
IL
Ml
TX
Ml
Ml
NE
NY
IL
CA
TX
Ml
TN
IL
Emitting
County
119
31
195
99
119
29
145
7
115
93
115
93
97
29
29
31
179
115
163
141
29
147
55
29
89
29
203
127
157
31
Lead - 1993
NEDS ID
153
1199
70
3
128
7
30
32
10
8
20
9
84
21
20
35
5
104
92
1
4
36
20
1700
65
9
22
4
212
1478
recognizes that there may be inaccuracies and incompleteness
the most recent information available from States.
county codes.
report.
SIC
3312
3341
3315
3332
3341
3241
3321
3339
3241
3332
4911
3332
3341
3241
3241
5039
1031
3211
3312
3331
3321
4911
3341
4911
3269
3241
4911
3321
3341
4953
in the data,
Year
93
93
93
90
93
90
90
85
90
90
90
90
93
90
90
85
85
93
85
92
90
90
93
85
93
90
92
90
85
93
and the data
Emissions
(short tons)
689
303
249
157
147
134
126
72
55
54
54
53
49
47
40
37
36
35
35
34
33
32
27
24
22
21
21
20
20
19
may not accurately
-------
Figure 2-1. 1993 National CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions
by 5 Principal Source Categories
OFF-HIGHWAY
16%
METALS PROCESSING
2%
REMAINING CATEGORIES*
6%
MISCELLANEOUS**
10%
FUEL COMB. OTHER
5%
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
62%
LDGV
LDGT-1
LDGT-2
HDGV
HDDV
OTHER
Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicle
Light-Duty Gasoline Truck -1
Light-Duty Gasoline Truck - 2
Heavy-Duty Gasoline Truck
Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck
Motorcycles, Diesel Truck and Vehicles
LDGV
LDGT-1
LDGT-2 HDGT
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
* REMAINING CATEGORIES are defined in section 2.1.1.
"MISCELLANEOUS is primarily wildfire emissions.
HDDT
Other
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-29
1993 Estimates
-------
Figure 2-2. 1993 National NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions by
5 Principal Source Categories
OFF-HIGHWAY
13%
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
14%
REMAINING CATEGORIES*
6%
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
32%
FUEL COMB. OTHER
3%
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
33%
I I lignite
|ini| subbituminous
bituminous
Coal
Gas
Internal
Combustion
FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITY
' REMAINING CATEGORIES are defined in section 2.1.2.
Coal
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-30
1993 Estimates
-------
Figure 2-3. 1993 National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories
1 short tons
-t IV
b> c
i 1.2-
3
o
1 °-8"
.2 0.4-
UJ
nn.
i
REMAINING
CATEGORIES
1 |
n
1 Flrii-i
to
s
0 Ci g Q
2 Z ^ Z
UJ
£
ilj O O
o £
CD
O
O
111
LL
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGES TRANSPORT
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
OFF-HIGHWAY
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
REMAINING CATEGORIES
Surface Coating
200 400
Emissions (thousand short tons)
architectural
industrial adhesives
all other*
general"
wood furniture
auto refinishing
paper
traffic markings
miscellaneous
thinning solvents
metal cans
maintenance coatings
autos Slight trucks
electronic & other electrical
metal coil
metal furniture
fabrics
aircraft
machinery
large appliances
large ships
misc. metal parts
plastic parts
flatwood products
railroad
magnet wire
general: sources that use nonspecific solvents on nonspecific surfaces j
* all other: sources that use specific solvents on nonspecific surfaces
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-31
1993 Estimates
-------
Figure 2-4. 1993 National SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions
by 5 Principal Source Categories
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
72%
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
2%
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
13%
FUEL COMB. OTHER
3%
REMAINING CATEGORIES*
7%
METALS PROCESSING
3%
I I lignite
subbituminous
bituminous
Internal Combustion
and Gas
FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITY
REMAINING SOURCES are defined in section 2.1.4.
16
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-32
1993 Estimate*
-------
Figure 2-5. 1993 National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions
POINT and FUGITIVE PROCESS SOURCES
FUGITIVE DUST SOURCES
92%
Unpaved roads Construction Paved roads Agriculture Wind erosion Mining &
FUGITIVE DUST
' POINT and FUGITIVE PROCESS SOURCES are listed in Table A-5, in Appendix A.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-33
1993 Estimates
-------
Figure 2-6. 1993 National LEAD Emissions by 5 Principal
Source Categories
FUEL COMB. - OTHER
9%
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
28%
OFF-HIGHWAY
4%
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
11%
REMA|N|NG CATEGORIES*
5%
METALS PROCESSING
43%
1,500
I I other
[§§§$ primary zinc production
H primary copper production
££H lead cable coating
jlnl secondary copper production
lead battery manufacture
secondary lead production
primary lead production
Nonterrous Ferrous nee*
Processing Processing
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Processing
' REMAINING CATEGORIES are defined in section 2.1.6.
not elsewhere classified
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-34
1993 Estimates
-------
Figure 2-7. Top 10 States Ranked by CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions in 1993
California
8%
Texas
I
Florida
5%
All Other States
54%
8y New York
4%
Georgia
4%
/ Pennsylvania
4%
Michigan
4%
Indiana
3%
cn
v>
a.
3
-------
o
1>
Figure 2-8. Top 10 States Ranked by NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions in 1993
to
t!k>
CTv
S
w
m
Michigan
. . . 3%
Louisiana
Georgia 3%
3%
All Other States
51%
-------
Figure 2-9. Top 10 States Ranked by VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions in 1993
Texas
13%
California
All Other States
50%
Illinois
4%
New York
4%
:|^ Pennsylvania
4%
Ohio
4%
South Carolina
3%
Florida
4%
North Carolina
Michigan 3%
3%
-------
o
>
I
a.
Figure 2-10. Top 10 States Ranked by SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions in 1993
Indiana
8%
All Other States
39%
to
U>
00
Pennsylvania
6%
Illinois
6%
Florida
4%
West Virginia
5%
Georgia
4%
Kentucky
5%
Tennessee
5%
-------
Figure 2-11. Top 10 States Ranked by PARTICULATE MATTER
(PM-10) Emissions in 1993
California
6%
All Other
55%
Missouri
4%
Illinois
4%
New Mexico
3%
Mississippi
3%
Fugitive Dust Sources
Georgia
3%
Minnesota
on/
New York
Florida 3%
3%
California
6%
Georgia
5%
All Other
59%
Florida
4%
Pennsylvania
4%
North Carolina
4%
Oregon
3%
Missouri
3%
Alaska
3%
Alabama
3%
Point and Fugitive Process Sources
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-39
1993 Estimates
-------
Figure 2-12. Density Map of 1993 County-level CARBON MONOXIDE Emission Estimates
I
to
-U
5
CO Estimates
short tons/sq. mile
43 to 7600
21 to 43
D 10 to 21
D o to 10
I
I
-------
Figure 2-13. Density Map of 1993 County-level NITROGEN OXIDE Emission Estimates
KO2 Estimates
short tons/
5
3
D i
D o
-
to
to
to
sq. mile
1500
o
3
1
-------
Figure 2-14. Density Map of 1993 County-level
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emission Estimates
VOC Estimates
short tons/sq. milt
9 to 2100
3 to 9
D 2 to 3
D 0 to 2
-------
Figure 2-15. Density Map of 1993 County-level SULFUR DIOXIDE Emission Estimates
SOx Estimates
short tons'
3 to
. to
D : . i to
n - to
sq. mile
-
3
. 4
-------
Figure 2-16. Density Map of 1993 County-level PARTICULATE MATTER Emission Estimates
PM-10 Estimates
short tons'
20
14
D "^
D :
to
to
to
to
sq . mi 1 e
3000
20
1J
-------
Figure 2-17. Relative Profiles of CARBON MONOXIDE, NITROGEN
OXIDES, and VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions in a Composite
Ozone Nonattainment Area, by Principal Source Category -1990
8
HWYVEH. I FUELING. I FUEL: OTHER I STOP. & XPORT I METALS
OFF-HWY FUELELEC. SOLV. UTIL. WASTE
MISC.
$
HWYVEH. 1 FUELING. FUEL: OTHER I STOR. & XPORT I METALS
OFF-HWY FUEL:ELEC. SOLV. UTIL WASTE
MISC.
100%
-^
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
MAX>
HWYVEH. FUELING. FUEL: OTHER STOR. & XPORT I METALS
OFF-HWY FUEL: ELEC. SOLV. UTIL. WASTE
MISC.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
2-45
1993 Estimates
-------
Figure 2-18. Principal CARBON MONOXIDE Emission Categories for a Composite
Ozone Nonattainment Area -1990
FUEL COMB. - INDUSTRIAL 1%
FUEL COMB. - OTHER 1%
MISCELLANEOUS 1 %
HIGHWAY VEHICLES 68%
-------
Figure 2-19. Principal NITROGEN OXIDES Emission Categories for a Composite
Ozone Nonattainment Area -1990
to
4^
-J
rn
vs
a.
3
OFF-HIGHWAY
20%
FUEL COMB. - INDUSTRIAL
8%
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
54%
FUEL COMB. - OTHER
5%
FUEL COMB. - ELEC. UTIL
10%
MISCELLANEOUS
4%
-------
I
5'
3
O
58
UJ
s.
i
Figure 2-20. Principal VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emission Categories for a
Composite Ozone Nonattainment Area -1990
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
22%
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
24%
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
1%
MISCELLANEOUS
5%
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
36%
-------
Figure 2-21. 1993 Seasonal CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by Source Category
\ M i i| Autumn
^§ Summer
I I Spring
Winter
Source Category
Code Name
1 Electric utilities
2 Industrial combustion
3 Other combustion
4 Chemical
5 Metals
6 Petroleum
7 Other industry
8 Solvent utilization
9 Storage & Transport
10 Waste disposal
11 Highway
12 Off-highway
14 Miscellaneous
m
56789
Tier 1 Source Category
10 11 12 14
-------
o
i-
Figure 2-22. 1993 Seasonal NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions by Source Category
i
§.
124% 25%
Ml Autumn
Summer
I I Spring
Winter
Source Category
Code Name
1 Electric utilities
2 Industrial combustion
3 Other combustion
4 Chemical
5 Metals
6 Petroleum
7 Other industry
8 Solvent utilization
9 Storage & Transport
10 Waste disposal
11 Highway
12 Off-highway
14 Miscellaneous
8 9 10 11 12 14
Tier 1 Source Category
-------
to
Figure 2-23. 1993 Seasonal VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions
by Source Category
m
5678
Tier 1 Source Category
10
11
12
14
[Q Autumn
B Summer
HI Spring
Winter
Source Category
Code Name
Electric utilities
Industrial combustion
Other combustion
Chemical
Metals
Petroleum
Other industry
Solvent utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste disposal
Highway
Off-highway
Miscellaneous
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
-------
o
a^
Figure 2-24. 1993 Seasonal SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by Source Category
I
N>
t!/l
to
*
8 9 10 11 12 14
Tier 1 Source Category
j H M| Autumn
Summer
I I Spring
Winter
Source Category
Code Name
1 Electric utilities
2 Industrial combustion
3 Other combustion
4 Chemical
5 Metals
6 Petroleum
7 Other industry
8 Solvent utilization
9 Storage & Transport
10 Waste disposal
11 Highway
12 Off-highway
14 Miscellaneous
-------
I
Figure 2-25. 1993 Seasonal PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Source Category
K)
(!/<
U>
Him Autumn
HH Summer
I | Spring
Winter
W
Crt
D.
56789
Tier 1 Source Category
11 12 13 14
Source Category
Code Name
1 Electric utilities
2 Industrial combustion
3 Other combustion
4 Chemical
5 Metals
6 Petroleum
7 Other industry
8 Solvent utilization
9 Storage & Transport
10 Waste disposal
11 Highway
12 Off-highway
13 Natural sources
14 Miscellaneous
-------
Figure 2-26. Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting
CARBON MONOXIDE -1993
Emissions
(thousand tons /year)
to 290
80 to 170
-------
Figure 2-27. Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting
NITROGEN OXIDES -1993
Emissions
(thousand tons/year)
to 110
to 90
j 60 to 80
fr 40 to 60
Note: These sources were extracted from AIRS/AFS on July, 8 1994
-------
i
I
i
Figure 2-28. Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS -1993
N>
tin
Emissions
(thousand tons/year)
21 to 29
11 to 21
8 to 11
6 to 8
Note: These sources were extracted from AIRS/AFS on July, 8 1994
-------
I
to
o>
-J
$
OJ
M
W
a.
Figure 2-29. Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting
SULFUR DIOXIDE from All Sources -1993
Emissions
(thousand tons /year)
to 380
to 340
^140 to 230
120 to 140
Note: These sources were extracted from AIRS/AFS on July, 81994
-------
Figure 2-30. Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting
SULFUR DIOXIDE from Industrial Sources -1993
Emissions
(thousand tons /year
to 70
40 to 60
30 to 40
10 to 30
Note: These sources were extracted from AIRS/AFS on July, 8 1994
-------
Figure 2-31. Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) - 1993
Emissions
(thousand tons /year)
4 to 16
1 to 14
5 to 11
2 to 5
States not reporting
in AIRS/AFS
Note: These sources were extracted from AIRS/AFS on July, 81994
-------
3"
I
I
?
ft.
to
£
UJ
ca
Figure 2-32. Top 30 AIRS/AFS Plants Emitting
LEAD-1993
Emissions
(short tons/year)
to 690
^120 to 680
^ 30 to 120
£ 10 to 30
n States not reporting
AAFS
Note: These sources were extracted from AIRS/AFS on July, 8 1994
-------
SECTION 3.0
SUMMARY OF NATIONAL EMISSION TRENDS
This section presents the estimated national
emission trends for the years 1900 through 1993.
Emissions for CO, NOX, PM-10, SO2, and VOC
for the years 1990 through 1993 are preliminary
and will be replaced as ozone SIP inventory
information becomes available. The 1993
emissions for Pb are preliminary and will be
revised for the 1995 Trends report. The 1992 Pb
emissions, reported as preliminary emissions in the
previous report,1 have been revised.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The national emissions for the years 1940 through
1993 are presented in Tables 3-1 through 3-5 for
each pollutant, except Pb. The emissions are
given for every 10 years from the year 1940 to
1990 and for the years 1992 and 1993. The
national Pb emissions are presented in Table 3-6
for every 5 years from the year 1970 to 1990 and
for the years 1992 and 1993. Emissions prior to
the year 1970 have not been developed for Pb.
The emissions are provided by Tier 1 source
categories as well as the Tier 2 and Tier 3
categories for which the emissions make a major
contribution to the total. The Pb emissions are
expressed in short tons per year and the emissions
for all other pollutants are expressed in thousand
short tons per year. Figures 3-1 through 3-5
present the emission trends for each pollutant,
except Pb, for the years 1900 through 1993. The
Pb emissions for the years 1940 through 1993 are
presented in Figure 3-6. The emissions in these
figures are grouped by major source categories.
Several different methodologies have been used to
estimate the emissions presented in these tables
and figures. In order to assess the trends in the
emissions, it is important to know when these
changes in methodology occur. The NOX, SO2,
and VOC emissions for the years 1900 through
1969, with the exception of the years 1940, 1950,
and 1960, have been estimated using the
methodology described in section 6.4. The CO,
NOX, PM-10, SO2, and VOC emissions for the
years 1940, 1950, and 1960 and for the years 1970
through 1984 for all source categories, except the
emissions for the transportation categories for the
years 1970 through 1984, have been estimated by
the methodology described in section 6.3. This
methodology was also used to produce the Pb
emissions for all source categories for the years
1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1993. The
methodology described in section 6.2 was used to
estimate the CO, NOX, PM-10, SO2, and VOC
emissions for all source categories for the years
1985 through 1993 and for the transportation
sources for the years 1970 through 1993. These
changes in methodology are denoted in Tables 3-1
through 3-5 and may be a source of discontinuities
in the emission trends presented in Figures 3-1
through 3-5.
3.2 NATIONAL EMISSION TRENDS,
1900 THROUGH 1993
From the year 1900 to 1993, total national NOX
emissions were estimated to have increased by a
factor of 9. Over the same period, the emissions
of SO2 and VOC showed increases of 120 and
200 percent, respectively. From the year 1970 to
1993, emissions for Pb showed the greatest
decrease (98 percent), followed by PM-10
(excluding fugitive dust [71 percent]), SO2
(30 percent), CO (24 percent), and VOC
(24 percent). Emissions of PM-10 and Pb showed
their greatest decrease in the 1970s, while the
emissions of the other pollutants showed their
greatest decrease in the 1980s. Over the same
period (1970 to 1993), NO, emissions increased
approximately 13 percent.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-1
Emission Trends
-------
Changes in the emissions from 1992 to 1993 were
caused primarily by (1) changes in fuels consumed
by electric utilities, a major source of SO2
emissions, (2) increased usage of highway vehicle
emission controls, a major source of CO, NOX, and
VOC emissions, and (3) varied production levels
in industrial activity. Based on the preliminary
estimates for 1993, total PM-10 emissions
decreased by 6 percent from 1992, while the
emissions of all other pollutants increased.
The following sections discuss the most important
factors influencing the emission trends of each
pollutant. These analyses are divided by source
category into three time periods: (1) the years
1900 to 1939, for which emissions are available
only for NOX, SO2, and VOC, (2) the years 1940
to 1970, during which significant changes occur in
technology, activity patterns, and fuel use, and (3)
the years 1970 to 1993, when emissions controls
are progressively applied.
Tables 3-1 to 3-5 present the CO, NOX, VOC,
SO2, and PM-10 emissions for the Tier 1 source
categories for every 10 years from 1940 to 1990
and for the years 1992 and 1993. The Pb
emissions for every 5 years from 1970 to 1990
and for the years 1992 and 1993 are presented in
Table 3-6. The emissions displayed for categories
below are intended to show major contributors
only. More detailed emissions for the years 1970,
1980, and 1984 through 1993 are presented in
Tables A-l through A-6, in Appendix A.
Figures 3-1 to 3-5 present the trends in CO, NOX,
VOC, SO2, and PM-10 emissions by major source
categories for the years 1900 through 1993. The
Pb emissions are presented in Figure 3-6 for the
years 1970 through 1993.
3.3 CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSION
TRENDS, 1940 THROUGH 1993
The trend in CO emissions is presented in
Table 3-1 and Figure 3-1. The "Remaining
Categories" grouping includes the following Tier
1 categories:
FUEL COMBUSTION ELECTRIC UTILITY,
FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL,
PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES,
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES,
SOLVENT UTILIZATION, AND
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT.
The emissions for the miscellaneous category are
primarily from forest fires.
3.3.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility,
Industrial, and Other
The CO emissions from fuel combustion sources
occurred mainly in the residential sector. In 1940,
residential wood combustion contributed
12 percent to the total CO national emissions. By
1970, this percentage decreased to only 2 percent
of the total national emissions. Residential
consumption of wood steadily declined until the
late 1970s because fossil-fuels were abundant,
cheap, and more convenient than fuel wood. The
emissions doubled from the year 1970 to 1980 due
to a disruption in crude oil supplies and the
curtailment of natural gas deliveries, as well as
rising crude oil and natural gas prices in the
1970s, which revived interest in wood as a fuel
for residential space heating. The reduction in the
estimated emissions from residential wood
combustion by 30 percent from the year 1980 to
1993 was the result of a decline in conventional
fuel prices after the mid-1980s. In 1993,
residential wood combustion accounted for
4 percent of total national CO emissions.
The emissions from the combustion of fuels other
than wood by the residential sector have also
undergone substantial changes since 1940. The
82 percent reduction in the emissions from the
year 1940 to 1970 resulted from a steady decline
in the use of anthracite and bituminous coal for
home heating. In 1993, emissions from the
residential combustion of other fuels accounted for
less than 1 percent of the total national CO
emissions.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-2
Emission Trends
-------
3.3.2 Industrial Processes
In 1940, industrial processes accounted for
8 percent of the total CO national emissions.
Emissions for the chemical and allied product
manufacturing category decreased 19 percent from
1940 to 1970. During the same period, the
emissions for metals processing increased by
33 percent and those for petroleum and related
industries increased by a factor of 10. The
increase in the petroleum refining sector was a
result of increased refinery throughput required to
meet increased demand for gasoline and other
distillate products. From 1970 to 1993, emissions
decreased by 82 percent as a result of the
obsolescence of certain high-polluting processes
such as the manufacture of carbon black by the
channel process and as a result of installing more
emission control devices for processes such as
fractional catalytic cracking units.
3.3.3 Transportation: Highway Vehicles and
Off-highway
In 1940, highway vehicles contributed 30 percent
of the total national CO emissions. From 1940 to
1970, emissions from all types of highway
vehicles tripled. By 1970, highway vehicles
accounted for 69 percent of the total national CO
emissions.
Since 1940, highway vehicles have been the
largest single contributing source of CO emissions.
From 1970 to 1980, total VMT increased
36 percent, while the total CO emissions for
highway vehicles decreased by 11 percent. This
was due to the implementation of the Federal
Motor Vehicle Control Program (FMVCP) on new
vehicles and improvements in vehicle fuel
efficiency. Figure 3-7 shows the relative trends in
VMT, fuel usage, and CO emissions for the years
1970 through 1992. From 1980 to 1992, the VMT
increased faster than the fuel usage as a result of
increasing average fuel efficiency. The estimated
CO emissions decreased 23 percent during this
period due to the retirement of older, uncontrolled
vehicles (i.e., fleet turnover). In the years since
1989, the trends in CO emissions and fuel usage
became closely parallel, which implies that the
retirement of uncontrolled vehicles has reached the
limit of its effect on reduction in CO emissions.
Improvements in fuel efficiency would still
produce reductions in CO emissions. In 1993,
highway vehicles produced 62 percent of the total
national CO emissions. Without the
implementation of vehicle emission controls, it is
predicted that the CO emissions from highway
vehicles would be three times higher in 1993 than
the current estimated emissions.
In 1940, CO emissions for the off-highway
category represented 9 percent of the national
total. Of this amount, 51 percent was estimated to
be the emissions from coal-fueled railroad
locomotives. From 1940 to 1970, the emissions
from railroads decreased 98 percent. The total
off-highway emissions increased by 32 percent
over the same period due primarily to the
151 percent increase in the emissions from off-
highway gasoline vehicles and equipment. After
1970, the emissions for off-highway gasoline and
diesel vehicles and equipment steadily increased
while the emissions from highway vehicles
decreased. These trends are presented in Figure
3-8 by the increasing ratio between the off-
highway gasoline and diesel vehicles emissions
and the highway vehicle emissions. In 1993, the
total off-highway vehicles emissions were
approximately one-fourth that of the emissions
from highway vehicles or 16 percent of the
national total. The emissions from the off-
highway gasoline and diesel vehicles are
essentially uncontrolled. Thus, their contribution
to the total emissions is disproportionately large.
Off-highway gasoline and diesel vehicles emit
approximately 8 to 10 times the amount of
pollutant as highway vehicles based on the
average fuel consumption. Emission control
measures for selected off-highway engine
categories are scheduled to begin in 1996;
although significant emission reductions are not
expected until after the year 2000.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-3
Emission Trends
-------
3.3.4 Remaining Sources
The CO emissions from other sources decreased
from 1940 to 1993. In 1940, the emissions for the
waste disposal and recycling and miscellaneous,
other combustion, wildfires categories accounted
for 4 and 28 percent, respectively, of the total
emissions. By 1970, the emissions from wildfires
decreased by 78 percent, while waste disposal
emissions nearly doubled. From 1970 to 1993
forest wildfire emissions decreased from 5.6
million short tons to 4.4 million short tons,
although there were wide variations in the
emissions from year to year due to the
uncontrolled nature of wildfires. Emissions from
solid waste disposal decreased 75 percent from
1970 to 1993 as a result of regulating or
prohibiting burning of solid waste in many areas
of the country. By 1993, wildfires and waste
disposal sources accounted for 5 and 2 percent,
respectively, of the total CO emissions.
3.4 NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION
TRENDS, 1900 THROUGH 1993
The trend in NOX emissions is presented in Table
3-2 and Figure 3-2. The "Remaining Categories"
grouping includes the following Tier 1 categories:
PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES,
SOLVENT UTILIZATION,
METALS PROCESSING,
WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING,
MISCELLANEOUS, AND
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT.
3.4.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility,
Industrial, and Other
In 1900, electric utilities accounted for 4 percent
of the total national NOX emissions. By 1930,
electric utility emissions increased by a factor of
6. The emissions continued to increase from 0.6
million short tons in 1930 to 4.9 million short tons
in 1970. In 1993, the emissions from electric
utilities were 7.8 million short tons, or 33 percent
of the total emissions. New Source Performance
Standards (NSPS) have helped to reduce the
growth in NOX emissions from electric utilities.
3.4.2 Transportation: Highway Vehicles and
Off-highway
In 1900, highway vehicles made no contribution to
the total national NOX emissions. By 1920, the
emissions from highway vehicles increased to 5
percent of the total emissions. The emissions
continued to increase by a factor of 3 from 1920
to 1940 and, again, by a factor of 6 from 1940 to
1980. In 1993, highway vehicle emissions were
32 percent of the total emissions.
Highway vehicles emissions are now controlled as
a result of the implementation of FMVCP during
the 1970s and the replacement of older, less
efficient automobiles with newer vehicles.
Without these changes, NOX emissions from
highway vehicles in 1993 would be more than
twice the current estimated emissions.
3.4.3 Remaining Sources
The NOX emissions for the years 1900 through
1939 were generated for five source categories
(electric utility, industrial, commercial-residential,
highway vehicle, and other), making comparisons
prior to 1940 on a source category basis difficult.
In general, however, the emissions for the
remaining sources of industrial processes, waste
disposal, and miscellaneous sources increased from
1900 to 1920 and continued to increase from 1920
to 1940, but at a slower rate. Emissions from
these sources accounted for 17 percent of the total
1940 NOX emissions. The emissions for the
miscellaneous, other combustion category steadily
decreased by 67 percent from 1940 to 1970 and
by 10 percent from 1970 to 1993. The emissions
for the waste disposal and recycling category
steadily increased by a factor of 4 from 1940 to
1970, but decreased by 81 percent from 1970 to
1993. Emissions from industrial processes steadily
increased by a factor of 3 from 1940 to 1970.
The emissions then decreased 28 percent from
1970 to 1980. The increase from 1980 to 1993 of
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-4
Emission Trends
-------
63 percent was due in part to change in the
methodology used to estimate the emissions
between the years 1984 and 1985. In 1993, the
total emissions for the remaining sources were 6
percent of the total national NOX emissions.
3.5 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
EMISSION TRENDS, 1900
THROUGH 1993
The trend in VOC emissions is presented in Table
3-3 and Figure 3-34 The "Remaining Categories"
grouping includes the following Tier 1 categories:
FUEL COMBUSTION ELECTRIC UTILITY,
FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL,
FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER,
PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES, AND
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES.
The emissions for the miscellaneous category are
primarily from wildfires.
Volatile organic compounds are a principal
component in the chemical and physical
atmospheric reactions that form ozone and other
photochemical oxidants. The emissions of VOC
species that primarily contribute to the formation
of ozone were included in the total VOC
emissions, while emissions of methane, a
nonreactive compound, were not included. No
adjustments are made to include chlorofluoro-
carbons or to exclude ethane and other VOCs with
negligible photochemical reactivity. Highway
vehicle emissions were estimated as nonmethane
hydrocarbons. Emissions of organic compounds
from biogenic sources, such as trees and other
vegetation, are presented in section 9. VOC
emissions from natural sources were almost equal
to the emissions from anthropogenic sources,
according to recent research, but the extent to
which biogenic emissions contribute to oxidant
formation has not been clearly established.
3.5.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility,
Industrial, and Other
In 1900, emissions from all fuel combustion
sources represented 68 percent of the total national
VOC emissions. The combustion of wood
accounted for 90 percent of the emissions from
these sources. By 1920, the emissions from fuel
combustion sources decreased to 55 percent of the
total emissions and, by 1940, to 12 percent of the
total emissions. This decline in the emissions
continued until 1993, with fuel combustion
emissions contributing only 3 percent to the total
emissions in 1993. The exception to this trend
was the increase in the emissions from residential
wood combustion in the 1970s as explained in
section 3.3.1.
3.5.2 Industrial Processes
Based on the data and categories presented in
Figure 3-3, the emissions from industrial processes
in 1900 accounted for 17 percent of the total
national VOC emissions. By 1920, the estimates
for these emissions increased to 22 percent of the
total emissions. From 1900 to 1920, the emissions
from solvent utilization decreased from 11 to 8
percent of the industrial processes emissions.
Over the same period, the emissions from the
petroleum industry increased by a factor of 3. By
1940, the emissions for industrial processes were
26 percent of the total emissions.
Industrial processes emissions peaked in 1973 at
13 million short tons. Solvent utilization was
responsible for 58 percent of the total industrial
processes emissions in 1970. If uncontrolled,
VOC emissions from industrial processes would
have continued to increase through the 1970s, due
to higher production levels, particularly in organic
chemical production and industrial uses of organic
solvents. Emission control devices and process
changes helped limit the growth in these
emissions. Emissions from petroleum product
storage and marketing operations increased during
the mid-1970s as a result of increased demand for
petroleum products, especially motor gasoline.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-5
Emission Trends
-------
After 1978, the emissions from these sources
decreased as the result of more effective control
measures. Another reason for the overall decrease
in the emissions between 1970 and 1993 was the
substitution of water-based emulsified asphalt for
asphalt liquified with petroleum distillates. This
reduction is reflected in the decreased emissions
reported for solvent utilization. In 1993, industrial
processes were 48 percent of the total emissions.
3.5.3 Transportation: Highway Vehicles and
Off-highway
In 1900, transportation sources accounted for
4 percent of the total national VOC emissions;
railroad coal emissions were 99 percent of the
transportation emissions. Railroad emissions
peaked in 1920, at which time, transportation
emissions increased to 20 percent of the national
total. The total VOC emissions from
transportation sources increased 161 percent from
1940 to 1970. By 1970, railroads contributed only
less than 1 percent to the total VOC emissions.
The highway vehicles emissions peaked in 1970 at
13 million short tons, or 42 percent of the national
total. The VOC emissions from gasoline and
diesel-powered highway vehicles decreased
53 percent from 1970 to 1993. The FMVCP
initiatives were responsible for this decrease in
emissions, despite increases in VMT. In 1993
highway vehicles accounted for 27 percent of the
total emissions.
3.5.4 Remaining Sources
In 1900, emissions from the solid waste disposal
and miscellaneous sources represented 10 and
24 percent, respectively, of the total national VOC
emissions. By 1920, the emissions from solid
waste disposal decreased to 9 percent and the
emissions from miscellaneous sources decreased to
17 percent. The decrease in the emissions from
the miscellaneous sources was due primarily to the
success of fire prevention programs. The wildfire
emissions peaked in 1930, representing 35 percent
of the total national emissions. The forest wildfire
emissions decreased after 1930. In 1993, wildfires
accounted for 3 percent of the total national VOC
emissions.
3.6 SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION
TRENDS, 1900 THROUGH 1993
The trend in SO2 emissions is presented in
Table 3-4 and Figure 3-4. The "Remaining
Categories" grouping includes the following Tier
1 categories:
PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES,
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES,
SOLVENT UTILIZATION,
WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING,
CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT
MANUFACTURING, AND
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT.
3.6.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility,
Industrial, and Other
In 1900, electric utilities were responsible for
4 percent of the total national SO2 emissions. The
emissions from electric utilities steadily increased
by an overall factor of 5 from 1900 to 1925.
Emissions decreased during the 1930s due
primarily to the Great Depression. The 1940
emissions were approximately the same as the
1920 emissions. From 1940 to 1970, emissions
from electric utilities doubled every decade as the
result of increased fossil-fuel consumption. In
1970, emissions from coal combustion accounted
for 67 percent of total SO2 emissions from all fuel
combustion sources. From 1970 to 1993, coal
consumption by electric utilities more than
doubled, but electric utility emissions from coal
combustion decreased by 4 percent as a result of
coal cleaning and lower sulfur coal blending. The
SO2 emissions from other fuel combustion sectors
generally decreased, primarily due to less coal
burning by industrial, commercial, and residential
consumers.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-6
Emission Trends
-------
3.6.2 Industrial Processes
The SO2 emissions for the years 1900 through
1939 were generated for 5 source categories
(electric utility, industrial, commercial-residential,
highway vehicle, and other), making comparisons
prior to 1940 on a source category basis difficult.
Industrial (both process and combustion) emissions
steadily increased by an overall factor of 2 from
1900 to 1925. The emissions decreased during the
1930s due to the Great Depression. In 1940,
industrial processes accounted for 20 percent of
the total national emissions. The emissions
increased by 74 percent from 1940 to 1970. From
1970 to 1993, industrial processes emissions
decreased by 74 percent due to the increased use
of emission control devices by industry. In
particular, SO2 emissions were greatly reduced at
nonferrous smelters. By-product recovery of
sulfuric acid at these smelters has increased since
1970, resulting in the recovered sulfuric acid not
being emitted in the form of SO2. In addition,
sulfuric acid manufacturing plants built or
modified after 1972 have been subject to the more
stringent NSPS. In 1993, industrial processes
accounted for 8 percent of the total national SO2
emissions.
3.6.3 Remaining Sources
The SO2 emissions for the years 1900 through
1939 were generated for five source categories
(electric utility, industrial, commercial-residential,
highway vehicle, and other), making comparisons
prior to 1940 on a source category basis difficult.
In 1940, the emissions from the remaining sources
Tier 1 categories of waste disposal and recycling,
highway vehicles, off-highway, and miscellaneous
were 19 percent of the total national SO2
emissions. Railroad emissions represented 15
percent of the total emissions in 1940. From 1940
to 1970, the railroad emissions decreased 99
percent as a result of the obsolescence of
coal-fired locomotives. Over the same period, the
emissions from the categories waste disposal and
recycling and highway vehicles increased by
factors of 3 and 115, respectively. Between 1970
and 1993, the emissions for these categories
continued to increase: waste disposal and
recycling emissions by a factor of 5 and highway
vehicle emissions by 27 percent. The remaining
sources accounted 3 percent of the total national
SO2 emissions in 1993.
3.7 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10)
EMISSION TRENDS, 1940
THROUGH 1993
The trend in PM-10 emissions is presented in
Table 3-5.
The emission trends for PM-10 sources are
discussed separately for the point and fugitive
process sources and for the fugitive dust sources.
The PM-10 fugitive dust sources are categorized
as follows:
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic
wind erosion
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture and Forestry
agricultural crops and livestock
Fugitive dust
construction
mining and quarrying
point source,
paved roads, and
unpaved roads.
The PM-10 point and fugitive process sources
include all other PM-10 sources.
3.7.1 Point and Process Fugitive Sources
The PM-10 point and fugitive process sources are
all PM-10 sources excluding the fugitive dust
sources listed above. The totals for both
categories are presented in Table ES-1. These
emissions are also presented in Table 3-5 and
Figure 3-5. Figure 3-5 presents the trends in
PM-10 emissions from 1940 to 1993. The
"Remaining Categories" grouping includes the
following Tier 1 categories:
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends. 1900-1993
3-7
Emission Trends
-------
FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL,
FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER,
PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES,
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES,
CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT
MANUFACTURING,
WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING,
and, in the miscellaneous category, "other
combustion," which consists primarily of wildfires
and managed burning.
3.7.1.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility,
Industrial, and Other
In 1940, emissions from fuel combustion
represented 25 percent of the total national PM-10
emissions. A large portion of the PM-10
emissions from electric utilities resulted from the
combustion of coal. In 1940, coal was consumed
mostly by the industrial and residential sectors.
After 1940, residential coal use declined
substantially, resulting in a corresponding
reduction in emissions. Industrial coal use also
declined, but not to the same extent as residential
use. Emission controls used by industrial coal
consumers increased over the years and, by 1970,
industrial emissions decreased to about 15 percent
of the 1940 level.
Despite continuing increases in coal consumption,
PM-10 emissions from electric utilities decreased
after 1970, as a result of installing air pollution
control equipment required for new facilities
constructed in the 1970s to meet the NSPS. Fuel
combustion sources contributed 22 percent to the
total nation emissions in 1970, and 33 percent in
1993. In 1993, 78 percent of PM-10 emissions
from fuel combustion sources originated from
wood burning as compared to 35 percent in 1970.
Wood stoves, wood furnaces, and fireplaces in
residential homes accounted for 91 percent of the
PM-10 emissions from wood burning in 1993.
3.7.1.2 Transportation: Highway Vehicles
and Off-highway
In 1940, emissions from transportation sources
accounted for 17 percent of the total national
PM-10 emissions. Railroads and LDGVs
contributed 15 and 1 percent, respectively, of the
total 1940 emissions. From 1940 to 1970, the
railroad emissions decreased by 99 percent and the
LDGV emissions decreased by 61 percent. The
railroad emissions increased from 1970 to 1993 by
91 percent. Over the same period, the LDGV
emissions decreased by 49 percent. Although the
1993 emissions from transportation sources still
represent 16 percent of the total national PM-10
emissions, this represents only one-fourth of the
1940 PM-10 emissions.
3.7.1.3 Remaining Sources
Particulate matter (PM-10) emissions from
industrial processes increased from 1940 to 1950,
primarily as a result of increases in industrial
production. From 1950 to 1970, industrial output
continued to grow, but the emissions from
industrial processes decreased due to the
installation of pollution control equipment
mandated by air pollution control programs. The
reduction of emissions by these control devices
was more than offset by the increase in emissions
due to production increases. In 1970, industrial
processes contributed 60 percent to the total
national PM-10 emissions, while in 1993, they
contributed 17 percent, thus indicating
considerable progress in reducing emissions. In
1940, wildfires contributed 14 percent to the total
national emissions; in 1993, they contributed 11
percent. Emissions from this category can be
quite variable as they depend on weather
conditions in forested areas. It should be noted,
however, that the estimated emissions from
prescribed burning and wildfires were held
constant at the 1985 level for the years 1985
through 1989.
National Air Pollutant lynission Trends, 1900-1993
3-8
Emission Trends
-------
3.7.2 Fugitive Dust Sources
The inclusion of fugitive dust source emissions
began with the 1991 Trends report.3 The
emissions are presented in Table 3-5 and Figure
3-5. Figure 3-5 presents the trend in PM-10
fugitive dust emissions for 1985 to 1993. The
"Remaining Categories" grouping includes the Tier
3 categories: point source, construction, and
mining and quarrying. More detailed emissions
for the years 1985 through 1993 are presented in
Table A-5, in Appendix A.
Unlike the methodology used to estimate the
emissions from point and fugitive process sources,
the methodology used to estimate fugitive dust
emissions for several categories utilize
meteorological data such as the number of days
with greater than 0.01 inches of precipitation and
the wind speed. These data can vary significantly
from year-to-year, resulting in highly varying
emissions.
The PM-10 emissions from fugitive dust sources
decreased by 6 percent from 1985 to 1993.
During this time period, the emissions ranged from
41.8 million short tons in 1993 to 60.0 million
short tons in 1988. The emissions from wind
erosion were highly variable. For example, the
total national emissions from wind erosion in 1993
were estimated to be 0.63 million short tons,
compared to 17.5 million short tons in 1988. The
lack of precipitation in 1988 prior to spring crop
planting, especially in the central and western
United States, contributed to greater wind erosion
for that year. In 1993, unusually heavy spring
rains in Kansas and Oklahoma, where wind
erosion was normally very significant, resulted in
a 97 percent decrease in the wind erosion
emissions for these two states from the 1992
values.
For 1993, total national fugitive dust PM-10
emissions were estimated to be about 11 times
greater than the tdtal emissions from point and
fugitive process sources.
3.8 LEAD EMISSION TRENDS, 1970
THROUGH 1993
The trend in Pb emissions is presented in Table
3-6 and Figure 3-6. Table 3-6 presents the
emissions for Tier 1 source categories for every 5
years for 1970 to 1990 and for the years 1992 and
1993. Figure 3-6 presents the trends in Pb
emissions from 1970 to 1993. The "Remaining
Categories" grouping includes the following Tier
1 categories:
FUEL COMBUSTION ELECTRIC UTILITY,
FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL,
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES, AND
CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT
MANUFACTURING.
More detailed emissions for the years 1970, 1980,
and 1984 through 1993 are presented in
Table A-6, in Appendix A.
3.8.1 Fuel Combustion: Electric Utility,
Industrial, and Other
Fuel combustion emissions in 1940 contributed
5 percent of the total national Pb emissions. The
emissions decreased by 95 percent from 1970 to
1993. By 1993, fuel combustion emissions
accounted for 10 percent of the total Pb emissions.
3.8.2 Industrial Processes
Industrial process emissions in 1970 contributed
12 percent of the total national Pb emissions. The
emissions decreased by 91 percent from 1970 to
1993. By 1993, emissions from industrial
processes accounted for 47 percent of the total Pb
emissions.
3.8.3 Transportation: Highway Vehicles and
Non-highway
Lead emissions from highway vehicles accounted
for 78 percent of the total emissions in 1970.
Total national Pb emissions decreased sharply
from 1970 to 1986 as a result of 2 air pollution
National Air Pollutant. Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-9
Emission Trends
-------
control programs implemented by EPA.
Regulations were issued in the early 1970s
requiring the gradual reduction of the Pb content
of all gasoline. Gasoline consumption increased
16 percent between 1970 and 1975, but, because
of the decreased average Pb content of gasoline,
Pb emissions from highway vehicles decreased by
24 percent. The most dramatic reductions of the
Pb content in leaded gasoline occurred in 1985
and 1986. The average Pb content of leaded
gasoline was reduced from an average of 1.0
grams/gallon to 0.5 grams/gallon on July 1, 1985.
The average Pb content was reduced further on
January 1, 1986 to 0.1 grams/gallon.
The other major contribution to the reduction of
Pb emissions from transportation sources was the
introduction of the FMVCP in 1975. This
program resulted in the widespread use of catalytic
converters to reduce NOX, VOC, and CO
emissions. Automobiles with these converters
were required to use unleaded gasoline. From
1975 to 1993, the percent of unleaded gasoline
sales increased from 13 to 99 percent.
With the implementation of these two control
programs, the Pb emissions from highway vehicles
decreased from 130 thousand short tons in 1975 to
1 thousand short tons in 1993. This is an overall
reduction of 99 percent. For 1993, highway
vehicle emissions accounted for 28 percent of the
total national Pb emissions.
3.9 REFERENCES
1. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1992. EPA-454/R-93-032. Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1993.
2. Highway Statistics. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation,
Washington, DC. October 1993.
3. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1991. EPA-454/R-92-013. Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1992.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-10
Emission Trends
-------
Table 3-1. Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide,
1940 through 1993
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1940 1950 1960
1970
1980
1990
1992
1993
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
industrial
lawn & garden
light commercial
recreational marine vessels
Aircraft
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
forest wildfires
TOTAL
4
435
14,890
11,279
2,639
8,640
3,501
4,190
2,750
221
114
NA
NA
3,630
27,370
19,860
19,849
2,596
1,992
603
4,914
NA
NA
8,051
3,777
780
NA
NA
60
4
4,083
29,210
25,130
90,865
110
549
10,656
7,716
1,805
5,910
2,833
5,844
2,910
2,651
231
NA
NA
4,717
41,372
28,149
28,098
4,229
3,251
978
8,965
29
29
11,610
7,331
1,558
NA
NA
120
934
3,076
18,135
11,159
98,785
110 237
661 770
6,250 3,625
4,743 2,932
1,110 686
3,633 2,246
1,507 630
3,982 3,397
2,866 3,644
3,086 2,179
342 620
NA NA
NA NA
5,597 7,059
58,297
42,604
42,547
5,390
4,135
1,255
10,178
126
126
11,575
8,753
1,379
NA
NA
518
1,764
332
88,034
64,031
63,846
16,570
10,102
6,468
6,712
721
721
10,605
9,478
732
4,679
2,437
976
506
65
11,010 7,909
4,487 5,620
103,777 128,079
322
750
6,230
5,992
1,402
4,590
178
2,151
2,246
1,723
830
NA
NA
2,300
314
677
5,726
5,435
NA
NA
158
1,940
2,080
435
717
2
55
1,686
78,049 62,858
53,561 40,502
53,342 40,316
16,137 15,084
10,395 8,511
5,742 6,573
7,189 5,930
1,161 1,342
1,139 1,307
12,681 14,642
11,004 12,655
970 1,228
5,366 6,001
2,680 3,254
1,102 1,207
743 966
96 122
8,344
5,396
12,623
7,529
115,625 103,753
313
671
5,033
4,750
NA
NA
150
1,964
2,044
410
719
2
55
1,717
59,859
39,370
39,190
14,567
8,161
6,407
4,569
1,352
1,315
14,904
12,886
1,234
6,145
3,296
1,233
980
124
8,679
3,578
96,368
322
667
4,444
4,161
NA
NA
149
1,998
2,091
398
732
2
56
1,732
59,989
39,452
39,265
14,879
8,286
6,593
4,292
1,366
1,327
15,272
13,164
1,285
6,214
3,402
1,245
1,019
124
9,506
4,391
97,208
NOTE(S): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
NA = not available
Change in methodology indicated by vertical lines. Transportation methodologies changed in 1970. All other
methodologies changed in 1985.
1990 to 1993 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are in bold type face.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-11
Emission Trends
-------
Table 3-2. Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides,
1940 through 1993
(thousand short tons)
Source Cateaorv
1940
1950
1960
1970 1980
1990
1992
1993
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
Gas
natural
FUEL COMB. OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
tight-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Diesel
construction
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
660
467
255
125
58
2,543
2,012
1,301
365
337
529
6
4
105
107
NA
NA
110
1,523
1,105
1,104
164
255
NA
NA
991
103
70
657
990
7,568
1,316
1,118
584
288
123
3,192
1,076
688
1,756
1,692
647
63
110
110
93
NA
NA
215
2,453
1,611
1,611
271
487
83
83
1,538
187
158
992
665
10,403
2,536 4,900
2,038 3,888
1,154 2,112
568 1,041
204 344
4,075 4,325
782 771
533 532
2,954 3,060
2,846 3,053
760 836
110 271
110 77
220 240
131 187
NA NA
NA NA
331 440
4,423
2,967
2,966
421
597
438
438
1,443
247
157
772
7,390
4,158
4,156
1,278
278
1,676
1,676
1,628
941
599
495
441 330
14,581 20,625
7,024
6,123
3,439
1,694
542
3,555
444
306
2,619
2,469
741
216
65
72
205
NA
NA
111
7,516
6,698
4,600
1,692
406
3,256
613
445
1,656
1,436
732
399
81
100
306
2
2
82
8,621 7,488
4,421 3,437
4,416 3,425
1,408 1,341
300 335
2,493 2,375
2,463 2,332
2,423 2,843
1,374 1,478
854 944
731 929
248
384
23,281 23,192
7,473
6,694
4,564
1,707
423
3,206
557
404
1,658
1,444
735
411
80
96
305
3
3
83
7,440
3,614
3,602
1,356
308
2,163
2,116
2,885
1,494
940
946
272
22,991
7,782
7,005
4,758
1,831
416
3,176
520
377
1,664
1,453
732
414
82
95
314
3
3
84
7,437
3,685
3,673
1,387
304
2,061
2,014
2,986
1,582
1,007
945
296
23,402
NOTE(S): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
NA = not available
Change in methodology indicated by vertical lines. Transportation methodologies changed in 1970. All other methodologies
changed in 1985.
1990 to 1993 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are in bold type face.
National Air Pollutant Efnission Trends, 1900-1993
3-12
Emission Trends
-------
Table 3-3. Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds,
1940 through 1993
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1992
1993
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Surface Coating
Nonindustrial
consumer solvents
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
area source: gasoline
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
lawn & garden
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
forest wildfires
TOTAL
2
108
1,867
1,410
340
1,070
884
58
325
571
130
1,971
1,058
490
NA
639
185
158
990
4,774
3,720
3,716
507
547
NA
NA
778
208
NA
4,079
3,420
17,118
9
98
1,336
970
231
739
1,324
110
442
548
184
3,679
2,187
NA
NA
1,218
361
307
1,104
7,172
5,331
5,314
831
998
11
11
1,213
423
NA
2,530
1,510
20,856
9
106
768
563
131
431
991
245
342
1,034
202
4,403
2,128
1,189
NA
1,762
528
449
1,546
10,370
8,224
8,204
1,082
1,018
46
46
1,215
526
NA
1,573
768
24,322
30
150
541
460
107
353
1,341
629
394
1,194
270
7,174
3,570
1,674
NA
1,954
599
509
1,984
12,972
9,193
9,133
2,770
743
266
266
1,542
1,284
574
1,101
770
30,646
45
157
848
809
189
620
1,595
884
273
1,440
237
6,584
3,685
1,002
NA
1,975
517
440
758
35
266
437
405
NA
NA
1,771
684
72
737
478
6,063
2,619
1,900
1,083
1,861
658
560
2,262
8,979 6,854
5,907 4,285
5,843 4,234
2,059 1,769
611 470
402 330
392 316
1,869 2,120
1,474 1,646
655 728
1,134
739
1,320
1,032
25,893 24,276
34
271
385
354
NA
NA
1,799
692
72
729
482
6,121
2,623
1,953
1,106
1,848
626
527
2,268
6,072
3,832
3,799
1,588
334
318
302
2,160
1,678
745
780
490
23,020
36
271
341
310
NA
NA
1,811
694
74
720
486
6,249
2,687
1,982
1,116
1,861
614
512
2,271
6,094
3,854
3,820
1,612
314
315
298
2,207
1,704
754
893
602
23,312
NOTE(S): Categories-displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
NA = not available
Change in methodology indicated by vertical lines. Transportation methodologies changed in 1970. All other methodologies
changed in 1985.
1990 to 1993 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are in bold type face.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-13
Emission Trends
-------
Table 3-4. Total National Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide,
1940 through 1993
(thousand short tons)
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990 1992
1993
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
Oil
residual
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Other
bituminous/subbituminous coal
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
2,427
2,276
1,359
668
249
151
146
6,060
5,188
3,473
1,070
554
397
145
173
NA
3,642
2,517
2,267
215
3,309
2,760
2,292
224
334
NA
NA
3
3
3,190
2,975
545
19,953
4,515
4,056
2,427
1,196
433
459
453
5,725
4,423
2,945
907
972
721
180
150
NA
3,964
2,079
1,758
427
3,747
3,092
2,369
340
596
NA
NA
3
103
2,392
2,174
545
22,358
9,264
8,883
5,367
2,642
873
380
375
3,864
2,703
1,858
574
922
663
189
51
NA
2,319
1,250
868
447
3,986
3,322
2,772
676
671
NA
NA
10
114
321
215
554
22,227
17,398
15,799
9,574
4,716
1,509
1,598
1,578
4,568
3,129
2,171
669
1,229
956
140
70
NA
1,490
492
260
591
4,775
4,060
3,507
881
846
NA
NA
8
345
83
36
110
31,096
17,469
16,073
NA
NA
NA
1,395
NA
2,951
1,527
1,058
326
1,065
851
299
60
NA
971
211
43
280
1,842
1,279
1,080
734
918
NA
NA
33
1 5,898
15,227
13,365
1,425
438
639
629
3,106
1,843
1,382
29
823
633
352
82
6
597
175
30
440
578
401
216
440
401
1
5
36
429 480
175 265
53 68
11
14
25,813 22,261
15)417
14,840
12,900
1,456
484
546
537
2,947
1,681
1,263
26
832
645
348
80
6
600
177
26
447
557
383
200
417
401
1
5
37
483
273
69
10
21,592
1 5f836
15,185
13,199
1,509
477
620
614
2,830
1,575
1,184
24
824
641
346
79
6
600
178
25
450
580
401
213
409
413
1
5
37
438
276
69
11
21,888
NOTE(S): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
NA = not available
Change in methodology indicated by vertical lines. Transportation methodologies changed in 1970. All other
methodologies changed in 1985.
1990 to 1993 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are in bold type face.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-14
Emission Trends
-------
Table 3-5. Total National Emissions of Paniculate Matter (PM-10),
1940 through 1993
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1992
1993
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing
Mineral Products
cement mfg
surface mining
stone quarrying/processing
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES
* Geogenic - wind erosion
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
* agricultural crops
* agricultural livestock
Other Combustion
wildfires
managed burning
Fugitive Dust
* unpaved roads
paved roads
* other
TOTAL
962
954
573
708
2,338
1,716
330
1,208
588
217
246
374
366
3,996
784
511
2,701
1,363
62
482
NA
NA
392
210
2,480
NA
NA
2,968
NA
NA
NA
2,968
2,179
591
NA
NA
NA
NA
15,956
1,467
1,439
865
604
1,674
1,128
455
1,027
346
105
427
254
412
6,954
696
798
5,460
1,998
108
663
NA
NA
505
314
1,788
NA
NA
1,934
NA
NA
NA
1,934
1,063
662
NA
NA
NA
NA
17,133
2,117
2,092
1,288
331
1,113
850
309
1,026
375
122
214
437
689
7,211
691
958
5,563
2,014
140
1,039
NA
NA
764
554
201
NA
NA
1,244
NA
NA
NA
1,244
428
606
NA
NA
NA
NA
15,558
1,775
1,680
1,041
641
455
384
235
1,316
593
343
198
525
286
5,832
485
727
4,620
1,731
134
957
NA
NA
999
237
223
NA
NA
839
NA
NA
NA
839
385
390
NA
NA
NA
NA
12,838
879
796
483
679
887
818
148
622
130
32
322
170
138
1,846
402
183
1,261
417
127
421
NA
NA
273
291
278
198
228
930
881
74
140
48
4
88
4
28
306
24
98
156
35
17
27
2
54
242
275 239
329 372
NA
NA
852
NA
NA
NA
852
514
315
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,192
42,059
7,380
6,999
381
1,322
717
546
33,356
15,661
7,299
10,396
6,928 49,158
255
243
178
223
819
770
75
137
47
4
86
4
27
303
25
99
152
35
16
25
2
53
246
210
379
4,655
41,245
7,238
6,852
386
947
341
547
33,060
14,540
7,621
10,899
48,629
270
257
191
219
723
674
75
141
48
4
88
5
26
311
25
101
157
36
17
26
2
55
248
197
395
628
42,200
7,236
6,842
394
1,027
418
549
33,937
14,404
8,164
11,368
45,489
NOTE(S): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
NA = not available
Change in methodology indicated by vertical lines. Transportation methodologies changed in 1970. All other methodologies
changed in 1985.
1990 to 1993 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are in bold type face.
* Fugitive dust sources
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-15
Emission Trends
-------
Table 3-6. Total National Emissions of Lead, 1970 through 1993
(short tons)
Source Csteoory
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Inorganic Chemical Mfg - lead oxide and pigments
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
primary lead production
primary copper production
primary zinc production
secondary lead production
secondary copper production
lead battery manufacture
lead cable coating
Ferrous Metals Processing
ferroalloy production
iron production
steel production
gray iron production
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement manufacturing
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
municipal waste
other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
TOTAL
1970
327
237
10,052
10,000
47
103
24,224
15,869
12,134
242
1,019
1,894
374
41
127
7,395
219
266
3,125
3,773
2,028
540
1,488
2,200
581
1,619
171,961
142,918
8,340
219,471
1975
230
75
10,042
10,000
16
120
9,923
7,192
5,640
171
224
821
200
49
55
2,196
104
93
1,082
910
1,337
217
1,120
1,595
396
1,199
130,206
106,868
5,012
158,542
1980
129
60
4,111
4,080
9
104
3,026
1,826
1,075
20
24
481
116
50
37
911
13
38
481
373
808
93
715
1,210
161
1,049
62,189
48,501
3,320
74,956
1985
64
30
421
400
11
118
2,097
1,376
874
19
16
288
70
65
43
577
7
21
209
336
316
43
273
871
79
792
15,978
12,070
229
20,124
1990
64
18
418
400
10
136
2,138
1,409
728
19
9
449
75
78
50
576
18
18
138
397
169
26
143
804
67
738
1,690
1,263
197
5,635
1992
59
18
414
400
7
93
2,042
1,316
628
20
11
470
66
77
44
560
16
18
145
378
54
24
30
416
11
405
1,452
1,084
193
4,741
1993
62
18
417
400
9
109
2,118
1,362
636
21
12
496
71
80
45
572
17
18
147
387
54
24
30
518
45
472
1,383
1,033
206
4,885
NOTE(S): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
1993 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are in bold type face.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-16
Emission Trends
-------
Figure 3-1. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions
by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1940 to 1993
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
Year
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
FUEL COMB. - OTHER
MISCELLANEOUS (primarily fires)
METALS PROCESSING
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
REMAINING CATEGORIES
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-17
Emission Trends
-------
Figure 3-2. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions by 7 Principal Source
Categories, 1900 to 1993
25
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
FUEL COMB. - ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
OFF-HIGHWAY
FUEL COMB.- OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
^REMAINING CATEGORIES
-------
I
OJ
h*
VO
tn
Figure 3-3. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by 7 Principal
Source Categories, 1900 to 1993
35
1940 1950
Year
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
OFF-HIGHWAY
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
MISCELLANEOUS (primarily fires)
PI REMAIN ING CATEGORIES
-------
t
to
35
Figure 3-4. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by 6 Principal
Source Categories, 1900 to 1993
FUEL COMB. - ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. - INDUSTRIAL
METALS PROCESSING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
FUEL COMB. - OTHER
OFF-HIGHWAY
riREMAINING CATEGORIES
-------
Figure 3-5. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Point and Fugitive
Process Sources (1940 to 1993) and by Fugitive Dust Sources (1985 to 1993)
0
1940 1950 1960 1970
Year
Point and Fugitive Process Sources
Year
Fugitive Dust Sources
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
MISCELLANEOUS (primarily fires)
OFF-HIGHWAY
FUEL COMB. - OTHER
FUEL COMB. - ELEC. UTIL
FUEL COMB. - IND.
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
| | REMAINING CATEGORIES
Unpaved roads
Agriculture
Paved roads
Remaining
sources
Wind erosion
-------
Figure 3-6. Trend in LEAD Emissions by 5 Principal
Source Categories, 1970 to 1993
275
1990
METALS PROCESSING IM1 FUEL COMB. - OTHER
HIGHWAY VEHICLES OFF-HIGHWAY
11 WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING I I REMAINING CATEGORIES
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
3-22
Emission Trends
-------
"0
I
tn
§
225
Figure 3-7. Trends in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions,
Vehicle Miles Traveled, and Fuel Usage
I I CO Emissions
Vehicle Miles Traveled
Source: Fuel Consumption data from Highway Statistics, Tables MF-25 and MF-26, includes gasoline, diesel, and gasohol.
-------
Figure 3-8. Ratio of Nonroad Gasoline and Diesel Vehicle to Highway Vehicle
CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions
CD
O)
03
CD
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982
Year
1984
1986
1988 1990 1992
Total Nonroad Vehicle*
Highway Vehicle
Gasoline Nonroad Vehicle
Highway Vehicle
Diesel Nonroad Vehicle
Highway Vehicle
* Total Nonroad Vehicle emissions do not inlcude emissions from aircraft, railroads, or marine vessels.
-------
SECTION 4.0
REGIONAL EMISSION TRENDS, 1985 THROUGH 1993
This section presents the results of estimating the
total emissions in each of the 10 EPA regions. A
map of the 10 EPA Administrative regions is
presented in Figure 4-1. When comparing
emissions from different regions, it is important to
consider the size of the region, population,
economic activity, predominant types of industry,
soil type, and other factors that affect air pollution.
Total regional emissions for 1985 through 1993
are presented by pollutant and year in
Appendix B, Tables B-l through B-6. Figures 4-2
through 4-7 show the total emissions of each
pollutant by EPA region for 1985 through 1993.
It should be noted that the regional emissions
shown in the previous report1 have been replaced
by new estimates. As described in section 6,
regional emissions for lead are calculated as a
fraction of the total national emissions of each
source category.. Regional emissions of CO, NOX,
VOC, SO2, and PM-10 are the sum of county
emissions in each region.
The trends in regional emissions follow the trends
in national emissions for most categories. This
effect is largely due to the fact that each region
has a diversity of source categories which reflect
the national diversity. Some source categories,
however, such as forest fires, prescribed burning,
wind erosion, and certain industrial processes,
produce significant regional effects and, therefore,
do not necessarily follow national trends within
the source category. These source categories will
generally account for large changes at the regional
level from one year to the next.
Of special note are the 1990 CO and VOC Region
X emission changes presented in Figures 4-2 and
4-4. These changes are the result of a large
number of wildfires in Alaska. Also of interest is
the variation in the PM-10 emissions presented in
Figure 4-6 for Regions VI and VII and to a lesser
extent Region VIII. These changes are the result
of wind erosion estimates being very sensitive to
regional soil conditions and year-to-year changes
in total precipitation and wind speeds.
4.1 REFERENCES
1. National AmPollutant Emission Trends, 1900 1992. EPA-454/R-93-032, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1993.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
4-1
Regional
-------
Figure 4-1. U.S Environmental Protection Agency's Administrative Regions
I
(O
-------
Figure 4-2. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by Region, 1985 TO 1993
(million short tons)
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
REGION
85 86 87 88£89 90I9D92 93
REGION
8/5589,90091592 93
REGION VIII
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
REGION
REGION X
REGION V
REGION VII
REGION IV
93
REGION VI
REGION IX
-------
Figure 4-3. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions by Region, 1985 TO 1993
(million short tons)
3
I
t
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
REGION
90l91>92 93
858687
REGION II
878889-90,91 9293
< y /,"
REGION VIII
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
REGION
REGION X
REGION V
REGION Vl
,, />
',' , '', V'
REGION IV
REGION IX
REGION VI
-------
i
Figure 4-4. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by Region, 1985 TO 1993
(million short tons)
§
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
REGION I
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
REGION
-------
Figure 4-5. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by Region, 1985 TO 1993
(million short tons)
I
OS
REGION VIII
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
REGION III
REGION X
REGION V
REGION VII
REGION IV
REGION IX
REGION VI
-------
Figure 4-6. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Region, 1985 TO 1993
(million short tons)
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
REGION I
85 86 87 88389 90S91>92 93
REGION II
^t^3&v*"^r*^T!tTj»^^r
REGION VIII
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
REGION
REGION X
REGION Vl
~^Jf
REGION IV
REGION VI
REGION IX
-------
I
i
oo
Figure 4-7. Trend in LEAD Emissions by Region, 1985 TO 1993
(thousand short tons)
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
REGION I
REGION VIII
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
REGION III
REGION X
REGION VII
REGION IX
REGION VI
-------
SECTION 5.0
NATIONAL EMISSION PROJECTIONS, 1996 to 2010
Emission projections by pollutant through the year
2010 are shown in Tables 5-1 through 5-5 for CO,
NOX, SO2, VOC, and PM-10, respectively. For
most source categories, emission projections are
based on growth factors from EPA's Economic
Growth Analysis System (E-GAS).1 (Department
of Energy generation projections2 are used for
utilities and MOBILE4.1 Fuel Consumption
Model3 projections are used for motor vehicles.)
Changes in emission controls are modeled to
project the effects of the CAAA on future
emission levels. The growth factors project
growth in activity only and do not include changes
due to new technology (i.e., improved efficiency).
The control factors will capture changes in
technology mandated by the CAAA but may not
capture new technologies and increased efficiency
of process which are not mandated by the CAAA.
Emission projections are a function of growth
factors and future control level estimates, both of
which have associated uncertainties. Growth
factors, in general, are more uncertain the further
into the future the- growth is projected. In any
given projection year, unexpected upturns or
downturns in the economy may occur which are
unaccounted for in projections of trends in
activity. While the control factors applied may
account for control initiatives resulting from
CAAA requirements, increased production
efficiency and technological changes (which may
be a result of initiatives to decrease production
costs) may not be taken into account.
National projections are shown in the following
tables for each pollutant. These projections can be
used to show which pollutants are expected to
increase or decline, and to show which sectors
have the greatest impact on total emissions and
future emission levels. While the future levels
may give an indication of whether air quality can
be expected to improve, it should be noted that air
quality indicators (e.g., ambient concentrations)
vary significantly by area and that these national
projections may not adequately indicate the
emission changes expected in individual areas
currently in nonattainment for PM-10, SO2, CO,
and ozone. Caveats associated with the controls
modeled for each pollutant are discussed below.
5.1 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS
Trends in CO emissions through 2010 are shown
in Table 5-1 and illustrated in Figure 5-1. Total
emissions are expected to show a continued
decline through 2000 with emissions showing a
slight increase in 2002 continuing into the
future. Emissions in 2010 likely will remain
below 1990 levels. The decline through 2000 is
due entirely to expected decreases in highway
vehicle emissions as a result of more stringent
tailpipe standards, enhanced inspection and
maintenance (I/M) in ozone and CO nonattain-
ment areas, and oxygenated fuels. These
decreases in highway vehicle emissions
outweigh small increases in other source
categories. As VMT increases begin to dominate
over any further decreases in highway vehicle
emission factors, total emissions begin to
increase.
5.2 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN
NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSIONS
Projected levels of NOX emissions through 2010
are shown in Table 5-2 and Figure 5-2. Total
emissions show a slight increase from 1990 to
1993 followed by a decrease in 1996 as
stationary source NOX Reasonably Available
Control Technology (RACT) is implemented and
enhanced I/M programs begin in ozone
nonattainment areas. Electric utility emissions
show an expected decline in 1996 with RACT
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
5-1
Projections
-------
requirements and an additional decline between
1999 and 2000 as phase II Title IV standards
become effective. While RACT control
requirements for industrial fuel combustion
emitters result in emission declines for this
category, trends are dominated by decreases in
predicted activity for coal and oil sectors.
Highway vehicle emissions will likely continue
to decline through 2005 as emission factor
decreases due to tailpipe standards, phase II
reformulated gasoline, and I/M requirements
outweigh increases in VMT.
5.3 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
EMISSIONS
Trends in VOC emissions through 2010 are
shown in Table 5-3 and Figure 5-3. Emission
levels in 2010 are expected to remain lower than
1990 although total emissions show an upturn
between 1999 and 2000. Emission projections
for VOC include only the mandatory provisions
of the CAAA including RACT, new Control Tech-
niques Guidelines (CTGs), Federal measures for
consumer solvents, Title I and II mobile source
measures, and Title III Maximum Achievable
Control Technology (MACT) standards. Pro-
visions which are not accounted for and which
may result in further declines (in ozone
nonattainment areas) include new source offsets,
progress requirements, and attainment and
maintenance provisions. The largest expected
decrease in emissions occurs between 1993 and
1996 as the majority of ozone nonattainment
mandatory measures are implemented. Solvent
utilization emissions show a continued decline
through 1999 as more stringent control
requirements become effective for consumer
solvents. Highway vehicle emissions show a
continued decline through 2005; VMT increases
then begin to dominate over any additional
reductions due to emission factor decreases.
Effects of emission factor decreases become nil
as tailpipe standards become increasingly
pervasive in the course of fleet turnover.
5.4 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN
SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
Future year expected emission trends through
2010 for SO2 are shown in Table 5-4 and Figure
5-4. Total emissions are predicted to continue to
decline through 2010. Sulfur dioxide emissions
are dominated by electric utility and industrial
fuel combustion. Electric utility fuel combustion
emissions show an expected continued decline
through 2010 due to the lower emission cap in
2010. These projections assume that utilities
bank a certain portion of their phase I
allowances and use these banked allowances
from 2000 to 2010. The projected 2010 utility
emissions are approximately 6 million short tons
greater than the 2010 electric utility S02 cap
due to the use of the banked allowances.
Future year expected emission trends from
industrial sources can be discerned from Table
5-4 by combining the emissions from Fuel
Combustion-Industrial, Chemical and Allied
Products Manufacturing, Metals Processing,
Petroleum and Related Industries, Other
Industrial Processes, Solvent Utilization,
Storage and Transport, and Waste Disposal and
Recycling. When future emissions from these
sources are examined, they show a slight
expected decrease from 1990 to 1993, and then
show a slightly increasing trend to the year
2002. From 2002 to 2010 projected emissions
are basically flat. In all cases, the emissions
projections show that total national industrial
SO2 emissions remain belo'w 5 million short
tons, well below the 5.60 million short ton per
year cap established by section 406 of the
CAAA. As with historic emissions, industrial
combustion emissions continue to be the largest
contributor to future industrial SO2 emissions,
although Table 5-4 clearly shows that emissions
from industrial combustion sources decrease in
future years.
5.5 FUTURE EXPECTED TRENDS IN
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10)
EMISSIONS
Projections of future levels of PM-10 emissions
are shown in Table 5-5 and Figure 5-5. Clean
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
5-2
Projections
-------
Air Act Amendment controls reduce PM-10
emissions in nonattainment areas; however,
because this is such a small subset of total
national emissions, overall levels show an
increase in emissions. The lower expected
increase between 1990 and 1996 is generally
due to the nonattainment area controls.
Changes in emissions after 1996 are due solely
to activity level changes with the exception of
highway vehicles. Highway vehicle emission
factors decrease due to diesel fuel standards and
increased penetration of cleaner vehicles with
fleet turnover. The further decrease between
2005 and 2008 is due to the CAAA standards for
heavy duty diesel vehicles.
5.6 REFERENCES
Wind erosion emissions can fluctuate
substantially from year-to-year, depending on
meteorological conditions which cannot be
projected to the future. For this reason, all
future year emissions are assumed to be
equivalent to 1990 levels. The 1993 estimate is
based on actual meteorological data. The large
decrease seen in 1993 is due to substantial
precipitation during the spring and summer
months in the midwestern United States, which
resulted in midwestern flooding and also acted
to substantially reduce wind erosion emissions.
The "dip" observed in Table 5.5 for wind erosion
is a direct result of this 1993 anomaly.
1. Economic Growth Analysis System: User's Guide, Version 2.0. EPA-600/R-94-139b. Joint
Emissions Inventory Oversight Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. August 1994.
2. Recommendations to NAPAP Regarding SO2 Emission Projections. Report to the National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). Prepared by Resources for the Future.
Washington, DC. June 15, 1994.
3. MOBILE4.1 Fuel Consumption Model. Computer reports from EPA, Office of Mobile Sources,
Ann Arbor, MI. August 1991.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
5-3
Projections
-------
Table 5-1. National Carbon Monoxide Emissions by Source Category for 1990 to 2010
(thousand short tons)
I
Source Category
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Other
Chemical and Allied Prod. Mfg
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage and Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway
Miscellaneous
Total
1990
314
677
5,726
1,940
2,080
435
717
2
55
1,686
62,858
14,642
12,623
103,753
1993
322
667
4,444
1,998
2,091
398
732
2
56
1,732
59,989
15,272
9,506
97,208
1996
364
662
4,051
2,086
2,192
362
768
2
60
1,771
48,874
16,173
6,331
83,697
1999
395
652
3,697
2,192
2,288
331
814
2
65
1,804
46,003
17,033
6,372
81,649
2000
402
650
3,796
2,230
2,322
322
831
2
66
1,815
45,309
17,329
6,387
81,461
2002
416
646
3,850
2,309
2,395
304
866
2
70
1,836
44,525
17,945
6,418
81,580
2005
435
641
4,012
2,436
2,514
279
921
2
75
1,866
44,533
18,919
6,468
83,100
2008
462
636
4,337
2,502
2,624
266
950
2
77
1,892
45,835
19,460
6,493
85,535
2010
482
634
4,554
2,540
2,690
257
966
2
79
1,910
46,749
19,800
6,507
87,169
-------
Table 5-2. National Nitrogen Oxides Emissions by Source Category for 1990 to 2010
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Other
Chemical and Allied Prod. Mfg
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage and Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway
Miscellaneous
Total
1990
7,516
3,256
732
399
81
100
306
2
2
82
7,488
2,843
384
23,192
1993
7,782
3,176
732
414
82
95
314
3
3
84
7,437
2,986
296
23,402
1996
6,761
2,985
718
421
86
91
339
3
3
86
7,041
3,184
206
21,924
1999
6,978
2,908
706
432
90
88
366
3
3
88
6,700
3,344
207
21,912
2000
5,921
2,892
702
436
91
87
375
3
3
89
6,531
3,400
207
20,737
2002
6,102
2,866
692
445
94
86
395
3
3
90
6,349
3,519
207
20,851
2005
6,379
2,827
678
458
99
84
427
3
3
92
6,281
3,711
209
21,250
2008
6,781
2,793
655
470
103
83
445
3
3
93
6,387
3,824
209
21,849
2010
7,072
2,772
639
478
106
83
455
3
3
94
6,495
3,893
209
22,301
I
-------
Table 5-3. National Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Source Category for 1990 to 2010
(thousand short tons)
a.
Source Category
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Other
Chemical and Allied Prod. Mfg
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage and Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway
Miscellaneous
Total
1990
36
266
437
1,771
72
737
478
6,063
1,861
2,262
6,854
2,120
1,320
24,276
1993
36
271
341
1,811
74
720
486
6,249
1,861
2,271
6,094
2,207
893
23,312
1996
40
269
311
1,682
64
633
465
6,247
1,761
2,277
5,147
2,321
458
21,678
1999
42
267
284
1,594
68
555
457
5,867
1,519
1,269
4,846
2,401
464
19,634
2000
43
267
292
1,605
69
550
447
5,947
1,530
1,271
4,742
2,437
466
19,666
2002
44
267
295
1,632
72
540
455
6,170
1,556
1,275
4,632
2,511
471
19,919
2005
45
267
306
1,675
76
526
469
6,532
1,603
1,280
4,578
2,628
478
20,462
2008
48
270
330
1,713
79
533
478
6,730
1,635
1,284
4,657
2,692
481
20,931
2010
50
272
346
1,735
81
537
483
6,853
1,654
1,288
4,726
2,732
483
21,240
1
-------
§
2
!
Table 5-4. National Sulfur Dioxide Emissions by Source Category for 1990 to 2010
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Other
Chemical and Allied Prod. Mfg
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage and Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway
Miscellaneous
Total
1990
15,898
3,106
597
440
578
440
401
1
5
36
480
265
14
22,261
1993
15,836
2,830
600
450
580
409
413
1
5
37
438
278
11
21,888
1996
12,100
2,866
592
467
579
390
445
1
5
38
315
291
7
18,095
1999
11,500
2,887
566
479
579
371
477
1
5
39
336
305
7
17,552
2000
11,300
2,908
554
483
580
364
488
1
5
39
344
309
7
17,382
2002
10,980
2,958
530
491
580
352
510
1
5
39
360
319
7
17,133
2005
10,500
2,962
494
501
581
335
545
1
5
40
385
335
7
16,693
2008
9,900
2,912
455
516
582
328
566
1
5
41
411
348
7
16,071
2010
9,500
2,882
430
524
583
323
578
1
5
41
429
355
7
15,659
-------
Table 5-5. National Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions by Source Category for 1990 to 2010
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Other
Chemical and Allied Prod. Mfg
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage and Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway
Natural sources (wind erosion)
Miscellaneous
Total
1990
291
228
930
74
140
28
306
2
54
242
239
372
4,192
42,059
49,158
1993
270
219
723
75
141
26
311
2
55
248
197
395
628
42,200
45,489
1996
309
214
660
76
148
24
331
2
58
254
153
427
4,192
43,598
50,447
1999
334
201
594
78
155
23
353
2
61
259
131
455
4,192
48,850
55,686
2000
338
198
609
79
157
22
360
2
62
260
122
464
4,192
49,834
56,701
2002
353
193
618
80
162
21
376
2
65
263
126
485
4,192
51,835
58,772
2005
375
186
643
82
171
20
402
2
69
268
132
517
4,192
54,937
61,996
2008
404
179
694
84
178
19
416
2
71
271
127
531
4,192
57,383
64,553
2010
425
176
729
86
182
19
424
2
72
274
122
540
4,192
59,012
66,255
-------
Figure 5-1. Projected Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions
by 5 Principal Source Categories, 1990 to 2010
2008
2010
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
H! MISCELLANEOUS
(primarily fires)
HO FUEL COMB.-OTHER
METALS PROCESSING
REMAINING CATEGORIES
CO
I
r
o
CO
O
CO
O
'«
CO
i
Figure 5-2. Projected Trend in NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions
by 5 Principal Source Categories, 1990 to 2010
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Year
FUEL COMB. - ELEC. UTIL |
HIGHWAY VEHICLES |
^ FUEL COMB. -IND.
ID OFF-HIGHWAY
ED FUEL COMB. - OTHER
|~1 REMAINING CATEGORIES
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
5-9
Projections
-------
Figure 5-3. Projected Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories, 1990 to 2010
CO
o
r
o
c
o
w
o
'55
c/>
E
LIJ
25-
20-:
15
10
5
£SJS22ggg8SB£^^
2008
2010
HIGHWAY VEHICLES BS WASTE DISPOSALS RECYCLING JH| STORAGE & TRANSPORT
SOLVENT UTILIZATION HID OFF-HIGHWAY P] REMAINING CATEGORIES
co
O
to
O
co
O
'35
-------
Figure 5-5. Projected Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10)
Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories, 1990 to 2010
i
o
*
i
CO
to
-------
SECTION 6.0
NATIONAL CRITERIA POLLUTANT ESTIMATION
METHODOLOGY
Each year the EPA prepares national emissions for
assessing trends in criteria pollutant emissions. In
the past, the emissions were estimated using
consistent methodologies employing national
statistics on economic activity, material flows, etc.,
for the years 1940 to the current year of the
report. Although emissions prepared in this way
were useful for evaluating changes from year to
year, they did not provide an absolute or
geographically detailed measure of emissions for
any given year. Absolute emissions are extremely
useful in many applications, such as inputs into
atmospheric models. During the past several
years, changes have been made to the
methodologies in order to produce emissions for
the Trends report, starting at the county level,
which both represent an absolute measure of the
emissions and allow for an evaluation of changes
in emissions from year to year. For future Trends
reports, these methodological changes will allow
the incorporation of even more detailed SIP data
for ozone nonattainment areas.
Because of these changes in methodologies,
COMPARISON OF VALUES WITH PREVIOUS TRENDS
REPORTS is NOT A VALID EXERCISE. The reader
should use caution when comparing estimates for
the years 1940 to 1993 from this report with
values in any report previously published.
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Three major methodologies are used to estimate
the emissions for successive intervals from 1900
through 1993 presented in this report. The
applicable methodology is used according to the
year for which emissions are being estimated. For
the years 1985 to the current year, the emissions
are based on the emissions inventories created for
use in the modeling efforts made in response to
the CAAA. Emission inventories known as the
Interim inventories1 were created for the years
1987 through 1991 for use as inputs into the
Regional Ozone Model (ROM) and the Urban
Airshed Model (UAM); the use of this
methodology has been expanded in this report to
the emissions for the years 1985 through 1993. In
addition, the 1990 base year Interim inventory was
designed to allow the replacement of emissions by
the SIP data for nonattainment areas.
The emissions presented for the years 1940
through 1984 are based on the methodology used
to estimate the emissions for these years found in
all prior Trends reports, with several exceptions
and modifications over the emissions previously
presented. The emissions presented for the years
1900 through 1939 are taken from two reports on
historic emissions.2'3 The emissions presented for
these years in the Trends report are unchanged
from the emissions presented in past Trends
reports.
This chapter presents a general description of the
methodologies used to estimate the emissions
presented in this report, as identified by the period
of years for which each methodology is most often
applied. More detailed descriptions of these
methodologies are presented in the Trends
Procedure Manual.4
Apart from applying the major methodologies, the
emissions presented in this report have undergone
additional revisions. These revisions include
incorporation of current information, refinements
in the methodology, and changes in priorities.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-1
Methodology
-------
These revisions, as well as revisions anticipated in
future Trends reports, are presented in this section.
The 1993 emissions are presented in this report at
the region, state, county, nonattainment, and
seasonal level for various tier level categories.
Brief descriptions of the methodologies used to
create these spatial and temporal emissions are
also presented in this chapter.
In addition to presenting emissions for the current
year and prior years, the Trends report presents
national emission projections for the years 1996
through 2010. The methodologies used to produce
these projected emissions are applied according to
the following source categories: highway vehicles,
electric utilities, and all other sources. This
chapter includes a description of these three
projection methodologies.
6.2 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1985
THROUGH 1993
The CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC emissions presented
in this report for the years 1985 through 1993
have been estimated using a methodology based
on the methodology developed for the Interim
Inventories, with several exceptions. The Interim
methodology was developed to produce the
inventories for the years 1987 through 1991 and is
presented in the Regional Interim Emission
Inventories (1987-1991).1 A similar methodology
was developed for the preparation of a national
1990 PM-10 inventory as documented in the
Emissions Inventory for the National Paniculate
Matter Study.5 In order to generate the necessary
emissions for the Trends report, the Interim
methodology has been expanded to generate CO,
NOX, SO2, and VOC emissions for the years 1985
and 1986, as well as PM-10 emissions for the
years 1985 through 1989 and 1991. The 1992 and
1993 emissions for all pollutants, except Pb, and
all source categories, except for steam generated
fossil-fuel electric utility units, highway vehicles,
wildfire, and most fugitive dust sources, have been
projected from the 1990 emissions using growth
factors created by the EPA's prereleased E-GAS,
version 2.O.6
The lead emissions for the years 1985 through
1992 have been estimated using the methodologies
presented in section 6.3 of this report. The
weighted emission factors and control efficiencies
were assumed to be constant from 1990 to 1993.
The 1993 preliminary estimates were made by
growing the 1992 activity data by one of two
methods applied to the appropriate source
category. The first of these two methods used a
quadratic regression with weighted 20-year
specific source category activity data. The other
method used a linear regression with weighted
7-year activity data. This second method was
applied to source categories where the trend in the
activity data has changed significantly over the
past 10 years.
A summary description of the methodology used
to generate the emissions for the years 1985
through 1993 is presented in this section. This
methodology is described in detail in the 1993
Trends Procedures Manual.4
6.2.1 Fuel Combustion
The emissions included in the fuel combustion
category fall under three Tier 1 source categories:
FUEL COMBUSTION ELECTRIC UTILITY,
FUEL COMBUSTION INDUSTRIAL, AND
FUEL COMBUSTION OTHER.
The methodologies used to generate the CO, NOX,
PM-10, SO2, and VOC emissions are described for
the electric utilities category (section 6.2.1.1) and
for the industrial and other categories, combined
(section 6.2.1.2). Lead emissions were determined
for the years 1985 through 1992 by using the
methodology described in section 6.3 and for 1993
by using the methodology described in the
introduction to section 6.2.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-2
Methodology
-------
6.2.1.1 Electric Utility Units
The emissions from the combustion of fuel by
electric utilities have been divided into two
classifications: (1) steam generated fossil-fuel
units (an electric utility unit is a boiler) and (2)
nonsteam generated fossil-fuel units such as gas
turbines (GT) and internal combustion (1C)
engines. Two very different methodologies have
been used to estimate the emissions for these two
classes; each is described separately in this
section. More detailed descriptions of the
methodologies are presented in the Trends
Procedures Manual.4
6.2.1.1.1 Fossil-Fuel Steam Electric Utility
Units The emissions from fossil-fuel steam
electric utility units for the years 1985 through
1992 have been based on four basic factors: (1)
fuel consumption, (2) emission factor, which
relates the quantity of fuel consumed to the
quantity of pollutant emitted, (3) fuel
characteristics, such as sulfur content, ash content,
and heating value of fuels, and (4) control
efficiency, which indicates the amount of pollutant
not removed by the use of control devices. The
fuel consumption characteristics and control
efficiencies were obtained at the boiler-level, while
the emission factors were specified at the SCC-
level. The 1993 emissions were extrapolated from
the 1992 boiler-level emissions based on plant-
level 1993 fuel consumption. These two
methodologies are explained below.
It should be noted that these estimates do not
include emissions from the combustion of
anthracite coal which accounts for a very small
percentage (< 1%) of the overall emissions from
fuel combustion by fossil-fuel steam electric utility
units.
6.2.1.1.1.1 1985 through 1992. The boiler-
level fuel consumption and other data were
obtained from the Steam-Electric Plant Operation
and Design Report (Form EIA-767),7 collected and
published annually by the Energy Information
Agency (EIA) of the U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE). This form provided sulfur content and
SO2 control efficiency data necessary to estimate
the SO2 emissions, as well as ash content
necessary to estimate the PM-10 emissions. In
cases where more than one fuel type was
consumed by an individual boiler, the EIA-767
data were specific to the fuel type.
In order to associate the boiler-level data with the
appropriate emission factor, an SCC was assigned
to each boiler and fuel type. These assignments
were made based on the fuel type, boiler firing
configuration, and boiler bottom type. Emission
factors were obtained from the EPA's Compilation
of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42),8 and
were both SCC- and pollutant-specific.
Although the NOX control efficiency was not
included in the EIA-767 data, this value was
calculated for each boiler based on the assumption
that the boiler was controlled such that the
emission rate was equal to its regulatory limit.
The SO2 emissions were computed as controlled
emissions assuming 100 percent rule effectiveness
and using the sulfur content of the fuel as
specified in the EIA-767 data. The PM-10
emissions were computed as controlled emissions
assuming 100 percent rule effectiveness. The
PM-10 control efficiencies were determined by
using the PM-10 calculator14 and the TSP control
devices from the EIA-767 data; the ash content of
the fuel was also specified in the EIA-767 data.
The NOX emissions were computed as controlled
emissions assuming 80 percent rule effectiveness.
The CO and VOC emissions were calculated as
uncontrolled emissions. These algorithms are
presented in Table 6-1.
6.2.1.1.1.2 1993. Because the EIA-767 data
were not available for the year 1993, 1992 and
1993 plant-level data from the Monthly Power
Plant Report (Form EIA-759)9 were used to grow
the 1992 emissions to the year 1993. For the
years 1992 and 1993, the annual fossil-fuel steam
fuel consumption plant data were obtained from
the EIA-759 data. The plant-level ratio of the
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-3
Methodology
-------
1993 fuel consumption to the 1992 fuel
consumption was applied as a growth factor to the
1992 fuel consumption, heat input, and emissions
for all pollutants for each boiler within a given
plant.
6.2.1.1.2 Gas Turbines and Internal
Combustion Engines The 1990 emissions for
GT and 1C engines have been estimated from the
point source portion of the 1985 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory10 for the appropriate sources.
These 1990 emissions served as the base year
from which the emissions for the years 1985
through 1989 and the years 1991 though 1993
were estimated. The emissions for the years 1985
through 1991 were estimated using historical
earnings data complied by the Bureau of
Economic Analysis (BEA), while the 1992 and
1993 emissions were estimated using growth
factors produced by the prereleased E-GAS,
version 2.0.
The methodology used to develop the emissions
for the 1990 base year and the two methodologies
used to estimate the emissions from the base year
emissions are discussed in section 6.2.1.2. More
detailed descriptions of the methodologies are
presented in the Trends Procedure Manual.4
6.2.1.2 Industrial and Other Combustion
The source categories falling under industrial and
other combustion include the combustion of fuels
for use by industry, commercial establishments,
institutions, and residences. The 1990 emissions
for these source categories were generated from
both the nonutility point source and nonsolvent
area source portions of the 1985 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory. These 1990 emissions
served as the base year from which the emissions
for the years 1985 through 1989 and the years
1991 through 1993 were estimated. The emissions
for the years 1985 through 1991 were estimated
using historical data compiled by the BEA or
historic estimates of fuel consumption based on
the DOE's State Energy Data System (SEDS).11
The 1992 and 1993 emissions were estimated
using growth factors produced by the prereleased
E-GAS, version 2.0.
The methodologies used to generate the emissions
for the 1990 base year and the two methodologies
used to generate the emissions from the base year
are discussed in this section. More detailed
descriptions of these methodologies are presented
in the Trends Procedures Manual.4
6.2.1.2.1 1990 Base Year InventoryThe 1985
NAPAP Emission Inventory estimates for the
nonutility point sources have been projected to the
year 1990 based on the growth in BEA historic
earnings for the appropriate state and industry, as
identified by the 2-digit Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) code.12 In order to remove
the effects of inflation, the earnings data were
converted to 1982 constant dollars using the
implicit price deflator for personal consumption
expenditures (PCE).13 State and SIC-level growth
factors were calculated as the ratio of the 1990
earnings data to the 1985 earning data.
The area source emissions from the 1985 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory that fall within this category
have been projected to the year 1990 based on
BEA historic earnings data, BEA historic
population data, DOE SEDS data, or other growth
indicators. The specific growth indicator was
assigned based on the source category. The BEA
earnings data were converted to 1982 dollars as
described above. The 1990 SEDS data were
extrapolated from data for the years 1985 through
1989. All growth factors were calculated as the
ratio of the 1990 data to the 1985 data for the
appropriate growth indicator.
When creating the 1990 emissions inventory,
changes were made to emission factors, control
efficiencies, and emissions from the 1985
inventory for both the nonutility and area sources.
The PM-10 control efficiencies were obtained
from the PM-10 Calculator.14 Details of these
changes are presented in the Trends Procedures
Manual,4 as well as the reports documenting the
Interim Inventories and 1990 PM-10 inventory.1'
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-4
Methodology
-------
In addition, rule effectiveness which was not
applied in the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory,
was applied to the 1990 emissions estimated for
the nonutility point sources. The CO, NOX, and
VOC point source controls were assumed to be 80
percent effective; PM-10 and SO2 controls were
assumed to be 100 percent effective.
The 1990 emissions for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC
were calculated using the following steps:
(1) projected 1985 controlled emissions to 1990
using the appropriate growth factors, (2) calculated
the uncontrolled emissions using control
efficiencies from the 1985 NAPAP Emission
Inventory, and (3) calculated the final 1990
controlled emissions using revised control
efficiencies and the appropriate rule effectiveness.
The 1990 PM-10 emissions were calculated using
the TSP emissions from the 1985 NAPAP
Emission Inventory. The 1990 uncontrolled TSP
emissions were estimated in the same manner as
the other pollutants. From these TSP emissions,
the 1990 uncontrolled PM-10 estimates were
calculated by applying SCC-specific uncontrolled
particle size distribution factors.8 The controlled
PM-10 emissions were estimated in the same
manner as the other pollutants. Because the
majority of area source emissions for all pollutants
represented uncontrolled emissions, the second and
third steps were not required to estimate the 1990
area source emissions.
6.2.1.2.2 1985 through 1989 and 1991 The
1990 emissions served as the base year emissions;
these emissions were used to generate the
emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 and for
the year 1991. The methodologies developed to
produce the CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC emissions
for the Interim inventory were applied to the
PM-10 emissions.
The changes in the nonutility point source
emissions were equated with the changes in
historic earnings by state and industry. Emissions
from each point source in the 1985 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory (excluding steam electric
utilities) were projected to the years 1987 through
1991 based on the growth in earnings by industry
(2-digit SIC code). Historical earnings data from
BEA's Table SA-512 were used to represent growth
in earnings from 1985 through 1990. (Earnings
data from a different BEA source, Table SQ-5
discussed below, were used to estimate 1991
emissions.) Table SA-5 historical annual earnings
data are by state and industry.
The 1985 through 1990 earnings data in Table
SA-5 are in nominal dollars. In order to be used
to estimate growth, these values were converted to
constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation.
Earnings data for each year were converted to
1982 constant dollars using the implicit price
deflator for personal consumption expenditures
(PCE).13 The PCE deflators used to convert each
year's earnings data to 1982 dollars are:
Year
1982 PCE Deflator
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
111.6
114.3
124.2
129.6
136.4
Several BEA categories did not contain a complete
time series of data for the years 1985 through
1990. Because the SA-5 data must contain 1985
earnings and earnings for each inventory year
(1987 through 1990) to be useful for estimating
growth, a log linear regression equation was used
to fill in missing data elements where possible.
This regression procedure was performed on all
categories that were missing at least one data point
and which contained at least three data points in
the time series.
Each record in the point source inventory was
matched to the BEA earnings data based on the
state and the 2-digit SIC. Table 6-2 shows the
BEA earnings category used to project growth for
each of the 2-digit SICs found in the 1985
NAPAP Emission Inventory. No growth in
emissions was assumed for all point sources for
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-5
Methodology
-------
which the matching BEA earnings data were not
complete. Table 6-2 shows the national average
growth and earnings by industry from Table SA-5.
At the time the Interim Inventory was compiled,
1991 BEA earnings data were not available in
Table SA-5. Earnings data from BEA
Table SQ-515 were used to estimate emissions for
1991. Table SQ-5 contains historical quarterly
earnings data by state and 1-digit SIC. These data
were converted to an annual constant dollars basis.
The 1991 quarterly earnings data were first
summed to compute annual totals. Because the
PCE deflator used to convert to constant 1982
dollars was not available for 1991, a 1987 PCE
deflator13 was used to convert the 1990 and 1991
earnings data from Table SQ-5 to a 1987 constant
dollar basis. The PCE deflators are as follows:
Year
1987 PCE Deflator
1990
1991
114.7
119.3
The 1991 inventory was then developed by
growing the 1990 inventory based on the changes
in State industry earnings (by 1-digit SIC) from
1990 to 1991. National average growth in
earnings by industry is shown below in Table 6-3.
The changes in the area source emissions were
equated with the changes in the same growth
indicators used to generate the 1990 emissions.
The growth indicators based on BEA earnings data
were applied in the same manner as described
above for the point source emissions. All growth
factors were calculated as the ratio of the data for
the specific year to the 1990 data for the
appropriate growth indicator.
The emissions for all pollutants for a given year
between 1985 and 1991 were calculated by
applying the appropriate growth factors to the
1990 base year emissions. The 1985 emissions
estimated by this method do not match exactly the
1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory due to the
changes made when creating the 1990 emissions
(e.g., the application of rule effectiveness or the
application of updated emission factors).
6.2.1.2.3 1992 and 1993 The 1992 and 1993
emissions for all pollutants were estimated by
applying growth factors to the 1990 emissions.
The growth factors were obtained from the
prereleased E-GAS, version 2.0. The E-GAS
generates growth factors at the SCC-level for
counties representative of all counties within each
ozone nonattainment area classified as serious and
above and for counties representative of all
counties within both the attainment portions and
the marginal and moderate nonattainment areas
within each state. The appropriate growth factors
were applied by county and SCC to the 1990
emissions.
There are approximately 150 representative
counties in E-GAS and 2000 SCCs present in the
base year inventory. This yields a matrix of
300,000 growth factors generated to determine a
single year's inventory. To list all combinations
would be inappropriate. A subset of growth
factors was extracted from the E-GAS output files
based on those SCCs with growth factors greater
than 1.1 (i.e., 10 percent or greater increase) or
less than 0.8 (i.e., 20 percent or greater decrease).
From this list Table 6-4 was generated by
grouping the SCCs into Tier 1 and Tier 2
subcategories. The reader is cautioned that the
growth factors for these source categories could
have been applied to small emissions for one SCC
in one county or to large emissions for several
SCCs in several counties. The overall growth
factors are best illustrated by the changes in
emissions presented at the Tier 3 subcategory in
Appendix A, Tables A-l to A-5.
6.2.2 Transportation
The emissions included in the general heading of
transportation fall under two Tier 1 source
categories: highway vehicles and off-highway.
The off-highway category includes the emissions
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-6
Methodology
-------
from off-highway vehicles and equipment as well
as aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and
railroads. The methodologies used to estimate the
emissions for the two tier categories are described
separately. Lead emissions were determined for
the years 1985 through 1992 by the methodology
described in section 6.3 and for 1993 by the
methodology described in the introduction to
section 6.2.
6.2.2.1 Highway Vehicles
Highway vehicles emissions have been estimated
for every year from 1970 through 1993. These
annual emissions were based on county-level
VMT and emission factors. Emissions were
estimated for the following eight vehicle
categories:
light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGV),
light-duty diesel vehicles (LDDV),
light-duty gasoline trucks-1 (LDGT-1 [trucks
less than 6,000 pounds in weight]),
light-duty gasoline trucks-2 (LDGT-2
[6,000 to 8,500 pounds in weight]),
light-duty diesel trucks (LDDT),
heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDT),
heavy-duty gasoline trucks (HDGT), and
motorcycles (MC).
6.2.2.1.1 VMT Data Annual VMT data for
the years 1980 through 1993 were obtained from
the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA)
highway performance monitoring system (HPMS)
data base.17 The data are specifed by state,
vehicle type, and roadway type. Using population
data from the 1980 census,18 the data were
distributed among the counties. For the years
1970 through 1979, the state-level VMT data were
obtained from FHWA's Highway Statistics19 and
apportioned to the counties based on the
distribution of the 1980 county-level VMT data.
The data for all years were then apportioned from
the HPMS vehicle categories to the eight vehicle
classes listed above using allocations provided by
the EPA's Office of Mobile Sources (QMS).
The resulting annual county-level vehicle and
roadway type specific VMT data were temporally
allocated to months. Seasonal NAPAP temporal
allocation factors20 were used to apportion the
VMT to the four seasons. Monthly VMT data
were obtained using a ratio between the number of
days in a month and the number of days in the
corresponding season.
6.2.2.1.2 CO, NO,, VOC Emission Factors
County-level emission factors for CO, NOX, and
VOC were calculated using the MOBILESa
model,21 which is designed to estimate exhaust and
evaporative emission factors for highway vehicles.
To calculate the emission factors for each year
from 1970 through 1993, the model utilized
information on state-level monthly maximum and
minimum temperatures, nine vehicle speeds,
national vehicle registration distributions, gasoline
volatility given in terms of in-use Reid vapor
pressure (RVP), and county-level I/M and
oxygenated fuels programs. The Federal Test
Procedure (FTP) operating mode was modeled at
all speeds. The states of Colorado, New Mexico,
and Utah were modeled as high altitude, while all
other states were modeled as low altitude.
The state-level temperature data were based on
data from the National Climatic Data Center.22
Monthly temperature data from a selected city for
each year were used to represent a state's average
temperature. The national vehicle registration
distributions for each year were based on the
number of cars in operation by model year23, sales
data24, and automobile survival rates.25 The in-use
RVP data for each year were obtained from OMS
based on January and July fuel survey data from
the American Automobile Manufacturers
Association (AAMA).26 Using guidance from
OMS, these data were allocated and weighted to
obtain state-level January and July RVP data.
These data were then allocated to a monthly basis
using American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) fuel volatility guidelines by state and
month.27 Information concerning the
characteristics and implementation of I/M
programs was obtained from the most recent I/M
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-7
Methodology
-------
program summaries.28 Information on the months
and areas for which the oxygenated fuel program
was modeled was provided by OMS.
The emission standards and fuel requirements in
California are different from those for the
remainder of the United States. Therefore, the
California emission factors were generated
separately using an OMS-modified version of
MOBILESa adapted to simulate the California
fleet. In order to more accurately represent the
temperature conditions for California, the state was
divided into two regions and emission factors were
produced independently for each region.
6.2.2.1.3 PM-10 and SO2 Emission Factors
National 1990 PM-10 exhaust emission factors
were developed independently for gasoline
vehicles and for diesel vehicles. The PM-10
emission factors for gasoline vehicles were based
on TSP emission factor data by vehicle type and
model year.29 The emission factors for diesel
vehicles by vehicle type and model year were also
based on TSP emission factor data and on diesel
fraction of VMT.30 A single TSP emission factor
was developed for each of the five gasoline
vehicle classes and the three diesel vehicle classes
using travel fractions from MOBILES31 to weigh
the TSP emission factors by model year and
technology type. From these TSP emission
factors, the PM-10 emission factors were
developed using the PM-10 particle size
multipliers8.
The 1984 PM-10 exhaust emission factors were
generated by the same methodology used for the
1990 emission factors. The differences between
emission factors for 1984 and 1990 are due to
changes in the mix of the vehicle technologies.
The final PM-10 emission factors include AP-42
emission factors accounting for tire wear and
brake wear. The emission factors for all other
years between the 1970 and 1993 were
interpolated from the 1984 and 1990 emission
factors.
National SO2 emission factors were generated for
every year between 1970 and 1993 using the
parameters used to calculate the motor vehicle S02
emission factors in AP-42. The SO2 emission
factors are based on the fuel sulfur content, fuel
density, and fuel economy. Of these parameters,
the fuel economy varied from year to year. In
addition, the sulfur content of diesel fuel changed
in 1993.
6.2.2.2 Off-highway
This category includes the estimated emissions
from aircraft, commercial marine vessels,
railroads, and all other off-highway vehicles and
equipment. The methodology used to generate the
emissions for these sources is described in this
section.
6.2.2.2.1 1990 Base Year Inventory The 1990
emissions from aircraft, commercial marine
vessels, and railroads have been estimated from
the area source portion of the 1985 NAPAP
Emission Inventory by the process described in
section 6.2.1.2. The basis for the 1990 off-
highway emissions was emission inventories
prepared by OMS for 27 nonattainment areas
(NAAs). These inventories were combined and
used to create national county-level emissions.
These emissions were classified by equipment and
engine type in the OMS inventories and were
distributed to the appropriate off-highway vehicle
SCCs. The OMS inventories did not contain
emissions for SO2 and, therefore, none were
included for the off-highway SCCs. It was
assumed, based on the emissions from the 1985
NAPAP Emissions Inventory, that the S02
emissions for these SCCs were very small
(< 92,000 short tons/year).
5.2.2.2.2 1970 to 1989 and 1991 The off-
highway emissions for the years 1970 through
1989 have been based on the 1990 estimates.
Historic E-GAS growth factors were obtained by
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) codes and
correlated to the off-highway SCCs.32 These
factors were applied to the 1990 emissions
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-8
Methodology
-------
according to the methodology described in section
6.2.1.2.3.
6.2.2.2.3 1992 and 1993 The off-highway
emissions for the years 1992 and 1993 were
grown from the 1990 estimates using E-GAS
growth factors according to the methodology
described in section 6.2.1.2.3.
6.2.3 Industrial Processes
The industrial processes category includes the
estimated emissions for the following Tier I source
categories:
CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT
MANUFACTURING,
METALS PROCESSING,
PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES,
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES,
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
(INDUSTRIAL AND NONINDUSTRIAL), AND
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT.
The CO, NOX, PM-10, SO2, and VOC emissions
for these source categories, excluding the area
source solvent utilization sources, have been
produced by the methodology described in section
6.2.1.2. This includes all emissions based on the
nonutility point source and nonsolvent area source
emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Emission
Inventory. Lead emissions were determined for
the years 1985 through 1992 by the methodology
described in section 6.3 and for 1993 by the
methodology described in the introduction to
section 6.2. The methodology used to estimate the
emissions for area source solvent utilization is
presented in this section.
The emissions from solvent utilization were based
on a national material balance of the total point
and area source solvent consumption. The 1989
national solvent consumption data were obtained
from three sources.33'34'35 The national solvent
emissions were calculated by subtracting the
quantity of solvent transferred to waste
management operations36 and the quantity of
solvent destroyed by air pollution controls10'37
from the total solvent consumption.
The 1989 national solvent emissions were
apportioned to states and counties using data from
the 1988 census data base.38'39'40 Specific census
measures such as population or employment were
used for each solvent end-use category. State and
local regulations covering solvent emissions, along
with control efficiencies, rule effectiveness, and
rule penetration were then applied to the county-
level emissions.41'42
The 1989 county-level solvent emissions were
projected to 1990 using BEA earnings data as
previously described in section 6.2.1.2. The
resulting 1990 solvent emission inventory included
emissions from both area and point sources. The
1990 county-level point source solvent emissions
estimated as described in section 6.2.1.2 were
subtracted from the total solvent inventory to yield
the 1990 area source solvent emissions. These
estimates were projected to the years 1985 through
1989 and the years 1991 through 1993 by the
method described in section 6.2.1.2.
6.2.4 Remaining Categories
The "Remaining Categories" grouping includes the
estimated emissions for three Tier I source
categories:
WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING,
NATURAL SOURCES, AND
MISCELLANEOUS.
The emissions for the natural sources category
included here are from geogenic sources producing
PM-10 from wind erosion. The miscellaneous
category is divided into four subcategories:
agriculture and forestry, other combustion, fugitive
dust, and health services.
The CO, NOX, PM-10, SO2, and VOC'emissions
for the years 1984 through 1993 from all source
categories, except for those listed below, were
produced using the methodology described in
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-9
Methodology
-------
section 6.2.1.2. Lead emissions for the waste
disposal and recycling sources were determined
for the years 1985 through 1992 by the
methodology described in section 6.3 and for 1993
by the methodology described in the introduction
to section 6.2. This section presents a description
of the methodology used to estimate the emissions
for the following tier categories:
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic
wind erosion
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture and Forestry
agricultural crops and agricultural
livestock
Other Combustion
forest fires/wildfires
prescribed/slash and managed burning
fugitive dust.
More detailed descriptions of the methodologies
used to produce these emissions are presented in
the Trends Procedure Manual.4
6.2.4.1 Natural Sources, Geogenic, Wind
Erosion
The PM-10 emissions for the years 1985 through
1993 from the wind erosion of agricultural lands
were made using a modified version of the
NAPAP methodology.43 Monthly emissions were
estimated from the acres of crops planted, the
number of seconds, and the dust flux. The
expected dust flux was based on the probability
distribution of wind energy, the mean wind speed
and the coefficient of drag.
The probability distribution of wind energy was
determined from the mean wind speed and the
threshold velocity which was, in turn, determined
from the threshold friction velocity. The threshold
friction velocity was a function of soil type and
precipitation. Monthly meteorological data for
average wind speed, total precipitation, and
anemometer height (used in the calculation of the
coefficient of drag) were obtained for each state.22
Assignments of soil type were made for each state
based on information from U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) surface soil map.44 Based on
this information and the assumption that wind
erosion is zero from the time of plant emergence
until harvest, fugitive dust emission fluxes were
calculated.
The monthly precipitation value is critical in
determining the dust flux from agricultural soils.
Once the total monthly precipitation value exceeds
5.08 cm, an "after precipitation" threshold friction
velocity is used to calculate the dust flux for that
month. For most soil types, the "after
precipitation" threshold friction velocity is
substantially higher than the "before precipitation"
value, because precipitation acts to "cement" soil
grains together, thus increasing the wind velocity
required to initiate erosion. The wind velocity
required to initiate wind erosion must equal or
exceed the threshold friction velocity. The
average wind speed is related to the threshold
friction velocity by the probability distribution for
wind energy. Thus, by raising the threshold
friction velocity required to initiate wind erosion,
the probability that wind erosion will occur is
reduced, since it requires a higher wind energy.
In terms of probability theory, a higher wind
energy is further out on the probability distribution
curve. The overall effect of the "before" and
"after" precipitation change in the threshold
friction velocity is to provide an "on/off function
(i.e., a step function) to the calculation of wind
erosion at equivalent average monthly wind
speeds.
6.2.4.2 Miscellaneous, Agriculture and
Forestry
The methodology used to estimate the emissions
from agricultural crops and livestock are described
in this section.
6.2.4.2.1 Agricultural Crops The PM-10
emissions for the years 1985 through 1993 were
estimated using the AP-42 emission factor
equation for agricultural tilling.8 The activity data
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-10
Methodology
-------
for this calculation were the acres of land planted.
The emission factor, expressed in terms of the
mass of TSP produced per acre-tilled was
corrected by the following constant parameters:
the silt of the surface soil, the particle size
multiplier, and the number of tillings per year.
6.2.4.2.2 Agricultural Livestock The 1990
emissions from agricultural livestock were
determined from activity data, expressed in terms
of the number of heads of cattle38 and a national
PM-10 emission factor.45 The emissions for the
years 1985 through 1991 were produced using the
methodology described for area source emissions
in section 6.2.1.2.2. The emissions for the years
1992 and 1993 were produced using E-GAS
growth factors as described in section 6.2.1.2.3.
6.2.4.3 Miscellaneous, Other Combustion
The emissions for the miscellaneous, other
combustion category include agricultural burning,
forest fires/wildfires, prescribed/slash andmanaged
burning, and structural fires. The emissions from
agricultural burning and structural fires were
produced using the methodology described in
section 6.2.1.2. The methodologies used to
estimate the emissions for forest fires/wildfires and
prescribed/slash and managed burning are
described below.
6.2.4.3.1 Forest Fires/Wildfires The
emissions for the wildfire category were generated
for the years 1990 through 1993 using the
methodology described in section 6.3.4.2. For the
years 1990 through 1992, the number of acres
burned was obtained according to this
methodology. For the 1993 emissions, the number
of acres burned were determined by summing the
1993 Department of Interior (DOI) acreage data46
and the USDA Forest Service acreage data47'48
averaged over the years 1990 through 1992.
The emissions for the years 1985 through 1989
were estimated by the methodology described in
section 6.2.1.2.
6.2.4.3.2 Prescribed/Slash and Managed
Burning The emissions for all pollutants were
based on the 1989 USDA Forest Service inventory
of particulate matter from prescribed burning.49
This inventory contains state-level emissions for
CO, PM-10, and VOC. The NOX and SO2
emissions were calculated by assuming the ratio
between the CO emissions to either the NOX or
SO2 emissions in the Forest Service inventory was
equal to the corresponding ratio using the 1985
NAPAP Emission Inventory. The resulting 1989
emissions for CO, NOX, PM-10, SO2, and VOC
have been used for all years between 1985 and
1993.
6.2.4.4 Miscellaneous, Fugitive Dust
The PM-10 fugitive dust emissions arise from
construction activities, mining and quarrying,
paved road resuspension, and unpaved roads. The
general methodology used for these categories
estimated the emissions by using an activity
indicator, an emission factor, and one or more
correction factors. The activity indicator for a
given category varied from year to year as may
the overall correction factor.
6.2.4.4.1 Construction Activities The PM-10
emissions for the years 1985 through 1992 were
calculated from an emission factor, an estimate of
the acres of land under construction, and the
average duration of construction activity.50 The
acres of land under construction were estimated
from the dollars spent on construction.51 The
PM-10 emission factor was calculated from the
TSP emission factor for construction obtained
from AP-42 and the PM-10/TSP ratio.45
The 1993 emissions were extrapolated from the
1992 emissions using the ratio between the
numbers of residential and nonresidential
construction permits issued in 1993 and the
numbers issued in 1992.
6.2.4.4.2 Mining and Quarrying The PM-10
emissions for the years 1985 through 1992 were
the sum of the emissions from metallic ore,
Nati°nal Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-11
Methodology
-------
nonmetallic ore, and coal mining operations.
These PM-10 emissions arise from the following
activities: (1) overburden removal, (2) drilling and
blasting, (3) loading and unloading, and (4)
overburden replacement. Emissions from transfer
and conveyance operations, crushing and screening
operations, and storage and travel on haul roads
were not included.
To calculate the emissions from metallic ore
mining, the PM-10 emission factors for copper ore
processing operations8'52 were applied to all
metallic ores. The PM-10 emission factors for
western surface coal mining53 were used to
estimate the emissions from both nonmetallic ore
and coal mining.
The activity data for the metallic and nonmetallic
mining was obtained from the Bureau of Mines,
U.S. DOI.54 The coal mining activity data was
obtained from the U.S. DOE.55
The 1993 PM-10 emissions were produced
through a linear projection of the emissions for the
years 1985 through 1992.
6.2.4.4.3 Paved Road Resuspension The
calculation of total PM-10 emissions for the years
1985 through 1993 were based on the paved road
VMT, a AP-42 base emission factor, and two
correction factors: road surface silt loading and the
number of dry days.22 A dry day is defined as
any day with less than 0.1 inches of precipitation.
This term attempts to account for the effect of
precipitation. Surface silt loading values by paved
road functional classes and EPA region were
determined using an empirical model based on
traffic volume.56
Total VMT data for the years 1985 through 1992
were obtained by EPA region and road functional
class.19 The total preliminary 1993 VMT data
were obtained by EPA region and two road types
(urban and rural). The rural and urban VMT data
were apportioned to the road functional classes
using the distribution of the 1992 VMT data. The
VMT from paved roads for each year was
calculated by subtracting the unpaved road VMT
(see section 6.2.4.3.6) from the total VMT for
each year.
The base emission factor used in the calculation of
total PM-10 emissions from paved roads accounts
for the emissions from the vehicle (tailpipe, brake
wear, and tire wear) as well as from the
interaction between the vehicle and the road
surface. The fugitive dust category includes only
those emissions from the road surface and not the
vehicle. For this reason, the PM-10 emissions for
highway vehicles calculated as described in
section 6.2.2.1 and distributed to paved roads
using VMT data were subtracted from the total
PM-10 emissions for paved roads. The results
were the PM-10 fugitive dust emissions for paved
roads.
6.2.4.4.4 Unpaved Roads The total PM-10
emissions for the years 1985 through 1992 were
based on the unpaved roads VMT data, a AP-42
base TSP emission factor, and the following
correction factors: particle size multiplier, silt
content of road surface material,58 mean vehicle
speed, mean vehicle weight, mean number of
wheels,57 and the number of dry days.22 Mean
vehicle speeds were assigned to each unpaved
road functional class. The number of dry days is
defined in the same manner as for estimating the
paved road estimates. The VMT data for unpaved
roads were obtained for rural and urban road
functional classes excluding local types and for
local road types.19'59
As with the PM-10 emissions from paved roads,
the emissions from highway vehicles must be
subtracted from the total emissions determined by
the method described above in order to yield the
PM-10 fugitive dust emissions from unpaved roads
and to prevent the double-counting of vehicle
emissions. The highway vehicle emissions were
calculated as described in section 6.2.2.1 and were
distributed to unpaved road using VMT data.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-12
Methodology
-------
The 1993 PM-10 emissions were produced by
multiplying the 1992 VMT by the AP-42 emission
factor and 1993 correction factors.
6.3 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1940
THROUGH 1984
A top-down estimating procedure has been used to
produce the criteria pollutant emissions for the
years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 through 1984,
with several major exceptions. For all
transportation sources, both highway vehicles and
all off-highway transportation, the emissions for
only the years 1940, 1950, and 1960 have been
produced using this methodology. The lead
emissions have been produced using this
methodology for the years 1970 through 1992. In
addition, the TSP emissions presented in
Appendix C have been produced by this
methodology. The SO2 emissions for copper
smelters for the years 1975 to 1984 were obtained
from the plants as documented by the Argonne
National Laboratories.60
The emissions were estimated either for individual
sources or groups of sources using three basic
factors: (1) activity indicator which represents the
activity of a source producing emissions,
(2) emission factor which relates the quantity of
emissions produced to the activity of the source,
and (3) control efficiency which quantifies the
amount of pollutant not emitted due to the
presence of control devices. Depending on the
source category, the activity indicator was
represented by the quantity of fuel consumed (or
delivered), VMT, refuse burned, raw material
processed, or some other measure of production
activity. The emission factors are quantitative
estimates of the average rate of emissions from
many sources combined and are most valid when
applied to a large number of sources. The basic
calculation procedure for most source categories,
excluding highway vehicles and copper smelters,
is represented by the following equation:
- A. . EF,,
where: E = estimated emission
A = activity indicator
EF = emission factor
C = percent control efficiency
p = pollutant
s = source category
National activity data for individual source
categories were obtained from many different
publications. Emission factors were generally
obtained from the AP-428, and from MOBILES.31
Control efficiencies were derived from several
sources, depending on the year for which the
emissions were being produced. For the years
1940 through 1984, the primary source was the
National Emissions Data System (NEDS)
archives.37
The following sections describe the methodology
used for estimating the annual emissions of all
criteria pollutants for each major source category
for the years 1940 through 1984.
6.3.1 Fuel Combustion
The fuel combustion category includes emissions
from the combustion of bituminous, lignite, and
anthracite coal, fuel oil, natural gas, wood, and
other fuels by electric utilities, industries, and
other consumers. The methodologies for
estimating emissions from this category are
discussed by fuel type. The only exceptions to
these methodologies are for the 1980 SO2
emissions from electric utilities, which have been
taken directly from the 1980 NAPAP Emissions
Inventory.61
6.3.1.1 Coal
The emissions from coal combustion were based
on the consumption of bituminous, lignite, and
anthracite coal by various end users.62'63 Most
coal was consumed by electric utilities. The
reported consumption by source category was
multiplied by an average emission factor
representative of each category. To produce the
SO2 emissions, the emission factor included an
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-13
Methodology
-------
average sulfur content value for each type of coal
consumed.64 In addition, the SO2 emission factor
for electric utilities was adjusted to account for the
amount of sulfur controlled by flue gas
desulfurization systems.64 In the case of TSP, an
overall control efficiency was obtained from the
NEDS archives for all power plants combined.
6.3.1.2 Fuel Oil
Residual, distillate, and kerosene oil are burned by
electric utilities, industrial boilers, commercial and
institutional boilers and furnaces, and residential
heaters. Average emission factors and sulfur
content values were calculated and applied to the
consumption data reported for each fuel type by
end user.65
6.3.1.3 Natural Gas
The estimated emissions associated with natural
gas combustion were calculated from consumption
data reported for various end-user groups66 and
AP-42 emission factors.
6.3.1.4 Wood and Other Fuels
The emissions estimated for this category were
based on the consumption of wood for wood
stoves and residential fireplaces,67'68'69 the
consumption of bagasse,37 the sales of liquified
petroleum gas,70 and the consumption of coke and
coke-oven gas.71 These consumption values were
multiplied by appropriate emission factors obtained
from AP-42.
Lead emissions from the combustion of waste oil
were based on information obtained from the
EPA's Office of Solid Waste. While the amount
of waste oil burned was assumed to remain
constant, the Pb content of waste oil was assumed
to be decreasing as a result of the general
reduction in leaded oil and petroleum products.
6.3.2 Transportation
The methodology used to estimate the emissions
produced by highway vehicle and all off-highway
sources is described in this section. This source
category includes gasoline and diesel-powered
motor vehicles, aircraft, railroad, commercial
marine vessels, and off-highway use of motor
fuels. The methodology described here has been
used to estimate the emissions for the years 1940,
1950, and 1960.
6.3.2.1 Highway Vehicles
The emissions from gasoline and diesel-powered
motor vehicles were based upon VMT19 and
emission factors. Eight vehicle categories were
considered:
light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGV),
light-duty diesel vehicles (LDDV),
light-duty gasoline trucks-1 (LDGT-1 [trucks
less than 6,000 pounds in weight]),
light-duty gasoline trucks-2 (LDGT-2
[6,000 to 8,500 pounds in weight]),
light-duty diesel trucks (LDDT),
heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDT),
heavy-duty gasoline trucks (HDGT), and
motorcycles (MC).
Emission factors for VOC, NOX, and CO were
obtained from the MOBILES model, which is
designed to be used as a tool for estimating
exhaust and evaporative emission factors for
highway vehicles. The model determines national
emission factors using a national average
maximum and minimum annual temperature, a
single gasoline volatility, three vehicle speeds, and
eight vehicle types. Emission factors for PM-10
and SO2 were obtained from AP-42. The PM-10
emission factors account for tire wear, brake wear,
and tailpipe exhaust emissions. The VMT data
were distributed by three vehicle speeds, eight
vehicle types, and low and high altitude areas.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-14
Methodology
-------
Lead emissions were based on gasoline
consumption, gasoline Pb content,8'72 percent
unleaded gasoline,70 and emission factors.
6.3.2.2 Aircraft
The emissions from aircraft were based on the
number of landings and take-offs73 and the AP-42
emission factors for various types of aircraft.
Emissions occurring when aircraft are above 3,000
feet are not included in the estimates. Average
emission factors were calculated, taking into
account the national mix of different types of
aircraft used for general aviation, military, and
commercial purposes.
6.3.2.3 Railroads
The emissions from railroads were based on diesel
and residual fuel oil consumption by railroads.65
Coal consumption by steam locomotives has been
negligible since 1955. Average emission factors
were applied to each type of fuel. To estimate the
S02 emissions, the average sulfur content of each
fuel was included in the emission factor.
6.3.2.4 Vessels
The emissions from commercial marine vessels
were based on the consumption of diesel fuel,
residual oil, and coal by vessels operating inside
the U.S. boundaries.62'65'70 Gasoline consumption
was based on national boat and motor registrations
together with usage factors (gallons/motor/year),70
and marine gasoline sales.19 The estimates of fuel
consumption were multiplied by AP-42 emission
factors. In the case of coal-fired vessels, an
average emission factor for coal combustion in
boilers was used.
6.3.2.5 Off-highway
The off-highway source category includes the
estimated emissions from farm tractors, other
farm machinery, construction equipment, industrial
machinery, recreational marine vessels, motor-
cycles, and small general utility engines such as
lawn mowers and snowmobiles. Fuel use was
estimated for each subcategory from equipment
population data and an annual fuel use factor74
together with fuel deliveries of diesel fuel65 and
gasoline sales for off-highway use.19
6.3.3 Industrial Processes
The industrial processes source category includes
the estimated emissions for the following Tier I
source categories:
CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCT
MANUFACTURING,
METALS PROCESSING,
PETROLEUM AND RELATED INDUSTRIES,
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES,
SOLVENT UTILIZATION (BOTH INDUSTRIAL
AND NONINDUSTRIAL), AND
STORAGE AND TRANSPORT.
Production data for industries that produce the
majority of emissions were obtained from
available annual publications; generally, the
Minerals Yearbook12 and Current Industrial
Reports15 provided most of the necessary data.
Average emission factors were applied to the
various production data. Average nationwide
control efficiency values for various processes
were obtained from published reports.76
Petroleum product storage and petroleum
marketing operations, including gasoline, crude oil
and distillate fuel oil storage and transfer, gasoline
bulk terminals and bulk plants, and retail gasoline
service stations, are included as industrial
processes. Other processes included in this
category are industrial surface coating and
degreasing operations, graphic arts (printing and
publishing), and dry cleaners. All of these
processes involve the use of organic solvents.
Emissions from the consumption of organic
solvents were estimated from information reported
by the EPA.77 It was assumed that all solvents
consumed eventually evaporated and were
uncontrolled, except in surface coating operations
where some of the organic solvent vapors were
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-15
Methodology
-------
controlled. The control efficiencies of surface
coating operations were derived from the NEDS
archives.
Sources of emissions from nonindustrial organic
solvent use include the solvent evaporation from
consumer products such as aerosols, deodorants,
polishes, and toiletries, the nonindustrial use of
surface coatings for architectural coating, and the
use of organic compounds in products such as
general cleaning solvents, paint removers, and
liquefaction of asphalt paving compounds. Total
national organic solvent use was estimated from
chemical production reports, along with estimates
of the percentages of total production represented
by each chemical used as a solvent.77'78 It was
assumed that the total quantity of each solvent
produced included an offset for the quantity of
solvent lost during production through evaporation.
Lead emissions from miscellaneous industrial
processes include lead alkyl production (a major
source of Pb)79 and other minor sources such as
type metal production, can soldering, and cable
covering.72 As of the year 1992, lead alkyl is no
longer produced in the United States.
6.3.4 Remaining Categories
The "Remaining Categories" grouping includes the
emissions for the Tier I categories waste disposal
and recycling and miscellaneous sources. The
miscellaneous sources subcategories included are:
agricultural burning, coal refuse burning, forest
fires, prescribed burning, and structural fires.
6.3.4.1 Solid Waste Disposal
The emissions for the waste disposal and recycling
category were based on an assumed per capita
solid waste generation rate of 5.5 pounds per day.
This value was based on a study of solid waste
collection and disposal practices.80 Average
AP-42 emission factors were applied to the
estimated quantities of solid waste disposal. The
emissions were adjusted each year based on
information contained in the NEDS archives.
6.3.4.2 Miscellaneous Sources
This section describes the procedure for estimating
the emissions for the following source categories
falling under the miscellaneous tier category:
(1) agricultural burning, (2) coal refuse burning,
(3) forest fires, (4) prescribed burning, and
(5) structural fires.
The emissions from agricultural burning were
based on a study conducted by the EPA to obtain
local agricultural and air pollution control agency
estimates of the number of acres burned and
quantity of material burned per acre in agricultural
burning operations.81 These data were updated
and used to estimate emissions based on average
emission factors.
The emissions from coal refuse burning were
estimated from the number of burning coal-refuse
piles in the United States.82 Detailed information
is available concerning the nature, origin, and
extent of this source of pollution. Rough
estimates of the quantity of emissions were made
by applying average emission factors for coal
combustion. It should be noted that the number of
coal-refuse piles decreased to a negligible level by
1975.
Forest fire emissions were estimated from
information on the number of forest fires, their
location, and the acreage burned each year.46'47'48
The amount of biomass used to determine the
quantity of vegetation burned was estimated by the
EPA.81 Average emission factors were applied to
the estimated quantities of vegetation burned.
The emissions from prescribed burning were based
on information on the acres burned and the
biomass per acre.83 Emission factors from AP-42
were applied to the estimated quantities of
vegetation burned.
The emissions from structural fires were based on
the number and type of structures damaged by
fires each year.84 The emissions were estimated
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Methodology
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by applying average emission factors for wood
combustion to these statistics.
6.4 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1900
THROUGH 1939
The national SO2, NOX, and VOC emissions
presented for the years 1900 through 1939 have
been taken from two reports on historic emissions.
The first report contains SO2 and NOX emissions
for the years between 1900 and 1980.2 The VOC
emissions for the years between 1900 and 1985
are contained in the second.3 For the emissions
presented in these reports, the term "national"
refers to the contiguous United States.
These reports have also served as the sources of
the emissions for the years 1941 through 1949,
1951 through 1959, and 1961 through 1969. The
methodologies for estimating the emissions for
these years requires the emissions for the years
1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970. Therefore, the
methodologies described in this section apply to
emissions for the years 1900 through 1970. It
must be emphasized that the methodology used to
estimate the emissions presented in this report for
the years 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970 are
described in section 6.3.
A summary of the methodologies used to produce
the emissions is presented here, along with the
basic assumptions and categorizations used to
estimate these emissions. Detailed descriptions,
including explanations of the calculations required
to estimate these emissions, are found in the
Trends Procedures Manual.4
6.4.1 Emission Estimation Methodologies for
Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides
The emissions of SO2 and NOX have been
estimated every 5 years from 1900 through 1970
for specific sources of emissions. The emissions
for all intervening years between 1900 and 1970
have been extrapolated from these previously
calculated emissions based on changes in the
national activity for each source category.
6.4.1.1 Emissions for Every 5 Years
The SO2 and NOX emissions have been produced
for every fifth year beginning in 1900 and ending
in 1970. The methodologies used to estimate the
emissions fall into three general groups:
(1) emissions from the combustion of fuels for
heat and power, (2) emissions from the
combustion of fuel for transportation, and
(3) emissions from miscellaneous processes. The
source categories included in each of these general
groups are presented in Table 6-5.
6.4.1.1.1 Fuel Combustion The emissions in
this group were categorized by the source category
and by the fuel type. The emissions were
determined using a fuel use indicator, a fuel sulfur
content (necessary to estimate SO2 emissions
only), and an emission factor. The fuel use
indicator was the fuel consumption for a specific
source and fuel type. There are combinations of
fuel types and source categories for which no fuel
use indicators were available over specific time
periods. For those cases, emissions were not
estimated.
The emission factors were derived from those
contained in AP-42, up to and including
Supplement 14 to the third edition.85 Emission
factors representing a given source category, fuel
type, and pollutant were weighted averages of the
AP-42 emission factors representing specific
processes. The weighting factors were the
quantities of the specific fuel type consumed by
each of the processes.
In order to estimate SO2 emissions, the sulfur
content of the fuel burned was required. Because
sulfur content data are unavailable prior to 1955,
the emissions for all years prior to 1955 were
made using the 1955 sulfur content data for all
fuels. The 1955 coal sulfur contents are estimated
for each state based on coal quality, quantity, and
distribution.
6.4.1.1.2 Transportation The emissions
produced by highway vehicles were divided into
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Methodology
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two subcategories based on fuel type: gasoline and
diesel. Emissions were estimated based on the
gasoline or diesel fuel consumption, fuel
efficiency (for gasoline only), and emission factor.
The fuel efficiency factor correlated the amount of
gasoline consumed to the average number of miles
traveled. A national average miles per gallon was
estimated for the year 1935 and all years
following, but was held constant for all years prior
to 1935.
Emission factors were obtained from the
MOBILE2 emission factor model86 for the years
1950 through 1970. The 1950 emission factors
were used for the years preceding 1950. The
factors for NOX emissions were derived to
represent two distinct road types: urban and rural.
The emission factors for gasoline-powered
vehicles were expressed as the amount of pollutant
emitted for every mile traveled. The emission
factors for diesel-powered vehicles were expressed
as the amount of pollutant emitted for every gallon
of diesel fuel consumed. Therefore, no fuel
efficiency was required to estimate the emissions
from diesel-powered vehicle.
6.4.1.1.3 Industrial Processes and Other
Sources The source subcategories composing
the miscellaneous processes group are presented in
Table 6-5. With the exception of the two
miscellaneous categories, the emissions were based
on an activity indicator and an emission factor.
The activity indicator specified the industrial
output of the process or, in the case of the wildfire
category, the area burned. The emission factors
were derived from AP-42.85 Because of the
diverse nature of this group, specific details of the
methodologies used to calculate the emissions are
discussed for each category individually.
6.4.1.1.3.1 Coke Plants. The methodology
used to estimate the uncontrolled emissions
produced from the combustion stacks of coke
plants is similar to that used for coal combustion.
In place of the amount of coal burned, these
estimates were based on the amount of coal
charged into the coke ovens. This methodology
accounted for only about 67 percent of the total
SO2 emitted by coke plants. The remaining 33
percent of the emissions were passed to the coke
oven gas and were emitted latter in the steel
manufacturing process. These emissions were
categorized with miscellaneous industrial
processes.
6.4.1.1.3.2 Smelters. The primary smelters
category consists of copper, lead, and zinc
smelters. The methodology used to estimate the
emissions was based on the quantities of ore
smelted and the emission factors. For the years
prior to 1940, the quantity of ore smelted was
estimated using the amount of recoverable metal
produced by the mines in a given state. It was
assumed that any ore mined in a given state was
smelted in the same state. If the given state was
known to have no smelters, then it was assumed
that the ore was smelted in the nearest state
having a smelter.
The controlled SO2 emissions were determined by
subtracting the amount of SO2 recovered by the
production of by-product sulfuric acid. Because
only national by-product sulfuric acid production
data were available, it was assumed that the
amount of SO2 recovered for each state was
proportional to the smelter output for that state.
6.4.1.1.3.3 Cement Plants. SO2 and NOX
emissions from cement plants were produced by
both the minerals processed in the kiln and the
combustion of fuels to heat the kiln. The activity
indicator used to estimate the emissions was the
total annual production of Portland cement by
state. The emission factors were the sum of the
emission factors for the mineral sources, the
combustion of coal, and the combustion of oil.
The emission factors calculated for the year 1955
were used to estimate the emissions for all
preceding years.
6.4.1.1.3.4 Wildfires. Wildfire emissions are
defined as emissions from the combustion of
vegetation in any uncontrolled fire. The activity
indicator for this category was the total area
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Methodology
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burned annually in each state. This information
was available for most states by 1925 and for all
states by 1940. Prior to 1925, the acreage burned
was assumed to be equal to the acreage burned in
1925. The emission factors reflected variations in
vegetation (e.g., woodlands as compared to
grasslands).
6.4.1.1.3.5 Miscellaneous Processes. TheSO2
and NOX emissions for the two miscellaneous
source categories, industrial processes and other
processes, were estimated by backcasting 1980
emissions obtained from the 1984 National
Emissions Report87 using national growth factors.
The growth factors were based on the changes in
the national population.
6.4.1.2 Emissions for Intervening Years
The SO2 and NOX emissions have been estimated
every fifth year from 1900 to 1970 as described in
the preceding section. For all source categories
representing the combustion of fuels and for coke
plants, the emissions for each intervening year
have been estimated by equating the changes in
the national consumption of the corresponding fuel
to the changes in the emissions.
For the following fuel types and years, the
national fuel consumption changed radically and,
therefore, was not used to estimate the annual
emissions: bituminous coal for the years 1912 and
1913 and natural gas for the years 1931, 1932, and
1933. In these cases, the annual SO2 and NOX
emissions were determined using a linear
interpolation.
For the source categories grouped as miscella-
neous processes (excluding coke plants), the
annual emissions were also calculated by a linear
interpolation.
6.4.2 Emission Estimation Methodologies for
Volatile Organic Compounds
The national VOC emissions have been estimated
using activity indicators and emission factors. The
VOC emissions were divided into five broad
source categories, each of which was subdivided
into more refined subcategories. These categories
and corresponding subcategories are presented in
Table 6-6.
6.4.2.1 Emissions for Every 5 Years
The VOC emissions have been calculated for
every fifth year between 1900 and 1970. The
emissions for the years 1940 through 1970 were
obtained from the 1985 Trends report.80 The
emissions for the years 1900 through 1935, 1945,
1955, and 1965 were based on the national annual
activity and the national annual emission factor for
each source category. In cases where the activity
indicators contained data from Alaska, Hawaii, or
the U.S. territories, the activity indicators for areas
outside the contiguous United States were
subtracted from the total activity indicators.
The emission factors for the years 1900 through
1935, 1945, 1955, and 1965 were extrapolated
from the emission factors for the years 1940,
1950, 1960, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980, and 1985.
The emission factors for these years between 1940
and 1985 were calculated from the estimated
emissions and the activity indicators obtained from
the 1985 Trends report. These emissions and
activity indicators were disaggregated into the
source subcategories given in Table 6-6.
For some source subcategories, the emission
factors were unchanged over the period from 1940
to 1985. Therefore, these emission factors were
used to calculate the corresponding emissions for
the years prior to 1940 and for the years 1945,
1955, and 1965. For source categories where the
emission factors changed between the years 1940
through 1985, the emission factors for the years
before 1940 and for the years 1945, 1955, and
1965 were extrapolated from these calculated
emission factors.
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6-19
Methodology
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6.4.2.2 Emissions for Intervening Years
The emissions for the intervening years were
estimated from the emissions for every fifth year
between 1900 and 1970 and the change in the
corresponding activity indicator for each source
category as presented in Table 6-5. The activity
data for each year were obtained from the report
of historic SO2 and NOX emissions.2 For source
categories where population was used as the
activity indicators, the annual emissions were
calculated using a linear interpolation.
6.4.2.3 Changes in Estimated Emissions
The emission factors for the source category
external fuel combustion, subcategory wood have
been changed since the time the original report3
was published. An adjustment of the erroneously
high emission factor was based on more current
information. No changes have been made to the
activity indicators for this subcategory. Therefore,
the values published in this report supersede those
presented in the orginal report.3
6.5 EMISSIONS REVISIONS
The estimated emissions presented in this report
have in some instances been modified from the
emissions presented in previous Trends reports.
These modifications have come about due to the
use of different methodologies to estimate the
emissions, the refinement of the methodologies
used for the 1993 Trends report, the availability of
updated information used to estimate the
emissions, and the recategorization of some
emission source categories. These modifications
to the emissions are documented in this section.
6.5.1 Methodological Changes
The emissions presented in this report reflect
several major changes in the methodologies used
to estimate the emissions. These changes are
included in the methodologies described in the
preceding section of this chapter. The changes in
the methodologies from those used to estimate the
emissions presented in the 1993 Trends report91
are summarized below.
The Interim Inventory methodology was
expanded to include the CO, NOX, and VOC
emissions for the year 1985. The previously
reported emissions were taken directly from
the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory, with the
exception of the emissions for highway
vehicles, off-highway, and solvent use, and the
SO2 emissions from steam generated fossil-fuel
electric utility units.
Prior to this report, the PM-10 emissions for
the years 1985 through 1992 were estimated
using the methodology currently used to
estimate the emissions for the years 1940
through 1984. For this report, the PM-10
emissions for all source categories, excluding
fugitive dust sources and forest fires, for the
years 1985 to the current year were estimated
using the methodology reported in the
Emissions Inventory for the National
Particulate Matter Study.5 In addition, the
methodology developed for that study was
used to estimate the fugitive dust emissions
from cattle feedlots.
The methodology for estimating fugitive dust
PM-10 emissions from paved and unpaved
roads was changed to eliminate the inclusion
of tailpipe, brake, and tire wear emissions
produced by vehicles. Previously, these
emissions had been included in both the
PM-10 fugitive dust categories and the PM-10
highway vehicle categories.
Emissions from highway vehicles for the years
1970 through 1993 were estimated using a
modified method based on the methodology
used to produce the 1992 emissions presented
in the 1993 Trends report.91
6.5.2 Other Changes
In addition to the changes in methodology
affecting most, if not all, source categories and
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6-20
Methodology
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pollutants, other changes were made to the
emissions for specific pollutants, source categories,
and/or individual sources. Such changes are
discussed below.
The SO2 emissions from metals processing at
copper smelters were modified for the years
1987 through 1993 by removing the emissions
from a facility demolished on January 15,
1987.
The PM-10 emissions from electric utilities for
the years 1940 through 1984 were revised as
a result of correcting the emission factor for
bituminous coal.
The off-highway emissions for the years 1970
through 1989 and 1991 for CO, NOX, PM-10,
and VOC were revised by adjusting 1990 off-
highway nonattainment area emissions
obtained from OMS using E-GAS historical
growth factors.32
Several of the changes to the fugitive dust
emissions were the result of a recategorization.
The wind erosion emissions have been moved
to Tier 1 natural sources, while the remaining
fugitive dust sources remained in Tier 1
miscellaneous sources. This included wind
erosion fugitive dust from surface mining
operation, exposed areas (SCC = 3-05-010-49).
In 1990 these emissions were 157 short tons.
The fugitive dust emissions from agricultural
tilling were recategorized under Tier 2
agricultural and forestry for agricultural crops.
The emissions for cattle feedlots were
categorized under the same Tier 2 category for
agricultural livestock.
The emissions from two SCCs were reassigned
to different Tier 1 categories. The emissions
from logging operations, SCC 23-07-010-000,
were moved from the tier category other
industrial processes wood, pulp & paper, &
publishing products to the category
miscellaneous - agriculture & forestry. The
emissions from carbon black production pellet
dryer, SCC 3-01-005-07 were moved from the
tier category storage and transport organic
chemical storage to the category chemical and
allied product manufacturing - other chemical
manufacturing (carbon black manufacturing).
As described in section 6.2.4.3.1, the forest
fire emissions for the years 1990 through 1993
were made using year specific acreage of land
burned. Previously, the emissions for the
years 1990 through 1992 had been held
constant at the 1985 level as taken from the
1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory. The
emissions presented in this report for the years
1985 through 1989 continued to be held
constant at the 1985 level.
The highway vehicle emission factors for
PM-10 and SO2 were revised based on updated
correction factors.
The 1985 and 1990 emissions from steam
generated fossil-fuel electric utility units were
estimated based on the updated version of the
Form EIA-767. The 1992 emissions were
based on the first release version of the Form
EIA-767 as compared with the preliminary
emissions presented in last year's report based
on the 1992 Form EIA-759.
The prerelease E-GAS, version 2.0 model was
used in place of the E-GAS, version 1.0
model. The 1992 emissions estimated for last
year's report using version 1.0 of the model
were revised using the growth factors from the
prereleased version 2.0 of the model. The
sources and pollutants for which E-GAS was
used to estimate the 1992 and 1993 emissions
are specified in section 6.2.
6.5.3 Future Changes
One of the future goals in generating the emission
inventories reported in the Trends report is the
incorporation of ozone SIP data reported by the
states in AIRS. At the time these emissions were
being estimated for this report, no SIP data had
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-21
Methodology
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been approved. When SIP data are approved and
become available in AIRS, the SIP data will
replace the data currently used in this report.
6.6 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL
EMISSIONS, 1993
Although the EPA has produced an annual
national estimate of emission trends since 1973,
this report is the second in a series which presents
emissions at the county, state, ozone nonattainment
area, and seasonal levels for CO, NOX, SO2, and
VOC. Starting with this year's report, PM-10
emissions are presented by various geographical
areas. The spatial and temporal emissions are
presented for the current year of emissions in
section 2.2 and 2.3. The regional emissions are
presented for the years 1985 through 1993 in
section 4.0 of this report. Lead emissions are
presented only at the regional level in this report.
6.6.1 Spatial Emissions, 1993
The 1993 emissions for CO, NOX, PM-10, SO2,
and VOC have been derived at the county level by
the method described in section 6.2, except for the
categories of forest fires/wildfires and fugitive
dust. For the purposes of this section, the term
fugitive dust includes natural sources and
agricultural crops and excludes point source wind
erosion. The procedures used to estimate the
county-level emissions for the forest fires/wildfires
and fugitive dust categories are summarized in this
section.
The 1993 forest fire/wildfire emissions were
produced at the state level as described in section
6.2 These state emissions were distributed to the
counties using the same pollutant specific county-
level distributions used in the 1985 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory. For states not reporting
wildfire emissions in the 1985 NAPAP Emissions
Inventory, Trends wildfire emissions were
distributed equally among counties within the
state. The fugitive dust emissions were derived at
either the region or state level as described in
section 6.2. These estimates were distributed to
the county level by various methods depending on
the specific source category. State-level PM-10
emissions from agricultural crops were distributed
to the county level using 1987 county estimates of
cropland harvested.38 Regional PM-10 emissions
from construction activities were distributed to the
county level using county estimates of payroll for
construction (SICs 15, 16, 17).89 The state-level
rural and urban PM-10 paved and unpaved road
emissions were distributed to the county level
using estimates of county rural and urban land
area.102 The natural source wind erosion
emissions were distributed from the state level to
the county level using the rural land area.102 The
mining and quarrying emissions were distributed
equally among counties within the EPA region.
For all source categories, the point and area
county emissions were summed to the state level
and presented in section 2.2. The state emissions
were summed to the EPA regions as defined in
Figure 1-1 and presented in section 4.0.
In the 1993 Trends report, charts of typical CO,
NOX, and VOC emissions in "serious" and above
ozone nonattainment areas were compiled using
1992 emissions. This year, sufficiently complete
1990 base year inventories for six such areas have
been submitted (but not approved) to the AIRS to
warrant basing composite emission profiles on
these actual inventory data. These six areas
represent the populous northeast and the
southwest. As additional base year inventories are
completed in AIRS, composite profiles in future
Trends reports will become increasingly
comprehensive. These emissions are presented in
section 2.2.3 of this report.
6.6.2 Temporal Emissions, 1993
The 1993 emissions presented in section 2.3 were
allocated to the four seasons by three
methodologies depending on source category. The
highway emissions for CO, NOX, and VOC were
calculated for each month as described in section
6.2 and summed to the seasonal total. Electric
utility, PM-10 and SO2 highway vehicle, and all
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6-22
Methodology
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area source emissions were temporally apportioned
using state-level point and area factors obtained
from the 1985 NAPAP methodology.92 Point
source emissions were distributed to the seasons
based on the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory
seasonal throughput percentages for each point.
The seasons are defined as winter (December,
January, February), spring (March, April, May),
summer (June, July, August), and autumn
(September, October, November). The fugitive
dust emissions, as defined in section 6.6.1, were
distributed equally to all seasons.
6.7 LARGEST POINT SOURCES IN
AIRS/AFS
This report is the third in a series to track the top-
emitting sources of CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC and
the second to track the top-emitting sources of
PM-10, industrial SO2, and Pb. The plant level
emissions were extracted for AIRS/AFS excluding
only those facilities having an operating status
defined as permanently closed. The lists for each
pollutant of the 30 top-emitting sources in 1993
are presented in section 2.4 of this report. The
process by which these lists were compiled is
described below.
The top-emitting facilities were extracted
February 9, 1994 based on the following criteria
set: (1) region greater than zero, (2) default
emissions greater than zero, (3) default emission
units equal to, short tons per year, and (4) pollutant
equal to one of the six criteria pollutants. One file
for each pollutant was generated. Each file
contained information on the EPA region, state,
county, plant identification by NED's code, plant
name, primary SIC, year of inventory, default
emissions, default emission units, plant location by
latitude and longitude, and plant operating status.
After excluding all closed plants, the remaining
plants were ranked according to emissions. The
preliminary lists for each pollutant included only
the top 100 facilities. To obtain a list of the 200
top S02-emitting industrial facilities, all electric
utility plants or any plant reporting a primary SIC
equal to 4911, 4931, or 4939 were removed from
the list of top SO2-emitting sources.
These lists were sent to the EPA regions and they
were informed that such lists of top-emitting
facilities would appear in the 1994 Trends report.
If any errors were found in the information on the
plants in their region, they were instructed to make
corrections to the AIRS/AFS data files. In
addition, they were informed that a second
extraction from AIRS/AFS was to be made in July
for inclusion in the 1994 Trends report.
After reviewing these lists, it was noted that
several plants included on the lists published in
the 1993 Trends report were no longer present.
After investigating AIRS/AFS interactively, it was
determined that in order to include all plants
emitting a specific pollutant, data for all inventory
years must be downloaded from the AIRS/AFS
data base. The criteria set for the data extraction
was modified in order to include all records where
the year of inventory was not blank. Data
extractions for each pollutant were performed on
April 13 using the modified criteria set. The six
output files were processed using the following
steps: (1) retain the record for a given facility
with the latest year of inventory and data in all
other fields, (2) delete all closed plants (i.e.,
operating status = "x"), (3) rank plants by
emissions, and (4) retain the 50 top-emitting
facilities. The processing of the industrial sources
emitting SO2 included the additional step of
removing all electric utilities after ranking the
plants by emissions. In addition, the list of
industrial sources emitting SO2 included the top
200 facilities.
The same extraction procedure was performed the
second week of July. Comments received on the
lists produced in February were used to assure the
quality of the lists produced in July. These
revised lists were once again sent to the EPA
regions for review. The final lists of top-emitting
sources are presented in both tables and maps in
section 2.4.
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Methodology
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6.8 NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1996 to
2010
Projections of future year emissions have been
estimated using the following general procedure:
Grow 1990 emissions or activity levels.
Apply future year control efficiencies or
emission factors reflecting CAAA
requirements.
The application of the above procedure differs
slightly by major emitting sector highway
vehicle, utility, nonutility point, and area/off-
highway sources.
6.8.1 Highway Vehicles
Highway vehicle emissions were projected using
the Emission Reduction and Cost Analysis Model
(ERCAM). Growth factors were first applied to
1990 VMT estimates. VMT was then allocated to
the monthly level and MOBILESa emission factors
were applied. The monthly emissions were then
summed to calculate annual emissions.
6.8.1.1 VMT Growth
The 1990 VMT estimates were projected to the
future years using metropolitan statistical area
(MSA) level growth factors by vehicle class.
These factors were developed from national
growth by vehicle class from the MOBILE4.1 Fuel
Consumption Model.93 The national growth was
scaled to the MSA-level based on population
projections.94 Thus, if an area shows population
growth higher than the national average, VMT
growth will also be higher than the national
average.
The resulting annual county-level vehicle and
roadway type projected VMT data were
temporally allocated to months using NAPAP
temporal allocation factors20 and the number of
days in each month.
6.8.1.2 Emission Factor Modeling
6.8.1.2.1 Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides,
and Volatile Organic Compound Emission
Factor Modeling The MOBILESa emission
factor model21 was used to calculate all CO, NOX,
and VOC highway vehicle emission factors for all
states except California. California emission
factors for these pollutants were calculated using
an OMS-modified version of MOBILESa that
simulates the California fleet. As with the 1970
through 1993 emission highway vehicle emission
factors, the projection year emission factors were
calculated at the county level.
Temperature inputs for the projection years were
30-year average monthly maximum and minimum
daily temperatures, with a single set of
temperature inputs for each state.84 California was
broken into two regions to capture the climatic
variation within the state, so a separate set of
temperature inputs was used for each of these
regions.
Reid vapor pressure inputs were provided at the
monthly level for each state, and did not vary by
year. For the period from May 1 through
September 15, the Phase II RVP limits are in
effect in nonattainment areas. During this period,
nonattainment areas in the ASTM Class B are
subject to an RVP limit of 7.8 psi, while all other
areas were subject to an RVP limit of 8.7 psi (9.0
psi with an assumed 0.3 psi margin of safety).
Reid vapor pressure values for the other months
were based on monthly values calculated by QMS
for the AAMA survey cities, and applied to the
state level using the same allocation procedure
used in the projection of the historical emissions.
96
Enhanced and basic I/M programs were applied in
the areas required by the CAAA (or that have
otherwise indicated that they would enact such a
program). The MOBILESa inputs for these areas
were based on EPA's enhanced and basic I/M
program performance standards.96 Oxygenated
fuels were modeled in the MSAs listed as having
such a program by QMS in the months specified
National Air Pollutant Epiission Trends, 1900-1993
6-24
Methodology
-------
for that area.97 Federal reformulated gasoline was
modeled in the areas included in the latest list of
areas that have opted in to 'the program98. In
California, the California reformulated gasoline
program was modeled statewide, using the
modified version of MOBILESa. A reduction was
applied to the NOX emission factors obtained from
MOBILESa to account for the NOX benefits
specified in the final reformulated gasoline
rulemaking which are not included in MOBILESa.
This benefit was approximately 6 percent for
LDGVs and LDGTs starting in 2000 (the first year
of the Phase II reformulated gasoline program).
The California low emission vehicle (LEV)
program was modeled throughout the state of
California, with maximum LEV credits applied in
counties with enhanced I/M programs and
minimum LEV credits elsewhere.99
6.8.1.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emission
Factor Modeling Particulate matter (PM-10)
emission factors were calculated at the national
level by vehicle type, using the same procedure as
discussed for the historical PM-10 emission
factors. These emission factors were then applied
to the national VMT totals by vehicle type.
6.8.1.2.3 Sulfur Dioxide Emission Factor
Modeling Sulfur dioxide emission factors were
calculated at the national level by vehicle type,
following the same procedure as described for the
calculation of the 1970 to 1993 SO2 highway
vehicle emission factors. Fuel economy
projections were obtained from the MOBILE4.1
Fuel Consumption Model.93
6.8.2
Utilities
6.8.2.1 Electric Utility Growth
Utility growth was projected using the ERCAM-
NOX model100, and the 1990 Interim Inventory1 as
the base for the projections. In ERCAM-NOX,
changes in the capacity utilization of existing
electric utility units are based on historical
capacity utilization at the unit level. Additional
growth is projected based on planned and
projected electric utility units. Data on planned
units and projected electric utility demand was
obtained from DOE.101-102 Generation projections
from the existing and planned units have been
subtracted from the projected generation demand
demand at the regional and fuel type level. The
remaining generation is assumed to be filled by
projected units. Existing units were assumed to
retire after 65 years of service.
6.8.2.2 Electric Utility Controls
Nitrogen oxides controls were applied using the
ERCAM-NOX model.100 This model applies
Title I and Title IV RACT level controls to the
required units, applying the expected percentage
reductions from RACT that are specific to the
boiler type and fuel type. Planned and projected
units coming on line in 1996 or later in
nonattainment areas and the ozone transport
regions were assumed to be subject to new source
review and were assumed to apply selective
catalytic reduction. No new controls were applied
to VOC, CO, or PM-10 emissions.
Sulfur dioxide projections are based on the SO2
electric utility allowance caps of Title IV. The
emission caps per year change from 1995 to 2000
to 2010. The projections presented here are based
on ICF Resources, Incorporated's projections of
how utilities will use these allowances.103 Their
analysis assumes that a certain portion of the
Phase I allowances from 1995 to 1999 will be
banked and then used from 2000 to 2010.
6.8.3 Nonutility Point Sources
Nonutility point source emissions were projected
using the Multiple Projections System104 (MPS).
MPS combines growth factors and future year
control levels to calculate projection year
emissions. The E-GAS growth factors were used
in nonutility point source emission projections
with the exception of industrial source fuel
combustion emissions from coal, residual oil, and
distillate oil. Growth factors for these industrial
source fuel combustion categories were generated
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-25
Methodology
-------
using a Btu Efficiency Neural Network
(BENNET). This neural network provides growth
factors that reflect changes in fuel prices, general
economic growth in the industrial sector, and that
account for fuel switching in future years. These
BENNET growth factors were used in place of
E-GAS growth factors by MPS to develop
industrial combustion point source projected
emissions. Additional details concerning
BENNET and how industrial source emission
projections were developed are available
elsewhere.105
6.8.3.1 Carbon Monoxide Controls
Carbon monoxide nonattainment area requirements
generally focus on mobile source controls
enhanced I/M and oxygenated fuels. While there
may be isolated cases of point source controls,
these are not incorporated into the projections.
6.8.3.2 Nitrogen Oxides Controls
Nitrogen oxides control information was also
taken from the ROM control strategy files106 again
simulating the mandatory control requirements of
the 1990 Act, namely, RACT requirements.
Possible substitution of NOX for VOC to meet
rate-of-progress (ROP) requirements, new source
offsets, and controls needed for attainment
demonstrations are not incorporated into the
projections.
6.8.3.3 Volatile Organic Compound
Controls
Volatile organic compound control information is
based on the ROM point source control input.106
This file simulates the mandatory control
requirements of the CAAA. Controls are specified
by source category and ozone nonattainment
classification. Additional CAAA requirements
which are not incorporated into these projections
include: ROP requirements, new source offsets,
and attainment demonstrations.
6.8.3.4 Sulfur Dioxide Controls
The CAAA does not specify any mandatory S02
controls. Regulations applicable to sources of S02
emissions are determined on a State or
nonattainment area basis. A national emission cap
of 5.6 million short tons of SO2 per year was set
by the CAAA for industrial sources. If the cap is
exceeded, EPA may promulgate new regulations.
Projections of growth to 2005 utility E-GAS did
not show emissions exceeding this cap. Point
source SO2 emitters were therefore assumed to
remain at current control levels.
6.8.3.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10) Controls
Review of PM-10 SIPs indicate that control efforts
are focusing primarily on area source emitters;
therefore, point sources were assumed to remain at
current control levels.
6.8.4 Area/Off-highway Projections
Area and nonroad pollutant sources were also
projected using MPS.104 E-GAS growth factors
were used in combination with estimates of future
year control efficiencies.
6.8.4.1 Carbon Monoxide Area/Off-Highway
Controls
Carbon monoxide controls efforts mandated by the
CAAA focus on highway vehicle controls;
therefore, no new area source control initiatives
were modeled. However, CO standards will be
proposed for certain off-highway engines, with
varying effective dates beginning as early as 1996.
Timing of the benefits of these CO standards will
depend upon phase-in schedules and fleet turnover.
Standards will be set for lawn and garden, utility,
small farm and construction, light industrial
applications, gasoline and marine engines. The
off-highway emission projections will reflect the
effect of these standards in future Trends reports.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-26
Methodology
-------
6.8.4.2 Nitrogen Oxides Area/Off-highway
Controls
Nitrogen oxides control information is also taken
from the ROM control strategy file. Reasonably
available control technology requirements are
incorporated for industrial fuel combustion
emissions as a result of the Title I/RACT
requirements. Reasonably available control
technology controls are applied to major stationary
sources. The definition of major stationary source
differs according to the ozone nonattainment
classification (e.g., marginal, moderate, serious,
severe, extreme, ozone transport region) of the
area. Controls for compression ignition (diesel)
engines were added. Increases in NOX emissions
due to the spark ignition standards (aimed at
reducing VOC) were also incorporated.
6.8.4.3 Volatile Organic Compound
Area/Off-highway Controls
Volatile organic compound control information is
based on the ROM area source control strategy
file.106 Area source control requirements include
RACT and new CTG requirements in ozone
nonattainment areas, stage II vapor recovery, Title
III control for HAPs, and Federal measures for
consumer solvents and architectural and industrial
maintenance coatings. Off-highway controls for
spark ignition engines (phase 1) and recreational
marine vessels were added to the ROM controls.
The VOC controls modeled reflect the mandatory
control requirements under the CAAA.
6.8.4.4 Sulfur Dioxide Area/Off-highway
Controls
Sulfur dioxide area source emitters were projected
assuming no change in current control levels.
Unlike nonutilty point sources, sulfur dioxide
emissions from the area source component of
industrial fuel combustion sources were projected
using E-GAS growth factors, rather than BENNET
growth factors. The E-GAS growth factors were
utilized because industrial fuel combustion area
sources are unlikely to switch fuels like point
sources.
6.8.4.5 Particulate Matter (PM-10)
Area/Off-highway Controls
Area source PM-10 controls were modeled in all
PM-10 nonattainment areas. Particulate matter
areas are classified as moderate or serious
depending on the severity of the nonattainment
problem. Controls applied include watering of
cattle feedlots, recycled asphalt paving and
chemical suppressants on unpaved roads, vacuum
sweeping of paved roads, limiting tilling on windy
days, dust control plans at construction sites, and
replacement of non-EPA certified woodstoves with
pellet stoves or EPA Phase II stoves. The controls
applied to each area depend on the magnitude of
emissions from the potentially controlled source
categories and the severity of nonattainment.
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73. FAA Air Traffic Activity. Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation,
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74. Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment Using Internal Combustion
Engines. Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX. October 1973.
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CPA 22-69-104. Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, MO. May 1971.
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Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1979.
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80. 1968 National Survey of Community Solid Waste Practices. PHS Publication No. 1867. Public
Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Cincinnati, OH. 1968.
81. Emissions Inventory from Forest Wildfires, Forest Managed Burns, and Agricultural Burns.
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82. Coal Refuse Fires, An Environmental Hazard. Information Circular 8515. Bureau of Mines, U.S.
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Washington, DC. Annual.
85. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors and Supplements 1-14 AP-42. Third Edition.
(NTIS PB-275525). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 6-33 Methodology
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From Phil Lorang, Director, Emission Planning and Strategies Division, EPA. Ann Arbor, MI.
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Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). Prepared by Resources for the Future. Washington,
DC. June 15, 1994.
104. Multiple Projections System (MPS): User's Manual Version 1.0. EPA-600/R-94-085. U.S.
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Pechan & Associates, Inc. Springfield, VA. August 1994.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 5.34 Methodology
-------
Table 6-1. Equations Used to Estimate Emissions from Electric Utility Boilers
* UCF
* EFPM-V>.SCC * At *
,. sec * «/ x (1 - CSE^J * UCF
EVOCorCO,b = ^ft * EFVOC or CO.SCC *
where: E = estimated emission (expressed in short tons)
FC = fuel consumption (expressed in unitf)
EF = emission factor (expressed in Ibs SO2/unitf)
S = sulfur content (expressed as a decimal)
A = ash content (expressed as a decimal)
RE = rule effectiveness (expressed as a decimal)
CE = control efficiency (expressed as a decimal)
b = boiler
/ = fuel type (coal, oil, gas)
UCF = units conversion factor (1 ton/2000 Ibs)
un^coai = tons burned
unitoil = 1000 gallons burned
unitm. = million cubic feet burned
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 6-35 Methodology
-------
Table 6-2. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in
Earnings by Industry
Percent Growth from:
Industry
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and
other
Coal mining
Oil and gas extraction
Metal mining
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufactures
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products
Leather and leather products
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment, excluding motor
vehicles
Motor vehicles and equipment
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
Local and interurban passenger transit
Transportation by air
SIC
01, 02
07, 08, 09
11
13
10
14
15
20
22
23
26
27
28
29
21
30
31
24
25
33
34
35
36
37
371
32
38
39
40
42
44
41
45
1985 to 1987
14.67
23.58
-17.46
-39.23
-3.03
2.33
7.27
1.67
8.50
-1.72
2.62
7.44
1.75
-10.82
-1.97
5.27
-9.39
10.03
6.82
-9.09
-4.72
-5.72
-3.17
8.44
-6.45
-0.23
-0.04
1.84
-14.13
5.63
-8.92
13.45
12.01
1987 to 1988
-2.73
5.43
-6.37
4.94
18.01
3.74
4.81
1.34
-0.64
1.25
0.94
5.67
6.94
-3.22
2.43
5.51
-1.64
5.15
2.35
5.32
2.55
6.02
-18.01
-1.57
2.20
-1.61
60.65
6.92
-2.53
3.26
0.07
0.51
4.63
1988 to 1989
14.58
1.01
-4.16
-3.88
8.94
-2.79
-1.36
-1.20
-1.39
-1.62
-0.14
-0.81
0.32
-3.02
-2.43
0.68
-3.58
-3.54
-1.46
-0.34
-0.86
-0.32
-1.91
0.55
-2.96
-1.96
-0.82
-2.21
-3.83
-0.20
-1.02
2.14
4.94
1989 to 1990
-3.11
2.48
4.73
5.16
4.56
-0.45
-3.80
-0.24
-4.97
-4.22
-0.39
0.43
1.61
1.06
-5.01
-0.14
-2.55
-3.71
-2.98
-3.03
-1.91
-1.92
-3.22
-1.07
-5.43
-3.19
-2.91
-2.54
-6.03
0.99
2.83
1.44
4.36
(continued)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-36
Methodology
-------
Table 6-2. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in
Earnings by Industry (continued)
Percent Growth from:
Industry
Pipelines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Banking and credit agencies
Insurance
Real estate
Holding companies and investment services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
Private households
Business and miscellaneous repair services
Auto repair, services, and garages
Amusement and recreation services and
motion pictures
Health services
Legal services
Educational services
Social services and membership
organizations
Miscellaneous professional services
Federal, civilian
Federal, military
State and local government
SIC
46
47
48
49
50, 51
52 to 59
60, 61
63,64
65,66
67
70
72
88
76
75
78,79
80
81
82
83
84
91
97
92 to 96
1985 to 1987
-5.21
15.92
1.94
0.07
5.01
5.19
12.44
14.09
92.14
39.05
12.65
7.17
-5.68
17.05
6.65
17.93
15.15
20.14
9.35
17.39
11.28
-0.54
1.96
7.88
1987 to 1988
3.67
8.52
0.68
3.05
5.87
4.39
2.45
4.20
-6.98
-34.86
5.59
2.35
2.41
-17.34
2.46
16.43
7.08
9.92
7.17
8.45
5.04
3.79
-1.07
3.63
1988 to 1989
-4.93
4.60
-2.81
0.63
2.44
0.65
-0.33
1.52
-7.87
-12.18
1.71
7.44
0.83
5.79
3.00
4.06
5.11
4.09
3.88
7.95
7.08
1.21
-1.58
3.19
1989 to 1990
3.53
4.97
2.07
0.39
-1.02
-0.94
-0.49
2.71
-0.48
16.91
2.29
5.41
-3.69
4.34
3.93
7.59
6.28
4.80
2.60
7.37
4.12
1.96
-3.19
3.04
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-37
Methodology
-------
Table 6-3. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SQ-5 National Growth in
Earnings by Industry
Industry
Percent Growth from 1990 to 1991
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Coal mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Durable goods
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Services
Government and government enterprises
Federal, civilian
Federal, military
State and local
-18.38
-5.06
-0.75
-10.37
-3.01
-0.89
-4.30
-2.55
-2.84
1.91
1.16
-0.49
-1.94
2.00
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-38
Methodology
-------
Table 6-4. Sample E-GAS Growth Factors Arranged by
Tier 1 and Tier 2 Source Category
Tier!
Modified Tier 2
1992 Growth Factor 1993 Growth Factor
INDUSTRIAL FUEL
COMBUSTION
MISCELLANEOUS
OFF-HIGHWAY
OTHER FUEL
COMBUSTION
OTHER INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES
Pulp & Paper Process
Heaters: Residual Oil
Agricultural Burning and
Livestock
Diesel and Gasoline
Construction Equipment
Diesel and Gasoline Industrial
Equipment
Commercial/Institutional
Distillate and Residual Oil
Residential Oil
Residential Wood
Agriculture and Food
Mineral Products
0.8456
1.1854
1.1071 to 1.3805
1.1682
1.1591 to 1.1705
0.6508
0.7361 to 0.8897
1.1854
1.1751
0.7685
1.2082
1.2079 to 1.4703
1.2184
1.233510 1.2530
0.4520
0.5245 to 0.7994
1.2082
1.2125
STORAGE &
TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL
Bulk Material Storage
Bulk Material Transport
Incineration and Open Burning
1.1751 to 1.1854
1.1751
1.1682
1.21 25 to 1.2082
1.2125
1.2184
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-39
Methodology
-------
Table 6-5. Historic Nitrogen Oxides and Sulfur Dioxide Emission Source
Categories and Subcategories
Methodological Groups Source Category
Subcategories (or Fuel Types)
Combustion of Fuels for
Heat and Power
Electric Utilities
Industrial Boilers
Commercial and
Residential
Anthracite Coal
Wood
Railroads
Vessels
Off-Highway Diesel
Bituminous Coal, Residual and Distillate Oil, and
Natural Gas
Bituminous Coal, Residual and Distillate Oil, and
Natural Gas
Bituminous Coal, Residual and Distillate Oil, and
Natural Gas
All uses
All uses
Bituminous Coal and Distillate Oil
Residual and Distillate Oil
Diesel Fuel
Gasoline and Diesel fuel
Combustion of Fuels for
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Miscellaneous Processes Coke Plants
Smelters
Cement Plants
Wildfire
Miscellaneous Industrial
Processes
Miscellaneous Other
Processes
Pulp and paper, Petroleum Refineries, Iron and Steel
Manufacture, Primary Aluminum, Secondary Lead,
Glass Manufacture and Chemical Manufacture (sulfuric
acid, carbon black, petrochemicals, ammonia, nitric
acid, and TNT)
Aircraft, Vessels (gasoline-powered, coal-powered),
Miscellaneous off-highway gasoline-powered vehicles,
Fuel combustion (LPG, coke-oven gas, and bagasse),
Solid Waste Disposal, Agricultural Burning, Coal Refuse
Burning, Prescribed Burning
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-40
Methodology
-------
Table 6-6. Historic Volatile Organic Compound Emission Source
Categories and Subcategories
Source Category Source Subcategory
Activity Indicators for Interpolating
Emissions for Intervening Years
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads (oil and coal fired)
Vessels (oil and coal fired)
Other Off-highway Use
Gasoline and Diesel Consumption
Population
External Fuel
Combustion
Anthracite Coal
Bituminous Coal
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Natural Gas
Wood
Coke and Other Fuels
Anthracite Coal Consumption
Bituminous Coal Consumption
Fuel Oil Consumption
Natural Gas Consumption
Wood Consumption
Population
Population
Gasoline and Diesel Consumption
Population
Crude Oil Consumption
Industrial
Processes
Petrochemical Manufacture
Petroleum Marketing (gasoline and other)
Surface Coating Operations
Petroleum Refinery Process Operations
Petroleum Production (crude oil and natural gas
liquids)
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes (carbon black
manufacturing)
Solid Waste
Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Wildfire
Prescribed Fires
Other Burning
Other Solvent Evaporation
Population
Miscellaneous
Other Sources
Population
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
6-41
Methodology
-------
SECTION 7.0
INTERNATIONAL CRITERIA POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
This is the second report in the Trends series to
present international emissions. This section
presents the 1985 criteria pollutant emissions that
are available for Canada, Mexico, and 12
European Union (EU-12) countries:
Belgium,
Denmark,
France,
Former West Germany,
Greece,
Ireland,
Italy,
Luxembourg,
Netherlands,
Portugal,
Spain, and
United Kingdom.
For these countries, 1990 estimates are also
presented if emissions data were available. The
1990 emissions are presented for 9 additional
European countries that now have emissions data
available:
Austria,
Bulgaria,
Czech Republic,
Finland,
8 Former East Germany,
Norway,
Poland,
Slovakia, and
Sweden.
It should be noted that 1990 estimates for several
countries are still preliminary. Additionally, 1991
emissions for Russia are presented for comparative
purposes. It is important to note that to the extent
that emission estimation methodologies differ
between countries, intercountry comparisons may
be misleading.
7.1 PER CAPITA EMISSIONS
Data are available to make 1985 per capita
emission comparisons for NOX, VOC, and SO2
between 15 countries, including the United States.
Table 7-1 presents the per capita emission figures,
which are calculated from the international
emissions data provided in this chapter as well as
the U.S. data presented in section 2. These data
indicate that of the 15 countries analyzed, the
United States generated either the largest or
second largest amount of 1985 emissions per
capita. For NOX emissions in 1985, the United
States emitted 192 pounds per person, while the
second largest per capita emitter, Canada, emitted
175 pounds per person. At 328 pounds per
person, Canada generated the largest per capita
emissions of SO2 in 1985, nearly double the level
of the second largest emitter (the United States at
191 pounds). The United States emitted the
greatest amount of VOC per person in 1985, at
214 pounds per person; the former West Germany
was second at 212 pounds emitted per person.
It is difficult to analyze the trends in per capita
emissions for most of these countries because
consistent time-series data are not available.
However, 1990 United States data indicate a
decrease in per capita emissions of NOX, VOC,
and SO2 of 3, 9, and 6 percent, respectively, from
the 1985 per capita levels.
7.2 CANADA
Canadian emissions data for 1985 and 1990 were
provided by Libby Greenwood of Environment
Canada.1 The 1990 estimates are preliminary and
do not correspond with those reported in the
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
7-1
International
-------
Interim2 report. The 1990 NOX and VOC
estimates are from Canada's Residual Discharge
Information System; the 1990 SO2 emissions are
taken from a report developed for Eastern
Canada's Acid Rain Program.3 National Canada
estimates are presented in this report, as well as
estimates for three provinces Ontario, Quebec,
New Brunswick. Tables 7-2 and 7-3 display the
1985 emissions by major source category for NOX
and VOC, respectively. Tables 7-4 and 7-5
present the 1990 NOX and VOC emissions by
major source category. Table 7-6 shows the SO2
emissions by major source category for both 1985
and 1990. National estimates for Canada were not
available by major source category for 1990.
7.3 EUROPE
There has been a considerable on-going effort in
Europe to develop consistent emissions for
countries in the European community. This
section provides the 1985 and 1990 estimates of
NOX, VOC, and SO2 emissions developed under
this effort.
7.3.1 CORINAIR: The Atmospheric Emission
Inventory for Europe1
On June 27, 1985, the European Council of
Ministers adopted Decision 85/338/EEC on a
Commission world program for gathering,
coordinating, and ensuring the consistency of
information on the state of the environment and
natural resources in the European Community.
This program was called CORINE (COoRdination
d'INformation Environnementale) and one of its
component projects was the CORINe AIR
emission inventory (CORINAIR).4
When the Council Decision on CORINE was
adopted, there were several air emissions data
collection campaigns in progress at the
international level (OECD, UNECE, and PHOXA).
The methodology for the prototype 1985
CORINAIR (CORINAIR85) inventory was based
on the methodology of OECD and was developed
in collaboration with experts from each of the
member states, as well as from the European
Commissions (CEC), OECD, UNICE, CEFIC,
EUROTRAC, and IIASA.
On May 7, 1990, the Council adopted Regulation
1210/90 which established the European
Environment Agency (EEA) and the European
environment information and observation network.
The regulation gives the EEA responsibility for
the collection, processing, and analysis of
environmental data and for the continuation of
work started under the CORINE decision. It also
lists several areas of work to be given priority.
Air quality and atmospheric emissions are
included in this list.
Pending a decision on the location of the EEA, the
CORINE program is being continued by the EEA
Task Force (EEA-TF) formed within the
Directorate General Environment, Nuclear Safety
and Civil Protection (DGXI) of the CEC. The
CORINAIR project is being continued through an
update for 1990 (CORINAIR90).
7.3.2 CORINAIR85
The prototype emission inventory for 1985
CORINAIR85 was based on the following:
(1) a new nomenclature (which was
technology-based, since the NACE was
considered inappropriate for
environmental needs);
(2) a Default Emission Factor Handbook
(based broadly on OECD and PHOXA
results but also introducing new
developments);
(3) addressing major localized emission
sources as point sources (large point
sources) and other minor or diffuse
sources as area sources, with areas
based on the Community's
Nomenclature of Statistical Territorial
Units (NSTU); and
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
7-2
International
-------
(4) software for data input and the
calculation of emissions.
These features of the CORINAIR system were
developed by the contractor (CITEPA, in Paris) in
conjunction with the following:
(1) the CORINAIR Technical Unit (which
included other contractors and
representatives of DGXI, the customer);
(2) working groups covering specific
sources/pollutants (stationary NOX,
mobile sources, stationary VOC, natural
VOC, and ammonia); and
(3) the CORINAIR Expert Group, with
experts from each of the member states
and from related international activities.
The CORINAIR85 inventory was based on 120
activities divided into eight categories:
combustion (other than industry),
oil refining,
industrial combustion,
industrial processes,
solvent evaporation,
road transport,
nature, and
miscellaneous activities.
It also quantified three pollutants: NOX, VOC
(including CH4), and SO2. Tables 7-7, 7-8, and
7-9 present the summary of the results obtained.
With certain restrictions on the use of the limited
subset of data held in confidence within the
CORINAIR data base, CORINATR85 data are
available on request from the CITEPA in Paris or
the EEA-TF in Brussels. The complete
CORINAIR85 inventory (activity statistics,
emission factors, emissions, etc.) is held in
personal computer files in Paris and Brussels.
Emissions by territorial unit are held for mapping
and analysis in ARCINFO files on the CORTNE
data base in Brussels.
7.3.3 CORINAIR90
Atmospheric emission inventory requirements and
methodologies were developed rapidly at the
national and international level during the course
of the CORINAIR85 project. Estimates were
extended to newly quantified sources of emissions
and to additional pollutants. Each international
project became informed of the work being carried
out elsewhere. The need to harmonize these
activities became clear when overlaps were
discovered in the work that was being performed.
In preparing for the CORTNAIR90 project, the
CORINAIR Technical Unit and Expert Group
were able to collaborate closely with UNECE and
OECD. The UNECE requires emission inventory
data as part of the obligations under the various
Protocols for the Long Range Transboundary Air
Pollution (LRTAP) convention. The OECD is
developing the methodology for inventorying
greenhouse gas emissions on behalf of the IPCC.
This collaboration has achieved these results:
(1) produced a more developed
nomenclature (source sector split
[SNAP90]) involving over
260 activities grouped into a three-level
hierarchy of subsectors and 11 main
sectors;
(2) extended the list of pollutants to be
covered to eight (SO2, NOX, NMVOC,
ammonia, CO, CH4, NO, and CO2);
(3) extended the number of sources to be
considered as point sources (there were
over 1400 large point sources in the
CORTNAIR85 inventory);
(4) extended the availability of the
CORINAIR system to 30 countries; and
(5) increased the awareness of CORINAIR
and the need to produce an inventory
within a reasonable time frame to serve
Nttlional Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
7-3
International
-------
the requirements of the user
community.
Following agreements reached with the UNECE
on a common source sector split for reporting
atmospheric emissions, the CORINAIR90 system
has been made available to 30 European countries
on a voluntary basis or with financial support from
the CEC.
The CORINAIR90 system is currently available to
the following:
(1) The EU-12 countries;
(2) 5 EFT A countries: Austria, Finland,
Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland;
(3) 3 Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, and
Lithuania;
(4) 9 Central and Eastern European
countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland,
Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia; and
(5) Russia.
7.3.4 CORINAIR90 Summary Tables
The summary tables for the 11 main source
sectors and 8 pollutants covered by the
CORINAIR 1990 Programme (Tables 7-10
through 7-22) were prepared from data supplied
to date to the European Environment Agency
Task Force (EEA-TF).5 The following countries
and regions are included in this first set of
summary tables to be released:
12 European Union countries (excluding the
Former East Germany)
9 Belgium (Flemish region),
Belgium (Wallonie region),
Denmark,
France,
Former West Germany,
Greece,
Ireland,
Italy,
Luxembourg,
Netherlands,
Portugal,
Spain,
United Kingdom
12 European Union countries (plus 9 additional
European countries)
Austria,
Bulgaria,
Czech Republic,
Finland,
Former East Germany,
Norway,
Poland,
Slovakia, and
Sweden.
Due to nomenclature and emission factor changes
between the 1985 and 1990 inventories, the 1990
data are not comparable to the CORINAIR85 data.
7.4 RUSSIA
Table 7-23 presents 1991 and 1992 emissions for
Russia, which were obtained from the V.B.
Miliaev, Director, Scientific Research Institute of
Atmospheric Air Protection, Ministry for
Environmental Protection and Natural Resources,
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia, 1994.6
7.5 MEXICO
Estimates of 1985 NOX, SO2, HC (VOC), CO, and
TSP emissions for Mexico are contained in a draft
report prepared as part of joint project between the
World Bank, United Nations Statistical Office, and
the Mexican Institute Nacional de Estadistica,
Geografia e Informatica (INEGI). ("Chapter 6,
Integrated Environmental and Economic
Accounting: A Case Study for Mexico," Part 2:
Applied Work and Case Studies in Developing and
Industrial Countries, World Bank, 1992.) The
World Bank report includes emissions for five
sectors: motor vehicles, manufacturing, electricity,
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends. 1900-1993
7-4
International
-------
oil refining, and services (services refers to Table 7-24 presents the emissions for Mexico in
miscellaneous industries that use combustion 1985 for the aforementioned source categories.
processes such as bakeries, hotels, and hospitals).
7.6 REFERENCES
1. Telefax entitled "Canadian Data for U.S. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Report" from Libby
Greenwood, Pollution Data Branch, Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec to Sharon Nizich, Emissions
Inventory Branch, Technical Support Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 28, 1994.
2. Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991), Volume I: Development Methodologies.
EPA-454/R-93-021a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May
1993.
3. Annual Report on the Federal Provincial Agreement for the Eastern Canada Acid Rain Program.
Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec. 1992.
4. CORINAIR Newsletter. G. Mclnnes, European Environment Agency Task Force, DGXI, Commission
of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium. March 1993.
5. Computer files from Gordon Mclnnes, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark to
Sharon Nizich, Emissions Inventory Branch, Technical Support Division, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. August
1994.
6. Letter from V.B. Miliaev of Scientific Research Institute of Atmospheric Air Protection, Ministry for
Environmental Protection and Natural Resources, Russian Federation, St. Petersberg, Russia to D.
Misenheimer, Emissions Inventory Branch, Technical Support Division, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
September 1994.
1 The acronyms found in section 7.3.2 are defined in the list of Acronyms and Abbreviations found on page xvii.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 7-5 International
-------
Table 7-1. 1985 Per Capita Emissions for 15 Selected Countries
(pounds per capita)
COUNTRY
Belgium
Denmark
France
Former West Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
United Kingdom
Average of European Union
Canada
Mexico
United States
Average of 15 Selected Countries
NOX
71
118
64
98
69
52
61
137
72
21
48
83
71
175
45
192
115
VOC
97
89
111
212
137
67
114
82
66
44
122
153
135
155
60
214
155
SO,
88
144
59
84
111
86
81
98
30
43
124
147
93
328
167
191
146
NOTE(S): European Union excludes the Former East Germany.
1990 data for the United States are as follows:
United States 186 pounds of NOX, 195 pounds of VOC, and 179 pounds of SO2 per person
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 f.ft International
-------
Table 7-2. 1985 Canada Nitrogen Oxides Emissions by Province
(thousand short tons)
SECTOR
Transportation
Cars
Light-Duty Trucks
Gas
Diesel
Heavy-Duty Trucks
Gas
Diesel
Off-Road Diesel
Construction
Agriculture
Railroads
Other
Other
Fuel Combustion
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Natural Gas
Other
Power Generation
Industrial Processes
Incineration/Miscellaneous
TOTAL
Ontario
139
26
0
10
90
10
8
31
30
22
17
14
0
108
172
33
5
715
Quebec
80
9
0
4
29
4
5
17
23
18
8
4
0
46
2
12
6
267
New Brunswick
10
3
0
1
9
1
1
3
4
1
1
1
0
5
8
3
1
51
CANADA
383
92
0
33
273
35
59
135
160
86
45
33
153
267
330
112
28
2,222
NOTE(S): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
SOURCE: Libby Greenwood of Environment Canada, Pollution Data Branch, Hull, Quebec.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
7-7
International
-------
Table 7-3. 1985 Canada Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Province
(thousand short tons [as total nonmethane hydrocarbons])
SECTOR
Transportation
Cars
Light-Duty Trucks
Gas
Diesel
Heavy-Duty Trucks
Gas
Diesel
Off-Road Gasoline
Other
Fuel Combustion
Fuelwood
Residential/Commercial
Industrial
Industrial Processes
Petrochemicals
Petroleum Refining
Plastics
Other
Incineration/Miscellaneous
Surface Coatings
Fuel Marketing
Dry Cleaning
Solvent Use
Slash Burning
Other
Power Generation
TOTAL
Ontario
175
44
0
14
11
7
32
37
1
6
13
67
9
30
60
10
6
143
18
5
1
688
Quebec 1
99
12
0
6
4
3
14
44
0
0
6
40
4
11
35
4
4
76
22
10
0
394
slew Brunswick
12
5
0
1
1
1
2
6
0
0
0
7
0
1
3
1
0
8
5
1
0
55
CANADA
507
126
1
47
34
72
74
119
4
53
33
179
15
68
134
31
16
325
106
21
3
1,968
NOTE(S): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
SOURCE: Libby Greenwood of Environment Canada, Pollution Data Branch, Hull, Quebec.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
7-8
-------
Table 7-4. 1990 Canada Nitrogen Oxides Emissions by Province
(thousand short tons)
SECTOR
Transportation
Automobiles
Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks
Other
Fuel Combustion
Electric Power Generation
Residential Fuel Combustion
Other
Industrial Processes
Pulp and Paper Industry
Copper and Nickel Industry
Iron and Steel Industry
Petroleum Refining
Other
Incineration/Miscellaneous
TOTAL
Ontario
121
129
36
147
86
15
14
5
58
24
16
110
15
776
Quebec
80
80
17
91
7
6
10
19
1
5
5
39
2
362
New Brunswick CANADA
10
11
4
14
28
0
1
27
0
0
2
1
0
98 2,370
NOTE(S): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
SOURCE: These are preliminary numbers provided by Libby Greenwood of Environment Canada, Pollution Data Branch, Hull, Quebec.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
7-9
International
-------
Table 7-5. 1990 Canada Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by Province
(thousand short tons [as total nonmethane hydrocarbons)
SECTOR
Transportation
Automobiles
Light-Duty Gasoline Trucks
Off-Road Use of Gasoline
Other
Fuel Combustion
Residential Fuelwood
Other
Industrial Processes
Petroleum Refining
Petrochemical Industry
Other
Incineration
Wood Waste
Other
Miscellaneous
Surface Coatings
General Solvent Use
Other
TOTAL
Ontario
177
50
34
46
126
3
67
17
108
4
1
140
180
32
985
Quebec New Brunsw
117
23
17
24
131
1
31
7
14
7
1
47
80
6
505
ick CANADA
13
6
2
4
1
0
7
0
3
3
1
1
8
1
50 2,972
NOTE(S): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
SOURCE: These are preliminary numbers
provided by Libby
Greenwood of Environment Canada, Pollution
Data Branch, Hull, Quebec.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
7-10
International
-------
Table 7-6. Canada Sulfur Dioxide Emissions by Province
(thousand short tons)
SECTOR
PROVINCE
Ontario
1985
1990
Quebec
1985
1990
New Brunswick
1985
1990
CANADA
1985
1990
Primary
Metals
860
805
553
271
19
7
1,968
N/A
Power
Generation
370
215
1
15
103
155
811
N/A
Other *
408
266
250
233
29
37
1,389
N/A
TOTAL
1,637
1,285
803
519
151
200
4,168
3,684
NOTE(S):
SOURCE: These are preliminary numbers provided by Libby Greenwood of Environment Canada, Pollution Data Branch, Hull, Quebec.
The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
* 'Other" includes remaining Industrial Process sectors, Fuel Combustion, Transportation, and Incineration/Miscellaneous.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
7-11
International
-------
Table 7-7. CORINAIR 1985: Nitrogen Oxides Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Combustion Oil Industrial Processes Solvent Road Nature Misc Total Percent
excluding refineries combustion evaporation transport of Total
industry
Belgium
Denmark
Germany
Greece
Spain
France
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
United Kingdom
Total Europe-12
Percent of Total
72
164
919
163
293
284
40
487
2
149
15
942
3,532
31
7
2
31
4
14
20
0
30
0
22
2
45
177
0
41
14
250
9
44
137
9
128
3
31
12
331
1,009
9
30
6
157
31
75
121
6
139
10
19
13
14
619
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
201
114
1,637
132
500
1,207
39
951
10
299
63
1.010
6,162
54
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
349
300
2,994
340
927
1,769
93
1,735
25
519
106
2,342
11,499
3
3
26
3
8
15
1
15
0
5
1
20
NOTE(S): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
SOURCE: Commission of the European Communities, European Environment Agency Task Force.
Table 7-8. CORINAIR 1985: Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Combustion Oil Industrial Processes Solvent Road Nature Misc.
excluding refineries combustion evaporation transport
Belgium
Denmark
Germany
Greece
Spain
France
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
United Kingdom
Total Europe-12
Percent of Total
NOTE(S): The
industry
20
15
110
2
40
208
19
52
0
8
1
99
574
3
sums may not
SOURCE: Commission of the
12
3
32
7
24
34
1
42
0
13
4
34
207
1
equal total
European
3
2
23
1
2
8
1
6
0
11
1
62
120
1
due to
32
2
100
4
23
73
1
50
0
12
19
267
583
3
rounding.
Communities, European
90
64
1,235
31
360
483
23
438
3
181
57
736
3,701
17
Environment
213
106
1,286
127
539
1,311
26
1,090
7
239
58
872
5,874
27
Agency Task
31
8
280
216
966
467
23
244
3
15
72
88
2,413
11
Force.
78
28
3,383
290
406
476
26
1,326
2
0
8
2,165
8,188
38
Total Percent
of Total
479
228
6,450
678
2,360
3,060
121
3,246
15
479
220
4,323
21,661
2
1
30
3
11
14
1
15
0
2
1
20
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
7-12
International
-------
Table 7-9. CORINAIR 1985: Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
Combustion Oil Industrial Processes Solvent Road Nature Misc. Total Percent
excluding refineries combustion evaporation transport of Total
industry
Belgium
Denmark
Germany
Greece
Spain
France
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
United Kingdom
Total Europe-12
Percent of Total
208
266
1,705
411
1,873
672
87
1,307
3
78
95
3,250
9,956
66
39
4
160
31
107
247
1
163
0
90
14
133
990
7
109
67
459
89
290
489
61
606
6
17
76
615
2,884
19
60
18
164
20
69
116
2
143
9
23
25
106
755
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
12
65
0
74
109
4
84
0
12
8
47
433
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
433
367
2,553
551
2,413
1,634
155
2,304
18
220
218
4,151
15,018
3
2
17
4
16
11
1
15
0
1
1
28
NOTE(S): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
SOURCE: Commission of the European Communities, European Environment Agency Task Force.
i> Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
7-13
International
-------
1
1
-15
1
§
1
a.
^
|
-*
i
1
t
**
5*
1
\
Table 7-10.
CORINAIR90
Emissions for
Belgium
(thousand short tons)
BELGIUM (FLEMISH REGION)
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
BELGIUM (WALLONIE REGION)
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
SO2 NO
79
26
79
41
0
0
9
0
1
0
0
235
SO2 NO
25
12
63
1
0
0
6
0
1
0
0
109
xasN02 NMVOC
51 0
7 4
20 2
4 46
0 11
0 59
116 116
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 12
200 251
x as NO2 NMVOC
14 0
7 4
57 3
2 13
0 0
0 34
104 94
4 4
1 0
0 1
0 21
188 174
CH4
0
1
0
3
25
0
9
0
1
139
17
193
CH4
0
4
3
13
22
0
1
0
5
150
0
197
CO
2
52
18
11
0
0
781
0
1
0
0
865
CO
1
19
103
154
0
0
227
2
7
0
0
513
CO2
18,490
14,025
12,198
74
0
0
12,225
0
1,026
0
0
58,038
C02
5,987
9,401
19,215
6,377
0
0
7,250
195
266
0
0
48,690
N2O
2
2
1
2
0
0
1
0
0
4
2
14
N20
0
1
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
6
3
15
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
53
0
54
NH,
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
30
0
33
Emission estimates for the Wallonie Region are preliminary.
SOURCE: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen,
Denmark.
-------
£
1
I
a3
!
*
3
s-
i
i
U)
I
(.ft
5"
$
P.
z.
Table 7-11. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Denmark and France
DENMARK
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
FRANCE
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
NOTE(S): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
SOURCE: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon
(thousand short
SO2 NOX as
148
10
30
0
0
0
7
17
0
0
0
212
SO2 NOX as
378
128
566
122
26
0
160 1
27
21
0
3
tons)
NO2
99
6
15
1
4
0
112
63
0
0
0
301
NO2
116
97
182
34
4
0
142
142
26
0
6
1,430 1,749
NMVOC
1
9
1
4
7
37
108
15
0
2
10
196
NMVOC
1
236
8
110
135
699
1,287
134
21
12
508
3,150
Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency
CH4
1
7
1
0
13
0
2
1
134
289
390
838
CH4
1
165
7
6
387
0
25
1
802
2,651
210
4,256
CO
41
154
5
0
38
0
601
30
0
0
0
868
CO
23
2,081
658
735
0
0
7,493
563
255
0
213
12,023
CO2
29,288
8,687
8,411
1,283
799
0
8,907
4,227
0
0
0
61,600
C02
44,000
129,360
95,370
7,480
220
0
107,140
12,870
13,090
0
119,680
529,210
N20
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
7
18
N20
1
4
2
103
0
0
4
0
1
67
61
245
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
139
0
139
NH3
0
0
0
18
0
0
1
0
2
688
0
710
, Copenhagen, Denmark.
-------
1
1
V
1
1
i
g-
§
a
I
j^
|
4
S
i
0\
'S
I
\
Table 7-12. CORINAIR90
FORMER WEST GERMANY
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
GREECE
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
NOTE(S): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
Emissions
(thousand
for Former West
short tons)
S02 NOX as NO2
278
147
400
59
22
0
56
13
0
0
0
977
301
113
319
18
2
0
1,660
242
0
0
0
2,655
SO2 NOX as NO2
362
42
29
56
0
0
15
200
0
0
1
705
123
1
3
37
0
0
125
300
0
8
1
598
NMVOC
7
37
9
127
189
1,133
898
53
0
0
298
2,750
NMVOC
1
0
0
24
4
90
151
51
0
35
432
790
Germany
CH4
7
35
8
9
1,625
0
54
1
1,967
1,658
0
5,363
CH4
1
0
0
2
400
0
4
1
223
399
5,029
6,058
and Greece
CO
64
760
785
666
0
0
5,444
216
0
0
0
7,934
CO
7
1
0
27
0
0
775
73
0
375
0
1,258
C02
243,100
155,100
189,200
24,200
1,100
0
144,100
22,000
0
0
0
778,800
C02
55,809
2,155
1,531
8,627
0
0
11,394
9,348
667
1
8,163
97,694
N2O
9
4
6
103
0
0
9
0
4
51
0
186
N20
8
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
14
200
226
NH3
0
0
0
2
0
0
8
0
0
589
0
598
NH3
0
0
0
12
0
0
0
0
0
507
0
519
For Germany: Marine activities excluded. Airports - civil aviation only.
SOURCE: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the
European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
-------
£
e
I
8
s.
s
i
X*
**M
1
i.
$
s
-jj
^1
!
B>
1
EL
Table 7-13. CORI
IMAIR90 Emis
ssions f
or Ireland
and It
aly
(thousand short tons)
IRELAND
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
ITALY
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
NOTE(S): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
SOURCE: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon
S02 NOX
113
33
43
0
0
0
6
1
0
0
0
196
S02 NOX
844
90
631
115
0
0
113
53
5
0
627
2,478
asNO2
51
7
12
2
0
0
48
5
1
0
0
127
asNO2
448
65
334
14
0
0
1,041
306
38
1
13
2,259
NMVOC
0
9
0
1
3
24
69
1
5
86
18
217
NMVOC
4
23
12
112
146
591
1,049
144
124
435
167
2,809
Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency
CH4
0
4
0
0
11
0
1
0
152
707
59
935
CH4
4
18
10
8
382
0
28
9
1,433
1,941
320
4,155
CO
4
88
1
0
0
0
335
4
43
0
0
474
CO
25
286
682
418
0
0
6,088
791
1,876
30
1,187
11,382
CO2
11,949
8,645
5,974
1,107
0
0
4,452
486
1,560
0
0
34,173
CO2
117,889
77,653
158,674
30,352
0
0
101,229
23,526
5,959
0
56,621
571,903
N20
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
43
3
50
N2O
18
9
13
16
0
0
3
3
2
63
29
156
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
132
0
139
NH3
0
0
0
25
0
0
1
0
12
384
0
422
Copenhagen, Denmark.
-------
£
vo
JO
Uj
oo
Table 7-14. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Luxembourg and Netherlands
(thousand short tons)
LUXEMBOURG
SO
NOxasN02 NMVOC
CH4
CO
CO
NOTE(S): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
SOURCE: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
N2O
NH,
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
NETHERLANDS
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
0
1
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
S02
48
5
48
81
0
0
14
19
5
2
0
221
0
1
12
0
0
0
10
1
0
0
0
25
NOX as NO2
84
34
44
67
2
1
299
54
6
26
17
633
0
1
0
1
2
4
11
1
0
0
2
22
NMVOC
0
18
1
85
1
"160
202
25
3
6
4
505
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
4
19
1
27
CH4
1
2
2
9
1
0
7
0
416
572
135
1,144
0
6
108
19
0
0
52
3
0
0
0
188
CO
6
111
13
280
2
1
743
23
3
9
29
1,217
2,071
1,313
7,118
644
0
0
845
117
145
0
116
12,368
C02
43,450
34,650
30,360
26,400
433
312
26,180
2,970
2,640
7,700
0
175,096
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
N20
0
0
0
2
0
0
5
0
3
10
8
28
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
8
NH3
0
1
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
209
10
225
-------
1
.
Table 7-15. CORING
AIR90 E
missions fc
>r Portugal
and S
pain
(thousand short tons)
PORTUGAL
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
SPAIN
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
NOTE(S): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
Emission estimates for Portugal are preliminary.
SOURCE: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon
S02
192
5
60
39
0
0
15
3
0
0
0
314
S02
1,609
108
526
42
0
0
76
19
46
0
0
2,426
NOX as NO2
55
3
26
9
0
0
117
26
0
0
6
243
NOX as N02
274
23
186
16
0
0
563
271
38
1
11
1,383
NMVOC
0
11
4
34
8
74
89
7
0
4
482
714
NMVOC
11
65
12
87
64
339
494
43
25
91
853
2,083
Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency,
CH4
0
8
3
2
2
0
2
0
48
147
151
363
CH4
10
49
8
4
752
0
13
2
557
962
942
3,298
CO
2
129
363
12
0
0
676
13
0
0
0
1,195
CO
18
979
446
273
0
0
2,871
122
579
157
29
5,475
CO2
15,589
3,865
15,286
5,811
0
0
9,403
1,638
443
0
11,074
63,109
CO2
71,380
31,820
72,364
38,790
0
0
53,577
16,060
7,805
15,524
11,459
318,778
N20
2
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
30
16
54
N20
10
3
7
11
0
0
2
0
0
69
118
222
NH3
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
96
0
102
NH3
0
0
0
17
0
0
0
0
0
346
0
364
Copenhagen, Denmark.
-------
1
JN"
i
|=
31
to
§
1
i
s
<-u
^J
to
0
a
3
S.
1
Table 7-16. CORINAIR90 Emissions for
(EU-12
United
except Former East
Kingdom and European
Germany)
Union
(thousand short tons)
UNITED KINGDOM
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
EUROPEAN UNION (EU-12 except Former GDR)
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
Emission estimates for EU-12 are preliminary.
S02 NOX
3,002
229
773
20
0
0
69
72
0
0
0
4,165
S02 NOX
7,080
835
3,262
578
48
0
547
424
80
2
630
13,485
asNO2
854
136
252
10
71
0
1,521
193
14
0
0
3,051
asNO2
2,471
504
1,461
212
83
1
6,859
1,608
124
36
54
13,412
NMVOC
14
45
3
325
485
827
1,081
28
53
0
88
2,950
NMVOC
41
463
57
969
1,057
4,071
5,649
507
232
673
2,895
16,612
CH<
0
1
0
0
1,332
0
12
0
1,197
1,184
0
3,725
CH4
25
293
42
56
4,954
0
157
15
6,938
10,818
7,254
30,551
CO
55
324
78
0
2
0
6,625
47
242
0
0
7,371
CO
247
4,989
3,260
2,595
41
1
32,710
1,887
3,005
571
1,458
50,764
CO2
218,900
121,330
134,200
8,140
13,860
0
120,230
12,100
9,680
0
0
638,440
CO2
877,902
598,004
749,900
159,284
16,412
312
606,931
105,536
43,281
23,225
207,112
3,387,900
N20
3
0
0
93
0
0
0
0
0
90
0
187
N2O
56
25
34
340
0
0
26
4
10
457
447
1,401
NH3
0
0
0
17
0
0
0
0
4
494
53
568
NH3
0
1
0
107
0
0
11
0
25
3,672
63
3,879
SOURCE: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
-------
Table 7-17. CORINAIR90 Emissions for
(thousand short tons)
ia and Bulgaria
AUSTRIA
SO2 NOX as NO2 NMVOC
CH4
CO
CO
N20
NH
to
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
BULGARIA
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
18
21
43
12.
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
102
SO2
1,598
133
359
89
1
0
11
18
0
0
0
2,209
13
13
40
14
0
0
168
0
1
0
0
248
NOX as NO2
95
6
79
32
0
0
150
32
1
1
0
398
0
110
12
9
17
143
124
0
28
13
244
701
NMVOC
1
19
10
33
5
45
81
6
7
33
194
433
0
9
1
0
101
0
3
0
342
223
229
908
CH4
1
20
5
3
288
0
2
0
68
260
2
648
7
858
30
265
0
0
624
0
0
66
0
1,851
CO
15
300
115
53
0
0
409
16
71
1
11
991
11,770
13,750
14,520
2,310
0
0
15,290
0
55
0
0
57,695
C02
35,004
7,813
24,782
5,656
11,810
0
8,357
2,330
2,940
1,269
198
100,159
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
8
0
10
N2O
8
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
23
14
53
0
0
0
5
0
0
1
0
5
83
9
104
NH3
0
0
0
11
0
0
0
0
28
317
0
356
NOTE(S): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
Emission estimates for Austria are preliminary.
SOURCE: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
-------
1
1
Jh.
£_
a1
|
"i1
£
§'
i
£"
i
5
S
Is)
&
%
1
Table 7-18. CORINAIR90
Emissions
for Czech Republic and
Finland
(thousand short tons)
CZECH REPUBLIC
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional" and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
FINLAND
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
Emission estimates for Finland are preliminary.
S02 NOX
1,279
504
191
67
0
0
0
6
1
0
0
2,049
SO2 NOX
81
22
86
66
0
0
4
8
0
0
0
267
asNO2
353
114
159
9
0
0
157
57
1
0
0
850
asNO2
65
15
34
4
0
0
131
61
0
0
0
311
NMVOC
5
64
4
31
6
102
58
8
0
0
44
323
NMVOC
1
36
1
21
20
52
80
15
3
0
563
793
SOURCE: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency,
CH4
5
64
4
2
929
0
3
0
38
558
104
1,707
CH4
1
7
2
0
0
0
2
8
74
179
0
274
CO
30
551
303
91
0
0
157
10
6
0
0
1,148
CO
9
67
39
3
0
0
437
46
11
0
0
612
C02
71,459
56,194
29,840
822
0
0
8,434
3,433
833
0
2,266
173,280
C02
24,200
10,230
26,400
1,364
0
0
13,006
5,599
0
0
2,750
83,549
N20
9
6
2
3
0
0
1
0
0
28
18
68
N2O
1
0
1
3
0
0
0
1
0
33
77
116
NH3
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
97
0
0
100
NH3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
43
0
45
Copenhagen, Denmark.
-------
I
' Air Pollutant
1
1
I
1
!S
£
-jj
|
a.
i
Table 7-19. CORINAJR90 t
FORMER EAST GERMANY
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
NORWAY
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
NOTE(S): 1 he sums may not equal total due to rounding.
For Germany: Marine activities excluded. Airports - civil
Emissions for F
(thousand short
SO2 NOX as
4,129
505
392
8
0
0
29
20
0
0
0
5,082
S02 NOX as
1
3
8
34
0
0
4
9
0
0
0
59
aviation only.
orme
tons)
NO2
299
11
151
6
0
0
151
68
0
0
0
685
NO2
1
3
30
10
0
0
92
109
10
0
0
256
r East Ger
NMVOC
2
88
11
19
36
154
473
31
0
0
128
942
NMVOC
0
10
2
14
122
35
97
16
1
0
0
297
SOURCE: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency,
many
CH4
2
88
11
0
77
0
24
1
507
600
0
1,310
CH4
0
12
3
2
15
0
2
1
175
100
0
310
ana Norv
CO
802
1,498
208
65
25
0
1,079
70
0
0
0
3,748
CO
1
138
12
66
0
0
792
36
1
0
0
1,046
vay
C02
156,200
69,300
93,500
7,700
0
0
19,800
5,500
0
0
0
352,000
C02
195
2,749
10,650
7,175
406
105
8,865
5,674
1,857
194
10
37,879
N2O
4
2
3
6
0
0
0
0
0
23
0
39
N2O
0
1
1
7
0
0
1
0
0
7
0
17
NH3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
209
0
211
NH3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
41
0
42
Copenhagen, Denmark.
-------
1
I
s
1
1
i
1
I'
i
I
1
5
£
H
3*
1
t
Table 7-20. CORINAIR90 Emissions for
Poland
and Slovakia
(thousand short tons)
POLAND
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
SLOVAKIA
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
Emission estimates for Slovakia are preliminary.
SOURCE: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon
S02 NOX
1,748
488
1,106
103
0
83
71
1
0
0
0
3,601
S02 NOX
267
128
182
13
0
0
3
1
1
0
0
596
asNO2
542
48
383
83
0
0
267
175
92
0
1
1,590
asNO2
60
13
60
16
6
0
62
13
1
0
0
231
NMVOC
3
109
12
97
56
253
272
80
186
38
319
1,425
NMVOC
1
15
11
7
16
61
44
1
12
0
0
169
CH4
3
103
18
10
3,205
0
5
1
895
2,047
431
6,718
CH4
0
15
7
0
136
0
1
0
106
133
0
398
CO
75
1,478
3,728
135
0
0
2,346
99
247
0
20
8,128
CO
10
188
127
21
2
0
166
6
0
0
0
521
C02
169,895
68,893
162,074
4,279
0
0
21,538
12,837
2,288
0
14,619
456,423
C02
17,450
11,517
16,081
3,460
1,316
0
5,212
571
517
0
4
56,128
N2O
16
5
7
14
0
0
1
0
2
103
23
171
N20
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
6
NH3
1
0
0
39
0
0
0
0
47
504
47
639
NH3
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
68
0
71
Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
-------
f
f
Emission 3
I
i
§
i
to
!
i
E.
Table 7-21. CORINAIR90 Emissions for Sweden and Selected European Countries (EU-12 + Austria
Czech Republic, Finland, Former East Germany, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, and Sweden)
(thousand short tons)
SWEDEN
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution oi fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
TOTAL
S02
16
17
41
19
0
0
8
12
2
0
0
115
SO2
16,218
2,658
5,670
987
49
0
697
570
85
2
630
27,565
NOX as NO2
15
13
46
11
0
0
179
112
2
0
0
380
NOX as NO2
3,915
739
2,444
397
90
1
8,216
2,235
233
37
55
18,361
NIUIVOC
3
142
9
34
19
82
170
38
0
0
297
794
NMVOC
56
1,057
128
1,234
1,354
4,998
7,049
702
470
757
4,684
22,488
CH4
1
11
5
0
0
0
14
4
198
226
1,860
2,317
CH4
38
622
98
72
9,705
0
212
32
9,341
15,142
9,880
45,141
CO
6
79
27
7
0
0
1,229
117
15
0
2
1,482
CO
1,201
10,145
7,850
3,301
69
1
39,951
2,287
3,357
637
1,491
70,289
CO2
7,609
10,010
17,751
2,198
0
0
17,741
6,741
32,556
0
92,816
187,420
C02
1,371,685
848,460
1,145,497
194,248
29,943
417
725,173
148,221
84,326
24,688
319,776
, Bulgaria,
N20
1
1
1
3
0
0
1
0
0
9
20
36
N2O
97
42
55
380
0
0
31
7
12
694
600
4,892,433 1,917
NH3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
31
49
1
81
NH3
2
2
1
171
0
0
13
0
137
5,084
118
5,529
NOTE(S): I he sums may not equal total due to rounding.
Emission estimates for selected European countries (EU-12 plus 9 additional European countries) are preliminary.
SOURCE: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
-------
to
Table 7-22. CORINAIR90 Estimates of the Percentage of Europe Emissions from Source Categories
(percentages)
EUROPEAN UNION (EU-12, except Former East
Germany)
SO2 NOX as NO2 NMVOC CH4 CO
CO2
N2O
NH,
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (EU-12 + 9
additional countries)
1 Public power, cogeneration and district heating
2 Commercial, institutional and residential combustion
3 Industrial combustion
4 Production processes
5 Extraction and distribution of fossil fuels
6 Solvent use
7 Road transport
8 Other mobile sources and machinery
9 Waste treatment and disposal
10 Agriculture
11 Nature
52
6
24
4
0
0
4
3
1
0
5
S02
59
10
21
4
0
0
3
2
0
0
2
18
4
11
2
1
0
51
12
1
0
0
NOX as NO2
21
4
13
2
0
0
45
12
1
0
0
0
3
0
6
6
25
34
3
1
4
17
NMVOC
0
5
1
5
6
22
31
3
2
3
21
0
1
0
0
16
0
1
0
23
35
24
CH4
0
1
0
0
21
0
0
0
21
34
22
0
10
6
5
0
0
64
4
6
1
3
CO
2
14
11
5
0
0
57
3
5
1
2
26
18
22
5
0
0
18
3
1
1
6
C02
28
17
23
4
1
0
15
3
2
1
7
4
2
2
24
0
0
2
0
1
33
32
N20
5
2
3
20
0
0
2
0
1
36
31
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
95
2
NH3
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
2
92
2
NOTE(S): The sums may not equal total due to rounding.
SOURCE: These final and preliminary tables are provided by Gordon Mclnnes of the European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark.
-------
g:
f
kiM
|
ft
g'
1
s3
f-
s
p
1
^
to
-j
a*
I
cr.
i
Tab
Source Category
Stationary sources
Highway vehicles
SOURCE: V.B. Miliaev, Director,
le 7-23. Emissions in the Territory
(million short tons)
Pollutant
Total
Particulate Matter
Gaseous and liquid substances, including:
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrocarbons (without VOC)
VOC
Total
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrocarbons
or Kussia
1991 1992
32 28
66
25 23
9 8
8 7
3 3
3 2
2 2
17 16
13 13
1 1
3 2
Scientific Research Institute of Atmospheric Air Protection, Ministry for Environmental Protection and
Natural Resources, Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia, 1994.
CATEGORY
Vehicles (Total)
Cars
Buses
Trucks
Industry (Total)
Manufacturing
Electricity
Oil Refining
Services (Total)
TOTAL
SOURCE: "Chapter 6, Integrated Environmental and
Countries, World Bank, 1992.
Table 7-24. Mexico Emissions in
(tons)
NOX SO2
954,966 402,638
207,939 17,631
165,829 115,211
581,198 269,796
829,551 6,133,401
152,675 347,459
635,340 5,596,041
41,536 189,901
19,891 110,031
1,804,408 6,646,070
1985
VOC
1,752,576
728,993
48,747
974,836
629,850
211,339
10,856
407,655
604
2,383,030
2: Applied Work
CO
17,151,780
6,870,479
118,903
10,162,398
813,768
83,603
53,802
676,363
2,324
17,967,872
TSP
55,666
21,813
5,299
28,554
409,548
54,139
340,583
14,826
12,315
477,529
and Case Studies in Developing and Industrial
-------
SECTION 8.0
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL GREENHOUSE
GAS EMISSIONS
8.1 NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS
8.1.1 Introduction
Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include
water vapor CO2, CH4, nitrous oxide (N2O), and
03. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs [a family of
human-made compounds]), its substitute
hydrofluorocarbons (MFCs), and other compounds
such as perfluorinated carbons (PFCs), are also
greenhouse gases. Although CO2, CH4, and N2O
occur naturally in the atmosphere, their recent
atmospheric build up appears to be largely the
result of human activities. This growth has altered
the composition of the Earth's atmosphere, and
may affect future global climate.
The United States signed the Framework
Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) at the
United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development in June 1992, and in October 1992,
became the first industrialized nation to ratify the
treaty. Since the mid-1980s, the United States has
actively supported international cooperation to help
implement the provisions of this agreement. In
particular, the United States has worked with
technical experts from over 50 countries, along
with the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD), as part of the
inventory program of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC). This effort has
helped facilitate agreement on methods for
estimating emissions of greenhouse gases, which
absorb reradiated energy from the sun. This
trapped energy warms the earth's surface and
atmosphere, leading to what is termed the
"greenhouse effect." The purpose behind this
cooperative effort is twofold: (1) to provide a
basis for on-going development of a
comprehensive and detailed methodology for
estimating sources and sinksj of greenhouse gases
and (2) to develop an international system of
consistent national inventories of greenhouse gas
emissions and sinks for all signatory countries to
the FCCC.k
8.1.2 Methodology and Data
The U.S. greenhouse gas emissions presented in
this report are taken from an EPA report,
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions:
1990-1993, Final Report, September 1994.1
Emissions of greenhouse gases for various source
categories were developed using methods that are
similar to those recommended by Volumes 1-3 of
IPCC Draft Guidelines for National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories (IPCC/OECD, 1994).2 The
IPCC's guidelines were followed whenever
possible, to ensure that the U.S. emissions
inventory is comparable to other countries'
inventories submitted under the FCCC. It should
be noted that the IPCC guidelines represent
baseline methodologies. The methodologies are
currently evolving, and efforts continue to refine
the recommended procedures. For U.S. emission
sources relating to energy consumption, forest
sinks, and some CH4 sources, the IPCC default
methodologies were expanded, resulting in a more
comprehensive estimation procedure. Details on
the methods utilized to develop the U.S. emissions
are available in the aforementioned September
1994, EPA report.
The 1990 to 1993 CO2 emissions, including CO2
sinks (represented by values in parentheses), are
presented in Table 8-1. Total 1993 CO2 emissions
were not estimated because some data were
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
8-1
Greenhouse Gas
-------
unavailable. Fossil-fuel combustion is the most
significant source of CO2 emissions in the United
States. For example, 98 percent of total U.S. CO2
emissions in 1990 resulted from the consumption
of fossil fuels. The 1990 to 1993 trend in CO2
emissions was largely a result of changes in
energy consumption over this period caused by a
general downturn and subsequent recovery in the
U.S. economy. Carbon dioxide may also be
emitted when raw materials are chemically
transformed during certain industrial processes.
From 1990 to 1992, industrial processes accounted
for approximately 1 percent of total U.S. CO2
emissions. Because certain natural processes
remove (sequester) CO2 from the atmosphere, total
net CO2 emissions are estimated by subtracting the
amount of CO2 sequestered by forest management
and land-use activities from the amount produced.
Over the 1990 to 1992 period, these activities
removed approximately 10 percent of total CO2
emissions.
It should be noted that these accountings of
greenhouse gases focus only on those sources and
sinks that significantly influence the net
accumulation of these gases in the atmosphere.
Major components of the carbon and nitrogen
cycles, involving animal metabolism, seasonal
plant photosynthesis and respiration, etc., are not
included here because on the scale of years they
are effectively in balance. For example, the
approximately 100 million short tons per year of
CO2 exhaled by the human population of the
United States derive from the carbon that has been
extracted from the atmosphere by agricultural
crops, a portion of which, directly or through
animal feed, becomes our food.
Emissions for CH4 and N2O are displayed in
Tables 8-2 and 8-3, respectively. As with carbon
dioxide, data were not available to estimate total
CH4 and N2O emissions in 1993. The 1990 CH4
estimates were primarily taken from the U.S. EPA
report, Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the
United States: Report to Congress (U.S. EPA,
1993).3 The methodologies described in that
report are conceptually .similar to the IPCC's
procedures. Estimates for 1991-1993 were also
compiled using these metholodologies. Total
estimated CH4 emissions have remained essentially
constant over the 1990 to 1992 period.
The largest single anthropogenic source of CH4
emissions in the United States is landfills,
accounting for approximately 37 percent of total
CH4 emissions. Municipal solid waste landfills
are responsible for about 90 to 95 percent of these
emissions, while the remainder comprise industrial
landfills. Agricultural activities, which include
management of domestic livestock and animal
waste generation, also substantially contribute to
CH4 emissions. In 1990, domestic livestock and
animal wastes were together responsible for
approximately 30 percent of total anthropogenic
CH4 emissions.
Over the 1990 to 1992 period, total N2O emissions
increased slightly. The application of fertilizers to
soil (both synthetic nitrogen fertilizer and organic
fertilizer), is the most significant source of nitrous
oxide emissions. Fertilizers were responsible for
an estimated 44 percent of total U.S. N20
emissions during 1990. Between 1991 and 1992,
the annual average rate of increase was 2 percent.
Additional activities that create significant amounts
of N2O emissions include fossil-fuel consumption
and industrial processes such as adipic acid and
nitric acid production.
Partially halogenated compounds (HFCs) and
PFCs are used primarily as alternatives to the
ozone depleting substances (ODSs) being phased
out under the Montreal Protocol and CAAA.
Ozone depleting substances which include CFCs
and partially halogenated fluorocarbons (HCFCs)
are used in a variety of industrial applications,
including refrigeration, solvent cleaning, foam
production, sterilization, and fire extinguishing.
Although the ODS replacements (i.e., HFCs and
PFCs) are not harmful to the stratospheric ozone
layer, they are powerful greenhouse gases (for
example, HFC-134a is 1,200 times more heat
absorbent than an equivalent amount of C02 by
weight in the atmosphere).
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
8-2
Greenhouse Gas
-------
In 1990, HFCs and PFCs were not used widely as
commercial chemicals. However, these gases
were emitted as by-products from other industrial
production processes. For example, HFC-23 was
emitted as a by-product of HCFC-22 production,
and CF4 and C2F6 (two PFCs) were released
during aluminum smelting. Emissions of these
HFCs and PFCs totaled approximately 79.5
thousand short tons CO2 equivalent in 1990. The
manufacture and emissions of HFCs and PFCs are
expected to rise as their use as ODS replacements
increases.
Emissions of HFCs and PFCs: 1990
(thousand short tons)
Molecular
CO,
Compound
HFCs
HFC-23
HFC-134a
HFC-152a
PFCs
Total PFCs
Basis GWP
0.00552 10,000
0.0005 1 ,200
0.0003 150
0.003 5,400
Emissions
60.85
0.66
0.05
17.86
Source: Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990-1993. Final
Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. September 1994.
8.2 INTERNATIONAL GREENHOUSE
GAS EMISSIONS
8.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Emissions
The C02 emissions presented in this section were
obtained from the Carbon Dioxide Information
Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National
Laboratories.4 A systematic method for estimating
the amount of global CO2 emissions due to fossil-
fuel combustion was first proposed in 1973. The
methodology also accounts for CO2 emissions
from cement manufacturing and gas flaring. Since
that date, both the data collection and the
procedures for estimating CO2 emissions have
been refined and improved.5 To derive global
emissions, energy and population statistics were
obtained from the United Nation's Department of
International Economic and Social Affairs. The
U.S. DOI's Bureau of Mines supplied cement
manufacturing data, and gas flaring data were
compiled from both the U.S. EIA and the United
Nations.
8.2.2 Global Trends
Since 1860, when CO2 emissions were estimated
to be about 375 million short tons per year, global
CO2 emissions have risen dramatically. In 1991,
approximately 25 billion short tons of CO2 were
emitted to the atmosphere as a result of fossil-fuel
burning, cement manufacturing, and gas flaring.
Table 8-4 presents global CO2 emissions for 1860
to 1991. Starting in 1950, estimates were
developed using the methods of Marland and
Rotty.6 Figure 8-1 depicts the trend in CO2
emissions over the 1950 to 1991 period. Total
global CO2 emissions continued their upward
trend, increasing 2 percent between 1990 and
1991.
Table 8-5 displays regional world CO2 emissions
for 1950 to 1991. The nine regions are based on
United Nations conventions and are defined in
Table 8-5. Between 1990 and 1991, a decline in
CO2 emissions was evident for Eastern Europe and
North America. An increase in CO2 emissions
over the same period was seen for regions
experiencing much faster population growth (i.e.,
Africa, Centrally Planned Asia, Other America,
Far East, and Oceania). In 1950, North America,
and Western and Eastern Europe contributed
approximately 89 percent of total CO2 emissions.
Presently, that percentage has dropped to only
about 40 percent.
Figure 8-2 compares estimates of total global CO2
per capita emissions with CO2 per capita
emissions for Mexico and Canada during 1950 to
1991. Per capita emissions for the United States
are presented from 1950 to 1989. 1990 to 1993
CO2 emissions for the United States are discussed
in section 8.1. Per capita CO2 emissions for
Canada peaked in 1979 at 19.8 short tons, well
above the global average, while Mexico's per
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
8-3
Greenhouse Gas
-------
capita emissions are significantly lower, exceeding
the global average only once in 1982.
8.2.3 United States
Table 8-6 and Figure 8-3 present CO2 emissions
for the United States. The United States continues
to be the largest single source of fossil-fuel-related
CO2 emissions, contributing approximately 38
percent more CO2 emissions than the world's
second largest emitter, the former USSR. Carbon
dioxide emissions in 1989 were nearly twice those
of 1950, although the United States' share of
global emissions declined over the same interval
due to higher growth rates in other countries. In
1989, CO2 emissions from the United States
reached an all-time high of 6 billion short tons of
CO2 and have since remained near this level. U.S.
emissions for 1990 through 1993 are discussed in
more detail in section 8.1.
8.2.4 Canada
Table 8-7 and Figure 8-4 present CO2 emissions
for Canada for the period 1950 to 1991. Total
CO2 emissions from Canada more than doubled
between 1950 and 1974, and continued rising
until 1980. In the early 1980s, CO2 emissions
8.3 REFERENCES
declined, but then began to increase by 1986,
peaking in 1989 at 488 million short tons of C02.
By 1991, CO2 emissions had decreased 7 percent
from 1989 emission levels. Coal burning
contributed to 63 percent of the total emissions in
1950, but declined in both absolute and relative
terms until 1974. Beginning in 1974, a decline in
CO2 emissions from liquid fuels was accompanied
by a steady increase in emissions from coal.6
8.2.5 Mexico
Carbon dioxide emissions for Mexico are
displayed in Table 8-8 and Figure 8-5. From 1950
to 1982, total CO2 emissions from Mexico
increased at a rate of approximately 7 percent per
year. Total emissions declined slightly and
leveled off near 320 million short tons of C02
during the period 1983 to 1988. From 1989 to
1991, total emissions rose approximately
10 percent, peaking at 375 million short tons of
CO2 in 1991. The increase in emissions has been
largely attributable to an increase in oil
production. In 1991, petroleum products
accounted for 74 percent of total CO2 emissions,
the highest fraction of any of the major C02-
emitting countries. In recent years, natural gas has
become increasingly important in Mexico and now
accounts for 15 percent of CO2 emissions.6
1. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990-1993.
Protection Agency. September 1994.
Final Report. U.S. Environmental
2. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 3 volumes: Vol. 1, Reporting
Instructions; Vol. 2, Workbook; Vol. 3, Draft Reference Manual. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Paris, France. 1994.
3. Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States, Estimates for 1990: Report to Congress.
EPA/430-R-93-003. Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. 1993
4. Keeling, C.D. 1994. Global historical CO2 emissions, pp. 5-8. In T.A. Boden, D.P. Kaiser,
R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change.
ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
8-4
Greenhouse Gas
-------
4. Keeling, C.D. 1994. Global historical CO2 emissions, pp. 5-8. In T.A. Boden, D.P. Kaiser,
R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change.
ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
5. Marland, G. and R.M. Rotty, 1984. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuels: A Procedure for
Estimation and Results for 1950-1982. Tellus 36b:232-261.
6. Marland, G., R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden. 1994. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions, pp.
9-88. In T.A. Boden, D.P. Kaiser, R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends '93: A Compendium
of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
j A "sink" is a mechanism that leads to the removal and/or destruction of greenhouse gases.
k Article 4-1 of the FCCC requires that all parties "develop, periodically update, publish, and make available to the
Conference of the Parties, in accordance with Article 12, national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and
removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies to be
agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties."
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 8-5 Greenhouse Gas
-------
Table 8-1. Summary of U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Sinks
by Source Category, 1990 to 1993
(thousand short tons)
Source Category "990 '"> 1S3iJ '993
FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION FOR ENERGY
Electric Utilities
Oil
Gas
Coal
Industry
Oil
Gas
Coal
Transportation
Oil
Gas
Coal
Commercial
Oil
Gas
Coal
Residential
Oil
Gas
Coal
U.S. Territories
Oil
Gas
Coal
TOTAL FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION
FUGITIVE FUEL
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Cement Production
Lime Production
Limestone Use
Soda Ash Production and Use
Carbon Dioxide Manufacture
TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
TOTAL EMISSIONS
FORESTRY/LAND USE
TOTAL NET EMISSIONS
1,920,726
107,618
167,093
1,646,015
1,174,947
418,399
480,633
275,916
1,656,345
1,616,495
39,849
0
240,100
72,863
157,553
9,684
367,271
96,952
263,867
6,452
36,848
36,303
0
545
5,396,236
7,231
36,045
13,117
5,622
4,519
1,323
60,627
5,464,093
480,603
4,983,491
1,909,335
101,337
169,697
1,638,301
1,127,836
366,354
500,622
260,860
1,620,723
1,583,689
37,034
0
244,650
69,051
166,791
8,807
383,043
98,826
278,348
5,869
43,642
42,862
0
780
5,329,228
8,157
35,224
12,909
5,340
4,442
1,389
59,304
5,396,689
477,296
4,919,393
1,905,405
80,579
168,149
1,656,676
1,185,319
411,767
520,103
253,449
1,644,036
1,607,785
36,251
0
245,261
65,166
171,162
8,933
392,477
100,435
286,132
5,911
37,847
37,067
0
780
5,410,345
8,047
35,507
13,329
5,491
4,464
1,455
60,246
5,478,638
472,887
5,005,752
1,984,218
90,982
161,994
1,731,243
1,182,497
396,373
530,802
255,322
1,661,142
1,624,111
37,031
0
251,365
64,619
177,032
9,715
409,208
101,456
301,341
6,411
37,847
37,067
0
780
5,526,277
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,530
1,543
NA
NA
NA
NA
NOTE(S): 'NA' = Not available
Totals presented In this table may not equal the sum of the Individual source categories due to rounding.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
8-6
Greenhouse Gas
-------
Table 8-2. Summary of U.S. Methane Emissions by Source Category,
1990 to 1993
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1990
1991
1992
NOTE(S): V denotes negligible emissions.
NA' = not available
Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the individual source categories due to rounding.
1993
WASTE
Landfills
Wastewater
AGRICULTURE
Dairy Cattle
Beef Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Pigs
Horses
Animal Wastes
Dairy
Beef
Swine
Other
Agricultural Waste Burning
Cereals
Pulse
Tuber and Root
Sugarcane
Rice Cultivation
TOTAL AGRICULTURE
FUGITIVE FUEL EMISSIONS
Coal Mining
Oil and Gas Systems
MOBILE SOURCES
STATIONARY COMBUSTION
TOTAL EMISSIONS
11,023
165
1,642
4,469
99
11
88
99
2,506
805
187
1,235
276
87
65
17
2
3
473
9,475
8,423
4,850
3,573
245
466
29,797
11,133
165
1,664
4,497
99
11
88
99
2,348
783
198
1,102
265
94
71
18
2
3
495
9,400
8,267
4,630
3,638
268
456
29,690
11,243
165
1,653
4,552
99
11
99
99
2,403
772
209
1,157
265
90
68
17
2
3
495
9,489
8,062
4,425
3,638
274
425
29,660
11,354
165
1,653
4,630
88
11
99
99
2,480
783
209
1,224
265
94
71
17
2
3
505
9,663
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Notional Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
8-7
Greenhouse Gas
-------
Table 8-3. Summary of U.S. Nitrous Oxide Emissions
by Source Category, 1990 to 1993
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
AGRICULTURE
Crop Waste Burning
Cereals
Pulse
Tuber and Root
Sugarcane
Fertilizers
TOTAL AGRICULTURE
MOBILE SOURCES
STATIONARY COMBUSTION
MOBILE SOURCES
Adipic Acid Production
Nitric Acid Production
TOTAL INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
TOTAL EMISSIONS
1990
6
2
2
+
+
202
207
101
39
62
44
106
453
1991
6
3
2
+
+
207
213
112
39
65
44
109
472
1992
6
3
2
+
+
209
215
116
39
60
44
104
473
1993
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
60
47
106
NA
NOTE(S): V denotes negligible emissions.
NA" = Not available
Totals presented in this table may not equal the sum of the Individual source categories due to rounding.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 g-8 Greenhouse Gas
-------
Table 8-4. Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions
(million short tons)
Year
1860
1865
1870
1875
1880
1885
1890
1895
1900
1905
1910
1915
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
NOTE(S): The
SOURCES: Keel
Coal
370
480
568
741
880
1,067
1,331
1,503
1,962
2,402
2,959
2,996
3,340
3,318
3,410
3,113
3,817
3,329
Solids
4,353
4,911
5,735
5,933
6,321
6,786
7,881
9,049
9,672
9,466
sums may not equal
Lignite Crude petroleum Natural gas
7
11
15
22
26
33
44
55
81
99
121
139
176
209
220
231
356
209
Liquids
1,710
2,526
3,435
4,935
7,429
8,613
9,728
8,771
10,032
10,472
Gases
392
606
950
1,419
2,086
2,518
2,934
3,306
4,058
4,139
0
0
4
4
15
15
33
44
62
92
139
183
308
462
612
704
909
1,063
Cement
73
121
174
238
315
384
485
529
635
655
Flaring
93
125
158
222
352
376
360
222
251
283
0
0
0
0
0
4
7
11
15
22
33
40
51
77
114
121
172
264
Global
per capita
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
Total
378
491
587
766
917
1,118
1,415
1,610
2,123
2,614
3,252
3,359
3,876
4,066
4,356
4,169
5,254
4,866
Total
6,620
8,286
10,452
12,748
16,506
18,681
21,389
21,878
24,646
25,010
total due to rounding.
ling, C.D. 1994. Global historical CO, emissions, pi
). 5-8. In T.A. Boden, D.P. Kaiser, R.J. Sepansfc
;i, and F.W. Stoss
(eds.), Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis
Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
Marland, Q., R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden. 1994. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions, pp. 9-88. In T.A. Boden,
D.P. Kaiser, R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-
65. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
Motional Mr Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
8-9
Greenhouse Gas
-------
Figure 8-1. 1950 to 1991 Global CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions from Fossil
Fuel Burning, Cement Production, and Gas Flaring
30,000 T
25,000 -
w 20,000
I
15,000 -
o
Total
Solids
o Liquids
Gases
Flaring
- Cement
10,000
5,000 -;
1950
1955
'rrrrrrTTrrn-T
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980
Year
1985
1990
SOURCE: Keeling, C.D. 1994. Global historical CO2 emissions, pp. 5-8. In T.A. Boden, DP. Kaiser, R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss
(eds.), Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis
Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
8-10
Greenhouse Gas
-------
Table 8-5. Regional Carbon Dioxide Emissions
(million short tons)
Total Emissions
Region 1
Year (AMD)
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
182
269
339
412
582
732
983
979
1,107
1,160
Region 2
(FEA)
115
172
230
331
478
640
951
1,219
1,719
1,829
Region 3
(APR)
105
144
174
237
331
423
571
646
727
743
Region 4
(OCN)
185
248
370
580
1,000
1,156
1,282
1,305
1,519
1,528
Region 5
(MDE)
19
56
101
192
299
460
564
712
924
1,446
Region 6
(WEU)
1,549
1,951
2,170
2,673
3,203
3,267
3,562
3,252
3,353
3,709
Region 7
(CPE)
1,185
1,772
2,390
3,086
3,665
4,520
5,235
5,700
5,378
4,793
Region 8
(CPA)
91
226
906
596
971
1,418
1,807
2,378
2,970
3,107
Region 9
(NAM)
2,984
3,203
3,445
4,111
5,077
5,193
5,574
5,364
5,905
5,893
1 = Other America (AMD) 6
2 = Far East (FEA) 7
3 = Africa (AFR) 8
4 = Oceania & Japan (OCN) 9
5 = Middle East (MDE)
Western Europe (WEU)
Eastern Europe (CPE)
Centrally Planned Asia (CPA)
North America (NAM)
SOURCE: Mariand, G., R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden. 1994. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions, pp. 9-88. In T.A. Boden,
D.P. Kaiser, R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
8-11
Greenhouse Gas
-------
Figure 8-2. Comparison of Per Capita CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions
25 T
20 -
United States
Canada
- Global
Mexico
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
Year
1975
1980
1985
SOURCE: Mariand, G., R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden. 1994. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions, pp. 9-88. In T.A. Boden,
DP. Kaiser, R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
NOTE(S): U.S. per capita emissions data is not presented for 1990 or 1991. See section 8.1 for a discussion of 1990 to 1993 national
CO2 emission estimates.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-J 993
8-12
Greenhouse Gas
-------
Table 8-6. Carbon Dioxide Emissions for the United States
(million short tons)
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1989
Gas
Fuels
352
529
729
922
1,261
1,156
1,101
949
1,116
Liquid
Fuels
989
1,266
1,414
1,639
2,081
2,284
2,358
2,117
2,361
Solid
Fuels
1,403
1,145
1,024
1,217
1,303
1,283
1,595
1,811
2,012
Gas
Flaring
48
46
33
19
29
8
7
6
8
Cement
Production
21
29
31
36
36
34
38
39
38
National
per capita
18.47
18.19
17.91
19.72
22.96
22.07
22.39
20.65
22.35
Bunker
Fuels
33
44
47
43
54
59
123
62
68
Total
2,813
3,015
3,232
3,833
4,711
4,765
5,100
4,921
5,537
Figure 8-3. CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions for the United States
6,000 T
I 1-1-f-f H- fl-*M-t -t -I
r'f M-l-f M-t-M
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
Year
1975
1980
1985
SOURCE: Martand, G., R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden. 1994. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions, pp. 9-88. In T.A. Boden,
D.P. Kaiser, R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
NOTE(S): U.S. emissions data is not presented for 1990 or 1991. See section 8.1 for a discussion of 1990 to 1993 national CO2
emission estimates.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
8-13
Greenhouse Gas
-------
Table 8-7. Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Canada
(thousand short tons)
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
Gas
Fuels
3,920
8,205
23,757
41,957
69,081
94,771
106,613
121,684
137,827
141,048
Liquid
Fuels
57,853
94,597
127,674
167,392
222,764
256,593
272,574
201,299
213,545
196,436
Solid
Fuels
107,664
80,277
55,149
60,145
65,112
67,663
86,085
108,246
99,394
104,459
Gas Cement
Flaring Production
0
2,309
3,535
4,644
5,297
2,943
3,455
5,525
4,813
4,972
1,461
2,197
2,886
4,165
3,962
5,478
5,770
5,602
6,376
6,046
National
per capita
12.45
11.92
11.88
14.15
17.18
18.79
19.72
17.58
17.34
16.77
Bunker
Fuels
4,987
5,998
7,489
9,931
11,244
9,765
7,663
3,064
5,343
5,000
Total
170,901
187,585
212,999
278,302
366,221
427,450
474,495
442,360
461,958
452,961
Figure 8-4. CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions for Canada
Total
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Flaring
Cement
i-t -r r r rri T T r rr-n T T
1950
1955
1985
1990
SOURCE:
Martand, G., R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden. 1994. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions, pp. 9-88. In T.A. Boden,
D.P. Kaiser, R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Tenn., U.S.A.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
8-14
Greenhouse Gas
-------
Table 8-8. Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Mexico
(thousand short tons)
Year
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991
Gas
Fuels
1,693
2,571
7,037
17,392
22,735
28,757
50,283
58,043
52,801
54,911
Liquid
Fuels
26,122
31,821
47,397
52,175
72,020
105,206
199,597
217,801
262,369
276,944
Solid
Fuels
2,073
2,995
3,896
4,543
7,554
12,416
17,258
22,557
22,351
22,945
Gas Cement National
Flaring Production per capita
2,955
5,302
9,585
6,518
10,606
11,537
10,905
6,906
7,754
5,438
840
1,107
1,698
2,366
3,947
6,383
8,929
11,367
13,137
14,676
1.25
1.41
1.90
1.94
2.30
2.79
4.28
4.20
4.24
4.32
Bunker
Fuels
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
33,680
43,792
69,611
82,993
116,863
164,296
286,967
316,678
358,405
374,911
Figure 8-5. CARBON DIOXIDE Emissions for Mexico
400 T
350 -
300 --
o 250
t
| 200
o
= 150
i
Total
Solids
Liquids
Gases
-o Flaring
Cement
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
Year
1975
1980
1985
1990
SOURCE: Marland, G., R.J. Andres, and T.A. Boden. 1994. Global, regional, and national CO2 emissions, pp. 9-88. In T.A. Boden,
D.P. Kaiser, R.J. Sepanski, and F.W. Stoss (eds.), Trends '93: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65.
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
8-15
Greenhouse Gas
-------
SECTION 9.0
BIOGENIC EMISSIONS
Plants emit a variety of VOCs as a function of
incident light intensity and temperature.
Vegetation emissions have been determined to
consist of numerous hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and
alcohols. Lamb, Westberg, and Pierce have
constructed a national biogenic emission inventory
for eight landcover types for each month of the
year based on statewide climatic data.1 Emissions
in this inventory are composed of isoprene,
a-pinene, other identified monoterpenes, and other
hydrocarbons. Emissions are calculated for oak
forests, other deciduous forests, coniferous forests,
grasslands, scrublands, urban vegetation, agricul-
tural crops, and inland waters, as shown in
Figures 9-1 through 9-8.
9.1 REFERENCES
A forest canopy model is used to account for
canopy effects on solar radiation, temperature,
humidity, and wind speed. Agricultural emissions
are shown assuming an emission factor of zero for
corn. The results of recent field studies suggest
that previous emission factors for corn have been
overestimated by roughly a factor of a thousand.
Total annual biogenic emissions from each state
are shown in Figure 9-9, and the seasonal
breakdown of total emissions is shown in
Figure 9-10.
The 1990 total biogenic hydrocarbon emissions
were 26.28 million short tons, while the 1990
Trends total anthropogenic VOC emissions were
23.67 million short tons.
1. Lamb, B., D. Gay, H. Westberg, and T. Pierce. "A Biogenic Hydrocarbon Emission Inventory for the
USA Using a Simple Forest Canopy Model." Atmospheric Environment, N.27A, pp. 1673-1690.
1993.
Motional Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
9-1
Biogenic
-------
to
CB
Figure 9-1. Oak Forest 1990 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr
3.0 to 7.0
2.0 to 3.0
0.9 to 2.0
0.4 to 0.9
0 to 0.4
-------
Figure 9-2. Other Deciduous Forest 1990 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by State
-------
I
I
s
Figure 9-3. Coniferous Forest 1990 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
5 to 9
4 to 5
3 to 4
2 to 3
D 0 to 2
-------
I
Figure 9-4. Grassland 1990 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by State
\
GO
f
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
0.8 to 2
H 0.1 to 0.8
0.03 to 0.1
0.001 to 0.03
ZERO
-------
Figure 9-5. Scrubland 1990 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by State
r
I'
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
M 6.0 to 9.0
S3.0 to 6.0
1.0 to 3.0
0.2 to 1.0
ZERO
-------
Figure 9-6. Urban Vegetation 1990 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
0.3 to 4
0.2 to 0.3
B 0.07 to 0.2
D 0.02 to 0.07
D 0.008 to 0.02
-------
r
I
oo
Figure 9-7. Agricultural Crop 1990 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
0.7 to 2
0.4 to 0.7
0.2 to 0.4
0.07 to 0.2
0 to 0.07
-------
3"
VO
Figure 9-8. Inland Water 1990 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr)
0.1 to 0.5
0.08 to 0.1
Q 0.04 to 0.08
0.02 to 0.04
DO to 0.02
-------
Figure 9-9. Total 1990 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by State
Emissions
(short tons/sq mi/yr
11 to 19
9 to 11
8 to 9
5 to 8
2 to 5
-------
Figure 9-10. Seasonal Breakdown of Total 1990 Biogenic
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions
SUMMER
46%
-------
SECTION 10.0
AIR TOXIC EMISSIONS
10.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the available emissions data
for toxic air pollutants. The data are much less
comprehensive than those for the criteria air
pollutants, because an extensive and long-term
monitoring and emissions tracking program similar
to that for criteria pollutants has not been
established for air toxics. Although the CAAA
made sweeping changes to the way toxic air
pollutants will be regulated, a complete national
inventory of toxics was not mandated. This
chapter therefore presents emissions culled from
three different program areas.
The scope of the inventories developed for these
programs varies because each program was
designed to meet a particular need. Because the
emissions data were not collected in the same
manner for each program, the estimates may differ
among programs. The three types of toxic
emission inventories cited in this chapter are:
Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) estimates
for over 300 chemicals submitted annually
since 1988 to EPA by certain
manufacturing facilities;
national inventories for specific pollutants
prepared by EPA to support special studies
called for by the CAAA; and
inventories of all Hazardous Air Pollutants
([HAPs] 189 chemicals currently listed)
emitted by specific source categories being
regulated under Title III of the 1990
CAAA.
The term "toxic" was used by legislators drawing
up the TRI list, which covers all media air,
land, and water. In this section, all TRI data
presented correspond to the relase of specific
chemicals to air only. "Hazardous" refers to the
list of air pollutants targeted for regulation under
section 112(b)(l) of the CAA.
Because it is the only one of the three inventory
types which is regularly updated, the TRI data
discussed in section 10.2 may be used as an
indication of toxic emission trends. However, the
TRI does not present a complete picture of toxic
air emissions because only manufacturing facilities
with 10 or more employees must report emissions.
The national inventories for specific pollutants
presented in section 10.3 provide a more
comprehensive picture for a limited number of air
toxics because they include estimates for all
source categories emitting those pollutants. For
some toxic air pollutants, the mobile, commercial,
residential, and consumer sectors can be much
more significant sources of emissions than the
manufacturing sector. It should be noted that
these estimates have been prepared for only a
single year, 1990. The inventory data presented in
section 10.4 are also national in scope, but are
focused on specific source categories, rather than
on specific pollutants. The estimates are presented
in terms of total HAP emissions, and include
emissions of all relevant pollutants from the list of
189 HAPs defined in the CAAA. Section 10.4 is
presented primarily as a status report on EPA's
efforts to reduce HAP emissions according to Title
III of the CAAA.
The development of comprehensive toxics data is
complicated by several factors, including the
number of chemical compounds involved, the
number and variety of sources emitting the
compounds, the low concentrations sometimes
involved, and the potential for secondary
formation of one hazardous compound from other,
often nonhazardous, compounds. The limitations
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-1
Air Toxics
-------
inherent in current data sources limit EPA's ability
to identify trends in air toxic emissions and
concentrations. Therefore, preliminary
assessments of baseline emissions are somewhat
tentative. As more information is collected on air
toxic emissions, EPA will attempt to modify the
baseline estimates to accurately reflect the
effectiveness of Title III regulations in reducing
toxic air emissions.
10.2 TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY
SUMMARIES
Manufacturing facilities meeting specified activity
thresholds are required to report their estimated
releases and transfers of listed toxic chemicals to
EPA each year. The reports are compiled by EPA
into a publicly available data base called the
Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). This inventory
was established under the Emergency Planning
and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986
(EPCRA). The EPA has collected information for
the TRI since 1987. The list of chemicals for
which releases and transfers must be reported has
seen additions and deletions each year, and now
includes over 300 chemicals in 20 chemical
categories.
While the TRI is the only data base available for
assessing air toxic emission trends, this data base
does have some limitations. Facilities with SIC
codes outside the range of 20 to 39 (the
manufacturing SIC range) are not required to
report. Under this exemption, facilities such as
mining operations, electric utilities, and oil and gas
production operations are not required to report to
the TRI. Emissions from small manufacturing
facilities (those with fewer than 10 employees) as
well as commercial, residential, and mobile
sources are also not included in the TRI. The TRI
data are self-reported by the emitting facilities, and
the TRI does not require facilities to perform any
actual monitoring or testing to develop their
estimates. The accuracy of the reported data may
vary from facility to facility and year to year.
Despite these limitations, the TRI estimates are
being used here as indicators of the trend in toxic
air emissions, at least in the manufacturing sector.
Efforts are underway to enhance the TRI data base
by expanding both the types of facilities which
must report their releases and the list of chemicals
which must be reported.
Figure 10-1 shows the trend in toxic air emissions
as reported by manufacturing facilities to EPA's
TRI data base. In order to reduce the effects of
changing reporting requirements on the underlying
trend in toxic emissions, the totals shown are for
a set of 278 chemicals that have been on the TRI
list since its inception in 1987. The original TRI
list included 173 of the 189 chemicals
subsequently defined by the CAAA as HAPs, and
these are graphed as a subset in Figure 10-1.
These HAPs have shown the same trend in
reductions as the larger TRI set, representing
approximately 72 percent of the declining TRI
total for each year.
The 10 HAPs ranked highest in emissions (based
on 1988 reported air releases) have accounted for
approximately 56 percent of total TRI air
emissions and approximately 79 percent of the
total HAP air emissions in each reporting year.
The sums of the emissions for these 10 HAPs are
shown for 1988 through 1992 in Figure 10-1; the
5-year trend for each individual HAP is shown in
Figure 10-2.' A generally declining trend is
evident for 9 of the 10 HAPs; hydrochloric acid
shows slight increases for the first 2 years and
then slight decreases for the last 2 years.
Sixteen of the 189 HAPs defined by the CAAA
were not included in the original TRI list. Two of
the 16, acetophenone and ethylidene dichloride,
have been added to the TRI list, with the first
reports to be submitted by July 1, 1995 for the
1994 reporting year. Nine other HAPs were
proposed for addition to the TRI on January 12,
1994. The 9 HAPs are:
hexane
caprolactam
triethylamine
mineral fibers
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-2
Air Toxics
-------
polycyclic organic matter
(polycyclic aromatic compounds)
phosphine
isophorone
dimethyl formamide
hexamethylene-l,6-diisocyanate
The five remaining HAPs were not proposed for
addition to the TRI list for various reasons, such
as being produced in quantities too low to meet
the TRI thresholds or being emitted by sources
which do not have to report to the TRI. These
HAPs include:
coke oven emissions;
2,2,4-trimethylpentane;
radionuclides (including radon);
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; and
p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
(DDE).
Table 10-1 shows total TRI-reported air emissions
for each State for 1988 through 1992.1 Only 4
States (Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, and
South Dakota) reported greater emissions in 1992
than in 1988. Most States show a steady
downward trend through all years. Figure 10-3
shows the trend in TRI emissions for each of the
20 SIC groups:required to report to TRI.1 Only 3
SIC groups (Food, Tobacco, and Apparel) reported
greater emissions in 1992 than in 1988.
10.3 NATIONAL INVENTORIES FOR
SPECIFIC POLLUTANTS
EPA's OAQPS has developed a number of
nationwide toxic emissions inventories for
individual chemicals to help address specific
requirements of the CAAA. For the pollutants
addressed, these inventories are more compre-
hensive than the TRI in that they attempt to
identify and quantify all source categories and air
emissions of these pollutants, whether from
manufacturing facilities, commercial facilities,
mobile sources, or residential and consumer
sources. These inventories also include emissions
from facilities with fewer than 10 employees and
emissions from sources with very low
concentrations of toxics, which are exempted from
the TRI reporting requirements. These
considerations can be extremely important for
estimating the total emissions of some pollutants.
These inventories have been compiled by using
existing national estimates for a specific chemical
from a specific source category (e.g., for
development of a NESHAP) wherever possible.
Other EPA inventories such as the TRI were used
as well. If no suitable inventory was available, an
average emission factor and national activity data
were used to estimate emissions. In general, the
emissions estimates are based on national activity
data for an entire source category, rather than data
for individual facilities. Details on how the
estimates for each source category were derived
can be found in the references cited.
Inventories are available for only 13 HAPs at this
time, and most of these inventories are still in
draft form. Since these inventories have been
prepared for a single year, no evaluation of a trend
is possible. However, they are valuable as an
initial assessment of the potential magnitude of
risks posed by certain pollutants and source
categories. They also provide an initial baseline
for evaluating potential methods for reducing
identified risks. A projected trend can be
estimated by examining the major sources of the
emissions, assessing whether these source
categories are growing or shrinking, and whether
or not they are regulated or scheduled to be
regulated.
10.3.1 Section 112(k) Inventories (Urban Area
Source Program)
Section 112(k) of the CAA requires the EPA to
identify source categories and subcategories of
HAPs in urban areas that pose a threat to human
health. Area sources accounting for at least 90
percent of total emissions of at least 30 HAPs that
present the greatest threat to urban populations
must be identified. Emission standards for these
HAP species are to be developed by the year
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-3
Air Toxics
-------
2000. The work being performed in support of
section 112(k) is referred to as the Urban Area
Source Program.
In order to meet the requirements of section
112(k), national inventories of toxic pollutants are
needed. This information, in conjunction with risk
factors for the specific toxics, can be used to
determine the specific pollutants and source
categories that need to be controlled. Thus far,
national inventories have been developed for seven
HAPs under the Urban Area Source Program.
These HAPs are thought to be ubiquitous in most
urban areas, regardless of the type of industries
present in the local area.
Table 10-2 presents the national estimates for
three HAPs emitted primarily from combustion
source categories.2'3 Table 10-3 presents the
national totals for four HAPs used primarily as
solvents.4 The emissions values given in these
tables for a specific SIC code have been taken
from the TRI data base. The two tables show that
manufacturing industries (SICs 20 through 39) are
a major contributor for only two of the seven
chemicals, methylene chloride and carbon
tetrachloride.
10.3.2 Section 112(c)(6) Inventories
Section 112 (c)(6) of the CAA requires EPA to
identify and characterize all source categories and
subcategories that emit any of seven specified
pollutants by November 15, 1995. Section 112
(c)(6) also requires the subsequent development of
emission standards for the largest-emitting source
Categories of each pollutant. The categories to be
regulated must account for at least 90 percent of
the national emissions of that pollutant. The 7
pollutants specified in section 112 (c)(6) are:
polycyclic organic matter (POM);
hexachlorobenzene (HCB);
alkylated lead compounds (TEL and
TML);
polychlorinated biphenyl compounds
(PCBs);
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(TCDD);
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF);
and
mercury.
All of these pollutants, except for TCDF, are
included in the list of 189 HAPs defined in
section 112(b)(l) of the CAA.
In addition to the source category emissions
estimates called for by section 112(c)(6), national
emissions were estimated for major and area
source contributors and were allocated to urban
and rural areas, in order to support the section
112(k) Urban Area Source Program. Regional
emissions were also developed to support work
required by section 112(m) of the CAA, which
mandates the quantification of atmospheric
deposition to the Great Lakes, Chesapeake Bay,
Lake Champlain, and coastal waters.
1990 base year national emissions are summarized
below for the first four of the seven pollutants
listed in section 112 (c)(6). The inventories for
TCDD and TCDF are still under development, and
the inventory for mercury has been prepared as
part of a Locating & Estimating (L&E) document
series.
In Table 10-4, estimates of extractable organic
matter (EOM) are presented as a surrogate for
POM emissions.5 Extractable organic matter is a
gravimetric-based measurement which correlates
with the POM class of compounds in terms of
compound carcinogenicity and mutagenicity.
Table 10-5 shows that the 2 major source
categories which emit hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
are pesticides application and chlorinated solvents
production.6 Seven pesticides were identified as
containing HCB as an impurity, but data sufficient
to develop an emissions estimate were lacking for
2 of the pesticides. Application of the remaining
5 pesticides is estimated to release 202 short tons
of HCB per year. Production of 5 chlorinated
hydrocarbons is estimated to release a little more
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-4
Air Toxics
-------
than a half ton of HCB per year as a by-product.
Emissions from chlorinated solvents production
would all be from major point source facilities,
while all of the pesticide emissions would be from
area sources.
The only known commercial use of alkylated lead
compounds is in the manufacture of leaded
gasoline anti-knock compounds, which raise the
octane levels in leaded motor vehicle gasoline and
aviation gasoline. The phase-down of lead in
highway motor vehicle gasoline began in 1973.
Section 211(n) of the CAA prohibits the
manufacture of engines requiring leaded gasoline
after 1992. The deadline for the abolishment of
all lead-containing highway vehicle fuels is
December 31, 1995.
The two most common lead anti-knock
compounds are tetraethyl lead (TEL) and
tetramethyl lead (TML). The potential for TEL
and TML emissions is limited to evaporative
losses from the distribution, marketing, and use of
leaded motor vehicle gasoline and aviation
gasoline. National evaporative loss emissions are
presented in Table 10-6 for pipelines, bulk
terminals, bulk plants, service stations, and off-
highway engines and vehicles.7
The source category emissions listed in Table 10-7
are those for which reliable PCB emissions could
be developed.8 The following categories were
identified as potential sources of PCB emissions
for which sufficient data were not available to
develop national emissions estimates:
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal
Facilities (TSDFs) and Landfills;
Superfund Sites;
Steel and Iron Reclamation (auto scrap
burning);
Accidental Releases (spills, leaks and
transformer fires); and
Environmental Sinks of Past PCB
Contamination.
Table 10-8 presents emissions for 2 key metallic
HAPs, mercury and cadmium. Mercury is 1 of
the 7 pollutants specified in section 112(c)(6) of
the CAA. The estimates for mercury and
cadmium are taken from 2 EPA documents which
are part of the series known as L&E
documents.9'10 Over the last 10 years, 33 L&E
documents have been published by EPA to assist
state and local air pollution control agencies in
their efforts to prepare inventories of toxic air
pollutants. The documents provide a compilation
of available information, including emission
factors, on the sources and emissions of specific
toxic air pollutants. Only those L&E documents
completed in the last year have provided emissions
on a national level. Several L&E documents
expected to be published in the next year will also
include national emissions.
10.4 SOURCE CATEGORY ESTIMATES
AND MAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY STATUS
The CAAA of 1990 mandated fundamental
changes in air toxics regulation, listing 189 HAPs
that must be regulated according to a stringent
schedule. The process of regulation entails the
development of emission standards based upon the
MACT for each point source category emitting
one or more HAPs. These emission standards
apply to all major sources and are to be developed
over a period of 10 years. Standards also must be
developed for area sources, although these can be
based on Generally Available Control Tech-
nologies (GACT). Prior versions of the Act
resulted in a cumbersome process for individually
listing and regulating HAPs. Between 1970 and
1990, only 8 pollutants (arsenic, asbestos, benzene,
beryllium, mercury, radionuclides, radon-22, and
vinyl chloride) were regulated under a program
known as the National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs). Table 10-9
provides information on 15 NESHAPs that have
either been recently promulgated or are under
development. Baseline toxic emissions estimates
and the expected reductions due to the MACT
standards are included.
National A,
if Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-5
Air Toxics
-------
The health effects of the HAPs emitted by the
source categories listed in Table 10-9 vary.
Animal and some human studies indicate that the
possible health effects of the solvents emitted from
the aerospace manufacturing, halogenated solvent
cleaning, and magnetic tape manufacturing
industries include cancer as well as developmental,
respiratory, and neurological effects. Emissions of
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes
(BTEX) from the petroleum refinery, marine
vessel loading, and gasoline distribution source
categories have been shown to contribute to
cancer, liver and kidney damage, and neurological
and developmental effects in animal and some
human studies. Benzene is a known human
carcinogen.
Epichlorohydrin is emitted by some polymers and
resins facilities and is a suspected carcinogen,
based on animal studies and some human studies.
The two major toxic pollutants emitted from pulp
and paper facilities are chloroform and methanol.
Animal studies have shown that chloroform causes
cancer and methanol exposure results in
reproductive and developmental effects. Ethylene
oxide sterilization facilities use and emit a
probable human carcinogen. Hexavalent chro-
mium is a known potent human carcinogen and is
emitted by large numbers of chromium
electroplating operations and industrial process
cooling towers. Perchloroethylene is a probable
human carcinogen that is emitted by many dry
cleaning facilities.
The pollutants of primary interest from coke ovens
with respect to long-term or chronic health effects
are various carcinogenic polycyclic organic
compounds, such as benzo(a)pyrene. Secondary
lead smelters emit lead compounds, arsenic
compounds, and 1,3-butadiene, which are known
or suspected carcinogens. Up to 150 of the 189
HAPs may be emitted from the synthetic organic
chemical manufacturing industry (SOCMI). Many
of these HAPs are known or suspected
carcinogens.
10.4.1 Aerospace Manufacturing and Rework
Industry
Aerospace manufacturing and rework facilities
emit approximately 208,000 short tons per year of
HAPs. Emission sources include paint and coating
operations, chemical stripping, and clean-up
solvents. Most of the HAPs emitted by this
industry are solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone
(MEK), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), toluene, and
methylene chloride. Many of the primers used for
aerospace vehicles also contain heavy metals such
as chromium and cadmium. The EPA proposed a
NESHAP to control HAP emissions from this
industry in June 1994. More than 2,800 facilities
will be subject to this regulation. Hazardous air
pollutant emissions are expected to be reduced by
approximately 127,800 short tons per year.
Approximately 89,000 short tons of the HAPs
being eliminated are also considered VOCs.
10.4.2 Petroleum Refineries
A MACT standard for petroleum refineries was
proposed under court order in June 1994. The
standard must be promulgated by June 30, 1995.
All of the 192 refineries in the United States are
covered by the proposed rule. The primary HAPs
emitted from refineries are BTEX, methyl tert-
butyl ether (MTBE), 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane (iso-
octane), and hexane. The regulations will reduce
emissions of HAPs from petroleum refineries by
54,000 short tons per year. This represents a 69
percent reduction in current refinery HAP
emissions. As an additional benefit, the
regulations will reduce VOC emissions from
refineries by 72 percent, or 350,000 short tons per
year. The greatest emission reductions will result
from requiring refiners to implement an effective
program to detect and repair leaks from pumps,
valves, compressors, and other equipment.
Additional significant reductions will be achieved
by requiring efficient emission controls on storage
tanks, process vents, and wastewater collection
and treatment systems.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-6
Air Toxics
-------
10.4.3 Halogenated Solvent Cleaning
Emissions from halogenated solvent cleaning
machines include methylene chloride,
perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, TCA, carbon
tetrachloride, and chloroform. The estimated total
HAP emissions for 1990 were 141,400 short tons.
The EPA rule proposed in November 1993 is
based on equipment and work practices standards,
with an alternative compliance standard based on
an overall solvent emissions limit. It is estimated
that approximately 25,400 batch vapor and in-line
solvent cleaning machines, and 100,000 batch cold
cleaning machines will be affected by the
standards. The EPA rule would reduce annual
emissions of the targeted air toxics by 88,400
short tons. The final rule is scheduled to be
promulgated on November 15, 1994.
10.4.4 Magnetic Tape Manufacturing
Emissions of HAPs from the magnetic tape
manufacturing industry are primarily solvents used
in the coating process. The primary solvents are
MEK, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), and
toluene. Particulate HAP emissions may also
result during the transfer of magnetic particles to
the coating mix. Based on 1992 information,
major sources are estimated to emit about 4,500
short tons per year of HAPs. The EPA proposed
standards in March 1993 to reduce these emissions
to about 2,200 short tons per year. The proposed
rule would require 95 percent control for the
majority of the emission points in a facility. Most
facilities are expected to achieve this standard with
a solvent recovery device, such as a carbon
adsorber. Other emission points would be
required to meet work practice or equipment
specifications. The final rule is scheduled to be
promulgated in November 1994.
10.4.5 Marine Vessel Loading Operations
Marine vessel loading and unloading operations
are believed to emit as many as 60 of the 189
HAPs, including BTEX. Emissions at marine
terminal loading operations result from the
displacement of vapors as liquids are loaded into
cargo holds. The EPA proposed the Marine
Vessel rule in May 1994. Approximately 350
facilities will be affected by the rule. The
estimated 1990 HAP emissions of 8,800 short tons
per year are expected to be reduced by 8,400 short
tons per year.
10.4.6 Polymers and Resins II
The EPA proposed the NESHAP for Epoxy Resin
Production and Non-Nylon Polyamides Production
in May 1994. The proposed rule affects
manufacturers that produce basic liquid epoxy
resin (three facilities) and wet strength resins (17
facilities). Emissions occur at these facilities from
process vents, storage tanks, wastewater collection
and treatment systems, and equipment leaks.
Estimated baseline HAP emissions are 160 short
tons per year. The proposed rule sets HAP
emissions limitations based on the amount of resin
produced, and requires operators to implement
leak detection and repair programs for control of
equipment leaks. The estimated reduction in HAP
emissions is 110 short tons per year.
10.4.7 Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard
Manufacturing Processes
Pulp and paper mills emit several HAPs, including
chloroform and methanol. In addition, toxic and
other Clean Water Act pollutants are discharged
into the nation's waters (e.g., dioxins and furans).
There are about 160 chemical pulping mills
emitting approximately 187,000 short tons per year
of HAPs into the air from process vents and
evaporation from wastewater units. The EPA
proposed emission standards and effluent
guidelines in December 1993 which will reduce
HAP emissions by 132,000 short tons per year and
VOC emissions by 788,000 short tons per year.
Air emission reductions are achieved by venting
process equipment to combustion devices and by
steam stripping certain wastewater streams. An
additional MACT rule covering HAP emissions
from combustion sources at kraft mills will be
proposed in early 1994. Both NESHAPs are
«unal Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-7
Air Toxics
-------
planned to be promulgated together with the water
effluent guidelines in early 1996.
10.4.8 Gasoline Distribution Industry (Stage I)
Major sources of HAPs in the gasoline distribution
network include about 380 medium and large-
sized gasoline bulk terminals and about 20 large
pipeline breakout stations. Emissions of HAPs
from these facilities occur during gasoline tank
truck loading, gasoline storage, and from leaking
pumps, valves, flanges and other equipment.
Gasoline vapors contain BTEX, naphthalene,
cumene, hexane, and 2-2-4-trimethylpentane. In
addition, MTBE is used in some gasolines as an
oxygenate during the winter months to meet the
CAAA's requirements for CO nonattainment areas.
Residual HAP and VOC emissions after current
VOC control measures are estimated to be 55,000
and 880,000 short tons per year, respectively. The
EPA proposed a rule in February 1994 which is
estimated to reduce HAP and VOC emissions by
3,000 and 48,000 short tons per year, respectively.
10.4.9 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization Facilities
Ethylene oxide is used as a sterilant for heat or
moisture sensitive materials and as a fumigant to
control microorganisms or insects in the
production of medical equipment supplies and in
miscellaneous sterilization and fumigation
operations. Sterilization may be carried out at the
facility that produces or uses the product, or by
contract sterilizers (i.e., firms under contract to
sterilize products manufactured by other
companies). About 200 commercial ethylene
oxide sterilization facilities emit an estimated
1,200 short tons of ethylene oxide per year in the
United States. In March 1994, EPA proposed a
NESHAP to control main sterilizer vent and
aeration vent emissions at major sources and to
control main sterilizer vents at area sources. The
proposed regulation will reduce emissions by
approximately 1,100 short tons annually. The
regulation is scheduled for promulgation in
November 1994.
10.4.10 Chromium Electroplating Operations
Hexavalent chromium is discharged to the
atmosphere from each of the three types of
chromium electroplating processes: decorative
chromium electroplating, hard chromium
electroplating, and chromium anodizing. During
1988, an estimated 175 short tons of hexavalent
chromium were emitted from approximately 5,000
chromium electroplating operations in the United
States. The regulation will require the use of
add-on air pollution control systems or fume
suppressants in the plating solution in order to
reduce emissions by 99 percent. The standard will
reduce hexavalent chromium emissions from
chromium electroplating operations to less than
three short tons per year in the third year after
promulgation. The proposed NESHAP for these
operations is scheduled for promulgation at the
end of 1994.
10.4.11 Coke Oven Batteries
Emissions from coke batteries include organic and
inorganic PM, VOCs, and gases such as hydrogen
disulfide, SO2, NOX, CO, and ammonia. A
NESHAP for coke ovens was promulgated in
October 1993. The rule requires operators to limit
the percentage of leaking doors, lids, and offtake
systems, limit the duration of visible emissions
during charging, and install destructive flares on
bypass/bleeder stacks. These requirements apply
to 30 facilities located in 10 different States. The
rule is expected to reduce emissions from the
current estimated level of 1,830 short tons per year
to no more than 320 short tons per year by the
end of 1995.
10.4.12 Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning
Facilities
There are about 25,000 perchloroethylene dry
cleaning operations in the United States, of which
3,700 are industrial or large commercial dry
cleaners. Perchloroethylene is a probable human
carcinogen. A NESHAP for the 3,700 large dry
cleaning operations was promulgated in September
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-8
Air Toxics
-------
1993. The regulation requires the use of a
refrigerated condenser (or carbon adsorber, if
already installed) in order to reduce emissions. By
1996, perchloroethylene emissions will be reduced
by 7,300 short tons per year from a 1988 baseline
of 50,000 short tons.
10.4.13 Secondary Lead Smelters
About 23 secondary lead smelters provide the
United States domestic capacity for recycling
automotive batteries. The smelters emit metallic
HAPs, organic HAPs, and hydrochloric acid. The
NESHAP for these operations was proposed in
May 1994, and is expected to be promulgated by
May 1995. Total HAP emissions are estimated to
be 2,900 short tons per year. The standard would
require control of furnace combustion gases,
process fugitive emission sources, and fugitive
dust sources which are windblown or vehicle-
induced emissions from storage piles, roadways,
and other areas of the facility. The NESHAP
would result in reducing emissions by 2,200 short
tons per year.
10.4.14 Industrial Process Cooling Towers
Chromium-based water treatment chemicals are
currently used in approximately 800 industrial
process cooling towers (IPCTs) located at 300
chemical and industrial facilities nationwide to
protect process heat exchangers from corrosion.
An estimated 25 short tons per year of hexavalent
chromium are currently emitted from IPCTs in the
United States. The rulemaking will require the
use of nonchromium based water treatment
programs, resulting in a 100 percent reduction in
chromium emissions from IPCTs within
approximately 18 months after promulgation.
Final regulations for IPCTs was promulgated in
July 1994.
10.4.15 Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI)
The various SOCMI processes are believed to emit
as many as 150 of the 189 HAPs. Emission
points at SOCMI facilities include process vents,
storage vessels, transfer operations, wastewater
collection and treatment operations, and equipment
leaks. The EPA promulgated the Hazardous
Organic NESHAP (HON) final rule in April 1994.
Approximately 370 facilities and 1,050 chemical
manufacturing processes will be affected by the
HON. The 1989 estimated HAP emissions from
SOCMI facilities of 550,000 short tons are
projected to be reduced to 110,000 short tons per
year by 1998.
10.5 REFERENCES
1. 1992 Toxic Release Inventory, (Tables 3-12 to 3-15). EPA-745/R-94-001. Office or Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. April 1994.
2. Motor Vehicle-Related Air Toxics Study, (Tables 5-3, 6-4, 7-4). EPA-420/R-93-005. Office of
Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. April 1993.
3- Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Emission Study-Report, (Table 3-02). EPA 21A-2001. Office of
Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. November 1991.
4- National Urban Area Source Emissions of Benzene, 1,3'-Butadiene, Formaldehyde,
Trichloroethylene, Methylene Chloride, and Carbon Tetrachloride, (Table 2-1) , Interim Draft
Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. September 1993.
r Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-9
Air Toxics
-------
5. Emissions Inventory of Section 112(c)(6) Pollutants, Extractable Organic Matter (EOM), Draft
Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. September 1993.
6. Estimation of National Hexachlorobenzene Emissions for 1990, (Table I), Final Report. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. October 1993.
7. Estimation ofAlkylated Lead Emissions, (Table I), Final Report. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. September 1993.
8. Emissions Inventory of Section 112(c)(6) Pollutants, Poly chlorinated Biphenyl Compounds (PCBs),
(Table 3-1), Draft Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. September 1993.
9. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds,
(Table 3-3), EPA-454/R-93-040. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC. September 1993.
10. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Mercury and Mercury Compounds, (Table
3-4), EPA-454/R-93-023. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
September 1993.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 10-10 Air Toxics
-------
Figure 10.1. TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY
Air Emissions Trends
All TRI Chemicals
173 HAPS in TRI
Top 10 HAPS
TRI Air Emissions in thousand short tons/year
Source: 1992 Toxic Release Inventory, Table 3-14. EPA 745-R-94-001, April 1994
NUI Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-11
Air Toxics
-------
31
9
to
fc
H
Figure 10-2. Top 10 HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS -1988 Basis
Toluene 1,1,1-TCA* MEK*** Dichloromethane Hydrochloric Acid
Methanol Xylene** Chlorine Carbon Disulfide Trichloroethylene
TRI Air Emissions in thousand tons/year
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Mixed Isomers only
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Source: 1992 Toxics Release Inventory. Table 3-15.
EPA 745-R-94-001, April 1994.
-------
Figure 10-3. TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY
Releases by Industry, 1988 - 1992
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Fabr. Metals
Electrical
Furniture
Petroleum
Printing
Machinery
Measure/Photo
Textiles
Lumber
Miscellaneous
Stone/Clay
Food
Leather
No Codes 20-39
Tobacco
Apparel
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HI 1989
1990
H 1991
1992
;
100 200 300 400
TRI Air Emissions in thousand short tons
500
Source: 1992Toxics Release Inventory, Table 3-13. EPA745-R-94-001, April 1994.
Nati°nal Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-13
Ak Toxics
-------
Table 10-1. State Total Air Emissions from TRI*, 1988 to 1992
(short tons/year)
State
Texas
Tennessee
Ohio
Louisiana
Virginia
Utah
Indiana
Illinois
Alabama
New York
North Carolina
Michigan
California
Pennsylvania
Georgia
South Carolina
Mississippi
Minnesota
Florida
Missouri
Arkansas
Kentucky
Wisconsin
Iowa
New Jersey
West Virginia
Oklahoma
Kansas
Washington
Massachusetts
Connecticut
Alaska
Oregon
Nebraska
Maryland
Maine
Arizona
Puerto Rico
New Hampshire
Colorado
Rhode Island
Delaware
Idaho
Wyoming
South Dakota
Montana
New Mexico
Virgin Islands
1988
105,793
73,865
71,423
68,580
62,833
60,809
56,732
55,021
53,003
50,662
49,813
49,657
46,391
45,960
42,528
34,207
30,783
27,461
25,861
25,276
24,380
24,264
23,815
22,410
19,829
18,923
17,889
16,344
14,849
13,967
13,124
1 1 ,523
10,595
9,345
9,191
8,718
8,155
7,150
6,157
6,017
3,890
3,782
2,683
1,446
1,286
1,194
1,067
853
1990
89,337
74,454
58,080
55,722
39,133
53,159
54,461
44,896
51,954
37,883
45,099
41,988
41,346
38,378
37,347
34,644
30,156
25,446
23,648
22,955
17,136
20,905
22,080
19,786
12,824
15,690
15,336
15,227
14,239
10,644
8,803
7,984
9,410
8,460
6,778
6,991
6,414
8,716
4,060
3,362
2,610
3,010
2,870
2,365
1,406
1,226
1,284
606
1991
83,395
71,932
49,856
49,116
33,600
37,244
46,193
40,590
49,661
32,034
41,431
35,186
33,560
33,062
29,116
30,883
28,212
19,528
19,123
17,479
15,978
18,918
18,568
17,237
10,637
13,578
12,993
14,402
12,933
8,260
7,979
6,613
8,934
7,396
5,845
6,901
4,773
7,923
2,645
2,876
2,178
2,920
3,152
1,439
1,369
1,180
1,077
555
1992
77,540
63,501
44,718
43,808
31,674
34,457
42,337
36,039
47,109
27,370
40,016
32,910
27,131
30,319
25,038
30,856
26,663
14,608
16,630
18,095
13,839
18,493
18,345
16,234
9,945
11,219
12,081
12,411
10,936
7,091
6,618
5,473
8,155
6,282
5,274
6,472
4,161
6,755
2,968
2,456
1,659
2,484
2,604
1,146
1,447
1,394
932
777
Reduction (88-92)
Tons Percent
28,252
10,363
26,705
24,772
31,159
26,351
14,395
18,981
5,894
23,292
9,797
16,747
19,260
15,641
17,490
3,351
4,120
12,852
9,231
7,181
10,541
5,771
5,470
6,176
9,884
7,704
5,809
3,932
3,913
6,876
6,507
6,050
2,440
3,062
3,917
2,246
3,994
395
3,189
3,560
2,231
1,299
79
299
(162)
(200)
134
75
27
14
37
36
50
43
25
34
11
46
20
34
42
34
41
10
13
47
36
28
43
24
23
28
50
41
32
24
26
49
50
53
23
33
43
26
49
6
52
59
57
34
3
21
-13
-17
13
9
(continued)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends. 1900-1993
10-14
Air Toxics
-------
Table 10-1. State Total Air Emissions from TRI, 1988 to 1992 (continued)
State
Vermont
North Dakota
Hawaii
Nevada
American Samoa
Total
1988
784
636
437
352
15
1,341,726
1990
469
741
340
373
10
1,152,240
1991
450
903
290
425
11
1,002,544
1992
413
878
298
416
6
910,483
Reduction (88-92)
Tons Percent
371 47
(241) -38
139 32
(64) -18
9 62
431,243 32
Source: 1992 Toxic Release Inventory, Table 3-12. EPA 745-R-94-001, April 1994.
ir Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-15
Air Toxics
-------
Table 10-2. 1990 National Emissions for 3 Hazardous Air Pollutants
(short tons/year)
Source Category Benzene Formaldehyde 1,3-Butadiene
Utility Combustion
Industrial Combustion
Commercial/Institutional Comb.
Residential Combustion
Structural Fires
On-Road Motor Vehicles
Nonroad Mobile Sources
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Publicly Owned Treatment Works
Landfills
Gas Processing Glycol Dehydrators
Petroleum Distribution
SIC 24: Lumber & Wood Products
SIC 28: Chemicals & Allied Products
SIC 29: Petroleum Refining
SIC 32: Stone, Clay, Glass & Concrete
SIC 33: Primary Metal Industries
Other Industrial Processes (SIC 20-39)
TOTAL
174,326
109,783
313
55
45
15,401
14,089
1
3184
2980
<1
5537
115
325,830
1685
921
497
2399
7610
81,431
41,663
40
2249
1667
169
1083
126
863
142,403
30,833
47,816
2348
174
4
81,175
Sources: On-Road from EPA 420-R-93-005, Motor Vehicle-Related Air Toxics Study, April 1993 (Tables 5-3, 6-4, 7-4); Nonroad from
EPA 21A-2001, Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Emission Study-Report, November 1991 (Table 3-02); All other estimates from
National Urban Area Source Emissions of Benzene, 1,3-Butadiene, Formaldehyde, Trichtoroethylene, Methylene Chloride, and
Carbon Tetrachloride, Interim Draft Report, September 30, 1993 (Table 2-1).
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-16
Air Toxics
-------
Table 10-3. 1990 National Emissions for 4 Chlorinated Hazardous Air Pollutants
(short tons/year)
Source Category
Dry Cleaners
Commercial/Consumer Products
Unspecified Solvent Use
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Publicly Owned Treatment Works
Landfills
SIC 20: Food & Kindred Products
SIC 22: Textile Mill Products
SIC 23: Apparel & Other Textile Prod
SIC 24: Lumber & Wood Products
SIC 25: Furniture & Fixtures
SIC 26: Paper & Allied Products
SIC 27: Printing & Publishing
SIC 28: Chemicals & Allied Products
SIC 29: Petroleum Refining
SIC 30: Rubber & Misc. Plastics
SIC 31: Leather & Leather Products
SIC 32: Stone, Clay, Glass & Concrete
SIC 33: Primary Metal Industries
SIC 34: Fabricated Metals
SIC 35: Industrial Machinery & Equipt
SIC 36: Electronic & Other Elec Equipt
SIC 37: Transportation Equipment
SIC 38: Instruments & Related Products
SIC 39: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Ind
TOTAL
Perchloro-
ethylene
79,091
88
3819
4
127
121
484
31
66
6
262
141
582
1
460
15
74
1451
1447
1063
1298
2663
299
80
93,672
Trichloro- Methylene
ethylene Chloride
32
21,714
3
90
58
564
1
132
18
56
336
48
853
543
2133
5023
2380
1915
3749
682
568
40,895
1756
9
168
257
152
208
69
111
240
625
158
13,448
3
16,498
68
738
781
1953
1235
2366
3048
4646
457
48,994
Carbon
Tetrachloride
0.03
346
0.003
770
23
0.256
0.003
1,139
Source: National Urban Area Source Emissions of Benzene, 1,3-Butadiene, Formaldehyde, Trichtoroethylene, Methylene Chloride, and
Carbon Tetrachloride, Interim Draft Report, September 30, 1993 (Table 2-1).
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-17
Air Toxics
-------
Table 10-4. 1990 National Extractable Organic Matter Emissions
(short tons/year)
Source Category EOM
Residential Wood Combustion 475,830
Industrial Wood Combustion 97,848
On-Road Vehicles 56,157
Utility Coal Combustion 38,628
Nonroad Vehicles 25,116
Residential Natural Gas Combustion 4,143
Diesel 1C Engines & Turbines 3,660
Commercial Coal Combustion 2,746
Industrial Coal Combustion 2,411
15 Other Categories Estimated* 11,830
TOTAL 718,369
Source: Emissions Inventory of section 112(c)(6) Pollutants, Extractable Organic Matter (EOM), Draft
Report, September 1993 (Table 3-1).
NOTE(S): 'Includes additional combustion sectors, municipal and medical waste incineration, coke ovens,
and primary aluminum production.
No estimates available for the following potential sources of EOM emissions:
Iron and Steel Foundries
Carbon Black Manufacturing
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Wood Treatment and Preserving
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Locomotives, Aircraft, and additional Nonroad Vehicles
Petroleum Refining
Charcoal Manufacturing
Secondary Lead Smelting
Pulp and Paper Production
Asphalt Hot-Mix Production
Of the above listed categories, iron and steel foundries and petroleum refineries are likely to be
major sources of EOM emissions based on the air emissions for individual POM compounds
reported in the TRI data base.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 10-18 Air Toxics
-------
Table 10-5. 1990 National Hexachlorobenzene Emissions
(pounds/year)
State
Pesticides
Solvent Prod.
Total
Florida
California
Texas
Illinois
Iowa
Nebraska
Indiana
Kansas
Ohio
Michigan
Missouri
North Carolina
Minnesota
Maryland
Wisconsin
Washington
New York
Louisiana
Virginia
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Georgia
Colorado
Tennessee
Oregon
Alabama
New Jersey
New Mexico
South Carolina
South Dakota
Arkansas
Delaware
Oklahoma
Hawaii
Mississippi
Utah
Arizona
North Dakota
West Virginia
Idaho
Vermont
Maine
Wyoming
Connecticut
Massachusetts
Montana
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Nevada
TOTAL
Source: Estimation
72,199
65,779
31,524
25,330
22,693
19,429
15,688
15,283
12,879
9,622
8,483
8,686
8,066
7,902
7,632
7,610
6,661
6,224
5,192
5,125
5,015
4,425
4,297
3,857
3,489
3,156
2,602
2,045
1,742
1,644
1,591
1,370
1,314
1,135
941
707
589
501
422
391
379
213
213
204
173
28
28
20
0
404,197
of National Hexachlorobenzene
0
2
562
0
0
0
0
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
299
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
222
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,161
Emissions for 1 990, Final Report, October
72,199
65,781
32,086
25,330
22,693
19,429
15,688
15,312
12,879
9,622
8,483
8,386
8,066
7,902
7,632
7,610
6,661
6,523
5,192
5,125
5,055
4,425
4,297
3,857
3,489
3,378
2,602
2,045
1,742
1,644
1,591
1,370
1,314
1,135
941
707
589
501
429
391
379
213
213
204
173
28
28
20
0
405,358
1993 (Table I).
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
10-19
Air Toxics
-------
Table 10-6. 1990 National Tetraethyl Lead and Tetramethyl Lead Emissions
(pounds/year)
Source Category
Bulk Plants - Aviation Gas
Nonroad Vehicles
Service Stations
Bulk Plants - Motor Vehicle Gas
Bulk Terminals
Pipelines
TOTAL
TEL
750
38
13
5
4
2
811
TML
N/A
293
102
40
30
16
481
Source: Estimation of Alkylated Lead Emissions, Final Report, September 1993 (Table 1).
Table 10-7. 1990 National Polychlorinated Biphenyl Emissions
(pounds/year)
Source Category PCB Emissions
Municipal Waste Combustion 175
Hazardous Waste Incineration 134
Medical Waste Incineration 84
Sewage Sludge Incineration 11
Waste Tire Incineration 1
Residual Oil Combustion 1
TOTAL 406
Source: Emissions Inventory of Section 112(c)(6) Pollutants, Polychlorinated Biphenyl Compounds
(PCBs), Draft Report, September 1993 (Table 3-1).
NOTE(S): The following categories were identified as potential sources of PCB emissions for which sufficient
data were not available to develop national emissions estimates:
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs) and Landfills;
Superfund Sites;
Steel and Iron Reclamation (auto scrap burning);
Accidental Releases (spills, leaks and transformer fires); and
Environmental Sinks of Past PCB Contamination.
National Air Pollutant'Emission Trends, 1900-1993 10-20 Air Toxics
-------
Table 10-8. 1990 National Emissions for Cadmium and Mercury
(short tons/year)
Source Category Cadmium Mercury
Coal Combustion
Oil Combustion
Municipal Waste Incineration
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Medical Waste Incineration
Wood Combustion
Geothermal Power Plants
Metal & Metal Compound Production
Major Uses of Metal
Primary Lead Smelting
Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Zinc Smelting
Secondary Copper Smelting
Secondary Zinc Smelting
Iron and Steel
Portland Cement Production
Paint
Miscellaneous Sources
Mobile Sources
TOTAL
240.4
26.0
7.7
6.9
3.9
0.4
10.1
3.6
15.8
6.2
6.3
4.8
1.7
1.5
3.3
0.1
na
338.7
122
14.9
63.8
1.8
64.7
0.3
1.4
6.3
20.2
9.0
NA
6.2
14.6
1.9
5.0
332.1
Sources: Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds,
EPA-454/R-93-040, September 1993 (Table 3-3); Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from
Sources of Mercury and Mercury Compounds, EPA-454/R-93-023, September 1993 (Table 3-4).
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 10-21 Air Toxics
-------
1
nal Air Pollutant Emissi
i'
I
1
1
o
10
I
a
TABLE 10-9. Summary
of Proposed or Promulgated
Maximum Ach
ievable Cor
itrol Technology Standards
HAP Emissions
(short tons/year)
MACT Source Category
Aerospace Manufacturing and Rework
Petroleum Refineries
Hatogenated Solvent Cleaning
Magnetic Tape Manufacturing
Marine Vessel Loading Operations
Polymers and Resins II
Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Manufacture
Gasoline Distribution Industry (Stage I)
Ethylene Oxide Sterilization Facilities
Chromium Electroplating Operations
Coke Oven Batteries
Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning Facilities
Secondary Lead Smelters
Industrial Process Cooling Towers
Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Total
Baseline
Emissions
208,000
78,000
141,400
4,500
8,800
160
187,000
55,000
1,200
175
1,830
94,000
2,900
25
550,000
1,428,990
NOTE(S): MC = Methylene Chloride, TCA = 1,1,1-Trichloroethane. MEK =
BTEX = Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes, POM =
Expected
Reduction
127,800
54,000
88,400
2,300
8,400
110
132,000
3,000
1,100
172
1,510
7,300
2,200
25
440,000
868,317
Number of
Facilities
2,800
192
125,400
350
20
160
400
200
5,000
30
3,700
23
300
370
138,945
Date of:
Proposal Final Primary Toxics Emitted
6/94
6/94
11/93
3/93
5/94
5/94
12/93
2/94
3/94
5/94
Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Perc = Perchloroethylene, TCE =
Polycyclic Organic Matter
MC, TCA, MEK, Toluene,
Chromium, Cadmium
BTEX
MC, TCA, Perc, TCE, Carbon
Tetrachloride, Chloroform
MEK, MIBK, Toluene
BTEX
Epichlorohydrin
3/96 Chloroform, Methanol
BTEX
11/94 Ethylene Oxide
11/94 Chromium
10/93 POM
9/93 Perc
5/95 Lead, Arsenic, Butadiene
7/94 Chromium
4/94 Up to 150 Different HAPs
Trichloroethylene, MIBK = Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
-------
APPENDIX A
NATIONAL EMISSIONS (1970 TO 1993)
BY SUBCATEGORY
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 A-l Appendix A
-------
National Air f
a.
|
s
I1
If
1'
a"
1
^
1
L
s
^
to
^
1.
§"
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. \n\L.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
ethylene dichloride
maleic anhydride
cyclohexanol
other
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
pigments; TiO2 chloride process: reactor
other
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
carbon black furnace: fugitives
other
Table
1970
237
106
41
90
NA
770
100
44
462
164
NA
3,625
12
27
24
NA
2,932
686
2,246
630
3,397
340
11
73
36
220
190
18
172
NA
NA
NA
2,866
2,866
NA
NA
A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1980 1984 1985 1986 1987
322 316
188 220
48 25
85 72
NA NA
750 732
58 74
35 23
418 385
239 249
NA NA
6,230 6,760
13 22
21 17
26 25
NA NA
5,992 6,485
1,402 1,517
4,590 4,967
178 212
2,151 2,082
543 599
17 20
103 122
37 39
386 418
191 167
34 37
157 129
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
1,417 1,316
1,417 1,316
NA NA
NA NA
292
208
18
56
10
670
86
47
257
167
113
6,686
14
18
42
57
6,393
NA
NA
162
1,845
251
0
16
5
230
89
77
12
19
16
0
1,471
1,078
155
238
291
208
24
48
11
650
87
46
242
172
103
6,571
14
18
42
60
6,280
NA
NA
157
1,853
261
0
16
5
240
94
82
12
19
16
0
1,463
1,068
165
231
300
217
20
53
10
649
85
46
252
171
96
6,338
14
19
43
59
6,046
NA
NA
157
1,798
260
0
15
5
240
89
77
11
18
16
0
1,415
1,034
161
219
1988
313
229
25
48
11
669
87
46
265
173
98
6,172
15
18
47
55
5,868
NA
NA
168
1,917
278
0
16
6
256
95
83
12
18
17
0
1,509
1,098
185
226
1989
319
231
26
51
11
672
87
46
271
173
96
5,942
15
17
49
55
5,654
NA
NA
153
1,925
285
0
16
6
264
95
84
12
18
17
0
1,510
1,112
180
219
1990
314
233
20
51
11
677
86
46
276
171
98
5,726
15
16
50
52
5,435
NA
NA
158
1,940
286
0
16
6
264
95
83
12
19
17
0
1,522
1,126
179
218
1991
314
233
19
51
11
682
86
46
284
169
98
5,583
15
16
51
50
5,290
NA
NA
161
1,953
282
0
16
6
261
96
84
12
19
17
0
1,538
1,140
184
214
1992 1993
313 322
235 245
15 16
51 49
11 11
671 667
78 73
46 46
277 278
170 170
99 100
5,033 4,444
15 15
17 17
50 51
52 52
4,750 4,161
NA NA
NA NA
150 149
1,964 1,998
288 289
0 0
16 16
6 6
266 268
96 96
84 84
12 12
19 19
18 18
0 0
1,542 1,574
1,142 1,170
185 190
215 214
(continued)
-------
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
2' Source Category
S. METALS PROCESSING
cf Nonferrous Metals Processing
jj* aluminum anode baking
3 prebake aluminum cell
§.' other
2 Ferrous Metals Processing
^ basic oxygen furnace
|, carbon steel electric arc furnace
^. coke oven charging
§ gray iron cupola
;~ iron ore sinter plant windbox
£ other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
p. fee units
i) other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate pulping: rec. furnace/evaporator
sulfate (kraft) pulping: lime kiln
other
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
> Surface Coating
*° Other Industrial
D.
1970
3,644
652
326
Z26
NA
2,991
440
181
62
1,203
1,025
81
NA
2,179
NA
2,168
1,820
348
11
620
NA
NA
610
NA
610
NA
NA
10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1980
2,246
842
421
421
NA
1,404
80
280
43
340
600
61
NA
1,723
NA
1,723
1,680
44
0
830
NA
NA
798
NA
798
NA
NA
32
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1984 1985
1,734
741
371
371
NA
993
64
235
29
201
418
46
NA
383
NA
383
362
21
0
908
NA
NA
877
NA
877
NA
NA
31
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,223
694
41
257
396
1,523
694
19
9
302
304
194
6
462
11
449
403
46
2
694
0
0
627
475
140
12
0
43
0
18
0
6
2
1
0
0
0
1986
2,079
650
40
243
367
1,423
640
17
9
294
280
184
6
451
9
440
398
41
2
715
0
0
647
491
145
12
0
44
0
18
0
5
2
1
0
0
0
1987
1,984
614
38
232
344
1,365
617
17
8
281
266
176
6
455
8
445
408
37
2
713
0
0
646
489
144
13
0
44
0
18
0
5
2
1
0
0
0
1988
2,101
656
40
248
368
1,439
650
18
9
288
287
188
6
441
8
431
393
38
2
711
0
0
649
491
145
13
0
44
0
13
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
1989
2,132
677
41
254
382
1,449
662
18
9
280
293
187
6
436
8
427
390
37
2
716
0
0
655
497
146
13
0
43
0
12
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
1990
2,080
681
41
255
384
1,394
642
17
8
262
283
181
6
435
8
425
389
36
2
717
0
0
657
498
146
13
0
43
0
12
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
1991
1,992
656
40
245
371
1,331
615
16
8
249
269
174
6
439
9
429
392
37
2
711
0
0
653
496
145
13
0
41
0
11
0
5
2
1
0
1
0
1992 1993
2,044 2,091
665 676
41 42
251 256
373 378
1,373 1,410
635 652
17 17
8 8
254 261
280 287
180 185
6 6
410 398
8 8
400 388
364 352
36 36
2 2
719 732
0 0
0 0
661 672
502 510
146 149
13 13
0 0
42 44
0 0
11 11
0 0
5 5
2 2
1 1
0 0
1 1
0 0
(continued)
-------
National Air 1
o
a.
e
I
s5
%
1
^
i.
£"
§
P
i
Lu
>
i>.
£
1
Source Category
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
NA NA NA 49 51 50 56 55 55 56 55 56
NANANA 000000000
NANANA 000000000
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport NANANA 000000000
Organic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
conical wood burner
municipal incinerator
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
Open Burning
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
Landfills
Other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
NA NA NA 42 45 44 51 49 49 50 49 50
NANANA 000000000
NANANA 655555555
7,059 2,300 2,028 1,941 1,916 1,850 1,806 1,747 1,686 1,644 1,717 1,732
2,979 1,246 1,089 958 949 920 903 876 849 830 864 872
1,431 228 150 17 18 18 19 19 18 18 18 18
333 13 7 34 35 34 35 35 35 34 35 35
NA NA NA 9 9 9 10 9 9 9 9 g
108 60 41 32 33 35 38 39 40 40 40 41
1,107 945 891 865 852 822 800 773 745 726 759 766
NANANA 222222222
4,080 1,054 939 982 966 930 903 870 836 814 852 859
1,932 1,007 909 20 21 21 21 21 21 20 21 22
2,148 47 30 444455555
NA NA NA 958 941 905 877 845 811 789 826 833
NANANA 000000000
NANANA 000000000
88,034 78,049 78,881 77,387 73,347 70,645 71,081 66,050 62,858 62,074 59,859 59,989
64,031 53,561 50,698 49,451 46,698 44,860 45,553 42,234 40,502 40,267 39,370 39,452
63,846 53,342 50,518 49,273 46,522 44,682 45,367 42,047 40,316 40,089 39,190 39,265
185 219 180 178 175 179 186 187 187 177 180 187
16,570 16,137 19,124 18,960 17,789 17,151 17,133 15,940 15,084 15,014 14,567 14,879
10,102 10,395 12,207 11,834 10,795 10,096 9,890 9,034 8,511 8,450 8,161 8,286
6,468 5,742 6,917 7,126 6,995 7,056 7,244 6,906 6,573 6,565 6,407 6,593
6,712 7,189 7,789 7,716 7,601 7,343 7,072 6,506 5,930 5,459 4,569 4^292
721 1,161 1,270 1,261 1,259 1,289 1,322 1,369 1,342 1,334 1,352 l',366
721 1,139 1,246 1,235 1,232 1,260 1,290 1,336 1,307 1,298 1,315 1,327
NA 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 666
NA 19 20 22 23 24 26 28 29 30 31 33
10,605 12,681 13,427 13,706 13,984 14,131 14,500 14,518 14,642 14621 14904 15272
9,478 11,004 11,599 11,815 12,057 12,286 12,465 12,538 12,655 12661 12886 13164
268 299 309 312 314 316 318 321 324 327 330 333
250 368 409 421 416 402 401 398 395 376 395 423
732 970 1,061 1,104 1,137 1,164 1,207 1,227 1228 1196 1234 1285
4,679 5,366 5,623 5,685 5,749 5,808 5,866 5,929 6,001 6,074 6,145 6,214
/f^stntint ie*ft\
-------
Source Category
Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989 1990
1991
1992
1993
OFF-HIGHWAY (continued)
Non-Road Gasoline (continued)
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
other
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
structural Tires
agricultural fires
slash/prescribed burning
forest wildfires
other
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
46
2,437
9
80
976
1
543
0
336
33
3
127
10
1
33
506
14
2
12
0
65
7,909
7,909
101
873
1,146
5,620
169
128,079
77
2,680
25
116
1,102
2
801
0
479
43
3
214
11
2
48
743
37
4
32
1
96
8,344
8,344
217
501
2,226
5,396
4
115,625
82
2,814
28
125
1,147
2
880
0
535
47
3
229
12
3
52
803
42
5
37
1
103
7,011
7,011
198
492
2,226
4,093
2
114,262
84
2,894
28
129
1,157
2
910
0
553
49
3
237
12
2
54
831
44
5
39
1
106
6,116
6,116
242
396
4,300
1,178
0
112,072
85
3,028
27
133
1,167
2
912
0
552
50
3
237
13
2
55
858
47
5
41
1
109
6,161
6,161
242
441
4,300
1,178
0
108,070
47
3,203
33
137
1,175
2
797
0
538
51
3
131
14
3
57
887
50
6
44
1
112
6,203
6,203
242
483
4,300
1,178
0
105,117
92
3,219
31
144
1,185
2
930
0
538
53
3
259
14
3
60
931
56
6
48
1
118
6,332
6,332
242
612
4,300
1,178
0
106,100
63
3,223
33
147
1,195
2
845
0
535
54
3
175
14
3
61
955
59
7
52
1
121
6,290
6,290
242
571
4,300
1,178
0
100,806
63
3,254
33
149
1,207
2
841
0
528
54
3
176
14
3
62
966
58
6
51
1
122
12,623
12,623
242
552
4,300
7,529
0
103,753
66
3,220
32
148
1,221
2
818
0
500
53
3
183
14
3
62
962
58
6
51
1
122
9,826
9,826
242
487
4,300
4,798
0
99,898
68
3,296
33
151
1,233
2
853
0
526
54
4
189
14
3
63
980
60
7
53
1
124
8,679
8,679
242
559
4,300
3,578
0
96,368
70
3,402
34
157
1,245
2
903
0
564
56
4
196
15
3
65
1,019
62
7
54
1
124
9,506
9,506
242
573
4,300
4,391
0
97,208
NOTE(S): Methodologies to estimate 1970 to 1984 and 1985 to 1993 emissions differ except for transportation sources. Because of these differences, the
allocation of emissions among source categories could result in significant changes in the emissions between the years, particularly at the more
detailed source category level. The break is illustrated by the black line. Details on the different methodologies are provided in section 6.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
No data was available after 1984 to weigh the emissions from residential wood burning devices.
-------
National Air P
a.
^
3
1
I'
a1
!
55
9
i
u>
>
:*
p.
I
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
natural
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
Other
wood/bark waste
liquid waste
other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Table
1970
4,900
3,888
2,112
1,041
344
391
1,012
40
972
NA
NA
NA
4,325
771
532
164
75
NA
332
228
104
NA
3,060
3,053
8
NA
162
102
NA
60
NA
836
23
210
A-2. Nitrogen Oxides Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
7,024 7,268
6,123 6,515
3,439 3,820
1,694 1,882
542 597
447 217
901 752
39 23
862 729
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
3,555 3,415
444 573
306 397
94 122
44 54
NA NA
286 175
179 100
63 52
44 24
2,619 2,457
2,469 2,329
5 3
145 125
205 209
138 144
NA NA
67 64
NA NA
741 670
25 37
155 96
6,916 6,909 7,128 7,530 7,607 7,516 7,482 7,473 7,782
6,051 6,061 6,278 6,668 6,708 6,698 6,662 6,694 7,005
4,438 4,427 4,529 4,623 4,665 4,600 4,522 4,564 4,758
1,340 1,290 1,411 1,659 1,650 1,692 1,732 1,707 1,831
272 344 337 387 392 406 408 423 416
NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
177 246 204 260 272 210 201 160 177
174 242 200 257 269 207 198 158 175
444443333
640 552 599 551 578 558 569 568 550
640 552 599 551 578 558 569 568 550
48 50 48 50 49 50 50 50 50
3,209 3,065 3,063 3,187 3,209 3,256 3,309 3,206 3,176
608 613 596 617 615 613 610 557 520
430 439 435 447 446 445 438 404 377
14 14 14 15 14 14 14 13 12
33 31 27 29 30 30 30 27 26
131 129 119 126 124 124 127 112 105
309 300 292 296 294 297 306 300 297
191 181 172 175 176 177 185 180 179
89 89 89 91 88 90 91 92 91
29 30 31 31 29 30 30 28 27
1,520 1,433 1,505 1,584 1,625 1,656 1,708 1,658 1,664
1,282 1,206 1,285 1,360 1,405 1,436 1,485 1,444 1,453
227 216 210 214 209 211 212 205 202
11 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9
118 120 119 121 120 119 117 118 118
89 92 92 93 92 91 90 91 91
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
17 16 15 16 16 16 16 15 15
655 599 552 569 556 570 568 573 577
701 694 710 737 730 732 745 735 732
37 36 37 39 38 39 40 38 38
106 110 121 117 106 99 100 101 102
(continued)
-------
Source Category
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxides Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
FUEL COMB. OTHER (continued)
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
distillate oil
natural gas
other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
glass mfg
other
120
NA
44
439
118
242
79
271
70
201
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
77
NA
77
NA
240
NA
240
NA
187
NA
NA
18
NA
169
97
48
24
131
NA
74
356
85
238
33
216
54
159
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
65
NA
65
NA
72
NA
72
NA
205
NA
NA
24
NA
181
98
60
23
126
NA
81
331
64
228
40
161
57
104
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
54
NA
54
NA
70
NA
70
NA
203
NA
NA
26
NA
177
101
57
19
145
11
77
326
75
248
3
374
37
22
22
255
0
0
38
87
16
58
13
124
69
55
1
327
5
0
73
0
239
137
48
54
139
12
76
320
76
241
3
381
38
19
22
262
0
0
38
80
15
53
13
109
55
53
1
328
5
0
76
0
238
136
48
54
144
11
73
323
79
241
3
371
38
17
22
256
0
0
37
76
15
48
13
101
48
52
1
320
5
0
76
0
230
130
47
53
157
11
71
343
80
259
3
398
42
18
23
276
0
0
40
82
16
53
13
100
48
51
1
315
5
0
76
0
225
126
46
53
159
11
68
347
78
267
3
395
42
18
23
274
0
0
39
83
16
54
14
97
47
49
1
311
5
0
77
0
220
124
45
51
164
11
66
352
81
269
3
399
42
19
23
277
0
0
38
81
15
53
13
100
50
50
1
306
5
0
77
0
216
121
44
51
169
11
64
361
82
275
3
401
42
19
23
278
0
0
38
79
15
51
12
103
52
50
1
298
5
0
76
0
209
117
42
49
166
11
58
361
85
274
2
411
43
19
24
287
0
0
38
80
15
53
12
96
48
47
1
305
5
0
78
0
214
119
44
51
167
11
50
363
86
275
2
414
43
19
24
289
0
0
39
82
15
54
13
95
48
46
1
314
5
0
79
0
222
124
46
52
(continued)
-------
National Air P
a.
c
1
3
1
?
I
s
P
i
U)
^
00
t
Table
Source Category
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (continued)
Machinery Products
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Organic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
Landfills
Other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
A-2. Nitrogen Oxides Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
440
110
330
NA
NA
7,390
4,158
4,156
2
1,278
725
553
278
1,676
1,676
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
111
37
74
NA
NA
8,621
4,421
4,416
5
1,408
864
544
300
2,493
2,463
5
25
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
90
24
66
NA
NA
2
0
8
2
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
1
0
0
87
27
59
0
0
8,387 8,089
3,993 3,806
3,984 3,797
8 9
1,582 1,530
977 926
604 603
329 330
2,484 2,423
2,451 2,389
5 6
27 28
2 2
0 0
8 7
3 3
0 0
0 0
2 2
0 0
2 2
1 1
0 0
1 1
0 0
0 0
87 85
29 29
58 56
0 0
0 0
7,773 7,662
3,602 3,501
3,592 3,491
10 10
1,457 1,438
867 844
590 595
332 333
2,383 2,390
2,347 2,352
6 6
29 31
2
0
7
3
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
85
31
54
0
0
7,661
3,500
3,489
11
1,419
824
595
336
2,406
2,366
7
33
1989
2
0
7
3
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
84
31
52
0
0
7,682
3,494
3,483
11
1,386
803
584
343
2,458
2,416
7
35
1990
2
0
7
2
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
82
32
50
0
0
7,488
3,437
3,425
12
1,341
780
561
335
2,375
2,332
7
36
1991
2
0
7
2
0
0
2
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
81
32
49
0
0
7,373
3,464
3,453
11
1,339
782
557
326
2,244
2,199
8
37
1992 1993
2 2
0 0
7 7
3 3
0 0
0 0
2 2
0 0
3 3
1 1
0 0
1 1
0 0
1 1
83 84
32 32
51 52
0 0
0 0
7,440 7,437
3,614 3,685
3,602 3,673
12 12
1,356 1,387
792 812
564 575
308 304
2,163 2,061
2,116 2,014
8 8
39 39
(continued
-------
Source Category
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxides Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
other
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1,628
81
1
2
46
5
0
3
0
2
16
6
941
0
599
75
4
166
17
2
78
72
40
0
34
6
495
330
330
20,625
2,423
102
1
3
61
6
1
4
0
2
18
6
1,374
0
854
99
5
280
18
5
113
106
110
0
93
17
731
248
248
23,281
2,644
110
1
3
67
6
1
4
0
3
18
7
1,510
0
952
108
5
299
19
5
121
115
125
0
105
19
784
210 I
210
23,172 |
2,734
113
1
4
70
6
1
4
0
3
19
7
1,562
0
986
112
5
309
20
5
125
119
131
0
110
20
808
I 201
201
| 22,853
2,777
116
1
3
72
6
1
4
0
3
19
7
1,569
0
984
116
5
309
21
5
129
123
140
0
118
22
829
202
202
22,409
2,664
118
1
3
74
6
0
4
0
3
19
7
1,416
0
959
119
5
172
22
6
133
128
149
0
125
24
854
203
203
22,386
2,914
122
1
3
76
7
1
4
0
3
19
7
1,597
0
961
123
5
340
22
6
140
134
165
0
138
26
897
206
206
23,221
2,844
123
1
3
78
7
1
4
0
3
19
7
1,485
0
955
125
5
228
22
7
143
138
175
0
147
28
923
205
205
23,250
2,843
124
1
3
78
7
1
4
0
3
20
7
1,478
0
944
125
5
230
22
7
144
139
173
0
145
27
929
384
384
23,192
2,796
122
1
3
76
7
1
4
0
3
20
7
1,434
0
895
122
6
239
22
6
144
139
174
0
146
27
928
305
305
22,977
2,885
125
1
3
78
7
1
5
0
3
20
7
1,494
0
940
126
6
248
23
7
146
141
179
0
151
28
946
272
272
22,991
2,986
129
1
4
81
7
1
5
0
3
20
7
1,582
0
1,007
131
6
256
23
7
152
147
183
0
154
29
945
296
296
23,402
NOTE(S): Methodologies to estimate 1970 to 1984 and 1985 to 1993 emissions differ except for transportation sources. Because of these differences, the
allocation of emissions among source categories could result in significant changes in the emissions between the years, particularly at the more
detailed source category level. The break is illustrated by the black line. Details on the different methodologies are provided in section 6.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
Source Category
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
ethylene oxide mfg
phenol mfg
terephthalic acid mfg
ethylene mfg
charcoal mfg
socmi reactor
socmi distillation
socmi air oxidation processes
socmi fugitives
other
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
polypropylene mfg
polyethylene mfg
polystyrene resins
30
18
7
5
NA
150
4
4
77
65
NA
541
1
4
6
NA
460
107
353
70
1,341
629
8
NA
29
70
48
81
NA
NA
194
199
65
271
0
17
10
45
31
9
5
NA
157
3
3
62
89
NA
848
1
3
7
NA
809
189
620
28
1,595
884
10
NA
60
111
40
118
NA
NA
254
291
93
384
1
22
15
45
37
4
4
NA
156
3
2
59
91
NA
917
2
2
7
NA
875
205
671
32
1,620
909
12
NA
60
121
36
138
NA
NA
251
293
77
369
1
27
17
32
24
5
2
1
248
7
17
171
35
18
508
1
4
6
4
477
NA
NA
16
1,579
612
2
0
108
41
39
164
10
2
203
43
34
283
13
80
7
33
24
7
2
1
254
7
16
178
36
16
499
1
4
6
4
468
NA
NA
16
1,640
635
3
0
113
43
41
169
11
2
208
45
36
291
14
83
8
34
25
6
2
1
249
7
16
175
36
15
482
1
4
6
4
451
NA
NA
16
1,633
624
2
0
109
42
42
167
10
2
205
44
35
287
13
81
8
36
27
7
2
1
271
7
16
197
36
15
470
1
4
6
4
438
NA
NA
17
1,752
674
3
0
113
48
45
181
11
2
221
49
39
312
15
90
8
37
27
7
2
1
266
7
16
192
36
15
452
1
4
7
4
422
NA
NA
15
1,748
678
3
0
114
47
46
186
11
2
220
48
38
309
15
88
8
35
27
6
2
1
266
7
16
192
35
15
437
1
4
7
4
405
NA
NA
15
1,771
684
3
0
117
47
46
187
12
2
222
48
38
313
15
89
8
35
27
5
2
1
270
7
16
197
35
15
426
1
4
7
4
394
NA
NA
16
1,778
686
3
0
118
48
44
187
12
2
223
49
39
317
15
90
8
34
27
4
2
1
271
7
16
198
35
15
385
1
4
7
4
354
NA
NA
15
1,799
692
3
0
118
49
46
189
12
2
223
50
40
324
16
93
8
36
29
5
2
1
271
6
16
198
35
15
341
1
4
7
4
310
NA
NA
14
1,811
694
3
0
118
49
47
189
12
2
224
50
40
330
16
95
8
(continued)
-------
Source Category
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG (continued)
Polymer & Resin Mfg (continued)
synthetic fiber
styrene/butadiene rubber
other
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
paint & varnish mfg
other
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
printing ink mfg
fugitives unclassified
carbon black furnace: fugitives
other
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke oven door & topside leaks
coke oven by-product plants
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
vaccuum distillation
cracking units
process unit turnarounds
petroleum refinery fugitives
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
112
77
55
NA
61
61
NA
40
275
275
NA
NA
NA
NA
394
NA
394
216
NA
177
NA
1,194
411
773
24
27
NA
NA
721
11
199
70
77
NA
65
65
NA
77
92
92
NA
NA
NA
NA
273
NA
273
152
NA
121
NA
1,440
379
1,045
32
21
NA
NA
992
16
152
73
99
NA
74
74
NA
93
98
98
NA
NA
NA
NA
182
NA
182
101
NA
81
NA
1,253
392
847
30
8
NA
NA
809
14
60
59
63
22
10
10
0
212
407
26
13
16
4
348
76
18
57
12
3
41
1
797
107
687
15
34
15
128
496
3
62
61
64
23
10
10
0
226
420
25
13
17
4
360
73
18
54
12
3
39
1
764
79
682
14
33
14
131
490
3
61
60
64
23
10
10
0
244
411
24
13
16
4
353
70
18
51
11
3
37
1
752
70
679
14
33
14
129
489
3
64
66
69
25
11
11
0
247
443
26
13
18
5
381
74
19
54
12
3
39
1
733
71
659
13
32
13
120
480
3
64
65
69
25
11
11
0
247
440
26
13
18
5
378
74
19
54
12
3
39
1
731
68
659
13
31
13
124
479
3
66
65
71
25
11
11
0
254
446
27
13
18
5
383
72
19
52
11
3
38
1
737
72
662
13
31
14
126
478
3
65
66
72
26
11
11
0
252
448
27
13
18
5
384
69
19
50
10
3
37
1
745
73
669
13
32
14
127
484
3
66
67
74
27
11
11
0
254
452
27
14
18
5
388
72
19
51
11
3
38
1
729
68
657
12
29
13
121
482
3
66
69
76
27
11
11
0
255
454
28
14
18
5
389
74
20
53
11
3
39
1
720
69
648
11
28
12
118
478
3
(continued)
-------
National Air P
8:
s;
ts
!
1
1
-^
§
£
§
>
to
1
Table A-3.
Source Category
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
vegetable oil mfg
whiskey fermentation: aging
bakeries
other
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
rubber tire mfg
green tire spray
other
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
open top
convey orized
cold cleaning
other
Graphic Arts
letterpress
flexographic
lithographic
gravure
other
Dry Cleaning
perchloroethylene
petroleum solvent
other
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987
270
208
59
105
45
NA
NA
NA
60
60
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,174
707
NA
NA
NA
707
319
NA
NA
NA
NA
319
263
NA
NA
263
237 227
191 168
81 85
64 34
46 49
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
44 58
44 58
NA NA
NA NA
2 2
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
6,584 6,309
513 500
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
513 500
373 360
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
373 360
320 248
NA NA
NA NA
320 248
439
218
96
24
51
49
10
42
41
10
5
26
15
4
0
1
108
5,779
756
28
5
31
691
363
2
18
4
131
208
169
85
84
0
445
221
96
24
52
50
10
44
43
10
5
28
15
4
0
1
108
5,710
634
28
5
33
568
373
2
19
4
138
211
217
111
106
0
460
241
115
24
51
51
10
44
43
10
5
28
15
4
0
1
103
5,828
681
28
5
31
618
390
2
19
4
140
225
216
110
106
0
(continued)
1988 1989
479
248
120
24
52
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
4
0
0
112
6,034
754
29
5
34
687
415
2
20
4
148
241
216
109
106
0
476
249
123
23
51
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
4
0
0
109
6,053
757
29
4
35
689
417
2
20
4
150
241
212
107
105
0
1990
478
254
127
23
51
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
3
0
0
106
6,063
757
28
4
34
690
419
2
20
4
151
241
209
105
104
0
1991
475
255
129
24
50
53
10
43
46
11
6
29
14
3
0
0
103
6,064
755
27
4
32
691
416
2
20
4
150
240
206
103
102
0
1992 1993
482 486
258 260
131 132
24 24
50 51
53 54
10 10
44 45
45 46
11 11
6 6
29 29
14 14
3 3
0 0
0 0
106 106
6,121 6,249
745 762
28 28
4 4
34 34
678 695
427 441
2 2
21 21
4 5
151 156
249 258
216 218
109 110
107 108
0 0
(continued)
-------
Source Category
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
SOLVENT UTILIZATION (continued)
Surface Coating
industrial adhesives
fabrics
paper
large appliances
magnet wire
autos & light trucks
metal cans
metal coil
wood furniture
metal furniture
flatwood products
plastic parts
large ships
aircraft
misc. metal parts
architectural
traffic markings
maintenance coatings
railroad
auto refinishing
machinery
electronic & other electrical
general
miscellaneous
thinning solvents
other
Other Industrial
miscellaneous
rubber & plastics mfg
other
Nonindustrial
cutback asphalt
pesticide application
3,570
52
161
652
49
7
165
49
18
211
35
64
17
21
1
NA
442
NA
108
5
83
39
NA
79
942
NA
372
640
39
309
292
1,674
1,045
241
3,685
55
186
626
36
5
165
73
21
231
52
82
25
20
2
NA
477
NA
106
9
186
62
NA
52
799
NA
415
690
44
327
319
1,002
323
241
3,655
58
186
631
30
4
138
65
19
202
50
56
32
18
3
NA
489
NA
91
9
240
51
NA
36
861
NA
385
690
37
350
303
856
198
258
2,549
381
34
106
22
0
85
97
50
132
41
4
11
15
27
14
473
100
79
4
111
37
79
146
104
90
306
159
25
NA
134
1,783
191
212
2,602
353
34
109
19
0
86
96
50
140
44
4
11
16
29
14
502
106
80
3
132
28
79
147
109
92
317
167
29
NA
137
1,717
175
263
2,606
353
35
110
19
0
88
95
49
142
44
4
11
15
26
14
503
106
80
3
132
28
79
148
108
94
318
167
29
NA
138
1,768
186
262
2,646
366
35
114
19
0
87
96
50
143
44
4
11
16
31
14
504
107
80
3
133
29
80
158
105
97
320
169
29
NA
140
1,834
199
262
2,635
375
35
114
18
0
87
95
50
140
44
4
11
15
34
14
500
106
80
3
132
28
79
154
103
96
317
165
29
NA
136
1,867
199
260
2,619
383
35
114
18
0
86
95
49
138
43
4
11
15
33
14
495
105
79
3
130
28
78
153
98
95
315
159
28
NA
131
1,900
199
258
2,598
391
34
113
18
0
85
94
49
137
43
4
10
15
31
13
493
104
79
3
130
28
78
148
93
93
312
155
28
NA
128
1,934
199
255
2,623
378
35
114
18
0
80
93
48
138
43
4
10
15
33
13
505
107
78
3
137
26
77
157
98
96
315
157
28
NA
129
1,953
207
272
2,687
392
36
117
18
0
80
94
50
148
46
5
10
15
33
14
510
108
81
3
140
27
80
160
98
98
324
157
29
NA
128
1,982
214
280
(continued)
-------
Source Category
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
SOLVENT UTILIZATION (continued)
Nonindustrial (continued)
adhesives
consumer solvents
other
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
fixed roof
floating roof
variable vapor space
underground tanks
area source: gasoline
other
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
fixed roof gasoline
fixed roof crude
floating roof gasoline
floating roof crude
efr / seal gasoline
efr / seal crude
ifr / seal gasoline
ifr / seal crude
variable vapor space gasoline
other
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
gasoline loading: normal / splash
gasoline loading: balanced / submerged
gasoline loading: normal / submerged
gasoline loading: clean / submerged
marine vessel loading: gasoline & crude
other
Service Stations: Stage I
Service Stations: Stage II
Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
NA
NA
387
1,954
599
14
45
1
NA
509
30
300
47
135
49
32
3
1
1
2
3
25
92
3
20
39
2
26
2
416
521
NA
26
NA
NA
NA
437
1.975
517
12
39
1
0
440
26
306
43
148
45
36
3
2
1
2
3
23
61
0
2
3
0
50
6
461
583
NA
46
NA
NA
NA
400
1,810
416
9
31
0
0
354
21
275
35
139
36
33
3
1
1
2
2
23
46
0
1
2
0
38
5
457
560
NA
57
NA
345
1,035
0
1,836
606
14
46
1
0
512
32
223
26
26
27
5
2
0
1
0
1
133
126
3
21
41
2
24
35
207
485
49
123
17
332
947
0
1,767
620
14
47
1
0
526
32
217
25
24
26
5
2
0
1
0
1
132
123
3
20
41
2
23
34
213
400
48
129
17
332
988
0
1,893
632
14
48
1
0
537
32
214
25
22
26
5
2
0
1
0
1
131
123
3
21
40
2
23
34
219
511
51
127
16
345
1,030
0
1,948
652
15
50
1
0
554
33
215
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
1
135
125
3
21
41
2
23
35
223
522
52
142
16
353
1,056
0
1,856
651
15
50
1
0
553
33
210
23
21
24
5
2
0
1
0
2
132
125
3
22
42
2
22
35
223
441
52
139
15
361
1,083
0
1,861
658
15
49
1
0
560
33
212
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
133
125
3
21
42
2
22
35
230
428
53
139
16
369
1,111
0
1,868
646
15
47
1
0
550
33
214
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
134
125
3
20
42
2
23
35
234
436
54
142
16
368
1,106
0
1,848
626
15
49
1
0
527
33
216
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
136
128
3
21
43
2
23
35
233
434
54
140
16
372
1,116
0
1,861
614
16
51
1
0
512
34
215
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
2
135
131
3
22
45
2
24
36
240
446
56
142
16
(continued)
-------
Table A-3.
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1970 1980 1984
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
STORAGE & TRANSPORT (continued)
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
Open Burning
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
NA
NA
NA
1,984
548
1,424
NA
NA
NA
1,424
NA
NA
NA
NA
11
12,972
9,193
9,133
60
2,770
1,564
1,206
743
266
266
NA
NA
1,542
1,284
138
22
46
574
4
142
NA
NA
NA
758
366
372
NA
NA
NA
372
NA
NA
NA
NA
20
8,979
5,907
5,843
64
2,059
1,229
830
611
402
392
2
8
1,869
1,474
151
32
61
655
7
158
NA
NA
NA
687
331
331
NA
NA
NA
331
NA
NA
NA
NA
25
0
0
0
2,310
64
309
6
1
302
NA
10
1
1,925
0
0
9,441 9,376
5,914 5,864
5,860 5,810
54 54
2,437 2,425
1,476 1,437
960 988
703 716
387 370
378 360
2 2
7 8
1,973 2,008
1,541 1,561
155 156
36 37
66 69
684 691
8 8
167 171
0
0
0
2,293
63
304
6
1
297
NA
11
2
1,913
0
0
8,874
5,537
5,483
54
2,279
1,316
963
700
357
346
2
9
2,039
1,582
157
37
71
699
8
178
0
0
0
2,256
61
292
6
1
285
NA
11
1
1,890
0
0
8,201
5,092
5,040
52
2,122
1,193
929
637
350
338
2
9
2,038
1,601
158
36
73
706
4
188
0
0
0
2,310
60
284
6
2
277
NA
11
2
1,953
0
0
8,290
5,189
5,136
53
2,129
1,173
956
626
345
332
2
10
2,106
1,620
159
35
75
713
9
189
0
0
0
2,290
59
274
6
2
266
NA
11
2
1,945
0
0
7,192
4,462
4,412
50
1,867
1,018
849
517
346
332
3
11
2,103
1,631
160
35
77
720
6
190
0
0
0
2,262
57
263
6
2
256
NA
11
2
1,929
0
0
6,854
4,285
4,234
51
1,769
960
809
470
330
316
3
12
2,120
1,646
161
35
77
728
6
191
0
0
0
2,217
56
256
6
2
249
NA
11
2
1,893
0
0
6,499
4,069
4,033
37
1,688
906
781
423
319
304
3
12
2,123
1,655
163
33
75
737
6
189
0
0
0
2,268
58
268
6
2
260
NA
11
2
1,929
0
0
6,072
3,832
3,799
33
1,588
849
739
334
318
302
3
13
2,160
1,678
164
35
77
745
7
194
0
0
0
2,271
58
270
6
2
262
NA
11
2
1,929
0
0
6,094
3,854
3,820
34
1,612
860
752
314
315
298
3
14
2,207
1,704
166
37
80
754
7
200
(continued)
-------
Source Category
Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
OFF-HIGHWAY (continued)
Non-Road Gasoline (continued)
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
other
Non-Road Diesel
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
structural fires
agricultural fires
slash/prescribed burning
forest wildfires
other
Health Services
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
3
4
350
1
129
75
9
1
33
3
0
9
97
9
0
8
1
22
1.101
1,101
19
131
147
770
34
NA
30,646
7
6
395
1
191
106
12
1
56
3
0
13
146
25
0
23
2
33
1,134
1,134
40
70
285
739
1
NA
25,893
8
6
410
1
209
118
13
1
60
3
0
14
159
29
1
26
2
36
951
951
36
68
285
561
0
NA
25,572
8
6
413
1
216
123
13
1
61
3
0
15
165
30
1
28
2
37
428
428
44
55
167
162
NA
0
25,417
8
7
416
1
217
122
14
1
62
3
0
15
170
32
1
29
2
38
435
434
44
61
167
162
NA
1
24,826
10
7
419
1
188
119
14
1
34
3
0
15
176
34
1
31
2
39
440
440
44
67
167
162
NA
0
24,338
9
7
422
1
223
120
14
1
67
3
0
16
185
38
1
35
2
41
458
458
44
85
167
162
NA
1
24,961
10
7
425
1
200
119
15
1
45
3
1
17
190
40
1
37
3
42
453
452
44
79
167
162
NA
1
23,731
10
7
429
1
200
118
15
1
46
3
1
17
192
39
1
36
3
42
1,320
1,319
44
77
167
1,032
NA
1
24,276
9
7
434
1
195
111
14
1
48
3
0
17
192
40
1
37
3
42
937
936
44
68
167
657
NA
1
23,508
10
7
438
1
203
117
15
1
49
4
1
17
195
41
1
38
3
43
780
779
44
78
167
490
NA
1
23,020
10
8
442
1
214
125
15
1
51
4
1
18
203
42
1
38
3
43
893
892
44
79
167
602
NA
1
23,312
NOTE(S): Methodologies to estimate 1970 to 1984 and 1985 to 1993 emissions differ except for transportation sources. Because of these differences, the
allocation of emissions among source categories could result in significant changes in the emissions between the years, particularly at the more
detailed source category level. The break is illustrated by the black line. Details on the different methodologies are provided in section 6.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
No data was available after 1984 to weigh the emissions from residential wood burning devices.
-------
Source Category
Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
distillate oil
bituminous/subbituminous coal
other
17,398
15,799
9,574
4,716
1,509
1,598
1,578
20
1
NA
4,568
3,129
2,171
669
289
NA
1,229
956
98
175
140
70
NA
1,490
109
883
1
NA
6
492
212
260
20
17,469
16,073
NA
NA
NA
1,395
NA
NA
1
NA
2,951
1,527
1,058
326
144
NA
1,065
851
85
129
299
60
NA
971
110
637
1
NA
13
211
157
43
11
16,023
15,315
9,291
4,577
1,446
707
692
15
1
NA
2,723
1,805
1,254
386
165
NA
597
464
69
64
264
57
NA
728
195
312
1
NA
14
206
131
63
13
16,273
15,630
14,029
1,292
309
612
604
8
1
30
3,169
1,818
1,347
28
90
353
862
671
111
80
397
86
7
578
158
239
2
1
11
167
128
29
10
15,701
14,860
13,454
1,048
357
811
799
12
1
30
3,116
1,828
1,375
29
82
341
828
637
109
82
370
84
6
611
161
267
2
1
11
169
129
30
10
15,715
15,034
13,513
1,182
338
651
640
11
1
29
3,068
1,817
1,374
29
73
341
807
617
106
84
356
82
6
663
164
310
2
1
10
175
134
32
10
15,990
15,224
13,546
1,311
368
734
722
12
1
31
3,111
1,856
1,395
29
79
353
806
614
108
84
360
83
6
660
172
295
2
1
10
180
137
33
10
16,218
15,408
13,576
1,423
409
779
765
14
1
30
3,086
1,840
1,384
29
79
348
812
625
107
80
346
82
6
623
169
274
2
1
10
167
132
27
8
15,898
15,227
13,365
1,425
438
639
629
10
1
31
3,106
1,843
1,382
29
81
351
823
633
108
82
352
82
6
597
176
233
2
1
9
175
137
30
9
15,784
15,101
13,203
1,381
517
652
642
10
1
30
3,139
1,821
1,357
28
80
355
874
684
109
81
357
81
6
608
180
237
2
1
9
179
139
30
9
15,417
14,840
12,900
1,456
484
546
537
9
1
31
2,947
1,681
1,263
26
73
319
832
645
111
76
348
80
6
600
173
238
2
1
8
177
144
26
8
15,836
15,185
13,199
1,509
477
620
614
6
1
31
2,830
1,575
1,184
24
68
298
824
641
110
73
346
79
6
600
171
241
2
1
7
178
145
25
8
(continued)
-------
National Air P
§;
|
feq
1-
§.
§
--a
1
f-
5
^
^
vo
u>
}*
oo
3
\
Table
Source Category
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
sulfur compounds
other
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
aluminum
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
natural gas
other
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
cement mfg
other
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
A-4.
1970
591
NA
591
591
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,775
4,060
3,507
77
80
396
715
NA
881
111
111
NA
770
480
290
NA
846
NA
NA
169
NA
677
618
59
NA
NA
NA
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1980 1984 1985 1986
280 229
NA NA
271 212
271 212
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
10 16
1,842 1,387
1,279 1,004
1,080 779
34 40
95 83
71 102
562 383
NA NA
734 707
157 166
157 166
NA NA
577 541
330 310
247 231
NA NA
918 923
NA NA
NA NA
223 245
NA NA
694 678
630 621
64 57
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
456
16
354
346
8
7
4
0
76
1,042
853
655
121
62
14
172
18
505
204
202
2
300
212
88
1
425
3
0
131
1
286
192
95
0
0
3
432
16
329
320
8
7
4
0
77
888
710
525
112
59
13
161
17
469
176
175
1
291
207
84
1
427
3
0
135
1
285
190
95
0
0
3
(continued)
1987 1988
425
17
322
314
8
6
4
0
75
616
447
266
111
57
13
153
15
445
155
154
1
289
207
82
1
418
3
0
135
1
276
183
93
0
0
3
449
19
341
333
8
7
4
0
78
702
523
337
113
59
14
162
16
443
159
157
1
283
202
81
1
411
3
0
135
1
268
177
91
0
0
3
1989
440
17
334
326
8
7
4
0
77
657
475
289
113
60
13
165
17
429
156
155
1
272
195
77
1
405
3
0
136
1
261
172
89
0
0
3
1990
440
17
333
325
9
7
4
0
79
578
401
216
112
60
13
160
17
440
164
163
1
274
196
78
1
401
3
0
137
1
257
169
87
0
0
3
1991
442
17
335
326
8
7
4
0
79
544
375
199
106
58
13
152
17
444
167
165
1
276
197
79
1
391
3
0
137
1
247
163
84
0
0
2
1992 1993
447 450
18 18
338 341
330 332
9 9
7 7
4 4
0 0
80 81
557 580
383 401
200 213
111 114
59 60
13 13
158 162
17 17
417 409
156 155
154 154
1 1
260 253
183 177
77 76
1 1
401 413
3 3
0 0
139 141
1 1
255 265
169 176
86 89
0 0
0 0
3 3
(continued)
-------
Source Category
Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Organic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
industrial
other
Open Burning
industrial
other
Landfills
industrial
other
Other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
4
NA
4
4
NA
4
NA
NA
NA
NA
345
132
132
0
43
28
14
7
164
164
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
33
21
NA
21
12
NA
12
NA
NA
NA
NA
429
155
155
0
47
31
16
9
218
201
3
14
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
25
14
NA
14
11
NA
11
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
0
0
1
0
4
0
1
1
0
0
1
34
25
10
15
9
0
8
0
0
0
0
445 446
148 146
147 146
0 0
52 53
35 35
18 18
9 9
236 237
225 226
2 2
9 9
1
0
0
1
0
4
0
1
1
0
0
2
35
26
10
16
8
0
8
0
0
0
0
449
145
145
0
53
35
18
9
241
230
2
10
1
0
0
1
0
4
0
1
1
0
0
2
35
26
10
16
8
0
8
0
0
0
0
457
145
145
0
55
37
19
10
247
235
2
10
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
2
36
28
11
17
8
0
8
0
0
0
0
468
147
147
0
57
38
19
10
254
242
2
11
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
2
36
28
10
18
8
0
7
0
0
0
0
480
148
148
0
58
39
20
10
264
251
2
11
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
2
36
29
10
18
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
480
148
147
0
59
39
20
10
264
250
2
11
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
2
36
29
11
18
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
478
146
146
0
59
39
20
10
262
249
2
11
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
2
37
29
10
18
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
483
150
149
0
59
39
20
10
265
251
2
12
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
1
0
0
2
37
29
10
19
7
0
7
0
0
0
0
438
151
151
0
59
39
20
10
218
206
2
10
(continued)
-------
1
1
e
a.
s
tei
§.
8
2j
1
i
9
i
Ui
to
Table
Source Category
OFF-HIGHWAY
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
83 175 198 208 221 233 253 267 265 266 273
466 66777777
43 117 135 143 154 164 181 193 190 191 197
36 53 57 59 60 62 65 67 68 68 69
110 11 9 1 7 7 7 7 7 14 11 10
110 11 9 I 7 7 7 7 7 14 11 10
TOTAL ALL SOURCES 31,096 25,813 23,396 | 23,148 22,361 22,085 22,535 22,653 22,261 22,149 21,592
1993
278
8
201
69
11
11
21,888
NOTE(S): Methodologies to estimate 1 970 to 1 984 and 1 985 to 1 993 emissions differ except for transportation sources. Because of these differences, the
allocation of emissions among source categories could result in significant changes in the emissions between the years, particularly at the more
detailed source category level. The break is illustrated by the black line. Details on the different methodologies are provided in section 6.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories,
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
The 1985 fuel combustion, electric utility category is based on the National Allowance Data Base Version 2.11 , Acid Rain Division, U.S. EPA, released
March 23, 1993. Allocations at the Tier 3 levels
are approximations only and are based on the methodology described in section 6.0, paragraph 6.2.1.1.
-------
Source Category
Table A-5. Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
Other
wood/bark waste
liquid waste
other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
1,775
1,680
1,041
513
126
NA
89
85
3
7
NA
641
83
52
16
15
NA
89
83
6
0
27
24
4
NA
441
415
NA
26
NA
455
13
52
4
NA
879
796
483
238
75
NA
76
74
2
7
NA
679
18
12
4
2
NA
67
63
4
0
23
20
3
NA
571
566
NA
5
NA
887
8
30
4
NA
633
602
366
180
57
NA
26
26
1
5
NA
615
18
13
4
2
NA
34
32
3
0
21
18
3
NA
542
538
NA
4
NA
975
7
13
2
NA
284
272
222
34
16
0
8
8
0
1
3
234
56
34
1
7
15
52
43
5
4
47
24
22
0
75
67
1
6
4
896
10
13
4
3
289
274
223
31
19
0
11
11
0
1
3
231
56
34
1
6
15
50
41
5
4
45
23
21
0
77
69
1
6
4
902
10
15
4
3
282
268
216
33
20
0
9
9
0
1
3
226
53
34
1
6
13
48
39
5
4
44
23
21
0
77
70
1
6
3
910
10
17
4
3
278
263
193
48
22
0
10
10
0
1
3
230
55
34
1
6
14
48
39
5
4
45
24
20
0
79
71
1
6
3
918
10
16
5
3
278
262
201
37
23
0
11
11
0
1
3
229
55
35
1
6
14
48
39
5
4
44
24
20
0
78
71
1
6
3
922
10
14
5
3
291
278
198
38
41
0
9
9
0
1
3
228
55
34
1
6
13
48
39
5
4
45
24
20
0
77
70
1
6
3
930
10
13
5
3
253
239
177
38
24
0
10
10
0
1
3
229
54
34
1
6
14
50
41
5
4
45
24
20
0
76
69
1
6
3
942
10
13
5
3
255
243
178
42
23
0
8
8
0
1
3
223
50
31
1
6
12
49
40
5
3
44
24
20
0
77
70
1
6
3
819
10
13
5
3
270
257
191
42
23
0
9
9
0
1
3
219
46
29
1
5
11
48
40
5
3
44
24
19
0
77
70
1
6
3
723
10
13
5
3
(continued)
-------
National Air P
a.
|
6q
|.
1
2
-*"
i
s
§
>
k
|
I
&
Table A-5.
Source Category
FUEL COMB. OTHER (continued)
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
zinc
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
primary
secondary
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
country elevators
terminal elevators
feed mills
soybean mills
Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987
384
90
294
3
235
43
61
NA
46
NA
NA
86
1,316
593
343
53
20
177
198
31
167
NA
525
28G
NA
69
69
NA
217
5,832
485
257
147
5
25
818 927
191 217
626 710
27 26
148 143
19 19
25 13
NA NA
61 67
NA NA
NA NA
42 44
622 419
130 99
32 28
18 13
3 2
77 56
322 195
271 161
51 34
NA NA
170 125
138 124
NA NA
41 21
41 21
NA NA
97 102
1,846 1,633
402 442
258 275
86 104
3 3
22 28
848
NA
NA
18
67
31
6
4
9
0
0
17
147
50
4
4
2
40
92
70
22
0
5
32
0
28
24
4
4
317
23
1
0
2
7
853
NA
NA
18
68
32
6
4
9
0
0
16
137
48
4
3
2
38
84
63
21
0
5
31
0
26
23
4
4
321
23
1
0
2
7
859
NA
NA
18
68
33
6
4
9
0
0
16
131
45
3
3
2
37
81
60
21
0
4
30
0
26
23
3
4
314
24
1
0
2
7
(continued)
1988 1989
866
NA
NA
19
73
36
7
4
9
0
0
17
141
49
4
3
2
39
87
65
22
0
5
29
0
25
22
3
4
314
24
1
0
2
7
872
NA
NA
18
74
36
7
4
9
0
0
17
142
49
4
3
2
39
89
67
22
0
5
28
0
24
21
3
4
308
24
1
0
2
7
1990
881
NA
NA
18
74
36
7
4
9
0
0
17
140
48
4
3
2
39
88
67
21
0
4
28
0
24
21
3
4
306
24
1
0
2
7
1991
892
NA
NA
19
72
35
6
4
9
0
0
17
136
47
4
3
2
38
84
64
20
0
4
28
0
25
21
3
4
300
24
1
0
2
7
1992 1993
770 674
NA NA
NA NA
18 18
75 75
37 37
7 7
4 4
10 10
0 1
0 0
17 17
137 141
47 48
4 4
3 3
2 2
38 39
86 88
65 67
20 21
0 0
4 5
27 26
0 0
23 22
20 19
3 3
4 4
303 311
25 25
1 1
0 0
2 2
8 8
(continued)
-------
j- Table A-
^ Source Category
| OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (continued)
5. Partii
1970
culate Matter (PM-1Q) tmiss
(thousand short tons)
1980 1984 1985 1986
5" Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products (continued)
t^ wheat mills
|- other grain mills
5' other
-3 Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
| Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
- sulfate (kraft) pulping
§ other
£ Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
§ Mineral Products
cement mfg
surface mining
stone quarrying/processing
other
> Machinery Products
^ Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Bulk Materials Storage
> storage
1 transfer
~ combined
> Bulk Materials Transport
5
9
38
NA
727
668
59
NA
4,620
1,731
134
957
1,798
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
6
26
NA
183
142
41
NA
1,261
417
127
421
296
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
4
27
NA
168
125
43
NA
1,023
303
142
396
182
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
5
8
0
93
73
20
4
170
40
22
26
83
4
1
0
23
2
0
0
0
2
0
57
0
0
0
1
0
0
56
20
35
1
0
0
5
8
0
96
75
21
4
171
40
20
27
84
4
1
0
22
2
0
0
0
2
0
56
0
0
0
1
0
0
54
21
33
1
0
sions i<
1987
0
5
8
0
97
75
22
4
164
38
18
27
81
4
1
0
20
2
0
0
0
2
0
54
0
0
0
1
0
0
53
20
32
1
0
;onimi
1988
0
6
8
0
99
76
23
4
162
37
17
28
80
4
0
0
20
2
0
0
0
2
0
54
0
0
0
1
0
0
53
20
32
1
0
jeaj
1989
0
6
8
0
98
76
22
4
158
36
16
27
79
4
0
0
19
2
0
0
0
2
0
54
0
0
0
1
0
0
52
20
32
1
0
1990
0
6
8
0
98
76
21
4
156
35
17
27
77
4
0
0
19
2
0
0
0
2
0
54
0
0
0
1
0
0
53
19
33
1
0
1991
0
6
8
0
97
76
21
4
151
34
16
26
75
4
0
0
18
2
0
0
0
1
0
53
0
0
0
1
0
0
51
19
32
1
0
1992 1993
0 0
6 6
8 8
0 0
99 101
77 78
22 22
4 4
152 157
35 36
16 17
25 26
76 79
4 4
0 0
0 0
19 19
2 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 2
0 0
53 55
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 1
0 0
0 0
52 53
19 19
33 33
1 1
0 0
(continued)
-------
National Air P
g.
§
3
|
^
1
£"
i
5
§
>
k
|
Table A-5.
Source Category
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
residential
other
Open Burning
residential
other
Industrial Waste Water
Landfills
Other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
other
Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987
999
229
51
178
770
770
NA
NA
NA
NA
237
63
62
0
16
11
5
2
156
156
NA
NA
223
35
3
0
0
10
0
1
0
0
21
273 226
75 49
42 40
32 9
198 177
198 177
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
275 277
47 35
47 35
0 0
13 12
8 7
5 4
2 3
213 227
204 219
1 1
8 7
329 357
41 42
3 3
0 0
0 0
11 12
0 0
1 1
0 0
0 0
24 25
279
52
39
13
226
222
4
0
0
0
271
35
35
Q
12
7
4
3
221
213
1
7
36Q
43
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
0
25
275
52
3B
14
222
218
4
0
0
0
265
35
35
0
12
7
4
3
216
207
1
7
372
43
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
0
25
265
51
37
14
214
209
4
0
0
0
261
35
35
0
12
8
5
3
211
202
1
7
350
43
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
0
26
(continued)
1988 1989
259
51
36
15
208
203
5
0
0
0
256
35
35
0
12
8
4
3
206
197
1
7
387
44
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
26
251
50
35
15
200
195
5
0
0
0
253
35
35
0
12
8
4
4
202
193
1
8
372
44
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
26
1990
242
49
34
16
192
188
5
0
0
0
239
34
34
0
12
7
4
4
189
180
1
8
372
45
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
26
1991
245
50
34
16
194
190
4
0
0
0
223
33
33
0
11
7
4
4
175
165
1
8
367
45
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
26
1992 1993
246 248
50 51
34 35
16 16
196 197
191 193
5 5
0 0
0 0
0 0
210 197
33 32
33 32
0 0
11 10
7 7
4 4
4 4
162 150
153 141
2 2
8 8
379 395
46 46
3 3
0 0
0 0
13 13
0 0
1 1
0 0
0 0
27 27
(continued)
-------
Source Category
Table A-5. Paniculate Matter (PM-10) Emissions (continued)
(thousand short tons)
1970 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic
wind erosion
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
agricultural crops
agricultural livestock
Other Combustion
wildfires
managed burning
other
Fugitive Dust
wind erosion
unpaved roads
paved roads
other
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
135
0
85
11
1
29
2
0
8
21
6
1
4
2
25
NA
NA
NA
839
NA
NA
NA
839
385
390
64
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
12,838
202
0
123
14
1
49
2
1
12
33
17
2
10
5
37
NA
NA
NA
852
NA
NA
NA
852
514
315
23
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6,928
220 227
0 0
137 141
15 16
1 1
52 53
2 2
1 1
13 13
36 37
19 20
2 2
11 12
6 6
40 41
NA
NA
NA
724
NA
NA
NA
724
390
314
20
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6,126
3,565
3,565
3,565
41,859
7,108
6,833
275
724
142
523
59
34,028
0
14,719
6,299
13,009
48,377
227
. Q
139
16
1
54
3
1
14
38
21
2
13
6
42
9,390
9,390
9,390
41,281
7,184
6,899
285
730
142
530
59
33,367
0
14,672
6,555
12,139
53,620
200
P
135
17
1
30
3
1
14
40
23
3
13
7
43
1,457
1,457
1,457
41,411
7,338
7,008
330
737
142
536
59
33,336
0
13,960
6,877
12,499
45,761
231
0
135
17
1
60
3
1
15
42
25
3
15
7
45
17,509
17,509
17,509
43,221
7,466
7,090
376
756
142
555
59
34,999
0
15,626
7,365
12,008
63,672
212
P
134
18
1
40
3
1
15
43
27
3
16
8
47
11,826
11,826
11,826
42,247
7,334
6,937
397
750
142
549
59
34,163
0
15,346
7,155
11,662
56,984
211
0
133
18
1
40
3
1
15
44
26
3
16
8
47
4,192
4,192
4,192
42,059
7,380
6,999
381
1,322
717
546
59
33,356
0
15,661
7,299
10,396
49,158
205
0
127
17
1
42
3
1
15
44
26
3
16
8
47
10,054
10,054
10,054
40,126
7,328
6,965
363
1,053
457
537
59
31,746
0
14,267
7,437
10,042
53,029
214
0
133
18
1
43
3
1
16
44
27
3
16
8
48
4,655
4,655
4,655
41,245
7,238
6,852
386
947
341
547
59
33,060
0
14,540
7.621
10,899
48,629
227
0
142
18
1
45
3
1
16
46
28
3
16
8
48
628
628
628
42,200
7,236
6,842
394
1,027
418
549
59
33,937
0
14,404
8,164
11,368
45,489
NOTE(S): Methodologies to estimate 1970 to 1984 and 1985 to 1993 emissions differ except for transportation sources. Because of these differences, the
allocation of emissions among source categories could result in significant changes in the emissions between the years, particularly at the more
detailed source category level. The break is illustrated by the black line. Details on the different methodologies are provided in section 6.0.
NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are
contained in the more aggregate estimate.
"Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
No data was available after 1984 to weigh the emissions from residential wood burning devices.
See section 6.2.4.1 for explanation of wide variation in Geogenic - wind erosion emissions.
-------
1
^ Source Category
§: FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
c
| Coal
J, bituminous
! subbituminous
|' anthracite & lignite
^ Oil
i residual
-^ distillate
i FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
2 Coal
IS bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
> distillate
& FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite, lignite
Commercial/Institutional Oil
residual
distillate
other
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
lead oxide and pigments
5T
1970
327
300
181
89
30
28
27
0
237
218
146
45
27
19
17
1
10,052
1
1
NA
NA
4
3
NA
1
10,000
47
103
103
103
Table
1980
129
95
57
28
9
34
34
0
60
45
31
10
4
14
14
1
4,111
12
6
2
4
10
9
1
NA
4,080
9
104
104
104
A-6. Lead Emissions
(short tons)
1984 1985 1986 1987
88
71
43
21
7
17
17
0
29
21
14
4
2
8
8
1
424
7
5
1
1
4
3
1
NA
400
13
133
133
133
64
51
31
15
5
13
13
0
30
22
15
5
2
8
7
1
421
6
4
1
1
4
3
1
NA
400
11
118
118
118
69
50
30
15
5
19
19
0
25
17
12
4
2
8
7
1
422
6
4
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
11
108
108
108
64
48
29
14
5
16
16
0
22
14
10
3
1
8
7
1
425
5
3
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
14
123
123
123
1988
66
46
28
14
4
20
20
0
19
14
10
3
1
5
5
1
426
5
3
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
16
136
136
136
1989
67
46
28
14
4
21
21
0
18
14
10
3
1
4
3
1
420
4
3
1
1
4
3
1
NA
400
12
136
136
136
1990
64
46
28
14
4
18
18
0
18
14
10
3
1
3
3
1
418
4
3
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
10
136
136
136
1991
61
46
28
14
4
15
15
0
18
15
10
3
1
3
2
1
416
3
2
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
9
132
132
132
1992 1993
59 62
47 48
28 29
14 14
4 5
12 14
12 14
0 0
18 18
14 14
10 10
3 3
1 1
4 4
3 3
1 1
414 417
4 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
4 4
3 3
1 1
NA NA
400 400
7 9
93 109
93 109
93 109
(continued)
-------
Source Category
Table A-6. Lead Emissions (continued)
(short tons)
1970 1980
1984
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
primary lead production
primary copper production
primary zinc production
secondary lead production
secondary copper production
lead battery manufacture
lead cable coating
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke manufacturing
ferroalloy production
iron production
steel production
gray iron production
Metals Processing NEC
metal mining
other
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement manufacturing
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
municipal waste
other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
24,224
15,869
12,134
242
1,019
1,894
374
41
127
38
7,395
11
219
266
3,125
3,773
960
353
606
2,028
540
540
1,488
2,200
2,200
581
1,619
171,961
142,918
22,683
6,361
8,340
8,340
219,471
3,026
1,826
1,075
20
24
481
116
50
37
24
911
6
13
38
481
373
289
207
82
808
93
93
715
1,210
1,210
161
1,049
62,189
48,501
11,996
1,692
3,320
3,320
74,956
1,919
1,244
709
20
17
304
79
67
34
15
530
4
3
23
219
282
144
129
15
483
48
48
435
901
901
74
828
35,930
27,737
7,448
745
2,310
2,310
42,217
2,097
1,376
874
19
16
288
70
65
43
3
577
3
7
21
209
336
144
141
3
316
43
43
273
871
871
79
792
15,978
12,070
3,595
313
229
229
20,124
1,820
1,161
660
16
11
296
63
66
47
2
553
3
13
16
200
320
107
106
1
199
25
25
174
844
844
52
792
3,589
2,689
841
59
219
219
7,296
1,818
1,204
673
16
7
347
31
73
56
1
499
3
14
17
128
337
115
114
1
202
28
28
174
844
844
52
792
3,121
2,325
748
48
222
222
6,840
1,917
1,248
684
17
8
353
61
73
50
1
554
4
14
18
157
361
115
114
1
172
23
23
149
817
817
49
768
2,700
2,018
637
44
211
211
6,464
2,153
1,337
715
19
9
433
37
74
50
1
582
4
20
19
138
401
234
234
1
173
23
23
150
765
765
45
720
2,161
1,614
512
36
207
207
6,099
2,138
1,409
728
19
9
449
75
78
50
1
576
4
18
18
138
397
153
153
1
169
26
26
143
804
804
67
738
1,690
1,263
400
28
197
197
5,635
1,939
1,258
623
19
11
414
65
77
48
1
517
3
14
16
145
339
163
163
1
167
24
24
143
582
582
55
528
1,519
1,134
364
20
186
186
5,020
2,042
1,316
628
20
11
470
66
77
44
1
560
3
16
18
145
378
166
165
1
54
24
24
30
416
416
11
405
1,452
1,084
348
20
193
193
4,741
2,118
1,362
636
21
12
496
71
80
45
1
572
3
17
18
147
387
184
183
1
54
24
24
30
518
518
45
472
1,383
1,033
331
19
206
206
4,885
NOTE(S): NA = not available.
-------
APPENDIX B
REGIONAL EMISSIONS (1985 TO 1993)
Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 B-l Appendk B
-------
Table B-1. Regional Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1985 to 1993
(million short tons)
Reaion 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
1
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
5.13
7.84
10.96
22.37
20.97
15.72
5.53
5.22
12.23
6.10
112.07
Table B-2.
4.87
7.60
10.68
21.95
20.13
14.99
5.29
4.74
11.92
5.90
108.07
4.77
7.43
10.45
21.53
19.31
14.45
5.07
4.50
11.90
5.71
105.12
4.67
7.40
10.28
22.16
19.64
14.60
5.12
4.41
11.97
5.84
106.10
Regional Emissions
4.51
6.88
9.57
20.89
18.77
13.67
4.95
4.15
11.67
5.75
100.81
4.24
6.48
9.16
20.87
17.77
13.77
5.23
4.25
12.02
9.97
103.75
4.19
6.41
9.09
20.69
17.60
13.13
5.40
4.81
11.38
7.20
99.90
of Nitrogen Oxides, 1985
4.14
6.19
8.94
20.48
17.38
13.11
4.70
3.72
10.06
7.65
96.37
to 1993
4.05
5.80
8.81
20.72
17.62
13.67
5.19
4.12
10.25
6.98
97.21
(million short tons)
Region
1
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
1985
0.72
1.21
2.33
4.32
4.57
4.50
1.42
1.11
2.03
0.64
22.85
1986
0.72
1.19
2.31
4.35
4.54
4.32
1.38
1.05
1.93
0.62
22.41
1987
0.73
1.20
2.31
4.34
4.52
4.21
1.40
1.09
1.97
0.63
22.39
1988
0.74
1.23
2.36
4.50
4.65
4.37
1.46
1.18
2.08
0.65
23.22
1989
0.74
1.24
2.38
4.49
4.69
4.36
1.48
1.17
2.05
0.66
23.25
1990
0.70
1.19
2.28
4.50
4.65
4.36
1.49
1.20
2.04
0.78
23.19
1991
0.69
1.16
2.23
4.51
4.63
4.36
1.48
1.22
2.00
0.71
1992
0.68
1.14
2.23
4.57
4.60
4.37
1.45
1.23
1.98
0.75
22.98 22.99
1993
0.66
1.11
2.26
4.73
4.75
4.48
1.48
1.23
1.98
0.73
23.40
Table B-3. Regional Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds,
1985 to 1993
(million short tons)
Region 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
1992
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
B-2
1993
1 1.02
II 1.85
III 2.77
IV 5.20
V 4.58
VI 4.80
VII 1.21
VIII 0.75
IX 2.39
X 0.85
Total 25.42
0.97
1.79
2.71
5.18
4.39
4.66
1.18
0.70
2.40
0.84
24.83
0.97
1.78
2.70
5.10
4.35
4.49
1.15
0.69
2.29
0.83
24.34
0.97
1.79
2.71
5.29
4.43
4.67
1.18
0.68
2.39
0.85
24.96
0.92
1.67
2.55
5.00
4.23
4.42
1.13
0.65
2.33
0.83
23.73
0.88
1.61
2.52
5.04
4.13
4.47
1.17
0.68
2.36
1.41
24.28
0.87
1.57
2.46
4.94
4.06
4.41
1.18
0.76
2.23
1.04
23.51
0.85
1.55
2.44
4.80
4.03
4.38
1.09
0.62
2.16
1.11
23.02
0.86
1.55
2.45
4.87
4.10
4.46
1.15
0.68
2.19
1.02
23.31
Appendix B
-------
Table B-4. Regional Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide, 1985 to 1993
(million short tons)
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
Table
1985
0.58
0.87
3.39
5.32
7.26
2.27
1.66
0.59
0.96
0.26
23.15
B-5a.
1986
0.61
0.83
3.31
5.37
7.08
2.11
1.52
0.50
0.82
0.21
22.36
1987
0.58
0.84
3.37
5.37
6.93
2.10
1.59
0.49
0.58
0.23
22.09
Regional Emissions
1988 1989
0.63 0.62
0.85 0.88
3.45 3.45
5.49 5.52
7.01 7.04
2.13 2.18
1.54 1.54
0.54 0.55
0.67 0.64
0.23 0.24
22.54 22.65
of Particulate
1990
0.56
0.86
3.36
5.57
6.93
2.16
1.45
0.57
0.55
0.25
22.26
1991
0.54
0.81
3.45
5.55
6.86
2.17
1.39
0.61
0.53
0.25
22.15
Matter (PM-10) from
1992
0.51
0.76
3.45
5.58
6.44
2.19
1.29
0.57
0.53
0.27
21.59
Point
1993
0.47
0.70
3.44
5.96
6.49
2.21
1.26
0.56
0.54
0.26
21.89
and
Fugitive Process Sources, 1985 to 1993
(million short tons)
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
1985
0.12
0.18
0.36
0.89
0.61
0.50
0.23
0.16
0.35
0.27
3.67
1986
0.12
0.18
0.36
0.91
0.60
0.49
0.20
0.15
0.33
0.33
3.68
Table B-5b.
1987
0.12
0.18
0.35
0.91
0.59
0.48
0.19
0.14
0.32
0.33
3.63
Regional
1988 1989
0.13 0.12
0.18 0.18
0.36 0.36
0.92 0.92
0.60 0.60
0.49 0.47
0.20 0.19
0.15 0.15
0.33 0.33
0.34 0.34
3.70 3.66
Emissions of
1990
0.12
0.17
0.35
0.94
0.61
0.54
0.23
0.17
0.36
0.73
4.23
Particulate
(PM-10) from Fugitive Dust Sources, 1985 to
1991
0.12
0.17
0.35
0.92
0.59
0.48
0.25
0.23
0.31
0.47
3.90
Matter
1993
1992
0.11
0.16
0.32
0.88
0.55
0.50
0.19
0.13
0.32
0.52
3.68
1993
0.11
0.15
0.31
0.90
0.53
0.52
0.21
0.16
0.34
0.45
3.69
(million short tons)
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
__ Total
1985
1.50
2.45
2.44
6.34
7.80
9.00
4.98
3.53
4.46
2.19
44.70
1986
1.41
2.22
2.33
6.26
7.41
15.53
5.11
3.08
4.48
2.11
49.94
1987
1.42
2.22
2.47
6.61
7.43
8.56
4.24
3.19
3.83
2.15
42.13
1988 1989
1.43 1.26
1.93 1.90
2.42 2.31
6.99 6.83
7.34 6.78
22.30 19.01
7.32 6.25
4.22 3.35
4.01 3.60
2.02 2.03
59.97 53.32
1990
1.20
1.78
2.35
6.10
6.89
12.72
5.37
3.15
3.20
2.17
44.93
1991
1.18
1.76
2.44
6.75
6.63
12.29
8.17
3.34
3.61
2.96
49.13
1992
1.21
1.71
2.52
6.72
6.37
10.68
6.02
3.90
3.14
2.69
44.95
1993
1.16
1.78
2.39
7.30
6.44
8.81
4.59
3.57
3.12
2.65
41.80
__,
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
B-3
Appendix B
-------
Table B-5c. Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter
(PM-10) from All Sources, 1985 to 1993
(million short tons)
Region 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
1993
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
1.62
2.63
2.80
7.24
8.41
9.49
5.21
3.69
4.81
2.46
48.38
Table
1.53
2.40
2.69
7.17
8.01
16.02
5.31
3.23
4.81
2.44
53.62
B-6.
1.54
2.40
2.83
7.52
8.02
9.05
4.43
3.33
4.15
2.48
45.76
Regional
1.55
2.11
2.78
7.91
7.94
22.79
7.52
4.37
4.34
2.36
63.67
1.38
2.07
2.67
7.75
7.38
19.48
6.44
3.50
3.93
2.37
56.99
1.32
1.96
2.71
7.04
7.50
13.26
5.61
3.32
3.55
2.90
49.16
Emissions of Lead,
1.30
1.93
2.79
7.67
7.22
12.78
8.42
3.57
3.92
3.44
53.03
1985 to
1.32
1.86
2.84
7.60
6.92
11.17
6.21
4.02
3.46
3.21
48.63
1993
1.27
1.94
2.70
8.21
6.96
9.32
4.81
3.73
3.46
3.10
45.49
(thousand short tons)
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
1985
0.93
1.54
1.83
3.57
3.98
2.58
1.88
0.74
2.39
0.68
20.12
1986
0.30
0.54
0.59
1.16
1.68
0.87
1.00
0.27
0.68
0.21
7.30
1987
0.28
0.50
0.52
1.11
1.55
0.81
0.99
0.26
0.64
0.19
6.84
1988
0.24
0.44
0.47
1.07
1.53
0.74
0.98
0.24
0.57
0.17
6.46
1989
0.22
0.38
0.41
1.00
1.45
0.68
1.08
0.23
0.50
0.15
6.10
1990
0.19
0.35
0.37
0.93
1.40
0.64
0.99
0.21
0.42
0.13
5.63
1991
0.17
0.26
0.32
0.86
1.25
0.60
0.86
0.19
0.40
0.13
5.02
1992
0.16
0.19
0.28
0.82
1.21
0.58
0.84
0.19
0.36
0.12
4.74
1993
0.16
0.21
0.29
0.84
1.26
0.59
0.86
0.19
0.36
0.12
4.88
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
B-4
Appendix B
-------
APPENDIX C
NATIONAL TOTAL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
(1940 TO 1993) BY SUBCATEGORY
4"OBal '*«> Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 C-l Appendk C
-------
!
i
Table C-1. Total Particulate (TSP) Emissions
(thousand short tons)
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite and lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite and lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
Other
wood/bark waste
other
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
1,431
1,419
822
405
192
11
11
0
0
3,870
3,598
2,227
686
685
44
33
0
11
6
5
1
222
171
51
2,678
415
25
0
1,716
402
1,315
522
2,179
2,142
1,240
611
291
36
34
2
1
3,334
2,934
1,756
541
638
82
62
2
17
15
13
2
302
252
50
2,062
480
45
1
1,128
264
864
408
3,122
3,089
1,847
910
333
30
29
1
3
1,960
1,659
1,103
340
217
76
56
2
18
25
22
3
200
187
13
1,247
58
63
2
850
199
651
275
2,603
2,475
1,492
735
247
121
117
4
7
2,436
1,444
982
303
159
106
83
9
14
27
24
4
859
818
40
509
47
71
4
384
90
294
4
919
797
483
238
75
116
113
3
7
1,503
272
188
58
26
80
63
6
11
23
20
4
1,129
1,121
7
937
36
44
4
818
191
626
36
479
432
262
129
41
42
40
1
6
1,355
132
92
28
12
43
35
5
4
20
17
3
1,159
1,156
3
900
21
19
4
821
192
629
35
456
394
239
118
37
56
54
2
5
1,071
92
64
20
8
22
14
5
3
26
22
5
930
926
4
538
14
20
4
469
110
359
30
445
394
239
118
37
47
45
2
5
1,058
98
68
21
9
20
13
5
3
26
21
5
914
911
3
523
13
20
4
457
107
350
29
454
407
247
122
39
42
41
2
5
1,030
99
69
21
9
15
8
5
3
27
22
5
889
885
4
493
13
19
4
429
100
328
29
(continued)
-------
Table C-1. Total Particulate (TSP) Emissions (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
zinc
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
primary
secondary
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
fluid catalytic cracking units
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
country elevators
terminal elevators
feed mills
soybean mills
wheat mills
other grain mills
other
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
sulfate (kraft) pulping
other
330
6
68
19
237
4,478
620
238
168
188
26
3,446
3,287
159
411
389
2
2
387
4,366
882
371
351
24
48
12
17
58
550
470
80
456
9
31
15
401
4,853
385
120
82
89
94
4,189
3,858
331
279
547
23
23
524
8,152
898
417
313
26
60
11
19
53
866
729
137
310
18
45
16
230
3,170
443
146
46
52
199
2,247
2,083
164
481
1,219
50
50
1,169
9,042
1,036
512
346
27
53
9
20
69
1,031
886
145
238
45
62
46
86
2,781
731
428
57
24
222
1,473
1,304
169
577
687
70
70
617
7,949
872
426
310
20
30
10
20
56
788
668
120
150
21
25
61
42
782
151
38
19
3
91
430
379
51
201
166
41
41
125
2,542
629
388
152
10
22
2
11
43
229
142
87
129
23
13
48
45
496
112
34
13
4
61
242
201
41
142
144
16
16
128
2,196
834
465
252
27
27
3
10
52
220
124
96
121
22
12
41
45
486
99
33
16
4
47
248
198
50
138
152
13
13
139
1,994
639
404
142
18
16
1
6
52
202
90
112
118
22
12
42
43
461
100
32
14
4
50
217
173
43
144
147
13
13
133
1,878
574
344
121
16
29
2
7
56
202
92
110
127
23
12
43
48
487
105
33
15
4
52
237
188
49
146
148
13
13
134
1,919
563
342
120
12
25
2
9
53
208
95
114
(continued)
-------
c
I
Table C-1. Total Particulate (TSP) Emissions (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (cont'd)
Mineral Products
cement mfg
surface mining
stone quarrying/processing
other
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
residential
other
Open Burning
other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Idgv
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
IdgM
Idgt2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
hddv
Iddt
Iddv
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
farm
other
2,934
1,363
175
482
914
550
330
98
232
220
220
220
169
169
0
23
18
5
29
0
0
0
0
2,762
2
0
0
0
0
0
6,388
1,998
307
764
3,319
659
327
86
241
333
333
329
232
232
0
36
28
8
51
9
9
0
0
2,014
16
0
5
3
7
1
6,975
2,014
403
1,411
3,147
962
417
115
302
544
544
582
442
441
1
56
45
11
68
15
15
0
0
245
19
0
5
2
10
2
6,289
1,731
388
1,582
2,587
1,210
440
134
306
770
770
1,004
681
677
4
111
91
20
71
141
141
0
0
317
17
2
1
3
9
2
1,684
417
385
500
382
365
167
112
55
198
198
1,161
637
629
7
171
96
75
61
291
279
3
9
281
14
3
1
2
5
2
1,142
287
392
206
256
318
141
105
35
177
177
1,233
594
591
4
189
112
76
51
400
375
4
21
286
13
3
1
1
5
3
1,153
226
444
275
207
304
127
101
26
178
178
1,412
698
694
4
234
148
86
52
427
410
4
13
285
11
2
1
2
3
3
1,103
212
428
255
209
288
111
101
10
177
177
1,451
726
722
4
238
163
75
43
444
427
3
14
274
10
2
1
2
3
2
1,148
217
442
276
213
334
125
101
24
209
209
1,451
726
722
4
238
163
75
43
444
427
3
14
278
11
2
1
2
4
3
(continued)
-------
I
Table C-1. Total Paniculate (TSP) Emissions (cont'd)
(thousand short tons)
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992
OFF-HIGHWAY (cont'd)
Non-Road Diesel
construction
industrial
farm
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
wildfires
managed burning
other
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1
0
0
0
0
107
94
6
7
2,651
4,081
4,081
2,774
881
426
25,157
16
12
0
4
0
1,982
87
7
13
1,874
2,791
2,791
1,353
987
451
27,375
22
12
3
7
40
45
28
7
10
119
1,903
1,903
544
903
456
23,761
71
14
19
38
110
49
32
7
9
70
1,210
1,210
490
581
139
20,944
94
19
18
57
82
32
0
11
22
60
1,186
1,186
654
472
59
9,992
107
20
14
73
96
30
0
17
13
40
1,114
1,114
597
471
47
8,651
112
23
16
73
86
35
0
20
15
41
1,312
1,312
807
471
34
8,131
110
22
16
72
80
36
0
20
16
38
1,087
1,087
581
471
35
7,730
112
23
14
75
81
37
0
21
16
37
1,116
1,116
613
471
32
7,836
=8
I
n
NOTE(S): NA = not available
Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
-------
APPENDIX D
NATIONAL EMISSIONS (1940 TO 1993)
FROM THE REPORT IN METRIC UNITS
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993 D-l Appendix D
-------
Table D-1. Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide,
1940 through 1993 in Metric Units
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1992
NOTE(S): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
NA = not available
Change in methodology indicated by vertical lines. Transportation methodologies changed In 1970. All other
methodologies changed In 1985.
1990 to 1993 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are in bold type face.
1993
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
industrial
lawn & garden
light commercial
recreational marine vessels
Aircraft
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
forest wildfires
TOTAL
3
395
13,508
10,232
2,394
7,838
3,176
3,801
2,495
201
104
NA
NA
3,293
24,830
18,017
18,007
2,355
1,807
547
4,458
NA
NA
7,304
3,426
708
NA
NA
54
4
3,704
26,499
0
22,798
82,433
100
498
9,667
7,000
1,638
5,362
2,570
5,301
2,640
2,405
210
NA
NA
4,279
37,533
25,537
25,491
3,836
2,949
887
8,133
26
26
10,533
6,650
1,414
NA
NA
109
847
2,790
16,452
0
10,123
89,618
100 215
600 699
5,670 3,288
4,303 2,660
1,007 622
3,296 2,038
1,367 572
3,612 3,082
2,600 3,306
2,800 1,977
310 562
NA NA
NA NA
5,078 6,404
52,887
38,650
38,598
4,889
3,751
1,139
9,233
114
114
10,501
7,941
1,251
NA
NA
470
1,600
301
79,864
58,089
57,922
15,032
9,165
5,867
6,089
654
654
9,621
8,598
664
4,245
2,211
885
459
59
9,988 7,175
0 0
4,071 5,098
94,146 116,193
292
680
5,652
5,436
1,272
4,164
162
1,951
2,037
1,563
753
NA
NA
2,086
285
614
5,195
4,930
NA
NA
143
1,760
1,887
395
650
2
50
1,530
70,806 57,025
48,591 36,744
48,392 36,574
14,640 13,684
9,430 7,721
5,209 5,963
6,521 5,379
1,054 1,218
1,033 1,186
11,504 13,283
9,983 11,481
880 1,114
4,868 5,444
2,431 2,952
999 1,095
674 876
87 111
7,570
0
4,895
11,451
0
6,830
104,895 94,125
284
608
4,566
4,309
NA
NA
136
1,781
1,854
372
652
2
50
1,557
54,304
35,716
35,554
13,215
7,403
5,812
4,145
1,227
1,193
13,521
11,690
1,120
5,575
2,990
1,119
889
112
7,873
0
3,246
87,425
292
605
4,031
3,775
NA
NA
135
1,812
1,897
361
664
2
51
1,571
54,422
35,791
35,621
13,498
7,517
5,981
3,893
1,239
1,204
13,855
11,943
1,166
5,637
3,086
1,129
925
112
8,624
0
3,984
88,187
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
D-2
Appendix D
-------
Table D-2. Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides,
1940 through 1993 in Metric Units
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1992
1993
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
Gas
natural
FUEL COMB. OTHER
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Diesel
construction
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
599
424
231
113
53
2,307
1,825
1,180
332
306
480
5
4
95
97
NA
NA
99
1,382
1,002
1,002
149
231
NA
NA
899
94
64
596
898
6,865
1,194
1,014
530
261
112
2,896
976
624
1,593
1,535
587
57
100
100
84
NA
NA
195
2,225
1,462
1,461
246
442
76
76
1,396
170
143
900
603
9,438
2,301 4,445
1,849 3,528
1,047 1,916
516 944
185 312
3,697 3,923
709 699
483 482
2,680 2,776
2,581 2,769
690 759
100 246
100 70
200 218
119 169
NA NA
NA NA
300 399
4,012
2,692
2,691
382
542
397
397
1,309
224
142
700
6,705
3,772
3,770
1,159
252
1,521
1,521
1,477
853
543
449
400 299
13,228 18,711
6,372
5,555
3,120
1,537
492
3,225
403
278
2,376
2,240
672
196
59
66
186
NA
NA
101
6,819
6,076
4,173
1,535
369
2,954
556
403
1,503
1,302
664
362
74
91
278
2
2
75
7,821 6,793
4,011 3,118
4,006 3,107
1,277 1,216
272 304
2,262 2,155
2,235 2,115
2,198 2,579
1,247 1,341
775 857
663 843
225
348
21,120 21,040
6,779
6,073
4,140
1,549
383
2,908
505
366
1,504
1,310
667
373
73
87
276
2
2
76
6,750
3,278
3,268
1,230
280
1,962
1,920
2,617
1,356
853
858
247
20,857
7,060
6,355
4,316
1,661
378
2,881
472
342
1,510
1,318
664
376
74
86
285
2
2
76
6,747
3,343
3,332
1,258
276
1,870
1,827
2,708
1,435
913
857
268
21,230
NOTE(S): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
NA = not available
Change in methodology indicated by vertical lines. Transportation methodologies changed in 1970. All other methodologies
changed in 1985.
1990 to 1993 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are in bold type face.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
D-3
Appendk D
-------
Table D-3. Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds,
1940 through 1993 in Metric Units
(thousand short tons)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1992
NOTE(S): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
NA = not available
Change in methodology indicated by vertical lines. Transportation methodologies changed in 1970. All other methodologies
changed in 1985.
1990 to 1993 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are in bold type face.
1993
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Organic Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Surface Coating
Nonindustrial
consumer solvents
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
area source: gasoline
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
.light-duty gas vehicles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
lawn & garden
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
forest wildfires
TOTAL
2
98
1,694
1,279
308
971
802
53
295
518
118
1,788
960
444
NA
579
168
143
898
4,331
3,374
3,371
460
497
NA
NA
706
188
NA
3,700
0
3,103
15,530
8
88
1,212
880
210
670
1,201
100
401
498
167
3,338
1,984
NA
NA
1,105
328
279
1,001
6,506
4,836
4,820
754
906
10
10
1,100
384
NA
2,296
0
1,370
18,921
8
96
697
511
119
391
899
223
310
938
184
3,995
1,931
1,079
NA
1,598
479
408
1,402
9,407
7,461
7,443
982
923
42
42
1,102
477
NA
1,427
0
697
22,065
27
136
491
417
97
320
1,217
571
357
1,084
245
6,508
3,239
1,519
NA
1,772
543
462
1,799
11,768
8,340
8,286
2,513
674
241
241
1,399
1,165
521
999
0
699
27,802
40
142
769
734
172
562
1,447
802
247
1,306
215
5,973
3,343
909
NA
1,792
469
399
688
32
241
396
368
NA
NA
1,607
620
66
669
433
5,500
2,376
1,724
983
1,688
597
508
2,052
8,146 6,218
5,359 3,888
5,301 3,841
1,868 1,605
554 426
365 300
356 286
1,695 1,923
1,337 1,493
594 661
1,029
0
671
1,198
0
936
23,490 22,023
31
246
349
321
NA
NA
1,632
628
65
661
437
5,553
2,380
1,772
1,003
1,677
568
478
2,057
5,508
3,477
3,447
1,440
303
288
274
1,960
1,522
676
707
0
445
20,884
33
246
309
282
NA
NA
1,643
629
67
653
441
5,669
2,438
1,798
1,013
1,688
557
464
2,060
5,529
3,497
3,466
1,462
285
285
270
2,002
1,546
684
810
0
546
21,149
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
D-4
Appendix D
-------
Table D-4. Total National Emissions of SULFUR DIOXIDE,
1940 through 1993 in Metric Units
(gigagrams)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1992
NOTE(S): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
NA = not available
Change in methodology indicated by vertical lines. Transportation methodologies changed in 1970. All other
methodologies changed in 1985.
1990 to 1993 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are in bold type face.
1993
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
Oil
residual
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Other
bituminous/subbituminous coal
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
TOTAL
2,202
2,065
1,233
606
226
137
132
5,498
4,706
3,151
971
503
360
132
157
NA
3,304
2,283
2,057
195
3,002
2,504
2,079
203
303
NA
NA
3
3
2,894
2,699
494
18,101
4,096
3,679
2,202
1,085
392
417
411
5,194
4,012
2,672
823
882
654
164
136
NA
3,596
1,886
1,595
388
3,399
2,805
2,149
309
541
NA
NA
3
94
2,170
1,972
494
20,283
8,404
8,058
4,869
2,397
792
345
341
3,505
2,452
1,685
520
836
601
171
46
NA
2,104
1,134
788
406
3,616
3,013
2,515
614
609
NA
NA
9
103 I
291 I
195 I
503
20,164
15,783
14,333
8,686
4,278
1,369
1,450
1,432
4,144
2,838
1,970
607
1,115
868
127
64
NA
1,352
446
236
536
4,332
3,683
3,182
799
768
NA
NA
7
313
75
33
100
28,210
15,848
14,581
NA
NA
NA
1,266
NA
2,677
1,385
960
296
966
772
271
54
NA
881
191
39
254
1,671
1,161
980
666
832
NA
NA
30
14,422
13,814
12,124
1,293
397
580
571
2,818
1,672
1,254
26
747
574
319
75
5
542
159
27
399
525
364
196
399
364
1
4
33
389 436
159 241
48 61
10
13
23,418 20,195
13,986
13,463
11,703
1,321
439
495
487
2,673
1,525
1,145
24
755
585
316
73
6
544
161
23
405
506
347
181
378
363
1
4
33
438
248
63
9
19,589
14,367
13,776
11,975
1,369
432
562
557
2,567
1,429
1,075
22
747
581
314
72
6
544
161
23
409
526
364
193
371
375
1
4
33
397
252
62
10
19,857
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
D-5
Appendix D
-------
Table D-5. Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-10),
1940 through 1993 in Metric Units
(gigagram)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1992
1993
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Residential Wood
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing
Mineral Products
cement mfg
surface mining
stone quarrying/processing
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
OFF-HIGHWAY
NATURAL SOURCES
* Geogenic - wind erosion
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
* agricultural crops
* agricultural livestock
Other Combustion
wildfires
managed burning
Fugitive Dust
* unpaved roads
* paved roads
* other
TOTAL
873
865
520
642
2,121
1,557
299
1,096
533
196
223
339
332
3,625
711
463
2,451
1,236
57
437
NA
NA
356
190
2,250
NA
NA
2,692
NA
NA
NA
2,692
1,977
536
NA
NA
NA
NA
14,475
1,331
1,306
785
548
1,518
1,023
413
932
314
95
388
230
374
6,308
632
724
4,953
1,812
98
602
NA
NA
458
284
1,622
NA
NA
1,754
NA
NA
NA
1,754
965
601
NA
NA
NA
NA
15,543
1,920
1,898
1,169
300
1,010
771
280
931
340
111
194
397
625
6,542
627
869
5,046
1,827
127
943
0.
0,
693
502
182
0,
0,
1,129
0.
0.
0,
1,129
388
550
0.
0.
0,
0,
14,114
1,611
1,524
944
581
413
348
213
1,194
538
312
180
476
259
5,290
440
659
4,191
1,571
121
868
NA
NA
906
215
202
NA
NA
761
NA
NA
NA
761
349
354
NA
NA
NA
NA
11,646
797
722
438
616
805
742
134
564
118
29
292
154
125
1,674
364
166
1,144
378
115
382
NA
NA
248
264
252
180
207
843
799
67
127
44
3
79
4
25
277
22
89
142
32
15
25
2
49
219
250 216
298 338
NA
NA
773
NA
NA
NA
773
466
286
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,803
0
38,156
6,696
6,350
346
1,200
651
496
30,261
14,208
6,622
9,431
6,285 44,596
231
221
161
202
743
698
68
125
43
3
78
4
24
275
23
89
138
32
15
23
2
48
223
190
344
4,223
0
37,417
6,566
6,216
350
859
309
497
29,992
13,191
6,913
9,888
44,116
245
233
173
199
656
612
68
128
44
3
80
4
24
282
23
91
143
33
15
24
2
50
225
178
358
570
0
38,283
6,565
6,207
358
931
380
498
30,788
13,068
7,407
10,313
41,268
NOTE(S): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
NA = not available
Change in methodology indicated by vertical lines. Transportation methodologies changed in 1970. All other methodologies
changed in 1985.
1990 to 1993 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are in bold type face.
* Fugitive dust sources
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1993
D-6
Appendix D
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Table D-6. Total National Emissions of Lead
1970 through 1993 in Metric Units
(megagrams)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Inorganic Chemical Mfg - lead oxide and pigments
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
primary lead production
primary copper production
primary zinc production
secondary lead production
secondary copper production
lead battery manufacture
lead cable coating
Ferrous Metals Processing
ferroalloy production
iron production
steel production
gray iron production
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Mineral Products
cement manufacturing
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Incineration
municipal waste
other
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
OFF-HIGHWAY
Non-Road Gasoline
TOTAL
1970
297
215
9,119
9,072
42
93
21,976
14,397
11,008
219
925
1,719
339
38
115
6,708
199
241
2,835
3,423
1,840
490
1,350
1)996
527
1,469
156,003
129,655
7,566
199,104
1975
208
68
9,110
9,072
15
109
9,002
6,525
5,117
155
203
745
182
44
50
1,992
94
84
982
825
1,213
197
1,016
1,447
359
1,088
118,123
96,951
4,547
143,829
1980
117
54
3,729
3,701
8
95
2,745
1,656
975
18
22
436
105
45
34
826
12
34
436
338
733
84
649
1,098
146
952
56,418
44,000
3,012
68,000
1985
58
27
382
363
10
107
1,902
1,248
792
17
14
261
64
59
39
523
6
19
190
305
287
39
248
790
72
718
14,495
10,950
208
18,257
1990
58
16
379
363
9
123
1,940
1,279
661
18
8
407
68
71
46
522
17
17
125
361
153
23
130
730
61
669
1,534
1,145
179
5,112
1992
53
16
376
363
6
85
1,852
1,194
569
18
10
426
60
70
40
508
15
16
131
343
49
22
28
377
10
368
1,317
984
175
4,301
1993
56
17
378
363
8
99
1,921
1,236
577
19
11
450
65
72
41
519
15
16
134
351
49
21
27
470
41
429
1,255
937
186
4,431
NOTE(S): Categories displayed below Tier 1 do not sum to Tier 1 totals because they are intended to show major contributors.
1993 emission estimates are preliminary and will be updated in the next report.
Tier 1 source categories and emissions are in bold type face.
Na
-------
APPENDIX E
DENSITY MAPS OF 1993 COUNTY-LEVEL
EMISSIONS BY POLLUTANT
Pollutant Emission Trends, ]900-1993 E-l Appendix E
-------
Figure E-1. Density Map of 1993 County-level CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions
Emissions
short tons/sq. mile
e§
m
03
D
43 to 7,600
21 to 43
10 to 21
Oto 10
-------
Figure E-2. Density Map of 1993 County-level NITROGEN OXIDES Emissions
Emissions
short tons/sq. mile
9to 1,500
El 3 to 9
ED 1to 3
D Oto 1
-------
o
i-
I
w
Figure E-3. Density Map of 1993 County-level VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions
Emissions
short tons/sq. mile
m 9 to 2,100
S3 3 to 9
H 2to 3
D Oto 2
en
-------
Figure E-4. Density Map of 1993 County-level SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions
Emissions
short tons/sq. mile
3 to 2,000
H 0.4 to 3
H 0.1 to 0.4
D o to 0.1
-------
Figure E-5. Density Map of 1993 County-level PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions
I
g
Emissions
short tons/sq. mile
m 20 to 3,000
EH 14to 20
03 9to 14
D Oto 9
to
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-454/R-94-027
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends,
1900-1993
5. REPORT DATE
1994
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Sharon V. Nizich, Tom C. McMullen, David C. Misenheimer
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/200/04
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report presents the latest estimates of national and regional emissions for criteria air pollutants:
carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, fine paniculate matter, sulfur dioxide, total suspended
particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds. Estimates are presented for the years 1900 to 1993,
with greater detail in more recent years. This report also includes sections on air toxics, international
emissions, greenhouse gases, projections, and biogenics.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air Emission Trends Particulate Matter
Lead
Air Pollution
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone
Sulfur Dioxide
Total Suspended Particulates
Volatile Organic Compounds
Carbon Monoxide
Emission Projections
Air Toxics
Greenhouse Gases
Air Pollution regulation and
control
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
I
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
314
20. SECURITY CLASS (Page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE
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