United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Health Effects Research
Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
EPA-600/1-80-011
January 1980
Research and Development
vvEPA
Teratologic
Effects of Long-Term
Exposure to Diesel
Exhaust Emissions
(Rabbits)
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7 Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS RE-
SEARCH series. This series describes projects and studies relating to the toler-
ances of man for unhealthful substances or conditions. This work is generally
assessed from a medical viewpoint, including physiological or psychological
studies. In addition to toxicology and other medical specialities, study areas in-
clude biomedical instrumentation and health research techniques utilizing ani-
mals — but always with intended application to human health measures.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
-------
EPA-600/1-80-011
January 1980
TERATOLOGIC EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM
EXPOSURE TO DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS (RABBITS)
by
Kathleen M. Werchowski, Stephen P. Henne,
and G. Bruce Briggs
WIL Research Laboratories, Inc.
3154 Exon Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45241
Contract No. 68-03-2652
Project Officer
William E. Pepelko
Laboratory Studies Division
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Health Effects Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.
11
-------
FOREWORD
The use of diesel engines for both personal and commercial transportation
is increasing, and there is very little information presently available
concerning the toxicology of whole emissions from diesel exhaust.
This study was performed by WIL Research Laboratories, Inc. to contribute
information as to the potential teratogenic effects of diesel exhausts
when rabbits were exposed to diesel exhaust emissions. The procedures
utilized in exposure and fetal evaluations were developed by the Food
and Drug Administration for evaluating teratogenic effects of new drugs.
Garner
Director
Health Effects Research Laboratory
111
-------
ABSTRACT
This research project was initiated with the objective of evaluating the potential
for diesel exhaust emissions to produce malformations in rabbit fetuses. The pregnant
does were exposed by the inhalation route to a 10% concentration of diesel exhaust
emissions in inhalation chambers on days 6 through 18 of gestation. Methods used
conform to the guideline developed by the Food and Drug Administration for evaluating
teratogenic effects in rabbits.
The results of the exposure of pregnant rabbits indicate that diesel exhaust
emissions have no effect upon the normal development of rabbit fetuses.
Diesel exhaust emissions did not effect any of the parameters evaluated to assess
maternal toxicity nor total number of fetuses born.
This report was submitted in fulfiUment of Contract No. 68-03-2652 by WIL
Research Laboratories, Inc. under the sponsorship of the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency. This report covers the period of December 19, 1978 to May 25, 1979 when the
work was completed.
IV
-------
CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Tables vi
Abbreviations vii
1 Introduction 1
2 Experimental Design 2
Test Material 2
Treatment Preparation and Administration 2
Animals - Requisition and Care 2
Dosage Selection 3
Mating Procedure 3
Treatment and Dosing Schedule 3
Observations During Gestation Period.... 3
Observations at Time of Laparotomy 3
Fetal Examination.... 4
3 Results 5
General Observations 5
Body Weights of Adult Male and Female Rats 8
Fertility - Mating Data 8
Laparotomy Data 8
Fetal Visceral Data 21
Fetal Skeletal Data 21
Gross Necropsies 21
Appendices
A Request for Veterinary Services 34
B Request for Veterinary Services 35
C Request for Veterinary Services 36
D Request for Veterinary Services 37
v
-------
TABLES
Number Page
1 Daily Observations of Dams which were Exposed to Clean Air (Group 1
-Control) 6
2 Daily Observations of Dams which were Exposed to Diesel Exhaust
Inhalation (Group 2 - Test) 7
3 Individual and Mean Body Weights for Dams which were Exposed to
Clean Air (Group 1 - Control) 9
4 Individual and Mean Body Weights for Dams which were Exposed to
Diesel Exhaust Emissions (Group 2 Test) 10
5 Weekly Body Weights for Male Rabbits used in the Artificial Insemina-
tion of the Female Rabbits 11
6 Mating Schedule 12
7 Gross Fetal Examination at Time of Laparotomy 13
8 Fetal Data for Dams which were Exposed to Clean Air (Group 1)
Number of Fetuses Viable and Dead, Early Resorptions, Implantation
Sites and Corpora Lutea 17
9 Fetal Data for Dams which were Exposed to Diesel Exhaust Emissions
(Group 2) - Number of Fetuses Viable and Dead, Early Resorptions,
Implantation Sites and Corpora Lutea 18
10 Fetal Data for Dams which were Exposed to Clean Air (Group 1) Sex
Distribution, Average Fetal Weight (g), Group Fetal Weight (g) and
Fetus Position in Uterine Horn 19
11 Fetal Data for Dams which were Exposed to Diesel Exhaust Emissions
(Group 2) - Sex Distribution, Average Fetal Weight (g), Group Fetal
Weight (g) and Fetus Position in Uterine Horn 20
12 Soft Tissue Examination of the Fetuses 22
13 Skeletal Examinations of Term Fetuses for Clean Air (Group 1) - Mean
Number of Ossified Elements „ 25
14 Skeletal Examinations of Term Fetuses for Diesel Exhaust Emissions
(Group 2) - Mean Number of Ossified Elements 27
15 Skeletal Examination of Fetuses 29
16 Gross Necropsy Findings for 29-Day Laparotomy 32
vi
-------
ABBREVIATIONS
A = Adipsia
B = Blackened Coat
D = Died
F = Female (pg. 14, 15, 16, 23, 24, 30, 31)
F = Fissures on back of neck (pg. 6 & 7)
G = Gray Coat
L = Left (pg. 26 & 28)
L = Lacrimation of eye (pg. 7)
M = Male
N = Nasal Discharge
NP = Not Pregnant
P = Pregnant
Q = Quarantine
R = Right (pg. 26 & 28)
R = Respiratory Congestion (pg. 7)
X = Anorexia
VII
-------
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Diesel fuel has increased with the use of diesel engines in vehicular traffic. There is
little information presently available concerning the toxicology of whole emissions from
diesel exhaust, thus the proposal made in RFP No. Cl 77-0221 was performed in
pregnant laboratory animals to establish potential teratogenic effects during the period
of fetal development.
The objective of this study was to test for and evaluate the potential of diesel exhaust
emissions to produce malformations and/or other teratogenic effects in the unborn
rabbit fetus when dams were exposed by means of inhalation during the period of
organogenesis (Days 6 through 18 of gestation). The methods described herein conform
to the guideline developed by FDA in 1966 .
No malformation nor other teratogenic effects related to exposure to diesel exhaust
emissions occurred in unborn rabbit fetuses when dams were exposed to a 10%
concentration of diesel exhaust by means of inhalation during the period of organo-
genesis.
Guidelines for Reproductive Studies for Safety Evaluation of Drugs for Human Use,
January 1966, FDA.
-------
SECTION 2
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
TEST MATERIAL
The test material used in this study was diesel exhaust emissions generated by a diesel
engine located at the EPA Center Hill Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. As a control,
clean air was administered by the same means in chambers also located at EPA Center
Hill Laboratory. The first day of inhalation exposure was January 8, 1979.
TREATMENT PREPARATION AND ADMINISTRATION
A ratio of ten percent diesel exhaust emission to ninety percent clean air was
administered to the test group (Group 2). Inhalation was the route of administration in
chambers 4 1/2 feet square and 5 feet square. The control group (Group 1) was also
exposed in 4 1/2 feet and 5 feet square inhalation chambers with 100% clean air. The
Center Hill EPA laboratory was responsible for maintaining the proper exposure rates,
monitoring procedures and care of the laboratory animals during the exposure period.
ANIMALS - REQUISITION AND CARE
Forty-two female New Zealand albino rabbits and eight male New Zealand albino
rabbits of sexual maturity were obtained from Buckshire Corporation, Perkasie,
Pennsylvania. One male New Zealand albino rabbit was obtained from Pel Freez
Laboratories, Rogers, Arkansas.
Due to limited chamber space at the time, two groups, one of 22 rabbits and one of 20
rabbits were exposed approximately three months apart. The first twenty-two (22)
female rabbits arrived on December 19, 1978; the second group of twenty (20) female
rabbits arrived on March 7, 1979 and March 23, 1979. One (1) male rabbit arrived on
December 15, 1977. Four (4) additional male rabbits arrived on January 12, 1978; the
remaining four (4) male rabbits arrived on December 21, 1978.
All rabbits were examined prior to selection for this study and only those animals
determined to be in good health were selected for testing. During the quarantine period
the animals were permanently identified by ear tags.
All animals were housed in AALAC approved type and size cages during the quarantine
period and the nonexposure period. Purina Lab Rabbit Chow and fresh tap water were
available ad libitum during the quarantine and nonexposure periods. The animal care
proeedurelTTor the female rabbits were the responsibility of WIL Research Laboratories,
Inc., during the quarantine period and Days 0 through 5, 18 through 29 of gestation.
-------
The animal care for the male rabbits was the responsibility of WIL Research
Laboratories for the entire duration of the study. All animal care procedures used
adhered to the principles defined in the Guide For Laboratory Animal Facilities and
Care and the Animal Welfare Act and Amendments. The EPA Center Hill Laboratory,
Cincinnati, Ohio, was responsible for the animal care of the female animals during the
exposure period which was Days 6 through 18 of gestation. Following the exposure time
in the chambers at the EPA facilities the rabbits remained in individual cages, at which
time clean air was administered. The dhamber rooms utilized a 12-hour light cycle
during the animals' daily routines.
DOSAGE SELECTION
The EPA conducted preliminary studies to determine the 10% concentration of diesel
exhaust emissions in the exposure chambers. The Environmental Protection Agency
personnel were responsible for assuring chamber concentrations and exposure time.
MATING PROCEDURE
The female animals were randomly selected by stratified randomization methods and
placed in either the test or control group. The female rabbits were maintained in
isolation for a period sufficient to establish a stable oestrus (2 to 3 weeks in the
absence of a male or other stimulation). Nine sexually mature male rabbits were
untreated throughout the study and provided the sperm for breeding by artifical
insemination. A collection of seminal fluid by means of an artificial vagina was
obtained from as many males that would be sufficient to inseminate four rabbits per
day. The sperm of the animals was pooled in a clean collection bottle and kept at a
temperature of 38° C to 40° C by means of a water bath. It was then checked for
motility and viability and rechecked in the same manner after each insemination. The
female rabbits were then inseminated with 0.25 to 0.5 ml of the pooled sperm followed
by an intravenous injection of a pituitary lutenizing hormone (PLH Armour) to insure
ovulation. The day of insemination is considered to be Day 0 of gestation.
TREATMENT AND DOSING SCHEDULE
The female rabbits were exposed on Days 6 through 18 of gestation for 8 hours per day.
Group 1 was exposed to 100% clean air while Group 2 was exposed to the 10% diesel
exhaust emissions and 90% clean air.
OBSERVATIONS DURING GESTATION PERIOD
AH female rabbits were examined daily for signs of toxicity, general health, and
behavior. Each dam was weighed on Days 0, 6 through 18, and 29 of gestation. All
males were observed daily and weighed weekly from the first day of insemination until
the last C-section.
OBSERVATIONS AT TIME OF LAPAROTOMY
The female rabbits were terminated on Day 29 of gestation with sodium pentobarbital
administered into the marginal ear vein. Cesarean section and gross necropsy of each
female was witnessed by a pathologist. The following observations were made:
-------
1. Total number of fetuses.
2. Total number of live and dead fetuses.
3. Number of resorbed or resorbing fetuses.
4. Number of implant sites.
5. Number of corpora lutea.
6. Distribution of fetuses within the uterine horns.
7. Any remarkable gross pathology in the dam.
8. Examination of the fetuses as removed from the uterus:
a. external conformation and anomalies.
b. individual body weight for each fetus and total litter weight.
c. sex of each fetus
The last cesarean section was performed on May 1, 1979.
FETAL EXAMINATION
Each fetus was examined by a teratologist for external anomalies of the head, mouth,
dorsal and ventral aspects of the body, limbs and tail. One-third of the fetuses were
placed in tkmin's fixative and examined for gross internal anomalies by careful Wilson
Sectioning. The remaining two-thirds of the fetuses were placed in 70% Ethyl Alcohol
and examined for skeletal anomalies following preparation of the skeletons by the
Alizarin Red S procedure . Fetal examinations were completed on May 25, 1979.
"Environment and Birth Defects," James G. Wilson, Children's Hospital Research
Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 1973.
3
"Pathology and Toxicology, Technique Manual," edited by L. Z. Saunders; Research and
Development Division, Smith, Kline and French Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
vania, 1969, pages 1-13.
-------
SECTION 3
RESULTS
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
The female rabbits were examined daily for signs of maternal toxicity and behavioral
changes during the quarantine and nonexposure periods.
In the clean air control group one female died on the 22nd day of pregnancy after
having been returned to WIL Research Laboratories. This female rabbit was grossly
necropsied by a veterinary pathologist, Dr. Fred W. Sigler. It was noted that her lungs
were consolidated. The diagnosis was Pasteurellosis. A copy of the documented report
can be found in Appendix A. There were three rabbits which exhibited fissures on the
back of their necks after the exposure period. An additional rabbit exhibited the same
fissure on Day 17 of gestation. These observations were attributed to temperature or
humidity irregularity. All other rabbits in this group appeared normal throughout the
study.
The female rabbits of the test group did not show any change in behavior or signs of
toxicity during the study. One female of this group was found dead on Day 17 of
pregnancy at the EPA facility. This female rabbit was returned to WIL and a veterinary
pathologist, Dr. Fred W. Sigler, performed the necropsy. The diagnosis of death was
toxemia resulting from intestinal infraction produced by traumatic herniation through
the left abdominal wall. The uterus was removed and 13 prenatal fetuses were
recovered. These fetuses and placentas were preserved in Bouin's. A copy of the
documented report can be found in Appendix B. One test rabbit exhibited fissures on
back of the neck on Day 23 of gestation (after having been returned to WIL).
Throughout the exposure period (Days 6-18 of gestation), rabbits coats in the diesel fuel
group were blackened by the emissions. However, it was noted that after being
returned to WIL the rabbits began to clean themselves, and in most cases only their
heads remained gray. From this observation we can only conclude that some
particulate matter was ingested by the rabbits. How this affected the rabbits or
fetuses cannot be determined. All daily observations from quarantine to the day of
cesarean section for each group can be found on Tables 1 and 2.
Male rabbits used for the insemination process were also observed daily during the
study. One male (395) had a 2 cm x 2 cm hairless region on the right jaw for four days.
On the fifth day hair began to return to the site. (All males at this time were treated
for ear mites with mineral oil.) Thirty-eight days after the hair had grown back, this
rabbit had two large abscesses near the mandibular lymph nodes. This area was
surgically drained and locally applied with organic iodine by a veterinarian, Dr. Vincent
Chaffee. Twenty days later, abscesses reappeared. Since this male rabbit did not
overcome the infection, it was sacrificed five days later. A documented copy of the
reports can be found in Appendices C, D & E. Male rabbit (398) was sacrificed because
of his lack of ability to supply semen for insemination.
-------
Q
012 3 4567
TABLE I
DAILY OBSERVATIONS OF DAMS WHICH WERE EXPOSED
TO CLEAN AIR (GROUP 1 CONTROL)
DAYS OF GESTATION
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
NXA
N
N
N
N
N
NXA
N
N
N
N
N
NXA
N
N
N
NX
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
F
N
N
F
N
N
N
F
N
A
N
N
N
N
F
N
N
F
N
F
D
N
N
N
F
F
N
N
N
F
F
N
FN
F
F
N
F
FN
F
F
N
N
F
FN
F
F
N
F
FN
N
F
F
N
F
FN
N
F
F
N
N
F
FN
N
F
F
N
N
370
371
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
HI
124
Q - Quarantine
N - Nasal discharge
F - Fissures on back of neck
A - Adipsia
X - Anorexia
D - Died
-------
TABLE 2
DAILY OBSERVATIONS OF DAMS WHICH WERE EXPOSED
TO DIESEL EXHAUST INHALATION (GROUP 2 TEST)
Q 0 1
10
DAYS OF GESTATION
II 12 13 14 15
16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
382
383
385
386
387
388
389
390
392
393
394
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
125
N
NL
N
N
N
L
N
N
L
N
N
N
I.N
N
N
N
N
L
N
L
L
N
N
N
N
NL
L
N
N
L
N
N
L
N
N
LN
N
L
L
N
L
N
L
L
N
N
LN
N
N
NRB
NB
NB
NB
B
B
B
NB
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
NB
LB
NBR
NB
NB
B
B
B
NB
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
NB
LB
NB
NB
B
B
B
B
NB
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
NB
LB
NB
NB
B
B
B
B
NB
B
B
NB
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
NB
B
B
L
B
B
NB
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
NB
B
B
B
B
B
NB
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
NB
NB
B
B
B
B
NB
NB
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
NB
NB
B
B
LB
B
NB
NB
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
NB
B
B
B
LNB
B
NB
NB
NB
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
RB
B
B
NB
B
NB
B
B
B
NB
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
NRB
B
B
NB
B
NB
B
LNB
B
NB
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
NRB
B
B
B
B
B
B
LNB
B
NB
B
B
B
B
B
D
B
B
B
AB
BN
NRB
B
B
B
B
B
B
LNB
B
NB
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
NRB
B
B
B
B
NAB
B
LNB
B
NB
NG
B
B
B
NB
B
B
B
B
B
G
B
B
B
B
NB
B
NLG
NB
NB
NG
G
B
B
AB
B
B
B
G
G
G
B
B
NB
B
NAB
NB
LG
G
NG
NG
G
N
B
AB
B*
B
B
G
XAG
G
B
B
NB
B
NB
B
LNG
G
NG
NG*
G*
ANG
B
B
B*
G
NB
G*
G
G
B
B
NB
B
NB
B
G
FG
NG
NG*
G*
ANG'
G
B
B*
G
G
G*
G
G
B
NB
NB
B
NG
NG
G
FG
NG
NG*
G*
G*
G*
B
B*
G*
G
G*
G*
G*
B
B
NB
G
NG
G
NG
FG
NG
NG*
G*
G*
G*
G
B*
G*
G
G*
G*
G*
G
G
NB
G
NG
G
LG
FG
G
NG*
G*
G*
G*
G**
B*
G*
G
G*
NG*
NG*
G
G
NG
G
NG*
G*
LG
FG
NG
NG*
G*
G*
G*
G**
B*
G*
GL
G*
NG*
NG*
G
G
NG
G*
NG*
G*
NG
FG
NG
NG*
G*
G*
G*
G**
B*
G*
G
G*
NG*
NG*
G*
G*
G
G*
NG*
NG*
G*
FG
NG
NG*
G*
G*
G*
G**
B*
G*
G
G*
NG4
NG*
Q - Quarantine N - Nasal discharge X
B - Blackened coat L - Lacrimation A
G - Gray coat R - Respiratory congestion F
Anorexia
Adipsia
Fissures on back of neck
** -
D -
Head
Head and along back
Died
-------
Male rabbit (433) refused to eat or drink and was shedding hair. Seven days later, male
rabbit (433) was administered mineral oil by oral gavage. Dr. Vincent Chaffee
performed this procedure. The next day, the animal died. Necropsy revealed a hair ball
(15cm x 10cm x 7.5cm) lodged in the stomach and partially in the esophagus.
Because several other rabbits were also shedding hair, they were moved from the
conventional animal room to a bioclean animal room. This improved the coats of the
animals and all appeared normal.
Male rabbit (435) died during the study. Its lungs were reddened, kidneys were pitted
and mottled externally. A thick white discharge was secreted from both eyes and nose.
BODY WEIGHTS OF ADULT MALE AND FEMALE RABBITS
Female rabbits exposed to diesel exhaust emissions (Group 2) experienced no reduction
in body weight gain compared to female rabbits exposed to clean air (Group 1). (Tables
3 and 4)
Male rabbits were not exposed to diesel exhaust emissions. They gained weight at a
normal rate throughout the course of the project. Male rabbits that died during the
course of the project experienced no weight loss. (Table 5)
FERTILITY - MATING DATA FOR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
The individual mating for females in Groups 1 and 2 is presented in Table 6. The
fertility index for the females for each group was calculated using the following
formula:
Fertility Index = No Pregnant Females
J No. Females Mated
Group 1 females exposed to clean air had a conception rate of 95% (20 of 21 animals
were pregnant), and the conception rate of females exposed to diesel exhaust was 90%
(19 of 21 animals were pregnant).
LAPAROTOMY DATA
Diesel exhaust emissions produced no malformations or other teratogenic effects in the
unborn rabbit fetus.
All rabbit pups were examined at the time of Cesarean section. The occurrence of
gross abnormalities in both Group 1 and Group 2 were within normal limits. (Table 7)
The number of live and dead fetuses, number of resorptions, number of implantation
sites and corpora lutea are presented in Tables 8 and 9. The early fetal deaths reported
for dam number 1213-120 (Group 2) is considered to be a litter effect. None of the
above parameters were altered following exposure to diesel exhaust emissions compared
to controls.
The sex distribution, total number of fetuses, average fetal weight, and group fetal
weight are reported in Tables 10 and 11. None of these parameters were altered
following exposure to diesel exhaust emissions compared to controls.
-------
TABLE 3 -
INDIVIDUAL AND MEAN BODY WEIGHTS (IN KILOGRAMS) FOR DAMS
WHICH WERE EXPOSED TO CLEAN AIR (GROUP 1 - CONTROL)
Rabbit
Number
1213-370
1213-371
1213-373
1213-374
1213-375
1213-376
1213-377
1213-378
1213-379
1213-380
1213-381
1213-103
1213-104
1213-105
1213-106
1213-107
1213-108
1213-109
1213-110
1213-111
1213-124
Day
0
3.20
3.60
3.75
3.55
3.30
3.20
3.20
3.55
3.45
3.70
3.60
4.10
2.80
3.65
3.20
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.95
3.50
3.75
Day
6
3.47
3.57
3.86
3.70
3.60
3.31
3.10
3.71
3.45
3.52
3.73
4.20
3.00
3.79
3.22
3.56
3.53
3.65
4.29
3.58
3.81
Day
7
3.46
3.61
3.73
3.73
3.30
3.23
3.05
3.50
3.55
3.79
3.75
4.20
2.95
3.79
3.30
3.54
3.54
3.54
3.97
3.45
3.77
Day
8
3.41
3.67
3.70
3.64
3.25
3.23
3.26
3.64
3.50
3.76
3.80
4.04
2.93
3.82
3.27
3.54
3.48
3.56
4.03
3.45
3.77
Day
9
3.36
3.54
3.76
3.71
3.11
3.23
3.31
3.40
3.53
3.78
3.75
4.15
3.01
3.76
3.28
3.49
3.46
3.52
4.02
3.40
3.82
Day
10
3.44
3.66
3.72
3.63
3.15
3.20
3.35
3.42
3.48
3.77
3.80
4.11
2.97
3.83
3.25
3.57
3.47
3.58
4.02
3.39
3.77
Day
11
3.37
3.56
3.80
3.72
3.15
3.16
3.37
3.44
3.50
3.81
3.84
4.05
3.03
3.76
3.27
3.66
3.44
3.57
4.06
3.51
3.76
Day
12
3.41
3.71
3.70
3.63
3.17
3.30
3.33
3.44
3.41
3.77
3.80
4.12
3.05
3.77
3.28
3.62
3.46
3.59
4.09
3.48
3.80
Day
13
3.40
3.62
3.80
3.76
3.15
3.31
3.41
3.53
3.52
3.84
3.83
4.16
3.08
3.82
3.26
3.67
3.52
3.58
4.11
3.32
3.78
Day
14
3.53
3.76
3.84
3.86
3.25
3.34
3.83
3.72
3.62
3.83
3.97
4.13
3.14
3.87
3.32
3.75
3.58
3.59
4.13
3.31
3.83
Day
15
3.44
3.83
3.82
3.80
3.26
3.54
3.37
3.77
3.66
3.96
3.89
4.10
3.15
3.92
3.32
3.68
3.45
3.60
4.13
3.43
3.80
Day
16
3.38
3.79
3.81
3.84
3.30
3.55
3.44
3.84
3.63
3.87
3.89
4.12
3.19
3.80
3.23
3.74
3.51
3.58
4.17
3.44
3.79
Day
17
3.46
3.85
3.80
3.84
3.33
3.42
3.43
3.72
3.69
3.94
3.90
4.05
3.17
3.81
3.24
3.75
3.50
3.59
4.17
3.49
3.83
Day
18
3.49
3.90
3.80
3.80
3.33
3.42
3.43
3.83
3.70
3.91
3.92
4.16
3.16
3.86
3.30
3.46
3.56
3.69
4.21
3.44
3.86
Day
29
***
3.80
4.05
4.05
3.47
3.74
3.55
3.75
4.02
3.94
4.05
4.20
3.45
4.15
3.50
4.00
3.80
3.90
4.45
3.70
4.05
% Body
Weight
Increase
6
8
14
5
17
11
6
17
6
13
2
23
14
9
19
12
13
13
6
8
P*
NP**
NP
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Mean
3.49
3.60
3.56
3.56
3.54
3.55
3.56
3.57
3.59
3.68
3.66
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.70
11
* Pregnant
** Not Pregnant
*** Rabbit found dead on 22nd day.
-------
TABLE 4 - INDIVIDUAL AND MEAN BODY WEIGHTS (IN KILOGRAMS) FOR DAMS
WHICH WERE EXPOSED TO DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS (GROUP 2 - TEST)
Rabbit
Number
1213-382
1213-383
1213-385
1213-386
1213-387
1213-388
1213-389
1213-390
1213-392
1213-393
1213-394
1213-112
1213-113
1213-114
1213-115
1213-116
1213-117
1213-118
1213-119
1213-120
1213-125
Day
0
3.50
3.60
3.70
3.40
3.65
3.80
3.05
3.80
3.85
3.65
3.50
3.15
3.50
3.55
3.60
3.70
3.30
3.85
4.15
3.30
4.00
Day
6
3.76
3.61
3.80
3.43
3.84
3.93
3.22
3.86
3.40
3.60
3.72
3.25
3.67
3.68
3.66
3.85
3.41
3.87
4.25
3.47
4.21
Day
7
3.76
3.53
3.76
3.31
3.85
3.90
3.24
3.78
3.40
3.72
3.70
3.44
3.62
3.74
3.82
3.85
3.34
3.87
4.29
3.57
4.23
Day
8
3.75
3.60
3.75
3.29
3.81
4.15
3.28
3.92
3.37
3.72
3.70
3.40
3.59
3.74
3.75
3.94
3.32
3.84
4.25
3.57
4.22
Day
9
3.77
3.41
3.80
3.37
3.79
3.93
3.22
3.84
3.40
3.70
3.66
3.37
3.53
3.73
3.86
3.89
3.29
3.81
4.36
3.57
4.20
Day
10
3.73
3.60
3.68
3.46
3.81
3.89
3.29
3.83
3.47
3.66
3.69
3.48
3.54
3.64
3.71
3.97
3.39
3.82
4.36
3.55
4.14
Day
11
3.69
3.56
3.77
3.40
3.80
3.85
3.19
3.92
3.44
3.72
3.70
3.37
3.57
3.71
3.82
4.01
3.33
3.81
4.34
3.57
4.20
Day
12
3.76
3.67
3.77
3.43
3.85
3.96
3.20
3.91
3.50
3.73
3.73
3.48
3.61
3.67
3.84
4.00
3.43
3.81
4.37
3.59
4.23
Day
13
3.60
3.57
3.80
3.10
3.62
3.96
3.26
3.83
3.54
3.78
3.86
3.45
3.60
3.67
3.73
4.01
3.42
3.80
4.40
3.57
4,10
Day
14
3.75
3.72
3.82
3.51
3.70
3.96
3.34
3.79
3.55
3.80
3.87
3.47
3.61
3.64
3.80
4.11
3.45
3.83
4.31
3.62
4.21
Day
15
3.74
3.74
3.80
3.56
3.80
4.50
3.33
3.77
3.63
3.75
3.81
3.56
3.63
3.64
3.69
3.91
3.43
3.78
4.40
3.68
4.24
Day
16
3.76
3.72
3.77
3.55
3.83
4.51
3.37
3.71
3.58
3.77
3.87
3.55
3.62
3.74
3.57
4.07
3.44
3.80
4.40
3.71
4.20
Day
17
3.72
3.72
3.80
3.50
3.80
4.56
3.37
3.88
3.59
3.73
3.85
3.59
3.67
3.73
3.47****
4.00
3.50
3.93
4.30
3.71
4.29
Day
18
3.73
3.74
3.75
3.55
3.74
4.16
3.31
4.10
3.57
3.76
3.85
3.47
3.65
3.75
—
3.99
3.39
3.90
4.43
3.71
4.22
Day
29
4.00
3.95
3.95
3.77
4.00
4.29
3.55
3.85
3.75
3.95
3.98
3.65
3.75
3.95
—
4.40
3.65
3.85
4.70
4.00
4.35
% Body
Weight
Increase
14
10
7
11
10
13
16
13
.3***
8
14
16
7
11
—
19
11
0
13
21
9
P*
NP*'
NP
P
P
f
NP
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Mean
3.60
3.69
3.70
3.71
3.69
3.70
3.70
3.74
* Pregnant
** Not Pregnant
*** 3% body weight decrease due to water problem between Day 0 and Day 6 of gestation.
****Rabbit found dead, see results.
3.70
3.76
3.78
3.79
3.80
3.79
3.97
11
-------
TABLE 5 - WEEKLY BODY WEIGHTS (IN KILOGRAMS) FOR MALE RABBITS
USED IN THE ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF THE FEMALE RABBITS
Animal No.
1213-435
1213-433
1213-339
1213-434
1213-440
1213-395
1213-396
1213-397
1213-398
1
4.90
4.60
4.80
4.50
5.30
3.55
4.00
3.95
4.60
2
5.00
4.70
4.80
4.55
5.25
3.80
4.00
3.95
4.80
3
5.05
4.65
4.80
4.60
5.35
3.80
4.05
4.00
4.90
4
4.95
4.80
4.90
4.50
5.25
3.80
4.10
4.15
5.05
5
5.05
4.85
5.05
4.60
5.40
3.95
4.20
4.35
5.00
6
5.05
4.85
4.90
4.60
5.45
3.95
4.20
4.50
4.95
WEEK
7
5.05
4.951
4.90
4.45
5.45
3.952
4.25
4.60
5.053
8
5.251
4.95
4.55
5.35
4.25
4.90
9
4.90
4.55
5.30
3.90
4.90
10
4.70
4.65
5.35
4.10
5.00
11
4.75
4.70
5.40
4.20
5.00
12
4.85
4.70
5.35
4.20
5.10
13
4.70
4.65
5.35
4.25
5.10
Mean 4.47 4.54 4.58 4.61 4.72 4.72 4.74 4.88 4.71 4.76 4.81 4.84 4.81
Found dead (see results).
Sacrificed due to illness (see results).
^Sacrificed because buck did not respond to procedure involving collection of semen (see results).
-------
TABLE 6 - MATING SCHEDULE
Group 1
Doe
Number
1213-370
1213-371
1213-373
1213-374
1213-375
1213-376
1213-377
1213-378
1213-379
1213-380
1213-381
1213-103
1213-104
1213-105
1213-106
1213-107
1213-108
1213-109
1213-110
1213-111
1213-124
Pooled Semen
Bucks No.
1213-434,
1213-434,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-434,
1213-434,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-435,
1213-435,
1213-339,
1213-440,
1213-440,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-339,
433
433
395
395
435
435
395, 434
395, 434
440, 339,
440, 339,
434, 435
397, 434,
397, 434,
440, 397,
440, 397,
440, 397,
440, 397,
440, 397,
440, 397,
440, 434,
440, 434,
434
434
435
435
434, 435
434, 435
435
435
396, 434, 435
396, 434, 435
397
397
Group 2
Doe
Number
1213-382
1213-383
1213-385
1213-386
1213-387
1213-388
1212-389
1213-390
1213-392
1213-393
1213-394
1213-112
1213-113
1213-114
1213-115
1213-116
1213-117
1213-118
1213-119
1213-120
1213-125
Pooled Semen
Bucks No.
1213-435,
1213-435,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-396,
1213-396,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-435,
1213-435,
1213-339,
1213-440,
1213-440,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-339,
1213-339,
395
395
395
395
433
433
395, 434
395, 434
440, 339,
440, 339,
434, 435
397, 434,
397, 434,
440, 397,
440, 397,
440, 397,
440, 397,
440, 397,
440, 397,
440, 434,
440, 434,
434
434
435
435
434, 435
434, 435
435
435
396, 434, 435
396, 434, 435
397
397
-------
TABLE 7
GROSS FETAL EXAMINATION AT TIME OF LAPAROTOMY
Dam Fetus
Number No.
1213-370*
1213-371
1213-373 5
1213-374
1213-375
1213-376 6
8
11
1213-377 2
4
1213-378
1213-379
1213-380
1213-381
1213-103
1213-104
*Not pregnant.
Exposure Level Sex
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air F
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air M
Clean Air F
Clean Air F
Clean Air F
Clean Air F
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Gross Observations
All fetuses appeared normal.
Fetus born dead.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
Fetus born dead. Fetus was light
brown in color and had short limbs
and was smaller in size compared to
other fetuses in the litter.
Abdomen and occiput enlarged.
Abdomen and occiput enlarged, short
limbs and cleft palate.
Cleft palate.
Fetus born dead. Body was gelatin-
ous and fetus was slightly smaller
than other fetuses in the litter.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
Continued.,
13
-------
TABLE 7
GROSS FETAL EXAMINATION AT TIME OF LAPARTOMY (Continued)
Dam
Number
1213-111
1213-124
1213-382**
1213-383
1213-385
1213-386
1213-387**
Fetus
No.
1213-105
1213-106
1213-107 6
1213-108
1213-109
1213-110 12
11
10
Exposure Level
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Sex
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air F
Clean Air *
Clean Air F
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Gross Observations
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
Fetus born dead. Fetus was very
small in size compared to others in
the litter. Body was brown in color
with subcutaneous fluid. Head ap-
peared to be abnormal, and there was
no eye development. Placenta was
granular.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
Fetus born dead. Body was trans-
parent with subcutaneous fluid.
Placenta was granular.
Very early fetal death.
Left eye was not fully developed.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
*Sex could not be determined.
**Not pregnant.
Continued.
14
-------
GROSS
Number
1213-388
1213-389
1213-390
1213-392
1213-393
1213-394
1213-112
1213-113
1213-114
1213-115*
1213-116
1213-117
TABLE 7
FETAL EXAMINATION AT TIME
No. Exposure Level Sex
2 Diesel Exhaust M
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
M
Diesel Exhaust F
Diesel Exhaust F
Diesel Exhaust F
OF LAPAROTOMY (Continued)
Gross Observation
Fetus born dead. Fetus smaller in
size compared to other fetuses in the
litter. Fetus was light brown in color
and appeared to have no brain.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
Fetus born dead.
Fetus born dead. Body was dark grey
in color with subcutaneous fluid.
Eyes appeared to be underdeveloped.
Placenta was granular.
Fetus born dead. Body was transpar-
ent with subcutaneous fluid. There
appeared to be no eye development.
Fetus born dead. Body was transpar-
ent with subcutaneous fluid. There
appeared to be no eye development.
* Dam was found dead on Day 17 of exposure, 13 fetuses were in prenatal development
(see results). Continued...
15
-------
TABLE 7
GROSS FETAL EXAMINATION AT TIME OF LAPAROTOMY (Continued)
Dam
Number
1213-118
1213-119
1213-120
Fetus
No.
4
5
6
8
9
10
1213-125
Exposure Level Sex
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust *
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
F
M
F
F
M
Gross Observations
All fetuses appeared normal.
All fetuses appeared normal.
Very early fetal death.
Very early fetal death.
Very early fetal death.
Very early fetal death.
Very early fetal death.
Very early fetal death.
All fetuses appeared normal.
*Sex could not be determined.
16
-------
TABLE 8 - FETAL DATA FOR DAMS WHICH WERE EXPOSED TO CLEAN AIR (GROUP 1 - CONTROL)
NUMBER OF FETUSES VIABLE AND DEAD, EARLY RESORPTIONS, IMPLANTATION SITES AND CORPORA LUTEA
Implantation Sites
Corpora Lutea
Dam
Number
1213-370*
1213-371
1213-373
1213-374
1213-375
1213-376
1213-377
1213-378
1213-379
1213-380
1213-381
1213-103
1213-104
1213-105
1213-106
1213-107
1213-108
1213-109
1213-110
1213-111
1213-124
Left
Horn
5
0
5
4
6
7
4
6
4
4
1
4
4
2
7
4
3
6
5
7
Right
Horn
5
3
4
5
4
3
6
4
6
8
2
7
5
7
3
4
6
6
8
5
Total
10
3
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
12
3
11
9
9
10
8
9
12
13
12
Left
Horn
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Right
Horn
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
Total
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
Left
Horn
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Right
Horn
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Left
Horn
5
2
6
4
7
8
4
6
4
4
2
4
4
3
8
4
3
6
5
7
Right
Horn
5
4
4
5
4
4
6
4
7
8
2
7
5
7
3
4
6
7
9
5
Total
10
6
10
9
11
12
10
10
11
12
4
11
9
10
11
8
9
13
14
12
Left
Horn
5
4
6
7
6
8
5
6
4
5
10
6
5
3
8
5
3
6
5
7
Right
Horn
5
11
4
6
**
4
7
5
8
9
3
10
5
7
3
4
6
7
9
5
Total
10
15
10
13
**
12
12
11
12
14
13
16
10
10
11
9
9
13
14
12
* Rabbit was not pregnant.
** Right ovary was lost during necropsy procedure.
-------
TABLE 9 - FETAL DATA FOR DAMS WHICH WERE EXPOSED TO DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS (GROUP 2 - TEST)
NUMBER OF FETUSES VIABLE AND DEAD, EARLY RESORPTIONS, IMPLANTATION SITES AND CORPORA LUTEA
Dam
Number
1213-382*
1213-383
1213-385
1213-386
1213-387*
1213-388
1213-389
1213-390
1213-392
1213-393
1213-394
1213-112
1213-113
1213-114
1213-115**
1213-116
1213-117
1213-118
1213-119
1213-120
1213-125
Left
Horn
7
5
4
6
2
3
6
4
5
9
3
3
5
4
2
4
4
6
Viable Fetuses
Right
Horn
2
3
6
4
5
7
6
1
6
1
3
8
7
3
3
8
3
1
Total
9
8
10
10
7
10
12
5
11
10
6
11
12
7
5
12
7
7
Dead Fetuses
Left
Horn
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
Right
Horn
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
3
0
Total
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
6
0
Resorptions
Left
Horn
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
Right
Horn
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
Implantation Sites
Left Right
Horn Horn Total
Corpora Lutea
Left Right
Horn Horn Total
11
11
7
11
14
8
11
10
6
12
13
9
7
12
13
7
7
5
5
7
3
4
8
4
6
12
4
3
6
4
4
5
7
7
10
9
11
12
9
11
16
9
12
16
9
12
13
9
9
13
14
12
* Rabbit was not pregnant.
** Rabbit found dead on 17th day of pregnancy, see results.
-------
TABLE 10 - FETAL DATA FOR DAMS WHICH WERE EXPOSED TO CLEAN AIR (GROUP 1 - CONTROL)
SEX DISTRIBUTION, AVERAGE FETAL WEIGHT (g), GROUP FETAL WEIGHT (g) AND FETUS POSITION IN UTERINE HORN1
Dam
Number
1213-3702
1213-371
1213-373
1213-374
1213-375
1213-376
1213-377
1213-378
1213-379
1213-380
1213-381
1213-103
1213-104
1213-105
1213-106
1213-107
1213-108
1213-109
1213-110
1213-111
1213-124
Sex Distribution
Males
7
2
4
6
5
6
5
6
6
6
2
6
5
4
5
7
4
7
8
6
Females
3
1
5
3
6
5
5
3
4
6
1
5
4
5
6
1
5
6
5
6
Total No.
of Fetuses
10
43
9
9
11
11
10
103
10
12
3
11
9
9
11
8
9
13
13
12
Avg.
Fetal
Wt. (g)
31.0
43.3
41.8
36.4
33.5
29.9
34.8
44.5
32.4
31.7
39.9
37.2
38.6
36.8
31.2
45.1
38.6
33.0
28.0
35.3
Group
Fetal
Wt. (g)
309.7
173.0
376.0
327.9
335.2
298.5
348.3
445.1
356.0
380.5
119.7
408.8
347.3
331.3
343.3
360.4
347.5
429.3
391.4
424.1
1
39.
*
46.
40.
39.
28.
36.
45.
38.
35.
40.
39.
42.
*
41.
49.
40.
39.
38.
51.
2
0
1
8
6
6
0
0
1
7
5
2
1
8
8
3
5
1
2
30.
*/
46.
38.
36.
30.
35.
43.
38.
33.
*
41.
41.
41.
39.
47.
39.
35.
34.
44.
.5
/
A
1
,2
4
,9
6
.3
2
/
.5
.2
.0
.6
,1
,0
.3
.1
.2
3
26.
46.
**
38.
33.
29.
37.
48.
32.
34.
37.
32.
29.
38.
38.
36.
39.
27.
32.
32.
5
3
9
7
9
2
6
1
1
0
9
9
17
4
8
27
9
9
4
4
29.7
39.5
34.4
35.47
32.6
19.0
34.67
42.6
36.3/
33.17
42.0
35.67
35.57
37.4
33.5
39.87
41.7
31.5
29.6
21.6
5
32
35
35
31
28
26
34
36
34
29
36
36
25
31
43
35
31,
35,
28.
.47
.6
.4
.1
.4
.7
.4
.1
.2
.3
.0
.2
.7
.6
.2
.8
.2
.97
.3
6
23
51,
.8
.6
36.67
29,
11.
30.
32.
34.
29.
21.
29.
37.
39.
5.
45.
36.
.5
.2
.7
.3
.87
,1
.6
.9
.9
,1
.3
.2
.8
36.67
27.
23.
5
.1
7
29
43
37
27.
27.
34,
42.
34.
28.
32.
43.
39.
21.
46.
36.
36.
18.
32.
.1
.5
.3
.17
.1
.3
.3
.2
.4
.3
.9
.3
.5
.8
.1
.9
.9
.27
8
25
42
39
27
27
32.
53,
37,
36.
37.
34.
32.
24,
51,
40.
33.
21.
34.
.9
.9
.2
.2
.47
.5
.7
.3
.7
.6
.5
.2
.67
.7
.3
,3
.5
,2
9
34.7
44.1
38.3
34.8
32.5
34.3
50.2
*
33.4
41.6
46.0
39.1
38.0
37.8
29.6
19.1
38.5
10 11 12 13 14
37
46
36
33.
36,
48.
40,
30.
39.
39.
44.
28.
31.
37.
.9
.7
.6 27.6
.6 31.6
.2
,2
.3 36.2
,0 26.6 39.0
,6 42.3
.4
.4 25.3
4 34.9 29.6 34.8
9 .6 31.1 35.0 34.8
2 36.8 44.5
Positions counted from the left uterine horn to the right uterine horn.
^Rabbit died and was not pregnant.
Total includes fetus that could not be sexed.
* Early resorption site.
** Late resorption site.
7 Denotes cervix.
-------
TABLE 11 - FETAL DATA FOR DAMS WHICH WERE EXPOSED TO DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS (Group 2-TEST)
SEX DISTRIBUTION, AVERAGE FETAL WEIGHT (g), GROUP FETAL WEIGHT (g) AND FETUS POSITION IN UTERINE HORN
Dam
Number
1213-3822
1213-383
1213-385
1213-386
1213-3872
1213-388
1213-389
1213-390
1213-392
1213-393
1213-394
0 1213-112
1213-113
1213-114
1213-1153
1213-116
1213-117
1213-118
1213-119
1213-120
1213-125
Sex Distribution
Males
4
3
6
7
6
7
7
2
5
6
3
8
6
2
1
7
4
4
Females
5
5
4
4
1
3
5
3
6
4
3
4
7
7
4
5
8
3
Total No.
of Fetuses
9
8
10
11
7
10
12
5
11
10
6
12
13
9
5
12
134
7
Avg.
Fetal
Wt.
40
30
29
37
41
(g)
.6
.4
.8
.0
.9
32.1
25
.5
46.7
36
34
48
31
36
33
46
39
22
47
.0
.5
.5
.5
.4
.8
.9
.6
.4
Group
Fetal
Wt. (
365.
243.
298.
369.
293,
352,
306,
233,
395,
344,
291,
377
473.
304.
234.
475.
291.
Hi
.5
.5
.0
.9
.4
.9
.2
.5
.9
.5
.1
.4
.3
,2
.3
.2
.1
.8 334.5
1
41,
33.
35
38.
47,
40
32,
46,
44,
38,
52,
37,
50
44.
*
54.
43.
51.
.2
.3
.6
.5
.9
.4
.1
.5
.2
.6
.5
.0
.1
.3
,0
,2
.2
2
45.
29.
31.
13.
42.
42.
*
47.
36.
31.
50.
36.
37.
39.
48.
49.
40.
48.
8
4
0
4
57
3
1
4
3
5
5
5
6
8
5
7
3
3
40,
29,
27,
28,
43.
36.
18
46.
31,
33,
46
33,
38
43.
45.
38,
40,
43,
.5
.9
.6
.9
.1
.67
.2
.5
.6
.1
.97
.97
.1
.3
.1
.1
.3
.1
4
40.1
25.6
29.0
34.2
33.3
31.8
28.1
43.67
32.8
40.2
46.4
19.5
32.5
39.67
*7
37.77
1.9
45.3
5
38.
27.
*/
32.
35.
23.
26.
*
24.
36.
46.
18.
17.
44.
47.
27.
2.
48.
7
87
4
0
1
4
17
4
3
0
5
8
7
0
0
1
6
36.9
31.5
26.6
32.2
41.5
28.3
28.2
49.8
36.7
30.9
48.5
22.9
33.67
9.9
50.8
30.1
2.3
47.07
7
40.67
32.2
24.2
35.47
50.1
*
24.77
*
34.6
23.3
33.3
36.0
35.3
41.9
35.2
29.27
51.5
8
39.4
33.8
28.4
36.4
37.3
26.5
*
41.2
27.7
32.0
28.0
6.4
47.5
3.6
9
42.
28.
36.
37.
24,
42
38
34
32
41
34
2
,3
,6
.6
.1
.4
.1
.07
.1
.7
.0
.0
.8
10
33.2
43.1
34.6
24.3
34.4
45.0
34.1
35.9
37.8
1.0
11
33.8
38.8
41.4
24.4
37.8
36.4
42.5
42.3
38.6
12
24.3
39.7
38.8
42.0
38.7
13
14
24.6
50.1
Positions counted from the left uterine horn to the right uterine horn.
Not pregnant.
Rabbit found dead on 17th day of pregnancy; see results.
Total includes fetus that could not be sexed.
* Early resorption site.
/ Denotes cervix.
-------
Soft tissue examination of fetuses is presented in Table 12. No malformations directly
related to diesel exhaust emission exposure were observed. All anomalies observed
were considered to be slight modifications from normal or related to fetal develop-
mental age (in early fetal deaths). The occurrence of these anomalies were within the
normal limits of variation.
Skeletal examinations of fetuses are presented in Table 15. No malformations directly
related to diesel exhaust emission exposure were observed. Table 15 contains a list of
skeletal anomalies found in both Group 1 and Group 2. The incomplete ossification of
the 5th sternebra found in 9 Group 1 litters and 6 Group 2 litters is consistent with the
developmental age of the fetuses (Day 29).
No signs of maternal toxicity were observed during the gross necropsy of the dams. The
lungs of diesel exhaust exposed animals were pinkish-brown in color compared to the
pink color in controls. This change is attributed to a response to exposure to diesel
exhaust emissions. (Table 16)
FETAL VISCERAL DATA
Table 12 presents the soft tissue examinations of fetuses. The only fetuses listed in this
table are anomalous. No conclusive test material effects were noted when compared to
controls.
FETAL SKELETAL DATA
Tables 13 and 14 present the mean values of the ossified elements for term rabbit
fetuses at the time of skeletal examinations.
Table 15 presents the skeletal examination of the fetuses which show anomalies.
No conclusive test material effects were noted when compared to controls.
GROSS NECROPSIES
Table 16 presents the gross necropsy findings from the dams in both Group 1 and Group
2. The only significant observation made for Group 2, the diesel fuel group, was the
pinkish-brown appearance of the lungs compared to the lung's pink appearance in the
Group 1, clean air group. Observations at the time of necropsy were made by a
veterinary pathologist, Dr. Fred Sigler.
21
-------
Dam
Number
1213-373
1213-376
1213-377
1213-378
1213-105
1213-106
1213-107
1213-108
TABLE 12
SOFT TISSUE EXAMINATION OF THE FETUSES
Fetus
No.
11
Exposure Level Sex
Clean Air *
Clean Air M
Clean Air F
Clean Air F
Clean Air F
Clean Air F
Clean Air F
Clean Air M
Clean Air M
Clean Air F
Clean Air M
Abnormality
* Sex could not be determined.
Eyes were underdeveloped. Brain
was of a soft consistency and diffi-
cult to distinguish. Reproductive
system was undistinguishable.
Eyes were underdeveloped. Brain
was of a soft consistency and diffi-
cult to distinguish.
Cerebral hemispheres absent.
Brain dark in areas and cerebral
hemispheres absent. Red substance
in forebrain. Midbrain reduced in
size. Cleft palate.
Eyes were underdeveloped. Brain
was unrecognizable due to its soft
consistency.
Right ovary could not be identified.
There was a red substance around
eyes and ventricles of the brain.
There was a red substance around
eyes and ventricles of brain.
There was a red substance around
eyes and ventricles of the brain.
Eyes, olfactory bulbs, brain and in-
testines were undistinguishable.
There was a red substance around
olfactory bulbs.
Continued...
22
-------
Dam
Number
1213-111
1213-388
1213-392
1213-112
1213-116
Fetus
No.
6
11
2
8
1
TABLE 12 (Continued)
SOFT TISSUE EXAMINATIONS OF FETUSES
Exposure Level
Clean Air
Clean Air
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Sex
M
M
M
M
M
M
Abnormality
Brain was hydrocephalic.
Palate and eyes were incomplete.
Olfactory bulbs could not be identi-
fied. Organs and vessels were mal-
aligned. The head was micro-
cephalic, and the brain contained a
red substance. There was common
ductus and an intraventricular septal
defect. Liver was soft and had no
definitive lobes.
Right testicle was lower than left
testicle.
Right testicle was lower than left
testicle.
Brain contained a red substance.
There was a red substance which
appeared to be blood around the ol-
factory bulbs and eyes.
There was a red substance around the
eyes and olfactory bulbs.
Eyes were underdeveloped. Olfac-
tory bulbs, brain and liver were soft
in consistency.
There was a red substance around
eyes and olfactory bulbs.
*Fetus too small and fragile to section; no evaluation of viscera could be made.
Continued..
23
AW BERG 1
-------
TABLE 12 (Continued)
SOFT TISSUE EXAMINATIONS OF FETUSES
Dam Fetus
Number No. Exposure Level
1213-117
Sex
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
1213-120
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
10
Diesel Exhaust
M
Abnormality
Eyes were underdeveloped. Olfac-
tory bulbs and ventricles of brain
were of a soft consistency. Aorta
and heart were soft thus normality of
heart could not be determined. Liver
was also soft but lobes appeared
normal.
Eyes were underdeveloped. Olfac-
tory bulbs and brain were of a soft
consistency. Liver was also soft but
lobes were distinguishable.
Trachea, esophagus and liver were
the only recognizable internal organs.
Eyes were underdeveloped. Brain was
of a soft consistency. Thymus and
ureters were not distinguishable.
Eyes were underdeveloped. Ventric-
ular septum and ureters could not be
identified.
Eyes were underdeveloped. Olfac-
tory bulbs and brain were unrecogniz-
able. Ductus arteriosus could not be
identified. Ureters were undistin-
guishable.
Eyes were underdeveloped. Olfac-
tory bulbs and brain were of a soft,
unrecognizable consistency. Ventric-
ular septum could not be identified.
*Sex could not be determined.
24
-------
to
On
TABLE 13
SKELETAL EXAMINATIONS OF TERM FETUSES FOR CLEAN AIR (GROUP 1 - CONTROL)
MEAN NUMBER OF OSSIFIED ELEMENTS
Dam Number
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Tail
Sternum
Ribs
Fore Digits
Metacarpals
Proximal
1.
Middle 2.
3.
Distal
Hind Digits
Metacarpals
Proximal
1.
Middle 2.
Distal
371
7
12.9
7
4
15. 41
6
12.8
L R
4.94.9
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.62.7
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.9 3
373
7
12
7
4
16
6
12
L R
5 5
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.52.5
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
374
12
5
12
L
5
2
3
3
3
3
L
4
3
3
3
3
7
.5
7
4
15
.2
.4
R
5
2
3
3
3
3
R
4
3
3
3
3
375
12
14
12
L
5
2
3
3
3
3
L
4
3
3
3
3
7
.8
7
4
.3
6
.8
R
5
2
3
3
3
3
R
4
3
3
3
3
376
12
15
12
L
5
2
3
3
3
3
L
4
3
3
3
3
7
.2
7
4
.5
6
.2
R
5
2
3
3
3
3
R
4
3
3
3
3
377
12
15
5
12
L
5
2
3
3
3
3
L
4
3
3
3
3
7
.3
7
4
.4
.7
.3
R
5
2
3
3
3
3
R
4
3
3
3
3
378
7
12.5
7
4
14.5
5.3
12.5
L R
5 5
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
379
7
12.1
7
4
15.1
6
12.1
L R
5 5
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
380
6.9
12.6
7
4
15.3
5.9
12.5
L R
5 5
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.72.7
381
7
12.5
7
4
14.8
5.8
12.4
L R
5 5
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
Two rabbits had tails partially missing due to skinning procedure; means do not reflect this.
(Continued...)
-------
INJ
ON
TABLE 13 (Continued)
SKELETAL EXAMINATIONS OF TERM FETUSES FOR CLEAN AIR (GROUP 1 - CONTROL)
MEAN NUMBER OF OSSIFIED ELEMENTS
Dam Number
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Tail
Sternum
Ribs
Fore Digits
Metacarpals
Proximal
1.
Middle 2.
3.
Distal
Hind Digits
Metacarpals
Proximal
1.
Middle 2.
Distal
103
7
12
7
4
16
6
12
L R
5 5
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
104
12
15
12
L
5
2
3
3
3
3
L
4
3
3
3
3
7
.5
7
4
.5
6
.5
R
5
2
3
3
3
2.9
R
4
3
3
3
3
105
7
12
7
4
15.3
6
12
L R
4.54.5
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.82.8
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.82.8
106
12
16
12
L
5
2
3
3
3
3
L
4
3
3
3
3
7
.5
7
4
.3
6
.6
R
5
2
30
32
3
3
R
4
3
3
3
3
107
7
12.5
6.7
4
15.5
5.7
12.5
L R
4.74.7
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.72.7
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.82.8
108
7
12
7
4
15.3
5.8
12
L R
5 5
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
109
12
15
5
12
L
5
2
3
3
3
2.7
L
4
3
3
3
2.8
7
.3
7
4
.5
.8
.3
R
5
2
3
3
3
2.8
R
4
3
3
3
2.8
110
12
16
5
12
L
4.9
2
3
3
3
3
L
4
3
3
3
3
7
.8
7
4
.2
.9
.8
R
5
2
3
3
3
3
R
4
3
3
3
3
111
7
12
7
4
15.7
5.8
12
L R
4.74.7
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.32.3
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.72.7
124
7
12.3
6.9
4
15.9
5.9
12.4
L R
4.94.9
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.62.8
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.82.8
JOne rabbit had second middle digit removed during skinning procedure; mean does not reflect this.
-------
TABLE 14
SKELETAL EXAMINATIONS OF TERM FETUSES FOR DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS (GROUP 2 - TEST)
MEAN NUMBER OF OSSIFIED ELEMENTS
Dam Number
383
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Tail
Sternum
Ribs
Fore Digits
Metacarpals
Proximal
1.
Middle 2.
3.
Distal
Hind Digits
Metacarpals
Proximal
1.
Middle 2.
Distal
12
12
L
5
2
3
3
3
3
L
4
3
3
3
3
7
.7
7
4
16
6
.7
R
5
2
3
3
3
3
R
4
3
3
3
3
385
7
13
7
4
15.8
6
13
L R
5 5
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
386
7
13
7
4
15
6
13
L R
5 5
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
388
12
15
12
L
5
2
3
3
3
3
L
4
3
3
3
3
7
.7
7
4
.4
6
.7
R
5
2
3
3
3
3
R
4
3
3
3
3
389
7
12.3
7
4,
151
5.8
12.3
L R
4.84.8
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
390
6.8
12.5
7
4
15.7
6
12.4
L R
5 5
1.71.8
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.82.8
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
392
7
12.9
7
4
15. 11
6
12.8
L R
4.44.5
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.62.8
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.62.8
393
7
12
7
4
15.3
6
12.3
L R
4.74.7
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
L R
4 T
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
394
12
15
5
12
L
5
2
3
3
3
3
L
4
3
3
3
3
7
.7
7
4,
.31
.7
.7
R
5
2
3
3
3
3
R
4
3
3
3
3
112
7
12.4
7
4
15.6
6
12.5
L R
5 5
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
Rabbit's tail was partially removed due to skinning procedure; means do not reflect this.
(Continued...)
-------
tNJ
CO
TABLE 14 (Continued)
SKELETAL EXAMINATIONS OF TERM FETUSES FOR DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS (GROUP 2 - TEST)
MEAN NUMBER OF OSSIFIED ELEMENTS
Dam Number
113
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
t
Sacral
Tail
Sternum
Ribs
Fore Digits
Metacarpals
Proximal
1.
Middle 2.
3.
Distal
Hind Digits
Metacarpals
Proximal
1.
Middle 2.
Distal
12
6
12
L
5
2
3
3
3
3
L
4
3
3
3
3
7
.8
.3
4
16
6
.8
R
5
2
3
3
3
3
R
4
3
3
3
3
114
7
12.5
6.9
4
16
6
12.5
L R
4.84.8
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.92.9
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
2.92.9
116
12
15
5
12
L
5
2
3
3
3
3
L
4
3
3
3
3
7
.8
7
4
.1
.8
.8
R
5
2
3
3
3
3
R
4
3
3
3
3
117
12
16
5
12
L
5
2
3
3
3
3
L
4
3
3
3
3
7
.3
7
4,
.21
.8
.3
R
5
2
3
3
3
3
R
4
3
3
3
3
118
12
12
L
5
2
3
3
3
3
L
4
3
3
3
3
7
.3
7
4,
161
6
.3
R
5
2
3
3
3
3
R
4
3
3
3
3
119
7
12.4
6.6
4
16
6
12.4
L R
4.94.9
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 2.9
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
120
7
12.3
7
4
15.9
6
12.3
L R
5 5
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
125
7
12.2
6.8
4
16.2
6
12.2
L R
5 5
2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
L R
4 4
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
Rabbit's tail was partially removed due to skinning procedure; means do not reflect this.
-------
TABLE 15
SKELETAL EXAMINATION OF FETUSES
Dam
Number
1213-104
1213-105
1213-107
1213-108
1213-110
Fetus
No.
1
2
3
6
9
1
2
10
1
2
5
7
4
6
10
11
Exposure Level
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Sex
F
F
M
F
M
F
M
M
M
M
M
M
F
F
F
M
Abnormality
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
2nd sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
1st sternebra incomplete. 2nd, 3rd
13
and 4th sternebrae were malaligned.
6th sternebra appeared normal.
Clean Air M 5th sternebra incomplete. Left clav-
icle was incomplete.
Continued..
29
-------
TABLE 15 (Continued)
SKELETAL EXAMINATION OF FETUSES
Dam
Number
1213-111
1213-124
1213-124
1213-113
1213-114
1213-116
1213-117
Fetus
No.
1
4
8
9
10
14
3
5
8
6
6
8
9
12
2
3
5
9
Exposure Level
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Sex
M
F
F
F
M
M
F
M
F
M
M
M
F
M
M
M
F
F
Abnormality
2nd and 5th sternebrae incomplete.
5th and 6th sternebrae incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
2nd and 5th sternebrae incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
Left clavicle only partially visible.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th and 6th sternebrae incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebrae incomplete.
5th and 6th sternebrae incomplete.
Continued..
30
-------
Dam
Number
1213-119
1213-120
1213-125
TABLE 15 (Continued)
SKELETAL EXAMINATION OF FETUSES
Fetus
No. Exposure Level Sex
2 Diesel Exhaust F
7 Diesel Exhaust M
9 Diesel Exhaust M
10 Diesel Exhaust M
1 Diesel Exhaust F
11 Diesel Exhaust F
2 Diesel Exhaust M
3 Diesel Exhaust F
5 Diesel Exhaust F
6 Diesel Exhaust F
Abnormality
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
5th sternebra incomplete.
31
-------
TABLE 16
GROSS NECROPSY FINDINGS FOR 29-DAY LAPAROTOMY
Dam
Number
1213-377
1213-380
1213-107
1213-109
1213-124
1213-383
1213-385
1213-386
1213-387
1213-388
1213-389
Group
Number
Exposure Level
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Clean Air
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Gross Necropsy Findings
Right lung spotted diffusely and left lung
abscessed severely. Liver showed small
white abscesses. No other remarkable
gross pathology was noted.
All lobes of lung slightly reddened. No
other remarkable gross pathology was
noted.
Lungs collapsed, pink with minute red foci
(congestion). No other remarkable gross
pathology noted.
Lungs collapsed with focal terminal
emphysematous areas pink and spongy.
No other gross pathology was noted.
Lungs collapsed, soft and dark red
congestion. No other gross pathology was
noted.
Both lungs were diffused darkly. No other
remarkable gross pathology noted.
Lungs were pinpointed brown. No other
remarkable gross pathology noted.
Lungs appeared brown in color. No other
remarkable gross pathology noted.
Lungs were spotted diffusely. No other
remarkable gross pathology was noted.
Lungs were dark red in color. No other
gross pathology was noted.
Lungs were diffusely spotted with slight
brown areas. No other gross pathology
was noted.
Continued..,
32
-------
TABLE 16 (Continued)
GROSS NECROPSY FINDINGS FOR 29-DAY LAPAROTOMY
Dam
Number
1213-390
1213-392
1213-393
1213-394
1213-112
1213-115
1213-116
1213-117
1213-118
1213-125
Group
Number
Exposure Level
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Gross Necropsy Findings
Lungs were spotted with slight brown
areas. No other remarkable gross path-
ology was noted.
Lungs were diffused by brown areas. No
other remarkable gross pathology was
noted.
All lobes of lungs were diffusely spotted
brown. No other remarkable gross path-
ology was noted.
Lungs were diffusely colored brown on all
lobes. No other remarkable gross path-
ology was noted.
Lungs collapsed, soft and tan with
multiple black foci over the pleura. No
other remarkable gross pathology was
noted.
Death due to toxemia resulting from in-
testinal strangulation through a traumatic
vent in the left abdominal wall. No other
remarkable gross pathology was noted.
Lungs collapsed, pink with minute dark
brown foci throughout. No other remark-
able gross pathology was noted.
Lungs collapsed, soft and diffusely tan.
No other remarkable gross pathology was
noted.
Lungs collapsed, tan, spongy with multiple
minute tan foci throughout. No other
remarkable gross pathology was noted.
Lungs collapsed and tan with multiple,
irregular gray pleura! foci. No other
remarkable gross pathology was noted.
33
-------
APPENDIX A
REQUEST FOR VETERINARY SERVICES
Date: January 24, 1979
Condition to be observed: Rabbit found dead at 8:00 A.M.
Animal Number: 1213-370 Study Number: WIL-1213-78
When observed: 8:00 A.M. Room Number: 3
Observed by: Dr. Vincent Chaffee Cage Position:
Professional Judgement; Animal necropsied and examined grossly. No tissues were
saved for histopathological examination.
Action Required: This animal was necropsied 9:30 A.M. January 24, 1979 by Fred W.
Sigler and grossly there was marked consolidation, "red hepatization" of the right
diaphragmatic lobe of the lung with fibrinous adhesions to the thoracic wall. Also
numerous petechiae over the pleura of the left diaphragmatic lobe of the lung.
Probable diagnosis: Pasteurellosis.
Signed: Vincent Chaffee, D.V.M. Signed: Fred W. Sigler, D.V.M., Pathologist
Study Director Date: January 24, 1979
34
-------
APPENDIX B
REQUEST FOR VETERINARY SERVICES
Date: April 13, 1979
Condition to be observed: Dead rabbit
Animal Number: 1213-115 Study Number: WIL-1213-78
When observed: April 13, 1979 Room Number: Chamber 2-EPA (Center HiU)
Observed by: Kathleen Werchowski Cage Position: Top cage
Professional Judgement;
Action Required; Complete necropsy with handling of the fetuses in accordance with
the protocol (WIL-1213-78).
This animal was necropsied at 4:00 P.M. April 13, 1979. The fur was oil soiled and
beneath the skin on the left abdomen there was subcutaneous hemorrhage. When the
abdomen was opened a 2 cm rent was found in the left abdominal wall, with a section of
the jejunum herniated through this rent. This herniated loop of intestine was infarcted,
soft and dark red. Also the mesenteric vessels were thrombosed.
The liver was friable with prominent lobular markings.
The lungs were inflated, dark red and firm. The trachial mucosa was congested.
Diagnosis; Death due to toxemia, resulting from intestinal infarction produced by
traumatic herniation through the left abdominal wall.
Signed: Fred W. Sigler, D.V.M., Pathologist
Date: April 13, 1979
35
-------
APPENDIX C
REQUEST FOR VETERINARY SERVICES
Date: February 20, 1979
Condition to be observed; Abscess on dewlap
Animal Number: 1213-395 (Male) Study Number: WIL-1213-78
When observed: 2:00 P.M. Room Number: 14
Observed by: Kathleen Werchowski Cage Position: 3rd from right on bottom
Professional Judgement: Two large abscesses near mandibular lymph nodes.
Action Required; Surgical drainage and local application of organic iodine.
Vincent Chaffee Vincent Chaffee, D.V.M.
Study Director Date: February 20, 1979
36
-------
APPENDIX D
REQUEST FOR VETERINARY SERVICES
Date: March 12, 1979
Condition to be observed; Abscesses in mandibular region
Animal Number: 1213-395 Study Number: WIL-1213-78
When observed: 9:00 A.M. Room Number: 14
Observed by: Kathleen Werchowski Cage Position: Bottom row
Professional Judgement; Animal does not have enough resistance to ward off
continuous development of abscesses. Two new abscesses in submandibular area.
Action Required; Examine again on Wednesday.
Vincent Chaffee, D.V.M.
Date: March 12, 1979
37
-------
APPENDIX E
REQUEST FOR VETERINARY SERVICES
Date: March 14, 1979
Condition to be observed:
Animal Number: 1213-395 Study Number: WIL-1213-78
When observed: 9:00 A.M. Room Number: 14
Observed by: Kathleen Werchowski Cage Position: Bottom row
Professional Judgement; The animal has a slight nasal discharge and is being watched
for abscesses.
38
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1 REPORT NO.
EPA-600/1-80-011
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
TERATOLOGIC EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM EXPOSURE
TO DIESEL EXHAUST EMISSIONS (RABBITS)
5. REPORT DATE
January 1980 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Kathleen
. Werchowski, A.S., Stephen P. Henne,
G. Bruce Briggs, D.V.M.
.S.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
WIL Research Laboratories, Inc.
3154 Exon Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45241
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-03-2652
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Teratolosnc 12-19-78 to (15-25-79
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/10
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This research project was initiated with the objective of evaluating the
potential for diesel exhaust emissions to produce malformations in rabbit
fetuses. The pregnant does were exposed by the inhalation route to a 10%
concentration of diesel exhaust emissions in inhalation chambers on days
6 through 18 of gestation. Methods used conform to the guideline developed
by the Food and Drug Administration for evaluating teratogenic effects in
rabbits.
The results of the exposure of pregnant rabbits indicate that diesel ex-
haust emissions have no effect upon the normal development of rabit fetuses,
Diesel exhaust emissions did not effect any of the parameters evaluated to
assess maternal toxicity nor total number of fetuses born.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATl Field/Group
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
47
20, -SECURITY CLASS (This page)
22. PRICE
Unclassified
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
39
j US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1960-657-146/5567
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