United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Roberts Kerr Environmental Research EPA-600/2-78-137
Laboratory June 1978
Ada OK 74820
Research and Development
Livestock
and the Environment
A Bibliography
with Abstracts
Volume V
-------
EPA-600/2-78-137
June 1978
LIVESTOCK AND THE ENVIRONMENT
A Bibliography with Abstracts
Volume V
by
M. L. Rowe
Linda Merryman
Animal Waste Technical Information Center
School of Environmental Science
East Central Oklahoma State University
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Grant No. R-805151
Project Officer
R. Douglas Kreis
Source Management Branch
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ADA, OKLAHOMA 74820
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
-------
FOREWORD
The Environmental Protection Agency was established to coordinate
administration of the major Federal programs designed to protect the
quality of our environment.
An important part of the Agency's effort involves the search for
information about environmental problems, management techniques and new
technologies through which optimum use of the nation's land and water
resources can be assured and the threat pollution poses to the welfare
of the American people can be minimized.
EPA's Office of Research and Development conducts this search
through a nationwide network of research facilities.
As one of these facilities, the Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory is responsible for the management of programs to:
(a) investigate the nature, transport, fate and management of pollutants
in groundwater; (b) develop and demonstrate methods for treating waste-
waters with soil and other natural systems; (c) develop and demonstrate
pollution control technologies for irrigation return flows, (d) develop
and demonstrate pollution control technologies for animal production
wastes; (e) develop and demonstrate technologies to prevent, control
or abate pollution from the petroleum refining and petrochemical in-
dustries, and (f) develop and demonstrate technologies to manage pollution
resulting from combinations of industrial wastewaters or industrial/
municipal wastewaters.
This report is a contribution to the Agency's overall effort in ful-
filling its mission to improve and protect the nation's environment for
the benefit of the American public.
William C. Galegar, Director
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
111
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ABSTRACT
Management and research information on animal wastes has expanded in
recent years. This material has appeared in such diverse sources as journal
articles, conference papers, university publications, government publications,
magazine articles, books or book chaptersi arid theses. This bibliography was
compiled in order to speed the flow df information on findings in one segment
of the livestock industry to other segments that could benefit from this
technology.
Included in this publication are the following indexes: (1) author,
(2) animal information categories. These indexes are followed by a section
of abstracts of each reference entry found in the bibliography. Single
copies of most articles can be obtained in hard copy or microfiche form at
cost from the Animal Waste Technical Information Center, School of Environ-
mental Science, East Central Oklahoma State University, Ada, Oklahoma 74820.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant Number R-805151-01 by
the School of Environmental Science, East Central Oklahoma State University,
Ada, Oklahoma, under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. This report covers the period March 1, 1977, to February 28, 1978,
and work was completed as of February 28, 1978.
IV
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CONTENTS
Foreword , r ill
Abstract , iv
Acknowledgements t , vi
1. Introduction . . . 1
2. User's Guide P 3
3. Author Index ....,...., 7
4. Animal Information Category Index , 11
5. Abstracts , , 18
v
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This bibliography was prepared under the auspices of the School of
Environmental Science, East Central Oklahoma State University, under U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Grant Number R-805151-01. M. L. Rowe,
the principal investigator, was assisted by Linda Merryman in the compilation
of this bibliography. Student personnel deserving special mention for their
contributions to this effort are Kathy Hudson, Kathy Rowe, Robert Bates,
and Danny Keel.
The project staff extends its gratitude to the authors and publishers
for use of their publications in these bibliographic entries. Work con-
tributed by Laurin Patton, Assistant Professor in the School of Environmental
Science at East Central Oklahoma State University, is deeply appreciated.
Special thanks is also extended to EPA Project Officer R. Douglas Kreis for
his assistance in the preparation of this bibliography.
vi
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Evolving regulations and aims pertaining to pollution abatement and
control have necessitated a timely and well-dispersed flow of pertinent
information concerning animal waste management so that capital investments
in the animal production industry can be made on the basis of the most recent
research and operational findings. In many activities, industrial and manu-
facturing organizations or associations provide the linkage channels through
which such information may flow. The wide range in operation sizes and
makeup, the geographic distribution of production units, the variations in
climatic and geographic factors, and the dictates of the local or regional
markets make widespread dissemination of animal waste management information
difficult even through the established communication networks such as breed
associations, farm organizations, and the popular agricultural press. Common
properties and characteristics of animal wastes enable technological trans-
fers to occur in the production operations from one species to another.
Publicizing practices of findings in one segment of the livestock production
industry can spread new ideas and techniques to other segments of the indus-
try.
The objective of this project is to facilitate the dissemination and
technological transfer of information on the management and disposal of
animal wastes throughout the livestock industry. Identification and location
of pertinent information generated in the production operations of poultry,
swine, cattle, fish, and other animals of economic interest raised in open
or confined systems is accomplished through searches of technical journals;
books; theses; reports from private, state and federal agencies; papers given
at meetings of professional societies or symposiums; and articles appearing
in the trade or production-oriented "farm" magazines.
The search topics of specific interest include: (1) The environmental
impact of animal production activities on water, groundwater , air, soil
systems, health, and aesthetics. (2) Feedlot, confinement pen, rangeland,
and pasture land management, including animal waste management; the use of
chemical fertilizers, manures, green manures, and sewage sludge in conjunc-
tion with animal production areas or animal production-related areas; and
pollution effects of crop residues, soil losses and sediments production
from animal production areas to animal production-related areas, (3) Legal,
economic, and social constraints. (4) Research and development. The project
staff will maintain a file copy of all articles which appear in the bibli-
ography. Upon request to the project staff, users will be supplied a copy
of individual articles at cost provided that copyright permission has been
obtained.
-------
An updated bibliography of animal waste management information is pre-
pared annually. It contains entries and abstracts for all new items main-
tained in the collection at the Animal Waste Technical Information Center,
It is anticipated that users of this bibliography will secure pertinent
publications from local libraries or through interlibrary loan. However,
single copies of most publications (those for which copying approval has
been obtained from copyright owners) may also be obtained upon request in
hard copy or microfiche form at a cost-only fee from the following address:
Mrs. Linda Merryman, Project Librarian
Animal Waste Technical Information Center
School of Environmental Science
East Central Oklahoma State University
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
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SECTION 2
USER'S GUIDE
The entries in this bibliography have been assigned a specific cross ref-
erence code. The code number consists of nine digits (example: 200-76-4625)
arranged in the sequences of a three-digit class code, a two-digit number
representing the year of publication or presentation, and a four-digit acces-
sion number identifying each article brought into the animal waste information
collection. The first grouping identifies the class code of the document
according to the following format:
Code Class
100 Technical journal paper
200 Conference proceeding paper
300 University or government publication
400 Magazine article
500 Book or chapter from a book
600 Unpublished paper
700 Thesis
This publication consists of three sections: Author Index, Animal Infor-
mation Category Index, and Abstracts. An explanation of each section follows.
AUTHOR INDEX
This index lists all the authors cited in the bibliography in alphabeti-
cal order. To the right of each author entry is the cross reference code of
the article or articles with which he is identified. An example of the format
is as follows:
BLAIR R 100 73 4248
100 72 4475
400 73 4488
BLAKE I G 100 77 4161
BLUME R R 100 72 4155
100 70 4285
BODA J 0 200 76 4261
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ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
To provide a quick entry into the abstract holdings of the collection,
an animal information code was developed. This code utilizes an alphabetical
entry to signify a broad interest area and a numerical digit to designate a
more specific topic under the broad interest area. Each abstract in the
collection is classified according to this code and could be listed under
the most relevant categories. This provides the user with an easy entry
into the abstract holdings pertaining to his information needs. An outline
of the categories of information may be found on the next page.
-------
CATEGORIES OF ANIMAL INFORMATION
Interest Area
A. Environmental Effects
B. Management of Animal Production
and Related Operations
C. Characteristics of Animal Wastes
D. Treatment Processes
E. Utilization and Disposal
F. General
Topic Area
1„ General
2. Surface Runoff from Animal
Production
3. Surface Runoff from Agricul-
tural Watersheds
4. Surface Water Pollution
5. Groundwater Pollution
6. Odor
7. Air
8. Soil Systems
9. Biocides
10. Vectors
11. Animal Health
12. Public Health
13. Aesthetics
1. General
2. Liquid Systems
3. Solid Systems
4. Storage
5. Pasture Land and Cropland
Management
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Biological
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Biological
1. General
2. Land Disposal or Reuse
3. Recycling
4. By-Product Recovery
1. Economics
2. Legalities
3. Policy Needs
4. Overviews
-------
The entries in the Animal Information Category Index appear by
accession number under the code number as found in the following example:
Cl
4001
4003
4009
ABSTRACTS
This section contains the abstracts of the information entries con-
tained in the bibliography. Many of these abstracts have been published
in Selected Water Resources Abstracts published by the Water Resources
Scientific Information Center. Each entry includes the title of the infor-
mational material, the bibliographic citation, the author or authors, key-
word identifiers and descriptors, and the abstract. The abstracts are
arranged sequentially by an assigned accession number which specifically
identifies the article in the collection.
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SECTION 3
AUTHOR INDEX
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AUTHOR INDEX
ABBOTT J L
AHLES J R
ACKERSON B A
ADAMS S N
AHQ w A
ALBIN R C
ALBUQUERQUE G C
ALEJNIKOVA M M
ALHASSAN w S
ALLAN J R
ALLISON J M
AMACHER M C
AMADON J F
ANDERSON F N
ANDERSSON 3
ANDRE P D
ANGEL K
ANSCHUTZ J A
A.NTHONISEN A C
ANTHONY H 0
ARTEM JEVA T 1
ASH8Y r) H
ASHF[ELO G
AUERBACH L M
AUGHT^Y J 0
AULL G H III
AYERS R S
BADGER 0 0
bAILEY H A
BAINES S
BAKER 0 E
BAKKER-ARKEMA F
BALDWIN B 8
BALDWIN L H
BARBER E M
BARCLAY S
BARKER J C
BARKER R W
OARLOH E W R
BARTH C L
BARTHOLOMEW H V
BAUER L L
BAUMANN E
bAUR R J
BEALL
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
HAMILTON D M
HANSEN K R
HANS EN R H
HARMON 8 G
HARPER J H
HARPER L ft
HARPSTER H H
HARRIS G C JR
HARTHAN R C
HASHIMOTO A G
HAYS F L
HEADY E 0
HEDGES J D
HEGG R 0
HENSLER R F
HERZOG K L
HILLERS J K
HILLS 0 1
HIRTE X
HISSETT R
HOBSQN P N
HOLLAND M R
HOLHAN G M
HOLMES 8 J
HOLTER J 8
HOLTER P
HORE F R
HORTON M L
HORVATH N J
HOSSNER L R
HUUGHTON J A
HOHELL E S
HRU6ANT G R
HUFFMAN H J
HUMENIK F J
ILLINOIS EPA
IMHOFF K
ISAACSON H R
JACKSON N
JACOBS G F L
JACOBS J J
JAIN F C
JALEEL H A
JECKEL R
JEOELE D G
JEFFREY 0 C
JENSEN A H
JOHANSON J 8
JOHNSON A H
JOHNSON J
JOHNSON J 8
JOHNSTON A E
JONES D D
JONES 0 W
JONES J F
JONES J R
JONES P K
JONES R L
JORDAN H C
JOSHI 0 P
KALCH L H
KALEHBASA S J
KAN C A
KARA 8 H
KELLER R A
KELLISON R L
KENDALL J 0
KENNEDY L J
KEYS J E
KEYS J E JR
KHARE K
KIDO R A
KIESLING H E
KIH H C
KLAUSNER S D
KLETT R H
KNEALE^ W A
400
300
300
200
200
300
100
100
300
400
100
100
200
100
200
700
100
700
200
100
400
100
100
100
300
100
700
100
700
400
100
100
500
300
100
100
100
100
200
300
200
200
200
300
300
100
200
300
300
100
100
300
400
100
100
500
100
100
200
200
100
200
100
100
300
500
100
100
300
200
300
200
100
100
100
100
400
100
300
100
100
300
700
300
400
400
400
400
400
700
600
100
300
700
300
300
300
300
300
300
77 4117
72 4501
76 4067
75 4026
75 4225
76 4067
75 4395
76 4389
77 4449
76 4539
72 4214
75 4642
76 4182
76 4377
74 4415
70 4268
75 4287
73 4331
77 4354
76 4074
74 4330
72 4007
75 4608
76 4654
77 4655
77 4145
75 4544
75 4286
73 4467
77 4517
77 4653
76 4456
77 4089
77 4597
76 4481
74 4647
77 4372
75 4137
77 4373
76 4003
76 4073
76 4094
76 4144
76 4207
73 4209
77 4349
73 4397
76 4251
74 4252
46 4115
77 4140
76 4318
77 4378
77 4o33
77 4421
75 4199
76 4624
75 4264
77 4284
77 4280
71 4629
74 4347
77 4369
76 4452
72 4107
77 4080
74 4489
75 4490
74 4175
76 4186
75 4120
74 4050
76 4601
76 4523
77 4579
76 4351
77 4411
76 4246
75 4120
76 4218
76 4289
75 4075
73 4555
74 4412
77 4307
77 4309
77 4382
77 4498
77 4611
71 4139
4407
76 4138
75 4434
76 4546
76 4194
77 4334
76 4099
74 4412
72 4501
72 4107
KNIGHT E F
KOELLIKER P K
KOENIG H W
KOEPF H H
KORNEGAY E T
KRAMER U
KROEKER E J
KRUGER W
KOMAOA K
LAKSHMAN G
LAMP G
LARKIN B S
LARSON C L
LARSON R E
LAUER D A
LEE 0 J H
LECHER E F
LEI6HOLZ J
LEIOAHL R
LEIDNER J
LEIGHTON A T JR
LEVY 0
LEWIS H
LIEBHAROT H C
LINDAHL I L
LINOELL H
LINOLEY J A
LOEHR R C
LONG F L
LONG T A
LOVETT J
LOYNACHftN T E
LUN ft
LUND Z F
LVOVICH A I
LYONS n F
LYONS J J
MACKENZIE J D
MADDEN J M
MADOEX K L
MAGOOFF F R
MftKI L R
MARCHANT W H
MARROW G S JP
MARTEN G C
MARTENS D C
MARTIN J H JR
MARTIN K L
MARX G D
MASON J P
MASTERS G C
MATHERS A C
MATTINGLY G E G
MAYROSE V B
MCALLISTER J S V
HCCALLA T M
MCCARTY T R
MCCASKEY T A
MCELROY ft 0
HCGILL A E J
MCKENNA M F
MCKINNEY G T
MCKYES E
MCNAB J M
MCNftBB J F
MCNIVEN M
HCOUITTY J B
MCROBERTS J 0
MCHftLTER A R
MCWHORTER 0 B
MEEK B
100 77 4048
500 77 4092
200 71 4296
100 73 4168
100 77 4145
100 76 4377
100 72 4012
100 76 4000
200 76 4177
200 76 4178
200 76 4230
100 72 4007
100 76 4634
100 75 4585
400 77 4239
400 77 4320
400 77 4371
400 77 4402
400 77 4527
400 77 4571
200 76 4616
100 76 4017
200 74 4415
500 75 4198
100 77 4041
100 72 4249
100 72 4475
100 76 4346
100 71 4500
100 77 4421
400 77 4520
400 77 4040
200 76 4034
100 76 4497
400 73 4507
100 76 4044
100 76 4045
100 76 4224
100 77 4019
100 76 4223
400 77 4164
700 72 4189
300 76 4001
300 76 4066
500 77 4079
500 75 4200
100 76 4602
300 77 4112
100 76 4389
100 72 4247
100 76 4038
100 76 4238
300 76 4532
300 75 4039
100 75 4095
100 77 4418
300 76 4004
400 71 4413
400 71 4557
100 77 4573
200 76 4625
100 76 4237
100 77 4290
500 75 4408
300 77 4510
300 76 4068
200 76 4185
100 77 4364
500 77 4085
200 77 4335
200 76 4034
200 77 4065
100 75 4450
100 75 4491
100 77 4018
100 77 4628
200 74 4667
200 76 4053
100 76 4222
100 77 4048
300 73 4188
100 75 4264
200 77 4422
100 75 4645
100 77 4633
300 75 4505
100 75 4648
500 77 4087
200 76 4615
100 72 4249
300 77 4482
100 76 4631
100 73 4125
100 73 4126
100 75 4206
100 77 4465
400 75 4550
300 76 4521
500 77 4086
200 73 4256
MEEK B
MERKEL J A
METLIN S J
MEYER J L
MEYERS S P
MIDOLEBROOKS E J
MIDWEST PLAN SERV]
MILLER B F
MILLER D L
MILLER E C
MILLER E R
MILLER M H
MILLER R H
MILLER V
MILLS C F
HILLS P J
MILNE C M
HILNES-COATES R
MINER J R
MINHAS M S
MINK L L
MITCHELL J K
MOODY H B
MOORE I
MOORE J 0
MORAN E T JR
MORGAN N 0
MORGAN P B
MORLEY F H H
MORRIS T B
MORRISON S M
MORROW ft
HOSIER 4 R
MOTE C R
MOOGAL V G
MUEHLING ft J
MUSA M M
HUSIL L
MUTCHLER C K
NASI J M
NATOUR I J
NEGI S
NEGRON F R R
NELSON G S
NEHTON G L
NICE J
NICHOLSON H P
NIENABER J A
NIESHANC S P
NOLLER C H
NOROSTEDT R A
NOVAK B
NUMHY W R JR
0 CALLAGHAN J R
08RIEN U J
ODBERG f 0
OEHLER 0 0
OLESIUK 0 M
OTTO H
OVERCASH M H
OVERTON J R
OWEN M A
PACKER R A
PAJAK A P
PARKER H W
PARKS W L
PARRAKOVA E
PATELUNAS G H
PATTERSON R S
PEOERSEN T ft
PHILLIPS P ft
PIETSCH V W
PILBEftM T E
PINKERTON B W
PLATZ S
POOMORE T H
POLLOCK K A
PORTER K S
POS J
POWERS W L
PRAKASAM T ti S
PRATT G L
PRATT P F
300 75 4570
300 75 4242
200 76 4305
300 76 4016
400 77 4333
400 75 4043
100 76 4600
CE300 75 4444
100 77 4419
200 76 4367
100 75 4564
100 75 4564
100 76 4049
100 76 4288
100 72 4356
400 77 4151
100 75 4514
300 76 4594
300 74 4453
100 73 4580
300 74 4152
300 76 4176
100 73 4666
300 77 4462
100 76 4024
200 77 4279
100 76 4346
700 72 4635
100 76 4232
100 76 4236
100 75 4607
100 75 4036
100 75 4648
300 74 4106
500 77 4085
400 77 4257
100 76 4308
300 77 4430
100 75 4592
200 74 4127
200 77 4276
200 77 4282
100 72 4649
400 76 4055
100 76 4267
100 77 4244
200 75 4327
200 76 4615
700 76 4458
300 77 4449
100 77 4148
100 76 4237
400 77 4563
100 75 4451
300 75 4130
700 74 4345
100 77 4391
200 71 4324
100 76 4398
100 76 4201
100 75 4662
100 74 4015
100 76 4416
100 75 4286
100 71 4122
100 72 4008
300 76 4003
200 76 4094
200 76 4144
300 76 4207
300 73 4209
100 77 4349
200 76 4403
300 73 4100
100 73 4136
100 72 4154
100 76 4602
200 75 4327
300 77 4423
500 77 4093
100 77 4487
100 75 4036
100 75 4577
700 72 4271
200 76 4614
100 71 4002
100 77 4364
100 77 4399
100 77 4233
200 76 4618
300 74 4366
100 73 4478
500 75 4196
500 75 4198
100 73 4396
400 77 4090
300 76 4001
200 75 4620
100 76 4118
300 73 433.2
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AUTHOR INDEX
PRATT P F
PRICE 0 R
PRICE J
PRIOR L A
PURDUE UNIV COM*
REDDELL D L
REGAN R W
RtGER H M
RE1F G 0
RE1NHOLO J
RICE C E
RICHARDS I R
RITfER H F
RU8INSON F E
ROBINSON J B
RUBINSON K
RUBSON R H
RDLFES M J
RUTHWELL D F
RUANE K J
RUBIN J
KUGGLES L H
SACHOEV ». S
SAFLCY L
SAFLEY L H JR
SAKELLARIOU C
SALANIT30 J P
SATCHELL D P
SAXENA G S
SCHAKE L «
SCHMIDT G P
SCHNAOEL R H
SCHNEIDER 4 0
SCHOTTMAN R W
SCHRAH L T
SCHROEOER G L
SCHULTE 0 D
SCHWARZ S
SCHWERTMANN U
SEKHCM G S
SEN GUPTA M 8
SEWELL J I
SHANNON D W F
SHARIF M
SHEA P
SHEPARD M
SHERMAN D F
SHOEMYGN J
SHU f. S
SIEGEL R S
SILVH L A
SINGH B
S 1 NG H K
SINGH R B
SMITH G S
SMITH J L
SMITH L W
SMITH M S
SMITH P H
SMITH R J
SHYSER C F
SNOEYENBOS G H
SOWOEN F J
SPOELSTRA S F
STAATS E B
300 76 4394
500 76 4078
100 76 4325
300 75 4037
300 72 4226
300 72 4227
300 72 4228
200 76 4129
200 76 4172
200 74 4243
LOO 77 4363
100 77 4487
400 77 4056
100 77 4210
100 72 4006
300 76 4109
100 76 4512
300 76 4028
100 73 4361
100 76 4049
100 73 4396
300 75 4593
300 76 4595
100 77 459<
100 77 4636
400 74 4322
100 77 4365
700 74 4502
100 74 4023
200 75 4401
100 77 44C3
400 77 4179
100 76 4246
300 77 4423
500 76 4078
700 74 4447
200 77 4663
100 76 4192
100 77 4161
300 75 4077
100 76 4624
600 74 40L3
400 77 4014
200 77 4058
100 77 4399
100 72 4009
500 77 4089
100 75 4590
200 75 4620
300 77 4503
ICO 74 4376
100 76 4000
200 76 4177
200 76 417B
200 76 4230
200 76 4551
100 72 4009
100 77 4468
100 77 4469
100 77 4470
100 76 4627
100 75 4604
300 73 4100
300 77 4134
100 73 4248
100 74 4660
400 71 4556
100 74 4326
200 76 4185
300 76 4315
700 72 4561
100 77 4483
100 76 4098
100 76 4627
100 73 4666
400 72 4336
300 73 4472
500 74 4596
300 76 4194
100 77 4579
500 77 4086
100 77 4019
100 76 4020
100 76 4138
100 77 4146
100 76 4223
600 4407
200 75 4641
100 77 429t
300 71 4301
100 74 4032
200 76 4433
100 76 4446
100 71 4122
100 73 4131
100 76 4446
100 76 4163
1DO 76 4456
100 77 4632
300 76 4435
STALEY L M
STALLINGS J L
STEENHUIS T S
STEFFE J F
STEVENS E J
STEWART B A
STEWART T A
STODDARO ( 0
STRAUCH D
STRITZKE R D
SUESSENBACH 0
SUMMERFELT R C
SUMMERS J 0
SUMMERS R
SUMNER M E
SUTTLE N F
SUTTON A L
SUZUKI M
SWAOER F N
SWANSON N P
SWEAZY R V
SWEETEN J M
TAGARI H
TAIGANIOES E P
TAN K H
TAYLOR J C
TAYLOR R J
TENN D Oc PUB HEA
THOMAS C
THOMAS G D
THOMAS « L
THORLACIUS S 0
THORNbERRY F D
THORNE M 0
THUNS G K H
TIETJEN C
TOKARZ M B
TORB1T S
TRAGITT G
TRAVIS T A
TRICHE D S
TRYOiM C P
TUCKER T C
TUINSTRA L G M TH
TUNG M A
TUNNEY H
TURNBULL J E
TURNBULL P C B
TYLER K B
U S DEPART OF INTER
UNIV OF ILL
UTLEY P R
VAN HAVERBEKE D F
VAN HORN H H
VANOEPOPULIERE J M
VANDERHOLH 0 H
VANSTAEN H
VAREL V H
VARf.HESE S K
VARNAM A H
VARNUM A H
VEATCH R
VERCOE J E
VETTER R L
VOETS J P
VUORl A T
WAGNER D G
WALKER R D
WALLIS'GFOSD
WALSH L M
WALTERS J L
HARD G M
WARMAN P R
100
200
300
200
700
100
300
300
200
200
100
400
200
100
100
100
400
500
700
100
200
100
300
100
200
100
100
100
200
100
1 00
100
200
200
300
300
200
200
200
400
300
100
100
300
100
200
100
100
L300
300
100
100
100
400
100
200
200
500
200
100
300
100
100
100
300
100
100
200
200
200
100
200
300
200
100
100
100
100
200
100
100
200
300
400
100
100
100
200
100
300
200
100
100
300
200
400
200
200
400
100
73 4128
76 4618
73 4188
76 4054
76 4466
74 4193
75 4029
76 4030
76 4358
75 4385
75 4450
77 4529
72 4574
76 4121
69 4459
69 4460
77 4113
77 4083
73 4390
72 4010
72 4338
76 4631
77 4655
4658
76 4359
76 4325
77 4018
77 4147
76 4186
77 4362
76 4386
76 4634
72 4574
76 4360
75 4075
76 4097
76 4129
76 4172
74 4243
77 4294
74 4297
77 4363
76 4497
76 4170
75 4592
77 4064
71 4622
73 4646
73 4265
75 4434
74 4035
76 4046
76 4101
77 4406
77 4417
77 4274
76 4613
77 4081
76 4551
76 4308
77 4454
76 4213
74 4254
76 4425
74 4266
76 4289
73 4128
75 4650
76 4651
76 4616
73 4131
73 4250
76 4427
77 4272
77 4148
76 4047
76 4098
77 4418
77 4282
76 4656
77 4140
76 4260
76 4318
77 4378
72 450B
74 4598
73 4621
77 4283
76 4534
75 4187
72 4603
76 4656
77 4244
77 4379
77 4273
77 4090
76 4359
77 4422
76 4299
76 4046
HATKINS B A
WATKINS R
WE6B K E JR
WEBBER L R
WEDEKINO P
WELLS G 0
UEST B S
WHEELER W E
WHITE R K
WHITE R P
WHITLOCK W W JR
WICKIOW D T
WIEBEL J
W I G G P M
WILL L A
WILLE J L
WILLETTS S L
HILLIAMS D W
W1LLRICH T L
HILSD* D B
WILSON M
WILSON P N
WIMBLE R H
W1NGO C W
WOH S T
WOLTON K M
WOOO B L
WOODS C
WOOLHISER D A
WOOLL6V A
WRIGHT J E
YEATES G H
YECK R C
YIN S C
YOKOYAMA M T
YOUNG R A
Zl'iDEL H C
ZWERM4H P J
100
400
400
100
100
400
200
200
100
ZOO
700
200
100
300
200
200
100
100
100
400
400
400
400
100
200
200
100
100
100
200
100
100
100
300
100
200
100
100
300
300
300
100
100
100
200
200
100
100
200
300
77 4419
77 4183
77 4202
74 410B
77 4208
74 4220
71 4190
76 4358
72 4010
76 4033
72 4245
76 4617
77 4391
76 4170
73 4323
71 4583
73 4513
77 4424
75 4584
77 4437
77 4438
77 4553
77 4554
73 4136
72 4640
76 4433
74 4559
75 4560
76 4222
It, 4261
76 4211
74 4647
72 4409
76 4521
74 4035
74 4506
76 4512
72 4154
72 4339
75 4029
76 4030
74 4191
75 4135
76 4638
71 4457
72 4338
76 4201
76 4267
72 4400
76 4099
1«
-------
SECTION 4
ANIMAL INFOEMATION CATEGORY INDEX/CATEGORIES OF ANIMAL INFORMATION
Interest Area
A. Environmental Effects
B. Management of Animal Production
and Related Operations
C. Characteristics of Animal Wastes
D. Treatment Processes
E. Utilization and Disposal
F. General
Topic Area
1. General
2. Surface Runoff from Animal
Production
3. Surface Runoff from Agricul-
tural Watersheds
4. Surface Water Pollution
5. Groundwater Pollution
6. Odor
7. Air
8. Soil Systems
9. Biocides
10. Vectors
11. Animal Health
12. Public Health
13. Aesthetics
1. General
2. Liquid Systems
3. Solid Systems
4. Storage
5. Pasture Land and Cropland
Management
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Biological
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Biological
1. General
2. Land Disposal or Reuse
3. Recycling
4. By-Product Recovery
1. Economics
2, Legalities
3. Policy Needs
4. Overviews
11
-------
ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
„„ iM? 4478 4143 4005
t 4 " "° J?!' *«0 4168 4029
Air, 4541 0"3 ""i1" "169 •><>"
*}" 4 hi «OB* 4494 4172 4065
*!„ 4590 '-086 4507 4189 4083
*ln5 4511 *105 45-ifi 4190 4124
"?° 4601 "12° "549 4193 4179
IHI .,64!, "I"9 4554 4198 4204
"" "19U 4557 4202 4246
*f»i «4 *'•"> 4558 4207 4270
*"? "O-* 4570 4209 4286
t298 "001 "'' «8' "211 «"
4303 "010 «1 "583 4212 4289
*,„ 4012 "3l "586 4213 4304
I,,* 4010 426< "593 4217 4343
J" "3lu ""2 4218 4351
"340
4224 4356
4113 41,29 - -.uj7
.il' 4=40 33vf "664 4226 4371
45" "O"2 H{ <"5 "227 "95
4662 *:i"3 392 '*2''(> **06
4664 "050 ^ " "250 4417
4069 ;;: 4251 4451
42 4073 I' "056 4256
4079 ... "102 4266 A10
4021 "ca° 4iO M25 "26B
4025 """I H° "l"i 4274
4043 "Of" 4,6 ll» "283 "°05
"047 "0^1 46, *}"
4067 "093 47., " 7
4093 ' "171 4310 4036
4094 „ , 4176 4315 4053
4080 ""» 4510 419e "'I7 *05('
4097 "10" 454, 42C" "319 4083
4130 "1'5 ^1'7 4221 4339 4106
4133 "'2'< 45^1 422? "35S *U 7
4139 "HO ^ ' "228 4359 4135
4157 "139 ll^l 4291 4366 4151
41B6 "16» 4'" "323 "377 41"
4I9, 4170 4347 4381 4173
4226 "I" 36 "36° "385 4179
4227 "196 4387 4388 4203
4226 "'9' 4001 "05 *"° ''20''
4294 "I1" to03 "3(f «39* *227
4310 "1« 4^09 ^^ ""03 "239
4 30 "«9 "°^ ""45 4420 4270
4393 "2" 4-4? "57 4423 4285
4412 "227 , ,. "461 4429 4286
4413 "22fi 4,-,-n "7a ""39 *288
4426 "2"2 4068 30*
4427 "51 407l "5"= 4444 4326
4428 "«2 "°7 "555 4448 4343
4444 "«1 4093 4557 ""50 4346
4456 ""' 4103 "7° ""57 4351
4461 "2'- 4106 ''61d' ""59 "36°
4463 "2'6 4109 4"° ""<>0 *371
4474 "310 4117 "«" 4462 4406
4480 "31" 4127 ""6" ""61
4527 "330 M5 AS 4467 4500
4546 "338 4468 4538
4573 "3" 41S, "001 4478 4570
4585 "392 ^.' "003 4481 4625
4590 "395 4170 "006 4482 4664
4591 ""01 417, "007 4483
4600 ""13 4,75 "016 4489 All
4601 """ 4 7t "°2" ""90
4620 ""3" 42,j, "°25 4491 4002
"""" 4206 4C32 ""93 "013
43 "448 .,.t 4040 4498 4014
445] ,.' 4044 4512 4018
4001 ""52 4227 "C"5 4518 4019
4024 ""57 "' "046 4520 4020
4029 ""63 ,., "047 4521 4022
4030 ""67 ,,239 '1
-------
All
ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
4145
4146
41*7
4148
4154
4 166
4185
4137
4192
4194
4195
4205
4208
4210
4214
4215
4220
4223
4225
4229
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4239
4247
4248
4249
4255
4257
425B
4262
4264
4288
4289
4290
4293
4307
4308
4314
4319
'325
4129
4333
4335
4338
4354
4356
4357
4363
4371
4372
4374
4375
4376
4379
4380
43B7
4389
4391
4399
4400
4401
4403
4407
4408
4410
4412
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4421
4431
4432
4448
4449
4475
4478
4486
4497
4501
4508
4514
4516
4522
4523
4526
4532
4533
4535
4537
4542
4544
4555
4564
571
576
578
603
606
609
622
629
631
535
639
640
641
642
643
646
651
657
4664
412
4002
4053
4057
4 064
4066
4079
4083
4C34
4093
4105
414 I
41V?
4197
4210
4220
4262
4314
4315
4319
4335
4375
4 392
4403
4424
4542
455b
4629
4641
4645
413
4486
4557
ei
4000
4021
4022
4C23
4029
4030
4033
4034
4036
4037
4043
4047
4048
4050
4053
4054
4057
4058
4059
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4067
4072
4079
4080
4081
4082
4084
4089
4093
4095
4096
4102
4103
4104
4110
4111
4114
4119
4122
4124
4125
4126
4127
4129
4 133
4135
4141
4142
4147
4149
4150
4152
4150
415B
4160
4162
4 L66
4169
4176
4179
4182
4 1 84
4137
4196
4198
4 199
4200
4 204
4207
4209
4213
421i
4217
4222
4226
4227
4228
4229
4231
4235
4241
4243
4244
4245
4247
4251
4252
4262
4263
4264
4265
4268
4269
4270
4Z72
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4279
4280
4261
4282
4286
4288
4289
4290
4291
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4 299
4300
4302
4303
4304
4305
4310
4312
4314
4316
4319
4320
4321
4323
4326
4329
4330
4333
4334
4337
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4351
4354
4357
4358
435_9
4 JoO
4363
436",
4 369
4371
4372
4375
4376
4385
4403
4406
4412
4 4 13
4415
4416
4417
4424
4425
4426
4435
4436
4438
4441
4442
4444
4445
4446
4447
4449
4450
4451
4455
4457
4461
4462
4463
44 74
4475
4476
4477
4479
4480
4484
4466
4492
4494
4500
4501
4506
4509
4511
4512
4515
4516
4517
4519
4526
4531
4534
4540
4541
4542
4546
4551
4552
4554
4555
4557
4558
4565
4566
4567
4569
4570
4576
4589
4591
4606
4612
4616
4627
4641
4642
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
82
4001
4002
4003
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
40i'j
4016
4017
4018
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4031
4032
4038
4039
4040
4042
4C49
4052
4055
4060
4066
4058
4071
4073
4074
4076
4078
4C83
4086
4087
4088
4090
4092
4097
4100
4105
4106
4109
4113
4114
4116
4118
4121
4128
4130
4132
4134
4135
4137
4140
4144
4146
4151
4153
4157
4163
4164
4165
4168
4170
4171
4172
4174
4175
4177
4178
4183
4186
4188
4193
4195
4202
4203
4206
4212
4214
4219
4221
4225
4227
4228
4230
4237
4 240
4242
4243
4259
4261
4271
4278
4283
4284
4287
4306
4315
4317
4318
4322
4324
4325
4328
4336
4345
4347
4349
4352
4353
4360
4361
4362
4365
4366
4367
4368
4373
4378
4381
4382
4383
4384
4386
4388
4390
4393
4394
4396
4397
4398
4401
4402
4404
4405
4407
4409
4414
4420
4422
4428
4437
4439
4440
4443
4444
4447
4453
4458
4459
4460
4461
4465
4466
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4478
4487
4493
4495
4498
4499
4502
4503
4504
4505
4507
4510
4514
4518
4522
4523
4527
4530
4535
4536
4538
4543
4545
4547
4548
4549
4550
13
-------
ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
B2
455?
4556
4557
4559
4560
4561
4563
4564
4568
4572
4573
4575
4577
4579
14582
4566
459C
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4605
4608
4610
4611
4613
4614
4615
4617
4620
4621
4622
4623
4628
4629
4631
4632
4633
4636
4637
4638
4640
4644
4646
4647
4650
4651
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
465")
4667
63
4006
4016
4019
4020
4041
4051
4056
4059
4060
4070
4075
4077
4078
4090
4098
4101
4106
4107
4108
4112
4115
4117
4118
4120
4123
4131
4134
4136
413B
4143
4145
4146
4148
4153
63
4159
4163
4165
4167
4172
4173
4183
4188
4201
4206
4211
421t>
4219
4221
4223
4224
4227
4228
4232
4236
4239
4 240
4243
4246
424')
4253
4254
4255
4257
4258
4293
4301
4306
4312
4J13
4315
4325
4327
4335
4338
4348
4350
4353
435}
4370
4372
4374
4380
43U3
4389
4393
4 394
4399
4400
4404
4405
4410
4411
4412
4418
4419
4421
4430
4431
4433
4444
4447
4454
4456
4461
4464
4466
4467
4471
4473
4483
4485
4488
4489
4490
4491
4495
4497
4504
4507
4506
4516
4520
4522
4528
4533
4537
4539
4544
4549
4557
B3
4560
4571
4573
4574
4575
4582
4587
4604
4607
4610
4619
4625
4629
4630
463T
4643
4644
4649
465-T
4656
4660
4666
84
4009
4016
4C17
4040
4043
4C4J
4055
4078
4097
4113
4114
4130
4142
4174
4203
4226
4227
4228
424IJ
4252
4259
4265
4281
4283
432B
4342
4352
4360
4383
4386
4393
4396
4396
4406
4443
4444
4447
4456
4461
4470
4471
4503
4505
4507
4531
4543
4549
4556
4557
4571
4573
4575
4605
4617
4620
4629
4632
4633
4649
4651
4656
65
4001
4006
4C07
4011
4C16
4029
4030
4037
4039
4040
4042
4044
4C45
4055
4071
4081
4082
4083
4086
4087
408«
4C89
4090
4091
4095
4097
4C99
4100
4107
4112
4118
412C
4121
4136
4142
4157_
4168
4169
4162
4183
4190
4202
4211
4212
4218
4224
4237
4241
4243
4256
4262
4266
4267
4268
4274
4283
4264
4306
4315
4317
4322
4325
4326
4332
4342
4352
4353
4356
4360
4364
4366
4377
4386
4394
4408
4409
4423
4429
4439
4440
4444
4448
4450
4455
4459
4464
4471
4474
4476
4481
4483
4489
4490
4491
4493
4505
4513
4518
4520
4521
4524
4525
4527
4529
4532
4536
4553
B5
45(0
4575
4577
4580
4564
4591
4598
4646
4646
4650
4651
Cl
4001
4003
4009
4010
4014
4016
4024
4026
4C31
4033
4057
4058
4059
4060
40.61
4067
4066
4075
4103
4107
4109
4117
4120
4126
4128
4138
4147
4148
4186
4201
4205
4206
4207
4214
4219
4243
4244
4245
4248
4261
4281
4297
4300
4301
4324
4327
4329
4331
4337
4345
4348
4350
4354
4364
4367
4368
4369
4376
4377
4379
4380
4364
4391
4401
4404
4406
4411
4413
4430
4444
4449
4451
4454
4467
4469
4473
4487
4502
4503
4507
4519
4525
4544
4546
4549
4558
4561
4570
4573
4589
4593
4594
4599
4607
4611
4616
4617
4616
4620
4626
4631
4655
4656
4659
C2
4001
4003
4006
4007
4009
4010
4012
4013
4014
4016
4018
4019
4020
4024
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4037
4038
4040
4041
4043
4044
4045
4G47
4049
4052
4054
4057
4056
4059
4060
4061
4063
4064
4065
4067
4066
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4077
_4078
4079
4081
4082
4083
4084
4066
4088
4089
4090
4091
4095
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4107
4108
4109
4112
'113
4118
4119
4120
4121
4123
4125
14
-------
ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
4140
4142
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4152
4157
4159
4163
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4175
4177
4178
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4189
4190
4191
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4212
4213
4214
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4223
4224
4225
4227
4228
4231
4232
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4243
4244
4246
4246
4250
4251
4253
4255
4256
4257
4260
4261
4262
4266
4267
4268
4269
4271
4274
4281
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4293
4296
4297
4300
4301
4303
4305
C2
43U6
4308
4313
4314
4316
4317
4318
4319
4322
4323
4324
4325
4327
4328
4329
4331
4332
4337
4338
4339
4342
4344
4345
4347
4348
4349
4351
4353
4355
4356
4358
4359
436U
4361
4362
4364
4366
4367
4368
4369
4373
4374
4376
4377
4378
4379
4381
4384
4385
4386
4389
4391
4394
4396
4397
4400
4401
4405
4407
4408
4410
4412
4413
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4429
4431
4433
4434
4439
4440
4441
4444
4445
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4462
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
C2
4472
4473
4474
4481
4482
4483
4437
4488
4469
4490
4491
4493
4496
44)7
4498
4501
4503
4504
4507
4506
451U
4511
4512
4514
4517
4518
4519
452'J
4522
4524
4525
4528
452')
4531
4532
4533
4534
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4546
4548
4549
4551
4553
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4566
4569
4570
4571
4573
4575
4577
4560
4582
4583
4565
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4593
4594
4596
4597
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4608
4611
4617
4618
4620
4621
4623
4626
4627
4628
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4639
4641
4642
4646
4649
4650
4651
4654
4655
4656
4658
4659
4660
4662
4665
4666
4667
C3
4002
4003
4006
4007
4009
4010
4023
4U26
4048
4053
4057
4060
4062
4064
4065
4067
4C83
4084
4085
4100
4104
4105
4108
4122
4124
4131
4137
4154
4155
4161
4166
4192
4207
4211
4220
4233
4242
4244
4247
4248
4254
4261
4262
4264
4281
4314
4318
4333
4338
4339
4348
4351
4355
4374
4375
4360
4 364
4398
4401
4403
4414
4422
4430
4432
4434
4444
4446
4451
4482
4510
4523
4535
4556
4561
C3
4562
4570
4579
45BO
584
587
598
599
603
606
609
622
625
629
640
642
643
4649
4657
4659
4667
Cl
4008
4010
4012
4C13
4026
4033
4038
4042
4055
4C57
4059
4060
4061
4065
4066
4070
4072
4073
4083
4103
4105
4109
4117
4123
4125
4126
4130
4132
4133
4134
4153
4170
4171
4172
4173
4186
4200
4203
4205
4207
4215
4219
4220
4223
4226
4227
4228
4243
4245
4253
4254
4257
4264
4293
4294
4300
4317
4323
4330
4334
4336
4348
4350
4367
4370
4396
4401
4404
4411
4413
4428
4436
4441
4444
01
4447
4466
4467
4483
4488
4499
4504
4506
4507
4511
4515
4520
4522
4528
4539
4548
4549
4560
4562
4575
4581
4586
4593
4594
4599
4602
4607
4619
4621
4633
4637
4644
4648
4649
4664
D2
4002
4004
4006
4008
4010
4012
4011
4033
4057
4060
4062
4065
4072
4073
4C83
4119
4124
4135
4153
4176
4179
4200
4204
4206
4215
4220
4227
4242
4243
4244
4249
4258
4270
4287
4294
4297
4304
4305
4311
4314
4325
4327
4331
4334
4347
4351
4356
4363
4367
4370
4373
4382
4393
4406
4417
4435
4441
4447
4465
4476
15
-------
ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
D2
4483
4504
4506
4507
4511
45*9
4558
4560
4562
4581
4586
4609
4621
4635
4637
C3
4001
4002
4003
4005
4006
400S
4009
4010
4012
4015
4018
4026
4027
4028
4038
4048
4051
4052
4055
4057
4060
4062
4067
4C68
4072
4074
4075
4078
4083
4086
4105
4106
4109
4110
4115
4116
4119
4123
4132
4133
4137
4140
4144
4147
4158
4164
4170
4175
4177
4178
4179
4186
4200
4207
4214
4220
4221
4222
4225
4226
4227
4228
4230
4231
4233
4241
4243
4244
4258
4260
4261
4264
4269
4271
4282
4287
4293
4294
4296
C3
4297
4301
4303
4310
4314
4317
4316
4323
4324
4327
4330
4334
4335
4336
4344
4345
4347
4349
4353
4355
4362
4367
4361!
4373
4374
437U
4381'
43S1
43U2
4383
4384
4389
4393
4396
4397
4403
4405
4407
4414
4415
4417
4418
4421
4422
4426
4428
4430
4433
4441
4444
4447
4453
4454
4457
4458
4465
4472
4473
4487
4499
4504
4506
4507
4511
4519
4522
4528
4530
4535
4541
4549
4561
4562
4563
4565
4566
4567
4571
4581
4586
4587
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4599
4602
4603
4605
4607
4608
4610
4611
4623
4625
4633
4634
D3
4635
4636
4637.
4640
4643
4647
4648
4649
4654
4655
4656
4658
4659
4662
4664
4665
El
4043
4144
4151
4 166
4265
4282
4393
4428
4477
4506
4510
45J5
4545
4656
E2
4001
40U3
4006
4CJ7
4009
4U11
4012
4016
4024
4025
4029
4030
4032
4037
4039
4J340
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4052
4053
4054
4055
4067
4071
4073
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4086
4089
4090
4091
4092
4095
4097
4099
4100
4105
4106
4107
4111
4112
4113
4117
4118
4120
4121
4123
4129
4130
E2
4132
4133
4134
4136
4142
4157
4163
4165
4168
4169
4170
4172
4183
4188
4189
4190
4193
4195
4196
4200
4202
4203
4207
4209
4211
4212
4218
4219
4224
4226
4227
4228
4237
4240
4241
4243
4246
4250
4251
4252
4256
4259
4262
4265
4266
4267
4268
4274
4283
4284
4302
4306
4310
4315
4316
4317
4319
4322
4323
4324
4325
4328
4330
4332
4334
4339
4340
4341
4342
4352
4353
435B
4359
4360
4364
4366
4377
4381
4383
4385
4388
4390
4393
4394
4397
4402
4403
44Q4
4405
4408
4409
4412
4420
4423
4429
4435
4436
4437
E2
4439
4440
4443
4444
4447
4450
4455
4457
4459
4460
4461
4462
4464
4467
4468
4470
4471
4474
4478
4481
4483
4489
4490
4491
4493
4496
4503
4505
4511
4513
4514
4515
4517
4518
4520
4521
4523
4524
4525
4527
4529
4531
4532
4536
4540
4542
4543
4547
4548
4549
4551
4553
4557
4558
4559
4560
4563
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4577
4580
4586
4588
4590
4592
4593
4598
4604
4605
4613
4614
4615
4617
4616
4620
4622
4624
4627
4628
4629
4630
4638
4642
4644
4646
4650
4651
4652
4654
4657
4659
4660
4666
E3
4009
4013
4014
4019
4020
4021
4026
4027
4031
404J-
4048
4051
4057
4056
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4067
4070
4072
4075
4098
4101
4106
4108
4110
4115
4119
4133
4137
4136
4140
4143
4145
4146
4146
4153
4158
4159
4164
4165
4170
4173
4175
4177
4180
4161
4164
4185
4187
4194
4201
4207
4208
4210
4215
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4225
4227
4231
4232
4234
4235
4236
4239
4241
4243
4244
4248
4249
4253
4255
4257
4256
4260
4267
4292
4293
4296
4297
4299
4300
4301
4303
4305
4307
4309
4311
4313
4314
16
-------
ANIMAL INFORMATION CATEGORY INDEX
4315
4316
4318
4319
4325
4327
4329
4331
4333
4334
4335
4336
4338
4344
4347
4357
4367
436fl
4370
4372
4373
4374
4376
4378
4379
4380
4382
4389
4398
4399
4400
4404
4405
4407
4410
4411
44 IP
4419
4421
4422
4431
4433
4435
4436
4441
4444
4453
4454
4457
4458
4461
4467
4472
4473
4475
4487
4488
4V57
4504
4508
4509
4511
4515
4516
4519
4522
4530
4533
4537
4539
4544
4558
4560
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4575
4578
4582
4587
4596
4597
4602
4603
4605
4607
4609
4610
4611
4619
4623
4631
4635
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4647
4649
4654
4655
4658
4661
4662
4664
4665
E4
4004
4119
4227
4311
4441
4522
4562
4582
4633
4637
Fl
400B
4C12
4014
4019
4021
4028
4029
4030
4031
4C40
4042
4051
4055
4057
405B
4065
4068
4070
4072
4076
4078
4081
4091
4095
409'J
4106
4113
4115
4116
4119
4123
4134
4138
4143
4153
4158
4159
4172
4173
4177
4179
4181
4182
4186
4188
4 195
4198
4199
4202
4207
4219
4222
4230
4231
4239
4243
4253
4257
4262
4263
4279
4293
4297
4299
4300
4302
4303
4311
Fl
4312
4313
4317
4319
4320
4322
4333
4334
4345
4347
4350
4352
4382
4383
4393
4403
4405
44U9
441U
4411
4413
4435
4436
443H
4439
4440
4444
4447
4461
4473
4474
4479
4504
4505
4506
4507
4509
4511
4518
4519
4522
4326
4529
4530
4531
4538
4547
4548
4549
4552
4558
4559
4560
4562
4563
4565
4568
4571
4576
4581
4586
4596
4605
4607
4611
4617
4619
4624
4651
4664
4665
F2
4043
4057
4064
4080
4091
4099
4127
4152
4156
4173
4180
4198
4199
4226
4227
4228
4251
4252
4253
4265
4272
4276
4277
4278
F2
4295"
4298
4307
4313
4323
4360
4413
4437
4444
4474
4477
4484
4494
4505
4527
4539
4551
4554
4591
4612
F3
4057
431U
4331
4332
F4
4015
4030
4057
4273
4280
4310
4340
4403
4444
4453
4509
4557
17
-------
SECTION 5
ABSTRACTS
18
-------
10QO-B1
THE ROLE OF SYSTEMS ANALY-
SIS IN THE USE OF AGRICULTUR-
AL WASTES
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba,
Canada
D. D. Schulte and E. J. Kroeker
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 5, No. 3,
p. 221-227, July-Sept., 1076. 4 fig., 21 ref.
Keywords: Systems analysis, Agricultural
waste management, Multi-Disciplinary
approach, Model studies, Simulation analysis,
Linear programming, Dynamic programming.
A brief perspective of agricultural waste
management and systems analysis Is given. It
.la felt that there Is a need for a generallat In
agricultural waste management who can
bridge disciplinary gaps and promote effective
cooperation between specialists In various
fields of study. Systems analysis, a scientific
approach to planning and design of an
organized system, may prove to be a useful
tool In achieving Integration of the multi-
disciplinary work which Is taking place. To
date, applications of systems analysis to
agricultural waste management problems
have been relatively few and Include efforts
to: (1) provide a common structure for
comparison of agricultural waste management
strategies, (2) Identify processes or links
within waste utilization systems which are
costly or sensitive to operating conditions, (3)
predict effects of external constraints such as
government policy, fertilizer taxes, and prices
on the effectiveness of waste utilization
strategies, (4) yield Information to predict
where research funds would be spent most
effectively, and (5) assist In technology
transfer from researchers to practitioners
through the aid of computer-based education-
al models. (Merryman-East Central)
4001-A3, A4, AS, A6, A8, B2, B5,
Cl, C2, D3, E2
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR
ANIMAL WASTE TREATMENT
SYSTEMS - NITROGEN CONTROL
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
R. C. Loehr, T. B. S. Prakasam, E. Q. Srlnath,
T. W. Scott, and T. W. Bateman
Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA-600/2-76-190, Sept., 1976,144 p. 37 fig.,
27 tab., 29 ref.
Keywords: Design, Waste treatment, Odor
control, Nitrogen control, Feasibility studies,
Land application, Liquid wastes, Oxidation
ditch mixed liquor, Application rates, Crop
response, Water pollution, Groundwater pol-
lution, Agricultural runoff, Aeration, Poultry
manure, Corn, Grasses.
The objectives of this study were to: (a)
develop design criteria for nitrogen and odor
control In animal waste stabilization systems;
(b) demonstrate the feasibility of nitrogen
control using the oxidation ditch; (c) deter-
mine the rate, form, and time of manure
application permissible without causing sur-
face or groundwater pollution; and (d)
determine the optimum rate, form, and time
of application for best crop response. Labora-
tory, pilot plant, and full scale studies were
conducted to develop design parameters for
odor and nitrogen control. Information con-
cerning the fate of manurlal nitrogen and crop
response was derived from agronomic field
studies. A method of determining oxygen
requirements for stabilization based on exert-
ed carbonaceous and nitrogenous oxygen
demand was developed. Controlled nitrogen
removal In the range of 30 to 90 percent waa
demonstrated. Nitrogen losses were due to
ammonia volatilization and/or nltrlflcatlon-
denltrlflcatlon. Field studies Indicated no
differences between raw and aeroblcally
stabilized poultry manure In nutrient availa-
bility to plants or surface runoff losses. At a
given rate of manure application, soil nitrate
levels were higher under corn In comparison
to grasses. The maximum recommended
application rate of poultry manure for corn
was 224 kg N/ha. Application rates for
grasses were limited to 100-170 kg N/ha by
plant response. (Loehr-Cornell)
4002-All, AH, B2, C3, D2, D3
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES INTO
THE EFFECT OF CATTLE MAN-
URE ON FASCIOLA HEPATIC A
EGGS
Sektlon Tlerproduktlon und Veterlnarmedlzln
der Humboldt, Unlversltat zu Berlin
W. Pletsch and R. Buchwalder
Monatshefte fuer Veterlnaer-Medlzln, V. 26,
No. 19, p. 737-739, Oct., 1971. 1 fig, 2 ref.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Pathogenic bacter-
ia, Temperature, pH. Sampllna. Fermenta-
tion, Stagnation, Fuclolt hepatic* eggs,
Germany.
Viability and development of Fmclola h»pa-
tlca eggs In liquid cattle manure was studied.
The egg samples were kept In manure over 3,
8, and 18 days at temperatures of 0.5 C, 16 C
and 22 C, the pH value being about 8.2.
Manure accomodatlon was followed by egg
cultivation under optimum conditions. Several
experiments were reproduced. While a few
eggs only had been killed, the development
was Inhibited by the liquid manure. Under
optimum conditions, 72 percent of all eggs
reached the stage of fully developed mlra-
cidla, against a value of 85 percent for the
control group. The delay In the hatching time
Increased with extended exposure to manure.
A hatching rate of 47 percent was found,
against 62 percent In the control group.
Reduction In pH value to 7.3 and temperature
variations In the range of 0.5 to 22 C had only
an unimportant effect. The results were
statistically verified by means of Student's
t-test. The combined action of liquid manure
and oxygen deficiency caused stagnation In
the development of the eggs, and the stage of
fermentation of the manure played an
Important role. During cultivation under
optimum conditions, a certain acclimatization
period, proportional to the manure accommo-
dation, was required for further development.
(Text In German) (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
4003-A6, A8, B2, Cl, C2, C3, D3, E2
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SWINE
WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Department, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, NC 27607
F. J. Humenlk and M. R. Overcash
Environmental Protection Agency Report
EPA-flOO/2-76-233, Oct., 1976, 292 p. 89 fig.,
57 tab., 94 ref.
Keywords: Design criteria, Lagoons, Swine
wastes, Waste treatment, Liquid wastes,
Aeration, Model studies, Loading rates, Odor,
Nitrogen, Irrigation, Land application.
Coordinated laboratory, field pilot-, and farm-
scale lagoon studies were conducted to define
relationships between loading Intensity and
frequency based on treatment performance,
sludge accumulation, and odor potential.
Surface aeration of field pilot units and
farm-scale lagoons was also investigated to
evaluate aeration levels required for odor
control and the effect of surface aeration on
nitrogen and organic transformations. Labora-
tory studies were designed to elucidate basic
chemical, physical, and biological mechan-
isms Important In explaining and modeling
lagoon performance. Long-term mass balance
studies were conducted to define the fate of
waste Input and thus total constituent loss
from the system. Predictive and Interpretive
relationships for lagoons based on constant
batch loading and continuous loading were
derived to describe the supernatant concen-
tration of unaerated lagoons. Methods for
determining steady-state concentrations and
first-order reaction rate constants for oxygen
demand, organic carbon, and nitrogen were
developed and compared with laboratory and
field pilot-scale data. Lagoon liquid from a
farm-scale unit was Irrigated to nine 9.24 m x
9.24 m Coastal Plain soil-Bermuda grass plots
at nitrogen loading rates of 300, 600, and
1,200 kg N/ha. / year. Mass balance data
were collected to determine the fate of applied
waste constituents. (Humenlk-EPA)
4004-D2, E4
CONVERSION OF CATTLE MAN-
URE INTO USEFUL PRODUCTS
UCLA School of Engineering and Applied
Science, Los Angeles, California 90024
B. S. Dunn, J. D. Mackenzie, and E. Tseng
Environmental Protection Agency Report
EPA-600/2-76-238, Sept., 1976, 33 p. 7 fig., 7
tab., 5 ref.
Keywords: Cattle manure, Byproducts) Pyrol-
ysls, Design, Recycling, Lampblack, Glass
foam, Ink, Glass tile, Rubber, Briquettes, OH,
Fertilizer, Paint.
The purpose of the project was to design and
build a pyrolysls apparatus for cattle manure
and to Investigate the potential uses of the
pyrolysls by-products. A pyrolysls machine of
semi-continuous feed capabilities was design-
ed and built. Various conditions of pyrolysls
treatments were Investigated and their In-
fluence on the amount and composition of the
by-products determined. High carbon resi-
dues were found to require lower pyrolysls
temperatures. The carbon content of these
residues appeared to be unaffected by the
geographic location of the original manure.
Contact with Interested parties and appro-
priate Industries who could be prospective
users of each of the products was Initiated to
obtain their technical expertise In evaluating
these products. The pyrolysls by-products
seem to have some potential Industrial
applications. These by-products Include the
solid residue, an oil fraction, and an aqueous
fraction. The solid residue may serve as a
carbon black substitute or as a filler material
In rubber, Ink, and paint. The aqueous
fraction collected during pyrolysls has been
evaluated for fertilizer applications. (Dunn-
UCLA) (WRSIC)
4005-A9, AW, D3
BACTERIAL SPRAY ON MANURE
INEFFECTIVE IN FLY CONTROL
Anonymous
Poultry Digest, V. 35, No. 417, p. 466, Nov.,
1976.
Keywords: Bacterial spray, Fly control,
Poultry droppings.
In a field study conducted by W. D. McKeen
19
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and W. F. Roon«y, University of California
farm advisors In San Bernadlno County, a
bacterial spray was stirred Into poultry
droppings at various Intervals. The effect of
such a spray on the control of the little house
fly and the coastal fly was studied. Droppings
stirred 3 times a week produced the fewest
files, but fly control was not satisfactory. Had
the weather been warmer and drier, Mr.
McKeen and Mr. Rooney felt that the stirring
of the manure 3 times a week would have been
more effective. (Merryman-East Central)
4006-A8, B3, B5, C2, C3, D2, D3, E2
PROCESSING SOLID MANURE
FROM LIVESTOCK-FARMING TO
ORGANIC FERTILIZER FOR
VEGETABLE GARDENING
Beltrag aus der Sektlon Gartonbau der
Humboldt-Unlversltat zu Berlin, Forschungs-
berelch Bodenfruchtbarkelt, GroBbeeren
E. Baumann and J. Relnhold
Wasaerwlrtschaft-Wassertechnlk, V. 22, No.
6, p. 199-201, June, 1972. 5 fig.
Keywords: Solid wastes, Fertilizers, Nutri-
ents, Nitrogen, Hot drying, Composting,
Phosphorus, Potassium, Crop response,
Aerobic fermentation, Poultry manure, Urea-
formaldehyde foam, Dried pine bark, Ger-
many.
The processing of solid manure from live-
stock-farming to organic fertilizer, and the use
of such fertilizer In vegetable gardening are
described. Hot drying, associated with a
nutrient loss of about 10 percent, and
composting are suitable for the conversion of
solid manure Into germ- and weed-oeed-free
organic fertilizer fit for use In vegetable
gardening. Composting Is a continuous pro-
cess to be conducted over at least 5 days,
where the temperature should exceed 50 to 70
C during the aerobic fermentation. Fermenta-
tion experiments with poultry manure to
which urea-formaldehyde foam and dried pine
bark were added In combined proportion of
2:1 revealed nutrient losses of 30 to 40 percent
during fermentaton. Unlike pine bark, urea-
formaldehyde foam had beneficial effect on
the nutrient output. Intensified composting
resulted In Increased nitrogen losses. The
organic fertilizer thus obtained should be
mixed with 90 percent of peat for fertilization.
The effect of such fertilizers on plants is
largely dependent on the amount of water-
soluble nitrates. Poultry manure processed
with equal amounts of urea-formaldehyde
foam yielded better crops than fresh poultry
manure. (Text In German) (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System)
4007-A5, A8, B2, B5, C2, C3, E2
WATER MANAGEMENT ASPECTS
OF THE AGRICULTURAL UTILIZA-
TION OF LIQUID MANURE AND
PRELIMINARY EXPENDITURE
STANDARDS
Arbeit aus dem Instltut fur Wasserwlrtschaft,
Berlin
W. Kruger and W. Hlrte
Wasserwlrtschaft-Wasserteehnlk, V. 22, No.
6, p. 201-204, June, 1972. 6 fig, 1 tab.
Keywords: Groundwater pollution, Liquid
wastes, Leaching, Bacteria, Nitrates, Phos-
phates, Field spreading, Separation tech-
niques, Cattle, Germany.
Field and laboratory tests on the possible
contamination of the groundwater with liquid
manure in farmlands are described, ano
recommendations of the Intensity of the use of
liquid manure are derived. The germ count In
liquid manure may be up to 10 times that In
domestic effluent. The reduced germ count In
the liquid phase of liquid manure following
phase separation Indicates that the bulk of the
germs Is absorbed by solid organic particles.
Correlation between the nitrate content of the
leachate and the liquid manure expenditure,
especially at per-hectare expenditures corres-
ponding to the manure production by 8 or
more steers, was established. The Intensity of
the use of liquid manure had, however, no
effect on the phosphate content of the
leachate. The contamination of the leachate Is
dependent on the nutrient extraction by the
plant, thus on the time when the liquid
manure Is applied, and on the soil type.
Hygienic and bacteriological Investigations
revealed that Infections of soil layers deeper
than 60 cm with conform bacteria are
exceptional when manure produced by maxi-
mum of 8 steers Is used per hectare. When the
manure from at least 4 steers Is used per
hectare, It should be applied In fractionated
doses over an extended period of time. The
use of large amounts of liquid manure at one
time may cause serious groundwater contam-
ination, especially during the winter period.
(Text In German) (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
4008-B2, Dl, D2, D3, Fl
SOME POSSIBILITIES AND
ASPECTS OF THE CHEMICAL
AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
OF LIQUID MANURE
Beltrag aus dem Instltut fur Wasserwlrt-
schaft, Berlin
W. Otto
Wasserwirtschaft-Wassertechnlk, V. 22, No.
6, p. 193-196, June, 1972. 2 tab, 6 ref.
Keywords: Physical treatment, Chemical
treatment, Biological treatment, Liquid
wastes, Anaerobic conditions, Aerobic con-
ditions, Lagoons, Economics, Coagulation,
Flocculatlon, Dehydration, Hydrochloric acid,
Agitation, Electrochemical treatment, Settling
basin, Germany.
Possibilities of the physical, chemical, and
biological treatment of liquid manure are
reviewed. The anaerobic partial decomp-
osition and evaporation to a thick residue In
the lagoon Involves problems In terms of
hygiene and possible water pollution. A
combined physical and chemical treatment
process uses a vibrator with 140 micron-mesh
for reducing by 85 percent the concentration
of settling matter. The liquid phase is then
treated with hydrochloric acid to obtain both a
pH value of 6.50 and partial coagulation,
followed by electro-chemical reactions which
result In a pH value of 9.0 and more
coagulations. Secondary electrochemical
treatment with agitation and neutralization Is
done In a settling basin, and the effluent
leaving this stage Is further treated In a
two-stage aeration basin for discharge Into the
recipient. The sludges from the different
treatment stages are mixed, treated with
flocculating agents, and dehydrated In
vacuum filter and filter press. Though this
process has high efficiency, with a residual
BOD-content of 33 mg per liter, it Is also
expensive. Evaporation with subsequent In-
cineration Is not feasible due to the high
energy costs and to possible nitrogen oxides
emissions, while the flameless incineration of
the organic matter In liquid medium In a
temperature range of 100 to 372 C without
energy supply Is, though requiring complicat-
ed and expensive technique, profitable for
liquid manure with calorific values higher
than 100 kcal per liter. Liquid manures with
calorific values above 500 kcal per liter may
even generate steam. Aerobic biological
treatment In low-Intensity oxidizing basins
has high efficiency provided auxiliary oxygen
and agitation are applied. Short-term, high-
intensity treatment Is best In several stages
with sludge recycling. High-Intensity reac-
tors, though expensive, are suitable for the
rapid treatment of liquid manure at high
temperature with efficiencies of 70 to 80
percent. (Text In German) (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System)
4009-A6, B2, B4, Cl, C2, C3, D3, E2,
E3
CONTRIBUTION TO THE TREAT-
MENT OF LIQUID MANURE IN
NATURAL-BIOLOGICAL LAGOON
SYSTEMS
Beltrag aus dem Hyglene-lnstltut des Bezlrks
Rostock in Grelfswald und der Sektlon
Landeskultur des BfB Neubrandenburg
W. Schwarz and G. P. Schmidt
Wasserwlrtschaft-Wassertechnlk, V. 22, No.
6, p. 191-193, June, 1972. 2 fig, 1 tab, 3 ref.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Biological treat-
ment, Lagoons, Sedimentation, Waste stor-
age, Biochemical oxygen demand, Bacteria,
Irrigation, Deodorizatlon, Germany.
The efficiency of the treatment of liquid
manure In lagoon systems for sedimentation
of suspended matter, and for partial biological
decomposition and deodorlzatlon was studied.
The extent of the decomposition of the liquid
manure, containing only bacteria and heterc-
trophic and autotrophic flagellates, was
relatively limited after lagoon storage over
several months. The BOD decreased from
2,800 to 2,200 mg per liter and from 3,800 to
2,900 mg per liter in two different cases.
Correlation between the BOD contents and
the volume of the blomass was revealed as a
possibility. While extended storage time was
found to be Insufficient for a substantial
enhancement of the decomposition, subse-
quent aeration resulted In increased rate of
decomposition. An attempt to recycle lagoon-
treated liquid manure for flushing stables
proved to be successful In terms of reduced
water consumption and pretreatlng fresh
liquid manure. Liquid manure diluted with
water Is best used for Irrigation of farmlands.
(Text In German) (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
4010-A4, A6, B2, Cl, C2, C3, Dl,
D2, D3
POSSIBLE TREATMENT METH-
ODS FOR LIQUID MANURE FOR
THE MODIFICATION OF ITS
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND
HYGIENIC PROPERTIES AS A
BASIS OF ITS USE IN AGRICUL-
TURE
Instltut fur Mlneraldungung Leipzig der AL
der DDR, Zwelastelle Potsdam
P. Wedeklnd and D. Suessenbach
Wasserwirtschaft-Wassertechnlk, V. 22, No.
6, p. 184-189, June, 1972. 6 fig., 5 tab., 20 ref.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Waste treatment,
Physical properties, Chemical properties,
Hygienic properties, Deodorlzatlon, Separa-
tion techniques, Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Potassium. Trace elements, Pathogenic
bacteria, Sedimentation, Viscosity, Centrl-
fugatlon, Coagulation, uermany, Physical
20
-------
treatment, Chemical treatment, Biological
treatment.
General problems of the conditioning of liquid
manure for agricultural use are reviewed.
Liquid manure constitutes a polydlsperse
suspension with high contents of organic
matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and
of certain trace elements. Pipelines are readily
plugged by liquid manure due to sedimenta-
tion and flotation. The rate of gas formation,
highest between the 7th and 10th days, lies at
about 300 liters per kg of organic matter. The
viscosity Is largely determined by the propor-
tion of the 0.1 to0.000001 mm-fractlon, which,
when high, may give thlxotroplc properties to
the liquid manure. The exceptionally high
electrolyte concentration favors the killing of
germs, which again Is a function of the
temperature. Liquid manure represents water
pollution hazard due to Its high BOD of 5,000
to 40,000 mg per liter. The conventional
method of liquid manure application (collec-
tion, and distribution from tanks) requires a
minimal dry content of 7 to 8 percent. Though
the concentrations of odorous matter, patho-
genic germs and parasites decrease In this
form of application, odorous emissions are a
problem. Solid-liquid separation by means of
centrlfugatlon yields a centrlfugate with an
odor Intensity reduced by 30 t6 40 percent, a
lower viscosity, and maximum nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium and dry contents of
0.5, 0.06, 0.3 and 4 percent, as well as a
coarse fraction high in pathogens. Settling In
settling tanks Is applied In some cases, while
natural dehydration Is unacceptable for
hygienic reasons. Thermal separation, al-
though It kills germs, does not eliminate
odors, and requires much energy, so that It Is
applicable to valuable poultry-yard manure at
best. Diluted liquid manure with a dry content
of 0.5 percent and BOD of less than 6,000 mg
per liter Is suitable for aerobic biological
treatment with BOD values reduced to or
below 200 mg per liter as a result. Near-
complete coagulation and partial odor control
is possible by aluminum or Iron sulfate as
flocculating agents, added in amounts of 0.1
to 1 percent by weight. Deodorlzatlon by
means of such agents as peroxyacetlc acid,
chlorine, lime, potassium permanganate,
ozone, phosphoric acid, superphosphate,
lime, activated carbon or Wofatlt Is not
feasible due to the high concentrations In the
liquid manure of oxidlzable, buffering and
absorbing matter. (Text In German) (Solid
Waste Information Retrieval System)
4011-B2, B5, E2
EXPERIENCES WITH THE COM-
BINED LIQUID MANURE-CLEAR
WATER IRRIGATION
Instltut fur Mlneraldungung Leipzig der Al,
Zwelgstelle Potsdam
J. Gellrlch
Wasserwlrtschaft-Wassertechnlk, V. 22, No.
6, p. 208-209, June, 1972. 5 tab, 1 ref.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Irrigation, Land
spreading, Equipment, Germany.
General problems of the combined liquid
manure-water Irrigation of farmlands are
reviewed. The combined Irrigation process,
requiring homogenized liquid manure with no
coarse particles, Is feasible on a year-round
basis with a lower temperature limit of minus
10 C. Irrigation facilities for the combined
application of liquid manure and water should
be suitable for the simultaneous and separate
use of manure-water mixtures and water
alike. Liquid manure and water should be
combined In nearly equal proportions for
Irrigations during the wlner period, while
mixtures for Irrigation during the vegetation
period may contain up to 10 parts of water per
one part of liquid manure. Tha dosaglng of the
liquid manure la dependent on the specific
needs of the crops Irrigated. Mixing and
dosaglng on the suction side should be applied
for Irrigation during the vegetation period, but
no hardware for mixing on the delivery side Is
yet available. (Text In German) (Solid Waste
Information Retrieval System)
4012-A4, B2, C2, Dl, D2, D3, E2, Fl
WATER MANAGEMENT PRO-
BLEMS INVOLVED IN THE
TREATMENT AND UTILIZATION
OF LIQUID MANURE
Arbeit aus dem Instltut fur Wasserwlrtschaft,
Berlin
D. Kramer
Wasserwlrtschaft-Wassertechnlk, V. 22, No.
6, p. 182-184, June, 1972. 4 fig, 6 ref.
Keywords: Waste treatment, Waste disposal,
Liquid wastes, Water pollution, Land spread-
Ing, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Economics, Sep-
aration techniques, Activated sludge,
Germany.
General problems of the treatment and
disposal of liquid manure In East Germany are
discussed. Liquid manure constitutes a real
problem In terms of water pollution due to Its
high BOD value (4,000 to 7,000 mg per liter),
and Its high nitrogen and phosphorus con-
tents. While the use of organic fertilizer has
been In steady decrease for decades, the
application of liquid manure to farmlands
represents the best solution In terms of
economics and environmental protection.
Laboratory tests adopting the activated sludge
method for the treatment of liquid manure
gave largely satisfactory results In one-stage
operation, with no significant Improvement In
two-stage process. However, dilution of the
liquid manure at a ratio of 25 or more, and
phase separation with separate treatment of
the sludge obtained were necessary. Increas-
ing fish death during the last decade due to
agricultural organic effluents has occurred.
(Text In German) (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
4013-A11, C2, Dl, D2, E3
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOR-
GHUM GRAIN RECONSTITUTED
WITH EXCREMENT FROM FEED-
LOT CATTLE
Department of Animal Science, Texas A 8. M
University, College Station, Texas
L. M. Schake, C. E. Donnell and R. E.
Lichtenwalner
Paper to be published In the 1974 Beef Cattle
Research in Texas publication, Department of
Animal Science, Texas A & M University, 6 p.
5 tab, 5 ref.
Keywords: Feeds, Sorghum, Feedlots, Con-
finement pens, Cattle, Performance, Diets,
Nutrients, Reconstituted feeds.
Seven grain processing techniques were
studied. Three, which served as controls
were: (1) dry ground grain, (2) steam flaked
grain fed air-dry, and (3) water reconstituted
grain ground before each feeding. Four
additional reconstituted grain treatments
were formed when feedlot excrement with 16
percent dry matter from slotted floor confine-
ment pens was combined with whole sorghum
grain at ratios of 1:1, 1:1.6, 1:1.25, and 1:3.1.
The experimental rations contained consider-
ably higher levels of crude protein, crude fat,
phosphorus and salt than the 3 control rations.
Heifers refused to consume a feed mixture In
which the 1:1 product constituted 80 percent
of the 1:1.6, 1:2.5, and 1:3.1 products.
Reconstituted grain treatments utilizing ex-
crement appear to be a potentially useful feed
for cattle If the excrement:graln ratio does not
exceed 1:1.6. (Merryman-East Central)
4014-A11, Cl, C2, E3, Fl
EXCREMENT RECONSTITUTED
GRAIN FOR GROWING AND
FINISHING CATTLE
Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas 77843
L. M. Schake
Calf News, V. 15, No. 2, p. 34-35, Feb., 1977.
3 fig., 4 tab.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Economics, Cattle
manure, Reconstituted grain, Rations, Per-
formance, Taste, Crude protein, Fat, Crude
fibers, Ash.
The $12 to $20 per head feed savings
demonstrated by the water reconstltutlon of a
dry grain sorghum has caused many Investi-
gators to examine another type of reconstltu-
tlon media. One such product was excrement,
an accumulation of feces, urine, hair, and
other materials, from the pits of slotted floor
confinement barns In which cattle finished for
slaughter were housed. This material was
found to contain about 15 percent dry matter
M which 21 percent was crude protein, 7
percent fat, 22 percent crude fibers and 1.6
percent ash. In experiments completed at
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station,
known quantities of grain and fresh excrement
were combined In various ratios to determine
cattle response to rations containing 80
percent of the excrement reconstituted grain.
It was Indicated that leas than a 1:1 ratio
excrement to grain would be consumed at
normal levels. In feeding experiments, 73
percent air dry grain was combined with 27
percent excrement. Excrement reconstituted
grain Improved feeding response 4 percent
and weight gain was Increased over 7 percent
when compared to water reconstituted grain.
Taste panel scores showed no significant
change from control carcasses, as was true of
14 other measures of carcass value. Excre-
ment reconstituted grain sorghum was shown
to be equal or slightly superior to water
reconstituted grain In feeding cattle. Four
percent excrement dry matter can be refed
with the grain In a process that requires
minimum energy Inputs. (Keel-East Central)
4015-32, D3, F4
LAGOONS AND
PONDS
OXIDATION
University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
66044
C. E. Burkhead and W. J. O'Brien
Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, V. 46, No. 6, p. 1135-1137, June,
1974. 5 ref.
Keywords: Literature survey, Lagoons, Live-
stock wastes, Dairy wastes, Kraft pulping
wastes, Aerobic conditions, Anaerobic con-
ditions, Effluents, Algae removal, Stockyards.
A survey of research reports and other
literature available In the field of lagoons and
oxidation ponds Is presented. There have
been a few comprehensive reviews of lagoon
systems. Several authors have discussed the
use of lagoon systems to handle particular
types of wastes, Including livestock wastes,
kraft pulping wastes, and dairy wastes. The
use of aerobic lagoons, anaerobic lagoons, and
21
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combined lagoon systems for the treatment of
various wastes has been Investigated In many'
studies. Considerable emphasis has been
placed on algae removal from oxidation pond
effluents. Oxidation ponds have been found to
be effective for treating the liquid wastes from
stockyards and for recycling treated waste
waters and storm water runoff from manufac-
turing operations. (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
4016-A4, AS, A8, B2, B3, B4, B5,
C2 E2
DAIRY MANURE CAN BE USED
SAFELY
J. L. Meyer, R. S. Rauschkolb, and E. H.
Olson
California Agriculture, V. 30, No. 11, p. 10-11,
Nov., 1976. 1 fig.
Keywords: Dairy manure, Waste manage-
ment, Waste storage, Water pollution,
Groundwater pollution, Salts, Nutrients, Land
application, Leaching, Nitrogen release,
Liquid wastes, Solid wastes.
University of California research has estab-
lished that potential environmental problems
In fertilizing croplands with dairy manure can
be avoided with proper management. Recent
University of California research has shown:
(1) the kinds and amounta of salts and plant
nutrients In dairy manure, (2) what happens to
salts and plant nutrients during storage In
manure piles and manure storage ponda, and
(3) the amount of salts seeping downward
below the soil surface In fields heavily treated
with manure. In a continuous cropping
system, providing enough nitrogen for satis-
factory yield without excessively concentrat-
ing salts (which may pollute groundwater and
surface waters) depends upon: methods of
handling, storing, and applying manure; rate
of application and the amount and rate of
nitrogen release In the soil. Taking these
factors Into account, different management
systems are used for dry manure and holding
pond manure. For dry manure, once the
nitrogen percentage is established (either
through laboratory analysis or through an
assumed percentage), average expected rates
of nitrogen release - called "decay serles"-
may be used to determine what annual
applications are needed to release the
nitrogen to the soli on a year to year basis. The
"decay series" means that, with continued
annual applications to the same land, a
smaller amount of added manure Is needed
each year to provide the same amount of
available nitrogen In the soil. For liquid
manure, equations are given for calculating
the amount of manure In storage and the
number of acres on which one pondful of
liquid manure can be spread each year.
(Merryman-East Central)
4017- A 4, B2, B4
PERFORMANCE OF FEEDLOT
RUNOFF CONTROL SYSTEMS IN
NORTHERN CLIMATES
Agricultural Engineering Department, Uni-
versity of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
C. L. Larson, L. Q. James, P. R. Goodrich,
and J. Bosch
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 19, No. 6, p
1175-1180, Nov.-Dec., 1976. 1 fig., 5 tab., 9
ref.
Keywords: Mathematical models, Model
studies, Minnesota, Feedlots, Agricultural
runoff, Design, Water pollution, Runoff
control, Holding ponds.
In 1973, a model study was Initiated by the
EPA In cooperation with the Minnesota
Pollution Control agency to examine the
performance of feedlot runoff control systems
In the northern climates. Runoff control
facilities are oftan needed to Intercept and
store surface runoff from outside lots so that
nutrients, organic material and sediments can
be recycled to the land Instead of being
carried Into public water supplies. Maximum
runoff rates from feedlots or other small areas
are generated by high Intensity storms of
short duration. For Minnesota and other areas
having similar climatic conditions, the follow-
ing conclusions were recorded as a result of
the study. A series of rainstorms occurring
within a period of five to ten days can
frequently cause holding pond overflow. Land
disposal of the stored runoff Is seldom
possible. Holding pond outflow will occur
more frequently than Indicated by the
recurrence Interval of a 24 hour rainstorm.
The holding pond capacity must be made
greater than the one day runoff In order to
obtain an overflow frequency about the same
as that of the design storm. The amount of
both holding pond outflow and pumping for
land disposal can be reduced by enlarging
holding pond beyond minimum capacity. The
reduction will also depend on the operating
rules for starting and stopping the pumping
operation. (Keel-East Central)
4018-A11, B2, Cl, C2, D3
EFFECT OF DIETARY SALT LEVEL
AND LIQUID HANDLING SYS-
TEMS ON SWINE WASTE COM-
POSITION
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907
A. L. Sutton, V. B. Mayrose, J. C. Nye, and D.
W. Nelson
Journal of Animal Science, V. 43, No. 6, p.
1129-1134, Dec., 1976. 4 tab., 29 ref.
Keywords: Diets, Salts, Liquid wastes, Swine
wastes, Performance, Chemical properties,
Physical properties, Oxidation ditch, Deep pit,
Waste management, Aerobic conditions,
Anaerobic conditions, Nutrients, Nitrogen,
Potassium, Phosphorus, Copper.
A 2-year experiment was conducted to study
the effects of .2 or .5 percent salt (NaCI) In
growing-finishing swine diets and aerobic
(oxidation ditch) or anaerobic (deep pit) liquid
waste systems on swine performance and
waste nutrient composition. Neither dietary
salt content nor waste handling system
affected pig gains or feed conversion. Waste
from pigs fed .5 percent salt contained higher
sodium levels than waste from pigs fed .2
percent salt. During the study, the sodium
level Increased In the waste pits beneath pigs
fed the .5 percent salt diet, whereas the
sodium level In the waste pits beneath pigs
fed the .2 percent salt diet remained relatively
constant. Aeroblcally treated waste contained
lower dry matter and higher dissolved oxygen
concentrations, had higher pH and tempera-
ture on a wet basis, and lower ammonium
nitrogen and higher nitrate nitrogen, potass-
ium and sodium concentrations on a dry
weight basis than anaerobic waste. The
average percentage of ammonium nitrogen to
total Kjeldahl nitrogen was 42 percent In
aerobic pits, 53 percent In anaerobic pits, 45.5
percent In waste from pigs fed .5 percent salt
diets and 49.5 percent in waste from pigs fed
.2 percent salt diets. Copper and phosphorus
levels In wastes were directly related to the
dry matter content of the waste. Sodium and
potassium concentrations (dry weight basis)
were higher In aerobically treated waste from
pigs fed the .5 percent salt diet compared to
fcnaeroblcally treated waste from pigs fed the
.2 percent salt diet. (Copyright 1976-Journal
of Animal Science)
40I9-A11, B3, C2, E3, Fl
ALFALFA VERSUS POULTRY
EXCRETA AS NITROGEN SUPPLE-
MENTS FOR LAMBS
Feed Energy Conservation Laboratory, Ani-
mal Physiology and Genetics Institute, Belts-
vllle Agricultural Research Center, Beltsvllle,
Maryland 20705
L. W. Smith and I. L. Llndahl
Journal of Animal Science, V. 44, No. 1, p.
152-157, Jan., 1977. 5 tab., 12 ref.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Dehydrated poultry
excreta, Diets, Sheep, Performance, Econo-
mics, Alfalfa, Nitrogen, Crude protein, Ash.
Dehydrated excreta from caged layers (DPE)
was compared with alfalfa as a nitrogen
supplement for lambs at both 8 and 12 percent
dietary crude protein levels. All diets contain-
ed a calculated 65 percent TDN content, and
the supplements contributed 36 to 40 percent
(8 percent crude protein diets) or 60 to 65
percent (12 percent crude protein diets) or the
total dietary nitrogen. Lambs digested dietary
nutrients from the two sources of nitrogen
equally well, except that ash was 43 percent
less digestible In DPE supplemented diets.
Lambs fed the 12 percent crude protein diets
consumed 22 percent more feed (P Is less
than .10), gained 74 percent faster (P Is less
than 0.5), and were 39 percent more efficient
(P Is less than .05) In converting gross
digestible organic matter Into gain than lambs
fed the 8 percent crude protein diets. Lambs
fed diets supplemented with DPE tended to
consume more feed and convert digestible
organic matter available for growth 32 percent
more efficiently than lambs fed diets supple-
mented with alfalfa, but differences were
not significant (P Is greater than .10). Cost of
grain for lambs fed the 12 percent CP diet
supplemented with DPE was 17 percent lower
than for lambs fed the 12 percent CP diet
supplemented with alfalfa. (Copyright 1977-
Journal of Animal Science)
4020-All, B3, C2, E3
DEHYDRATED BROILER EX-
CRETA VERSUS SOYBEAN MEAL
AS NITROGEN SUPPLEMENTS
FOR SHEEP
Animal Physiology and Genetics Institute,
Beltsvllle, Maryland 20705
L. W. Smith and C. C. Calvert
Journal of Animal Science, V. 43, No. 6, p.
1286-1292. Dec., 1976. 1 fig., 7 tab., 23 ref.
Keywords: Refeedlng— Dehydrated broiler
excreta, Soybean mealy Diets, Performance,
Nitrogen, Arsenic, Digestibility. '
Diets supplemented with dehydrated broiler
excreta (DBE) were consumed by sheep as
readily as diets supplemented with soybean
meal. Diets supplemented with either soybean
meal or DBE did not significantly differ In
digestibility or nitrogen (N) retention. The
true digestibility of DBE-N was 81 percent, a
value of similar magnitude determined by
others for dry-mixed conventional feeds.
Feeding the DBE resulted In low levels of
arsenical residues In the lamb tissue. Signifi-
cance of arsenic In poultry manure processed
for ruminant crude protein supplements will
depend on Individual feeding regimes, arsenic
concentration In excreta, and permissible
levels established for lamb and mutton.
(Copyright 1976-Journal of Animal Science)
22
-------
4021-A2, Bl, E3, Fl
ENERGY POTENTIAL FROM
WASTE SMALL
Anonymous
Beat, V. 13, No. 7, p. 12, March, 1977.
Keywords: Energy, Open feedlots, Animal
wastes, Recycling, Agricultural runoff, Econo-
mics.
The possibility of obtaining energy economic-
ally from feedlots appears Impractical. The
energy value of animal wastes from open
feedlots Is reduced by bacterial action, feedlot
runoff, and mixing of soil and water with the
waste so that It takes as much energy to collect
and process the wastes as can be obtained
from the source. Lawrence Schmld, Kansas
State University engineer, conducted the
research and said that an alternative system of
total confinement with continuous fresh
manure collection, under certain conditions,
could be economically advantageous to use
the wastes to energy production. (Bates-East
Central)
4022-All, Bl
PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY
METABOLISM OF STEERS FED A
CONCENTRATE OR ROUGHAGE
DIET IN CONVENTIONAL, SEMI-
ENCLOSED SLATTED AND EN-
CLOSED SLATTED FLOOR FEED-
LOTS IN SUMMER
Departments of Animal and Poultry Science,
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,
Canada
W. S. Alhassan, J. Q. Buchanan-Smith, T. D.
Burgess, G. C. Ashton, and G. C. Smith
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, V. 55,
No. 4, p. 683-695, Dec., 1975. 1 fig., 7 tab., 26
ref.
Keywords: Diets, Housing, Performance,
Cattle, Summer, Energy metabolism, Carcass
Composition, Serum-lodothyronlne, Weight
gain, Temperature, Humidity.
One hundred and forty-four steers of predom-
inantly Angus breeding were used to compare
the effects of three housing units (conven-
tional semi-enclosed manure pack, semi-
enclosed slatted floor and enclosed-lnsulated
slatted floor) and two diets (high moisture
corn and corn silage) on the performance,
energy metabolism and carcass composition of
steers finished for 88 days In the summer. No
diet X housing unit Interaction on response
criteria was observed. The mean temperature
In the enclosed unit (24.6C) was more than 3C
greater than In other units. Mean relative
humidities In each slatted floor unit were 74
percent whereas It was 70 percent In the
conventional unit. The enclosed-lnsulated unit
may have been Insufficiently ventilated.
Steers In this unit ate less (P 0.05) dry matter
per day (6.78kg) than those In the semi-
enclosed slatted floor unit (7.64 kg) and In the
conventional unit (7.66 kg). Different effects
of housing unit on gain reflected differences In
feed intake. Carcass characteristics of cattle
from each housing unit were similar (P 0.05).
Efficiency of utilization of metabollzable
energy (ME) for maintenance and gain
expressed as energy retention (ER) adjusted
to equal ME Intake was greater (P 0.05) for
cattle In the semi-enclosed slatted floor unit
(5.17 Meal/day) than In the Insulated-
enclosed unit (4.36 Meal/day). ER adjusted to
equal ME Intake for steers In the conventional
unit was 4.76 Meals/day. Serum tetra-lodo-
thyronlne (T4) levels were similar (P 0.05) for
cattle In all housing units, but were depressed
in all cattle during a period of the warmest
weather. Corn-fed steers ate significantly less
dry matter and had significantly greater gain
and feed efficiency than silage-fed steers.
Backfat thickness was greater (P 0.05) for
corn-fed versus silage-fed steers but this
difference disappeared when values were
adjusted to equal carcass weight. (1975
Copyright-Canadian Journal of Animal
Science)
4023-A 5, Bl, C3
EVALUATION OF PORCELAIN
CUP SOIL WATER SAMPLERS FOR
BACTERIOLOGICAL SAMPLING
Department of Microbiology, Institute of Food
and Agricultural Sciences, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
F. B. Dazzo and D. F. Rothwell
Applied Microbiology, V, 27, p. 1172-1174,
June, 1974. 1 fig., 7 ref.
Keywords: Sampling, Soil water, Fecal con-
forms, Manure slurry, Analysis.
The validity of obtaining soil water for fecal
conform analyses by porcelain cup soil water
samplers was examined. Numbers from
samples of manure slurry drawn through
porcelain cups were reduced 100- to
10,000,000-fold compared to numbers obtain-
ed from the external manure slurry, and 65
percent of the cups yielded collform-free
samples. Fecal conforms absorbed to cups
apparently were released, thus Influencing
the counts of subsequent samples. Fecal
conforms persisted In soil water samplers
burled in soil and thus could significantly
Influence the conform counts of water samples
obtained a month later. These studies Indicate
that porcelain cup soil water samplers do not
yield valid water samples for fecal conform
analyses. (Copyright 1974-Applled Micro-
biology)
4024-A3, AS, B2, Cl, C2, E2
THE EFFECTS OF MANURE
APPLICATIONS ON RUNOFF,
EROSION AND NITRATE LOSSES
Agricultural Engineering Department, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
J. K. Mitchell and R. W. Gunther
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 19, No. 6, p.
1104-1106, Nov.-Dec., 1976. 2 tab.
Keywords: Land application, Agricultural
runoff, Erosion, Liquid wastes, Swine
manure, Percolate, Slopes, Total solids,
Volatile solids, Chemical oxygen demand.
In a laboratory study at the University of
Illinois, liquid swine manure was applied to
0.91 m square plots of Catlln Silt Loam soil,
followed by 76.2 mm/hr artificial rainfall for
1/2 hour. Soil slopes of 3 percent and 9 percent
and three manure application levels (0, 9.5,
and 19.0 mm depth) were Investigated. Runoff
and percolate were analyzed to determine the
effect of liquid manure application on runoff
and erosion characteristics. It was found that
manure application to the soil caused a
decrease In runoff and an Increase In the
volume of percolate and the nitrate concentra-
tion in the percolate. Manure application also
caused a decrease In the total solids concen-
tration and COD load in the runoff. The
decrease in solids concentration was probably
due to a surface stabilizing effect of the
manure on the soil surface. It was found that
the loss of the manure solids could be
separated from the soil solids loss by using the
volatile solids to total solids ratio. (Keel-East
Cantral)
4025-A2, A8, B2, E2
ENGINEER SOUNDS WARNING
ON USE OF LAGOON WASTE ON
FIELD CROPS
Anonymous
Beef, V. 8, p. 15, April, 1972.
Keywords: Land application, Crop response,
Agricultural runoff, Liquid wastes, Lagoon
wastes, Effluents.
University of Nebraska expert, Conrad
Gilbertson, warns that reuse of liquid runoff
from a lagoon may be beneficial to the crop or
It may kill the crop entirely. In 1969, effluent
from the University's experimental feedlot
was sprinkled onto a newly grassed area. The
grass was killed by the effluent. In 1970 the
experiment was repeated. This time a plot
received over ten inches of runoff material
produced three times as much grass as the
plots that received an identical amount of
creek water. Greenhouse studies have turned
in the same results. The cause of the variation
is not known; therefore, If you do plan to use
lagoon waste on field crops, apply It to a very
small area to determine the effects It may
have on the crops. (Keel-East Central)
4026-A11, B2, Cl, C2, C3, Dl, D3,
E3
RECYCLED EXCRETA AS A
NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR SWINE
B. G. Harmon
Presented at Texas A&M University Nutrition
Conference, College Station, Oct. 1, 1975, 12
p. 4 tab., 18 ref.
Keywords: Literature review, Oxidation ditch
mixed liquor, Refeedlng, Swine wastes,
Swine, Nutrients, Performance, Physical pro-
perties, Chemical properties, Biological pro-
perties, Biological treatment, Physical treat-
ment.
A feeding program that Includes biologically
enhanced swine excreta has advanced from a
hypothesis based on chemical analysis to an
accepted practice on a few swine farms. A
literature review verifies this statement.
Dlggs et al (1965) demonstrated that swine
waste could be scraped from a feeding floor,
dried, and substituted Into swine rations at 15
percent of the diet without depressing
performance. Orr et al (1973) and Harmon et
al (1972) revealed that wastes have even
greater nutritional quality after bacterial
fermentation In an oxidation ditch. Holmes et
al demonstrated by screening the contents of
an oxidation ditch that the percent dry matter
and protein of the dry matter Increased as the
size openings in the sieves decreased.
Analysis of the various fractions (Harmon
1972) showed that amlno acids Increased
significantly as the particle size decreased.
The fractions containing mlcroblal cells had
the greatest concentration of protein and
amlno acids. Studies have revealed that over-
aeration of an oxidation ditch can cause
nitrates to Increase to a toxic level. However,
most studies seem to Indicate that refeedlng
biologically enhanced swine waste allows the
producer to increase the utilization of the
components of the diet while virtually
eliminating the environmental pollution haz-
ards associated with livestock feeding. (Rowe-
East Central)
4027-All, B2, C2, D3, E3
BIRD PERFORMANCE NOT HURT
BY REFEEDING AERATED
WASTES
23
-------
Anonymous
Foodstuffs, V. 49, No. 4, p. 43, Jan. 24, 1977.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Oxidation ditch mixed
liquor, Liquid wastes, Poultry, Performance,
Mortality, Coccldiosls, Nutrients, Phosphor-
us.
A study was done at Cornell University using
2 groups of 38-week-old hans: (1) a control
group receiving drinking water and (2) an
experimental group receiving oxidation ditch
mixed liquor Instead of drinking water.
Performance seemed to be much the same for
both groups. Of the 2 groups, the experiment-
al group consumed the most llquid-probably
due to the salt content of the liquor. Over-all
egg production was 2 percent higher for the
experimental group. Eggs from the 2 groups
showed no significant differences In weight or
shell strength. Total mortality for the 2 groups
was about the same, although the experimen-
tal group did have 2 hens die of coccldlosis of
the cecum. However, coccldlosis Is easily
controlled through the use of coccldlostats as
feed additives. Additional Information con-
cerning aeration system operation to enhance
mlcroblal protein synthesis, as well as the
availability of phosphorus to the hen, Is
necessary before the true potential of this
practice can be determined fully. The question
of disease transmission also requires further
study. (Merryman-East Central)
4028-B2, C2, D3, Fl
TERTIARY TREATMENT AND
REUSE OF ANIMAL WASTES
Agricultural Engineering Department, Uni-
versity of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711
W. F. Rltter
Project Report, OWRT Project No. A-030-
DEL, 1976, 36 p. 1 fig., 17 tab., 18 ref.
Keywords: Tertiary treatment, Dairy wastes,
Liquid wastes, Biological treatment, Barriered
landscape water renovation systems, Econo-
mics, Nitrogen, Chemical oxygen demand,
Zinc, Aluminum, Phosphorus, Potassium,
Sodium.
Liquid dairy waste was applied to two
barriered landscape water renovation systems
(BLWRS) which were operated for nearly two
years. The first BLWRS (1) utilized a silt loam
soil, and the second BLWRS (2) utilized a
sandy loam soil. Loading rates of 0.84 cm/day
were applied to BLWRS-1 and 0.84-2.45
cm/day to BLWRS-2. Because of ponding on
the BLWRS surface, the high loading rate of
2.45 cm/day was only maintained for 47 days.
Treatment efficiency did not change with
loading rates, and there was no significant
change in effluent quality during the different
seasons of the year. Besides removing
significant amounts of zinc, aluminum, COD,
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sod-
ium, it was revealed that a BLWRS cannot be
operated for an entire winter In the Mid-
Atlantic states. The waste handling system
using a BLWRS was estimated to be more
expensive than four other systems. The
greatest potential for using a BLWRS In the
livestock industry would probably be with
milking center wastes. (Keel-East Central)
4029-A3, A4, A9, Bl, B5, C2, E2, Fl
CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
FROM CROPLAND: VOLUME I -- A
MANUAL FOR GUTOELINE
DEVELOPMENT
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
B. A. Stewart, D. A. Woolhlser, W. H.
Wischmeler, J. H. Caro, and M. H. Frere
Control of Water Pollution from Cropland:
Volume I - A Manual for Guideline Develop-
ment, prepared as a joint publication of Office
of Research and Development, EPA, and
Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Nov.,
1975, 111 p. 41 fig., 24 tab.
Keywords: Agricultural runoff, Water pollu-
tion, Pollution control, Manuals, Erosion,
Percolation, Location, Fertilizers, Nutrients,
Pesticides, Economics, Livestock wastes,
Poultry wastes, Croplands, Rangelands.
Engineering and agronomic techniques to
control sediment, nutrient, and pesticide
losses from cropland were Identified, describ-
ed and evaluated. Methodology was develop-
ed to enable a user to Identify the potential
sources of pollutants, select a list of appro-
priate demonstrated controls, and perform
economic analyses for final selection of
controls. The Information Is presented In the
form of regional maps, decision flow charts,
tables, and brief technical highlights.
(Stewart-ARS)
4030-A3, A4, Bl, BS, C2, E2, Fl, F4
CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
FROM CROPLAND: VOLUME D --
AN OVERVIEW
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 20250
B. A. Stewart, S. A. Woolhlser, W. H.
Hischmelr, J. H. Caro, and M. H. Frere
Control of Water Pollution from Cropland:
Volume II — An Overview, prepared as a Joint
publication of Office of Research and Develop-
ment, EPA, and Agricultural Research Ser-
vice, USDA. June, 1976, 187 p. 51 fig., 35
tab., 612 ref.
Keywords: Agricultural runoff, Water pollu-
tion, Cropland management, Sedimentation,
Erosion, Nutrients, Pesticides, Economics,
Pollutant source identification, Pollution con-
trol, Overviews.
Engineering and agronomic techniques to
control sediment, nutrient, and pesticide
losses from cropland are Identified, described,
and evaluated. Methodology Is developed to
enable a user to Identify the potential sources
of pollutants, select a list of appropriate
demonstrated controls, and perform economic
analyses for final selection of controls. The
basic principles on which control of specific
pollutants is founded are reviewed, supple-
mentary Information Is provided, and some of
the documentation used In Volume I is
presented. (Stewart-ARS) (Volume I [Report
No. EPA-600/2-75-026a] is available from
NTIS as report no. PB 249-517).
4031-B2, Cl, E3, Fl
FEEDER'S RECYCLING PLAN
SAVES FIVE BUSHELS OF CORN
FOR EACH STEER FED
Anonymous
Beef, V. 13, No. 7, p. 61, March, 1977.
Keywords: Recycling, Reconstituted corn
silage, Confinement pens, Cattle, Flushing,
Lagoons, Economics.
Agricultural Engineer, Robert George, de-
scribes a recycling plant that Is saving one
Midwest feeder about five bushels of corn on
every steer he finishes. The feeder operates a
flush-type confinement building, hooked to an
outside lagoon. During a cleanup of the
lagoon, It was found that near the discharge
pipe the solids were too thick to pump. A
laboratory check confirmed the resemblance
of the solids to corn. Undigested bits of corn
had passed through animals, Into the lagoon,
and settled near the discharge pipe. It was
decided that the wet corn could be combined
with ground corn stover to make the feeder's
own "reconstituted" corn silage. The feeder
reports that about 20,000 bushels of this
material are reclaimed per year. Around 3,500
head per year are finished through the
building, so he Is reclaiming the equivalent of
better than five bushels per animal. The
moisture has presented a problem, but the use
of cornstalks has pulled the moisture down
from around 85 percent to 50 percent or 80
percent and has also trimmed the costs.
(Keel-East Central)
4032-A8, B2, E2
CHANGES IN THE RHIZOSPHERE
EFFECT OF MDLLET ASSOCIATED
WITH SPRINKLER DIRIGATION
WITH ANIMAL WASTES
Department of Microbiology, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
F. B. Dazzo, P. H. Smith, and D. H. Hubbell
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 3, No. 3,
p. 270-273, 1974. 5 fig., 2 tab., 9 ref.
Keywords: Sprinkler Irrigation, Slurries,
Liquid wastes, Millet, Microorganisms, Bac-
teria, Amino acids, Land disposal, Rhlzc-
sphere soil, Non-rhizosphere soil.
An investigation was made of mlcrobial
population changes In Scranton fine sand and
adjacent millet rhlzospheres resulting from
sprinkler Irrigation with cow manure slurry.
Use of the R/S ratio, a ratio for comparing
microbial populations per unit weight of
rhizosphere soil (R) with the populations per
unit weight of non-rhlzosphere soil (S)
calculated on an oven-dried basis, established
that Increasing the rate of Irrigation with
manure slurry resulted In a decline In the R/S
ratio of ureolytic, proteolytlc, amylolytlc, and
llpolytlc microorganisms. Establishment of
new nutritional niches within non-rhizosphere
soil receiving liquid cow manure was reflected
in the adjustments made among the predom-
inant nutritional groups. There was a signifi-
cant increase In the Incidence of bacteria
requiring amlno acids and a decrease In the
incidence of bacteria requiring soil extract
within non-rhlzosphere soil receiving manure
applications. These findings seem to establish
that the microbial environment created by
irrigating Scranton fine sand with slurry may
become nutritionally similar to the microbial
environment created by the roots of millet
during the summer. (Merryman-East Central)
4033-B1, Cl, Dl, D2
CONVECTTVE HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT FOR POULTRY
MANURE
Agricultural Engineering Department, Uni-
versity of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
J. E. Dlxon, G. D. Wells, and M. L. Esmay
Paper No. 76-4511, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1976 Winter Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 14-17, 1976, 9 p 2 fig
2 tab., 4 ref.
Keywords: Poultry manure, Drying, Convec-
tlve heat transfer coefficients, Equations,
Metric units, American engineering units,
Mans velocity, Length of air stream.
24
-------
This study revealed that the equation hc =&
Gn /Dm can be used to estimate the heat
transfer coefficient of poultry manure, If the
constants 0( , m, and n are known. The
constants were determined for use with metric
and American engineering units. The con-
stants using metric units were: 0< =
0.6330766, n = 0.398548, and m = 0.6014520
where the variables were: G = mass velocity,
grams/hr sq cm and Dc = length of
air-stream over drying manure, cm. The
constants using American engineering units
were determined to be: OC = 0.122224, n =
0.402022, and m = 597978 where the
variables were G = mass velocity, Ibs/hr- sq
ft and DC = length of air-stream over drying
manure, ft. (Merryman-East Central)
4034-A11, Bl
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
AFFECTING GROWTH PERFOR-
MANCE OF TURKEYS
Department of Poultry Science, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, Virginia
A. E. Lelghton, Jr., and J. P. Mason
Paper No. 76-4508, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1976 Winter Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 14-17, 1976, 23 p. 6
fig., 9 tab., 17 ref.
Keywords: Turkeys, Environment, Perfor-
mance, Growth, Ventilation, Temperature,
Population density, Light, Modified elevated
floors.
Results of a series of studies designed to
determine the optimum environmental re-
quirements of turkeys are presented. Environ-
mental parameters studied included the
effects of ventilation rate, temperature,
population density, light, and modified ele-
vated floors on growth performance of
turkeys. The ventilation experiments Indicat-
ed that considerably lower ventilation rates
than those currently recommended can be
used for turkeys when modified elevated
floors are utilized In a growout program.
Production of turkeys on flexlbe floor material
such as perforated plastic that allows dropp-
ings to pass through the floor into a pit: (1)
allows Increase of bird density to a maximum,
(2) drastic reduction or elimination of poultry
litter and litter management problems, (3)
minimized manure disposal costs, (4) reduced
disease hazards, and (5) marked reduction In
the need for expensive drugs for prevention
and treatment of certain diseases. Experi-
ments were conducted to determine the effect
of constant environmental temperatures of 10,
18.3, 26.7, and 35 degrees C and high and low
energy diets on growth performance of Large
White turkeys. The desirable temperature
needed for optimum combination of growth
and feed efficiency of 8-24 week old turkeys
appeared to be 18.3 degrees C. Addition of up
to 8 percent fat to the ration to improve feed
efficiency seemed to be warranted. A series of
experiments were designed to determine the
effect of population density, of light regimes,
and of wavelength of light at high and low
intensities on growth performance of male and
female turkeys. High population density was
detrimental to growth performance. Lighting
experiments Indicated that It might be
desirable to rear young poultry under diurnal
or intermittent blue lights through 16 weeks.
Then white or, preferably, red Intermittent
light could probably prevent the late period
decline in weight gain experienced under
continued use of blue light. Improved growth
would more than compensate for the cost of
light control management programs. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4035-A10
SUCCESSION AND ABUNDANCE
OF INSECTS IN PASTURE MAN-
UREi RELATIONSHIP TO FACE
FLY SURVIVAL
Department of Entomology, University of
Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65201
C. W. Wlngo, G. D. Thomas, G. N. Clark, and
C. E. Morgan
Annals of the Entomological Society of
America, V. 67, No. 3, p. 386-390, 1974. 2 fig.,
11 ref.
Keywords: Pasture manure, Flies, Ants.
All Insects present In simulated field manure
piles were collected after the manure was
exposed to 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 days to relate their
presence and abundance to predatlon on the
Immature forms of the faca fly, Muaca
autumnalls DsGeer. Of the 157 species of
adult Insects collected, only 32 were rated as
abundant, numerous or common. The abun-
dance and time of initial appearance at the
manure indicate the following species can be
important factors In predatlon upon Immature
forms of the face fly: Harpalus caliglnosus
(F.). Harpalus spp. and Chlaen/us lomanlosus
Say on 3rd-stage larvae and puparla; H/ster
abbreviates Say on eggs and all larvel stages;
Sphaerldlum larvae on 2nd- and 3rd-stage
larvae; Philonthus cruentatus Gmelln, P.
rectangu/us Sharp and Aleochara b/maculata
(Gravenhorst) on eggs and larvae. Staphyllnld
larvae appeared too late to prey on Immature
forms of the face fly. The role of ants as
predators in field manure was difficult to
assess. The Initial appearance at the manure
of the 3 most abundant species of Scara-
bacidae indicated little possibility of competi-
tion with the face fly. (1974 Copyright-Annals
of the Entomological Society)
4036-A10, Bl
REARING AND RELEASE OF THE
HOUSE FLY PUPAL PARASITE
SPALANGIA ENDIUS WALKER
Insects Affecting Man Research Laboratory,
Agricultural Research Service, USDA,
Gainesville, Florida 32604
P. B. Morgan, R. S. Patterson, G. C.
LaBrecque, D. E. Weldhaas, A. Benton, and
T. Whltfleld
Environmental Entomology, V. 4, No. 4, p.
609-611, 1975. 1 fig., 1 tab., 6 ref.
Keywords: Fly control, Poultry manure,
Parasites.
A field-collected mlcrohymenopteran pupal
parasite, Spalangla and/us Walker, was mass-
cultured In the laboratory. Releases of these
pupal parasites near an experimental popula-
tion of house files, which was breeding In
poultry manure, caused complete eradication
of the house files within 30 days. All house fly
pupae collected from the site 37 days after the
releases were parasitized. (Copyright 1975-
Envlronmental Entomology)
4037-B1, 35, C2, E2
LAND AVAILABILITY, CROP PRO-
DUCTION, AND FERTILIZER RE-
QUIREMENTS IN THE UNITED
STATES
L. A. Prior
Publication SW-166, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Oct., 1975, 99 p. 12 fig.,
25 tab., 26 ref.
Keywords: Animal wastes, Sewage sludge,
Land disposal, Land availability, Crop produc-
tion, Fertilizers, Nutrients, Nitrogen, Phos-
phorus, Potassium, Cropland, Urban areas,
Strip mined land, Farms.
This report provides Information on land
availability, crop production, and fertilizer
requirements In the United States as It relates
to animal waste and sewage sludge utilization
and disposal. Information on health effects,
plant toxlclty, metals content, and the relative
economics of utilizing sewage sludge and
animal waste on agricultural lands Including
collection, transportation, and application
costs are not considered within the scope of
this report. The Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs, however, does Intend
to address these very Important Issues aa part
of Its total effort on utilization of animal waste
and sewage sludge. (Prior)
4038-B2, C2, Dl, D3
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS
IN AERATED SWINE MANURE
SLURRIES
Department of Soil Science, North Carolina
State University, Ralalgh, North Carolina
T. E. Loynachan, W. V. Bartholomew, and A.
G. Wollum, II
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 5, No. 3,
p. 293-297, July-Sept., 1976. 9 fig., 3 tab., 18
-ef.
Keywords: Slurries, Swine manure, Liquid
wastes, Aeration, Nitrification, Denltrlflca-
tion, Nitrogen transformations, Temperature,
Loading rates, Chemical analysis.
A study was conducted to evaluate nitrogen
transformations that occur aa a function of
time In swine-manure slurries during aeration
as affected by temperature, the aeration rate
and the loading rate or slurry concentration.
Periodic samples were collected and analyzed
for residual organic N, NH4-N, NQ2-N, and
NO3-N, as well as NHs volatilized from the
aerated slurries. Although nitrification
occurred In extensively aerated swine-manure
slurries, about one-fourth of the total N was
not mineralized In an 83-day period. This
more resistant organic fraction represented
nitrogen that would not easily be denitrified.
Consequently, the nitrogen removal efficiency
of a nltrification-denltrlflcatlon sequence Is
limited. Another disadvantage In using a
denltriflcation system for nitrogen removal
was that only 30 percent of the added nitrogen
occurred at any one time In a mineral form.
This represented the maximum quantities of
nitrogen available for a planned denltriflcation
process. From 16 to 26 percent of the added
nitrogen was volatilized as NI-fj-N. From 48 to
87 percent of the added C was evolved as
CO2-C. The mechanism responsible for
nitrogen losses was not determined, but NH3
volatilization apparently predominated.
Nitrogen loss Increased with Increase In
temperature. It was felt that nltrlflcatlon-
denltrlficatlon schemes probably have limited
application to nitrogen removal from waste
substances. (Merryman-East Central)
4039-B2, B5, £2
NATURAL METHODS OF PUR-
IFYING WASTE WATERS AND
UTILIZING THEM IN AGRICUL-
TURE, BIBLIOGRAPHY, PARTS 1
&2
25
-------
A. I. L'vovlch, ed.
Natural Methods of Purifying Wests Waters
and Utilizing Them In Agriculture, Biblio-
graphy, Parts 1 & 2, Draft Translation 505, U.
S. Joint Publications Research Service for
U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and
Engineering Laboratory, 1975, 104 p.
Keywords: Bibliographies, Russia, Waste
water purification, Irrigation, Land disposal.
This bibliography gives a list of Russian
published material on agricultural utilization
of waste waters and natural methods of
purifying them on agricultural and municipal
Irrigation fields. Materials on questions of
self-purification of the soil from pollutants and
sanitary and hygienic evaluations of soil
methods are presented as completely as
possible. The bibliography was updated In
1971 to contain a total of 2,200 titles. (U. S.
Army Cold Regions Research and Engineer-
ing Laboratory)
4040-A8, B2, B4, BS, C2, E2, Fl
BACK TO BASICS--175-BUSHEL
CORN FROM LEGUMES AND
WASTES
J. Leidner
Progressive Farmer, V. 92, No. 2, p. 32-33,
Feb., 1977. 4 fig.
Keyworda: Land disposal, Swine wastes, Crop
response, Corn, Hairy vetch, Fertilizers, Zero
tillage, Minimum tillage, Waste storage,
Economics.
A northeast Alabama farmer, Lamar Brown,
uses hog wastes and hairy vetch to manufac-
ture practically all of the fertilizer needed for
his corn crop. (Many years of commercial
fertilizing have elevated residual potassium
and phosphorus levels). He grows 300 acres of
corn, which yield over 100 bushels per acre.
Some of his fields receive more wastes than
others, but all 300 acres spend the winter
covered with hairy vetch. Brown uses zero
tillage, which requires the use of paraquet,
atrazme, Prlncep, malathlon, and a small
amount of 2, 4-D, and minimum tillage, which
cuts out the use of three of the chemicals. The
corn receives three loads of hog wastes In the
fall and three loads In the spring, with 1500
gallons of hog wastes being spread per acre.
The manure used has been stored for about
six months In a SCS-deslgned concrete pit
which holds Vi million gallons. The actual
fertilizer value of hog wastes varies depending
on dilution, feed source, amount of wasted
feed, depth of pit, and length of storage, but
approximate values for a ton of hog wastes.
are: 10 to 12 pounds of N, 6 to 7 pounds of ?2O
5, and 9 to 11 pounds of K£O This is worth
about $4 per ton at current fertilizer prices.
Recent Auburn University research shows
that winter legumes such as vetch can supply
the equivalent of 90 to 120 pounds of
commercial nitrogen per acre for a following
crop such as corn or cotton. (Bates-East
Central)
4041-All, B3, C2, E3
THE LAYING PERFORMANCE OF
TWO STRAINS OF HENS OFFER-
ED DIETS CONTAINING DRIED
POULTRY MANURE DURING THE
LAYING STAGE
Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Re-
search Centre, King's Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh EH9, 3FS, Scotland
D. J. W. Lee and W. Bolton
British Poultry Science, V. 18, No. 1, p. 1-7,
Jan., 1977. 4 tab., 8 ref.
Keywords: Poultry, Refeedlng, Dried poultry
manure, Laying performance, Diets, True
protein, Metabollsable energy, Calcium,
Phosphorus, Energy content, Shell weight,
Shell thickness, Albumen.
1. Light-weight (Babcock B300) and medlum-
walght (Warren-SSL) hens were offered diets,
containing 0, 100 or 200 g dried poultry
i.ianure (DPM) and 11.49, 11.12 or 10.83 MJ
metabollsable energy/kg respectively, be-
tween 18 and 70 weeks of age. The true
protein, metabollsable energy, calcium and
phosphorus contents of the DPM, from caged
layer hens, were used In the diet formulation.
2. The hen-housed laying performance of hens
offered the DPM-contalnlng diets was signifi-
cantly better for number of eggs laid and total
egg mass produced but the performance of the
control groups was lower than would normally
be expected of those stocks. The reason for
the lower rate of lay and higher mortality of
hens fed on the control diet was not Identified.
The amount of food consumed Increased as
the energy content of the diet decreased and
the efficiency of food conversion (EFC) of the
light-weight strain was reduced; there was no
significant effect on the EFC of the medium-
weight hens. 3. The inclusion of DPM In the
diets had no effect on albumen quality or on
the Incidence of hair-cracked, cracked or
broken eggs. However, with both strains of
hens, shell weight and shell thickness were
poorer when 100 or 200 g DPM/kg diets were
fed. (Copyright 1977-Brltlsh Poultry Science)
4042-A4, A6, B2, BS, Dl, E2, Fl
HOG MANURE WORTH $3.50 PEE
TON AS FERTILIZER
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 5, p. 11, March
12, 1877.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Swine manure,
Land disposal, Cropland management, Fertili-
zers, Manure pits, Agitation, Odor, Agricul-
tural runoff, Water pollution, Economics.
A. L. Sutton, Purdue University animal
scientist, reports that liquid swine manure is
worth about $3.50 per ton as a fertilizer if It Is
applied uniformly as near to the planting date
as possible. An even better return could be
realized by developing a manure management
plan. The most effective planning depends on
a nutrient analysis of the waste, compared
with a soil test of the land and the nutrient
requirements of the crops to be grown.
Applying manura to corn, sorghum and small
grains can Increase the dollars benefit.
Maximum corn yields have resulted from
applying 40 to 80 ions of swine manure per
acre per year on top of the soil. When
supplementing the soli with a commercial
fertilizer, this rate can be decreased. Sutton
offers the following recommendations to
producers who plan to apply liquid manure to
cropland. First, the producer must remember
that gas liberated from the manure pits is
deadly. Consequently, adequate ventilation
should be allowed while agitating the manure.
Agitation of the manure facilitates removal of
S9(tl9d solids and uniformly distributes the
nutrients Reasonable distances from ponds,
streams, open ditches, and residential areas
should be maintained when applying manure
In order to minimize runoff and odor
problems. Actual spreading should bo done
early In the day, and manure should not b«
applied to unlevel frozen ground or water
saturated soils. Soil Injection or Immediate
incorporation of manure Into the soil maxl-
jnlzes Its fertilizer value and minimizes Its
odor problems. (Keel-East Central)
4043-A2, A4, Bl, B4, C2, El, E2, F2
ANIMAL WASTES MANAGEMENT
College of Engineering, Utah State Univer-
sity, Logan, Utah 84321
E. J. Mlddlebrooks
Public Works, p. 67-69, Feb., 1975.
Keywords: Livestock wastes, Waste manage-
ment, Water pollution, Legal aspects, Feed-
lots, Manure spreading, Agricultural runoff,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus.
Increased efficiency of agricultural produc-
tion, and the Influx of suburbia Into rural
areas has increased the recognition of the
problems generated by handling and dispos-
ing of agricultural wastes. Proper planning
and appropriate legislation Is needed to strike
a balance between adequate food production
and proper waste management. Animal waste
management would be simpler If the waste
were to be collected In feedlots. But small beef
and dairy cattle feeding operations, and
poultry farms are scattered In relatively
Isolated areas, the majority along small
streams. Many use the streams as a means of
disposing of their wastes, causing pollution of
our waterways, deplete the oxygen supply and
add excessive quantities of nitrogen and
phosphorus. Manure spreading is practiced
by small animal farms, but as the size of these
farms increases, It necessitates hauling the
excess manure to other disposal sites or
attempts to sell the manure as a soil
conditioner, with little success. It Is known
ihat the Impact on the water quality caused by
animal wastes is due to the periodic sludge
discharges of pollutants that reach a water-
way. A number of feedlot runoff control
measures, such as diversion, retention ponds,
confinement, proper location, use of evapora-
tion ponds, and land disposal of the excess
liquid. (Solid Waste Information Retrieval
System)
4044-A8, BS, C2, E2
ARSENIC CONTENT OF CORN
GRAIN ON A COASTAL PLAIN
SOIL AMENDED WITH POULTRY
MANURE
Department of Plant Science, University of
Delaware, Newark, Delawar%
W. C. Llebhardt
Communications In Soil Science and Plant
Analysis, V. 7, No. 2, p. 169-174, 1976. 1 tab.,
10 ref.
Keywords: Arsenic, Poultry manure, Feed
additions, Soil amendments, Crop response,
Corn grain.
The concentration of arsenic In corn grain was
not affected by the use of poultry manure from
chickens which had been fad 3-nltro 4-hydroxy
phenyl arsonlc acid. Corn was grown on plots
receiving In excess of 600 Mt/ha over a three
year period which is 10 to 20 times normal
use. The results indicate that arsenic Is not
concentrated In corn grain when manure from
chickens fed 3-nltro 4-hydroxy phenyl arsonlc
acid as a feed additive is used as a soil
amendment on Delaware's sandy coastal plain
soils. (Copyright 1976-COMMUNICATIONS
IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS)
26
-------
4045-A8, BS, C2, E2
NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION OF
CORN AS EFFECTED BY POUL-
TRY MANURE
Department of Plant Science, University of
Delaware, Newark, Delaware
W. C. Llebhardt
Communications In Soil Science and Plant
Analysis, V. 7, No. 2, p. 175-188, 1976. 14
tab., 10 ref.
Keywords: Poultry manure, Land application,
Application rates, Nutrient concentration,
Plant tissue, Crop response, Magnesium,
Manganese, Calcium, Iron, Sodium, Boron,
Zinc.
The elemental composition of corn was
evaluated during the 1973 growing season In
an experiment with various rates of poultry
manure. In general, the nutrient concentra-
tion of plant tissue reflected poultry manure
applications with the exception of Mg which
declined and Ca, Fe and Na which appeared to
be largely unaffected. The elemental concen-
trations in the corn tissue were not In a toxic
range however, the nutrient balance was
changed by poultry manure application.
Sampling of corn early In the growing season
can be quite valuable with respect to
predicting nutrient concentration of more
mature corn for Mg, Mn, B and Zn, but it
leaves much to be desired for the other
elements tested. (Copyright 1976-COMMUN-
ICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT
ANALYSIS)
4046-A8, E2
EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE
ADDITIONS ON THE EXTRACT-
ABILITY OF AN ADDED METAL
Department of Land Resource Science, Uni-
versity of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada,
N1G 2W1
P. R. Warman and R. L. Thomas
Communications In Soil Science and Plant
Analysis, V. 7, No. 4, p. 405-414, 1976. 1 tab.
13 ref.
Keywords: Poultry manure, Land application,
Application rates, Metals, Extractablllty,
Soils, Cadmium.
Soils, to which poultry manure had been
added at either, zero, 11.2, or 56.1 metric
tons/ha, were sampled at 1, 10, 40 and 160
days after the addition. The effect of the
remaining organic matter on metal extracta-
blllty was studied using Cd as an indicator Ion.
Less of the added Cd could be extracted as
exchangeable Cd or complexed Cd (CuOAc
extractable) as the rate of manure addition
increased. An HC1 extract removed some of
the retained Cd, but the total Cd extracted
(exchangeable plus complexed plus HC1
extractable) was lower at the highest rate of
manure addition. The longer the manure
decomposed, the more pronounced was the
effect on Cd extractabillty. The results
indicate that the amount of an organic matter
addition, and its stage of decomposition will
affect the retention of a metal in a soil.
(Copyright 1976 - COMMUNICATIONS IN
SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS)
4047-A2, A8, B), C2
FEEDLOT WASTE HUNOFF AND
MORTALITY OF WINDBREAK
TREES
Research Forester, Rocky Mountain Forest
and Range Experiment Station, Forest Ser-
vice, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Lincoln, Nebraska 68508
D. F. Van Haverbeke, L. Chesnln, and D. R.
Miller
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, V. 31,
No. 1, p. 14-17, Jan.-Feb., 1976. 9 fig., 10 ref.
Keywords: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Tree
mortality, Sampling, Soil profile, Soil pH,
Conductivity, Heavy metals, Sodium, Tox-
iclty.
Runoff from confinement feedlots, flowing
through windbreaks killed mature trees. Soil
profile samples showed that the feedlot
runoff, during a period of 2 to 3 years,
increased the soil pH and conductivity and
altered the exchangeable cation status In the
dead-tree areas. We don't believe these
changes were sufficient to kill the trees,
although sodium saturation was too high
within the feedlots to support normal plant
growth. Heavy metals and organic substances
(or their decomposition products) leaching
through the soil could also have been toxic to
the trees. We recommend grading to divert
the flow of wastes away from established
windbreaks or selecting upslope locations for
new plantings. (Copyright 1976-JOURNALOF
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION)
4048-81, C3, D3, E3
MICROBIAL POPULATION
CHANGES AND FERMENTATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENSILED
BOVINE MANURE-BLENDED
RATIONS
National Sales, Inc., P.O. Box 1019, Jackson,
MS 39205
E. F. Knight, T. A. McCaskey, W. B.
Anthony, and J. L. Walters
Journal of Dairy Science, V. 60, No. 3, p.
416-423, March, 1977. 6 fig., 2 tab., 20 ref.
Keywords: Rations, Cattle manure, Refeed-
ing, Ensiling, Fermentation, Mlcroblal pop-
ulation, Moisture content, pH, Lactic acid,
Conforms, Yeasts, Molds, Salmonellae, Strep-
tococcus faacal/s, Lactobaclllus plantarum,
Feedlots, Confinement pens.
Manure from beef steers confined on concrete
was blended with a basal ration at 20, 40, and
60 percent and ensiled at 25 C. The moisture
content of the rations Increased with manure
added. The rations with higher moisture
developed a lower pH and higher lactic acid
during the 10-day ensiling. Conform bacteria
were not detected In rations with 40 percent
and 60 percent manure after 5 days ensiling
and after 10 days In the 20 percent manure-
blended ration. Conform count of the basal
ration (no manure) remained constant at about
104/g. When pH dropped to 4.4 to 4.7,
conforms died In all manure-blended rations.
Salmonellae were Isolated twice from 66
samples of the manure-blended rations and
ration constituents (basal ration and manure)
prior to ensiling. Salmonellae were not
recovered from the salmonsllae positive
manure-blended rations after 3-days ensiling.
Sporeformlng bacteria survived but did not
proliferate In the ensiled rations. The predom-
inant acid-producing bacterium In the man-
ure-blended rations prior to ensiling was
Streptococcus faecalls. After 10 days ensiling
Lactobeclllus plantarum was the predominant
type. (Copyright 1977-Journal of Dairy
Science)
4049-A5, B2, B4, C2
ACCUMULATION OF NUTRI-
ENTS IN SOIL BENEATH HOG
MANURE LAGOONS
Department of Land Resource Science, Ontar-
io, Ministry of Agriculture and Food
M. H. Miller, J. B. Robinson, and D. W.
Gallagher
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 5, No. 3,
p. 279-282, July-Sept., 1976. 6 tab., 11 ref.
Keywords: Lagoons, Swine wastes, Soils,
Sampling, Nutrients, Feedlots, Groundwater
pollution, Seepage, Waste storage, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Nutrients.
The soils beneath 4 hog manure lagoons ware
sampled during the spring end summer of
1974 to determine the extent of nitrogen and
phosphorus accumulation. Arrangements
were made with lagoon owners to lower the
manure level as far as feasible. Lagoon 1, a
2-year-old lagoon, was on a clay loam to clay
calcareous till. Lagoon 2, a 2-year-old lagoon,
was on a lacustrine clay deposit. Lagoon 3, a
10-year-old lagoon, was on a loam to sandy
loam calcareous till. Lagoon 4, an 8-year-old
lagoon, was on layered fine sandy loam, silt
loam and sllty clay loam. Levels of NH,j-N and
soluble P were vary high In the top cm of
lagoon 1, but decreased sharply at lower
depths. Soluble P at the 10-20 cm level was
not above the background level (0.05-0.20
/ig/g). NH4 -N at the 20-30 cm depth was
slightly above ths background level (1.6-7.1
Jjg/g). The NOs -N level In the soil was very
low. The NH4-N content below lagoon 2 was
very high In the top 20 cm but was not above
background (0.3-1.5jug/g) below that depth.
Soluble P and nitrate nitrogen did not
accumulate below lagoon 2. This may have
been due to removal of the upper 1-2 cm of soil
with the thick layer of organic material that
was present in this lagoon. The NH4 -N
content of the soil below lagoon 3 was very
high even at the 140-150 cm depth compared
to the background levels (O>>g/g). Soluble P
accumulated In the 0-10 cm depths but not at
deeper depths. NO3-N levels were very low at
all depths. NH^-N levels In lagoon 4 were very
high at all depths sampled—even at a depth of
400 cm. Soluble P was very high In the top 30
cm. NO3-N levels Increased between sampling
times, Indicating the conversion of NH4-N to
NO3-N took place following emptying of the
lagoon. Clay content and age of lagoons 1 and
2 seemed to be the factors Involved In the
contrasting results between lagoons 1 and 2
and lagoons 3 and 4. The experiment
Indicated that the most satisfactory use of
lagoons would be on fine-textured soils.
(Merryman-East Central)
4050-A4, AS, Bl
THE IMPLICATION OF HYDRO-
GEOLOGIC FACTORS IN WASTE
MANAGEMENT ON LAND (WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
NOVA SCOTIA ENVIRONMENT)
Water Planning and Management Division,
Nova Scotia Department of the Environment,
P. O. Box 2107, Halifax, Nov» Ssotla B3J 2X1,
Canada
J. F. Jones and J. E. Qlbb
Proceedings of the International Gonfersnee
on Land for W«*te M«n©g«m«r)t, Ottawa,
Canada, Oct., 1973, p. 147-160. Degartmant
of the Environment and National Reeaaroh
Council of Canada, 1974. 6 fig., 1 tat
Keywords: Hydrogeology, Waste maneg®-
ment, Nova Scotia, Canada, Water pollution,
Groundwater pollution, Sewage lagoons,
Animal wastes.
27
-------
The Importance of hydroeeologlc factors In
waste management mutt be revealed to the
public and to the planners of waste manage-
ment system* In order to minimize environ-
mental pollution. Ignorance of the Implica-
tions of such factors has often resulted In
groundwaterand surface water pollution from
such sources as leachate from septic tanks,
Industrial sewage lagoons, farm animal waste,
and solid waste disposal sites. Hydrogeologlc
factors of particular Importance for the
protection of groundwater and surface water
In Nova Scotia Include the groundwater flow
systems, groundwater recharge and discharge
areas, geology, topography, seasonal and
climatic factors, the Influence of pumping
wells, etc. A continuing program of collection
of hydrogeologlc data should be maintained In
Nova Scotia so that this Information will be
available to the appropriate agencies. These
data should be reduced so that they can be
understood by non-hydrogeologlsts. Blanket
regulations regarding waste disposal site
locations are Inadequate. Since conditions
vary from area to area, an on-alte hydro-
geologic Investigation Is needed to determine
the suitability of a given area for waste
disposal. (Merryman-East Central)
4051-B3, D3, E3, Fl
MANURE
Anonymous
Feedlot Management, V. 18, No. 4, p. 30,
April, 1974.
Keywords: Composting, Recycling, Fuels,
Energy, Economics, Cattle manure, Organic
wastes.
Scientists have learned that organic wastes,
such as animal manures, urban sewage,
sludge, garbage, and refuse, when composted
produce a clean, sulphur-free fuel resembling
lignite. This stable, brown compost-fuel can
be produced for a lower cost than oil, propane,
natural gas, coal or other such fuels. The
compost-fuel can be combined with other
wastes, such as crank case oil, to produce a
fuel mixture with an energy capacity higher
than compost's BTU rating when needed.
Compost-fuel need not be confined to agricul-
tural uses only; It can perform other heating
functions such as heating buildings and can be
an Important additive to other fuels for the
gsnuratlon of 3te»m and electricity. Manure,
when composted Into fuel, could produce the
energy value of 109,440 barrels of oil. Tha
selling value of this fuel would be $1,094,400,
with oil at $10 par barrel. Use of compost-fuel
made from cattle feedlot manures alone would
supply energy exceeding the total propane
and other fuels such as natural gas and oil
used In grain drying of corn, soybeans, rice,
etc. (Merryman-East Central)
4052-A1, A8, B2, C2, D3, E2
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH
SPREADING ANIMAL-WASTE
,i(/JRRIES
Agricultural and Food Chemistry Research
Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Nawforge
Lane, Belfast, Northern Ire'and
I. S. Cornforih
Proceedings of the International Conference
on Land for Waste Management, Ottawa,
Canada, Oct., 1973, p. 253-263. Department
of the Environment and National Research
Council of Canada, 1974. 2 fig., 4 tab., 20 raf.
Keywords: Slurries, Animal wastes, England,
Northern Ireland, Land, Spreading, Envlron-
montal effects, Odor, Diseases, Water pollu-
tion, Soil physical properties, Waste manage-
ment, Phosphorus, Potassium, Crop re-
sponse, Refeedlng, Separating, Byproducts.
Geographically, problems of waate disposal
are least In eastern England where rainfall Is
low, soils are predominantly light textured,
and farms are mixed or arable. Here the
problems are basically odor, disease spread,
and possibly water pollution. All the problems
associated with spreading slurry on land
Intensify as one moves west across the British
Isles. This Is because the rainfall Increases,
the proportion of arable land declines, soils
are generally heavier In texture, and land
surfaces become steeper. In western England
and Northern Ireland animal production
predominates and the harmful effects of
excess slurry on soil physical properties are
Important. A further problem resulting from
the spreading of animal wastes on land In
Northern Ireland Is the accumulation of plant
nutrients In the soil. Intensive animal produc-
tion based on Imported concentrate feeds
results In a net Input of plant nutrients on the
farmland. Since little of the land Is cultivated,
phosphorus and potassium (neither of which Is
very mobile) accumulate In the top few
centimeters of soil. This has two conse-
quences. Nutrient balance In the grass Is
upset. High concentrations of potassium
suppress the uptake of magnesium, with the
result that stock grazing the grass suffer from
magnesium deficiency and possibly from
reproductive failure caused by high K
concentrations. Also, grass roots appear to be
restricted to the nutrlant-rlch surface hori-
zons, resulting In uprooting of whole grass
plants by grazing animals. Thus, the sward Is
rapidly and severely damaged. Alternative
methods for disposing of animal wastes In
high-risk land areas Include: (1) drying
poultry manure for Inclusion with ruminant
feeds, (2) aeroblcally treating the wastes to
decrease the biological oxygen demand, (3)
separating the solid and liquid fractions of
slurry, drying and subsequently burning the
solids fraction; the liquid fraction may be
spread on land or, after aerobic treatment,
treated In domestic sewage works, and (4)
using the liquid fraction of slurry as a nutrient
medium for growing high-protein stock feeds
of fungal or algal origin. (Merryman-East
Central)
40S3-A10, All, A12, Bl, C3, E2
FATE OF PATHOGENS IN SOILS
RECEIVING ANIMAL WASTES
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska
J. R. Ellis and T. M. McCalla
Paper No. 76-2560, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1976 Winter Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 14-17, 1976, 23 p. 3
tab., 54 ret.
Keywords: Land disposal, Animal wastes,
Pathogenic bacteria, Disease, Vectors.
Applications of manure to the soil has
normally been a sound practice; however,
there are exceptions. If wastes are appl led at a
rate that exceeds soil capacity to assimilate
them, the environment may be contaminated
and disease may result. Also, If contaminated
with anthrax, foot-and-mouth-disease virus,
and other long-lived pathogenic organisms,
manure may need special treatment. The
major concern In land disposal has been that
pathogens present In wastes may escape the
process of soil purification long enough to
produce a unique pathogen hazard or become
a disease vector to Infect man or other
animals. As a general rule, most pathogens
are competitors outside the host. Factors
which Influence pathogen survival In waste
material and soil are: waste treatment,
moisture, sunlight, pH, temperature, anti-
biotics, toxic substances, competitive organ-
Isms, available nutrients, organic matter, and
soil type. Most researchers seem to feel that,
If proper precautions are used, the spreading
of animal wastes on the land Is rarely a health
hazard. Recycling of waate to the land Is
normally a sound policy and has been used for
centuries to decontaminate wastes. (Merry-
man-East Central)
40S4-A3, A8, Bl, C2, E2
AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION OF
WINTER SPREAD MANURE
Agricultural Engineering Department, Uni-
versity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
T. S. Steenhuls, G. D. Bubenzer, and J. C.
Converse
Paper No. 76-4514, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1976 Winter Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 14-17, 1976, 17 p. 5
fig., 6 tab., 19 ref.
Keywords: Ammonia, Volatilization, Land
spreading, Winter, Dairy manure, Application
rates, Freeze-thaw cycles, Dehydration, Urea-
ammonium conversion rate, Wind, Humidity,
Freezing, Thawing, Agricultural runoff, Infil-
tration.
Laboratory and field experiments were con-
ducted to determine ammonia volatilization
rates from winter spread manure. Factors
considered were: manure application rate,
freeze-thaw cycles, dehydration and urea-
ammonium conversion rate. The following
conclusions were drawn from the experi-
ments: (1) Lower temperatures and lower
wind speeds reduced ammonia volatilization.
(2) Conversion of urea to ammonia, which is
temperature dependent, may be the limiting
factor of ammonia volatilization following
winter spreading. (3) Relative air humidity
had no appreciable effect on volatilization. (4)
Higher application rates Increased volatiliza-
tion half life. (5) Freezing and thawing did not
Increase volatilization rate. (6) It would seem
that winter spreading would result In less
volatilization of ammonia because wind
speeds and temperatures are normally lower
and much of the manurlal nitrogen Is In urea
form. However, melt water In runoff events
may contain a large portion of the yet
unvolatillzed nitrogen. The loss of nitrogen
due to surface runoff will depend upon the
portion of the melt water that Infiltrates.
(Merryman-East Central)
4055-A6, B2, B4, Dl, D3, El, Fl
HOGMEN SIZE UP OXIDATION
SYSTEMS
L. Musil
Kansas Farmer, V. 113, No. 15, p. 8, 57, Sept.
4, 1976. 4 fig.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Swine wastes,
Oxidation systems, Racetrack pits, Odor
control, Costs, WasteJreatment, Lagoons,
Waste storage, Evaporation, Cropland man-
agement, Land disposal.
The use of aerobic oxidation to decompose
swine manure Is described by Paul Smart,
Douglas County, Kansas hog farmer, and Dr.
Berl Koch, KSU swine scientist. Smart
operates a 50-acre operation, composed of
7500 hogs that excrete approximately 30 tons
of raw manure dally. Dr. Kock notes that
aerobic oxidation Is the most effective and also
one of the more expensive methods of
handling manure. Smart's system employs an
electrically driven paddle wheel, 5 feet In
diameter, which fits Into a 38-Inch wide pit.
KSU uses an electrically driven propeller.
Both systems churn the waate around race-
track pits under slats so that oxygen breaks
the organic matter Into CQ2and HyO thus
eliminating almost all odor at both operations.
Lagoons at Smart's operation accomodate
effluent overflows from the racetrack pits and
28
-------
In the 11 years of operation, have never had to
be drained. The lagoons fill during the winter
and recede during the summer. Problems
found In Smart's operation Include collection
of hairs In the bearings, foam on the bearings
and belts, and belt breakage. At KSU,
effluent from the race-track pits drains Into
storage tanks that are emptied periodically
and spread on cropland. KSU's propellers are
powered by 3-horse power sealed dustproof
motors that use 50-70 kilowatt hours dally.
Propellers last about 6 months and motors
about 3 years. Yearly cost Is about $5,000 for
the 100 sow unit or $1.50 to $3.50 per day per
building. This compares with Smart's electric-
ity costs of about $90 per day for his 7500
hogs. (Keel-East Central)
4056-A7, A10, All, B3
BUILT-UP LITTER SAVES US
TIME AND MONEY
Armour Food Company, Gonzales, Texas
78628
M. M. Reger
Poultry Digest, V. 36, No. 421, p. 141-142,
March, 1977, 1 fig.
Keywords: Litter, Economics, Turkeys,
Brooders, Management, Disease, Molds,
Vectors, Dust.
Mark Reger, Armour Food Corporation,
reports on the reuse of in both turkey brooding
and total confinement houses. For two years
this practice has bean used on a large farm
with 3 brooding units which brood six groups
of 60,000 turkeys per year. Wood shavings are
used for litter. By reusing built-up litter, the
expense of removing, disposing and spread-
ing Is decreased. Reger made the following
observations of the reuse of litter: (1) With
new litter, bare spots show up but built-up
litter can be as deep as you desire, (2) Wet
spots from water spills are much easier to
manage, (3) New litter Is not always clean, dry
and free from pathogenic organisms, (4)
Built-up litter will begin to compost and clean
itself up. Reger reports that any worm,
bacteria or mold build-up has not been
detected, and (5) Most of the time there Is less
excess dust In built-up litter than In new litter.
(Keel-East Central)
4057-All, A12, Bl, Cl, C2, C3, Dl,
D2, D3, E3, Fl, F2, F3, F4
SEMINAR ON FEEDLOT MAN-
URE RECYCLING FOR NUTRI-
ENT RECOVERY
Seminar on Feedlot Manure Recycling for
Nutrient Recovery, East Central University,
Ada, Oklahoma, April 7, 1977, 82 p.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Animal wastes, Recy-
cling, Confinement pens, Feedlots, Perfor-
mance, Rations, Pathogenic bacteria, Legal
aspects, Economics, Waste management,
Equipment.
A seminar was held In which a cross section of
animal scientists, agricultural consultants,
mlcroblologists, agricultural engineers, and
EPA and FDA representatives participated for
the purpose of examining the potential of
refeedlng animal wastes. While drawbacks
were cited, the overall consensus of opinion
seemed to be that the refeedlng of animal
wastes was a viable waste management
alternative. (Merryman-East Central)
4058-B1, Cl, C2, E3, Fl
REFEEDING POTENTIALS:
FACTS AND FANTASIES
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, De-
partment of Animal Science, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas
L. M. Schake
Seminar on Feedlot Manure Recycling for
Nutrient Recovery, East Central University,
Ada, Oklahoma, April 7, 1977, 4 p. 12 ref.
Mr. Schake, a Texas A&M professor In the
Department of Animal Science, examined
objectively the facts and fantasies associated
with animal waste refeedlng. The following
observations were made: (1) The practice of
animals eating wastes Is a natural process
which animals have performed on their own
for many years. Therefore, waste refeedlng
may be viewed as the controlled extension of
natural nutrient recycling, rather than a new
and perhaps absurd Idea. (2) Waste recovery
and processing systems that add little, If any,
nutritional value to the potential feed must be
seriously questioned—especially If these sys-
tems are energy Intensive. (3) Animal wastes
are of variable composition. In contemplating
a refeedlng system, one must consider the
composition and uniformity of the waste to be
fed. (4) No closed system of total waste
refeedlng has been developed whereby all
waste produced and harvested may be suc-
cessfully refed to an equal number and type of
cattle. Logically this could never be accomp-
lished. (5) Most waste will be distributed to
land as fertilizer, either directly or Indirectly.
Refeeding may allow a portion of the waste to
be cycled into feed mixtures once or twice
before disposal, but ultimately it will return to
the land. Hence, refeedlng must be of enough
economic benefit to include It as a portion of
the feed mixture as opposed to acquiring more
conventional feeds. (6) The major limitation of
waste refeeding centers about the recovery-
collection processes. Research emphasis
should focus upon the utilization of fresh high
moisture waste close to site of production.
(Merryman-East Central)
4059-All, Bl, B3, Cl, C2, Dl, E3
USE OF WASTE FROM OPEN
FEEDLOTS FOR FATTENING,
GROWING AND MAINTENANCE
RATIONS
Department of Animal Science, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas
R. C. Albin
Seminar of Feedlot Manure Recycling for
Nutrient Recovery, East Central University,
Ada, Oklahoma, April 7, 1977, 7 p. 6 tab., 13
ref.
Keywords: Open feedlots, Refeedlng, Perfor-
mance, Economics, State of the Art, Digesti-
bility, Palatablllty, Stockpiling, Ash, Crude
protein, Dry matter, Moisture content,
Dustlness.
A current "state of the art" of using waste
from open, dirt-surfaced, commercial beef
cattle feedlots in rations for beef cattle Is
presented. The following conclusions were
drawn: (1) Digestibility of crude protein In
such wastes is low (26-40 percent). (2)
Digestibility of dry matter and organic matter
(and energy since they are closely related)
averages about 35 to 40 percent, considerably
lower than most concentrates, but only
somewhat lowor than the dry matter digesti-
bility of low quality forages. (3) Composting
appears to decrease crude protein digesti-
bility, but It increases cell wall material
digestibility. (4) Acceptability (palatablllty) of
rations containing the material Is not affected.
(5) No detectable, adverse side effects upon
animal health were reported. (6) Feedlot
waste Is difficult to grind If the moisture
content Is higher than 20 percent. If the waste
contains about 12 percent water or less,
dustlneas becomes a problem. (7) In spite of
cautionary procedures, dirt contamination,
resulting in an ash content higher than 33
percent, Is a consistent problem. (8) Due to
the low energy content, levels of greater than
5 percent feedlot waste In a finishing ration
will reduce performance and economic alter-
natives must be evaluated. (9) Levels of
greater than 5 percent feedlot waste would
need to be utilized In growing rations and
maintenance rations for beef cows, but again,
economic alternatives must be considered.
(10) Removal of waste from the feed yard pen,
piling, possibly spreading to partially dry,
replllng, passing through a grinder, and
stockpiling for feeding results In a "free" feed
Ingredient with a $15 to $20 per ton handling
cost. (Merryman-East Central)
4060-A6, All, 82, B3, Cl, C2, C3,
Dl, D2, D3, E3
HARVESTING AND PROCESSING
MANURE FROM CONFINEMENT
OPERATIONS FOR REFEEDING
Agricultural Engineering Department, Unl-
veralty of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
D. L. Day
Seminar of Feedlot Manure Recycling for
Nutrient Recovery, East Central University,
Ada, Oklahoma, April 7, 1977, 15 p. 6 fig., 4
tab., 13 ref.
Keywords: Confinement buildings, Refeed-
ing, Waste treatment, Ensiling, Chemical
treatment, Odor control, Pathogenic bacteria,
Palatablllty, Economics, Climate, Floors,
Feedbunks, Nutrients.
This paper discusses methods of harvesting
and utilizing manure for refeedlng from beef
confinement buildings to minimize nutrient
losses, labor and odors. Such factors as
climate, housing versus open lots, floor types
and shapes, feedbunko, methods of process-
ing wastes, and amounts of wastes that can be
refed are considered. Processing Is necessary
for odor and pathogen control and for making
the produce palatable. Primary methods for
processing beef wastes for refeedlng are
ensiling and chemical traatmsnt. Confinement
buildings have the advantage of allowing
frequent harvesting of wastes to avoid major
nutrient losses that occur In conventional
storage. Also, confinement buildings protect
the bunks from rain that can spoil feed,
especially If it contains processed wastes.
While confinement buildings require a high
initial investment, It is felt that facility costs
can pay for themselves In reduced labor
requirements and Increased performance of
the animals while saving space and achieving
pollution control. (Merryman-East Central)
4061'-A 11, Bl, Cl, C2, Dl, E3
FORMULATING AND MILLING
FEEDS CONTAINING MANURE
FROM OPEN FEEDLOTS
Feedlot Consultant, Indian Wells, California
J. D. Aughtry
Seminar of Feedlot Manure Recycling for
Nutrient Recovery, East Central University,
Ada, Oklahoma, April 7, 1977, 10 p. 3 tab.
Keywords: Feeds, Open Feedlots, Refeedlng,
Performance, Waste treatment, Chemical
properties, Physical properties.
Manure collected from open feedlots can be
used as a feed Ingredient In fundamentally
sound, properly balanced, complete feedlot
rations at least-cost levels of up to 15 percent
of the total feed without adversely affecting
dry matter Intake or performance of cattle.
29
-------
Manure can usually be collected dry from
open feedlots during dry seasons In arid and
•eml-arld regions of the West and stored for
year around use. When collected dry, the
manure needs no processing except grinding.
Because manure from open feedlots Is
variable In composition, quality control Is
essential. (Merryman-East Central)
4062-A11, Bl, C3, D2, D3, E3
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION
POTENTIAL FROM ANIMAL
WASTE REFEEDING
Department of Animal Science, Virginia Poly-
technic Institute and State University, Blacks-
burg, Virginia
J. P. Fontenot
Seminar of Feedlot Manure Recycling for
Nutrient Recovery, East Central University,
Ada, Oklahoma, April 7, 1977,12 p. 5 tab., 34
ref.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Pathogenic bacteria,
Parasites, Waste treatment, Animal health,
Poultry litter, Ensiling, Methylbromlde fumi-
gation, Autoclavlng, Paraformaldehyde,
Ethylene oxide fumigation.
It Is recommended that wastes be processed to
destroy potential pathogens. The type of
process to be used Is dependent upon the kind
of waste, the kind of enterprise, and the
resources available. Procedures which have
been found to destroy pathogenic organisms
Include dry heat, moist heat, chemical
treatment, and fermentation. If animal wastes
are properly processed, disease transmission
due to refeedlng does not seem to be a serious
problem. (Merryman-East Central)
4063-A9, All, Bl, C2, E3
RESIDUE TRANSFER AND
ACCUMULATION
Animal Physiology & Genetics Institute, Feed
Energy Conservation Laboratory, Beltsvllle,
Maryland 20705
C. C. Calvert
Seminar of Feedlot Manure Recycllnfl for
Nutrient Recovery, East Central University,
Ada, Oklahoma, April 7, 1977, 22 p. 13 tab.,
18 ref.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Feed additives, Animal
health, Cattle, Sheep, Dried poultry excreta,
Heavy metals, Pesticides, Hormones, Arsan-
Illc acid, Arsenic, Amprollum, Copper, Zinc,
Iron, Cadmium, Lead.
This report describes the general categories of
feed additives, Indicates which additives have
more potential In creating problems for
refeedlng, reviews work that has been done to
determine whether specific additives are
contributing residues to excreta, and de-
scribes the distribution of some of these
residues In tissues of excreta-fed animals.
Excreta residues of heavy metals, pesticides
and hormones are also considered. In one
study, litter containing the coccldlostat
amprollum was fed to steers. After a 5-day
withdrawal period, no significant difference In
tissue amprollum was found at 0, 25, or 50
percent feed levels for either 121 or 198 days.
In studies utilizing arsanillc acid In feeds for
sheep, an average of 87 percent of the
Ingested arsenic was excreted In the feces.
Arsenic from arsanillc acid fed at levels up to
273 mg/kg of diet was detected In sheep
tissues. Levels In tissues were proportional to
levels fed. A 6-day withdrawal period seemed
to be sufficient to decrease tissue arsenic to
acceptable levels for all but the higher dietary
levels. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides
and exogenous and endogenous hormones
have not been found to pose a problem In
refeedlng. In a study utilizing dried poultry
excreta (DPE) In steer rations, copper, zinc,
and Iron levels were significantly Increased.
Cadmium and lead contents were unchanged.
The only significant differences In tissue
heavy metal levels were an Increase In levels
of liver copper and kidney Iron and a decrease
In levels of kidney cadmium In steers fed DPE.
Dietary copper Increase resulted from high
copper levels In DPE from laying hens fed
copper sulfate. Decrease In levels of kidney
cadmium was probably due to a substantial
Increase In Intake of dietary zinc In DPE-
supplemented diets. (Merryman-East Cen-
tral)
4064-A11, A12, Bl, C2, C3, E3, F2
PROVISIONS OF STATE AND
FEDERAL REGULATIONS ON
REFEEDING
Division of Swine and Minor Species, Food
and Drug Administration, 5800 Fishers Lane,
Rockvllle, Maryland 20857
J. C. Taylor and R. E. Geyer
Seminar of Feedlot Manure Recycling for
Nutrient Recovery, East Central University,
Ada, Oklahoma, April 7, 1977, 7 p.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Regulation, Legal
aspects, Feed additives, Animal health,
Public health, Food, Drug, and Coametlc Act.
The Food and Drug Administration Is respon-
sible for administering the dictates of the
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which became
law In 1906, was rewritten In 1938, and has
been amended several times. The 1958 feed
additives amendment defines "food" to
Include "articles used for food or drink for
man or other animals." Since animal feed Is
"food" under the Act, It is subject to
regulatory action If It Is adulterated—"bears or
contains any poisonous or deleterious sub-
stance which may render It Injurious to
health." If the substance Is not an added
substance, then the food Is not considered
adulterated If the quantity of the substance
doesn't ordinarily cause health problems and
In unavoidable In good manufacturing prac-
tice. Section 402 of the Act also states that a
food Is adulterated If It consists wholly or In
part of filth, putrid or decomposed sub-
stances, or Is "otherwise unfit for food." The
last phrase provides opportunity for distinc-
tion between human food and animal feed.
For Instance, a substance that Is unfit for
human food because of aesthetic reasons
might not be unfit for animal food. Section 402
also declares to be adulterated food that "Is,
bears or contains any food additive which Is
unsafe within the meaning of section 409."
Section 409 provides that a food additive Is
unsafe unless there Is In effect a regulation
prescribing the conditions under which It can
be used safely. Even If recycled waste Is
adulterated within the meaning of the Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act, It Is not within the
Jurisdiction of the Act unless an Interstate
commerce element Is present. While the FDA
can regulate Interstate and probably even
Intrastate shipment of recycled animal waste,
typically this regulation Is a cooperative
state-federal effort. The FDA Is presently
seeking outside assistance In answering the
unresolved safety questions relating to refeed-
lng and hopes to publish a notice summarizing
the Information gathered In the Federal
Register In the Spring of 1977. (Merryman-
East Central)
406S-A9, All, Bl, C2, C3, Dl, D2,
E3, Fl
PRESERVATION AND REFEED-
ING POULTRY WASTE TO
CATTLE
Masters Agrl Consultants, Inc., Athens,
Georgia
G. C. Masters
Seminar of Feedlot Manure Recycling for
Nutrient Recovery, East Central University,
Ada, Oklahoma, April 7, 1977, 3 p.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Poultry wastes, Cattle,
Chemical analysis, Blocldes, Pathogenic bac-
teria, Waste treatment, Physical treatment,
Chemical treatment, Economics, Grazon.
Masters Agri Consultants, Inc. suggests the
following techniques for mixing and feeding
wastes: (1) Litter Is cleaned out of poultry
houses by commercial crews and loaded Into
large dump trailers for movement to the
feedlot. (2) Litter Is removed from the
stockpile at the feedlot with a front end loader
and put Into a horizontal mixer which has
scales. (3) Water Is added to the litter In the
mixer to Increase moisture to about 35
percent. (4) Grazon Is sprinkled on the
moisturized litter at the rate of 1 gal/ton,
while the batch Is mixing. (5) Corn and other
ingredients are added by weight as the mixer
continues to run. (6) The mixed feed Is then
conveyed Into feed troughs. It must be
recognized that waste feeding does not
guarantee profits. Improper management,
supervision and control can lose feeders more
money than the waste feeding can save, in
some time periods, low market prices may
cause almost all feeders, regardless of
efficiency, to lose money. Feeders should bear
the following recommendations In mind: (1)
Feed waste only In states where state feed
Inspection divisions allow the practice. (2)
Verify what chemicals are used In the feed
from which you intend to recover waste for
cattle feeding. (3) Verify what sprays or other
contaminants may have been used on the
waste to control files, odors, beetles, etc. (4)
Run periodic laboratory analyses to verify lack
of contamination. (5) Process In a manner
which will destroy any pathogens which might
affect livestock. (Merryman-East Central)
4066-A11, A12, B2, Dl
DON'T BE CAUGHT DEAD
PUMPING MANURE
Anonymous
Hoard's Dairyman, V. 122, No. 4, p. 282,
March 10, 1977.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Waste storage,
Gases, Agitation, Ammonia, Carbon dioxide,
Methane, Hydrogen sulflde, Ventilation.
Liquid manure storage produces several
hazardous gases which are released quickly
during agitation. While ammonia, carbon
dioxide and methane are Irritants, hydrogen
sulflde can cause Instant breathing paralysis
and death. Problems with these gases may be
avoided by: (1) agltatlojj manure tanks when
buildings can be opened and ventilated, (2)
keeping humans and animals away from the
buildings during agitation, (3) ventilating
under floor pits, using fans turned up to
optimum capacity, and (4) pulling air from
confinement buildings down through the tank
and exhausting to the outside. A manure tank
should not be entered unless absolutely
necessary. If It must be entered, an auxiliary
air supply and two persons handling a rope
tied around the body of the person entering
the tank are musts. (Merryman-East Central)
4067-A2, Bl, Cl, C2, C3, D3, E2,
E3
MANURE HARVESTING PRAC-
TICES: EFFECTS ON WASTE
CHARACTERISTICS AND RUN-
OFF
30
-------
Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado 80523
R. W. Hansen, J. M. Harper, M. L. Stone, Q.
M. Ward and R. A. Kldd
Environmental Protection Agency Report
EPA-flOO/2-76-292, Dec., 1976, 104 p. 10 fig.
21 tab., 80 ref.
Keywords: Feedlots, Manure harvesting,
Surfaced conditions, Partially surfaced condi-
tions, Unsurfaced conditions, Waste manage-
ment, Agricultural runoff, Chemical proper-
ties, Physical properties, Biological proper-
ties, Animal density, Ash, Refeedlng, Waste
treatment, Fertilizers.
To develop a basis for better manure
harvesting management practices, a combin-
ed field and laboratory study was conducted.
The effect of management practices on
manure qualities and runoff pollution poten-
tial were compared on 3 feedlot pens with fully
surfaced, partially surfaced and unsurfaced
conditions. Average N, P and K elements
were present In a ratio of approximately 4:1:2
providing 46 Ibs. N,11 Ibs. P and 27 IDS. K per
ton of dry manure. For recycling purposes ash
Is an Important fraction of manure and can be
reduced by use of hard surfaced pens. Ash
content averaged 36.2 percent. Fiber and
llgnln In manure are directly related to the
fiber content of the ration. The effect of
decomposition of the manure was greatest on
Its viscosity and squeezability. Bulk density
and particle size remained the same. Surfaced
feedlot areas have a larger percentage of
precipitation In runoff with higher concentra-
tions of pollutants. Increased animal densities
on surfaced pens will offset the difference
with non-surfaced pens and can result In a
lower per-anlmal pollution potential from
runoff. (Hansen-Colorado State)
4068-A6, B2, Cl, C2, D3, Fl
DEMONSTRATION OF AERA-
TION SYSTEMS FOR POULTRY
WASTES
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
J. H. Martin, Jr. and R. C. Loehr
Environmental Protection Agency Report
EPA-600/2-76-186, Oct., 1976, 151 p. 38 fig.,
38 tab., 67 ref.
Keywords: Poultry wastes, Biological treat-
ment, Aeration, Odor control, Oxidation ditch,
Costs, Nitrogen transformations, Nitrogen
losses, Liquid-solids separation, Liquid aera-
tion systems, COD Removal, Sedimentation.
A full scale study demonstrated the potential
of aeration systems to reduce the water and
air pollution potential of poultry wastes under
commercial conditions. The performance of 2
oxidation ditches, each receiving the wastes
from approximately 4000 laying hens, was
monitored and evaluated. The relationships
between 2 design and operational variables
and system performance were examined. The
variables were level of oxygen supply and
solids retention time. It was observed that an
oxygen Input equivalent to the exerted
carbonaceous oxygen demand provided a high
degree of odor control. Increase In oxygen
supply to also satisfy the exerted nitrogenous
oxygen demand resulted In nitrification which
terminated ammonia desorptlon. Subsequent
nitrogen losses were the result of denltrlflca-
tlon. Relationships between removals of total
solids, volatile solids, COD, and organic
nitrogen In aerated poultry wastes were
developed. Two major problem areas were
Identified and examined. The first was the
removal and concentration of residual solids to
maximize oxygen transfer efficiency and
minimize the volume of material requiring
ultimate disposal. The second was sedimenta-
tion of solids In the oxidation ditch channel
which reduced and In several Instances
stopped mixed liquor circulation. (Martin-
Cornell)
4069-A2, A 4
THE EFFECT OF FEEDLOT RUN-
OFF ON COMMUNITY STRUC-
TURE IN THE COTTONWOOD
RIVER, KANSAS
N. L. Edwards
M.S. Thesis, Kansas State Teachers College,
May, 1970, 25 p. 3 fig., 8 tab., 15 ref.
Keywords: Agricultural runoff, Feedlots,
Kansas, Water pollution, Cottonwood River,
Neosho River, Benthlc fauna, Species diver-
sity analysis.
Water pollution from feedlots has become a
serious problem throughout many central and
southwestern states due to Increase of the
concentration of livestock and the number of
feedlots. This study exemplifies this situation.
Five stations on the Cottonwood and Neosho
Rivers In Kansas were sampled periodically
from September, 1968, to October, 1969.
Benthlc Invertebrate community structure was
subjected to conventional and species diver-
sity analyses. Although there were several
possible sources of pollution other than
feedlots, feedlot runoff did appear to signifi-
cantly effect community diversity. This wag
seen by the decreasing diversity downstream
from Station I, by an Increase In diversity at
those stations farthest downstream from
feedlots, and by the higher diversity down-
stream from Emporla's sewage treatment
plant which Inferred that the Strong City and
Cottonwood Falls domestic effluents had little
or no effect on community structure. Addition-
al studies are needed to: (1) pinpoint the
various sources of pollution, (2) determine the
presence of any significant Introduction of
drift organisms from tributaries, (3) evaluate
the effects of the possible Introduction of
pollutants from tributaries, and (4) determine
the direct effect on community structure of a
"slug" moving downstream. (Keel-East
Central)
4070-A11, B3, C2, Dl, E3, Fl
POULTRY WASTE FED TO
CATTLE, SHEEP
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 5, p. 103,
March 12, 1977.
Keywords: Refeedlna. Dried poultry wastes,
Missouri, Cattle, Sheep, Poultry, Nitrogen,
Calcium, Phosphorus, Trace metals, Protein,
Costs, Economics, Dehydration, Performance,
Taste.
Dried poultry wastes (DPW) has been cleared
for feeding to Missouri cattle, sheep, and
poultry. DPW can be used In ruminant diets
for Its nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, and
trace metals content. It Is generally 25-27
percent protein. The feedstuff value of DPW
Is $80-$90/ton. It Is being produced on a
commercial basis by 2 Missouri Integrated
poultry corporations. DPW Is generally pro-
cessed by heating and dehydrating fresh
manure In a rotary dehydrator. Cattle seem to
prefer DPW to good corn silage. There are no
restrictions on feeding DPW to beef cattle.
However, sheep rations are limited to 15
percent DPW and broiler and layer rations are
limited to 20 percent and 25 percent,
respectively. When properly formulated In the
diet, average gain of anlmala is comparable to
gains on conventional livestock feeds. There Is
no detectable carryover In taste to meat or
eggs. Use of DPW as feed will also reduce
pollution potential. (Bates-Eaat Central)
4071-A6, B2, B5, C2, E2
GETTING MORE OUT OF LIQUID
MANURE
R. Qogerty
Furrow, V. 82, No. 3, p. 10-11, March, 1977. 3
fig.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Waste disposal,
Slotted, floors, Deep pits, Soil Injection,
Irrigation, Fertlgatlon, Land application,
Odor, Crop response, Swine wastes.
The productive value of manure as a yield
Increases depends on how carefully It Is stored
and applied. Purdue University studies Indi-
cate the most efficient system for retaining
nutrients In manure Is the totally slotted,
deep-pit building. Three methods are pre-
sented for getting the nutrients Into the soil.
Injection Is the best application method for
conserving nutrients. Up to 30 percent more
available nitrogen Is retained than with
surface spreading. Odor Is also eliminated.
Simon Lehe, who uses this method, says he
can produce crops of 60-bushel wheat and
120-bushel wheat with manure as the only
source of fertilizer. Disadvantages Include
longer unloading time, slower decomposition
and potentially poor germination of corn
planted directly over Injection furrows. Irriga-
tion Is the low-labor way to handle pit wastes.
One man can move the manure In two weeks
per year. Conventional handling can take up
to two months and requires more compaction.
The recommended procedure Is rapid plow-
down after application because It reduces
odors and nearly eliminates nutrient loss. The
third method, fertlgatlon, Is utilized by
Bernard Suplanoskl. Liquid swine wastes are
applied to preplanted corn land. There Is no
leaf Injury and very little odor problem.
Specialists recommend a laboratory analysis
to determine the amount of plant food In pit
wastes and application near planting time.
(Bates-East Central)
4072-B1, C2, Dl, D2, D3, E3, Fl
FUEL FROM FECES
University of California, Riverside, California
W. C. Falrbank
Paper No. PC 74-03, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1974 Pacific Region
Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, 13 p. 2 fig., 1
tab., 5 ref.
Keywords: Fuels, Recycling, Physical treat-
ment, Chemical treatment, Biological treat-
ment, Economics, Anaerobic fermentation,
Methane, Organic wastes, Pyrolysls, Hydro-
gaslflcatlon, Fertilizers, Land disposal.
The physical, chemical, and biological pro-
ceases for converting animal manures Into
gaseous or liquid fuels are being described
and bench-tested by many Industrial firms
and public agencies. Anaerobic fermentation
In methane generators for production of
methane from organic wastes Is one recycling
method that has been devised. It has been
found expensive and labor Intensive. Pyroly-
sls, the anaerobic decomposition or dissocia-
tion of dry manure with heat to produce gas,
has been found economically feasible only In
arid climates where rapid natural drying to
remote the water and arrest decomposition Is
possible. The sconomlcs of hydrogasiflcatlon
of manure Into fuel do not saam very good.
The economics of scale for a gasification plant
conaldsred with the geographical dispersal of
llvsaloch do not present a very encouraging
opportunity for existing production of pat-
terns. Incineration Is not yet a viable alterna-
tive. Ths substitution of manure for commer-
cial fertilizer whenever practical would con-
31
-------
serve primary fuel and could be the most
effective w«y to recover energy. The average
cost of hauling manure back to nearby land Is
about $2.00/ton, not Including scraping. The
average cost of municipal/Industrial type sol Id
waste processing 1$ about $4.00/ton. The
manure ought to be worth $2.00/ton In
fertilizer value. This looks good when compar-
ed to a nebulous return somewhere between a
debit of $6.00 to a profit of $4.80 for
conversion to gaseous fuel. Only the munici-
pal or corporate Industry Is likely to amass the
capital and technical resources needed to
convert animal wastes Into fuel. (Merryman-
East Central)
4073-A3, A4, B2, C2, Dl, D2, E2
IMPACT OF HATCHERY WASTE-
WATER IRRIGATION UPON
CONTIGUOUS STREAM QUAL-
ITY
Department of Biological and Agricultural
Engineering, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
J. C. Barker, F. J. Humenlk, M. R. Overcash,
F. Koehler, R. Phillips
Paper No. 76-2566, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1976 Winter Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 14-17, 8 p. 1 fig., 3
tab., 3 ref.
Keywords: Hatchery wastes, Wastewater
treatment, Land application, Irrigation, Agri-
cultural runoff, Nonpolnt sources, Water
pollution, Sampling, Chemical analysis, Nitro-
gen, Rainfall, Fescues, Coastal Bermuda
grass.
A waste management system was designed
for Chick Sales, Inc., Slier City, North
Carolina, In which hatchery wastes are taken
care of by In-house cleaning and separation
processes prior to entry Into an extramural
septic tank, aerated lagoon and polishing-
storage pond series, and a permanent-set
Irrigation system. The capability of land
application via this Irrigation system for
handling a no-discharge goal is evaluated on
the basis of the monitoring of the stream Into
which the Irrigated fescue pasture and the
irrigated Coastal Bermuda pasture drained.
The following conclusions were drawn: (1) No
observed differences at the 0.05 level of
significance were indicated In contiguous
stream COD, TOC, TKN, NH3-N and TPO4
concentrations as a result of rainfall runoff
from Coastal Bermuda and fescue pastures
irrigated with hatchery wastewater (2) Al-
though maximum stream Impact from non-
point sources would be expected during runoff
events, no significant differences were obser-
ved between background and Impacted
stream reaches when runoff events were
examined separately. (3) Land application
receiver plots should be designed so that the
rate of nitrogen application In wastewater
does not exceed crop uptake. (4) Except for
the mobile nitrate Ion which tends to be
released to surface waters during soil-water
Interflow rather than surface flushing, It
appears that nonpolnt source sampling and
routine chemical analysis Is Justified only
during rainfall runoff events. Furthermore,
samples should be collected throughout the
entire runoff hydrograph. (Merryman-East
Central)
4074-AS, A8, B2, C2, D3
INFILTRATION CHARACTERIS-
TICS FROM ANAEROBIC
LAGOONS
New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Insti-
tute, Lincoln College, Canterbury, New
Zealand
D. J. Hills
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
V. 48, No. 4, p. 696-709, April, 1976. 7 fig., 7
tab., 26 ref.
Keywords: Anaerobic lagoons, Infiltration
rates, Dairy wastes, Groundwater pollution,
Soils, Sealants, Sampling, Chemical analysis,
Hydraulic gradient, Bentonlte, Sodium car-
bonate, Sodium trlpolyphosphate, Nitrates,
Ammonia, Chemical oxygen demand, pH,
Total solids, Volatile solids
Research was done to augment present
information on parameters affecting Infiltra-
tion rate and quality of Infiltrate from
anaerobic lagoons and to Investigate possible
sealing techniques. Twelve pilot-scale
anaerobic lagoons treating dairy shed wastes
were constructed and operated for a year.
Variables were soil type - loam, silt loam,
sand loam, and clay loam; pond depth — 2, 3,
and 4 m; compacted bottom soil thickness --
15, 25, and 35 cm; and soil additives -
bentonlte, sodium carbonate, and sodium
trlpolyphosphate. Infiltration rates were mon-
itored. Samples of the feed, lagoon liquor, and
infiltrate were chemically analyzed for nitrate,
ammonia and organic nitrogen, chemical
oxygen demand (COD), pH, total solids, (TS),
and volatile solids (VS). The following
conclusions were drawn: (1) Contamination of
groundwater with total nitrogen, COD, and
TVS from properly constructed anaerobic
lagoons Is very small. (2) The amount of
Infiltrate and pollutants Increased In the
following order of the soil types used: clay
loam, loam, sand loam, silt loam. (3)
Additives that chemically affect soil structure
to produce clogging are of little value In
anaerobic lagoon construction. (4) The soil's
hydraulic conductivity attained under
anaerobic biological conditions seems to be a
function of the Inverse of the hydraulic
gradient. (5) The concentration of pollutants
in the Infiltrate seems to be a function of the
hydraulic gradient. (6) The ultimate sealing
mechanism seems to be soil pore clogging that
penetrates below the soil surface. Clogging Is
not solely a surface phenomenon. (Merryman-
East Central)
4075-B3, Cl, C2, D3, E3
UTILIZATION AND DISPOSAL OF
RESIDUE FROM THE PARTIAL
OXIDATION OF CATTLE FEED-
LOT MANURE
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
B. H. Kara, R. V. Sweazy, J. E. Halllgan, and
R. H. Ramsey
Project Report, Texas Tech University, June,
1975, 76 p. 2 fig., 24 tab., 64 ref.
Keywords: Cattle manure, Oxidation, Re-
cycling, Fluldized-bed reactor, Residues,
Char, Ash, Chemical properties, Physical
properties, Fuels, Fertilizers, Soil condition-
ers, Adsorption, Coagulation.
Cattle manure was partially oxidized In a
small fluldlzed-bed reactor. Solid residues
were collected at 2 different places In the
process. Physical and chemical characteristics
of char and ash (solid residues) were
determined in order to determine their
pollution potential and to evaluate their
potential uses. These data coupled with
results of laboratory scale adsorption and
coagulation experiments yielded the following
conclusions: (1) Potassium, sodium, calcium,
magnesium, phosphorus, silicon, chloride,
and sulfate were the major constituents of
ash. The specific gravity of ash varied from
2.02 to 2.46 and fusion temperatures ranged
from 1,099° C to 1,288*0. Water soluble
content varied from 32 percent to 51 percent;
pottaslum, sodium, chloride, and sulfate
being the major soluble constituents of the
ash. (2) Analysis of ash prepared from manure
samples collected from various locations
within 2 different feedlots revealed little
variability In physical and chemical character-
istics. (3) Prospects of using char as a primary
fuel were not encouraging. Its use as a
supplemental fuel may be feasible. (4) Char
and ash may be disposed of In carefully
designed and operated sanitary landfills with
little threat of pollution. (5) Manure ash
contained 15.06 to 24.10 percent potassium
and 6.02 to 6.82 percent calcium, Indicating
potential as fertilizer and soil conditioner.
However, the high sodium content of ash may
not make this feasible. (6) Ash and char were
found to have appreciable color adsorbing
capability. (7) Though the use of ash with
aluminum suitate in coagulation tests resulted
in slight turbidity decrease relative to alumi-
num sulfate alone, the reduction was not great
enough to warrant the use of ash as a
coagulant-aid. (8) Composition of manure ash
and Its high percentage of soluble compon-
ents indicate that Its use as an admixture in
cement, concrete, or lime may not be feasible.
Further research concerned with possible uses
of char and ash needs to be done. (Merryman-
East Central)
4076-B2, E2, Fl
IRRIGATION: ONE WAY TO
HANDLE LAGOON WASTES
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 7, p. 110-111,
April 9, 1977. 1 fig., 2 tab.
Keywords: Irrigation systems, Liquid wastes,
Lagoons, Design, Economics, Advantages,
Disadvantages.
Increased confinement feeding plus strict
waste disposal regulations are causing some
livestock producers to adopt irrigation as a
way of handling liquid lagoon wastes. Wastes
are pumped from the lagoon Into a main line
and then to a sprinkler or surface Irrigation
system. Most sprinkler systems for outdoor
feedlot runoff or lagoon effluent can use a
single-stage, standard centrifugal pump. Un-
diluted manure with about 15 percent solids
requires an open impeller chopper pump.
Manure with 20 percent solids requires a trash
handling centrifugal pump. Manure with 25
percent solids takes a diaphragm or helical
screw pump. Two main types of pipe may be
used -- polyvlnyl-chrorlde (PVC) and alumi-
num. PVC pipe resists corrosion and has less
pressure loss but sometimes has plugging
problems. It also deteriorates from sunlight if
unprotected. Aluminum pipe Is more port-
able, Is more resistant to cracking and
mechanical damage, and Is not affected by
sunlight. But, In low pressure systems, It
costs more than PVC pipe. Sprinklers gener-
ally have 1 to 3 nozzles which vary in size.
Small sprinklers may cosf about $10, while a
gun-type sprinkler runs from $100 to more
than $500. The most basic sprinkler system Is
the handmove system which has high labor
requirements. The towllne system Is similar
but Includes stronger, more permanent coup-
lers between the lateral pipe sections. Laterals
are pulled to locations with a tractor, reducing
labor. A stationary big gun Is similar to the
handmove system but uses one big revolving
sprinkler instead of several smaller ones. This
system requires more pressure. The towed big
gun has the non-plugging advantage of the
larger nozzle, and the low labor requirement
of the towllne. The traveling big gun system Is
used mainly by very large livestock feeders. A
large single nozzle Is mounted on a running
gear and pulled across the field by a cable
attached to a winch. Labor Is reduced to a
minimum, but Investment is high. (Merry-
man-East Central)
32
-------
4077-A8, B3, C2, E2
STATUS OF SEDIMENT FROM
CATFISH PRODUCTION PONDS
AS A FERTILIZER AND SOIL
CONDITIONER
School of Agriculture and Fisheries Research
Laboratory, Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale, Illinois 62901
D. P. Satchell, S. D. Crawford, and W. M.
Lewis
Progressive Flsh-Culturlst, V. 37, No. 4, p.
191-193, Oct., 1975. 1 fig., 1 tab., 6 ref.
Keywords: Fertilizers, Soil conditioners, Crop
response, Catfish production, Sediment,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Organic
content.
In evaluating the fertilizing and soil condition-
ing potential of sediment from catfish produc-
tion ponds, it was determined that the
sediment can be classed as a rich soil. The
failure for a buildup of organic material and
nutrients to a very high level Indicates that the
waste from the fish Is rapidly and completely
broken down and thus does not accumulate as
a rich manure. Evaluation of the sediment
Involved chemical analysis of phosphorus,
nitrogen, potassium and organic content.
Growth response of 31 Kentucky fescue lawn
plots was measured to determine slow release
nitrogen. In addition to the fescue plots, pond
sediment was furnished to 3 experienced
gardeners for observation as to Its value in
gardening. Chemical analysis of the sediment
yielded the following average values: organic
matter 4.04 percent, total nitrogen 0.27
percent, total phosphorus .011 percent,
extractable phosphorus 1.5 ppm, and extract-
able pottaslum 20 ppm. The plots treated with
pond sediment were similar to the control plot
throughout the summer, but showed an
increased growth of grass during November.
Change In color of the grass was not
detectable. The 3 gardeners reported improv-
ed seed sprouting and superior growth In the
first few weeks after planting. Two of the 3
gardeners reported that the sediment elimin-
ated a need for the addition of fertilizer to the
soil. None of the three reported a week
problem associated with the sediment.
(Merryman-East Central)
4078-B2, B3, B4, C2, D3, E2, Fl
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF ANI-
MAL WASTE HANDLING ALTER-
NATIVES
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
L. M. Safley, Jr. and D. R. Price
Paper No. 76-5537, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1976 Winter Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 14-17, 1976, 13 p. 2
fig., 3 tab., 8 ref.
Keywords: Computer models, Waste manage-
ment, Dairy manure, Costs, Labor, Energy,
Nitrogen, Land disposal, Waste storage.
A computer program was developed to model
dairy manure handling systems. A network
was used to describe some of the available
possibilities. Input defining particular farm
situations was to be supplied by the user. For
each system In the network, the model
determined Its appropriate Initial cost, annual
fixed cost, quantity of labor required, amount
of electricity and dleael fuel needed, the
quantity of nitrogen effectively reaching the
field, and the annual system cost. This model
can be an effective tool for determining the
appropriate manure handling system for a
particular situation. (Safley-Cornell)
4079-A4, A5, A8, A12, Bl, C2, E2
LAND AS A WASTE MANAGE-
MENT ALTERNATIVE
R. C. Loehr, ed.
Land as a Waste Management Alternative,
Proceedings of the 1978 Cornell Agricultural
Waste Management Conference, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 1977, 811 p.
Keywords: Waste management, Land dispos-
al, Animal wastes, Sewage, Industrial wastes,
Environmental Impact, Public health, Crop
response, Water pollution, Groundwater
pollution, Water pollution, Regulation, Nitro-
gen, Phosphorus, Heavy metals.
This book emphasizes environmental Impacts,
health aspects and the chemical transforma-
tions that occur In land used for waste
disposal. A discussion Is given of such topics
as the rate of toxic materials build up In soil,
resulting crop response, water and ground-
water pollution, and the transformations of
nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals.
Regulatory aspects are considered. Case
histories of land application of sewage are
given. Land application of Industrial wastes Is
also considered. (Merryman-East Central)
4080-A2, A3, A4, Bl, E2, F2
ECONOMIC AND REGULATORY
ASPECTS OF LAND APPLICA-
TION OF WASTES TO AGRICUL-
TURAL LANDS. PROVISIONS
APPLICABLE TO ANIMAL
WASTES
U.S. Department of Agriculture, East
Lansing, Michigan
J. B. Johnson and L. J. Connor
Land as a Waste Management Alternative,
Proceedings, of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural
Waste Management Conference, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 1977, p. 30-31.
Keywords: Regulation, Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Act Amendments of 1972,
Feedlots, Point sources, Nonpolnt sources,
Permits, Livestock, Poultry, Land disposal,
Agricultural runoff.
Section 306 of PL 92-500 (the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972)
identifies "feedlots" as a category of point
source dischargers. Section 402 of PL 92-500
provides permit requirements for point source
dischargers, and Section 301 specifies the
general outline for the development of
effluent limitations guidelines applicable to
Industrial categories of point source discharg-
ers. Environmental Protection Agency
announcements Indicate that the "feedlots"
subject to permit requirements and effluent
limitations guidelines are concentrated live-
stock and poultry operations. Feedlots with
capacities of 1000 head or more and a
discharge are required to obtain permits;
those with 300- to 1000-head capacity dis-
charging Into surface waters through a
man-made conveyance or with waters coming
In contact with the feedlot are required to
obtain a permit; and under limited conditions,
certain feedlots of less than 300-head capacity
must obtain a permit. Effluent limitations
guidelines for these recently Issued EPA
permit requirements have not been announc-
ed. Section 304 to PL 92-500 calls for
development of guidelines for Identifying and
evaluating the nature and extent of nonpolnt
sources of pollutants and processes, proce-
dures and methods of control of such
pollution. Land application of animal wastes Is
Included In the Initial group of potential
agricultural nonpolnt sources of water pollu-
tion Identified by EPA. General sources of
animal wastes applied to land are: (1) wastes
removed from feeding and/or holding facili-
ties, (2) runoff and other discharges controlled
from animal production facilities, and (3)
animal excretion on pasture and rangeland.
Methods and procedures to limit the water
pollution potential of animal wastes applied to
land have been announced by EPA. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4081-A8, Bl, B5, C2, E2, Fl
THE ADMISSD3LE RATE OF
WASTE (RESIDUE) APPLICA-
TION ON LAND WITH REGARD
TO HIGH EFFICIENCY IN CROP
PRODUCTION AND SOIL POLLU-
TION ABATEMENT
Inatltut fur Pflanzenbau und Saatgutfors-
chung, Forschungsanstalt fur Landwlrtachaft,
Braunschwelg-Voelkenrode, Germany
C. Tletjen
Land as a Watt* Management Alternative,
Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural
Waste Management, Ann Arbor Science
Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1977,
p. 83-77. 5 fig., 5 tab., 15 ref.
Keywords: Land application, Livestock
waste*, Municipal wastes, Industrial wastes,
Germany, Legal aspects, Regulation, Crop
reeponea, Nutrients, Costs.
Development and operation of waste manage-
ment programs require decisions based on
costs, environmental factors, resource conser-
vation and Institutional factors. In Germany,
specific Institutional factors that apply are: the
1072 law of waste disposal, the 1957 (1976)
law of water resources, and the causer
principle (a principle which provides the basis
for regulations to define the source of
pollutants and to charge the responsibility for
maintaining or Improving a given state and
balance In the environment). The German law
of waste disposal distinguishes clearly be-
tween livestock wastes and municipal and
Industrial wastes. While livestock wastes are
regarded as manure If the ratio of available
land and manure livestock units Is reasonable
(3 manure livestock units/ha), the other
groups of wastes remain In the control of the
law even If utilized as manure for crop
production. The order for reuse of mlnlclpal
and Industrial wastes In crop production,
which Is being developed according to the law
of waste disposal, will provide for decreasing
potential health hazards and environmental
pollution hazards. Wastes which do not fit the
aim of soil Improvement and crop nutrition ore
excluded from consideration. A long list of
Industrial wastes which are unsuitable for
crop production will be annexed to the order.
Application of municipal wastes to croplands
may require additional fertilizer applications
to balance the ratio of major nutrient elements
and trace elements necessary for optimal crop
production. Wastes are suitable for use In
crop production only If the content of major
nutrients Is high, content of trace nutritive
elements Is low, and content of predominantly
toxic elements Is still lower. A restriction la
necessary for a random sample survey, control
of the waste source, and regular soil tasting In
order to prevent concentration of disadvan-
tageous elements In the soil from exceeding
tolerable levels. (Merryman-East Central)
40S2-A8, All, 31, BS, C2, E2
MONITORING SEWAGE SLUD-
GES, SOILS AND CROPS FOR
ZINC AND CADMIUM
33
-------
Department of Agronomy, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsyl-
vania
D. E. Baker, M. C. Amacher and M. T. Doty
Land as a Waste Management Alternative,
Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural
Waste Management Conference, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 1977, p. 281-281. 1 fig., 11 tab., 42 ref.
Keywords: Zinc, Cadmium, Toxlclty, Animal
health, Crop response, Food chain, Livestock,
Poultry, Sewage sludge, Soils, Rations,
Monitoring.
An attempt Is made to provide perspective to
problems of monitoring sewage sludges, soils,
and crops for zinc and cadmium and to present
research results that aid In establishing
approaches and standards for protecting the
food chain (Including livestock and poultry)
from unsafe accumulations of cadmium. The
following conclusions were drawn: (1) Addi-
tions of wastes containing only 5 to 10 ppm
cadmium (Cd) can be expected to Increase the
concentrations of Cd within the food chain
over time. (2) Manure concentrations of
cadmium are about 2.3 times as high as those
of the animal ration. (3) Sludge composition
from different treatment plants over time
varies with respect to zinc and cadmium, from
15 to 100 percent of the mean. A variation of
50 percent should be expected. (4) In one
study, maintenance of less than 1 ppm Cd In
leaves of corn, sorghum and soybeans
required a loading capacity of 0.5 ppm per
year or 1 ppm Cd within the soil over a 2-year
period. (5) 0.1 N HC1 extractant removed
most of the cadmium and more than 50
percent of the zinc added with sludge to the
soil. DTPA removed about 30 percent of the
zinc and 60 percent of the cadmium added
over 2 growing seasons. (6) The Baker method
extracts zinc and cadmium In relation to their
availability, and their activities In testing
solutions reflect the relatively high activity
and biological availability of cadmium com-
pared with zinc. (7) For controlling cadmium
within the food chain, sludge applied as a
source of nitrogen for corn should not contain
more than 33-i-17 ppm Cd; the labile cadmium
within the soTf should not exceed 1 ppm, and
pCd by the Baker method should not be lower
than 12.0. (8) Soil levels of zinc should not
exceed levels associated with a zinc toxlclty In
plants. (9) Mole fractions of zinc on the
adsorption complex are expected to reflect
levels of zinc that are phytotoxlc. (Merryman-
East Central)
4083-A4, AS, A8, A9, AW, All,
A12, 32, B5, C2, C3, Dl, D2, D3,
E2
HEALTH HAZARDS OF AGRI-
CULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND
MUNICIPAL WASTES APPLIED
TO LAND
Institute of Animal Medicine and Animal
Hygiene, University of Hohenhelm, Stuttgart,
Federal Republic of Germany
D. Strauch
Land as a Waste Management Alternative,
Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural
Waste Management Conference, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 1977, p. 317-342. 7 fig., 10 tab., 34 ref.
Keywords: Confinement pens, Animal health,
Public health, Diseases, Toxlclty, Pathogenic
bacteria, Nitrates, Phosphates, Land disposal,
Water pollution, Groundwater pollution, Slur-
ries management, Antibiotics, Industrial
wastes, Sewage, Sewage sludge, Hygiene,
Chemical treatment, Biological treatment,
Physical treatment.
Confinement of animals has Increased the
number of latent Infections In animal produc-
tion all over the world. The adoption of slurry
systems for handling wastes Is charged as
being largely responsible for this situation.
Infective agents occur In the liquid manure
and survive the usual storage time. When the
slurry Is disposed of on pasture lands,
Infections may be transmitted to livestock. For
an effective Interruption of the Infection
cycles, hygienic on-slte treatment of Infectious
slurry may be necessary before land disposal
of the wastes. An additional danger to public
health arises when too large amounts of slurry
are distributed on land. Pollution of surface
and groundwaters may arise due to Infective
agents, phosphates, and nitrates. Another
hygienic risk for man and animals Is the
occurence of transmissible resistance of
microorganisms caused by feeding antibiotics
to Improve growth In animal production. Use
of newly developed substances which are not
resorbed and are said not to cause resistance
may solve this problem. Land disposal of
Industrial wastes may result In toxic organic
and inorganic substances which may enter the
food chain. High concentrations In plants and
food derived from animals can be a health
hazard for animals and man. Consequently,
the maximum concentrations In soil and plants
should be determined and routinely controll-
ed. Land disposal of Infected sewage and
sewage sludge can cause Infections of animals
and man. Sewage and sludge should be
disinfected before being applied to the land. If
this is not feasible, the wastes should only be
disposed of on arable land and not on pastures
and other green fodder areas. Because
sewage and sludge also contain undeslred
chemical compounds which may be hazardous
to animals and man, the same control
measures as for the land use of Industrial
wastes should be employed. (Merryman-East
Central)
4084-A3, A4, AS, A8, All, A12,
Bl, C2, C3, E2
MICROBLAL CONCERNS WHEN
WASTES ARE APPLD3D TO LAND
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln,
Nebraska
J. W. Doran, J. R. Ellis, and T. M. McCalla
Land as a Waste Management Alternative,
Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural
Waste Management Conference, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 1977, p. 343-361. 1 fig., 7 tab., 47 ref.
Keywords: Land disposal, Soil microbiology,
Animal wastes, Sewage, Pathogenic bacteria,
Water pollution, Groundwater pollution,
Ammonlflcation, Nitrification, Denltrlflcatlon,
Mobilization, Methylatlon, Volatilization,
Trace elements, Toxiclty.
As a result of Implementation of the National
Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and, more
specifically, the respective amendments for
the Clean Air Act and Federal Water Pollution
Control Act of 1970 and 1972, land application
seems the most feasible means of disposing of
animal wastes and domestic sewage wastes.
Disease transmission due to this practice Is no
problem If the wastes have been adequately
treated, applied to the land at acceptable
rates, and applied In such a way that rapid
percolation and runoff are minimized. How-
ever, surface and groundwaters should be
monitored frequently for indications of fecal
contamination In areas where wastes are
applied to land. An Important concern In
assessment of land application of wastes Is the
effects of disposal practices on mlcroblal
processes of decomposition and nutrient
cycling. Excessive loading of soils with waste
materials will result In oxygen depletion,
slower decomposition, and accumulation of
odorous, phototoxlc end products that may
reduce soil productivity. Proper loading of
organic wastes In the soil can result In optimal
balance between nitrogen removal and reduc-
tion In pollution. The stimulation of mlcroblal
methylatlon by wastes added to the soil may
be of Importance because this transformation
can result In the mobilization of many toxic
trace elements through volatilization.
(Merryman-East Central)
408S-A8, C3, E2
PATHOGEN SURVIVAL IN SOILS
RECEIVING WASTE
Department of Microbiology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado
S. M. Morrison and K. L. Martin
Land as a Waste Management Alternative,
Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural
Waste Management Conference, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 1977, p. 371-389. 3 tab., 102 ref.
Keywords: Land disposal, Microorganisms,
Pathogenic bacteria, Literature review, Path-
ogen survival.
In compiling this literature review, It was
found that a great deal of variability exists In
the reported Information on survival of
organisms when they are applied to soil or
when laboratory simulations of this process
are tested. A great number of variables
control the results and create some difficulty
In comparing results; these hard-to-control
variables may have had a limiting effect on the
research that has been done. Many factors
regulate the longevity and pathogenlclty of
microorganisms. Many microorganisms die
rapidly when placed In the biologically
competitive and physically and chemically
hostile environment of the soli. The soil Is
especially hostile to organisms that are
specialized and adapted to the temperature
and nutrition of host cells and organs In which
they produce disease. Moisture Is probably
the largest single factor In determining length
of survival. Temperature, the nature of the
receiving soil, the organism Inoculum size, the
type and condition of the cells, sunlight, and
antagonistic biological and chemical agents of
the soil-waste mix all play a role In the
survival of the microorganisms. The variations
In survlvablllty observed In this literature
review certainly accentuate the lack of
adequately controlled experiments so that one
factor at & time might be evaluated. Recomm-
endations are listed which, If adhered to,
would reduce the possibility of transmission of
disease agents as a result of land disposal.
(Merryman-East Central)
4086-A5, AS, B2, B5, C2, D3, E2
CONTINUOUS SUBSURFACE IN-
JECTION OF LIQUID ORGANIC
WASTES
*
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado
J. L. Smith and D. B. McWhorter
Land as a Waste Management Alternative,
Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural
Waste Management Conference, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 1977, p. 643-656. 7 fig., 5 tab., 8 ref.
Keywords: Land disposal, Liquid wastes,
Sludge, Dairy wastes, Sewage, Subsurface
Injection, Sampling, Soils, Crops, Ground-
water pollution, Nitrogen, Heavy metals.
The effects of a subsurface Injection system on
soils, crops, and groundwater were examined.
The Injection system studied as a seven-sweep
unit capable of injecting up to 8 percent solids
material at rates up to 3,000 liters per minute.
34
-------
Three sites were studied. The Boulder,
Colorado site received anaeroblcally digested
sludge from a waste treatment plant. The
Wllllamsburg, Virginia site received wastes
from a treatment plant which treats domestic
sewage and wastewater from the Anheuser-
Busch Brewery In Wllllamsburg. The third
site, nearTlmnath, Colorado, received wastes
Including washwater and manure from a
125-cow dairy. Soils, crops, leachates and
groundwater were sampled at the sites.
Control of soil salinity was a minor problem at
the Boulder site and a major problem at the
manure application site. It was Impossible to
correlate the application of wastewater resi-
duals with a measured buildup of heavy
metals In the soil at any of the sites due to
difficulty In securing representative soil
samples and, perhaps, due to chemical
analysis procedures. A mass balance
approach was used to predict changes In the
levels of potential contaminants In the soil and
groundwater. Although there was consider-
able variability In data, a definite correlation
was found to exist between nitrogen leachate
concentration and application of sludge.
Leachate nitrogen levels In Wllllamsburg and
at the manure site ranged from 3 to 30 mg/1.
No statistical correlations could be established
between application of any of the materials
and groundwater quality. An analysis was
made of sweet corn grain and tissue samples
grown on a plot treated with 65,000 dry kg/ha
sludge. All values were within the range
found In the literature for field corn grown on
untreated soils. This was true for 2 consecu-
tive years. (Merryman-East Central)
4087-A6, AS, B2, B5, E2
ENGINEERING DESIGN CRITER-
IA FOR SLURRY INJECTORS
NCAE, Sllsoe, Bedford, England
R. J. Godwin, E. McKyes, S. Negl, G. V.
Eades, J. R. Ogllvle, and C. Lovegrove
Land as a Waste Management Alternative,
Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural
Waste Management Conference, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 1977, p. 657-671. 10 fig., 2 tab., 18 ref.
Keywords: Design, Slurries, Soil Injection,
Tine Injectors, Equations, Soil forces, Odor
control.
Because simple tine Injectors that thus far
have been developed for Incorporating wastes
into the soil are felt Inadequate, a new look Is
taken at Injector design. Consideration Is
given to agronomic and environmental re-
quirements, the volumes of soil that must be
disturbed, and the soil forces acting upon the
Injector. In general, waste slurry should be
placed as near as is practical to the soil surface
in order to spread the aerobic stabilization of
the organic material. In addition to providing
a cavity of sufficient volume to contain the
applied slurry as soon as this liquid Is
delivered, the Injector must also cause soil to
be disturbed so that new voids will be created
to Incorporate the slurry. The geometry of an
Injector should be selected to provide the
desired disturbed area, while having the
minimum soil reaction forces for operation.
Equations were developed for coping with
these factors, it was determined that obtain-
ing a given disturbed soil volume with
minimum draft force required the use of a
wide Injector working at a shallow depth.
However, limits are placed on the width of an
Injector by (a) the damage to roots In
grassland and row crops, and (b) the
distribution and flow of slurry from an
aperture with a large width and small height.
Consequently, It was found desirable to limit
the example Injector design to a width of 10 or
12 Inches, leaving 9-10 Inches clear between
the injector edge and the crop rows. A
prototype Injector based upon the design
criteria was constructed with a rake angle
from the horizontal of 30* and a side sweep
angle of 60'-from the axis of travel. This device
was used In preliminary trials, Injecting 200
gal/mln of swine manure slurry, having
approximately 10 percent solids, Into several
different soil types and sod, Including ground
frozen to a few Inches depth. Good Incorpora-
tion of the slurry was observed except In the
frozen soil. Proper soil cover and odor
absorption were observed. An exhaustive
series of field tests Is planned, Including the
Injection of slurries of different consistencies
Into many different soil and crop conditions.
(Merryman-East Central)
4088-A8, B2, B5, C2, E2
OVERLAND RECYCLING OF
ANIMAL WASTE
Alcorn State University, Lorman, Mississippi
H. E. Grler, W. Burton, and S. C. Tlwarl
Land as a Waste Management Alternative,
Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural
Waste Management Conference, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 1977, p. 693-702. 1 fig., 9 tab., 4 ref.
Keywords: Waste treatment, Waste disposal,
Overland spray Irrigation, Crop response, Soli
water, Sampling, Chlorides, Nitrates.
In 1972, a three-year study was Initiated to
evaluate the technical and economical aspects
of treating and disposing of swine wastes by
means of an overland spray Irrigation for crop
production and effluent Improvement. The
site selected for use In this study was 1450 ft
from the swine-feeding facility and lagoon
area. Three 0.3-acre demonstration fields
were provided along with a 117.6 x 83 ft
research area for 4 replications of 3 treatments
spraying 0.2 In. water, 0.1 In. water with 0.1
In. effluent, and 0.2 In. effluent per applica-
tion at various weekly frequencies. A signifi-
cant difference In change of pH by overland
spray was noted when aerobic effluent was
sprayed overland at all application rates.
There were no significant differences In
change of nitrate concentration when aerobic
effluent was sprayed overland due to depth of
penetration through the soil. Water sprayed
overland gave the least change In chloride
content of soil water after treatment. There
were significantly greater changes In chloride
content of soil water after treatment with 0.1
and 0.2 In. of aerobic effluent per application.
Significant differences In change of chloride
content due to depth were noted. There were
no significant differences In changes of nitrate
concentration when aerobic effluent was
sprayed overland due to depth of penetration
through the soil. Nltrate-N Ion concentration
Increased significantly when both levels of
aerobic effluent containing 12.00 mg/1 was
sprayed overland. (Merryman-East Central)
4089-A8- Bl, B5, C2, E2
SOIL AND CROP RESPONSE TO
APPLIED ANIMAL WASTE
Water Resources Institute, South Dakota
State University, Brooklngs, South Dakota
M. L. Morton, R. R. Schnabel, and J. L.
Wlersma
Land as a Waste Management Alternative,
Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural
Waste Management Conference, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 1977, p. 703-712. 2 fig., 6 tab., 11 ref.
Keywords: Land application, Crop response,
Soil analysis, Application rates, Salt supple-
mented diets, Electrical conductivity, Infiltra-
tion rates.
A study was conducted to Investigate the
effects of applying various rates of animal
wastes (from animals receiving salt supple-
mented diets) upon soil properties and crop
production under subhumld conditions where
minimum amounts of leaching water are
available. The study was Initiated In August,
1973. A feeding trial was conducted which
consisted of 8 pens of beef steers In
confinement and 8 pens In the open with no
shelter. Four levels of salt (0, .25, .50, and .75
percent of the ration on a dry-weight basis)
were added to a common basic ration. All
wastes were collected, held In storage until
time of application, and applied to field
disposal plots at 4 rates (44.8, 89.6, 139.4, and
179.2 MT/ha). The applied wastes consisted
of 2 salinity levels - low (combined wastes
from pens receiving 0 and .25 percent added
salt) and high (combined wastes from pens
receiving .50 and .75 percent added salt).
Sodium content of wastes varied directly
according to amount of salt added to diets.
The first year's application of waste Incresed
the electrical conductivity (EC) of the surface
30cm of soil under all treatments. At rates of
89.6 MT/ha or greater, sufficient salts were
added to Increase the EC to values In excess of
4000jumhos/cm for the surface 30 cm. After
the second year of waste application, the
entire root zone of plots receiving the wastes
were saline. Exchangeable sodium of the soil
Increased wth an Increase In the amount of
salt added; however, the Increase was not as
great for the second year of application. There
was no significant difference In 1974 silage
yields between salt levels nor among waste
rates. The 1975 silage yield data showed no
significant difference between salt levels;
however, among waste rates the yields were
significantly different at the .05 level. 1974
corn yield data were significantly different
among waste rates at the .05 level. Applica-
tions of animal waste In excess of 90 MT/ha
caused reduced Infiltration. (Merryman-East
Central)
4090-A8, B2, B3, B5, C2, E2
SALT ACCUMULATION IN SOIL
AS A FACTOR FOR DETERMIN-
ING APPLICATION RATES OF
BEEF-FEEDLOT MANURE AND
LAGOON WATER
Northwest Experiment Station, Crookston,
Minnesota
G. W. Walllngford, W. L. Powers, L. S.
Murphy, and H. L. Manges
Land as a Waste Management Alternative,
Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural
Waste Management Conference, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 1977, p. 713-726. 8 fig., 2 tab., 10 ref.
Keywords: Application rates, Manure,
Lagoon water, Irrigation, Salinity, Kansas,
Electrical conductivity, Soil analysis, Sodium,
Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Toxlclty,
Crop response.
In separate studies, beef feedlot manure was
applied In the fall and beef feedlot lagoon
water was applied by furrow Irrigation during
the summer, on a sllty clay loam soil In
south-central Kanssa. Surface soil samples (0
to 15 cm) were taken from each plot In the
spring and fall. In the fall of 1973, soil cores
were taken to a depth of 3 m from plots In 2 of
4 replications In both the manure and the
lagoon-water studies. The surface and the soil
core samples were analyzed for soluble salts.
The electrical conductivity (EC) of the extract
was measured. Concentrations of sodium,
potassium, calcium, and magnesium In the
extract were measured. Good correlation
between surface soil EC and application rate
suggested that EC measurements could be
35
-------
used as a management tool to monitor the salt
status of fields receiving manure or lagoon
water. In soil cores, EC was Increased In the
top 2 meters by the higher rates of lagoon
water and manure. In the surface soil and In
the upper sections of the soil cores, and
meq/1 percentage of potassium Increased
with Increasing rates of both lagoon water and
manure. The meg/1 percentage of Ca
decreased with Increasing rates. At high
application rates, more calcium than potas-
sium was removed from the soil solution.
Saturation extracts below 20 cm did not
change in percentage composition In lagoon-
water or manure studies. Toxic salt accumula-
tions In soils can result In reduced plant
growth. Guidelines for recommending manure
application rates, based on salt balance
calculations require knowledge of salt compo-
sition of wastes, the tolerable salinity In the
soil, the salt content of any Irrigation water
added, the sol I texture, and the amount of salt
leaching expected from natural precipitation.
(Merryman-East Central)
4091-A3, A4, B5, C2, E2, Fl, F2
ECONOMIC POTENTIAL AND
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERA-
TIONS IN LAND APPLICATION
OF BEEF FEEDLOT WASTE
Department of Agricultural Economics, Okla-
homa State University, Stlllwater, Oklahoma
D. D. Badger
Land as a Waste Management Alternative,
Proceedings of ths 1976 Cornell Agricultural
Wast® Management Conference, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 1977, p. 727-742. 5 tab., 13 ref.
Kay words: Land application, Feedlots, Cattle
manure, Nutrients, Application rates, Econo-
mics, Legal aspects, Water pollution, Non-
point sources.
New guidelines related to reducing water
pollution from nonpolnt sources are being
Implemented for Section 208 of PL 97-500, the
Federal Water Pollution Control Ac Amend-
ments of 1972. The way these Se^ion 208
regulations are Implemented will have a
significant Impact on future application of
both solid and liquid beef feedlot wastes to
crop and pastureland. Recently, farmers have
returned more and more to feedlot wastes as a
source of nutrients. High fertilizer prices have
made use of feedlot wastes more economically
viable. While manure nutrients are highly
variable, farmers realize that manure use
provides additional benefits. Moisture Intake
and water-holding capacity of sandy and loarn
type soils la Improved. Texture or tilth of soil
Is Improved. The appearance or "richness" of
light-colored tight soils Is Improved. Problems
resulting from manure use have been:
compaction of soil due to large, heavy trucks
that deliver and spread manure, slower rate of
application compared to commercial fertilizer
application, the necessity of working the field
on« to two times more to Incorporate manure
Into the Mil, uneveness of application,
Imbalance In ratio of nutrients applied relative
to soil needs, Increased salinity, and Introduc-
tion of weeds. In the Oklahoma and Texas
Panhandle areas, a general rule of thumb for
manure application has been that manure may
be applied safely for several consecutive years
at 10 tons/acre/year. Most farmers surveyed
In the Panhandle areas were convinced that
the nutrient value of beef feedlot wastes was
sufficiently high to pay the current rate of
$3.00 to $3.50 per ton of manure. Engineering
design and economic feasibility studies are
needed to determine more efficient methods
of storing, transporting and applying beef
feedlot wastes, to retain a higher percentage
of tha nutrients for cropland use than Is now
th« cage. Thert appears to be a real need for
some research on how to measure the
trade-offs Involved «s well as to find mutually
acceptable solutions for cropland utilization of
manure and for minimizing runoff to comply
with Section 208 of PL 92-500. (Merryman-
East Central)
4092-A3, A8, B2, E2
CONTINUOUS WATERSHED MO-
DELING OF WASTEWATER STO-
RAGE AND LAND APPLICATION
TO IMPROVE DESIGN PARA-
METERS
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
J. A. Anschutz, P. K. Koelllker, J. J. Zovne,
T. A. Bean, and W. H. Nelbllng
Land aa a Waste Management Alternative,
Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural
Waste Management Conference, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 197", p. 783-798. 3 tab., 21 ref.
Keywords: Computer models, Wastewater
s;o age, Land application, Design, Feedlots,
Agricultural runoff, Weather, Soil moisture,
Evaporation, Evapotransplratlon.
The best and most physically based processes
and Input parameters from various disciplines
have been drawn together Into a model
specifically adapted to the feedlot simulation.
Model components are the feedlot surface,
wastewater storage facility, disposal system,
and disposal/treatment area. The movement
of wastewater Into and out of, as well as the
amount atored In each component, Is estimat-
ed each day. The model has been run for 3
stations - Topeka, Kansas, Garden City,
Kansas, and Corvallis, Oregon. A printout of
each year's annual summary has estimated
the effectiveness of the management practices
specified In controlling feedlot runoff at each
specific site. Inflows and outflows of the
storage facilities are listed by months and
have units of Inches over the disposal areas.
Water balance In the disposal area lists the
Inputs, outputs, and change In soil moisture In
Inches In the disposal area. The percent of
feedlot runoff controlled Is listed Indicating
the effectiveness of the specified management
practice in controlling feedlot runoff for the
particular year. Results are given for the 3
stations. Three different pond sizes were
specified at each location. Comparisons of the
3 locations Indicate that different design
criteria are required to control discharges of
feedlot runoff. Garden City had the least
average annual runoff and required the
smallest sized pond to effectively control all
runoff. Garden City also had the largest
number of disposal days due to less precipita-
tion than the other 2 areas. An attempt Is
being made to develop the model so that It can
ultimately receive as many Input parameters
as possible. The model can then be site-specif-
ic. (Merryman-East Central)
4093-A4, A6, A8, A12, Bl
WASTE MANAGEMENT PROB-
LEMS AND THEIR IMPACT ON
THE ENVIRONMENT. ANIMAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Czechoslovak Research and Development
Centre for Environmental Pollution Control,
UNO/WHO Programme, Bratislava,
Czechoslovakia
I. Fratrlc and E. Parrakova
Land as a Waste Management Alternative,
Proceedings of the 1976 Cornell Agricultural
Waste Management Conference, Ann Arbor
Science Publishers Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 1977, p. 804-805.
Keywords: Czechoslovakia, Waste manage-
ment, Air pollution, W«ter pollution, Public
health, Bacteria.
Czecnoslovaklins have found that large-scale
animal breeding results In the concentration
of a great number of animals within a limited
space with frequent replacement of genera-
tions, the operation being malntaned by a
minimum number of workers with the applica-
tion of mechanization, automation and with a
maximum use of high-value feeds. A seminar
was held In Bratislava In September, 1975 to
consider the following topics: large-scale
animal Industry and environmental quality,
technologies for processing animal wastes,
utilization and disposal of animal wastes, and
economic aspects of animal waste manage-
ment. Large-scale technology of breeding
contaminates the environment, mainly the soil
and the air, by Increasing the frequency of
resistant strains of E. coll. (Merryman-East
Central)
4094-A4
NATURE AND IMPACT OF
STREAM INPUTS ON A WATER-
SHED BASIS
Department of Biological and Agricultural
Engineering, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
f. J. Humenlk, M. R. Overcash, F. Koehler,
L. Bllven, and W. S. Galler
Paper No. 76-2564, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1976 Winter Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 14-17, 1976, 14 p. 7
tab., 7 ref.
Keywords: Rural runoff, Agricultural runoff,
Water pollution, Statistical survey, Chowan
River, Sampling, Chemical analysis, Algae.
A statistical survey of small subbaslns In the
Chowan River watershed was made to
determine the feasibility of making areawlde
assessments of the magnitude and Impact of
rural runoff. Fifteen subbaslns were randomly
selected to study the potential of stratified
random sampling as a monitoring strategy.
The basin was stratified on the basis of soll-
topographlc-land use factors. The 4 strata
chosen were: (1) poorly-drained Coastal Plain;
(2) well-drained Coastal Plain (W); (3)
agricultural Piedmont; and (4) sllvlcultural
Piedmont. Continuous monitoring and grab
sampling results were compared at 5 sites.
Long-term averages were found to be similar
for the total basin, but Individual runoff
events had more impact on concentration and
transport, especially at sites with human
Intervention. (Merryman-East Central)
4095-A8, Bl, B5, C2, E2, Fl
A SYSTEM OF OPTIMIZING THE
USE OF ANIMAL MANURES ON
A GRASSLAND FAJJM
Agricultural Institute, Dublin, Ireland
V. A. Dodd, D. F. Lyons, and P. D. Herllhy
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,
V. 20, No. 4, p. 391-403, Dec., 1975. 7 fig., 2
tab., 5 ref.
Keywords: Mathematical models, Linear pro-
gramming, Grass production, Swine wastes,
Poultry wastes, Fertilizers, Economics.
A mathematical model based on linear
programming techniques was developed to
optimize the use of animal manures for the
production of conserved grass. The following
factors were taken Into account: the nutrient
content of animal manures, the nutrient
requirements of the crop, and the necessity of
preventing excessive accumulation of nutri-
ents In the soil or the crop. Application of this
36
-------
modal li Illustrated by an example using June,
1974 price* of chemical fertilizers and a range
In sale values of pig and poultry manures from
zero to their theoretical cash value. The study
Indicated that there Is considerable potential
to reduce the consumption of chemical
fertilizers by the optimum utilization of animal
manures for grass production. (Merryman-
East Central)
4096-A3, A4, Bl
EPA WILL USE KSU MODEL AS
WASTE CONTROL SYSTEMS
TOOL
Anonymous
Kansas Farmer, V. 113, No. 20, p. 39, Nov.
20, 1976.
Keywords: Environmental Protection Agency,
Kansas State University, Water quality Index,
Computer models, Feedlots, Water pollution,
Watersheds, Agricultural runoff, Design,
Waste management, Rain, Snow.
The Environmental Protection Agency has
given Kansas State University a $106,556
grant as a first step In EPA'j program to
develop a complete water quality Index for
feedlots — an Index which will show that
pollutants are In the water, where the water
goes, and what effects pollutants might have
on the environment. Kansas State University
scientists are developing a computerized
watershed model to predict the effects of rain
and snow on the waste control systems of
feedlots. The model will be used by EPA to
evaluate waste control systems of feedlots.
KSU research may also be helpful In
designing new cattle feedlots. By using a
computerized model, a representation Is given
of how different systems might work. This
would be a definite boon In selecting the best
design for particular feedlots. (Merryman-
East Central)
4097-A2, Bl, B4, B5, C2, E2
DILUTION OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas
J. M. Sweeten
MP 1297, Great Plains Beef Cattle Handbook,
GPE-7522, 1976, 7 p. 13 fig., 1 tab., 5 ref.
Keywords: Soil management, Agricultural
runoff, Holding ponds, Land disposal, Nutri-
ents, Salinity, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium,
Magnesium, Sulfates, Chemical Analysis,
Dilution, Crop response.
Guidelines are given for feedlot operators who
dispose of effluent stored In feedlot runoff
holding ponds on agricultural lands. While
holding ponds contain beneficial nutrients like
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, they
also contain salts of sodium, calcium and
magnesium which can create unproductive
soil If applied excessively. Salt accumulation
from holding pond water Is likely to occur In
areas where precipitation Is not adequate to
leach the salts downward below the root zone.
Guidelines for diluting holding pond water to
minimize the chance of reducing the land's
productivity are given. Holding pond water
should be analyzed for chemical content at
least twice a year. The land receiving the
water should be analyzed for chemical content
at least twice a year. The land receiving the
water should also be analyzed. Records should
be kept of these analyses. In addition to salt,
holding pond water with an Improper balance
of sodium plus potassium In relation to
calcium and magnesium salts may cause the
soil aggregates to disperse Into Individual
particles, reducing water Infiltration. Re-
commended maximum sodium plus potassium
percentages for various soil textures and risk
levels are given. Excess sulfates can also
encourage conditions that cause undesirable
soil dispersion. If electrical conductivity of the
soil water extract approaches 4 to 6
mmhoa/cm (4,000 to 6,000 umhos/cm),
depending on the soli salinity level chosen; If
crop growth Is reduced; or If water stands In
the field longer than usual, professional
advice Is needed on further soil management
steps. (Merryman-East Central)
4098-A11, B3, C2, E3
COMPLETE RATIONS FOR
DAIRY CATTLE. VH. DRIED
POULTRY WASTE FOR LACTA-
TENG COWS
Dairy Science Department, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
L.A. Sllva, H.H. Van Horn, E.A. Olaloku, C.
J. Wllcox, and B. Harris, Jr.
Journal of Dairy Science, V. 59, No. 12, p.
2071-2076, Dec., 1976. 5 tab., 29 ref.
Keywords: Dairy cattle, Refeedlng, Dried
poultry wastes, Milk production, ash, Perfor-
mance.
Twenty-four lactatlng Holsteln cows were In a
partially balanced Incomplete block design to
study effects of graded percents of dried
poultry waste (0, 10, 20 and 30 percent of
complete ration) on milk production and
composition. The dried poultry waste was a
high-ash product due to loss of over 50 percent
of organic nutrients during drying. Feed
Intake was similar for Oand 10 percent rations
but Increasingly lower for 20 and 30 percent.
Milk yield was reduced slightly (2.9 percent)
for 10 percent In relation to 0 percent but
progressively lower (19.4 and 34.5 percent) for
20 and 30 percent. The trend was the same for
the rest of variables (protein percent, sollds-
not-fat percent, total solids percent, and total
yield of these same variables and fat yield)
except for milk fat percent which did not show
a specific trend. All milks had desirable
flavors with no differences due to rations. In a
second trial, 10 lactatlng dairy cows were used
to obtain apparent digestibility coefficients.
Crude protein digestibility for complete ration
was lower for 10 percent than 0 percent, and
ether extract was lower for 30 percent than 20
percent. For 0 and 10 percent versus 20 and 30
percent, energy and crude fiber dry matter,
crude protein, ether extract, and nitrogen free
extract coefficients were lower for 20 and 30
percent, energy and crude fiber dry matter,
crude protein, ether extract, and nitrogen free
extract coefficients were lower for 20 and 30
percent. Up to 10 percent versus 20 and 30
percent, energy and crude fiber dry matter,
crude protein, ether extract, and nitrogen free
extract coefficients were lower for 20 and 30
percent. Up to 10 percent of complete rations
for lactatlng dairy cows can be composed of
dried poultry waste (even If high In ash) with
little or no reduction In feed Intake or milk
production. Higher percents should be fed
only If reduced feed Intake and performance
can be tolerated. (1976 copyright-Journal of
Dairy Science)
4099-A8, B5, C2, E2, Fl, F2
DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR THE
LAND APPLICATION OF DAIRY
MANURE
Department of Agronomy, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York 14853
S. D. Klausner, P. J. Zwerman and D. R.
Coote
Environmental Protection Agency Report
EPA-600/2-76-187, Oct., 1976, 248 p. 77 fig.,
55 tab., 225 ref.
Keywords: Dairy manure, Land application,
Design, Agricultural runoff, Snowmelt, Appli-
cation rates, Nitrogen, Sediment, Tile efflu-
ent, Phosphorus, Crop response, Computer
models, Economics, Surface drainage, Sub-
surface drainage, Legislation, Guidelines.
The effects of climate, application rate of dairy
manure, timing of application and soil
management practice were studied In relation
to discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus via
surface runoff, sediment and tile effluent.
Losses of nutrients from the land were
Influenced by the rate and timing of manure
application In addition to the type of cllmatolo-
glcal event causing runoff. The greatest
discharge of nutrients resulted from applying
manure on actively melting snow. Modest
rates of application made In the winter during
non-snowmelt periods resulted In minimal
losses. Concentrations of nitrogen In surface
runoff as measured over time, were lower
than those found In tile effluent. The reverse
was true for soluble phosphorus. The yield
response of corn Increased while efficiencies
of nitrogen utilization decreased at the higher
rates of application. A computer model
dealing with the economic Impact of control
legislation was developed. Modeling ap-
proaches to farm scale environmental prob-
lems are feasible If assumptions and simplifi-
cations do not influence the results too
greatly, or In ways which are unpredictable.
(Klausner-Cornell)
4100-A8, B2, B5, C2, C3, E2
LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT
AT A SLATTED FLOOR SWINE
BARN
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
University of Tennessee, Knoxvllle, Tennes-
see 37916
J. I. Sewell and J. R. Overton
Tennessee Farm Home Science Progress
Report 87, July/Sept., 1973, p. 22-25. 4 fig., 5
tab., 4 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Liquid wastes,
Slatted floors, Waste collection pit, Nutrients,
Bacteria, Land application, Crop response,
Corn.
Liquid waste from a slatted-floor swine barn
was applied beneath the soil surface of crop
lands. During periods when swine-cooling
sprinklers were not in use, the waste collected
at 0.27 cubic feet per pig per day. Soon after
the system was put Into operation, the depth
of settled solids on the pit floor averaged 8.5
Inches; and 18 months later, tne average
depth had decreased to 1.8 Inches. Few
mechanical problems have been associated
with waste removal or application to soli.
Effects of waste applications on corn were not
great. No stand or seedling ln|ury was
observed. Some grain yield depression occur-
red in 1971 under poor growing conditions. In
1972 under more favorable conditions, silage
yields were slightly increased by waste
applications on an alluvial soil and sllghlty
decreased on a terrace soil. (Sewell-Unlver-
sity of Tennessee)
4101-A11, B3, C2, E3
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF
DRHYDRATED CATTLE MAN-
URE USING SHEEP
Research Station, Agriculture Canada,
Melfort, Saskatchewan SOE 1AO, Canada
S. O. Thorlaclus
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, V. 56,
No. 2, p. 227-232, June, 1976. 3 tab., 16 ref.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Dehydrated cattle
manure, Sheep, Nutrients, Digestibility, Per-
formance.
37
-------
Manure from a commercial feedlot was
dehydrated at an alfalfa dehydration plant.
The manure contained, on a dry matter (DM)
basis, 14.8 percent crude protein, 14 percent
ash, 0.83 percent calcium, 0.69 percent phos-
phorus, 30.5 percent crude fiber, and 2.6
percent fat. About 45 percent of the DM In the
manure was wheat straw bedding. Each of
three pelleted rations: 50 percent hay 50
percent barley (HB); 50 percent manure 50
percent barley (MB); and 100 percent manure
(M) was fed ad libitum to eight Individually
penned yearling wethers In a 38-day feeding
trial. In addition to the manure pellets, lambs
on ration M wers fed 200 g/day barley during
the first 28 days on test. A digestibility trial,
five wethers per treatment, was conducted
after the 38-day feeding trial. Mean daily DM
Intake during the feeding trial was 2,054,
1,714, 1,165 (pellets only) g and mean dally
gain was 272, 148, and -57 g for rations HB,
MB, and M, respectively. The corresponding
values were 2,632, 2,277, and 2,050 g for DM
Intake during the final 10 days of the feeding
trial, 62.7, 51.7, and 26.7 percent for CM
digestibility, and 70.9, 62.6, and 42.4 for
nitrogen digestibility. Molar percent volatile
fatty acids In rumen fluid of lambs on ration M
were similar to those normally observed for
high roughage rations. Molar percent acetic In
rumen fluid of lambs on ration HBwas greater
(F<0.05) and percent valeric lower (PC.0.05)
than on ration MB. It was concluded that
sheep will consume rations containing large
amounts of dehydrated manure, but low
digestibility of manure severely limits Its
value as a ration Ingredient. (1976 Copyright-
Canadian Journal of Animal Science)
4102-A7, El
DIURNAL AND ANNUAL FLUC-
TUATIONS OF AERIAL BACTER-
IAL AND DUST LEVELS IN EN-
CLOSED SWINE HOUSES
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champalgn,
Urbana, Illinois 61801
S. E. Curtis, J. G. Drummond, K. W. Kelley,
D. J. Qrunloh, V. J. Meares, H. W. Norton,
and A. H. Jensen
Journal of Animal Science, V. 41, No. 5, p.
1502-1511, Nov., 1975. 4 fig., 10 tab., 28 ref.
Keywords: Swine houses, Air pollution,
Bacteria, Dust, Sampling, Logarithms, Temp-
erature.
Concentration of bacterlal-colony-forming
particles (BCFP) In the air of enclosed swine
houses was observed continuously over a
24-hr period with an Andersen continuous
monitor. Sampling was done for four 24-hr
periods In a swine nursery and a swine
growing house. In each period, aerial
BCFP/m3 of air were measured for each
half-hourly Interval. Aerial BCFP concentra-
tion within each 24-hr period was roughly a
sinusoidal function of time, but runs within a
house were asynchronous. No one time during
a 24-hr period could be recognized as
preferable for monitoring In studies of
long-term changes In aerial BCFP concentra-
tion. Aerial levels of BCFP and dust were
determined 44 or 48 times over 15 months In
each of four enclosed and one modlfled-open-
front University swine gestation and farrow-
Ing houses typical of those now used In north-
central United States. An Andersen viable
sampler and tryptose agar were used to
measure BCFP, and a Staplex high-volume air
sampler to measure dust. Common logarithms
of aerial BCFP levels (no./m ) for the five
houses (mean SB) were: 5.16 .06, 4.88
.05, 5.02 .06, 4.99 .08, and 4.33 .06.
These levels were comparable to those
observed In 12 swine houses at five commer-
cial swine operations. Common logarithms of
dust levels (ug/m3 were: 3.08 .05, 3.03
.06, 3.35 .05, 3.03 .06 and 2.89 .08,
respectively. These levels were generally
lower thin those observed In 11 houses at five
commercial operations. Both aerial BDFP
level and aerial dust level were significantly
and negatively correlated with median outside
temperature. Regression analyses Indicated
that common logarithm of aerial BDFP level
Increased around .02 per Celsius-degree
decrease In median outside temperature for
the day and that common logarithm of aerial
dust level Increased around .01 per degree
decrease. (1975 Copyright - Journal of Animal
Science)
4103-A6, Bl, Cl, Dl
PULLETS IN GROW CAGES
ABOVE, HOGS IN PIT BELOW
Anonymous
Poultry Digest, V. 36, No. 420, p. 80, Feb.,
1977.
Keywords: High-rise cage house, Poultry
manure, Manure holding pit, Swine, Drug
residues, Coccldlostats, Odor, Moisture con-
tent.
To better utilize space at his 55,000-blrd
high-rise cage house, Jim Qarber of Lancaster
County, Pennsylvania decided to run hogs In
the manure holding pit to help pay off the
heavy capitalization of the environmental-
controlled building. The hogs mixed the
droppings, feathers, etc. while rooting and
walking through them, reducing moisture
content of the wastes. Qarber has run as many
as 100 hogs at a time In the manure pit. They
are fed a regular commercial mix to which
home grown grains are added. He prefers to
start feeder pigs that average 60-80 pounds.
In about 20 weeks, the same time required to
grow a pullet from day-old until It Is housed as
a layer, the hogs are moved out at weights
ranging from about 220-240 pounds. With
every batch of pullets, the manure Is cleaned
out of the pit area. The only concern with such
a system is that hogs may pick up medication
or drug residues from the pullet droppings.
The main problem would be traces of coccldlo-
stats fed to pullets and passed on to the hogs.
Since Garber's birds are raised In cages, he
doesn't feed coccidlostats. This type of system
would not work very well with older laying
hens in high-rise cage house because manure
depths could get excessive. (Merryman-East
Central)
4104-A3, A4, Bl, C3
WATER QUALITY IMPLICA-
TIONS OF CATTLE GRAZING ON
A SEMIARID WATERSHED IN
SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
Rangeland Resources Program, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon
J. C. Buckhouse and G. F. Glfford
Journal of Range Management, V. 29, No. 2,
p. 109-113, March, 1976. 1 fig., 1 tab., 28 ref.
Keywords: Watersheds, Grazing, Cattle, Con-
forms, Public health, Agricultural runoff,
Water pollution.
During 1973 and 1974 wlldland water quality
analyses were performed on a semlarld,
chained and seeded, plnyon-junlper site In
southeastern Utah. The area was treated In
1967 and protected from grazing until 1974. In
1974 livestock grazing was Introduced and
Investigations continued to determine If any
deleterious land use effects were present from
fecal contamination by cattle. No significant
changes were noted In fecal and total collform
production (fecal pollution bacterial Indica-
tors) from grazing use. There Is an element of
risk Involved whenever data generated from a
small area are projected to larger land areas.
However, It appears that this level of livestock
grazing (2ha/A UM) did not constitute a
public health hazard In terms of fecal pollution
Indicators on the semlarld watershed. (Copy-
right 1976 - Journal of Range Management)
4105-A3, A4, AS, A8, A12, B2, C3,
Dl, D3, E2
FATE OF ANIMAL VIRUSES IN
EFFLUENT FROM LIQUID FARM
WASTES
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and
Immunology, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
J. B. Derbyshire
Journal of Milk & Food Technology, V. 39,
No. 3, p. 214-217, March, 1976. 5 tab., 8 ref.
Keywords: Effluent, Swine wastes, Dairy
wastes, Viruses, Soil contamination, Ground-
water pollution, Agricultural runoff, Water
pollution, Public health, Aeration.
Various aspects of viral pollution of the
environment associated with disposal of liquid
farm manure on agricultural land are being
investigated. Techniques have been develop-
ed for concentration and recovery of animal
viruses from various field samples. Seventeen
of 22 samples of liquid manure from a swine
fattening house yielded enterovlruses, adeno-
viruses, and a coronavlrus. One enterovlrus
was isolated from six samples of waste from a
swine farrowing house, but no virus was
isolated from 18 samples of liquid cattle
manure obtained from a dairy farm. A swine
enterovlrus was Isolated from surface soil
samples collected up to 8 days after liquid
manure was spread on agricultural land. A
swine enterovlrus was also Isolated from 2 of
26 samples of surface runoff collected from
sites at which liquid pit manure was routinely
spread on agricultural land. Thirty-three
samples of surface water and 36 samples of
ground water were collected In areas In which
liquid pig manure was routinely spread on
farm land, and a swine enterovlrus was
Isolated from one surface water sample. Field
and laboratory experiments Indicated that
enterovlruses are more rapidly inactivated In
aerated liquid manure than In untreated
manure. (Copyright 1976 - Journal of Milk &
Food Technology)
4106-A6, A10, B2, B3, D3, E2, E3,
Fl
HANDLING AND DISPOSING OF
POULTRY MANURE
Agricultural Extension Service, North Caro-
lina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
T. B. Morris
Poultry Pointers, May, W4, 2 p.
Keywords: Poultry manure, Waste manage-
ment, Solid wastes, Liquid wastes, Odor,
Files, Periodic clean out, High rise poultry
buildings, Deep pits, Lagoons, Drying,
Methane digesters, Economics.
Waste handling options for poultry manure
Include the following: (1) Dally, weekly,
biweekly, and monthly clean out. If the
manure Is to be spread on pasture or crop
land, It should be spread thinly so It will dry
quickly. (2) Clean out once or twice a year. If
possible, such clean outs should be done
before and after flies are a real problem. By
cleaning only once or twice a year, natural
enemies are usually retained which help keep
files under control. This Is especially true If a
4-6-Inch pad of dry manure Is retained at clean
out time. (3) High rise or deep pits. In this
38
-------
system, manure may be retained for several
years If It Is kept dry. Clean out may be
performed even If the birds are In the house. If
manure In the pits can be kept dry and turned
to compost, fly breeding Is usually not a
problem. (4) Lagoons. This system requires
little labor (turning valves on and off about
twice a week) to remove manure from under
the cages. Files and odor are not problems. (5)
Drying poultry manure. Most drying units are
rather expensive and operating cost adds to
the total cost of drying poultry manure.
Pre-drylng with fans to below 60 percent
moisture under cages reduces drying costs.
Now that fertilizer has Increased In price, the
value of dried poultry manure will be higher.
(6) Making methane gas from poultry manure.
With the fuel shortage there seems to be a lot
of Interest In making methane gas from
manure. The cost to build a methane
generator has been estimated to vary from
$5,000 to $50,000 for 20,000 hens. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4107-A8, B3, B5, Cl, C2, E2
MANURING OF PERMANENT
MEADOWS 1962-70
W. A. Kneale and J. Johnson
Experimental Husbandry, No. 22, London,
Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1972, p.
15-21. 9 tab., 3 ref.
Keywords: Land application, Application
rates, Farmyard manure, Crop response,
Permanent meadows, Swards, Fertility, Dry
matter production, Nitrogen, Phosphate,
Potash.
A long term experiment (1953-1970) to
measure the effects of annual dressings of
farmyard manure and the Interactions of
farmyard manure with applied nitrogen,
phosphate, and potash was conducted at
Great House Experimental Husbandry Farm.
The site was on a permanent meadow at an
altitude of 1050 ft. This paper reports on the
second 8-year period of the 16-year experi-
ment. Results revealed that: (1) On an upland
meadow, cut annually for hay, dry matter
production rose over a period of 18 years
where farmyard manure was applied but In
the absence of farmyard manure, dry matter
production fell. (2) Application of artificial
nitrogen at 31 units per annum or 62 units per
annum did not maintain fertility at as high a
level as 15 tons per acre per annum farmyard
manure (FYM). (3) There was no response to
additional phosphate In the pesence or
absence of FYM. (4) There was no response to
additional phosphate In the presence or
In Its absence a small response was shown. (5)
Under the hay cutting regime adopted and
with the exclusion of stock from the experi-
mental area, sward changes occurred with
A/opecurus app and Agrost/a spp being
favored at the expense of Lol/um spp and Poa
spp. (Bates-East Central)
4108-A11, B3, C2, C3, E3
POULTRY WASTES AS FEED-
STUFFS FOR RUMINANTS
Department of Animal Science, Virginia Poly-
technic Institute and State University, Blacks-
burg, Virginia 24061
J. P. Fontenot and K. E. Webb, Jr.
Federation Proceedings, V. 33, No. 8, p.
1936-1937, 1974.
Keywords: Poultry wastes, Caged layer
manure, Poultry litter, Chemical properties,
Biological properties, Ruminants, Perfor-
mance, Disease organisms, Drug residues,
Copper toxlclty, Sheep, Cattle, Food & Drug
Administration.
Poultry enterprises produce 2 types of wastes
- caged layer manure and poultry litter.
Poultry litter, the usual type of waste resulting
from broiler production, may be from 1 or
more crops of birds. A number of experiments
have been performed In which poultry wastes
were refed to animals. Crude protein content
of poultry wastes has averaged 28 percent and
higher. 45 percent of the nitrogen In broiler
litter Is protein. 41 percent of the nitrogen In
caged manure Is In the form of amlno acids.
Poultry wastes may be Important sources of
energy as well as nitrogen for ruminants.
Poultry wastes are also good sources of
calcium and phosphorus. Refeedlng poultry
wastes Is not sanctioned by the Food and Drug
Administration due to potential hazards from
possible disease organisms and drug resi-
dues, even though no such problems have
been reported from the experiments that have
been done. Copper toxlclty was observed In
ewes fed poultry Utter containing high levels
of copper due to the feeding of high levels of
copper sulfate to chicks, but this Is the only
detrimental health effect that has been
reported. (Merryman-East Central)
4109-A6, B2, Cl, C2, Dl, D3
EVALUATING A LOW-ENERGY,
HIGH-VALUE PUMP FOR ODOR
REDUCTION FROM LIVESTOCK
WASTE LAGOONS BY MIXING
Agricultural Engineering Department, Okla-
homa State University, Stlllwater, Oklahoma
C. E. Rice
Completion Report, Department of Agricul-
tural Engineering, Oklahoma State Univer-
sity, 1976, 19 p. 7 fig., 1 tab., 2 ref.
Keywords: Pumps, Odor control, Lagoons,
Swine wastes, Mixing, Aerobic conditions,
Anaerobic conditions, Gases, Physical proper-
ties, Chemical properties.
A low-energy, high-value propeller pump was
placed In a lagoon receiving manure material
from a confined housing with pit collection
swine production operation to evaluate Its
effectiveness in the reduction of offensive
odor from the lagoon. The retention time In
the pits was 26 days or greater. Another
lagoon of the same size (0.405 hectare surface
area by 2.2 m deep), subject to similar
conditions, was close by and provided a
comparison of a treated (lagoon with pump)
system with an untreated (lagoon without
pump) system. The lagoons were anaerobic,
very turbid, and had no dissolved oxygen. The
pump could completely mix the lagoon liquid
about every 4 hours and 11 was operated from
July 17, 1975, through January 6,1976. COD,
BODg , DO, pH, temperature, conductivity
and general observations were obtained on a
weekly basis beginning 2 weeks before
start-up of the pump and through May, 1976.
The observed results for the treated and
untreated systems followed the same pattern.
This Indicated that the pump was not having a
significant effect on the lagoon. The major
difference observed was that the boiling
activity, caused by the release of accumulated
gases from the lagoon to the atmosphere, of
the treated lagoon was reduced significantly
compared to the untreated lagoon. (Rlce-OSU)
4110-B1, D3, E3
NATURAL GAS FROM THE
BARNYARD, OR "JUST MOVE
BOSSY OVER AND HOOK IT
UP"!
Anonymous
Conservation News, V. 39, No. 2, p. 2-4, Jan.
15, 1974. 2 fig.
Keywords: Recycling, Fuels, Methane gen-
erator, Fertilizers, Costs, Economics.
Richard Shuttleworth of Redkey, Indiana has
constructed and Is operating a methane
generator which simply and automatically
transforms ordinary cow manure Into "home-
made fuel oil" and "homemade gasoline"
with which he can run an automobile engine,
power a gas stove, fuel lamps, operate a gas
refrigerator, and fire a space heater. This
methane generator turns organic waste of any
kind Into nitrogen-rich fertilizer and methane
gas. Installation cost was approximately
$10,000, but Fry has harvested more than
$16,000 worth of methane gas from waste
produced by his livestock In just the first 6
years. In addition, he estimates that he saved
about $20,000 In manure handling costs and
reaped an additional windfall of nitrogen-rich
fertilizer worth at least another $20,000.
(Merryman-East Central)
4111-B1, E2
OPERATIONAL & MAINTEN-
ANCE TIPS TO GET MOST FROM
MANURE SPREADER
Anonymous
Wyoming Stockman Farmer, V. 82, No. 3, p.
76, March, 1977
Keywords: Manure, Land spreading, Equip-
ment, Maintenance, Box spreaders, Tank
spreaders.
The value of manure as a commercial fertilizer
substitute has increased dramatically In the
past few years. To take full advantage of this,
farmers must be able to perform their
spreading quickly and efficiently. Sperry New
Holland engineers offer tips on operation and
maintenance of box and tank spreaders to
achieve this purpose. The apron chain on box
spreaders should receive proper adjustment
and regular oiling. The belt drive should be
checked periodically to be sure that It is not
over-tightened. Sliding parts of the PTO
should be lubricated to guard against univer-
sal joint failure. Hookup to the PTO should
always be Inspected to be sure it Is correctly
done. Drive chains should receive a regular
maintenance check. Modifications of safety
features should be avoided. The spreader
should only be cleaned when the PTO is
disconnected. Lubrication of the PTO sliding
section on tank spreaders is necessary to
prevent damage to the PTO assembly and the
rear stub shaft to which It Is attached. The
flair chains on tank spreaders should be
continually checked. As they wear, the flair
chains should be shortened to avoid damage
to the edge of the tank. They should only be
shortened twice before replacement. Chains
should be replaced In pairs In order to
maintain rotor balance. Manure buildup on
the lid and cover should be periodically
removed to insure proper hydraulic opening.
In hauling liquid manure, the spreader should
be loaded to just below the rotor. In hauling
pen-type manure, the rotor ends should not be
covered so that the starter arms are exposed
to permit unloading. Horse power should be
gauged lo the type of manure. The manure
bucket or large chunks of frozen manure
should never be dropped on the rotor. The
spreader should be started before the loader
in freezing we ither. (Keel-East Central)
4112-A8, B3, 35, C2, E2
EFFECTS OF ANIMAL MANURE
ON SOYBEANS AND SOIL
F. L. Long and E. M. Evans
Highlights of Agricultural Research, V. 24,
No. 1, p. 12, Spring, 1977 2 tab.
39
-------
Keywords: Land application, Dairy manure.
Crop response, Soybeans, Iron deficiency,
Salinity, Carbon, Nodulation.
The effects of dairy cattle manure on soil
properties and on soybean yield and composi-
tion were measured. Dairy manure was
spread at 107 tons per acre and rote-tilled into
the top 8 inches of the soil. Check plots
received 0-14-14 fertilizer at the rate of 1000
Ibs per acre. Test plots were planted in Hutton
soybeans about 4 weeks after the last manure
application. Study results revealed that soy-
bean yield can be increased by high rates of
manure, but soil pH goes high enough to
cause temporary iron deficiency. High salt
concentrations occur down to at least 24
inches and little noduiation occurs. Carbon is
also increased in the soil to the 24-inch depth.
(Bates-East Central)
4113-B2, B4, C2, E2, Fl
MANURE STORAGE AREAS
HELP SAVE NUTRIENTS
C D. Stoddard
Hoard's Dairyman, V. 122, No. 6, p. 374,
March 25, 1977. 2 fig.
Keywords- Waste storage, Piston pumps,
Nutrients. Economics, Safety measures.
Manure storage areas loaded from the bottom
by piston pumps preserve more nutrients for
crops, compared to manure stored on open
lots, or lagoon effluent spread through
sprinkler irrigation Researchers value man-
ure pack nutrients from a 1000-pound cow at
$35.52 per year, if promptly plowed under.
Weather-exposed open lot manure is worth
only $19 88 and manure effluent pumped from
a lagoon trrough a sprinkler irrigation system
drops to $13.4*1 Owners of piston manure
pumps report that a matted crust on manure
has an insulating effect which helps bacteria
decompose organic matter at a controlled rate,
redLjc ng Oder and nitrogen loss. Manure
basins should be fenced, docks should be
equipped with guard rails, and pump hoppers
should be covered for safety. (Bates-East
Central)
4114-Al, All, Bl, B2, B4
FEEDLOT POLLUTION CONTROL
IS NOT AN EXPENSIVE ITEM:
LINDER
Anonymous
Beef, V 8. p 25, April, 1972 3 fig
Keywords Pollution control, Feedlots, Con-
finement pens. Agiicultural runoff, Holding
ponds. Waste storage, Waste management,
Aesthetics, Feed conversion
Some methods for controlling pollution from
leedlots were presented at a convention of the
National Livestock Feeders Association. One
system includes a diversion to hold runoff out
of the draws between the mounds in the pens
and a debris basin which drains through a
pipe into a holding sond The Soil Conserva-
tion Serv-ce designed and helped pay for this
system which is used by a Loomis, Nebraska
feeder. The advantages of confinement feed-
ing with oxidation ditches were presented by
an independent hog man and a representative
o' the Iowa Beef Packers. The main benefits
were .mproved aesthetics and better feed
conversion An agricultural engineer also
emphasized that any manure storage system
will work only If it is managed properly.
(Bates-East entral)
4115-B3, D3, E3, Fl
DIGESTER GAS FOR
MOBILES
AUTO-
Consulting Sanitary Engineer, Schondorf,
Bavaria, Germany
K. Imhoff
Sewage Works Journal, V. 18, No. 1, p. 17-25,
Jan., 1946. 5 fig., 1 tab., 12 ref.
Keywords: Methane, Organic wastes, Sew-
age. Stable manures, Digestion, Recycling,
Fuels, Rural gasworks, Gasoline substitute,
Fertilizers, Economics.
In Germany, methane is produced by digest-
ing and gasifying organic matter in municipal
sewage treatment plants. Methane has proved
to be a good substitute for gasoline as an
automobile fuel. The gas Is ordinarily carried
in steel cylinders at 200 atmospheres (3,000
psi) pressure, but it may be stored in bags
which are not under pressure. The quantity of
digester gas produced at municipal sewage
treatment plants is small in comparison with
the demand for gasoline. The quantity of gas
can be increased enormously If solid organic
wastes such as stable manure are digested.
The quantity of gas available from the stable
manure of one cow is more than 100 times the
per capita gas production of municipal sewage
treatment plants. Residues from the stable
manure digestion may be used as fertilizer.
Rural digester gasworks could become an
alternative source of automobile fuel for
Germany and some other countries. (Bates-
East Central)
4116-B2, D3, Fl
FLUSHING GUTTERS FOR HOG
BUILDINGS
Anonymous
Kansas Farmer, V 113, No 20, p. 12-14, 33,
Nov 20. 1976. 5 fig., 1 tab.
Keywords: Waste management, Swine,
Flushing, Lagoon,, Design, Open gutter
flushing, Underslat flushing.
Flushing is a relatively new concept for
removing wastes from a hog building to a
lagoon. There are two types of systems used.
The open gutter flushing system has been
used successfully in finishing buildings and
open concrete lots. Underslat flushing has
been successful in farrowing, nursery and
gestation buildings. The four basic parts of a
f'ushin,, system are floor and gutter, flush
tank, waste treatment lagoon, and circulation
pump and pipes. Design and operation
recommendations are given. Advantages of
using i flush system are: (1) Lower initial
building costs, (2) Odor control, (3) Waste
disposal may be less frequent, (4) Adaptabil-
ity to waste irrigation, (5) Adaptability to
building conversion, (6) Construction flexibil-
ity. Disadvantages are: (1) Greater nutrient
loss. (2) Requires careful management, (3)
Requires a relatively large land area, (4)
Interruptions to give medication, (5) Not
pracilcal for farrowing and nursery buildings,
(6) Subject lo mechanical problems, (7)
Possibility of disease transmission. It is wise
to consult an Extension agent and/or a
professional engineer and/or a farm building
contractor before changing present facilities
or constructing new ones. (Keel-East Central)
4117-A6, AW, B3, Cl, Dl, E2
HANDLING MANURE IN THE
DEEP-PIT OR HIGH RISE CAGE
LAYING HOUSE
Poultry Specialist, Ministry of Agriculture,
Abbotsford, British Columbia
D M. Hamilton
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 4, p 78, 83, Jan. 24,
1977. 6 fig.
Keywords: Deep-pit cage houses, Poultry
wastes, Drying fans, Odor control, Fly control,
Moisture content, Waste management, Brit-
ish Columbia, Land spreading.
Manure drying fans, suspended directly
below the cake in deep-pit cage layer houses
with full stairstep cages or tri-deck cages
produced manure with an average moisture
content of 25 percent, as compared to 76
percent in fresh manure. The manure was
easy to handle and the odor problem was
reduced both In moving and spreading. Before
installing drying fans the following precau-
tions must be taken: (1) A concrete floor is
essential. (2) No outside water can be allowed
to enter the pit area. (Deep-pit houses should
be constructed on top of the ground.) (3)
Watering systems should be carefully main-
tained to prevent spillage. (4) The house must
be mechanically ventilated and properly
insulated. The temperature Is controlled by
adjustment of air inlets and thermostatically
controlled exhaust fans. (5) Check tn see that
electrical circuits will carry the extn. load of
the drying fans. Fly population in these
houses has been reduced so that spraying only
once around the doors and light globes is all
that is required. Cleaning out and restocking
during winter months when no flies are about
starts the house out free of files. (Bates-East
Central)
4118-A8, B2, B3, B5, C2, E2
NITRATE CONTENTS OF
SUDANGRASS AND BARLEY
FORAGES GROWN ON PLOTS
TREATED WITH ANIMAL
MANURES
Department of Soil Science, University of
California, Riverside, California
P. F. Pratt, S. Davis, R. G. Sharpless, W. J.
Pugh, and S. E. Bishop
Agronomy Journal, V. 68, No. 2, p. 311-314,
March-April, 1976 5 fig., 2 tab., 11 ref.
Keywords: Land application, Liquid wastes,
Solid wastes, Manure treatments, Irrigation,
Application rates, Crop response, Barley,
Sudangrass.
Experimental objectives were: (1) to deter-
mine the effects of rates of two types of
manure and two irrigation rates on the
NO-3 contents of Sudangrass and barley
forages and (2) to determine the limitations
that excess NO-3 'n forages might Impose on
the rate of manure application in the culture of
these two crops. A field trial on the Moreno
Farm of the University of California, Riverside
was conducted to respond to these objectives.
Dry coarse dairy manure and liquid manure
from a feedyard and two irrigation treatments
(ET and 1.33 ET) were applied on a Hanlord
sandy loam. During the*>hird year of applica-
tion, barley and Sudangrass were planted and
analyzed for NO-i. Nitrate concentrations in
barley decreased progressively as the crop
matured and were higher with liquid manure
applications than with dry manure applica-
tions. Nitrate concentrations were not affected
by irrigation levels. NO- 3concentratlons were
found to increase In sudangrass until the
flower heads sprouted and then NO-3 concen-
trations decreased. Liquid applications of
manure caused higher NO- 3 concentrations
than dry manure applications. The lower the
water level, the higher the concentration.
Experimental results indicated that a safe
application limit for dry manure Is 29 air-dry
metric tons/ha/year, 13 English tons/acre/
year, 520 kg N/ha/year, or 465 pounds
N/acre/year. The safe limit for the liquid
manure was found to be about 8.6 metric tons
of dry material/ha/year, 3.8 English tons/
acre/year, 410 kg N/ha/year, or 370 pounds
40
-------
N/acre/year. Of course, these limits applied
toths management practices utilized In these
experiments. (Bates-East Central)
4119-B1, C2, D2, D3, E3, E4, Fl
HARNESSING ENERGY SOURC-
ES FOR THE FEEDLOT
Anonymous
Calf News, V. 15, No. 4, p. 12, 46, April, 1977.
2 fig.
Keywords: Energy, Feedlots, Recycling,
Methane, Solar energy, Wastewater treat-
ment, Algae, Economics, Research.
Several new research projects are underway
concerning the application of alternative
energy sources for feedlots, according to an
interview with Dr. Bart P. Cardon, chairman
of the board of Arizona Feeds. He says that
Texas Tech University is working on a feed
mill for their feedlot powered by solar energy.
Both the Energy Resources Development
Authority (ERDA) and the American Feed
Manufacturing Association are encouraging
development of this plan. Bio-Gas of Colorado
and the Four Corners Energy are Investi-
gating the use of animal wastes as an energy
source. Bio-Gas wants to sign up a series of
feedlots and then build a central plant to
which manure may be hauled and fermented
into methane. The waste material from this
process would be sold as fertilizer. The
estimated selling cost for methane gas would
be about $2.50/million BTU's. The wastewat-
er generated could be purified by a special
species of algae that could be fed back to the
cattle. The University of Arizona has plans to
develop an animal research center for energy.
The University of Arizona has called upon
Arizona Feeds to work with them in the
development of energy research projects. Dr.
Cardon has suggested the following areas of
research: (1) a project for methane production
from animal and plant wastes, (2) recycling of
animal wastes, (3) processing and possible
chemical treatment of plant refuse for
recycling, and (4) focusing of the energy
needs to process grain (Bates-East Central)
4120-A8, B3, B5, Cl, C2, E2
POULTRY MANURE FOR FIELD
CROP PRODUCTION
Extension Agronomist, Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 32601
D. W. Jones, L. W. Kalch, D. A. Graetz, and
C. R. Douglas
Agronomy Facts, No. 51, Florida Cooperative
Extension Service, University of Florida, June
16, 1975, 4 p. 2 tab.
Keywords: Poultry manure, Land application,
Nutrients, Application rates, Crops.
Some guidelines are given for poultry manure
applications to crops in Florida. There are two
types of poultry manure: (1) cage layer
manure-pure manure that collects or cones up
under laying cages (Each layer produces
about 60-80 Ibs of dry air manure/year which
has a composition of 2.11 percent N, 0.33
percent P O , and 2.18 percent K2 O). (2)
Broiler manure a mixture of manure and
litter material from hens that are grown on the
floor. (Each broiler generates 8 Ibs of
manure/year which has 2.74 percent N, 2.50
percent Pj 03 , and 2.32 percent K20
Composition of chicken manure will vary
considerably depending on feed and composi-
tion, moisture content, age of manure,
presence and type of litter, and conditions of
storage. Composition of manure and require-
ments of the crop to be grown must both be
taken into consideration when poultry manure
is to be used as a source of plant nutrients.
Suggested rates and time of application are
given for the following crops: (1) Corn,
Sorghum, (2) Pearlmlllet, Sorghum, & Sudan-
grass, (3) Small grains, (4) Perennial grass
pasture, (5) Grass Legume pastures, (6)
Soybeans, (7) Peanuts, and (8) Tobacco.
(Bates-East Central)
4121-A8, All, B2, B5, C2, E2
THE EFFECT OF DISPOSING
HIGH RATES OF COPPER-RICH
PIG SLURRY ON GRASSLAND ON
THE HEALTH OF GRAZING
SHEEP
Greenmount Agricultural and Horticultural
College, Antrim, Northern Ireland
H. I. Gracey, T. A Stewart, J. D. Woodside,
and R. H. Thompson
Journal of Agricultural Science, V. 87, Ft 3,
p. 617-623, Dec., 1976. 3 fig., 5 tab , 34 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Slurries, Animal
health, Sheep, Copper poisoning, Copper
sulphate, Application rates.
Over a 3-year period 900 m^/ha of copper-rich
pig slurry were spread during the growing
season on a 0'6 ha permanent grassland sward
and the grass continually grazed off each
season with the same sheep. A total of 47 kg
Cu/ha were applied to the area and this
increased the EDTA-extractable copper in the
topsoil. Herbage copper concentrations clear-
ly showed that sheep grazing the area were
continually exposed to high concentrations,
and that most of the copper was present as
surface contamination. Large quantities of
copper were excreted in the sheep faeces
indicating that copper passed through the
animal. Monthly blood samples from the
sheep showed that the enzyme glutamic-
oxaloacetic transammase (GOT) concentra-
tions were slightly higher than those in sheep
grazing an area which received no copper over
the same period. By the end of the second
season (October 1971) over 2000 i.u. GOT/1
were recorded in some sheep grazing the
slurry treated area indicating severe liver
breakdown at that time However, during the
winter when the sheep were inwintered,
serum GOT concentrations decreased con-
siderably In th" final grazing season a 0'2 ha
area received monthly applications of copper
sulphate instead of slurry. All sheep were
slaughtered in November 1972 for post-mort-
em examination. There was little difference in
the copper concentrations in the liver and
kidneys of the sheep grazing the control and
!he slurry areas, although the sheep which
grazed the copper sulphate area in the final
season had higher concentrations. As no
sheep died from chronic copper poisoning
during the course of the investigation there
would appear to be little or no danger to the
health of sheep from grazing land which is
receiving pig slurry at rates which supply less
than 16 kg Cu/ha/year. (Copyright 1976-
Journal of Agricultural Science)
4122-All, Bl, C3
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF USED
LITTER ON SALMONELLA
TYPHIMURIUM TRANSMISSION
IN THE CHICKEN
Department of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
O. M. Olesiuk, G. H. Snoeyenbos, and C. F.
Smyser
Avian Diseases, V. 15, p. 118-124, 1971. 4
tab., 9 ref.
Keywords: Litters, Poultry Salmonella
typh/murlum, Animal health, Disease.
Four sequential trials were conducted to
determine the effect of used litter on the
transmission pattern of S. typhlmurlum in
chickens. The pens were unoccupied for only
three to five days between trials and the litter
In the pens was not changed during the
32-week study. The pens were Initially
populated with four-week-old chicks Infected
with S. typhlmurlum. Pens were repopulated
at approximately bimonthly Intervals with 25
uninoculated one-day-old chicks Infected with
S. typh/murlum or with one or two Inoculated
principals and 23 or 24 contacts, totaling 326
birds. Infection was determined by culturlng
litter and cloacal swabs from all birds at
weekly intervals. None of the uninoculated
chicks reared in pens on used litter following
removal of Infected groups of chicks yielded S.
typhlmurlum even though sporadic Isolations
were made from the litter. When Infected
principals and contacts were Introduced Into
the test-pens, the used litter yielded a lower
rate of salmonella recovery In the contacts
than In the controls started on new litter, and
sharply moderated the rate of transmission
and duration of infection. (Copyright 1971
Avian Diseases)
4123-B3, C2, Dl, D3, E2, Fl
COMPOSTING MAKES MANURE
HANDLING EASY
Anonymous
Colorado Rancher & Farmer, V. 31, No. 4, p.
30, 32, April, 1977. 4 fig,
Keywords: Composting, Feedlots, Windrows,
Fermentation, Aeration, Grinding, Bacteria,
Economics, Pollution control.
Lester Kuhlman of Sterling, Colorado sees
cattle manure as a source of valuable compost
capable of improving soil fertility and increas-
ing crop yields. Kuhlman, president of
Colorado-Nebraska Compost Corporation, is
using a new technique to compost manure at
the feedlot site The composting technique
involves these steps: (1) Manure is removed
from the pens with conventional equipment
and placed in 5-foot high by 10-foot wide
windrows. Runoff from the windrows is
channeled to a lagoon (2) A special bacterial
culture Is added to the windrows as a machine
passes over the windrows, grinding and
aerating the manure (3) Bacteria multiply and
the windrow material heats to about 140" F.,
killing all disease organisms and weed seeds.
Within 48 hours after the manure is windrow-
ed, the odor and fly problem disappears (4)
Windrows are machine-aerated every 3-6
days. Within 6-8 weeks, the fermentation
process Is complete Kuhlman says this
mechanized method of composting is by far
the cheapest means that has been developed
Most of the feedlots operate on a 50-50 basis
with the composting corporation In addition
to farm application, a bagged compost trade is
beginning. Nebraska feedlot operators state
that composting provides the following bene-
fits: (1) Manure volume is cut in half (2)
Because the compost is concentrated, applica-
tion rates are much less than with raw manure
and spreading time may be reduced as much
as 75 percent. The compost can be stockpiled
for over a year, so there's no waiting until
fields dry out for spreading before pens can be
cleaned. While the compost is not intended to
replace all commercial fertilizer, it can replace
a good share of it. Unlike manure, compost
nitrogen is Immediately available to plants at
the time of application. Worth of the compost
varies with the quality of the manure usr-d.
Manure low in sand or dirt from feedlot pens
is worth considerably more than sand laden
manure (Merryman-East Central)
41
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4J24-A9, Bl, C3, D2
EFFECT OF DIETARY OXYTE-
TRACYCLINE ON MICROOR-
GANISMS IN TUSKEY FECES
Department of Bacteriology, North Dakota
State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102
B. B. Baldwin, M. C. Bromel, D. W. Alrd, R.
L. Johnson, and J. L. Sell
Poultry Science, V. 55, No. 6, p. 2147-2154,
Nov., 1976. 3 fig., 4 tab., 22 ref.
Keywords: Diets, Oxytetracycllne, Micro-
organisms, Turkey fecas, Antibiotic resistance
Thirty-six two-day old mala turkey poults ware
divided Into three groups and fed three levels
of Oxytetracycllne; 0,110 or 440 mg. per kg. of
ration, respectively, for nine weeka. The
poults were given an oral speetlnomycln plus
vitamin treatment at the hatchery but were
not fed before the start of the experiment.
Defecated faces from each group were
sampled at weakly Intervals and analyzed for
bacteriological content, especially for mem-
bers of the Entarobacterlacaae. Total aerobic
counts of 3 x 108'and total anaerobic counts of
2 x 109' were obtained. The majority of the
Entarobacterleceaa were Eschsrlchls coll but
some Klebslel/a sp., the Bethesda-Ballerup
group of paracolon bacteria and Arizona sp.
were also Isolated. Antlblograms of the
enteric Isolates Indicated that an Increase In
multiple antibiotic resistance occurred when
increased amounts of antibiotic were fed.
(Copyright 1976 - Poultry Science)
4125-A7, Bl, C2, Dl
EFFECTS OF BEEF HOUSING
SYSTEMS ON GASEOUS CON-
TAMINANTS REMOVED BY
VENTILATION
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada
J. J. R. Feddes and J. B. McQultty
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, V. 15,
No. 2, p. 119-123, Dec., 1873. 3 fig., 2 tab., 11
ref.
Keywords: Housing systems, Cattle, Ventila-
tion, Slatted floors, Straw bedding, Carbon
dioxide, Ammonia, Aeration rotors.
This study Investigated the effects of slatted-
floored and straw-bedded baef housing sys-
tems on ammonia and carbon dioxide removal
by ventilation. Two exhaust levels wars
Included within each housing system to study
the Influence of outlet height on the removal
rates of the two gases. The effects or
operating aeration rotors In pita below the
slatted floor on the gas removal rates also
were Investigated. The five treatments consid-
ered for both exhaust levels were three, (wo,
one, and no rotore operating In the slatied-
floor system and the straw-bedded system.
Sampling procedures Involved monitoring the
ammonia and carbon dioxide concentrations of
the air entering and leaving each housing
system. The air also was sampled at animal
level. Results show that the housing systems
had no significant effects on the concentra-
tions of the two gaaos removed /'or similar
rates of ventilation. With no rotor operating
and In the slraw-bedded system, ouilel
location had little effect on gas removal rates.
Exhausting air below slat level increased the
rate of ammonia reir;o"al but not thai of
carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide producac: by
the wastes in either system was negligible
compared with that respired by the animals.
(Copyright 1973 Canadian Agricultural
Engineering)
4126-B1, Cl, Dl
EFFECTS OF BEEF HOUSING
SYSTEMS ON MOISTURE RE-
MOVED BY VENTILATION
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada
J. J. R. Feddes and J. B. McQultty
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, V. 15,
No. 2, p. 113-118, Dec., 1973. 7 fig., 1 tab., 8
ref.
Keywords: Housing systems, Cattle, Slotted
floors, Straw bedding, Ventilation, Moisture
content.
This study Investigated the Influence of
slatted-floored and straw-bedded beef hous-
ing systems on moisture removed by ventila-
tion. Two exhaust levels were Included within
each housing system to study the effects of
outlet height on water vapor removal rates.
The effects of operating aeration rotors In pits
bslow the slatted floor on the moisture load to
be removed by ventilation also was Investigat-
ed. A moisture balance was established for
each treatment. Sampling procedures Involv-
ed monitoring wet and dp/ bulb tempera-
tures of air entering and leaving each housing
system. Moisture entering each system via
feed and water provided for the cattle and
accumulated moisture in the manure pack and
pits were measured. Results showed signifi-
cant differences between treatments with
respect to water vapor removal rates. These
rates for the straw-bedded and slattsd-floor
system with no rotor were In the ratio of 1.00:
0.69 under similar ventilation rates. Exhaust-
Ing air below slat level increased the rate of
moisture removal when rotors were In uss. In
the slaited-floor system with no rotor and In
the straw-bedded system, outlet height had
little effect on removal rates. (Copyright 1973
- Canadian Agricultural Engineering)
4U7-A6, Bl, F2
GOOD ANIMAL WASTE MAN-
AGEMENT REDUCES ODORS
AND COMPLAINTS
Agricultural Engineering Department, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 81801
A. J. Muehllng
Paper 74-11-110, VIII International Congress of
Agricultural Engineering, Tlavohof, The
Netherlands, Sept. 23-29, 1974, 5 p.
Keywords: Odor control, Waal® management,
Nuisance suit.
Controlling undesirable odors from livestock
wastes has becom® a major concern In the
development of new and larger livestock
units. The threat of a civil suit by Irate
neighbors Is an Important consideration for
livestock feeding operators. Methods which
have b€(8n developed to minimize odors
Include: (1) Locate livestock unit wisely. Select
a site that Is remote from rasldences and
commercial development. (2) Provide good
housekeeping. Regular cleaning of entire
operation will minimize odors and let neigh-
bors know that you are concerned with
preserving a deslrablo environment. (3) Use
good judgment when hauling wastea. Sched-
ule cleening and hauling when climatic and
soil conditions favor dispersion and dilution of
odors released. Do not haul In fields next to
your neighbor's dwellings. (4) Provide proper
environment. Adequate ventilation Is a maior
Itorn In r&ducing tha odor level Inside enclosed
livestock shelters. (5) Consider aerobic treat-
ment of wastes. Livestock waste* treated In
the presence of free oxygen are free of
objectionable odor. Thesa systems Include the
oxidation ditch, the mechanically aerated
lagoon, or the oxidation pond. (6) Investigate
use of odor control chemicals. Either odor
control or masking agents are available. (7)
Properly dispose of dead animals. (8)
Communicate with neighbors. Visiting with
neighbors and discussing what you are doing
to control odors may eliminate a costly civil
nuisance ault. (Bates-East Central)
4128-B2, Cl
FLOW PROPERTIES OF DAIRY
WASTE SLURRIES
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
L. M. Staley, M. A. Tung, and Q. F. Kennedy
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, V. 15,
No. 2, p. 124-127, Dec., 1973. 6 fig., 1 tab., 9
ref.
Keywords: Dairy wastes, Slurries, Shear
rates, Flow rates, Solids, Design
Dairy manure slurries of varying solids
content were tested In a Haake Hotovlsko
rheometer ovsr a wide range of shear rates.
The resulting data accurately fitted a power-
law model for which the flow parameters were
determined. These parameters ware used to
calculates generalized Reynold's number and
Fanning friction factor. Darcy's equation then
gave pressure drops for selected pipe sizes
and flow rates. Field experiments were
conducted by pumping dairy manure through
3- and 4-Inch (7.6- and 10.2-centimeter)
diameter Irrigation pipe. Flow rates, solids
content, and pressure drops were measured.
After applying corrections for the effect of
pipe couplers, measured and calculated
pressure drops were compared and found to
be In good agreement. The method of
applying vlscometrlc data to predict pipeline
flow appears to have good potantlal In the
design of distribution systems for dairy waste
slurries. (Copyright 1973 Canadian Agri-
cultural Engineering)
4129-A3, A4, AS, Bl, E2
NONPO1NT SOURCES: STATE-
OF-THE-ART OVERVIEW
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas
AS.M University, College Station, Texas
77843
J. M. Sweeten and D. L. Reddell
Paper No. 76-2563, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1976 Winter Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 14-17, 1976, 40 p. 4
fig., 4 tab., 62 ref.
Keywords: Water pollution, Runoff, Nonpolnt
sources, State-of-the-Art, Sediment, Nutri-
ents, Pesticides, Livestock wastes, Land
disposal, Agriculture, Silviculture.
A review of the state-of-the-art reveals that a
considerable volume of research has bean
published In the last three decades on
non-point source pollution aa a result of
agricultural and sllvl&ultural activities. Topics
that hava been Investigated Include: charac-
teristics of nonpolnt sources, background
levels of pollutants, aedlment, estimating
ssdlment loss, estimating nutrient and pesti-
cide losses, pollutants resulting from livestock
production, rrainure loading rates from graz-
ing animals, distribution of excreta from
grazing cattle, and land disposal sites as
nonpolnt sources. Nonpolnt source loads
within a watershed may ba er-Mmated bv using
3 categories of data. (1) physical character-
istics of the watershed, (2) hydrologlc charac-
teristics, and (3) land management practlcas.
Two methods of estimating nutrient and
organic matter loads aro. (1) calculating
42
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sediment yields, and (2) multiplying sediment
yields by factors denoting nutrient concentra-
tions In the soil enrichment In the soil erosion
process. Major pollution problems caused by
manure are oxygen-demanding organic mat-
ter, plant nutrients and Infectious agents.
Guidelines for minimizing water pollution
from land disposal of animal wastes include
the following: (1) Schedule rate, time and
frequency of application for maximum nutri-
ent utilization by plants, (2) Apply wastes
uniformly, (3) Select disposal areas with low
erosion potential, (4) Avoid flood plains,
grassed waterways or natural drainage paths,
(5) Avoid highly permeable soils where high
water tables exist, (6) Plow under or Inject
manure applied to barren fields, and (7) Avoid
waste applications on frozen or snow-covered
land. (Albertson-Eaat Central)
4130-A2, A4, 32, B4, Dl, E2
FEEDLOTS AND RECREATION
LAKES: AN EXAMPLE OF HOW
THEY CAN BE GOOD NEIGH-
BORS
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture and Department of
Agricultural Engineering, University of
Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
J. A. Nlenaber, J. L. Gartung, and C. B.
Gllbertson
Farm, Ranch, and Home Quarterly fleprlnt,
Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, V.
22, No. 2, Summer, 1975, 2 p. 1 fig.
Keywords: Feedlots, Recreation lakes, Uni-
versity of Nebraska, Environmental Protection
Agency, Agricultural runoff, Runoff control,
Debris basins. Holding ponds, Land disposal,
Irrigation, Rainfall.
A feedlot disposal system was designed by the
Agricultural Engineering Department of the
University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UN-L) to
prevent contamination of a recreational lake.
EPA awarded a contract to L. P. Schram
Feedlot Inc. to carry out research In coopera-
tion with UN-L. Three system components
were used to manage precipitation runoff from
the feedlot: (a) debris basin, which collected
runoff and removed settleable solids from the
liquid to be handled with conventional pumps,
(b) holding pond, which collected liquid
drained from debris basin and stored It for
application to the land, (c) disposal system
which distributed liquids on the land by
Irrigation techniques. The system proved to
give sufficient runoff control In both average
and above average rainfall periods. (Albert-
son-East Central)
4131-A11, B3, C3
THE ROLES OF AMMONIA,
WATER ACTIVITY, AND pH IN
THE SALMONELLACIDAL EF-
FECT OF LONG-USED POULTRY
LITTER
Department of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
P.C.B. Turnbull, and G.H. Snoeyenbos
Avian Disease*, V. 17, p. 72-86, 1973. 6 fig., 2
tab., 20 ref.
Keywords: Litter, Salmonella, Survival rates,
Ammonia, Moisture content, pH, Lyophllized
salmonella.
Lyophllized salmonella cells exposed to at-
mospheres of 3 different water activities (aw)
showed negligible death rates at very low aw
both without ammonia and with ammonia at
100 to 400 .tig/ml air. Apart from some
variation among the 3 serotypes tasted, death
rates Increased as aw was raised from
approximately 0.5 to values approaching 1.00.
Ammonia added to these atmospheres accel-
erated the death rates. Relations between
death rate, aw and ammonia were similar In
litter contaminated with Salmonella
typhlmurlum. A number of samples of old and
new litter were assayed for ammonia, mois-
ture, pH and salmonellacldal activity. The
highest activity obtained was a decrease of S.
typhlmurlum from 9.2 X 109 cells/5g of litter
to zero recovery within 11 days. The
appearance of salmonellacldal activity In a
sample of litter under test was observed to be
accompanied by a rapid rise In ammonia and
pH. In general, moisture, ammonia, and pH
Increased with the period of Utter use, and
salmonellacldal activity was a result of 2
principal factors: awunfavorable to salmonella
cell viability; and nigh pH from ammonia
dissolved In the available moisture of the
litter. (Copyright 1973 - Avian Diseases)
4132-B2, Dl, D3, E2
HOGS TO GET FLUSH TOILETS?
Anonymous
Nebraska Farmer, V. 118, No. 23, p. 21, Dec.,
1976.
Keywords: Swine, Waste management,
Flushing, Settling tanks, Lagoons, Irrigation,
Wastewater reuse.
Norm Teter, Extension agricultural engineer
at the University of Nebraska, predicted that
hogs will soon get flush toilets. Evidence that
the flushing process can be Installed In all
types of swine housing supports his predic-
tion. In such flushing systems water Is
dumped at Intervals to remove wastes from
the building and deposit them In a settling
tank. Solids sink to the bottom of the tank
while the water runs over the top to a lagoon.
The water may be pumped back and reused or
pumped through an Irrigation system or
channeled down a ditch for ditch Irrigation.
Examples of swine waste disposal flushing
systems, water release devices, and flushways
are described. (Albertson-East Central)
4133-A2, Bl, Dl, D3, E2, E3
AWARDS MADE FOR WASTE
MANAGEMENT STUDD3S
Anonymous
Confinement, V. 2, No. 6, p. 17, June, 1977.
Keywords: Awards, Animal waste manage-
ment, Runoff control, Vegetative filters,
Recycling, Aerobic treatment, Anaerobic
treatment, Land application, Wind erosion,
Separation techniques.
The Livestock Environmental Sciences
Committee recently recognized several people
for their contributions to knowledge of
relations between livestock production and the
environment. Dwayne Lewis, a cattle feeder
from Kearney, Nebraska was presented the
Certificate of Achievement. Lewis's $150,000
runoff-control system Includes wire debris
traps to remove settleable solids. Dale H.
Vanderholm conducted a research project on
feedlot runoff control using vegetative filters.
He was presented a Certificate of Achieve-
ment. Also presented the same award was
James Converse on his project evaluating the
use of livestock and poultry manure as an
energy source, a feed Ingredient, and a
substitute fertilizer was also cited. J. P.
Harper, P.O. Ngoddy and J. B. Gerrlsh at
Michigan State University were merited the
Certificate of Achievement also. Their paper
Involved screening of fibrous suspended
solids In liquid manure from combined cattle
and swine feeding operations to Improve the
efficiency of aerobic and anaerobic treatment.
Recognized for their outstanding paper with
the USDA at Manhattan, Kansas were N. P.
Woodruff, L. Lyles, J. D. Dlckerson and D. V.
Armbrust. They were merited the LESC's
Certificate of Achievement. Their paper dealt
with a comparison of surface-applied and
tllled-ln manures from cattle feedlots and
wheat stubble In controlling wind erosion.
(Rows-East Central)
4134-B2, B3, Dl, E2, Fl
COSTS OF DAffiY WASTE DIS-
POSAL ON TENNESSEE EXPERI-
MENT STATION FARMS
Department of Agricultural Economics and
Rural Sociology, University of Tennessee,
Knoxvllle, Tennessee 37901
L. L. Bauer and J. I. Sewell
Tennessee Farm and Home Science, Progress
Report 101, p. 12-15, Jan.-March, 1977. 2
tab., 2 ref.
Keywords: Dairy wastes, Waste manage-
ment, Liquid wastes, Solid wastes, Lagoons,
Equipment, Costs, Flushing, Irrigation, Land
disposal.
The University of Tennessee Institute of
Agriculture evaluated the various aspects of
managing and disposing of waste on dairy
farms. Five University of Tennessee Experi-
ment Station farms were used to determine
the economic and operational aspects of the
various disposal systems. Some of the dairies
used relatively new facilities while other used
facilities not conducive to efficient waste
management operations. Three types of
disposal systems were used: liquid manure
systems, hauled waste as solids, and lagoon
systems. A complete tabular breakdown Is
given for the costs Incurred In operating the
waste management systems at each of the
farms. The lagoon system proved to be the
least costly per cow. Fertilizer value of dairy
manure was not considered In the projection
of annual cost of manure disposal given.
(Albertson-East Central)
4135-A10, Bl, B2, D2
TITLE: INSECT GROWTH REG-
ULATORS: DEVELOPMENT OF
HOUSE FUES IN FECES OF
BOVINES FED TH 6040 IN MIN-
ERAL BLOCKS AND REDUCTION
IN FffiLD POPULATIONS BY SUR-
FACE TREATMENTS WITH TH
6040 OR A MIXTURE OF
STTROFOS AND DICHLORVOS AT
LARVAL BREEDING AREAS
Veterinary Toxicology & Entomology Re-
search Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
College Station, Texas 77840
J. E. Wright
Journal of Economic Entomology, V. 68, No.
3, p. 322-324, June 16, 1975. 3 tab. 8 ref.
Keywords: Fly control, Blocldes, Cattle
manure, Feedlots, Swine wastes, Lagoons,
Wastewater treatment plant, TH 6040, Stlro-
fos, Dlchlorvos.
Development of Musca domestlca L. was
Inhibited In th« fecea of cattle that consumed
mineral blocks which contained 0.1 and 0.5
percent of the Insect growth regulator
Thompson-Hayward 6040 N-(4-chlorophenyl)
-N'-(2,6-dlfluorobenzoyl) urea . The applica-
tion of TH 6040 or a mixture of 21.4 percent
stlrofos and 5.3 percent dlchlorvoe (fiavap ) as
43
-------
are* treatments to larvel breeding sites at a
swine feedlot (0.05 and 0.075 percent ooncn,
respectively) and at a waste water treatment
plant (0.05 and 0.15 percent concn, respect-
ively) inhibited adult emergence throughout
the fly breeding season. (Copyright 1975 -
Journal of Economic Entomology)
4136-B3, BS, E2
INFLUENCE OF FARMYARD
MANURE AND NITROGEN FER-
TILIZERS ON SOWN PASTURES,
SEED YIELD AND QUALITY OF
Cenchrus ciliaris L AT KONGWA
TANZANIA
Diocese of Central Tanganyika, Box 15,
Dodoma, Tanzania
P. M. Wlgg, M. A. Owen and N. J. Mukuarasl
East African Agricultural and Forestry Journ-
al, V. 38, No. 4, p. 367-374, April, 1973.1 fig.,
6tsb., 8 ref.
Keywords: Land application, Application
rates, Farmyard manure, Swards, Crop
response, Weeds, Fertilizers, Nitrogen.
In an effort to rejuvenate sown pastures, four
rates of farmyard manure were applied
annually to a Cenchrus cll/arls/Chlorls gayana
pasture. Annual dressings of up to 62.5 metric
tona/ha (25 tons/ac) gave considerable re-
sponses In overall yield. C. gayana disappear-
ed from the pastures after three to four years
Irrespective of manure applied, while percen-
tage of Cenchrus cll/ar/s In the sward declined
with heavier rates of manure and was replaced
by Cynodon dactylon. Weed content of the
pastures was not Increased by application of
manure. In comparing manure with artificial
nitrogen In another experiment, manure gave
a smaller Immediate response but had longer
residual effect, with the overall yield Increase
after four years very similar. As manure
application la Impracticable, the use of night
grazing or shifting night enclosures Is
suggested to spread fertility. Nitrogen fertili-
zer marginally Improved total seeds of
Cenchrus c/l/erls, but did not Improve seed
quality. (Copyright 1973 East African
Agricultural and Forestry Journal)
4137-B2, C3, D3, E3
CHANGES IN MICROBIAL POP-
ULATION DURING FERMENTA-
TION OF FEEDLOT WASTE
WITH CORN
Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Agri-
cultural Research Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604
G. R. Hrubant
Applied Microbiology, V. 30, No. 1, p.
113-119, July 15, 1975. 1 fig., 6 tab., 12 ref.
Keywords: Feadlot wastes, Liquid wastes,
Fermentation, Corn, Protein synthesis,
Yeasts, Lactobacllll, Recycling, Refeedlng.
A new process for recycling feedlot waste
Involves the fermentation of liquid from this
rtaets combined with corn. Changes In the
flora of this sllage-IIke fermentation were
followed. The fermentation was dominated by
lactobacllli and yeasts, which Initially consti-
tute 1 percent or less of the natural flora. The
species of yeasts and lactlcs Involved were
characterized. The fermentation has two
phases. A single heterolactlc species multi-
plied rapidly for the first 24 h until It
represented 95 percent of the iactobacllll ana
more than 90 percent of the total mlcroflora. It
displaced the betabacterlum predominant
among lactlcs of the original waste; the acid
produced killed conforms and other organisms
In feedlot waste; and the acetic acid produced
probably caused the death of the dominant
native yeast Trlchoaporon cutantum (de
Beurm., Gougerot et Vaucher) Ota. The peak
lactobaclllus count remained constant (about 2
X 109brganlsms/g [wet weight], (throughout
the rest of the fermentation. Homolactlcs
dominated the later phase and yeasts Increas-
ed to 9.5XlO^farganlsms/g (wet weight). At 6
days, a stable mixture of three laolobacllll was
present, one streptobacterlum, one thermo-
bacterlum, and one betabacterlum. Similarly,
yeasts stabilized as a mixture of two Candida
sp. and one Plchla sp. The dominant species
of lactlcs were characterized. Information on
the sequence of microorganisms provides a
basis for enhanced protein synthesis In the
fermentation. (Copyright 1975 Applied
Microbiology)
4138-B3, Cl, E3, Fl
RESPONSE OF DAIRY CATTLE
GIVEN A FREE CHOICE OF FREE
STALL LOCATION AND THREE
BEDDING MATERIALS
Animal Physiology and Genetics Institute,
Agricultural Research Center, USDA, Belts-
vllle, Maryland 20705
J. E. Keys, Jr., L. W. Smith, and B. T.
Welnland
Journal of Dairy Science, V. 59, No. 6, p.
1157-1162, 1976. 1 fig., 4 tab., 4 ref.
Keywords: Solid wastes, Sawdust, Dairy
manure, Dewatered manure, Dehydrated
manure, Moisture content, Bedding, Dairy
cattle, Free stalls, Costs.
Dewatered manure solids (29 percent dry
matter), dehydrated manure solids (90 per-
cent matter), and sawdust (81 percent dry
matter) were compared as bedding materials
for dairy cattle allowed free choice of the
bedding materials In free stalls. The three
bedding materials were placed In three free
stall sections of nine stalls each and were
rotated at the beginning of three consecutive
week-long periods. Nine lactatlng dairy cows
were placed In the 27 free stall barn and
observed for 48 h during each of the three
periods via a TV camera-video tape recording
system. A trial during late winter was
repeated during midsummer. Cows spent 13.3
h/day lying In free stalls during the winter
trial and 5.9 h/day during the summer trial.
Cows spent an average of .5, 6.6, and 6.2
h/day lying on dewatered manure solids, and
sawdust during the winter trial and .5, 3.4,
and 2.0 h/day during the summer trial. The
relative cost of producing an amount of the
above respective bedding materials to fill one
122 X 213 cm free stal I to a depth of 10 cm was
$2.63, $11.46, and $1.27. (Copyright 1976 -
Journal of Dairy Science)
4139-A2, A4
VARIATION IN THE DENSITY OF
POLLUTION INDICATOR BAC-
TERIA IN THE COTTONWOOD
RIVER AS RELATED TO FEED-
LOT RUNOFF
L. J. Kennedy
M.S. Thesis, Kansas State Teachers College,
Aug., 1971, 54 p. 6 fig., 25 tab., 16 ref.
Keywords: Water pollution, Cottonwood Riv-
er, Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Pollutant
Identification, Fecal conforms, Sewage.
The Coitonwood River (In the vicinity of
Emporla, Kansas) was monitored from May,
1967 to July, 1968 to determine the relation-
ship between feedlot runoff and population
density of Indicator bacteria and to establish
seasonal "norms" for bacterial density In the
river. Sampling was periodically conducted at
5 river stations and 2 effluent stations. It was
determined that one-half Inch rainfall was the
minimum, which would result In excessive
feedlot runoff entering the river. While
minimal densities of fecal bacteria existed
during periods of no runoff, an overall station-
to-station Increase In mlcroblal population was
found to occur as the water moved through the
study area. The last station had the highest
microblal population, but this was mainly
attributed to contamination from the nearby
Emporia Sewage Disposal Plant. Highest
numbers of fecal bacteria were found at
stations below the point where feedlot
effluents entered the river. During runoff
events, these downstream stations had dan-
gerously high populations of Indicator organ-
Isms. Populations reached densities approx-
imating 1.2 million fecal conforms per 100 ml
sample. These drastically elevated numbers of
Indicator organisms declined to 28,000 fecal
conforms per 100 ml sample by the time the
water reached the last monitoring station
(approximately 2 miles below the feedlots),
Indicating that a rapid dispersal of fecal
bacteria occurred as the stream flowed away
from the source of contamination. (Albertson-
East Central)
4140-B2, C2, D3, E3
THERMOPfflLIC METHANE
PRODUCTION FROM CATTLE
WASTE
Department of Dairy Science, University of
Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
V. H. Varel, H. R. Isaacson, and M. P. Bryant
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, V.
33, No. 2, p. 298-307, Feb., 1977. 7 fig., 6
tab., 20 ref.
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Cattle
wastes, Slurries, Methane, Temperature,
Volatile solids.
Methane production from waste of cattle fed a
finishing diet was Investigated, using four
3-liter-working volume anaerobic digesters at
60T;. at 55"C a start-up culture, In which waste
was the only source of bacteria, was generated
within 8 days and readily adapted to 60*C,
where efficiency of methanogenesls was
greater. Increasing the temperature from 60
to65*C tended to drastically lower efficiency.
When feed concentrations of volatile solids
(VS, organic matter) were Increased In steps
of 2 percent after holding for 1 month at a
given concentration, the maximum concentra-
tions for efficient fermentation were 8.2, 10.0,
11.6, and 11.6 percent for the retention times
(RT) of 3, 6, 9, and 12 days, respectively. The
VS destructions for these and lower feed
concentrations were 3t to 37, 36 to 40, 47 to
49, and 51 to 53 percent for the 3-, 6-, 9-, and
12-day RT dlgestors, respectively, and the
corresponding methane production rates were
about 0.16, 0.18, 0.20, and 0.22 liters/day per
g of VS In the feed. Gas contained 52 to 57
percent methane. At the above RT and feed
concentrations, alkalinity rose to 5,000 to
7,700 mg of CaCOj per liter (pH to 7.5 to 7.8),
NH, plus NHft to 64 to 90 mM, and total
volatile acids to 850 to 2,050 mg/llter as
acetate. The 3-day RT digester was quite
stable up to 8.2 percent feed VS and at this
feed concentration produced methane at the
very high rate of 4.5 liters/day per liter of
dlgestor. Increasing the percentage of feed VS
beyond those values Indicated above resulted
in greatly decreased organic matter destruc-
tion and methane production, variable de-
crease In pH, and Increased alkalinity,
ammonia, and total volatile acid concentra-
44
-------
tlons, with proplonate being the first to
accumulate In large amounts. In a second
experiment with another lot of waste, the
results were similar. These studies Indicate
that loading rates can be much higher than
those previously thought useful for maximiz-
ing methanogenesls from cattle waste. (Copy-
right 1977-Applled and Environmental Micro-
biology)
4141-A11, Bl
HOUSING AND FLOOR DESIGN
CAN INFLUENCE PIG PERFOR-
MANCE
Anonymous
Kantas F«rmer, V. 113, No. 15, p. 47, Sept. 4,
1878.
Keywords: Housing, Slatted floors, Swine,
Performance, Concrete lots, Dirt lots, Feed-
lots, Confinement pens.
Animal science researchers it South Dakota
State University studied floor designs and
housing types to evaluate their effects on pig
performance. Researchers conducted 2 separ-
ate trials using 5 treatments that were
replicated 4 times. Pigs In treatments 1, 2,
and 3 were housed In an enclosed confinement
building with fully slatted floors. One treat-
ment was pigs on 8-Inch concrete slats, ano-
ther was pigs on 5-Inch concrete slats, and
another was on 31/z-inch slats. Treatment 4
was pigs housed In uninsulated, wooden-floor-
ed houses and fed and watered outside In dirt
lots. Treatment 5 was In similar houses but
with outside concrete lots. The first trial was
run during the summer and the second trial
was run during late summer and fall. Pigs
given access outside on concrete gained faster
during the finishing phase from 125 to 220
pounds. Slat size appeared to make very little
difference In performance. When researchers
learned that slats sizes did not appear to affect
performance, they then compared pigs on
slats to pigs grown In open front buildings
with access to the outside. Pigs housed In
outside concrete lots gained faster and
required less feed per pound of gain than
those housed Inside. (Albertson-East Central)
4142-B1, B4, B5, C2, E2
SPREAD THE MUCK AROUND
THE FARM
S. N. Adams
Agriculture In Northern Ireland, V. 50, No. 9,
p. 250-251, 2 fig.
Keywords: Livestock wastes, Land spreading,
Nutrients, Fertilizers.
To get full fertilizer value from livestock
manure, It must be properly spread around
the farm. Diagram 1 Illustrates the wrong way
to distribute manure. In this diagram, the
manure Is considered a waste product to be
dumped. Leakage caused loss of nutrients
from the manure heap. Diagram 2 Illustrates
the right way to distribute manure. There Is
no leakage from the manure heap and the
manure Is spread over the whole farm,
especially on the cutting ground. Need for
commercial fertilizer Is greatly reduced.
(Albertson-East Central)
4143-B3, E3, Fl
MORE INTEREST EVIDENT IN
POULTRY LITTER AS LESS
COSTLY, MORE AVAILABLE
FERTILIZER
Anonymous
Feedstuffa, V. 49, No. 1, p. 5, Jan. 3, 1977.
Keywords: Llttws, Poultry, Fertilizers, Re-
feeding, Economics.
CharlM F. Thomas, extension poultry scien-
tist, Auburn University, reported that poultry
manure (Including litter), correctly handled
and conserved, It the richest In plant food and
the most valuable of all manures produced by
livestock. High costs of fertilizer, coupled with
shortages of fertilizer Ingredients, have
Increased Interest In the use of poultry litter as
a fertilizer rather than as a recycled feed
Ingredient. A cost review and an analysis of
the recycled material In relation to Its value as
• fertilizer and Its value as a recycled feed
Ingredient are given. (Albertson-East Central)
4144-B2, C2, D3, El
OVERLAND FLOW PRETREAT-
MENT OF POULTRY MANURE
Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Dept., North Carolina State University, Ral-
eigh, North Carolina 27607
M. R. Overcash, F. J. Humenlk, P. W.
Wetterman, D. M. Covll, and J. W. Qllllam
Piper No. 76-4517, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1976 Winter Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 14-17, 1976, 23 p. 4
fig., 12 tab., 22 ref.
Keywords: Overland flow pretreatment, Poul-
try wastes, Physical treatment, Biological
treatment, Loading rates, Flow rate, Nitro-
gen, Sampling, Land use.
Study objectives were: (1) to evaluate the
concentration and mass changes of waste
parameters In poultry waste as affected by
overland flow (OLF) with distances from 15 m
to 45 m, and (2) to project a farm-scale system
which utilizes OLF as a poultry waste
pretreatment. A field Installation consisting of
a caged layer house, overland flow terraces,
and two lagoons was constructed. Flushed
wastes from the caged layer house were
strained and agitated before being pumped to
a terrace overland flow system seeded with a
mixture of Reed Canary, redtop, and fescue
grass seed. The 3 basic parameters that were
considered under which to establish different
loading conditions from each terrace system
were: (1) frequency of loading, (2) flow rate,
and (3) total nitrogen load. Wastewater
loading samples, wastewater runoff samples,
groundwater samples, and grass samples
were taken. Substantial losses of nitrogen via
wastewater runoff, rainfall runoff, grass
uptake, soil water, ammonia volatilization,
denltrlflcatlon, soil sorptlon, and mlcroblal
assimilation during overland flow pretreat-
ment Indicated that OLF can serve to substan-
tially reduce the total land area for waate
management. OLF would appear to reduce
land needs by 50-70 percent and when
followed by a flush recycle retention pond
results In an 80 percent land area reduction.
Effluent quality from OLF or OLF-lagoon
systems for poultry manure or animal waste
would not be sufficiently treated for direct
disposal Into streams. (Albertson-East Cen-
tral)
4145-A11, B3, C2, E3
NUTRIENT CHARACTERIZA-
TION OF SWINE FECAL WASTE
AND UTILIZATION OF THESE
NUTRIENTS BY SWINE
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
versity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
E. T. Kornegay, M. R. Holland, K. E. Webb,
K. P. Bovard and J. D. Hedges
Journal of Animal Science, V. 44, No. 4, p.
608-619, April, 1977. 8 tab , 25 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Nutrients, Reteed-
Ing, Unprocessed swine feces, Dried swine
(aces, Digestibility, Minerals, Rations, Perfor-
mance, Amlno acids, Energy.
Swine feces from finishing hogs were fed In
two metabolism trials by substituting for 21.7
and 37.3 percent (dry matter) of a basal
corn-soybean meal ration. Unprocessed feces
(fresh) were used In one trial and dried feces
were used In the other trial. Feces collected
from gilts fed rations containing feces had
significantly higher levels of crude fiber, ether
extract and gross energy, and significantly
lower levels of crude protein and true protein
than feces collected from gilts fed the basal
ration. The fecal concentration of ash, NFE
and nonproteln nitrogen tended to remain
constant as percent of feces Increased In the
ration. The fecal concentration of amlno acids
In most cases decreased as feces were
substituted. Although the Intake of all
minerals increased as the percent of feces
Increased in the ration, only the fecal
concentration of magnesium, copper and zinc
were significantly higher with the concentra-
tions of calcium, phosphorus and potassium
remaining about constant. Phosphorus was
the only urinary component which significant-
ly increased as the level of feces substituted In
the basal ration Increased. Output of feces
Increased as the amount of feces substituted
for the basal ration was increased with no
differences In urinary output. Swine feces
were found to be of less nutritive value than a
basal corn-soybean meal ration. Digestibilities
for dry matter, energy, ash, crude fiber, ether
extract, crude protein, true protein and
nitrogen-free extract, calculated by difference
using the percentage of that nutrient which
was from feces, were: 48.0, 46.7, 31.6, 40.9,
54.1, 60.1, 51.4 and 45.9 percent respectively.
With the exception of serlne, glyclne and
cystlne, in which the digestion coefficients
were lower, the digestibilities of the other
amlno acids ranged from 51.2, to 65.1 percent.
The apparent absorption of most minerals
analyzed was reduced as the level of dietary
feces substituted Increased (the Intake of all
minerals Increased as feces substituted In-
creased), but absorption and retention, In
grams per day, were similar or greater as
feces were substituted for the basal ration.
(Copyright 1977 - Journal of Animal Science)
4146-A11, B2, B3, C2, E3
COMPOSITION OF CORN PLANT
ENSILED WITH EXCRETA OR
NITROGEN SUPPLEMENTS AND
ITS EFFECT ON GROWING
WETHERS
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsvllle,
Maryland 20705
H. K. Goering and L. W. Smith
Journal of Animal Science, V. 44, No. 3, p.
452-461, March, 1977 8 tab., 25 ref.
Keywords: Rations, Silage, Ensiling, Refeed-
ing, Urea, Soybean meal, Dried poultry
excreta. Cattle manure liquid, Corn, Sheep,
Performance, Crude protein, Nitrogen, Lactic
acid, Digestibility
Either urea, soybean meal, dried poultry
excreta, or liquid expressed from cattle
manure was added to whole plant corn forage
at levels that would approximate 12 percent
crude protein In the dry matter and ensiled In
1.22- X 2.44-m silos. The actual crude protein
concentration of the four silages was 10.9,
10.4, 10.1 and 11.2 percsnt In dry matter.
Recovery of corn forage dry matter and
supplements after storage for 90 days was 93,
100, 89 and 94 percent. Recovery of sugar was
21, 29, 18 and 19 percent. Ammonia nitrogen
45
-------
increased 7.5-fold during storage for tne
soybean meal supplemented silage. Hot-water
insoluble nitrogen was 33, 50, 41 and 46
percent of total nitrogen for urea, soybean
meal, dried poultry excreta and the liquid
expressed from cattle manure treatments.
Percentage of lactic acid In dry matter was
4.5, 4.1, 5.9 and 7.6. The pH value was 3.9,
3.9, 4.2 and 3.8. The silages were fed to 16
wethers for 63 days In a growth trial.During 7
days of the trial, total urine and feces from all
sheep were collected. Dry matter digestibility
was66, 64, 63 and 64 percent. Organic matter
digestibility was 68, 65, 65 and 65 percent.
Nitrogen retention was .8, .1, 3.1, and 2.1
g/day. Weight gain was 3, 48, 132 and 101
g/day. Daily organic matter consumed was
28, 28, 35 and 29 g/kg.7? . The superior
performance of lambs fed on the dried poultry
excreta silage was a result of increased Intake
over the urea and soybean meal treatments,
but rate of gain was greater for lambs fed the
liquid cow manure silage than the urea and
soybean meal treated silage, even with similar
organic matter intakes. (Copyright 1977
Journal of Animal Science)
4147-A11, Bl, Cl, C2, D3
EFFECT OF ARSANILIC ACID IN
SWINE DIETS ON FRESH WASTE
PRODUCTION, COMPOSITION
AND ANAEROBIC DECOMPO-
SITION
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
M. C. Brumm, A. L. Sutton, V. B. Mayrose, J.
C. Nye and H. W Jones
Journal of Animal Science, V. 44, No. 3, p.
521-530, April, 1977. 3 fig., 8 tab., 24 ref.
Keywords: Arsenic, Arsanilic acid, Diets,
Swine, Waste production, Chemical proper-
lies, Physical properties, Anaerobic decomp-
osition.
A complete random design experiment was
conducted to determine the effect of arsanilic
acid In swine diets on fresh waste production
and composition and on decomposition of the
waste stored in anaerobic pits. Vitamin and
mineral fortified corn-soybean meal diets with
0, 100, or 200 ppm arsanilic acid were fed to
growing-finishing pigs (14 to 91 kg) in winter
and summer trials with daily fresh waste
collection and addition to anaerobic pits
Average daily total waste production (wet
basis) per pig, including hair, dust, wasted
feed, waste water and excreta, was 3.8 kg
during the winter trial and 4.8 kg during the
summer trial. Average elemental arsenic
excretion ranged from 35.7 mg to 62.9 mg per
head per day. Arsenic concentrations (wet
basis) in the anaerobic waste from pigs fed the
0, 100 and 200 ppm arsanilic acid diets for
both trials were .54, 6.29 and 11.23 ppm,
respectively. The presence of arsanilic acid in
swine diets did not affect fresh waste
production or composition. Arsanilic acid did
enhance the decomposition of waste as shown
by the reduction of dry matter and volatile
solids in waste from arsanilic acid fed pigs.
Dry matter content was reduced more than 60
percent in each trial in anaerobically stored
waste from pigs fed arsanilic acid, while the
dry matter content was reduced 23 percent
and 39 percent in the waste from pigs fed the
control diet. The presence of arsenic in the
waste resulted in the retention of more total
nitrogen (dry basis) and nitrogen in the
ammonium form compared to waste with no
arsenic but did not affect phosphorus,
potassium and nitrate nitrogen levels. (Copy-
right 1977 - Journal of Animal Science)
4148-A11, B3, Cl, C2, E3
PERFORMANCE OF BEEF CAT-
TLE FED WASTELAGE AND
DIGESTIBILITY OF WASTELAGE
AND DRIED WASTE DIETS
Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tlfton,
Georgia 31794
G. L. Newton, P. R. Utley, R. J. Rltter and W.
C. McCormick
Journal of Animal Science, V. 44, No. 3, p.
447-451, March, 1977. 5 tab., 14 ret.
Keywords: Cattle, Diets Wastelage, Dried
wastes, Performance, Digestibility, Refeed-
ing, Nitrogen balance.
Feeding and digestion trials were conducted
to evaluate the effects of inclusion of cattle
waste in cattle diets. Eighteen heifers
averaging 210 kg were individually fed either
a control diet or a wastelage diet containing 40
percent wet cattle waste. Control heifers
gained an average of 1.34 kg/day and
required 5.02 kg feed dry matter/kg gain
while those fed wastelage gained 1.27 kg/day
and required 5.40 kg feed dry matter/kg gain
(equivalent to 4.63 control mixture plus .77 kg
manure). Control heifers had a significantly
higher ad libitum mineral mixture intake than
those fed wastelage. Proximate analysis of 16
weekly samples indicated that the composition
of the wastelage was not greatly different
from, nor more variable than, the control diet.
In the digestion trial, six steers were fed
either the control, the wastelage or a dried
waste diet in a replicated 3X3 latin square
design. The waste supplied 13.1 percent of the
dry matter in the waste containing diets.
Apparent digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen,
ether extract, crude fiber, and NFE and
nitrogen balance was: 76.1, 70.8, 69.6, 42.5f
and 82.1 percent and 30.0 g for the control
diet; 73.7, 67.2, 68.2, 41.2, and 81.7 percent
and 16.3 g for the wastelage diet; and 72.1f
59 2, 64.9, 40.7 and 80.3 percent and 15.7 g
for the dried waste diet. Nitrogen balance for
both waste containing diets was significantly
different from the control while dry matter
and nitrogen digestibilities for the dried waste
diet were significantly lower than for the
control diet. When calculated by difference,
the digestibilities for dry matter, nitrogen,
ether extract, crude fiber and NFE were 57.7,
34 2, 9.0. 31.6 and 83.5 percent and 45.2, 2.7,
2.9, 34.9 and 68.3 percent for the fermented
.md dried wastes respectively. (Copyright
1977 - Journal of Animal Science)
4149-A7, A12, Bl, C2
HOG CONFINEMENT GASES
CAUSE MEDICAL PROBLEMS
Anonymous
Prairie Farmer, V. 149, No. 7, p. 50 April 2
1977.
Keywords: Swine, Confinement pens, Gases,
Health, Slatted floors, Manure pits, Explo-
sions
Dr. Kelly Donham, Assistant Professor with
the Institute of Agricultural Medicine at the
University of Iowa Medical School, reports
that concerned doctors prompted a prelimin-
ary sludy of confinement facilities equipped
with slatted floors and manure pits. Gases
emitted cause producers working with hogs to
suffer from headaches, shortness ot breath,
phlegm, stuffy nose, dizziness, and vomiting.
There have even been deaths and building
explosions reported. About 50 gases can be
identified In the air of these units, five of
which are potentially dangerous to the
producer. These include carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane, and
hydrogen sulflde. Most of these come directly
from the manure and fermentation of the
manure in the pit, but heating units in the
facility are responsible for the carbon mon-
oxide and carbon dioxide leakage. Since the
buildings are more tightly sealed in cold
weather, the gases present a greater problem
in the winter. Donham suggests that at least
one of the fans In a unit be run on a timer
Instead of a thermostat. (Hudson East
Central)
4150-Al, A6, Bl
POLLUTION RESEARCHERS
FINDING MANY ANSWERS, EX-
PERT REPORTS
Anonymous
Beef, V. 8, p. 34, Jan., 1972.
Keywords: Pollution, Odor, Livestock, Feed-
lots. Agricultural run-off, Manure pack, Land
application.
Myron D. Paine, a Kansas regional extension
specialist in feedlot waste management, spoke
at a feeders conference conducted by the
Kansas Livestock Association and had this
advice for cattlemen: (1) When handling
run-off watch out for the solids. Solids need to
b1 settled out before entry of run-off into
detention ponds. (2) If state regulations don't
give a specific time limit on pumping down the
reservoir, don't pump any faster than is
necessary. (3) Adequate drainage is the best
single protection against feedlot odors. (4)
Spray application of the liquid may not be
desirable because of odor. (5) Some solid wate
on the surface of the feedlot may be desirable
- if it is kept at 30-40 percent moisture
content. The manure pack allows about 55
percent of the carbon to disappear into the air
and it also lessens the amount of soil removed
in cleaning. (6) Research indicates manure
can be applied to crops at rates ranging from
10 to 40 tons per acre per year. (7) Excess salt
should be kept out of the feedlot ration.
(Albertson - East Central)
4151-A6, AW, B2, El
POULTRY WASTE GOES DOWN
THE DRAIN
V. Miller
Progressive Farmer, V. 92, No. 5, p. 61, May,
1977.
Keywords: Poultry wastes, Lagoons, Flush-
ing, Fly control, Odor control, Wastewater
reuse, Tile disposal field, Overflow pond.
Father Bernard, head of the farming operation
at Mepkin Abbey, a Trappist Monastery near
Moncks Corner, South Carolina, relies on a
flush system which utilizes a series of lagoons,
a tile disposal field, and an overflow pond.
The operation Is an odor-free, fly-free poultry
waste disposal system. Poultry houses are
flushed several times a day, but each flushing
probably adds no more than five minutes to
the workload. The object of flushing several
times a day and of having separate drain pipes
Into the lagoons from each of the six houses Is
46
-------
to load the lagoons evenly and hold down
odor. Recycled lagoon water cuases some odor
in the houses during flushing, but not as much
as the old pit scraping system. All alleys are
swept once a day so feathers, spilled feed,
broken eggs, and other trash also are flushed
Into the lagoon system. The pump must be
cleaned twice a year and dismantled. The
parts are sprayed with a nonstick plastic
material to slow down the buildup of salt
crystals that can clog the pump. (Albertson-
East Central)
4152-A6, A7, Bl, C2, F2
ODORS FROM CONFINED LIVE-
STOCK PRODUCTION
Agricultural Engineering Department, Ore-
gon State University, Corvallls, Oregon 97331
J. R. Miner
Environmental Protection Agency Report,
EPA-660/2-74-023, April, 1974, 125 p. 6 fig ,
33 tab., 88 ref.
Keywords: Odor control, Livestock, Legal
aspects, Confinement pens, Cattle, Hogs,
Poultry, Hydrogen sulflde, Ammonia, Chemi-
cal treatment, Waste storage, Field spread-
ing.
Current livestock production techniques result
In the generation of odors which have become
the source of conflict between livestock
producers and society. The odorous gases
responsible for the nuisance are prlnciply low
molecular weight compounds released during
anaerobic decomposition of manure. Manure
management systems which control or modify
this decomposition offer the greatest potential
for odor control. Research to Identify the
chemical compounds present in odorous air
from animal waste degradation has yielded
about 45 compounds a day. The amines,
mercaptans, organic acids and heterocycllc
nitrogen compounds are generally regarded
as being of greatest importance. Among the
techniques for odor control are: (a) site
selection away from populated areas and
where adequate drainage exists, (b) maintain
the animal areas as dry as possible and
prevent the animals from becoming manure
covered, (c) select manure handling system
which utilize aerobic environments for manure
storage, (d) maintain an orderly operation free
of accumulated manure and runoff water, (e)
practice prompt disposal of dead animals, and
(f) use odor control chemicals when short-term
odor is necessary, such as when manure
storage tank contents must be field spread.
(Environmental Protection Agency)
4153-B2, B3, Dl, D2, E3, Fl
MAKING THE MOST OF WASTE
Anonymous
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 10, p. 22, 24, March 7,
1977. 3 fig.
Keywords: Poultry wastes, Cattle wastes,
Recycling, Methane, Fertilizers, Refeeding,
Irrigation. Extrusion, Chemical treatment,
Physical treatment, Sterilization, Economics.
South Carolina's Dew Fresh Eggs Corporation
will completely recycle waste from poultry and
cattle within the confines of its farm.
Twenty-seven hundred acres of timberland
are being cleared to produce feed grain and
pasture for the corporation's beef cattle. A
methane plant will intercept most of the
poultry and cattle waste before it Is diverted to
fertilizer use on the adjacent fields. Waste
from the layer and beef operations will be
spread onto most of the 2700 acres. The
recovery process Installed at Dew Fresh
mechanically extrudes the waste to separate
the water from the solid fraction. The solid
fraction can be alternately refed or spread on
crop land and pastures. The liquid fraction
moves on to the methane generator, where the
gas is pulled off and liquid Is pumped to a
traveling gun-type sprinkler Irrigation system
that spreads the nutrient-loaded water.
Though the methane digester at Dew Fresh Is
designed to be economically feasible for a
feedlot of 10,000 head, Richard Bunger,
president of Phoenix, Arizona's Corral Indus-
tries, thinks this type of equipment may be
scaled down in the future to fit operations with
as few as 2,000-3,000 head. If that happens,
even the smaller livestock feeders could
benefit from this new level of technology.
Bunger, whose company developed the con-
finement facility and methane plant design at
Dew Fresh, Is Investigating the sterilization of
the waste material with several types of
chemical treatments for the purpose of
refeedlng the wastes. These methods should
be cheaper than sterilization by dehydrating
with gas under current prices, thus allowing
producers to recycle the wastes in the most
effective way of all ~ refeeding. (Albertson -
East Central)
4154-A11, C3
ISOLATION OF ERYSIPELOTH-
RIX RHUSIOPATHIAE FROM
SOIL AND MANURE OF SWINE-
RAISING PREMISES
National Animal Disease Laboratory, Veterin-
ary Sciences Research Division, Agricultural
Research Service, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010
R. L. Wood and R. A. Packer
American Journal of Veterinary Research, V.
33, p. 1611-1620, Aug., 1972. 11 fig., 3 tab.,
24 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Sampling, Patho-
genic bacteria, niseases, Eryslpelothrix rhus-
iopathiae.
An investigation was conducted to determine
whether Eryslpelothrix rhusiopathiae could be
found in the soil and manure of swine-raising
premises. Samples of soil and manure were
collected from swine pens on 19 farms in Iowa,
and were examined by bacterlologlc cultural
technique for the presence of E. rhusio-
path/ae. Isolates positively Identified as E.
rhusiopathiae on the basis of growth and
biochemical characteristics were obtained
from 18 farms. The organism was found in 116
of 453 samples (25.6 percent) of soil or manure
from swine pens on 11 farms where swine
erysipelas had been diagnosed within the
previous 9 months and in 50 of 133 samples
(37.6 percent) from 8 farms where the disease
had not been observed for at least 5 years. Of
166 locations, 158 (95.2 percent) were
pathogenic for swine. (Copyright 1972
American Journal of Veterinary Research)
4155-A10, C3
ADDITIONAL INSECTS ASSOCIA-
TED WITH BOVINE DROPPINGS
IN KEMR AND BEXAK COUNT-
IES, TEXAS
Entomology Research Division, Agricultural
Research Service, USDA, Kerrvllle, Texas
78028
Richard R. Blume
Journal of Economic Entomology, V. 65, No.
2, p. 621, 1972. 1 tab., 6 ref.
Keywords: Cow manure, Insects.
Based on the data collected during studies in
Texas of the ecology of the horn fly,
Haematob/a Irrltans (L.). In Kerr County,
(Blume et. al. 1970) and In Bexar County
(Kunz et. al. 1970), 103 insect species
representative of 45 families of 5 orders were
reported as having been collected from bovine
droppings (Blume 1970). Table 1 of the
present study lists 23 additional Insect species
collected from bovine droppings, making a
total of 126 Insect species representative of 48
families and 5 orders. The scarabaelds listed
in Table 1 are all coprophagous species and
are important competitors with such dung-
breeding Insects of veterinary significance as
the horn fly. The braconld Aphaereta palllpes
(Say) Is Important because it Is a pupal
parasite of the horn fly (Combs and Hoelscher
1969) as well as the face fly. Musca
autumnal/s De Geer (Houser and Wlngo 1967,
Valiela 1969). (Copyright 1972 Journal of
Economic Entomology)
4156-A6, Bl, F2
ODORS MAY LEAD TO COURT-
ROOM
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
65201
C. Fulhage
Missouri Rurallst, V. 118, No. 3, p. 46-47,
Feb. 12, 1977.
Keywords: Odor, Legal aspects, Liquid
wastes, livestock wastes, Site selection, Odor
control.
Odors are a primary concern in the environ-
ment as evidenced by Increased complaints
received by state regulatory personnel in the
Air Quality Program of the Missouri Depart-
ment of Natural Resources. The Air Quality
Program of the Department of Natural
Resources drafts and enforces guidelines to
maintain air quality in Missouri. A scentc-
meter Is used to determine If livestock odors
exceed allowable levels. A nuisance suit may
be filed by anyone who feels livestock odors
are interfering with enjoyment of his property.
Odors generated by unstabllized (fresh)
manure when exposed to air, open lots, open
feeding floors and liquid manure spreading
operations are very conducive to odor
development. Use of good housekeeping
methods and/or bacterial additives will help
control odors In open lots and floors. Knifing
manure Into the soil will help control odor
when manure is being spread. Prevailing wind
direction and nearness to neighbors are
factors which must be considered when
se'ecting feedlot sites. (Albertson-East Cen-
tral)
41S7-A2, AS, B2, B5, C2, E2
KANSAN APPLIES FEEDLOT
RUN- OFF TO CORN FIELDS
Anonymous
Beef, V. 9, p. 6, Sept., 1972
Keywords. Feedlots, Agricultural runoff,
Land application, Crop response, Nitrates,
Salts.
47
-------
Harry Mangea of Kansas State University, at
the Pratt (Kansas) Feedlot discusses the use
of feedlot runoff on field crops. After two
years of treatments, the best corn forage
yields were obtained from fields receiving four
to eight Inches of feedlot runoff, plus other
irrigation water as needed. Yields began to
drop when feedlot runoff went over the
eight-inch level. Even at the four-Inch level,
the level of nitrates and other salts began to
build up in the soil. Material In feedlot runoff
varies tremendously, depending on the sea-
son, the particular lot, soli conditions, and
even the housekeeping ability of the feedlot
operator, and should be checked. (Albertson-
East Central)
4158-B1, D3, E3, Fl
MANURE TO METHANE .,
FEASIBLE?
,ISIT
D. R. Brown
Western Livestock Journal, V. 55, No. 22, p.
60, March, 197
Keywords: Manure, Recycling, Methane,
Anaerobic digestion, Feeds, Fertilizers, Econ-
omics.
Animal waste disposal may be part of the
solution to our present energy shortage.
Hamilton Standard Company, Hartford,
Connecticut, has been hired by San Francisco
Utility and Southern California Gas Company
to determine what kinds of facilities would be
needed to convert animal wastes to fuel.
Converting manure to methane Involves an
anaerobic digestion process similar to that
used In sewage disposal plants. Anaerobic
digestion goes through two stages. Acid is
formed in the first stage by bacteria. A second
strain of bacteria forms methane gas from the
acid. After the gas is formed and removed, a
sludge remains that has two uses. Fifteen
percent of the residue can be recycled back
into the cattle feed. The remaining portion is
considered good fertilizer and has commercial
value. If the process is deemed feasible,
private enterprises such as cattle feeders and
public service companies must realize that
through joint efforts and mutual concerns,
each can prosper In business and still
efficiently use our vital energy sources.
(Albertson-East Central)
4159-B3, C2, E3, Fl
INTEREST IN DPW APPEARS TO
HAVE SUBSIDED
Anonymous
Poultry Digest, V. 36, No. 422, p. 195, April,
1977.
Keywords: Dried poultry wastes, Recycling,
Refeeding, Poultry, Cattle, Fertilizers, Nutri-
ents, Economics.
Accelerating energy and investment costs,
legal implications, and a return to reasonable
fertilizer and feed ingredient process are
major factors In the declining interest in
dehydration of caged layer manure. Competi-
tion from commercial fertilizers and bagged
cattle and sheep manures has limited dehy-
drated poultry wastes (DPW) sales in the lawn
and garden trade. Recycling DPW back
through poultry has created some interest.
However, poultry manure is quite low in
energy. Much of the nitrogen occurs in a
nonprotein nitrogen form such as uric acid and
is unavailable to the chicken. DPW from
different sources may vary widely In composi-
tion and nutrient values. Factors contributing
to this wide variation include the amount of
waste feed and feathers In the manure, the
age and treatment of manure being dried,
drying temperature, ration composition and
age of birds producing the manure. Dehydra-
tion of manure appears to offer potential only
to those few large organizations controlling
both poultry production and cattle feed
manufacturing operations. The use of poultry
manure as a feed ingredient for ruminants
appears to have great potential. (Albertson -
East Central)
4160-B1
KSU TRIES PLASTIC SLATS AND
WALLS IN PIG NURSERY
Anonymous
Kansas Farmer, V. 115, No. 8, p. 43, April 16,
1977. 1 fig.
Keywords: Swine, Slats, Management.
Kansas State University swine researchers
found that concrete slats In the University's
swine nursery unit began to break apart after
eight years of constant use. Possible reasons
include improper concrete mix, constant
exposure to moisture, improper sealing,
high-pressure cleaning, and a caustic reaction
to urine and feces. The concrete floor was
replaced with 3-lnch-wide plastic slats spaced
alternately three-eights inch and one Inch
apart. The galvanized sheet metal lining the
walls was replaced with a white plastic liner.
(Albertson - East Central)
4161-C3
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICA-
TION OF FECAL BACTERIA
FROM ADULT SWINE
Department of Animal Physiology and
Growth, Biological Sciences, Research Cent-
er, Shell Development Company, Modesto,
California 95352
J. P Salanitro, I. G. Blake and P. A
Muirhead
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, V.
33, No. 1, p. 79-84, Jan., 1977, 4 tab., 28 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Microorganisms,
Bacteria, Isolation and Identification techni-
ques, Anaerobic culture methods, Rumen
fluid.
An examination of the fecal microflora of adult
swine was made with regard to the efficiency
of several roll tube media in enumeration and
recovery of anaerobes, the effects of medium
constituents on recovery, and the Isolation and
identification of the predominant kinds of
bacteria. Total number of organisms by
microscopic bacterial counts varied among
fecal samples from 4.48 x 1010 to 7.40 x
10inbacteria/g (wet weight). Comparison of
different nonselective roll tube media indicat-
ed that about 30 percent of the fecal bacteria
could be recovered with a rumen fluid (40
percent, vol/vol) medium (M98-5). Recoveries
of 21 and 15 percent, respectively, were
obtained with M10 and rumen fluid-glucose-
celloblose agar (RGCA) media. Rumen fluid,
Tryptlcase, sugars, and CO gas phase were
important components required for maximum
recovery with this medium. Similar high
recoveries of anaerobes were also obtained
with M98-5 containing swine cecal extract of
place In rumen fluid of M10 plus swine cecs'
extract. Significantly lower recoveries were
observed with BCGA, media supplemented
with swine fecal extracts, reinforced clostrid-
ial medium, brain heart infusion agar, and
prereduced blood agar. Ninety precent of the
bacteria isolated from roll tube media were
gram positive and consisted of facultatively
anaerobic streptococci, Eubacterium sp.,
Clostridlum sp., and Prop/on /bacterium
acnes. The remainder of the flora (8 percent)
included several other species of anaerobes
and Escherichla coll. Rumen fluid (or volatile
fatty acids), Tryptlcase, and yeast extract
additions to basal media stimulated the
growth of anaerobic strains. Variation in the
relative proportions of the predominant fecal
microflora was observed. This work indicates
thatsatlsfactory enumeration, Isolation, and
cultivation of the predominant microflora in
swine feces can be obtained when strict
anaerobic culture methods and a rumen fluid
medium are used. (Copyright 1977 - Applied
and Environmental Microbiology)
4162-A7, Bl
RELATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
ASPECTS OF AERIAL BACTERIA
AND DUST IN SWINE HOUSES
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champalgn,
Urbana, Illinois 61801
S. E. Curtis, J. G. Drummond, D. J. Grunloh,
P. B. Lynch and A. H. Jensen
Journal of Animal Science, V. 41, No. 5, p.
1512-1520, Nov., 1975. 1 fig, 7 tab., 34 ref.
Keywords: Swine houses, Air pollution,
Bacteria, Dust.
Aerial levels of bacterial-colony-forming part-
icles (BCFP) In lung-deposltable size ranges
were determined using an eight-stage Ander-
sen viable sampler with tryptose agar. Aerial
levels of BCFP:=4.7 ,um andSt 3.3 -urn in
aerodynamic diameter were significantly and
positively correlated with toal-aerial-BCFP
level in swine-house air. On average, 31
percent of aerial BCFP were£4.7jum and 15
percent were .43.3 urn in four University
enclosed swine houses (n = 192); 31 percent
and 22 percent, respectively, In a University
modlfied-open-front house (n = 44) and 28
percent and 11 percent, respectively, In 12
houses at five commercial operations' (n =
24). Aerial-dust level was determined using a
Staplex high-volume sampler. Aerlal-BCFP
and dust levels were significantly and
positively correlated. There tended to be
fewer aerial BCFP per unit of aerial dust in the
modifled-open-front houses than in the en-
closed houses at the University. Ten swine
houses at commercial operations and four at
the University were studied a total of 16 times
to determine concentrations and sizes of aerial
bacterial particles wht«h formed colonies on
tryptose (general medium), Chapman-Stone
(special medium for staphylococci), KF Strep-
tococcus (fecal streptococci) and MacConkey
(conforms) agars, respectively. Ratio of
bacterial-colony-forming-partlcle (BCFP)
count on Chapman-Stone agar to that on
tryptose averaged .36, that on KF Streptoco-
ccus to that on tryptose averaged .13 and that
on MacConkey to that on tryptose averaged
less than .01. Twenty-one percent of the
staphylococcal BCFP and streptococcal BCFP,
respectively, and 9 percent of the coliform
BCFP, were lung-deposltable (£4.7 jum In
diameter). Nitrogen content of aerial dust In a
swine-finishing house, in which a 13 percent
crude-protein (CP) diet was fed, averaged 4.6
percent, or (4.6 x 6.25) Z= 28 7 percent CP (n
= 17). Settled dust in a farrowing house, in
which a 12 percent CP diet was used,
48
-------
averaged 23.3 percent CP (n = 6), whereas
that In a room In which diets having 12 to 16
percent CP were prepared averaged 13.0
percent CP (n = 4). It was concluded that
much of the dust In swine-house air was feed
dust. (Copyright 1975 Journal of Animal
Science)
4163-A8, B2, B3, C2, E2
TRANSFORMATIONS OF NITRO-
GEN ADDED AS AMMONIUM
AND MANURE TO SOIL WITH A
HIGH AMMONIUM-FIXING CAP-
ACITY UNDER LABORATORY
CONDITIONS
Soil Research Institute, Agriculture Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario
F. J. Sowden
Canadian Journal of Soil Science, V. 56, No. 4,
p. 319-331, Nov., 1976. 1 fig., 6 tab., 13 ref.
Keywords: Nitrogen transformations, Soils,
Dairy manure, Liquid wastes, Solid wastes,
Ammonium sulfate.
Ammonium sulfate, dairy cattle liquid manure
and the "liquid" and "solid" fractions from
the manure were separately added to 300-g
samples of a loam soil at the rate of 250 jog
N/g of soil and Incubated In the laboratory at
22 C and 60 percent water-holding capacity.
The Brunlsolic soil sample used contained 20
percent clay which was largely vermlcullte
Subsamples were removed at Intervals for
analysis of nitrate, exchangeable and fixed
ammonium, Warburg studies of respiration
rate and the distribution of organic N. One
series of duplicate samples was leached with
water three times during the course of the
experiment which was over a year. About half
of the nitrogen of the manure was In the NH^
form and the exchangeable N from this as well
as that from (NH4)2?04 rapidly nitrified (In
about 3 wk) In both tne leached and unleached
series. About 40 percent of the NH4*-N of the
manure and fertilizer was fixed by the clay
and this was nitrified more slowly. With the
fertillzer-NH^the flxed-N was reduced after
about a year to a value slightly above that of
the control soil at the beginning of the
experiment. With the manure and its liquid
fraction a smaller proportion of the "added"
fixed NH^'f was nitrified. There was no
Increase In flxed-NH,.*, nitrate or exchange-
able NH>throughout the experiment with the
solid fraction, although with the control soil
more than 100jCig/g or nitrate was formed.
There was a slight increase In amlno com-
pounds, amino acids and amlno sugars, from
31 to 245 days. The amounts of these
compounds were highest with the solld-frac-
tion-treatecl soil and lowest with the control.
The oxygen uptake was highest with solid-
amended soil at all times; after about 180 days
the soils treated with the other materials had
the same oxygen uptake as the control soil.
Leaching of the soil removed the nitrate
formed but did not appear to have any other
effect. Three leachings, the last after 245
days, removed 113/ig mlneral-N/g soil from
the control and only 144 jjg/g from the
manure-treated soil although 142 /jg
NH^f-N/g soil had been added to the latter.
Clay fixation and immobilization had appar-
ently "tied up" most of the added mineral-N.
(Copyright 1976 - Canadian Journal of Soil
Science)
4164-Al, B2, D3, E3
JAPANESE HOGMEN
POLLUTION
BATTLE
Information Division, Foreign Agricultural
Service
W. Llndell
Missouri Rurallst, V. 118, No. 3, p. 98-99,
Feb. 12, 1977.
Keywords: Japan, Swine, Pollution, Waste
management, Oxidation ditch, Refeedlng.
A two hectare farm Is the site of a
demonstration project for alleviating pollution
in raising hogs In Japan. Thla project was
mounted under a three way contract between
the U.S. Feed Grains Council, the Tomloka
City Agricultural Cooperative, and Masakotl
Kurosowa, owner of the farm and member of
the co-op. This facility was designed to handle
90 brood cows and produce about 1400 swine a
year for market. The special attraction of the
project Is a pollution-free swine barn that Is
equipped with an oxidation ditch system that
circulates wastes in solution below slatted
floors In the finishing house, Insuring no
scraping labor, little odor and no liquid
discharge. Another Important aspect of this
system Is recycling, which hasn't been tested
yet but trials are scheduled for the future. In
this process, liquids will be pumped from the
oxidation ditch Into drinking basins In the
finishing barn, where proteln-but no energy-
will be recovered by the hogs. This Is
important because feed costs are about double
those in the U.S. and feed represents 70
percent of the cost of hog production.
(Bates-East Central)
4165-B2, B3, E2, E3
RECYCLING IS SUCCESSFUL AT
MERTEN'S
Anonymous
Calf News, V. 15, No. 2, p. 44, Feb., 1977.
Keywords: Feedlots, Waste management,
Recycling, Refeedlng, Irrigation, Liquid wast-
es, Solid wastes, Cattle.
A review is given of John Merten's success-
ful 5800-head slatted floor confinement opera-
tion near Holtvllle, California. The feedlot,
complete with manure recycling unit, was
built by Corral Industries of Phoenix, Arizona,
and aside from a few bugs with the pump and
some other small troubles, the whole thing
has been a success. The feedlot was built on a
rise in the terrain so that liquid wastes could
flow by gravity into the fields. The solid
fraction of recycled waste Is refed to Merten's
growing stock. The Merten-type operation
seems to be an excellent alternative In
meeting EPA standards. (Albertson-East
Central)
4166-All, Bl, C3
RECYCLING OF LITTER FOR
TURKEY BROODING SAFE
Anonymous
Poultry Digest, V. 35, No. 417, p. 464, Nov.,
1976
Keywords: Litters, Turkeys, Recycling, Bac-
teria.
It appears to be safe to reuse litter for
brooding turkeys. While new litter originally
has less mesophlllc bacteria, after 2 weeks the
concentration of such bacteria Is about the
same in both new and recycled brooder house
litter A maximum of 1 million conforms per
gram of litter appears to be present in new or
recycled litter after the first 2 weeks. It was
found In this study that after 2 weeks of age,
the air In the brooder house contained about
1000 airborne mesophlllc bacteria per cubic
foot of air, and 100 airborne mold and yeast
per cubic foot of air. After 8 weeks of age,
litter collform and mold declined at similar
rates. Since this data was collected, one firm
has completed 3 cycles of brooding and
growing on recycled litter with no Increase In
brooder or growlno house mortality. Further-
more, feed efficiency and USDA grade yield
remained unchanged for turkeys brooded and
grown on recycled litter. (Albertson-East
Central)
4167-B3
MINI LOADERS PROVIDE FAST
MANURE REMOVAL
Anonymous
Missouri Rurallst, V. 118, No. 3, p. 69, Feb.
12, 1977.
Keywords: Manure removal, Equipment.
One of the quickest and most efficient
machines for feedlot cleanout, as well as a
variety of other chorea around the farm, Is the
compact, four-wheel-drive, skid-steer hader.
A wide range of attachments are often
available to broaden the versatility of the
loaders for industrial and on-the-farm uses
such as forklifts, crane booms, manure forks,
post-hole diggers, drawbars, counter-weights
and bucket side cutters. A relatively wide
range of loader sizes Is available on the
market. When selecting a skid-steer loader,
consider accessibility of the engine and
hydraulic system components requiring per-
iodic service. (Albertson-East Central)
4168-A3, A4, AS, Bl, B5, C2, E2
ORGANIC MANAGEMENT RE-
DUCES LEACHING OF NITRATE
H. H. Koepf
Bio-Dynamics, No. 108, p. 20-30, Fall, 1973. 4
tab.
Keywords: Nitrates, Farm wastes, Soils,
Leaching, Illinois, Investigations, Fertlizers,
Silts, Loam, Runoff, Waste management,
Organic management.
The reduction of nitrate leaching by the
application of organic manuring fluids was
investigated and compared with adjacent
areas under orthodox commercial farming.
The nitrate concentration In the tile drainage
runoff was determined in four fields In
Buffalo, Illinois, from 1969-1973. The average
monthly nitrate concentration Is tabulated
when there was a runoff from the tiles. It Is
concluded that fertilizing with commercial
nitrogen Interferes with the changes which the
nitrogen continuously undergoes In the soil.
The drainage outlets In the soils under
investigation are rather close to the surface.
Although In these silt loams It might take
several months before water from the surface
arrives at the depth of these tiles, the tests
showed that the biological soil processes are a
crucial factor which determines nitrate leach-
Ing The cycles of mobilization-Immobiliza-
tion, nitrate supply for the crops, etc., seem to
be different In soils under organic manage-
ment from those In soils treated chemically.
(Merritt-FIRL)
4169-A8, Bl, B5, C2, E2
HOW MUCH MANURE SHOULD
WE PUT ON?
49
-------
Anonymous
Hoard's Dairyman, V. 122, No. 7, p. 454, 464,
April 10, 1977. 1 fig., 5 tab.
Keywords: Manure application, Nutrients,
Fertilizers, Land application, Crop response,
Forages, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Potash.
In spite of the many new uses proposed for
animal manure, the bulk of It will continue to
be returned to the land. Consequently, we
must consider: (1) how much manure animals
produce, (2) nutrient content of manure, and
(3) how spreading manure affects the comm-
ercial fertilizer needed. Rough estimates of
manure production In terms of dally pounds,
annual tons, and percent water content (in
that order) for beef cattle, dairy cattle, and
hogs are: beef cattle-60, 11, and 80; dally
cattle-70, 13, and 84; and hogs-9, 1.7, and 75.
Nutrient content of manure may vary due to
type of storage, length of storage, percent
moslsture, and how manure Is spread and
Incorporated Into the soil. Average amounts
(pounds per ton) of nitrogen, phosphate, and
potash found In,the manure of beef cattle,
dairy cattle, and hogs are: (1) beef cattle:
nltrogen-14, phosphate-9, potash-11, (2) dairy
cattle: nitrogen-12, phosphate-5, potash-12,
and (3) hogs: nitrogen-10, phosphate-7, and
potash-13. In most cases commercial fertilizer
will be needed In addition to manure to
provide N-P-K in amounts required for
profitable crop growth. When manure Is used
to provide part of these nutrients, a soil test
and chemical analysis of the manure are
suggested. These amounts must then be
compared to the amount of nutrients removed
by specific crops. The greatest response of
forage crops to manure occurs when It Is
applied to grass sods, preferably during the
winter or early spring. Tests have shown that
too much manure can be applied to the land.
Maximum rate depends on soil type, frequen-
cy of application, and crop to be grown.
(Albertson-East Central)
4170-A4, A6, B2, C2, Dl, D3, E2,
E3
AUTOMATED TREATMENT AND
RECYCLE OF SWINE FEED-
LOT WASTEWATERS
Agricultural Engineering Department, The
Ohio State University, 2073 Nell Avenue,
Columbus, Ohio 43210
E. P. Talganides and R. K. White
Environmental Protection Agency Report
EPA-600/2-76-240, Sept., 1976,137 p. 52 fig.,
27 tab., 32 re.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Liquid wastes,
Waste treatment, Recycling, Flushing,
Wastewater reuse, Land disposal, Computer
models, Water pollution, Odor.
A system for the automated flushing of hog
wastes was designed and operated In conjunc-
tion with the biological treatment and recycl-
ing of the treated liquid effluents as flushing
water. The treated solids were disposed of to
farm fields. The system included tipping
buckets, overhead siphon tanks, and flushing
gutters with the waste receiving primary
treatment with solids separation and aerobic
stabilization of solids and secondary treatment
In an oxidation ditch and final clarification
before returning the liquid to the flushing
system. Tertiary treatment utilizing high-
pressure-driven membranes was evaluated.
(Talganides-Ohio State University)
4171-A7, B2, C2, Dl
MANURE PITS CONTAIN GASES
THAT CAN KILL
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 7, p. 42, April 9,
1977.
Keywords: Gases, Toxlclty, Hydrogen sulflde,
Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, Methane, Ventila-
tion, Agitation.
The lack of oxygen In manure pits causes toxic
gases that can kill. Hydrogen sulflde, ammon-
ia, carbon dioxide, and methane may all be
formed. Of these, hydrogen sulflde Is the most
toxic. All gases present In manure pits with
the absence of oxygen affect the respiratory
system, eventually causing breathing paraly-
sis and death. Ventilation of manure pits can
help avoid such problems. Air should be
pulled from the building down through the
pits and exhausted outside. A plastic curtain
placed over the slotted floor will duct the
noxious gases out of the building. Rules for
working around a manure pit Include: (1)
Enter a manure pit only If It Is absolutely
necessary. (2) When entering, have an
auxiliary air supply and a rope around your
body managed by two strong persons. (3)
Agitate manure tanks when buildings can be
opened wide and well ventilated. (4) Stay
away from building while agitating and
remove animals If possible. (5) Agitate during
warm weather so that the animals can be
removed. (Albertson-East Central)
4172-A8, B2, B3, C2, Dl, E2, Fl
LAND DISPOSAL OF BLOOD AND
PAUNCH MANURE
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas 77843
D. L. Reddell, K. R. Brown, and J. M.
Sweeten
Proceedings of Management of Slaughter-
house and Meat Processing Wastes Seminar,
Waco, Texas, July 29, 1976, p. 111-71-111-98. 5
fig., 8 tab., 9 ref.
Keywords: Land disposal, Blood, Paunch
manure, Packing plant wastes, Nitrogen, Soil
injection, Dehydration, Energy, Costs.
Disposal or utilization of blood and paunch
manure Is one of the most perplexing
problems around meat packing plants. Both
have an extremely high pollutional strength.
Paunch material is generally regarded as
having low value with very limited demand.
Blood, however, has a high nutritive value,
but is not produced In marketable quantities
at most of Texas' 352 state Inspected meat
packing facilities. Land application of blood
and paunch manure Is an environmentally
acceptable means of disposal of such wastes
at small at medium-sized packing plants. The
limiting factor for disposing of blood is
nitrogen, while paunch disposal Is governed
mainly by the volumetric (hydraulic) loading
rate. Slurry mixtures of blood and paunch may
be advantageous because they can be applied
to soils using conventional liquid manure
handling equipment, after dilution to 4 to 6
percent solids. Soil injection is recommended
as a means of controlling odors, flies, surface
runoff, and nutrient loss. (Albertson-East
Central)
4173-A6, A10, B3, C2, Dl, E3, Fl,
F2
A POLLUTION SOLUTION WITH
BUILT-IN PROFITS
Anonymous
Egg Industry, V. 4, No. 6, p. 27-36, 43-44, 48
June, 1971. 10 fig.
Keywords: Dried poultry wastes, Recycling,
Fertilizers, Soil amendments, Refeedlng,
Nutrients, Equipment, Costs, Food and Drug
Administration, Legal aspects.
Drying manure In commercial driers reduces
odor, while at the same time creating a
marketable product. The drying must be done
quickly with extremely high temperatures that
pasteurize the product, reduce volume of
original manure down to one-third and
eliminate all odors and emissions. The dried
poultry wastes (DPW) emerge from the drier
in a low moisture form which can be bagged or
stored In bulk without danger of losing Its
mineral contents. A Michigan State University
analysis revealed DPW (which may vary In
content) to be 5.24 percent nitrogen, 3.28
percent phosphoric acid, and 2.54 percent
potash KjO. The experiences of several
producers In drying and selling their wastes as
fertilizers and soil amendments are cited.
Dried poultry wastes (also known as "DPW",
"toasted protein", "recycled nutrients", and
"Bio-X") are also being used as a feed
ingredient for poultry and livestock. But the
Food and Drug Administration has not set up
guidelines for general use of the product. Lack
of information Is the biggest problem. Several
things must be determined before the feeding
of such wastes will be sanctioned. These
include: (1) a full description of processing
methods and analytical controls, (2) degree of
uniformity of the product, (3) status of
pathogenic organisms In the product to be fed,
(4) levels of pesticides, drugs, heavy metals or
other substances must be shown safe for
animal consumption, (5 no harmful residues
from drugs, pesticides or other substances
should occur In the edible tissues or by-prod-
ucts of animals consuming the product to be
fed. Advantages of using commercial driers
are: (1) elimination of fly breeding, (2)
ellmlntalon of odor, and (3) provision of a
completely enclosed system for moving man-
ure to the drier and the pasteurized product to
the feed mill. Descriptions and costs of several
different driers are given. (Albertson-East
Central)
4174-B2, B4
OPEN COMPOUNDS FOR SHORT
TERM MANURE STORAGE
H. L. Brodle
Cow Moos, p. 3-4, Jan., 1974. 4 fig.
Keywords: Waste storage, Costs, Design,
Cattle wastes.
During periods where the time or a location
for manure spreading Is unavailable, some
type of storage Is necessary. The manure
storage system should require a small capital
investment without producing a significant
increase In operating cost. All drainage from a
storage system should be captured in a
lagoon, or carried by a grassed diversion or
waterway to a grassed area for seepage into
the soil. Four storage syftems are presented.
The least expensive storage structure would
have earth berm walls with a concrete base
and a wooden fence wall to allow for water
drainage. The second system is of the same
type but with wood post and plank walls not
more than four feet high. The third system Is a
concrete feedlot above grade. Manure can
then be pushed off the edge Into the storage
compound that has a frontal sloped floor. The
lastsytem Is similar to system 3 but Includes a
manure ramp for spreader loading. The
concrete basin Is constructed with low side
walls for equipment entrance and exit. The
storage period for all these systems should not
exceed 2 months. Design areas of about 3/4
square foot per cow per day can be used for
storage requirements. For further Information
or design assistance contact your local country
extension office. (Bates-East Central)
50
-------
4175-A6, B2, C2, D3, E3
METHANE GENERATION FROM
LIVESTOCK WASTE
Agricultural Engineering Department, Pur-
due University, Lafayette, Indiana 47907
D. D. Jones and A. C. Dale
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Mimeo, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indlan-
a, 1974, 14 p. 3 fig., 5 ref.
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Methane,
Gases, Safety, Nitrogen, Anaerobic digesters,
Storage, Odor.
Methane generation is accomplished by
anaerobic digestion of organic substances
such as livestock wastes and plant refuse. The
biological conversion of organic waste to
methane requires 2 groups of bacteria. The
first group, "acid formers", converts waste to
organic acids to methane and carbon dioxide.
Optimum conditions for digester operation are
uniform loading, neutral acidity, 95 tempera-
ture, balanced carbon to nitrogen ratio of
30:1, and levels of harmful substances which
are below their toxic concentration. Sugges-
tions for building a methane digester and
collecting and storing the gas are given. In
general, g;is produced should have little or no
odor since methane and carbon dioxide are
odorless. Safety equipment and special tanks
must be used and venting is very important.
Once the process has started and reached a
steady state, upsets should not be too common
if C:N ratio remains about the same and
digester temperature is maintained. The
primary limitation on loading of livestock
waste is its high nitrogen content. Crop
residues and leaves have low nitrogen con-
tent. By mixing crop residues with livestock
wastes, the ammonia toxicity problem can be
reduced, the loading rate can be Increased,
and the gas production should Increase
accordingly. Advantages of an anaerobic
digester are: (1) generation of very little odor,
(2) only a slight reduction of fertilizer value of
the wastes, (3) low expenditure of energy, and
(4) production of a useful product — gas. Dis-
advantages are: (1) expense, (2) increase in
wastes to be disposed of due to dilution water,
(3) the high level of management required, (4)
safety — methane is very explosive when
mixed with air, and (5) storage difficulties.
(Albertson-East Central)
4176-A6, A7, Bl, D2
PRODUCTION AND TRANSPORT
OF GASEOUS NH3AND H2S ASS-
OCIATED WITH LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION
Agricultural Engineering Department, Ore-
gon State University, Corvallls, Oregon 97331
J. R. Miner
Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA
- 600/2-76-239, Sept., 1976, p. 69. 7 fig., 26
tab., 59 ref.
Keywords: Odor, Air pollution, Water pollu-
tion, Ammonia, Hydrogen sulflde, Masking
agents, Mint oil, Cattle, Swine, Ration effects,
Gas sampling, Feces, Urine.
Current livestock production techniques re-
lease a large variety of volatile organic
compounds to the atmosphere. This release
results In complaints due to their odorous
nature and has been Identified as a source of
surface water pollution as these compounds
are absorbed from the air. Ammonia has been
Identified as the compound of greatest
concern relative to water pollution and Is of
considerable Interest relative to odor com-
plaints due to Its ease of measurement and Its
relationship to more odorous gas evolution.
Gas sampling and measuring schemes based
upon the use of solid absorbents were studied.
Use of an absorbent suspended In a stainless
steel screen container which could be exposed
in an atmosphere to be sampled showed
promise. The evolution of ammonia, hydrogen
sulflde and odorous volatlles was Investigated
as a function of beef cattle ration. Addition of
essential oil, mint oil, was found to mask the
odor of fresh manure. Mint oil was carried In
the urine. Ammonia evolution from fresh
manure was largely from urine. Fecal contri-
butions became significant only after signifi-
cant decomposition had occurred. A technique
was devised for measuring ammonia evolution
rates from surfaces. This measurement prov-
ed an accurant measure of anaerobic biologi-
cal activity and provided a quantitative means
for comparing treatment procedures designed
to minimize volatile material evolution rates.
Evolution rates for a variety of surfaces
associated with livestock production enter-
prises were measured. (Miner - Oregon State
University)
4177-B2, C2, D3, E3, Fl
METHANE PRODUCTION THR-
OUGH BIOCONVERSION OF AG-
RICULTURAL RESIDUES
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
D. D. Schulte, E. J. Kroeker, A. B. Sparling
and H. M. Lapp
Presented at the International Solar Energy
Society Meeting, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Aug-
ust 11-15, 1976, 11 p. 4 tab., 26 ref.
Keywords: Animal wastes, Crop residues,
Bioconversion, Anaerobic digestion, Design,
Economic feasibility, Biological process
stability, Gas handling.
Bioconversion of agricultural residues to
methane gas has been restricted in the past by
lack of understanding of process performance
at the high organic loading rates and high
organic solids concentrations normally asso-
ciated with animal manures and crop resi-
dues. Experiments at the University of
Manitoba carried out at organic loading rates
several times that normally associated with
sewage sludge digestion and at ammonia
concentrations far above that formerly
thought to be toxic to methane producing
bacteria have shown extreme process stabil-
ity. These and other results Indicate that there
may be a useful role for anaerobic digestion In
the formulation of practical and economic
farm-scale bloconverslon units. (Schulte
University of Manitoba)
4178-B2, C2, D3
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION STABI-
LITY AND FOOD-PROCESSING
WASTE TREATMENT
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T 2N2, Canada
E. J. Kroeker, D. D. Schulte, H. M. Lapp, and
A. B. Sparling
Presented at the First International Congress
on Engineering and Food, Boston, Massa-
chusetts, Aug. 9-13, 1976, 22 p. 2 fig., 3 tab.,
21 ref.
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Swine
wastes, Food-processing wastes, Ammonia,
Toxicity, Process stability, Feasibility, Slur-
ries.
Pilot-plant and laboratory studies on the
anaerobic digestion process have provided the
following conclusions regarding process stab-
ility: (1) Extreme process stability was
achieved during pilot-plant digestion of swine
manure despite the occurrence of process
phenomena usually thought to cause process
failure; (2) An Important role Is played by the
Initial acclimation of the fastidious methane-
genie bacteria to changes In the type of
organic substrate; (3) Laboratory digestion of
an urea-laden acetic-acid substrate at pH and
alkalinity conditions characteristic of swine-
manure digestion indicated that although
progressive inhibition occurred as the ammon-
ia concentration was Increased beyond 2000
mg/1 as N, toxicity never occurred even at
ammonia concentrations as high as 7000 mg/1
as N; (4) Process Inhibition by ammonia
appeared to be due to excessive concentra-
tions of free ammonia rather than ammonium
Ion; (5) Process toxicity was caused by UVA In
a concentration range of 30 to 60 mg/1 as
acetic acid; (6) The mechanisms of process
stability In anaerobic treatment of nutrient-
rich organic wastes such as livestock manure
and meat, fish and poultry-processing waste
slurries are biochemically associated with the
relatively high concentrations of ammonia In
solution; and (7) Feasibility of anaerobic
digestion of food-processing waste slurries Is
dependent upon maintenance of adequate
mixed-liquor pH and buffering capacity.
(Merryman--East Central)
4179-A9, AW, Bl, D2, D3, Fl
FLY CONTROL THAT COSTS AL-
MOST NOTHING
Cooperative Extension Service, 36 Harvard
St., Worcester, Massachusetts 01608
Ruggles, L. H.
Poultry Digest, V. 36, No. 423, p. 236-237,
May, 1977. 3 fig.
Keywords: Biological fly control, Larvlcldes,
Costs, Carcinops pum/lio, Marcrocheles mus-
caedomesticae, Poultry manure.
After enormous Insecticide costs ($2800 from
the summer of 1974 through the fall of 1975),
Massachusetts poultryman Louis Ruggles was
still unable tocontrol house files. Consequent-
ly, he decided to try a biological fly control
system using the hlsterld beetle, Carcinops
pumilio and the manure mite, Macrocheles
muscaedomestlcae, which kill flies by feeding
on them In the egg and larval stages. Poultry
cage manure was seeded with the predators.
There was a temporary setback due to having
to spray a larvlclde to kill an outbreak of cereal
mites, but finally the predators were estab-
lished. The fly population was so reduced that
no pesticide treatment was needed in the cage
house during the entire fly season. When
cleaning the cage house, some manure
containing the beneficial beetles and mites
was left behind and scattered under the cages.
Although the house fly population was
controlled by the predators, the humpbacked
fly, Megasella aletlae, and the darling beetle,
Eleodes sp, were not found to be controlled by
the predators. It Is hoped that agents specific
to their control will be Identified. Altogether,
17 cage farms In Massachusetts have been
seeded with a fly predator population. Other
51
-------
farms remain to be seeded, but unexpected
problems in flock health risks have slowed the
process. Plans are under way to establish
some colonies of predators to use as seeding
material so that transfer of manure and Its
accompanying risks become unecessary. Real
savings In pesticides, equipment and labor
costs resulted from the use of the predators.
The predators have not been found to cause
any harmful effects to man, poultry, or
building materials. (Sates - East Central)
4180-E3, F2
SEPEA ANNOUNCES POULTRY
WASTE FEEDING POSITION
Anonymous
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 20, p. 23, May 16,1977.
Keywords: Refeeding, Food and Drug Admin-
istration, Southeastern Poultry and Egg
Association, Recycling, Regulations.
Upon hearing that the Food & Drug Adminis-
tration (FDA) is expected to issue a notice this
spring inviting comments for the considera-
tion of the FDA in making further decisions
with regard to recycling poultry wastes, the
Southeastern Poultry and Egg Association
(SEPEA) stated that it felt that regulations
relating to the recycling of poultry wastes
should be left mainly to individual states.
SEPEA pointed out tnat some of the
regulations adopted by the states have been
approved by the Association of American
Feed Control Officials. SEPEA plans to file a
comment with the FDA at the appropriate
time and let its feel ings be known. (Rowe-East
Central)
4181-E3, Fl
USDA RESEARCHER USES MAN-
URE TO MAKE FEED AND
WALIBOARD
Anonymous
Beef, V. 9, p. 5, Oct., 1972.
Keywords: Recycling, Agricultural Research
Service, Wallboard, Feeds, Refeeding, Feed
additives, Fungus.
A two-step process has been developed by the
Agricultural Research Service which may offer
a partial solution to the growing problem of
feedlot wastes. During a fractionatlon pro-
cess, these three products are obtained: (1) A
feed fraction that compares with soybean meal
m protein content. Amino acid balance
comprises 43 percent of the waste. (2) A
residue fraction (50 percent of the waste)
which contains fibrous material which can be
treated with resin and then pressed into
board. This board doesn't have the strength or
water resistance of commercial hardboard,
but it is believed that the addition of other
waste fiber and oils may overcome this
deficiency. ARS researchers have also used
the residue as a nutrient for a fungus which
produces a fiber-digesting enzyme which can
be used to treat chicken feed to improve
digestibility. (3) A soluble fraction (7 percent
of the waste) which was recombined with the
fiber in some fungus-growing experiments.
ARS scientists estimated that the feed fraction
was worth $20 per ton over the cost of
recovery. (Rowe-East Central)
4182-A3, A4, Bl, B5, Fl
RESOURCE ADEQUACY IN LIM-
ITING NONPOINT POLLUTION
Agricultural Economist, Iowa State Univer-
sity, Ames, Iowa
E. 0. Heady
Paper No. 76-2562, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illinois,
December 14-17, 1976. 15 p. 3 fig., 6 tab., 2
ref.
Keywords: Nonpolnt pollution, Water pollu-
tion, Erosion, Agricultural runoff, Sedimenta-
tion, Model studies, Economics, Manage-
ment.
The potentials of control of nonpoint pollution
from agriculture by reduction of soil erosion
and runoff are examined on the basis of a
national programming model of 105 regions,
41 water supply regions and 9 land groups per
region. The economics of management alter-
natives are evaluated. The alternatives were
identified as: (1) Base Alternatlve-Thls alter-
native represented a single projection of
ongoing variables to the year 2000. all other
alternatives were based on modifications of
the Base Alternative. (2) High Export Alterna-
tive-All conditions and constraints of the
Base Alternative were retained except that
higher levels of exports were used. (3) Land
and Water Conservation Alternative-All con-
ditions of the Base Alternative were retained
except that the solution was constrained to
cropping patterns and conservation practices
that would achieve sustained long-run produc-
tivity. (4) Environmental Enhancement Alter-
native—In addition to retaining the soil loss
conditions of the Base Alternative, 3 environ-
mental conditions were included: (a) no
further development of wet soils for cultiva-
tion was allowed beyond 1975, (b) the water
supply available for agriculture was reduced
to allow minimum stream flows for mainten-
ance of water quality and protection of aquatic
life and (c) livestock wastes could not
accumulate at production sites but had to be
returned to the land. A discussion Is given of
the effect of each of the alternatives on soil
loss levels, conservation and tillage practices
used, and resource and commodity prices.
(Albertson - East Central)
4183-B2, B3, B5, C2, E2
MANURE IMPORTANT FACTOR
IN 338 BUSHEL RECORD CORN
YffiLD
Beef Editor
R. Watkins
Beef. V. 13, No. 5, p. A-26-A-27, Jan., 1977. 2
fig.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Cattle manure,
Crop production, Corn, Yields, Nitrogen,
Organic wastes.
Herman Warsaw of Saybrook, Illinois, produc-
ed the world's record corn yield of 338 bushels
an acre in 1975. He attributed manure to be a
major factor In achieving top crop yields.
Warsaw spread his hog finishing lot up to 2
feet deep with corn cobs. These corn cobs
soaked up solid and liquid wastes from his fall
finishing pigs. The manure-saturated cobs
were then left until the following fall to be
picked up and spread. Practically all the
manure was retained on the cobs. By the time
the manure/cobs mixture was spread on the
corn fields, the cobs had broken up Into a
mixture that looked almost like dirt. 1975 was
the third year in a row of manure/cobs
application to the record-yield plot. It was the
15th year to be planted In corn. The field was
chisel-plowed as part of a total-farm conserva-
tion tillage program. The hybrid variety for
Warsaw's record corn yield, purchased from
FS Services, was FS 854, a 115-day single
cross with moderate upright leaves and
two-ear tendency. Four hundred pounds of
chemical nitrogen was applied along with the
manure. Warsaw felt that the manure-satur-
ated cobs probably added another 39 pounds
of nitrogen. Cattle manure from Warsaw's
feedlot is also being applied to cropland,
particularly on spots where the soil Is then.
Increasing yields over the years show that
cattle manure definitely helps. (Albertson-
East Central)
4184-B1, C2, E3
FEED GRAIN SUPPLIES, USE OF
WASTES AS FEED INGREDIENTS
DETAILED AT CONFERENCE
Anonymous
Feedstuffs, V. 48, No. 43, p. 5, 66, Oct. 18,
1976.
Keywords: Feeds, Recycling, Poultry wastes,
Cattle wastes, Grains, Crop residues, Cannery
wastes, Packinghouse wastes, Nutrients.
Based on U.S. Department of Agriculture
statistics and projections, world feed grain
supplies for 1976-77 are expected to increase
by about 7 percent or 83 million tons above
this year's levels. U.S. feed grain production
is estimated to be around 190 million tons, or 5
percent above a year ago. Trade sources feel
there may well be an Increase In alfalfa
plantings this year, depending on the produc-
er's attitude toward his substitute crops-
mainly cotton, grain and tomatoes. Hay prices
may be somewhat lower next year. It appears
that poultry and cattle wastes can be recycled
as animal feed more economically than they
can be disposed of or used as fertilizer. In
feeding of poultry litter, a 150-day trial
showed in a cost analysis that cost per pound
of grain ranged from 51.85 cents for the ration
containing 15 percent poultry litter and no
alfalfa to 55.61 cents per pound for the rations
containing 15 percent alfalfa and no litter.
Residues of corn, milo, small grains and sugar
beets can be an economical source of feed in
many beef operations if properly supplement-
ed. Rations based on forage crop residues may
be deficient in protein energy, minerals and
vitamins. To assure accurate supplementa-
tion, a chemical analysis should be made
because nutrient composition of these resj-
dues will vary with variety, growing condi-
tions and harvesting methods. To permit
extensive use of straw in animal feeds, some
form of processing is needed to improve
digestibility. A lot of digestible nutrients are
disposed of when California canners and
packers dispose of the nearly 1 million tons of
vegetable and 200,000 tons of fruit waste
generated each year. Even after accounting
for the high moisture percentage of these
products. totals represent substantial
amounts of nutrients — including: cull fruit
represents the total digestible nutrients
produced by 14,000 acres of irrigated barley,
and vegetable waste represent the crude
protein produced by 21,000 acres of high-
yielding alfalfa. (Rowe-East Central)
4185-All, C2, E3
REFEEDING OF AERATED
POULTRY WASTES TO LAYING
HENS
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
College of Agriculture and Life Science,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
J. H. Martin, Jr., D. F. Sherman, and R. C.
52
-------
Loehr.
Paper No. 76-4513, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1976 Winter Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 14-17, 1976, 11 p. 3
fig., 4 tab., 12 ref.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Poultry wastes, Laying
hens, Performance, Proteins, Phosphorus.
Refeedlng of animal wastes Is an attractive
concept because it offers the potential of more
efficient utilization of nutrients contained in
conventional feedstuffs by secondary extrac-
tion. Successful utlllzaton depends upon
ability to Incorporate the waste Into a balanced
ration at a cost below that of conventional
ingredients. From a nutritional standpoint,
the most desirable target species for refeedlng
of manure from a monogastrlc animal such as
the chicken Is a ruminant. However, the
refeedlng of poultry waste is not usually
accomplished due to logistical problems. The
alternative Is direct refeedlng to laying hens.
One hundred and eight laying hens were refed
aerated poultry wastes in place of tapwater
over an 8 month period. Comparison of
performance with a control group Indicated no
adverse effects on bird performance. Hence, a
real potential exists to recover nutrients from
this material. Two areas of particular interest
are true protein and phosphorus. However,
additional information concerning aeration
system operation to enhance mlcroblal protein
synthesis as well as the availability of
phosphorus to the hen is necessary before the
true potential of this practice can be fully
determined. (Albertson-East Central)
4186-A2, B2, Cl, C2, Dl, D3, El,
Fl
A LOW COST SETTLING BASIN
AND INFILTRATION CHANNEL
FOR CONTROLLING RUNOFF
FROM AN OPEN SWINE FEED-
LOT
Animal Sciences Department, Purdue Uni-
versity, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
A. L. Sutton, D. D Jones and M. C. Brumm
Paper No. 76-4516, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1976 Winter Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 14-17, 1976, 16 p. 4
fig , 4 tab., 10 ref.
Keywords: Waste treatment, Waste disposal,
Swine wastes, Feedlots, Agricultural runoff,
Labor. Costs, Settling basin, Infiltration
channel, Physical properties, Chemical pro-
perties.
The objectives of this case study were: (1) to
evaluate the performance of a low-cost
settling basin and infiltration channel for
treating and disposing of swine feedlot runoff
and (2) to determine management and labor
requirements and costs of the open feedlot
and runoff control system. The settling basin
and grassed infiltration channel were con-
structed next to a 300-head open shed and
outside swine feedlot to dispose of lot runoff.
The settling basin reduced total solids by 68
percent and N, P and K from 55 to 60 percent
in the runoff, while remaining nutrients were
absorbed by the soil. The investment cost for
construction of the Cargill feedlot and runoff
control system was $43 per head capacity. The
runoff control system, including settling
basin, infiltration channel and small earthen
detention structure, was $3 per head capacity,
which is about 7 percent of the total cost of the
unit. It took 2 men 11/2-3 hours each month
and a total of 36 to 72 man hours per year to
clean the lots and haul the manure to the field.
Total amount of manure removed from the
feedlot was 7605 bushel/year. Labor for the
infiltration channel was negligible, other than
clipping grass In the channel area. This case
study will be continued to further evaluate the
performance of the settling basin and Infiltra-
tion runoff control system. Additional rainfall,
runoff composition, soils and soil solution
data, as well as management Information, will
be collected. (Albertson - East Central)
4187-A11, Bl, C2, E3
FEEDING VALUE OF EXCRETA-
STOVER SILAGE AND CORN RE-
SIDUE SILAGE FOR BEEF COWS
Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment
Station, Cooperative Extension Service,
Ames, Iowa
R. L. Vetter, W. Burroughs, T. Ritter, and A.
Nipper
A. S. Leaflet R 217, Cooperative Extension
Service, Iowa State University, July, 1975, 5
p. 4 tab.
Keywords: Refeeding, Performance, Cattle,
Excreta-stover silage, Corn residue silage,
Rations, Nitrogen.
Two refeeding trials were conducted to
determine the feeding value of excreta-stover
and corn residue silages for beef cows. Beef
cows consumed up to 30 pounds of excreta-
stover dry matter per day with weight gains of
2 pounds per day, indicating a silage of high
palatabillty and good nutritional quality. Corn
residue silage fed with a balanced protein and
mineral-vitamin supplement supported above
maintenance performance In beef cows.
Compared with control rations, estimates of
TON were 53 percent for corn residue silage
and 58 percent or possibly higher for the
excreta-stover silage. (Vetter - Iowa State
University)
4188-B2, B3, E2, Fl
ECONOMICS OF DAIRY WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEM FOR ALA-
BAMA
J. L. Stalllngs, T. A. McCaskey, G. H. Rollins,
and J. A. Little
Highlights of Agricultural Research, V. 20,
No. 4, p. 3, Winter, 1973. 2 fig., 1 tab.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Solid wastes,
Flushing, Irrigation, Lagoons, Land spread-
ing, Costs, Cattle, Confinement pens.
Four systems for dairy waste disposal were
studied - (1) the "conventional" system
(scraping and hauling), (2) a flush-irrigation
system, (3) semi-liquid haul system using a
holding tank and a tank spreader, and (4) a
two-stage, flush lagoon system. Systems 1
and 2 were complete confinement systems
requiring removal of all the waste while 3 and
4 were partial confinement systems and
required provisions for waste disposal only
during mllkings. Initial costs for systems 1-4
were: $6,318, $15,482, $7,662, and $5,879,
respectively. The conventional system was
cheaper per cow of the 2 confinement systems
for herd sizes up to 240 cows. The flush-irriga-
tion system became cheaper as herd size
increased beyond 240 cows. All equipment for
the conventional system was used only for the
dairy enterprise and all costs were charged to
it. As this might not actually be the case in a
real-life situation, this fact must be held In
mind when considering costs. The flush-lag-
oon system was the cheaper of the partial
confinement systems up to Its capacity of
about 240 cows. However, both partial
confinement systems were cheaper than the 2
complete confinement systems for this size
operation. (Albertson - East Central)
4189-A5, A8, C2, E2
NITRATE LEACHING FROM ANI-
MAL WASTE APPLICATIONS
J. A. Llndley
M. S. Thesis, Purdue University, Dec. 1972,
129 p. 12 fig., 32 tab., 68 ref.
Keywords: Laboratory studies, Soil columns,
Groundwater pollution, Leaching, Nitrates,
Nitrogen, Dairy wastes, Land application,
Application rates, Soils, Dilution.
Laboratory Investigation was performed In
which some of the potential management
variables which might allow increases In rate
of waste application were studied. Dairy cattle
waste was applied to four foot soil columns in
the laboratory and the leachate was analyzed
to determine nitrogen changes. The rates of
nitrate application were 24.6 and 3.2 Ib. per
acre-day; this gave an equivalent of 1700 and
220 pounds over the ten week experimental
period. Sodium nitrate was added to give the
high rate. The prepared solutions had 450 and
60 mg/1 NO -N, respectively. The effects on
denitrlflcation of 3 different levels of available
energy were evaluated. These levels were
provided by adding varying amounts of
untreated waste in preparing the feed
solutions. The prepared solutions were poured
on top of the soil at the rate of 0.245 Inches per
day. An additional 0.49 Inches per day of
delonlzed water was applied to some of the
columns to give 2 different soil moisture
conditions. Two different soil types In
conjunction with the above factors gave 24
experimental treatment combinations. Fifteen
soil columns were used. It was concluded that:
(1) Danger of nitrate pollution of groundwater
can be minimized by proper management of
waste applications. (2) Based on nitrate
leaching through the soil, waste containing as
much as 24.6 pounds of nitrate per acre-day
may be applied to the land. (3) When
conditions are not conducive to denitrlflcation,
applied nitrate leaches through the soil or Is
retained in the soil profile. (4) The amount of
nitrogen lost Increased with Increasing avail-
able energy (C:N) ratio. (5) A stabilized
waste does not contain sufficient available
carbon to support denitrlflcation. (6) There Is
no significant difference In nitrate concentra-
tion in leachates from silt loam or sandy loam
soils. (7) Amount of nitrate retained Is
affected by soil type. (8) The amount (and
percent) of nitrate denitrified Is greater under
a high rate of nitrate applications, when C:N
ratio is held constant. (9) Increasing the
amount of water applied with a nitrified waste
significantly decreases the nitrate retention.
(10) Nitrate concentration In leachate Is
decreased by adding water; this reduction Is
greater than the dilution factor. (Albertson-
East Central)
4190-A5, A8, B5, C2, E2
NITROGEN INPUTS TO GROUND-
WATER FROM LIVESTOCK
WASTES
Department of Soil Science, University of
Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
L. R. Webber
International Symposium Identification and
53
-------
Measurement of Environmental Pollution, p.
110-114, 1971. 1 fig., 5 tab., 12 ref.
Keywords: Groundwater pollution, Nitrogen,
Livestock wastes, Land application, Barnyard
laachates, Ammonia, Nitrification, Denltrlfl-
catlon.
The fate of land-applied nitrogen from
livestock and poultry manures Is of primary
concern to farmers If the quality of the crop,
soil, and water are to remain unimpaired.
Significant portions of the nitrogen In the
manures are hydrolysed and oxidized to
nitrates which may be utilized In crop
production, lost in leachates, denitrified to the
gaseous forms, or Immobilized In cells of
microorganisms or soil organic matter. The
characterization of groundwater flowing under
a small unpaved barnyard showed that over 90
per cent of the Inorganic nitrogen was In the
nitrate form. Concentrations of nitrate-nitro-
gen in excess of 10 mg/1 were found In the
groundwater as it flowed away from the yard
but attenuation to acceptable levels occurred
within 180 m of the yard. The application of
996 kg/ha ol nitrogen from manures over a
two-year period contributed more than 390
kg/ha of nitrogen to the groundwater during
the second year. During the third year, with
no additional nitrogen, It was shown that the
previously added manure contributed 80
kg/ha with an average concentration of 24
mg/1. Non-manured lyslmeters discharged
nitrates at concentrations In excess of 10 mg/1
during the three-year trial. The data Indicate
that: (1) a yearly application of 450 kg/ha of
nitrogen all from manure was an excessive
rate in terms of groundwater quality, and (2)
the disposal of manure should be limited to
the season when a crop is actively growing.
(Webber - University of Guelph)
4191-C2
LOSSES FROM CATTLE FAECES
DURING CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Animal Industry and Agriculture Branch,
Department of the Northern Territory, Dar-
win, N.T.
L. Falvey and A. Wool ley
Australian Journal of Experimental Agricul-
ture and Animal Husbandry, V. 14, No. 71, p.
716-719, 1974. 2 tab., 9 ref.
Keywords: Sampling, Chemical analysis,
Cattle manure, Nitrogen, Temperature, Dry-
ing time, H.SO,-H90,method, mlcro-Kjeldahl
method. i *
The effects of drying temperature and method
of sample digestion on the determination of
nitrogen and dry matter In the faeces of cattle
grazing pastures of two different nitrogen
contents were examined. Nitrogen loss varied
from 8 to 20 percent depending on the
temperatures and associated length of drying
time. The variation In the loss between
samples from animals grazing the two
pastures was small, tending to be higher for
the samples taken from animals grazing a
higher nitrogen pasture. Sample digestion by
the H^SO^-HjO- method was found to be as
satisfactory as the mlcro-K|eldahl method.
Drying at 100° C for 24 hours gave the least
loss of nitrogen. This procedure In conjunction
with the HfiOq- H-C^digestion Is proposed as
a routine method for determination of
nitrogen in faecal material. (Falvey - Depart-
ment of the Northern Territory, Darwin, N.T.)
4192-A11, A12, C3
STAPHYLOCOCCI FROM
THE
FECES OF DIFFERENT ANIMAL
SPECIES: BIOTYPES OF STAPH-
YLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS
OF SHEEP AND GOAT ORIGIN
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of
Medicine, National University of Athens,
Athens, Greece
G. Dlmltracopoulos, C. Sakellariou, and J.
Papavasslliou
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, V.
32, No. 1, p. 53-55, 1976. 1 tab., 16 ref.
Keywords: Sheep wasies, Goat wastes,
Staphylococcus aureus. Rectal swabs.
Staphylococcus aureus was found In 96
percent of the rectal swabs from 133 sheep
and In 80 percent of the swabs from 125 goats.
Seventy-seven percent of the Isolates from
both hosts exhibited the flbrinolytlc and
growth characteristics of human blotype A on
human plasma and crystal violet agar,
respectively, but 99 percent of these Isolates
resembled S. aureus of animal origin In their
other properties. Only 21 percent of the sheep
and 24 percent of the goat Isolates were
clearly identifiable as human biotype A and
animal blotypes B and C. (Dimitracopoulos -
National University of Athens)
4193-A8, B2, El
THE EFFECT OF PIG SLURRY
APPLIED TO A SOIL SURFACE
ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE
SOIL ATMOSPHERE
Department of Agriculture, Freshwater Bio-
logical Investigation Unit, Greenmount Road,
Muckamore, Antrim, Northern Ireland
E. J. Stevens and J. S. Cornforth
Journal of the Science of Food and Agricul-
ture, V. 25, No. 10, p. 1236-1272, Oct., 1974. 4
fig., 1 tab.
Keywords: Swine, Slurries, Land application,
Soil systems, Soil sealing, Ethylene, Gases,
Soil atmosphere, Soil columns, Methane,
Nitrous oxide, Hydrogen.
Intensive livestock production requires the
storage and subsequent disposal of large
volumes of slurry on land. The effect of the
application of pig slurry to a soil surface on the
composition of the soil atmosphere was
Investigated using laboratory soil columns.
Slurry application stimulates soil microblal
activity; however, the fine solids fraction of
slurry or any treatment containing the fine
solids was capable of blocking soil pores to
gaseous diffusion. In agricultural practice
slurry may at least temporarily cause anaero-
bic zones In soils which would otherwise be
aerobic. Ethylene may be produced In these
anaerobic zones, and diffuse throughout the
soil and harmfully affect root growth. Soli
drainage, varying climatic conditions and
lateral gaseous diffusion will prevent exten-
sive anaerobic zone formation In surface-seal-
ed soils. Dry soils will recover more rapidly
than wet soils. (Solid Waste Information
Retrieval System)
4194-A11, E3
RECYCLING SEWAGE SOLIDS
AS FEEDSTUFFS FOR LIVE-
STOCK
Department of Animal and Range Sciences,
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces,
New Mexico 88003
G S. Smith. H. E. Klesllna, J. M. Cadle, C.
Staples, L. B. Bruce and H. D. Slvlnskl
Report of Research conducted under contract
#E(29-2)-3626, U.S. Energy Research and
Development Administration, Albuquerque
Operations Office, in cooperation with Sandla
Laboratories, 1976, 34 p. 16 tab., 22 ref.
Keywords: Recycling, Sewage solids, Refeed-
Ing, Sheep, Performance, Nutrients, Heavy
metals, Trace minerals.
In an ongoing, cooperative research program,
sewage solids from Albuquerque, New Mex-
ico are being processed by thermoradlatlon
treatment for destruction of pathogens at
Sandla Laboratories and evaluated In animal
experiments at New Mexico State University
to assess nutritive value as feed supplements
for cattle and sheep. Attention Is being given
to potential hazards of chemical toxicants In
sewage as Indicated by assays with rats and
measurements of absorption and retention of
heavy metals, trace elements and certain
compounds by rats, sheep and cattle fed
sewage products. Data from several experi-
ments with sheep Indicate that solids from
undigested sewage provide considerable
amounts of nutrients that are usable by
ruminant animals. No symptoms of disease,
toxlcity or abnormality have been observed to
date as a result of feeding sewage products to
rats or ruminants; although tissue uptake of
certain heavy metals and trace minerals has
been measurably Increased. Results obtained
to date are recognized as tentative. The data
reported herein were selected to typify the
research program and Illustrate the trends
observed, rather than to provide a comprehen-
sive report. (Smith-New Mexico State Univer-
sity)
4195-All, B2, C2, E2, Fl
MISSOURIANS VIEW IDEAS ON
GUTTER, LAGOON, AND FREE-
STALLS
H. Ernst
Missouri Ruralist, V. 118, No. 7, p. 20-21,
April 9, 1977. 2 fig.
Keywords: Dairy wastes, Free-stall manure,
Flushing, Lagoons, Nutrients, Land disposal,
Group feeding, Economics.
The Foremost Dairy Farm of the University of
Missouri at Columbia (UMC) became a "sug-
gestion box" for dairymen during the Dairy-
men's Institute. Discussion centered on free-
stall manure disposal, lagoon construction,
health care and group feeding. The newest
addition at UMC is d»gutter flush manure
disposal system In a remodeled free-stall
barn. Details of the system and free-stalls
were explained by Fred Melnershagen and
Mark Nelnheuser. Melnershagen Is a UMC
Extension dairy specialist and Nelnheuser
works at the farm. The free-stalls were raised
about 6 Inches above the barn floor and
bedded with wood shavings. A bar placed
above the cow's head makes her back before
standing. This and a sloped free-stall floor
reduces dirty bedding. Cows are removed
from the stalls twice a day and the alley Is
cleaned and the tanks are dumped. Other lot
manure is bladed into an open trench and
flushed into the lagoon. The farm's lagoon,
when full, will hold 20-acre feet of water with
an average depth of 14 feet. No more than
7-acre feet are pumped from the lagoon at one
time. Nutrient value of effluent from a lagoon
54
-------
depends on the time of year It's applied and
depth from which It's pumped. As a rule of
thumb, a lagoon sized to livestock numbers
and operating properly should produce from
100 to 150 pounds of actual nitrogen per acre
foot. The flush system was not used during a
45-day period In the worst part of winter.
Other research that was discussed revealed
that cows divided Into groups and fed
according to production can save $90 per cow
per lactation In feed costs when compared to
non-grouped cows. (Albertson-East Central)
4196-A1, A4, Bl, C2
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS:
FOOD PRODUCTION, WASTE
AND THE ENVIRONMENT
New York State College of Agriculture and
Life Sciences, A Statutory College of the State
University, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York
K. S. Porter, Editor
Nitrogen and Phosphorus: Food Production,
Waste and the Environment. Ann Arbor
Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michi-
gan, 1975. 372 p.
Keywords: Water pollution, Pollutant sourc-
es, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Waste manage-
ment, Pollution control, Agricultural runoff,
Economics, Regulation, Model studies, Agri-
cultural wastes.
The studies described in this book concern the
interwoven issues of maintaining agricultural
efficiency and protecting the environment.
Special consideration was directed toward the
substances nitrogen and phosphorus. Sources
of nitrogen and phosphorus found in streams
and lakes In central New York were identified.
Estimates of the quantities Involved were
made and their effects on lakes were assessed
with regard to management alternatives.
Management of manure from treatment to
direct disposal on land, and the application of
fertilizer were studied The economic conse-
quences of applying controls to reduce
nutrient losses from farm land were estimat-
ed. Finally, social issues, such as public
attitudes toward pollution and the efficiency of
institutions responding to such attitudes were
examined in a comprehensive sociological
investigation. Much effort was made to
consider all the ma|or ramifications of nutrient
flows in agricultural watersheds. Consequent-
ly, the members of the research team
represented the following academic disciplin-
es: agricultural economics, agricultural engin-
eering, agronomy, limnology, sociology, and
systems analysis. The report was written for
both the Interested layman and the scientific
community. (Merryman-East Central)
4197-A3, A4, A12, C2
TRANSPORT IN STREAMS
Department of Agronomy, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York 14853
D. R. Bouldlng et. al.
Chapter 3, Nitrogen and Phosphorus: Food
Production, Waste and the Environment. Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor,
Michigan, 1975. p. 61-120. 12 fig., 23 tab., 16
ref.
Keywords: Water pollution, Pollutant sourc-
es, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Fall Creek Water-
shed, New York, Agricultural runoff, Sewage.
A discussion Is given of the Influence of
human activities on the phosphorus and
nitrate removed from the Fall Creek water-
shed In the stream discharge. Samples were
taken during both high and low discharge
rates at approximately 20 locations on an
irregular basis. The following conclusions
were drawn concerning phosphorus: (1) In
Fall Creek, the concentration of soluble
phosphorus was about 30 mlcrograms per liter
and the partlculate matter contained about
110jjg P/1. Most of the latter phosphorus was
carried out of the watershed during the short
Intervals of time when the discharge rate was
very high. (2) The soluble phosphorus Is
probably the form most Important to the
biology of the lakes. (3) About 50 percent of
the soluble phosphorus was attributed to
non-human activities, about 25 percent was
attributed to domestic sewage, and about 25
percent was attributed to farming operations.
(4) Based on the Fall Creek data and
numerous other considerations, the loading of
soluble phosphorus to lakes In central New
York can be approximated by the sum of the
following Inputs: (a) Sewered populations: (I)
Phosphorus In laundry detergent 1.0 (iO.5) kg
P/cap/yr. (II) No phosphorus In laundry
detergent 0.5 ( ^-0.4) kg P/cap/yr. (b)
Unsewered population: 0.1 to0.4 of the values
for sewered population on a per cap/yr basis.
(c) Nonagrlcultural land: 15D mg/m2 yr,
where D Is meters of stream flow per m^ /yr.
Probably the range is 10D to 20D. (d)
Agricultural land (In excess of 15R): 18D mg/
m2/yr, where D Is meters of stream flow per
m2 /yr. Probably the range Is 10D to some
unknown upper limit. The following conclus-
ions were drawn In relation to nitrogen: (1) No
samples were found any place at any time In
which the NO3-N concentration was a health
hazard. (2) The seasonal pattern of nitrate
nitrogen concentrations was similar among
the years with minimum concentrations
occurring during the summer and maximum
concentrations occurring during the winter.
(3) Corn land and domestic sewage were
judged to be the most likely major sources of
NO3. (Albertson-East Central)
4198-A3, A4, AS, A7, AS, Bl, C2,
E2, Fl, F2
FLOWS OF NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS ON LAND
Department ot Agricultural Engineering,
Cornell University. Ithaca, New York 14853
K. S. Porter, D. A. Lauer, J. J. Melslnger,
and D. R. Boulding
Chapter 4, Nitrogen and Phosphorus: Food
Production, Waste and the Environment. Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor,
Michigan, 1975. p. 123-165. 11 fig., 8 tab., 16
ref.
Keywords: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Soil-plant
system, Leaching, Volatilization, Ammonia,
Land disposal, Groundwater pollution, Air
quality, Crop response, Agricultural runoff,
Legal aspects, Economics.
An attempt Is made to determine the
relationship between management of farming
operations and translocatlon of nitrogen and
phosphorus from farmed land. General char-
acteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus In
relation to the soil-plant system are outlined
and overall nitrogen and phosphorus budgets
are briefly discussed. Two specific investiga-
tions are described, illustrating the removal of
nitrogen from land, In one case by air and in
the other by water. Studies of the flow of
nitrogen and phosphorus on or from soil using
detailed mathematical models are also de-
scribed. These models considered the man-
agement of nutrients designed to minimize
the losses, while evaluating the corresponding
effect on crop yield, and consequent return.
Results showed that nutrient losses from
agriculture cannot be entirely eliminated, but
some practical steps may be taken to reduce
the rate of losses. Methods of cultivation and
nutrient application should be encouraged
which would reduce losses with least financial
penalty and possibly with a gain. (Albertson-
East Central)
4199-A2, A3, A4, Bl, C2, Fl, F2
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RE-
DUCING PHOSPHORUS LOSSES
FROM AGRICULTURAL PRO-
DUCTION
Department of Agricultural Economics, Corn-
ell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
G. L. Casler and J. J. Jacobs
Chapter 5, Nitrogen and Phosphorus: Food
Production, Waste and the Environment. Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor,
Michigan, 1975. p. 169-215.12fig., 18tab.,22
ref.
Keywords: Water pollution, Cayuga Lake,
Pollutant sources, Pollution control, Linear
programming, Model studies, Agricultural
runoff, Barnyard runoff, Feedlots, Dairy
Industry, Economics, Regulation, Waste
management.
An attempt was made to estimate the costs of
reducing phosphorus Inputs to Cayuga Lake
from the Fall Creek watershed. In estimating
costs, 3 sources of phosphorus were consider-
ed: (1) land runoff as related to soil erosion,
(2) land runoff as related to manure applica-
tions, and (3) barnyard runoff. The cost of
reducing phosphorus losses from land runoff
was estimated by using a linear programming
model of agriculture In the Fall Creek
watershed. Development of the model utilized
the following Information: (1) production al-
ternatives, (2) costs and returns associated
with each alternative, and (3) phosphorus loss
from each production practice. It was found
that manure handling systems which Include
storage tend to decrease nutrient losses to
water. However, costs of dairy manure
handling would be Increased by such storage
and such problems as odor and files would be
increased. Consequently, trade-offs between
nutrient losses to water and other environ-
mental characteristics must be considered.
Barnyard runoff was considered In relation to
the 1973 EPA effluent limitation proposed
guidelines for the feedlots category of point
sources. These regulations were focused on
large feedlots and on dairy operations having
700 or more dairy cattle. Farm business
records and a runoff survey were utilized to
obtain the following Information: (1) distribu-
tion of farms for specified size groups; (2)
barnyard area per cow for specified size
groups; (3) location of the barnyard relative to
a stream or road ditch; and (4) number of
farms that have a barnyard. Using this
Information plus rainfall and cost data, the
costs of constructing runoff control facilities
for 3 herd sizes were computed. Study results
for the entire study Indicated the following.
The source of phosphorus which should be
reduced first was sewage. Tertiary treatment
to remove phosphorus from the effluent of
various sewage treatment plants discharging
to the lake or Its tributaries appeared to be a
relatively low cost method, and should be
adopted, assuming that reduction of phos-
phorus Input to the lake beyond that achieved
by a detergent phosphate ban Is needed. If
further phosphorus reduction Is needed,
barnyard runoff control should be the next
55
-------
priority. Last of all, manure handling practices
should be considered, bearing In mind the
trade-offs previously mentioned. (Albertson-
East Central)
4200-A1, Bl, C2, Dl, D2, D3, E2
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGE-
MENT WITH NUTRIENT CON-
TROL
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
R. C. Loehr
Chapter 6, Nitrogen and Phosphorus: Food
Production, Waste and the Environment. Ann
Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann Arbor,
Michigan, 1975. p. 219-269. 21 fig., 15tab., 13
ref.
Keywords: Nutrient control, Nitrogen, Land
application, Application rates, Physical treat-
ment, Chemical treatment, Biological treat-
ment, Nitrification, Denltrlflcation, Waste
management, Poultry wastes, Animal wastes.
Alternatives for conserving and utilizing
nitrogen In animal wastes Include: (1)
technology to conserve the nitrogen prior to
land application, (2) manure application rates
that match the ability of crops to utilize the
available nitrogen, and (3) manure placed
below the soil surface and under conditions
that do not lead to denltrlflcatlon or leaching
losses In the soil. Type of nutrient control
should be gauged by utilization of the wastes
when they are applied to the land. If the
wastes are Intended to fertilize, nutrients
should be conserved. If applied nutrients are
potentially excessive, nutrients should be
reduced prior to application. The latter may be
achieved by physical and chemical methods,
such as chemical precipitation for phosphorus
and ammonia desorptlon or Ion exchange for
nitrogen. Alternatives for managing poultry
wastes (some of which are applicable to other
wastes) Include: (1) deep pit, (2) high rise, (3)
anaerobic treatment, (4) aerobic treatment,
(5) soil injection, (6) dehydration, and (7)
anaerobic digestion with methane production.
Aerobic systems have potential for odor
control, waste stabilization, ease of waste
handling, and nitrogen control when needed.
Oxidation ditches were studied as a means for
controlling the levels of nitrogen In poultry
wastes to be applied to land. Nitrogen losses
were controlled by manipulating the operation
of oxidation ditches. Losses were lowest when
there was no attempt to cause denltrlflcation.
Losses were increased by: (1) denitrifying the
mixed liquor In a separate settling unit
without stopping aeration; (2) denitrifying in
situ by stopping the aeration for an optimal
time which Is related to the operating
condition of the oxidation ditch; and (3)
designing the aeration system to provide
adequate dissolved oxygen concentration
Initially to achieve nitrification, and have no
dissolved oxygen in the rest of the ditch to
achieve denitrificatlon. Depending on mode of
operation, It is possible to either conserve as
much as 70 percent or remove as much as 90
percent of the input manurlal nitrogen.
(Albertson-East Central)
4201-B3, Cl, C2, E3
INCLUSION OF LIVESTOCK
FECES INTO CORN SILAGE
Department of Animal Husbandry, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan
48824
M. T. Yokoyama and W. R. Nummy, Jr.
Journal of Animal Science, V. 43, No. 1, p.
211-212, July, 1976.
Keywords: Feeds, Cattle wastes, Swine
wastes, Poultry wastes, Feed supplements,
Refeedlng, Ensiling, Corn, Nitrogen.
A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate
the utilization of cattle, swine, and poultry
faces as sources of supplemental nitrogen In
the ensllement of whole corn plant material.
Total nitrogen of cattle, swine and poultry
feces were 2.16, 4.35 and 6.16 percent
respectively. Fresh feces from cattle, swine
and poultry were Incorporated, according to
their nitrogen content, at levels of 53, 23 and
16 percent respectively, and ensiled for 42
days In laboratory silos. Chemical analyses of
control corn silage and corn silage with added
cattle, swine and poultry feces were respect-
ively: dry matter (percent) 38.7, 28.1, 35.7,
35.8; crude protein (percent) 6.8, 10.2, 11.2,
10.4; ether extract (percent) 3.2, 5.3, 6.8, 4.3;
ash (percent) 3.1, 5.9, 5.1, 5.1; cell solubles
(percent) 50.0, 44.8, 54.1, 54.2; cell walls
(percent) 50.0, 55.2, 45.9, 45.8; acid detergent
fiber (percent) 20.1, 25.2, 21.0, 20.6; llgnln
(percent) 3.3, 5.6, 3.4, 3.4; cellulose (percent)
16.1,18.1, 17.0, 16.6; hemicellulose (percent)
22.6, 27.4, 23.6, 22.6; and Insoluble ash
(percent) 0 69, 1.5, 0.68, 0.65. Total nitrogen
(percent were 1.08, 1.63, 1.79, 1.66. Water
soluble nitrogen (percent of total nitrogen)
were 44.6, 33.7, 48.4, 39.4 and ammonia
nitrogen (percent of total nitrogen) were 6.1,
8.5, 17.2, 12.7. Fecal odor characteristic of
each species was not entirely ameliorated by
ensllement, however, fermentation did occur.
Ph values were3.9, 4.2, 3.9, 4.0 and tltratable
acidity (ml) were 7.5, 9.3, 12.4, 9.5. Lactic
acid (percent) values were 5.09, 5.61, 8.29,
8.88 and acetic acid (percent) were 1.34, 3.87,
1.55, 1.38 Other VFA were detected in the
treated silages, as a result of incorporating
livestock feces. (Copyright 1976 - Journal of
Animal Science) (Abstract only)
4202-A8, 32, B5, C2, E2, Fl
175 BUSHEL CORN YIELD WITH
MANURE AND ONLY STARTER
FERTILIZER
Beef editor
R. Watkins
Beef, V. 13, No. 6, p. A-24-A-25, Feb., 1977. 2
fig.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Swine wastes,
Corn, Fertilizers, Crop response, Economics,
Plowing techniques.
Liquid hog manure and starter fertilizer
produced a 175-bushel-per-acre corn yield on
a 30-acre field for Hildus Wold and sons,
Barry and Wayne of Mabel, Minnesota. The
field did not receive the full treatment of
fertilizer that was usually used because Wold
wanted to see what manure alone could do.
The field was probably their best. Liquid
manure was applied the preceding fall at a
rate of 6000 gallons per acre. The Wolds said
that the key to achieving maximum nutrient
value from hog manure is to knifa the manure
in instead of spreading It on top of the ground.
This knifing procedure prevented odor and
controlled water pollution due to manure
runoff in the event of a heavy rain. At least
$18 per acre per year was saved on the 80 to
100 acres where manure was knifed in. Fall
seemed to be the best time for manure
application due to less compaction of the soil
at that tim
-------
Keywords: Feed additlvles, Larvlcldes, In-
secticides, Fly control, Stlrofos, Methoprene,
Cattle manure, Maggots.
Stevenson Moore III, professor of Agricultural
Entomology at the University of Illinois, used
stirofos in demonstration tests to kill fly
maggots in manure. Stirofos was fed free
choice In medicated blocks to pastured cattle
in four herds and blended Into the concentrate
feed and fed to one additional dairy herd. The
additional dairy herd was also sprayed with
1.25 percent water-base Ciovap at 1-2 oz. /ani-
mal. A neighboring dairy herd with similar
pasture and management practices received
only the Ciovap spray treatment. The stirofos
medicated blocks fed free choice to the four
herds of pastured cattle provided 90 percent
reduction of horn flies, 51 percent reduction of
face flies, and 9 percent reduction of stable
flies. The herd receiving the stirofos in
concentrated feed coupled with a Ciovap spray
as needed showed a 99 percent reduction of
horn flies, a 74 percent reduction of face flies
and 46 percent reduction of stable flies. The
research indicates that feed-through Insectici-
des alone do not kill adult files and will not
reduce to a satisfactory level the complex of
some flies such as stable flies and face flies
that attack pastured cattle. Insecticide sprays
applied to animals still seem to be the most
effective way to control flies on pastured
cattle. (Albertson - East Central)
4205-A11, Cl, C2, Dl
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
STUDIES FOR RACEWAY PRO-
DUCTION OF CATFISH
Department of Civil Engineering, Tennessee
Technological University, Cookeville, Tennes-
see 38501
J. A. Gordon
Industrial Wastes, V. 21, No. 6, p. 28-31,
Nov.-Dec., 1975. 3 fig., 1 tab.
Keywords: Fish wastes, Catfish production,
Physical properties, Chemical properties,
Waste treatment, Settling, Ammonia, Phos-
phate, Suspended solids, Biochemical oxygen
demand, Chemical oxygen demand.
Waste characterization studies resulted in
the recommendation of settling as the only
waste treatment process for use at theGallatin
catfish project, operated under a joint
agreement between Cal Maine Foods of
Jackson, Mississippi and the Tennessee
Valley Authority. The facility consisted of 10
concrete raceways which received heated
condenser discharge water from the Gallatln
Steam Plant. Each raceway was 50 ft. long by
4 ft wide by 4 ft. deep. Water depth was held
at 3.5 ft. during the studies. Stocking
densities were as follows: (a) raceways 1, 2,
and 3 - 10,000 fish, (b) raceways 4, 8, 9, and
10 -- 15,000 fish, (c) raceways 5, 6, and 7 -
20,000 fish. The studies showed that produc-
tion of organic nitrogen and nitrate plus nitrite
was negligible during the rearing process.
Settleable solids were very low and the solid
particles settled rapidly. The total volatile
solids were about 25 percent of the total
solids. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was
used as a check on biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) and as such was not analyzed.
A brief long-term BOD study showed that
5-day BOD was an adequate measure of
organic strength. Predictive equations were
developed for BOD, ammonia, and phosphate.
Problems in either analytical or field proce-
dures coupled with an inadequate understand-
ing of solids production by catfish resulted In
poor Interpretation of the solids data. (Albert-
son-East Central)
4206-A6, B2, Cl, C2, D2
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF HY-
DROGEN SULFIDE FROM AN-
AEROBIC SWINE MANURE I.
OXIDIZING AGENTS
Agricultural Engineering Branch, British
Columbia Department of Agriculture, Abbots-
ford, British Columbia, Canada
E. M. Barber and J. B. McQultty
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, V. 17,
No. 2, p. 90-96, Dec., 1975. 7 fig., 6 tab., 10
ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Hydrogen sulflde,
Odor, Chemical oxidizing agents, Anaerobic
conditions, Ammonium persulfate, Potassium
permanganate, Sodium nitrate.
The effects of three chemical oxidizing agents
on the evolution of hydrogen sulfide from
anaerobic swine manure were Investigated In
a series of exploratory laboratory-scale Incu-
bation trials. Sodium nitrate, potassium
permanganate and ammonium persulfate
were shown either to delay or to eliminate the
release of sulfides from the treated manure.
Both persulfate and permanganate also
appeared to reduce the odor-offensiveness of
the treated manure compared to untreated
controls. The results of these trials suggest
that a more detailed economic analysis and
evaluation of chemical oxidizing agents may
be warranted. (Copyright 1975 Canadian
Agricultural Engineering)
4207-A8, Bl, Cl, Cl, C3, Dl, D3,
E2, E3, Fl
STATE-OF-THE-ART: SWINE
WASTE PRODUCTION AND PRE-
TREATMENT PROCESSES
Biological and Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
M. R. Overcash and F. J. Humenik
Environmental Protection Agency Report
EPA-600/2-76-290, Dec., 1976, 171 p. 24 fig.,
53 tab., 241 ref
Keywords: Swine wastes, Waste treatment,
Waste disposal, Land application, State-of-
the-art, Housing, Feedlots, Confinement
pens, Physical properties, Chemical proper-
ties, Biological properties, Lagoons, Anaero-
bic conditions, Aerobic conditions, Oxidation,
Anaerobic digestion, Recycling, Methane,
Separation techniques, Pyrolysis, Refeedlng,
Composting, Economics.
A review of waste generation and pretreat-
ment processes was compiled, expanded, and
interpreted for the swine production industry.
Typical swine units based upon waste
management techniques were detailed as
concrete slab facilities, slotted floor-pit units,
and swine drylot or pasture operations. This
approach was used instead of actual or
theoretical raw waste defecation data becasue
the defecated waste load has not been
documented for producer facilities. Pretreat-
ment processes for the production unit waste
load were evaluated in relation to land as the
terminal receiver and for waste conversion
mechanisms affecting utilization processes.
The pretreatment effects on waste consti-
tuents were examined for all forms of
nitrogen, caiions or salts, organics, microbial
or pathogen content, and nuisance factors.
The state-of-the-art report confirmed the large
number of definitive studies on various
pretreatment processes and the characteriza-
tion of swine waste. The need to augment the
current technical base with economic analyses
of field systems was the principal recommen-
dation. (Overcash-North Carolina State Uni-
versity)
4208-A11, B3, C2, E3
FERMENTATION, NITROGEN
UTILIZATION, DIGESTIBILITY
AND PALATABILITY OF BROIL-
ER LITTER ENSILED WITH HIGH
MOISTURE CORN GRAIN
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
versity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
L. F. Caswell, K. E. Webb, Jr., and J. P.
Fontenot
Journal of Animal Science, V. 44, No. 5, p.
803-813, May, 1977. 8 tab., 35 ref.
Keywords: Fermentation, Broiler litter, Ensil-
ing, Corn, Refeedlng, Digestibility, Nitrogen
balance, Cattle, Performance.
Ground corn grain (26.3 percent moisture)
was ensiled alone and in a 2 to 1 ratio with
ground litter (18.7 percent moisture). The pH
of the ensiled high moisture corn grain was
lower (P«S.01) than that of the ensiled
corn-litter mixture. Lactic and acetic acid
levels were similar for the two fermented
materials. Ensiling the corn-litter mixture
resulted in markedly reduced total bacteria
and collform numbers. Crude protein content
of the ensiled corn-litter mixture was 20.1
percent, dry basis, compared to 9.4 percent
for ensiled corn grain. Twenty-four wethera
were used in a digestibility and nitrogen
balance trial and 12 steers were individually
fed in two palatability trials. The four rations
tested in both studies contained: 1) unsupple-
mented ensiled corn; 2) ensiled corn supple-
mented with dry heat processed litter (280 C
at a depth of 1.3 cm for 30 min); 3) ensllod
corn supplemented with soybean meal; or 4)
the ensiled corn-litter mixture. Nitrogen
retention was lowest (P^.01) for the lambs fed
the unsupplemented ration and was higher (P<
01) for those fed soybean meal than for those
fed the litter-containing rations. Coefficients
of apparent digestibility were usuelly lower (Fjf
.01) for the unsupplemented ensiled corn
ration than for rations containing litter or
soybean meal. Apparent digestibility of crude
protein was lower (P €, .01) for both
litter-containing rations than for the soybean
meal supplemented ration, but the other
digestion coefficients were not significantly
different among the supplemented rations.
Dry matter intakes tended to be higher for
cattle fed processed or ensiled litter than for
those fed the soybean meal supplemented
ration. (Copyright 1977-Journal of Animal
Science)
4209-A4, AS, A7, A8, Bl, C2, E2
SWINE PRODUCTION INDUSTRY
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
AND MANAGEMENT
Biological and Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, North Carolina Stale University,
Raleigh, North Carolina
F. J. Humenik, M. R. Overcash, and L. B.
Driggers
Agricultural Waste Management, North Caro-
lina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina,
1973, 58 p. 4 fig., 23 tab., 32 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Open lots, Housing,
Slotted floors, Soil contamination, Water
57
-------
pollution, Groundwater pollution, Air pollu-
tion, Agricultural runoff, Infiltration, Heavy
metal, Copper, Zinc, Phosphorus, Nitrogen,
Chemical oxygen demand, Effluents, Land
application.
It ia estimated that In 1972 approximately 15
million swine were grown in slotted floor
buildings, 25 million on solid concrete floor
facilities, and 65 million in open dirt or
pasture lots. The literature indicates that less
than 10 percent of waste defecated on pasture
or dirt lot will be transported in runoff or
waste load leaving such a swine production
unit. Further estimates to assess waste load
from swine pasture, dirt or concrete pad units
suggest a proportional relationship of about 1
percent to 10 percent of the raw waste load for
swine densities between 10 to 3000 animals/
acre. Soli and groundwater contamination
become factors at intermediate stocking
densities. Heavy metal feed additive copper
and zinc or phosphorus waste loads are
related to amounts of organics or soli
transported from the pasture or dirt lot
production unit in surface runoff. Runoff and
infiltration quantities and qualities are unique
to each particular site. Chemical oxygen
demand and all forms of nitrogen (ammonia,
organic and nitrate) are considered the most
technically sound, convenient and non-re-
dundant measures to evaluate the pollutional
potential of effluent for discharge to surface
waters from a swine production unit. Compli-
ance with the COD-nitrogen criteria will
assure amelioration of all waste parameters
except ions and medlcinals. Therefore addi-
tional specific parameters corresponding to
particular waste amendments may be imposed
upon producers employing feed additives if
compliance with the COD-nitrogen criteria
does not assure adequate removals. The effect
on such receiver systems as air, soil and
groundwater must also be considered. Thus
effluent criteria for soil receiver systems
based upon nitrogen, salts and heavy metals,
within the constraint that no runoff occurs
during a disposal event and that any
point-source rainfall-snowmelt runoff comply
with COD-nitrogen criteria for effluent dispos-
al to surface waters, has been suggested
pursuant to the protection of soil, soil-water
and surface waters where terminal land
application is practiced. (Merryman-East
Central)
4210-A11, AU, C2, E3
INFLUENCE OF FEEDING DE-
HYDRATED POULTRY WASTE
ON COMPOSITION AND ORGAN-
OLEPTIC QUALITY OF MILK
University of California, Davis, California
95616
J C Bruhn, G. D. Reif, H. Toone, and J. H.
Evans
Journal of Food Protection. V. 40, No. 1, p,
29-31, Jan., 1977 6 tab., 13 ref.
Keywords: Refeeding, Dried poultry wastes,
Dairy cattle. Performance, Milk quality,
Chemical properties, Public health.
A double reversal trial with three, 4-week
periods was used to determine the effect on
milk quality of feeding dehydrated poultry
waste to lactating cows. Fifteen cows were fed
a control ration for 4 weeks (Period 1),
followed by an experimental ration containing
dehydrated poultry waste for 4 weeks (Period
2), and then by the control ration for 4 weeks
(Period 3) Milk jjas collected daily and scored
by five judges using the ADSA milk flavor
scoring guide Milk composition (fat, protein,
lactose, and solids-not-fat) was determined on
alternate days. During Periods 2 and 3 weekly
composite samples were collected to deter-
mine concentrations of cadmium, copper,
lead, zinc, and tocopherol. No significant
differences were found In any of the milk
quality factors studies. (Copyright 1977
Journal of Food Protection)
4211-A8, B3, 35, C3, E2
FEEDLOT MANURE TOP DRESS-
ING FOR IRRIGATED PASTURE:
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRAC-
TICE OR A HEALTH HAZARD?
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Leth-
bridge, Alberta, Canada T1J4B1
R. G. Bell, D. B. Wilson and E. J. Dew
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology, V. 16, No. 5, p 536-540, Nov.,
1976. 4 tab., 12 ref.
Keywords: Cattle manure, Feedlots, Land
application, Crop response, Forages, Irriga-
tion, Pathogenic bacteria, Fecal conforms,
Sunlight.
Top dressing a spray-irrigated pasture of
orchardgrass with 125 t/ha of overwintered
beef feedlot manure almost doubled the yield
of dry forage: 6353 kg/ha vs. 3578 kg/ha for
the plots receiving no manure. Even at this
rate of application, the manure did not
contaminate the irrigated grass with entero-
pathogenic bacteria after irrigation. When the
grass became contaminated through the use
of fecally polluted irrigation water, the fecal
coliforms, indicator organisms with survival
characteristics similar to the salmonellae,
were effectively eliminated from the grass
after exposure to 65 hr of bright sunlight.
(Copyright 1976 Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology)
4212-A8, B2, B5, C2, E2
LIQUID MANURE CAN SERVE AS
SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS
Anonymous
Prairie Farmer, V 149, No. 58, p. 62-63, April
2, 1977 1 fig.
Keywords. Cattle manure, Liquid wastes,
Land application, Crop response, Fertilizers.
Nitrogen, Phosphates. Potash, Corn.
A three-year study (1973-1975) on the use of
liquid cattle manure as the major source of
nutrients for corn was conducted by Ernest
Vandermeer, operator of Will-O-Wick Farm,
Newark, Illinois Test strips of varying fertility
were set up On some, Vandermeer applied
manure only. On others he applied 80 Ib
phosphate and 60 Ib potash. He applied
nitrogen, with the phosphate and potash, at
levels of 0, 80, and 160 Ib. In 1973, based on
visible observat ons, no differences in produc-
tion of the various strips were indicated. 1974
yield results indicated no significant differ-
ences among the various fertility levels.
However, the moisture content of the grain
was slightly higher where manure was the
only fertilizer material. In 1975, test strips
with 240 Ib of nnrogen plus 80 Ib. of
phosphate and 60 Ib, of potash were added.
There were also strips with 75 Ib. nitrogen
along with manure — no phosphate and
potash Yield results indicated no statistical
difference in production Yields ran from
ai 'out 147 to 154 bushels per acre. As a result
of the 1973-1975 testing, Vandermeer has
virtually eliminated commercial phosphate
and potash on his fields. However, he still
applies 50 Ib. of nitrogen. (Bates
Central)
East
4213-A5, A8, Bl, C2
SOLUBLE CATIONS BENEATH A
FEEDLOT AND AN ADJACENT
CROPPED FIELD
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska
L. F. Elliott, T. A. Travis and T. M. McCalla
Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,
V. 40, No. 4, p. 513-516, July-Aug., 1976. 2
tab., 8 ref.
Keywords: Feedlots, Cations, Sampling,
Soils, Groundwater pollution. Soil water
movement, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium,
Magnesium, Zinc, Copper, Iron, Manganese.
The purpose of this study was to determine
potential or possible movement of cations to
groundwater by measuring cations in the soil
solution beneath a feedlot and an adjacent
cropped field Soil solution samples were
studied for a 12 month period. Concentrations
of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
zinc, copper, iron, and manganese were
determined. Only calcium, magnesium, and
mangenese were higher in the feedlot soil
solution th in in the cropped field at the lower
depths tested. At these depths, calcium and
magnesium were 2 to 4 times higher in soil
solution from the feedlot than from the
cropped field. While manganese was consist-
ently higher beneath the feedlot than the
field, manganese levels were low. Although
some dissolved cations were slightly above
EPA recommended values, only slight dilution
by the aquifer would be required. If the
feedlot is kept stocked and the manure inter-
face is kept intact, pollution of the aquifer by
any of the cations tested is unlikely. (Rowe -
East Central)
4214-A6, All, B2, Cl, C2, D3
AERATION UNDER CAGED LAY-
ING HENS
Agricultural Research Service, U. S Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York
A. G. Hashimoto
Transactions of the ASAE. V. 15, p. 1119-
1123, 1972 11 fig., 2 tab.. 13 ref.
Keywords. Aeration, Poultry wastes, Slurries,
Chemical analysis, Odor, Physical properties,
Chemical properties, Performance, Poultry.
Research was conducted at the Cornell
Agricultural Waste Management Laboratory
to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of
a diffused air aeration system under caged
laying hens. The study was held in 2 separate
trials in a room 14 ft 9 in. by 46 ft. 6 in. and
equipped with conventional stair-step cages
which housed 226 White Leghorn laying hens.
Manure from the caged poultry fell into a tank
to which water was added at the start of each
irial. The contents were aerated by means of
an air blower and diffuser. The mixed liquor in
the tank was not allowed to overflow and tap
water was added periodically to replace water
lost through evaporation Samples of manure
entering the tank were collected over a 24 hr.
period on plastic sheets placed on a platform
under a cage of chickens. These samples were
collected and analyzed 2 or 3 times a week.
Liquid "tank samples ' were collected at
random locations. A composite sample was
obtained by sampling at the surface, middle
and bottom of the tank The analyses
58
-------
performed on the fresh and tank samples
were: total solids, fixed solids, ammonia,
organic nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, carbon, and
chemical oxygen demand. Also the gaseous
ammonia concentration and odor offensive-
ness of the room air and the temperature and
pH of the aerated slurry were monitored.
Study results revealed that significant remov-
als of volatile solids, total nitrogen and carbon
are possible with diffused air aeration systems
treating poultry manure slurries. Odor offen-
siveness was decreased markedly when
nitrification was maintained. Egg production
and bird mortality were not adversely affect-
ed. Problems with increased humidity and
excess condensation were not apparent.
Examination of power requirements, loading
rates, oxygenation capacity and other design
parameters is in progress. (Albertson - East
Central)
4215-A11, B3, Dl, D2, E3
PELLETED POULTRY LITTER -
ECONOMICAL CATTLE FEED
Anonymous
Poultry Digest, V. 36, No. 420, p 90, Feb.,
1977.
Keywords: Litters, Refeeding, Cattle, Perfor-
mance. Rations.
According to Ron Steingrebe of Foster Farms,
Livingston, California, broiler litter that is
processed, heat treated and pelleted or
crumbled has as much feeding value as alfalfa
meal when used as part of the ration for feeder
steers It is also more economical than alfalfa.
Kopro, as the Foster Farm by-product is
known, showed that: (1) daily gains, feed
consumption, and feed conversions are the
same for all combinations of Kopro and
alfalfa, (2) there is no problem of residues,
heavy metals, antibiotics or pesticides in the
tissues of the beef cattle, and (3) there are no
significant differences in the carcass data at
any tested treatment levels. Kopro can also be
used as mineral supplement for feedlot
rations, or in large quantities in growth and
maintenance rations by mixing it with silage
or pelleting it with other ingredients such as
corn, wheat, barley or crop residues. Stein-
grebe believes that poultry litter should be
considered a valuable by-product instead of
just waste. (Albertson - East Central)
4216-B1
FINDING WAYS TO USE THE
VALUABLE PLANT NUTRIENTS
IN POULTRY MANURE
Professor of Poultry Science, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268
W. A. Aho
Milestones, V 17, No. 1, p. 4-6, Fall/Winter,
1974 ') fig.
Keywords. Agricultural wastes, Waste man-
agement, Connecticut.
The Connecticut Farm Waste Management
Committee was established in 1968 by Dean
Edwin J. Kersting of the College of Agricul-
ture and Natural Resources at the University
of Connecticut to help farm families concerned
with handling agricultural wastes in a
satisfactory manner. The committee is made
up of agricultural producers, agricultural
businessmen, extension specialists, research-
ers from the Agricultural Experiment Stations
at Storrs and New Haven, personnel from the
Soil Conservation Service, and representa-
tives from such regulatory agendas as the
State Department of Environmental Protect-
ion, the State Department of Health, and the
Dairy Division of the State Department of
Agriculture. One of their first official actions
was to assemble a group of personnel to visit a
number of commercial farm operations In the
state. Some of the problems they observed
were those caused by the high density
confinement of cattle and poultry, which has
generally compounded the problems of waste
utilization or disposal because of the few acres
of land available on most Connecticut farms.
The outcome of these visits has been the
realization that farm manures can no longer
be considered as merely a disposable; rather,
they must be utilized for their plant nutrient
content. The committee has published three
leaflets which present helpful Information on
the manure problem to agricultural producers.
Free copies of these leaflets are available from
Agricultural Publications, Box U-35, College
of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Univer-
sity ol Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268.
(Albertson-East Central)
4217-A5, A8, Bl, C2
SOIL POLLUTION FROM FEED-
LOTS IN GEORGIA
Agronomist, U. S. Army, Ft. Gordon, Georgia
H. W. Fordham and J. Giddens
Georgia Agricultural Research, V 15, No. 4,
p. 17-19, Spring, 1974. 8 fig.
Keywords: Groundwater pollution, Soil con-
tamination, Feedlots, Cattle, Georgia, Samp-
ling, Nitrates, Nitrites, Phosphorus, Potass-
ium, Calcium, Magnesium, Salt, Organic
matter.
A survey was made of 21 beef cattle feedlots
in Georgia to determine possible soil and
groundwater pollution. The total number of
cattle in each feedlot operation varied, but
stocking rates averaged about 200 per acre.
Soil samples were taken upslope from the lots
to represent control samples. The samples
were analyzed for nitrate and nitrite after
water extraction and for phosphorus, potass-
ium calcium, and magnesium after extraction
with dilute acid. Salt content was determined
by electrical conductivity and organic matter
was determined by wet oxidation. Average
soil nitrate nitrogen content of topsoil in
feedlots was less than 20 ppm, although in one
lot it reached 56 ppm. Less nitrate was found
in topsoil downslope than in the feedlot.
Nitrate found in downslope soils probably
resulted largely from wastes in feedlot runoff
which infiltrated Into the soil after being
deposited below. Phosphorus, calcium and
magnesium did not Increased greatly in the
feedlots or downslope from lots except in the
surface 12 inch depth. Potassium content of
(eedlot soils was very high in the surface.
However, the potassium concentration in
feedlot soils did not reach a toxic level. Salt
content did reach the toxic level in feedlot
soils. Study results indicated that pollution of
groundwater from beef cattle feedlots in
Georgia was probably not significant. Runoff
of wastes from the feedlots had more potential
as a pollution problem than dissolved nutri-
ents in groundwater. (Rowe - East Central)
4218-A8, B5, C2, E2
SOIL NITROGEN. IX. THE EF-
FECTS OF LEYS AND ORGANIC
MANURES ON THE AVAILABLE-
N IN CLAY AND SANDY SOIL.
Agricultural Research Council, 160 Great
Portland Street, London, W1N 6DT, England.
Grasaer, J. K. R. and Kalembasa, S. J.
Journal of Soil Science, V. 27, No. 2, p.
237-249, June, 1976. 3 fig., 7 tab., 14 ref.
Keywords: Organic wastes, Land application,
Crop response, Ryegrass, Nitrogen, Farmyard
The effects of varying the forms and amounts
of orgnalc matter produced by field treat-
ments of clay and sandy soils, on yields of
grass grown In these soils In pots In the
glasshouse, on measurements of total-N and
avallable-N, and on their Intercorrelatlons
were Investigated. Field treatments on these
sol Is were: (1) 8 treatments of sandy soils from
Stackyard, Woburn - no organics, no organ-
ics, peat, green manures, straw, farmyard
manure, grass-clover ley, grass ley with N; (2)
5 treatments of clay soils from Hlghfleld,
Rothamsted - permanent fallow 1948-71,
Lucerne ley, grass-clover ley, grass ley with
N, permanent grass; and (3) 2 treatments of
clay soils from Barnfield, Rothamsted --
minerals with N and farmyard manure. These
soils were each used to grow ryegrass with
and without add fertlllzer-N. Aerobic incuba-
tion, anaerobic incubation and nitrogen
extracted by boiling water seemed the most
suitable methods for examining the effects of
treatments In the field on the correlations
between crop performance In the glasshouse
and laboratory measurements of available-N
in the soils. The experimental results showed
the the field treatments had altered both the
quantity of organic matter in the soil and its
C/N ratio. The laboratory measurements were
able to predict the availability of N in these
soils to grass grown in the glasshouse when
other factors were not limiting. In the field,
nitrogen supply may not be the major factor,
and until the other factors controlling plant
growth and their interaction with N supply can
be quantified, the predictive value of labora-
tory measurements of available-N must be
greatly diminished Future work should be
done to investigate and quantify these factors,
if possible. (Albertson-East Central)
4219-B2, B3, Cl, C2, Dl, E2, E3,
Fl
SOLID VS. LIQUID WASTE: PRE-
POND WASTE SEPARATION AL-
LOWS FLUSH RECOVERY RECY-
CLING
Editorial Director, Feedlot Management
G. Ashfield
Feedlot Management, V. 19, No. 4, p. 26, 28,
April, 1977. 1 fig.
Keywords1 Separation techniques, Cattle
manure, Liquid wastes, Solid wastes, Flush-
ing, Irrigation, Refeeding, Economics.
Con Gilbertson, University of Nebraska
agricultural engineer, feels that separation of
feedlot beef manure into its solid and liquid
portions is inevitable in many confined feedlo'
situations. Method of separation and use oi
the byproducts Is what makes a difference In
profitability and labor efficiency. For a flush
type confinement system, Gilbertson suggests
that a separation process take place so that the
liquids may be utilized for flushing other
wastes. A typical beef flush system can use
the waste for 5-6 flushes. The easiest
separation technique is hydraulic separation.
This means that the wastes are run Into a
temporary holding pond and the liquids are
drained off the top. Later, when the liquid is
gone, the solids can be cleaned out with a
front-end loader Wastes can also be separat-
59
-------
ed by a mechanical separator such as a screw,
rotary, vibrating or shaker system that drops
the solids out and allows the liquid to continue
on to a holding tank or pit. This system
necessitates a small, temporary holding pit at
the end of the confinement facility that
contains a pump for forcing the manure
through the separation process and Into the
holding area. Waste separation reduces
plugging problems In field spreading by
irrigation. Also, the liquid wastes still retain
most of the nutrients which would be valuable
to crop land. While refeeding of only the sol Id
portion of the wastes would result in
substantial loss of potential nutrient benefit of
the manure, Gilbertson feels that the solid
portion could go back In the diet of feedlot
steers or brood cows. A determination needs
to be made as to how long It Is profitable to
keep recycling the liquid wastes and when it is
optimal to apply it to the fields for crop
production. (Rowe-East Central)
4220-A11, AU, C2, C3, Dl, D2,
D3, E3
THE VALUE OF ANIMAL WAST-
ES AS FEEDS FOR RUMINANTS
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
versity, Blacksburg, Virginia
J. P. Fontenot and K. E. Webb, Jr.
Feedstuffs, V. 46, No. 14, p. 29, April, 1974.
41 ref.
Keywords: Refeeding, Cattle manure, Waste-
lage, Poultry litter, Poultry wastes, Rumin-
ants, Performance, Copper toxicity, Animal
health, Public health.
Certain animal wastes appear to have sub-
stantial nutritional value for ruminants. Cattle
manure may be mixed with hay and fermented
to produce wastelage. It has been found that
tha wastelage will produce satisfactory perfor-
mance in breeding ewes and beef cows when
supplemented with vitamin A. Substantial
decreases in fibrous content which increases
in vitro cell wall digestibility have resulted
from the treatment of cattle feces with certain
chemicals. Poultry litter and caged manure
wastes are high in crude protein, and
ruminants efficiently utilize the nitrogen. By
heat treatment or a combination of chemical
and heat treatment, wastes can be pasteurized
and rendered free of pathogenic organisms.
There have been no reports of disease
problems from including poultry wastes in
practical rations for beef cattle and sheep. The
only harm to ruminants fed recycled animal
wastes has been copper toxicity in sheep fed
litter containing high copper levels and
reproductive problems in cattle fed litter
which contained estrogenic activity. Pesticide
residues present no serious problems in
poultry litter or in the meat from animals fed
the wastes. The only deterrent to widespread
acceptance of refeeding animal wastes is the
medicinal drug residue problem. However,
tnis problem does not appear to be serious.
There Is sufficient information available to
conclude that certian wastes can be recycled
by feeding without presenting hazards to
human and animal health (Rowe East
Central)
4221-B2, B3, C2, D3, E3
METHANE RECOVERY FROM
POULTRY WASTE
MONTECO Environmental Management
Associates, Montgomery, New York
A. C. Anthoniaen and E. A. Cassell
Paper No. NA 74-108, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1974 Annual Meet-
ing, University of West Virginia, August
18-20, 1974, 28 p. 11 fig., 2 tab., 21 ref.
Keywords: Poultry wastes, Sewage sludge,
Recycling, Methane, Sodium chloride, Feas-
ibility studies, Anaerobic digestion.
A laboratory study was conducted to: (1)
determine the feasibility of producing meth-
ane during the digestion of chicken manure,
(2) compare the digestion of chicken manure
to the digestion of domestic sludge and (3)
compare the digestion of chicken manure with
a concentration of sodl um chloride to antagon-
ize the effects of ammonia to the digestion of
chicken manure without sodium chloride. The
research was conducted In 3 laboratory
digesters maintained under identical experi-
mental conditions. Experimental procedures
are outlined. Experimental results indicated
the following: (1) The following condtions
appear to provide environment under which
chicken manure can be anaerobically digested
- (a) pH-7.4, (b) volatile acids (1,500mg/1 -
above), (c) alkalinity (10,000 mg/1 - 12,000
mg/1), (d) ammonia nitrogen (1,500 mg/1),
(e) detention time (20 days), (f) loading (.088
Ib VS/day/ft ), and (g) temperature (35
degrees C). (2) The conversion of volatile
acids to methane gas appears to be inhibited
when ammonia nitrogen concentrations reach
1250 mg/1. (3) The gas from the digestion of
chicken manures Is burnable. (4) Additional
research at a pilot plant level is necessary to
determine the economic feasibility of recover-
ing methane from chicken manure on operat-
ing poultry farms. (Rowe-East Central)
4222-B1, D3, E3, Fl
UTILIZATION OF BIOGAS FOR
FARM PRODUCTION ENERGY
Institute for Man and Environment, State
University of New York, Plattsburg, NY
D. W. Williams, T. R. McCarty, G R. Morris,
W. W. Gunkel, D. R. Price
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 19, No. 6, p.
1034-1040, 1044, November December,
1976. 5 fig., 2 tab., 21 ref.
Keywords: Recycling, Energy, Biogas, Dairy
manure, Cattle manure, Economics, Feasibil-
ity studies, Feedlots, Anaerobic digestion.
Specific study objectives were: (1) Document
energy uses on typical 100-cow dairy farms
and 1000-head beef feedlots. The quantities of
direct energy used for farm production and
family living were determined including diesel
fuel, gasoline, heating oil, and electricity. (2)
Compare potential biogas energy production
from anaerobic digestion of manures on these
farms, with month-by-month distribution of
direct energy uses, in order to assess how well
energy production would match energy de-
mand (3) Assess the technical and economic
feasibility of converting various energy-using
equipment on the farms to biogas consump-
tion. (4) Assess problems associated with
handling and storage of biogas, with respect
to requirements of the energy-using equip-
ment. (5) Determine optimum biogas use
systems for dairy and beef farms with respect
to maximum use of available gas, and least
coat per unit of energy consumed. Assuming
that anaerobic digester costs are to be borne
by the waste disposal system and keeping in
mind that current conclusions are preliminary
since the study Is only 60 percent completed,
the following conclusions were drawn: (1) On
a 100-cow d.iiry using present day energy
prices, the most economically feasible alterna-
tive Is to convert all furnaces, space heater,
water heaters, and home heating and cooking
appliances to biogas. The rest of the gas
would be used for digester heating. (2) The
electricity alternative would be economically
feasible on the 100-cow dairy farm If
electricity prices were at or above 3.54 per
kWh. (3) For biogas replacement of gasoline
on a dairy farm to be feasible, gasoline prices
would have to double from the present 49t per
gal. (4) Using the gas both for heating and
gasoline replacement would supply about 2/3
of the total direct energy needs of the dairy
farm. This alternative would be technically
feasible but not economically feasible unless
gasoline prices increase substantially. (5) The
most economically attractive alternative for
using the biogas produced from a 1000-head
beef feedlot appeared to be the generation of
electricity for both feedlot use, and sale of a
utility company (6) If the biogas from the
1000-head feedlot is used for direct energy
replacement of home heating fuel and ap-
pliance heating, and gasoline, about 57
percent of the total direct energy needs of the
feedlot farm could be satisfied. However, for
such a system to be economically feasible,
gasoline prices would have to increase to
$1.25 per gal. (Rowe-East Central)
4223-A11, S3, C2, Dl, E3
EFFECTS OF DAIRY CATTLE
MANURE SOLUBLES IN LAMB
DIETS
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, NER, A. P. G. I.,
Maryland
L. W. Smith and I. L. Lindahl
Journal of Animal Science, V. 43, No. 1, p.
211, July, 1976.
Keywords: Dairy manure, Refeeding, Sheep,
Performance, Nutrients, Ground corn cobs.
Four trials with 18 lambs (Initial weight 28.1
kg) each were conducted to determine the
effect of dried dairy cattle manure solubles on
digestibility and efficiency of utilization of
dietary nutrients for growth. Solubles were
expressed from manure with a screw press
and mixed with ground corn cobs in ratios of
0:1, 1:1, or 2:1 w/w. Composition of solubles
were: DM, 8 percent and N, 5.4; Ash, 24; Ca,
2; P, 2; Cd, .001; Fe, 2.5; Cu, .03; and Zn, .3
percent of DM. The wet mixtures were dried
in a rotatory drum dehydrator with exhaust at
85 C. The calculated percentage of DM from
the solubles in the corn cob mixtures were: I,
0; II, 8; and III, 15. The lamb diets contained
corn, 40; soybean meal, 6.4; alfalfa meal,
12.5; salt, .5; dicalcium phosphate, .6; and
one of three sources of corn cobs, .40 percent.
The basal diet was formulated to contain 64
TON, 1.5 IN, 0.38 Ca, and 0.32 percent P.
Digestibilities were determined from 5-day
total fecal and urinary collections after
completion of 45-day continuous growth trials.
Differences (P<^ .05) were observed among
trials for digestibility and growth. Digestibili-
ties did not differ (P> .05) due to treatment
and means were: DM, 59; organic matter, 60;
cell walls, 40; and N, 56 percent. Dally N
retention averaged 3.8 g and did not differ (P^
.05) due to treatment. Lamb performance did
not differ (P>.05) due to treatment and means
were: daily organic matter intake, 1.23 kg;
average daily gain, 216 g; digestible organic
matter for growth, 346 g; and gross organic
matter conversion, 3.5 kg/kg. Lamb perfor-
mance and nutrient utilization were not
adversely affected by these levels of dietary
additions of manure solubles. (Copyright 1976
- Journal of Animal Science) (Abstract only)
60
-------
4224-A8, B3, B5, C2, E2
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND
CORN YIELD AS AFFECTED BY
PREVIOUS APPLICATIONS OF
POULTRY MANURE
Associate Professor, University of Delaware,
Newark, Delaware
W. C. Liebhardt
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 5, No. 4,
p. 459-462, 1976. 6 tab., 11 ret.
Keywords: Poultry manure, Land application,
Crop response, Soil properties, Corn Yields,
Soil salinity, Dry matter production, Nutrient
concentration.
The effect of poultry manure applied during
1971-1973 on the corn yield and soil character-
istics of 1974 and 1975 was studied. Plots of
Elkton loamy sand with six levels of poultry
manure application (0, 22, 56, 90,168, and 224
metric tons/ha), three levels of chemical
fertilization [224-5-18 kg/ha (N-P-K)], plus 22
metric tons/ha poultry manure with 224-5-168
kg/ha (N-P-K) were established with four
replications for three years (1971, 1972, 1973).
Corn (Zea mays L.) was grown on these plots
for five years (1971-1975) with no soil
amendments applied in 1974 and 1975. Soil
salinity in 1974 was substantially reduced
from previous poultry manure application.
This was primarily due to the leaching rain in
the winter Consequently, corn production
yields did not experience the typical reduction
that accompanied 1971-1973 poultry manure
applications. Ear leaf at silking, whole plants,
and grain samples showed no problem with
toxicity from previous poultry manure applica-
tion This research indicates that excessive
poultry manure applications won't be a
problem in Delaware's sandy coastal plain
soils, except in the year that it is being
applied. (Bates - East Central)
4225-All, B2, C2, D3, E3
RECYCLING SWINE WASTE
Animal Science Department, University of
Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
B. G. Harmon
Paper presented at National Feed Ingredients
Conference, Des Moines, Iowa, June 17, 1975,
17 p. 9 tab., 13 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Oxidation ditch
mixed liquor, Aerobic treatment, Anaerobic
treatment, Refeeding, Nutrients, Nitrates.
University of Illinois studies utilizing oxida-
tion ditch treatment of swine wastes have
resulted in the following observations: (1)
Swine waste provides an excellent substrate
for building singlecell protein. (2) Aerobically
treated swine wastes have more feeding value
than anaerobically treated swine wastes. (3)
Oxidation ditch mixed liquor (ODML) Is rich in
amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. (4) Pigs
offered ODML as the only source of water
from 85 pounds to market weight gained more
rapidly and efficiently than pigs given tap
water. (5) More Information is needed
concerning the Influence of nitrates In the
oxldationd itch. Periods of poorest performan-
ce of animals correspond with Intake of
oxidation ditch mixed liquor when nitrate
levels are at their highest. (6) The entire
oxidation ditch system can utilize all or nearly
all the waste produced by swine. (Bates - East
Central)
4226-A2, A4, A6, A7, AS, Bl, B4,
Dl, D3, E2, F2,
WASTE HANDLING AND DIS-
POSAL GUIDELINES FOR IN-
DIANA DAIRYMEN
Purdue University Animal Waste Committee
Publication Number ID-81, Cooperative Ex-
tension Service, Purdue University, 1972, 12
p. 3 fig., 3 tab.
Keywords: Waste management, Waste dis-
posal, Indiana, Legal aspects, Dairy Industry,
Regulation, Design, Solid wastes, Liquid
wastes, Waste storage, Pasture system,
Drylot system, Covered system, Land dispos-
al, Application rates, Water pollution, Odor
control, Agricultural runoff.
The purpose of this publication Is: (1) to
acquaint the Indiana dairy farmer with
present pollution laws and regulations that
most directly affect him, and (2) to present
waste handling and disposal guidelines that
will help the dairyman determine how nearly
he complies with Ihese laws and regulations or
how he might develop a system that will
comply. The Indiana Stream Pollution Control
Board and the Indiana Air Pollution Control
Board have the authority to adopt and enforce
rules and regulations concerning their respec-
tive types of pollution problems. Indiana's
Confined Feeding Control Law supplements
the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Law In
attempting to prevent water pollution. It
isnow against the law for anyone to start
building a confined feedlot operation without
approval by the Stream Pollution Control
Board. The kind of waste handling system a
dairyman should have, facilities needed, their
capacities and design, and types of manage-
ment practices depend, to a large extent, on
the number of animals and how they are
handled. Systems for handling dairy cattle
usually fall into three broad categories --
pasture, drylot, and covered systems. Each of
these is described and recommended grazing
and housing intensities are given. Guidelines
are given for design and management. Either
solid manure handling systems, liquid manure
handling systems, or partial treatment man-
ure handling systems may be utilized In
handling and storing wastes. Design recom-
mendations are given for the various manage-
ment methods utilized in each of these
systems. Most dairy wastes are still disposed
of on the land. Factors affecting land
application rates, how acceptable land appli-
cation rates may be determined, and precau-
tions that should be taken when returning
manure to the land are discussed. Suggestions
for minimizing odor problems during disposal
are oiven. (Rowe-East Central)
4227-A2, A4, A6, A7, A8, AW, Bl,
B2, B3, B4, C2, Dl, D2, D3, E2,
E3, E4, F2
WASTE HANDLING AND DIS-
POSAL GUIDELINES FOR INDIA-
NA POULTRYMEN
Purdue University Animal Waste Committee
Publication Number ID-82, Cooperative Ex-
tension Service, Purdue University, 1972, 13
p 2 fig., 3 tab.
Keywords: Waste management, Waste dis-
posal, Poultry wastes, Indiana, Legal aspects,
Regulations, Water pollution, Odor, Liquid
wastes, Solid wastes, Drying, Incineration,
Digestion methods, Land application, Appli-
cation ratea, Flies, Wastewater disposal.
The purpose of this publication Is to briefly
explain the pollution laws and regulations that
directly affect Indiana poultry producers and
to provide waste handling and disposal
guidelines that will prevent pollution prob-
lems. The Indiana Stream Pollution Control
Board and the Indiana Air Pollution Control
Board have the authority to control and
prevent water and air pollution In the state of
Indiana. Indiana's Confined Feeding Control
Law supplements the Indiana Stream Pollu-
tion Control Law In attempting to prevent
water pollution. It is now against the law for
anyone to start building a confined feeding
operation without approval by the Stream
Pollution Control Board. The production
system that a poultryman adopts depends
largely on the kind of poultry he produces
(broilers, layers, etc.). Manure production
rates for the different kinds of birds are given.
Solid manure handling systems Include shal-
low pit system, deep pit system, litter system,
and partial slotted-floor system. The shallow
pit system may also be adapted to liquid
handling, but It Is not recommended for new
housing because of: extra labor for frequent
cleaning, greater volume of waste because of
the extra water used for cleaning, pollution
danger from disposing during the winter, and
probable odors Outdoor confinement rearing
can be a source of pollution; therefore, proper
management of these facilities Is essential.
Poultry confinement units are sources of odor
and fly problems. Odor and fly control
methods are discussed. Poultry wastes may be
disposed by means of drying methods,
incineration methods, digestion methods, or
land application methods. Design recommen-
dations are given for the various management
and disposal methods that are discussed.
Guidelines are given for returning poultry
wastes to the land. Suggestions are given for
minimizing odor during disposal. Suggestions
are given for treating and disposing of
wastewater. (Rowe-East Central)
422S-A2, A4, A6, A7, Bl, B2, B3,
B4, C2, Dl, D3, E2, F2
WASTE HANDLING AND DIS-
POSAL GUIDELINES FOR IN-
DIANA SWINE PRODUCERS
Purdue University Animal Waste Committee
Publication Number ID-83, Cooperative Ex-
tension Service, Purdue Univarslty, 1972, 12
p. 2 fig., 2 tab.
Keywords: Waste management, Waste dis-
posal, Swine wastes, Indiana, Legal aspects,
Regulation, Water pollution, Liquid wastes,
Solid wastes, Land application, Odor control,
Housing, Agricultural runoff.
The purpose of this publication was to
acquaint the Indiana swine producer with
present pollution laws and regulations that
most directly affect him and to present waste
handling and disposal guidelines that will help
the producer determine how nearly he
complies with these laws and regulations or
how he might develop a system that will
comply. The Indiana Stream Pollution Control
Board and the Indiana Air Pollution Control
Board have the authority to control and
prevent water and air pollution In the state of
Indiana. Indiana's Confined Feeding Control
Law supplements the Indiana Stream Pollu-
tion Control Law in attempting to prevent
water pollution. It is now unlawful for anyone
to start construction of a confined feeding
operation without prior approval by the
61
-------
Stream Pollution Control Board. The type of
swine waste handling system used depends
upon location, number of animals, and
method of housing. Housing systems Include
pasture, drylot, and enclosed. Management
recommendations are made for each of these
types of systems. Drylot and enclosed systems
of management call for waste handling and
storage facilities that may be categorized as
follows: (1) solid manure handling systems,
(2) liquid manure handling systems, and (3)
partial-treatment manure handling systems.
Methods of waste handling which are utilized
under each of these categories are described.
Most swine producers still dispose of their
swine manure by returning it to the land by
surface application, surface application with
immediate plowdown. or injection or knifing
into the soil. Factors affecting land application
are manure nitrogen content, loss of nitrogen
by volatilization and denltrification before
field application, type and management of
crops to be grown, and the soil Itself.
Guidelines are given for determining accept-
able application rates. Precautions are outlin-
ed which should be considered when applying
wastes. Odor control techniques are given for
minimizing odor during disposal. (Rowe-East
Central)
4229-A11, Bl
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR Affi
CARGO SYSTEMS FOR SHEEP
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland
B. H. Ashby, W. A. Bailey, J. J. Sushko III,
W. G. Kindya
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 20, No. 1, p.
117-120, Jan.-Feb., 1977. 5 fig., 7 ref.
Keywords: Animal wastes, Sheep, Air trans-
port, Design, Cargo systems, Load density,
Mesh flooring, Performance
Two 48-hour test experiments were conducted
in which sheep were subjected to partially
simulated air transport conditions to obtain
basic criteria for designing air cargo systems
for sheep. Test No. 1 was conducted in
August, 1975. Module temperatures ranged
from 24 to 32*C during the test. One hundred
and twenty open ewes averaging 116 Ib. were
removed from pasture. Sixty sheep were
loaded In the bottom deck of the module. The
remaining 60 sheep were held In a graveled lot
for 24 hr. and then loaded in the second deck
of the module for the remaining 24 hr. of the
test. Water was available to the animals, but
feed was withheld. Average load density was
2.7 ft2/ sheep. For the second test, 77 open
ewes averaging 110 Ib. each were separated
from the same flock. Immediately after
removal from pasture, 20 sheep were penned
in the bottom deck of the module; forty sheep
were penned In the second deck, and 17 sheep
were penned in the third deck. Load density
averaged 2.8 tt'l sheep No water or feed was
provided. Sheep from the bottom deck were
released after 24 hr. The other sheep were
released after 48 hr. All the sheep were
examined by a veterinarian. Conclusions and
recommendations were: (1) A 10-15 hr.
pre-translt fasting Is recommended to reduce
waste production of sheep during air transit.
(2) Water need not be provided for sheep
during a 24 hr. transit period if extended
temperatures above 32.5* are not encounter-
ed. (3) Group size of sheep in pens should be
40 or less (4) Wire mesh flooring appears to
be an excellent alternative to solid flooring
with bedding, and it provides improved air
circulation, slip resistance, and drop through
waste removal. (5) Rounded surfaces for pen
frame construction such as pipe or tubing
should be used Instead of I beam. (6) To
facilitate loading and unloading, drive alleys
and loading chutes should be well lighted and
constructed to allow animal handlers easy
accessibility to the sheep. (7) Highly reflective
materials or sharp angled turns should be
avoided In the construction of equipment for
handling sheep. (Rowe-East Central)
4230-A6, B2, D3, Fl
THE OXIDATION DITCH - A
POSITIVE METHOD OF ODOR
CONTROL
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Uni-
versity of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
D. D. Schulte and E. J. Kroeker
Paper presented at Agricultural Engineering
Conference Days, School of Agriculture,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada,
Feb. 4-5, 1976, 9 p. 1 fig., 3 tab.
Keywords: Odor control, Waste treatment,
Confinement pens, Oxidation ditch, Foaming,
Ventilation, Economics.
The oxidation ditch offers a positive though
somewhat expensive method of odor control to
the livestock producer. It Is best suited to use
under slotted floors or cages In confined
housing situations. Operational problems do
exist with the oxidation ditch, but proper
maintenance coupled with good management
and an appreciation for the mlcroblal nature of
the treatment process can minimize these
problems. Engineering advice should be
sought before investing In this process.
(Schulte-University of Manitoba)
4231-B1, C2, D3, E3, Fl
ON METHANE PRODUCTION
Anonymous
Confinement, V. 2, No. 5, p. 11, May, 1977.
Keywords: Methane, Energy, Recycling,
Anaerobic digesters, Economics.
The engineering and economic potential of
anaerobic digestion was studied by Iowa
Agricultural Experiment Station researchers.
Operation of anaerobic digesters, energy use
on farms, and the current cost-and-prlce
relationships for farm Inputs and products
were evaluated. The analysis was geared to a
320-acre mixed crop and livestock farm In
central Iowa whtch had a 50-sow farrow-to-
finish confinement unit, a flush-flume build-
ing of 300-head capacity for beef feeding, and
a cow-calf herd managed In an open lot and on
pasture. It was calculated that 75 percent of
the farm's electrical energy could be supplied
by an engine-generator powered by methane
produced from the farm's animal waste. In
addition, the recovery of heat energy from the
generator could supply a significant part of
energy needed on an annual basis for grain
drying and heating of the swine unit and farm
house. Experiences with a pilot-scale digester
have revealed that proper loading rates and
effective mixing are extremely Important for
long-term, stable operation. Construction of
an experimental 30-head beef confinement
unit and 5000 gal. anaerobic digester should
begin soon at the ISU Beef Nutrition Farm
near Ames in hopes of answering many of the
practical management questions Involved In
operating an anaerobic digester on farm-size
scale. Although the economics of on-farm
anaerobic digestion are not favorable under
current conditions, further research to Im-
prove the technical operation of digester
systems Is believed to be Important. Changes,
such as further energy-supply reductions,
significant Increases In energy costs, rationing
of some forms of energy, or more stringent
pollution controls for livestock enterprises,
could make anaerobic digestion a viable
option for producers In the future. (Rowe-East
Central)
4232-A11, B3, C2, E3
HEN EXCRETA COMPOSITION
AND RUMEN PARAMETERS
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Can-
ada
E. Evans and E. T. Moran, Jr.
Journal of Animal Science, V. 43, No. 1, p.
211, July, 1976.
Keywords: Feeds, Sheep, Refeedlng, Dried
poultry wastes, Rumen, Ammonia, Uric acid,
Urea nitrogen, Plasma concentrations.
Rumen levels of ammonia (NH'-N), uric acid
(UAN) and urea nitrogen (UN) and plasma
concentrations of urea nitrogen (BUN) were
measured at 0, .5, 1.5, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hr,
postprandlally In adult male flstulated sheep
fed low (trial 1) or high roughage (trial 2)
rations. In each case supplemental nitrogen
was provided by soybean meal, urea, and
dried excreta from hens receiving a low
(LPN-excreta) or high plane of nutrition
(HPN-excreta) diet to determine the effects of
nitrogen source on rumen degradation. Sheep
were fed at the rate of 154 kcal DE/kg-75 In
both 4X4 latin square design trials. In trial 1,
mean dally NHs-N and UN concentrations
were higher (P<.05) for urea and HPN-excreta
than for soybean meal and LPN excreta diets.
BUN levels were higher (P<05) with the urea
and lower (P<.05) with the soybean meal diets
than from either source excreta. In trial 2,
meal dally NHsN and UN concentrations were
elevated (P<.05) by urea and decreased (P<
.05) with the soybean diets compared to the
hen waste diets. BUN concentrations were
higher (P<.05) with the urea obtained than
with the other diets. In both trials, NHJN and
UN concentrations peaked (P<05) at .5 hr post
feeding with the urea diet as opposed to a
gradual Increase until 2 hr post feeding for the
soybean meal, LPN- and HPN-excreta diets.
Effects of rate of microblal UAN degradation
on appearance patterns of UN and NH§ N in
the rumen will be discussed In relation to
nitrogen availability for mlcroblal protein
formation. (Copyright 1976-Journal of Animal
Science) (Abstract only)
4233-A11, B3, C3, D3
STUDIES ON TqE VIABILITY OF
PATHOGENIC BACTERIA DUR-
ING SHORT-TIME-COMPOSTING
OF POULTRY MANURE
S. Platz
Zentralblatt Fur Veterinarmedlzln (Relhe B),
V. 24, No. 1, p. 25-34, Jan., 1977. 1 fig., 2
tab., 41 ref.
Keywords: Poultry manure, Composting,
Pathogenic bacteria, Temperature.
The survival of different pathogenic bacteria
(Salmonella typhlmurlum, S. pullorum,
Escherlch/a coll, Proteus vulgarls, Paateurella
hamolytlca, Past, multoc/da, haemolytlc M/c-
rococcl, haemolytlc Streptococci, Llsterla
monocytoggnes Type I and Clostrid/um per-
fringans Type A] during short-tlme-compost-
62
-------
Ing of poultry manure was studied. Except for
Listeria the rising temperature was sufficient
to eliminate the Investigated vegetative forms
of pathogenic bacteria after exposure to an
average of 22 hours' composting process. In
the case of direct Infection of poultry manure,
the athermlc factors of composting, for
example the alkallnlsatlon of compost to pH
8.8, which were said to destroy the pathogenic
agents, and which were found In the present
examinations, are further hygienic safe-
guards. However, the Inactivating effect of
athermlc factors, due to the accelerated
progress of short-time-composting should not
be overrated. With regard to Clostrldlum
pertrlngens type A, neither the rising temper-
ature nor athermlc factors of the composting
process were sufficient to destroy these
pathogens. Possibilities for Inactlvatlon of
spore-formers by means of Influencing the
course of self-heating are discussed. (Copy-
right 1977 - Zentralblatt Fur Veterlnarmedl-
zln)
4234-A11, B3, E3
DRIED POULTRY WASTE AS A
SUPPLEMENT FOR BEEF CAT-
TLE
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
M. R. Dethrow, J. L. Clark, J. M. Vande-
popullere, and D. P. Hutcheson
Journal of Animal Science, V. 43, No. 1, p.
210, July, 1976.
Keywords: Dried poultry wastes, Refeedlng,
Cattle, Dlgesbllity, Feed supplements.
Five steer calves were assigned to a 5 X 5 latin
square design metabolism trial to study the
value of dried poultry waste (DPW). The cattle
were fed corn silage ad libitum and allowed to
adjust to a constant Intake. The following
supplements were fed per animal dally: 1) .04
kg dicalclum phosphate and T-M salt; 2) .45
kg SBM+.04 kg dlcalcium phosphate and T-M
salt; 3) .23 kg SBM and .38 kg DPW; 4) .75
kg DPW; 5) 1.6 kg DPW. The animals were
fed twice dally and given an Injection of
vitamins A and Dat the beginning of the trial.
Feces and urine were collected dally. When no
SBM was fed there was a reduction in the
digestibility of dry matter, crude fat, NFE and
nitrogen. The apparent dry matter digestibili-
ty values for the total ration were 74.2, 77.7,
75.5, 70.1 and 70.9, respectively, for the five
supplements. The apparent digestibilities for
NFE and nitrogen in the total ration were
79.2, 62.0; 82.1, 70.4; 80.4, 65.7; 75.5, 57.5;
74.0, 60.6, respectively, for the five supple-
ments. No significant differences were ob-
served among the supplements for crude fiber
digestibility. (Copyright 1976 Journal of
Animal Science) (Abstract only)
4235-A11, Bl, E3
RECYCLING OF SWINE MAN-
URE BY SELECTED FISHES
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
D. H. Buck, R. J. Baur, and C. R. Rose
Journal of Animal Science, V. 43, No. 1, p.
210, July, 1976.
Keywords: Refeeding, Swine wastes, Fish,
Performance, Water quality.
This Is believed to have been the first attempt
In North America to utilize certain Asian
cultures and techniques in the solution of such
problems as animal waste management,
pollution control, and the production of
protein. Two small Illinois ponds of similar
size received nearly Identical stockings of fish
(four Asiatic species), but differing amounts
of swine manure. Pond 11 received the total
wastes from five growing pigs (about 39
plgs/ha of water area), pond 12 received the
wastes from eight pigs (66 plgs/ha). Two
consecutive lots of pigs were fattened during
the experiment. Water levels were lowered at
mid-season to Improve natural circulation, but
conditions were otherwise static, with no
artificial circulation or aeration. Over a fish
growing period of about 170 days (May to
Oct.) the net Increments In fish blomass were
at the rates of 2971 kg/ha In pond 11, and 3834
kg/ha In pond 12. The high production of fish
was attributed to (1) the high quality of the
swine rations, (2) a fortuitous choice of a fish
stocking ratio, and (3) effective water level
management. A beneficial Influence by the
fish population on water quality was Indicated
by continuously adequate levels of dissolved
oxygen, and final BODs (BODs in the range of
8 to 12 mg/1. (Copyright 1976-Journal of
Animal Science) (Abstract only)
4236-A11, B3, C2, E3
HEN EXCRETA COMPOSITION
AND METABOLISM BY SHEEP
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Can-
ada
E. Evans and E. T. Moran, Jr.
Journal of Animal Science, V. 43, No. 1, p.
210-211, July, 1976.
Keywords: Dried poultry manure, Refeedlng,
Sheep, Metabolism, Nutrients, Nitrogen,
Digestibility.
Nutrient digestibilities and nitrogen reten-
slons were determined In two 4X4 latin
square design trials conducted with ram
lambs fed diets in which half of the crude
protein (CP) equivalent was provided by
soybean meal, urea, and dried excreta from
hens receiving a low (LPN excreta) or a high
plane of nutrition (NPU-excreta) diet. In trial
1, diets were formulated to contain 2.9 Meal
DE/kg, 12 percent CP and 14 percent acid
detergent fiber (ADF). In trial 2 the same test
protein sources were compared In diets
containing 2.2 Meal DE/kg, 12 percent CP
and 25 percent ADF. All diets were fed at the
rate of 210 Kcal DE/kg 75. Within each trial,
energy CP, and DM digestibilities were
higher (P<.05) from diets containing soybean
meal and urea than from diets containing
LPN- and HPN-excreta while fiber digestibil-
ity was not affected. Mean nitrogen retensions
for trial 1 were 31.6, 13.4, 19.4 and 26.6
percent and for trial 2 were 20.1, 10.9, 14.1,
and 19.1 percent for the soybean meal, urea,
LPH-excreta and HPN-excreta diets, respect-
ively. Components of the nitrogen fraction of
the two sources of excreta differed largely by
their uric acid contribution. (Copyright 1976 -
Journal of Animal Science) (Abstract only)
4237-B2, B5, C2, E2
VALUE OF LIQUID CATTLE
WASTE TO ESTABLISHED
GRASSES
University of Georgia College of Agriculture,
Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton,
Georgia
G. L. Newton, W. H. Merchant, P. R. Utley,
and W. C. McCormlck
Journal of Animal Science, V. 43, No 1, p.
211, July, 1976.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Cattle wastes, Land
application, Fertilizers, Chemical properties,
Pasture land management.
Six pastures (.81 ha each) with established
sods of either Coastal bermudagrass (three
pastures) or Pensacola bermudagrass (three
pastures) received three fertilizer treatments.
The treatments, applied to one pasture of
either grass, were 84 kg N per hectare from
liquid manure In March and 84 kg N per
hectare from commercial fertilizer In June
(MCF) and 168 kg N per hectare from liquid
manure in March (M). The manure used was
waste from deep pits located beneath a totally
slotted floor beef cattle feedlot. Five steers
(average weight 183 kg) were allotted to each
pasture In April. These steers were weighed
at 28-day intervals during the 168-day grazing
trial. The animals were fenced out of an area
(9.3 m2) in each pasture which was clipped
periodically to estimate yield and provide
samples for chemical analysis. Pastures
receiving treatment MCF and M tended to
produce greater spring growth and greater (P
<05) steer gains for the first 28-day period.
Pasture dry matter yields and steer gains were
13.17 MG/ha and 534 kg/ha, 12.01 MT/ha
and 60.7 kg/ha and 12.40 MT/ha and 575
kg/ha for the CF, MCF and M treatments,
respectively. When N recovered in forage is
examined in relation to N applied, it was
observed that Coastal bermudagrass utilized
manure N approximately 85 percent as
effectively as it utilized ammonium nitrate N
while Pensacola behlagrass utilized manure N
approximately 54 percent as effectively as
ammonium nitrate N. (Copyright 1976
Journal of Animal Science) (Abstract only)
4238-C2
DETERMINATION OF VANIL-
MANDELIC ACID IN PIG URINE
AND CHICKEN FECES BY GAS-
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Department of Animal and Poultry Science,
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Can-
ada N1G 2W1
A. Lun, R. R. Hacker, R. G. Brown, and J. F.
Hurnlk
Analytical Biochemistry, V. 73, No. 2, p.
267-273, 1976. 4 fig., 2 tab., 30 ref.
Keywords: Venilmandellc acid, Swine urine,
Poultry feces, Gas-liquid chromatography,
Sampling.
A gas chromatography method for the deter-
mination of free and bound venllmandelic acid
(VMA) In pig urine and chicken feces has been
developed. The method consisted of extrac-
tion of the free or bound acids by ethyl acetate
under acidic conditions. The ethyl acetate
extracts were dried under nitrogen, followed
by complete sllylatlon of the phenolic and
carboxyilc acid groups with BSA (N.O)bls
(trlmethylsllyl) acetamld. The solution was
distilled at 180°C In a sealed glass tube after
which the sample was Injected on a stainless
steel column (6 ft X .125 In. o.d.) containing 4
percent SE-30 on 80/100 mesh chromosorb
GHP. The recovery of the urinary VMA was 82
percent, and the fecal VMA was 84 percent
through the outlined procedures. Pigs ranging
in age from 8 to 12 weeks were found to
excrete 2-8 mg urinary VMA/24 hr with no
significant difference between the free and
bound. Commercial laying hens excreted
bound VMA In a range of 1-5 mg/24 hr with
no significant difference between the free and
bound. Commercial laying hens excreted
63
-------
bound VMA In • ranga of 1-5 mg/24 hr with a
F/B ratio of 1:3. (Copyright 1976 - Analytical
Biochemistry)
4239-A6, AW, All, S3, C2, E3, Fl
SLAT-SCRAPE RECAPTURES
RATION NUTRIENTS FOR RE-
FEEDING MANURE
Staff Editor, Feedlot Management
G. Lamp
Feedlot Management, V. 19, No. 4, p. 12-14,
April, 1977. 3 fig.
Keywords: Cattle manure, Ensiling, Waste-
lage, Performance, Cattle, Economics, Slat-
scrape system, Odor control, Fly control,
Nutrients.
Wlllard Baxter, manager of Baptist Children's
Home feedlot, ensiles waste from his feedlot
and refeeds It to cattle following a 12-15 day
fermentation process. Manure straight from
the feedlot is mixed at the following ratio: 45
percent cracked corn, 15 percent corn silage,
and 40 percent manure for this ensiling
process. The resulting wastelage Is basically
70 percent TON and about 12 percent protein.
Hay, corn silage, peanut and cottonseed hulls
are the primary components for roughage.
Sometimes, for adequate ensiling, even a poor
quality hay Is added for enough digestible
fiber to drop the moisture level of the ration to
50-51 percent. Since ensiling, Baxter has had
much less problem with flies and odor. Baxter
professes the ensiling and fermenting process
to be the cheapest practice known to man for
feed processing. In 1975, Baxter built the
200-head cold confinement building. The
original cost of the unit was about $800-850
per head. (Rowe-East Central)
4240-B2, B3, 34, C2, E2
MANURE SYSTEMS PLANNING
DATA
Anonymous
Doane's Agricultural Report, V. 35, No. 45, p.
5-6, Nov. 10, 1972. 10 tab.
Keywords: Livestock wastes, Waste manage-
ment, Waste storage, Waste disposal, La-
goons, Holding ponds, Settling basins, Liquid
wastes, Solid wastes, Nutrients, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium, Land spreading.
Guidelines are given for planning manure
disposal facilities. To determine the manure
storage requirements, the manure produced
per day Is multiplied by the number of days In
the required storage period. Then that figure
Is multiplied by the number of animals. This
shows the total amount of manure that will be
present at the end of the holding period. For
efficient pumping of liquid manure, the
moisture content should be around 90 percent.
To Irrigate with liquid wastes, moisture
content should be around 95 percent. The
manure lagoon should be large enough to
provide sufficient water In which bacteria can
decompose the waste material. The quantity
of water varies with different kinds of
livestock wastes. Sludge will accumulate In
the bottom of a lagoon over a period of time. A
settling pond or basin before the lagoon
reduces loading and sludge buildup. A
holding pond, or a combination of a settling
basin and a holding pond should be used for
liquid runoff from solid manure. The amount
of nutrients retained In manure depends on
how the manure Is handled. Liquid manure
systems retain more nutrients. Leaching and
runoff can cause heavy losses to occur from
solid waste systems. The land area necessary
for find spreading or dispersion of manure
will vary. Current Illinois recommendations
for maximum annual application rates from
liquid manure holding pits are: cattle-20-30
tons/acre; hogs-10-15 tons/acre; and poul-
try-4-6 tons/acre. (Rowe-East Central)
4241-B1, BS, C2, D3, E2, E3
THE WEDDING OF CLUCK AND
MOO
Anonymous
Calf News, V. 14, No. 12, p. 28-29, Dec., 1976.
6 fig.
Keywords: Management, Poultry, Cattle,
Confinement pens, Recycling, Refeedlng,
Methane, Reclamation, Algae.
Hans Lengers, president of Dew Fresh Eggs
Corporation of Bethune, South Carolina, Is
planning the combining of an ultramodern
fireproof facility for housing 1.2 million layers
and a 30,000-head slotted floor confinement
operation (designed and built by Corral
Industries, Phoenix, Arizona). The first units
for 10,000 head of cattle have been built. The
10,000-head facility Includes a compact work
area, good slope, and a completely automated
scraper moving the manure to the processing
area every hour during the day and every 3
hours during the night. There Is an ammonia
control system working In conjunction with the
scraper which controls the pH In the pits and
building. The ultimate plan calls for recycling
poultry manure In 3 ways — for reclamation of
2,600 acres of sandy soil for crop production;
for production of methane gas which will be
sold to a local gas company; and for
supplementing cattle feed. Another of
Lengers' Idea for the future Is to grow algae
from the residue of the methane production.
Then, once the CO2 is allowed to disappear,
the algae may be fed to fish, cattle, or even
humans (Albertson-East Central)
4242-A4, B2, C3, D2
FEASIBILITY OF CHLORINAT-
ING FEEDLOT RUNOFF TO
MEET BACTERIAL WATER QUA-
LITY STANDARDS
Agricultural Engineering Department, Water
Resources Research Center, University of
Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
J. A. Merkel
Technical Report No. 37, Water Resources
Research Center, University of Maryland,
1975, 15 p. Stab.
Keywords: Agricultural runoff, Feedlots,
Water pollution, Wastewater treatment, Wat-
er quality, Fecal conforms, Loading rates,
Salinity, Chlorlnatlon, pH, Dissolved oxygen,
Temperature, Design.
A study was conducted to determine the
parameters required for effectively treating
effluent from livestock operations before
discharging It into streams. The experiment
was organized to determine how population
kinetics of bacteria was affected by varying
pertinent environmental parameters. Tests
were conducted by varying one environmental
parameter at a time while holding the
remaining variables constant. The variable
parameters were: (1) type and amount of
loading, (2) salinity, (3) pH, (4) dissolved
oxygen, and (5) temperature. The statistical
design selected for analyzing the data was a
Model I nested ANOV. Study results Indicated
that salinity control could be used as an
effective means of reducing the conform count
of runoff contaminated with livestock waters.
It was determined that a system that would be
feasible for controlling the quality of the
runoff leaving a farmstead would be a
retention pond coupled with a device for
salting the pond effluent. The pond Itself
could be designed to accomodate the runoff
for an average rainfall based on a one year
recurrence Interval. The excess runoff could
be channeled Into a trap or bin containing a
soluble salt that would Increase the salinity In
accordance with design conditions. (Rowe-
East Central)
4243-B1, B2, B3, BS, Cl, C2, Dl,
D2, D3, E2, E3, Fl
FEEDLOT MANURE AS AN EN-
ERGY SOURCE
Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas
77843
J M. Sweeten, D. L. Raddell, and B. R.
Stewart
Paper presented at the 1974 Texas Section
Meeting, American Society of Agricultural
Engineers, Abilene, Texas, Oct. 4-5, 1974, 21
p. 2 fig., 6 tab., 32 ref.
Keywords: Feedlot manure, Energy, Econo-
mics, Recycling, Fertilizers, Refeedlng,
Fuels, Anhydrous ammonia, Land disposal.
A comparison was made of the energy savings
available from Texas feedlot manure utilized
for: (1) fertilizer, (2) roughage substitute In
feedlot rations, (3) fuel, and (4) substitute for
natural gas In anhydrous ammonia produc-
tion. Study results Indicated that replacement
of commercial fertilizer by manure could save
a total of 1.8 X 1fl12BTU'8 of energy per year.
Refeeding 5 percent manure could save
6.5 million BTU's per ton of manure. En-
ergy requirements for air pollution con-
trol systems and moisture evaporation
would permit only 5.3 million BTU's per ton
(dry solids) of the possible 12.6 million BTU's
per ton (dry solids) to be released as usable
heat energy resulting from direct combustion.
Gasification of manure through partial oxida-
tion would result In production of anhydrous
ammonia with far lower energy consumption
than Is now being realized. At the present
time, energy savings would exceed 10 million
BTU's per ton of dry solids. While refeedlng
appears to offer the maximum potential for
energy savings, lack of market for this
refeedlng product Is a deterrent to this type of
recycling. Land disposal for Improved crop
production Is still the most viable solution.
While thermo-chemlca^processlng of feedlot
manure could result in a largar energy savings
than is now possible, lack of large scale
centralization of Texas feedlots make this
alternative less promising. (Rowe-East Cen-
tral)
4244-B1, Cl, C2, C3, D2, D3, E3
FERMENTATION OF POULTRY
MANURE FOR POULTRY DIETS
State Institute of Agricultural Chemistry,
Laboratory of Microbiology, Lllsankatu 8 Q,
00170 Henslnkl 17, Finland
A. T. Vuorl and J. M. Nasl
British Poultry Science, V. 18, No. 3, p.
257-264, May, 1977. 4 tab., 11 ref.
64
-------
Keywords: Poultry wastes, Fermentation,
Refeedlng, Poultry, Uric acid, Cell yield,
Bacteria, Yeasts.
In an attempt to Increase Its value lor poultry
diets, the fermentation of poultry manure was
studied. Mlcroblal strains for the efficient
elimination of uric acid were Isolated. In
attempts to Increase cell yield, suitable, cheap
carbon sources (methanol, glycerol, glucose)
were tested. These criteria were used to study
the 41 bacterial and 8 yeast strains which were
the most prolific on slants and which were
Isolated from experiments with a shaker. A
strain was selected for experimentation with a
fermentor. Fermentor experiments were done
on a laboratory scale (101) and In a non-sterile
semlcontlnuous system (150 1) cell mass
production being similar In both systems.
Study results are given In tables. (Copyright
1977-British Poultry Science; Rowe, ed.-East
Central)
4245-B1, Cl, Dl
SIMULATION OF IN-HOUSE
DRYING OF CHICKEN EXCRETA
G. D. Wells
Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, Michigan State University,
1972, 138 p. 18 fig., 16 tab., 44 ref.
Keywords: Poultry manure, Drying rates,
Mathematical models.
This study was undertaken to develop drying
rate equations for deposited chicken excreta.
Study objectives were to: (1) determine drying
rates for the Initial drying phases by obtaining
sufficient experimental data, (2) evaluate
drying rates as Influenced by environmental,
geometrical and excreta conditions, (3) deter-
mine the duration of time In which each rate
holds and how much water Is removed during
each period, and (4) develop a seml-emplrlcal
mathematical model to predict drying rates In
the Initial phases. Laboratory drying tests
were conducted utilizing poultry excreta
samples (10 cm wide by 10 cm long) of 3
thicknesses (0.32, 0.84, 0.96 cm). Two drying
rate periods were observed. As long as
surfaces were saturated, constant rate drying
took place. This constant rate period was
followed by an extended period of falling rate
drying. The constant drying rate was found to
be a function of free stream velocity, wet-bulb
depression and ambient air temperature as It
affacts vapor pressure at the saturated
surfaces. Process variables of Increased
surface area and conducted heat source also
Increased the drying rate. The constant drying
rate was predicted on the basis of surface film
resistance and concentration gradient terms.
More than half of the removable moisture
evaporated at a constant rate. The rate of
change in moisture during the falling rate
drying period was roughly proportional to the
removable moisture remaining. The propor-
tionality constant was estimated as a function
of the constant drying rate and the sample
thickness. Free stream conditions were found
to be of major Importance throughout both the
constant and falling rate drying periods. Most
of the non-hygroscopic water appeared to
move to the surface In liquid form to be
evaporated there. Comparison of experiment-
al drying rates to In-house drying data
Indicated that In-house drying rates could be
predicted If a measure of the mean boundary
layer thickness and area of wet surface was
approximated. (Rowe-East Central)
4246-A8, A9, C2, E2
EFFECT OF SIMAZINE AND AT-
RAZINE ON THE MINERALIZA-
TION OF FERTILIZER AND MAN-
URE NITROGEN
Nuclear Research Laboratory, Indian Agricul-
tural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
O. P. Joshl, M. S. Sachdev, K. L. Sahrawat,
and B. N. Kohli
Plant and Soil, V. 44, No. 2, p. 367-375, 1976.
12 fig., 3 tab., 6 ref.
Keywords: Herbicides, Fertilizers, Manure,
Soil chemical properties, Ammonia, Nitrates,
Atrazme, Slmazine, Soil investigations.
Simazlne and atrazine herbicides were tested
for their effects on mineralization of urea and
sludge manure nitrogen In laboratory experi-
ments. Simazine and atrazine were applied at
four levels (0.5 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg/ha). It was
found that the herbicides stimulated the
production of ammoniacal and nitrate nitro-
gen. No specific trend was noted In nitrate
production by increasing the levels of the
herbicides. Urea nitrogen mineralized faster
than the sludge nitrogen or its combination
with urea. With respect to the total amount of
ammoniacal nitrate nitrogen produced, the
results in descending order were: Urea
>Sludge4-Urea>Sludge^No Nitrogen. (Rowe
- East Central)
4247-A11, Bl, C3
TOXIGENIC FUNGI FROM POUL-
TRY FEED AND LITTER
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Public Health Service, Food and
Drug Administration, Division of Microbiolo-
gy, Cincinnat , Ohio 45226
J Lovett
Poultry Science. V. 51, p. 309-313, 1972. 3
tab., 21 ref.
Keywords. Fungi, Poultry, Litters, Feeds,
Toxins.
Fungi isolated from feed and litter of two Ohio
poultry farms were screened for toxin produc-
tion Foui teen-day-slant cultures were used to
inoculate neopeptone dextrose, Czapek-Dox,
and Mycological brot'i media. Four-day chick
embryos wer inoculated with 0 2 ml. of
culture filtrate via the air cell. Embryo death
,it 9 days was used as the toxicity indicator.
Those fungi found toxigenic in one or more
media were Aspergil/us cheva/ien (one), A.
lumigatus (one), A. terreus (two), Penicillium
cyc/op/um (five), P. patulum (two), and one
each Fusarium and Scopulariopsis sp. Of
those isolates screened 13 percent were found
toxigenic. (Copyright 1972-Poultry Science)
4248-A11, 33, Cl, Cl, C3, E3
CHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLO-
GICAL COMPOSITION AND THE
METABOLISABLE ENERGY VAL-
UE OF EIGHT SAMPLES OF
DRIED POULTRY WASTE PRO-
DUCED IN THE UNITED KING-
DOM
D. W. F. Shannon, R. Blair and D. J. W. Lee
World's Poultry Science Journal, V. 29, p.
157, 1973.
Keywords: Dried poultry wastes, Biological
properties, Chemical prop«rtlea, Physical
properties, Bacteria, Energy, United King-
dom, Autoclavlng, Nutrients.
Chemical and bacteriological analyaee were
carried out on eight samples of dried poultry
waste (DPW) produced at different locations
In the UK to estimate the variation In their
potential nutritive value for poultry. The
samples were all obtained from caged layers
given medium-energy diets. The metabol-
Isable energy (ME) values of the samples
were determined with light hybrid hena and
the effect of autoclavlng on the ME value of
one of the samples waa measured. The
composition of tha DPW samples varied
widely. Dry matter (DM) varied from 82.3 to
96.1 percent. On a DM basis, nitrogen varied
from &9 to 6.2 percent; ash from 20.7 to 4!M
percent; calcium from 5.1 to 15.1 percent;
phosphorus from 1.9 to 3.4 percent; available
carbohydrate from 2J to 13,9 percent; and uric
acid from 2.3 to 11.4 percent; the faacal
protein content (10.1 to 14.8 percent) was
much lees variable than that of the nitrogen.
i Trace mineral contents also varied widely but
with the exception of magnesium the mean
levels of those elements measured wore
considerably lower than the levels considered
to be toxic to the Immature chick. Bacterlolo-
glcally none of the samples was considered to
be hazardous. The classical ME valuer of the
samples varied from 0.84 to 1.27 kcal/g DM.
Autoclavlng did not significantly affect the
ME value and the mean ME of all samples
was 0.97 kcal/g DM. The mean losses of
organic and dry matter on feeding the DPW
samples were 18.8 and 24.4 percent. It Is
concluded that DPW has some food value for
poultry and that It may be usefully Included In
poultry diets where dietary energy concentra-
tion Is not Important. (Copyright 1973-World'8
Poultry Science Journal) (Abstract only)
4249-A11, B3, D2, E3
THE GROWTH OF BROILER CHI-
CKENS FED LOW-PROTEIN
DEBTS CONTAINING TMAMM-
ONIUM CITRATE, DIAMMON-
IUM HYDROGEN CITRATE AND
AUTOCLAVED DREED POULTRY
MANURE
Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Re-
search Centre, King's Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh EHs 3F3, Scotland
J. V. McNab, D. J. W. Lee, and D. W. F.
Shannon
British Poultry Science, V. 13, p. 357-334,
1972. 6 tab., 15 ref.
Keywords: Dried poultry manure, Autoclav-
lng, Broilers, Refeedlng, Performance.
Three experiments were carried out using
male broiler chicks from 1 to 3 weeks of age.
The birds were housed In Individual metabol-
ism cages at 1 week of age, having previously
bean In tlersd brooders. In experiment I, 38
birds were offered one of six experimental
diets based on glucosa- and cellulose-diluted
commercial broiler mash. The six diets a/are
supplemented with graded lew's of trlam-
monlum citrate (TAC) at the expense of
cellulose such that diet 1B contained no TAC
and diet IF contained 8»4 percent TAC. In
experiment 2, 72 birds were offered one of six
diets, similar to those used In experiment I
with the exception that they were supplement-
ad with graded levels of dlammonlum
hydrogen citrate (DAHC). In experiment 3, 72
65
-------
birds were offered one of alx diets which were
based on the same diluted broiler mash but
which had been supplemented with graded
levels of autoclaved dried poultry manure
(ADPM) at the expense of glucose. Diet 3B
contained no ADPM whereas diet 3F contain-
ed 20 percent ADPM. All birds were weighed
at 2 and 3 weeks of age and their food
consumptions over these periods were record-
ed. Their growth was compared with that of
birds fed the undiluted commercial broiler
food. All birds of experiment I (TAC-supple-
mented diets) and experiment 2 (DAHC-supp-
lemanted diets) showed significantly poorer
growth rates than the control birds. However,
birds of experiment 3 (ADPM-supplemented
diets) grew as well as the control birds.
(Copyright 1972-Brltlsh Poultry Science)
4250-A8, C2, £2
SOME FACTORS TO CONSIDER
IN USING ANIMAL MANURES
FOR FERTILIZER
Extension Vegetable Specialist, University of
California, Parller, California
K. B. Tyler
Proceedings of the California Plant and Soil
Conference, p. 41, 1973.
Keywords: Poultry manure, Feedlot manure,
Soils, Nutrients, Land application, Potassium,
Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Mineralization.
Using 3 California soils to which either poultry
or feedlot manures had been added, a series
of Incubation experiments were conducted to
better understand the availability of plant
nutrients In manures. After application,
mixing, and moistening the soil-manure
samples, they were Incubated for various time
periods under conditions of temperature and
aeration favorable for rapid decomposition of
the manures. Samples were removed period-
ically from the Incubation chambers, extracted
and analyzed to determine their concentra-
tions of available nutrients. Experimental
results Indicated that the availability of plant
nutrients In manures varies considerably with
soil type, Kind of manure, and nutrient
element In question. Potassium, which was
high In feedlot and low In poultry manure, was
about 80 percent available Immediately after
the manures had been applied. However,
additional potassium release was very slow.
About 25 percent of the total phosphorus In
poultry manure and about 60 percent of the
total phosphorus In feedlot manure was
Immediately available. Further releases of
phosphorus were slow. The availability of
nitrogen from manures was extremely tow
initially - about 8 percent of the total nitrogen
In poultry manure and 4 percent of the total
nitrogen In feedlot manure. Release of
nitrogen from poultry manure proceeded
rapidly. Nearly 40 percent had become
available after 12 weeks and about 50 percent
after 36 weeks. Less than 1/3 of the total
nitrogen of feedlot manure had been mineral-
ized after 36 weeks of Incubation. (Albertson -
East Central)
4251-A4, AS, A6, AS, Bl, C2, E2,
F2
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR FIELD
APPLICATION OF LIVESTOCK
WASTE
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
Technical Policy WPC-2, Design Criteria for
Field Application of Livestock Waste, Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, April 15,
1976, 4 p. 4 tab.
Keywords: Livestock wastes, Land applica-
tion Illinois, Guidelines, Regulation, Pollu-
tion control, Nutrients, Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Crop response, Slopes, Soil Injection.
Livestock waste application guidelines were
adopted pursuant to Rule 104 (e) of Chapter 5:
Livestock Waste, Illinois Pollution Control
Board Rules and Regulations. Approximate
expected quantities of total manure, nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium are listed for beef
cattle, dairy cattle, swine, and poultry.
Approximate nutrient content of wastes from
various management systems, approximate
net yield of nitrogen for various waste
management systems, and agronomic fertil-
ization rates for various Illinois crops are also
listed. Livestock waste application should not
exceed the agronomic nitrogen rate, which Is
defined as the annual application rate of
nitrogen that can be expected to be required
for a reasonable anticipated crop yield.
Surface application may be used when the
land slope is no greater than 5 percent or
when the yearly average soil loss Is less than 5
tons/acre. Injection or surface application
with Immediate Incorporation should be used
if land slope Is greater than 5 percent.
Livestock waste should not be applied within
200 feet of surface water. Waste should not be
applied within 150 feet of any water well.
Livestock waste should not be applied In a 10
year flood plain unless the Injection or
incorporation method of application Is used.
Waste application on frozen or snow-covered
land should be avoided, If possible. Livestock
waste should not be applied during a rainfall
or to a saturated soli. Creation of odors during
waste management should be minimized.
(Rowe-East Central)
4252-A4, Bl, B4, E2, F2
LIVESTOCK WASTE REGULA-
TIONS. CHAPTER 5: AGRICUL-
TURE RELATED POLLUTION
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency.
Pollution Control Board
Livestock Waste Regulations, Chapter 5:
Agriculture Related Pollution, Illinois Envir-
onmental Protection Agency, Pollution Con-
trol Board, Aug. 29, 1974, as amended Sept.
5, 1974, 8 p.
Keywords: Livestock wastes, Regulation,
Feedlots, Confinement pens, Location, Waste
storage, Land application, Permits, Legal
aspects, Fish, Aquatic animals, Irrigation.
Chapter 5, Section 1 of the Illinois Pollution
Control Board's Livestock Waste Regulations
provides rules and regulations for agriculture-
related pollution In relation to livestock
wastes. Part I deals with general provisions
such as: authority, policy, definitions, live-
stock management facility and livestock
waste-handling facility operations, adoption of
design and maintenance criteria, and Inspect-
ions and disease prevention. Part II gives
details on the various permits required for
different types of operations and operators,
the various types of applications which should
be made, two standards for Issuance, duration
of permits, Issuance and conditions of
permits, appeals from conditions In permits,
defenses, and authority to modify or terminate
permits. Part III deals with other agricultural
and sllvlcultural activities such as: fish and
aquatic animal production, facilities, and
Irrigation activities. Part IV gives the details
of the Implementation program such as the
compliance dates and severablllty. (Albert-
son-East Central)
42S3-B3, C2, Dl, E3, Fl, F2
CATTLE FEEDING GAINS RE-
PORTED GOOD ON MISSISSIPPI
COMPANY'S POULTRY WASTE
Foodstuffs Southeastern Correspondent
R. H. Brown
Foodstuffs, V. 49, No. 22, p. 25, May 30, 1977
Keywords: Poultry wastes, Refeedlng, Cattle,
Economics Legal aspects, Design, Waste
treatment.
Purnell's Pride, a Mississippi poultry com-
pany producing dried poultry waste as a feed
commodity, reports that cattlemen are obtain-
ing dally gains of 1.75 to 2.9 Ib. Purnell's
Pride produces three different products-
range cubes, pure dried poultry waste, and a
range meal. The range meal Is the best seller
even though It Is the most expensive. Since It
contains 25 percent salt, It limits Intake. The
cattlemen can place the range meal In a
covered feeder on the range, which eliminates
dally feeding. This company offers the
products at a relatively low price to get the
buyers Interested In using them. The amount
of waste from 200,000 hens Is 140 tons a week,
which results In 30 tons of finished product
after drying. To date, Purnell's Pride Is the
only company selling poultry waste In
Mississippi, but they don't take advantage of
the situation. The state regulates their
business by checking the material quarterly
for salmonella, myotoxlns, metals, medicants
and pesticides, from which they have had no
problems. (Hudson-East Central)
4254-B3, C3, Dl
EFFECT OF DRYING TEMPERA-
TURE AND LENGTH OF DRYING
TIME ON SURVIVAL OF MICRO-
ORGANISMS IN TURKEY LITTER
Poultry Science Department, Clemson Univer-
sity, Rm. 137 P & AS Bldg,, Clemson, South
Carolina 29831
D. L. Cross, D. S. Trlche, and J. W. Dick
Poultry Science, V. 53, p. 1915, 1974.
Keywords: Litters, Turkeys, Drying, Micro-
organisms, Temperature.
The effect of drying temperature and length of
drying time on certain microorganisms In
turkey litter was evaluated. A completely
randomized design mlth a factorial arrange-
ment of treatments was utilized. Each
treatment and time combination was replicat-
ed 5 times. The drying temperatures were: 22,
150, 200, 250*C. The length of the drying
times was 1, 2, and 3 hours. Total viable
bacterial counts were determined after growth
on nutrient agar for 24 hours. Selective
organisms were determined following growth
on SS agar plates for 24 or 48 hours.
Gram-negative organisms were determined
on E.M.B. agar after Incubation for 24 or 48
hours. Anaerobes were determined In thlogly-
collate broth. The total viable counts (organ-
Isms/gm of litter) at 22, 150, 200 and 250*C.,
Irrespective of length of drying time, were 4.6
X10 , 4.5 X 10 , 7.4 x 10 , and 4.6 x 10 , respec-
tively. Total viable counts (organlsms/gm of
litter) for litter samples dried for 1, 2, and 3
hours, Irrespective of drying temperature,
66
-------
were 2.2 x 10 , 1.1 x 10 and 2.5 x 10 , respec-
tively. Selection organisms from SS agar were
present at 22»C. These organisms were not
detected at the higher drying temperatures
and drying times. Viability of Qram-negatlve
organisms was destroyed after drying for 3
hours at 150*C. Viability of anaerobes was
arrested by drying at 200*C. for 1 hour. (Copy-
right 1974-Poultry Science) (Abstract only)
4255-A11, B3, C2, E3
BROILER WASTES: GOOD PRO-
TEIN SOURCE
Anonymous
Progressive Farmer, V. 92, No. 7, p. 88, July,
1977.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Poultry wastes, Cattle,
Performance, Nutrients.
A two-phase research study done at the
University of Georgia by Dr. A. E. Culllson
and Mike Dzlmlanskl shows that, as a supple-
ment to Coastal bermuda-grass hay, pellets
containing 75 percent broiler wastes and
costing about $40/ton are just as valuable for
rate of gain as a commercial protein supple-
ment that costs $125/ton. In the first part of
the study 2 groups of steers were fed 2 and 4
pounds of pellets dally, along with 10.5
pounds of Coastal bermuda-grass hay. The
average dally weight gain was 1/2 and 3/4
pounds respectively. In the second phase,
groups of steers were fed according to five
different treatments: (1) a control group, (2)
25 percent broiler wastes and 75 percent
ground shelled corn, (3) 50 percent broiler
waste and 50 percent corn, (4) 75 percent
broiler wastes and 25 percent corn, and (5) 25
percent dried layer wastes and 75 percent
corn. All steers received limited straw. Group
2 had the best performance over the 138 day
finishing period. They gained an average of
2.9 pounds/day — the same rate as the control
group. The cattle didn't seem to like the taste
but would eat It when mixed with more
palatable feeds. The researchers concluded
that poultry waste Is a valuable source of
protein, calcium, phosphorus, and roughage.
(Bates-ECU)
4256-A8, B5, C2, E2
SOIL PRODUCTIVITY IN RELA-
TION TO HIGH LOADING RATES
WITH MANURE
Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Imperial
Valley Conservation Research Center, Braw-
ley, California
B. Meek
Proceedings of the California Plant and Soil
Conference, p. 42, 1973.
Keywords: Application rates, Manure, Land
application, Salinity, Ammonia toxlclty.
In the past, manure has been used at rates of
5-20 tons/acre; however, experiments show
that manure may be used at rates of up to 100
tons/acre before there Is a yield reduction.
High loading rates of manure cause problems
with salinity and ammonia toxlclty which may
limit crop production. The salt content of
manure Is variable according to the ration
which is fed. The salinity problem can be
alleviated to a certain extent by applying one
or two Irrigations before planting. Ammonia
toxlcity may be alleviated by allowing the
manure to partially decompose before plant-
Ing. Advantages of applying manure at high
rates are Increased crop growth and earlier
maturity. With proper management, It should
be possible to apply manure at high rates
without a reduction In soil productivity.
(Albertson-East Central)
4257-A11, B3, C2, Dl, E3, Fl
IOWA FARMERS FEED DRIED
POULTRY WASTE TO CATTLE
Al Morrow
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 12, p. 36, June
25, 1977. 1 fig.
Keywords: Dried poultry wastes, Refeedlng,
Beef cattle, Dairy cattle, Nutrients, Perfor-
mance, Economics.
A poultry waste refining plant called RC
Drying Inc. Is now operating In Osage, Iowa.
Partners In the new venture are Delbert and
Dick Davidson and the Fly-Cross Chick
Company, who supplies the poultry waste. An
alfalfa dryer has been converted to process the
waste The dried product contains about 26
percent protein and Is high In calcium and
phosphorus. Minerals, vitamins, molasses
and flavors are added to produce either a beef
or dairy cattle supplement. The dried poultry
waste (DPW) costs about half the present
price of soybean oi I meal. A handf u I of Bremer
county farmers have been feeding the DPW
since the Davidsons started marketing It one
and one-half years ago. They concur with
researchers claims that DPW can replace
more expensive protein In the diet of
ruminants. An Initial problem that most
farmers have encountered Is acceptance of the
poultry waste, but this corrects Itself with
time. Cattlemen feeding the DPW report no
health problems with cattle. Some even claim
that cows seem to have less problems cleaning
after calving. (Bates-East Central)
4258-A11, B3, D2, D3, E3
RECYCLING SOLVES WASTE
MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS
Anonymous
Progressive Farmer, V. 92, No. 7, p. 50, July,
1977. 1 fig.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Ensiling, Cattle
wastes, Poultry wastes, Cattle, Performance.
Dr. Brady Anthony, Auburn University re-
searcher, began developing a process of feed
reclamation through ensiling animal wastes In
1959. An example of how the process has been
effectively put Into use may be seen at Fred
Dobbins' farm In Townvllle, South Carolina.
The low end of this concrete feedlot Is built up
to truck-bed height. The hopper of a
chain-flight elevator Is placed so that waste
drops directly Into It as the feedlot floor Is
cleaned. The elevator drops waste Into a mixer
truck that has previously been loaded with
corn silage and ground shelled corn. The final
mixture Is 15 percent corn silage, 45 percent
ground shelled corn, and 40 percent manure.
This Is blown Into a second bottom-unloading
concrete silo where it normally stays for 3-4
weeks before being fed. Animals consuming
this silage have made good, economical gains.
An improvement of 10-15 percent In feed
efficiency can be expected. Two keys to
producing good quality manure are: (1)
Manure should come from animals fed a
high-grain ration - a high-energy diet. (2)
Manure should be harvested before It
putrlfles - 2-3 times a week. (Bates-East
Central)
4259-B2, B4, E2
FAMILY FORMS PARTNERSHIP
TO FINISH HOGS
H. Ernst
Missouri Rurallst, V. 118, No. 7, p. 62-63,
April 9, 1977. 2 fig.
Keywords: Management, Swine, Confine-
ment pens, Slatted floors, Manure pits, Liquid
wastes, Land spreading, Iowa.
Mr. and Mrs. Dlllard Carmack and sons of
Forest Green, Iowa combined their grain
operation with a hog finishing enterprise. By
marketing their corn through hogs, they
believe they can earn extra Income In most
years. The Carmacks switched from dirt lots to
environmentally controlled confinement with
good results. The panelIzed building, design-
ed and built by Wlnnebago of Eldora, Iowa, Is
very durable. The 640-head building Is 34 feet
wide by 100 feet long. Pen dividers of the
31-pen unit are made of concrete blocks and
slats are also concrete. The slats are above
8-foot-wlde, six-foot-deep manure pits on both
sides of the building. Manure and liquid are
pumped from the pits together for maximum
removal for land spreading. About 6 Inches of
manure Is left on the flat surfaced floors of the
pits. The Carmacks have found that the hogs
reach market weight at least a week sooner
than they did under the previous system.
(Albertson-East Central)
4260-C2, D3, E3
BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF
THERMOPHILIC METHANO-
GENESIS FROM CATTLE WAST-
ES
Department of Dairy Science, University of
Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
M. P. Bryant, B. H. Varel, R. A. Froblsh, H.
R. Isaacson
Seminar on Mlcroblal Energy Conversion. E.
Goltz KG, Gottlngen, Germany, 1976. p.
347-359. 3 fig., 5 tab., 12 ref.
Keywords: Recycling, Cattle wastes, Meth-
ane, Anaerobic reactors, Temperature, Load-
Ing rates.
Methane production from waste of beef cattle
fed a high-grain finishing diet was Investigat-
ed using continuously stirred 3-llter-worklng-
volume anaerobic reactors at 60°C. At 55TJ an
effective culture readily adapted to 60* C
where methane production was greatest.
When feed concentrations of volatile solids
(VS, organic matter) were Increased In steps
of 2 percent after equilibration at a given
percent VS, the maximum concentrations for
efficient fermentation were 8.2, 10.0, 11.6,
and 11.6 percent VS for the retention times
(RT) of 3, 6, 9, and 12 days, respectively. The
VS destructions for these and lower VS
concentrations were 31-37, 36-40, 47-49, and
51-53 percent for the 3, 6, 9, and 12-day RT,
respectively; and the corresponding methane
production rates were about 0.16, 0.18, 0.20
and 0.22 llter/day/g VS In the feed (volume
corrected to O*C, 760 mm Hg). At these RT
and feed concentrations, pH rose to 7.5-7.8,
NH3 to 64-90 mM and volatile acids to
850-2050 mg/llter. The 3-day-reactor fed 8.2
percent VS produced methane at the very high
rate of 4.5 liters/ day liter of reactor. Similar
results were obtained with a second lot of
waste. They Indicate that loading rates can be
much higher than those generally thought
possible for maximizing methanogenaels from
67
-------
cattle waste. When wastes of dairy cattle fed
diets containing corn sUage and haylage as 72
percent of the dry matter were studied,
methane production and VS destruction
averaged only 62 and 83 percent of comparab-
le values tor the feedlot waste. The solid waste
annually produced by farm animals In the
United States Is estimated at two billion tons;
and roughly half of this Is produced by
Intensive animal production systems (Bhatta-
charya and Taylor, 1975; Humphrey, 1975).
Anaerobic bacterial conversion of this waste
with methane production may offer a partial
solution to the resultant problems of pollution
(Miner and Smith, 1975) and also serve to
supplement the supply of natural gas-
Research of Pfeffer (1974 and this seminar)
and Pfeffer and Llebman (1976) indicate that
methanogenesls from municipal organic re-
fuse may become economical and especially If
carried out at thermophlllc temperature.
Higher rates of digestion, greater conversion
of waste to gas, faster solid-liquid separation,
less capital costs, and less threat of mlcroblal
pathogens are some benefits obtained with
the higher temperature. While some work has
been done on methanogenesls from cattle
wastes (Miner and Smith, 1975), little has
been done at the optimum thermophlllc
temperature or at high loading rates (Turk and
Coe, 1972). Our studies were Initiated to
Investigate the biological efficiency of thermo-
philic methanogenesls at long to short
retention times (RT) and from low to high
Influent feed concentrations. (Bryant-Univer-
sity of Illinois)
4261-A4, B2, Cl, C2, C3, D3
OVERLAND FLOW TREATMENT
OF SWINE LAGOON EFFLUENT
Agricultural Engineering Department, Ore-
gon State University, Corvallls, Oregon
T. L. WIMrlch and J. O. Boda
Paper No. 76-4515, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1976 Winter Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 14-17, 1976, 17 p. 9
fig., 4 tab., 7 ref.
Keywords: Overland flow treatment, Swine
waste, Lagoons, Effluents, Water pollution,
Sampling, Chemical properties, Physical pro-
perties, Biological properties, Waste water
treatment.
The study objectives were to measure concen-
tration attenuation and mass reduction of
potential water pollutants In swine manure
lagoon effluent as the result of overland flow
treatment and to examine the Influences of
experimental variables on the effectiveness of
the overland flow treatment process. Effluent
from an anaerobic swine manure lagoon was
applied at the upper end of 6 plots (3 planted
In redtop and 3 planted In fescue) which were
located on a sloping terrain of about three
percent. Runoff from each plot was collected
In a holding tank. Waatewater grab samples
were collected from the holding tank at 0 and
100 feet throughout the study period and at
distances at 12.5, 25, 50, and 75 feet from the
distribution troughs by using a roast baater for
suction. Averaging the data obtained from the
6 plots on all sampling dates during the
13-month study regardless of seasonal differ-
ences and variations In application rates and
cover conditions yielded significant concentra-
tion reduction percents as follows: COD, 16,
BOD5, 32, PO4, 16; NHo-N, 25; salinity, 16;
turbidity, 33; and fecal collform 24. Removal
of BOD and turbidity became more effective
with time; whereas, treatment effectiveness in
attenuating COD, POq, NH3-N and salinity
concentrations decreased with time. Mass
reduction of measures properties was less
with higher application rates when an average
of 60 percent of the Influent volume was
collected as one-half of the applied volume.
Significantly greater concentration attenua-
tions were measured for turbidity and fecal
collform during wet, cool months and for PCv
and salinity during dry, warm months.
Nitrification was also significantly greater
during dry, warm months. A linear relation-
ship between concentration and flow distance
existed for most measured properties. No
significant differences were measured as the
result of different grass cover conditions.
(Albertson-East Central)
4262-AS, All, All, Bl, BS, C2, C3,
E3, Fl
CAN CITY SEWAGE BE RECY-
CLED SAFELY ON FARM LAND?
Anonymous
Sunshine State Agricultural Research Report,
V. 22, No. 1 & 2, p. 3, 6-7, Spring, 1977. 2 fig.
Keywords: Recycling, Sewage, Municipal
wastes, Land application, Refeedlng, Environ-
mental effects, Groundwater pollution, Ani-
mal health, Public health, Economics, Heavy
metals, Pesticides, Viruses, Pathogenic bac-
teria.
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
has awarded the Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences a $786,350 grant to
study the safety of using municipal sewage
wastes to Irrigate and fertilize pastures. The
research will Involve 20 scientists In agricul-
ture, environmental engineering, and veterin-
ary and human medicine. Land spreading is
being studied as a disposal alternative
because It Is less expensive than most other
options and because It permits the recovery of
valuable nutrients from treated sewage. But
there Is concern about the risks of heavy
metals, pesticides, viruses, and other patho-
gens that remain in the sewage after it leaves
the treatment plant. Research will be aimed at
finding out how to keep these substances from
being accumulated In dangerous quantities,
particularly from the standpoint of animal and
human health. Sewage effluent and sludge
from treatment plants In Gainsvllle and
Pensacola, Florida will be spread on experi-
mental pasture plots near these cities and
near Live Oak and Ona, Florida. Sludge will
be Imported from Chicago and similar urban
areas so the scientists can measure the effects
of applying wastes with large concentrations
of heavy metals and other harmful substances
commonly found In Industrial wastes. Differ-
ent concentrations of effluent and sludge will
be applied to pastures, measuring the extent
to which heavy metals, viruses, and other
materials may contaminate groundwater or be
absorbed by plants. Loading studies will be
performed to Identify the concentrations of
effluent and sludge that will be acceptable
from an environmental and health standpoint.
A variety of cattle feeding trials will also be
conducted, measuring the extent to which
heavy metals, viruses, and other substances
affect the health of grazing animals. Varying
amounts of sludge will also be Incorporated
directly Into the diet of cattle, swine, and
poultry to establish safe and toxic exposure
levels. (Rowe-East Central)
4263-B1, Fl
HANDLE WASTE CHEAPLY
WITH PARTIAL SLATS
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 4, p. 87, Feb.
26, 1977.
Keywords: Waste management, Totally slat-
ted floors, Partially slatted floors, Solid
concrete feeding floors, Open gutter flushing
systems, Economics, Swine, Costs, Fertilizer
value.
A Purdue University study of 4 swine waste
handling systems made a comparison of total
slat, partial slat, solid feed floor, and open
gutter flushing systems. Net costs, system
costs minus the fertilizer value, were comput-
ed. Total system costs, the total of operational
costs and ownership costs, were also comput-
ed. For net cost per pig, the cheapest waste
handling system was partially slatted at a cost
of $1.04/plg. The concrete feeding floor
system was second at $1.25. The open gutter
flushing system was third at $1.45. The totally
slatted system had a net cost of $1.72. For
total system cost, the open gutter flushing
system was cheapest at $1.97. The partially
slatted system was second at $2.69. Concrete
feeding floor ranked third at $3.05, with the
totally slatted floor ranking last at $4.27/plg
produced annually. Ownership and operating
costs for each system are broken down. When
fertilizer returns were computed, the totally
slatted floor had the highest fertilizer return at
$2.55fpig. The concrete feeding floor stood
second at $1.80. The partially slatted floor
return was $1.65. Open gutter flushing had a
return of 52f/plg. System specifications for
each system are outlined as follows: (a) totally
slatted system — 6-ft.-deep holding pit,
1500-gal. vacuum manure tanker, space
allowance of 7 sq. ft./hog, and pit allowance
of 42 cu. ft./hog, (b) partially slatted system —
1/3 of barn was slatted over a 3-ft.-deep pit,
lagoon for pit overflows with capacity of 150
cu. ft./hog, 800-gal. tanker unit to pump the
pit, 150 gal./minute Irrigation system to
empty the lagoon, (c) concrete feeding floor --
5 sq. ft. /head under roof and 15 sq. ft. of open
concrete lot, scraping monthly, 100-bu. man-
ure spreader, 20,000 cu. ft. pond to hold floor
runoff, 50 gal./manure irrigation system to
pump the runoff from the lagoon, lagoon
capacity of 40 cu. ft./hog, front-end loader.
(Albertson-East Central)
4264-A11, Bl, C3, Dl, D3
SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA
TYPHIMURIUM IN DAIRY COW
WASTE
Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
T. A. McCaskey and M. A. Jaleel
Journal of Dairy Science, V. 58 No 5 p
766-767, 1975.
Keywords: Dairy wastes, Salmonella typhi-
murium, Time, Temperature, Aeration, In-
cubation
Studies were to determine effects of time,
temperature, and aeration on survival and
growth of S. typhlmur/um ATCC 14028
inoculated at 1100 organisms per 100 ml of
dairy waste. S. typh/mur/um survived 44 4
days in dairy waste held at 10 C and 3.4 days
in waste held at 35 C. Effect of aeration on the
longevity of S. typhimurlum In waste held at
10 C was not significant. However, a 99
percent reduction of the -Initial number of
Salmonella In the aerated sample at 10 C was
much faster (18 to 21 days) as compared to the
99 percent reduction time (28 to 35 days) In
the nonaerated sample at 10 C. The mean sur-
vival time of S. lyphlmurlum In aerated dairy
waste at 35 C was much longer (16 days) than
the mean survival time In the comparable
nonaerated sample (3.4 days). A 99 percent
reduction in the number of S. typhlmur/um In
the aerated waste occurred during 12 to 18
68
-------
days of Incubation whereas In the nonaerated
waste 99 percent reduction occurred between
3 and 6 days of Incubation. (Copyright 1975 -
Journal of Dairy Science) (Abstract only)
4265-B1, B4, El, E2, F2
DESIGN OF ANIMAL WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Tennessee Department of Public Health,
Division of Water Quality Control and U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation
Service, University of Tennessee Extension
Service
Engineering Standard, Animal Waste Dispos-
al System, Chapter 7, Tennessee Department
of Public Health, 1973, 10 p.
Keywords: Engineering standards, Legal
aspects, Design, Waste disposal, Anaerobic
lagoons, Holding tanks, Holding ponds,
Detention basins.
An animal waste disposal system may be
described as a system of structural works
designed to retain both liquid and solid waste
and polluted runoff from animal feeding
areas, milking areas and other confinement
areas and to provide for their subsequent
disposal without pollution of surface or
subsurface water. This standard provides the
minimum acceptable quality for the design
and construction of disposal systems located
to serve rural areas. Systems will include such
practices as detention basins, holding tanks,
holding ponds, anaerobic lagoons, and liquid
disposal systems. Where site conditions will
not permit systems that meet the following
criteria, other criteria and waste disposal
techniques may be used that are approved by
the Division of Water Quality Control. Design
criteria are given for: (1) structural works to
divert runoff, (2) structural works to convey
waste, (3) anaerobic lagoons, (4) holding
tanks, and (5) holding ponds. (Albertson-East
Central)
4266-A8, BS, C2, E2
RECYCLE SOLID ANIMAL WAST-
ES
T. C. Tucker and J. L. Abbott
Progressive Agriculture in Arizona, V. 26, No.
1, p. 6-7, Jan.-Feb., 1974. 1 fig., 1 tab., 6 ref.
Keywords: Land application, Crop response,
Cotton, Barley, Alfalfa, Nitrogen, Phosphor-
us, Loading rates.
Experiments were conducted at the University
of Arizona's Cotton Research Farm from 1960
through 1970. Study emphasis was on the
contributions to the available nitrogen and
phosphorus for crop plants. In the Initial
experiment, cotton yields were higher from
1960 through 1964 when manure was applied
at the rate of 10 tons/acre/year when
compared with the application of adequate
amount of fertilizer nitrogen. The phosphorus
content of the cotton leaves was much higher
with manure application than with the
application of commercial fertilizer nitrogen
and phosphorus. Cotton yields were higher
with manure than with only nitrogen applica-
tion. After cotton harvest In the fall of 1968,
soil samples were taken from each treatment
and analyzed for phosphorus. Results showed
Increasing amounts of extractable phosphorus
corresponding to increasing rates of manure
application during the preceding 4-year
period. Barley followed cotton in 1968. Alfalfa
was planted in 1969. It was found that manure
was an effective source of phosphorus as was
shown by increased phosphorus content of
cotton, barley, and alfalfa as well as soil
analysis. These effects were shown to last for
several years after the last manure applica-
tion. Beneficial effects of manure on soil
physical condition — tilth, aeration, and water
relationships — probably contribute apprec-
iably to Increased productivity and are
associated with mlcroblal activity. Rates of
manure application of the order of 5-10
tons/acre annually will provide adequate
nitrogen and phosphorus for most crop
without excessive land loading to the point of
creating a pollution hazard. (Bates-East
Central)
4267-A3, A4, BS, C2, E2
POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF
MANURE SPREAD ON FROZEN
GROUND
Agricultural Engineer, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Morris, Minnesota
R. A. Young and C. K. Mutchler
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 5, No. 2,
p. 174-179, 1976. 2 fig., 7 tab., 7 ref.
Keywords: Water pollution, Manure, Land
application, Agricultural runoff, Erosion,
Nutrients, Frozen ground, Snowmelt runoff.
Studies were begun at Morris, Minnesota in
1971 to determine the contribution of manure
application on frozen ground to the nutrient
content of snowmelt runoff. Eight experi-
mental plots, 4.06 m wide by 23.35 m long,
with a 9 percent average slope, were set up on
land furnished by the University of Minnes-
ota's West Central Experiment Station. Two
plots were planted In newly seeded alfalfa
with an oat cover crop. Two plots were left In
6-year-old alfalfa. Manure treatments on the 4
corn plots consisted of 44.8 metric tons/ha
solid dairy manure, wet basis, (a) applied in
fall and plowed under, (b) applied In fall on
frozen ground, (c) applied in spring on top of
snow and (d) check plot, no manure applied.
Treatments on the 4 alfalfa plots (both the
newly seeded and the 6-year-old) consisted of
44.8 metric tons/ha solid dairy manure, wet
basis, (a) applied in fall on frozen ground, and
(b) applied In spring on top of snow. During
the second year of the experiment, the spring
manure treatment on the established alfalfa
plot was eliminated and the plot was used as a
check with no manure applied. Third year
treatments on the 4 alfalfa plots were changed
to: (a) check, (b) 1.27 cm liquid dairy manure
applied In fall on frozen ground, (c) 1.27 cm
liquid dairy manure applied In spring on top of
snow, and (d) 0.64 cm liquid dairy manure
applied in fall followed by another 0.64
applied In spring. Study results Indicated that
concentrations of nutrients In runoff water
were much higher from the manured plots
than from the check plots, but the total
nutrient losses in surface runoff from the
manured plots were not much greater due to
the efficiency of the manure in retarding
runoff and soil loss. Manure spread on top of
snow rather than before snowfall was general-
ly better for reducing soil, water, and nutrient
losses. Applying manure to frozen plowed
land reduced soil losses 100 percent and
runoff up to 80 percent. (Albertson-East
Central)
4268-A8, Bl, BS, C2, E2
CATTLE MANURE: I. EFFECT
ON CROPS AND SOILS. D. RE-
TENTION PROPERTIES FOR CU,
MN, ANDZN
R. F. Hensler
Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin,
1970, 101 p. 1 fig., 18 tab., 52 ref.
Keywords: Dairy manure, Cattle manure,
Land application, Crop response, Nutrients,
Soil analysis, Agricultural runoff, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnes-
ium, Sulfur, Iron, Molybdenum, Zinc, Acid
soil conditions, Neutral soil conditions.
Part I of this dissertation concerns the effect of
handling dairy cattle and steer manures In
fresh, fermented, aerobic liquid, and anaero-
bic liquid forms on crop yields, nutrient
recovery, soil fertility levels and runoff losses.
Results showed that the application of manure
to Miami silt loam In the greenhouse gave
Increased corn dry matter yield In all cases.
Fresh, fermented and anaerobic liquid dairy
cow manures gave similar Increases In yield
but were superior to those for aerobic liquid
manure. Similar trends were noted for steer
manure. The crop recovery of N and P usually
followed a pattern similar to yield. The
recovery values for N, P, and K usually were
lower when manure dried for one week before
Incorporation. Total dry matter yields of corn
were reduced by Increasing amounts of
bedding up to 16 percent. On the Rozetta soil,
there were no real differences due to type of
manure or time of application. There was a
higher loss of N, P, and K when applied In
winter than In spring. On the Wlthee soil, for
fresh manure, the corn dry matter yields were
lower than for comparable treatments with
fermented or anaerobic liquid manures. The
increase In grass or weeds over legumes for
the summer-applied manure was the most
pronounced effect of top dressing liquid
manure on alfalfa-grass meadow, especially at
the 40 to 60 ton rates. Part II concerns the
effects of liming and rates of application of
manure on corn yields and concentration and
recovery of 12 plant nutrients. It was found
that dry matter yields of corn were Indirectly
related to rate of manure application and were
significantly higher for medium rates of
application (68 and 204mt/ha) on the unllmed
soil (pH 4.5) than on the limed (pH 7.3) soil.
Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, and Mo plant tissue
concentrations were usually higher for limed
soil than for unllmed soil, but the reverse was
true for Zn and Mn. In most cases recovery of
plant nutrients from the manure was Indirect-
ly related to application rate and was much
higher on unllmed soil than on limed soil for
all nutrients except K and S. Part III deals
with the capacity of dairy cattle feces to
complex Cu, Mn, and Zn from solutions of
their salts. Plant response to application of
feces plus urine enriched with these elements
was also studied. Dairy cattle feces retained
between 70 and 90 percent of added Cu, Mn,
and Zn and similar amounts were retained by
freeze-drled and fresh feces. Retention of Cu,
Mn, and Zn was Independent of time between
0.5 and 72 hours. Although the feces retained
these elements In the order Cu>Zn>Mn,
desorption In a 0.1 M NaCi system was In the
order Mn>Cu>Zn. 0.1 M CaCl2 replaced more
Mn and Zn than did 0.1 M NaC1 or water. Cu
was not replaced by 0.1 M. CaC^. There were
no appreciable differences between feces from
dairy cattle fed corn silage or haylage with
regard to Cu, Mn, and Zn retention. Feces
from the Guernsey breed retained slightly
higher amounts of these elements than those
from the Holsteln breed. There was no
response In yield to feces and urine enriched
with Cu, Mn, or Zn added to a soil In a
greenhouse experiment but there was a
significant Increase In Cu and Zn concentra-
tion of the tissue. (Rowe-East Central)
69
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4269-B1, C2, D3
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF AN
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER WITH
DAIRY COW SUBSTRATE
J. L. Halderson
Ph. D. Dissertation, Purdue University, Jan.,
1972, 129 p. 17 fig., 29 tab., 46 ref.
Keywords: Dairy wastes, Anaerobic digest-
Ion, Loading rates, Detention time, Chemical
properties, Gas production.
An Investigation was made of the dynamic
response of anaerobic digestion when subject-
ed to several levels of step rate changes In
loading. Laboratory sized, continuously mixed
four-liter digesters, constructed of acrylic and
maintained at 35*C were batch fed with dairy
manure once a day. A 15-day detention time
was maintained throughout the study. De-
pendent parameters measured were total and
volatile solids, total alkalinity, pH, COD, gas
production and composition, and total volatile
acid concentration and composition. The
average system pH was approximately 6.85
(10.10 with a range of roughly 6.7 to 7.0).
Higher loading rates slightly Increased pH.
Alkalinity averaged approximately 2850 mg/L
•#50) as CaCo3 and varied little throughout
the range of loading. Alkalinity always
appeared to be sufficient to neutralize volatile
acids without greatly affecting pH. At the
maximum loading rate tested (approximately
0.5 Ib VS/ft3-day), gas production was 6.1
ft /Ib VS added, volatile solids reduction was
55 percent, COD reduction was 35.6 percent,
pH approximated 6.85, and system alkalinity
was approximately 2850 mgm/L. Higher
loading rates could not successfully be
achieved with a digester of this design due to
problems of feeding a higher solids content
substrate and to foaming of the digester
contents. A 15-day detention time seemed to
be sufficient for allowing the mlcroblal
population time to stabilize after a step
change In loading rate. However, there were
indications that a 15-day detention time did
not permit stabilization to be completed for
the magnitude of step changes In loading rate
used in this experiment. (Albertson - East
Central)
4270-A9, AW, Bl, D2
COMBAT CATTLE FLIES WITH
THESE WEAPONS
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 9, p. 27, May
14, 1977.
Keywords: Fly control, Face files, Horn flies,
Pastures, Feedlots, Backrubbers, Dust bags,
Feed additives, Insecticides, Sanitation.
Horn files and face flies can be a real nuisance
to cow-calf herds out In the pasture, often
causing grazing and weight gain problems.
Four general methods for controlling files on
pasture cattle are: (1) Place backrubbers In
the entry ways to waterers or mineral feeders
so that the animals are forced to use them
regularly. Because the backrubber may not
effectively control face files If the animals
don't rub their faces on the machine,
Insecticides may be used In them. Among the
insecticides recommended are: Clovap, Cc-
Ral, Delnav, Korlan, malathlon, Ravap and
Toxaphene. (2) Spraying of such Insecticides
as Clovap, Co-Ral, Delnav, Korlan, mala-
thion, Rabon, Ravap, and Toxaphene may also
be used to help eliminate files. Horn fly
control should be adequate for 25 to 30 days.
But face files will return to pretreatment
levels In 5 days or less because their life cycle
Is only 2 weeks long. (3) Dust bags filled with
Clodrln, Co-Ral, malathlon, methoxchlor or
Rabon may also be used for fly control.
Because effectiveness of dust bags depends
on frequency of use, they should be hung In
the entryway to waterers or mineral feeders to
Insure usage. (4) Feed additives consumed by
all animals In recommended dosages may also
be used. These should be fed from May to
September. Additives mentioned are fly.
control mineral blocks containing Ronnel or
Phenothlazine and Rabon Oral Larvlclde.
Feedlot fly control may be handled differently
than pasture fly control. Sanitation Is the main
key to fly control In feedlots. Fly breeding
havens should be removed by periodic
cleaning. Vapona and Dlbram can be effect-
ively sprayed In tractor-mounted mist blower
at regular Intervals to control files. Regularly
repeated applications are necessary because
the materials are short lived and only kill files
on contact. Spraying such residual sprays as
Baytex, Cygon, dlazinon, Korlan, Rabon, and
Ravap inside and outside surfaces of shelters,
fences, shrubbery and weeds can also produce
good results. The first application should be
made the first week In June. These sprays
must not be allowed to contaminate feed or
containers of feed and water. (Hudson-East
Central)
4271-B2, C2, D3
SHORT TERM MINIMUM AERA-
TION OF SWINE MANURE
P. A. Phillips
M.S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, McGIII University, 1973, 117 p.
18 fig., 29 tab., 48 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Waste treatment,
Aeration, Dilution rate, Flow rate, Waste
water quality, Chemical oxygen demand.
A short-term, minimum aeration, continuous
culture treatment for swine manure was
designed on a laboratory scale to test several
hypotheses, chiefly the hypothesis that dllu
tlon rate and/or flow rate have no effect on
effluent quality. Three levels of dilution rate
and three levels of flow rate were tested. No
significant difference was observed In reduct-
ion in soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD)
within the Inference space tested. No signifi-
cant difference In soluble COD of the effluent
was observed. The effect of the soluble COD
in the In-feed manure on the soluble COD of
the effluent was studied. Analysis of covar-
lance Indicated that effluent quality was
independent of Influent quality. (Phllllps-
McGIII University)
4272-A1, Bl, F2
DESIGN CONFERENCE ON LIVE-
STOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS IN ILLINOIS
University of Illinois
Design Conference on Livestock Waste Mana-
gement Systems In Illinois, Champaign,
Illinois, March 8-10, 1977, 118 p.
Keywords: Waste management, Illinois, Reg-
ulation, Waste storage, Waste treatment,
Waste disposal, Design, Illinois.
The Design Conference on Livestock Waste
Management Systems In Illinois was jointly
sponsored by the University of Illinois,
Agricultural Engineering Department and
Cooperative Extension Service; USDA, Soil
Conservation Service; Illinois Society of
Professional Engineers; Consulting Engineers
Council of Illinois; Illinois Institute for
Environmental Quality; and Illinois Environ-
mental Protection Agency. Topics considered
include: the evolution of regulation of live-
stock waste management, and overview of
Illinois agriculture, services provided by the
Soil Conservation Service, services provided
by the University of Illinois for the design of
livestock waste management systems, proper-
ties and characteristics of livestock wastes,
and types of waste management systems on
Illinois farms. (Merryman-East Central)
4273-A1, Bl, F4
AN INTRODUCTION TO ILLINOIS
AGRICULTURE
Specialist In Natural Resources, Cooperative
Extension Service, College of Agriculture,
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champalgn,
Illinois
R. D. Walker
Design Conference on Livestock Waste Man-
agement Systems In Illinois, Champaign,
Illinois, March 8-10, 1977, 16 p. 5 fig., 9 ref.
Keywords: Illinois, Soils, Vegetation, Weath-
ering, Climate, Transportation, Crop product-
Ion, Beef cattle, Dairy Industry, Poultry.
The contribution of Illinois' agriculture to the
nation and to the world are easily visible.
However, In order to continue at our present
rate of production and to Increase efficiently,
we must take serious precautions. We must
look at the total Impact of modern agricultural
technology and seek solutions to the Inherent
degradation of land, and water and environ-
ment which creeps slowly from behind as
farmers continue to Increase the Intensity of
their farming operations. We must monitor
our soil, water and air for possible environ-
mental damage and adjust our system to
correct problems created. Your contribution to
the proper handling of livestock and their
waste can greatly benefit agriculture and
society. (Walker-University of Illinois)
4274-A8, Bl, B5, C2, E2
CROPPING PRACTICES ON ILLI-
NOIS LIVESTOCK FARMS
M. D. Thorne
Design Conference on Livestock Waste Man-
agement Systems In Illinois, Champaign,
Illinois, March 8-10, 1977, 16 p.
*
Keywords: Crop production, Forages, Land
application, Livestock wastes, Nitrogen, Phos-
phorus, Potassium, Application rates.
Most Illinois farmers who produce livestock of
any kind also produce most of the grain and
forage eaten by their livestock. The most
common crop rotations on Illinois farms
consist of various sequences of corn and
soybeans. Pasture and hay crops may rotate
with corn and/or soybeans on livestock or
mixed farms, but more often they are grown
more or less continuously on separate land.
Sudangrass, sudangrass hybrids and sor-
ghum-sudangrass hybrids ate annual grasses
which are quick growing and quite palatable.
They are usually grazed or made Into silage.
Corn Is grown for silage on many livestock
farms. Maintenance of proper pH through
70
-------
liming Is very Important for forage production.
Maintenance of soil pH above 6.0 Is usually
advisable for grain crops and above 6.5 for
legume crops. Pasture and hay crops offer
certain advantages over grain crops In
utilization of livestock wastes. Forage crops
will remove more N, P and K than are
removed In grain crops. Consequently, higher
application rates can be made. If application Is
by Irrigation, the soil Is better protected and
less runoff and erosion results. The long
growing season of perennial forages reduces
the probability of nitrate accumulation In the
soil and Its movement through the profile
where It may contaminate ground water.
Legumes, such as alfalfa, clover, and soy-
beans, do not require nitrogen additions In
fertile soils, so little or no response to the
nitrogen in animal wastes can be expected.
(Merryman-East Central)
4275-B1
FARMERS AS CLIENTS
S. Barclay
Design Conference of Livestock Waste Man-
agement Systems in Illinois, Champaign,
Illinois, March 8-10, 1977, 7 p.
Keywords: Design, Waste management, Con-
sulting engineers, Equipment, Settling bas-
ins, Lagoons.
As the business of farming has become more
sophisticated and harder to manage, farmers
have turned to professionals (lawyers,
accountants, veterinarians) for assistance.
However, as of yet, they have not used the
services of consulting engineers to any great
extent. One area where consulting engineers
could be of great service to farmers is In the
design of livestock waste handling systems.
Consultants should, however, be very flexible
in the types of services that they provide so
that they can match the needs of their clients.
(Barclay)
4276-A4, Bl, F2
FEDERAL LIVESTOCK WASTE
REGULATIONS
Professor and Extension Agricultural Engin-
eer, University of Illinois, Urbana-Cham-
palgn, Illinois
A. J. Muehllng
Design Conference on Livestock Waste Man-
agement Systems in Illinois, Champaign,
Illinois, March 8-10, 1977. 7 p.
Keywords: Legal aspects, Regulation, Feed-
lots, Permits, Water pollution, Illinois.
The evolution of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972 Is outlined.
Feedback from the livestock Industry caused
Short Form B for application for permits to be
simplified. The Natural Resources Defense
Council (NRDC), an environmental group
which has taken It upon Itself to police
environmental legislation to make certain that
all classes of activity causing pollution are
Included, accused the EPA of omitting the
smaller feedlots and filed suit against the
Administration. NRDC won Its case and EPA
was ordered to propose regulations which
Include all point sources. Although EPA has
appealed the case, It subsequently made these
changes: the 2500-hog number was changed
to 4500 head, all the poultry numbers were
made larger, and applications for a permit
were required for all feedlots discharging
wastes directly Into a stream. A proposed
regulation waa published November 5, 1975.
The final regulations were published In the
March 18, 1976 Federal Register. The
regulations require that application for a
permit be made for all feedlots over 1000
animal units If there Is a discharge of
pollutants. If the discharge occurs only
following a 25 year, 24-hour storm event, a
permit Is not required. For feedlots between
300 and 1000 animal units, a permit Is
required If pollutants are discharged through
a man-made conveyance or If pollutants are
discharged Into waters passing through or
coming Into direct contact with animals In the
feedlot. Also, these feedlota can be Inspected
and compelled to apply for a permit If they are
deemed to be pollution problems. Feedlots
with less than 300 livestock units are not
subject to the permit requirement unless
designated as a polluter on a case-by-case
basis. When the NPDES Feedlot program
went Into effect In 1974, Illinois livestock
producers were In a quandary. Many were not
sure If they were required to obtain a permit
and others were afraid to ask, for fear they
would then be Identified to the EPA and
receive regular monitoring. For these and
other reasons, only 30 of the estimated 125
feedlots affected, made application for
NPDES permits. An educational program
needs to be set up to present these new
regulations to the producers. (Merryman-East
Central)
4277-B1, F2
STATUS OF ILLINOIS LIVE-
STOCK WASTE REGULATIONS
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
R. L. Elliott
Design Conference on Livestock Waste Man-
agement Systems In Illinois, Champaign,
Illinois, March 8-10, 1977. 5 p.
Keywords: Regulation, Illinois, Legal aspects,
Permits, Livestock wastes.
The history and current status of the Illinois
Livestock Waste Regulations are reviewed.
After several years of proposals and public
hearings, Illinois Livestock Waste Regulations
finally went Into effect. On July 8, 1976, the
Environmental Protection Agency transmitted
to the Pollution Control Board proposed
amendments to the Livestock Waste Regula-
tions for the purposes of: (1) making the
Regulations consistent with the revised
NPDES program on animal feeding operations
as contained In the Federal Register of March
18, 1976; and (2) setting a fixed compliance
date for all livestock facilities not subject to
the NPDES program. A portion of the
livestock waste regulations Is outlined.
(Merryman-East Central)
4278-A4, B2, F2
CASE STUDIES OF WATER POL-
LUTION CAUSED BY FEEDLOT
OPERATIONS AND FUTURE DE-
MAND FOR PRIVATE ENGIN-
EERING SERVICES
Agriculture Advisor, Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency, Springfield, Illinois
J. F. Frank
Design Conference on Livestock Waste Man-
agement Systems In Illinois, Champaign,
Illinois, March 8-10, 1977, 13 p. 4 fig., 4 tab.
Keywords: Feedlots, Swine, Cattle, Regula-
tion, Permits, Illinois, Water pollution, Envir-
onmental Protection Agency.
Case studies are presented of 2 beef and 2
swine feedlot operations that have caused
water pollution In Illinois. In case study 1,
swine wastes from Inadequate storage facili-
ties were entering a stream below the feedlot
which discharged directly to the head waters
of Rend Lake, a municipal water supply
reservoir serving 40,000 people In Southern
Illinois. The facility waa Informed of Its need
to apply for an NPDES permit. A permit was
Issued In August of 1974 with a compliance
date of October, 1974. The facility operator
subsequently ceased operation at the facility
and the NPDES permit was terminated. In
case study 2, swine wastes from an Inade-
quate storage pit were allowed to discharge
over land to a small dry run stream, a
tributary to the Mississippi. The operator
Indicated that he planned to build a lagoon to
accept the overflow from the concrete pit.
Since 1973, the facility has operated only on a
sporadic basis and a lagoon has not been
constructed to date. In case study 3, the lot
owner had designed and constructed a non-
discharging retention pond to catch the
majority of runoff from his cattle lot. However
the lagoon soon filled up and due to
Inadequate operational procedures, a diver-
sion which directed feedlot runoff to the
lagoon and the lagoon barm were both
breeched and the waste water entered a creek.
After much prompting, the facility applied for
an NPDES permit. The permit, Issued In May,
1974, required controls to be Installed by
November, 1974. The facility missed all of the
Interim compliance dates In the permit. When
the final date had elapsed and controls were
still not In effect, the Illinois EPA filed an
enforcement action for violations of water
quality standards. The facility came Into
compliance during the course of the litigation.
In case 4, a cattle feedlot operation was
polluting a stream and the EPA suggested the
construction of a retention pond. Subsequent
delays and requests for extension of NPDES
compliance dates occurred. The present status
Involves watching the Interim compliance
dates of a 309 Order from the U.S. EPA to
insure compliance by June 31, 1977. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4279-B1, Fl
SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
State Conservation Engineer, U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Ser-
vice, Champaign, Illinois
W. B. Moody
Design Conference on Livestock Waste Man-
agement Systems In Illinois, Champaign,
Illinois, March 8-10, 1977, 6 p. 1 fig.
Keywords: Soil Conservation Service, Finan-
cial assistance, Cost-sharing, Animal waste
management systems, Engineering services,
Illinois.
The Soil Conservation Service (SCS), an
agency of the United States Department of
Agriculture, was established In 1935 for the
purpose of conserving soil and water resourc-
es, Improving agriculture, and reducing
damages caused by floods and sedimentation
through assistance to local soil and water
conservation districts, watershed groups, and
state and other federal agencies. In Illinois,
programs administered by the Soil Conserva-
tion Service are: (1) Conservation Operation
Program, (2) Watershed Protection and Flood
71
-------
Prevention Program, (3) Resource Conserva-
tion and Development Program, and (4) River
Basin Surveys and Investigation Program. In
addition to SCS programs, USDA, Agricultur-
al Stabilization and Conservation Services
(ASCS) provides financial assistance to land-
owners through the Agricultural Conservation
Program. The purpose of the program Is to
provide cost-sharing for the construction of
conservation practices which reduce erosion
and sedimentation and improve the environ-
ment. The SCS plans, designs and provides
technical assistance during construction of
animal waste management systems through
the Conservation Operation Program and the
Agricultural Conservation Program. The en-
gineering services provided depend on the
nature and extent of the services, availability
of SCS personnel, and relationship of SCS to
the various recipients of the services and to
private engineers, sponsors, and others. The
planning, design, and construction of live-
stock waste management systems are general-
ly Installed for Individual landowners and
operators or groups of landowners and
operators. The Soil Conservation Service does
not have the resources to design and assist in
Installation of all of the waste management
systems needed. Also, it Is not the Intent of
the SCS to compete with qualified private
engineers In the Installation of these facilities.
SCS strongly encourages landowners and
operators to engage qualified private engin-
eers when such assistance Is needed. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4280-B2, F4
SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS FOR
THE DESIGN OF LIVESTOCK
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYS-
TEMS
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Department
of Agricultural Engineering, University of
Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
D. G. Jedele
Design Conference on Livestock Waste Man-
agement Systems In Illinois, Champaign,
Illinois, March 8-10, 1977, 6 p. 1 fig.
Keywords: University of Illinois, Animal
waste management, Research, Teaching.
The organization of the University of Illinois
leadership in livestock waste management Is
outlined. The Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, which Is Jointly administered by the
College of Engineering and the College of
Agriculture, offers 2 curricula. One leads to a
degree In engineering, the other leads to a
degree in agriculture. Of the 4 divisions In
Agricultural Engineering, the Structures and
Environment Dlvlson and the Soil and Water
Division are giving attention to various
engineering aspects of livestock waste man-
agement. The subject Is part of research,
teaching, international and extension pro-
grams of the department. All of these
programs benefit the people of Illinois, but the
direct service to the people is usually through
the Cooperative Extension Service and/ or
through the Office of Continuing Education
and Public Service. The Agricultural Engin-
eering Department has several extension
specialists that spend part time on livestock
waste management, but the total time that
these specialists can devote to that subject Is
only equivalent to about one full-time person.
Also, several agricultural engineers are
Involved with research on livestock waste
management, but the total commitment Is not
more than 11/2 full-time equivalent profess-
ional staff. Within the framework of the
organization, the extension agricultural en-
gineers are responsible for conducting educa-
tional programs on livestock waste manage-
ment for the Interested people of the state.
This Is accomplished through (1) response to
inquiries, (2) publications and (3) meetings
short courses, and conferences. (Merryman-
East Central)
4281-A1, Bl, B4, Cl, C2, C3
PROPERTIES AND CHARACTER-
ISTICS OF LIVESTOCK WASTES
Professor of Agricultural Engineering, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
D. L Day
Design Conference of Livestock Waste Man-
agement Systems In Illinois, Champaign,
Illinois, March 8-10,1977, 16 p. 7 fig., 9 tab.,
17 ref.
Keywords: Livestock wastes, physical proper-
ties, Chemical properties, Biological proper-
ties, Agricultural runoff, Waste storage,
Waste management.
This paper presents properties and character-
istics of livestock wastes that are most
commonly used in planning, layout, and
design of livestock waste management sys-
tems and utilizing the wastes as crop nutri-
ents. Amounts and characteristics of fresh ex-
creta are given with expected gains In volume
and losses in plant nutrients due to various
methods of storage and treatment. It does not
dwell on properties and characteristics im-
portant to other methods of utilization such as
converting wastes Into fuels or processing
wastes for refeedlng. (Day-University of
Illinois)
4282-A1, Bl, D3, El
TYPES OF WASTE MANAGE-
MENT SYSTEMS ON ILLINOIS
FARMS
Agricultural Extension Service, University of
Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
A. J. Muehling and D. H. Vanderholm
Design Conference on Livestock Waste Man-
agement Systems In Illinois, Champaign,
Illinois, March 8-10, 1977, 16 p. 8 fig., 1 tab.
Keywords: Illinois, Waste storage, Waste
treatment, Waste disposal, Lagoons, Critical
area planting.
Seven common manure-handling systems that
are used by Illinois livestock producers are
described. They are: (1) wastes from livestock
on pasture — grass buffer strips to control
runoff, (2) solid floors with bedding — store
and haul, (3) slotted floors - store and haul,
(4) lagoon disposal, (5) slotted floors -
combination of hauling and lagoon, (6) slotted
floors -- oxidation ditch with lagoon, and (7)
flushing. An animal waste management
systems data sheet, a critical area planting
site plan - grasses and legumes, standards
and specifications for critical area planting,
and standards for a lagoon animal waste
system are appended. Livestock producers are
advised to plan carefully before enlarging
their present units or building new units. If
the present location Is not desirable, It may be
better to move to a new location Instead of
enlarging the present location and Increasing
the problem. To meet new anti-pollution
regulations, livestock producers will be re-
quired to control runoff and keep odors to a
minimum. (Merryman-East Central)
4283-A1, A8, B2, B4, B5, E2
A FARMERS VIEWPOINT, PART
I - BEEF WASTE MANAGEMENT
Thawvllle, Illinois
R. Veatch
Design Conference on Livestock Waste Man-
agement Systems In Illinois, Champaign,
Illinois, March 8-10, 1977. 1 fig.
Keywords: Waste management, Cattle,
Grassed waterway, Settling pond, Holding
pond, Irrigation, Land application, Crop
response, Corn, Soil Conservation Service,
Environmental Protection Agency, University
of Illinois.
A farmer outlines the evolution of his waste
management system. In the early years of the
farm, of the various Increased conservation
efforts, the practice of minimum tillage was
perhaps the most Important. When livestock
numbers increased, total confinement became
necessary and as a consequence, livestock
wastes were hauled to the fields. The
confinement lots were built 1,650 feet from an
open ditch. Runoff from the feedlots crossed
grassed waterways to the ditch. This resulted
In manure saturated waterways and dead
grass. The Soil Conservation Service was
contacted for assistance. In 1970, a settling
basin was built. Liquids leaving the settling
basin traveled through two 4-Inch pipes
passing through an earth wall Into the holding
pond. The holding pond only had a capacity to
hold an average year's rainfall, for the size of
the area that was to drain Into the pond.
Problems developed. Evaporation during
summer months was Insufficient to lower the
pond level adequately. Consequently, a 4-Inch
irrigation system that Included 1650 feet of
pipe, a gun nozzle, and a 4-inch pump was
purchased. The pond water was pumped to 20
acres of cornfield. Another lot, not connected
to the holding pond system, drained In a
different direction from the other units to Its
own small holding pond. Contents of this pond
were periodically transferred to the settling
basin by a sludge pump. When there was a
buildup of solids, the liquids were pumped
out and the solids were scraped out and
spread on the fields. Assistance from the SCS,
the University of Illinois Agricultural Engin-
eering Department, and the EPA was inval-
uable In solving this farmer's problems.
(Merryman-East Central)
4284-A6, B2, BS, E2
THE FARMER'S VIEWPOINT,
PART D - SWINE WASTE MAN-
AGEMENT
*
Tazwell County Pork Producer, Delavan,
Illinois
R. Jeckel
Design Conference on Livestock Waste Man-
agement Systems In Illinois, Champaign,
Illinois, March 8-10, 1977, 5 p. 3 fig.
Keywords: Waste management, Swine
wastes, Confinement pens, Lagoons, Odor,
Land spreading.
A swine farmer traces the evolution of his pork
production facilities over a period of 27 years.
Originally, the pasture system was used. This
system required a minimum amount of capital
but a high labor Input. Gradually, capital was
substituted for labor and land. Partially
slatted finishing buildings were built. A
waste-handling system was constructed which
included a lagoon (now used as a retention
72
-------
pond for overflow liquids) and an Injector-
spreader wagon for putting waste Into the soil.
Many of these changes occurred because the
encroachment of new homes near the farm
necessitated that something be done about the
problem of odor from the wastes. The farmer
Is presently adding facilities further from
town. The new buildings have 8 feet deep pits
so that the waste can be held for extended
periods of time. These deeper pits will permit
all waste to be stored under a roof without the
possibility of any runoff or dilution by rainfall.
(Merryman-East Central)
4285-A10
INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH
BOVINE DROPPINGS IN KERR
AND BEXAR COUNTIES, TEXAS
Entomology Research Division, Agricultural
Research Service, U S. Department of Agri-
culture, Kerrvllle, Texas 78028
R. R. Blume
Journal of Economic Entomology, V. 63, No.
3, p. 1023-1024, June, 1970. 1 tab., 6 ref.
Keywords- Insects, Cattle manure, Texas.
Insects associated with bovine droppings were
collected and identified during studies of the
ecology of the horn fly in Kerr County, Texas
and In Bexar County, Texas. Three collection
methods were employed: (1) droppings were
covered with emergence traps, (2) a sweep net
was used to capture insects in the immediate
vicinity of droppings, and (3) droppings
collected In the field were placed In Berlese
funnels in the laboratory. A total of 103 insect
species representative of 45 families of 5
orders have been identified to date. Two
insects, 6/b/o holt/ and Sepsis brunnlpes,
apparently are 1st records for Texas. The
insects that were Identified are listed.
(Merryman-East Central)
4286-A9, A10, Bl, C2
RESIDUE DETERMINATION OF
THOMPSON-HAYWARD 6040 IN
BOVINE MANURE BY HIGH PER-
FORMANCE LIQUID CHROMA-
TOGRAPHY
Veterinary Toxicology and Entomology Re-
search Laboratory, Agricultural Research
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
College Station, Texas 77840
D. D. Oehler and G. M. Holman
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
V. 23, No. 3, p. 590-591, 1975. 1 fig., 4 ref.
Keywords: Insecticides, Fly control, Feedlots,
Cattle manure, Thompson-Hayward 6040,
Liquid chromatography.
Residues of TH 6040, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-
(2,6-dlfluorobenzoyl) urea, were determined
in bovine manure at levels between 2.0 and
0.5 ppm. Samples were cleaned up by
liquid-liquid partition and elutlon through a
Florlsll column. Analysis was performed with
reverse-phase high performance liquid
chromatography. (Copyright 1975- Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry)
4287-B2, C2, D2, D3, E3
SYNTHESIS GAS FROM BOVINE
WASTES
Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas
Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
J. E. Halllgan, K. L. Herzog, and H. W.
Parker
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Pro-
cess Design and Development, V. 14, No. 1, p.
64-69, 1975. 5 fig., 4 tab., 16 ref.
Keywords: Recycling, Cattle wastes, Gases,
Fluldlzed-bed reactor, Ammonia.
The potential of a process to convert cattle
feedlot manure to ammonia synthesis gas was
investigated by designing, constructing, and
operating a fluidlzed-bed reactor system.
Significant yields of synthesis gas were
obtained when this system was fed a mixture
of manure, air, stream, and a very small
stream of carbon dioxide. This synthesis gas
was deemed to be suitable for subsequent
conversion to anhydrous ammonia using
existing technology. (Copyright 1975- Indus-
trial and Engineering Chemistry, Process
Design and Development)
4288-A9, AW, All, Bl, C2
FEEDING TH 6040 TO CATTLE:
RESIDUES IN TISSUES AND
MILK AND BREAKDOWN IN
MANURE
Chemical and Biophysical Control Laboratory,
Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute,
Agricultural Research Service, Beltsvllle,
Maryland 20705
R. W. Miller, C. Corley, D. D. Oehler, and L.
G. Plckens
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
V. 24, No. 3, p. 687-688, May-June, 1976. 1
fig., 1 tab., 5 ref.
Keywords: Insecticides, Feed additives, Fly
control, Dairy cattle, Performance, Residues,
Tissues, Milk, Cattle manure.
Three dairy cows were fed Thompson-Hay-
ward TH 6040 (N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N'-(2,6-
dlfluorobenzoyl) urea) at rates ranging be-
tween 0.25 and 16 mg/kg body wt per day for
4-5 months. No ( 0.02 ppm) TH 6040 was
found In the milk of the cow fed as much as 8
mg/kg body wt, and even when 16 mg/kg
body wt was fed, only 0.02 ppm was found In
the milk. The maximum residue found In the
body fat of this cow was 0.25 ppm. TH 6040 In
the manure (exposed outdoors) of a cow fed
0.25 mg/kg body wt decreased over time at a
rate described by a hyperbolic curve; the
half-life was 4-5 days. (Copyright 1976 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry)
4289-A9, All, Bl, C2
ACCUMULATION AND EXCRE-
TION OF CERTAIN ORGANO-
CHLORINE INSECTICIDES IN
BROILER BREEDER HENS
Spelderholt Institute for Poultry Research,
Beekbergen, Netherlands
C. A. Kan and L. G. M. Th. Tulnstra
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
V. 24, No. 4, p. 775-778, July-Aug., 1976. 5
tab., 15 ref.
Keywords: Insecticides, broilers, Feed addi-
tives, Residues, Eggs, Poultry Wastes, Ab-
dominal fat.
The accumulation of hexachlorobenzene,
»<-,£- , andj- -hexachlorocyclohexane,
heptachlor, p, p'-DDT, and dleldrln In
abdominal fat and eggs was determined In ar,
experiment with broiler breeder type laying
hens. The accumulation ratios (level In fat or
egg/level In the feed) In fat on a fat basis were
17, 1.8, 18, 1.8, 6, 14, respectively. Calcula-
tions were made on excretion of the total dally
Intake via eggs and feces. The values ranged
from 25 to 35 percent for HCBJI -HCH, DDT,
and dleldrln, to 10 percent for heptachlor, to
2-3 percent for*- and^-HCH via the eggs. The
excretion via focea was 5-10 percent for HCB,
0 -HCH, DDT, and dleldrln, 2 percent for
heptachlor, and for*.-and/-HCH 50.5 percent
of the dally Intake. (Copyright 1976 - Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry)
4290-A11, Bl, C2
LONG-TERM STUDIES OF RESI-
DUE RETENTION AND EXCRE-
TION BY COWS FED A POLY-
CHLOMMATED BIPHENYL (AR-
OCLOR 1254)
Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute,
Agricultural Research Cantor, Agricultural
Research Service, Beltsvllle, Maryland 20705
G. G. Fries, G. S. Marrow, Jr., and C. H.
Gordon
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
V. 20, No. 8, p. 117-121, Nov.-Dec., 1972. 3
fig., 4 tab., 17 ref.
Keywords: Feed additives, Polychlorlnated
blphenyls, Aroclor 1254, Dairy cattle, Perfor-
mance, Residues, Milk, Cattle manure.
Nine cows were fed 200 mg per day of Aroclor
1254 (PCS) for 80 days. Milk and body fat
samples ware obtained during and for 80 days
following feeding. Concentrations of PCS in
milk fat approached equilibrium after 40 days.
The average concentration In milk from 40 to
60dsya wasBO.g^.S/jg/g fat. Concentration
In body fat was 41.7il1.5jug/g at 60 days.
Whan feeding stopped, concentration In milk
fat declined 50 percent within 15 days. After
15 days the rate of the first-order decline In
concentration was much less. Th® average
rate constant was 0.010 day1 and varied
among cows from 0.005 to 0.016 day1. The
variation could not be related to uuch
parameters as milk fat production or body
weight change. Decline in concentration of
PCB in body fat paralleled decline In
concentration of PCB in milk fat. (Copyright
1972 - Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry)
4291-A6, A7, Bl, C2
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF
ORGANIC GASES FROM NATUR-
AL ECOSYSTEMS: APPLICATION
TO POULTRY MANURE
Department of Agronomy, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York 14853
M. S. Smith, A. J. Francis, and J. M. Duxbury
Environmental Science and Technology, V.
11, No. 1,p. 51-55, Jan., 1977. 2 fig., 3 lab., 9
ref.
Keywords: Poultry manure, Gases, Odor,
Volatile gases, Collection, Chemical analysis,
Alcohols, Katonas, Esters, Carboxyllc acids,
Dimethyl sulflde, Dimethyl dlsulflde.
Combined gas chromatography-masa spec-
73
-------
trometry was used to identify volatile com-
pounds generated from chicken manure and
collected In Poropak QS-Carbosleve B traps.
Various alcohols, ketones, esters, and carbox-
yllc acids together with dimethyl sulflde an
dimethyl dlsulflde were detected when the
wastes were Incubated In an argon atmos-
phere. Significant amounts of dimethyl sulflde
and dimethyl dlsulflde but few other com-
pounds were found when the manure was
Incubated In air. (Copyright 1977-Envlron-
mental Science and Technology)
4292-E3
ENEICHED POULTRY MANURE
AS A BALANCED FERTILIZER
Anonymous
Poultry Digest, V. 36, No. 425, p. 330, July,
1977.
Keywords: Caged layer manure, Chemicals,
Fertilizers, Recycling, Canada.
According to studies conducted at Agriculture
Canada Research Station, fresh cage layer
manure (67 percent moisture content) with the
addition of various chemicals, can be the basis
for a well balanced all-purpose fertilizer. The
latest formula consists of: 160 Ibs. of fresh
poultry manure from cages, BO Ibs. of peat
moss contalnlna no more than 50 percent
moisture, 14 Ibs. superphosphate, 7 Ibs.
powdered quick lime, 1.4 Ibs. Iron sulphate, 5
Ibs. potassium sulphate, and 1 Ib. Formald-
agen. A mechanical mixer which removes
feathers from xhe manure Is used. The
powdered quick lime Is the last of the
Ingredients added. (Merryman-East Central)
4293-AH, B3, C2, Dl, D3, E3, Fl
FEEDLOT WASTE WORKS IN
GROWING RATION TEST
Anonymous
Beef, V. 13, No. 5, p. 9, Jan., 1977. 1 tab.
Keywords: Feeds, Beef feedlot manure,
Drying, Ensiling, Refeedlng, Cattle, Perfor-
mance, Economics.
Fort Valley (Georgia) State College studies of
the feeding values of beef feedlot manure In 1
metabolism trial with steers and 1 feedlot trial
with yearling heifers revealed cattle feedlot
waste to make a good livestock feed. Cattle
wastes were scraped from a feedlot with
concrete floors. The wastes were collected
from cattle fed 80 percent concentrate rations.
The wastes were dried and mixed with ground
corn and mineral-vitamin premlx In the
metabolism trial In order to provide a ration
containing 10.5 percent protein. A similar
ration containing 10.5 percent protein and
utilizing cottonseed meal as the supplemental
protein source was compared with the waste
containing ration. When fed to steers, the
cattle wastes had protein value equal to that of
corn protein but only 60 percent of the protein
value of cotton seed meal. Dry matter
digestibility was 82 percent with the corn-
cottonseed meal ration and 77 percent with
the corn-cattle waste ration. About 40 percent
of the manure protein was utilized by the
steers during refeedlng. In the heifer-feeding
trial, a mixture of 60 percent cattle waste, 35
percent peanut hulls, and 5 percent ground
corn was ensiled in an oxygen-limiting silo.
Corn was added to stimulate proper fermenta-
tion. The resulting silage was fed free-choice
to 24 heifers while another 24 heifers received
coastal bermudagrass hay. All heifers receiv-
ed six pounds of a fortified grain mix per day.
The heifers receiving the waste silage gained
significantly slower, but the cost of gain was
less with the waste silage diets. The waste
silage cost about $11.00 per ton Including
handling and processing. (Merryman-East
Central)
4294-A2, A6, Bl, Dl, D2, D3
FEEDLOT ODOR CONTROL RE-
LIES ON DRY MANUBE AND
RAPID REMOVAL
Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas
J. M. Sweeten
Feedlot Management, V. 9, No. 6, p. 7-9,
June, 1977. 2 tab.
Keywords: Odor control, Feedlots, Odor
control chemicals, Waste management,
Drainage, Agricultural runoff.
The 2 basic principles for controlling feedlot
odors are: (1) Keep manure relatively dry as
much of the time as possible, and (2) Keep a
minimum amount of manure and wastewater
on hand. Feedlot odor may be minimized by
adhering to the following odor control
strategies: (1) Maintain good surface drainage
at uniform feedpen slopes of 1 percent (for dry
areas) to 6 percent (for humid areas). (2)
Collect only loose surface aerobic manure at
frequent Intervals of 3-6 weeks. (3) Use
elevating scrapers or road graders for manure
collection to leave a smooth pen surface. (4)
Maintain a compacted anaerobic manure layer
on the feedlot surface. (5) Dispose of dead
animals within 24 hours. (6) De-water feedlot
runoff retention ponds as quickly as possible.
(7) Separate manure solids from feedlot runoff
by constructing settling basins or channels
and maintaining recommended pen slopes. (8)
Treat feedlot surface with proven odor control
chernicals/blochemlcals when trouble spots
develop. (Merryman-East Central)
4295-A6, Bl, F2
STATE ODOR REGULATIONS
Anonymous
Feedlot Management, V. 9, No. 6, p. 7-8,
June, 1977.
Keywords: Feedlots, Regulation, Nuisance
suits, Odor, Legal aspects, Odor Intensity
standards, Scentometers.
Feedlots are subject to both public and private
odor regulations. Private regulation comes
through the common-law concept of nuisance
which grants all persons the basic right to
en|oy their property. Any unreasonable
interference with enjoyment Is legally a
nuisance, subject to a civil lawsuit in all
states. A feedlot owner can be successfully
sued under the nuisance law even though he
complies with public regulations and stan-
dards. Penalties may Include an injunction
and/or damages. State air pollution control
agencies also regulate odors as a nuisance.
Receipt of an odor complaint may trigger
several enforcement steps. The complaint
may be investigated and a public hearing may
be held. The hearing examiner's conclusions
often determine further agency action. The
state agency may dismiss action against the
feeder; recommend technical assistance to
improve the situation; enter an administrative
order requiring specific odor abatement
measures; or refer the case to the state
attorney general for litigation. Odors may also
be regulated on the basis of state odor
Intensity standards In which odor threshold in
surrounding air at the property line is
measured on a scentomater. Most of the 8
states utilizing these odor Intensity standards
do not allow odor Intensities In surrounding
air to exceed 7 dilutions to threshold. A
proposed Iowa Odorous Substances Control
Act would refine the nuisance concept even
further. An "actionable complaint" would
exist only when 4 parameters are exceeded:
odor frequency, duration, quality (offensive-
ness), and Intensity. (Merryman-East Central)
4296-B1, C2, D3, E3
FARMERS AS FUEL SUPPLIERS
R. Gogerty
The Furrow, V. 82, No. 6, p. 2-4, July/Aug.,
1977. 7 fig.
Keywords: Energy, Recycling, Blomasscrops,
Crop residues, Grain processing, Alcohol,
Euphoria t/rucalll, Manure, Fermentation.
Fred Benson, dean of Texas A&M Univer-
sity's engineering college, feels that "agricul-
ture is a logical and renewable energy
source." While we have the technical know-
how to produce and harvest agricultural
energy, we must still perfect the necessary
processing and transportation technology.
Researchers are finding a number of promis-
ing sources of energy. One of the most
promising biomass crops for energy produc-
tion is the hybrid poplar. A number of pilot
projects for using biomass fuel are now under
way. Ken Crookston and Dale Moss, Universi-
ty of Minnesota agronomists, are evaluating
corn, winter rye, and cattails for biomass
production. Glenn Huppke, a consulting
chemical engineer from Land O'Lakes, Flor-
ida, feels that sunflowers also have potential
as a biomass crop. Crop residues also have
potential as an agricultural energy supply.
There is also a possibility of processing grain
to produce alcohol, which could supplement or
replace gasoline. A more exotic fuel-crop
possibility Is the milk bush, 'Euphorbia
tirucalll'. This plant produces latex, which
contains hydrocarbons chemically similar to
petroleum. Processing of latex produces a
crude oil that can be further processed into
fuel oil, gasoline, plastics, or fertilizer.
Another potential farm energy source if the
fermentation of organic wastes such as
manure to produce methane. This is already
being utilized by Calorific Recovery Anaerobic
Process Inc. They are constructing a commer-
cial methane plant near Guymon, Oklahoma
for the purpose of supplying methane gas as
an energy source. While some energy experts
say the costs and inefficiencies of farm fuels
make them high-priced compared with fossil
fuels, others say we can't spare land for fuel
production because we need It to produce food
and still others wor^y about using crop
residues for energy instead of soil condition-
ing, It would still seem that agricultural
sources of energy may be the promise of the
future. (Merryman-East Central)
4297-B1, Cl, C2, D2, D3, E3, Fl
ENERGY FROM FEEDLOT MAN-
URE
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas
77843
J. M. Sweeten
Agricultural Engineering, AENG 6, Texas
Agricultural Extension Service, Oct. 21, t974,
4 p. 1 tab., 7 ref.
74
-------
Keywords: Energy, Recycling, Feedlot man-
ure, Fertilizers, Refeedlng, Combustion, Gas-
ification, Anhydrous ammonia, Costs.
The amount of manure produced In Texas
feedlots may at times seem ominous, but
placed In perspective It could have only a
minor Impact on the overall energy of fertilizer
picture statewide. At those localities where
feedlot manure Is available, however, It
should continue to be put to good advantage In
combatting both spiral Ing costs and agricul-
tural energy consumption. Indications are that
8 times more energy could be saved by
refeedlng manure to feedlot cattle than from
land application. However, unless stocker or
range cattle markets for feedlot manure can
be created, refeedlng offers little promise as a
method of ultimate manure disposal. (Sweet-
en-Texas A&M University)
4298-A1, Bl, F2
TOWARD THE DESIGN AND
MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRON-
MENTAL SYSTEMS
Department of Electrical Engineering and
Systems Science, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, Michigan 48823
H. W. Koenlg, W. E. Cooper, and J. M.
Falvey
Paper No. 71-581, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1971 Winter Meeting,
Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 7-10, 1971, 43 p. 7 ref.
Keywords: Design, Management, Ecology,
Industry, Agriculture, Economy, Pollution,
Pumping, Regulation, Population control.
An Industrialized ecosystem Is conceptualized
as a material-processing "machine" driven by
solar, human and physical forms of energy.
Long-range planning Is defined as a problem
in the design of the material-processing
machine; management as a problem in
regulating the development of the landscape
toward an environmentally secure design
target. Design and management policies are
discussed. (Koenlg-Mlchlgan State Univer-
sity)
4299-B1, E3, Fl
ENERGY AND RESOURCE RE-
QUIREMENTS FOR BEEF CAT-
TLE PRODUCTION
Department of Animal Science, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
G. M. Ward
Feedstuffs, V. 48, No. 52, p. 16, 18, Dec. 20,
1976. 6 tab., 6 ref.
Keywords: Cattle production, Feeds, Econo-
mics, Forages, Grains, Refeedlng, Poultry
wastes, Cattle wastes.
Beef cattle production has Increased dramati-
cally in this country since 1940. Beef
production is usually divided Into 3 segments:
cow-calf; stocker, or the growing phase; and
the finishing phase, usually In the feedlot. The
cow-calf operation has been an inherently
low-return type of agriculture utilizing feeds
having little market value for other purposes.
On the other hand, In the finishing phase
there are strong economic Incentives to
increase the quality of feed because one-third
to one-half of the feed Is required for animal
maintenance. The more feea consumed per
day, the fewer days on feed that are
necessary, resulting In lower overhead costs.
Where did additional feed resources come
from? About one-half of the grazing needs
was obtained by reducing other species of
animals, le. sheep, horses, etc. Another
agricultural change that provided grazing was
abandoned cropland that was subject to
severe erosion or unsuitable for mechanized
farming. Feed grains to support the Increase
in cattle feeding were produced from a
declining number of acres because of remark-
able Increases In production per acre. If cattle
production continues to Increase, the future
doesn't look too promising for extra feed
sources. Feed grain supplies seem likely to
decline due to demand from the export
market. Feed supplies are not likely to be
released by further massive declines In other
grazing animals. Dairy cattle and sheep are
probably somewhere near minimum while
horses are on the Increase again. The best
pasture lands are being converted to crops.
The most productive forages - corn silage and
alfalfa-are In direct competition for land. One
feed source that Is receiving greater attention
Is crop residues - especially corn stalks and
straw. However, the largest sources of these
materials are in areas where there are few
cattle and almost no fences. Another largely
unexploited source of nutrients Is manure.
The feed value of poultry manure has been
clearly established. Cattle manure, for the
most part, requires some processing either as
silage, or physical and chemical treatment to
separate the fiber and ash from the higher
protein and more digestible fractions. Regula-
tions and prejudice have restrained the
refeeding of manure, but changes are making
refeeding more acceptable. (Rowe East
Central)
4300-B1, Cl, C2, Dl, E3, Fl
RE-CYCLING IS NO CURE-ALL
Anonymous
Beef, V 13, No. 11, p. 18-19, July, 1977. 1 fig.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Feedlot wastes, Cattle,
Performance, Economics, Nutrients.
At 2 recent cattle feeding seminars, research-
era took a hard look at the problems and
benefits of refeedlng animal wastes. They
found that nutritional value of recycled
manure varies tremendously due to: (1)
original ration fed, (2) nutrient losses Incurred
during storage and handling, and (3) amount
of dirt In the manure. It was not felt that
refeeding was likely to make a big cut In cost
of grain. Results from a number of studies
cited seemed to yield the following conclus-
ions concerning refeedlng manure: (1) The
refeedlng value of such waste material Is
substantially lower than many people have
speculated. Waste material would have to be
regarded as a low quality feed, which would
have best use in maintenance or low-energy
type diets. Some potential may exist for
limited use In growing rations, but there
seems to be little or no justification for using
manure in feedlot diets, except under unusual
circumstances. (2) Recycling won't get rid of
the manure problem. Only about half of the
manure from cattle on finishing rations can be
recycled. Ths rest would have to bs disposed
of some other way. Also, only about one-
fourth of the original dry matter can be obtain-
ed after putting the material through 4 recy-
cles. (Bates - East Central)
4301-B3, Cl, C2, D3. E3
NUTHITWE VALUE OF ENSILED
BROILER LITTER
Agricultural Experiment Station, University of
Arkansas, Fayettevllle, Arkansas 72701
M. S. Smith and L. B. Daniels
Arkansas Farm Research, V. 26, No. 3, p. 16,
May-June, 1977. 1 tab.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Litters, Ensiling, Mois-
ture content, pH, Crude protein, Dry matter
digestibility.
Nutritive research was conducted at the
University of Arkansas Agricultural Experi-
ment Station to determine the feeding value of
ensiled broiler litter. Broiler litter with either
a rice-hull (RH) or wheat-straw (WS) base was
ensiled at 40 and 50 percent moisture levels In
30-gallon garbage cans lined with plastic
bags. In one treatment of the RH and WS
silages, water was used to bring the litter to
the desired moisture level; liquid cheese whey
(2/3 litter to 1 /3 whey by weight) was used In
the other treatment. Also a mixture of
wheat-straw litter and ground corn (2/3 litter
to 1/3 corn) was ensiled at the 40 percent
moisture level. Two batches of broilers had
been raised on these litters. Preliminary
results suggested that broiler litter can be
ensiled, but that a carbohydrate source should
be added to insure proper ensiling. (Bates-
East Central)
4302-B1, E2, Fl
DIVERSIFY-BUT STAY EFFI-
CIENT, SAYS IOWA CATTLE
FEEDER
Beef editor
P. D. Andre
Beef, V. 13, No. 7, p. 58, 60, March, 1977. 4
fig.
Keywords: Management, Confinement pens,
Design, Cattle, Economics, Slotted floors,
Land spreading.
Robert F. McDowell is currently Involved In
keeping 1,500 cattle on feed at all times,
growing 2,400 acres of corn, maintaining a
flock of 25,000 caged layers and growing their
replacements In renovated turkey buildings.
Mr. McDowell's management philosophy is
"maximize the optimum". In trying to
achieve this in his cattle management, Mr.
McDowell settled on the following design for
his confinement pen. He built an open front
building with doors In the back that could be
opened for summer ventilation. The building
Is 50 feet wide, 330 feet long, and pen width
varies from 20 to 50 feet wide. A 14-foot feed
alley runs the length of the building. Mr.
McDowell allows 18 square feet per animal,
based on 1,000-pound steers. Gains run about
2.8 pounds/day. When Mr. McDowell erected
the building, he made optimum use of his
available labor by pouring the 4 x 10-foot slats
on an almost dally basis during the summer,
as other work permitted. The slats rest on the
cross walls of the pits and one section of slats
is only 2 feet wide, making It easy to lift out so
a chopper pump can be put Into the pit. The
fact that McDowell has a number of Individual
pits allows him to stir and haul wastes at times
when there is only a short amount of time to
be spared for this activity. The fact that
McDowell has various sizes of pens allows him
to optimize his marketing. The front pen
always contains a load of cattle that are ready
for sale. This way buyers always know which
cattle are for sale. This arrangement also
makes loading easy. (Rowe-East Central)
75
-------
4303-A1, Bl, C2, D3, E3, Fl
METHANE POWER! THE PLOW-
BOY INTERVIEW
Anonymous
The Mother Earth News, Mother's Reprint
No. 102, 1972, 4 p. 6 fig.
Keywords: Recycling, Methane, Organic
wastes, Digesters, Design, Economics, Temp-
erature, Carbon, Nitrogen.
Ram Bux Singh of India has studied ways to
recycle waste Into non-polluting fuel. He was
appointed by India to simplify the construction
of bio-gas plants. The bio-gas plant has been
made economical for small farms. Laboratory
tests show that the fertilizer which comes
from a bio-gas plant contains three times more
nitrogen than the best compost through open
air digestion. Tests with human excreta have
not been successful because there Is too much
water with the excreta-too much liquid for the
digesters to handle. All material must be
analyzed before being put Into a bio-gas plant.
The ratio of carbon to nitrogen In the material
must be calculated. In 40 days the material
will produce 95 percent of the gas It Is capable
of producing, when a digester loaded with the
proper (30-to-1) carbon-nitrogen mixture Is
maintained at 90-95 F. Below 50 or 60 the
whole process Is stopped. Above 118 , the
bacteria will die. The bio-gas plants designed
for the digestion of material are either "batch
feeding" and "continuous feeding". For the
batch cycle, a bio-gas tank Is opened and filled
with the waste material to be processed. Then
after 40 days the fertilizer Is taken out and the
tank is filled again for another cycle. With the
continuous feeding method, a bio-gas plant
tank is opened and filled with the waste
material to be processed. Then after 40 days
the fertilizer Is taken out and the tank Is filled
again for another cycle. With the continuous
feeding method, a bio-gas plant Is filled once.
Then, undigested matter in the amount of
one-fortieth of the volume of the tank Is added
each day, as the bacteria Inside begin to
change the waste Into methane and fertilizer.
In order for the manure and waste to digest at
the proper time It must be warmed and stirred
uniformly. The methane from a bio-gas plant
is only about half as efficient as the natural
gas we buy in the United States. There Is
much potential energy which goes to waste In
cities In the United States. Ram Bux Singh
wants to develop a bio-gas plant for the United
States that people can buy and Install and put
Into use quite easily. (Rowe-East Central)
4304-A9, AW, Bl, D2
TOHCITY OF SD 8447 AND
DICHLORVOS TO LARVAE OF
THE HORN FLY, HAEMATOBIA
IRRITANS, (DLPTERA: MUSCI-
DAE) IN MANURE OF INSECT-
ICIDE-FED CATTLE
Department of Entomology and Nematology,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
J. F. Butler and N. I. Greer
Florida Entomologist, V. 56, No 2 p
103-105, 1973. 1 tab., 12 ref.
Keywords: Feed additives, Insecticides, Cat-
tle, Fly control.
SD 8447 (2-chloro-1-(2, 4, 5-trlchlorophenyl)
vinyl dimethyl phosphate) used as a feed
additive for cattle caused significant (p^.01)
mortality of horn fly, Haematobla irrltans
(Linnaeus), larvae In manure samples from
cattle. At levels of u.1, 0.15, and 0.20
mg/kg/day, the percent mortality was respec-
tively 63, 85, and 97.6. Similarly dlchlorvos
pellets (AtgardTMty fed at 2.25 mg/kg/day
produced 98.3 percent mortality, while 7.2 mg
added to 100g manure from untreated animals
results In 99 percent mortality (pC01) of horn
fly larvae. (Copyright 1973-Florlda Entomolo-
gist)
4305-B1, C2, D2, E3
CONVERSION OF BOVINE MAN-
URE TO OIL
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, U. S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,
4800 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl-
vania 15213
Y. C. Fu, S. J. Metlln, E. G. Illlg, and I.
Wender
General Papers and Symposium on Environ-
mental Pollution Control. Part I. The Energy
Situation and Its Environmental Impact, V. 17,
No. 1. 164th National Meeting, American
Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry,
New York, New York, Aug. 27-Sept. 1, 1972,
p. 37-43. 2 fig., 5 tab., 4 ref.
Keywords: Recycling, Cattle manure, Carbon
monoxide, Water, Waste treatment.
The conversion of manure to oil with carbon
monoxide and water was studied. Three
sources of bovine manure were used In
temperatures from 300a to 400* C. The
pressure ranged from 2400 to 5300 psl. To
determine the amounts of the oil and residue
in heavy oil products, the residue was
separated from water and extracted by
benzene. Gaseous products were analyzed by
mass spectrometry. In an attempt to Improve
oil yield and hydrogen utilization, hydrogena-
tlon catalysts were used In place of carbon
monoxide In tests using hydrogen or synthesis
gas (H?;CO = 0.9:0). This shows that Instead
of carbon monoxide, synthesis gas can be
used to convert manure to oil In reasonably
good yield. By using watermanure ratio as
low as 0.25:1 with a suitable high boiling vehi-
cle, Improvements such as low operating
pressure and less energy requirements were
achieved. (Rowe-East Central)
4306-A8, B2, B3, B5, C2, E2
AN EVALUATION OF FARM-
YARD SLURRY ENRICHED WITH
EITHER POULTRY MANURE OR
INORGANIC N-P-K AS FERTILI-
ZER FOR PERENNIAL RYE-
GRASS
Pye Research Centre, Haughley, Suffolk,
England
M. C. Cowan
Plant & Soil, V. 45, No. 3, p. 625-636, Dec.,
1976. 6 fig., 6 ref.
Keywords: Rye grass, Fertilizers, Crop re-
sponse, Poultry manure, Slurries, Fertilizers,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium,
Magnesium, Temperature, Soil chemistry.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate
poultry manure as a source of available
nitrogen In soil, and to compare levels of
available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potas-
sium In soil to which Inorganic fertilizer or
poultry manure were applied, either alone, or
together with slurry. The effects of these soil
applications on growth, and levels of phos-
phorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and
magnesium (Mg) In shoots of Lollum pare/me
grass were measured. Experiments were
performed under 2 sets of environmental
conditions, Intended to approximate summer
or winter temperatures. Under conditions of
low temperature and retarded growth, the
best overall advantage In terms of dry matter
yield and levels of P, K, Na and Mg In Lollum
perenne, was gained by use of Inorganic
fertilizer alone. The application of poultry
manure In combination with slurry resulted In
better dry matter than waa achieved through
poultry manure alone. It was found that,
under conditions of high temperature and
rapid growth, a combined application of slurry
with Inorganic fertilizer could bring, In
addition to an economic benefit, a small but
significant Improvement In the quantities of P
and K In the herbage. The effects of the
treatments on plant nutrient levels were not
readily related to the effects on the available
levels In the soil. Generally the addition of
poultry manure, with or without slurry,
resulted In Increased amounts of available Na,
K, and Mg In the soil, probably due to the
large amounts of these elements contained In
poultry manure. (Merryman-East Central)
4307-A11, E3, F2
AAFCO TASKFORCE WORKS ON
ANIMAL WASTE REGULATIONS
Feedstuffs, Staff Editor
J. D. Kendall
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 22, p. 5, 39, May 30,
1977.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Regulation, Antibio-
tics, Feed additives, Labeling, Heavy metals.
James Mlnyard, a Mississippi state chemist,
presented a preliminary report concerning
model regulations for animal waste feeds at
the annual American Feed Manufacturers
Association (AFMA) convention. Mlnyard
stated that model regulations for animal waste
feeds are being drawn up by a taskforce of the
Association of American Feed Control Offi-
cials (AFFCO) and should be ready after the
AAFCO's annual meeting the first week In
August. The taskforce Is drawing up a uniform
regulation regarding waste feeds. The 2
strategies being pursued are: (1) to draw up a
very broad set of regulations that Incorporate
the general regulations that the states now
permitting waste feeding have In common and
(2) to draw up a set of specific regulations with
lines of regulatory authority and very specific
language detailing the whole concept of
animal waste feeds and feeding. Other
preliminary reports presented during the
AFMA convention by AAFCO officials Includ-
ed those given by: The Medicated Feed
Committee, Pet Foo* Committee, Uniform
Feed Bill and Regulations Committee, Silage
Additive Taskforce, Miscellaneous and Spec-
ial Purpose Products Committee, Mineral
Investigation Committee, Feed Nomenclature
Committee, Uniform Forms Committee and
State-Industry Relations Committee. AAFCO
also announced that a series of AAFCO/Food
& Drug Administration training sessions to
discuss the new revised Good Manufacturing
Practice Regulations have been tentatively
scheduled. (Bates-East Central)
4308-A11, C2
SYNTHESIS AND STABILITY OF
DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE IN
CATTLE MANURE
76
-------
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Ft. Collins,
Colorado 80522
A. R. Mosler and S. Torblt
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 5, No. 4,
p. 465-468, Oct.-Dec., 1976. 7 tab., 18 ref.
Keywords: Nitrosamlnes, Feedlots, Cattle
manure, Manure packs, Aerobic conditions,
Anaerobic conditions.
A study was conducted to determine If
N-nltrosamines, compounds that are carcino-
genic to laboratory test animals and possibly
to man, are synthesized from the N-com-
pounds found In beef cattle feedlots. More
specifically the objectives of the study were (1)
to determine If N-dlmethylnltrosamlna
(DMNA) and N-diethylnltrosamlne (DENA)
could be detected In cattle manure packs; (2)
to Identify and quantify nltrosamlne precur-
sors; (3) to determine whether DMNA could
be synthesized from dlmethylamlne (DMA)
and nitrite (NO ~) In manure; (4) to determine
DMNA's stability In manures under aerobic
and anaerobic conditions. It was found that
the necessary precursors are present In
manures but that the requirements for
sustained production of DMNA In the manure
pack probably, do not exist. Neither DMNA or
DENA was found at minimum detection limits
of 0.02 ppm in manure. Aerobic Incubation of
manure with DMA-N (500 ppm) plus NO2~- N
(1,000 ppm) generates detectable DMNA, but
DMNA was not detected In samples Incubated
anaeroblcally or with lower levels of precur-
sors. DMNA was stable In sewage effluent,
and In manure and manure extracts held
under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions.
(Bates-East Central)
4309-E3
FOOD WASTE, MANURE HOLD
PROMISE AS FEED, VETERIN-
ARIANS TOLD
Feedstuffs, Staff Editor
J. D Kendall
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 29, p. 6, July 18, 1977.
Keywords: Feeds, Refeedlng, Food wastes,
Manure.
Food wastes and manure were advocated as
good sources of livestock feed by speakers at
the scientific sessions of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 1977 annual
meeting Dr. T. W. Powell, University of
Georgia extension veterinarian, estimated
that 80-100 million tons of food waste are
generated in the United States each year-
mostly by mass food establishments and food
processing plants. Of this total, 60-75 percent
can be used as feedstuffs. A food waste
processing system conducted experimentally
by the University of Georgia at the Ft.
Bennlng, Georgia army base can produce an
end product that Is more versatile than
unprocessed wastes and that can be fed to
species other than swine, which Is where most
unprocessed food wastes are fed. The total
processing and collection costs are about
$80-$95 per ton for the experimental product.
Dr. Brady Anthony, an Auburn University
animal scientist, stated that 2 billion tons of
livestock wastes are generated each year. He
stated that Auburn trials have shown that
blending manure with other Ingredients and
storing the product a3 silage seems to be the
most feasible approach. He added that
recycled manure can theoretically be recycled
forever, since undesirable residues don't
seem to Increase notlcably. Sam B. Hay, a
Covington, Georgia cattle producer, said that
he has been feeding silage containing manure
to his cattle for 6 years and has found that he
has saved 15-20 percent over conventional
feeding systems. (Merryman-East Central)
4310-A2, A4, AS, A6, AS, Bl, D3,
E2, F3, F4
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGE-
MENT STATE OF THE ART
C. B. Gllbertson
Report presented at the request of the
Institute of Environmental Quality, State of
Illinois, Carbondale, Illinois, and entered as
testimony In the State of Illinois Public
Hearing Minutes, February 1, 1973, 9 p. 14
ref.
Keywords: Waste management, Feedlots,
Livestock, Cattle, Nebraska, Odor, Agricultur-
al runoff, Water pollution, Groundwater pollu-
tion, Soil pollution, Land application, Applica-
tion rates, Overland flow.
An overview of livestock waste management
problems and research results Is presented.
Beef cattle on outdoor feedlots are particularly
considered. The report Is based on results
derived from research Initiated In 1968 on beef
cattle feedlots located In Nebraska and from
the author's personal experience. The report
includes a brief description of beef cattle
feedlots, the quantity and quality of feedlot
runoff, groundwater and soil pollution poten-
tial, and methods of runoff control. The author
feels that research Is still required to
determine: (1) Alternative systems to relieve
odors from livestock operations (outdoor and
housed feedlots). (2) Alternatives for debris
basin cleaning or management, (3) Recom-
mended land application rates of liquids and
solids that will not have long-term, adverse
effects on soil, groundwater, and crops, (4)
Effect of ration on runoff quantity and quality,
(5) Effect of distance of overland flow,
topography, and vegetative cover on pollution
characteristics of feedlot runoff, and (6)
Materials handling and processing component
design for alternate methods of utilization of
animal wastes other than land disposal.
(Merryman-East Central)
4311-D2, E3, E4, Fl
IMAGINE YOUR FEEDLOT MAN-
URE CAN POWER YOUR MILL
AND BRING CASH FROM SALE
OF EXCESS POWER!
Anonymous
Calf News, V. 8, No. 11, p. 42, 45, Nov., 1970.
4 fig.
Keywords: Recycling, Feedlot wastes, Com-
bustion power unit, Energy, Fuels, Econo-
mics, Feed supplements, Fertilizers, Building
blocks, By-product recovery.
An Interview with R. G. Reese, general
manager of a firm which is now developing a
400-ton-a-day combustion power unit for a
solid waste Incinerator for communities, has
revealed that the Department of Health,
Education and Welfare has funded the money
for continued research and the construction of
a one-tenth-size model. A feedlot with 8,000
cattle could utilize a 40-ton-a-day unit for
waste processing. Unit and Installment price
would be about a quarter of a million dollars.
To start the combustor, auxiliary fuel Is used
but once started the manure becomes the fuel.
For feedlots with slotted floors a tank Is
usually used to collect tho manure. From such
• tank, the manure could be moved by vacuum
Into th« combustion poww unit. Tha onmhua*-
or Is all automatic and labor '"- -
by-product of the combustion procest ;* iaah.
This has value aa either a fertilizer If nitrogen
Is added, or as a feed Ingredient because It
has potassium and phosphates, or as a
construction block when • binder la added, or
as a land fill. A 40-ton-a-day unit will produce
about 1,000 kllowatta of energy. This la more
than adequate to run a mill, sup"'v a!!
necessary electricity and still have u.rna ;..
sell. Availability of a 40-ton-a-day unit for
feedlot trial Is about 2 years off. (Merryman-
East Central)
4312-B1, B3, Fl
FEEDLOT MANURE
TION EFFICIENCY
COLLEC-
Anonymous
Agricultural Engineering Newaletter, V. 2,
No. 5, p. 1-2, May, 1976.
Keywords: Manure collection, Feedlota,
Time-motion itudles, Elevating scraper,
Wheel loader, Wheel loader/chisel plow,
Machine productivity, Energy consumption,
Costs.
Time-motion analysis was used to compare 3
systems [elevating scraper, wheel loader, and
wheel loader/chisel plow (or rototlller) com-
bination] on the basis of machine productivity
(tons/hour), energy consumption (tons/hp-hr)
and cost (J/ton). Results were adjusted to 100
percent time efficiency (80 working minutes/
hour) to allow comparisons. The elevating
scraper proved 25-75 percent more efficient In
energy consumption than systems Involving
wheel loaders. For wheel loader ayatema, use
of a chisel plow or rototlller to break up the
manure pack cut energy consumption 30-40
percent. Coat comparisons showed about the
same collection cost (16 to 17^/ton) for both
the elevating scraper and ths wheel loader/
chisel plow-rototlllsr combination. However,
collection with the wheel loader alone cost 25
percent more than the other 2 methods. The
elevating scraper gave a consistently high
manure collection rate of 175 tons/hour,
which was matched on the average by the
wheel loader/chisel plow combination (176
tons/hour). But asmail wheel loader preceded
by a rototlller only collected 117 tons/hour.
With no prior surface preparation, a large
wheel loader could achieve a col lection rate o!
only 118 tons/hour. The process of loading
stacked manure Into spreader trucks with
wheel loaders was also studied. Meaaured
truck loading rates ranged from 160 to 280
tons/hour, with an average rate of 205
tons/hour. The calculated cost of truck
loading ranged from 8 to 14«/ton. (Merryman-
East Central)
4313-B3, C2, E3, Fl, F2
DPW VALUE AS ANIMAL FEED
SEEN REACHING $100 A TON
Feedstuffs, Southeastern Correspondent
R. H. Brown
Feedstuffs, V. 47, No. 17, p. 6, 74, April 25,
1975.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Dried poultry litter,
Fertilizers, Economics, Legal aspects.
The Georgia Cooperative Extension Ssrvloa,
the Georgia Poultry Federation, and ihe
Georgia Cattlemen's Association sponsored a
77
-------
tympanum concerning recycling dried pouKry
Mnirlmocattlefttd.WMte poultry litter hM
b«*n found to havt a veJue ot between $20 and
138 • (en M plant food, M • fMd for rumlncntt
It to estimated that litter will range from • tow
of 14 to a high of tlOO t ton. At an animal
feed, tht litter hM tuMUntlal nutritional
valiM, being high In crude protein, while the
nitrogen can be efficiently utilized by ruml-
narrts. Much of the future of refeedlng dried
poultry litter depend* on when and If the Food
& Drug Administration iMuae Iti mueh-dlt-
outted and muorwfrlayed propoaal on the use
of recycled animal watte a* a feed Ingredient.
However, It I* known that tome cattlemen are,
already recycling for Intraatate feeding and
there Is already developing a fairly strong
demand for litter. Two states have taken steps
to speed up recycling. Mississippi's Commiss-
ioner of Agriculture Jim Buck Rots announced
he Is moving toward approval and California
has already approved refeedlng. (Merryman-
Eatt Central)
4314-A11, A12, Bl, C2, C3,'D2,
D3.E3
MORE ON MANURE
Anonymous
Feedlot Management, V. 19, No. 7, p. 4, July,
1977.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Performance, Copper,
Iron, Calcium, Amprollum, Pathogenic bac-
teria, Fermentation, Chemical treatment.
One estimate cites as many as 2 percent of
today's cattle on feed as receiving manure-
containing feedstuffs. The major concern
about refeedlng Is transfer and accumulation
of chemical residues. The best safeguards are:
(1) avoid feeding manure that contains
potential chemical contaminants, or (2) If
residues are present, allow at least 2 weeks
withdrawal time prior to slaughter. U. S.
Department of Agriculture feeding trials have
Indicated that a 6-day withdrawal period Is
sufficient to decrease tissue levels of arsenic
from recycling manure. In one study, caged
layer manure fed to steers at 12 percent of the
diet caused Increased copper levels In liver
tissues, higher Iron levels In kidneys and
reduced levels of cadmium In kidney tissues.
In another study, residues of amprollum In
broiler litter did not cause elevated tissue
concentrations after 5-day withdrawal time
when steers were fed up to 50 percent litter
ration. Processing to destroy pathogens may
be accomplished by either fermentation or
treatment with chemical preservatives.
(MerrymarvEast Central)
431S-A8, A12, B2, B3, BS, E2, E3
WASTE DISPOSAL IN FORESTS
J. Srtoemyen and M. Clllev
Sunsnlne State Agricultural Research Report,
V. 21, No. 2, 3, &4, p. 8-8, Fall, 1976. 1 tig., 2
tab.
Keywords: Waste disposal, Forest lands,
Crop lands, Tree response, Wastswater Irri-
gation, Composted wastes, Health hazards.
Dr. Wayne H. Smith, professor In the IFAS
School of Forest Resources and Conservation,
Is working with James 0. Evans of the U. S.
Forest Service In compiling Information on
waste disposal In forests. Disadvantages of
using human and animal wastes on croplands
are cited. Application of waste materials to
forest land Instead may offer a number of.
advantages from the standpoint of safe waste
disposal. Since watte disposal systems need
to operate year-round, forests are better sites
than agricultural lands where seasonal crops
are grown. Not only do the forest tolls have
greater capability to absorb water and fix
phosphorus, they alto do not freeze during
cold weather like cultivated tolls. Also, forest
land owners and managers can obtain greatly
accelerated growth of some trees through
application of watte nutrients. Increased
production of wood can, In turn, helpmeet the
nation's need for energy and Industrial
materials. Except for the Great Plains and the'
southwestern regions of the United States,
forest lands are abundant, well distributed,
and occur near major areas where wastes are
generated. Work It needed to determine what
levels of wastewater Irrigation will give good
response from tree growth and will provide for
adequate renovation of the wastewater,
without doing any harm to the forest land. A
California study showed that effluent was
needed at rates of 7.6 cm or more per week for
benefits to accrue. Upper limits of wastewater
Irrigation will depend on such things as
species of tree, growth stage of forest, and
type of soil. Another waste disposal possibility
Is tha Incorporation of composted solid wastes
Into woodland soils. Wastes may also be
useful In nursery production. A landowner
who has both animal operations and wood-
lands may find It practical to apply animal
wastes to forest strips. Difficulties that arise
In utilizing forest lands for waste disposal
Include unavailability of access roads and
sloped rugged contours of the land. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4316-B1, C2, E2, E3
WHAT'S MANURE WORTH AS A
FERTILIZER?
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 101, No. 23, p. 21, Dec.,
1978.
Keywords: Livestock wastes, Manure produc-
tion rate, Fertilizer values.
Approximate annual manure production per
1000 Ib. animal weight Is for a dairy cow, 15
tons; beef feeder, 11 tons; swine feeder, 1.2
tons; gestatlng sow, 6 tons; and sheep feeder,
7.3 tons. These figures can be used to
estimate total manure production for different
sizes and numbers of animals. The fertilizer
value of manure, allowing for nutrient losses
from handling and land application, may be
estimated for use In planning. Again, for 1000
Ib. animal units, the nutrients available
annually In a manure pack are: dairy cow, 91
Ib. N, 50 tb. P^Oq, and 112 Ib. KoiO; beef, 77
Ib. N, 77 Ib. PgDn, and 99 Ib. KoO; swine, 102
Ib. N, 107 Ib. P2jOg, and 124 Ib. K20. These
values assume spreading and Incorporation
Into the soil. Also values would differ for an
open lot or manure pit. (Merryman-East
Central)
4317.AS, B2, BS, C2, Dl, D3, E2,
Fl
WASTE CONTROL CUT HIS FER-
TILIZER BILL IN HALF
Anonymous
Western Dairy Journal, V. 33, No. 4 p. 26
Feb., 1977. 1 fig.
Keywords: Dairy wastes, Waste treatment,
Controller, Anaerobic conditions, Agitation,
Liquid wastes, Fertilizers, Land disposal,
Crop response, Corn, Alfalfa, Economics.
Due to tightening waste control restrictions on
dairies In the West, Morris Kaehler, of Lodl,
California, Installed a Controller on his dalryi
which has turned his waste collection pit Into a'
large "septic tank". The Controller consists
of a flexible bottom pit liner and a floating
cover. An agitator was also added to speed the
bacterial breakdown process which takes
place within. Manure and runoff water from
Kaehler's free stalls and milking barn enters
the pit via a collection basin through a 10 Inch
plastic pipe. After a minimum of several
weeks decomposition, the concentrated nitre-'
gen-rich liquid Is ready for removal—either by
pipeline or truck. Advantages of the system'
are: (1) The liner keeps the smells In. (2) The
system Is very convenient. (3) The system
provides a valuable fertilizer product that can
cut Kaehler's fertilizer bill In half. The wastes
are applied on alfalfa fields between cuttings.
They are also applied to Kaehler's corn-wlth
very good results. It Is estimated that a gallon
of the fertilizing liquid, after 15-30 days
decomposition Is worth on the average of 2
cents in nitrogen rich fertilizer. This would
make each 250,000 gallon load be worth
$5000. The fertilizer value is variable accord-
ing to the soil conditions, but the value In
California during hot summer months Is hard
to beat. (Merryman-East Central)
431S-A4, A6, B2, C2, C3, D3, E3
METHANE PRODUCTION FROM
CATTLE WASTES
Department of Dairy Science, University of
Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
V. H. Varel, H. R. Isaacson, R. A. Froblsh,
and M. P. Bryant
Illinois Research, V. 18, No. 4, p. 10-11,
Autumn, 1976.
Keywords: Recycling, Feedlots, Cattle
wastes, Dairy wastes, Fermentation, Temper-
ature, Retention time, Methane, Fertilizers,
Refeeding.
The solid waste produced annually by farm
animals In the United States Is about 2 billion
tons. About half of it Is generated by intensive
animal production systems, creating serious
problems of disposal, odor control, and
prevention of stream pollution. Bacterial
conversion of this waste would offer partial
solutions to these problems as well as
supplement our supply of natural gas.
Consequently, studies have been conducted at
the University of Illinois on this process.
Initially, the fermentation of cattle wastes was
studied in small, 3-liter reactors. Once
established, and with daily feeding, the
fermentation of feedlot waste was found quite
stable within a terrfflerature range of 13fjPto
140*F and a range of 3-15 days in retention
time for the reactor contents. Methane was
produced most rapidly at 140*F. The gas
produced had a relatively constant methane
content of 55-58 percent, the rest being chiefly
carbon dioxide. Reactors were established at
different retention times (3, 6, 9, and 12 days)
with a relatively low concentration of waste
organic matter in water. Experiments were
then done to me isure the efficiency of
methane production with Increasing concen-
trations of waste. Efficiency was greatest In
reactors receiving about 8 percent organic
matter and set at the 3-day retention time.
Other studies determined that dairy wastes
are not as efficiently converted Into methane
as those from feedlot cattle. Because cattle
wastes are high In ammonia and other
minerals, they can be fermented In comblna-
78
-------
tion with materials such as municipal refuse,
which are deficient In the minerals necessary
for bacterial growth. Because of lowered
organic matter, the effluent should be more
valuable as a fertilizer than the original
feedlot waste. Another possible use of the
effluent Is to remove the bacterial cells before
disposing of the fluids. Since protein consti-
tutes 50-60 percent of the dry matter In these
cells, they could be fed to nonrumlnant
livestock as a protein source. The thermophlllc
temperatures should have Killed most of the
pathogenic organisms. Evaluation of such
cells as protein sources for chicks Is now under
study. The kinetics of bacterial growth are still
under study. Also, the chemical composition
of different organic materials Is being studied
in relation to the efficiency of methane
production. (Merryman-East Central)
4319-A8, All, A12, Bl, C2, E2, E3,
Fl
STORIES MANURE CAN TELL
J. Goldstein
Organic Gardening and Farming, V. 23, No. 7,
p. 92-95, July, 1976. 4 fig.
Keywords: Animal wastes, Refeeding, Land
disposal, Recycling, Feedlots, Copper toxlci-
ty, Drug residues, Locating, Organic farming,
Economics.
Manure may be used as a fairly accurate
mirror to reflect what we are doing well and
what we are not doing well in food production.
Use of such food additives as copper and
medicinal drugs may make animal wastes
unsuitable for refeeding. Production of ani-
mals in such concentrated areas as feedlots
and away from suitable land application areas,
refeeding facilities, or recycling facilities
constitutes another problem. These problems
are getting so intense that one research study
after another is citing the need to "break up
the animal factories". Operators of large
livestock production units are Interested In
disposing of high rates of animal wastes at
minimal expense while some scientists are
concerned about the effect of these rates on
the environment. Harmful effects from large
accumulations of manure on cropland include:
(1) high totat dissolved salts in soil, (2)
nutrient imbalance, (3) excessive nitrate
accumulations in the plants and nitrate
leaching into groundwater, and (4) plants low
m magnesium resulting In forages deficient in
magnesium content for adequate nutrition.
Organic farmers in the midwestern U. S. are
making better use of manure than convention-
al farmers. Average manure-spreading rate
on organic farms is 8 tons/acre compared to 6
tons/acre on conventional farms. Organic
farmers have provided additional plant nutri-
ents through crop rotations involving nitro-
gen-fixing legumes such as alfalfa or clover.
The net result has been that conventional
'arms use almost 3 times as much for
fertilizer, as the organic farms in producing $1
worth of crops. The message from all this
seems to be: Diversify the sources of manure
and improve its quality. Just like our food,
we're better off when manure is produced
closer to our homes and when It contains
fewer additives. Manure is basic to organic
gardening techniques. It is also a key
ingredient for earthworm pits. (Bates-East
Central)
4320-B1, Fl
SEMI-CONFINEMENT
THE COST
AT 1/3
Feedlot Management, Staff Editor
G. Lamp
Feedlot Management, V. 19, No. 7, p. 6-10,
July, 1977. 3 fig.
Keywords: Semi-confinement, Cattle, Costa,
Weather, Waste management.
Tom Prlnz, who has a 2,100-head capacity
semi-confinement feedlot near Weat Point,
Nebraska, has been so satisfied with his
semi-confinement barn that he hopes to build
an additional 125 ft. very soon. Prlnz chose
this type of system In an effort to fight
weather conditions with a minimal cost. The
barn Isa325ft. xSOft. x12ft. structure which
Is an open front protective barn specifically
designed to protect cattle during feeding from
typical Nebraska weather. The shaded con-
finement can comfortably handle nearly
600-head on full feed. Although the barn has a
6 in. slope from the alleyway to the open side,
it still requires regular waste management.
During the winter when cattle tend to remain
inside longer, pens have to be scraped as
often as every 2 weeks. During the summer,
Prlnz can sometimes get by with scraping
pens only a couple of times. The slope of the
barn's cement floor allows the liquid manure
to drain out of the barn, over the lot and to a
diversion area. The diversion area catches the
drainage and lets solids settle. Additional
liquid runoff continues on over a field and
supplies a fertilizer base. When the Initial
barn was built in 1971, It cost $21,700 - about
1/3 of what a confinement unit then cost.
(Merryman-East Central)
4321-B1
WASTE HANDLING: WHICH
MANURE MOVING SYSTEM FOR
YOU?
Anonymous
Dairy Herd Management, V. 14, No. 1, p. 28,
30, 32, 34, 36, 38, Jan., 1977. 2 fig.
Keywords: Dairy Industry, Management,
Manure moving systems
Selection of a dairy housing system Is based
upon local climate, terrain, tradition, and
personal likes and dislikes. Once a housing
system Is selected, the manure handling
system should be considered. If the logical
manure handling systems are not suitable for
the area, then It should be decided whether
changes In the cow management system are
acceptable. The problem of odor production
must also be considered. The following
manure moving systems are described: (1)
The mechanical gutter cleaner or conveyor-a
common transferring device. It can be used
separately as in a stanchion barn or as part of
a more complex system. (2) Tractor mounted
blades, scrapers or buckets—equipment used
for cleaning free stall alleys, concrete feed-
lots, and dirt exercise yards. They also can be
used to clean out properly designed pens and
bedded pack areas. Probably the most
effective and inexpensive scraper combination
is a small utility tractor with a box type
scraper. (3) Alley scraper-a reversible motor
driven endless chain or cable-propelled scrap-
er blade along the free stall or feeding alley.
The speed of these units Is slow enough that
animals readily step over the blade aa It
passes them. Alley scrapers save dally
scraping time and allow more frequent
scraping, thus resulting In cleaner allays. (4)
Large piston pumps—transfer pumps that are
usually Installed below the barn floor and
Include a hopper to receive manure. They are
used In both stanchion and free stall barns. (5)
Hollow piston pumps-large, hollow (vmlv* In)
piston manure pumps with rectangular shap-
ed pistons ranging In sin from B In. x 8 In. to 8
in. x 15 In. The piston Is hollow. Manuw mutt
pass through the piston during t)M pumping
cycle. These pumps are commonly UMd with
free-flowing manure when liquid storage Is
planned. (6) Solid piston pumpt-theM usually
have a round piston about 10 In. In diamatw
with a solid end. The pump Is InMalM
horizontally at the bottom of a concrete ptt
with the receiving hopper above It. The fact
that the manure does not have to go through a
piston or around connecting rods make* this
pump well suited for use with manure that
contains a lot of bedding or long straw and
hay. (Merryman-East Central)
4322-A1, B2, B5, C2, £2, Fl
THERE'S MONEY IN MANU1E IF
HANDLED RIGHT
R. H. Robson
Canadian Dairy Farmer, p. 4-7, March, 1974.
4 fig., 2 tab.
Keywords: Dairy wastes, Fertilizers, Land
disposal, Liquid wastes, Crop response, Corn,
Wheat, Management, Slatted floors, Pollu-
tion, Economics, Nutrients.
Basically, the dairyman has a choice of 3
systems of waste management: (a) liquid
storage, (b) dairy spreading of solid of
semi-solid manure and (c) winter storage, plut
daily spreading during the summer months.
Emphasis on pollution control and the public's
sensitivity to farm smells caused Stan Kogut
of Hagersvllle, Ontario to weigh carefully the
selection of a manure handling system. Stan
incorporated many of his own Ideas Into the
construction of his 150-cow free stall dairy
barn. Part of the construction Included a liquid
manure handling system based on the slatted
floor principal. The system holds 8 months
manure. Stan Is now making money from
manure, and because he followed closely the
Agricultural Code of Practice, he can relax In
the knowledge that his cows do not In any way
contribute to a pollution problem. From an
economic point of view, the main considera-
tion In choosing a waste management system
is: Does the manure have sufficient nutrient
value to pay for Its use as a fertilizer and pay
for Its handling costs. As In all farm
situations, the method of manure handling Is
going to have to fit the needs of the dairyman
under his conditions and management. Stan
utilizes his dairy wastes In the fall by
spreading It on his winter crop and In the
spring by spreading It on his corn land. Stan
figures that, based on available research
figures, the value of his dairy manure Is about
$5,000 annually. This minus annual handling
costs of $3,664.00 gives a margin on the plut
side of Just over $1,000. (Merryman - East
Central)
4323-A6, A7, Bl, C2, Dl, D3, E2,
F2
CONTROL OF GASES AND OH-
ORS FROM LIVESTOCK TOOTS
Dapartmont of Agricultural EngInserlng, Qhto
Agriculturo Research and Davalopmant Cen-
ter and Ohio Stole University, Columbus,
Ohio 43210
R. K. Whits
Proceedings, Soil Conservation Soelety of
America, p. 34-37, 1973. 3 fig., 1 tsb., 1® rat.
Keywords: Air pollution, Qmm, Oxter, LagaJ
-------
aspects, Management, Confinement pens,
Aeration, Ventilation, Land spreading.
An Increase In the number of confined
livestock operations has been accompanied by
an increase In air pollution problems - gases
and odors. Law suits have been brought
successfully against livestock producers be-
cause of odor nuisances. This accentuates the
need for odor control. The odor pollution
potential of a livestock production operation Is
affected by the number and kind of animal,
the type of housing or lack of housing, the
manure handling system, the manure disposal
system, and the weather. Environmental
parameters that affect gas and odor produc-
tion are temperature, pH, moisture content,
and oxygen concentration. Increase in temper-
ature, dilution of wastes, and Increase in fatty
acids generates more odor. Aeration virtually
eliminates odor production. The principle
gases generated in manure handling are
hydrogen sulflde, ammonia, carbon dioxide,
and methane. Gases and odors that occur in
confinement buildings, in exhausted air from
such buildings, and in field spreading of
manure should be controlled. Odor within
confinement buildings may be controlled by
dally removal of manure. If the manure is
stored in pits beneath slatted floors or cages,
odors and gases can be controlled by
exhausting the ventilation air from beneath
the slats and cages. When odorous air is
exhausted from livestock buildings through
openings on the side of the building, near the
ground level, little dispersion of the odors
occurs unless there Is a "brisk" wind. To
overcome this, some producers have exhaust-
ed the gases and odorous air through stacks
above the building, where air currents can
disperse them. Since aeration controls odor,
aerobic techniques such as the oxidation
ditch, aerobic lagoon, or composting may be
employed. When wastes are being land
spread, it is best to spread in the morning and
when there is a slight breeze to disperse the
odors. (Merryman-East Central)
4324-A1, B2, Cl, C2, D3, E2
DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR ANI-
MAL WASTE TREATMENT LA-
GOONS
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
L. B. Baldwin and R. A. Nordstedt
Paper No. SE71-214. American Society of
Agricultural Engineers. Southeast Roni^nai
Meeting, Jacksonville, Florida, 1971, 23 p. 5
fig , 4 tab., 5 ref.
Keywords: Dairy wastes. Design, Lagoons,
Land application, Florida, Chemical proper-
ties, Physical properties
On large dairies in Florida, the need to contain
wastes required the development of some
design guidelines prior to accumutating data
from research projects with various systems.
Criteria for lagoon designs are now in use
which are acceptable to the regulatory
agencies, subject to change as shown by
research The criteria rely heavily on engin-
eering judgement and experience for the
design of systems which pose a minimum
pollution and which are economically feasible
Recommendations are based upon the return
of wastes to the soil-plant system In treating
the wastes, the protection of ground water,
avoiding high odor emission, and maintaining
a viable soil-plant system for nutrient uptake
was needed. Careful analysis is needed in the
design if animal waste management The
means of final dispersal to the soil is the most
significant component of the waste handling
system. To offset the lack of regular, periodic
attention and malntenance.some degree of
automation Is generally necessary. Unbal-
anced or continuous application of waste to a
portion of the receiving soil-plant system Is to
be avoided. (Rowe-East Central)
4325-A11, B2, B3, B5, C2, D2, E2,
E3
THE POTENTIAL TOXICITY OF
COPPER-RICH ANIMAL EXCRE-
TA TO SHEEP
Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH17
7JH, Scotland
N. F. Suttleand J. Price
Animal Production, V. 23, Pt. 2, p. 233-241,
1976. 2 fig., 1 tab., 19 ref.
Keywords: Refeeding, Copper toxlclty,
Sheep, Land application, Crop response,
Slurries, Dried poultry wastes.
1. The true availability of Cu In animal excreta
and pasture dressed with excreta was assess-
ed In three experiments from the responses In
plasma Cu concentration of Initially hypocu-
praemic ewes repleted with diets containing
different Cu sources. 2. Herbage from a sward
treated with Cu-rlch pig slurry contained a
larger proportion of available Cu than
untreated herbage (0.058 vs. 0.047; P<,0.05,
Experiment 1). Herbage Cu content was also
increased from 7.3 to a maximum of 10.2 mg
Cu/kg DM by slurry application. 3. Availabili-
ty of Cu In dried pig slurry (DPS) and Cu
sulphate was similar and lowered from 0.068
to 0.040 In both sources by Increasing the
sulphur content of the diet from 1 g/kg In
Experiment 3 to 3 g/kg in Experiment 2.
Availability of Cu In dried poultry waste
(DPW) was greater than that In DPS (P 0.05).
4. Treatment with ethylene dlamlne tetracetlc
acid extracted 64.3 percent and 78.3 percent
of the Cu In DPW and DPS, respectively. 5.
The Cu toxlclty hazard associated with the
recycling of animal excreta of high Cu content
Is discussed. (Copyright 1976-Anlmal Produc-
tion)
4326-A10,Bl
HYMENOPTEROUS PARASIT-
OIDS ASSOCIATED WITH POUL-
TRY MANURE
Department of Entomology and Economic
Zoology, Clemson University, Clemson, South
Carolina 29631
J. R. Abies and M. Shepard
Environmental Entomology, V. 3, No. 5, p.
884-886, Oct. 15, 1974. 1 fig., 11 ref.
Keywords: Fly control, Parasltolds, Poultry
wastes, South Carolina.
Resistance to Insecticides by the house fly
(Musca domestics L.) and concern for chemi-
cal residues In the environment have resulted
in Increased emphasis on biological control of
synanthropic flies. Entomologists In California
began a search for Indigenous and exotic
parasltolds of files in the early 1980's; Legner
and Poorbaugh (1972) reviewed the current
developments In biological control of files and
the results of parasite Importation and
release. Studies of biological control were
mainly confined to subtropical regions (I.e.,
southern California and Florida). However,
Mourler (1971) monitored seasonal occurrence
of house fly parasltolds In Denmark. Little Is
known of the parasltold fauna associated with
poultry manure In the southeastern United
States although Combs and Hoelscher (1989)
reported several parasltolds attacking the
horn fly, Haematob/a Irrltana (L.), In Mississ-
ippi. We report here the occurrence and
relative abundance of Indigenous hymenop-
terous parasltolds of house files and other
parasltolds found on 2 poultry farms In
western South Carolina. (Copyright 1974-En-
vlronmental Entomology)
4327-B3, Cl, C2, D2, D3, E3
PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA
SYNTHESIS GAS FROM MAN-
URE IN A CYCLONIC BURNER
Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas
Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
I. J. Natour, H. W. Parker, and J. E. Halllgan
Paper presented at 79th National Meeting of
the American Institute of Chemical Engi-
neers, Houston, Texas, March 16-20, 1975, 22
p. 7 fig., 2 tab., 10 ref.
Keywords: Recycling, Cattle manure, Am-
monia, Hydrogen, Cyclonic burner, Waste
treatment, Temperature, Physical properties,
Chemical properties, Char.
A small scale air-fired.cyclonic burner was
constructed and operated to partially oxidize
pulverized cattle manure without external
heat or added fuel. The effect of Increased
reaction temperature, which was studied from
1110°F to 1480^, showed that if sufficient heat
transfer between entering and exiting streams
is achieved, and the product gas shifted and
reformed, the projected ultimate hydrogen
yield will range from 7.2 to 13.8 standard
cubic feet per pound of ash-free dry manure.
(Natour-Texas Tech University)
4328-B2, B4, B5, C2, E2
DAIRY WASTE-FIELD APPLICA-
TION STILL BEST
Anonymous
Confinement, V. 2, No. 6, p. 19, June, 1977.
Keywords: Dairy wastes, Storage systems,
Liquid wastes, Land application, Nitrogen,
Phosphate, Potash, Agitation, Ventilation.
Vernbn Meyer of Iowa State University feels
that the best manure handling system for
most dairymen Is hauling manure to the field
and incorporating It Into the soil. Storage
options for such wastes include pits Into which
manure in loaded by a tractor and blade or a
mechanical scraper, pits under slotted floors,
above-ground circular liquid storage, and
earthen storage. The manure from 40 milk
cows yields approximately 5920 Ib. of nitrogen
a year, 2800 Ib. of phosphate, and 5560 Ib. of
potash. This is the amount incorporated into
the soil if the manure Is stored In a liquid pit
and Injected when field spread. These same
40 cows would produce about 235,000 gal. of
manure a year. To avoid a phosphate buildup
In the soil, the manure should be spread at
about 4 1500-gal. loads per acre If the same
land Is used each year. When pumping liquid
manure from a pit, the manure should be
agitated so that uniform distribution of the
nutrients would be provided to the soil.
Because agitation can release toxic gases, the
area should be adequately ventilated. (Merry-
man-East Central)
80
-------
4329-A11, El, Cl, C2, E3
USE OF DRIED PAUNCH RESI-
DUE IN RUMINANT DD3TS
Anonymous
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, V. 55,
No. 3, p. 471-472, Sept., 1975.
Keywords: Paunch manure, Refeedlng,
Sheep, Cattle, Digestibility, Performance,
Chemical properties, Physical Properties.
A study was conducted to assess the
digestibility of dried paunch residue (DPR) by
sheep and Its acceptance as a major compon-
ent of the diet of beef cattle. The digestibility
trial was conducted using 4 sheep with DPR as
their entire diet. The DPR contained 94.6
percent dry matter, 14 percent protein, 31.7
percent acid detergent fiber, 1.13 percent
calcium, 0.79 percent phosphorus, 8.4 percent
ash, and 12.3 percent ether extract. The sheep
were fed the DPR for 3 weeks and total
collections of feces were made for the final 7
days. In the DPR, 52.7 percent t 2.54 of the
dry matter and 66.2 percent £ 4.53 of the
protein were digestible. When testing the
acceptability of DPR as a malor component of
the diet of steers, 24 steers were divided Into 3
uniform groups and fed diets of 70:30, 80:20,
or 90:10 DPR and alfalfa cubes. Total feed
Intake was greatest by steers fed the 70
percent DPR diet. However, DPR Intake was
similar by steers fed 70 or 80 percent DPR
diets. Steers fed 70 percent DPR consumed
more alfalfa cubes than those fed the 80
percent DPR diet. There were marked
differences in weight gains of the steers. The
gains of 0.57 and 0.42 kg/head per day by
steers fed the 70 and 80 percent diets were
similar (P> 0.05) and greater than the loss of
-0.10 kg/day by steers fed the 90 percent diet
(PC0.05). The digestible energy of DPR was
found to be 2,670 kcal/kg In the digestibility
trial. The results demonstrated that paunch
residue when cooked and dried can be fed to
cattle. (Merryman-East Central)
4330-A2, A4, AS, Bl, Dl, D3, E2
WASTE DISPOSAL IN BEEF
FEEDLOTS
New Zealand Agricultural Engineering Insti-
tute, Lincoln College, Canterbury, New
Zealand
D. J. Hills
New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, V. 128,
No. 3, p. 33-35, March, 1974. 5 fig.
Keywords: Feedlots, Management, New Zea-
land, Agricultural runoff, Water pollution,
Groundwater pollution, Windrows, Land
spreading, Application rates, Location.
The author explains feedlot management
practices In the United States that could be
adapted In New Zealand. There are two waste
disposal problems associated with feedlot
waste disposal, removal and disposal of
manure, and the possible water pollution of
streams, lakes, and groundwater when rain-
fall runoff comes In contact with the manure.
The manure should be rationed on the feedlot
surface so that biological decomposition and
drying process will reduce the quantity and
Improve Its characteristics. Then the waste
should be removed from the feedlot surface
mechanically once or twice a year and
stockpiled or wlndrowed. The next step Is to
transport It to and spread It on farm land, not
so much for Its fertilizer value, but because
land disposal Is a low-cost method of disposal.
One acre of crop land can safely use 10 tons of
dry manure a year. The management of
feedlot runoff depends on the hydrology and
topography of the location of the feedlot. Care
must be taken so that runoff from outside the
feedlot will not flow Into the feedlot. Rain
falling Into the feedlot should be collected In
drain ditches, pass through a settling basin
and be stored In a detention pond. This stored
runoff should be spread on crop land before
the next storm. The location of a feedlot farm
should be about 3 miles from urban area, at
least 1 mile from a housing development and
0.5 miles from the nearest residence. (Solid
Waste Information Retrieval System)
4331-C1, C2, D2, E3, F3
AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS
FROM MANURE
K. L. Herzog
M. S. Thesis, Texas Tech University, Dec.,
1973, 50 p. 7 fig., 5 tab., 38 ref.
Keywords: Oxidation, Fluldlzed bed reactor,
Recycling, Equipment, Design, Hydrogen,
Gases, Char, Chemical Properties, Physical
properties, Ammonia synthesis gas.
Continuous partial oxidations of manure were
conducted In a bench-scale study using a
small fluldlzed bed reactor to determine
reaction products and yields and to Investigate
the feasibility of such a process. It was found
that partial oxidation of cattle manure, If
followed by desulfurizatlon and reforming
steps, can result in a gas suitable for the
synthesis of ammonia. In raising the tempera-
ture of the partial oxidation reaction, Increas-
ed yields of gases which are sources of
hydrogen may be obtained. The upper limit to
this gas production was not seen, but the
ammonia equivalent of manure was shown to
be In excess of 0.5 ton NhU per ton of dry,
ash-free animal waste. Tentative energy
balances indicate that the partial oxidation
step of a synthesis gas from manure process
would require the addition of little or no
chemical and latent energy. However, sensi-
ble energy conservation would be required to
make the step adlabatlc unless the energy In
the char were to be recovered. (Merryman-
East Central)
4332-B5, C2, E2, F3
USING ORGANIC WASTES AS
NITROGEN FERTILIZERS
Department of Soil Science, University of
California, Riverside, California
P. F. Pratt, F. E. Broadbent, and J. P. Martin
California Agriculture, p. 10-13, June, 1973. 2
fig., 3 tab.
Keywords: Organic wastes, Land application,
Application rates, Decay series, Mineraliza-
tion, Nitrogen, Crop response, Constant Input
approach, Constant output approach.
This study proposes an approach for long-
term utilization of organics as nitrogen
sources. The rate of mineralization Is the key
to the rate of application of any given
material. The yearly rates of mineralization
are expressed as a series of fractional
mineralizations of any given application, or
the residual of that application. These are
referred to as a decay series. A "constant
Input" approach may be taken In applying
organic materials. This means that calcula-
tions are made for the expected yearly
nitrogen mineralized for given combinations
of decay series and constant rates of annual
application of organic material. Because there
is a gradual Increase in yearly mineralization.
as the residual organic nitrogen In the soil
Increases, constant rates of application of
most organic nitrogen sources are not
desirable. If a constant rate that will build up
to the desired yearly mineralization Is being
used, It can be supplemented with Inorganic
sources until the organic source can supply all
that is needed. The "constant output"
approach Is another alternative. The objective
of this approach Is to detetmlne the amounts
of any given materials required per year to
maintain given yearly rates of mineralization.
If Inorganic sources of nitrogen were to be
completely replaced by organic sources for a
given cropping system, this constant output
approach would be much more desirable than
the constant input approach. However, the
limitations of the constant output approach
might be the soluble salts that are added with
the high rates of organics required during the
first few years. In some moderately saline
soils, the Increment of salt added with the
manure might be sufficient to reduce yields
during the first tew years. (Merryman-East
Central)
4333-A6, All, A12, Bl, C3, E3, Fl
USE OF AGRICULTURE WASTES
IN AOUACULTURE
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana
S. P. Meyers
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 11, p. 34, 50, March 14,
1977. 1 tab.
Keywords: Aquaculture, Fish, Feeds, Organic
wastes, Performance, Costs, Sewage, Odor,
Pathogens.
During the past three years at the Fish and
Aquaculture Research Station, Dor, Israel,
organic wastes (fluid cow manure containing
urine and feces) have been used In fish ponds
to replace part or all supplemental feeding.
These experiments were developed both
under controlled conditions In 400 sq. meter
ponds as well as normal operating conditions
in commercial fish ponds ranging in size from
0.5 to 10 hectares. The addition of such
organic wastes to fish ponds resulted in a
significant Increase In natural productivity.
Use of organic wastes brought large Increases
in fish yield per unit area of pond along with
notable decreases in the feed conversion
coefficient. Stocking a range of fish that
occupy different ecological niches in the pond
improved both the use and efficiency of food
conversion and utilization of uneaten food and
fish droppings. Feeding organic wastes was
calculated to cost about 10 percent of the price
of conventional feeding. Basic mlcrobial
decomposition, especially in terms of such
things as dissolved oxygen depletion which
can cause fish kills, must be studied and
monitored. In related studies, the utilization
of human sewage in fish ponds for fish
production was followed by a "flush out"
period in which fish were removed and put
into fresh water ponds so that any residual
objectionable odors and pathogens could be
removed. The entire fish culture/sewage
treatment system was observed to be a
symbiotic relationship, with the fish Improv-
ing the treatment of sewage waste and the
sewage increasing yield of fish. It Is thus
observed that disposal of organic wastes may
be changed from a potential for pollution into
a source of valuable and profitable proteins.
(Merryman-East Central)
81
-------
4334-B1, Dl, D2, D3, El, E3, Fl
UTILIZATION OF LIVESTOCK
WASTES: ALTERNATIVE
TREATMENTS AND PRODUCTS
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
H. C. Kim and D. L Day
Illinois Research, V. 19, No. 1, p. 10-11,
Spring, 1977. 1 fig.
Keywords: Recycling, Physical treatment,
Chemical treatment, Biological treatment,
Land spreading,Fertilizers, Refeedlng, Hy-
droponics, Composting, Aerobic digestion,
Anaerobic digestion, Ensiling, Dehydration,
Fractionation, Hydrogenatlon, Pyrolysls, Ex-
traction, Chemical preservation, Enzymatic
hydolysis, Energy, Economics.
Many products can be obtained from livestock
wastes. Each product probably determines, or
Is determined by, the type of facility, the
method of collecting and handling wastes, the
kind of animal, and the desired method of
utilization. Animal wastes may be treated
biologically, chemically, or physically. Blolog-
jcal alternatives Include: land spreading as a
fertilizer and soil builder, hydroponlc culture,
composting, aerobic digestion (as in oxidation
ditches), anaerobic digestion, and ensiling.
Resulting products, depending on type of
treatment, may be used as soil fertilizers
and/or conditioners or for refeedlng. Physical
treatments that have been employed are
dehydration and fractlonatlon. Products from
these processes have been used for refeedlng.
The residue fraction from fractlonatlon can be
pressed Into flberboard-llke products. Two
chemical treatments that have been used In
converting bovine waste to oil and gas energy
are hydrogenatlon and pyrolysls. Another
chemical method, extraction, has been stud-
led as a means of recovering a protein-rich
food supplement from livestock wastes.
Chemical preservation has also been used to
recycle animal manure as a food supplement.
The cnemlcal process of enzymatic hydrolysis
has resulted In up to 230 milligrams of glucose
equivalents of reducing sugar per gram of
manure. Four common treatments were
analyzed In terms of energy and monetary
budgets, assuming hypothetical facilities that
market 4,000 hogs a year. The use of manure
for fertilizer was found least expensive. This
was followed by anaerobic digestion for
methane gas, oxidation ditch for the produc-
tion of single cell protein, and dehydration for
feed supplement. (Merryman-East Central)
4335-A11, B3, D3, E3
UTILIZATION OF SUNFLOWER
SILAGE, SUNFLOWER HULLS
WITH POULTRY LITTER AND
SUNFLOWER HULLS MIXED
WITH CORN SILAGE FOR
GROWING DAIRY ANIMALS
University of Minnesota, Crookston, Minn-
esota
G. D. Marx
Presented at the 72nd Annual Meeting of the
American Dairy Science Association, Iowa
State University, Ames, June 26-29,1977, 6 p
8 tab.
Keywords: Silage, Sunflowers, Poultry litter,
Ensiling, Holsteln cattle, Performance.
Three University of Minnesota experiments
were conducted to compare the value of
sunflowers and by-products of sunflower
processing for cattle feed. All feedstuff* were
Individually sampled each weekend compost-
ed each month for analyses. Animals were
weighed monthly. In trial I, 38 Holsteln
steers were divided Into 2 equal lots with one
lot receiving whole plant sunflower silage and
the other receiving alfalfa haylage. Each lot
was fed 8 Ib. of ground barley per head plus
all the silage they would consume. Animals
fed the sunflower silage gained .97 kg dally
and those on the alfalfa haylage gained 1.05
kg/day. Total dry matter feed Intake was
similar In both groups. In trial II, 34 Holsteln
steers were divided Into 2 equal lots with one
receiving unlimited amounts of ensiled poul-
try litter and sunflower hulls and the other
receiving unlimited amounts of alfalfa hay-
lage. Both lots received 10 Ib. of barley/head/
day. Trace mineral salt and dlcalclum phos-
phate minerals were supplemented. Body
weight gains were significantly less (P<.05) In
the group fed the sunflower hull-poultry litter
mixture. Total dry matter Intake was only
slightly less for the sunflower hull-poultry
litter silage group. In trial III, a steer and
heifer group on a mixture of half sunflower
hulls and half corn silage on an as fed basis
was compared with control groups receiving
all corn silage as the forage portion ofthe
ration. In addition, all steers on both forage
rations received 10 Ib. of barley per head
dally. Heifers fed the sunflower hulls-corn
silage mixture received 3 Ib barley pe head
dally. Heifers fed the sunflower hulls-corn
silage mixture received 3 Ib barley per head
supplemented with urea at 2.5 kg/MT 5
Ib/ton). No barley was fed to the heifers on
the all corn silage ration. Trace minerals, salt,
and dlcalclum phosphate, and vitamins A and
D were supplemented to all groups. Three of
the heifers developed impacted abomasums.
All heifers were removed from the experi-
ments on Nov. 23 with no additional
subsequent problems resulting from the
previous ration on the remaining yearling
heifers. Steers remained on the trial for 90
days with no III effects. Animals fed the
sunflower hull-corn silage and barley mixture
consumed less feed and gained significantly
less (P <.05) than the group fed corn silage
and barley. (Albertson-East Central)
4336-B2, D3, E3
BUILDING A BIO-GAS PLANT
R. B. Singh
Compost Science, p. 12-16, March-April,
1972. 1 fig., 1 tab.
Keywords: Bio-gas plants, Design, Liquid
wastes, Agitation, Heating, Circulating, Di-
gestion, Gases.
Five bio-gas plants are presented which
exemplify the range of plants available. They
draw on construction techniques used on gas
plants In many areas of the world. All of the
systems have been successfully operated.
They all share In common some means of
heating, or at least effective circulation of the
slurry, and basic simplicity of operation. Some
are more sophisticated In design and will
require somewhat more care In construction
and operation while others are simple and
will give excellent results with a minimum of
attention. The five dlgestors are: (1) Single
stage, double chamber small bio-gas plant -
an underground tank that produces about 100
eft gas/day from 5 cows. (2) Two-stage
digester - a two-chamber underground dlges-
tor for use with 50 or more cows. (3) Large
single stage plant - a very large underground
bio-gas plant that provides the thoroughness
of the two-stage plant In the compactness of a
single dlgestor. (4) Single stage multiple
dlgestor plant an above ground tank
requiring heating. (5) Vegetable digesting gas
plant a small plant which Is simple In
construction. Size Is determined by amount of
vegetable accumulated In 2 months. Design
and operating criteria are given for all these
plants. (Bates-East Central)
4337-B1, Cl, C2
FEED INTAKE AND MANURE
SOLIDS FROM LACTATING HOL-
STEIN COWS
Washington State University, Pullman, Wash-
ington 99183
M. H. Ehlers, D. F. Bezdlcek, R. E.
Hermanson, and R. W. Wallenlus
Paper presented at 72nd Annual Meeting,
American Dairy Science Association, Iowa
State University, Ames, June 28-29,1977, 4 p.
2 tab.
Keywords: Dairy cattle, Feed intake, Manure
solids, Total solids, Nitrogen, Milk, Manure.
Research was done to relate dry matter or
total solids supplied In feed and In bedding
and nitrogen In feed with total solids and
nitrogen In milk and with total solids and
nitrogen In collectable manure for a Holsteln
herd having high milk yield. Young Holsteln
cows In all stages of lactation (except dry)
were group fed roughage and Individually fed
concentrate. The cows were housed In free
stalls and fed at fence-row feeders and at lot
bunkers. Milking parlor wastes drained to a
collectlna tank. The tank liquid was circulated
daily by pump through a sump Into which free
stall and lot manure was tractor scraped.
Exterior lot rain also drained manure to the
collecting tank. Tank contents were emptied
dally Into a lagoon. Manure values were
determined by weekly sampling of 24 tir. tank
contents. Observed bedding usage and esti-
mated feed loss accounted Tor 22 percent of
the total solids In collectable manure (compos-
ed of milking parlor waste, tractor scrapings,
and rain drainage). Excreta solids exceeded
estlmeted amounts. Study results are tabula-
ted. (Merryman-East Central)
4338-A4, All, B3, C2, C3, Dl, E3
DRIED CATTLE PAUNCH MAN-
URE AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT
FOR CHANNEL CATFISH
Environmental Protection Agency, Robert S.
Kerr Water Research Center, Ada, Oklahoma
74820
S. C. Yin, R. C. Summerfelt, and A. K.
Andrews
Proceedings, Oklahoma Industrial Wastes and
Advanced Water Confacence, V. 23, p. 75-82,
1972. 1 fig., 1 tab., 9 ret.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Dried paunch manure,
Catfish, Drying, Storing, Bacteria.
This report describes some of the preliminary
work done with paunch manure prior to
launching a full-scale experiment to test the
feasibility of using dried paunch as a feed
supplement In channel catfish culture. Data
concerning actual time requirements for
successful drying- were Inclusive, but the
paunch was air dried successfully and It was
found that the dehydrated product could be
stored for months without spoilage. While
dried paunch Incorporated Into fish feed
conceivably could become a serious water
pollutant, If the amount of feed given each day
Is based on a certain percentage (usually 2-3
82
-------
percent) of the body weight of the flah such
pollution Is not likely. The feed should be
consumed by the fish within a short period of
time. However, In a suspended cage culture
situation, the pellets may eventually drift out
of the confines of the cage where the fish
cannot reach them. If that should happen, the
dried paunch In the feed would definitely
pollute the water, depleting the dissolved
oxygen to the detriment of the fish. Studies
will be done to provide an answer to this
problem. No Salmonellae were Isolated from
the fresh paunch and It was decided that this
was probably due to the paunch's low pH.
Because of the low pH, the material may be
safe from contamination by pathogenic bacter-
ia; however, this must be verified. Catfish
studies to be conducted at Oklahoma State
University are expected to produce reliable
and conclusive Information on whether dried
paunch Is suitable as a feed supplement In
channel catfish culture. (Rowe - East Central)
4339-A5, AS, C2, C3, E2
WASTEWATER RESEARCH EX-
PANDS
C. Woods
Sunshine State Agricultural Research Report,
V. 17, No. 5-6, p. 3, 4, Nov.-Dec., 1972. 3 fig.
Keywords: Municipal wastes, Sewage, Land
disposal, Forages, Crop response, Sprinkler
Irrigation, Groundwater quality, Sampling,
Chemical properties, Biological properties.
A $98,100 grant from the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency has been awarded to the
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences to
test a new method of recycling municipal
sewage water through farmland. A major goal
of the research Is to demonstrate the
feasibility of discharging about 2Vi million
gallons of effluent from the Tallahassee
Southwest Wastewater Treatment Plant over
farmland through a sprinkler-Irrigation sys-
tem. The research is also attempting to
determine the response of forage crops (oats,
rye, Ryegrass, sorghum, kenaf, corn millet
and coastal bermudagrass) to various applica-
tion rates and frequencies—ranging from 1 to 8
Inches/week. Plant and soil samples will be
collected from each test plot for analysis.
Plant responses to nutrients In wastewater,
efficiency of removal, and forage quality for
animal feed will be checked. Wells will be
installed to monitor changes In the chemical
and bacteriological levels of groundwater.
Emphasis will be placed on developing
operational guidelines from this type of
sewage disposal system. Other IFAS research
is being done on a similar wastewater system
In cooperation with Disney World and a
sprinkler irrigation system for animal wastes
Is being tested at the University's Dairy
Research Unit. (Bates-East Central)
4340-A1, Bl, E2, F4
CAST REVIEWS USDA WASTE
MANUAL
Anonymous
Confinement, V. 2, No. 6, p. 17, June, 1977.
Keywords: Manuals, Land application, Guide-
lines, Environmental effects, Waste manage-
ment.
A 208-page manual for evaluating the
agronomic and environmental effects of
applying animal waste to crop and pasture-
land and for developing management guide-
lines was prepared by 7 scientists represent-
ing the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It was
reviewed by the Council for Agricultural
Science and Technology (CAST). The CAST
reviewers consisted of 14 sclentsts with
collective expertise In agricultural economics,
agricultural engineering, agronomy, animal
science, chemical engineering, meteorology,
sanitary engineering, and soil science. The
CAST Task Force felt that the authors of the
manual had done a commendable job.
However, the reviewers did suggest that the
exact Information that was presented, appar-
ently to facilitate utilization of the worksheets,
could divert attention from basic principles
which are so Important to tailor Information
for local conditions. More attention should
have been directed to the effect animal
production units may have on presented
values. Inclusion of value ranges appropriate
for different pretreatment, management of
conservation techniques would be desirable to
provide an Indication of the potential range of
answers. The CAST reviewers stated, "To
exclude any of the excel lent Information In the
manual would seem Inappropriate. Continual
emphasis on proper use of the data Is needed,
however, to ensure that the excellent work In
the document Is not misused and does not
become counter-productive." Once the man-
ual Is revised, It will be released jointly by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture and the
Environmental Protection Agency. (Rowe-
East Central)
4341-B1, E2
LONG TERM MANURE STOR-
AGE
H. L. Brodle
Cow Moos, p. 15, May-June, 1977.
Keywords: Waste storage, Fertilizers, Land
spreading, Time, Labor.
Maryland farmers are cautioned to reconsider
long term manure storage unless they are
prepared to invest considerable time and
money. Consider that for 100 cows 12 months
storage of manure would require a storage
volume of 91,250 cubic feet (assuming waste
production of two cu. ft./cow/day plus
one-half cu. ft./cow/day of water to allow
handling manure as a liquid) or two 62 ft.
diameter covered tanks with 16 ft. of storage
depth. The farmer would then want to plow
the manure under just before planting In order
to make the best use of the fertilizers. This
would take a 2000-gal. capacity manure
spreader 342 spreader loads (91,250 cu. ft. =
684,375 gals). Assuming each load would
require 15 minutes with continuous operation
using one tractor to agitate, one spreader and
field tractor and one man, the spreading
would take 86 hrs. (assuming no downtime).
In order to make long term storage pay, the
farmer has to be prepared to empty storage
and spread manure at the very time of the
year when he Is hardest pressed to get crops
planted. (Bates-East Central)
4342-B1, B4, B5, C2, E2
C+P+SfHA = -N or WHY POOR
WASTE MANAGEMENT COSTS
YOU MONEY
University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
G. L. Goranson and C. B. Gllbertson
Confinement, V. 2, No. 6, p. 11, June, 1977. 3
tab.
Keywords: Livestock wastes, Poultry wastes,
Fertilizers, Land application, Nutrients, Eco-
nomics, Waste handling, Waste storage.
The high cost of commercial fertilizer and
serious environmental pollution problems
make the use of manure as a resource a
necessity. Nitrogen Is the most Important
single fertilizer element In livestock and
poultry wastes. Because some nitrogen Is lost
to the air by volatilization before the wastes
are collected (by use of poor methods of
waste processing, storage, transport, and
application), 50 percent of the available
nitrogen Is lost. If nitrogen losses could be
reduced by 20 percent, more than .6 million
tons of N would be available for cropland
application. The sooner wastes are collected
and applied to cropland the better. Extended
storage decreases manure's nitrogen content.
When storage Is necessary, dry storage Is the
best way. The moisture content of the wastes
available la very Important when related to
land application. The more moisture In the
residue, the greater the quantity that must be
hauled to the field to provide adequate
fertilizer. Before applying manure, allowances
must be made for the type of crop grown and
the amount of nitrogen already available In
the soil. (Albertson-East Central)
4343-A9, AW, Bl
AUTOMATIC FLY CONTROL
Anonymous
Confinement, V. 2, No. 5, p. 11, May, 1977. 1
fig.
Keywords: Fly control, Poultry farm, Accu-
dose*> Aerosols, Pyrethrlns.
Accudose*, a new fly-control system, was
developed by Grady Query of Cessco, Inc.,
Charlotte, North Carolina. AccudoseA Is a
permanently Installed aerosol system that
Instantly smothers the area with an ultra-low
dose of synerglzed pyrethrlns. The aerosol Is
applied for less than 20 seconds once a day —
between 2 a.m. and 3 a.m., when most of the
flies have entered the house and bedded down
for the night. Application Is simultaneous
throughout the system, so the files cannot
escape the Insecticide. The system, which Is
comprised of copper tubing serving nozzles
equipped with solenoid valves connected to a
timer, Is pressurized at all times. Bill Renters
of Clarendon Poultry Farm, Manning, South
Carolina, used the system and virtually
eliminated his fly problem from the first day
on. (Rowe-East Central)
4344-BL C2, D3, E3
ANIMAL WASTES AS SUB-
STRATES FOR PROTEIN PRO-
DUCTION
Biological Waste Management Laboratory,
Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute,
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Beltsvllle, Maryland
20705
C. C. Calvert
Federation Proceedings, V. 33, No. 8, p.
1938-1939, Aug., 1974. 25 ref.
Keywords: Animal wastes, Substrates, Pro-
tein production, By-product recovery, Algae,
Yeasts, Fungi, Microorganisms, House fly
larvae, Earthworms, Recycling, Refeedlng.
A review Is given of various systems that
utilize animal waste nitrogen In the production
of protein suitable for either human food or
livestock and poultry feed. The use of algae to
convert manure to a usable feed-grade protein
supplement has received much attention and
83
-------
appears to have the most promise. The
drawbacks to this system are the amount of
space required for such algal ponds, high
capital outlays, and topographic limitations on
pond function and location. It Is probable that
yeasts could also produce protein from
manure. Limitations on the nutritional use of
yeast proteins would be their high nucleic acid
content, gastrointestinal upsets, unpalatabll-
ity, and economics. The systems utilizing
bacteria or mixed cultures of microorganisms
all show some promise In converting waste
nitrogen to protein, but there Is little
published Information available to make a
critical evaluation of the procedures being
used. Fungi, which have been studied
extensively for utilizing carbohydrate wastes
from a number of vegetable canning processes
to produce protein, have been a successful
source for producing protein. It Is felt that
they would also be successful In utilizing
animal wastes as a substrate. Common house
fly larvae and earthworms have been shown to
utilize poultry and dairy cattle manures,
respectively, to produce a usable high protein
feedstuff. A particular advantage of both
procedures Is that one-half of the moisture
and nearly all the odor are removed, leaving a
friable material suitable for use as potting
soils or soil conditioners. Costs of these
operations have not been determined. Protein
yields per ton of manure are quite low. Dried
house fly pupae and adult flies have been
found to be a satisfactory substitute for
soybean meal in the diet of growing chicks.
The nutrient value of earthworms has not
been determined. (Rowe-East Central)
4345-A6, B2, Cl, C2, D3, Fl
AN EVALUATION OF A FULL-
SCALE IN-HOUSE OXIDATION
DITCH FOR POULTRY WASTE
S. P. Nleswand
M. S. Thesis, Cornell University, Jan., 1974,
140 p. 29 fig., 22 tab., 43 ref.
Keywords: Poultry wastes, Waste treatment,
Oxidation ditch, Odor, Costs, Design, Aera-
tion, Ammonia, Total solids, Total volatile
solids, Nitrogen, Chemical oxygen demand.
The operating performance of a full-scale
oxidation ditch for poultry wastes from an egg
production operation is evaluated. Odor
production, pollutlonal characteristics, and
cost of waste handling are considered. It was
found that, while typical anaerobic odors were
controlled, an ammonia odor persisted In the
laying house. Removal of total solids, total
volatile solids, total KJeldahl nitrogen, and
chemical oxygen demand in poultry manure
was as high as 47, 64, 58, and 59 percent,
respectively, using an oxidation ditch for
treatment. Waste handling cost was approxi-
mated to be $.0149 per dozen eggs using
oxidation ditches compared to $.0081 per
dozen eggs without oxidation ditches. It was
found that the system being studied was
under-designed In terms of oxygenatlon
capacity and volumetric loading. Longer
detention times were found to Increase
treatment efficiency. The oxidation ditch was
found to be a feasible alternative for treating
poultry wastes. (Merryman-East Central)
4346-A10
TABULAR KEYS & BIOLOGICAL
NOTES TO COMMON PARASI-
TOIDS OF SYNANTHROPIC DD?-
TERA BREEDING IN ACCUMUL-
ATED ANIMAL WASTES
Department of Entomology, University of
California, Riverside, California 92502
E. F. Legner, I. Moore, and G. S. Olton
Entomological News, V. 87, Nos. 3&4, p.
113-144, March & April, 1978. 20 fig., 108 ref.
Keywords: Animal wastes, Breeding, Medical
entomology, Dlptera, Hymenoptera, Synan-
throplc files, Parasltolds.
A tabular key and short discussion of salient
biological characteristics are given for 9
genera and 14 species of parasitic Insects
commonly found attacking larvae and pupae
of synanthroplc Dlptera In accumulations of
animal wastes. Special Included are Aleo-
chara sp., Tr/choprla sp., Tachlnaephagus
zealand/cus Ashmead, Phygadeuon sp., Stllp-
nus spp., Muscidlfurax raptor Glrault &
Sanders, M. raptorellus Kogan & Legner, M.
sp., nr. raptorellus, M. raptoroidea K. &. L.,
M. unlraotor K. & L.. M raraotor K. & L..
Pachycrepo/deus vlndemlae Rondanl, Spal-
angla cameronl Perkins, S. end/us Walker, S.
longepetiolata Boucek, S. nltra Latrellle, S.
nlgrlpes Curtis, S. nlgroaenea Curtis, and
Sphegigaster sp. Electron photomicrographs
clarify the shape of certain diagnostic charac-
ters. References to other less common
parasitoids, Alysia manducatro (Panzer), Fig-
ites sp., are made; and pertinent literature
references are given. (Copyright 1976
Entomological News)
4347-A6, A7, B2, C2, D2, D3, E3,
Fl
LIVESTOCK ODOR CONTROL
RESEARCH AT THE UNIVER-
SITY OF ILLINOIS
Agricultural Engineering Department, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
D. L. Day, and A. H. Jensen
Paper 74-11-103, Section I. Theme 1, Vlllth
International Congress of Agricultural Engi-
neering, Flevohof, Netherlands, Sept. 23-29,
1974, 6 p. 37 ref.
Keywords: Odor control, Research, Illinois,
Swine wastes, Confinement pens, Gases,
Waste treatment, Chlorine, Hydrated lime,
Oxidation ditch, Flushing, Refeedlng, Aerobic
conditions, Anaerobic conditions, Enzymes,
lonizatlon, Economics.
This paper reports research projects at the
University of Illinois from 1963 to 1973 for
identifying and controlling objectionable gas-
es and odors emanating from swine confine-
ment buildings. The research projects were
the result of cooperative efforts among the
Departments of Agricultural Engineering,
Animal Science, Sanitary Engineering, and
Food Science. The first phase of research was
an exploratory attempt to analyze and Identify
the gases and odors In confinement swine
buldlngs. At normal ventilation rates, the
concentrations of carbon dioxide, hydrogen
sulflde, and ammonia were found to be well
below the threshold limit values for human
industrial occupancy. Treating liquid manure
with chlorine was found to be a successful
odor control method, but It was very
expensive. The use of hydrated lime to raise
the pH controlled hydrogen sulflde but
increased ammonia release. The problems of
chemical treatment led to emphasis on
biological treatment. Oxidation ditches were
found to give successful odor control, but the
power requirement of the mechanical aerators
were found to be a disadvantage. A laboratory
study was therefore conducted to determine
whether odors could be kept to a minimum If
aeration were reduced so that no residual
dissolved oxygen was present. Satisfactory
low odor was achieved by keeping the
oxidation-reduction potential In the ragne of
-300 to -400 mv. and the pH In the rang* of 7.7
to 8.5. It was also found that the refeedlng of
the oxidation ditch mixed liquor gave promise
of a low-odor, low-labor environmentally
acceptable method of livestock watte manage-
ment. Anaerobic digestion of swine wastes
mixed with municipal digester sludge for
controlling odor appeared to be promising.
Odor control by spraying chemicals on the
surface of liquid manure pits at regular
Intervals was unsuccessful. Spraying enzy-
matic materials on the surface of an anaerobic
lagoon was likewise unsuccessful. Another
study determined that wastewater could be
pumped from near a floating surface aerator
for reuse In flushing manure from livestock
buildings. Preliminary results from an Investi-
gation using lonizatlon of swine building
atmospheres for odor control seem encourag-
ing. (Merryman-East Central)
4348-B3, Cl, C2, C3, Dl
AVAILABLE AMEVO ACID CON-
TENT AND MICROBIOLOGICAL
CONDITION OF DRLED POULTRY
MANURE
Microbiology Department, ADAS/MAFF,
Shardlow Hall, Derby DE7, 2GN, England
A. Hacking, M. T. Dervish, and W. R. Rosser
British Poultry Science, V. 18, No. 4, p.
443-448, July, 1977. 3 tab., 14 ref.
Keywords: Poultry excreta, Drying, Chemical
analysis, Nitrogen, Moisture content, Meth-
ionlne, Tryptophan, Leuclne, Waste storage,
Salmonallae, Conform bacteria.
1. Excreta from laying hens, collected at dally
or weekly Intervals, was dried In a commercial
oll-flred drier. Samples were analysed at
monthly Intervals over an 18-month period. 2.
Leaving the excreta for 1 week resulted In a
decrease In nitrogen content from 50.5 g/kg to
54.1 g/kg (P < 0.05) and In the moisture
content from 108.5 g/kg to 83.3 g/Kg (P f
0.05). 3. The mean values of available
methlonlne, tryptophan and leuclne were little
affected by storage and were 0.340, 0.555 and
1.041 g/16 g N, respectively. 4. Salmonella*
were not detected In any sample, conform
bacteria were detected In nine (26 percent)
and anaerobic spore formers In 26 samples
(76 percent). (Copyright 1977 - British Poultry
Science)
4349-B2, C2, D3
LAGOON PRETREATMENTi
SWINE WASTE LOADING RATE
AND RESPONSE* TO LOADING
RATE CHANGE-LABORATORY
SCALE
Biological and Agricultural Engineering De-
partment, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina
M. R. Overcash, F. J. Humenlk and E. S.
Howell
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 20, No. 2, p.
348-352, March-April, 1977. 4 fig., 3 tab., 10
ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Lagoon, Loading
rates, Chemical properties, Ortho-phosphorus
concentration, Chemical oxygen demand,
Total oxldlzable carbon, Total KJeldahl Nitro-
gen.
84
-------
Lagoon loading as a design variable was
tested In an Inclusive range of rates from
0.038-1.35 kg COD/d/cu m. Laboratory units
(14 1) were used with swine waste and
demonstrated an Increasing, nearly linear
relationship of effluent concentration (COD,
TOC, and TKN) with loading rate. Ortho-
phosphorus concentration, elevated at high
loading rates, was attributed to hindered
settling. For a two-fold decrease In residence
time, with constant organic loading, little
change In effluent (supernatant) concentration
was evidenced. An upward change In loading,
similar to Increasing animal llvewelght,
caused an Increased supernatant concentra-
tion (COD, TOC, and TKN) In 70 -100 days. A
decreased loading resulted In rapid re-equlll-
bration of TKN (40 days) but very slow
reduction of COD and TOC levels due to
transfer of the products of sludge degradation
to the supernatant. (Copyright 1977 - Transac-
tions of the ASAE)
4350-B3, Cl, Dl, Fl
DRYING CAGED LAYER WASTE
Agricultural Engineering Department, Uni-
versity of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
J. M. Allison and G. R. Bishop
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 20, No. 2, p.
390-392, March-April, 1977. 3 fig., 3 tab., 6
ref.
Keywords: Model studies, Poultry wastes,
Deep pits, Ventilation, Moisture content,
Electrical underheat, Economics.
A model study of the management of poultry
waste in deep-pits Indicated that It Is possible
for well distributed forced ventilation to
remove nearly as much moisture from caged
layer waste as does forced ventilation In
combjnation with electrical underheat. The
energy required for the electrical underheat
cannot be economically justified. (Copyright
1977 Transactions of the ASAE)
4351-A9, AW, Bl, C2, C3, D2
EVHD3ITION OF LARVAL HORN
FLY DEVELOPMENT IN THE
MANURE OF BOVINES FED DIM-
ILIN^ MINERAL BLOCKS
Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station,
Tifton, Georgia 31794
R. W. Barker and R. L. Jones
Journal of Economic Entomology, V. 69, No.
4, p. 441-443, 1976. 1 fig., 1 tab., 4 ref.
Keywords: Feed additives, Fly control, Cattle
manure, Mineral blocks, IGR Dlmilln®
In field tests, the IGR Dimlllnflj [N-(4-chloro-
phenyl) - N' (2,6-dlfluorobenzoyl) urea]
inhibited development of larvae of Haemato-
bia Irr/tans (L.) In feces of bovines that
consumed mineral blocks containing 0.1 and
0.05 percent of Dlmilln. Herds given the 0.1
and 0.05 percent mineral blocks consumed
36.5 and 26.8 mg Al/anlmal/day, respective-
ly. Residue analysis of manure indicated that
horn fly larvae were sensitive to concentra-
tions of 0.13-0.52 ppm of Dimllln In the
manure. Also, horn fly bloassay data showed
larval development was inhibited 75 and 83
percent In manure of bovines that consumed
the 0.05 and 0.1 percent mineral blocks,
respectively. (Copyright 1976 Journal of
Economic Entomology)
4352-B2, B4, B5, E2, Fl
UNDERGROUND SILOS FOR LI-
QUID MANURE
Staff Editor, Dairy Herd Management
G. Ashfleld
Dairy Herd Management, V. 10, No. 12, p.
10-12, Dec., 1973. 5 fig.
Keywords: Dairy wastes, Waste storage,
Silos, Land application, Economics.
Heath Farms of Tony, Wisconsin, has
developed a new concept In waste handling
and storage which makes effective use of
available construction material. Two silos are
above-ground and used In storing feed for
dairy animals. Five other silos are completely
underground, are partially covered by the
dairy free-stall and milking parlor facility, and
serve as waste holding tanks. The 4 main silos
can hold up to 100,000 gallons of manure each
and will fill to capacity In 8 months. The fifth
silo pit which Is burled beside the milking
parlor end catches all the mllkhouse wastes,
has a 50,000 gallon capacity and will fill up in
about 6 months. A trap door outside the
building allows access to each silo and
facilitates agitation and removal of wastes.
The manure Is spread at six-month Intervals,
utilizing a 2,400 gallon capacity liquid manure
tank. Each silo requires about 40 trips to the
field to empty. Carol Heath, who Is In charge
of the dairy, took special pains to Insure that
the waste system was approved by sanitation
officials for use at his dairy. A new maternity
and calf housing is now under construction
and It will have a sixth waste silo. When this Is
completed, the Heaths will have a capacity of
nearly 500,000 gallons of manure. Compared
with the cost of conventional concrete liquid
manure pits, the Heaths have found this
system to yield advantageous savings In labor
and material. (Bates-East Central)
4353-A1, B2, B3, B5, C2, D3, E2
DISPOSING OF OUR WASTES --
SOIL CAN FILTER, CROPS RECY-
CLE NUTRIENTS
Anonymous
Sunshine State Agricultural Research Report,
V. 17, No. 3-4, p. 8-9, 12, July/Aug., 1972. 1
fig
Keywords: Florida, Animal wastes, Municipal
wastes, Land application, Nutrients, Crops,
Research, Application rates, Dairy wastewa-
ter, Sprinkler Irrigation, Composting.
The growth of cities and of the livestock, dairy
and poultry Industries - especially the creation
of large centralized operations poses an
environmental threat through the buildup of
large amounts of municipal and animal
wastes. IFAS scientists believe that one of the
most promising solutions to the problem Is
some form of treatment whereby the residual
nutrients can be reused to grow crops. IFAS
researchers are studying application of both
municipal effluent and wastewater from
livestock operations on a variety of crops.
Different soil and plant filtering processes are
being tested at different locations. These tests
will eventually determine levels of application
for optimum utilization by crops coupled with
the most efficient removal of nutrients. A
system of multistage lagoons and seepage
irrigation is being tested on a large dairy
operation in Manatee County, and another
system is under study In cooperation with the
city of Tallahassee with effluent from a
sewage treatment plant. Researchers are
studying the disposal of dairy wastewater by
sprinkler Irrigation at the Dairy Research Unit
near Galnsvllle. A major research project In
reusing wastes is also underway with Walt
Disney World. IFAS scientists have been
working with a county which is using a
sprinkler system to spread water from
sanitary landfill pits. Other systems under
study for handling refuse and garbage are
biological breakdown and processing of
wastes Into various types of mulches and
compost. A suggested use Is the Incorporation
of large amounts of composted waste Into
phosphate mining areas. (Bates-East Central)
43S4-A11, Bl, Cl
FEED FED, MBLK PRODUCED,
AND EXPECTED EXCRETA SOL-
IDS OF DAIRY COWS
Washington State University, Pullman, Wash-
ington
J. K. Hlllers, M. H. Ehlers, and R. W.
Wallenlus
Paper presented at the 72nd Annual Meeting,
American Dairy Science Association, Iowa
State University, Ames, June 26-29. 1977, 3
p. 2 tab., 1 ref.
Keywords: Dairy cattle, Feed consumption,
Milk production, Excreta solids.
The relationship between feed consumption
and milk production levels was Investigated to
evaluate possible changes In recommenda-
tions for dairy waste production. Monthly milk
production and feed data (grain, hay silage)
for 205 Holsteln DHIA herds from October 1,
1975 to April 30, 1976 were computed. Herds
with less than 30 cows were excluded from
analysis. The means and ranges of milk
production and feed consumption data are
tabulated. The milk production and feed
consumption figures were on a herd total basis
and thus included dry cows. The expected
feed consumption for the average cow In these
herds was found to be 20.6 kg/day. Assuming
90 percent dry matter and 40 percent of the
daily feed intake Is not digested, the average
cow In these herds would be expected to
produce 7.4 kg excreta solids per day, which
compares with the expected 7.1 kg from a 680
kg cow. The average cow in these herds of
mixed aged Holsteins would probably weigh
less than 680 kg. The expected Increase In
solids excreta for each 1 kg Increase In milk
production would be .119 kg. With the range
of milk production present In dairy herds,
recommendations on solids excreta produced
should be adjusted for herd production level.
(Merryman-East Central)
4355-B3, C2, C3, D3
EVALUATION OF ENSILING
SWINE FECAL WASTE WITH
GROUND ORCHARD GRASS
HAY, PRELIMINARY REPORT
J. Berger, J. P. Fontenot, and E. T. Kornegay
Preliminary Report, Virginia Polytechnic In-
stitute and State University, 1976, p. 199-200.
1 tab.
Keywords: Fermentation, Ensiling, Swine
feces, Hay, Bacteria, Conforms, Fecal con-
forms, Lactic acid, pH.
A preliminary study was done to determine
fermentation (ensiling) characteristics of dif-
ferent proportions of swine feces when ensiled
85
-------
with ground orchard grass hay. Swine feces
were collected from finishing hogs housed on
slotted floors. Feces were scraped from the
waste pit and transferred to a 55 gal. drum.
The feces were mixed In a horizontal mixer.
They were then strained through expanded
metal to remove any large fecal balls which
might Interfere with fermentation. Feces were
mixed with ground orchard grass hay In the
following respective proportions: 80:20, 70:30,
60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80. Silos, made
from one gallon food containers lined with 2
plastic bags, were packed with the feces-hay
mixtures and were sealed and allowed to
ferment for at least 45 days. There was a
reduction In total bacteria and total conforms
and a complete destruction of fecal conforms
after ensiling for all proportions of feces and
hay. Lactic acid concentrations and pH values
indicated that ensiling took place and that a
50:50 mixture of feces and ground hay
produced the best fermentation. (Merryman-
East Central)
4356-A9, All, C2, D2
ENCAPSULATED RABON FOR
LARVAL HOUSE FLY CONTROL
IN COW MANURE
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Beltsvllle, Maryland
20705
R. W. Miller and C. H. Gordon
Journal of Economic Entomology, V. 65, p.
455-458, 1972. 4 tab., 6 ref.
Keywords: Fly control, Feed additives, In-
secticides, Cattle manure, Milk content, Milk
production, Animal health.
A series ol 5 trials was conducted to determine
the feasibility of encapsulating Rabon (2-
chloro-1-(2, 4, 5-trlchlorophenyl) vinyl di-
methyl phosphate) and feeding It to lactatlng
dairy cows for control of Musca domestics L.
larvae In the feces. In the 1st trial, an
Insectlcldal balance experiment, 15 percent of
the encapsulated Rabon reached the feces as
compared with 0.3 percent that was found
earlier with a 75 percent WP formulation. No
((0.005) Rabon appeared In the milk from this
cow. The next 2 trials confirmed the feasibility
of encapsulating Rabon for feed-additive use
and they determined that the most effective
formulation available was AC-360 which
contained 59 percent active Rabon. When 30
ppm Rabon as AC-360 was fed to dairy cows,
100 percent of organophosphate-reslstant
house fly larvae seeded Into the feces were
killed. In a field trial, manure from cows fed
66 ppm Rabon (AC-360) or 66 ppm Rabon In a
new (WT-80) encapsulated formulation caus-
ed a 94 percent reduction In fly larvae when
compared with manure from control cows. In
the final trial, 2 cows were fed 60 ppm Rabon
as AC-360 for a 4- or 6-month period. The
average concentration of Rabon In the feces of
these cows was 2.24 ppm. Residues of Rabon
In milk ranged between<0.005 and 0.013 ppm.
No adverse effects on feed Intake, milk
production, or general health of these animals
were observed. (Copyright 1972-Journal of
Economic Entomology)
4357-A11, Bl, E3
EXPERIMENTS IN RECYCLING
SWINE MANURE IN FISHPONDS
Illinois Natural History Survey, Klnmundy
Illinois
D. H. Buck, R. J. Baur, and C. R. Rose
Presented at FAO Technical Conference on
Aquaculture, Kyoto, Japan, May 26-June 2,
1976, 4 p. 5 tab., 8 ref.
Keywords: Swine manure, Fish feeding,
Performance.
This Is believed to have been thejlrst attempt
in North America to utilize certain Asian
cultures and techniques In the solution of such
problems as animal waste management,
pollution control, and the production of
protein. Two small Illinois ponds of similar
size received nearly Identical stockings of fish
(three Chinese carps, common carp, large-
mouth bass, a hybrid buffalo fish and channel
catfish), but different amounts of swine
manure. One pond (0.127 ha) received the
total wastes from five growing pigs (about 39
plgs/ha of water area), the other pond (0.121
ha) received the wastes from eight pigs (66
plgs/ha). Two consecutive lots of pigs were
fattened during the experiment. Water levels
were lowered at mid-season to Improve
natural circulation, but conditions were other-
wise static, with no artificial circulation or
aeration. Over a fish-growing period of about
170 days (May to October 1975) the net
Increments In fish blomass were at the rates of
2 971 kg/ha In the 0.127-ha pond, and 3 834
kg/ha in the 0.121-ha pond. The high
production of fish was attributed to: (I) the
high quality of the swine rations; (II) an
efficient density of stocking ratio of fish
species; and (III) effective water level manage-
ment. A beneficial Influence by the fish
population on water quality was Indicated bj
continuously adequate levels of dissolved
oxygen, and final BODs In the range of 8-12
mg/1. (Buck-Illinois Natural History Survey)
4358-A3, AS, A8, Bl, B5, C2, E2
CONSIDERATION OF SOILS FOR
ACCEPTING WASTES
B. A. Stewart and L. R. Webber
Land Application of Waste Materials, Soil
Conservation Society of America, 1976, p.
8-21. 5 fig., 10 tab., 79 ref.
Keywords: Land application, Soil properties,
Soil environment, Microorganisms, Organic
wastes, Animal wastes, Infiltration, Ground-
water quality, Agricultural runoff, Nutrients,
Nitrogen, Salts, Heavy metals, Land manage-
ment.
The use of land application for waste
management is Increasing. Waste accumula-
tions have greatly Intensified In recent years,
primarily because: (a) agricultural enterprises
have tended to become concentrated, produc-
ing large amounts of waste In localized areas,
and (b) Increased population, rapidly expand-
ing Industrial development, and Improved
sewage treatment have led to greater amounts
of sewage sludge and Industrial wastes. Land
is not a renewable resource; It Is finite In area,
depth, and in many characteristics that
determine Its productivity. To use land
resources as an acceptor of and a medium to
renovate or degrade wastes requires an
appreciation for and a recognition of the
demands that would be Imposed on the soil.
The qualities of a given soil (biological,
chemical and physical) must be known to
determine the capacity of soil to assimilate
waste, subject to the constraints of nonlmpair-
ment or irreparable damage to soil productivi-
ty. The utilization of wastes on land Involves a
manipulation of a soil environment so that soil
Is not degraded, so that the food chain Is not
impaired, and so that water quality and
supplies are not jeopardized. (Bates-East
Central)
4359-A8, Bl, C2, E2
CONSIDERATION OF SOILS FOR
ACCEPTING PLANT NUTWENTS
AND POTENTIALLY TOXIC NON-
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
Department of Soil Science, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
L. M. Walsh, M. E. Sumner, and R. B. Corey
Land Application of Waste Materials, Soil
Conservation Society of America, 1976, p.
22-47. 5 fig., 8 tab., 79 ref.
Keywords: Macronutrlents, Mlcronutrlents,
Land disposal, Crop response, Crop selection,
Soil selection, Animal wastes, Human wastes,
Loading limits.
Soils can receive substantial quantities of
most plant nutrients and nonessentlal toxic
elements without developing phytotoxlclty or
accumulating elements In the food chain that
may be harmful to man of animals. There are
16 chemical elements that are essential for
most plants. Four other elements are essential
for some plants. Concentrations of the
essential elements In plants may be In the 0.1
to 5 + percent range for the so-called
macronutrients-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, and sulphur and In the parts per
million (ppm) range for such mlcronutrlents as
iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, molyb-
denum, nickel, cadmium, and chlorine. Devel-
opment of sound fertilizer and waste disposal
programs requires an understanding of nutri-
ent assimilation and removal by plants, as
well as the fate of those nutrients once they
have been applied to the soil. In addition, the
physical, chemical, and biological mecha-
nisms of attenuation of all chemical elements
must be considered whenever decisions are
made on the land application of nutrients and
nonessential, potentially toxic elements. This
Is particularly Important when attempting to
describe "loading limits", both short and long
term, for elements that are of environmental
concern. If farmers follow good soil manage-
ment practices and apply nutrients at rates
consistent with crop needs, water quality can
be maintained. (Bates-East Central)
4360-A6, A7, A10, Bl, B2, B4, B5,
C2, E2, F2
LAND USE OF ANIMAL WASTES
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington
99163
L. F. Elliott and N. P. Swanson
Land Application of Waste Materials, Soil
Conservation Society of America, 1976, p.
80-90. 1 fig., 6 tab., 48 ref.
Keywords: Land application, Animal wastes,
Nitrogen, Nutrients, Crop response, Odor,
Aeration, Agricultural runoff, Vectors, Dust,
Lagoons, Application rates, Site selection,
Application methods, Waste storage, Aesthet-
ics, Legal aspects.
With the Increased cost of inorganic fertiliz-
ers, animal manures are again becoming a
desirable fertilizer source. They are excellent
crop fertilizers and soil conditioners. Usually,
animal manures should be applied In amounts
that meet the crop's nitrogen requirements.
Exceeding this amount Is wasteful and may
result In pollution. Chemical analysis of
manure and the soil It Is to be used on Is
recommended. With proper management,
nitrogen can be preserved In manures. Choice
of proper application sites, amounts, and
86
-------
crop* will result In no pollution problem and
wholesome crops can be grown. There are no
economical methods for odor control during
manure removal from outdoor lots, except to
keep the lots well-drained. Odors from
manure handling will also be a problem for
Indoor feeding areas. Aeration Is possible but
expensive. When pumping out manure from a
confined area, extreme caution must be used
because of the possibility of hydrogen sulflde
poisoning. When highly odorous manure Is
spread on the field, It must be Incorporated
Immediately If the area Is not Isolated from
neighbors. In establishing new feeding and
utilization areas, professional consultation
should be sought, zoning laws should be
considered, and close proximity to towns and
urban areas should be avoided. Runoff must
be kept on the operator's property and dust
Insects and rodents must be controlled
(Bates-East Central)
4361-A5, B2, C2
CHANGES IN SEEPAGE RATE
FROM AN UNLINED CATTLE
WASTE DIGESTION POND
Department of Water Science and Engineer-
Ing, University of California, Davis, California
F. E. Robinson
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 16, No. 1, p.
95-96, Jan.-Feb., 1973. 2 fig., 7 ref.
Keywords: Cattle wastes, Waste digestion
pond, Seepage, Conductivity, Nitrates,
Groundwater pollution.
Solid and liquid wastes from 24 cattle were
emptied Into an unllned pit that was
approximately 4 feet deep, 19 feet wide, and
77 feet long. The sol I In the area of this pit was
alluvial with layers of clay loam, sllty clay
loam, and clay to 5.5 feet, with a water
saturated 6-Inch layer of fine sandy loam at
the5.5 feet depth. The water table In the sand
strata was sampled for conductivity and
nitrate content prior to filling the pond.
Sampling procedures were set up which
allowed a comparison of conductivity and
nitrate levels In the pond and the sand strata
beneath the pond after the pond was put Into
use. The Initial 4.4 In./day seepage rate
dropped to 0.220 In. In 3 months and to 0.119
In./day In 6 months. Dilution of the ground-
water around the pond was most rapid during
the first 3 weeks, suggesting that the major
seepage rate reduction took place during this
period. Nitrate addition to the groundwater
was about 0.427 Ib/anlmal/year after 3
months and about 0.269 Ib after 6 months.
(Merryman-East Central)
4362-B2, C2, D3
EFFECT OF ARSANILIC ACID
LEVEL IN SWINE DIETS AND
WASTE LOADING RATE ON
MODEL ANAEROBIC LAGOON
PERFORMANCE
Animal Sciences Department, Purdue Univer-
sity, West Lafayette, Indiana
M. C. Brumm, A. L. Sutton, V. B. Mayrose, J.
C. Nye, and H. W. Jones
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 20, No. 3, p.
498-501, May-June, 1977. 5 fig., 3 tab., 18 ref.
Keywords: Arsanlllc acid, Swine wastes,
Anaerobic lagoons, Performance, Diets, Mod-
el studies, Loading rates.
A 38-week randomized complete block design
experiment was conducted to study the
effects of three arsanlllc acid levels In swine
diets and 2 waste loading rates on the
performance and nutrient composition of
model anaerobic lagoons. Diets with 0, 90, or
180 g arsanlllc acid per ton were fed to
growing-finishing swine with total dally fresh
waste col lections. Model lagoons were loaded
dally at the high rate of 0.102 kg volatile
sollds/m31 (0.0064 Ib/ft3) or low rate of 0.051
kg volatile sollds/m^ (0.0032 Ib/ft3 ). All
measured parameters (total N, aommonlum-
N, P, K, As, dry matter, volatile solids)
Increased In the lagoon with Increasing time
after Initial startup, and the high rate
Increased concentrations of the lagoon para-
meters more rapidly than the low loading rate.
It appeared that the lagoons had reached a
steady state condition as evidenced by a
gradual leveling of nutrients by the end of the
experiment. Presence of arsanlllc acid In the
swine diets Increased KJeldahl nitrogen,
ammonium nitrogen and elemental arsenic
concentrations In lagoon effluent. However,
there were no measurable adverse effects of
dietary arsenic on lagoon performance. Re-
sults of this study showed that waste loading
rate and time after Initial startup have a
greater effect on lagoon nutrient composition
than does the amount of arsanlllc acid In the
swine diet. The lower loading rate was more
nearly optimal for blodegradatlon of the
waste. (Copyright 197-Transactlons of the
ASAE)
4363-A6, All, Bl, D2
ODOR INTENSITIES AT CATTLE
FEEDLOTS
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas.
J. M. Sweeten, D. L. Reddell, L. Schake, and
B. Garner
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 20, No. 3, p.
502-508, May-June, 1977. 4 fig., 7 tab., 30 ref.
Keywords: Odor, feedlots, Cattle, Dilutions to
threshold, Odor control, Feed additives,
Calcium ben ton I te, Performance.
Odor Intensities measured at two cattle
feedlots In Texas ranged from 1.5 to 170
dilutions to threshold (DT), which covers the
measurement range of the Barnabey-Cheney
Scentometer. The average odor reading at the
surface of a 4000 head feedlot, determined by
monitoring four randomly selected pens for 7
mo., was 31 DT. The runoff settling basin and
retention pond averaged 68 and 46 DT. Half of
the odor Intensities were more than 23 DT,
which exceeds the odor standards In several
states. Odor Intensities were diluted to 1.5 to 2
DT within 380 to 500 m (1250 to 1650 ft)
downwind of the feedlot. At a 12,000 head
feedlot, calcium bentonlte was fed as a ration
supplement at the following levels: 0.0, 0.8
and 2.0 percent. The 2 percent bentonlte
treatment resulted In a reduction In odors.
Bentonlte also Improved average dlaly gain of
cattle during the first 21 days. (Copyright
1977-Transactlons of the ASAE)
4364-B1, B5, Cl, C2, E2
THE CHARACTERISTICS AND
MANAGEMENT OF MINK
WASTES
Animal Science Department, Cornell Univer-
sity, Ithaca, New York
J. H. Martin, Jr., T. E. Pllbeam, R. C. Loehr,
and H. F. Travis
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 20, No. 3, p.
515-516, May-June, 1977. 3 tab., 9 ref.
Keywords: Mink wastes, Production rates,
Chemical properties, Physical properties,
Nitrogen, Land application.
Production rates and characteristics of mink
wastes were determined over a 2-yr period.
The data collected showed that mink wastes
contain higher concentrations of nitrogen
compared to the wastes of other domestic
animals. To permit estimation of waste
production under commercial conditions, the
concept of a mink unit was developed.
Based upon nitrogen content, It was estimated
that 55 ha (135 acres) of land used for corn
production Is required to dispose of the waste
production from 2,000 mink units. In formulat-
ing guidelines or regulations for the disposal
of mink wastes, It should be recognized that
extrapolation of application rates In terms of
kg/ha of wet manure or dry solids which are
based upon experiences with other animal
wastes can be Inappropriate. The significantly
higher concentration of nitrogen In mink
wastes could lead to excessive nitrogen
application to the soil. Therefore, application
rates should be based on the nitrogen content
of the treated or untreated wastes. Ideally,
mink wastes should be disposed of on only
productive land where crop uptake can recycle
nitrogen. (Copyright 1977-Transactlons of the
ASAE)
4365-B2
HEAD LOSS OF BEEF MANURE
SLURRY FLOW IN POLYVINYL-
CHLORIDE PIPE
Agricultural Engineer, John Deere & Co.,
East Mollne, Illinois
M. J. Rolfes, C. B. Gllertson, and J. A.
Nlenaber
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 20, No. 3, p.
530-533, May-June, 1977. 7 fig., 12 ref.
Keywords: Cattle manure, Slurries, Head
losses, Flow velocity, Total solids, Pipe size,
Polyvlnylchlorlde pipe.
Curves were developed for predicting beef
manure slurry friction head losses as a
function of flow velocity, TS content, and pipe
size. Beef manure slurry friction head losses
In PVC pipe are significantly greater than
those for water. Loss ranges found were 1 to 4
m/100 m greater than water with 6 to 10
percent total solids, 2 to 6 m/100 m greater
than water with 10 to 12 percent total solids,
and 6 to 14 m/100 m greater than water with
12 to 15 percent total solids slurries,
indicating that water head loss criteria are
definitely Inadequate for use In designing a
slurry transportation system. Extrapolation of
friction loss data to larger pipe sizes Is
possible as indicated by the friction head loss
curve patterns of the three pipe sizes studied.
(Copyright 1977 - Transactions of the ASAE)
4366-A4, AS, B2, BS, C2, E2
JOINT LAND SPREADING TRIAL
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Porter Building, The University of Newcastle
Upon Tyne, Newcastle, England NE1 7RU
K. A. Pollock
Joint Land Spreading Trial, Final Report,
University of Newcastle upon Tyne Agricul-
tural Development and Advisory Service,
April, 1974, 63 p. 4 fig., 10 tab., 7 ref.
Keywords: Slurries, Soils, England, Land
spreading, Grassland management. Rainfall,
Evapotransplratlon, Water pollution, Grass
yields, Nutrients, Application rates.
87
-------
For 2 successive summers, on 2 widely
separated one acre sites with different soil
types, and located on commercial farms In
Northumberland and Durham, slurry was
spread on grassland following cutting for
conservation. Dralnwater from the altes was
collected and analysed to assess the accuracy
of soil moisture deficit estimates calculated
from evaportransplration and rainfall figures,
and the likelihood of water pollution. Grass
yields and soil moisture contents were
monitored, and nutrient application and
recovery were assessed under high levels of
slurry application (up to 30,000 gal./acre/
growing season). There were few periods
when the soils were saturated, but the limited
results Indicate that the deficit calculations
were reasonably accurate. At the levels used,
nutrient recovery was low, although the grass
yields were high. Lower application rates
would probably Improve efficiency of utilisa-
tion without decreasing yield appreciably.
Very little water pollution was occasioned by
slurry spreading at the high rates, and
spreading at lower rates as a fertilizer
treatment during the growing season would
probably be free from significant pollution.
(Pollock-University of Newcastle Upon Tyne)
4367-B2, Cl, C2, Dl, D2, D3, E3
METHANE FERMENTATION OF
ANIMAL WASTES
Assistant Director, Northern Regional Re-
search Center, Agricultural Research Service,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Peorla,
Illinois 61603
D. L. Miller
Proceedings, Conference on Capturing Sun
Bioconverslon, Washington, D. C., March
10-12, 1976, p. 361-364.
Keywords: Methane, Refeedlng, Cattle
wastes, Anaerobic digestion, Fermentation,
Chemical properties, Physical properties,
Screening, Flocculatlon, Centrlfugatlon, Poul-
try, Performance.
Methane and nutritious residual solids may be
obtained from animal wastes that have been
anaeroblcally digested. A laboratory size
research operation was Initiated In July, 1971
under a contract with Hamilton Standard
Division of United Technologies, Windsor
Locks, Connecticut, In which two 20-liter
fermentors were operated continuously for 3
years with manure from concentrate-fed beef
and dairy cattle. The general results were: (1)
Standard conditions developed: 10 percent
waste solids In Input, periodic addition, 5-6
day retention time, 50*C., 8-16 g./L/day (0.5-
1.0 Ib./cu.ft./day) loading rate. Gas produc-
tion average 0.4L/g. Input waste (8 cu.ft./
Ib.); 52 percent methane, 48 percent COa
trace l-Uf, no H-pr NH, (2) Volatile acids nev-'
er exceeded 400 mf.lL, Indicating stable
methanogenlc population. (3) 50 percent Input
waste solids were destroyed during digestion;
no N was lost. (4) About 50 percent of carbon
in gaseous products came from cellulose-
hemlcellulosewlth remainder from more solu-
ble components. There was no llgnln break-
down. (5) Solublllzatlon of cellulose rather
than methanogenesls appeared to be rate-lim-
iting. However, alkali or acid pretreatment of
waste did not consistently Improve gas yield.
Addition of N-compounds, PC>4 , carbohy-
drates, did not Improve. (6) Most organic N In
output was In suspended solids. Coarse
screening left 80-90 percent of N In liquid;
flocculatlon-centrlfugatlon of this liquid re-
covered ca. 100 percent of organic N (NHa re-
mained In liquid). (7) Digested solids contain-
ed 20-25 percent amlno acids (dry basis); this
was 2-4 times that of raw waste. Part of
Increase came from destruction of non-N
materials In conversion to gas, some from
conversion NH,3 , Btc., to cell protein by
microorganisms. (8) Neither raw manure nor
digested output material was well utilized by
broiler chicks when used as a replacement for
corn In a growing ration; NH.3 was thought a
significant factor In limited utilization. Good
nutritive value Is expected when used by
ruminants. Based on the results of the
laboratory-scale research, further research
was felt necessary for obtaining engineering
and economic data. Such research Is under-
way. (Bates-East Central)
4368-B2, Cl, C2, D3, E3
ANAEROBIC DEGRADATION OF
DAIRY MANURE UNDER MESO-
PfflLIC AND THERMOPHILIC
TEMPERATURES
Agricultural Engineering Department, Uni-
versity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
J. C. Converse, R. E. Graves, and G. M.
Evans
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 20, No. 2, p.
336-340, March-April, 1977. 1 fig., 7 tab., 10
ref.
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Dairy man-
ure, Equipment, Design, Temperature, De-
tention time, Chemical properties, Physical
properties, Methane, Gas production, Ener-
gy.
Anaerobic degradation studies for methane
production were conducted using the follow-
ing types of dairy manure, detention times,
and temperatures: (1) feces - 15 days at 35%
and 60 C, (2) feces-urlne-straw mixture - 15
days at 35*C and 60 C. and (3) feces-urlne
mixture-10.4days at 35t and 6.2 at 60* The
manure was diluted with equal parts water
giving a volatile solids concentration of the
feed of approximately 6.5 percent. The
loading rates ranged from 4.23 to 10.51 kg
VS/m3of digester volume. For the mesophlllc
digester, gas production ranged from 1.26 to
1.66 m3 gas/m3 digester volume/day, with
the percent methane ranging from 52.8 to 56.7
percent. Loading rates ranged from 4.26 to
6.22 kg VS/m3 Id. Gas production for the
thermophlllc digester ranged from 1.06 to 2.59
m3gas/m3digester volume/day, with percent
methane ranging from 49.2 to 54.5 percent.
Loading rates ranged from 4.23 to 10.51 kg
VS/m3 Id. The VS and COD reductions
dropped as the detention time decreased for
both the mesophlllc and thermophlllc digest-
ers. The feces-urlne-straw mixture did not
decompose readily In either digester. Gas
production increased on volume/volume/day
basis as the loading rate of the thermophlllc
digester was Increased. The mesophlllc
digester gas production on volume/volume/
day basis Increased slightly as the loading rate
increased, but VS and COD reductions
decreased considerably. A minimum of 15
days detention time Is recommended for
mesophlllc degradation. Net energy output
averaged 69 percent of the gross energy
output for the mesophlllc digester at 15 and
10.4 day detention times, and 40.3 percent for
the thermophlllc digester at 6.2 day detention
time. Heating the Influent was the largest
energy Input. Methangenlc bacteria numbers
averaged 109 and 1010 per ml digester
contents In the mesophlllc and thermophlllc
dlgesers, respectively, during the evaluation
of the feces-urlne mixture. Over 95 percent of
the total nitrogen was accounted for In the
effluent. The average NH»/TN ratio of the
manure was 0.30 and 0.43 for the effluent for
both dlgesiers. Up to 0.014 mg NH3N/llter of
gas and 2.55 mg H^IS) as S/1 of gas was
present In the off gas. (Rowe-EMt Central)
4369-B1, Cl, C2
DECOMPOSITION AND NITRO-
GEN LOSS OF DAIRY WASTES
DEPOSITED ON SIMULATED
ANIMAL CONFINEMENT SUR-
FACE
Soli Science and Agricultural Engineering
Department, University of California, River-
side, California
A. L. Chang and J. B. Johanaon
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 20, No. 3, p.
523-526, May-June, 1977. 4 fig., 2 tab., 7 ref.
Keywords: Dairy wastes, Drylot dairies,
Animal density, Moisture content, Tempera-
ture, Humidity, Physical properties, Chemical
properties, Decomposition, Nitrogen, Chlor-
ide, Chemical oxygen demand, Fixed solids.
Dairy cattle waste deposition on unpavad
drylot dairies was studied for 7 weeks under
controlled laboratory conditions with different
confinement animal density and moisture
content of deposited wastes. Dairy cattle
confinement areas were simulated by using 23
cm x 33 cm x 5 cm Teflon-coated aluminum
trays. These simulated confinement surfaces
were placed In a greenhouse compartment In
which temperature and humidity were con-
trolled to raaemble the local summer climate.
Although dally temperatures ware allowed to
fluctuate from 24* C to 35° C during the
experiment, relative humidity was maintained
not to exceed 30 percent. A well-stabilized
dairy waste was spread evenly on each tray.
Freshly collected dairy wastes were then
added dally to each tray at a waste deposition
rate equivalent to an animal density of 93, 47
and 23 m2 of confinement surface per animal
In the field. In a second set of trays, urlna
from dairy cows was addad In addition to fecal
matter at the rate described above. To study
the effect of moisture content of deposited
wastes on decomposition, the experiment
described above was repeated, but deposited
wastes were maintained at 45 percent
moisture content. There were a total of 12
treatment combinations during the entire
experiment. At the end of each week, sample*
were taken for analysis of.moisture content,
nitrogen content, chemical oxygen demand
(COD), chloride and fixed sol Ids (FS). The
decomposition of waste solids during waste
deposition was Influenced by both animal
density and moisture content. A greater
percent of solid loss was observed at low
animal density and high moisture content.
When urine fecal matter ware added together
to experimental trays,* lower percentage of
total solids was decomposed, probably dua to
higher fixed solids content In the urlna
fraction. The loss of total nitrogen from
accumulating wastes waa significant for all
treatments. When urine was not added to
deposited wastes, the percentage of nitrogen
loss decreased with Increasing animal density.
If both fecal matter and urlna were present,
high percentages of nitrogen loas were
observed In all treatments. Moisture content
did not affect the loss of total nitrogen. When
stability of deposited wastes was evaluated
using both chemical oxygen demand to fixed
solids (COD/FS) and total nitrogen to fixed
solids (TN/FS) ratio, It was apparent that
deposited waste was not completely stabilized
during waste accumulation. Further decompo-
sition of organic solids and loss of nitrogen
would continue when waste was removed from
confinement area. (Bates-East Central)
88
-------
4370-B3, Dl, D2, E3
FEEDLOT MANURE: THE ECO-
LOGY INSPIRED BUILDING
MATERIAL
Anonymous
Calf News, V. 9, No. 9, p. 12, Sept., 1971. 1
fig.
Keywords: Recycling, Ecollte, Building
materials, Cattle manure, Broken glass,
Waste treatment.
Ecollte Is a new building material which can
be molded to any shape, have any desired
consistency, is 5 times as light as concrete
blocks, Is fireproof, can be cut with an
ordinary saw, will take a nail, and will sell at
an attractive price. Richard and Charles
Kershaw of Brawley, California provided the
Incentive and the materials for the product
and John Mackenzie of the University of
California In Los Angeles supplied the Idea.
Ecollte Is a combination of Treated Cow Dung
(TCD) and broken glass. The TCD, collected
from conventional feedlots, Is put through a
kiln at high temperatures. There Is no smoke
and no odor to this process. Thus no new
ecological problems are created. The volume
Is reduced 50 to 75 percent. Melted glass Is
added to the TCD. The proportion of glass to
TCD determines the physical properties of the
Ecollte. The Kershaws and Mackenzie are
forming a corporation and plan to build a pilot
manufacturing plant, probably adjacent to the
Kershaw feedlot In Lovlngton, New Mexico.
Mackenzie Is also exploring his discovery's
application to human waste problems. (Bates-
East Central)
4371-A9, A10, All, Bl
SANITATION IS FIRST STEP IN
EFFECTIVE FEEDLOT FLY CON-
TROL
Staff editor, Feedlot Management
G. Lamp
Feedlot Management, V. 19, No. 7, p. 13-17,
July, 1977. 6 fig.
Keywords: Fly control, Feedlota, Sanitation,
Chemical control, Biological control, Perfor-
mance, Insecticides.
Feedlot fly control was studied by Bill Clymer.
Clymer suggested these points to feeders that
they could do before resorting to chemical
control. (1) To prevent areas where waste
builds up, design feedlots for easy waste
removal. (2) Stock pens to Increase trampling
and reduce breeding areas. (3) Correct leaky
water faucets so water doesn't collect In areas
where fly breeding could become popular. (A)
Clean horse pens since they are perfect for fly
breeding. (5) Keep receiving pens clean. (6)
Pay special attention to receiving-shipping
areas, sick pens and washing areas. (7)
Correct Improper pen cralnage to avoid
pothole breeding areas. (8) Be sure leaky
sprinkler heads don't cause wet spots If
sprinkling to control dust for heat stress.
There Is quite a different In cost of gain If files
are not controlled. Research was conducted as
to exactly what fly Infestations cost cattle
feeders. Data showed that for cattle on a
growing ration, the population level of 50 files
per animal accounted for a difference of about
0.2 Ib./day In weight gain of those cattle
bothered by files as opposed to those that had
no files. There was a 13 percent better feed
efficiency In the growing ration cattle without
flies as those cattle with files. There was 11
percent better efficiency for the finishing
ration. Windbreak trees, weeds and struct-
ures built within pens provide the best fly
resting areas. Drainage areas and debris
settling areas are areas most suited for
breeding. The common house fly and the
stable fly are the major files causing economic
damage In the feedlot. The chemical ap-
proaches to the fly problem are: (1) Residual
sprays - chemical treatments applied where
adult files congregate. The spray should be
applied every 10-15 days throughout the
summer. (2) Space sprays sprays that kill
flying adults on contact. It lasts up to 3 hours.
(3) Biological control - using other host
parasites to feed on the already present pests.
The most successful fly control method found
Is the utilization of a space spray mist blower,
which dribbles Insecticide Into an air stream
and blasts It Into the feedyard. (Rowe-East
Central)
4372-A11, Bl, B3, E3
A NEW CONCEPT OF LITTER
MANAGEMENT FOR BROILER
PRODUCTION
Agricultural Engineering Department, Uni-
versity of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
R. H. Brown, E. S. Howell, and B. D.
McLendon
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 20, No. 2, p.
345-347, March-April, 1977. 3 fig., 3 tab., 6
ref.
Keywords: Poultry, Litter depths, Ventilation,
Moisture content, Performance, Fertilizers,
Refeedlng.
Chick performance and the litter characteris-
tics as a function of Initial depth of litter (wood
shavings) for broilers grown In a totally
enclosed, fan-ventilated house with an elec-
trically-heated concrete floor were studied.
Litter moisture, amount, handling character-
istics, and possible reuse; along with kilowatt-
hour requirement per chick, breast blisters,
feed conversion, mortality and 8-week weight
of broilers were factors to be measured.
Conventional husbandry practices were used
In all trials. These Included feed and water
"ad libitum," normal vaccination for New-
castle and bronchitis and continuous light at
1.5 average Fc. The wood shavings depths
trials were conducted In spring and summer
and showed significantly lower moisture
contents for shavings versus no shavings.
Nevertheless, the zero-shavings final mois-
ture content was well below the 35 percent
level where ammonia levels In the air and files
became troublesome. It was concluded that
zero-shavings was quite acceptable so far as
moisture, content and the economic advan-
tages make this level of litter the obvious
choice. There were no significant differences
In breast blisters, feed conversion or growth
rate as a result of Initial depth of litter. Other
studies Involving 8000 broilers showed that no
Initial litter of any kind was required for
growing broilers on a heated concrete floor.
The values for feed conversion, growth rate,
mortality and litter moisture compared favor-
ably, equal or better to conventional records of
the broiler Industry; therefore, the most
economical condition was no litter at all. Total
kilowatt-hour usage for lighting, ventilating,
brooding, unloading, and clean-up of waste
(droppings plus litter) averaged 1.93 kilowatts
per chick per 8 weeks for the 0-inch depth and
the 2-ln. depth of litter and 2.87 kWh for the
4-in. and 6-ln. depths. The greater depths
caused excessive heat losses downward from
the concrete floor. Droppings where no
shavings were used resembled a sand/soil
mixture. The dry, waste-material consisted of
manure, wasted feed, and feathers. It was
easily pushed along the concrete floor with a
4-ft dozer blade pwoered by a garden-size
tractor. The best unloading method was to
push the waste onto a conveyor belt located In
an 18-Inch deep tunnel from which the wastes
were transferred to an Inclined belt conveyor
for loading Into a truck or wagon. Once the
feathers were removed by screening, the
remaining manure could be used as a fertilizer
or for refeedlng. (Rowe-East Central)
4373-B2, C2, D2, D3, E3
AMMONIA SYNTHESIS GAS
AND PETROCHEMICALS FROM
CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE
Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
W. J. Huffman, J. E. Halllgan, R. L.
Peterson, and E. de la Garza
Symposium on Clean Fuels from Blomass,
Orlando, Florida, Jan. 27, 1977, 29 p. 8 fig., 7
tab., 29 ref.
Keywords: Cattle manure, Feedlots, Recy-
cling, Pyrolysls, Oxidation, Reactors, Design,
Ethylene, Petrochemicals, Tar, Ammonia
Synthesis gas.
The pyroiysls and partial oxidation of cattle
feedlot manure are discussed In this paper.
Previous studies by the Investigators as well
as the pioneering work of R. C. Bailie are
reviewed. A description of the current reactor
which has a throughput of one-half ton per day
and experimental results on the simultaneous
production of 0.4-1.2 liter ammonia synthesis
gas per g. of dry ash-free manure and 25-65 kg
ethylene per metric ton of dry ash-free
manure are given. A basis for the production
of the ethylene and other petrochemicals is
discussed along with recent results on the
decomposition of intermediate tar and liquids.
The application of process technology to other
feedstocks, use of oxygen Instead of air, and a
discussion of different reactor designs are also
presented (Huffman-Texas Tech University)
4374-A11, B3, C2, C3, D3, E3
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CAT-
TLE WASTE FOR CATTLE
Department of Animal and Dairy Science,
Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 39830
W. B. Anthony
Federation Proceedings, V. 33, No. 8, p.
1939-1941, Aug., 1974. 26 ref.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Cattle manure, Waste-
lage, Performance, Sanitation, Ensiling,
Ewes, Cattle.
The Improvement of sanitation In cattle
feeding areas and the feed efficiency for
producing slaughter beef was studied. Man-
ure collected from cattle full-fed a high energy
feed and housed on concrete was washed and
separated Into liquid and fibrous phases. The
liquid phase was usually discarded. The
washed fiber was blended with a basal
mixture and fed to cattle. Yearling cattle
consumed the ration readily and made a daily
live weight gain of 3.39 Ib. on 6.43 Ib. of feed
dry matter. Holsteln bulls were fed a similar
mixture with success. Two additional feeding
trials used manure collected directly from the
feeding floor and blended with a basal high
energy mixture In the ratio of 1-1.5. Similar
success was found. No advantage was shown
for washing or cooking manure prior to
feeding. Experiments were carried out In
which manure was harvested and blendad
with feed Ingredients and stored as silage.
89
-------
The enslllno process proved a very valuable
and efficient means of using cattle manure as
feed for cattle. Wastelage was created by
combining 57 percent ensiled cattle manure
mixture with 43 percent hay. In feeding trials
using wastelage vs. coastal hay, wastelage-
fed ewes remained in excellent physical
condition throughout the feeding trial and
they were noticeably more alert than animals
maintained on coastal bermudagrass hay.
Mineral supplements had been given both
groups of animals. In a similar trial utilizing
beef breeding cattle, wastelage diets supple-
mented with a proteln-mlneral-yltamln A
supplement were compared to corn silage diet
supplemented with a proteln-mlneral-vltamln
A supplement. While the wastelage proved to
be a valuable ration and did not adversely
affect animal health, the corn silage rationed
cattle had more energy and gained better.
Other rations utilizing ensiled mixtures prov-
ed successful also. Since the manure had
feeding value, the animals are not adversely
affected by continuous consumption of the
mixtures, cattle carcasses from manure and
non-manure containing feeds possess the
same high quality, feed efficiency Is enhanc-
ed, more human food Is produced, and
manure Is managed so that It does not pollute
the environment and manure feeding should
be considered sufficiently valuable to all
society. (Rowe-East Central)
4375-A11, A12, Bl, C3
THE DEVELOPMENT IN BEEF
CATTLE MANURE OF PETRIELL-
IDRJM BOYDH (SHEAR)MALL-
OCH, A POTENTIAL PATHOGEN
FOR MAN AND CATTLE
Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Leth-
brldge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1
R. G. Bell
Reprint, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, V.
22, No. 4, p. 552-556, 1976, 1 tab., 15 ref.
Keywords: MycoMora, Fungi, Feedlots, Cat-
tle, Petrlell/dium boydii, Animal health,
Public health.
Petr/ell/dium boydll (Alleseherla boydii) dom-
inated the mycoflora of manure samples from
three beef cattle feedlots after Incubation at
room temperature for 4 months. The possible
dangers associated with this pathogenic
fungus, which causes mycotlc abortion In
livestock, pulmonary allescherlasls In man,
and mycetomas In both man and animals, are
discussed. This fungus could create a health
hazard In feedlots where In 3/tu manure
decomposition Is encouraged. (Copyright
1976-Canadlan Journal of Microbiology)
4376-A11, Bl, Cl, C2, E3
USE OF FLUID COWSHED MAN-
URE IN FISH PONDS
Fish and Aquaculture Research Station, Dor,
Israel
G. L Schroeder
Bamldgeh, V. 26, No. 3, p. 84-96, 1974. 6 fig
Stab., 4 ref.
Keywords: Israel, Refeedlng, Fish, Ponds,
Cattle manure, Fish kills, Fish growth,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Chemical oxy-
gen demand, Dry matter, Dissolved oxygen.
Manure Is often used as a fertilizer for fish
ponds. The decay of the manure In the pond
consumes dissolved oxygen (D.O.) and can
lower the D.O. to a level a! which fish kill by
anoxia occurs. To determine the effects of
fluid cowshed manure on fish ponds, the
cycles of D.O., abundance and protein content
of natural foods, and fish growth were studied
In a group of ponds receiving varied amounts
of manure. The manure was analysed for 1
day and 5 day biological oxygen demand
(BODi, BODd at pond temperature, chemical
oxygen demand (COD), and percent dry
matter. No foods or fertilizers other than
manure were added to the ponds. Determin-
ing BOD) of the manure at pond temperature
consistently allowed prediction of the maxi-
mum amount of oxygen that decay of
manure would use and the maximum over-
night reduction of D.O. In the pond water due
to the added manure. This permitted calcula-
tion of the amount of manure able to be added
to a pond without hazard of causing anoxia.
For a given source of manure, the percent of
dry matter was a fair Indicator of BOD,.
Abundance of natural foods (zooplankton and
chlronomldes) waa greater In ponds receiving
manure than In non-manured ponds. The
zooplankton had a 56 percent protein content
on a dry weight basis. For rates of about 5,000
fish per hectare preliminary data Indicate that
growth of carp was 25 percent to 100 percent
faster In manured ponds than In non-manured
ponds. With no supplemental food, In
manured ponds, carp stocked at 18 gm
averaged a growth rate of 3.3 gm/day for 40
days during the summer. Carp stocked at 180
gm averaged a growth of 4.0 gm/day during
March. (Copyright 1974-Bamldgeh)
4377-A8, B5, Cl, C2, E2
EFFECT ON SOIL AND PLANT
MINERAL LEVELS FOLLOWING
APPLICATION OF MANURES OF
DIFFERENT COPPER CONTENTS
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni-
versity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
E. T. Kornegay, J. D. Hedges, D. C. Martens,
and C. Y. Kramer
Plant and Soil, V. 45, No. 1, p. 151-162, 197B.
5 tab., 10 ref.
Keywords: Swine manure, Land application,
Feed additives, Copper, Corn, Crop response,
Soil chemistry, Ion movement, Nutrients.
The effect of application of manure containing
a relatively high level of copper on growth and
nutrient composition of maize (fas mays L.)
and Ion movement in soil was determined.
Manure collected In 1972,1973, and 1974 from
finishing pigs ted a fortified 15 percent protein
maize-soybean meal diet either with or
without a growth stimulating level of copper
(250 ppm in 1972, 370 ppm In 1973, and 300
ppm In 1974) was stored In plastic containers
until enough manure had accumulated for one
block of the 3-block field experiments. The
following treatments were randomly assigned
to plots within each block: (1) no manure
applied; (2) control manure applied from pigs
fed ration without added copper; (3) high Cu
manure applied from pigs fed rations contain-
ing growth stimulating levels of copper. Using
a rotary tiller, the manure was applied to a 10
cm depth between 10 cm high rows of corn.
Manure containing an average of 21.6, 22.0
and 24.0 percent dry matter was applied at the
rate of 71.9, 58.8, and 85.6 metric tons per
hectare to a Groseclose silt loam soil. Average
manure composition on a dry basis for the 3
years was 3.6 nitrogen, 2.87 percent calcium,
0.93 percent magnesium, 2.22 percent phos-
phorus, 1.30 percent potassium, 648 ppm
zinc, and 2191 ppm Iron. Copper content was
73 ppm for control manure and 1719 for high
copper manure. High copper manure signifi-
cantly Increased copper content In the upper
10 cm of the soil each year. Plowing after the
first year Increased the copper level In the
10-20 cm depth with a small Increase In the
20-30 cm depth. Manure application Increased
potassium, zinc, phosphorus, calcium and
magnesium levels of the soil. While applica-
tion of high copper manure caused some
Increase In copper found In maize ear leaf and
In roots of mature maize plants, copper
content of the grain was no different from that
of grain from soil receiving no manure. Zinc,
potassium and phosphorus contents of the
maize ear leaf were marginally Increased
when both control and high copper manure
were applied and potassium and phosphorus
content carried over Into the grain. Applica-
tion of control and high copper manure caused
some decrease In calcium content of the grain.
(Rowe-East Central)
4378-B2, C2, D3, E3
140® IS CRITICAL - METHANE
FROM CATTLE WASTE FER-
MENTATION STARTS RAPIDLY,
CONTINUES STEADILY
University of Illinois
V. H. Varel, H. R. Isaacson, R. A. Froblsh,
and M. P. Bryant
Confinement, V. 2, No. 6, p. 16, June, 1977.
Keywords: Recycling, Methane, Cattle
wastes, Fermentation, Fertilizers, By-product
recovery, Refeedlng.
With the potential benefits of reducing the
huge amounts of feedlot manure and supple-
menting the diminishing supply of natural
gas, research Is being conducted on the
microbiology and biological potential of
methane production from cattle wastes.
Initially, 3-liter reactors were uaed to study
the fermentation process. It was found that
the complex of bacteria species necessary for
fermentation at 140®F was present In fresh
cattle manure. Previous research done by
John Pfeffer showed that biological produc-
tion of methane from municipal refuse was
most rapid at a thermophlllc temporafure of
about 140°F. This, was corroborated as an
efficient temperature In the cattle waste
study. A vigorous fermentation was establish-
ed within about 12 days after start-up with
proper dally loading, mixing, end control of
acid. The retention time for the reactor
contents ranged from 3 to 15 days. The gas
produced at 140^F had a relatively constant
methane content of 54 percent to 56 percent.
Experiments were done to measure the
efficiency of methane production with Increas-
ing concentrations of wastes. Reactors were
established at different retention tlmas (3, 6,
9, and 12 daysL with a relatively low
concentration of waste organic matter In
water. Based on volume produced per unit of
weight of organic matter fed, methane
production efficiencies wora progressively
lowsr In the reactors maintained at the shorter
retention times. Another meaaura of the
efficiency of mathane production Is the
volume of methane produced dally per unit to
reactor volume. On this basis, efficiency was
greatest In reactors rscelvlng about 8 percent
organic matter and set at the 3-day retention
time. About 4.5 liters of methane/day/liter of
reactor volume was produced. The fermenta-
tion Is also valuable because: (1) Feedlot
wastes, when combined with municipal
wastes, provide the necessary minerals for
bacterial growth. (2) The reactor effluent hta
Increased value as a fertilizer. (3) The effluent
also can be refed to nonruminante as a protein
source. According to studies now In progress,
90
-------
dairy cattle wastes are not as efficiently
converted Into methane as those from feedlot
cattle. (Bates - East Central)
4379-A11, Cl, C2, E3
INFLUENCE OF RECYCLING
BEEF CATTLE WASTE ON INDI-
GESTIBLE RESIDUE ACCUMUL-
ATION
Oklahoma Agricultural Experimental Station,
Stlllwater, Oklahoma 74074
D. G. Wagner, B. A. Ackerson, and R. A.
Johnson
Environmental Protection Agency Report
EPA-600/2-77-175, Aug., 1977, 73 p. 3 fig., 41
tab., 20 ref.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Cattle wastes, Digesti-
bility, Nutrients, Roughage value, Palatabll-
ity, Cattle, Performance, Nitrogen, Indigest-
ible residue accumulation.
Studies were conducted to Investigate the
effect of feces recycling In beef cattle diets
(rations) on the digestibility of various dietary
nutrients and on the accumulation of Indigest-
ible residues. Feces were refed In three
successive phases based primarily upon the
quantity of feces produced In the previous
phase. Several different roughage levels In
high concentrate rations were considered. An
attempt was made to Investigate the digest-
ibility of various nutrient parameters In feces
when refed and the roughage value of feces.
Mineral retention data and the accumulation
of various minerals In the fecal and urinary
residues were studied. Varying levels of feces
In growing/maintenance rations were Investi-
gated along with the efficiency of urinary
nitrogen (N) as a supplemental N source.
(Wagner-Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment-
al Station)
4380-A11, B3, Cl, C3, D3, E3
WINTERING BROOD COWS
MAKE BEST USE OF POULTRY
LITTERs RESEARCHER
Anonymous
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 34, p. 12, 14, Aug. 15,
1977.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Poultry litter, Ensiling,
Cattle, Moisture content, Bacteria, Perfor-
Dee L. Cross, Clemson University animal
scientist, says that poultry litter may be used
for cattle feed primarily because cattle have
the ability to digest much of the fiber In litter
and to utilize the nitrogen from uric acid In the
litter to synthesize protein. Initially at
Clemson, poultry litter was artificially dried
before refeedlng. Because this was costly and
energy-consuming, mini silos ware created for
ensiling. Hardwood bark litter was found to
ensile better than soft wood bark litter.
Moisture content of 35-40 percent for a
minimum of 6 weeks was required for
ensiling. Clemson workers found after ensil-
ing 115 tons of litter that a tremendous
reduction In total bacterial content occurred
and potential pathogenic bacteria were non-
detectable. Feeding of poultry litter was found
to offer the rnoa' profitable benefits to
wintering brood cows. Feeding of ensiled
litter to dairy heifers, beef steers, and to
mature beef cows resulted In reduced feed
costs. Ensiled llttar was an effective feed
source In steer diets containing up to 50
percent litter. There were no deleterious
effects on carcass quality or taste acceptability
of meat. Much higher levels of litter can be
used for wintering brood cows. (Rowe-East
Central)
4381-A8, B2, C2, D3, E2
SALT REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES
ON LAND DISPOSAL OF SWINE
WASTE
Department of Animal Science, Alcorn State
University, Lorman, Mississippi
H. E. Grier, G. C. Gupta, and S. C. Tlwarl
Journal of the Environmental Engineering
Division, Proceedings of the American Society
of Civil Engineers, V. 104, No. EE4, p.
551-556, Aug., 1977. 2 fig., 1 tab., 11 ref.
Keywords: Land disposal, Swine wastes,
Liquid wastes, Sampling, Removal efficien-
cies, Nitrates, Ammonia, Chloride, Suspend-
ed solids, Biochemical oxygen demand.
A study was done to determine the removal
efficiencies for nitrate (NOg-N), ammonia
(NI-WN), chloride (C1), suspended solids, and
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) on the
land disposal of swine waste effluent. The
effect of time (prolonged land disposal of
waste effluent on alternate days up to 6
months) on these removal efficiencies was
also studied. The management system Includ-
ed a feeder pig-swine finishing operation and
2 lagoons—one aerobic and the other anaero-
bic. The type of soil used for disposal was a
Memphis slit loam, with highly weathered
mixed clay minerals, having medium Infiltra-
tion and percolation rates. The research area
was divided Into 12 plots with grass work area
between each plot. Common Bermuda (Cyno-
don dactolyn) grass was grown on these plots.
Four replications of the 3 spraying treatments
[0.2 In. water, 0.1 In. water and 0.1 In.
effluent, and 0.2 In. effluent per application)
were used on alternate days. Samples were
collected monthly from barrels at the bottom
of sloped V ditches on the research plot and
from the aerobic lagoon and were analyzed on
the same day. The conclusions drawn from
this study were: (1) The land disposer system
approach of swine waste effluent designed In
this study, for treatment of less than 1 In. of
waste effluent/week, was efficient for de-
creasing the salts, suspended solids, and BOD
concentration of the waste effluent for this
system. (2) There was a large difference
between the removal efficiencies for N03-N
and NH.-N. The swine waste effluent had over
3 times more NH4-N than NO3-N but still the
rate of NH4 -N removal was higher. (3)
Removal efficiency for NOs-N decreased from
82 percent to 32 percent with time as more and
more swine waste effluent was disposed on
the land. This drop was probably caused by
the Increased matter accumulation In tha soil
matrix. (4) Removal efficiency of C1 was
similar to NHij,-N and did not show much
change with prolonged land disposal of the
swine waste effluent. (5) BOD removal
efficiency of 95 percent was high and
remained constant because of the low applica-
tion rate of less than 1 In./wk. (6) This system
became "overloaded" In NO -N removal long
before It showed any similar signs for BOD
removal. (Bates-East Central)
4382-B2, D2, D3, E3, Fl
1ESEASCHEMS STUDY
PRODUCTION FROM
WASTE
J. D. Kendall, editor
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 32, p. 13, 26, Aug. 1,
1977.
Keywords: Recycling, Wastewatef renova-
tion, Odor control, Swine wastes, Algae
production, Refeedlng, Anaerobic lagoon,
Flocculatlon, Economics, Protein.
At the University of Florida, researchers are
using the continuous mass culture of algae
with swine wastes as a nutrient source and
then rafeadlng tha algal product. The project
Is housed In a 300-sow, year-round unit.
Wastes from the confinement area of tha unit
are flushed Into an anaerobic lagoon of 6
million liter capacity at an average rate of 8000
liters/day. The effluent from the lagoon Is
gravity fed Into the algal growth unit, which
consists of four unllned, earthen channels In a
parallel array connected by culverts at
alternate ends to form a continuous course. A
dense algal population Is produced after a
minimum of 4 days of movement through the
channels. The algae Is then harvested. This Is
the most difficult phase of the operation and
the main focus of this research. The present
system uses chemical flocculants In dilute
water solutions (which are quite expensive)
such as aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride,
ferric sulfate and an organic polyelectrolyte,
that are added to the culture, which has been
drawn off by a centrifugal pump. The algal
alurry Is then either acidified to remove the
flocculant and than resettled, or pumped
directly onto the drying tables. After drying,
the product Is easily removed as hard green
flakes that can be stored Indefinitely and can
be ground to a meal. An am I no acid analysis of
a sample of alum flocculated algae gave a
spectrum very much like that of soybean meal
and a protein content of 39.7 percent. The
total algal yield (390 Ibs) of this experiment,
which was lower than the maximum yield
possible, compares with 390 Ibs. or soybeans
that could be grown on the same size area (1/5
acre). The algal product, which costs between
$17 to $170/ton Is economically competitive
with soybean meals, which cost up to
$325/ton. As a further benefit, algal produc-
tion Is a low cost means of waatewater
renovation by oxyganatlon of th® medium and
dissolved nutrleni removal. Wasta grown
algae also removes the odor from the waste
almost Immediately after the culture growth Is
Initiated. Furthermore, the algal yield Is
continuous and nonssasonal In mild climates,
and a now crop can be brought to harvest In a
matter of a few days. (Bates-East Central)
4383-A1, B2, B3, B4, D3, E2, Fl
WHAT ARE YOU DOING ABOUT
YOUR 1.57 BILLION TON ANI-
MAL WASTE PROBLEM?
Anonymous
Farm Technology, V. 28, No. 3, p. 14, 16,
1972.
Keywords: Waste managemsnt, Liquid
wastes, Solid wastes, Scraping, Pumping,
Aerobic treatment, Anaerobic treatment,
Waste storage, Land spreading, Economics.
While today's methods of animal waste
management may temporarily suffice, Im-
provements are constantly needed. Unfortun-
ately If the Improvements are not matte
voluntarily, even stricter lawg and regulations
will be pasted. Animal waste management
has baen redefined to reflect the following
trends: (1) Increasing animal oonflnament In
large numbers and In areas of high animal
density, (2) movsment of non-farm peopls Into
livestock production araaa, and (3) I
-------
concern on the part of the public for a cleaner
environment. Animal waste management
systems are being sought that will make odor
and water pollution control possible without
sacrificing efficiency and economy of opera-
tion. Solid wastes are usually removed by
mechanical scraping with tractor mounted
front-end loaders, cable-drawn blades, and
similar machinery. Conveyors and pipes
utilizing a pneumatic system may also be
used. Llould animal wastes may be hosed or
flushed to a holding place or pumped through
pipes. In some cases, the liquid wastes dram
by gravity flow to a pit or tank. If slatted floors
are used, the wastes are deposited through
the slats Into a storage pit containing water.
Solid wastes may be composted or air dried.
Liquid wastes may be stored In anaerobic pits,
anaerobic lagoons, or oxidation ditches.
Spreading manure over the land for crop
fertilization and soil conservation Is the most
common disposal method for solid wastes.
Liquid manure may be spread and plowed
under or may be pumped through pipes for
sprinkler application of growing crops. Advan-
tages of solid manure handling are: (1) With
regular spreading, there Is no accumulation of
solid manure as with liquid. (2) Odor Is
minimized. (3) Investment In facilities Is less
with liquids. Advantages of liquid manure
handling are: (1) Year-around storage Is
possible with adequate storage tank capacity.
(2) Milk house and parlor wastes can go into
liquid storage facilities. (3) The maximum
amount of nutrients can be retained If liquid
manure Is Incorporated Into the soil shortly
after application. (Merryman-East Central)
4384-A6, B2, Cl, C2, C3, D3
STATE OF THE ART - ANAERO-
BIC LAGOONS
Department of Civil Engineering, South
Dakota State University, Brooklngs, South
Dakota
J. N. Dornbush
Second International Symposium for Waste
Treatment Lagoons, Kansas City, Missouri,
June 23-25, 1970, p. 382-387. 27 ref.
Keywords: Lagoons, Waste treatment, Anae-
robic conditions, Design, Farm wastes, Muni-
cipal wastes, Industrial wastes, Temperature,
Sludge, Bacteria, Mixing, Loading rates,
Detention time, Odor.
Anaerobic lagoons have been used success-
fully to treat municipal and Industrial waste-
waters was well as manure slurries from
livestock feeding operations. Anaerobic la-
goons which operate satisfactorily achieve
60-80 percent BOD reduction. With effluent
BOD concentrations of 100-500 mg/1, depend-
ing largely upon the raw waste, effluents must
receive further treatment prior to discharge to
a receiving body of water. Usually the
additional treatment Is provided by oxidation
ponds. Design criteria for anaerobic lagoons
which have been used In the United States and
in other countries are discussed. The Impact
of temperature, covers, Inlets, loading and
detention time, and solids content are
examined In relation to their effect on such
lagoons. It was determined that research
activities should be directed at more clearly
defining: (1) the thermal environment
throughout lagoons, (2) the nature of the
organlcs in both the lagoon Influent and
effluent, (3) the actual detention time or
organics within the lagoon, and (4) the relative
Importance of sludge accumulations as a
major source of nuisance odors. With this
Information, design criteria that would result
in a satisfactory waste-stabilizing environ-
ment within the lagoons can be established.
(Rowe-East Central)
4385-A8, Bl, C2, E2
WASTESi USE OR DISCARD?
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Depart-
ment ol Agriculture, Bushland, Texas 79012
B. A. Stewart and R. L. Chaney
Reprint from Proceedings of the 30th Annual
Mealing, Soil Conservation Society of Amer-
ica, San Antonio, Texas, Aug. 10-13, 1975, p.
180-166. 6 tab., 26 ref.
Keywords: Agricultural wastes, Land dispos-
al, Nutrients, Nutrient losses, Nutrient avail-
ability, Nitrogen, Salinity, Leaching, Heavy
metals.
Three primary considerations In utilizing
wastes In crop production systems are: (1)
Nutrient content of the wastes must be
determined. (2) Nutrient losses from the
wastes must be prevented prior to Incorpora-
tion Into the soil. (3) The rate that the
nutrients In the waste become available for
crop uptake must be determined. Immediate
Incorporation of wastes Into the soil when they
are spread prevents nutrient loss. Nutrients In
animal manure and sewage sludges are not as
available for plant uptake as chemical
fertilizers. This Is particularly true for
nitrogen because often only 30-40 percent of
the total nitrogen becomes available during
the first year. Use of decay series statistics
should be very useful In planning waste.
utilization programs. Excess nitrogen and
salts from applied wastes can be hazardous to
crop production and should be carefully
monitored. Dilution of one part of feed-yard
runoff with at least 4 parts water can help
prevent sallnlzlng disposal areas receiving
such runoff. Salinity problems can sometimes
be prevented by proper timing of waste
applications. When feasible, the wastes
should be applied several weeks before
seeding. Depending on type and origin,
wastes which are available for use on land
may contain undesirable levels of trace
elements. In contrast with the relatively
rapid leaching of salts and nitrates, heavy
metals persist In the surface soil. If applied In
excess, these metals may become a long-term
soil management problem. Recommendations
for maximum metal loadings must take Into
account the relative phytotoxlclty of Zn, Cu,
and Nl, soil pH effects, crop differences, and
other soil properties. (Merryman-East
Central)
4386-B2, B4, C2
DIETAMY ARSENIC EFFECTS ON
STORED SWINE WASTE
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
M. C. Brumm, A. L. Sutton, and V. B.
Mayrose
Journal of Animal Science, V. 42, No. 5, p.
1340, May, 1976.
Keywords: Feed additives, Arsanlllc acid,
Swine wastes, Anaerobic pits, Chemical
properties.
A complete random design experiment was
conducted to compare the effect of arsanlllc
acid as a feed additive on swine waste
composition as excreted and stored In
anaerobic pits. Three corn-soybean diets with
0 (A), 100 (B), and 200 (C) ppm of arsanlllc
acid were fed to growing-finishing pigs from
15.4 to 90 kg In two trials. Six pigs per pen
were housed on slotted floors with total waste
collection. Average dally waste production per
pig, Including hair, dust, wasted feed, waste
water and axcreta, was 3.82 kg for the winter
trial and 4.77 kg for the summer trial. Mean
waste production for the two trials as a
percent of live weight ranged from 15.0
percent at 13.6 to 27.2 kg live weight to 6.7
percent at 68 to 90.5 kg live weight. The
average nutrient composition (wet basis) of
the fresh waste for both trials for all
treatments was similar except for arsenic
content which was (percent) A-.OOOO, B-.0011
and C-.0018. The mean nutrient composition
(wet basis) of the waste In the pits for both
trials for A, B, and C, respectively, was
(percent): Kjeldahl nitrogen, .35, .32, .29;
phosphorus, .09, .07, .05; potassium, .24, .22,
.23; dry matter, 5.05, 3.18, 2.84; volatile
solids, 4.02, 2.40, 2.12; arsenic, .0001, .0006,
.0011; and pH, 7.07, 7.15, 7.22. The presence
of arsanlllc acid In the diet Increased the
percent nitrogen (P<.05) (dry basis) (A-7.18,
B-10.32, C-11.17) and arsenic (P {.05 and
decreased the percent dry matter (P<.05) and
volatile solids (P<025 In the anaerobic pits In
the winter trial and Increased the percent
arsenic (dry basis) (P<.02S) In the summer
trial. (Copyright 1976-Journal of Animal
Science)
4387-A7, All
EXPOSURE OF LAMBS TO AT-
MOSPHERIC AMMONIA
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
J. G. Drummond, S. E. Curtis, J. M. Lewis, F.
C. Hinds and J. Simon
Journal of Animal Science, V. 42, No. 5, p.
1343, May, 1976.
Keywords: Sheep, Animal health, Air pollu-
tion, Ammonia, Weight gain, Feed conver-
sion.
Two trials were conducted to determine the
effects of chronic exposure to atmospheric
ammonia at a concentration of 75 ppm on
weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion
by lambs. Lambs were weighed and then
randomly allotted to four dynamic air-pollut-
ant exposure chambers. Initial weights (mean
tSE) of lambs were 22.1 * .46 kg and 27.51
1.54kg for trials 1 and 2, respectively (n = 12
in both trials). Lambs In two chambers
(controls) were maintained in an atmosphere
of filtered room air. Lambs In the other two
chambers (NHa-exposed) were exposed to an
atmosphere or filtered air plus atmospheric
ammonia at a concentration of 75 ppm.
Exposure period was 28 days In both trials.
Feed and water were available at all times.
Lamb weight gain and feed disappearance
were determined weekly. Upon termination of
each trial, one lamb was randomly selected
from each chamber, sacrificed, and gross and
hlstopathologlc structural changes noted.
Weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion
data for the two trials were combined for
statistical analysis. Control lambs gained on
the average .09 kg/flay (.28 vs. .19) more (P
<.01) and consumed on the average .68 kg of
feed (4.53 vs. 5.21) less per kilogram of weight
gain (P < .10) than did NH»exposed lambs.
Ammonia-exposed lambs In both trials show-
ed profuse lacrimation, severe coughing and
sneezing, and profuse nasal discharge, which
was bloody In some Instances. Gross and
hlstopathologlc findings appeared to be
qualitatively similar between treatments, but
more pronounced In NHj -exposed lambs.
(Copyright 1976 - Journal of Animal Science)
(Abstract only)
4388-A8, B2, B5, E2
2,057 POUNDS OF BEEF
ACRE FROM FORAGE
PER
92
-------
B. Buchanan
Progressive Farmer, V. 92 No 8 p 22-23
Aug., 1977. 4 fig.
Keywords: Texas, Swine wastes, Land appli-
cation, Liquid wastes, Irrigation, Coastal
bermudagrass, Pasture, Cattle.
Albert Maberry and Johnny Edmondson of
Texas found that a side benefit of land
applying hog wastes from a 1,000-sow-capaci-
ty farrow-to-finish confinement operation was
that they could produce 82,315 pounds of beef
on 40 acres of Coastal bermudagrass pasture.
Maberry and Edmondson applied about 3,000
gallons of swine waste per acre with a liquid
manure spreader made from a railroad tank
car once each month. Then they applied 2
inches of water with a wheel-move Irrigation
rig. The conclusions they found were: (1)The
"blow sand" in West Texas was productive.
Through use of swine waste, water, Coastal
bermudagrass, and livestock, this land was
made useful. (2) The soil seemed to stay
warmer with waste than without it. Conse-
quently, the grass had a longer growing
season. They also felt the waste helped
eliminate weeds in the pasture either by
burning them or by creating a lush growth
that crowded them out. (3) They also found
out by an accidental fire, that the grass that
burned started growing earlier and quicker in
the spring. (Rowe-East Central)
4389-A11, B3, C2, D3, E3
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF ENSILED
CATTLE WASTE
The Pennsylvania State University, Univer-
sity Park, Pennsylvania 16802
H W. Harpster, T. A. Long, C. M. Lalonde,
and W. W. Saylor
Journal of Animal Science, V. 42, No. 5, p.
1343, May, 1976.
Keywords: Ensiling, Cattle manure, Refeed-
ing, Cattle, Sheep, Nutrients, Performance.
The nutritive value of ensiled cattle waste
(ECW) was examined in steer growth (Trial 1)
and sheep metabolism (Trial II) studies.
Preliminary chemical analyses of ECW (60
percent fresh manure, 40 percent chopped
grass hay) and corn silage, which served as a
control, were: crude protein (percent) 16.5,
8.8 Acid Detergeni Fiber (percent) 40.1, 28.0:
lactic acid (percent) 3.89, 2.51; pH 4.5, 4.1. In
Trial I, 48 steers (258 kg) were equally divided
by weight and assigned to each of six pens in a
200 day, three-period feeding trial. Period I
rations included (percent of ration dry
matter): 1. control (pens 1 and 2) 61.9 percent
corn silage, 32.3 percent high moisture corn
(HMC), 5..'! percent soybean meal; 2. (pens 3
and 4) 69.5 percent ECW, 30.5 percent HMC;
3. (pen 5) 100 percent ECW; 4. (pen 6) 60
percent HMC, 40 percent ECW. Respective
mean values for the four treatments during
Period I (56 days on feed) were: average daily
dry matter intake (kg) - 6.37, 6.83, 6.28, 7.06;
feed efficiency (kg feed/kg gain) - 4.68, 5.61,
8.35. 5.64; average daily gain (kg)-1.36, 1.22,
-75, 1.29. In Trial II, four wether sheep were
used per treatment in a three-phase metabo-
lism trial. Treatments were (percent of ration
dry matter): (1) 41.4 percent corn silage, 54.3
percent HMC, 4.6 percent soybean meal; (2)
50 percent ECW, 50 percent HMC; (3) 100
percent ECW; (4) 60 percent ECW, 40 percent
HMC; (5) 100 percent corn silage; (6) 86.4
percent corn silage, 13.6 percent soybean
meal. Respective mean values for dry matter
intake (g) during the ad libitum phase and
digestible dry matter (percent) were: (1) 1234,
78.0; (2) 1246. 66.9; (3) 1125, 47.2; (4) 1236,
61.4; (5) 903, 68.6; (6) 1129, 73.8. (Copyright
1976 - Journal of Animal Science) (Abstract
only)
4390-A8, B2, E2
EFFECTS OF HEAVY FEEDLOT
MANURE APPLICATION RATES
ON THE BASIC INFILTRATION
RATE OF SOIL
R. D. Stritzke
Unpublished Master's Thesis, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas, 1973, 82 p. 9
fig., 14 tab., 24 ref.
Keywords: Land application, Manure, Irriga-
tion, Application rates, Infiltration rates.
Manure applications were applied to test plots
in the falls of 1969, 1970, and 1971. The
desired manure applications were 0, 10, 20,
40, 80, 160, and 320 tons per acre per year.
Other treatment plots received one year
applications of 80, 160, and 320 tons per acre
in the fall of 1969. These first year application
plots did not receive any additional manure
applications. The test plots were irrigated
with a gated pipe and furrow irrigation
system. The inflow-outflow method was used
to determine the Infiltration rate for each plot.
The effects of heavy manure application rates
on the basic infiltration rates of the test plots
were evaluated. To accomplish this purpose,
equations were developed using manure
applications as independent variables to
predict the soli's infiltration rate. The
irrigation data indicated that heavy manure
applications did affect the soil's basic infiltra-
tion rate. From the irrigation data analyzed, it
was concluded that the greater the manure
application, the greater the decrease in
infiltration rates. Analyses also established
that if manure was applied only one year after
the initial decrease in the infiltration rate, the
infiltration rate would increase with elapsed
time from the application. When several
year's applications had accumulated on the
cropland, the most recent application had the
most influenc" on the infiltration rate.
(Merryman-East Central)
4391-A11, Cl, C2
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT pH
AND STARCH IN FECES OF
RUMINANTS
United States Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Nutrition Insti-
tute, Ruminant Nutrition Laboratory, Belts-
ville, Maryland 20705
W. E. Wheeierand C. H Noller
Journal of Animal Science, V. 44, No. 1, p
131-135, Jan , 1977. 1 tab., 21 ref.
Keywords1 Diets, Intestinal pH, Starch diges-
tion, Fecal starch Dietary buffers, Sheep,
Cattle.
Three trials were conducted to study the
relationship between pH in the gastrointestin-
al tract, fecal pH and starch in the feces of
ruminants fed high energy diets. In all trials,
fecal pH values were similar (P>.10) to those
obtained for ingesta taken from the small
intestine and colon, but higher (P<.01) than
values obtained from the abomasum. Cattle
and sheep led non-buffered all-concentrate
diets had 'ntestinal pH values which were
considerably lower than the 6.9 necessary for
optimal activity of pancreatie alpha amylase.
Low fecal pH was associated with large
amounts of starch fn feces of cattle fed high
concentrate rations. The correlation coeffi-
cients relating fecal pH to starch in feces were
-.82 and -.94 (P < .01), respectively, for the
two cattle trials. Addition of limestone or
magnesium limestone to high energy diets
fed to cattle increased (P <.01) intestinal pH
approximately 1.0 pH unit and decreased (p^
.01) starch in feces from about 32 percent to 9
percent due presumably to a more favorable
pH for pancreatic alpha amylase activity in the
lower gastrointestinal tract. (Copyright 1977-
Journal of Animal Science)
4392-A3, A4, AS, A12
NITRATES IN THE UPPER SAN-
TA ANA RIVER BASIN IN RELA-
TION TO GROUNDWATER POL-
LUTION
Extension Soil and Water Specialist, Univer-
sity of California, Davis, California
R. S Ayers and R. L. Branson, editors
Bulletin 861, California Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, 1973, 59 p. 30 fig., 20 tab., 112
ref.
Keywords: Santa Ana River Basin, California,
Groundwater pollution. Nitrates, Public
health, Pollutants, Fertilizers, Manure, Water
pollution, Agricultural runoff, Leaching
The extensive groundwater supplies in the
Santa Ana Basin constitute a valuable
resource which must be protected from
excessive degradation if long-term beneficial
use is to be realized. Nitrate in some of the
Basin's well waters is already in excess of
drinking-water standards of the U.S Public
Health Service At the request of the Santa
Ana Watershed Planning Agency (SAWPA),
the Kearny Foundation of the University of
California made a 3-month study of the nitrate
problem in the Basin The study was
restricted for the most part to the Upper Basin
(above Prado Dam), where preliminary work
indicated that nitrate degradation of waters
was most serious. A multidisciplmary ap-
proach was used for analyzing problem areas
of high nitrate concentrations in the ground-
waters, determining the probable cause of
each problem area (agricultural fertilizers,
manure disposal, waste-water disposal, etc ),
and developing recommendations for preven-
tion of future problems of a similar nature in
the watershed University staff (from the
Experiment Station and Agricultural Exten-
sion) involved in this study represented the
fields of surface and groundwater hydrology,
soi' and water chemistry, soil microbiology,
sanitary and agricultural engineering, water
science, and plant science. Special obiectives
included: ' review of available data m order to
identify and quantify existing high nitrate
concentrations in groundwater, a review of the
history of land and water use, waste disposal,
and other praciices in each problem area to
form judgements on causes of high nitrate
concentations development of guidelines for
rates of fertilization, water application, and
animal waste disposal which will appreciably
reduce the potential for nitrogen pollution of
surlace ."ind groundwaters of the Basin
consistent with reasonable levels of agricul-
tural production, identification of areas of
potential pollution related to nitrogen but not
of primary concern in this study, and last but
not least, identification of problems needing
further study (Ayers-University of California)
93
-------
4393-A2, A6, B2, B3, B4, D2, D3,
El, E2, Fl
AN ANALYSIS OF BEEF CATTLE
FEEDLOT DESIGNS FOR POLLU-
TION CONTROL
Agricultural Engineering Research Division,
Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Neb-
raska
C. B. Gilbertson
ARS 42-201, Agricultural Research Service,
Lincoln, Nebraska, Aug., 1972, 8 p. 2 tab., 6
ref.
Keywords: Feedlots, Design, Cattle, Pollu-
tion control, Odor, Manure pack, Costs,
Oxidation ditch, Runoff control, Land spread-
ing, Waste storage, Incineration, Compost-
ing.
(1) The management schemes available to the
feedlot operator are unpaved, paved, and
housed feedlots. (2) Odor problems will limit
outdoor commercial feedlot development as a
management scheme in populated or recrea-
tion areas. (3) High labor requirements for
manure management and apparent cattle
discomfort may limit development of outdoor
paved lots. (4) Housed feeding will become
more popular with beef producers as labor
shortages and pollution problems increase. (5)
High labor and high bedding costs retard
the potential development of feedlots using
the manure-pack management scheme. (6)
T'>ere is little difference between the overall
materials cost of paved and unpaved feedlots.
(7) For a housed feeding unit, the cost of the
structure is about 50 percent of the total
materials costs. (8) Use of an oxidation ditch
wilh a housed feedlot increases the initial
materials cost by about 17-20 percent. Annual
electricity cost", for operating the oxidation
wheel will be approximately $1,750 per 100
head of capa< ity (Gilbertson-Agricultural
Research Service
4394-A8, B2, B3, B5, C2, El
A FOUR-YEAR FIELD TRIAL
WITH ANIMAL MANURES. I.
NITROGEN BALANCES AND
YIELDS. II. MINERALIZATION
OF NITROGEN
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural
Engineering, University of California, River-
side, California
P. F. Pratt, S. Davis, and R. G. Sharpless
Hilgardia, V 44, No. 5, p. 99-125, Dec 1976
7 fig., 3 tab., 9 ref.
Keywords. Solid wastes, Liquid wastes, Dairy
wastes, Feedlot wastes, Irrigation, Nitrogen,
Land application, Application rates, Sudan
grass, Barley, Volatilization, Mineralization.
Data are presented for a 4-year field
experiment with various rates of both dry and
liquid manures, and two levels of irrigation.
Yields of sudangrass and barley forages were
increased at moderate rates of manures, but
higher rates decreased yields. Effects of the
rate of irrigation water on yields were not
significant. Leaching of N0§ was correlated
with rates of manures applied. Increased
drainage volumes decreased NOJ concentra-
tions of leachate only at the high rates of
manures, but increased mass emissions of NOi
for all manure treatments. A N balance In
which the sum of accumulation in the organic
matter, in crop removal, and in leaching
losses was subtracted from the total N input in
manure and irrigation water to obtain un-
measured losses, Indicated that volatilization
losses were small unless large excesses of
manure were applied. The measured mineral-
ization of the N added in dry dairy manure and
in liquid feedlot manure agreed well with
mineralization calculated from decay series.
The relationships between forage yields and
amounts of N leached as NOJ, and between
yields and calculated rates of N mineralization
were studied. The N In the dry dairy ma-
nure, which averaged 1.6 percent N on a dry
weight basis, was about 45 percent available
the first year after application, whereas the N
In the liquid feedlot manure, which averaged
4.5 percent N on a dry weight basis, was about
75 percent available. The problems of
conducting experiments with animal manures
as N sources, and the Implications of
calculated mineralization rates, are discussed.
(Pratt-Unlverslty of California)
4395-A3, A4, A9
A MODEL FOR RUNOFF OF
PESTICIDES FROM SMALL UP-
LAND WATERSHEDS
Supervisory Soil Scientist, U. S. Department
of Agriculture, Watklnsvllle, Georgia
R. R. Bruce, L. A. Harper, R. A. Leonard, W.
M. Snyder, and A. W. Thomas
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 4, No. 4,
p. 541-548, Oct.-Dec., 1975. 8 fig., 1 tab., 18
ref.
Keywords: Model studies, Agricultural run-
off, Erosion, Sediment, Pesticides, Rainfall-
runoff relationships, Water quality, Water
pollution.
A mathematical model was developed which
describes the rate and quantity of runoff water
from separate rainfall events on a watershed
and the rate and quantity of sediment and
pesticides transported. The experimental site
used In the model testing was a 2.71-ha
watershed in the upper Piedmont plain near
Watklnsvllle, Georgia. Instruments were In-
stalled to measure rainfall and surface runoff
in addition to providing runoff samples for
sediment and chemical analysis. The water-
shed was planted to soybeans with rows
roughly perpendicular to the main drainage
channel. Trlfluralln was applied before plant-
ing at a rate of 1.12 kg/ha and Incorporated to
a depth of approximately 7.5 cm. Dlphenamid
at 3.36 kg/ha, and paraquat at 11.2 kg/ha,
were surface-applied at a rate 20 times the
normal rate for weed control to serve as a
tracer for strongly adsorbed chemicals. The
model was tested for 4 storms which occurred
during summers 1972 and 1973. These storms
were short duration and were characterized by
relatively high intensities where most of the
rain fell in 10 minutes or less. The model
adequately simulated the runoff of paraquat,
trlfluralin, and dlphenamld during the runoff
events. However, the model's current capabil-
ity, extensibility, and utility should be put In
perspective. Another version of the current
model is contemplated to simulate runoff of
mobile chemicals, like NO3~of C1~. A vital
component of this model must be subsurface
water transport. The current model provides a
concentual base for extension and refinement
to Include runoff of mobile chemicals.
(Rowe-East Central)
4396-A6, B2, B4, C2, Dl, D3
WINTER OPERATION OF AE-
RATED LIQUID ANIMAL WASTE
STORAGE SYSTEMS
School of Engineering, University of Guelph,
Guelph, Ontario
J. Pos and J. B. Robinson
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, V. 15,
No. 1, p. 43-48, June, 1973. 2 fig., 12 tab., 8
ref.
Keywords: Waste storage, Aeration. Odor
control, Poultry wastes, Duck wastes, Liquid
wastes, Model studies, Field studies, Oxida-
tion ditch, Chemical properties, Mechanical
aeration, Pneumatic aeration.
The research from which this report was
prepared was concerned primarily with me-
chanical aeration and to some extent pneu-
matic aeration. The major objective Is to pro-
vide long-term storage with minimum odor.
Preliminary Investigations dealing with mech-
anical aeration were conducted on pilot-scale
oxidation ditches using liquid poultry manure.
These investigations were followed by field
studies using an outdoor oxidation ditch on a
commercial hog operation, and a surface
aerator using liquid hog manure. A similar
approach was taken for the pneumatic
aeration systems. Pilot studies were conduct-
ed on a simple air diffuser and this was
followed by field studies on the waste han-
dling system of a large commercial duck farm.
Another pneumatic aeration system was
Installed In an outdoor oxidation ditch for
liquid hog manure. The results of these
Investigations have shown that obnoxious
odors can be controlled by mechanical and
pneumatic aeration systems. However, the
mechanical rotor and surface aerator will
require some special protection In outdoor
storage systems at freezing temperatures.
(Copyright 1973 Canadian Agricultural
Engineering)
4397-B2, C2, D3, E2
TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR
ANIMAL, AGRICULTURAL AND
MUNICIPAL WASTES
Department of Biological and Agricultural
Engineering, North Carolina State University
F. J. Humenlk
Proceedings of Workshop on Land Disposal of
Wastewaters, Nov. 20, 1973, Raleigh, North
Carolina: North Carolina University Water
Resources Research Institute Report 91, p.
91-103, 1973. 1 fig., 5 tab.
Keywords: Biological treatment, Animal
wastes, Agricultural wastes, Municipal
wastes, Aerobic treatment, Anaerobic treat-
nent, Lagoons, Ponds, Land applications,
Nitrogen.
The classic sewage stabilization lagoon or
anaerobic pond for animal waste treatment Is
one of the most simple units for waste
degradation. Increases degrees of treatment
can be obtained If aeration Is employed to help
satisfy the oxygen demand and control odor.
Lagoons can be placed In series to allow
alternative anaerobic-aerobic treatment strat-
egies. For example, nltrlflcatlon-denltrlflca-
tlon can be facilitated when aeration Is
employed In the first unit, and the second unit
Is maintained anaerobic by direct raw waste
inputs. Pond systems can also be helpful In
removing heavy metals if organic waste Input
Is high and the organic metal complex remains
in the bottom sludge. Pond systems may not,
however, be considered as terminal treatment
devices In which excess water can be
discharged to surface streams. Rather, pond
systems are pretreatment devices that may be
used prior to terminal land Irrigation of excess
liquid. While It Is recommended that loading
rates for animal waste lagoon liquid appllca-
94
-------
tlon to land be baaed on the nitrogen
requirements for each particular vegetative
cover, thought should also be given to •
balancing both the amount of liquid and the
amount of nitrogen applied so that both
hydraulic and process load are taken Into
consideration. Consideration should be given
to using anaerobic ponds because of the high
loading rate that can be Imposed upon these
relatively simple devices with the application
of the excess liquid to cropland. This type of
system Is economical, Imposes very little
health or pollutlonal hazards, and emphasizes
utilization of the waste nutrients. Consequent-
ly, many of the systems being developed for
agricultural waste management may also have
great applicability for treatment of municipal,
processing, and Industrial wastes as emphasis
on waste utilization becomes more directive.
(Bates-East Central)
4398-B2, B4, C2, E3
ANNUAL DYNAMICS OF
CHANGES IN CHARACTERISTIC
PROPERTIES OF CATTLE LIQUID
MANURE FROM LITTERLESS
OPERATIONS
Institute of Plant Nutrition, Research Insti-
tutes fo,' Crop Production, Praha-Ruzyne,
Czechoslavakia
S. Bonlschova-Franklova and B. Novak
Rostllnna Vyroba, V. 22, No. 8, p. 827-834,
1976. 13 fig., 3 tab., 26 ref.
Keywords: Cattle manure, Liquid wastes,
Czechoslovakia, Microorganisms, Organic
matter, Micromycetes, Waste storage, An-
aerobic conditions, Recycling.
The dry matter content of cattle liquid manure
samples from litterless houses varies in the
course of the year considerably, the organic
matter content of the dry matter, however,
remains unchanged. The amount of Cox is In
correlation with that of organic substances.
The biochemical activities and counts of
microorganisms, particularly of bacteria grow-
ing on meat-peptone-agar and on starch-agar
in aerobic conditions and of micromycetes
growing on Jensen's agar depend considerab-
ly on the season of the year. The number of
anaerobes in the samples of cattle liquid
manure Increases both absolutely and rela-
tively, evidently due to anaerobic conditions of
liquid manure storage. These properties are of
importance for agronomic utilization of cattle
liquid manure as a fertilizer. (Copyright 1976-
Rostlinna Vyroba)
4399-A11, B3, E3
UTILIZATION OF CATTLE EX-
CREMENT FOR GROWTH AND
MAINTENANCE OF BEEF CAT-
TLE
Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas 77843
L. M. Schake, B. W. Pinkerton, C. E. Donnell,
J. K. Rlggs and R. E. Lichtenwalner
Journal of Animal Science, V. 45, No. 1, p.
166-179, July, 1977. 1 fig., 9 tab., 28 ref.
Keywords: Refeeding, Cattle manure, Perfor-
mance.
Excrement produced bv cattle fed high energy
diets was studied in the unaltered and high
fiber forms as a reconstitution media and as a
feed Ingredient In feeding and digestion
experiments with cattle. Excrement was found
to be slightly more effective than water as a
reconstitution media for sorghum grain if
excrement to grain ratios did not exceed 1:1.6
(w/w). Grain dry matter required per kg of
steer gain for water and excrement reconstitu-
tion grain was 10.6 percent and 12.6 percent
less (P < .10), respectively, than controls.
Steers fed excrement reconstituted grain had
higher dressing percentages (P < .10), and
their carcasses tended to contain more fat
than controls. Crude protein digestibility of
excrement and water reconstituted grain was
Improved 9.2 percent (P
-------
In 1971, a pre-production model called a
slope-slat, flush barn was designed by Ralph
Kissinger. The building is flushed dally from
both ends toward the center and out to a 11/2
million gallon lagoon. Two flushing pits run
the entire length of the 510 ft. building. The
52 ft. width includes a front feeding alley and
six separate pens that allow cattle 8.3 sq. ft.
per 1,000 Ib. of body weight. A major reason
Ralph went with confinement was to utilize
liquid wastes for cropland. Of Kissinger's
649-headcow herd, 383areTarentaiseandthe
other 266 are either Jersey-Angus or Here-
ford-Angus crosses. It is felt that these
crossbreds have some favorable feedlot
qualities such as: (1) improved yield and
cutabillty, tenderness and taste, (2) consis-
tently better yield, and (3) light boned,
excellent round without a thick tat covering.
All cattle at the feedlot go through the
confinement barn before market. For 10 days
to 2 weeks, cattle start outside in open lots on
a roughage ration. They are then fed ration
numbers 2-5 for 10 days to 6 weeks. Once they
reach the number 6 finishing ration, they're
fed 2 weeks before moving to the confinement
barn Dipping for grubs and lice, worming
with drench or paste, implanting first with
DES and vaccinating for IBR, Lepto and 7-way
Blackleg are regular procedures. Ralph has
found most cattle from the confinement unit
yield at least 1 percent better than cattle in
outside lots. (Rowe-East Central)
4403-A8, All, A12, Bl, C3, D3,
E2, Fl, F4
RESEARCH AND DEVELOP-
MENT NEEDS RELATED TO
PATHOGENS IN PRETREAT-
MENT-LAND APPLICATION SYS-
TEM
North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
North Carolina 27607
M R Overcash
Paper No. 76-2561, American Society of
AgricuMural Engineers, 1976 Winter Meeting,
Chicago Illinois, Dec 14-17, 1976, 16 p. 5
tig , 7 ref.
Keywo1 ds. Research and development, Waste
treatment, Pretreatment, Land application,
Pathogenic bacteria, Viruses, Public health,
Animal health, Sprinkler irrigation, Wind
tunnels, Costs, Soil systems, Buffer zones.
Research and development needs related to
the land application of wastes containing
pathogens are presented as potential research
areas for engineers. The "boltom line" of all
studies concerning aerosolized pathogens
must be ihat there is a cause and effect
relationship between land application of
municipal waste and the health of persons or
animals under constant or transient exposure.
Any relationship must be compared to this
same cause and effect study for other
wastewater practices because some alterna-
tive approach for waste management must be
selected As data from small scale studies of
sprinklers test plots, wind tunnels, etc.
become available, there will arise a need for
scale-up information The comparative patho-
gen risk from \ conventional treatment-stream
discharge is needed on the long term
implication of applied bacteria in the soil
system The balance between the costs of
various contr 'I techniques and the costs of
different levels of pathogen pretreatment
must be evaluated. The concept of trade-offs
which must be evaluated through research
studies are1 (1) the level of disinfection and
the amount of buffer zone, (2) the types of
pretreatmeni which produce a similar aerosol-
ized effect at a given buffer distance, and (3)
the alternative application systems versus the
amount of buffer zone. (Merryman-East
Central)
4404-B2, B3, Cl, Dl, E2, E3
CALIFORNIA DAIRYMEN ARE
GAINING EXPERIENCE WITH
MANURE SEPARATORS
G. Beall
Hoard's Dairyman, V. 122, No. 16, p. 964,
1001, Aug. 25, 1977. 3 fig.
Keywords: Waste management, Dairy
wastes, Liquid wastes, Solid wastes, Separa-
tion techniques, Hydrasieve, Chain drag
system, Shaker screen, Recycling, Flushing,
Irrigation, Bedding, Soil amendments.
Three types of manure management systems
that are being used in California dairies are
presented. Adam Van Exel of Lodi, California
has an industrial model hydrasieve which
allows liquids to pass through a screen and
return to a reservoir for later use as irrigation
water or for recycling to his flush tanks, while
the solids drop off the slanted hydrasieve
screen onto a concrete pad in a moist-but not
soggy-condition. The solids are removed
periodically, spread for drying, and stockpiled
for use as bedding. John Lima has a newer
model hydrasieve that has an added feature —
a 50 ft auger that squeezes excess moisture
out of the solids alter they come off the screen
and builds up a long pile of solids, thus
eliminating frequent removal. Lima has had
problems with liquid overflow into his pile of
solids. Lima blames improper design, but the
company contends that Lima is not flushing
his alleys often enough. The Burroughs
Brothers near Oakley, California do their
manure separating with a chain drag system.
The principle of this system is that liquids and
solids are separated in a setttllng sump. A
mechanical drag then removes settled solids
from the bottom of the sump. The liquids are
used for irrigation and flushing and the solids
for bedding. George Mertens of Sonoma,
California uses a shaker screen that operates
on the same principle as the hydrasieve except
that the screen vibrates; the screen is driven
by a small motor Three motors are needed at
the separator — one to drive the vibrator, one
to pump wastes up to the separator and one to
drive an agitator to keep solids from settling in
the sump. The liquid portion is passed to 1 of 2
holding tanks for flushing or irrigation and
solids are used for bedding and soil amend-
ment Because sand, rocks, long hay, and hair
have caused pumping problems, Mertens is
considering switching to a chain drag system.
(Bates-East Central)
4405-A7, B2, B3, C2, D3, E2, E3,
Fl
A CLEAN NEW GAS
Department of Agricultural Chemistry and
Soils, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
H. L. Bonn
Environment, V. 13, No. 10 p 4-8 Dec
1971. 2 fig.
Keywords: Sewage, Urban wastes, Agricul-
tural wastes, Recycling, Anaerobic digestion,
Methane, Effluent, Sludge, Irrigation, Land
disposal, Aerobic treatment, Costs, Air pollu-
tion.
Urban and agricultural wastes are potential
sources of methane for fuel. Not only are these
wastes renewable energy sources, their
conversion Into fuel reduces the problem of
waste disposal. Maximizing the utility of such
organic wastes can minimize the amount to be
disposed of and the methane produced can
partially or completely offset the costs of
waste disposal. The technology of anaerobic
digestion for production of methane Is
reasonably well worked out. Anaerobic digest-
ion is virtually unavoidable In present-day
sewers and sewage plants and Is responsible
for much of the unpleasant atmosphere
around sewage plants. A mixture of organic
solid waste and sewage would take advantage
of the properties of both for methane
production. Sewage Is rich In nitrogen,
phosphate, and other microblal nutrients.
Solid wastes such as paper are rich In
cellulosic carbon but poor In nutrients. A
diagram Illustrates how organic wastes and
sewage could be digested In an anaerobic
digestor with the resulting gases going
through a gas scrubber, resulting In methane
recovery. Remaining effluent would go
through oxldatlve treatment and would be
utilized as Irrigation water. Remaining sludge
would be disposed of on the land. (Merryman-
East Central)
4406-A9, AW, Bl, B4, Cl, Dl
CONTROLLING FLIES WITH IN-
HOUSE MANURE STORAGE
Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas
F. D. Thornberry
Poultry Digest, V. 36, No. 426, p. 390, Aug.,
1977.
Keywords: Flv control. Poultry wastes, In-
house manure storage, Moisture content,
Coning, Insecticides.
Ventilation and drying of poultry manure Is
extremely Important when manure Is stored
beneath cages In open pits. Fly development
normally decreases as moisture content of
manure decreases with development, ceasing
in the 28-30 percent range. Control of water
leaks and seepage Is also Important. Coning of
the wastes will Increase surface area and aid
in drying. Wet spots may be treated with lime
for fly control. In enclosed housing, contact
insecticides may be used as well. In open
housing, continuous use of a contact Insecti-
cide and an effective larvlclde Is usually
needed due to continuous invasion by files
from neighboring areas. (Merryman-East
Central)
4407'-All, B2, C2, D3, E3
EFFECT OF CORN STOVER SIL-
AGE DIETS SUPPLEMENTED
WITH NITROGEN FROM POUL-
TRY EXCRETA ON DRY MATTER
INTAKE AND GROWTH OF
YEARLING DAIRY HEIFERS
Animal Physiology and Genetics Institute,
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Beltsvllle, Maryland
20705
J. E. Keys and L. W. Smith
Dairy Science Handout P-108, Animal Phy-
siology and Genetics Institute, Beltsvllle,
Maryland, 6 p. 3 tab.
Diets, Dairy heifers, Caged laying hen
excreta, Refeedlng, Performance, Ensiling,
Corn stover silage, Corn silage, Soybean meal
protein.
96
-------
A trial was conducted to determine the effects
of corn stover silage diets supplemented with
fresh caged laying hen excreta and of high
moisture grain and cob on weight gains and
intakes of yearling dairy heifers. Four silages
of the following combinations were fed: (1)
corn stover silage - 67.5 percent corn stover,
20.2 percent ground whole ear corn, and 12.3
percent fresh poultry excreta; (2) corn stover
silage - 52.7 percent corn stover, 38 percent
ground whole ear corn, and 9.3 percent fresh
poultry manure; (3) whole plant corn silage -
90 percent whole plant corn and 10 percent
fresh poultry excreta; and (4) whole plant corn
silage - 95.2 percent whole plant corn and 4.8
percent soybean meal protein. Seven yearling
Holstein heifers were Individually fed each of
the 4 silages by use of Individual electronic
feedgates for 4 consecutive 45-day periods.
Individual feed Intakes and weight gains were
recorded. The heifers were group housed In a
30 free-stall, 3-slded shed. Corn stover silage
intakes were lower than the corn silage
Intakes, probably as a result of the larger
particle size and spoilage development. Corn
silage with poultry excreta did ot support
gains as well as the soybean meal corn silage,
probably due to lower digestibility of the
poultry excreta protein. Treatment effects on
average dally gains were not significant.
Digestion trial studies were conducted with
the 4 silages, but the analyses have not been
completed to date. It was concluded that
intakes of corn stover silage by heifers will
have to be increased if body weight gains are
to be improved. Before the stover Is ensiled, It
should be chopped to a particle size similar to
that of corn silaqe If the stover Is to be packed
tightly in the silo to exclude air and reduce
mold and spoilage development. (Merryman-
East Central)
4408-All, B5, C2, E2
FORAGE CROPS. GRASS TET-
ANY.
G. C. Marten
1975 McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and
Technology. McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, New York, 1975, p. 206-207. 2 fig.
Keywords: Grass tetany, Animal health,
Cattle, Ruminants, Magnesium deficiency,
Dietary magnesium, Forages, Grasses, Le-
gumes, Poultry manure, Poultry litter, Fer-
tilizers.
Grass tetany, a magnesium (Mg) deficiency In
cattle and other ruminants has caused many
livestock deaths in the United States and
throughout the world. Occurrence of grass
tetany depends greatly on forage constituents
that reduce the availability of dietary Mg.
When cattle graze forage containing less than
0.2 oercent Mg, grass tetanv may occur.
Forage Mg levels vary because of cultural
practices that affect the actual amount ot
soluble Mg In the soil or Its availability to
plants. For example, fertilizing with high
levels of potassium often depresses Mg
uptake by plants. Organic manuring also may
affect forage Mg concentraitons. For example,
applying large amounts of animal litter may
increase the tetany hazard. There are several
management alternatives that may be used to
reduce grass tetany. Pastures can be renovat-
ed to include a larger proportion of legume.
Forage may be dusted with 30 kg/ha MgO or
sprayed with Mg-bentonlte clay-water slurry.
Magnesium fertilization will increase the Mg
concentration of forage grown on coarse-tex-
tured acid soils. Another helpful practice Is to
apply only a portion of the N and K fertilizer in
early spring and apply the remainder later In
the season. Grazing of forage likely to produce
tetany should be postponed or should be
grazed by livestock having lower Mg require-
ments, such as non-lactatlng animals. The
most direct method of reducing Mg tetany Is
to supplement the animals' diets with Mg.
(Merryman-East Central)
4409-B2, B5, E2, Fl
THE NEED FOR INTENSIFICA-
TION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
AND THE CONSEQUENT POLLU-
TION PROBLEM
BOCM Silcock Ltd, Basing View, Baslngstoke,
Hants, England
P. N. Wilson
Journal of the Science of Food and Agricul-
ture, V. 23, No. 12, p. 1393-1398, Dec., 1972.
2 tab., 3 ref.
Keywords: Animal production, Feedlots, Con-
finement pens, Waste management, Land
disposal, Economics, Great Britain, Effluent
disposal plants.
Degree of Intensification in animal production
should be based on a determination of how
near to the "biological celling" of animal
output different systems of animal production
are likely to progress, and second, what
particular rate of return on Input Investment Is
demanded from the enterprise. The following
predictions may be made for Great Britain In
terms of probable future systems of animal
production: (1) Britain will have achieved full
entry Into EEC by 1975 with consequent effect
on its overall agricultural pattern. (2) The real
costs of labor (including direct and Indirect
costs) will continue to rise, and by 1975 the
real minimum agricultural wage will be about
2000 pounds/annum. (3) The substitution of
levies for subsidies will give greater Induce-
ment to the efficient producer and less
inducement for the continuation of current
unproductive and extensive agricultural prac-
tices. (4) Land values will continue to rise.
Prices in the amount of 500 pounds/acre are
likely to be common by 1975. The effect of this
will be that a 10 percent return on land valued
at this figure will require 50 pounds/annum/
acre to service it. (5) The value of breeding
animals will continue to rise and the
differential between top quality and medium
quality breeding stock will widen. Changes In
management practices for broilers, laying
hens, swine, sheep, cattle, and dairy cattle are
considered and the genetic, managerial and
economic constraints are briefly discussed.
Manure production rates and amount of land
required for manure disposal for each of these
animals Is outlined for various management
systems. The decision must be made as to
whether It is possible to run Intensive animal
units completely divorced from the land, with
the consequence that expensive effluent
plants would have to be built and serviced, or
whether it is in the best Interests of British
agriculture, and of the nation as a whole, to
wed intensive animal enterprise to land in
such a way that stocking rates and disposal
areas correspond to each other. British
agriculture, as presently financed, would be
unable to find the large capital sums either for
sewage disposal plants or for "effluent
disposal acres" out of the current level of
profitability of animal production. Some form
of assistance would be needed. (Merryman-
East Central)
4410-All, 33, C2, E3, Fl
POULTRY WASTE - NITROGEN
FOR LACTATING DAIRY COWS
Anonymous
Hoard's Dairyman, V. 122, No. 16, p. 962,
Aug. 25, 1977.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Dried poultry excreta,
Performance, Nitrogen, Diets, Feed consump-
tion, Milk production, Economics.
Poultry wastes may one day be used as a
source of dietary nitrogen for Isolating dairy
cattle, says Dr. C. C. Calvert, an animal
scientist with USDA's Agricultural Research
Service. In tests at the Beltsvllle Agricultural
Research Center In Maryland, groups of 6
Holstein cows were fed one of four diets. All 4
diets consisted of a corn-soybean meal
concentrate supplemented with one of the
followlna: (1) 2 oercent urea, (2) 17.2 percent
dried poultry excreta (DPE), (3) 26 percent
DPE, (4) additional soybean meal. Cows on all
4 diets consumed about the same amount of
feed. However, those on the 17.2 percent DPE
diet produced 8 percent more milk than those
cows on the urea supplemented diet and about
7 percent more milk than those on the 26
percent DPE or soybean meal diets. Based on
cost of concentrate/kilogram of milk produc-
ed, the DPE diets were about 11 percent less
expensive than either of the other 2 supple-
mented diets. (Bates-East Central)
4411-B3, Cl, Dl, E3, Fl
WAYS TO SPEED UP DRYING OF
MANURE IN PITS
Extension Poultry Specialist, Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsyl-
vania
H. C. Jordan
Poultry Digest, V. 36, No. 426, p. 375, Aug.,
1977.
Keywords. Poultry wastes, Drying, Ventila-
tion, Fans, Stirring, Pits, Moisture content,
Recycling, Fertilizers, Refeeding, Economics,
Pennsylvania.
According to Herbert C. Jordan, Extension
Poultry Specialist, Pennsylvania State Univer-
sity, there are 4 ways to speed up manure
drying In pits. They are: (1) Have several high
velocity fans installed 2 feet above the
concrete pit floor, all flowing In the same
direction. (2) Stir the manure every hour with
a rake with blades on It which will move the
manure 1 to 2 feet sideways across the pit into
a window as the rake passes by. (3) Use plastic
plenum along the celling with a large
centrifugal fan blowing air into the house and
down over the birds. The air, which is warmer
as it enters the pit, is then swept over the
manure and out of an electrically controlled
louver at the end of the building. (4) The
manure can be dried by this method down to
25-30 percent moisture in 2 days. Drying
manure from 75 percent moisture to 25
percent moisture within 2 days, Inside the
house, improves Its fertilizer as well as Its
feed value. This material is selling from
$40/ton up to $100/ton in Pennsylvania.
(Bates-East Central)
4412-A2, All, El, B3, C2, E2
SALT LEVELS IN STEER FINISH-
ING RATIONS
Texas Tech University Center at Amarillo,
Pantex, Texas 79069
R. L. Kelllson, R. H. Klett, L. B. Sherrod, and
R. C. Albln
Research Report No. 24, Texas Tech Univer-
sity Center at Amarillo, Pantex, Texas,
March, 1974, p. 73-77.
97
-------
Keywords: Cattle, Feeds, Salt levels, Perfor-
mance, Cattle wastes, Coring studies, Feed-
lots, Agricultural runoff, Land application.
A steer finishing trial was conducted to relate
sodium levels In beef cattle finishing rations to
animal performance and concentration In
feedlot solid-waste. One hundred steers were
allotted Into four treatment groups with five
replications of five steers each and fed rations
containing 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 percent and free
choice salt. Animal performance was measur-
ed by 28 day weights, feed consumption,
efficiency of feed utilization and carcass
measurements. Sodium (Na) concentration
and build-up In the solid-waste was measured
at 28 diy Intervals by sampling the feedlot
with a coring device. Sodium concentration In
the rations was not significantly related to
average dally gain, feed Intake or carcass
traits. Sodium Intake per day for treatments 1
through 4 was 16.0, 29.0, 48.5 and 68.0 grams
per head dally and was not related to ration
consumption. There was a linear relationship
between sodium Intake and sodium concentra-
tion In the solid-waste. Levels of sodium
accumulation In the solid-waste appeared to
be sufficiently low so as not to be harmful In
run-off or to crop lands If applied at 10-15 tons
per acre every 3-4 years. (Kelllson-Texas Tech
University Center at Amarlllo)
4413-A2, A4, Bl, Cl, C2, Dl, Fl,
F2
PREVENTING POLLUTION
WHILE EXPANDING THE LIVE-
STOCK INDUSTRY IN SOUTH
DAKOTA
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
South Dakota State University, Brooklngs,
South Dakota
J. N. Dornbush and J. M. Madden
Symposium Proceedings: South Dakota's
Environment - Its Pollution and Preservation,
South Dakota State University, April 13, 1971,
p. 15-19. 4 fig., 3 tab.
Keywords: Feedlots, South Dakota, Livestock,
Water pollution, Management, Cost sharing,
Regulation, Agricultural runoff, Climate,
Pollution control, Consolidation, Location,
Diversion, Terraces, Debris basins, Detention
ponds.
A great deal has been learned In the past
several years concerning the magnitude and
control of pollution from feedlots. It appears
that the overall pollution problem from
livestock feeding operations may not be as
critical In South Dakota as has been assumed
In other areas. Climatic factors appear
favorable; nevertheless, feedlots poorly locat-
ed with excessive drainage may be expected
to cause serious pollution, especially to lakes.
Information and assistance Is presently avail-
able to plan the construction of practical,
economical pollution control facilities, and
cost-sharing for the construction Is available.
There now appears to be little excuse for
delaying a program to prevent pollution with
all planned construction for expansion of the
feeding Industry. (Dornbush - South Dakota
State University)
4414-A11, B2, Li, Ui
BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF
CONFINEMENT ANIMAL
WASTE AND SURVIVAL STUD-
IES OF INDICATOR BACTERIA
IN ANIMAL WASTE
F. T. Coles
M. S. Thesis, North Dakota State University of
Agriculture and Applied Science, Fargo,
North Dakota, 1973, 50 p. 8 fig., 4 tab., 57 ref.
Keywords: Bacteria, Cattle wastes, Swine
wastes, Confinement housing, Anaerobic
lagoons, Aerobic lagoons.
This study was undertaken In an effort to
answer the following questions: (1) Are cattle
kept In confinement housing subjected to
stress which might be evidenced In differ-
ences or changes In their normal Intestinal
bacterial flora? (2) What bacteria are present
In manure from normal, healthy cattle? (3)
How long will fecal Indicator organisms and
Salmonella organisms survive In anaerobic
and aerobic animal waste lagoons? In part I of
the experiment, housing for experimental
animals was of 3 different types: (1) Confine-
ment housing on a slatted floor over a shallow
sloped pit from which solid wastes were
scraped dally. Liquid wastes were collected In
a holding tank and pumped to a disposal
lagoon. Air passed Into and out of the building
over a rock bed heat sink which helped to
maintain warmer temperatures during cold
weather. (2) Confinement housing on a slatted
floor over an 8-ft-deep waste storage pit
cleaned yearly. Air circulation was controlled
by a thermostatically-regulated fan. (3) Non-
confinement housing In which the animals had
free access to an outside area. This group was
set up as an unconflned control. Part II of the
study was concerned with the analysis of 2
animal waste lagoons located near the Animal
Research Center of North Dakota State
University. One was an aerobic lagoon which
received liquid wastes from the floor of a
cattle confinement barn. The other was an
anaerobic lagoon which received liquid wastes
from hog and cattle barns with some human
wastes. The normal intestinal bacterial flora of
the 38 steers Involved In this study averaged a
total aerobic count of 8 x 10 /g with fecal
conforms outnumbering fecal streptococci by
a ratio of 300:1. No pathogenic organisms
were recovered. No significant difference was
found between bacterial populations in ma-
nure from steers kept In 2 different types of
confinement housing and corresponding pop-
ulation determinations on an unconflned
control group. Survival of indicator organisms
In aerobic and anaerobic lagoon water
Indicated that, In general, both fecal strepto-
cocci and fecal conform populations declined
more rapidly under aerobic conditions. Under
some conditions, fecal streptococci survived
longer than fecal conforms. Survival rates of
both organisms were enhanced by anaerobic
conditions and by malntalnance In the cold.
Salmonella survived for 20 days In water
maintained at 7°C. (Merryman-East Central)
4415-A11, Bl, D3
FIVE-YEAR BEEF ANIMAL EN-
VIRONMENT STUDY IN MINNE-
SOTA
USDA-ARS-NCR, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
R. 0. Hegg, R. E. Larson, J. A. Moore, J. C.
Melske, and R. 0. Goodrich
Proceedings of the International Livestock of
Environmental Symposium of the American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, p. 316-323,
1974. 4 fig., 4 tab.
Keywords: Confinement pens, Open lots,
Minnesota, Cattle, Performance, Economics,
Oxidation ditch.
Many factors must be considered when
deciding whether to feed cattle In confinement
or In an open lot, Including: available labor,
potential pollutlonal problems, available land,
and capital expenditure. This paper Indicates
that warm confinement feeding and outside
feeding are not significantly different In
average dally gains for Herefords In Minne-
sota. The economic calculations showed that
feed efficiency Improved In the confinement
pens Just enough to offset the higher housing
and operational costs. The solid concrete floor
pen showed the highest return per steer of any
of the systems. If the oxidation ditch system
was not used, the cost of the confinement
treatment would be slightly reduced, which
would show a cost benefit from confined
feeding over outside feeding. The economic
calculations (table 4) are very dependent on
the buying and selling price of the cattle and
feed cost. The high cost of corn In the winter
of 1974 makes the Increased feed efficiency of
the confinement fed cattle a very Important
factor. (Hegg-Unlverslty of Minnesota)
4416-A11, Bl
A STUDY ON ELMINATIVE AND
GRAZING BEHAVIOUR - THE
USE OF THE FIELD BY CAPTIVE
HORSES
Rljksuniverslteit Gent, F.P.P.W., Lede-
ganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent (Belgium)
F. O. Odberg and K. Francis-Smith
Equine Veterinary Journal, V. 8, No. 4, p.
147-149, Oct., 1976. 1 fig., 2 tab., 14 ref.
Keywords: Horses, Ellmlnatlve areas, Graz-
ing areas.
Field observations show that adult trotting
horses nearly always eliminate In special
areas which are rarely grazed. Hence the
division of the fields Into areas of high grass
("ellmlnatlve areas") and short grass ("nutri-
tive areas"). A substantial surface Is thus lost
for grazing. This behavior seems less pro-
nounced In foals. (Copyright 1976 - Equine
Veterinary Journal)
4417-A9, All, Bl, D2, D3
AN EVALUATION OF FIELD
STUDIES ON CONTROLLING THE
HOUSE FLY, MUSCA DOMES-
TICA
Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas
A & M University. College Station, Texas
77843
F D. Thornberry and C. L. Cole
Poultry Science, V. 56, No. 5, p. 1762, Sept.,
1977. •
Keywords: Fly control, Altosid, Sugar baits,
Muscamone, Manure pits, Poultry.
Increasing environmental awareness dictates
that a continuous search for more effective fly
control methods for caged layer operations be
maintained. Results of Extension field studies
in Texas have proven beneficial In developing
more effective control programs. Basic studies
have shown larvae hatch counts exceeding 450
day-old larvae per eight cubic Inches of
manure from untreated manure pits. Fly
development exceeding 350 files per week per
square foot of untreated manure were
measured In pits beneath cages. A series of
trials in which the juvenile hormone Altosid
was fed on a continuous basis to more than
300,000 caged layers showed the compound
98
-------
had no detectable detrimental effect on fly
development when used under field condi-
tions. Results have also shown that conven-
tional sugar baits are relatively Ineffective In
attracting files, especially when compared to a
sugar bait containing the attractant Musca-
mone. In laying house tests the attractant bait
attracted flies within 10 minutes of applica-
tion. Wetted attractant bait after 24 hours
appeared to be four to five times more
effective than dry and 15 to 20 times more so
than conventional sugar baits. Soured feed or
eggs were much less attractive to common and
little house flies than the Muscamone bait.
(Copyright 1977 - Poultry Science) (Abstract
only)
4418-A11, B3, D3, E3
LAMB PERFORMANCE ON
CAGE HEN MANURE ENSILED
WITH CORRUGATED CARD-
BOARD
Poultry Husbandry Department, University of
Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
65201
J. M. Vandepopullere, J. J. Lyons, and D. P.
Hutcheson
Poultry Science, V. 56, No. 5, p. 1764, Sept.,
1977.
Keywords Diets, Ensiling, Poultry manure,
Ground hay, Corrugated cardboard, Sheep,
Performance.
Four silage diets were prepared using 23
percent of two types of fresh cage hen manure
and 16 percent of two types of ensiling
ingredients, ground hay and corrugated
cardboard, in a2x 2 factorial design. One type
manure was produced by hens on a corn-soy-
bean meal diet and the other on a grain
by-product diet. Ground corn (16 percent) and
water (45 percent) were added to each mixture
prior to ensiling. Corn silage supplemented
with soybean meal was fed as the positive
control All diets were supplemented with
minerals as they were fed. Lambs were fed the
diets in a 5 x 5 Latin Square deslan. Growth
and feed conversion were evaluated during
the 50 day study. The average daily perfor-
mance on corn silage was 0.13 kg. gain and
8.6 i.g. feed/kg. Daily gain and feed conver-
sion on corn-soy-manure silage was 0.06 and
17.0 compared with grain by-product-manure
silage of 0.25 and 4.2. Dally gain was 0.17 and
0.14 and f'«d conversion 9.1 and 12.0,
respectively, on grass hay and corrugated
cardboard. (Copyright 1977 - Poultry Science)
4419-All, B3, E3
EFFECTS OF FERMENTED AND
NON-FERMENTED POULTRY
MANURE SILAGE ON BROILER
CHICK GROWTH
Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
B. A. Watklns, B. F. Miller and E. W.
Kienholz
Poultry Science, V. 56, No. 5, p. 1768, Sept.,
1977.
Keywords: Refeeding, Poultry manure silage,
Diets, Poultry, Performance.
In an attempt to determine if chick growth was
affected by adding fermented vs. non-fer-
mented poultry manure silage (PMS) to the
diet, a total of 120 commercial-type broiler
chicks were divided into four groups, with
three groups being fed diets containing PMS
and one group fed a control diet. Two diets
containing fermented and one diet containing
non-fermented PMS, all at a level of 30
percent, were compared to the control diet.
Three replications of ten birds each were
compared to the control diet. Three replica-
tions of ten birds each were used for each of
the three PMS diets and the control diet. Data
were obtained for cumulative weight gains
and feed consumption for the determination of
feed efficiency. Reaults from a statistical
analysis of the data Indicated that no
differences occurred among mean pen
weights and feed efficiencies for the PMS
diets and the control diet. Therefore, there
were no apparent differences between treat-
ments and replications for this experiment.
These results were based on a four-week body
weight response to the diets. (Copyright 1977
-Poultry Science)
4420-A8, Bl, C2, E2
A STUDY ON THE RELATIVE
EFFICIENCY OF ORGANIC MAN-
URES AND THE EFFECT OF
SALINITY ON ITS MINERALISA-
TION IN BRACKISHWATER FISH
FARM SOIL
Estaurlne Fisheries Research Unit of Central
Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrack-
pore, India
S. R. Ghosh
Aquaculture, V. 5, No. 4, p. 359-366, June,
1975. 5 fig., 4 tab., 11 ref.
Keywords: Cattle manure, Poultry manure,
Mustard oil cake. Fertilizers, Brackishwater
fish farm soils, Salinity, Nitrogen.
The influence of salinity on the mineralisation
of organic nitrogen in the form of mustard oil
cake, poultry manure and cow-dung in brack-
ishwaier pond soils was studied under
laboratory conditions. The concentration of
mineralised nitrogen for mustard oil cake and
poultry manure showed a marked Increase
during 7 to 30 days after which It decreased
gradually and In 90 days assumed practically
the same value as that of the control over the
salinity range of 0-40°/00. The mineralised
nitrogen of cow-dung treatment was lower
than that of the control till 30 days, after which
it increased gradually. The loss of nitrogen is
minimum in the higher salinity range for all
three types of manure used. Mustard oil cake
is a better manure for brackishwater soil than
poultry droppings and cow-dung. (Copyright
1975 - Aquaculture)
4421-A11, B3, C2, D3, E3
EFFECT OF INCLUDING ENSIL-
ED BROILER-HOUSE LITTER IN
THE RATIONS OF SHEEP ON
THE DIGESTIBILITY OF NUTRI-
ENTS AND THE RETENTION OF
NITROGEN
Department of Animal Husbandry, University
of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales
G. F. L. Jacobs and J. Lelbholz
Australian Journal of Experimental Agricul-
ture and Animal Husbandry, V. 17, No. 84, p.
43-47, Feb , 1977. 2 tab., 27 ref.
Keywords: Refeeding, Ensiling, Poultry litter,
Sheep, Digestibility, Nutrients, Nitrogen re-
tention, Diets, Barley.
The palatablllty and nutritive value of rations
for sheep containing ensiled broiler-house
litter and crushed barley (1:1 ratio) were
compared with rations containing unprocess-
ed broiler-house litter and barley. The
ensiling of poultry litter together with barley
(30 percent moisture) for three or six weeks
resulted in Increased feed Intakes compared
with diets containing poultry litter ensiled
alone for three or six weeks and mixed with
barley or a diet in which neither poultry litter
nor the barley were ensiled. The nitrogen
digestibility of the totally ensiled diets was
greater than that of the other diets when these
values were corrected for differences In feed
intake by covariance. Nitrogen retention by
the sheep fed the totally ensiled diets was also
greater than when they were fed the other
diets. The greater feed Intakes and nitrogen
retention of the sheep when fed the totally
ensiled diets compared with those diets that
were partially ensiled or not ensiled at all may
have been due to a change in the form of
nitrogen and to the production of volatile fatty
acids during the fermentation of the rations.-
(Copyright 1977 - Australian Journal of
Experimental Agriculture and Animal Hus-
bandry)
4422-B2, C2, C3, D3, E3
MICROFLORA OF ENSILED
MANURE-BLENDED FEED,
CORN, AND SORGHUM SILAGES
Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences
Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn
University, Auburn, Alabama 36830
T. A. McCaskey and J. L. Walters
72nd Annual Meeting, American Dairy
Science Association, Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa, June 26-29, 1977, p. 170-172. 2
fig., 2 tab.
Keywords: Ensiling, Feeds, Manure-blended
feed, Corn silage, Sorghum silage, Fermenta-
tion, pH, Microorganisms.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the
fermentation of a manure-blended ration
during a 60-day ensiling period to determine
the time necessary to complete the fermenta-
tion. Fermentation of corn and sorghum
forages ensiled under laboratory and field
conditions was compared to the fermentation
of the manure-blended ration. Laboratory
ensiled rations were ensiled in approximately
600 g lots in plastic bags at 25 C. At intervals
during ensiling, the 3 rations were analyzed
for populations of microorganisms and pH was
determined. Corn and sorghum forages
ensiled in farm silos were analyzed only after
60 days ensiling. The time required for
fermentation of the manure-blended ration
and the corn and sorghum forages was about
10 days at 25 C. Following the ensiling, fecal
collform bacteria were reduced to a non-detec-
table level after 5 days In corn silage, 7 days in
sorghum silage, and 10 days in the 40 percent
manure-blended ration. pH of the manure
ration stabilized at 4.1 after 5 days ensiling.
pH of the manure ration stabilized at 4.1 after
5 days ensiling. pH of the corn and sorghum
silages reached 4.0 after 5 days and stabilized
at pH 3.9. Microbial populations in the ensiled
waste-blended ration were similar to those in
the corn and sorghum silages Ensiling for
more than 10 days did not appear to enhance
the mlcrobial safety of the ensiled manure-
blended ration or of the corn and sorghum
silages. (Merryman-East Central)
99
-------
4423-A8, B5, C2, E2
NO FERTILIZER, SOIL TEST FER-
TILIZATION, AND HEAVY FER-
TILIZATION OF CORN - WHAT
HAPPENS WITH EACH CASE?
Department of Plant and Soil Science,
University of Tennessee, Knoxvllle, Tennes-
see
W. L. Parks and L. Safley
Tennessee Farm and Home Science, Progress
Report 102, p. 23-25, April, May, June, 1977.
5 tab.
Keywords: Fertilizers, Manure, Corn produc-
tion, Application rates, Crop response, Rain-
fall, pH, Phosphorus, Potassium, Nitrogen.
Data from a small corn fertilization experi-
ment involving 4 treatments on a Dickson soil
at the Highland Rim Experiment Station in
Tennessee is presented. The 4 treatments
were: (1) no fertilizer, (2) soil test fertilization,
(3) high fertilization plus minor elements, and
(4) high fertilization plus minor elements
-hmanure. There were 2 replications of each
treatment from 1962 through 1975. Fifteen
years of continuous corn with no fertilizer
averaged 54.1 bushels per acre. The soil test
fer'ilization treatment received 120 Ibs. of
nitrogen/acre/year. No phosphate or potash
was applied during the first 3 years. Thirty
Ibs. per acre of PiOj-and K^3 were applied in
1965, 1966, 1968, and 1972. Fifty Ibs. per acre
of PoO(-and K»p were applied in all other
years. This treatment averaged 77.3 bushels/
acre over the 15-year period. Applying high
rates of fertilizer each year, 200-100-300
pounds of N, P- 0^-, and K-jO/acre,
respectively, plus minor elements (5dlbs/acre
of Es-Min-EI), produced the same average
yield as the soil test fertilization. Adding 10
tons of barnyard manure per acre to this high
lertilization rate increased the average yield to
91 bushels per acre. This means that the 10
tons of manure was worth 13.7 bushels of
corn, probably because of the improvement of
the physical characteristics of the soil. The
manure treatment produced the highest yields
every year except 1967 when there was a 3.8
bushel per acre yield reduction. Additional
daia indicates that if an energy crisis forces
farmers to "no fertilizer" farming, corn yields
in the 45 to 50 bushels per acre range may be
expected if the soil has been limed and has a
high level of available phosphorus and
potassium Adding 10 tons of manure per acre
could increase the expected yields to over 60
bushels per acre. Even higher yields would be
expected on soils having good nutrient supply
and which are better suited for corn produc-
tion (Merryman-East Central)
4424-AS, A12, Bl, C2
ANALYZING NITRATES IN WELL
WATER
Bel Air, Maryland
W. W Whitlock, Jr.
Water & Sewage Works, V. 124, No. 3, p. 63,
March, 1977. 1 fig.
Keywords: Sampling, Nitrates, Well water,
Maryland, Barnyards, Feedlots, Manure,
Methemoglobinemia
A routine free water sampling program in
Harford County, Maryland, has uncovered
scattered cases of severe nitrate contamina-
tion of ground water, due to the manure
concentrations m barnyards and feedlots In
some parts of the county. Nitrates have a
hazardous effect specifically for infants be-
tween 6 and 18 months old (Methemoglobin-
emia) which reduces the oxygen transport
capability of the blood and can result In brain
damage or death. Whenever nitrate levels
greater than 10 ppm are observed in samples,
local procedure requires notification of the
resident, sampling of adjacent wells if
possible, periodic follow-up at varying Inter-
vals, and sampling of water beneath undevel-
oped lots before issuing building permits.
Extensive, frequent surveys will be necessary
to verify contamination fluctuation trends and
to determine possible relationships to weath-
er, soil content, ground water movement, etc.
(Eberle-NWWA; Water Resources Scientific
Information Center)
4425-A3, AS, Bl, C2
GROUND-WATER QUALITY
VARIATION IN PHELPS COUN-
TY, MISSOURI
Watershed Scientist, U.S. Forest Service,
National Forests in Missouri, Rolla, Missouri
65401
C. P. Tryon
Ground Water, V. 14, No. 4, p. 214-223,
July-Aug., 1976. 10 fig., 2 tab., 17 ref.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Missouri,
Nitrates, Conforms, Wells, Pasture land,
Manure, Fertilizers, Agricultural runoff,
Leaching, Sewage. '
Information from 675 water wells in and
around Phelps County, Missouri shows that
discrete areas of differing ground-water
quality can be Identified and mapped. The
best quality groundwater, as judged by its low
nitrate content and coliform bacteria density,
is found in areas of relatively little agricultural
(pasture and livestock) land use. The adverse
effect of agricultural land use on groundwater
quality is more severe in the intensely
developed karst than in the less Intensely
developed. Rural population density and soil
association variations have no readily discern-
ible effects on ground-water quality. Nitrate
content varies seasonally and in response to
rainfall, and decreases with increasing well
depth. Coliform bacteria density is positively
correlated with nitrate content. (Copyright
1976 - Ground Water)
4426-A2, A4, Bl, D3
PROJECTS IN PROGRESS. SOME
FEEDLOT INS AND OUTS
Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State
University, Logan, Utah 84322
L. M. Cox
Utah Science, V. 38, No. 3, p. 91-92, Sept.
1977.
Keywords: Water pollution, Utah, Feedlots,
Agricultural runoff, Computer models, Over-
land flow.
Dennis George and Dan Fillp (Research
Assistant Professor and Research Biologist,
respectively, of the Utah Water Research
Laboratory), in conjunction with William
Grenney and James Reynolds, have just
completed the first year of research designed
to determine if small feedlots clustering In
river basins are polluting local streams. After
simultaneously monitoring a network of small
streams that drains Into the Little Bear River
and several feedlotsiin a different part of the
Little Bear River Basin, the team (which
includes graduate student Steve Wleneke and
a number of well qualified technicians), Is
ready to start inserting data Into a computer
model of the limited network of streams. Later
the Basin's entire stream system will be
modelled. These models should facilitate valid
projections of future water pollution events,
and should be readily applicable to compara-
ble river basins. The models will also Indicate
the pollution-processing capabilities of specif-
ic streams In wet, dry, and normal years. An
accompanying study is to be conducted In
Cache Valley In which a minimum of 2 feedlots
will be used as test sites for a "greenbelt" or
overland-flow approach to treating livestock
wastes. In each case, the animals will be fed In
an area removed from the stream and the
animals will have no direct access to the
water. Grass will be established between the
area where the animals are to be held and the
stream. This grass should effectively pre-fllter
any potential stream pollutants. (Merryman-
East Central)
4427-A2, A3
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF: A
BIBLIOGRAPHY. VOLUME 2.
U S. Department of Interior
OWRT/WRSIC 76-203, Agricultural Runoff:
A Bibliography, V. 2, July, 1976, 495 p.
Keywords: Agricultural runoff, Biblio-
graphies.
Agricultural Runoff, Volume 2, is another in a
series of planned bibliographies In water
resources to be produced wholly from the
information base comprising the Selected
Water Resources Abstracts (SWRA). At the
time of search for this bibliography, the data
base had 95,781 abstracts covering SWRA
through April 15, 1976 (Volume 9, Number 8).
Included are three indexes: Significant De-
scription Index (blue pages), Comprehensive
Index (yellow pages) and Author Index (green
pages). Volume 2 covers the period from
January, 1972 through April, 1976. (Bates-
East Central University) (Microfiche only)
4428-A2, B2, Dl, D3, El
ENGINEER EXPLAINS NEW
WASTE RUNOFF SYSTEM
Anonymous
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 16, p. 15, April 18,
1977. 1 fig.
Keywords: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff,
Water pollution control, Settling, Separation
techniques, Serpentine grassed waterway,
Costs, Biological treatment, Labor.
University of Nebraska*agricultural engineer
E. A. Alson reported on a new method of
draining feedlots to comply with pollution
standards at a meeting of the Mid-Central
branch of the American Society of Agricultural
Engineers held in St. Joseph, Missouri. The
new system uses the serpentine or switch-
back design with a grassed waterway to
handle runoff from open lots. The runoff is
passed through 2 wire screen debris traps to
collect solids. The liquid then passes to a
holding pond where it can be drained through
the switchback system at periodic intervals.
The solids load on the system Is reduced by
mechanical scraping of the lots. The system
promises to be less costly to construct and will
require less labor to operate than systems that
require pumping or hauling liquids to the
fields. (Merryman-East Central)
100
-------
4429-A8, B5, C2, E2
MANURE: LONG-TERM STUDY
Panhandle Experiment Station, University of
Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68508
L Chesnln and F. N. Anderson
Quarterly, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment
Station, V. 22, No. 3, p. 24-26, Autumn, 1975.
2 fig., 1 tab.
Keywords: Manure, Land application, Crop
response, Corn, Nutrients, Nitrogen, Phos-
phorus, Zinc, Iron, Manganese, Copper,
Heavy metals.
The oldest investigation of the long term
effects of manure application In states west of
the Missouri River has been conducted at the
University of Nebraska Panhandle Experi-
ment Station. From 1912 to 1941, the experi-
ment involved growing Irrigated corn on a
Trlpp soil with no manure or commercial
fertilizer applied. In 1942, the original
continuous corn plot was divided. Half receive
12 tons/acre of wet barnyard manure each
year, and the other half received no manure.
From 1942 to 1970 the non-manured corn plot
averaged 30 bushels/acre while the manured
plot averaged 98 bushels/acre. The applica-
tion of manure decreased the bulk density and
increased the rate of water infiltration Into the
Trippsoll from 0.2 to 2.7 inches per hour after
2 hours. The application of manure lowered
the PH of the surface 8 inches and Increased
the organic matter and total nitrogen contents
of this soli depth. The total nitrogen content of
the manured Tripp soil was nearly to the level
of its virgin state as measured In 1912. Annual
plowing down of manure to a depth of 8 inches
resulted in a higher level of available
phosphorus to a depth of 2 feet. Annual
application of manure resulted in a marked
increase in the available zinc content of the
Tripp soil to a depth of 8 inches. Manure
applications increased the depth to free
CaCoato 30 inches as compared to 12 inches
for trie non-manured plot. In the 0-8 inch
depth, the level of available iron was higher in
the non-manured plot. Samples collected from
below the 8-inch depth were higher in
extractable iron in the manured plot. In
general, the levels of available manganese
were higher In the manured than in the
non-manured plot. The levels of available
copper were only slightly higher in the
manured than in the non-manured portion of
the continuous corn plot. Organic complexed
copper decreased with depth and was ade-
quate down to 24 inches but deficient below
this depth. The relatively gradual decrease in
levels with depth was not observed in the case
of the other heavy metals studied in this
investigation. It was concluded that the use of
manure in irrigation soil management would
help to reverse the process of soil depletion
through crop production practices and give
the added benefit of Increased yields along
with the Improved soil. (Bates-East Central)
4430-B3, Cl, C3, D3
LABORATORY SIZE COMPOST-
ING UNIT FOR AGRICULTURAL
WASTE MATERIALS
R. D. Estes, C. R. Mote, and C. L. Griffis
Arkansas Farm Research, V. 26, No. 2, p. 2,
March-April, 1977. 1 fig.
Keywords. Composting, Equipment, Temper-
ature, Moisture content, Dairy manure,
Carbon dioxide.
A bench-scale composting unit has been built
that permits intensive laboratory monitoring
of the aerobic process that occurs naturally In
a compost pile. The unit has a capacity for
approximately 1000 cubic centimeters of moist
organic material. The material used In the
initial runs of the composting unit was made
up of 1 /6 cotton gin trash and 5/6 fresh dairy
cow manure, by weight. Temperature and
carbon dioxide levels were monitored and
were found to be sufficient for natural
composting to occur. The rapid rise, leveling
off, and gradual decline In both temperature
and carbon dioxide evolution curves corres-
ponded to the normal growth rate curve for
mlcrobial populations as the organic compon-
ents were consumed. The temperatures at the
center of the compost for batch number 1 were
in the thermophllllc range for about 72 hours.
A mass balance calculation was made for each
test batch as a further check on data accuracy.
In the first batch, the mass taken out of the
unit differed from the mass put Into the unit
by only 0.3 percent of the Initial sample
weight. For the second batch, the difference
was 0.9 percent of the Initial sample weight.
The trial runs of the unit Indicated two
problems. One was in temperature control and
the other had to do with the control of the
moisture humidity content of the air in the
dlgestor Since completion of the two test
runs, a new temperature controller has been
built and successfully tested. Modifications of
Ihe air circulation system are being tested.
Nine of the bench-scale composting units will
be built for more extensive study of the
composting process. Results of these labora-
tory tests will be used to develop criteria for
natural composting of any and all agricultural
waste methods. (Bates-East Central)
4431-A11, B3, C2, E3
GOOD GAINS ON POULTRY
WASTE, HIGH FIBER DIET
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 16, p. 81, Aug.
27, 1977.
Keywords: Dried poultry wastes, Refeeding,
Nitrogen, High fiber diets, Sheep, Perfor-
mance.
Poultry manure Is superior to urea as a
nitrogen source In high fiber diets fed to
growing lambs, says Lewis Smith, USDA's
Agricultural Research Service animal scien-
tist. In research at Beltsvllle Agricultural
Research Center, Smith divided 48 lambs into
four groups. They were fed complete pelleted
diets containing either cornstalks or wheat
straw as the fiber source and either dehydrat-
ed poultry excreta or urea as supplements
providing about 35 percent of the total dletarv
nitrogen. These diets were fed for 60 days. On
the higher fiber diets, lambs gained an
average of 91 grams/day. Lambs grew best on
diets containing wheat straw supplemented
with poultry excreta. After 60 days, these
same lambs were divided Into two groups and
fed ground ear corn in place of the wheat
straw and corn stalks. They were again
supplemented with urea or dehydrated poul-
try manure which provided 20 percent of total
dietary nitrogen and were fed for 60 days.
This time the source of nitrogen had no effect
on the weight gains of the lambs. The sheep
gained an average of 201 grams/day. (Bates-
East Central)
4432-AH, C3
STUDIES ON BACTERIOPHAGE
DISTRIBUTION: VIRULENT AND
TEMPERATE BACTERIOPHAGE
CONTENT OF MAMMALIAN
FECES
Department of Botany, University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
T. S. Dhlllon, E. E. S. Dhlllon, H. C. Chau, W.
K. LI, and A. H. C. Tsang
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, V.
32, No. 1, p. 68-74, July, 1976. 6 tab., 15 ref.
Keywords: Cattle wastes, Swine wastes,
Human wastes, Bacterlophages, Salmonella.
Freshly voided samples of the feces of cows,
pigs, and humans were analyzed for the
enumeration of cell-free plaque-forming units
(PFU) of collphages and Salmonella phages.
Coliphage PFU counts per gram (wet weight)
of feces were found to range from less than
101to> 107'Salmonella phages were found In
three out of five porcine samples, but none
were found In the four bovine samples
analyzed. Virulent coliphages related to the
XX174/S13 serologlcal group showed some
"habitat preference" In that the S13 type of
phages was found only In pig feces, whereas
thej^X174 type of phages was found only In
cow dung. Temperature collphages were
detectable In a majority of samples of both
human and porcine origin but were Infre-
quently found in bovine samples. About 80
percent of the temperature collphages of fecal
origin have been found to be serologlcally
related to phage HK022 (Dhlllon and Dhlllon,
1973), and all are efficiently Induclble by
ultraviolet light irradiation. However, con-
siderable diversity within the group was found
when the prophage immunity pattern of 10
randomly selected Isolates was examined.
(Copyright 1976-Applied and Environmental
Microbiology)
4433-B3, C2, D3, E3
WILLE COMPOST TANK: A DE-
SIGN STUDY FOR A CONTIN-
UOUS-FLOW COMPOST TANK
USED IN RECLAIMING BEDDING
MATERIAL FROM A MIXTURE
OF BEDDING MATERIAL AND
ANIMAL WASTES
Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
J. L. Wllle and R. J. Smith
Paper presented at AICHE/EPA Third Na-
tional Conference, June 27-30, 1976, p.
517-519. 1 fig., 4 ref.
Keywords: Recycling, Bedding, Animal
wastes, Composting, Design, Aeration rate,
Thermophilic temperature, Carbon, Nitrogen,
Agitation, pH, Bedding, Soil conditioners.
The increase In confinement housing may
require an increase in bedding material used
for animal comfort and to 'absorb waste
liquids. The collection, transport, and treat-
ment of semi-solid, manure-bedding mixtures
present problems unique to livestock produc-
tion that are similar to sewage and industrial
sludges These problems may be simplified if
we can find methods that reduce both the
amount of material used in the operation and
the amount that must be finally disposed of.
Perhaps composting is one answer. A compost
tank was designed which took Into account the
necessary variables of composting -- aeration
rate, thermophllic conditions, carbon-to-
nitrogen rates, agitation, and pH. The
compost tank was circular, 25 ft. in diameter,
and 30 ft. high. The tank was divided
horizontally. A flail agitator was used to mix
the top portion. Fans connected to an
underfloor tunnel system diffused air into the
compost tank. Material to be composted was
dally elevated into the compost tank at a
maximum rate of 132 ft3/day. Initially, the
101
-------
material was dropped directly Into an empty
space above 1 of 10 perforated doors. On the
tenth day of composting, the material was
dropped to the lower section, thus clearing the
space In the upper layer for new material that
requires active agitation and aeration. The
material that dropped Into the lower layer was
then leveled off by a traveling rake and was
allowed to complete the composting process
during Its 30- to 40-day travel to the bottom
unloader. The resulting material was suitable
for bedding or use as a soil conditioner.
Because composting reduced the total volume
and produced a material which is biologically
stable, the resulting compost may be used for
bedding or as a soil conditioner. (Merryman-
East Central) (Microfiche only)
4434-A4, C2, C3
MICROBIOLOGY AND WATER
QUALITY IN A TRIBUTARY OF
CAYUGA LAKE
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
M. Khare, C. Thomas, and N. Dondero
Research Project Technical Completion Re-
port, Project No. A-030-NY, 1975, 126 p. 65
fig., 10 tab.
Keywords: Water quality, Water pollution
control, Feedlots, Taughannock Creek,
Cayuga Lake, New York, Cattle, Watersheds,
Sampling, Biochemical oxygen demand, Coli-
forms. Nitrogen, Phosphate, Dissolved oxy-
gen.
The effects of a cattle feedlot as a source of
water pollution on Taughannock Creek, a
Tributary of Cayuga Lake, were studied in
terms of several common chemical parameters
and in terms of most probable numbers of
conforms, fecal conforms, fecal streptococci,
denitrifiers, nltrlfiers, and total plate counts.
Data were highly variable, but the feedlot
clearly contributed to pollution of the stream,
although concentrations did not indicate
severe pollution conditions. The feedlot
contributed significant amounts of nitrogen
and phosphate to the stream system and
potentially to Cayuga Lake. Additional nitro-
gen probably originated from soils and
groundwater In the drainage basin. Coliform,
fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcus levels
were conspicuously high at the feedlot.
Although the concentrations of fecal conforms
and fecal streptococci quickly subsided and
were low at the mouth of Taughanock Creek,
the constant presence of Salmonella support-
ed their utility as indicators of sanitary quality
ol surface waters. Many of the bacteria were
transients, entering the water at the feedlot
and disappearing downstream. (Khare-
Cornell) (Microfiche only)
4435-B1, D2, E2, E3, Fl
OPPORTUNITIES FOR MORE
EFFECTIVE USE OF ANIMAL
WASTES
U.S. General Accounting Office
E. B. Staats
General Accounting Office Report 76-101
June 14, 1976, 40 p.
Keywords: Waste disposal, Land disposal,
Recycling, Pyrolysls, Ammonia synthesis gas,
Confinement pens, Feedlots, Livestock, Tech-
nology, Economics.
EPA's animal waste research program has
been concentrated on the land application of
the manure both as fertilizer and as a means
of disposal. Although EPA has recognized the
existence of various potential alternatives to
land application, It has expended only
minimal effort In developing these alterna-
tives through small grants for laboratory
research. An EPA official responsible for the
Animal Feedlot Waste Research Program told
us (the General Accounting Office) that EPA
funded projects for ammonia synthesis gas
production and production of useful products
through pyrolysis were both at a stage where
pilot plants have become necessary to test on
a larger scale the results achieved In the
laboratory. However, EPA officials said that
EPA does not plan to proceed further with
these methods. As discussed In chapter 2, our
review identified several confinement opera-
tions, particularly holding pens for several
meat packing plants which, because of their
location In an urban area, were unable to
dispose of accumulated manure to farmers for
use as fertilizer. For these operations and for
the large feedlots which may have disposal
problems when operating at full capacity
(currently operating nationally at about 50
percent) the various experimental technolo-
gies for manure use represent potential
methods of solving the disposal problem. We
believe that more research effort should be
directed toward bringing such technologies to
a commercially acceptable level of develop-
ment Including the determination of economic
feasibility of the various alternatives. Of
particular Importance Is the development and
acceptability of those technologies, such as
ammonia synthesis, which have shown pro-
mise In the laboratory but must now be tested
on a larger scale to prove their practical
commercial value. The General Accounting
Office recommends that the Administrators of
the Environmental Protection Agency and the
Energy Research and Development Adminis-
tration and the Secretary, Department of
Agriculture enter Into a joint agreement
delineating responsibilities for the disposal
and utilization of animal manure and provide
for adequate coordination of activities. This
agreement should provide assurance that
innovative research projects, such as those
discussed in this report, will be given
adequate consideration for development to a
stage where the economic and technical
viability of the technology can be determined.
(Staats-General Accounting Office)
4436-B1, E2, E3, Fl
THE HAPPY EARTHWORM
Anonymous
Calf News, V. 15, No. 9, p. 14, Sept., 1977. 1
fig.
Keywords: Recycling, Cattle wastes, Paunch
manure, Feedlots, Earthworms, Fertilizers,
Economics.
John Vander Molen, a feedlot owner In Chlno,
California, raises earthworms on 3 acres near
his feedlot. Every week, John feeds his
earthworms manure from his 3,000 calves plus
a topping of paunch material from a local
packing plant. Every day he waters them.
John even has to obtain manure from other
sources to have enough. A pound of wlgglers
brings two dollars. Also, the worms leave
"castings" which make the highest-quality
fertilizer for shrubs and trees and house
plants. A ton of such castings sells for about
$25.00. (Merryman-East Central)
4437-A6, B2, E2, F2
HIS HOGS DON'T STINK
J. Wlebel
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 17, p. 26-27,
Sept. 10, 1977. 1 fig.
Keywords: Confinement pens, Odor, Regula-
tion, Iowa, Odor control, Swine, Slatted floors,
Lagoons, Good housekeeping, Land spread-
Ing, Knifing.
The bulk of Iowa's new odor regulations
become effective January 1, 1979. Basically,
the regulations state that It takes 3 neighbors
living within a 5-mlle radius of a livestock
operation to file a complaint to the Depart-
ment of Environmental Quality. Odors must
be bothersome at one of the complainant's
homes for 12 or more hours a day for 10 or
more days during a 30-day period. After
January 1, 1978, lagoons (which are the
source of the greatest number of odor
complaints In Iowa) will not be allowed to be
built unless a permit Is secured from the Air
Quality Commission. Georga Osborne, mem-
ber of the Air Quality Commission of the
Department of Environmental Quality and
owner of a confined swine operation, says that
odor control Is 99 percent management. The
main thing to do In controlling swine odor Is to
keep hog buildings clean. Keeping things
clean Is easier to do In total confinement than
In open front facilities with an outdoor feeding
floor. Totally slotted floors seem to work best
In odor control. Narrow slats are better than
wide slats, because there's less surface for
manure to accumulate. Keeping hogs crowded
so they work the manure off the slats and Into
the pits also helps. Osborne gives finishing
hogs 6 sq. ft. of room and packs them 25 to a
pen. While that's less space than Is recom-
mended by most engineers, Osborne says he
can get by with It because he markets all his
hogs when they reach 206 Ibs. Adequate
ventilation Is also Important. Iowa State
University extension agricultural engineer Stu
Melvin suggests that odors may be further
controlled by keeping the solids content of pit
manure above 5 percent and preferably 6
percent to 8 percent. Osborne eliminates
much of the odor caused during land
spreading by knifing It into the soil - except
when the ground Is frozen. (Merryman-East
Central)
4438-A6, A7, Bl, Dl, Fl
HOG HOUSE DUST CONTROL
HELPS YOU BREATHE EASIER
J. Wlebel
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 17, p. 164-165,
Sept. 10, 1977.
Keywords: Swine, Confinement buildings, Air
pollution, Dust control, lonlzatlon, Gases,
Ammonia, Costs, Economics.
Hog house dust caff cause coughing and
sneezing for both man and beast. Unless a
producer knows his hogs have a long standing
problem with atrophlc rhinitis or pneumonia,
taking extra stress of air pollutants off the
respiratory system may not be economically
worthwhile. Even then, hog performance
probably will not be Improved. Whether or not
dust removal pays depends upon whether
you're talking about the animal or the
operator. Hogmen suffering from asthma, hay
fever or emphysema say dust removal systems
help them breathe easier. Kelley Donham of
the Institute of Agricultural Medicine at the
University of Iowa says hog house dust Is
potentially dangerous to humans becuase 90
percent to 95 percent of It Is less than 5
microns In size. This means It slips through
the filtering mechanism In the nose and moves
deep into the lungs whenever a person
102
-------
Inhales. Dust removal may be achieved
through lonizatlon. This means that negative
electrons are shot through the air to collide
with dust particles and give them a negative
charge. These negatively charged dust parti-
cles are then attracted to positive and neutral
objects In the building and settle out of the
atmosphere. Sixty to seventy-five percent of
dust particles are removed. The big problem
with the negatively charged dust particles Is
that they settle on gates, feeders, and other
equipment which carry a positive or neutral
charge. Corrosive gases absorbed by these
dust particles may cause equipment to corrode
faster than normal. Iowa State University
agricultural engineer Dwalne Bundy Is work-
ing on an accessory to lonizatlon systems - a
positively charged collector panel which would
attract much of the negatively charged dust.
The collector panel could be washed down
regularly to remove the dust entirely from the
building. At present, cost of an lonizatlon
system Is $1200 to $2500, depending upon the
size of the confinement building. (Merryman-
East Central)
4439-A8, B2, B5, C2, E2, Fl
INJECTING MANURE CUTS
CORN FERTILIZER COSTS
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 17, p. 118-119,
Sept. 10, 1977. 1 fig.
Keywords: Waste disposal, Land application,
Soil injection, Crop response, Fertilizers,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Location,
Economics.
Lloyd Arthur and his son Bill agree that
injecting animal wastes reduces or eliminates
odor problems and preserves more soil
nutrients than is achieved by simply spread-
ing the wastes. Their swine pits have a
3-month storage capacity. Emptyl ng Is done at
3-month intervals, beginning In January.
January and April applications go on either
soybean stubble or unplowed cornfields. At
least one field of wheat is grown to provide
stubble for waste Injection In July. Wastes
are spread on soybean stubble in October.
With 400 acres of cropland nearby, the
Arthurs seldom inject wastes in a field more
often than every 5 years. The Arthurs are
convinced that P and K supplied by swine
wastes will carry a crop for only a year. Past
that point, they apply commercial fertilizers.
The Arthurs always apply some nitrogen. Tom
Bache, who farms near Frankfort, Indiana,
does much the same thing as the Arthurs.
Bache feels thai there Is not much point In
calculating the nutritive value of wastes when
they're being applied at high rates because
the wastes are not being utilized all that wen.
The main purpose Is getting rid of the wastes.
Bache expresses concern as to what might
happen if adverse weather should make
chiseling impossible some year. Options to
meet such an event are to build a lagoon, to
Irrigate, or to add a second unit for injecting
wastes. Bache also makes a point about the
location of swine facilities and the location's
effect on waste handling. He feels that larger
producers might think seriously about locating
swine facilities nearer the center of a section
of land to facilitate ease In hauling. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4440-A8, B2, B5, C2, E2, Fl
INJECTING MANURE PAYS
WITH SAVED NITROGEN
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 16, p. 30, Aug.
27, 1977. 1 tab.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Cattle wastes, Soil
injection, Surface spreading, Equipment
costs, Injection costs, Nitrogen, Volatilization.
Higher Investment and operating costs have
kept some livestock producers from using
Injection manure disposal. However, a Uni-
versity of Illinois study shows that Injecting
manure more than compensates for higher
costs by reducing nitrogen loss. Also odor Is
reduced. Liquid spreaders and Injectors
unload at about the same rate of 250 gal.
per minute. The additional power cost Is 19<
per 1000 gal. of manure Injected. The
additional power cost of 19^ per 1000 gal. plus
the application orlce of the 1000 gal. makes
the Injection cost 89« more per 1000 gal. of
manure than surface spreading. But surface
spreading manure allows an average nitrogen
loss of 31 percent for surface spread manure
not incorporated for several days. At 10x) per
pound of nitrogen, the volatilization loss Is
about $1.55 per 1000 gal. of beef manure and
$1.71 per 1000 gal. of swine manure. The
Injection systems assume a 5 percent volatili-
zation loss during and after Injection. Thus
there Is a loss of 254 per 1000 gal. of beef
manure and 27f per 1000 gal. of swine
manure. But injecting also saved $1.30 and
$1.44, respectively, per 1000 gal. of beef and
swine wastes injected. This more than covers
the extra cost of 89f per 1000 gal. of manure
for the injection systems. (Merryman-East
Central)
4441-B1, C2, Dl, D2, D3, E3, E4
MANURE AND ALGAE PRO-
DUCE ANIMAL FEED
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 17, p. 182, Sept.
10, 1977.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Livestock wastes,
Recycling, By-product recovery, Algae, Sub-
strates, Feeds, Protein, Lysine, Tryptophan.
Cornell University scientist Wilson Pond
reports that a blue-green algae, Arthrosplra
platensls, has been found to grow rapidly In
the residue of swine waste following methane
production. Pond says the algae has 60
percent protein content as compared to corn
with 10 percent and wheat with 12-15 percent.
Also, the algae is high In lyslne and
tryptophan, two amlno acids necessary for
growth and survival and found only at low
levels in most plants. The algae grows
quickly. Based on experimental data, a
theoretical projection (on a dry matter basis)
of 20-40 tons of algae per acre per year could
be made. By comparison, corn yields 3 tons of
dry matter per acre. Pond feels the algae
could be fed to animals In the same form In
which It is produced or It could be ensiled or
spread out to dry. The process requires little
land and would not compete with crop space.
Manures from other animals are being tested
as substrates. Another species of the algae,
maxima, Is being used experimentally In
Mexico. (Merryman-East Central)
4442-B1
MANURE LOADERS NEED CARE
AND MAINTENANCE
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 17, p. 144-145,
Sept. 10, 1977.
Keywords: Manure loaders, Equipment,
Maintenance, Safety.
Tips are given for getting full use out of
hydraulic manure loaders, while holding down
maintenance and operating costs. Because
when the loader Is In use, weight Is
transferred from the tractor's rear wheels to
the front wheels, several things need to be
done. All weights should be removed from the
front frame and wheels. Tires should be
Inflated to recommended pressures. Steering
should be checked for looseness and play.
Rear weighting, necessary for traction, may
be accomplished by putting liquid In the rear
tires or by using wheel weights. If the loader
Is to be removed and Installed often, some
type of qulck-on, quick-off rear weighting
arrangement adds convenience. Pins or other
attaching points required by the tractor hitch
should be welded on. Rear tires should be set
as wide apart as possible, consistent with shed
doors or other openings. Dirt should be kept
out of the system by observing these precau-
tions: (1) Use only clean hydraulic fluid. (2)
Handle fluid In clean containers only. (3)
Clean all dirt away from the area around the
filler opening before removing the plug. (4)
Keep hydraulic connections clean when
installing or removing the loader. The loader's
hydraulic fluid should be checked dally. Only
the recommended type, grade, or brand of
fluid should be used. The loader should not be
used for an extended time with the pressure
relief valve operating. Pivot points should be
greased regularly. Bucket linkage controls
should also be oiled as a routine measure.
Bolts and capscrews that attach the loader to
the tractor should be regularly checked.
Heavy bucket loads should be eased down
slowly. For safety: (1) Operate the loader from
the tractor seat only. (2) Carry the load low.
(3) Operate at a reasonable speed. (4) Never
operate with frayed hoses or leaky hydraulic
system. (5) Never stand underneath a raised
bucket. (6) Do not leave the bucket In a raised
position. (7) Before uncoupling any hydraulic
connections, stop the engine, and work the
control valve back and forth several times to
relieve any pressure In the system. (8) If
possible, avoid operating sideways on a slope.
(Merryman-East Central)
4443-B2, B4, E2
NEW WASTE COLLECTION AND
STORAGE SYSTEM
Anonymous
Kansas Farmer, V. 115, No. 12, p. 36, July,
1977. 1 fig.
Keywords: Waste collection, Waste storage,
Liquid wastes, Slurries, Minnesota, Confine-
ment housing, Slatted floors, Earthen pit,
Plastic pit liner, Land application, Knifing.
A new concept In livestock waste management
systems was recently Installed on a farm In
Minnesota In conjunction with a factory-built
confinement building. The new feature of the
waste system Is a prefabricated thermo-plastlc
waste collection pan that was Installed In a
simple excavation within the building footings
just prior to the assembly of building
components on site. The shallow (1 to 3 ft.
depth) plastic pans collect wastes from the
slatted floor of the confinement building and
gravity feed the wastes by pipe line to a waste
storage area. The wastes are held In alr-tlght
storage In a patented structure called the
"Controller." This air-tight waste storage
"baggie" consists of a thermo-plastlc pit liner
and sealed floating cover that Is Installed In an
earthen pit and holds 12 months' accumula-
tion of waste. Since the slurry Is always liquid,
103
-------
the farmer simply attaches his tank wagon to
the outlet hose, agitates the wastes, removes
the slurry and knifes It Into the soil.
(Merryman-East Central)
4444-A2, A4, AS, A6, A7, A8, Bl,
B2, B3, B4, B5, Cl, C2, C3, Dl,
D3, E2, E3, Fl, F2, F4
LIVESTOCK WASTE FACILITIES
HANDBOOK
Midwest Plan Service. Livestock Wastes
Subcommittee
Livestock Waste Facilities Handbook, Mid-
west Plan Service Publication 18, Iowa State
University, 1975, 95 p. 61 fig., 50 tab.
Keywords: Livestock wastes, Waste storage,
Waste treatment, Waste disposal, Regulation,
Feedlots, Agricultural runoff, Gases Odor,
Physical properties, Chemical properties,
Waste collection, Runoff collection, Flushing
gutters, Separation techniques, Biological
treatment, Waste transport, Land application,
Costs, Climate, Refeeding.
This publication deals with technology that is
changing rapidly as a result of regulation,
population growth patterns, land use and such
variables as soil type, topography, climate,
and management of livestock production. The
publication is intended for: (1) those who plan,
evaluate, or select waste handling systems,
(2) those who work with farmers and their
livestock problems, and who need some
knowledge of waste handllno systems, and (3)
those who teach about waste handling,
utilization, and disposal, and who need a
resource on typical facilities. The publication
considers the following major topics: (1)
characteristics of animal wastes, (2) waste
collection, (3) runoff collection, (4) flushing
gutters, (5) waste storage, (6) liquid-solid
separation, (!) biological treatment, (8) waste
transport, (9) utilization and disposal of
animal wastes, (10) cost estimating, (11)
livestock weights (12) climate data, and (13) a
glossary of terms. (Merryman-East Central)
4445-A6, A7, Bl, C2
GUIDE TO EFFECTIVE MANURE
PIT VENTILATION
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 17, p. 222, Sept.
10, 1977.
Keywords: Odor, Gases, Air pollution, Swine,
Confinement housing, Slatted floors, Ventila-
tion, Ammonia, Methane, Carbon dioxide,
Hydrogen sulfide, Organic acids.
Adequate ventilation may be the answer to
swine manure odor and air pollution pro-
blems. A Swedish swine study revealed that
gas concentrations are greater In the area
between the manure's surface and slightly
above the slatted floor than elsewhere in a
confinement. A manure pit produces ammon-
ia, methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide
gases, and small amounts of organic acids. To
make pit ventilation work, manure must be
kept at least 18 inches below the slats.
According to Don James, Purdue University
extension agricultural engineer, pit ventila-
tion is worthless if the manure gets to within 6
to 12 inches of the slats. Airflow should be
parallel with the slat beams so that beams will
not cut airflow. Minimum ventilation rates are
usually used In extremely cold weather,
normal ventilation in spring and fall, and
three times the normal rates In summer.
Jones says pit ventilation provides more
uniform air distribution, fewer dead spots,
and lower odor problems at minimum rates
than at normal or summer rates. Pit ventila-
tion fans can be either mounted externally on
building walls or mounted below ground In a
concrete room. 20 cfm per sow Is adequate
ventilation for a well serviced fan system.
(Merryman-East Central)
4446-B1, C3
EXAMINATION OF POULTRY
LITTER FOR SALMONELLAE BY
DIRECT CULTURE AND FLUOR-
ESCENT ANTIBODY TECH-
NIQUE
Department of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
C. F. Smyser and G. H. Snoeyenbos
Avian Diseases, V. 20, No. 3, p. 545-551,
1976. 3 tab., 16 ref.
Keywords: Poultry litter, Biological proper-
ties, Sampling, Salmonellae.
Direct culture and fluorescent antibody (FA)
procedures were used for examining approx-
imately 6200 samples of poultry floor or nest
litter for salmonellae. Each sample was
cultured directly In tetrathlonate brilliant-
green (TBG) broth, Incubated at 42 C for 48
hours, and plated on brilliant green (BG)agar.
The FA procedure was conducted from pools
of 4-8 samples prepared by transferring 1 ml
supernatant from TBG at 24 hr Into 50 ml of
either gram-negative (GN) broth, selenite
cystine, or selenite brilliant-green sulfapyrid-
ine. After 6 hr of incubation at 42 C, BG agar
plates were streaked from each pool, and
smears were prepared for FA. Salmonella was
isolated by plating from 268 of 854 pooled
units Recovery was 97 percent by direct
culture, 86 percent from GN broth, and 57
percent from the selenite secondary enrich-
ments. In the FA procedure, GN broth was
superior to either of the selenites as the
secondary medium from which to prepare
smears, giving more FA-positive pools, a
higher percentage of confirmed positives, and
a lower percentage of false negative pools. A
major deficiency of the FA technique was the
high percentage of false-positive reactions as
judged by inability to isolate salmonellae.
From litter cultured directly in TBG, salmon-
ellae were isolated from 97 percent of the total
number of pools culturally positive by
combined culture methods. (Copyright 1976 -
Avian Diseases)
4447-B1, B2, B3, B4, Dl, D2, D3,
E2, Fl
DECISION MODEL FOR ANIMAL
MANURE HANDLING
L. M. Safley, Jr.
M.S. Thesis, Cornell University, Aug., 1974,
147 p. 12 fig., 2 tab., 21 ref.
Keywords: Waste management, Waste treat-
ment, Waste storage, Liquid wastes, Solid
wastes, Land disposal, Costs, Computer
analysis, Computer models.
A technique for simultaneously evaluating
several different confined livestock manure
handling systems was developed. The techni-
que consisted of a field worksheet for
gathering information concerning the specific
livestock operation and a computer program to
assess a network representing the various
systems In question. The manure handling
systems were evaluated In terms of their
yearly economic cost to the livestock operator.
The land was considered to be the ultimate
receptor of the manure In each system.
Several factors were considered In developing
the analysis package such as repair, deprecia-
tion, taxes, interest, Insurance, manual labor,
and Initial costs of machinery and structures.
The network employed was divided Into the
following five stages: (1) collection of manure,
(2) manure treatment and solid storage, (3)
liquid storage, (4) removal of liquid from
storage, and (5) transporting from storage to
land. Equations describing the cost of moving
the animal manure from one stage to another
were constructed for eleven systems. These
eleven systems were chosen to represent a
cross-section of the manure handling systems
that are currently In use by operators and
those under study. The analysis tool was
developed to assist extension engineers and
livestock producers In making decisions
concerning the manure handling system to be
employed. One analysis conducted, for In-
stance, Indicated that the conventional dally
hauling system was not always the least
expensive system as has been widely report-
ed. (Safley-Cornell University)
4448-A4, AS, A8, All, B5
CONVERT CITY SEWAGE TO
FARM FERTILIZER
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 17, p. 181, Sept.
10, 1977.
Keywords: Sewage sludge, Fertilizers, Land
application, Heavy metals, Disease organ-
isms, Crop response, Water pollution,
Groundwater pollution, Runoff control, Com-
posting.
Converting municipal sewage sludge to
fertilizer to help dispose of this waste hasn't
progressed as some people felt It would. One
of the largest obstacles has been the heavy
metal components of sewage which are
dangerous to both plants and animals.
Disease threat from the sludge has been
another hazard. However, tests conducted by
Edward Clapp of the USDA Agricultural
Research Service, have indicated fertilization
by such sludge Is quite promising. Annual
application of 4.5 tons of sludge per acre
resulted in yields of 108 bu. of corn per acre,
and 4.3 tons of reed canarygrass per acre.
Control areas receiving conventional fertilizer
yielded 102 bu of corn per acre and 3.4 tons of
reed canarygrass. Analyses revealed no
difference In the heavy metal content of the
corn grain or leaf tissue from sludge areas as a
conventionally fertilized plot. Concentration of
heavy metals in soil water was not increased
by sludge application,«and analysis of surface
and groundwater showed no movement of
potentially polluting materials out of the
watershed. Results seem to indicate that this
type of sludge may be used safely for
agrlcltural purposes If the land is properly
terraced for runoff control. Scientists are also
developing composts for utilizing sewage
sludge. Such compost would foster water
retention, help prevent leaching of nutrients,
and would raise the potassium level of the
soli. (Merryman-East Central)
4449-A11, Bl, Cl
A RAPID METHOD OF MEASUR-
ING MOISTURE IN LITTER USED
FOR BROILERS BROODED AT
HIGH DENSITY
104
-------
G, C, Harris, Jr., Q. S. Nelson, T. A Cole D
Ingram, and J. Banson
Arkansas Farm Research, V. 26, No 1 p 6
Jan.-Feb., 1977. 2 fig., 1 tab. '
Keywords: Poultry litter, Moisture content,
Performance, Broilers, Density, Ventilation,
Climatic conditions, Measurement, Delmhorst
model F-4, Moisture detector, Oven drying.
Previous research on ventilation needs for
high density brooding (0.4 sq ft of floor space
per chick) showed that ventilation rates of 0.1,
0.4, 0.7, and 0.7 cfm per bird for the first 4
weeks gave best performance. However, data
from recent tests conducted at these ventila-
tion rates but at different times of the year
revealed that the optimum ventilation for
performance may not be simply a certain rate
for a particular age. Dally climatic conditions
may Influence the amount of moisture removal
by ventilation, and are probably more
Important than growers realize. Because a
rapid method of measuring broiler litter
moisture was needed for evaluating the
changes in litter condition with various
ventilation rates, comparisons were made
between a direct-reading Delmhorst model
F-4 moisture detector that Is used for hay
bales and the slower vacuum oven-drying
method normally used In the laboratory.
Comparable moisture percentages were deter-
mined by the 2 methods The moisture
detector tested should be a useful tool for
poultry servicemen since It will permit Instant
read-out of the percent litter moisture at
several locations within a house. (Merryman-
East Central)
4450-A5, A8, El, B5, C2, E2
NITRATE-NITROGEN REMOVAL
FROM SOIL PROFILES BY AL-
FALFA
Soil Scientist, U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Southwestern Great Plains Research
Center, Bushland, Texas 79012
A. C. Mathers, B. A. Stewart, and B. Blair
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 4, No. 3,
p. 403-405, July-Sept., 1975. 3 fig., 3 tab., 12
ref.
Keywords: Nitrates, Soil profiles, Manure,
Land application, Alfalfa, Crop response,
Leaching, Groundwater quality.
Previously utilized Pullman clay loam plots
that had received 0, 22, 45, 112, and 224
metric tons/ha of manure of ammonium
nitrate (224 kg N/ha) annually for 3 years
were used in a new study to determine the
extent that nitrate could be removed by
alfalfa. Nitrate-nitrogen and water contents of
the soil profile were determined by 30-cm
increments to a 6-m depth prior to planting. It
was found that the amount of nitrate-nitrogen
removed and the removal depth would depend
upon such factors as available water and root
activity. The depth of nitrate-nitrogen removal
will depend on the rooting of the alfalfa.
Alfalfa roots can extend to depths greater than
6 m. Alfalfa seems to have the capability to
remove nitrate-nitrogen at depths below the
rooting depth of most crops. Planting alfalfa
on soil high In nitrate-nitrogen could reduce
the amounts of nitrate-nitrogen leaching Into
groundwater. Total nitrogen uptake by alfalfa
was directly related to alfalfa yield. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4451-A4, A9, Bl, Cl, C2, C3
THE NEEDS FOR WATER QUAL-
ITY MODELS ON AGRICULTUR-
AL WATERSHEDS
Chief, Agro-Environmental Systems Branch,
Southeast Environmental Research Labora-
tory, National Environmental Research
Center-Corvallls, U.S. EPA, Athens, Georgia
30601
H. P. Nicholson
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 4, No. 1,
p. 21-23, Jan.-March, 1975. 6 ref.
Keywords: Water pollution, Point sources,
Non-point sources, Agriculture, Municipal
wastes, Industrial wastes, Watersheds, Pollu-
tion control, Sediments, Agricultural chemi-
cals, Animal wastes, Crop residues, Patho-
genic bacteria, Heavy metals, Mathematical
models.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972 emphasize the need to
control pollution associated with agricultural
activities as well as pollution associated with
cities and Industries. The full significance of
agricultural pollution has not yet been
determined. Since much agricultural pollution
Is from non-point sources, something more
than the application of standard collection and
treatment systems Is needed for pollution
control. Management of such pollution will
depend heavily upon mathematical models
now under development. Management pro-
grams should be planned and implemented
for complete drainage basins. The potential
agricultural pollutants that must be managed
include sediments, agricultural chemicals,
animal wastes, crop residues, pathogens, and
possibly heavy metals. (Merryman-East
Central)
44S2-A3, A4, C2
PHOSPHORUS LOSS BY STREAM
TRANSPORT FROM A RURAL
WATERSHED: QUANTITIES,
PROCESSES, AND SOURCES
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania
A. H. Johnson, D. R. Bouldin, E. A. Goyette,
and A. M. Hedges
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 5, No. 2,
p. 148-157, April-June, 1976. 12 fig., 4 tab.,
12 ref
Keywords: Water pollution sources, Sampl-
ing, Phosphorus, Watersheds, Suspended
solids, Runoff, Point sources, Non-point
sources, Sewage, Agriculture, Manure, Fertil-
izers, Dissolved phosphorus, Particular phos-
phorus.
Phosphorus losses by stream transport in Fall
Creek, which drains a rural watershed in
central New York, were studied during a
20-month period. Fall Creek was sampled at
several locations over a range of discharge
conditions. Sampling efforts were concentrat-
ed during storm runoff periods. Estimates of
phosphorus loss were obtained, and estimates
of the standard errors were calculated.
Phosphorus loss associated with suspended
solids accounted for 78 percent of the total
exported. Dissolved inorganic fractions ac-
counted for 14 percent Dissolved organic
fractions accounted for 8 percent. Approx-
imately 22 percent of the dissolved phosphor-
us lost from the watershed was derived from
diffuse sources associated with farming, 44
percent was derived from natural geochemical
processes, and 34 percent from point source
inputs. Less than 1 percent of the phosphorus
applied to the landscape in chemical fertilizer
and manure was lost from the watershed in
dissolved form. (Merryman-East Central)
4453-B2, C2, D3, E3, F4
STATE OF THE ART -- METH-
ANE GAS GENERATION FROM
AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station and
Extension Agricultural Engineer, Montana
State University, Bozeman, Montana
C. M. Milne.
Cooperative Extension Service Folder 160,
Montana State University, April, 1974. 4 p.
Keywords: State of the art, Agricultural
wastes, Anaerobic digestion, Methane, Batch
digesters, Continuous flow digesters, Temp-
erature, pH, Loading rates, Recycling.
A mixture of gas containing methane can be
obtained from an anaerobic digester operating
on animal wastes or other organic materials.
Skill and attention to many details are needed
to make a system operate In a stable manner.
The technology does not presently exist for
practical systems of methane generation and
utilization under United States economic
conditions. Considerable research Is being
initiated throughout the United States so that
practical application of methane generation
form agricultural wastes may - or may not
become a reality In the future. (Milne-Mon-
tana State University)
4454-B3, Cl, C2, D3, E3
A COMPLETE DISPOSAL-RE-
CYCLE SCHEME FOR AGRICUL-
TURAL SOLID WASTES
Tennessee State University, Nashville,
Tennessee 37203
M. R. Busby, G. Tragitt, R Norman, and K.
Hlllsman
Environmental Protection Agency Report
EPA-600/2-77-089, May, 1977, 52 p. 23 fig., 7
tab., 18 ref.
Keywords: Solid wastes, Agricultural wastes,
Cattle wastes, Anaerobic digestion, Recycl-
ing, Equipment, Design, Methane, Fertiliz-
ers, Feed supplements, Energy.
With the advent of the 70's, there has been an
Increasing national concern for the growing
energy shortage as well as the problem of
organic waste disposal. These two problems,
while at first glance appear unrelated, are
dealt with simultaneously by an anaerobic
digestion process. Such a process produces
not only a useful fuel, methane, but also Is a
potential source of a stabilized fertilizer and a
nutritive supplement to animal diets. This
biological process has been used for decades,
but the economic feasibility of incorporating
such a process on a typical small farm has not
been clearly established. This investigation
applied the anaerobic process to the product-
ion of methane gas and a stabilized sludge
from cow manure and farm clippings in
laboratory pilot plants as well as a full-scale
(2,000 gal.) digester system The quantity and
quality of gas produced, the biochemical and
chemical oxygen demands, and the nutritional
value of the digested sludge for both the
laboratory and full-scale plants were evaluat-
ed. (Busby-Tennessee State University)
4455-AS, Bl, B5, C2, E2
EFFECTS OF METHODS AND
RATES OF DAIRY MANURE
APPLICATION ON SOIL WATER
NITRATE LEVELS
105
-------
M. J. Green
M.S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Univer-
sity, Nov., 1976, 61 p. 13 fig., 12 tab., 39 ref.
Keywords: Dairy manure, Land application,
Application rates, Application methods, Ni-
trates, Leaching, Groundwater pollution.
The United States Department of Health,
Education and Welfare and the World Health
Organization recommend that nitrate nitrogen
levels do not exceed 10 m0/1 In drinking
water. It has been shown that very high
manure application rates result In nitrate
leaching through the soil and may cause
groundwater pollution. This thesis research
was undertaken to evaluate the effects of
varying application levels of dairy manure
slurry applied under the various cultural
practices as follows: sod versus bare soil,
surface versus subsurface applications and
spring versus fall applications. Measurements
of ammonia volatilization, nitrate concentra-
tions In soil water, and plant uptake of
nitrogen are included In determining a
nitrogen balance. Conclusions drawn from the
study were: (1) Ammonia volatilization rates
remain nearly the same with varying applica-
tion rates and cultural practices. An Increase
In temperature appeared to Increase the
volatilization. (2) The soil water nitrate
nitrogen concentrations are not expected to
exceed 10 mg/1 at the four-foot level the first
year with application rates as high as 520
Ibs/acre of nitrogen as manure applied during
fall and 904 Ibs/acre of nitrogen applied
during spring. (3) Sod had a very positive
effect In reducing soil water nitrate concentra-
tions. (4) There was no noticeable difference
In soil water nitrate and chloride concentra
tlons in relation to surface versus sub-surface
applied manure. (Merryman-East Central)
4456-A2, AS, B3, B4, C2
NITROGEN MOVEMENT NEAR
SURFACE MANURE STORAGES
Soil Research Institute and Engineering
Research Service, Canada Agriculture,
Ottawa, Ontario K1A OC6, Canada
F. J. Sowden and F. R. Hore
Canadian Journal of Soil Science, V. 56, No. 3,
p. 223-231, Aug., 1976. 3 fig., 3 tab., 16 ref.
Keywords: Waste storage, Manure pit, Nutri-
ents, Nitrates, Ammonium, Phosphates,
Leaching, Overflow, Agricultural runoff,
Groundwater pollution.
No evidence of serious groundwater contamin-
ation by excess nutrients from solid manure
storage areas that had been used for over 30
yr at the Experimental Farm, Ottawa was
found in an investigation that was carried out
over a period of 4 yr. One storage area was on
a concrete base and the other was located on a
gravel base. The water table was usually
above the 275-cm depth at both sites. Two
unused shallow dug wells less than 250 m
from the storage areas were not contaminated
by nitrate, ammonium or phosphate. Water
from piezometers installed at 275- and 425-cm
depths near the gravel base storage area was
always low in nitrate and ammonium, but
sometimes appreciable levels of nitrate were
found In water from a 122-cm deep piezomet-
er. Water from piezometers Installed at 122-
and 275-cm depths near the concrete base
storage area usually contained nitrate and
ammonium. Water from piezometers Installed
213 and 241 m from the storage areas In the
direction of groundwater flow contained little
nitrate or ammonium. The conditions prevail-
ing in the area and the variation In the nitrate
content of the groundwater during the seasons
suggested that much of the nitrate originating
from the storage areas was denitrified at or
near the water table. (Copyright 1976
Canadian Journal of Soil Science)
4457-A4, A6, A7, A8, Bl, C2, D3,
E2,E3
AGRICULTURE'S ROLE IN EN-
VIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Beltsvllle, Maryland
20705
R. C. Yeck
Pur-O-Sphere Convention, Kiamesha Lake,
New York March 22, 1971, 10 p.
Keywords: Agriculture, Feedlots, Water pol-
lution, Odor, Waste management, Land
disposal, Nitrates, Toxlclty, Research, Cost
sharing, Agricultural Stabilization and Con-
servation Service, Farmers Home Administra-
tion, Refeedlng, Ensiling, Proteins, Algae,
Air Pollution.
While Mr. Yeck was asked to discuss some of
the specific activities of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture, his speech was much more
general than that. Mr. Yeck established that
feedlot production of animals has led to
problems with waste management. Such
wastes are causing air and water pollution
problems. Animal wastes entering surface
water supplies may decrease potability, may
cause excess aquatic growth, and may destroy
their recreational potential. The moving of city
dwellers Into areas containing feedlots has
caused odor to become an eminent problem.
Due to economic advantages of commercial
fertilizers, land disposal no longer seems to be
the answer to animal waste disposal. Also,
there are many times of the year when land
isn't available and the wastes must be stored.
Stored wastes spread on lands often add to
odor nuisances. Additionally, there Is a limit
to the loading rate. Grasses receiving too
many nitrates can become toxic to grazing
animals. Research has Identified techniques
that reduce the quantity of wastes that are
eroded from feedlots. These include detention
ponds and Interception terraces. Action
programs that have been Initiated to Imple-
ment research findings include cost sharing
programs by the Agricultural Stabilization and
Conservation Service, educational programs
by the extension service, and some loans by
the Farmers Home Administration. Alterna-
tives for animal waste disposal that are under
study include: (1) processing of animal wastes
by heat treating or ensiling and then refeedlng
them to animals and (2) biological separation
of protein from wastes with Insects and
reclaiming nutrients through harvest of algae.
(Merryman-East Central)
4458-B2, C2, D3, E3
THE SYMBIOTIC GROWTH OF
ALGAE AND BACTERIA ON
SWINE WASTE
F. R. R. Negron
M.S. Thesis, Departmant of Agricultural
Engineering, Purdue University, Dec., 1976,
69 p. 3 fig., 15 tab., 41 ref.
Keywords: Waste treatment, Aerobic condi-
tions, Byproduct recovery, Swine wastes,
Detention times, Nitrogen, Refeedlng.
This study evaluated the conversion of swine
manure Into a bacteria and algae blomass.
During a preliminary study, It was determined
that a symbiotic relation ot algae and bacteria
could evolve and maintain aerobic conditions
with no external addition of oxygen, when the
detention time was 6 days. Based on results of
that study, a continuous culture experiment
was conducted to evaluate the effect of
detention time on the symbiotic growth of
algae and bacteria. The substrate was swine
waste which was diluted to a KJeldahl
nitrogen concentration of 500 mg/1. Detention
times of 6 days, 4 days, and 2 days were
utilized. There was a significant difference In
the production of blomaas and treatment
efficiency due to detention time. The system
was highly efficient In the conservation of
nitrogen. The following conclusions were
drawn from the study: (1) In order to
maximize the production of blomass per unit
of substrate consumed, a four day detention
time should be used. (2) The greatest
reduction In soluble organic matter occurred
at the longest detention time of 6 days. (3) A
blomass yield of .45 units of volatile suspend-
ed solids would be expected from degradation
of1 unit of soluble COD. (4) 1300 mg/1 of high
protein blomaaa was produced at the 4 day
detention time. (5) The highest concentration
of algae as measured by chlorophyll content
was obtained at the longest detention time of 6
days. (6) The system was more aerobic during
the 6 day detention time as measured by the
oxidation reduction potential. (Merryman-
East Central)
44S9-A8, B2, BS, C2, E2
STUDIES ON THE USE OF ANI-
MAL SLURRIES TO MANURE
BARLEY 1 -- THE EFFECT OF
AGE AND DILUTION OF COW
AND PIG SLUMKY WHEN AP-
PL5ED AT VARIOUS RATES,
BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER
SOWING
Greenmount Agricultural and Horticultural
College, Muckamore, Co. Antrim, Northern
Ireland
T. A. Stewart
Record of the Ministry of Agriculture,
Northern Ireland, V. 18, No. 2, p. 125-136,
1969. 3 fig., 13 tab., 31 ref.
Keywords: Slurries, Land application, Cattle
wastes, Swine wastes, Nitrogen, Fertilizers,
Barley, Crop response.
Experiments In 1965 and 1966 assessed the
effects of storage period, dilution rate and
time of application of cow and pig slurry on
barley, grown w a 6WI and 7th year cereal
crop. Pig slurry gave slightly more grain than
did cow slurry. Slurry applied Immediately
after sowing, gave two cwt per acre more
grain than when It was applied to the
ploughed surface before cultivations. Storage
of slurry for up to three months before
applicatloin did not affect yield. The response
of seedbed applications of slurry was Increas-
ed by dilution. The optimum dilution Is
probably not greater then 1 part slurry: 2 pole
water for either type of slurry. Yields wer« nod
Increased when diluted alurry wss applied to
the ploughed surface, and Indeed wore
considerably reduced whan slurry was applied
at a dilution rate of 1:5. The experiments
suggest that slurry nitrogen la almost as
effective on barlay as Is Inorganic fertiliser
nitrogen. (Stewart-Greenmount Agricultural
and Horticultural Collage)
106
-------
4460-A8, B2, C2, E2
STUDIES ON THE USE OF ANI-
MAL SLURRIES TO MANURE
BARLEY 2 - THE EFFECT OF
AUTUMN, WINTER AND SPRING
APPICATIONS OF COW, PIG
AND POULTRY SLURRY
Greenmount Agricultural and Horticultural
College, Muckamore, Co Antrim, Northern
Ireland
T. A. Stewart
Record of the Ministry of Agriculture,
Northern Ireland, V. 18, No. 2, p. 137-142
1969. 12 tab., 6 ref.
Keywords: Slurries, Cattle wastes, Swine
wastes, Poultry wastes, Seasonal applications,
Land application, Fertilizers, Crop response,
Phosphates.
Experiments in 1966 and 1967 examined the
effects of cow, pig and poultry slurry applied
In the autumn, winter and spring to barley
grown as a 7th or 8th year cereal crop. The
slurry was applied to stubble ground and to
the ploughed surface at rates supplying 50,
10, and 150 Ib total N per acre. Winter and
spring applications of slurry gave similar
yields which were significantly higher than
those from autumn applications. Pig and
poultry slurry behaved similarly, outyieldlng
cow slurry, particularly when applied in the
winter and spring at the higher rates.
Differences between slurry types and rates of
application were small at the autumn applica-
tion, presumably because of nutrient losses
through leaching. Yields were not improved
by ploughlng-in slurry immediately after
application when compared with applications
made to the ploughed surface. Results from
one experiment suggest that supplementation
of slurry with inorganic phosphate may be
necessary under conditions of low available
soli phosphate. (Stewart-Greenmount Agricul-
tural and Horticultural College)
4461-A2, A6,A7, A10, Bl, B2, B3,
B4, E2, E3, Fl
WASTE MANAGEMENT PRAC-
TICES OF WESTERN CATTLE
FEEDLOTS
Agricultural Economist, Economic Research
Service, Fort Collins, Colorado
C K Gee
Waste Management Practices of Western
Cattle Feedlots, Paper AE-2, Commodity
Economics Division, Economic Research Ser-
vice, U.S. Department of Agriculture in
cooperation with Economics Department,
Colorado State University, Jan., 1977. 45 p. 1
fig., 29 tab.
Keywords: Waste management, Western
United States, Feedlots, Cattle wastes, Solid
wastes, Costs, Waste disposal, Runoff con-
trol. Dust control, Insect control, Odor, Noise,
Location, Waste storage, Land disposal
This report summarizes waste management
practices of feedlots with over 2,000-head
capacity in major feeding areas of 13 western
states-Texas, California, Oklahoma, Wash-
ington, Oregon, South Dakota, Kansas,
Nebraska, New Mexico, Colorado, Montana,
Arizona, and Idaho. Management .practices
for handling solid waste are described, as well
as methods to control pollutant factors such as
surface water runoff, odors, dust, Insects, and
noise. The study describes how extensively
pollution control techniques are used, u well
as the Initial capital Investment required to
Implement them and the addition*! costs
Incurred through their use. It compare* data
by capacity of feedlot and by lour major
regions. (Gee-Colorado State University)
4462-AS, A8, Bl, C2, E2
THE SELECTION AND MANAGE-
MENT OF FEEDLOT SITES AND
LAND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL
WASTE IN BOISE VALLEY,
IDAHO
Hydrogeologlst, Boise State University,
Boise, Idaho 83725
L. L. Mink, C. M. Gllmour, S. M. Beck, J. H.
Mllllgan and R. L. Braun
Proceedings of the Third National Ground
Water Quality Symposium, Environmental
Protection Agency Report EPA-800/9-77-014,
June, 1977, p. 55-69. 11 fig., 9 tab., 30 ref.
Keywords: Feedlots, Management, Location,
Land disposal, Application rates, Idaho,
Chemical properties, Soil profiles, Ground-
water pollution.
Environmental effects of feedlot location and
related land disposal operations can be
minimized If proper knowledge of hazardous
conditions are known and appropriate protect-
ive steps taken. Common guidelines often do
not apply because of differing physical
characteristics of local areas. Analyses of
various parameters within a soil profile
beneath a feedlot revealed none of the
chemical constituents present In hlg concen-
trations below the 23-foot depth. In areas
where shallow ground water was less than 5
feet from the surface, the ground water was
found to be affected by the feedlot. Other
hazardous areas in feedlot location are
flood-prone areas, areas of surface bedrock,
and areas of excessive slope. For land dlsposai
operations, loading rates and frequency of
application of feedlot waste should be
adjusted In accordance with soil permeability,
depth to ground water, and irrigation practic-
es to minimize detrimental effects on ground-
water quality. (Mink-Boise State University)
4463.A2, A3, A4, Bl
WATER QUALITY AND THE
FARM POND
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Leth-
brldge, Alterta, Canada
J. R Allan
Canada Agriculture, V 22, No. 2, p. 3-4,
Spring, 1977. 2 fig.
Keywords: Farm ponds, Water quality,
Agricultural runoff, Feedlots, Polnl sources,
Non-point sources, Water pollution.
With growing urban populations, there Is
pressure on agriculture to produce more food
on less land. Marginal land that once acted as
a buffer between cultivated land and aquatic
environments Is often now cultivated. Thus,
the lakes, ponds and canal systems can now
receive increased amounts of nutrients from
the drainage of fertilized upland, grazed
grassland, the farmyard, feedlot waste drain-
age and livestock watering. This In turn
stimulates excessive aquatic vegetation and
deteriorates the quality of water. Control of
this depends on managing the level of
nutrients reaching the farm pond. This can be
done by constructing pond and drainage
canals according to guidelines set out by the
Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration.
These Include a shelter-belt or tree line with
the area between It and the pond being
grassed. This helps contribute to the water
supply, acts as a biological filter to retain the
excess nutrients and prevents soil erosion.
The pond or canal must be fenced to keep
livestock out. This prevents bank destruction,
soil erosion, and phosphorus and nitrogen
enrichment of the water by animal wastes. If
the pond Is kept clean, It can be stocked with
fish, or used for Irrigation, swimming, and
general farm use. It Is very critical that
terrestrial weed seeds from plants growing on
the canal banks are prevented from entering
the water and being spread on fields during
Irrigation. (Bates-East Central)
4464-A8, B3, B5, C2, E2
CHARACTERIZATION OF AN
AGENT IN AQUEOUS EXTRACTS
OF BEEF CATTLE MANURE
THAT INHIBITS THE GERMINA-
TION OF BARLEY SEEDS
R. G. Bell
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 6, No. 2,
p. 163-164, April-June, 1977. 2 tab., 6 ref.
Keywords: Cattle manure, Feedlots, Land
application, Germination, Barley, Polysac-
charides, Protein, Aqueous extracts.
A study was conducted to ascertain If aqueous
extracts or the polysaccharlde or protein
fractions of fresh and feedlot-surface manure,
which may contain residual digestive sScre-
tions, are Inhibitory to the germination of
barley [Hordeum vu/gara L.) and, if so, to
characterize the phytotoxic agent. Neither the
polysaccharlde nor the protein fractions
inhibited germination. Evidence seemed to
indicate thai bile compounds at concentrations
In excess of 200 ppm In the manure extracts
Inhibit germination. If high rates of manure
application must be used, it would appear
reasonable to incorporate the manure In the
fall, leaving the microbes time to destroy the
toxic bile compounds before seeds are planted
the next spring. (Merryman-East Central)
446S-A6, B2, C2, D2, D3
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF HY-
DROGEN SULFIDE FROM AN-
AEROBIC SWINE MANURE. IL
IRON COMPOUNDS.
Agricultural Engineering Branch, British
Columbia Department of Agriculture, Abbotg-
ford, British Columbia, Canada
E. M. Barber and.J. B. McQultty
Canadian Agricultural Engineering, V. 19,
No 1, p. 15-19, June, 1977. 11 fig., 5 tab., 14
ref.
Keywords: Odor control, Swine wastes,
Anaerobic conditions, Chemical treatment,
Iron compounds, Hydrogen sulfide.
The effectiveness of Ionic and metallic Iron for
control Ing the evolution of H^ from anaerobic
swine manure was Investigated In laboratory
and bench-scale trials. The results of these
trials indicate that It large dosages of ferrous
salts could be attained economically, H^S
evolution could be virtually eliminated. Pow-
107
-------
dered iron was almost as effective as ferrous
iron, however, metallic'Iron added to manure
as rods or pipes was not found to be effective,
although severe corrosion of the metal did
occur. Ferric Iron was not found to be
particularly effective, this apparent Ineffec-
tiveness perhaps being due to undesirable pH
changes caused by excessive application
rates. The iron compounds exert their effect
on HaS evolution by precipitating soluble
sulfldes in the manure solution as Insoluble
Iron sulflda. While the economics of the,
treatment of manure with iron as an odor
control agent are not encouraging, such
treatment would appear to be potentially
useful in cases where waste liquefaction and
organics stabilization are required, such as In
anaerobic methane digestion. Further trials
are required to study methods for Increasing
the rate of corrosion of metallic Iron In manure
solutions. (Copyright 1977- Canadian Agricul-
tural Engineering)
4466-B2, Bi, LJ, Ul
DEWATERING A SWINE MA-
NURE SLURRY BY EXPRESSION
J. F. Stetfe
M.S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, Michigan State University,
1976, 77 p. 13 fig., 4 tab., 26 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Slurries, Filtration,
Expression, Settling, Separation techniques,
Pilot studies.
Expression is a special case of filtration in
which a two phase liquid-solid mixture is
placed under compression by the movement of
retaining walls. The liquid is allowed to
escape through perforations in the retaining
wall while the solids are held back. Basic
information concerning the expression of a
swine manure slurry is presented. Swine feces
are found to consist of large fibrous solids and
fine solids. The fine material may be
separated from the fibrous solids by the
addition of a dllutant (such as water) and
subsequent mixing. Final removal Is accomp-
lished by allowing the fibrous solids to settle
and conveying the excess liquid (with fines in
suspension) away from the settled material.
Liquid is easily expressed from the fibrous
solids once the fine material has been
removed. Expression is a viable method of
dewatering swine manure If the fine solids are
properly managed. A pilot scale model
expression device was constructed to test a
design concept for use in a full scale waste
system Model construction was based on the
initial expression data and the experience
gained in that phase of the work. The pilot
scale device received an influent slurry from
which the fine solids had been previously
removed. Performance of the pilot expression
model was promising and the design concept
could be used for a full scale expression
device. If such a device were added to an
existing flush - lagoon system a 58.8 percent
reduction in the quantity of volatile solids
going to the lagoon could reasonably be
expected. (Steffe- Michigan State University)
4467-A4, A6, A8, B3, Cl, C2, Dl,
E2, E3
EFFECT OF DRYING ON THE
LOSSES OF NITROGEN AND
TOTAL SOLIDS FROM POULTRY
MANURE
B. J Holmes
Unpublished M.S. Thesis, Cornell University,
1973, 97 p. 12 fig., 7 tab., 56 ref.
Keywords: Poultry manure, Drying, Nitrogen
losses, Total solids losses, Moisture content,
Sampling, Direct weighing, Temperatures,
Recycling, Refeedlng, Odor control, Crop
response, Land disposal, Water pollution.
The purpose of this study was to Investigate
the relationship of nitrogen loss as affected by
the time to dry manure with unheated air.
Laboratory techniques and testing procedures
were set up that would yield the most accurate
determinations of nitrogen for both "fresh"
and "dried" manure samples. Because
"direct weighing" was considered the most
accurant of 3 techniques tested for determin-
ing nitrogen concentration, It was the method
utilized In the final testing. Study results
indicated the following: (1) Provided that
drying through the 30 percent to 20 percent
moisture range is not prolonged, nitrogen loss
with drying time can be estimated by the
following equaton: NL = 77(1 - e.—.0032 x
DT = .082). (2) The rate of nitrogen loss was
relatively constant for the first 2 weeks of
drying time, whereupon it apparently began
to decrease. (3) The following table demon-
strates how nitrogen loss was affected by
drying time:
Drying Time Nitrogen Loss
(percent of Original)
1 day 3
1 week 26-36
2 weeks 45-55
3 weeks 57-67
4 weeks 65-75
(4) Total solids loss was 15-20 percent for a
drying time of about 250 hours. However, 40
percent of the total solids could conceivably be
lost during a one month drying time. (5) The
Ammonia-N produced by microblal decompo-
sition of the manure volatilized from the
manure surface into the atmosphere. (6) For
the short drying time (up to about 117 hrs) for
which a comparison can be made and for the 2
temperatures tested, temperature had little
effect on the rate of nitrogen loss. The
significance of these findings was examined in
relation to short drying time, poultry manure
as a feed ingredient for ruminants, odor
control, crop production, prolonged drying,
land disposal, and manure management to
minimize water pollution. (Merryman-East
Central)
4468-A4, A8, B2, C2, E2
COMPOSITION AND REACTIONS
OF LIQUID MANURE (GULLE),
WITH PARTICULAR REFER-
ENCE TO PHOSPHATE: I. ANA-
LYTICAL COMPOSITION AND
REACTION WITH POORLY
CRYSTALLINE IRON OXIDE
(FERRIHYDRITE)
Division of Soils, CSIRO, Private Bag No. 2,
Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064
A. W. Fordham and U Schwertmann
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 6, No. 2,
p. 133-136, April-June, 1977. 6 tab., 20 ref.
Ke/words Guile, Cattle wastes, Liquid
wastes, Land disposal, Soil properties, Soil
profiles, Phosphate, Iron oxide, Leaching,
Groundwater pollution, Germany.
Samples of guile (a thin slurry of dung, urine,
and water, together with a small amount of
bedding straw) of different maturity were
collected from 3 sites in West Germany and
analyzed for several components, many of
them relevant to the behavior of phosphate In
both liquid and solid phases. When guile
solutions were shaken with Iron oxide,
changes of Inorganic phosphate concentration
were very similar to those observed In
comparable model inorganic systems examin-
ed at the same time. While Inorganic
phosphate was sorbed by Iron oxide, there
was no interference from organic components
of guile and very little organic phosphate was
sorbed. In another study, Fordham and
Schwertmann determined that uptake by Iron
oxide from guile suspensions, In contrast to
solutions, invariably led to higher concentra-
tions of phosphate remaining In solution. This
was due to capacity of the solid phase to buffer
against phosphate losses, by dissolution of
mainly inorganic, but partly organic, phos-
phate salts In the-gulle residues. In a 1972
study, Vetter and Klasink observed that the
transport of phosphate to a considerable soil
depth was probably not due to any lack of
reaction between soluble inorganic phosphate
in guile and iron oxide in the soil. The most
likely explanation was that phosphate In guile
and iron oxide in the soil. The most likely
explanation was that phosphate moved
through the highly permeable, sandy soil as a
suspension of finely divided inorganic parti-
cles, movement being accelerated by the large
volumes of liquid applied (up to an equivalent
of 26 mm rain). Rapid movement of phosphate
in solid form would limit retention of soluble
phosphate by soil components such as iron
oxide. (Merryman-East Central)
4469-B2, Cl, C2
COMPOSITION AND REACTIONS
OF LIQUID MANURE (GULLE),
WITH PARTICULARLY REFER-
ENCE TO PHOSPHATE: II. SOLID
PHASE COMPONENTS
Division of Soils, CSIRO, Private Bag No. 2,
Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064
A. W. Fordham and U Schwertmann
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 6, No. 2,
p. 136-140, April-June, 1977. 2 tab., 16 ref.
Keywords: Guile, Cattle wastes, Liquid
wastes, Chemical properties, Struvite, Tri-
magnesium phosphate, Calcium phosphates,
Solubility, Germany.
Guile samples from 3 sites in West Germany
were examined to determine the nature of the
solid phase and its equilibria with dissolved
components, particularly inorganic ones.
Guile was found to be a complex mixture
containing a number of solid components, all
at or near equilibrium with each other and
reacting quite rapidly to any changes of
solution composition. Among the components
detected were: struvite, trimagnesium phos-
phate, octacalcium phosphate, and dicalcium
phosphate. Distribution of components be-
tween phases (gasetflis included) can be
expected to depend very closely on conditions
imposed upon the system both before and
after its applicatln to the field. For example,
pH values of soils to which guile is applied will
generally be below those of guile itself, so that
some dissolution of inorganic and organic
salts from the solid phase of guile can be
expected for this reason alone. (Merryman-
East Central)
4470-B2, B4, C2, E2
COMPOSITION AND REACTIONS
OF LIQUID MANURE (GULLE),
WITH PARTICULAR REFER-
ENCE TO PHOSPHATE: HI. pH-
BUFFERING CAPACITY AND
ORGANIC COMPONENTS
108
-------
Division of Soils, CSIRO, Private Bag No 2
Glen Osmond, South Australa 5064
A. W. Fordham and U. Schwertmann
Journal of Environmental Quality, V 6 No 2
p. 140-144, April-June, 1977. 1 fig.,' 14 ref. '
Keywords: Guile, Liquid wastes, Cattle
wastes, Organic compounds, Chemical pro-
perties, Amlno acids, Tyroslne, Glutamlc
acid, Histidlne, Waste storage, pH-buffering
capacity, Germany.
Efforts were made to detect organic compon-
ents which might affect phosphate distribu-
tion in guile, both before and after application
to soils. pH titrations of guile samples
revealed differences in composition related to
origin, age, and storage conditions prior to
collection. Buffering capacities depended
partly on ammonium bicarbonate content.
Organic compounds in solution and solid
phases buffered in the lower pH ranges.
Acetate, oxalate, citrate, tartrate, lactate,
adipate, ascorbate, succlnate, hippurate,
pyrophosphate, and urea were not detected in
guile solutions. Positive evidence was obtain-
ed for tyrosine but not tryptophan. Glutamic
acid and histidine were probably present. In
the light of pH titrations, more organic
compounds may have been detected if
samples had been examined immediately
after collection. There were no simple
carboxylic acid anoins of the type that inhibit
phosphate uptake by iron oxides. (Merryman-
East Central)
4471-B2, B3, B4, B5, E2
AWARD FOR NEBRASKAN
Anonymous
Feedlot Management, V 18, No. 9, p. 10,
Sept., 1976
Keywords: Feedlots, Waste management,
Debris basins, Holding ponds, Land disposal,
Liquid wastes, Solids wastes
Lewis Feedlot, Inc. installed a $150,000 waste
management system which consisted of debris
basins for collecting solid wastes and holding
ponds for containing liquid runoff from the
lots. After collection and settling, the solid
wastes are applied to cropland as fertilizer and
the liquid are used for irrigation. Benefits of
the system have been: reduction in amount of
commercial fertilizer used, prevention of
waste runoff into the Wood River, and
improvements in drainage, cleanliness, insect
and odor problems. The J. L. Higgins Award
was given to Dwayne Lewis, owner of the
feedlot, in recognition of his outstanding
contribution — above and beyond normal
compliance with regulations — in the field of
environmental protection. (Merryman-East
Central)
4472-B2, C2, D3, E3
BIO-GAS PLANT: DESIGNS WITH
SPECIFICATIONS
GobarGas Research Station, Autmal, Etawah,
(U.P.), India
R. B. Singh
Bio-gas Plant: [Designs with Specifications,
Gobar Gas Research Station, Ajitmal Etawah
(U.P.), India, 1973, 49 p.
Keywords: Bio-gas plants, Anaerobic digest-
ers, Methane, Recycling, Design, Specifica-
tions, India
A methane digester should be big enough to
handle the quantity of raw material available.
If the digester Is too small, It has to work
under organic overload, resulting In poor
digestion, low gas production, and perhaps
even complete stoppage. Location should be
convenient so that wastes and water do not
have to be transported very far. Types of
artificial heating arrangements must also be
planned before starting digester Installation.
This publication contains drawings with
specifications for 2 different types and sizes of
bio-gas plants suitable for cold and temperate
cllmatir areas. (Merryman-East Central)
4473-B3, Cl, C2, D3, E3, Fl
FEEDING POULTRY LITTER
Anonymous
Calf News, V. 15, No 9, p. 34, 53, Sept., 1977.
3 fig.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Ensiling, Poultry ex-
creta, Litter, Cattle, Diets, Economics.
Sam B. Hay, Jr., president of Piedmont Silo
Company in Covlngton, Georgia, has placed
several producers in the Southeast on poultry
excreta feeding programs and he prefers, In
addition to ensiling, that a portable mixer/
feeder, such as the Oswalt Ensllmlxer, be the
pivot point of the feeding system. This is
because mixing and feeding or mixing and
ensiling can be done with a minimum of labor
and machinery Hay says that rations for
finishing programs must be based on careful
research and analysis. Hay feels that an
optimum mix of excreta, corn and corn silage
Is best for finishing programs. However, dry
blood cows can be maintained on 90 percent
poultry excreta (ensiled) and 10 percent
roughage such as corn stalks. Regardless of
the ration and the purpose of it, properly
ensiled poultry excreta is the only protein
supplement that should be needed. Poultry
excreta can best be ensiled by mixing it with
some fiber or grain and placing it in a sealed
bottom unloading concrete silo. The sealed
characteristics of the silo protect the nutrient
composition from weather, air and tempera-
ture changes. (Merryman-East Central)
4474-A2, A4, AS, Bl, B5, C2, E2,
Fl, F2
ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONO-
MIC IMPACT OF NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT ON THE NEW
YORK DAIRY FARM
Department of Agronomy, New York State
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
D. R. Coote, D. A. Halth, and P. J. Zwerman
Search: Agriculture, V. 5, No. 5, p. 1-27, 1975.
10 fig., 9 tab , 53 ref.
Keywords: Mathematical models, New York,
Dairy industry, Regulation, Economics, Land
application, Agricultural runoff, Nitrogen,
Water pollution, Groundwater pollution, Herd
densities.
The two-step modelling procedure was
applied to selected townships in West
Jefferson County and Southwest Onelda
County in New York. These regions are
significant dairy areas and represent wide
variations in soils and topography. The
mathematical model was used for 2 types of
analyses. The first was identification of farm
management policies that maximize net
revenue and attendent environmental effects
as a function of farming Intensity (cows/acre
number of cows divided by total farm area).
The second analysis Imposed hypothetical
manure disposal and fertilizer application
regulations on the farmer and determined the
Income-maximizing management decisions
and environmental effects associated with
such regulations. It was found that a model
that uses concepts proven In large- and
small-scale studies and that enables complex
accounting and mathematical accuracy, can be
a valuable tool In the study of nutrient losses
from agricultural land and measures to control
them. The general conclusions drawn from
mathematical modeling In this particular
Instance were: (1) Use of dairy manure by
cropping rotations of the dairy farm Is an
economically optimal nutrient management
policy. (2) Compatabllity of environmental and
economic objectives diminishes as farming
Intensity Increases. (3) Although potential
nitrogen losses can be very significant as
farming intensity reaches maximum levels,
soluble nitrogen loss In runoff never exceeded
2 Ib./acre for the 2 study areas. (4) The
greatest losses of nutrients to surface water
were associated with soil erosion. (5) Increas-
ing cow/land ratios Increases the loss of
nutrients to surface and groundwater from
farms with poor soils Ir 2 ways: (a) by
increasing the proportion of land cultivated for
feed requirements; (b) by Increasing quanti-
ties of manure to be disposed of. (6) The
hypothetical controls exert their greatest
influence over the dairy farms by reducing the
acreage of land available for manure disposal.
(7) At herd densities of less than 0.5 cow per
acre, it appears possible to meet the
requirements of limited manure disposal
control without any significant reduction In
farm Income. (8) Legislation requiring manure
disposal only by use in a crop production
program may stimulate an increase In the area
of cultivated land. If application rates are tied
to crop yields, this increase Is most likely to
occur on farms with poor soils. (9) It Is
possible to meet control requirements by
changing cropping practices. (10) Imposing
high level of regulatory controls on manure
and fertilizer management could significantly
reduce potential nutrient losses from New
York State dairy farms, but only at a
substantial cost in reduced farm revenues.
(Merryman-East Central)
4475-All, Bl, E3
EFFECTS ON CHICK GROWTH
OF ADDING VARIOUS NON-
PROTEIN NITROGEN SOURCES
OR DRIED AUTOCLAVED POUL-
TRY MANURE TO DIETS CON-
TAINING CRYSTALLINE ESSEN-
TIAL AMINO ACIDS
Agricultural Research Council's Poultry Re-
search Centre, King's Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FS, Scotland
D. J. W. Lee and R. Blair
British Poultry Science, V. 13, p. 243-249,
1972. 3 tab , 13 ref
Keywords: Poultry, Diets, Refeeding, Dried
autoclaved poultry manure, Crystalline essen-
tial amino acids, Feed supplements, Perfor-
mance.
Female broiler chicks were offered semi-pur-
ified diets containing crystalline essential
amino acids, including proline, supplemented
with various nitrogen sources. Individual final
body weights, food consumption and food
conversion efficiencies (FCE) were measured.
In the first experiment 70 1-d-old chicks were
given one of seven diets for 21 d; basal (I A) or
basal plus: 12 percent L-glutamlc acid (IB),
109
-------
17.05 percent monoammonlum citrate (TAG)
(IE), 2.45 percent urea (IF) or 4.05 percent
trlammonlum phosphate and 12.56 percent
calcium lactate (IQ). Using body weight at 21
d and FCE as measures of the effectiveness of
the various nitrogen sources the orders were
IE (171 g), IB (154g)>ID(131 g), IG (123 g),
IF (118 g» basal (89g)>IC (66 g), (P<0.05)
and IB (0.456), IE (0.420) > IG (0.346), IF
(0.329), ID (0.319)>basal (0.269) > 1C (0.192),
(P < 0.05), respectively. In the second
experiment 707-d-old chicks were offered one
of seven diets for 14 d; basal (2A) or basal plus
12 percent L-glutamlc acid (2B), 8.0 percent
L-glutamic acid and 2.21 percent TAC (2C),
4.0 percent L-glutamlc acid and 4.42 percent
TAC (2D), 6.61 percent TAC (2E), 3.43
percent uric acid (2F) or 20.09 percent dried
autoclaved poultry manure (2G). When the
final body weights at 21 d and FCE were
placed Into a rank order, the degrees of
efectlveness were: 2C (250 g), 2B (245 g), 2D
(244 g), 2G (240 g>2E (206 g)> basal (165 g),
2F (150 g) (P < 0.05) and 2B (0.471), 2G
(0.451), 2C (0.445), 2D (0.436) > 2E (0.399)
> basal (0.314) > 2F (0.234) (P < 0.05),
respectively. The results for diets 2B, 2C 20
and 2E appear to indicate that 4 percent
glutamlc acid Is required for maximal chick
growth with these crystalline amlno acid diets.
(Copyright 1972-Brltlsh Poultry Science)
4476-A6, Bl, D2
FEEDLOT ODOR INTENSITY
Anonymous
Confinement, V. 2, No. 8, p. 14, Sept., 1977.
Keywords: Odor, Feedlots, Cattle, Texas,
Scentometer readings, Odor control, Calcium
bentonlte.
In a Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
study, odor-Intensities measured at 2 Texas
cattle feed lots ranged from 1.5 to 170 dilutions
to threshold (DT), which covers the measure-
ment range of the Barnebey-Cheney Scento-
meter. The average odor reading at the
surface of a 4000-head feedlot was determined
to be 31 DT. The runoff settling basin and
retention pond averaged 68 and 46 DT
Because odor Intensities were diluted to 1.5 to
2 DT within 1250 to 1650 ft. downwind of the
feedlot, adequate separation distance appears
to be an effective means of reducing
measurable odor levels downwind from a
feedlot. Calcium bentonite as a ration Ingredi-
ent may have some benefit In reducing odors
from a cattle feedlot and enhancing cattle
performance during the first 21 days of
feeding. (Merryman-East Central)
4477-B1, El, F2
FEEDLOT PAYS PENALTY
Anonymous
Feedlot Management, V. 18, No. 9, p. 10, 16,
Sept., 1976.
Keywords: Water pollution, Regulation,
Feedlots, Iowa, Pollution control.
Two complaints that an Iowa feedlot owner
was discharging pollutants without a permit
and that he was violating an administrative
order to file for a discharge permit resulted in
a $5,000 fine, the largest civil penalty ruled
against a feedlot owner since the Initiation of
the Environmental Protection Agency regula-
tions controlling the pollution of public
waterways. The penalty came from a settle-
ment which pre-empted a civil trial. In
addition to the $5,000 penalty, the Iowa feeder
Is %tlll required to take steps to prevent
discharge of pollutants' from his feedlot Into
nearby Ashton creek. (Merryman-East
Central)
4478-A6, A7, AS, All, B2, BS, E2
THE HANDLING, TREATMENT,
AND DISPOSAL OF FARM
WASTES -- APPLICATION OF
FARM SLURRIES TO AGRICUL-
TURAL LAND
Department of Agricultural Engineering, The
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
K. A. Pollock
The Agricultural Engineer, V. 28, No. 2, p.
67-71, Summer, 1973. 2 fig., 5 tab., 19 ref.
Keywords: Livestock wastes, Slurries, Land
spreading, Trafflcabillty, Crop damage, Ani-
mal health, Soil damage, Odor, Air pollu-
tion, Fertilizers.
The following constraints affect land spread-
ing of livestock waste slurries: trafficability,
crop damage, animal health, soil damage, and
air pollution. While such wastes have soil
fertilizer and soil amendment value, they
must be applied after careful planning. The
following principles should result In safe and
cheap disposal which may be continued
Indefinitely without fear of agricultural or
environmental deterioration: (1) Avoid un-
necessary dilution and contamination, so that
handling may be simplified, and manurlal
content predicted. (2) In order to minimize
water pollution, avoid spreading on sloping or
saturated land. (3) Avoid spreading on
unstable soil, or with large droplets which
may damage soil structure. (4) Avoid spread-
ing odorous slurry frequently, or with an
astomislng jet or under windy conditions,
wherever smell nuisance may arise. Restrict
spreading to the growing season, when the
soil Is generally unsaturated, and restrict
spreading rate to leave the soil unsaturated.
(6) Restrict spreading rates to a maximum of
12.5 mm/dressing, to avoid a solid mat
accumulating on the surface. (7) Restrict
spreading rate, so as to utilize all the available
nutrients, in the season of application.
(Merryman-East Central)
4479-B1, Fl
HOUSING HINTS
Anonymous
Feedlot Management, V. 19, No. 2 p 10
Feb., 1977.
Keywords: Feedlots, Housing, Midwestern
United States, Open lots, Cattle, Manage-
ment, Economics.
Five management systems were examined for
space allowance per head and estimated
facility investment per head. They were: cold
slot, warm slot, conventional, manure scrape,
and open lot. For the Midwest, the open lot
with mound and windbreak fence seems to
work best. The following reasons are given:
(1) Lowest capital Investment, (2) Low cost
expansion possibilities, (3) Use in conjunction
with a confinement facility, (4) More space per
head than other systems, (5) Less manure
recovery compared to the other systems.
When building the open lot, the following
recommendations are made: (1) 250 sq.
ft./head, (2) Lot, mound and windbreak fence
oriented at a right angle to the prevailing
winds, (3) Snow removal must be considered
and, (4) Lot fences should be high enough to
prevent animals from escaping during a
snowstorm. (Merryman-East Central)
4480-A2, A6, Bl
KEEP IT DRY
Anonymous
Feedlot Management, V. 18, No. 10, p. 18,
Oct., 1976.
Keywords: Feedlots, Texas, Odor control,
Stocking rates, Agricultural runoff, Holding
ponds, Manure pack, Cleaning, Pumpdown.
J. M. Sweeten of Texas A & M University
suggests that moisture Is the chief cause of
odor Intensities that measure 17 at Texas
feedlots. Sweeten suggests the following for
feedlot odor reduction: (1) Keep manure as
dry as possible as much of the time as
possible. Control stocking rates. Maintain
good pen drainage. Maintain watering facili-
ties. Keep manure solids out of runoff holding
ponds. (2) Keep a minimum quantity of
manure and wastewater on hand. This
involves frequent collection of loose surface
manure, malntalnance of a firm manure pack
just above the soil surface, frequent cleaning
of drainage channels and solids settling
basins, and rapid pumpdown of runoff
retention ponds. (Merryman-East Central)
4481-A8, B5, C2, E2
NUTRIENT CONTENT OF SOR-
GHUM LEAVES AND GRAIN AS
INFLUENCED BY LONG-TERM
CROP ROTATION AND FERTILI-
ZER TREATMENT
Soil and Crop Sciences Department, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas
H. Brawand and L. R. Hossner
Agronomy Journal, V. 68, No. 2, p. 277-280,
1976. 1 fig., 6 tab., 10 ref.
Keywords: Crop rotation, Fertilizers, Land
application, Crop response, Nitrogen, Phos-
phorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium.
The mam objective of this Investigation was
quantitative delineation of long-term fertilizer
and crop rotation influence on concentration
and relationships on N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in
sorghum leaves and grain. Row crops were
fertilized at planting, while manure was
applied in late fall In a single treatment.
Operational for over 20 years, fertilization
amounting to 45 kg N/ha and 20 kg P/ha was
applied each season. Fertilizer levels of 89 N,
39 P; 134 N, 59 P; and 179 N, 78 P, in kg/ha
were introduced in 1971. Granular and liquid
fertilizer sources were utilized. Standard
regional soil and crop management operations
were followed In Ihe field plots of all three
replications. Except f(Jf some selection posi-
tive Influence on sorghum leaf N, leaf P and
leaf K, the rotational effect on leaf composi-
tion was considered Inconclusive. Crop rota-
tion did generally result In larger grain
production for both fertilized and unfertilized
sorghum. Levels of leaf N, leaf P, leaf K, and
leaf Ca were mostly higher in sorghum plants
receiving fertilizer. Fertilizer increased grain
protein percentage and grain yield. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4482-A5, A8, C2, C3
NUTRIENT, BACTERIAL, AND
VIRUS CONTROL AS RELATED
TO GROUND-WATER CONTAM-
INATION
110
-------
Ground Water Research Branch, Robert S.
Krr -E.nvlr°nmental Research Laboratory,
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
J. F. McNabb, W. J. Dunlap, and J W
Keeley
Environmental Protection Agency Report
EPA-600/8-77-010, July, 1977, 18 p 2 fig 1
tab., 9 ref.
Keywords: Groundwater pollution, Chemical
properties, Biological properties, Nutrients,
Bacteria, Viruses, Phosphorus, Pollutants
Nitrogen.
A general introduction provides something of
the history of groundwater, Its present use,
and the means by which it can become
contaminated. A priority listing of sources of
ground-water contamination Is presented for
four geographical areas of the United States.
Phosphorus is discussed In terms of Its fate In
soil systems. The fate of organic and Inorganic
nitrogen compounds is also discussed giving
consideration to sorption and biological utili-
zation and degradation. Criteria Important to
the survival and transport of bacteria and
viruses is presented along with information
concerning indicator organisms in the subsur-
face environment. (McNabb-Robert S. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory)
4483-A8, B3, 35, C2, Dl, D2, E2
PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER AS A
BY-PRODUCT OF ENERGY PRO-
DUCTION FROM AGRICULTUR-
AL WASTES
Department of Soil Science, University of
California, Davis, California
R. S. Siegel, J. Rubin, A. A. R. Hafez, and P.
R. Stout
Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 6, No. 2,
p. 116-120, April-June, 1977. 4 tab., 12 ref.
Keywords: Animal wastes, Fertilizers, Ash,
Land application, Crop response, Corn, Phos-
phorus, Acidification.
The potential phosphorus fertilizer value of
ash left by the combustion of animal manures
and agricultural crop residues was examined.
Three separate, greenhouse pot experiments
were conducted using animal manure ash
(experiments 1 and 2) and crop residue ash
(experiment 3) as sources of phosphorus for
corn grown in a phosphorus-deficient Alken
loam soil. Variables Included type of ash,
rates of phosphorus application, and degree of
acidification of the ash. Yields from pots
treated with ash acidified at 50 percent of its
base equivalent were slightly less than those
of 100 percent acidification. (Merryman-East
Central)
4484-A6, Bl, F2
ODOR COMPLAINTS
Anonymous
Feedlot Management, V. 19, No. 4, April,
1977.
Keywords: Odor, Feedlots, Regulation,
Texas, Nuisance suits.
Odor regulations are being studied by the
Texas Air Control Board In order to determine
an easier, more reasonable way to perfect the
present expensive procedures established
under the nuisance provision of the Texas
Clean Air Act. John Sweeten, Texas agricul-
tural engineer, cites the following points to be
considered in filing a valid odor complaint: (1)
Odor frequency from the alleged source. (2)
Duration of the odor. The plaintiff In the
complaint should keep valid records of the
offense. (3) Odor Intensity. This factor should
be scientifically established by chemical or
organoleptic measurement of the average and
peak odor Intensities. (4) Odor offenslveness.
This should be determined by a qualified
panel. (Merryman-East Central)
4485-B3
PEN CLEANING ISN'T CHEAP
T. Grand In
Beef, V. 14, No. 1, p. 26-28, Sept., 1977. 1
fig., 2 tab.
Keywords: Feedlots, Manure, Cleaning, Effi-
ciency, Costs, Management.
A study was conducted at 4 Texas feedlots
with capacities of 28,000 to 100,000 head by
John Sweeten, Donald Reddell, and Calvin
Parnell of Texas A & M University. Study
objectives were to determine the costs and
efficiency of different phases of pen cleaning.
The study determined the optimum number of
hauling trucks, loader operator efficiency,
machinery efficiency and relative energy
consumption. Observers were stationed In
pens during regular feedlot cleaning times to
keep accurate records of the time required for
the various pen cleaning activities. One of the
most important findings was that the surface
of the hard ground should be broken up before
using a loader. Plowing and loosening the
surface with a chisel plow or a rototlller
greatly improved efficiency and lowered costs.
Then an elevating scraper or a wheel loader
could be used for collecting and stacking the
manure. It was also found that a well trained
operator can save money because he can load
twice as much manure into a truck as a poor
one. Tips are given for evaluating loader
operators. It was determined that for a
100,000 head feedlot, where trucks were
owned, a fleet of 5 was the best In terms of
overall cost (on a per ton basis). Five trucks
will give a 12 percent lower cost than a fleet of
3 trucks. (Merryman-East Central)
4486-A11, A13, Bl
MORE ON SHEEP FLOORING
Anonymous
Confinement, V. 2, No. 7, p. 6, July-Aug.,
1977.
Keywords: Sheep, Management, Flooring,
Cleaning ability, Animal mobility, Injuries,
Aesthetics.
Preliminary data are presented concerning the
suitability of various types of slotted flooring
for sheep. Evaluation of the floors was based
on cleaning ability, effects on animal mobility,
injuries, and appearance. Observations to
date indicate that diet has a major Influence
on the cleaning ability of some floors.
Aluminum floors cleaned well when used by
lambs receiving a high haylage diet. The
high-profile aluminum slat with the serrated
surface and the low-profile aluminum slat with
a ribbed surface both accumulated objection-
able amounts of waste when used by lambs
receiving more concentrate In their diets. The
aluminum grid floor accumulated some waste,
but cleaned well under the conditions that
prevailed. When a heavy accumulation of
wastes was removed from the ribbed floor,
considerable pitting and oxidation were
noticed. Less damage was noted on the
serrated floor and none was apparent on the
grid floor. The 31/2"-wlde aluminum slats did
not clean adequately. The serrated surface
provided poor footing. The grid floor cleaned
relatively well, provided good footing, and
may be a product to consider for sheep
flooring. #9 Safe-T-Mesh with 3/4 Inch
openings was used In turf-grass feeding work
and It cleaned best of all. Lambs moved well
with practically no slippage. Safe-T-Mesh Is
one of the cheaper flooring materials, but
requires more framing for support. Stainless-
steel slats provided excellent footing for the
lambs. Diet Influenced cleaning ability, but
under most conditions It cleaned well when
animal concentrations were near optimum (4
sq ft/lamb). Plastic slats provided goot
footing. 5" plastic slats did not clean
adequately. This study will continue with
animals of different sizes being fed a variety
of diets under varying weather conditions.
(Merryman-East Central)
4487-B2, Cl, C2, D3, E3
BIOLOGICAL ENERGY RECOV-
ERY USING DAIRY COW WASTE
Environmental Engineer GAI Assocs., Pitts-
burgh, Pennsylvania
G. M. Patelunas and R. W. Regan
Journal of the Environmental Engineering
Division, Proceedings of the American Society
of Civil Engineers, V. 103, No. EE5, p.
851-861, Oct., 1977. 3 fig., 4 tab., 14 ref.
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Dairy
wastes, Liquid wastes, Loading rates, Design,
Gas production, Energy.
Anaerobic digestion of dairy manure diluted
to a concentration of 7.6 percent of TS was
successful at loading rates of 0.14 Ib VS/cu
ft/day-0.56 Ib VS/cu ft of digester capacity/
day (2.3 kg/m3 /day-9.2 kg/m3 /day). The
corresponding SRT values ranged from 7.5
days-30 days. Calculated heat balances Indi-
cate winter operation is the critical time for
which the system must be economical. High
loading rates with corresponding short SRT
values must be used In a system designed
specifically for energy recovery. The maxi-
mum ERP conditions for a 60-cow herd
provided an estimated energy production and
surplus of 1,515,000 Btu/day and 722,000
Btu/day (383,000 kg.cal/day and 180,000
kg.cal/day), respectively. (Copyright 1977-
Journal of the Environmental Engineering
Division, Proceedings of the ASCE)
4488-B3, C2, Dl, E3
RUMINANTS AND PIGS ARE
THE BEST USERS
R. Blair
Poultry World, V. 20, No. 27, p. 21-22, Dec.,
1973. 5 tab.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Dried poultry manure,
Ruminants, Cattle, Sheep, Swine, Digestibili-
ty, Crude protein, Energy, Nitrogen.
Dried poultry manure (DPM) Is the most
suitable of all processed farm wastes for
refeeding because of Its nitrogen content and
because of Its digestibility. DPM should
contain at least 25 percent crude protein to be
of value as a feedstuff. This means that the
waste should be collected and dried as soon as
possible, preventing fermentation which robs
the waste of much of Its nutrient value. The
energy valua of DPM has been estimated to be
about 35 percent starch equivalent, with dried
poultry litter bslng about 30 percent. DPM
can play an Important role in keeping down
feed costs and has been used successfully In
feed trials for beef cattle, dairy cattle, and
111
-------
sheep. A benefit In feeding poultry wastes to
beef cattle is that further supplementation of
the rations with minerals Is probably unneces-
sary. There Is only limited Information
available on the feeding of poultry manure to
pigs, but what little there Is, Is favorable.
Results of 1 study indicated that pigs up to 75
Ib. llvewelght should not be fed more than 20
percent, but after this stage It was claimed
that a 45 percent inclusion rate was possible.
(Rowe-East Central)
4489-A8, B3, BS, C2, E2
EXPERIMENTS MADE ON
STACKYARD FIELD, WOBURN,
1876-1974. I. HISTORY OF THE
FIELD, DETAILS OF THE CROP-
PING AND MANURING AND THE
YIELDS IN THE CONTINUOUS
WHEAT AND BARLEY EXPERI-
MENTS
Rothamsted Experiment Station, Harpenden,
Hertshlre A15 2JQ, England 1, United
Kingdom.
A. E. Johnston
Rothamsted Experiment Station Report for
1974, Part 2, p. 29-44, 1975. 1 fig., 8 tab., 26
ref.
Keywords Farmyard manure, Fertilizers,
Crop response, Wheat, Barley, Phosphorus,
Potassium, Nitrogen, Land application.
1. Experiments made on Stackyard Field,
Woburn, between 1877 and 1974 are given
together with details of the cropping, manur-
ing and yields in the Continuous Wheat and
Barley experiments. 2. Yields of wheat and
barley In the Continuous experiments showed
responses to N and PK in the early years of
the experiment. However, during the course
of the experiment the acidity of the soil
Increased, especially quickly where ammon-
ium sulphate was used. The soils became so
acid that the yields of both wheat and barley
diminished and as yields decreased the
amount of weeds on the plots Increased.
Chalking improved cereal yields. 3. After 1926
no further dressings of P and K were given
either as fertilisers or as FYM in the
Continuous Wheat and Barley experiments.
When a test of amounts of N was made
between 1943 and 1954 both wheat and barley
responded to N and there was a benefit from
the PK residues accumulated between 1877
and 1926. 4. Dressings of chalk were given on
the Continuous Wheat and Barley experi-
ments between 1955 and 1957 to bring the
surface soils of all plots to pH 6. During
1959-60 winter wheat and spring barley given
basal N fertiliser were grown side by side on
all plots of both experiments. Wheat yielded
better on the barley experiment that on the
wheat experiment, barley better on the wheat
experiment than on the barley experiment.
Whether this was due to differences in soil
fertility or disease on the two experiments is
not known. 5. Estimates of the amounts of P
and K removed in the crops are given.
(Johnston-Rothamsted Experiment Station)
4490-A8, B3, B5, C2, E2
EXPERIMENTS MADE ON
STACKYARD FIELD, WOBURN,
1876-1974. II. EFFECTS OF
TREATMENTS ON SOIL pH, P
AND K IN THE CONTINUOUS
WHEAT AND BARLEY EXPERI-
MENTS
Rothamsted Experiment Station, Herpenden,
Hertshire, A15 2JQ, England 1, United
Kingdom
A. E. Johnston and M. Chater
Rothamsted Experiment Station Report for
1974, Part 2, p. 45-60, 1975. 3 fig., 8 tab., 21
ref.
Keywords: Land application, Manure, Lime,
Phosphorus, Potassium, pH, Chalk, Soil
properties, Acidity.
1. The reasons for and the historical
background to the Introduction of liming tests
are given and comparison is made with the
introduction of similar tests at Rothamsted. 2.
The effects of the manurlal treatments
1877-1926 and liming treatments In 1898-1924
and again In 1955-57 on soil pH, total and
bicarbonate soluble P and total and exchange-
able K are discussed. 3. The relationship
between pH measured in water and In
CaC1auslng a glass electrode is given as Is the
relationship between pH CaC1 a DV Olass
electrode and pH water using a qulnhydrone
electrode. 4. All amounts of lime applied
between 1898 and 1924 increased soil pH as
determined in 1927; the larger amounts of
lime increased soil pH most. 5. Chalk applied
between 1955 and 1957 was Intended to bring
surface soil pH water to about 6. This pH
value was attained by 1959 but amounts of
chalk applied were larger than those indicated
by the laboratory determination of the lime
requirements. The results suggested a field
factor of 1.4. The need to use a field factor is
discussed. 6. All soils became more acid
during 1877-1954. Those treated with ammon-
ium sulphate, 1877-1926, became most acid
soonest but even unmanured soils and those
which were fallowed became more acid during
the course of the experiment. These results
indicate the need for liming on this light soil If
pH is not to decrease under any manurial
treatment. Liming treatments during 1954-59
were successful in increasing the pH water of
the surface sol I to 6 without any overlimlng. 7.
The P balance (additions minus losses) in the
soil during 1877 1926 was related to the total P
in the surface soil in 1956. Total P determined
by fusion with Na^Co, gave slightly larger
values than those got by digestion with
perchloric acid. The relationship between the
results by the two methods on these soils
compared favourably with that reported by
Mattingly (1970) 8. When bicarbonate solu-
ble P was expressed as a fraction of the total P
it was shown that increasing acidity had
increased soluble P. 9. For residues of P
applied to soil the increase in bicarbonate
soluble P can be expressed as a percentage of
the increase in total soil P, the solubility of the
P residues. When this was done for soils taken
in 1956 Ihe solubility of P dressings applied
from 1877-1926 was found to be 12-14 percent
for P residues from superphosphate and 6-8
percent for residues from FYM. 10. There is
little information about K residues in this
experiment. Soils which received most K
during 1877-1926 had most exchangeable K in
1956. (Johnston Rothamsted Experiment
Station)
4491-A8, B3, B5, C2, E2
EXPERIMENTS MADE ON
STACKYARD FIELD, WOBURN,
1876-1974. HI. EFFECTS OF NPK
FERTILISERS AND FARMYARD
MANURE ON SOIL CARBON,
NITROGEN AND ORGANIC
PHOSPHORUS
G. E. G. Mattingly, M. Chater, and A. E.
Johnston
Rothamsted Experiment Station Report for
1974, Part 2, p. 61-78, 1975. 3 fig., 8 tab., 21
ref.
Keywords: Farmyard manure, Fertilizers,
Land application, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phos-
phorus, Soli properties, Crop response.
1. This paper describes changes, from
1889-1959, In the C, N, and organic P In
surface soils (0-23 cm) taken from the
Continuous Wheat and Barley experiments on
Stackyard Field Woburn, and subsequent
changes, from 1959-72, In soil C and N in
some of the soils. Changes In soil C In soils
cropped continuously with wheat or barley, or
occasionally fallowed, from 1876-1972 are
compared with changes In other soils on
Stackyard Field cropped in rotations. 2. Soil
carbon and nitrogen decreased from 1.49
percent C and 0.156 percent N In 1876 to about
0.82 percent C and 0.094 percent N In the Con-
tinuous Wheat experiment and to about 0.64
percent C and 0.084 percent N In the Contin-
uous Barley experiment in 1959 on plots given
inorganic fertilisers or none. Inorganic fertil-
isers (NPKNaMg), applied from 1877-1926 did
not increase the carbon and nitrogen contents
of the soils more than no fertilisers or nitrogen
only, probably because crop yields were small
and the extra amounts of organic matter
returned to the soil as roots and stubble were
negligible. Farmyard manure (about 17.6 t/ha
each year from 1877-1926) Increased soil
carbon and nitrogen in the surface soils by
about 0.14 percent C and 0.013 percent N in
1959 and these residues are equivalent to
about 7 percent and 8 percent respectively of
the amounts of carbon and nitrogen applied In
the manure. A further 2-3 percent of the
carbon applied was recovered in the sub-soil
(23-45 cm) in 1959. 3. Methods of sampling
soils changed between 1927 and 1932. The
soils samplerl in 1932 contained 0.91 times as
much total P as soils sampled In 1927,
probably because Ihe 1927 sample contained a
disproportionately large amount of surface
soil. 4. Organic P decreased between 1888-
1959 on soils given no phosphorus fertilisers
by about 30 mg P/kg soil and these soils lost,
in 71 years, about 12 percent of the total
organic P they contained In 1888. Organic P
remained almost constant from 1888-1927 In
soils given superphosphate but decreased by
about 15 mg P/kg ,oil between 1927-59 when
no superphosphate but decreased by about 15
mg P/kg soil between 1927-1959 when no
superphosphate was applied. Organic P In the
soils Increased by about 30 mg P/kg between
1888-1927 on plots given farmyard manure
and decreased by about 35 mg P/kg soil
between 1927-59 when no more farmyard
manure was applied. About 27 percent of the
organic phosphorus npplied in farmyard
manure between 1877-1926 remained in the
surface soil (0-23 cm) in 1959. The amounts of
organic P mineralised each year In these soils
ranged from 1.5-3.5 Kg P/ha. 5. Sections of
Stackyard Field (Series Cand D) were cropped
in a four-course rotation from 1877-1936. Soil
carbon decreased less in these soils (-0.11
percent C) than in the Continuous Wheat and
Barley experiments (-0.32 percent C) between
1876-98 but more (-32 percent C) than in the
continuous cereal experiments (-0.19 percent
C) between 1898-1932. 6. Water erosion
during the past 20 years has probably
increased losses of soil carbon and nitrogen
which are still decreasing on all plots of the
Classical Wheat and Barley experiments.
(Mattingly-Rothamsted Experiment Station;
Merryman-ed)
112
-------
4492-B1
COMPARISON OF FEEDLOT MA-
NURE COLLECTION MACHIN-
ERY
Anonymous
Agricultural Engineering Newsletter, V 1
No. 10, p. 1, Dec., 1975. 1 tab.
Keywords: Manure collection, Equipment
Elevating scraper, Wheel loader.
From preliminary analysis of data from
time-motion studies conducted at four Pan-
handle feedlots last summer, John Sweeton
has Indicated that the elevating scraper (or
paddle scraper) is up to 50 percent more
efficient in feedlot manure collection than the
most commonly-used wheel loader (or front
loader). Based on the time required to stack
manure in the pens, the elevating scraper
collected an average of 175 tons/hr, while
wheel loaders at these feedlots operating
under'various conditions could collect only 123
tons/hr. Data for each feedlot, together with
additional steps not included in the productiv-
ity figures are present in tabular form.
(Bates-East Central)
4493-A8, B2, B5, C2, E2
SWINE MANURE FOR FERTI-
LIZER - RESEARCH REVIEW
Anonymous
Agricultural Engineering Newsletter, V. 1,
No. 10, p. 1-2, Dec., 1975.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Liquid wastes,
Aerobic conditions, Anaerobic conditions,
Land application, Crop response, Soil proper-
ties, Ryegrass, Clover, Nitrogen, Salts,
Coastal bermudegrass.
Research has shown swine manure to be a
satisfactory source of plant nutrients. At
Purdue, corn yields were significantly higher
(9 to 20 percent on sandy loam and 39 to 116
percent on silty clay loam) on plots fertilized
with anaerobic and aerobic liquid swine
manure (0.3 percent N) than on unfertilized
(control) plots. Peak yields occurred at
application rates of 10,700 and 16,000 gals, of
liquid swine manure/acre, for the sandy loam
and silty clay loam soils, respectively. As
compared to optimum rates of commercial
fertilizer, liquid swine manure treatments
increased corn yields up to 10 percent on the
coarser soil, but responses from manure
varied from 4 percent larger to 30 percent
smaller on silty clay loam. Soil physical and
chemical properties were not adversely affect-
ed even at the highest application rate and at
salt dietary levels as high as 0.5 percent.
British research showed higher ryegrass and
clover yields resulting from swine manure
slurry applications as compared to unfertilized
plots. Plots receiving 100 Ibs. N/acre in a
50/50 feces-urine mixture produced nearly 25
percent more forage (3 yr. average) than the
unfertilized plots. Iowa research showed that
anaerobic swine lagoon effluent (which has a
lower nutrient content and higher salt content
than liquid manure) could be applied at rates
of up to 20 inches/year without detrimental
effects on corn yields; however, grain sor-
ghum yield were decreased up to 50 bu./acre
by effluent applied at all rates. In North
Carolina swine lagoon effluent application
rates of up to 24 inches/year for two years
were not deti imental to yield or mineral
content of coastal bermudagrass. (Bates-East
Central)
4494-A6, Bl, F2
REGULATION OF ODORS
THROUGH NUISANCE LAWS
Anonymous
Agricultural Engineering Newsletter, V. 1,
No. 10, p. 2-3, Dec., 1975.
Keywords: Odor, Legal aspects, Nuisance
lawsuits.
This is an update on "Legal Aspects of Odors
and Dust from Feedlots", an extension leaflet
available In the Texas Cattle Feeders Hand-
book. The primary means of regulating odors
is through public and private nuisance
lawsuits. Forms of public regulation of odors
by agencies In Texas are as follows: (a)
Nuisance regulation (Rule 5) of Texas Air
Control Board (TACB), (b) TACB construction
and operating permits for new sources, (c)
Texas Clean Air Act, (d) Texas Criminal
Misdemeanor Law. The EPA has no regula-
tory programs on odor, because It believes
that odor Is a local rather than national
problem. Private regulation of odors occurs
through the "nuisance law" A private
lawsuit Is brought between neighboring
parties under this law and usually Involves a
jury trial. Nuisances are usually classified in
legal terms as follows: (a) Public Nuisance -
large numbers of people affected, (b) Private
Nuisance- few people affected. Recent trends
in odor nuisance suits Involving livestock
operations appear to include the following: (a)
Feedlots near or In town (public nuisances)
are ejected, with or without compensation, (b)
Land developers/speculators have not been
successful In claiming damages from reduced
property values, (c) Feedlots with reasonable
location and waste management practices can
provide successful defense against nuisance
suits, (d) Flagrant disregard for proper waste
management results in expensive punitive
damages. (Bates-East Central)
4495-B2, B3
PREPARE FOR WINTER
Anonymous
Feedlot Management, V. 18, No. 11, p. 16,
Nov., 1976.
Keywords: Feedlot management, Manure
pack, Drainage, Cleaning, Solid wastes,
Liquid wastes, Winter.
Now is the time for feedlots to get Into shape
for winter, says Dr. John Sweeten, agricultur-
al engineer at Texas A&M University. The
following maintenance procedures are sug-
gested for winter preparation: 1. Collect
surface manure frequently to reduce manure
volume. 2. Lenve a 2-inch manure pack to
decrease water infiltration. 3. Remove manure
from fence lines and alleys to promote
drainage. 4. Backfill potholes and surface
depressions. 5. Construct long, low, broad
mounds In pens with drainage problems. 6.
Empty runoff holding ponds. 7. Remove
sediments from drainage channels. In short,
Sweeten says, the basic principle for winter
preparation Is to keep a minimum quantity of
manure and wastewater on hand before winter
arrives. (Bates-East Central)
4496-A3, C2
NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION
FROM AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF
Departments of Agricultural Engineering and
Civil Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca,
New York
D. A. Haith and J. V. Dougherty
Journal of the Environmental Engineering
Division, Proceedings of the American Society
of Chemical Engineers, V. 102, No. EE5, p.
1055-1069, 1976. 1 fig., 7 tab., 39 ref.
Keywords: Water pollution, Nonpolnt
sources, Agricultural runoff, Snowmelt run-
off, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Agricultural
watersheds.
An operational procedure has been developed
which Is suitable for estimating nonpolnt
source water pollution due to runoff from
agricultural land and Is sensitive to regional
variations In weather, soils, and crop manage-
ment. Although not presently applicable to
snowmelt runoff, the procedure could be
extended to winter runoff by use of suitable
snowmelt estimating methods. Nitrogen and
phosphorus In agricultural runoff were esti-
mated for a five-watershed area totaling 578
sq km In Broome and Tloga Counties, N.Y.,
for the years 1971 and 1972. Comparison was
made with two other estimates which were
obtained using areal loading factors (losses of
nutrients per unit area). Although the three
different estimates were of comparable orders
of magnitude, the loading factor estimates
were not sensitive to the soils, weather, and
crop distributions of the study region, and
may overestimate losses of nitrogen In
agricultural runoff. (Copyright 1976-Journal
of the Environmental Engineering Division,
ASCE)
4497-All, B3, C2, E3
POULTRY LITTER FOR INTEN-
SIVE BEEF PRODUCTION
Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew Univer-
sity of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot, Israel
H. Tagari, D. Levy, Z. Holzer, and D. llan
Animal Production, V. 2, R. 3, p. 317-327,
1976. 1 fig., 5 tab., 22 ref.
Keywords: Poultry litter, Refeeding, Diets,
Digestibility, Protein, Energy, Performance,
Sheep, Cattle.
The nutritional value of a pelleted fattening
concentrate mixture, In which heat-sterilized
poultry litter (PL) was included at rates of 0,
15, 25 and 35 percent, was studied. A
digestion and nitrogen balance trial was
carried out with rams, and a feeding trial was
carried out with intact male cattle from the
age of 8 mo. to slaughter at 14 mo.
Digestibility of crude protein was related
inversely to PL content of the diet. This
decrease In digestibility was not accompanied
by a decrease in the quality of the protein
digested. Gross and digestible energy con-
tents of the diets were related inversely to
their PL content. There were no significant
differences In blood urea concentration. A
concentrate mixture containing 1 percent urea
but otherwise similar to the control, was
included In the feeding trial. There were no
significance only with the extreme treat-
ments. Feed Intake on PL-containing diets
was higher than on the control diet, but feed
tended to be related inversely to PL percent In
the diet, but they were small and reached
significance only with the extremen treat-
ments Feed intake on Pl-contalning diets was
higher than on the control diet, but feed
conversion efficiency was Impaired when the
proportion of PL exceeded 25 percent. No
significant correlations were found between
total volatile fatty acids in rumen liquor and
daily llveweightgaln. (Copyright 1976-Anlmal
Production)
113
-------
4498-A8, B2, C2, E2
NITROGEN LOSS IN SWINE
WASTE APPLICATION STUDIED
J. D. Kendall
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 40, p. 12, Sept. 26,
1977.
Keywords: Land application, Nitrogen losses,
Swine wastes, Liquid wastes, Broadcasting,
Cultivating, Soil Injection, Weather, Soil
types, Costs, Labor.
The effect of land application methods on
nitrogen loss In liquid swine manure was
studied by Purdue University researchers, J.
D. Hoff and A. L. Sutton, and was reported on
during Purdue Swine Day. The purpose of the
research was to: (1) Determine nitrogen losses
from anaerobic liquid swine manure applied to
the soli by (a) broadcasting; (b) broadcasting
and Immediate cultivation or (c) Injection or
knifing Into the soil, (2) Determine the effects
of weather conditions and soil types on
nitrogen loss from swine manure applied to
the land and (3) Compare costs and labor
Inputs of each application method. The study
was conducted with the following application
rates: 0 (control); 40 tons/acre; 60 tons/acre;
and 80 tons/acre. Soil types were Crosby silt
loam, Llnwood muck, and Oaktown loamy fine
sand, Ammonia nitrogen loss was greatest
from manure applied by broadcasting and
lowest with the injection application method.
Ammonia loss was higher from sandy soils
with low-water holding and cation exchange
capacities. Ammonia loss was lowest In the
silt loam soil. Ammonia loss was highest
during high temperatures and dry windy
weather. Most of the ammonia was lost within
three days after manure application. Odor and
fly concentrations were very high with all
broadcast applications. Hoff and Sutton noted
that there was no difference In labor require-
ments between the broadcast and Injection
application methods. The researchers also
suggested several manure management tips.
(Bates-East Central)
4499-B2, Dl, D3
LAGOONS & 'GATORS
J. R. Dawson
Confinement, V. 2, No. 8, p. 6, Sept., 1977.
Keywords: Lagoons, Alligators, Waste treat-
ment, Aeration, Florida.
Butch Deloach of Metier, Georgia has a
unique addition to his 31/z acre swine manure
lagoon - an BVi foot alligator called Charley.
His official title being "lagoon aerator,"
Charley further contributes by disposing of
afterbirth from Deloach's 1000 farrowlngs/
year farm. He also disposed of any live animal
entering the lagoon, but a dead animal
(regardless of how recent it's passing) Is
invariably rejected. Charley doesn't hibernate
In the winter. Deloach speculates that this
might be because the lagoon water tempera-
ture may be warmer than the fresh-water
ponds, although he has never taken compara-
tive readings. Plans were made to capture the
'gator and turn him over to the conservation
people for relocation, but attempts made so
far have failed. (Bates-East Central)
4500-A10, Bl
SOME EFFECTS OF THE AM-
BIENT ARTHROPOD COMPLEX
ON THE DENSITY AND POTENT-
IAL PARASITIZATION OF MUS-
COID DIPTERA IN POULTRY
WASTES
Division of Biological Control, Department of
Entomology, University of California, River-
side, California 92502
E. F. Legner
Journal of Economic Entomology, V. 64, No.
1, p. 111-115, 1971. 2 fig., 2 tab., 14 ref.
Keywords: Poultry manure fauna, Parasites,
Fly control
The observation In nature that pupal para-
sitism of certain muscold Dlptera was highest
at lower viable host densities may emphasize
the Importance of the hosts' destruction In the
developmental stages prior to parasltlzatlon.
Inoculation of fumigated and unfumlgated
habitats with Musca domestics L. eggs
demonstrated 53.4 to 99.45 percent mortality
In the presence of predatory and scavenger
anthropods. Explanation of probable causes of
the negative correlation of parasltlzatlon with
apparent Increasing densities of the host are
advanced. (Legner-Universlty of California)
4501-A11, Bl, C2
SODIUM LEVELS IN BEEF CAT-
TLE FINISHING RATIONS AS
RELATED TO PERFORMANCE
AND CONCENTRATION IN
FEEDLOT SOLID-WASTE
Texas Tech University Center at Amarlllo,
Pantex, Texas 79069
R. H. Klett, K. R. Hansen and L. B. Sherrod
ICASALS Contribution No. 102, Texas Tech
University Center at Amarlllo, 1972, p. 11-16.
3 tab., 9 ref.
Keywords: Rations, Sodium, Cattle, Perfor-
mance, Feedlot wastes, Sampling.
One-hundred-eight steers were divided equal-
ly Into six treatments with three replications of
six steers each and fed rations containing 1.0
percent, 0.5 percent, 0.25 percent, 0.125
percent, 0.0625 percent and 0.0 percent salt
(NaCI). Animal performance was measured by
28 day weights, feed consumption, feed
conversion by pens, and carcass traits.
Sodium (Na) concentration and build-up In the
solid-waste was measured periodically by
sampling the feedlot with a coring device.
Sodium concentration In the rations was not
significantly related to average dally gain,
feed Intake, or carcass traits. There was a
significantly (P .05) poorer feed conversion at
the 1.0 percent level, but the effect was
attributed to animal variations. Data suggest-
ed that Na content of feedstuffs In finishing
rations provide sufficient levels to meet
requirements without supplemental sodium.
Sodium Intake per day for treatments 1
through 6 was 37.1, 18.9, 10.0, 5.3, 2.8 and
0.7 g per head dally and was not related to
ration consumption. Sodium concentration In
the solid-waste was linearly related to Na
Intake. Levels of Na accumulation In the
solid-waste appeared to be sufficiently low so
as not to be harmful In runoff or to croplands If
applied at 10-15 tons per acre every 3-4 years.
(Klett-Texas Tech University Center at
Amarlllo)
4502-32, Cl
THE EFFECT OF TOTAL SOLIDS
CONTENT, PARTICLE SIZE,
FLOW VELOCITY, AND VISCOS-
ITY OF BEEF MANURE SLURRY
ON HEAD LOSS IN PVC PIPE
M. J. Rolfes
M.S. Thesis, Department of Agricultural
Engineering, University of Nebraska, Dec.,
1974, 72 p. 20 fig., 5 tab., 29 ref.
Keywords: Design, Slurries, Cattle wastes,
Hydraulic pipe transport, Head loss, Total
solids, Particle size, Flow velocity, Viscosity.
The purpose of this study was to provide the
engineer with head loss design Information for
hydraulic pipe transport of housed beef cattle
manure slurries. Slurry consistencies were
selected to range from 6-14 percent total
solids content, limiting study to non-Newton-
Ian pumpable slurries. A flow rate of 1 ft/sec
was considered minimum to prevent slurry
settling and clogging In the pipeline. The
maximum flow velocity used was determined
by available pump capacity, slurry total solids
content, and pipe diameter used; however, a
flow velocity of 10 ft/sec was considered
maximum for field applications. Pressure
ranges were limited by pump capability to a
total dynamic head of 55 feet of water.
Temperature ranges were dictated by prevail-
ing climatic temperatures. Two-, three-, and
four-Inch diameter PVC pipe was selected to
study conversion to other pipe diameters. Pipe
layout was designed with return flow for
slurry recycling. Friction head loss test
sections were 50 feet long. A Brookfleld
vlscometer provided the basis for determining
slurry viscosity. The study Included 3 tests of
beef manure slurry friction losses each with
the same source of beef slurry. Among the
study conclusions were the following: (1) Beef
manure friction head losses In PVC pipe are
significantly greater than those of water. (2)
Beef manure slurry friction losses decrease
exponentially with pipe diameter Increase at a
negative rate. (3) Conversion of friction loss
data to larger pipe size Is possible as Indicated
by the consistent friction head loss curve
patterns of the three pipe sizes studied. (4)
Slurry particle size distribution was not a
factor In determining head losses of particles
greater than 0.5 mm. (5) Vlscometrlc data
Indicated beef manure slurries were non-New-
tonian (viscosity decrease with shear rate
Increase). A beef manure slurry vlscometrlc
classification can be useful In slurry studies.
(Merryman-East Central)
4S03-B2, B4, Cl, C2, E2
BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOT RUN-
OFF AND CONTROL IN EASTERN
NEBRASKA
L. P. Schram Feed Lot, Inc., Papllllon,
Nebraska
L. P. Schram
Environmental Protection Agency Report
EPA-600/2-77-159, Aug., 1977, 31 p. 3 fig., 7
tab., 22 ref.
Keywords: Agricultural runoff, Runoff con-
trol, Feedlots, Cattle, Debris basins, Holding
ponds, Chemical properties, Physical proper-
ties, Land disposal.
This study was Initiated to determine opera-
tional characteristics of runoff control facility
components for beef cattle feedlots. A runoff
control facility was designed and constructed
for a 3,000 head capacity feedlot In eastern
Nebraska. Components of the runoff control
facility Included debris basins Inside the pen
and outside the pen, a holding pond, and a
disposal system. Results Indicated that design
volumes for the debris basins and holding
ponds were effective In controlling runoff from
the lots caused by snowmelt and rainfall for
climatic conditions within eastern Nebraska.
Characteristics of runoff transported solids
114
-------
from this large lot compared favorably with
values developed earlier on small research
lots All values for total and volatile solids,
electric conductivity, pH, nitrogen, phosphor-
us^ and COD were within published ranges.
(Schram-L. P. Schram Feed Lot Inc )
4504-B2, B3, C2, Dl, D2, D3, E3,
MANURE IS NOW A COMMOD-
ITY
Anonymous
Calf News, V. 15, No. 10, p. 44-45 Oct 1977
4 fig.
Keywords: Feedlots, Manure,Recycling, Bio-
gas, Colorado, Methane, Carbon dioxide,
Feed supplements, Refeedlng, Economics,
By-product recovery, Algae.
Three large feedlots - Colorado Beef Produc-
ers, Beef City, and the Terry Turner Feedlot -
all In the Lamar County area of Colorado, have
Joined In a program to recycle the manure
from their combined 50,000 head capacities to
produce methane gas to sell, carbon dioxide to
supply the algae to purify the water and a
resulting "cake" to refeed their cattle. At this
three-lot operation In Lamar, a total system Is
contemplated which will cost $10 million. The
project Is expected to be financed by a low-
interest FMHA loan over a 40-year period.
Such a system should not be considered for
lots of less than 1,000 head. (Merryman-
East Central)
4505-B2, B4, B5, El, Fl, F2
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF
THE INVESTMENT AND OPER-
ATING COSTS ASSOCIATED
WITH LIQUID MANURE HAND-
LING AND DISPOSAL ON FEED-
ER HOG ENTERPRISES IN
ONTARIO
School of Agricultural Economics and Exten-
sion Education, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada
J. H. Clark and M. F. McKenna
Working Paper No. AE/73/9, School of
Agricultural Economics and Extension Educa-
tion, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,
1975, 18 p. 7 tab., 5 ret.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Liquid wastes,
Ontario, Canada, Waste storage, Waste
management, Waste disposal, Economics,
Costs, Land spreading, Pumps, Floors, Regu-
lation.
A study of Investment and costs of liquid hog
manure storage and handling facilities In
Ontario indicated that both storage and
spreading facilities can be expensive, but that
these costs can be covered by savings In
fertilizer costs If the buildings are located on
farms of larger than 100 acres of cropland,
with densities of 10 hogs per acre or less. A
survey of 136 feeder hog buildings In Ontario
revealed the following: (1) Two spreader
systems were In use — a vacuum tank and an
Impeller pump system. Impeller pumps were
used mainly with deep storage tanks. Vacuum
systems were used mostly with shallow gutter
tanks inside buildings. The vacuum system
was slightly less costly for herds of less than
2,000 hogs, but because of lower capacity was
a little more expensive to operate for units
larger than 2,000 hogs marketed per year.
Spreading costs ranged from 35c to $1.00 per
hog marketed. (2) Storage facilities varied
from 6 weeks to 6 months with the buildings
operated at capacity. The storage tanks cost
about 5c per gallon of capacity to build. (3)
Liquid manure can be handled by using
partially slatted floors or gutters. For both
aystema the average cleaning time per day Is
about 20 minutes for herds where about 1,000
hogs are marketed per year. Floor Investment
ranged between $2.50 to $3.70 per hog
marketed depending upon size of building and
type of floor built. (4) Liquid hog manure can
be worth up to $8.86 per 1,000 gallons or $1.55
per hog fed If It Is uaed to replace commercial
fertilizer and spread In the spring. However,
storage and spreading coats can easily be
greater than this value. Thus farmers reduce
storage costs by spreading manure at other
times of the year and minimizing storage
facilities. (5) If spreading of the manure Is
restricted In winter months, net value of the
manure Is decreased 10-30c per hog except
when the number of hogs marketed per acre of
corn is greater than 10. Economic optimum
storage facilities varied from 2V4 to 4Vi
months for most hog-crop combinations.
However, regulations prohibiting spreading In
winter months require capacities of 4.5-6
months. (Clark-University of Guelph: Merry-
man, ed.)
4506-B1, Dl, D2, D3, El, Fl
ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN SING-
APORE - PRESENT STATUS
AND TRENDS
Primary Production Department, Singapore
S. T. Won
Symposium on Animal Research, Proceedings
of a Symposium on Tropical Agriculture
Researchers, Oct., 1973. Tropical Agriculture
Research Series No. 7, Tropical Agriculture
Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry, Tokyo, Japan, Aug., 1974. p. 63-68.
3 tab., 4 ref.
Keywords: Production, Swine, Poultry, Inten-
sification, Swine wastes, Waste treatment,
Waste disposal, Economics.
In Singapore, competition for land use,
further reduction In profit margin and
environmental pollution from animal farming
activities (particularly that of pigs) necessitate
that emphasis for future livestock develop-
ment should be the establishment of larger
and more Intensive units of production. Such
development Is being encouraged by the
Government. Intensification will result In the
displacement of the majority of the small
farms and will introduce expertise both
foreign and local and also a considerable
degree of vertical Integration Into the Indust-
ry. Intensification will upgrade farming prac-
tices, generate greater sophistication In
management and demand higher standards of
disease control measures. Pollution controls
will have to be Incorporated Into the
management programs. It has been suggested
that a reduction of the polluting load of swine
wastes may be achieved by removal of the
solid waste either at source or after washing
by mechanical separators, flltralton or sedi-
mentation. Other recommendations Include
"zero-discharge" with no treatment but
removal for the smal ler farms and on-the-farm
treatment for the larger farms where econo-
mics favor such a process. Also, It has been
urged that consideration be given to waste
removal to central treatment facilities. Sea
disposal might be considered aa a means of
final disposal. (Bates-East Central)
4507-A6, B2, B3, B4, Cl, C2, Dl,
D2, D3, Fl
KEEP YOUR SLURRY SMELLING
SWEET
C. Bell and M. Lewis
Dairy Farmer, V. 20, No. 9, p. 18-19,
May-Sept., 1973. 3 fig.
Keywords: Dairy waates, Waste treatment,
Waste storage, Odor control, Composting,
Pasveer oxidation ditch, Oxidation tower,
Forced aeration, Lagoons, Barrier ditches,
Anaerobic lagoons, Dehydration, Chemical
treatment, Ammonium persulphate, Econo-
mics.
A number of treatment methods for cattle
slurries are aaaeaaed In terms of their effects
on odor. Methods considered were: compost-
Ing, Pasveer oxidation ditch, oxidation tower,
forced aeration processes, lagoons and barrier
ditches, anaerobic lagoons, dehydration, and
chemical treatment. The methods already In
uae on farms for storage, partial treatment
and full treatment of cattle slurry - lagoons
(aerobic and anaerobic), barrier ditches and
forced aeration ayatema - when dealgned and
uaed correctly are fairly efficient In eliminat-
ing the noxious odor from slurry. Results of
such experimental treatment systems aa
oxidation ditches, oxidation towers and chem-
ical treatment, should soon reveal the relative
values of such systems for use on dairy farms
for the full treatment of cattle slurries. One of
the major factors prohibiting use of these
ayatema Is the high capital cost and also
relatively high running costs. While the use of
ammonium persulphate aa a slurry deodorant
holds promise, the high expenditure required
per cow presently makes the treatment non-
viable for the farmer. (Merryman-Eaat
Central)
4508-A11, B3, C2, E3
THE EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS
RECYCLING DRIED POULTRY
WASTE IN LAYING HEN DEBTS
ON TRACE MINERALS FOUND
IN VARIOUS TISSUES
Poultry Science Department, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823
S. K. Varghese and C. J. Flegal
Poultry Science, V. 51, p. 1882, 1972.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Dried poultry wastes,
Trace minerals, Poultry, Performance, Chem-
ical properties, Arsenic, Mercury, Copper,
Zinc.
An experiment has been conducted to study
the effect of continuous recycling of dried
poultry waste (DPW) In laying rations on the
trace elements arsenic, mercury, copper and
zinc found In kidney, liver, muscle, eggs and
feces. A total of 588, 20-week old pullets were
fed either 0 percent (control), 12.5 percent or
25 percent DPW. The DPW replaced corn In
the diet on a kilogram per kilogram basis.
After 23 cycles, eggs, feces and tissues were
collected from three birds of each treatment
and analyzed for the different elements for
comparison. The data Indicated that the levels
of arsenic, mercury, copper and zinc were not
appreciably altered in the tissues, feces or
eggs by recycling DPW In the diet of laying
hens. (Copyright 1972-Poultry Science) (Ab-
stract only)
115
-------
4509-B1, E3, Fl, F4
ENERGY USE IN AGRICULTURE:
NOW AND FOR THE FUTURE
Council for Agricultural Science and Tech-
nology
Report No. 68, Council for Agricultural
Science and Technology, Aug., 1977, 28 p. 5
fig., 9 tab., 62 ref.
Keywords: Agriculture, Energy consumption,
Energy sources, Electrical energy, Solar
energy, Wind energy, Herbicides, Insectici-
des, Fertilizers, Greenhouse agriculture, Bio-
mass fuels, Animal wastes, Recycling, Econo-
mics.
The purpose of this report Is to provide
concise answers to the principal questions of
general concern about energy in agriculture.
The subject matter Is arranged in convenient
question and answer form under the following
headings: (1) energy use In agriculture, (2)
energy sources, (3) crop production and
harvesting, (4) animal agriculture, and (5)
energy supply and farming. The farmer has
available the following options for adjusting to
increasing energy prices and decreasing
supplies: (1) He may reduce energy use in
such forms as fertilizer applications and
tillage. Manure may be used, but manure
cannot be hauled far if It Is to compete with
commercial fertilizers on a nutrient-cost basis.
(2) He may substitute enterprises that
consume less energy (such as producing
soybeans instead of corn). (3) He may Invest
in alternative technologies that substitute
energy Inputs and reduce energy use. (4) He
may invest In new technologies that use
energy sources such as the sun, the wind, or
biomass. Several options are available for
deriving energy from animal wastes. One is to
recycle the material as feed through other
animals. The second Is to add material to the
soil. The third is to use the material to produce
combustible gases. (5) He may modify his
farm enterprises to make them more efficient
for his particular environmental conditions.
(6) He may cease farming if the adjustments
are too difficult or expensive or if they reduce
production too much. (Merryman-East
Central)
4510-A5, B2, C2, C2, El
POLLUTANT MOVEMENT TO
SHALLOW GROUND WATER
TABLES FROM SWINE WASTE
LAGOONS
Department of Agronomy, Virginia Polytech-
nic Institute and State University, Blacks-
burg, Virginia 24061
T. G. Ciravolo, D. C. Martens, D. L Hallock,
E. R. Collins, Jr., and E. T. Kornegay
Bulletin 100, Virginia Water Resources Re-
search Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, March, 1977, 61 p. 7
fig., 21 tab., 32 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Waste disposal,
Anaerobic lagoons, Groundwater quality,
Groundwater monitoring, Pollutant move-
ment, Biological properties, Chemical proper-
ties, Seepage.
This research Investigated the effect of three
anaerobic swine-waste lagoons on the quality
of nearby ground water. The lagoons, in the
Coastal Plain region of Virginia, were located
on soils with high water tables and with
varying drainage characteristics. Over a
14-month period in 1974 and 1975, ground
water samples were taken from wells located
at various depths and distances from the
lagoons These samples then were analyzed to
determine the extent of contamination due to
the lagoons. The biological constituent analy-
zed was the number of fecal conform bacteria;
chemical constituents analyzed were concen-
trations of Cl, Cu, Mn, NHrN, NCyN, Po^-P,
and Zn. Research findings showeu that the
quality of ground water was affected least
around one lagoon constructed at ground level
in a poorly drained soil with a clay subsoil. No
ground water contamination was found more
than 3 m from this lagoon. In contrast, ground
water around two lagoons constructed with
embankments above ground level, one In a
sandy clay loal subsoil and the other in a
sandy subsoil, showed traces of swine-waste
components as far away as 30 m. Pollutant
levels in ground water around the former
lagoon were below U.S. Public Health Service
drinking water standards, while pollutant
levels around the latter lagoon exceeded those
standards on many occasions. These experi-
mental results Indicate that seepage may
occur from lagoons with embankments above
ground level In sandy soil, and that biological
sealing In such lagoons may not sufficiently
protect shallow aquifers from contamination.
(Clravolo-Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University)
4511-B1, C2, Dl, D2, D3, E2, E3,
Fl
DESPITE SCIENCE, IT'S STILL
MANURE
J. B. Gerrish and F. W. Bakker-Arkema
Michigan Farmer, p. 10, 12, March, 1974. 1
fig-
Keywords: Livestock wastes, Recycling, Ener-
gy, Pyrolysls, Hydrogasification, Blogas, Fer-
mentation, Methane, Ethane, Hydrogen,
Carbon monoxide, Char, Effluent, Fertilizer,
Land spreading, Economics.
Consideration is given to 3 schemes currently
under investigation for converting animal
wastes into highly prized energy sources such
as methane or liquid fuel. The first is
pyrolysis, a process that subjects organic
matter to high temperatures (around 500 C or
900 F) in the absence of air. A mixture of
products results from this treatment. The
gases that are derived are methane, ethane,
hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The solid
output is char. Unfortunately, the energy
required to operate the process Is more than
the energy harvested. Hydrogasification is a
variation on the pyrolysis in which organic
matter such as manure is subjected to very
high temperatures (1500 C) and very high
pressures (2,000 psi). So far this process does
not seem very feasible either. Methane
generating fermentation is another energy
scheme on a technical level suitable for the
do-it-yourselfer. The process consists of
keeping a digester tank of diluted manure
warm, stirred, and free of air. Bacteria will
produce a gas that is about 60 percent
methane, 40 percent carbon dioxide, and has
small amounts of smellier gases. A big
disadvantage of this system is that it's liquid
output is about twice the volume of what goes
into the tank. This effluent has most of the
original fertilizer value of the manure and
must be disposed of on land. The gas is not
pure enough to transport or even compress
very much since It contains so much carbon
dioxide. A recently published EPA report
considered such schemes as those discussed
here and concluded that spreading manure on
the land is still a pretty attractive way to go.
(Merryman - East Central)
4S12-A8, Bl, C2
THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF
EXCRETA UNDER INTENSIVE
CATTLE GRAZING
Flsons Limited - Fertilizer Division, North
Wyke Experimental Station, Devon, England
I. R. Richards and K. M. Wolton
Journal of the British Grassland Society, V.
31, p. 89-92, 1976. 2 fig., 1 tab., 18 ref.
Keywords: Cattle wastes, Grazing, Pasture
land, Excreta distribution, Swards, Plant
response, Potassium.
The spatial distribution of excreta from
intensive cattle grazing was recorded and was
described by a negative binomial function.
This enabled the proportion of a pasture
surface affected by excreta to be calculated for
various grazing periods. Where the effect of
excreta on the sward was short-lived, as for
urine N, or where the total area covered by
excreta remained small, as for dung, then
little over-lapping of effective excreta patches
could be expected. Appreciable overlapping of
effective patches could, however, occur for
the long-lived urine K effect and this should
be taken into account when estimating the
proportion of a pasture surface affected.
(Richards - North Wyke Experimental Station)
4513-BS, E2
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN, PHOS-
PHORUS, POTASSIUM, AND MA-
NURE FACTORIALLY APPLDZD
TO POTATOES IN A LONG-TERM
STUDY
Research Station, Agriculture Canada, Char-
lottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
W. N. Black and R. P. White
Canadian Journal of Soil Science, V. 53, No. 2,
p. 205-211, May, 1973. 5 fig., 2 tab., 13 ref.
Keywords: Land application, Barnyard ma-
nure, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Pota-
toes, Crop response.
The effects of N, P, K, and manure factorially
applied to potato [Solanum tuberosum L.)
yields, starch content, and soil and tissue
nutrient levels were evaluated on continuous
plots over 12 yr in a 4-yr potato, grain, hay,
hay rotation. Although yield responses were
observed with N, P, and K applications,
manure application substantially increased
yields above yield levels due to applied N, P,
and K. Increasing rates of KC1 strongly
depressed tuber starch contents. Soil test P
and K levels increased with repeated fertility
applications, leaf tissue levels were increased
with N, P, and K treatments. (Copyright 1973
- Journal of Soil Scienc*)
4514-A11, B2, Cl, E2
RETENTION BY SHEEP OF COP-
PER FROM AEROBIC DIGESTS
OF PIG FAECAL SLURRY
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aber-
deen, AB2 9SB, Scotland
A. C. Dalgarno and C. F. Mills
Journal of Agricultural Science, V. 85, p.
11-18, 1975. 3 fig., 1 tab., 22 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Slurries, Aerobic
treatment, Land disposal, Herbage, Forages,
Copper content, Ingestlon, Sheep, Animal
health.
116
-------
Dried grass originating from a farm on which
herbage had been repeatedly dressed with
faecal slurry from pigs given diets containing
250 mg copper/kg had a very variable, but
frequently high content of copper. A maxi-
mum content of 70 mg Cu/kg dry matter was
found. The mean copper content of growing
herbage sampled subsequent to this finding
was 10.5 mg/kg, while residues of slurry on
the soil surface contained 805 mg Cu/kg. I nan
experiment Involving three groups of eight
sheep the utilization and hepatic retention of
copper from the solid residues of an aerobic
digest of high-copper faecal slurry from pigs
was investigated. When these residues consti-
tuted 1 or 2 percent of the dietary dry-matter
intake of copper-deficient sheep, rapid In-
creases In plasma copper content, in plasma
ferroxldase I activity and In hepatic copper
content occurred. Thus copper from this
source was readily utilized and retained. The
utilization of copper added to the diet as
cuprlc sulphate was compared with that of
copper from dried slurry solids In an
experiment with two groups of four sheep.
Although the rate of recovery of plasma
copper and ferroxldase I activity tended to be
slower in sheep given slurry solids this
different was not statistically significant. A
significantly slower rate of Increase In hepatic
copper content resulted from the Ingestlon of
slurry solids. The significance of these
findings is discussed with particular respect
to the Inadvertent Ingestlon of residues from
the soil surface of pastures dressed with slurry
and from the variable Inclusion of such
residues in herbage uplifted during forage
harvesting. (Copyright 1976 Journal of
Agricultural Science)
4515-B1, Dl, E2, E3
SOLAR ENERGY HELPS DRY
POULTRY WASTE
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 17, p. 98, Sept.
10, 1977.
Keywords: Solar drying, Poultry wastes,
Heating, Recycling, Fertilizers, Refeedlng.
Research is being planned at Michigan State
University to build a solar collector out of
common farm building materials (2 x 4's,
plywood, corrugated aluminum roofing, and
glass) for use in heating a chicken house. The
heat generated will be used In two ways. In
winter, It will provide supplemental heat for
the poultry house. Year-round, the heated air
will be used to dry the chicken droppings. The
sun-warmed air will be distributed by way of
plastic ducts and fans. The dried poultry
waste is easier to handle and store and also
has lost the ammonia smell. This material
makes an excellent fertilizer or can be refed to
chickens or cattle with nutritional equivalent
close to soybean meal for cattle. Results are
expected to be announced by next summer.
(Bates - East Central)
4516-A11, Bl, E3
MILO-MANURE SLURRY BEATS
RECONSTITUTING
Anonymous
Beef, V. 14, No. 2, p. 68, Oct., 1977. 1 tab.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Cattle wastes, Milo,
Cattle, Performance.
Lowell Schake, Texas A&M, has devised a
way to improve the feed value of dry ground
milo. He combined the dry ground mllo with
manure slurry from a confinement barn. The
Texan put together a combination of 26
percent excrement and 73 percent air-dry mllo
grain. In feeding trials, the resulting excre-
ment-reconstituted grain mix outperformed
both dry rolled mllo and mllo reconstituted
with plain water. All three types of mllo were
rolled as they came out of storage, Immediate-
ly before feeding. The steers weighed 519
pounds going on feed. Schake also noted a
careful study failed to turn up any significant
differences In the excrement-fed cattle. (Bates
- East Central)
4517-B1, C2, E2
MANAGING MANURE WILL
SAVE YOU THE MOST ENERGY
DOLALRS
J. B. Holter
Hoard's Dairyman, V. 122, No. 19, p.
1152-1153, Oct. 10, 1977. 1 fig., 3 tab.
Keywords: Energy, Manure management,
Dairy Industry, Land disposal, Fertilizers,
Forages, Crops, Crop response.
The objective of this article was to take a good
look at major fuel equivalent (FEQ) Inputs on
dairy farms with regard to growing various
crops and converting them into milk. It was
concluded that efficient handling of manure
from the cow to the field, and judicious use of
manure nitrogen to spare chemical (manufact-
ured) nitrogen offer the most significant
potential for conservation of fossil fuel on
most dairy farms. (Merryman - East Central)
4518-A8, B2, B3, B5, C2, E2, Fl
MANURE CAN BE A PROFIT-
ABLE FERTILIZER
Anonymous
The Ohio Farmer, V. 259, No. 5, p. 28-29,
March 5, 1977.
Keywords: Manure, Swine wastes, Land
application, Fertilizers, Economics, Nutrients,
Crop response.
Purdue University Extension Specialist A. L.
Sutton says that use of manure as a fertilizer
at today's fertilizer prices Is economical. A ton
of solid swine manure Is worth about $3.50,
based on today's fertilizer nutrient prices.
Liquid swine manure from a deep pit Is worth
about $11.50 per 1,000 gallons. For most
efficient use, nutrient analysis of the waste to
be applied, compared with a soil test of the
land, and the nutrient requirements of the
crops to be grown should be performed.
Grasses and cereal grain crops usually
respond most favorably to the nutrients
contained In manure. Suggestions for efficient
use of manure Include: (1) Apply manure
uniformly as near as possible to the planting
date. Sufficient time should be allowed for
incorporating the manure Into the soil so that
it will become diluted with soil water. (2)
Inject liquid manures beneath the soli surface
and Incorporate solid manure Into the soil
Immediately If possible, to maximize the
fertilizer value and minimize odor problems.
(3) When ground Is frozen, apply manure only
to relatively flat or level land to prevent runoff
when snow melts or during fast thaw. Do not
spread liquid manure on water saturated soils
where runoff Is likely to occur. (4) Agitate or
mix liquid manures thoroughly In pits to
facilitate removal of settled solids and thus
Insure uniform application of nutrients to the
land. (Merryman - East Central)
4519-B1, Cl, C2, D3, E3, Fl
METHANE GAS ENERGY POSS-
IBLE FROM MANURE
Anonymous
The Ohio Farmer, V. 259, No. 5, p. 44, March
5, 1977.
Keywords: Recycling, Livestock wastes,
Waste treatment, Methane, Economics, Mois-
ture content, Temperature.
Richard K. White, Ohio State University
extension agricultural engineer, feels that
production of methane gas from manure
appears to have some merit In solving fuel
problems In the future but that more research
and development will be necessary before It Is
ready for commercial use. Current drawbacks
of such production are the necessity for high
capital investment and necessity for the
greatest of care and management. A digester
must function properly to aid production of
methane gas from manure. Moisture content
in the manure must continually be between
two and four percent. Temperature In the
digester must remain between 90 and 95
degrees F and the waste should be mixed by
pumping air throughout the mixture. Manure
collection must be on a dally basis. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4520-A8, B3, BS, C2, Dl, E2
PROFITS FROM MANURE:
WORKERS LIST TREATMENTS,
APPLICATION
R. Leidahl
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 42, p. 16, 18, Oct. 10,
1977. 2 tab.
Keywords: Poultry wastes, Land application,
Drying, Nutrients, Crop response, Superphos-
phate, Litters.
Poultry manure can provide an additional
source of income from regular poultry opera-
tions. Extension poultry specialist Herbert C.
Jordan and extension agronomist W. Wayne
Hlnish suggest that poultrymen dry poultry
manure as it Is produced and have nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium tests run on
samples. The seller should also advise the
buyer of application rates, suggesting that the
manure be stored In a cool, dry place and
applied lightly and uniformly. The most
common buyers of the product are general
crop farmers, fruit growers, and mushroom
growers. Poultry manure is not recommended
for small grains or acid-loving plants or if
excessive vine or foliage growth of vegetable
and small fruit crops occurred In the last
season. Nitrogen loss from poultry manure
through fermentation can be reduced through
use of ventilated, well-Insulated houses, use
of litter materials which rapidly dry the
manure and application of superphosphate to
reduce loss of nitrogen as ammonia. Super-
phosphate reinforces the phosphate content
and reduces ammonia fumes. While litter use
lowers plant nutrient content of the manure-
litter mixture, some types of litter dry the
droppings quickly and preserve more of the
plant nutrients. (Merryman-East Central)
4S21-A8, BS, E2
A LONG-TERM ROTATIONAL
AND MANURIAL TRIAL IN
UGANDA
117
-------
Sarere Research Station, P. 0. Sorotl,
Uganda, Africa
A. R. McWalter and R. H. Wimble
Experimental Agriculture, V. 12, No. 3, p.
305-317, 1976. 13 tab.
Keywords: Land application, Africa, Manure,
Green manures, Crop response, Application
rates.
An experiment was conducted from 1936 -
1964 to determine: (1) the minimum period of
rest necessary to maintain fertility In a
five-year rotation which Included arable crops
and a variable period of rest, (2) the best type
of cover during rest, (3) the effect of green
manuring, and (4) the dosage of animal
manure necessary, In conjunction with the
above. The experiment followed a five-year
rotation and was divided Into five series, each
of 90 sub-plots, which were opened success-
ively In the years 1936-40 Inclusive, so that
each phase of the rotation was represented
every year. In a complete cycle, each crop of
the rotation was grown on each of the 5 series
in turn. There were 2 replicates In each series,
making 10 replicates In all, each with 15 main
plots accommodating all combinations of 3
crop-rest sequences and 5 types of resting
treatment. Levels of manuring were Mo= nil,
M| = 6.3 tons per hectare, and Ma= 12.6 tons
per hectare. The 5 types of resting treatment
were: A = natural regeneration, B = planted
with grass, undisturbed, C = green manure,
lopped, D = planted with grass, cut In Cycle
I, grazed in cycles 2-4, and E = green manure
dug-in. Yield trends differed from crop to
crop, and a critical level of total soil nitrogen Is
suggested In partial explanation. Responses
to farmyard manure In most crops Increased
over the years with increasingly marked
negative curvature in a pattern that showed
most strongly in cotton crops Immediately
following manure application. (Merryman -
East Central)
4522-A11, B2, B3, C2, Dl, D2, E3,
E4 Fl
ON STRAW AND GOLD, MAN-
URE AND ALGAE -- FEEDING
WASTE -- IT'S BEING DONE ...
IN A VARIETY OF WAYS
Anonymous
Confinement, V. 2, No. 7, p. 17, July-Aug.,
1977.
Keywords: Refeeding, Feeds, Poultry wastes,
Cattle wastes, Swine wastes, Protein, Nitro-
gen, Potassium, Phosphorus, Calcium, Econo-
mics, By-product recovery, Algae, Yeasts,
Oxidation mixed liquor, Houseflles, Earth-
worms, Ensiling.
Lewis W. Smith and William E. Wheeler,
animal scientists with USDA's Agricultural
Research Service, stated that animal excreta
is an excellent source of protein with a value of
$151 to $254 per metric ton as compared to
$369 per metric ton for soybean meal. The
values of the nitrogen, potassium, phosphor-
us, and calcium per metric ton of dry matter In
various animal excreta are: $32.37 for poultry
litter; $39.42 for poultry excreta; $23.58 for
cattle excreta; and $31.57 for swine excreta -
as based on prices farmers paid for these
minerals In 1977. Computer-balanced diets
could contain 15 percent to 35 percent excreta
for several selected classes on ruminants.
Refeeding experiments have revealed that
animal excreta is a valuable feed Ingredient
that is not utilized to Its nutritional and
economical potential. C. C. Calvert of the
USDA's Agricultural Research Service recent-
ly discussed various biological systems that
might be used to recover feed grade protein
from animal excreta. Algae can be grown on
animal slurry, harvested, and dried. Systems
using yeasts have been found to be technolo-
gically feasible for converting nitrogen to
protein. Such yeast has been successfully fed
to swine and poultry as a dietary protein
supplement. However, more critical research
is needed on production systems using animal
excreta as a substrate. Liquid from oxidation
ditches containing mixed cultures of bacteria
has also been fed to cattle, swine, and poultry
with varying degrees of success. A better way
of using this system might be to first use
bacteria to convert the excreta and then
harvest the bacteria as a protein source.
Houseflles and earthworms grow on animal
excreta and are a suitable protein source for
livestock and poultry, too. However, since
these Invertebrates extract preformed protein
from excreta (as opposed to converting
Inorganic forms of nitrogen to protein), low
protein yields and the problem of maintaining
large populations of Insects and earthworms
limit the practical and economical application
of this system at the present time. While none
of the systems described currently contributes
significantly to the supply of protein supple-
ments for animal feeds, they do have potential
to do so. (Merryman - East Central)
4S23-A11, B2, C3, E2
THE OCCURRENCE OF SAL-
MONELLAS, MYCOBACTERIA
AND PATHOGENIC STRAINS OF
ESCHER1CHIA COLI IN PIG
SLURRY
Institute for Research on Animal Diseases,
Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, England
P. W. Jones, J. Bew, M. R. Burrows, P.R.J.
Matthews, and P. Collins
Journal of Hygiene, V. 77, No. 1, p. 43-50,
1976. 2 fig., 2 tab., 13 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Slurries, Bacteria,
England, Salmonellas, Mycobacterla, Escher-
ichla coll, Pathogens.
In research conducted by the Institute for
Research on Animal Diseases, Compton,
Newbury, Berkshire, 98 samples of pig slurry
from 54 farms were taken and divided Into 60
samples from 38 farms stocked with conven-
tional pigs and 38 samples from 16 farms
stocked with minimal disease pigs. These
samples were cultured and then analyzed for
the presence of salmonellas, porcine entero-
pathogenlc strains of hemolytlc Escher/chla
col/, and mycobacterla. Salmonellas were
isolated from 12 farms (22 percent of total
farms), 7 of which were minimal disease pig
farms and 5 of which were conventionally
reared pig farms. Enteropathogenic E coll
were Isolated from 13 farms (24 percent of
total farms), 3 of which were minimal disease
pig farms and 10 of which were conventional
pig farms. Pathogenic mycobacterla were not
isolated. (Bates-East Central)
4524-A8, B5, C2, E2
CHICKEN MANURE PLUS
Anonymous
Confinement, V. 2, No. 9, p. 24, Oct., 1977. 1
fig.
Keywords: Reclamation, Surface-mined
lands, Land application, Ash, Sewage, Ma-
nure, Poultry wastes, Crop response, Chemi-
cal properties.
West Virginia University agronomists Robert
Keefer and R. N. Singh have been testing
sewage sludge, fly ash, and manure mixtures
on reclaimed surface-mined lands to see If
they can be used In revegetatlng the land.
These waste materials are produced In large
quantities near most metropolitan areas. Ash
comes from power plants, sludge from
sewage-treatment plants, and manure from a
variety of agricultural Industries. Keefer and
Singh applied different combinations of waste
materials to small research plots on reclaimed
West Virginia mine sites. The plots were
seeded with alfalfa and lespedeza, both of
which are legumes, which can take nitrogen
from the air. Chicken manure, either alone or
In combination with ash and sludge, seemed
to be the best additive. Compared with
untreated areas on the test site, the plots
treated with the waste materials had superior
plant growth. (Merryman-East Central)
4525-A3, AS, B5, Cl, C2, E2
MANURE MAKES CENTS
Anonymous
Agricultural Research, V. 26, No. 4, p. 15,
Oct., 1977.
Keywords: Land application, Anhydrous
ammonia, Feedlot manure, Crop response,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Moisture content,
Sorghum, Water Infiltration, Agricultural
runoff.
A. C. Mathers and B. A. Stewart, USDA soil
scientists, conducted a 3-year study compar-
ing manure with adhydrous ammonia. The
feedlot manure used contained from 1.1 to 2.2
percent nitrogen, up to .56 percent phosphor-
us, and about 50 percent moisture. Sorghum
grown on soil where the feedlot manure was
Incorporated 8 inches deep with a mold board
plow averaged 7,000 Ibs. of sorghum per acre
compared to 6,500 pounds per acre where
anhydrous ammonia was chiseled Into the soil.
The scientists attributed the extra yield to
increased water infiltration which resulted
from the manure applications. Runoff water
quality was not affected by either the
anhydrous ammonia or the manure applica-
tions. (Merryman-East Central)
4526-A11, Bl, Fl
WHAT'S HOUSING REALLY
WORTH?
S. Farlln and C. Gllbertson
Feedlot Management, V. 19, No. 10, p. 26,
28-30, Sept., 1977. 2 fig., 9 tab.
Keywords: Confinement pens, Housing,
Floors, Economics, Performance, Nebraska,
Cattle.
Dr. Stan Farlin and Conrad Gllbertson of the
University of Nebraska have found the need
for housing or shelter over a confinement
facility to be questionable In the state of
Nebraska. Several trials were performed to
evaluate performance of cattle In housed and
unhoused confinement situations. Results of
these trials suggested that for environmental
conditions similar to those In Nebraska,
housing over slotted floors does not enhance
performance of finishing beef cattle. Feedlot
facility types available are outlined along with
the breakdown on associated costs. A cross
section of different floor types available to the
feeeder Is also given along with the relative
costs of the different kinds of floor designs.
Cost estimates of floor types In a confinement
facility vary from $114 per animal capacity of
$159. (Merryman-East Central)
118
-------
4S27-A2, A8, B2, B5, E2, F2
FEEDER COMPLIES WITH
REGULATIONS -- EPA OKAYED
THESE PLANS TO STOP WASTE
AND WATER RUNOFF
G. Lamp
Feedlot Management, V. 19, No. 2, p. 28 30
Feb., 1977. 2 fig.
Keywords: Agricultural runoff, Legal asepcts
Environmental Protection Agency,'Feedlots,'
Design, Runoff control, Settling basins,
Holding ponds, Irrigation, Land disposal,
Crop response, Legal aspects.
In 1972, Bob Krelkemelr consulted the local
Soil Conservation Service and started making
plans for reconstructing his feedlot to control
runoff. The plans needed to Include the EPA
10-year, 24 hour design storm requirement
and to fit Krelkemeier's feedlot design. Once
the plans were completed, they were submit-
ted to EPA. They were approved. Krelkemeler
obtained financial assistance from the Lower
Elkhorn Natural Resources District at Norfolk.
Their cost-sharing program paid for 80
percent of the dirt moving and 80 percent of
the pipe laying - a total of nearly $2,500. The
other expenses (about $1,500} were paid by
Kreikemeir. The basic plan for the waste
system Involved making a settling pond at the
base of the lot. A dike, 40ft. from the fence to
the peak, was built. The side of the settling
pond nearest the road also required a dike,
although this one was only 10 ft. from the road
fence to the peak of the dike. Besides holding
waste, the 2 dikes also act as a snowbreak for
the cattle. Below the dike Is the settling basin,
designed to temporarily hold runoff until It Is
pumped to the holding pond. The holding
pond holds 60 acre-inches of liquid. Effluent
in the holding pond is used to sprinkler-Irri-
gate a nearby field that Is usually planted to
corn. The system has been almost problem
free and has entailed very little extra labor.
An extra benefit of the system Is the boost the
effluent gives Kreikemelr'scorn. (Merryman-
East Central)
4S28-B3, C2, Dl, D3
IN-HOUSE MANURE DRYING
A. Elson
Poultry Industry, V. 37, No. 9, p. 14-15, Dec.,
1973. 1 fig., 1 tab.
Keywords: Poultry wastes, Drying, Deep pit
houses, Fully-stepped cages, Great Britain,
Sterilization.
In some United Kingdom deep-pit poultry
houses, fully-stepped cages are used which
employ a slat system to dry poultry waste. The
droppings fall directly onto 2 levels of timber
slats and are held there for the life of the
laying flock. The wastes are subjected to a
continuous drying process during that time.
The framed slats are supported from the
house catwalks by metal straps. Two levels of
slats are used at 21/z-3 ft and 5-6 ft below the
cages, the lower one being offset to collect the
manure falling between slats In the upper set.
Three-inch, four-Inch or five-lnch-wlde slats
are used and similar width gaps are used for
the upper level. On the lower level, wider slats
and narrower gaps help prevent manure from
accumulating in the pit below. At the end of
the year, after the spent laying flock has been
removed, the manure Is tipped from the slats
Into the pit. The slats are either removed from
the house or swung up under the cages. This
allows a tractor and foreloader to remove the
dry "cones'' of manure to the end of the house
for milling and bagging off. If sterilization Is
required, a further process Is necessary. An
Inexpensive chemical method Is being devel-
oped. (Merryman-East Central)
4S29-B5, C2, El, Fl
UHUZING WASTE FOR FERTIL-
IZER BASE
U. S. Department of Agriculture, South-
western Great Plains Research Center, Bush-
land, Texas
B. A. Stewart
Feedlot Management, V. 19, No. 10, p. 22,
24-25, Sept., 1977. 2 tab.
Keywords: Agriculture, Energy consumption,
Fertilizers, Manure, Land application, Nutri-
ents, Economics.
Agriculture utilizes 3 percent of the total
energy used i'n the United States, while the
production of fertilizers accounts for 23
percent of all energy used In agriculture. The
wise use of animal waste can be a significant
practice In energy conservation. With careful
use of manure from cattle feedyards and other
animal complexes like dairy, swine and
poultry operations, the chemical N demand In
the United States could be reduced by 10
percent. Substantial quantities of PyQf and
KaP would be supplied simultaneously,
lowering the requirements of these nutrients
from fertilizers. The biggest disadvantage of
manure as a primary source of plant nutrients
Is the variability in chemical composition as a
result of differences In ration, climates, and
handling methods. In the Texas High Plains,
10 tons of manure were found to contain 268
Ib. N, 243 Ib. PjOn and 362 Ib. of K£>. These
values were based on the net weight of
manure, which averaged 34.5 percent water.
Because a portion of the nutrient value In
manures is residual, a possible guideline Is to
assume that 60 percent of the total N is worth
the equivalent cost of commercial N, and that
85 percent of the F^Orand KJD are worth their
equivalent amounts In commercial fertilizer
up to the amounts needed for crop production.
For maximum utilization of manure nutrients,
manure should be Immediately incorporated
into the soil after spreading to prevent
volatilization and loss In runoff water.
(Merryman-East Central)
4530-B2, D3, E3, Fl
BACTERIA POWER GENERA-
TOR, PRODUCE FERTILIZER IN
IOWA
Anonymous
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 44, p. 6, 56, Oct. 24,
1977. 1 fig.
Keywords: Poultry wastes, Recycling, Iowa,
Fertilizers, Energy, Algae, By-product recov-
ery, Economics.
A project has been instigated at the Heylng
family poultry farm (near West Union, Iowa)
for the purpose of recycling poultry wastes
Into energy and fertilizer. The project is being
supported by a combination of funds from
individuals, private companies and state and
federal government agencies. When the
system, which utilizes a gas-tight digester, Is
put into full operation, developers expect a
return of about $107,000 annually In fertilizer
and electricity, for about $50,000 profit. Cost
of the system Is about $150,000. Long-term
plans for the Heylng farm may Include an
algae pond on top of the digester tanks, which
operate at the 95* F temperature most
conducive to algae growth. Algae from the
ponds, produced at about 40 tons/acre/year,
could replace other sources of vitamins,
mineral and protein In rations with corn to
supply energy. Manure from the 160,000
layers at the farm should generate the
electrical needs for lights and fans for the
same birds, and leave material containing
300,000 Ib. nitrogen, 200,000 Ib. PaO
-------
ed rye forage with higher NOj-N contents than
did Lucedale and Decatur soils, but millet
forages produced on Decatur soil |had Noj-N
contents as high as on Dothan soil. Manure
application rates of 40 tons/acre and above
produced tetany-prone forage having K: (Ca
+Mg) ratios above the 2.2 critical level, except
for rye on Decatur soil. The quality of forage
produced was found to be the limiting factor In
rate of manure application rather than adverse
effects of manure on soil properties or plant
growth. Incorporating dairy cattle manure at
the rate of 20 tons/acre into the top 6 inches of
Norfolk sandy loam for 3 consecutive years
had little effect on the No«-N or Nh^-N
concentration of runoff wafer or on soil
properties. (Merryman-East Central)
4533-A11, B3, C2, E3
OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING
THE USE OF CATTLE MANURES
IN DRYLOT FEEDING
Research Assistant, Department of Animal
Science, University of California, Davis,
California
C. L. Ferrell and W. N. Garrett
12th Annual California Feeders' Day, Univer-
sity of California, March 23, 1973, p. 4-11. 7
tab., 22 ref.
Keywords: Refeeding, Cattle manure, Miner-
als, Cattle, Performance, Llgnln.
A study was conducted to determine the effect
of continued refeeding of cattle manure to
cattle. Also studied was the possibility of
deleterious build-up of substances In the
manure. The experiment was conducted on
five successive feeding periods. In period I,
four yearling Hereford steers were fed a basal
ration at maintenance level. The steers'
wastes were collected, dried and then mixed
(50:50) with the basal ration for subsequent
use in period II. The same procedure was used
for periods III and IV. During period V the
four steers were again fed the basal ration at
maintenance level to determine any carry-over
effects from period to period. Results showed
no harm in mineral build-up in the feces from
continuous recycling to animals fed manure as
50 percent of the ration dry matter. Indigesti-
ble components In the feces appeared to dilute
the mineral excretion to less than harmful
concentrations. The results suggested that
there is some nutritive value In manure.
Recycling within a feedlot without a rapid
build-up of minerals of lignin seems possible.
(Rowe-East Central)
4534-B1, C2
URINARY ALLANTOIN EXCRE-
TION AND DIGESTIBLE DRY-
MATTER INTAKE IN CATTLE
AND BUFFALO
CSIRO Division of Animal Production, Tropi-
cal Cattle Research Centre, Rockhampton, Q,
4700, Australia
J. E. Vercoe
Journal of Agricultural Science, V. 86, p.
613-615, June, 1976. 1 fig., 12 ref.
Keywords: Diets, Allantoln, Cattle, Urine,
Buffalo, Digestible dry-matter Intake, Nucleic
acids.
A linear relationship between the amount of
allantoin excreted In the urine of cattle and the
digestible dry-matter intake, has been found
for cattle fed different roughage diets. The
relation was also linear for buffalo although
they excreted less urinary allantoin than cattle
at the same level of digestible dry matter
Intake. It Is postulated that the relationship
arises because of the contribution that
degraded mlcroblal nucleic acids make to the
excreted allantoin in the urine of cattle.
(Copyright 1976 Journal of Agricultural
Science)
4S35-A7, All, B2, C3, D3, El
SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENS IN
FEEDLOT WASTE
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences,
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
S. L. Diesch
Proceedings of the Illinois State Veterinary
Medical Association, 92nd Annual Conven-
tion, Feb. 18, 1974, 13 p. 13 ref.
Keywords: Pathogenic bacteria, Cattle
wastes, Feedlots, Disease transmission, Ani-
mal health. Leptospires, Salmonella, Survival
time, Measurement, Aerosols, Feed contam-
ination.
A research project was designed to determine
the survival of pathogens (leptospires and
salmonella) In animal manure disposal by the
oxidation ditch. Research objectives of the
first 3 years were to measure leptospiral
survival time, to develop and improve
bacteriologic methods of measurement for
detection of pathogens and for measurement
of their survival In beef cattle manure In the
~ laboratory model oxidation ditch during
simulated field environmental conditions at
summer and winter temperatures and to
evaluate potential health effect of pathogens
in cattle manure. Research objectives during
the last 2 years were to determine the viability
and Infectlvityof leptospires and salmonella in
aerosols caused by potential mechanical
dissemination of a laboratory model oxidation
ditch, to determine the viability and infectivlty
potential of leptospires and salmonella In feed
recycled from oxidation ditch manure, to
monitor selected aerosols generated during
aerobic treatment of animal manure from an
oxidation ditch being used to treat beef cattle
waste under a confinement housing unit, and
to determine the relationships between temp-
erature, loading rates and degradation of
manure in an oxidation model ditch. Lepto-
spires seeded for 5 days in a laboratory mdoei
oxidation ditch survived 18 days at winter
temperature (2-5°C) and for 138 days at
summer (20°C) temperature. Hamsters were
not Infected by aerosolized transmission of
salmonella or through consumption of contam-
inated feed. Salmonella survived for 17 days
post seeding In the model oxidation ditch
slurry at summer temperatures. Winter
survival was 47 days. Turkey poults were
infected when exposed to Salmonella typhi-
murium at 10*and 10/bacteria/literof air. The
poults were also infected by application of
Salmonella typhimurium suspensions to eyes,
nose or mouth. Salmonella contaminated
recycled feed also caused salmonella infect-
ion. It is evident that epidemiologic research
should be conducted on farms that have
outbreaks of disease such as leptospirosls and
salmonellosis. Proper waste management for
animal disease prevention, control, and
eradication must be a part of a total herd
health program. (Merryman-East Central)
4536-B2, B5, E2
FARM PROGRESS SHOW . . .
MORE CATTLE AND LESS
WORK WITH CONFINEMENT
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 17, p. 148-149,
Sept. 10, 1977. 2 fig.
Keywords: Confinement pens, Cattle, Mana-
gement, Feeding, Liquid wastes, Waste
storage, Land application, Corn.
Maurice and Dennis Crawford have a confine-
ment system that blends together these
Important features: a 72 x 168-ft. confinement
barn; a liquid manure system comprised of a
slotted floor, pits, and additional storage to
hold waste for a year; and automated feeding
that allows individual feeding of pens accord-
Ing to size. One man handles the 450-head
confinement operation. The Crawfords Inject
the liquid manure Into the soil with a
3200-gallon applicator once a year In the fall.
The fertilizer value of this manure has been
proven with yields of 150 to 180 bushels of
corn/acre on a 40-acre plot. The Crawfords
get good gains (21/2-3 Ib/day) on range steers
consuming a ration of high moisture shelled
corn, corn silage and alfalfa silage. Feed Is
moved from storage by auger to belt-type
centerline feeders in the confinement build-
ing. This system allows the Crawfords to
choose any ration mixture to feed to the
individual pens. (Bates-East Central)
4537-A11, B3, E3
DRIED CATTLE WASTE CAN
STRETCH SWINE RATIONS
Anonymous
Southern Hog Producer, V. 8, No. 5, p. 19,
Oct., 1977.
Keywords: Refeeding, Swine, Diets, Perfor-
mance, Dried cattle wastes.
Research by Tennessee animal scientists has
shown that a basal swine ration of 16 percent
crude protein, fortified, corn-soybean-meal-
tankage ration, plus up to 20 percent dried
cattle wastes can produce satisfactory gains.
However, swine rations Including 30 and 40
percent wastes had an imbalance, deficiency,
or excess of some nutrient factor that reduced
swine performance. Swine rations containing
no dried cattle wastes and those containing
either 10 or 20 percent cattle wastes yielded
daily gains of between 1.9 and 1.6 pounds for
each pig. The pigs weighed 46.7 pounds at the
beginning of the experiment and were fed to
market weinhts. (Bates-East Central)
4538-A6, AW, B2, Fl
FOR THIS HOG FARMER . . .
NEW PORK PRODUCTION UNIT
ELIMINATES WASTE DISPOSAL
C. Bice
Southern Hog Producer, V. 8, No. 5, p. 26,
Oct., 1977. 2 fig.
Keywords: Swine management, Confinement
pens, Flushing, Costs, Fly control, Odor
control, Lagoons.
A new pork production unit which eliminates
waste disposal was constructed this year on
the Charles Edwards Farm. Under the
direction of Marcus Oswalt, Swiss-American
Management Corporation and Harlan Plgg,
farm manager, the new unit of buildings to
handle the 132 sows on the farm Included a
modern system of flushing to remove wastes
from the farrowing houses, nursery, and
feeding pens. Assistance In the planning and
design for the system was provided by
William C. Chlsholm (Monroe County agent),
120
-------
Lee Miller (agricultural engineer), Mississippi
Cooperative Extension Service (MCES) and
Dr. James Shannon (MCES livestock special-
ist). Dr. Shannon explained that the flushing
system Involves two methods of removing
waste from the facility: (1) open-flutter
flushing, which Is used In finishing and-open
concrete lots; and (2) under-slat flushing,
which works best In farrowing, nursery and
gestation confinement buildings. Advantages
of flushing as compared to conventional
systems Include: (1) lower Initial costs than
slatted type system; (2) fewer fly problems,
(3) elimination of much of the odor problem
and (4) keeping pens and buildings cleaner.
The wastes are flushed for treatment to a
two-stage lagoon. (Bates-East Central)
4539-B3, C2, Dl, E3, F2
MCANA1LY TURNS OUT A UNI-
FORM HIGH- QUALITY DPW
R. C. Hartman
Poultry Digest reprint, p. 194-197, May, 1976.
4 fig., 1 tab.
Keywords: Refeeding, Dried poutlry wastes,
Fertilizer, California, Regulation, Uniformity.
Since 1974, McAnally Enterprises, Yucalpa,
California, has produced more than 8000 tons
of DPW (dried poultry wastes). The DPW is
used for livestock feed and fertilizer. Initially,
there was reluctance on the part of feedlot
operators to purchase the feed product, but
now the demand has exceeded the supply,
according to Carl Logfren, vice president of
McAnally Enterprises. Except for an occas-
ional sample, the McAnally product has met
or exceeded the California state regulations
for refeeding DPW. The uniform high quality
of the DPW Is attributable to three things: (1)
The manure goes Into the dryer in less than 24
hours after being produced. This practice also
solved the fly problem. (2) Use of low heat
with a high volume of air processing helps
retain the nutrient values while destroying all
organisms at the same time. (3) Close control
over what goes into the poultry rations is
exercised by the McAnally production man-
ager and the nutritlonalist. All feed-grade
McAnally DPW Is marketed by H. V.
Nootbaarand Co., Caplstrano Beach, Califor-
nia. (Bates-East Central)
4540-A3, Bl, C2, E2
MANURE VS. ANAEROBIC
RESIDUE
Bio-Gas of Colorado, 5620 Kendall Ct. #G,
Arvada, Colorado 80002
Bio-Gas of Colorado
Manure Vs. Anaerobic Residue, Bio-Gas of
Colorado, 3 p. 2 tab.
Keywords: Animal wastes, Anaerobic resi-
dues, Chemical properties, Land spreading,
First year availability, Nitrogen, Volatiliza-
tion, Agricultural runoff.
Describing manure composition is like hitting
a moving target. From time of manure
defecation until several days after the manure
spreading, the manure loses 48 percent of the
nitrogen It contained when fresh, primarily
through ammonia volatilization and runoff.
The manure and the soli to which the manure
or residue Is eventually applied contain bac-
teria which decompose protein-containing
materials to the plant available forms of
nitrogen (NHyand NH^. Warm temperatures
and alkaline conditions cause large amounts of
free ammonia
-------
difficult. (3) There was an Indication of
Independent groundwater movement around
the lagoons. (Merryman-Easl Central)
4544-A11, B3, Cl, C2, E3
NUTRIENT CHARACTERIZA-
TION OF SWINE FECAL WASTE
AND UTILIZATION OF THESE
NUTRIENTS BY SWINE
M. R. Holland
M.S. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, June, 1975, 74 p. 20 tab.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Swine wastes, Swine,
Performance, Nutrients, Raw wastes, Dried
wastes.
Swine feces collected from finishing hogs
were fed In 2 total collection metabolism trials
to 48 crossbred gilts averaging 125 kg.
Unprocessed feces were used In one trial and
dried feces were used In the other. Feces from
the gilts fed the feces-substltuted rations were
significantly higher In crude fiber, crude
protein, ether extract, magnesium, copper,
and zinc In both trials. Fecal concentration of
ash, NFE, calcium, phosphorus, and potas-
sium remained fairly constant. Phosphorus
was the only urinary mineral which signifi-
cantly increased as the level of feces refed
Increased. Fecal output Increased as the
amount of feces refed Increased, but there
were no differences In urinary output.
Nutrients in swine feces were shown to be
considerably less available than those In a
corn-soybean meal ration. The economic
practicality of refeedlng swine fecal wastes
was not determined. (Merryman-East
Central)
4S45-A7, B2, El
EVALUATION OF A FLUSHING-
GUTTER MANURE-REMOVAL
SYSTEM TO IMPROVE ATMOS-
PHERIC QUALITY IN HOUSING
FOR LAYING HENS
R. L. Fehr
Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Agricul-
tural Engineering, Iowa State University of
Science and Technology, 1976, 152 p. 45 fig.,
27 tab., 86 ref.
Keywords: Caged-layer houses, Poultry,
Waste management, Flushing gutters, Air
quality, Power requirements, Labor, Econo-
mics, Lagoons, Aeration, Temperature,
Solids, pH.
A flushing-gutter, manure-handling system
installed at the Poultry Research Center at
Iowa State University was studied to see If it
was capable of providing a productive
environment for poultry without a large
Investment of capital or large labor require-
ment. Overall, the system functioned well,
although minor mechanical failures occurred
sporadically. Results yielded the following
conclusions: (1) At low concentrations of
ammonia nitrogen In the flush water, atmos-
pheric ammonia Is absorbed by the flush
water, thereby reducing atmospheric-ammon-
ia concentrations in the building. (2) Excess-
ive aeration of the flush water during passage
through the building should be avoided
because the resulting high pH levels inhibit
ammonia absorption. (3) The flush trays
provide the main area for ammonia exchange
between the flush water and the atmosphere,
because of the air velocity over the water
during flushing. (4) In this study, the
flush-water temperature was dlreclty related
to the bulldlng-alr temperature. (5) Atmos-
pheric-ammonia concentrations remained low
throughout the test, Indicating that a produc-
tive environment was being provided. (6)
Ammonia-nitrogen concentrations In the lag-
oon water Increased during the winter, which
reduced the ammonia-absorption capacity of
the flush water. (7) With the overflow from the
drinking troughs entering the flush water,
most water-quality concentrations remained
constant; while without overflow, they In-
creased linearly with time. The pH values did
not follow this pattern but equilibrated to 7.3
with overflow and to 8.0 without. (8)
Conductivity was highly correlated with most
other water-quality measurements, except
pH. (9) Approximately 88 percent of the solids
flushed from the trays settled In the recycled
water-storage area. (10) Solids concentrations
In the flush water, which were less than .5
percent, did not noticeably affect manure
removal from the trays. (11) Flushing frequen-
cy has a greater affect on manure removal
than flush volume. (12) The flushing approach
to manure handling In caged-layer houses has
low operating power requirements, low labor
needs, and the capital Investment In equip-
ment Is low. (13) At present, flushing systems
are only feasible If the manure can be treated
biologically In a lagoon or sequence of
lagoons. (14) Flush systems offer the potential
of greatly Increased stocking density because
units can be stacked vertically. (15) Flush
tanks for poultry should be designed with the
discharge at the upper end of the trap so that
the trap-charging hole can be eliminated.
(Merryman-East Central)
4546-A2, Bl, Cl, C2
INFLUENCE OF SURFACES ON
POLLUTION FROM FEEDLOTS
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado 80523
R. A. Kidd
M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fall,
1976, 74 p. 16 fig., 7 tab., 20 ref.
Keywords: Feedlot surfaces, Agricultural
runoff, Runoff quality, Physical properties,
Chemical properties, Slopes, Manure mantle.
This research was concerned with the pollu-
tion potential of runoff from feedlot surfaces
where the manure was periodically harvested.
Previous research had been conducted for
more conventional feedlot conditions, how-
ever, the problem presented by utilizing high
quality manure from the feedlot pen surfaces
had not been studied. To evaluate the runoff
pollution potential of feedlots managed for
manure recycling, a series of tests using
rainfall simulation was undertaken. Basically,
the tests Involved apolvino water through a
sprinkler to simulate rainfall and collecting
runoff for water quality analysis. Both the
quantity and rate of runoff were measured.
Runoff from each test plot was sampled
periodically for quality. Seven water quality
characteristics were determined: settleable
solids, volatile solids; Inorganic solids; alka-
linity; pH; biochemical oxygen demand; and
chemical oxygen demand. This study Indicat-
ed that surfaced feedlots result in more runoff
and a higher pollutant concentration than
unsurfaced feedlots. Approximately 1.5 times
more runoff may occur from surfaced feedlots
with roughly twice the pollutant concentration
when compared to unsurfaced feedlots of
equal surface area. If properly managed, a
surfaced feedlot will produce less runoff and
fewer total pollutants per animal on feed than
an unsurfaced feedlot. (Kldd-Colorado State
University)
4S47-B2, E2, Fl
AN ANSWER TO MANURE DIS-
POSAL PROBLEMS
A. J. Dickens
Reprint, Tasmanlan Journal of Agriculture, p.
60-61, Feb., 1974.
Keywords: Tasmania, Spray Irrigation, Land
application, Equipment, Costs, Australia,
Dairy wastes.
Paul Griffin of Sisters Creek, Tasmania solved
his manure disposal problem by spreading
liquid effluent from his dairy onto nearby
pasture with a minimum of effort and cost.
First, Griffin Installed a dual purpose pump
that could be used as a washdown pump and a
manure pump. This was accomplished by
closing 2 valves and opening 2 others. Then a
5500-liter capacity pump was built which
would carry the liquid manure In 2 sections of
polythene pipe to the pasture for spray
irrigation. The irrigation spray head that was
used could be shifted to the end of either
section as required. The sprayer was put
together from materials around the farm.
Although It does not spread as widely as some
of the commercial sprayers, its cheapness and
trouble-free operations more than compen-
sates for the extra shifting it needs. (Bates-
East Central)
4548-A8, B2, C2, Dl, E2, Fl
EFFLUENT DISPOSAL, A PILOT
STUDY AT CRESSY RESEARCH
STATION
R. J. Davies
Tasmanian Journal of Agriculture, p. 193-197,
Aug., 1976. 6 fig.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Tasmania, Aus-
tralia, Piggeries, Effluent, Land disposal,
Crop response. Chemical properties, Soil
properties, Collection pit, Agitation, Odor,
Sprinkler irrigation, Costs.
A study was conducted where raw untreated
pig waste was applied as slurry to pastures or
crops. The objectives of the study were to
provide guidelines on: (1) the minimum land
area required, for a given pig population, to
withstand repeated applications of pig waste
without causing damage to pasture or soil, (2)
the quantity of slurry produced as related to
herd size, (3) fertilizer content of the slurry as
related to herd size, (4) pH of the material
(acid or alkaline), andifB) how waste applied to
land affects soil fertility, soil pH and pasture
growth and composition. Pig buildings at
Cressy Research Station in Tasmania have
solid floor dung passages. They are washed
regularly with a high pressure hose. The
hosing moves the dung to an outside circular
concrete collection pit or sump. The surnp is
emptied several times a day. The sump is
equipped with a simple agitator which ensures
that sol ids that have settled since the previous
emptying are brought back into suspension
before pumping begins. When the sump Is
full, a float switch Is used so that agitation and
pumping start automatically. The basic equip-
ment needed is: circular concrete sump,
agitator and small el&ctric motor, slurry pump
and motor floal switch gear, irrigation line,
and knocker sprinkler. Results show thai: (1)
Smell is minimal with slurry removed daily
from the piggery. (2) Application of the
piggery waste has increased pasture growth.
122
-------
(3) The pump and 2.23 kW motor are adequate
to move effluent over 1,000 meters and
discharge it through a sprinkler, and (4) The
equipment Is relatively cheap. It can be
bought for less than $10 per pig housed.
(Rowe-East Central)
4S49-A6, B2, UJ, U4, Cl, L'2, VI,
D2, D3, E2, Fl
EFFLUENT STORAGE AND DIS-
POSAL FROM INTENSIVE PIG
UNITS
R. J. Davles
Reprint, Tasmanlan Journal of Agriculture, p
17-25, Feb., 1973. 9 fig.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Waste storage,
Waste treatment, Waste disposal, Tasmania,
Australia, Piggery, Effluent, Flushing, Aero-
bic treatment, Anaerobic treatment, Land
disposal, Irrigation, Solid wastes, Liquid
wastes, Drying, Composting, Incineration,
Biochemical oxygen demand, Economics.
R. J. Davies, Piggery Officer, considers
intensive pig units and lists several methods
of storing, treating, and disposing of waste
effluent and the problems associated with
each. Piggery effluent consists of pig dung
and urine, bedding material (if used), waste
food, hair, washing-down water, and addition-
al water from leaking drinkers and/or rain.
Effluent can be stored In 2 ways-as a solid by
using straw and a composting technique or as
a liquid. Storing effluent in a solid state Is
limited to cereal-growing districts because
elsewhere the cost of straw would be
prohibitive. The system Is also restricted to
pig houses of a certain design. Other solid
management alternatives are drying and
incinerating. Liquid effluent and disposal
systems include: (a) Effluent Is held In the pig
house, either under the floor or absorbed in
deep litter. The waste then has to be removed
and disposed of on the land, (b) Manure Is
flushed daily from the pig house Into a
temporary holding tank from which the
effluent is pumped by an Irrigation system to
the land, (c) Manure flushed from the pig
house goes to an aerobic pig (tank or pond.
The treated effluent is applied to the land by
pumping or carting, (d) Flushed waste is first
partially treated in an anaerobic pond and
then is transferred to an aerobic oond with
eventual disposal on the land, (e) Wastes are
treated by an in-house oxidation unit with
slatted floors and an aeration rotor to supply
oxygen and circulate ditch contents. The
effluent is flushed to a holding tank from
which it is disposed on the land, (f) The waste
is separated into solid waste and liquid waste.
The solid material Is transferred directly to
land. The liquid Is subjected to anaerobic or
aerobic treatment before being disposed of
through an Irrigation system. Difficulties
presented by effluent volume, and mechanics
of moving effluent to the land will depend on
farm location. No system in Itself is adequate
to reduce effluent BOD to a level suitable for
discharge into a stream. Reductions of BOD
can be achieved and pumping ability can be
Improved, but a low-cost system to control
effluent problems has yet to be developed.
(Bates-East Central)
4550-B2
SIPHON ... A METHOD OF MA-
NURE DISPOSAL
J. D. McRoberts
Reprint, Tasmanian Journal of Agriculture, p.
147-148, Aug., 1975. 3 fig.
Keywords: Dairy wastes, Collecting tank,
Design, Tasmania.
A simple but effective means of manure
disposal Is being ussd by Mr. H. Ball on his
dairy property at Yarra Creek, King Island.
He has a manure collecting tank measuring
900 x 500 x 700 mm with 'V shaped base. A
50 mm polythene pipe Is connected to the
outside to remove the effluent. On the Inside
of the tank, a 50 mm galvanized Iron free
moving bend Is fitted to the outlet pipe. A 50
mm galvanized iron pipe with a bevelled end
Is fitted to this bend. Two P.V.C. floats
support the suction pipe. The siphon proce-
dure Is as follows: The holding yards are
washed down with water from the storage
tank, the manure collecting tank fills up, the
float lifts the suction end of the siphon just
above the outlet level, and effluent then
siphons down the pipe. A quantity of clean
water should follow the effluent to rinse out
the drain pipe. This prevents the manure from
hardening and blocking the pipe. (Bates-East
Central)
45S1-A3, AS, Bl, C2, E2, F2
LAND DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL
MANURE IN THE RED RIVER
VALLEY
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
R3T 2N2
D. D. Schulte, M. B. Tokarz and G. C.
Bergson
Paper No. NCR 76-401, Manitoba Region
Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering
and North Central Region American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1976 Joint Meeting,
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Sept. 30 and
Oct. 1, 1976, 14 p. 2 fig., 3 tab., 14 ref.
Keywords: Canada, Livestock wastes, Land
disposal, Red River Valley, Regulation,
Pollution, Snowmelt runoff, Leaching, Salt
accumulation, Phosphorus, Manitoba Clean
Environment Act.
In Manitoba, the Clean Environment Act
contains the principle pollution control regula-
tions affecting livestock production. Three
regulations govern the manner In which all
Manitoba farmers must manage their manure:
(1) Manure can only be spread on land where
an agricultural crop will be grown within 16
months and harvested within 30 months of the
time when spreading occurred. (2) Manure
storage structures must keep the manure on
the land and prevent leaching and surface
runoff. (3) Spillage of manure on public roads
is prohibited. The Act provides Its administra-
tors the power to set limits on discharge of
materials not only from point sources such as
feedlots and farmsteads, but also from
cropland used for manure disposal. Similarity
of climate, terrain and soils which character-
ize the Red River Valley cause many of the
problems faced by livestock farmers in the
Valley to be of the same fundamental nature.
Solutions to the problems of long-term storage
of manure, winter-spreading, and wet or
otherwise Inaccessible fields will probably
have application throughout the entire Valley.
Information is becoming available with which
to assess the environmental Impact of existing
manure disposal practices. However, It will
require several years of additional work to
provide the necessary data with which to base
future regulations and guidelines. (Merry-
rnan-East Central)
4552-B1, Fl
FIT FLOOR TO YOUR SWINE
OPERATION
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 18, p. 72-73,
Sept. 24, 1977.
Keywords: Swine, Confinement pens, Slotted
floors, Slat materials, Spacing, Life expect-
ancy, Costs.
Art Muehling, agricultural engineer at the
University of Illinois, discusses types of
slotted floors In terms of slat materials and
slat spacing. Farrowing slats must be spaced
narrow enough (0.375 in.) to keep pigs from
getting their feet caught between slats or wide
enough (0.75 In.) so they can pull their feet out
if they do get caught. Spacing behind the sows
should be one Inch, but the spacing should be
covered with a grating for 48 hours after
farrowing. Any slat width Is acceptable here
as long as the spacing Is right. Nursery and
growing-finishing pigs are more comfortable
where slats are parallel to a pen's long
dimension. Stainless steel Is gaining popular-
ity for farrowing units. For growing and
finishing pigs, concrete slats are probably the
best because uniformity of spacing Is not as
critical and because concrete usually lasts
longer and costs less. Advantages of the
different slat materials are as follows. Wood
slats have the lowest Initial cost and are
warmer than most materials and good for
baby pig areas. They last 2-5 years. Flattened
expanded metal has worked well for farrowing
and pigs under 50 Ibs. Its estimated lifetime Is
5-7 years. Expanded metal made of lower
grade stainless steel has a 6-8 year life
expectancy. Steel slats come in several
thicknesses. Some are coated with epoxy or
porcelain. Steel will last 5-10 years. Thicker or
stainless sieel slats have a longer life.
Aluminum slats are uniform, lightweight, and
smooth for easy cleaning and reduced
abrasion. But they can be noisy. Plastic and
fiberglass slats are lightweight and noncorro-
sive, but they are weaker than metal or
concrete and need more support. While
plastic and fiberglass slats have proved
slippery, manufacturers are trying to correct
this problem. Plastic and fiberglass have not
been tested enough to determine life expect-
ancy. Concrete slats are the most popular.
They should last 10-15 years. Several kinds of
commercial concrete slats are available —
prestressed slats, precast with reinforcement
rods, gang slats, or pallets with built-in slats.
(Merryman-East Central)
4553-A8, B2, BS, C2, E2
GET MORE VALUE FROM HOG
MANURE
J. Wiebel
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 19, p. 8, Oct. 8,
1977. 1 fig., 2 tab.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Confinement pens,
Liquid wastes, Nutrients, Land application
Application rates, Nitrogen, Phosphate, Po-
tash, Soil tests, Sampling, Fertilizers.
Ken Patterson, a hogman In Washington
County, Iowa, participated In a study 2 years
ago to find out more about liquid swine
manure. In this study, Patterson determined
that the value of swine manure lay In more
than its nitrogen value. Swine manure Is also a
valuable source of phosphate and potash.
Patterson, who has a 3000-head farrow-to-
flnlsh operation Including confinement far-
rowing, nursery, and finishing buildings,
applies 1000 gal /acre and covers about dOO of
123
-------
his 850 row crop acres each year. To make
sure crops aren't shortchanged or fertilized
too much, Patterson soil tests each field
before applying the liquid hog manure. While
cleaning out the pit, he also samples the
manure at full, half empty, and three-fourths
empty stages and keeps track of where It's
applied so he knows exactly how much
commercial fertilizer he needs to apply.
Patterson has found that the best way to apply
swine wastes is to cut down the manure
application rate to get phosphate and potash
more In line with soil requirements and then
to supplement other nutrient needs with
commercial fertilizer. Tables are given for
average estimates of nitrogen, potash, and
phosphate content of farrow wastes, nursery
wastes, finishing wastes (pit over 1/2 full) and
flnishina wastes (pit less than Vz full). A table
is also given which states that at pit depth of 6
ft., swine wastes are 6.30 percent dry matter,
and have the following Ibs. of fertility
nutrients In 1,000 gals.: nitrogen - 54;
phosphate-16; potash - 24. At 3.3 ft., the pit
contents are 12.87 percent dry matter, and
have 62 Ibs. of nitrogen, 31 Ibs. of phosphate,
and 29 Ibs. of potash per 1000 gals.
(Merryman-East Central)
4554-A6, Bl, F2
LEGAL POINTERS TO HELP
KEEP YOUR LIVESTOCK SMELL-
ING LIKE ROSES
J. Wiebel
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 18, p. 16-17,
Sept. 24, 1977.
Keywords: Feedlots, Odors, Legal aspects,
Iowa, Livestock, Feedlot nuisance law, De-
partment of Environmental Quality, Location,
Management, Lagoons, Manure hauling.
Livestock odors are unavoidable, unpredict-
able, and difficult to control under the best of
management. Even with Iowa's feedlot nuis-
ance law and odor regulations developed by
the Department of Environmental Quality, the
feedlot owner can still get Into trouble because
of feedlot odors. The feedlot nuisance law
protects livestock producers from nuisance
suits brought about by new landowners who
r.ove in after a leedlot Is established. To get
that protection, current environmental and
zoning regulations must be met. The law gives
a grace period for compliance with new
regulations passed at a later date. The feedlot
nuisance law does not help the feedlot owner
who wants to expand his operations, however.
Regulations of the Iowa Department of
Environmental Quality (DEQ) authorize local
boards of health and/or DEQ to hold informal
hearings to resolve odor complaints. Howev-
er, the case can still be taken Into court. Feed-
lot owners can try to protect themselves In the
following ways: (1) Use good management
ievmiques. (2) Locate feedlot facilities as far
away as possible from neighbors and maintain
control of a buffer zone, If possible. Locate
operations at least a quarter mile away from
rural neighbors. Locate anaerobic lagoons at
least a half mile away. (3) Be a good neighbor.
Avoid squabbles over little things such as
fence lines or the neighbor's livestock getting
into your cornfield. When cleaning out a pit or
Isgoon, warn your neighbors ahead of time
and consider inviting them to a beef or whole
hog barbecue to celebrate when the cleaning
is finished and the odors have diminished.
Another idea Is to pay the neighbor's
expenses for a family outing or overnight
vacation on the days of manure hauling. (4)
Don't cut corners on waste handling facilities
if there's any danger that it will increase odors
from the operation. A feedlot owner's best
defense Is to avoid a lawsuit by taking every
possible precaution to minimize odors.
(Merryman-East Central)
4555-A7, All, A12, Bl
PIT VENTILATION SYSTEM FOR
SWINE BUILDINGS
R. A. Keller
B.S. (Undergraduate) Degree Thesis, Agricul-
tural Engineering Department, University of
Illinois, Dec. 14, 1973, 75 p. 9 ref.
Keywords: Ventilation, Confinement pens,
Design, Swine buildings, Gases, Health.
This paper deals with the design of a
ventilation system that will successfully
exhaust all gases that evolve from anaerobic
digestion in pits before they come Into contact
with the animals. These noxious gases
(methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide,
and ammonia) produced in pits Irritate swine
and men, especially during the winter months
when the ventilation rate is near or below the
minimum. One objective of this project was to
design a system that can evenly exhaust gases
from underneath the pit-length slats. This
controlled air movement would help remove
moisture and diseases, control temperature at
the slat surface, and provide an environment
for optimum pig performance. All the equip-
ment used for the testing of the system was
acquired from the Agricultural Engineering
Laboratory. The fan was a centrifugal-type,
Chicago Centricooler, Model 13-1-102. The
fan was driven by a DC motor wired to an
AC-DC Variable Speed Converter, Model
VS-225. Ranging from 0 to 100, the dial
settings on the converter used were 50, 80,
and 100. With these settings, the respective
revolutions per minute of the belt driven fan,
910, 1100, and 1400, were checked by a
stroboscope. The DC motor was a 0.5
horsepower Century Model DN-6-208146-02.
At 1800 RPM, It was rated as pulling 5.03
amperes and 90 volts. The main part of the
system to be designed was a four Inch
perforated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sewer
pipe. The perforated pipe had two rows of
one-half inch holes that were spaced approx-
imately 4.5 Inches apart and 30 degrees up
from the bottom on each side of the pipe. Nine
lenghts of ten foot pipe were erected In the
Agricultural Engineering Laboratory to simul-
ate one-half the length of one pit in a swine
finishing unit on the University of Illinois'
Moorman Farm. Once the tests were complet-
ed, the following conclusions were drawn: (1)
Although this system was designed for one
certain building, its installation into any pit
system can be accomplished, knowing the
ventilation rate and the amount of materials.
(2) The hole sizing and spacing can be
determined by using these tests, procedures
(recommendations) of others, and design
charts for perforated ducts. (3) For this system
the final hole area was 28.0 square Inches for a
rate of 151 CFM. This corresponds very
closely to L. B. Driggers' recommendation of
20 square inches for every 100 CFM. (4) The
uniform holes can be drilled using the same
size drill bit. (5) Although the perforated PVC
pipe does not work, solid PVC pipe can be
used by drilling holes where needed. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4556-B2, B4
AUTOMATIC SYSTEM SCRAPES
MANURE AND WORK - AWAY
Agricultural Engineer, Minnesota Power and
Light Company
P. Shea
Electricity on the Farm, V. 44, No. 7, p. 10-11,
July, 1971. 4 fig.
Keywords: Dairy wastes, Minnesota, Confine-
ment housing, Scraping, Waste storage.
Ed. Thoennes, Minnesota dairyman, spent 2
years planning the best possible manure
handling system for the 75 cows In his 42 x
136-ft. free stall barn near Urbank. Even-
tually, Thoennes set up a IVi-ho. motor to
power a towing chain moving a steel blade
scraper down each of two 120 x 10-ft. alleys.
Each scraper Is 4 Inches high and 10 feet long.
The chain runs In a 4 x 4-Inch slot which
extends the length of each alley and across the
ends to the barn to form a continuous loop. A
time clock control turns the scraper motor on
12 times every 24 hours. Very little manure
accumulates between scrapings. As the
scraper travels the length of the alley, It
pushes 20 to 40 gallons of manure through
manure drops Into two 10-foot-deep, 20 x
47-ft. tanks (which can hold 4 months'
accumulation) at the end of each alley. Waste
water from the milk house and milking parlor
flows by gravity into the manure storage
tanks. An automatic sump pump discharges
the flushing water used In the milking parlor
pit into one of the storage tanks. (Merryman-
East Central)
4557-A4, AS, A6, A7, A13, Bl, B2,
B3, B4, E2, F4
WHAT TO DO WITH ANIMAL
WASTES ... RECYCLING
R. L. Maddex
Electricity on the Farm, V. 44, No. 7, p. 6-9,
July, 1971. 1 fig.
Keywords: Waste disposal, Water pollution,
Odor, Air pollution, Aesthetics, Land dispos-
al, Drying, Separation techniques, Waste
storage, Stacking, Ponds, Lagoons, Aerobic
conditions, Anaerobic conditions.
Livestock wastes contribute to or cause the
three following types of pollution: (1) contam-
ination of surface and ground water, (2) odor
and/or air pollution, and (3) visual unslghtli-
ness. The 2 general methods of waste disposal
are: (1) surface, and (2) bacterial decomposi-
tion. Perhaps the best solution presently
available is a combination of bacterial
decomposition and surface disposal that will
provide good control of pollution to surface
and groundwater, eliminate or minimize
odors, and avoid the visible appearance of
polluted land. Other methods of waste
handling such as drying, separation of the
solids by screens, or plowing down waste as It
is distributed are really methods of processing
which, at present, are not economically
practical for the vast majority of livestock
operations. Each method of manure handling
has some characteristics that Identify its
benefits or limitations for an individual farm
operation. The major characteristics are: (1)
daily manure distribution, (2) farmstead
storage - periodic distributions: (a) liquid
manure storage, (b) stacking, (3) ponds or
lagoons: (a) aerobic, (b) anaerobic. Two
variations of the ponding or lagoonlng method
that combat odor problems and/or reduce
structure size are: (1) anaerobic lagoons with
mechanical aerators. (2) retention basin
(pond) plus lagoon. (Merryman-East Central)
124
-------
4S58-A6, Bl, Cl, C2, C3, D2, E2,
E3,F1
HOW TO CLEAN UP AT THE
RACES
School of Public Health, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii
N. C. Burbank, Jr.
30th Annual Purdue Industrial Waste Confer-
ence, May 7,1975, 17 p. 5 fig., 4 tab., 11 ref.
Keywords: Horse wastes, Race tracks, Waste
management, Waste treatment, Pyrolysls,
Odor, Energy, Soil amendments, Recycling,
Economics.
The object of this research was to reduce the
volume of horse manure accumulated at horse
races and at the same time to render It
innocuous and sterile, free of Clostridium
welchil (perfrlngens) and its spores, In short
to convert it to a stable product which could be
used as' a safe soil conditioner on or near the
site at which It is produced. The process of
pyrolysis was used because both anaerobic
decomposition and composting do not destroy
the Clostridium spores. The first stage of the
study consisted of a determination of the
characteristics of horse manure. The second
stage was a series of pyrolysis runs to
determine (1) the time of dessicatlon, (b) the
amount of gas generated, (c) the percentage
of residue, (d) the character and amount of the
condensate, and (e) the character of the
residue. The residue or char was found to be
acceptable as a soil conditioner, having good
water retention properties and no objection-
able odor. The condensate would burn with no
odor. It was hoped that the process used
would be self-sustaining, but excess heat Is
required continually. (Bates-East Central)
4559-A1, A8, B2, C2, E2, Fl
A MODEL FOR ALLEVIATING
FARM WASTE POLLUTION IN
ENGLAND -- PART 1
S. L. Willetts
Environmental Pollution Management, V. 4,
No. 6, p. 265, 267, 271, 273, Nov./Dec., 1974.
Keywords: Animal wastes, Model studies,
England, Transport system, Manure bank,
Pollution, Soil amendments, Fertilizers,
Application rates, Nitrogen, Slurries, Costs.
The purpose of this report was to examine the
feasibility of a transport system in England
that would relieve the overabundance of
animal waste and the pollution hazard
associated with this excess in the West while
at the same time improving the soil structure
of the heavily fertilized East. The English
county redistribution model was based on the
successful operation of a similar system in the
Netherlands in which the Dutch "manure
bank" takes manure from regions of overpro-
duction at a nominal charge to the producer
and then sells it to regions of poor soil
structure. The English model classified
counties, based on agricultural statistics, are
either arable, grass or mixed. A low mileage
network of transporting the manure was then
worked out based on the maximum application
of 50-60 units N/acre as manure or slurry on
grassland counties; 40 units manurlal N/acre
for arable counties; and 40-50 units N/acre as
manure for the mixed counties. This model
provides for the prevention of pollution by
manure from intensive animal production
regions plus it benefits the arable East which
has almost reached the maximum N fertiliza-
tion limits using inorganic fertilizer. (Bates-
East Central)
4560-A4, B2, B3, C2, Dl, D2, E2,
E3, Fl
A 'MODEL FOR ALLEVIATING
FARM WASTE POLLUTION IN
ENGLAND -- PART 2
S. L. Willetts
Environmental Pollution Management, p.
13-16, Jan./Feb., 1975. 3 tab., 8 ref.
Keywords: Water pollution, England, Waste
treatment, Waste disposal, Drying, Cattle
wastes, Swine wastes, Farmyard wastes,
Poultry wastes, Slurries, Refeeding, Soil
amendments, Economics.
The purpose of this article was to demonstrate
how the drying of wet manure from the
western part of England may help In the
solution of farm waste disposal problems.
Several types of dryers were presented as
follows: mechanical dryers (presses and cent-
rifuges), heat dryers, flash dryers, drum
dryers, ring dryers, fluid bed dryers, attrltor
dryers, and microwave dryers. The cost of
producing the dry product for each of the
above dryers, at optimum operation, will
depend upon: (1) required final moisture
content, (2) moisture content In Input, (3)
length of working day available, (4) capital
cost of the machine, (5) fuel costs during
operation (oil, gas, etc.), (6) power require-
ments (electricity), (7) supervisory staff
requirements. Poultry manure, after drying,
was found to be the best source for possible
uses as a product. Cow slurry, pig slurry,
farmyard manure, and sewage sludge were
also tested. DPW makes an excellent fertilizer
and soil conditioner. As a protein source,
DPW is comparable to cereals so It could be
used as a feedstuff. These possible uses are
not met with much enthusiasm at present.
Also, the bulk of manure causing problems in
waste disposal is the wet cow slurry In the
western regions, and as has been shown in
this paper, this is uneconomical to dry.
However, it was concluded that DPW Is a
saleable product and would contribute to the
alleviation of water pollution. (Bates-East
Central)
4561-B2, Cl, C2, C3, D3
USE OF AN ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS IN TREATING CHICK-
EN MANURE COMBINED WITH
DOMESTIC SEWAGE
C. S. Shu
M.S. Thesis, University of Connecticut, 1972,
154 p. 23 fig., 18 tab., 110 ref.
Keywords. Poultry wastes, Waste treatment,
Activated sludge, Sewage treatment plant,
Anaerobic digestion, Physical properties,
Chemical properties, Biological properties,
Loading rates, Aerobic treatment, Anaerobic
treatment.
The feasibility of disposing of chicken manure
by discharging it Into a municipal activated
sludge plant during the night low-flow hours
was Investigated. The advantages of such a
method would save land area and eliminate
on-site treatment facilities and pollution
problems. The laboratory plant was operated
for 123 days, treating raw sewage only, before
the sewage-manure ratios - 20:1, 40:1, 80:1
and 100:1 - were tested during the entire
experimental period. The addition of manure
at a 100:1 sewage manure ratio was found to
be feasible because: (a) The effluent COD and
S.S. from the 100:1 sewage-manure ratio test
were the same as those of treating raw sewage
only, (b) The anaerobic digestion of the sludge
produced from the 100:1 sewage-manure
mixture did not retard or upset the dlgaMlon
process. The addition of sewage-manure
mixture tended to Increase the sludge volume
index, mixed liquor suspended solids and pH
of the aeration tank mixed liquor. The sewage-
manure appeared to reduce nitrate and nitrite
concentrations.in the effluent. The addition of
sewage-manure sludge Into the digester
tended to increase gas production, alkalinity,
volatile acids and pH. The study showed that
an activated sludge plant with a one million
gallon per day flow should be able to treat In 4
hours during the night low-flows the manure
produced by 17,000 chickens. (Rowe-East
Central)
4562-C2, C3, Dl, D2, D3, E3, E4,
Fl
CONVERSION OF ORGANIC
WASTE INTO PROTEIN
Anonymous
Water and Waste Treatment, V. 17, No. 6, p.
20, June, 1974. 1 fig.
Keywords: Biological treatment, Organic
wastes, Fermenters, Protein, Refeeding,
Physical treatment, Chemical treatment,
Mlcrofungl, Bacteria, Yeasts.
The biological treatment of organic wastes
using fermenters to produce protein Is
discussed. The single cell protein can be used
as a high value feed supplement In Intensive
animal husbandry. The organic waste may
require certain treatments before being
introduced Into the fermenter. Such treat-
ments may include the addition of certain
essential nutrients, or physical or chemical
treatment. In the fermenter, a strain, or
strains, of microorganisms metabolize the
nutrients in the organic waste producing
protein. Research Is being done on using
microfungi, yeasts, and bacteria as the
microorganisms for use in the fermenter.
Although batch fermenters are available, It
appears that continuous fermenters are
necessary for economic feasibility. It is
concluded that the conversion of organic
waste into animal feed supplements Is no
longer a matter of research and development,
but a matter of organization, finance, and
engineering. (Solid Waste Information Re-
trieval System)
4S63-B2, C2, D3, E2, E3, Fl
COWTOWN'S MANURE MEANS
MEGAWATTS
J. Nice
High Country News, V. 9, No. 13, p. 3-4, July
1, 1977. 2 fig.
Keywords: Recycling, Bio-Gas, Methane,
Lamar, Colorado, Cattle wastes, Feedlots,
Feasibility studies, By-product recovery, Fer-
tilizers, Economics.
Bio-Gas, a four-year-old, five-person firm, Is
completing feasibility studies on a methane
digester for Lamar, Colorado. Lamar's city-
owned utility can't get natural gas to run Its
brand new power plant. To convert Lamar'a
boilers to coal-burning would be expensive.
Lamar's feedlots may be the answer. Manure
from these operations, when converted to gas
in an enclosed tank, could be used to fire the
existing power plant. Lamar, with a popula-
tion of approximately 7,500 has 40,000 cows at
or neartheclty limits. It has manure available
at $1.50 a ton and a manure hauling Industry
125
-------
already established that could take on the
extra task of hauling wastes from the methane
digester back to the farmers' fields. Lamar's
power plant, run by the Arkansas Valley
Power Authority, has a once-through cooling
system that produces 110 degree water at the
rate of 15,000 gallons/minute. They pour that
water back Into the river. Bio-Gas sees the
water as a perfect heat source of a digester.
(Merryman-East Central)
4564-A11, B2, C2, tJ
HIGH LEVEL ANTIBIOTICS IN A
SWINE WASTE RECYCLING SYS-
TEM
Michigan State University, East Lansing,
Michigan
E. R. Miller and E. C. Miller
Journal of Animal Science, V. 41, p. 321-322,
1975.
Keywords: Swine, Drinking water, Swine
wastes, Recycling, Antibiotics, Performance.
Thirty-two lots of pigs were utilized In a 2 X 2
X 2 factorial experiment to test the Influence
of high level dietary antibiotics on growing or
finishing pigs receiving fresh water or
recycled waste as their only source of drinking
water (see Miller et. al., JAS 39:186). An
antibiotic combination was added to one-half
of the diets supplying 110ppmof chlortetracy-
cyline, 110 ppm of sulfamethazlneand 55 ppm
of penicillin. One-half of the lots were growing
pigs averaging 20 kg initial weight and the
others were finishing pigs averaging 70 kg
initial weight. One-half of the lots across size
of pig and level of dietary antibiotic treat-
ments received fresh water while the other
lots received recycled swine waste as their
only drinking water. Weekly measures of
weight gain and feed consumption were taken
over a 5-week period. Antibiotics significantly
improved rate of gain regardless of weight of
pig or type of drinking water. Efficiency of
feed utilization for gain was significantly
Improved In growing pigs receiving recycled
waste as the sole source of drinking water
depressed rate and efficiency of gain In
growing pigs but tended to Improve rate and
efficiency of gain of finishing pigs. (Copyright
1975 - Journal of Animal Science; Abstract
only)
4565-B1, C2, D3, E3, Fl
THE MARVELOUS CHICKEN-
POWERED MOTORCAR
B. Grlndrod
The Mother Earth News, No. 10, p. 15-19,
July, 1971. 8 fig.
Keywords: Recycling, Animal wastes, Meth-
ane, Methane-powered motorcar, Auto gas
converter, Digester, Design, Economics.
Harold Bate of Devonshire, England has
devised a way of producing automobile fuel
from animal droppings Bate developed a
manure digester which converts waste mater-
ials Into methane gas. Bate has found that the
ideal mixture to be fed to the digester Is 75
percent droppings (half pig and half chicken)
and 25 percent straw. Methane resulting from
this formula has a caloric value per liquid
pound of 22,000 B.T.U. as compared to
gasoline's 19,000, propane's 19,944 and
butane's 19,680. Tha excreta-straw formula Is
first stacked Into a compost pile, doused with
water and left exposed to the air for a week of
aerobic prefermentatlon. Then about 300 Ibs.
of the mlxure is shoveled Into a heavy steel
container and sealed shut. A wait of 4, 5 or
even 7 days - depending on conditions - Is
then necessary before fermentation of the first
batch starts. If a little of the original mix Is left
behind as a starter, gas production will
usually begin within 24 hours for all following
batches. Maximum methane production will
be achieved by maintaining a temperature of
85-90°F. Bate pumps the methane gas Into
ordinary high-pressure bottles for storage. A
filter between the digester and the pressure
bottle extracts the small quantities of phos-
phoric acid and ammonia that are present and
the remaining almost-pure methane liquifies
at a pressure of 1110 psl. It takes about
one-half hour of steady pumping to fill a
32-pound bottle to capacity. A single filling of
300 pounds of manure In the digester will
produce about 1500 cubic feet of methane.
Bate Invented an auto gas convenor, an
attachment that fits between the methane
pressure bottle and the car's carburetor that
allows the cylinders of the engine to suck just
enough methane — and no more — from the
bottle as the fuel Is needed. The only
modification made on the engine Itself was a
simple tubular jet which was threaded Into the
choke tube of the carburetor before the
throttle butterfly valve. The advantages of
such methane production and use are:
economy, pollution reduction, and longer life
and reduced maintenance on the vehicle.
(Rowe-East Central)
4566-B1, C2, D3, E3
GOBAR GAS: METHANE EXPER-
IMENTS IN INDIA
Anonymous
The Mother Earth News, No. 12, p. 28-31,
Nov., 1971. 1 fig.
Keywords: Methane, Gobar gas, Recycling,
Cattle wastes, Anaerobic digesters, Design.
The Gobar Gas Research Station has concen-
trated Its efforts on generating methane gas
from cow manure. At the station, Ram Bux
Singh and his co-workers have designed and
put into operation bio-gas plants ranging in
output from 100 to 9,000 cubic feet of methane
a day. The resulting gas has been analyzed to
be 55-65 percent methane, 30-35 percent
carbon dioxide, with some hydrogen, nitrogen
and other traces. Its heat value Is about 600
BTU's per cubic foot. About one cubic foot of
gas may be generated from 1 pound of cow
manure at 75°F. Gas production is described In
terms of fermentation, temperature, acidity,
carbon-nitrogen ratio, and percentage of
solids. Central to the operation and common
to all gobar gas plant designs Is an enclosed
tank called a digester. This alr-tlght tank may
be filled with raw organic waste and results in
gas generation and a final slurry. Differences
in tank design are based mainly on the
material to be fed to the generator, the cycle
of fermentation desired, and the temperatures
under which the plant will operate. The
digesters may be continuously fed or batch
fed. Some means of mixing the slurry in a
digester is always desirable, though not
absolutely essential. In a cold climate, the
digester should be Insulated. Gobar tanks
built above ground must be made of steel to
withstand the pressure of the slurry. Under-
ground methane plants are less expensive to
construct and are easier to gravity-feed. On
the other hand, above-surface models are
easier to maintain and, If painted black, may
be partially heated by solar radiation. Instruc-
tions are given for an underground, single-
stage, double-chamber plant designed to
digest 100 pounds of manure every 24 hours -
5 cows worth - but may be scaled upward to
construct a plant capable of producing 500 feet
of gas per day. (Merryman-East Central)
4567-B1, C2, D3, E3
HOW TO GENERATE POWER
FROM GARBAGE
Anonymous
The Mother Earth News, No. 3, p. 45-53,
May, 1970. 9 fig.
Keywords: Methane, Anaerobic digesters,
Livestock wastes, Organic wastes, Design,
Gas storage, Recycling.
There are several basic factors which must be
considered In constructing or purchasing a
methane digester Installation. These Include:
(1) Climate; (2) Single or multiple family
Installations; (3) Amount of wastes available;
(4) Gas production; (5) Number and size of
digesters; (6) Location of digesters, (7) Gas
requirements and storage, and (8) Materials
and costs. Decomposition and gas production
are most rapid at about 95° F but are
satisfactory at temperatures above 59 -68*F.
Either single or multiple family Installations
can be built, the choice depending on whether
the single family has sufficient manure and
other wastes to operate a unit. A minimum
single family Installation should normally
Include a digester tank of about 4-5 mi
capacity and a gas-holder of at least 2
m' capacity. Available wastes may Include
livestock wastes, human excrement, garbage,
waste straw, cane stalks, or any other organic
material. About 50 percent of the carbon
theoretically available for gas production Is
converted Into gas. A metric ton of waste
usually yields about 50-70 m» of gas per
digestion cycle, depending upon the propor-
tion of organic matter and the carbon content
of the waste. The number and size of
individual digestion tanks varies with the
amount of decomposable material available
and the amount of gas desired. A minimum of
2, and preferably 3, tanks Is recommended. A
digestion compartment of 8 m^ capacity has
been found to be an efficient size. Digesters
should be located near the source of manure
and waste material to avoid excessive hand-
ling and transportation. For small installa-
tions, storage capacity for about one day's
requirement of gas should be provided. The
gas-holder may be circular or square and
should be provided with a water seal to
prevent escape of gas or admission of air. The
weight of a floating cover of the gas-holder
provides the gas pressure. Actual costs are
not given for the digesters, but It Is a fact that
installation costs are reduced If the plant
owner builds the plant himself. The digestion
tanks and gas-holder base can be constructed
of concrete or masonry. If masonry Is used,
the tanks should be lined with plaster to
prevent leakage of gas or liquid. Instructions
are given for building such digesters. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4S68-B2, C2, E3, Fl
NOW...ELECTRICITY FROM MA-
NURE GASES
Anonymous
The Mother Earth News, No. 3, p. 44, May,
1970. 2 fig.
Keywords: Electricity, Energy, Recycling,
Swine wastes, Gases, Fly control, Odor
control, Costs.
Dr. George W. Groth, Jr. has developed a hog
manure power plant. Dr. Groth makes a
10-kilowatt generator hum by capping a liquid
manure pit to trap the "sewer" gas and trying
it to a gas engine. Enough electricity Is
created to pump his ranch's water and to run
the heat lamps for the baby pigs. A complete
126
-------
digestion cycle takes about 20 days but once
under way, the process Is continuous. Side
benefits of the system are fly and odor control.
(Merryman - East Central)
4S69-B1, C2, E3
POWER! HAROLD BATE AND
HIS MARVELOUS CHICKEN-
POWERED CAR
R. Chadwlck
The Mother Earth News, No 8 p 9 March
1971.
Keywords: Poultry manure, Recycling, Meth-
ane, Fuels, Chicken-powered car.
Harold Bate, a British farmer, produces
methane gas by sealing 4 or 5 gallons of
chicken manure In a drum and heating it to a
constant 80 degrees with a small oil lamp. He
collects the gas in bottles or plastic balloons
through an exit valve and stores It for use.
Bate heats his farm buildings and runs a five
ton truck and his automobile on the gas. He
claims that both car and truck run faster,
cleaner and better on the methane which Is
sucked Into the engine by the cylinders and
ignited in the usual way. The conversion of a
motor vehicle from gasoline to methane power
Is made by the Installation of Bate's 6x5 Inch
patented carburetor attachment. Bate markets
a complete conversion kit which includes the
device, fitting Instructions anyone can follow,
and details and drawings for at-home methane
production. (Merryman-East Central)
4570-A4, A6, A7, AW, Bl, 35, Cl,
C2, C3, E2
GUIDELINES FOR MANURE USE
AND DISPOSAL IN THE WEST-
ERN REGION, USA
Imperial Valley Conservation Research
Center, USDA-ARS, Western Region, 4151
Highway 86, Brawley, California 92227
B. Meek, L. Chesnin, W. Fuller, R. Miller,
and D. Turner
Bulletin 814, Agricultural Research Center,
Washington State University, 1975, 18 p. 10
fig., 21 tab., 50 ref.
Keywords: Western United States, Land
application, Manure, Chemical properties,
Physical properties, Biological properties,
Water pollution, Odor, Dust, Files, Salinity,
Ammonia toxicity, Guidelines.
Although the variety of climates in the
Western Region of the United States suggests
a variety of techniques for pollution control
and effective manure handling, the great
proportion of manures are being recycled to
the land as fertilizers and soli amendments.
Guidelines for land application are given
which will encourage the efficient use of
manure In crop production. Physical, chemi-
cal, and biological properties of various types
of manure are discussed. Water pollution In
relation to land application of manure Is
discussed. Problems associated with overuse
(salinity, ammonia toxicity, and oversupply of
elements and trace elements) are examined.
Guidelines are given for applying manure to
warm irrigated regions (more than 6,000
annual degree days), to cold Irrigated regions
(less than 6,000 annual degree days), to
dryland regions, and to humid regions.
(Merryman-East Central)
4571-A11, B3, B4, C2, D3, E2, Fl
A PLACE FOR POULTRY WASTE
Staff Editor, Feedlot Management
G. Lamp
Feedlot Management, V. 19, No. 12 p 29 32
Nov., 1977. 2 fig.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Poultry litter, Waste
storage, Ensiling, Corn silage, Cattle, Pro-
tein, Performance, Economics.
Ken Durensky has been making money,
reducing his labor output, and seeing better
gains since he started refeeding chicken litter
to his cattle. The manure from his 12,000
chickens will sustain exactly 350 head of
cattle. To collect the poultry waste, there are
poultry scrapers beneath the chicken house
cages that collect the waste and move It to an
auger on the east side of the building. Then It
is moved to an above ground waste storage
facility to be used later in the ensiling process.
The waste is later combined half-and-half by
weight with oat or barley straw and stored In
an oxygen-limiting silo for 28 days. Another
oxygen-limiting silo stores corn silage that
mixed half-and-half with the combination
poultry waste product before being fed to
cattle. The waste, before it Is combined with
straw, has 28 percent protein. After the
28-day fermentation period, it has 12-13
percent protein. The total cost of combining
the chicken litter with straw Is about $2/ton.
Another $20/ton for corn silage is added.
Overall the value of chicken litter as fertilizer
is about $5/ton. Durensky feeds cattle twice a
day, 8 Ib/head each time, using a total of
3,000 Ib. of feed per day. The cost of gain Is
roughly $10/head/day. Durensky feels there
are no disadvantages In the entire system.
(Rowe-East Central)
WITH WASTE-
4572-B2, E2
IRRIGATING
WATER
J. R. Dawson
Confinement, V. 2, No. 8, p. 10, Sept., 1977.
Keywords: Wastewater, Land application,
Equipment, Design, Performance.
Wastewater application Is trickier than work-
ing with river or irrigation wellwater. Lindsay
Company of Lindsay, Nebraska and Amarillo,
Texas, two years ago, dealt with the problems
of getting wastewaters through the nozzles.
Towlines, center pivots and their Traveling
Big Gun, a trailer-mounted volume gun with a
separate hose cart, were adapted to handling
the heavier liquids. The wastewater needs to
be agitated from the start to keep the
consistency uniform to avoid accumulation In
bottom of pit and to keep the pivot from
plugging up. The entire system should be
flushed with pure water for 15 or 20 minutes
after running the wastewater through It. In
Papilllon, Nebraska, L. P. Schram owns a
4000-head beef feed lot. He has used a 6-tower
Lindsay center-pivot for 4 years. For collecting
runoff from outside feedlot, he has an under-
ground drainage system. On the way to the
holding pond, the runoff goes through a
debris basin, where most of the solids
precipitate and are handled afterwards as
"dry" manure. Schrem applies about 1" of
the wastewater a» a time. He uses a 6" pipe
from storage area to the pivot, which Is 1300
feet to 1400 feet away. He usas a 60 hp PTO
tractor to run pump and generator. Elmer
Bohr, who manages a 5,000-head farrow-to-
finish unit for Bill Curry near Atkinson,
Nebraska, started 3 years ago with an Olson
oil-drive center pivot unit. He found that with
a 4" pipe there Is too much friction loss when
the water Is traveling 1200 feet. He recom-
mends using a 6" pipe. Flexibility Is the key to
Bill Wlese's 2,000-head farrow-to-flnlsh op-
eration near Wausa, Nebraska. He Injects 50
gallons of wastewater per minute Into a main
line running 500 gallons of fresh water. His
pits are 600 feet to 650 feet from the well. He
uses an 8" main line. At the well with
pressure at 125 psl, the liquids pass through
4,400 feet of main line and 650 feet of hose
and arrive with an adequate 75 to 80 psl at the
gun. (Rowe-East Central)
4573-A2, B2, B3, B4, Cl, C2, E2
RUNOFF FROM A LOW-COST
MANURE STORAGE FACILITY
Plant and Soli Science Department, University
of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
R. R. Magdoff, J. F. Amadon, S. P. Goldberg,
and G. D. Wells
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 20, No. 4, p.
658-660, 665, July-Aug., 1977. 4 fig., 3 tab., 6
ref.
Keywords: Agricultural runoff, Waste stor-
age, Solids, Nutrients, Irrigation, Land
application, Manure stack.
Runoff from a low-cost manure storage facility
was monitored for volume and quality. During
the winter and early spring, runoff rates were
high with 69 percent of the total runoff
occurring during January through April. Only
26 percent of the annual percipltatlon occur-
red during these months. Monthly losses of
solids and nutrients were correlated with
volume of runoff. The annual loss of solids, N,
P, and K In the runoff amounted to 82.0, 6.0,
0.4, and 8.3 kg/cow respectively. The results
indicate that runoff from the facility should be
contained and Irrigated on cropland or the
manure stack covered to prevent contamina-
tion of precipitation by contact with manure.
(Copyright 1977 - Transactions of the ASAE)
4574-A8, B3, E2
EFFECTS OF FEEDLOT WASTES
ON THE WATER RELATIONS OF
PULLMAN CLAY LOAM
Department of Agronomy, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York
F. N. Swader and B. A. Stewart
Paper No. 72-959, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1972 Annual Meet-
ing, Hot Springs, Arkansas, June 27-30, 1972,
12 p. 7 fig., 9 ref.
Keywords: Feedlot wastes, Land application,
Application rates, Infiltration rates.
Investigations were conducted on two estab-
lished experimental areas at the USDA South-
western Great Plains Research Center, Bush-
land, Texas. One area had received annual
feedlot wastes (FLW) applications of 0-, 10-,
20-, 50-, or 100-tons per acre (T'A) In 1968,
1969, and 1970. Treatments on the second
area were annual applications of 0-, 10-, 30-,
60-, or 120-T/A of FLW in 1989, 1970, and
1971. Applications of FLW tended to Increase
the organic matter content of the plow layer
and a thin zone directly beneath the plow
layer. Three annual applications of 0-, 10-,
20-, or 50-T/A did not significantly Increase
the rate of infiltration Into the plow layer,
although there was a trend toward an
increase. Infiltration rates of the Ba^^feorlzon
were increased by the application of FLW.
127
-------
The water-holding capacities were not in-
creased by applications of 30-, 60-, OM20-T/A
of FLW. No differences were noted In the bulk
densities of the plot layer. (Swader-Cornell)
4575-A8, B2, B3, B4, B5, C2, Dl,
E2 E3
MANURE DISPOSAL
J. T. Bruce
Reprint, Tasmanlan Journal of Agriculture, p.
186-193, Aug., 1970. 5 fig.
Keywords: Poultry wastes, Solid wastes,
Slurries, Land application, Drying, Potash,
Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Waste storage, Tas-
mania.
Since the swing from deep litter to cages,
poultry manure has become more difficult to
handle than the once customary litter-manure
mixture. Some producers advocate long-term
disposal methods while others advocate
short-term disposal methods. The long term Is
where the manure is removed only once a
year. This can result In fly and vermin
problems. The short-term method calls for the
manure to be removed from the house at short
Intervals. Where manure is removed at short
intervals, there are 2 main problems - how to
move the manure from the house and how to
dispose of it afterwards. Manure can be
moved either by hand or mechanically. One of
the cheapest methods of disposal is to load the
manure into a trailer-spreader and spread It
directly on land near the poultry farm. Poultry
manure may also be made into a slurry to be
disposed of through an irrigation system.
Usually, droppings to be converted to slurry
are removed by gravity to a tank below ground
or mechanically to a pit outside the building.
Water Is then added to produce a slurry with a
solids content low enough to permit Its
removal by a pump or by a special vacuum
tank on wheels. Advantages of slurry irriga-
tion include: (1) Low labor cost of disposal. (2)
Ability of spray during wet weather. (3) Low
capital cost. Disadvantages Include: (1) Re-
duction to 8 percent solids, for Irrigation
purposes, by water means frequent emptying.
(2) Less satisfactory in dry weather because
applications may make the pasture unpalat-
able. (3) Difficulty In reaching all parts of the
farm. There is increasing Interest In the
prospect of drying poultry manure, bagging it
and selling It to gardeners and horticultur-
allsts. Points to remember concerning land
application of poultry manure are: (1) It tends
to be low in potash. (2) Heavy applications will
burn grassland due to its nitrogen content and
often slow down the development of cereals.
(3) It will cause rapid loss of lime from the soil.
(4) The continuous use of poultry manure
results In a high ratio of available phosphorus
to potash. Because of this, a dressing of
sulphate of potash is desirable every 2-4
years. (5) Poultry manure Is Ideal for cabbage,
kale, and mangolds. (6) Part of the nitrogen is
liberated quickly, so It is good as a
rapid-acting top dressing. The remaining
nitrogen is released slowly, giving prolonged
nitrogen activity. On many farms, daily
disposal of fresh manure cannot be achieved
satisfactorily, and some means of storage
becomes necessary The simplest type of
building will do for storage. It should have a
concrete base, concrete walls on 3 sides
extending up to about 2 feet from thereof, and
an asbestos roof mounted on poles. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4576-All, Bl, Fl
HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT:
OPTIONS FOR CONFINEMENT
HOUSING
University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
S. Farlin and C. Gilbertson
Feedlot Management, V. 18, No. 12, p. 36, 38,
40-41, Nov., 1976. 4 fig., 1 tab.
Keywords: Confinement pens, Housing,
Cattle, Waste management, Performance,
Costs.
Factors to be considered before deciding that
confinement feeding is trie best choice to
make in raising cattle are: (1) What Is the
actual advantage of confinement facilities for
beef feeding In your particular operation? (2)
How many turns of cattle are fed per year? (3)
What is the long-term climatic trend? (4)
What unique advantages or disadvantages
does the confinement facility offer your
particular operation In terms of animal
performance or waste management? (5) What
options for confinement housing are actually
available to your operation? A housed feedlot
is a physical plant consisting of several
subsystems: animal environment and feed,
water, animal and manure handling. Several
components make up these subsystems. The
animal and environment subsystem determin-
es the other subsystems used. The cllmatolo-
glcal pattern determines the type of housing
selected. The floor and pen arrangement also
contribute to the animal environment. Floor
type determines how the manure Is to be
removed from the animal environment. Ma-
nure management can be divided Into 3
categories: liquid handling, slurry handling,
and solid handling. Liquid handling Is
common to flush systems using holding
ponds. Slurry systems are common to the
slotted floor, deep pit system. Solid handling
is common to bedded floors or where
hydraulic or mechanical separation of solids is
used. Choice of manure handling system
should be based on labor availability, systems
management, environmental problems, ani-
mal performance, and economics. Minimum
initial costs for construction of housed feedlots
for a minimum of 1000 head will range from
$100 to $160 per animal unit. The 4 basic
housed feedlot types are: (1) An open front
building with concrete floor, gutter cleaner
and a storage bunker. (2) An open front house
with slotted floor and deep pit, using a tank
wagon for field distribution, (3) An open
house with partial slotted floors using a tank
wagon for field distribution, and (4) A house
with a flush type floor and manure holding
pond. For much of the country, confinement
housing is difficult to justify on the basis of
improved animal performance alone. (Rowe-
East Central)
4577-B2, B5, C2, E2
MICROFLORA OF NEWLY CUT
GRASS AFTER ADDITION OF
LIQUID MANURE
Department of Microbiology, Agricultural
University of Norway, N-1432 Aas-NLH,
Norway
T. A. Pedersen and D. M. Guttormsen
Acta Agriculture Scandinavlco, V. 25, No. 4,
p. 337-345, 1975. 2 fig., 6 tab., 19 ref.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Farm wastes, Land
spreading, Microflora, Ensiling, Saccharo-
lytes, Proteolytic anaerobes, Fecal strepto-
cocci.
An Investigation was conducted to determine
how spreading of liquid manure on grassland
in the spring or after a harvest would affect
the composition of the microflora of grass
harvested later the same year. Influence of
different methods of manure distribution
(high, low, band, and sub-surface) and the
height of cut on the microflora of newly cut
grass was examined. The test organisms
selected were among those which could be
expected to cause malfermentatlon In a grass
silo. With all spreading methods the tendency
was for Increased numbers of test bacteria to
be found when the stubble heights were
lowered. With low stubble, spore forming
anaerobes were especially numerous in grass
harvested from plots receiving low and
subsurface application of liquid manure. The
viability of these organisms was preserved
relatively well In the soil, especially In the
case of proteolytlc anaerobes. Saccharolytes,
however, decreased markedly in numbers
with the prolonged stay In the soil. Both of
these anaerobic bacterial types constitute the
greatest danger to Initiation of satisfactory
conditions for ensiling. Extremely high num-
bers of fecal streptococci were found In some
cases of the grass harvested, but these
organisms are not expected to have a harmful
effect upon ensiling. (Merryman-East
Central)
4578-A11, E3
SWINE FECES RECYCLING IN
CARPS FEEDING
G. C. Albuquerque, E. J. Campos, S. S.
Cavalcanti, and I. B. M. Sampalo
Arquivos da Escola de Veterinarla, V. 28, No.
2, p. 147-152, 1976. 4 tab., 10 ref.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Swine wastes, Carps.
In this experiment It was studied the effects
caused by replacement of ration for growing
pigs by feces of these same animals aiming
the feed of carps. There was a total of
sixty-four fish distributed in 8 groups of 8 fish
each. Treatments consisted in replacing the
pigs ration for 25, 50 and 75 percent of feces
respectively, being the control animals fed
with ration only. At the end of these 245 day
experiment, the weight gain of the groups fed
with ration only, did tend significantly to be
greater than the remaining groups. (Copy-
right 1976 - Arquivos da Escola de Veterin-
aria) (Article in Portuguese)
4579-B2, C3
THE EFFECT OF THE MICRO-
FLORA IN CATTLE SLURRY ON
THE SURVIVAL OF SALMON-
ELLA DUBLIN
Institute for Research on Animal Diseases,
Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, England
P. W. Jones, G. S. Sfnlth, and J. Bew
The British Veterinary Journal, V. 133, No. 1,
p. 1-8, Jan.-Feb., 1977.
Keywords: Cattle wastes, Slurries, Salmonella
dublln, Survival rates, Microflora, England.
Experiments were performed to study the
growth of S. dublin In sterilized slurry and to
assess the effect of the microflora In slurry on
the survival of S. dublln. S. dublln multiplied
in sterilized slurry and subsequently survived
for more than 370 days. In natural slurry or In
sterilized slurry to which bacteria originally
isolated from slurry were added, no such
multiplication was observed and S. dublin
survived for shorter periods. Thus, survival of
S. dublin appears to be influenced by
competition with normal microblal slurry flora
and by the production of acid compounds toxic
to S. dublln. (Merryman-East Central)
128
-------
4580-A8, B5, C2, C3, E2
EVALUATION OF ORGANIC MA-
NURES
R. Mllnes-Coates
The Soil Association, V. 1, No. 6, p. 4-6, Sept.,
1973. 4 r©f.
Keywords: Farm wastes, Land application
Crop response, Nutrients, Unit-values, Phos-
phorus, Potassium, Nitrogen.
Bulky organic manures (BOM) seem to benefit
both the humus content of the soil and the soil
population, thus Improving fertility. BOM's
are variable in quality. Different BOM's are
suited to different crops. Because It Is
characteristic of BOM '3 that only a part of the
plant food is immediately available and that
the remainder Is released gradually, it is
important to know how much value remains In
subsequent years so that this can be taken Into
account. Organic farmers are much handi-
capped by having so little information on
organic manuring backed by proper experi-
mental work. This results either In wasteful
overmanuring or In underestimating the
amounts required by the crops. Objections to
this kind of recycling of manure that may be
raised are: (1) That such work will encourage
factory farming by making it easier to deal
with manure disposal problems. (2) That the
contamination of some BOM's (Copper In pig
slurry, antibiotics, hormones, and pesticides
in Deep Litter and heavy metals In Municipal
sludges and composts) makes them unsuitable
as organic manures. (3) That the whole idea of
unit-values of plant food Is against Soil
Association principles of feeding the soil and
not the plant. It would be an advantage to
organic farming if research was carried out
into how far the unit system of NPK
evaluation is suitable for deciding the types
and amounts of organic manures to be used in
the growing of farm crops by organic
methods. (Rowe-East Central)
4581-A6, Dl, D2, D3, Fl
VARIED RESULTS FROM HOG
PIT DEODORIZERS
Anonymous
Wallaces Farmer, V. 102, No. 20, p. 41, Oct.
22, 1977.
Keywords: Odor control, Chemical treatment,
Masking agents, Odor counteractants,
Enzymes, Digestive aids, Absorbents.
Confinement livestock producers are urged to
experiment with several small quantities of
manure pit deodorizers before investing
heavily in any one product. There are 4 types
of pit deodorizers to choose from: (1) masking
agents, (2) odor counteractants, (3) digestive
aids (enzymes or bacterial cultures), (4)
absorbents (similar to kitty litter). Little
scientific research has been done, to date, to
verify the effectiveness of these products.
Three disadvantages of most products are the
high cost, unpredictable results and the fact
that they offer only short term solutions to
odor problems. Persistent odor problems
might be cut down by keeping animal pens
cleaner along with proper storage and
pumping of wastes. (Bates-East Central)
4582-B2, B3, C2, E3, E4
GLEANINGS FROM REPORTS AT
THE RECENT MEETING OF THE
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANI-
MAL SCIENCE
Anonymous
Confinement, V. 2, No. 7, p. 16, July-Aug.,
1977.
Keywords: Recycling, By-product recovery,
Refeedlng, Cattle wastes, Swine, Swine
wastes, Algae.
A number of Informative reports were pre-
sented at a recent meeting of the American
Society of Animal Science. Two of the reports
related to recycling livestock wastes. It was
reported that dried cattle waste can be used
up to a certain amount In the ration of
growing-finishing swine. Gains drop off with
too heavy substitution. Six University of
Tennessee animal scientists established that a
basal ration of 16 percent crude protein,
fortified, corn-soybean-meal-tankage ration
plus up to 20 percent dried cattle waste
product produced satisfactory gains. How-
ever, swine rations Including 30 percent and
40 percent waste had an imbalance, deficien-
cy, or excess of some nutrient factor that
reduced the performance of the growing-fin-
ishing swine. A report concerning research
done at Oregon State University established
that algae grown on swine manure at Oregon
State University proved to be roughly equiv-
alent to soybean meal In protein and other
values. Peter R. Cheeke, animal nutritionist,
fed the algae to rats in a series of tests.
Cheeke determined that the problem with
growing and harvesting the algae is econo-
mical. It was necessary to treat the algae with
heat to break down the cell walls of the algae
to make the protein available to the animal.
(Rowe-East Central)
4583-A6, C2
ANALYTICAL AND ORGANOLEP-
TIC MEASUREMENT OF
ODOURS FROM ANIMAL
WASTES
Agricultural Engineering Department, The
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
White, R. K.
Proceedings, International Symposium on
Identification and Measurement of Environ-
mental Pollutants, Ottawa, Ontario, 1971, p.
105-109. 5 fig., 14 ref.
Keywords: Odor, Sampling, Equipment, Gas
chromatography.
The control and abatement of odour nuisances
requires correlating subjective evaluations,
i.e., organoleptlc or sensory measurements,
with objective analyses, I.e., qualitative and
quantitative measurements. Equipment and
techniques have been developed for represen-
tative sampling of odours at ambient tempera-
tures, for analytical measurement of the
odorants using gas chromatography and for
organoleptic evaluations. A representative
sampling technique utilizes packed bed
samplers which collect odorants In proportion
to their concentration In the air sampled. After
the sample Is collected at ambient conditions,
it Is transferred to a cryrogenic trapping
device for injection Into a gas chromatograph.
Injection Is performed mechanically to assure
repeatability. A stream splitter In the gas
chromatograph, separating part of the sample
for sensory evaluation, enables analytical and
organoleptic measurements to be made for the
same fraction. An evaluation of the equipment
and techniques indicates that a correlation of
analytical and organoleptic measurements
was obtained. Improvements of existing
equipment for sampling, Injection, and
analysis of odorous samples are presented.
New and improved techniques to Include
panel studies on odour Intensities, for both
field and laboratory samples, are discussed.
(Whlte-The Ohio State University)
4584-B5, C3
RELATIONSfflPS BETWEEN
COPROPfflLOUS FUNGI AND
FECAL SUBSTRATES IN A
COLORADO GRASSLAND
Department of Biology and Pymatunlng Lab-
oratory of Ecology, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
K. Angel and D. T. Wicklow
Mycologia, V.67, No. 1,p. 63-74,1975. 1 fig.,
4 tab., 25 ref.
Keywords: Colorado, Grassland, Coprophll-
ous fungi, Fecal substrates, Cattle, Rabbits,
Pronghorn.
A survey was made of the kinds of fungi which
developed fructifications on different coprc-
philous substrates from a semlarld grassland
In Colorado. Fifty-three species were found on
approximately 650 g dry weight of feces.
These Included cattle feces (37 specls/600 g),
rabbit feces (27 species/30 g), pronghorn
feces (17 species/20 g), and small-mammal
feces (12 species/1 g). Given the relatively
small amount of substrate examined, and the
fact that collections came from adjacent
pastures, the population of coprophllous fungi
was remarkably diversified. Populations on
ruminant feces (cattle and pronghorn) were
most similar In species composition, while
those on pronghorn and small-mammal feces
showed the least similarity. Many of the
species sporulated on both freshly dried and
partially decomposed cattle droppings during
moist-chamber Incubation. Some of the pro-
blems associated with attempts at quantifying
populations of coprophllous fungi are consid-
ered, and hypotheses explaining the appar-
ently high diversity of species In this
grassland are discussed. (Copyright 1975
Mycologia)
458S-A2, A4, AS, C2
MONITORING AGRICULTURAL
POLLUTION USING NATURAL
FLUORESCENCE
Saskatchewan Research Council, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, Canada
G. Lakshman
Water Resources Research, V. 11, No. 5, p.
705-708, Oct., 1975. 9 fig., 1 tab., 7 ref.
Keywords: Feedlot wastes, Sampling, Fluor-
escence, Total carbon, Total organic carbon,
Total inorganic carbon, Water quality, Agri-
cultural runoff.
A remote sensing technique which uses the
natural fluorescence of feedlot pollutants to
monitor their presence was studied. Solid and
water samples were taken from several
feedlots In Saskatchewan to determine If
animal manure exhibited natural fluorescence
strong enough to be used in a monitoring
technique. Water extracts of these samples
were prepared and filtered to eliminate
suspended material from the final sample. By
using an Amlnco-Bowman spectrophoto-
fluorometer, the fluorescence of the sample
was analyzed. A strong correlation was found
to exist between the fluorescence emission
and the water quality parameters such as total
carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOG), and
total inorganic carbon (TIC). The technique
was found to be versatile enough to be used on
land and In water. Pollutants from the feedlots
129
-------
were tound to exhibit a strong fluorescence of
several orders of magnitude greater than the
fluorescence from a 10-ppb Rhodamlne dye.
Future research should help to exploit the
technique for remote sensing applications.
(Rowe-East Central)
4S86-A6, B2, Dl, D2, D3, E2, Fl
ADDITIVES FOR MANURE ODOR
CONTROL
H. L. Brodie
Cow Moos, p. 8, Sept.-Oct., 1977.
Keywords: Odor control, Land application,
Biological treatment, Chemical treatment,
Masking agents, pH, Economics.
The best odor control technique Is to remove
manure from animal facilities frequently and
apply the manure to the land by Incorporation
Into the soil. Liquid spreading equipment that
produces a spray should not be used because
it Increases manure contact with the atmos-
phere and therefore causes a greater odor
problem. By pH control or by biological
conversion, the volatile compounds present In
the feed or manure may be converted to a
nonvolatile form. This can be done by addition
of a pH adjusting chemical, by a controlled
biological operation, or by addition of a
chemical known to convert the chemical of
concern into a less volatile one. Other odor
control methods are prevention of anaerobic
decomposition by drying, aeration or oxida-
tion by mechanical equipment, and addition of
chemicals toxic to bacteria. Odor control
chemicals and materials have been tried and
tested, but no research has been able to find
one or a combination of substances which Is
clearly capable of satisfactory odor removal.
The cost of application varies. Thirty dollars
per cow per year is an estimate. Chemical
substances and masking agents may be less or
more expensive, depending on the particular
compound. (Rowe-East Central)
4587-A8, B3, C2, C3, D3, E3
COMPOSTING CONVERTS
WASTE INTO VALUABLE RE-
SOURCES
L. Chesnln
Farm, Ranch and Home Quarterly, V. 24, No.
3, p. 19-21, Fall, 1977. 3 fig., 2 tab.
Keywords: Composting, Feedlot wastes,
Paunch manure, Sewage sludge, Crop resi-
dues, Chemical properties, Physical proper-
ties, Fertilizers.
Leon Chesnln, Associate Professor of Agron-
omy at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln,
has done research on the possibilities for
composting feedlot manure, paunch manure,
sewage sludge and crop residues. It was
found that the concentrations of nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and zinc In
beef cattle manure are increased or concen-
trated when this waste is composted and that
bulk tonnage and percentage of moisture Is
greatly reduced. Sewage sludge Is also greatly
reduced In moisture content when composted,
although If It contains more than 90 percent
moisture, It must be mixed with drier, bulky
mass (such as crop residues) for proper
composting. Composting eliminates excess
moisture, bad odor and the associated fly
problem. With all the sources studied,
composting the material resulted In an
excellent fertilizer and soil amendment. In the
case of sewage sludge, composting would
save communities substantial sums with the
elimination of the need for sewage treatment
plants. Although there Isnt's enough organic
waste available for recycling to replace
commercial fertilizers, composting material
would greatly benefit the soli productivity and
increase available moisture. (Bates-East
Central)
4588-A8, C2, E2
ON THE INFLUENCE OF MA-
NURE AND FERTILIZERS ON
THE DISTRIBUTION AND
AMOUNTS OF PLANT-AVAD^
ABLE Cd IN SOILS
A. Anderson
Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research, V.
6, No. 1, p. 27-36, 1976. 4 tab., 15 ref.
Keywords: Land application, Manure, Fertil-
izers, Soil analysis, Cadmium, Sweden.
This paper Is a contribution to the evaluation
of the effects of fertilizers on the Cadmium
(Cd) levels in soils and plants. Cd analyses of
farmyard manure Indicated that normal appli-
cation rates of manure give an annual Input of
1-4 g of Cd/hectare. This gave researchers a
base line figure with which to gauge the Cd
levels In the soil from chemical fertilizers
contaminated with Cd. Four different com-
mercial fertilizers were treated at three
different rates and analyses were carried out
on soil and plant material from these experi-
mental plots. The plant material analyzed was
wheat grain. Increased Cd content of the grain
was found to correspond with Increasing
fertilization rates. Since this was attributed to
soil chemical reactions rather than the Cd
content of the fertilizers, only the fertilizer
with the highest Cd level (919 ug/g) was felt
to affect the Cd level of the grain. The
distribution of Cd between soil particles and
equilibrium solution as a function of the
concentration of fertilizer salts was studied In
laboratory experiments. It was shown that the
Cd concentatlon of the equilibrium solution
could be increased also In the case of almost
Cd-free fertilizers due to soil chemical
reactions brought about by the fertilizer salts.
The fertilizer salts caused a drop In pH
resulting In Increased Cd solubility. A more
Important effect was direct Ion exchange of Cd
in the soil by the fertilizer cations resulting In
Increased Cd concentration of the equilibrium
solution. According to the laws of Ion
exchange, some of the fertilizer Cd from
contaminated fertilizers becomes absorbed to
the soil particles, thus keeping the concentra-
tions of the equilibrium solution lower than
would be expected. (Bates-East Central)
4589-B1, Cl, C2
PROPERTIES OF MANURE
ACCUMULATIONS FROM MOD-
WEST BEEF CATTLE FEEDLOTS
Animal Science Department, University of
Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
C. B. Gllbertson, J. R. Ellis, J. A. Nlenaber,
T. M. McCalla, T. J. Klopfensteln
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 18, No. 2, p.
327-330, March-April, 1975. 4 fig., 4 tab., 11
ref.
Keywords: Feedlots, Cattle wastes, Slopes,
Moisture content, pH, Electrical conductivity,
Total solids, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Midwest-
ern United States.
Outdoor beef cattle feedlots were constructed
with 3, 6, and 9 percent slopes In July 1968 at
the University of Nebraska Field Laboratory to
study the characteristics of wastes. Results of
the nine cleanings for the period, July 1968
through October 1972, aa follows: (1) The
quantity and quality of material removed from
outdoor feedlots were Influenced by uncon-
trollable climatic conditions. (2) Slope did not
have a predictable effect on the average
moisture content of material removed. How-
ever, the moisture content (percent db) of
waste removed from 9.3 m*-/head lots
averaged 97.2 percent, compared with 82.6
percent for 18.6 m*/head feedlots. (3) The pH
of material removed from the 9.3 m^head lots
averaged 7.6 compared with 6.6 for the 18.6
ml/head lots. The electrical conductivity
averaged 3.75 mmhos for all lots studied. (4)
Total solids removed from 3, 6, and 9 percent
surface-sloped feedlots with cattle at 18.6
m*/head averaged 3.8, 3.4, and 3.1 metric
tons/hectare day for 9.3 m'/head feedlots.
The total solids removed averaged 25 and 35
percent volatile for the 18.6 and 9.3 m'/head
lots, respectively. (5) The amount of soil
removed during cleaning was estimated at 1.1
and 3.4 metric tons/hectare day on 18.6 and
9.3 m*/head feedlots, respectively. (6) The
quantity of N and P removed per metric ton of
dry material averaged 13.5 and 0.9 kg,
respectively. (7) The distribution of dry solids
on 9.3 and 18.6 m^head lots varied with the
cleaning period. The material was relatively
uniform over the feedlot surface, although
there was some accumulation near the feed-
bunks, waterers, and lower fence lines. (8)
The specific gravity of material removed from
the feedlot surface was 2.28. Specific gravity
Increased as particle size decreased. (9) The
total solid decreased from 72 to 7 percent
volatile for material retained on the 2000 and
37 micron sieves, respectively. Gross energy
for the fraction retained on the 37 micron sieve
was not measurable with equipment used.
(10) Complete removal of material down to the
soil-manure Interface Is not reommended
because the large quantities of soil removed
must be replaced. (Copyright 1975 - Transac-
tions of the ASAE)
4590-A2, A3, A4, A8, B2, C2, E2
ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM
SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS
FEEDLOTS
Southwestern Great Plains Research Center,
ARS, USDA, Bushland, Texas
R. N. Clark, A. D. Schneider, and B. A.
Stewart
Transactions of the ASAE, V. 18, No. 2, p.
319-322, March-April, 1975. 6 fig., 7 ref.
Keywords: Feedlots, Agricultural runoff,
Southern Great Plains, Salts, Irrigation,
Holding ponds, Playas, Watersheds, Water
quality.
Runoff amounts and»chem!cal quality have
been measured from a Southern Great Plains
cattle feedlot at Bushland, Texas. The rainfall-
runoff relationship for runoff-producing
storms was linear, with about one-third of the
rainfall In excess of 10 mm ending up as
runoff. Other researchers In the Great Plains
obtained similar results except that the
amount of rainfall ending up as runoff was
lower at Bushland. Concentrations of various
runoff constituents were higher than those
found for cattle feedlots elsewhere. Low
rainfall, high evaporation rates, and high
stocking rates cause the manure pack In the
feedlots to contain more salts, thus allowing
Increased concentration sin runoff. A dilution
ratio of about five parts well water to one part
feedlot runoff would reduce the salinity
hazard for irrigation from very high to
medium for most holding ponds In the
Southern Great Plains. Runoff caught In
130
-------
. , where the area of the feedlot Is
one-fifth or less of the total watershed area
could be considered as having a low or
medium salinity hazard. Any use of feedlot
runoff for Irrigation requires close watch on
salts In the water and soil. (Copyright 1975 -
Transactions of the ASAE)
4S91-A2, A3, A4, AS, Bl, B5, C2,
IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE:
NONPOINT AND POINT SOURCE
WATER POLLUTION
S. J. Hadeed
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
V. 46, No. 9, p. 2116-2119, Sept., 1976.
Keywords: Pollution, Agricultural runoff,
Point sources, Nonpolnt sources, Leaching,
Salinity, Water pollution, Feedlots, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Regulation, Irriga-
tion, Crop production.
Irrigated agriculture results In point source
pollution (discharges from any conveyance)
and nonpolnt source pollution (unconflned
discharges). The primary cause of nonpolnt
source pollution Is undefined surface runoff
from irrigated agriculture. Nonpolnt source
pollution problems vary from region to region.
In the West, leaching caused Increased water
salinity. In the Central States, feedlot runoff
increases water nutrients. The Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has recently propos-
ed regulations to expand its permit authority
over all point sources In concentrated feedlot
operations, agricultural and silviculture. Ag-
ricultural nonpoint sources are still largely
unregulated. The National Commission on
Water Quality (NCWQ) has proposed to
Congress a series of plants to control
irrigation-related water pollution Including
salinity alleviation projects, better water
delivery systems such as lined canals to
minimize seepage losses during diversion,
and better farm water management techni-
ques such as tall water recovery or recycling to
conserve supply and Increase water-use
efficiency. The EPA studies In the Upper
Colorado River Basin show that cost-effective
technology Is rapidly becoming available to
control pollution from irrigated crop produc-
tion. (Denker-Florlda)
4592-A8, E2
ADSORPTION OF POULTRY LIT-
TER EXTRACTS BY SOIL AND
CLAY
Department of Agronomy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30601
K. H. Tan, V. G. Mudgal, and R. A. Leonard
Environmental Science and Technology, V. 9,
No. 2, p. 132-135, 1975. 5 fig., 1 tab., 17 ref.
Keywords: Poultry litter extracts, Soil adsorp-
tion, Kaollnite, Bentonlte, Slopes, Tempera-
ture, lonlzation.
Adsorption of the water-soluble fraction of
poultry litter was investigated at constant
temperatures using Cecil, Tlfton, and Hayes-
ville soils and kaollnite and bentonlte as
adsorbents. Organic matter extracts were
characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The
results Indicated that broiler litter was
adsorbed In almost similar amounts as layer
litter extract by either soils or clays. However,
degree of adsorption varied with types of clays
as well as with soil series. The slope of the
adsorption Isotherms was steeper for benton-
lte than for kaollnite. For soils, the slope of the
Isotherms decreased In the following order:
Hayesvllle> Tlfton > Cecil. The adsorption
Isotherms were linear within the concentra-
tions examined; the slopes decreased with
Increasing temperature from 25, 35 to 50%.
Protonated poultry litter extract was adsorbed
In larger amounts than Na -saturated extract,
Indicating that Ionic bonding might be
Involved, or that lonlzation of carboxyl groups
was reduced. (Copyright 1975-Envlronmental
Science and Technology)
4S93-A6, B2, Cl, C2, Dl, D3, E2
TREATMENT OF WHOLE PIG
SLURRY IN AN OXIDATION
DITCH: STAGE 1
K. Robinson, editor
Waste Management Report 1/75, Bacterio-
logy Division, North of Scotland College of
Agriculture, Aberdeen, Scotland, Aug., 1975,
36 p. 31 fig., 4 tab., 6 ref.
Keywords: Scotland, Waste treatment, Temp-
erature, Swine wastes, Oxidation ditch,
Sampling, Chemical analysis, Nitrification,
Screening, Solids content, Oxygen demand,
Odor, Land application.
This trial was one of a series to be undertaken
to determine whether loading rates postulated
by the waste treatment group of the West of
Scotland Agricultural College, using labora-
tory scale units, could be achieved under field
conditions. The treatment unit used In the
trial was a plywood oxidation ditch with a
volume of 3,405 liters. Once the ditch was
started by use of anaerobic lagoon liquor, 200
liters of slurry per day were dumped Into the
oxidation ditch via the channel Immediately In
front of the rotor. The source of this slurry was
a 2,500-liter stirred tank mounted over one
end of the ditch which was filled, once weekly,
by pumping raw slurry from the collecting pit
of a fattening house. Temperature ranged
from -1 to lO^C. Random 0.5 liter samples
were removed from the oxidation ditch at a
point Immediately In front of the rotor so that
they were representative of the mixed liquor
circulating In the ditch. Well-mixed samples
of Influent waste were removed from the
slurry storage tank above the ditch. Analyses
were performed regularly on the Influent
slurry and mixed liquor, and on their superna-
tants prepared by centrlfugatlon at 2,800 x
g/30 minutes. Parameters monitored were:
solids, chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen,
minerals, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, and
dissolved oxygen. Study results Indicated
that: (1) Even at the low temperatures
prevailing during the trial, loss of oxygen
demand occurred. (2) Nitrification was Inhib-
ited by the low temperature and In the alkaline
conditions coupled with high NH$ -N
concentrations, there was a considerable loss
of free ammonia by desorptlon. (3) Screening
of husk material .from the mixed liquor was
very difficult due to the viscous nature of the
liquor. (4) High solids levels In the Input
resulted in a high solids level In the mixed
liquor/effluent and no settling. (5) Loss of 30
percent of the Input nitrogen was unimportant
since treatment, by lowering the oxygen
demand, allowed more slurry to be spread per
unit area. (6) Treatment had no effect on the
concentrations of some elements such as
potassium and phosphorus. This could result
in over application If land^ application rates of
the waste are calculated on the basis of Its
nitrogen content. The slurry had relatively
little odor. However, the partially treated
end-product of this trial turned anaerobic
rapidly when stored, and It developed an
unpleasant smell. (Merryman-East Central)
4594-B2, Cl, Cl, Dl, D3
TREATMENT OF WHOLE PIG
SLURRY IN AN OXIDATION
DITCH: STAGE 2
P. J. Mills and D. R. Fenlon, editors
Waste Management Report 1/76. Engineer-
Ing Division, North of Scotland College of
Agriculture, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1976, 23 p.
13 fig., 2 tab.
Keywords: Scotland, Swine wastes, Waste
treatment, Temperature, Oxidation ditch,
Sampling, Chemical analysis, Solids, Oxygen
demand, Nitrification, Screening, Denltrlflca-
tlon.
The work described In this report Is a repeat of
the oxidation ditch trial documented In Waste1
Management Report 1 /75. This new trial took
place between June 27,1975 and Sept. 7,1975
with temperatures between 7 and 18*C
compared with a range -1 to 10*C for the
earlier trial. All other experimental paramet-
ers were kept the same. The rotor drive
system for the oxidation ditch was made more
reliable for use In the new trial. Anaerobic
lagoon effluent was used to start the oxidation
ditch. On July 28, 1975, 200 1/day of
unscreened swine slurry was fed Into the
oxidation ditch. Analyses were performed
regularly on the Influent slurry and mixed
liquor, and on their supernatants prepared by
centrlfugatlon at 2,800 x g/30 minutes.
Parameters monitored were: solids, chemical
oxygen demand, nitrogen, minerals, alka-
linity, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen.
Study results Indicated that: (1) At the
, relatively high temperatures Involved, the lose
of soluble oxygen demand and effluent quality
did not Improve as much as might have been
expected. The system should be loaded at
higher rates In warmer weather. (2) Nitrifica-
tion took place to quite an extent when the pH
fell. The oxidized nitrogen formed was readily
lost after mechanical failure and resultant low
DO levels. (3) Increased loss of nitrogen will
exacerbate the problems of mineral Imbalance
due to P and K If the material Is used for land
spreading. (4) At lower pH the liquor settles to
give an effluent If required. This effluent,
although relatively free of suspended solids,
still has a high dissolved chemical oxygen
demand and solids content, making It unsuit-
able for discharge. (Merryman-East Central)
4595-B2, D3
CONTROLLED ADDITION OF
ANIMAL WASTE TO AEROBIC
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
FiANTS. A COMPARISON OF pH
AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN CON-
TROLLED SYSTEMS
Bacteriology Division, School of Agriculture,
North of Scotland College of Agriculture,
Aberdeen, Scotland.
K. Robinson and D. Fenlon
Bacteriology Division Report No. 2/78, North
of Scotland College of Agriculture, 1976, 20 p
2 fig., 24 tab., 10 ref.
Keywords: Aerobic treatment, Fermentation,
Swine wastes, Substrate addition, pH control-
led systems, Dissolved oxygen controlled
systems.
131
-------
During the operation of two fermenters,
substrate addition was used to maintain a
mixed mlcrobial culture at either pH 7.0 or 70
percent dissolved oxygen saturation. pH
control was found to permit a greater volume'
of substrate to be processed. Ammonium
nitrogen concentrations were similar for both,
fermenters but concentrations of oxldlseo
nitrogen varied. Nitrlficatlon/denltrlflcatlon
sequences appeared to be Initiated by
unscheduled changes In dissolved oxygen
concentration. It was possible to maintain a
steady state with respect to a controlled
parameter and end-product quality but other
measured parameters fluctuated. (Robinson -
North of Scotland College of Agriculture)
4596-B2, C2, D3, E3, Fl
BIO-GAS PLANT GENERATING
METHANE FROM ORGANIC
WASTES
R. B. Singh
Bio-Gas Plant Generating Methane from
Organic Wastes. Gobar Gas Research Station,
Ajitmal, Etawah, India, 1974. 103 p.
Keywords: Methane, Bio-gas plants, Anaero-
bic digestion, Design, India, United States,
Costs.
This book discusses bio-gas -- what It Is and
the practicality of using It. Background Is
given concerning the development of Bio-gas
plants, especially their development In India.
Bio-gas plants are discussed In terms of
design, including design for both continuous
feeding and batch feeding digesters. Descrip-
tions of how to build 7 different Bio-gas plants
are given. Approximate costs for Installation
In both India and in the United States are
given for digesters that will produce 100 Cft
gas/day, 250 Cft gas/day, 500 Cft gas/day,
1200 Cft gas/day, and 2000 Cft gas/day.
(Rowe-East Central)
4S97-B2, C2, D3, E3
ENERGY RECOVERY ON THE
FARM BY ANAEROBIC DIGES-
TION OF ANIMAL MANURES
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
P. R. Goodrich, N. J. Horvath, J. D. Nielsen,
S. M. Kails, K. L. Hauer, and V. Larson
Energy Recovery on the Farm by Anaerobic
Digestion of Animal Manures, University of
Minnesota, 1977, 28 p. 15 fig., 25 ref.
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Animal
wastes, Anaerobic digester, Design, Perfor-
mance, Electrode potential, Bio-gas pro-
duction.
A field-scale anaerobic digester with a reactor
volume of 44 cubic meters was monitored
under field conditions. The apparent electrode
potential (AEP) ranged from -380 millivolts
during poor gas production to -485 millivolts
during one peak In gas production. The,
apparent electrode potentials, however, didn't
foretell problems with the digester such that
they could be used for control of the digester
without a much stronger correlation with
digester performance. (Goodrich - University
of Minnesota)
4598-A8, B2, BS, C3, E2
SOME BACTERIOLOGICAL
CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH
THE APPLICATION OF COW
SLURRY TO GRASSLAND
Department of Microbiology, The University
of Reading, London Road, Reading, RG1,
5AQ, England
J. M. Grainger and A. H. Varnam
Journal of Applied Bacteriology, V. 37, p. 8-9,
1974. 2 ref.
Keywords: Cattle wastes, Slurries, Land
application, Grassland management, Bacter-
iological changes.
Bacteriological changes were studies In soil
and slurry In field experiments In which cattle
slurry was applied to grassland in the month
of March. In 2 experiments, which were
performed In successive years, four applica-
tion rates in the range 0-220 tons of slurry/
acre were studied. In general, the magnitude
of changes in soil microorganisms was corres-
pondingly reduced for the plots receiving
smaller amounts of slurry. The Influence of
the slurry on the soil flora was at a maximum
in the period 6-10 weeks after slurry
application, after which time the characteris-
tics of the soil Isolates began to return to
normal. The differences In the soli and slurry
Isolates were in the distribution of dominant
taxonomlc groups and certain physiological
features. Dominant bacteria in untreated soil
were Gram positive Irregular rods, mainly
coryneform bacteria. Dominant bacteria in the
slurry were Gram negative regular rods,
mainly Pseudomonas spp. In comparing soil
and slurry, the smaller proportions of Isolates
from the untreated soli were able to reduce
nitrites and nitrates and hydrolyse urea.
(Merryman-East Central)
4599-B2, Cl, C2, C3, Dl, D3
DENITRIFICATION OF AERO-
BICALLY STABILISED PIG
WASTE
Bacteriology Division, School of Agriculture,
King Street, Aberdeen, Scotland
D. R. Fenlon and K. Robinson
Water Research, V. 11, p. 269-273, 1977. 4
fig., 2 tab., 18 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Liquid wastes,
Aerobic treatment, Denltrificatlon, Tempera-
ture, Effluent quality, Phosphorus, Solids,
Chemical oxygen demand.
Experiments for the study of denitrlflcation of
biologically stabilised, nitrified pig waste are
described. The rate of denitrlflcation was
increased by the addition of an energy source
or by an increase In temperature. A supple-
mentary energy source In field-scale stabilisa-
tion systems can be replaced by the residual
chemical oxygen demand of a partially
nitrified waste. A semi-continuous denitrlflca-
tion process was capable of reducing Input
inorganic N concentrations of several hundred
mga to less than 50 mg1~( Denitrlflcation also
improved final effluent quality by reducing
soluble phosphorus, total and dissolved solids
and chemical oxygen demand. (Copyright
1977-Water Research)
4600-A2, A4, B2, C2
EUTROPfflCATION POTENTIAL
OF DAIRY CATTLE WASTE RUN-
OFF
Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322
D. S. Flllp and E. J. Mlddlebrooks
Water Research, V. 10, No. 1, p. 89-93, Dec.,
1976. 6 fig., 13 ref.
Keywords: Cattle wastes, Dairy wastes,
Feedlot runoff, Nutrients, Eutrophlcatlon,
Algal growth, Water pollution, Toxlclty,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus.
Utilizing standard bottle test algal bioassays
correlated with chemical analyses for growth
limiting nutrients, the blostimulatory and
chemical characteristics of dairy cattle waste
runoff were evaluated. Comparisons were
made between this very concentrated runoff
collected from a concrete covered feeding area
and runoff from beef cattle feedlots where
runoff could only be sampled after much
dilution by spring and stream waters. The
dairy feedlot runoff was extremely rich in
nutrients, and In very dilute concentrations It
stimulated prolonged algal growth, Indicating
a strong pollution potential. In more concen-
trated solutions blostlmulatlon was inhibited
by toxlcity which seemed Indigenous to
concentrated runoff water. Toxlclty was found
in beef cattle runoff In earlier studies.
Topography and animal numbers differed
between the dairy feedlot and the beef cattle
lots precluding extracting comparisons. How-
ever, the chemical nature of the more
concentrated dairy cattle runoff was consist-
ent; whereas, the water chemistry of the more
dilute beef runoff changed suddenly In
response to changes In cattle density near the
streams. (Copyright 1976-Water Research)
4601-A2, A3, A4, B2, C2
FACTORS AFFECTING NUTRI-
ENT LOADS IN SOME IOWA
STREAMS
Department of Animal Ecology, Iowa State
University, Ames, Iowa 50010
J. R. Jones, B. P. Borofka, and R. W.
Bach man n
Water Research, V. 10, No. 2, p. 117-122
1976. 2 fig., 7 tab., 42 ref.
Keywords: Watersheds, Iowa, Water pollu-
tion, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Nutrients, Run-
off, Feedlots, Croplands.
The export and concentration of Inorganic
nitrogen and total phosphorus from 34 water-
sheds in a northwestern Iowa lake district
were measured during March 1971-August
1973. Annual nutrient losses were approxi-
mately 0^5 kg ha'1 p, 6.7 kg ha'1 NO.-N, and
1.0 kg ha^NHj-N. A statistical analysis of the
relationship between land-use and plant
nutrients was used to determine differences
among streams. Animal units in feedlots were
significantly correlated with phosphorus and
ammonia nitrogen (mg 1-' and kg ha"' yr~')
Nitrate nitrogen was negatively correlated
with the percentage of watershed In marsh-
land. Tile drainage and surface runoff from
grasslands, feedlots, cornfields, and soybean
fields were analyzed for nitrogen and phos-
phorus In spring 1974; mean values are given
(Copyright 1976-Water Research)
132
-------
4602-B2, C2, Dl, D3, E3
TREATMENT OF POULTRY MA-
NURE WASTEWATER USING A
ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CON-
TACTOR
Green International Inc., 504 Beaver St
Sewickley, Pennsylvania 15143 '
A. P. Pajak and R. C. Loehr
Water Research, V. 10, No. 5, p 399-406
1976. 7 fig., 5 tab., 11 ref.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Poultry wastes,
Rotating biological contactor, Biological treat-
ment, Chemical oxygen demand, Biochemical
oxygen demand, Nitrogen removal, Effluent
quality, Flushing, Spray Irrigation.
A pilot scale, six stage rotating biological
contactor was used to evaluate the feasibility
of this process for the stabilization of liquid
animal manures. Total disc surface area was
approximately 16.7 m* Treatment efficiencies
were determined at various waste strengths
and influent flow rates. With loading rates of
14.7-322 g m'Jlday-/, the average COD
reduction was 61 percent, with loading rates
of 4.88-24.4 g m"*day"f the average BOD re-
duction was 87 percent. Total nitrogen
removal averaged approximately 30 percent
for the entire study. Mixed liquor oxygen
uptake rates were generally In excess of 80 mg
1*1 h"/ Clarified effluent was non-odorous and
suitable to be reused for manure flushing or
spray Irrigation. Treatment was not sufficient
to permit effluent discharge to surface waters.
(Copyright 1976-Water Research)
4603-A11, B2, C2, C3, D3, E3
ROLE OF RECYCLED LARGE
ANIMAL WASTES FOR ANIMAL
PROTEIN PRODUCTION
R. L. Vetter
ISU Nutrition Symposium on Proteins, June
7-8, 1972, p. 235-244. 8 tab., 22 ref.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Feedlot wastes,
Refeeding, Oxidation Ditch, Protein, Nutri-
ents, Feed additive residues, Pathogenic
bacteria, Performance.
Many systems can be projected for reclaiming
nutrients from animal wastes. Direct refeed-
ing of raw feedlot wastes above 25 to 30
percent of the rations may be detrimental to
efficient animal performance. Liquid waste
from an oxidation ditch system can be
considered as a supplemental protein feed.
The oxidation ditch Is a biological processing
step and aerobic degradations under favorable
conditions may convert as much as 30 percent
by weight of the decomposed waste Into
mlcrobial cells (Hungate, 1972). However, a
large fluid volume must be fed to achieve a
supplemental level of protein. With either
method of refeedlng raw wastes, potential
-problems of pathogenic organisms, feed
additive residues and nutrient accumulations
need to be Investigated. The aesthetic
considerations could influence consumer
acceptance of fed meat. But with the present
emphasis and need for ecological balance,
society may look with favor rather than
distrust. Sound research and reasoned
judgment should preclude the general use of
animal wastes directly In the feed, even
though it may be economically favorable to do
so at this time. At the present time, total
processing of large animal wastes appears to
be the most satisfactory solution for utilizing
animal waste nutrients. The projections In
table 1 show that animals excrete 63.2 million
pounds of nitrogen per day. If 10 percent of
the nitrogen could be directly used In cattle
feed, on an annual basis, It would have the
equivalent protein value of 5 billion pounds of
urea or 32 billion pounds of soybean meal. On
another scale, the estimated annual manure
production from beef and dairy cattle in need
of removal in California Is 2.5 million metric
tons of dry matter (Clauson, 1971), or a
potential yield of 500,000 metric tons of crude
protein by the Whlttlngham or General
Electric processes for nutrient reclamation.
Any number and magnitude of projections can
be made on the potential of animal wastes as a
source of feed protein. If research and
technology move forward with vigor and
public support, there Is no reason to doubt
that animal wastes will be a great asset in the
future production of meat protein. (Vetter-
lowa State University)
4604-B3, C2, E2
EFFECT OF LONG TERM MA-
NURING ON THE SOIL PHOS-
PHATE POTENTIAL IN CALCAR-
EOUS SOIL AND ITS RELATION
TO P CONCENTRATION IN OAT
PLANTS
Division of Soil Science & Agricultural
Chemistry, Indian Agricultural Research In-
stitute, New Delhi, India
M. B. Sen Gupta
Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science,
V. 23, No. 4, p. 465-468, 1975. 2 tab., 7 ref.
Keywords: Farmyard wastes, Land applica-
tion, Crop response, Phosphorus, Oats.
Phosphate potential (Schofield's) (SPP) show-
ed little or no significance while equilibrium
phosphate potential (EPP) showed high level
of significance when correlated with P
concentration in 60-days-old oat plants. Both
SPP and EPP values showed low P intensity in
the plots that received FYM or soil cake. Salt
index of the fertilizers seems to be an
important factor in controlling P intensity in
soil. It was also revealed that the intensity of
phosphate was associated with the Initial rates
of plant growth. (Copyright 1975-Journal of
the Indian Society of Soil Science)
4605-B2, B4, D3, E2, E3, Fl
AN ECONOMIC COMPARISON
OF FIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS FOR SWINE FINISH-
ING OPERATIONS IN THE
SOUTHEAST
Agricultural Engineering Department, Clem-
son University, Clemson, South Carolina
C. L. Barth, G. H. Aull, III, and D. T. Hill
Paper presented at Southeast Regional Meet-
ing, American Society of Agricultural Engin-
eers, New Orleans, Louisiana, Feb. 3, 1975,
17 p. 10 tab., 5 ref.
Keywords: Southeast U.S., Swine wastes,
Liquid wastes, Waste management, Anaero-
bic lagoons, Irrigation, Deep pits, Oxidation
ditch, Flushing, Waste storage, Land applica-
tion, Costs, Economics.
This study made an economic comparison of 5
different waste management systems used
with swine finishing operations In the South-
east. Systems evaluated were: (A) Manure
flush to a single cell anaerobic lagoon with
irrigation of excess supernatant and solids to
cropland. (B) Deep pits under a partial slat
floor (PSF) for 60-day storage period and
application to cropland by liquid manure
spreader. (C) Oxidation ditch under PSF with
storage of excess solids and Irrigation of
excess ditch supernatant and solids to
cropland. (D) Manure flush to 30-day storage
pond and Irrigation to cropland. (E) Shallow
pit storage under PSF, anaerobic digestion of
waste into methane production and utilization,
collection of digester effluent in 30-day
storage pond and irrigation to cropland. The
swine finishing operation was assumed to be
the same for all Ssystems. Results showed the
use of an anaerobic lagoon for waste
treatment was a break-even proposition
economically. Theoxldation ditch resulted In a
net loss for the waste management system.
Deep pit storage with honey wagon applica-
tion to cropland was a system of intermediate
profitability. The flush-irrigation system re-
sulted In the greatest net annual benefit.
Anaerobic digestion of swine waste was
second in profitability and may become more
lucrative if both the methane gas produced
and the digestor effluent are effectively used
in the farming operation. (Bates-East Central)
4606-AU, Bl
NO NEED TO CONTROL MA-
NURE EATING BY TURKEYS
Anonymous
Poultry Digest, V. 36, No. 429, p. 538, Nov.,
1977
Keywords: Turkeys, Manure eating, Animal
health, Management.
It is suggested by Glyde Marsh, D.V.M., Ohio
State University, that manure eating by
turkeys should be ignored and that no
attempts should be made to control or
influence such eating. Turkeys that eat these
brown, farmyard droppings do not experience
disease problems or other difficulties. Flock
treatment with antibiotics or copper sulfate
stop the eating of manure, however, when the
treatment is stopped the birds resume the
habit. Change In rations may also cause
turkeys to lose interest in eating manure. In
most flocks as the birds age, the number of
brown, foamy droppings passed is reduced
and the habit is gradually lost. (Bates-East
Central)
4607-B3, Cl, Dl, D3, E3, Fl
FLY PROTEIN PRODUCTION
FROM MECHANICALLY MIXED
ANIMAL WASTES
133
-------
Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute,
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Beltsvllle, Maryland
20705
N. O. Morgan and H. J. Eby
Israel Journal of Entomology, V. 10, p. 73-81,
1975. 1 fig., 1 tab., 3 ref.
Keywords: Recycling, Poultry wastes, Dairy
cattle manure, Fly protein production, Mix-
ing, Temperature, Moisture content, Refeed-
ing, Soil conditioners, Economics.
Tests were conducted to devise a practical
method of producing protein from large
quantities of livestock wastes. A matched pair
of portable concrete mixers was used for
waste reduction and protein production. To
facilitate separation of fly larvae from the
reduced media, a mechanized larval recovery
system was devised. In Test 1, the mixers
were housed In the same temperature-con-
trolled room as the hens, and feces were
collected every3-4 days, weighed, and placed
In one of the mixers. Mixing began on the
third day and took place every 4 hours. From
the fifth day on, maggots seen crawling about
the chambers or on the surface of the media
were considered mature and were transferred
to the separation trays where the larvae wree
collected, held through pupation, and weigh-
ed as pupae. For Test 2, the mixers were
moved outdoors to a fly-proof screened cage,
and feces from a commercial poultry farm
were used. Due to wetness of the feces,
sawdust (10 and 20 percent of the total weight
of the mixture) was added In an attempt to
improve living conditions for the maggots.
Tests 3 and 4 were repetitions of Tests 1 and 2
except that dairy cow feces were used and
temperature measurements were omitted. In
Test 5, the ability of bloreduced cow feces to
support subsequent generations of fly larvae
was determined by reseedlng 2 batches of
bioreduced media. No additional sawdust or
water were added. It was found that the
fermenting medium, if allowed to stand
unmixed for 3 or more days, generated so
much heat that maggots were either driven
from the container before they matured or
died therein. Medium that was mixed
frequently after seeding was usually warmer
than room air temperature by the 3rd day, but
it cooled by the 5th day, the day of larval
migration. Wet medium became anaerobic
within 3 days without mixing or aeration and
was lethal to many of the house fly maggots.
Addition of sawdust to poultry feces had little
effect on production of fly protein. However,
with cow manure, production was greatly
increased by the sawdust. In Test 5, only a few
larvae survived 10 days In 1 batch, and none In
the other. The products from the waste
reduction program Included a protein used as
part of a growing chick ration, a solid residue
used as a soil conditioner, and water. In 1971,
Ihe fly-larva meal containing 63 percent
protein was estimated to have a value of
209/ton. (Rowe-East Central)
4608-B2, C2, C3, D3
THE USE OF RESPIROMETRIC
METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE
BIODEGRADABILITY OF DIF-
FERENT COMPONENTS OF
AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Department of Microbiology, West of Scot-
land Agricultural College, Auchlncrulve, Ayr,
KA6, 5HW, Scotland
R. Hlssett, M. R. Evans, and S. Balnes
Progress in Water Technology, V. 7, No. 2, p.
13-21, 1975. 3 fig., 3 tab., 7 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Poultry wastes,
Blodegradablllty, Aerobic treatment, Chemi-
cal properties, Biological properties, Slurries,
Fractlonatlon, Resplrometry.
Studies on coarse and fine solid particles,
colloids, and solutes In fattening pig and
laying hen excreta have shown that the ease
and rapidity of their aerobic degradation are
Inversely proportional to particle size. The
coarse solids were much more recalcitrant
than organic matter In the other three
fractions. Detailed Information from this type
of study should be useful for predicting the
effectiveness of systems before they are built.
It should also allow accurate comparison of
different wastes In terms of their treatablllty.
Differences In animal species and diets,
housing systems, and methods of slurry
handling could result In differences In the
nature of the excreta produced. Also the
position of a farm, the availability of land for
spreading slurry or treated sludges, and
variations In soil type will affect the degree of
treatment required. Thus, there will never be
one ideal system for all farms, but a variety of
systems suited to differing situations. Detail-
ed knowledge of the characteristics of excreta
will be needed to enable to correct system to
be chosen In each case. (Copyright 1975-Pro-
gress in Water Technology)
4609-A11, C2, D2, E3
WET CAGE LAYER MANURE
FED TO FEEDLOT CATTLE
Anonymous
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 47, p. 14, Nov. 14,
1977. 1 tab.
Keywords: Wet cage layer manure, Preser-
vatives, Refeedlng, Cattle, Performance, Sal-
monellae.
Trials were run at the University of Guelph to:
(1) compare the effectiveness of several
mixtures of chemicals on the preservations of
wet cage layer manure over a 28-day period
and (2) determine the palatabllity, feeding
value, and effects of animal health of
acid-treated, wet cage layer manure fed to
growing beef feedlot cattle. In the first
experiment, the following preservatives were
used: (1) 80 percent proplonlc acid •*• 20
percent acetic acid, (2) formaldehyde, (3) 30
percent formaldehyde+70 percent proplonlc
acid/acetic acid solution (80 percent:20 per-
cent ratio). The 3 preservatives were applied
at 3 rates - 0.25 percent, 0.5 percent, and 1
percent. The treated excreta and untreated
controls were stored at 22°C for 28 days and
checked at 7, 14, and 28 days. Each chemical
preparation at 0.5 percent maintained excreta
In an acceptable form In terms of physical
appearance and nutritive value for 7 days. At
1 percent application preservation was ade-
quate for 14 days. In the second experiment,
90 Hereford steers of 210 kg Initial weight
were randomly allotted to 3 corn silage-based
diets supplemented with soybean meal, urea
or cage layer manure. Laying hen manure was
collected twice weekly, treated with 80
percent proplonlc acid, 20 percent acetic acid
and stockpiled for dally mixing and feeding to
steers over a 125-day trial. Steers grew
equally well on soybean meal, urea and
manure diets. The manure had no evident
effect on carcass value. No salmonellae were
isolated from the poultry manure samples,
mixed feeds or cattle feces cultured during the
trial. (Rowe - East Central)
4610-B2, B3, D3, E3
THERMONETICS -- THE GUY-
MON PROJECT
Anonymous
Calf News, V. 15, No. 11, p. 62, Nov., 1977.
Keywords: Recycling, Cattle wastes, Okla-
homa, Methane, Fertilizers, Refeedlng,
Anaerobic digestion, Thermonetlcs, Calorific
Recovery Anaerobic Process, Inc.
Thermonetics, an Oklahoma City-based com-
pany which specializes In energy conversion,
is planning to open a sophisticated manure
conversion plant at Hooker, Oklahoma by
mid-November, 1977. The plant will convert
cattle feedlot manure by anaerobic digestion
into methane gas, a diluted liquid fertilizer
and a cattle feedstuff called CALFEED. Using
500 tons of manure a day from three large
feedlots nearby, the firm hopes to produce 1.6
million cubic feet of methane/day or 600
million cubic feed/year for use In Chicago,
Illinois. These products will be produced
under the name of Calorific Recovery Anaer-
obic Process, Inc. (Bates-East Central)
4611-B2, Cl, C2, D3, E3, Fl
METHANE GAS MADE FROM
CONFINEMENT UNIT WASTE
J. D. Kendall
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 41, p. 12-13, Oct. 3,
1977.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Slurries, Waste
treatment, Recycling, Southwest U.S.,
Anaerobic digester, Economics, Design, Re-
cycling, Methane.
An experimental methane-gas producing
swine unit using wastes from a confinement
operation has been set up by University of
Missouri researchers J. R. Fischer, N. F.
Meador, D. M. Slevers, C. D. Fulhage and E.
L. lannottl. The objectives of the research
were to (1) design, construct and operate and
anaerobic digester engineered to the size of an
average swine farm In the Midwest and (2)
determine the management and economics of
the system. The components that make up the
confinement swine digester farm are the
swine buildings and related manure handling
systems; the settling basin for concentration
of the manure slurry prior to loading the
digester, and the digester. The digester Itself
Is composed of the gas system, the heating
system and electrical control system. Thee
costs of the digester were about $22 000
excluding the engineering cost for deslcjn
layout. (Bates-East Central)
134
-------
4612-A4, Bl, F2
PART Dl: STATE PROGRAM ELE-
MENTS NECESSARY FOR PARTI-
CITATION IN THE NATIONAL
POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIM-
INATION SYSTEM: CONCEN-
TRATED ANIMAL FEEDING
OPERATIONS
Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Register, V. 41, No. 54 p 11458-
11461, March 18, 1976.
Keywords: Feedlots, Water pollution, Regula-
tion, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System, Environmental Protection Agency.
The proposed EPA regulations for the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System concerning concentrated animal feed-
Ing operations are given along with definitions
of animal feeding operations, concentrated
animal feeding operations, and 'man-made'.
The basic structure of the feedlot program Is
as follows: (A) Feedlots with 1000 or more
animal units - permit required for all feedlots
with discharges of pollutants. (B) Feedlots
with less than 1000 but with 300 or more
animal units - permit required if feedlot: (1)
discharges pollutants through a manmade
conveyance, or (2) discharges pollutants Into
waters passing through or coming Into direct
contact with animal In the confined area.
Feedlots are subject to case-by-case designa-
tion requiring an Individual permit only after
on site Inspection and notice to the owner or
operator. (C) Feedlots with less than 300
animal units - no permit required (unless
case-by-case designation. Case-by-case des-
ignation applies only If feedlot - (1) discharges
pollutants through a manmade conveyance, or
(2) discharges pollutants into waters passing
through or coming into direct contact with
animals in the confined area; and after on site
inspection, written notice Is transmitted to the
owner or operator. A feedlot is not subject to
requirement to obtain permit If discharge
occurs only in the event of a 25 yr, 24 hr storm
event. (Bates-East Central)
4613-B2, E2
AN INJECTOR-TANKER DESIGN
TO APPLY LIQUID MANURE BE-
TWEEN CORN CROP ROWS
Engineering Research Service, Agriculture
Canada, Ottawa, Canada
M. Feldman and G. K. H. Thuns
Paper No. 76-214, Canadian Society of
Agricultural Engineering, 1976 Annual Meet-
Ing, Halifax, Nova Scotia, July 4-8,1976, 14 p.
6 fig., 2 tab., 4 ref.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Land application,
Soil injection, Design, Corn.
A three-row liquid manure injector located on
the frame in front of a 2,000 gallon vacuum
liquid manure tanker was designed and built.
The unit injects the slurry between every
other corn row, so that each row receives
liquid manure on one side only. In this way,
Injection into the tractor and tanker wheel
paths, or travel of wheels In the path of
already injected slurry was avoided. The unit
works satisfactorily in 32- to 36-Inch spaced
corn rows, overcoming most of the disadvan-
tages of other currently available Injectors.
Using an 85-90 hp tractor, the unit can Inject
16-20 tons per acre of liquid manure, suitable
for a field run length of approximately 1/4 ml.
The unit will now be used for regular
operations at the ARI farm to Inject liquid
manure between rows of growing corn. Future
plans are still to Incorporate a new Injector
shank design once this has been completed on
another project. (Feldman-CSAE Member)
4614-B2, E2
A MODMED CENTRIFUGAL
MANURE PUMP FOR HANDLING
SEMI-SOLID CATTLE MANURE
Engineering Research Service, Agriculture
Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
P. A. Phillips
Paper No. 76:212, Canadian Society of
Agricultural Engineering, 1976 Annual Meet-
Ing, Halifax, Nova Scotia, July 4-8, 1976, 6 p.
2 fig.
Keywords: Pumping, Equipment, Liquid
wastes, Cattle manure, Waste storage, Land
spreading.
A centrifugal force liquid manure pump
(Badger 101) was mounted on a three-point
hitch frame for the purpose of pumping
semi-solid beef cattle manure directly from
the flat slab of a manure storage Into a manure
spreader. The pump was found to work
satisfactorily In manure ranging from 12 to 13
percent total solids where loading rates were
about eight times faster than front-end loader.
(Phillips-CSAE Member)
4615-B2, E2
ENGINEERING DESIGN OF LI-
QUID MANURE INJECTORS
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Macdonald Campus of McGIII University, Ste.
Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
S. Negi, E. McKyes, R. Godwin, G. Eades,
and J. R. Ogilvie
Paper No. 76-211, Canadian Society of
Agricultural Engineering, 1976 Annual Meet-
ing, Halifax, Nova Scotia, July 4-8,1976, 17 p.
11 fig., 2 tab., 8 ref.
Keywords: Liquid wastes, Soil Injectors,
Equipment, Design, Model studies, Perfor-
mance.
To improve the performance df liquid waste
slurry subsurface Injectors, a basic analysis Is
considered for the Incorporation of slurry Into
the soil and the draft force requirements of the
injectors. Means of calculation are provided
for the volume of soil which must be disturbed
to provide a stable soil cover for a volume of
injected slurry, and the horizontal and vertical
forces acting upon an Injector shape of varying
geometry in different soil types. An example
injector Is designed for a typical application
and test results from a prototype model
demonstrated. (Negl - McGIII University)
4616-A7, Bl, Cl
EFFECTS OF POULTRY DUST ON
PERFORMANCE OF A THER-
MOSIPHON HEAT RECOVERY
SYSTEM
Gas Dynamics Laboratory, National Research
Council, Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario,
K1A OR6, Canada
B. S. Larkin and J. E. Turnbull
Paper No. 76-209, Canadian Society of
Agricultural Engineering, 1976 Annual Meet-
Ing, Halifax, Nova Scotia, July 4-8,1976, 12 p.
3 fig., 1 ref.
Keywords: Thermoslphon heat recovery sys-
tem, Poultry dust, Air filtration, Equipment,
Performance.
A previous paper reported the suitability of
the thermoslphon-type heat exchanger for
improving the winter heat balance In a caged
layer chicken house. Continuation of the work
with better Instrumentation and different air
filtration demonstrated that surface-loading
washable air filters were more effective and
easier to maintain than the deep-loading type.
A maintenance routine consisting of vacuum-
ing the filter Inlet surface every 2 days, and
washing the heat exchanger and filters every
30 days maintained satisfactory performance.
A design Is proposed to Illustrate how the
thermosiphon heat recovery system could be
built Into a modern commercial-sized caged
chicken house. (Larkin National Research
Council)
4617-B2, B4, Cl, C2, E2, Fl
STUDIES ON A MIXING DISTRI-
BUTION SYSTEM FOR SWINE
MANURE LAGOONS
Animal Waste Management Specialist, En-
gineering Field Services, Alberta Agriculture,
Red Deer, Alberta, Canada
B. S. West
Paper No. 76-205, Canadian Society of
Agricultural Engineering, 1976 Annual Meet-
ing, Halifax, Nova Scotia, July 4-8,1976, 26 p.
4 fig., 3 tab., 4 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Lagoons, Agitation,
Sprinkler Irrigation, Design, Slurries, Physical
properties, Chemical properties, Nutrients,
Equipment, Costs.
Removal of manure from open earthen
lagoons has been a problem on many farms. A
method of agitation using a large Industrial
mixer, mounted on a double trussed gantry
spanning the lagoon was studied as a method
of removing hog waste from a 24.4 m (80') X
30.5 m (100') lagoon. The sprinkler Irrigation
system used In conjunction with the mixer was
also studied in the project. A properly
designed mixer can successfully remove the
liquid and solid manure from an open storage.
This removal system, when combined with
sprinkler irrigation, can provide a highly
mechanical, low labor waste management
system. Operational aspects, flow patterns,
manure nutrient content and soli analysis for
applied nutrients are discussed in the paper.
A cost benefit analysis was calculated for the
system, studied and compared to the more
conventional hog waste systems used in
Alberta. (West - Alberta Agriculture)
4618-A 5, Cl, C2, E2
INFLUENCES OF LAND SPREAD-
ING LIVESTOCK WASTES ON
GROUNDWATER QUALITY
Bio-Resource Engineering Department, Uni-
versity of British Columbia, 2075 Wesbrook
Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
V6T 1W5
L. M. Staley, T. H. Podmore, and B.
Cappelaere
Paper No. 76-204, Canadian Society of
Agricultural Engineering, 1976 Annual Meet-
Ing, Halifax, Nova Scotia, July 4-8,1976, 33 p.
135
-------
13 fig., 9 tab., 3 ref.
Keywords: Groundwater quality, Livestock
wastes, Land spreading, Swine wastes, Dairy
wastes.
Groundwater quality has been monitored over
three winter seasons for two pasture sites In
the Lower Fraser Valley, an undralned upland
glacial outwash material receiving swine
manure and a tile-drained lowland organic soli
receiving dairy manure. Phosphates at both
sites remained very low. The nitrogen load
appeared significant, mostly In the form of
nitrates at the drained site (up to 7.2 ppm),
but in the form of ammonia and organic-N at
the undralned plot (up to 30 ppm total-N),
probably resulting from aerobic and anaerobic
conditions respectively. However, water
quality In wells surrounding the latter site
proved to be high in nitrates (up to 10 ppm)
but low in total-N (under 1 ppm). (Staley «
University of Bntish Columbia)
4619-B3, Dl, E3, Fl
ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF
A POULTRY MANURE DEHY-
DRATING MACHINE
Agricultural Research Engineer, NSAC, Truro
D. A. Browning, J. D. Gunn, and C. G. E.
Downing
Paper No. 76-207, Canadian Society of
Agricultural Engineering, 1976 Annual Meet-
ing, Halifax, Nova Scotia, July 4-8,1976, 18 p.
3 fig., 3 tab.
Keywords: Dehydration, Poultry manure,
Equipment, MAWO Manure Dryer, Fuel
Costs, Economics, Recycling, Soil Amend-
ments.
The evaluation of the MAWO manure dryer
provided a valuable insight into this method of
waste management in Atlantic Canada. An
alternate method of conveying raw product
Into the machine would Increase Its versatility
in handling a wider variety of materials: For
the dehydrating of cage layer poultry manure
with no in-house drying, the machine worked
well. High fuel costs may be the major
drawback to the use of such a system If
environmental aspects are not a primary
consideration. (Brownlng-CSAE Member)
4620-A2, B2, B4, Cl, C2, E2
FEEDLOT RUNOFF CONTROL
SYSTEMS FOR COLD CLIMATES
Agricultural Engineering Department, North
Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
G. L. Pratt, R. W. Schottman, D. A. Swenson,
and M. L. Buchanan
Paper No. 75-203, Canadian Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1975 Annual Meet-
ing, Brandon University, June 22-26, 1975, 25
p. 9 fig., 5 tab., 8 ref.
Keywords: Agricultural runoff, Runoff con-
trol, Irrigation, Design, North Dakota, Physi-
cal properties, Chemical properties, Waste
storage, Cold climates.
A common method of control of runoff from
feedlots Is to intercept the runoff and divert It
to a storage pond. It is held In the pond until
weather conditions are satisfactory for dispos-
al of the water by Irrigation on cropland.
Design requirements for the systems for
intercepting, storinq, and disposing of the
water have been established for regions where
Irrigation equipment can be operated through
most of the year. It Is common In North Dakota
to have the temperature drop below freezing
In November or December and remain below
that level until March. This condition results
in a build-up of snow, Ice, and manure that
remains until the spring thaw. When the thaw
occurs, the snow and Ice generally melt In a
short time. The research reported In this
paper was designed to determine how the
quantity of runoff from the winter accumula-
tion of ice and snow in North Dakota compares
with runoff from the 24-hour storm data now
being used. (Pratt-North Dakota State Univer-
sity)
4621-B2, C2, Dl, D2
A METHOD FOR THE QUANTI-
TATIVE EXTRACTION OF
ADENOSINETTUPHOSPHATE
(ATP) FROM COW SLURRY
Department of Microbiology, The University
of Reading, London Road, Reading, RG1 5AQ,
England
A. H. Varnum and J. M. Grainger
Journal of Applied Bacteriology, V. 36, p.
9-10, 1973. 8 ref.
Keywords: Cattle wastes, Slurries, Extrac-
tion, Adenoslnetrlphosphate, Homogeniza-
tion, Centrlfuglng, Chemical treatment.
In an investigation of the effects of the
application of heavy dressings of cow slurry to
farm land, a suitable procedure for extracting
adenosinetriphosphate from cow slurry was
developed. The main features of the proce-
dure adopted for routine use were homogeni-
zation of slurry suspension In morphollnopro-
pane sulphonic acid-KOH buffer, extraction of
adenosinetriphosphate by dimethylsulphoxlde
at pH 7.6, dilution In morpholinopropane
sulphonic acld-KOH buffer, centrifuglng and
assay of supernatant fluid for adenoslne-trl-
phosphate by a Du Pont 760 Luminescence
Biometer. The method proved satisfactory for
fresh, stored and decomposing cow slurry. It
was also suitable for use with soil. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4622-A11, B2, C3, E2
THE SURVIVAL OF ESCHERI-
CHIA COLI and SALMONELLA
DUBLIN IN SLURRY ON PAS-
TURE AND THE INFECTIVITY OF
S. DUBLIN FOR GRAZING
CALVES
Agricultural Research Council, Institute for
Research on Animal Diseases, Compton, Nr.
Newbury, Berks, England
R. J. Taylor and M. R. Burrows
British Veterinary Journal, V. 127, p. 536-543
1971. 3 tab., 3 ref.
Keywords: Pathogenic bacteria, Cattle
wastes, Slurries, Land disposal, Survival time
Animal health, Palatablllty.
Investigations were performed to obtain
information on the length of time that
Escherlchia coli and Salmonella dublin were
likely to survive on pasture, whether cattle
accept slurry-polluted pasture and to what
extent contaminated pasture is a health
hazard to grazing animals. Under the condi-
tions of the test, Escherichia coli survived 7-8
days. Salmonella dublin survived 18 days on
the lower levels of grass and up to 12 weeks In
the soil. When the grass was cropped,
however, no recoveries were made after 7
days. For 2 days after calves were allowed to
graze a pasture receiving heavy amounts of
slurry, the calves rejected the polluted area.
However, by seven days, the calves had
grazed it well. Calves became Jnfected after
grazing pasture to which 10» Salmonella
dubl/nlml of slurry had been applied on the
previous day. However, no cases occurred
when the contamination rate was reduced to
1o3ml. (Merryman-East Central)
4623-B2, C2, D3, E3
A HOMESITE POWER UNIT:
METHANE GENERATOR
Alternative Energy Systems, 242 Copse Road,
Madison, Connecticut 06443
L. M. Auerbach
A HomeSite Power Unit: Methane Generator,
1973, 50 p. 3 fig., 6 tab., 21 ref.
Keywords: Anaerobic digester, Slurries,
Waste treatment, Organic wastes, Recycling,
Methane, Design, Gas storage.
A homeslte power unit model is presented in
this publication. This home power unit Is a
system that processes human, pet and
livestock manures, other animal products and
vegetable matter into an easy-tc-handle
compost, while also producing a gas useful as
a fuel or heat source. The basic component of
the system is an anaerobic digester which can
be constructed from a tank. Design, construc-
tion, and operational guidelines are given.
(Merryman-East Central)
4624-A8, E2, Fl
EFFECT OF CROP ROTATION,
FARM YARD MANURE AND THE
QUANTITY OF SALINE IRRIGA-
TION WATER ON THE YDZLD OF
WHEAT AND PHYSICO-CHEMI-
CAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL
S.K.N. College of Agriculture, University of
Udaipur, JOBNER-Campus, India
T. C Jain, G. S. Saxena, K. C. Jain, and K. L.
Totawat
Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, V.
10, No. 1, p. 1-9, March, 1976. 9 tab., 7 ref.
Keywords: Wheat yields, Soil properties,
Land application, Farm yard manure, Irriga-
tion, Crop rotation, Salinity, Economics.
A field experiment was conducted to deter-
mine the effects of crop rotations, farm yard
manure applications, and Irrigation levels on
the yield of wheat and on the physico-chemical
soil properties. The experiment period was
1969-70 to 1971-72. Though the irrigation
water had an EC of 4.8 mmhos(cm, no
appreciable accumulations of salts occurred in
0-60 cm depth because the soils were highly
permeable. Leaving the land fallow in kharif
resulted in slight compactness of lower layers
of the soil. When a kharil crop preceded a
wheat crop, bulk density of the soil was
reduced and hydraulic conductivity was
considerably improved. Wheat yield was not
improved by application of excess water (25
percent over field capacity) or by the use of
farm yard manure In place of urea as basal
dose (40 kg N/ha). While crop rotation had no
significant results, it was found that net
returns of the guar-wheat rotation was best
economically in this study area. (Merryman-
East Central)
136
-------
4625-A10, B3, C3, D3
SMALL DUNG BEETLES AS BIO-
LOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS:
LABORATORY STUDIES OF
BEETLE ACTION ON TRICHOS-
TRONGYLTO EGGS IN SHEEP
AND CATTLE FECES
Division of Microbiology and Veterinary
Medicine, University of Wyoming, Laramie,
Wyoming 82070
R. C. Bergstrom, L. R. Makl and B. A.
Werner
Proceedings of the Helmlnthological Society
of Washington, V. 43, No. 2, p. 171-174, 1976.
2 tab., 8 ref.
Keywords: Sheep wastes, Trichostrongylld
eggs, Beetles, Temperature.
A study was conducted to determine whether
or not small beetles such as the Aphod/us spp.
and Canthon practicola might affect trichc-
strongylld egg numbers in feces of sheep and
cattle. In the trials, bovine fecal material was
collected by means of diapers on lambs which
had been orally infected via drench with
third-stage larvae of Trlchostrongylus colubri-
formis. Feces taken from the diapers were
placed in plastic sacks and weighed. Eleven
trials were conducted at laboratory tempera-
tures of ± 20 C. Four beetle species of the
genus Aphod/us and Canthon practicola were
used in trials with mixed species of tricho-
strongylid eggs. For 22-49 hours, the beetles
were allowed to act on the feces and
trichostrongyiid eggs. Ten to 20 beetles were
allowed to feed 1-5 days on 5-100 g of feces
containing 12-3,000 trichostrongyiid eggs per
g. Numbers of trichostrongyiid eggs de-
creased 24-90 percent in cultures with beetles
than in those without beetles within 5 days.
(Rowe-East Central)
4626-AS, C2
A SUMMARY OF THE BIOGEO-
CHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN
COMPOUNDS IN GROUND
WATER
California State University, Chico, California
J. Behnke
Journal of Hydrology, V. 27, No. 1/2, p.
155-167, Oct., 1975. 4 fig., 55 ref.
Keywords: Groundwater pollution, Nitrates,
Nitrogen compounds, Pollutant sources,
Leaching.
This article attempts to briefly summarize the
history of nitrogen compounds in the bloshell
and to relate nitrates to the biogeochemistry
of other nitrogen compounds involved in the
nitrogen cycle. The article summarizes
groundwater nitrate occurrences and provides
the reader with an updated bibliography
concerning such occurrences. Most reported
cases of excessive nitrate build-ups in shallow
groundwaters seem to be related to the
downward leaching of nitrogen by surface
water. Such leaching requires a relatively
open geologic profile between the ground
surface and the water table. Reported sources
for groundwater nitrate contamination in-
clude decaying plant and animal material,
organic sediments, agricultural fertilizers,
domestic sewage, and areas of high density
animal confinement. (Bates-East Central)
4627-A5, Bl, C2, E2
NITRATE POLLUTION OF
GROUNDWATER FROM NITRO-
GEN FERTILIZERS AND ANIMAL
WASTES IN THE PUNJAB, INDIA
Department of Soils, Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana, India
B. Singh and G. S. Sekhon
Agriculture and Environment, V. 3, No. 1, p.
57-67, Dec., 1976. 4 fig., 2 tab., 15 ref.
Keywords: Groundwater pollution, Nitrates,
India, Fertilizers, Animal wastes, Sampling,
Electrical conductivity.
An Investigation was made of the effect of
N-fertlllzation on nitrate concentration in soil
and groundwater under cultivated areas of the
Ludhiana district where N-appllcatlon rates
are the highest In the Punjab (India). Water
samples were collected from 57 wells and
analyzed for nitrates. Nitrate content of well
water near villages was significantly higher
than in the cultivated areas. The major
contributor to high nitrate levels In the
groundwater under villages appeared to be
animal wastes. Although farmyard manure Is
added along with chemical fertilizers in the
cultivated areas, crop plants absorb most of
the applied nutrients from both of these
sources, leaving only a small amount which
can be leached beyond the potential rooting
zone. However, while nitrate content was
markedly higher in groundwater near villages,
the mean electrical conductivity of the ground-
water was only slightly higher than under
cultivation. Both arithmetic and geometric
means Increased slightly In the villages just
after the monsoon season, but no significant
increase was observed In the cultivated areas.
These observations indicated that groundwat-
er in the study area was recharged during the
rainy season and that salts were leached to the
water table. These data Indirectly confirm the
role of animal wastes in increasing the nitrate
concentration of well water near villages. It Is
felt that in cultivated areas, nitrate concentra-
tion of of well water is not now In equilibrium
with present day agriculture. If that is so, a
mean (geometric) nitrate concentration as
high as 35 ppm in groundwater can be
expected in future years. These hypotheses
can only be confirmed by further investiga-
tions. (Rowe-East Central)
4628-A8, B2, Cl, C2, E2
SPREADING SLURRY ON LAND
Department of Agriculture for Northern
Ireland and the Queen's University of Belfast
J. S. V. McAllister
Soil Science, V. 123, No. 5, p. 338-343, 1977. 4
tab., 29 ref.
Keywords: Slurries, Livestock wastes, Land
application, Nutrients, Drainage, Anaerobic
conditions, Nitrogen, Volatile fatty acids,
Phosphorus, Potassium.
Slurry, a mixture of animal feces, urine, and
varying quantities of extraneous water, can be
a valuable source of plant nutrients. However,
if large quantities of such slurry are spread on
limited areas of land, problems may occur. A
buildup of nutrients In the upper layers of the
soil can result In nutrient imbalances or
adverse effects on soil structure and aeration.
Anaerobic soil conditions may occur, resulting
in production of volatile fatty acids by
microblal decomposition. Such volatile fatty
acids can Inhibit plant growth. Because
pollution and adverse growing conditions can
result from Improper slurry applications,
slurry dressings should be applied only when
soil and climatic conditions are suitable.
(Rowe-East Central)
4629-A11, A12, B2, 33, B4, C3, E2
PERSISTENCE OF THREE SAL-
MONELLA SPP. IN BOVINE
FAECES
Bacteriology Division, School of Agriculture,
Aberdeen, Scotland
D. C. Jeffrey
The Veterinary Record, V. 88, p. 329, March
27, 1971. 7 ref.
Keywords: Salmonella spp., Cattle wastes,
Liquid wastes, Solid wastes, Waste storage,
Survival rate, Land application, Manure heap.
An investigation was conducted to determine
the survival time of Salmonella bredenay,
Salmonella l/vlngstone, and Salmonella elms-
butettel in a bovine feces and urine mixture
sprayed onto pastures as slurry, and in bovine
feces and urine mixed with bedding straw.
Slurry from contaminated cattle was collected
beneath slatted floor courts and was kept In
the courts for the five-month summer period
before It was sprayed onto pastures, while the
organic manure was taken from the courts at
the beginning of summer and compounded
into a manure heap In the corner of a grass
field. Eight months later the manure heap was
spread over cereal stubble and plowed Into the
soil. After a period of 220 days, 60 samples of
grass and soil were taken throughout the
fields on which slurry had been spread, along
with 25 samples from within the manure heap.
While all the Salmonella organisms were
isolated from all the Initial slurry samples and
from more than half the organic manure
samples, none of the 3 species in question
were found In any of the samples taken after
periods of 220 or 300 days. (Merryman-East
Central)
4630-A8, B3, C2, E2
EFFECT OF GYPSUM, FARM-
YARD MANURE AND ZINC ON
THE YIELD OF BERSEEM, MCE
AND MAIZE GROWN IN A HIGH-
LY SODIC SOIL
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal 132 001, India
K. S. Dargan, B. L. Gaul, I. P. Abrol, and D.
R. Bhumbla
Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, V. 46,
No. 11, p. 535-541, Nov., 1976. 6 tab., 7 ref.
Keywords: Land application, Sodlc soils,
Gypsum, Farmyard manure, Zinc, Crop
response, Berseem, Rice, Maize, Soil proper-
A study was made of the effect of gypsum and
farmyard manure, applied alone and in
combination, on crop growth In a highly sodic
soil. The effects of zinc application were also
studied. The field trials were conducted at the
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute,
Karnal, India. The trials were started In the
winter of 1970-71 and continued until the
summer of 1973. Treatment applications and
replications are described. The overall conclu-
sion was that the surface 15 cm of ths soil
were improved adequately to obtain good
yields of rice and berseem, but not for maize.
(Merryman-East Central)
137
-------
4631-A11, B2, Cl, C2, E3
LIQUID DIETS CONTAINING
POULTRY WASTES FOR RUMIN-
ANTS
Department of Animal and Poultry Science,
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,
Canada
M. McNIven, J. D. Summers, and S. Leeson
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, V. 56,
No. 2, p. 221-226, June, 1976. 5 tab., 16 ref.
Keywords: Diets, Sheep, Liquid wastes,
Poultry wastes, Refeeding, Performance, Dry
matter, Nitrogen.
Mature sheep were fed a control corn-soybean
meal diet, the same diet mixed with water to
give a dry matterwater content ratio of 1:4, or
a corn-wet, caged layer manure (CLM) diet
containing 80 percent moisture. Digestible dry
matter, nitrogen and energy were highest for
the liquid control diet. The CLM diet gave
results comparable to that of the dry control
diet. Feeding the same diets to growing lamb
confirmed the superiority of the liquid control
diet as compared to the same ration fed In the
dry form. Weight gain and feed:galn ratio
were superior for the CLM diet as compared to
the dry control. (Copyright 1976 - Canadian
Journal of Animal Science)
4632-A6, B2, B4, C2
SIMPLE PHENOLS AND IN-
DOLES IN ANAEROBICALLY
STORED PIGGERY WASTES
Laboratory of Microbiology, Agricultural Uni-
versity, Wagenlngen, The Netherlands
S. F. Spoelstra
Journal of the Science of Food and Agricul-
ture, V. 28, No. 5, p. 415-423, May, 1977. 4
fig., 3 tab., 16 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Waste storage,
Anaerobic conditions, Chemical properties,
Odor, Hydrolysis, Glucuronides, Protein de-
gradation.
Phenol, p-cresol, Indole, skatole, and 4-ethyl-
pherol, which contribute to the bad smell of
piggeries, were found to be constituents of
anaeroblcally stored pig slurry. Indole,
skatole, and p-cresole were also found In
freshly voided feces. The fast Initial Increase
of phenols upon the addition of urine to feces,
the inhibitory effect of glucaro-1, 4-lactone,
and the high B-glucuronidase activity In feces
indicated that the Increased concentrations of
phenols were at least partially due to the
hydrolysis of corresponding urinary glucuron-
ides by feces B-glururonidase. It was felt that
the Initial Increase of p-cresol was largely
explained and that the increase of 4-ethyl-
phenol was completely explained by hydroly-
sis of their urinary glucuronldes. The experi-
ments also indicated that phenols and Indoles
were also derived from protein degradation.
(Merryman-East Central)
4633-B2, B4, C2, Dl, D3, E4
CHANGES IN THE SHORT-
CHAIN CARBOXYLIC ACID CON-
TENT AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN
DEMAND OF STORED PIG
SLURRY
Department of Agricultural and Food Chem-
istry, Queen's University, Newforge Lane,
Belfast BT9 5PX
A. E. J. McGIII and N. Jackson
Journal of the Science of Food and Agri-
culture, V. 28, No. 5, p. 424-430, May, 1977. 4
fig., 3 tab., 9 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Slurries, By-
product recovery, Fungus, Carboxyllc acids,
Substrates, Sample size, Temperature, Waste
storage, Agitation, Filtration.
Because It Is known that the presence of
short-chain carboxyllc acids in substrates
enhances the growth rates of fungus, experi-
ments were performed to determine the
effects of sample size, temperature, and
duration of storage on the concentrations of
short-chain carboxylic acids and the chemical
oxygen demand (COD) of pig slurry. It was
found that the relative proportions of the
short-chain carboxyllc acids remained fairly
constant Irrespective of total concentration.
Samples stored under laboratory conditions
contained higher concentrations of short-chain
carboxyllc acids than any of the other stored
samples, although the Initial concentrations
were of the same order. COD concentrations
followed the same trends as the acid analyses.
Following agitation, COD values of the
samples remained fairly constant with greater
oxygen depletion In the larger sub-samples.
Filtration of slurry sub-sample supernatants
produced marked decreases in COD and acid
content of the filtrate. Oxygen loss and the
production of maximum acid concentrations
increased at higher temperatures. The fungus
L. lacteus won't grow In the absence of
oxygen. Consequently, fairly constant aera-
tion of pig slurry would be required to
maintain its growth on that substrate. The
presence of short-chain carboxyllc acids,
particularly acetic acid, has been shown to
improve the growth rate of the fungus, and
the concentrations of acids found In the slurry
are of sufficient magnitude to be significant.
However, the concentrations of suitable
nitrogenous compounds have been shown to
be the limiting factor for the growth of this
fungus on a pig slurry substrate. (Merryman-
East Central)
4634-C2, D3
ANALYSIS OF THE ROTTING
PROCESS OF SAWDUST BARN-
YARD MANURE
Faculty of Agriculture, Nagoya University,
Nagoya, Japan
M. Suzuki and K. Kumada
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, V. 22, No. 4
p. 361-372, 1976. 7 fig., 6 tab., 10 ref.
Keywords: Barnyard manure, Sawdust, Com-
posting, Rotting, Stratification, Humlficatlon,
pH, Electrical conductivity, Fermentation,
Physical properties, Chemical properties.
The decomposition of sawdust barnyard
manure was investigated In order to evaluate
the rotting process of plant remains with a
high C/N ratio which is highly resistant to
decomposition. Sawdust barnyard manure
was produced at the farm of the Faculty
Agriculture, Nagoya University by spreading
sawdust In a loose-barn type cowshed where
cows were allowed to leave their wastes
freely. The manure was collected after 2
months, when the ratio of sawdust and animal
waste was approximately 1:1. The manure
was placed outdoors In a 1.5 m-high pile and
allowed to ferment for a short period. The pile
was mixed once more and left undisturbed for
one year. The resulting compost had a
stratified vertical profile of 6 layers which
seemed to reflect the varying degrees of
humincation. The layers were described as
follows: (1) The outermost layer was light
brown. (2) Underneath the outermost layer
was a thick, light brown layer containing a
large amount of fungal hyphae, a low moisture
content, and a water-repelling nature, (3)
Under that layer was a thin, dark brown layer
which appeared to be well aerated and moist,
(4) The innermost layer was greenish-brown,
anaerobic, and smelled of ammonia, (5)
Located between layers 1 and 2 near the foot
of the pile was a dark brown layer, (6) Another
layer was found in a hollow on the top.
Samples were taken from each layer and one
of the dark brown layers was fractionated
physically. The following results were ob-
tained: (1) All samples collected from the
compost pile had lower pH and electrical
conductivity (EC) values and C/N ratios than
fresh barnyard manure. (2) The humus
composition of air-dried samples showed
differences with regard to the amount of
extracted humus, percent of extracted humus,
and RF value. (3) Six size fractions were
obtained by physical fractlonatlon of the
dark-colored layer. The finer size fractions
had higher amounts of extracted humus,
humicacid, fulvic acid, and total N. C/N ratio
In finer size fractions was lower. Total
nitrogen content and C/N ratio wera negative-
ly correlated with the amount of extracted
humus. The water-soluble fraction had pro-
perties notably different from the other
fractions. (Merryman-East Central)
4635-A11, C2, D2, D3, E3
BIOCHEMICAL AND NUTRI-
TIONAL STUDIES ON FERMENT-
ED-AMMONIATED ANIMAL
FEED SUPPLEMENTS
J D. Moore
Ph.D. Dissertation, Auburn University, Aug.
25, 1972, 82 p. 2 fig., 16 tab., 122 ref.
Keywords: Refeeding, Feedlot cattle manure,
Fermentation, Ammonlflcatlon, Sheep, Per-
formance, Amlno acids, Organic acids, Ladle
acids, Palatabillty, Toxlclty, Nitrogen reten-
tion rates.
An experiment was conducted to determine
whether the protein value of cattle manure
could be easily and economically Increased by
some biological means. Feedlot cattle manure
was alternately fermented anaeroblcally and
treated with anhydrous ammonia until fer-
mentation ceased. Amlno acid content of the
manure was Increased 11.57 percent and
apparent crude protein equivalent was In-
creased 16.35 to 42.18 percent. Organic acid
composition was changed 4.47 to 25.95
percent. Lactic acid content of the treated
manure was 16.35 gms in every 100 gms of dry
matter. Acceptability of fresh manure fed to
larnbs was not affected by treatments. In a
10-day palatablllty trial, larnbs fed fresh cattle
fesdlot manure mixed with a basal ration
consumed 0.072 kg of feed dry matter par kg
metabolic body size per day. Lambs fed
ferrnented-ammonlated manure mixed In the
same proportions with the basal ration
consumed 0.072 kg In a toxlclty trial, sheep
were given either ammonium acetate, am-
monium lactate, or urea at the nitrogen
equivalent rate of 0.88 gm urea per kg body
weight. Ammonium acetate caused the death
of 2 ewes within 2 hours. Ammonium lactate
caused the death of one ewe between 2 and 3
hours post-dosing. Urea caused the death of
one ewe between 2 and 3 hours post-dosing
and a delayed urea toxlclty reaction and
elevated blood ammonia levels In another
ewe. In a feeding trial, lambs ware glvan
various nitrogenous supplements In a corn
baaed ration. Daily gains for lambs fed
138
-------
Isonltrogenous diets containing cottonseed
meal, ammonium lactate, urea, corn, fresh
manure, fermented-ammonlated corn and
fermented ammonlated manure were 226,
222, 221, 215, 176, and 143 gms, respectively.
During a nitrogen balance trial, lambs were
fed cottonseed meal, fermented-ammonlated
whey, ammonium lactate, fermented-ammon-
lated manure and urea In seml-purlfled,
isonitrogenous, Isocalorlc diets. Nitrogen
retention rates were 0.08, 0.58, 0.47, 0.28,
and 0.07 gms per kg metabolic body size per
day. Blood plasma amlno acid data were
collected on these lambs, but no significant
relationships were obtained. (Merryman-East
Central)
4636-B2, C2, D3
A COMPARISON OF pH-CON-
TROLLED AND DISSOLVED
OXYGEN-CONTROLLED NUTRI-
ENT ADDITION FOR THE MAIN-
TENANCE OF STEADY-STATE IN
A MIXED CONTINUOUS CUL-
TURE
Bacteriology Division, School of Agriculture,
581 King Street, Aberdeen, Scotland
K. Robinson and D. Fenlon
Journal of Applied Bacteriology, V. 42, p.
393-403, 1977. 2 fig., 5 tab., 7 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Biological treat-
ment, Performance, pH, Dissolved oxygen
saturation.
The purpose of this work was to compare the
performance of the mixed microblal flora of 2
laboratory fermenter systems using the super-
natant liquor from an anaerobic lagoon of pig
wastes, and to assess the prospects of main-
taining steady-state cultures where substrate
addition was determined by response of
changes from selected values of pH (7.0) or
dissolved oxygen saturation (70 percent).
Other parameters measured were: Soluble
and suspended solids (DS and SS); total and
soluble chemical oxygen demand (CODiand
COD); suspended solids COD (COD,J; NHJ-N
of the influent and mixed liquor; NO/-N and
NO^'-N of the mixed liquor; influent volume.
Control of pH produced a lower CODp than
with DO control and permitted a greater
volume of substrate to be processed.
COD^jIncreased during stabilization. NH£-N
concentrations were similar for both ferment-
ers but concentrations of oxidized nitrogen
varied. Nltrlficatlon/denltrlflcation sequences
appeared to be initiated by unscheduled
changes in DO concentrations. It was possible
to maintain a steady state with respect to a
controlled parameter and end-product quality
but other parameters varied due to the
non-uniforrnity of biochemical activity by a
mixed culture. (Bates - East Central)
4637-B2, C2, Dl, D2, D3, E4
ALGAL GROWTH IN DILUTED
PIG WASTE
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
E. W. R. Barlow, L. Boersma, H. K. Phlnney,
and J. R. Miner
Agriculture and Environment, V. 2, No. 4, p.
339-355, 1975. 11 fig., 21 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, By-product recov-
ery, Algae, Methane, Energy, Recycling,
Filtration, Centrlfugatlon.
The goal of this study was to develop a
management system to utilize micro-organ-
isms for the conversion of animal waste Into a
high-protein feed. Other considerations were:
the development of a system which does not
require a massive energy Input, utilization of
the methane gas produced as an energy
source for the system, able to be used "on
site", and no release of pollutants Into the
environment. Based on the results of prellr,-
Inary experiments conducted In the K^xjta-
tory, a photo-autograph algae cniorella
vulgarls 211/8K proved to be the most
suitable organism and was used In all further
experiments. Chlorella vulgar/s 211/8K grew
much better In fresh manure suspensions than
in suspensions clarified by filtration through
activated charcoal or by precipitation with
FeCli.High aeration rates and an Incubation
temperature of 37°C favored high ammonia
volatilization (61 percent-54 percent). The
growth rate of the algae was dependent on the
NH-N concentration of the manure (ie. growth
rate decreased at nitrogen concentrations of
less than 250 kg/1). Nitrogen recovered by the
algae ranged from 34.4 percent for 6.7 days
retention time to 17.5 percent for 2.5 days of
retention. The essential amlno acids content
of Chlorella vulgarls 211 /8K compared favor-
ably with milk and soy protein. In preliminary
feeding trials using rats, the algal protein
appeared better than cottonseed as a feed
source. Two different harvesting methods
we e used, centrlfugatlon and flocculatlon
with A12 (SO^.-wlth filtration of flocculant.
The aluminum levels In the alum flocculated
algae were toxic to rats. The stability of the
cultures was considered the most encouraging
aspect of the laboratory studies. The average
production rate at 37°C for a 12 hour
photoperlod with retention time of 3.3 days
was about 22g/m /day. Field experiments will
be initiated as the next step in the develop-
ment of the waste management system.
(Bates-East Central)
4638-B2, E2
EARTHWORM POPULATION OF
A PASTURE SPRAY-IRRIGATED
WITH DAIRY SHED EFFLUENT
Soil Bureau, DSIR, P. B., Lower Hutt, New
Zealand
G. W. Yeates
New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Re-
search, V. 19, No. 3, p. 387-391, 1976. 1 fig., 3
lab., 6 ref.
Keywords: Dairy wastes, Liquid wastes,
Spray Irrigation, Earthworm population.
A study was conducted to estimate the effects
of effluent disposal on earthworm population.
A 3-year spray Irrigation trial was started
where 30,000 1/day of effluent from 300-350
cows was sprayed over a 1.6 ha pasture. Total
earthworm population averaged 10.1 (5.25-
18.10) milllon/ha weighing 2082 (1590-7110)
kg. The annual dry matter production was of
the order of 15,000-20,000 kg/ha. From six
determinations, the mean dry matter content
of bulk earthworm collections was found to be
15 percent, the mean C content was 38.6
percent, and N content was 8.2 percent.
Conclusions drawn from the study were: (1)
Difference In population levels between
effluent disposal and control area was due, In
part, to differing rates of dry matter
production; (2) Maintenance of a relativaly
high soil moisture level In the effluent
disposal area from September to November,
coupled with Increasing soil temperatures,
resulted in a high population in November,
and the relatively moist soil In December to
March, compared with the control area,
reduced relative earthworm mortality; (3)
Sampling indicated that effluent disposal
stimulated the earthworm population, ensur-
ing adequate Incorporation of the applied
organic material Into the soil and maintenance
of a high Infiltration rate. (Rows-East Central)
4639-A11, B3, C2, E3
USING DEHYDRATED POULTRY
WASTE IN POULTRY RATIONS --
A REVIEW
Dairy and Poultry Science Department, Kan-
sas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
66506
F. E. Cunningham
Agriculture and Environment, V. 3, No. 3, p.
69-76, Dec., 1976. 1 tab., 49 ref.
Keywords: Dehydrated poultry wastes, Re-
feeding, Chemical properties, Broilers, Lay-
ers, Performance, Carcass quality.
Factors Involved In using dehydrated poultry
waste as a feed Ingredient In poultry rations
are reviewed. After poultry excreta is pro-
cessed, the product is an entirely new feed
Ingredient. One name for it Is dehydrated
poultry waste (DPW). The composition of
DPW varies. DPW Is a substantial source of
crude protein. It Is also high in ash, calcium,
and phosphorus. However, DPW as a feed for
poultry has a relatively low energy value.
Some studies have Indicated that DPW, when
fed to broilers, resulted In depressed growth
rate and feed efficiency. However, the DPW
had no noticeable effect on broiler carcass
quality. Researchers have concluded that
DPW may be used as nearly 20 percent of a
broiler's feed. Other studies have Indicated
that DPW can be used In layer rations In
amounts up to 15 percent without Important
changes In production, feed efficiency, or egg
size. Further research on the use of DPW is
needed. (Rows-East Central)
4640-A7, All, B2, C3, D3, E3
LEPTOSPIRES IN ANIMAL
WASTE TREATMENT -- ANIMAL
HEALTH PROBLEM?
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and
Public Health, College of Veterinary Medi-
cine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul,
Minnesota.
L. A. Will and S. L. Dlesch
Proceedings of the 76th Annual Meeting,
United States Animal Health Association,
1972, p. 138-149. 4 fig., 4 tab., 8 ref.
Keywords: Animal wastes, Leptosplres, Ani-
mal health, Hamsters, Aerosols, Refeedlng,
Cattle waste, Oxidation ditch slurry.
The objectives of these studies were to
measure and identify the viability and infect-
ivity of L. pomona MLS in aerosols, recycled
feed (RCF), and manure slurry of extended
aeration beef manure treatment In a model
oxidation ditch (M.O.D.). An environmental
control chamber was constructed In order to
monitor the responses of test animals (ham-
sters) exposed to contaminated food, water,
and air. The M.O.D. studies were conducted
at two environmental temperatures: winter -
2*fe and summer - 20 C. Leptospira serotype
pomona MLS was Isolated from the manure
slurry throughout the ditch experiments.
Leptospires were not Isolated from aerosol
samples collected from the control chamber.
The hamsters fed recycled contaminated feed
or exposed to the ambient air of the M.O.D.
failed to show either serological or cultural
evidence of Infection. (Bates - East Central)
139
-------
4641-A11, AU, Bl, C2, E3
RECYCLING AND DEGRADA-
TION OF ANABOLIC AGENTS IN
ANIMAL EXCRETA
Biological Waste Management Laboratory,
Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute,
Agricultural Research Service, United States
Department of Agriculture, Beltsvllle, Mary-
land 20705
C. C. Calvert and L. W. Smith
Environmental Quality and Safety, Supple-
ment Volume V, Anabolic Agents In Animal
Production, FAO/WHO Symposium, Rome,
March, 1975, Georg Thleme Publishers,
Stuttgart, Germany, 1976, p. 203-211. 6 tab.,
46 ref.
Keywords: Refeeding, Livestock wastes, Poul-
try wastes, Fertilizers, Anabolic agents,
Hormones, Estrogens, Androgens, Diethyl-
stilbestrol, Animal health, Public health.
This report deals with the kinds of exogenous
hormones approved for use as anabolic agents
In U.S. livestock and poultry production and
the endogenous hormones excreted by various
species of livestock and poultry. The levels of
residues detected In excreta from both
hormone sources, the degradation of residues
in processed excreta and the effects of these
residues In excreta recycled In feed and
fertilizer on animal health and their occurence
in consumer products are discussed. The
exogenous hormones approved for use as
cattle feed additives are diethylstilbestrol
(DES) and melengesterol acetate (MGA).
There are seven hormones approved for
injection In cattle and one for poultry. They
are: Eatradlol monopalmltate (poultry), DES
(steers and heifers), DES and Testosterone
(steers and heifers), Estradlol benzoate and
Testosterone (heifers), Estradlol benzoate and
Progesterone (steers and lambs), Zeranol
(steers, heifers and lambs). Two endogenous
compounds excreted by animals that are of
concern in recycling excreta In animal feed are
estrogens and androgens. It was found DES
either by injection or feeding would be the
major concern in recycling animal excreta as
feed. However, there is Insufficient data at
present to state that DES is or Is not harmful.
Experiments, so far, have shown no adverse
effects from feeding excreta that could be
attributed to DES or other hormone prepara-
tions Research to date reports no beneficial or
adverse animal responses that can be attri-
buted to endogenous hormones In animal
excreta used In feeds. (Bates-East Central)
4642-A8, All, Bl, C2, C3, E2, E3
INTERRELATIONSHIPS BE-
TWEEN ANIMALS AND ENVIR-
ONMENT IN HIGH-INTENSITY
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
Institute of Animal Production, Federal
Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
P. L. Hays and W. Blanca
Agriculture and Environment, V. 2, p.
311-331, 1975. 2 fig., 71 ref.
Keywords: Confinement pens, Feedlots, Live-
stock wastes, Pollution, Animal health, Meta-
bolic wastes, Land application, Refeeding.
Various ways in which animals and environ-
ment Influence each other under conditions of
high-intensity production are presented. In
high-Intensity production, large amounts of
animal waste products are generated which
pollute the environment and are harmful to
animal health and production. Three cycles
were determined for the animal/environment
relationship. These were: (1) A primary cycle
which covers metabolic waste products,
particularly heat, water vapor, carbon dioxide,
methane, feces, and urine, as well as the
effects of these agents on the animals. These
effects Include: sweating, panting, hyperther-
mla, eye Irritation, and respiratory tract
Irritation. (2) A secondary cycle comprised of
those metabolic waste products which have
been broken down and transformed from feces
and urine, such as hydrogen sulflde and
ammonia. These gases may cause Inflamma-
tions of mucous membrances, pulmonary
oedema, dyspnea, gastrointestinal distur-
bances, hemorrhages and eventually depres-
sion of growth rate and milk yield. (3) A third
cycle which covers the agents that have been
eliminated from the Indoor environment to the
outdoor environment. These Include chemi-
cals from liquid manure and pathogenic
micro-organisms. These agents enter the
groundwater, the soli, and the plants. They
may return to the animals with the feed and
drinking water with toxic effects. A reduction
of such adverse effects of animal wastes
products may be attempted by the following
means: (1) by keeping an optimal balance
between livestock and crop management, (2)
by choosing optimal sizes of animal produc-
tion units in relation to their mutual distances,
and (3) by refeedlng suitably treated manure
to animals. (Merryman-East Central)
4643-A11, S3, C3, D3, E3
ENSILED POULTRY LITTER RE-
DUCES CATTLE FEED COSTS
Anonymous
Poultry Digest, V. 36, No. 429, p. 538, Nov.,
1977.
Keywords: Poultry litter, Ensiling, Refeeding,
Cattle, Palatablllty, Pathogenic bacteria.
Research done at damson University showed
that ensiled poultry litter can be fed to cattle.
Using mini silos, appropriate moisture levels
(35 to 40 percent) and length of time required
to ensile poultry litter (6 wMkt) were
determined. Ensiled poultry litter was fed to
dairy heifers, beef steers and mature beef
cows. In all cases, feeding ensiled litter
resulted In a reduction In feed costs. The most
profitable use of litter is in wintering feed for
mature brood cows. Up to 87 percent more
litter may be In the diets of these cows.
Ensiling litter helps to render the litter more
palatable for cattle and destroys potential
disease-causing organisms. (Bates-East
Central)
4644-B2, B3, Dl, E2
PONDER THIS SWITCH-BACK,
FIELD SINK SYSTEM
Anonymous
Dairy, V. 34, No. 1, p. 20-21, Nov., 1977.1 fig.
Keywords: Dairy wastes, Runoff, Switch-back
waterway, Field sink, Settling, Drying, Land
spreading.
A dairy waste system was Installed on the
farm of dairyman John Ronhovde, Lincoln,
Nebraska. It featured a switch-back waterway
built in conjunction with a holding pond below
the jjaved lot to handle runoff. The switch-
back system, a winding waterway 650 feet
long with a flat grade and a bottom width of 15
feet, had a terrace covered with grass to
provide enough ground surface area so that
runoff was slowed and a lot of it absorbed by
the soil before It reached the end of the
waterway. The system also featured a "field
sink" to hold excess runoff. Debris traps
made of hall screen located In the switch-back
Inlet collected the solids carried In liquid
runoff from the concrete lot. After the solid
wastes settle and dry, the solids are scooped
from the 130-foot by 20-foot rectangular
debris basin, loaded Into a conventional
manure spreader and later are spread on
cropland. The 800 gallons of dally waste water
collected from the milking parlor flows into
the 120-day holding pond. Depending upon
the topography of their farms, Ronhovde feels
the system may prove feasible for other
dairymen. (Rowe-East Central)
4645-A3, A4, A12
WATER POLLUTION FROM NON-
POINT SOURCES
Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City,
Missouri 64110
A. D. McElroy, S. Y. Chlu, J. S. Nebgen, A.
Aletl and A. E. Vandegrlft
Water Research, V. 9, No. 7, p. 675-681, July,
1975. 3 tab., 18 ref.
Keywords: Water pollution, Nonpolnt
sources, Public health, Agriculture, Silvicul-
ture, Runoff, Mining, Construction, Return
flow, Erosion, Sediment, Acid mine drainage,
Salinity, Heavy metals, Nutrients, Pesticides,
Thermal discharges, Radioactivity, Mlcroblal
pollution.
The aim of this study was to assess the nature
and extent of non-point source pollution In the
United States from 4 major Industrial activi-
ties: agriculture, silviculture, mining and
construction. In agriculture, the major pollu-
tants are sediment, nutrients, pesticides,
organic wastes and mlcroblal pollution.
Pollutants from sllvlcultural operations in-
clude sediment, nutrients, pesticides and
thermal discharges. Erosion sediment, acid
mine drainage, salinity and heavy metals are
major pollutants from mining. Sediment Is the
primary pollutant from the construction
industry. (Bates-East Central)
4646-A11, B2, B5, E2
A FURTHER ASSESSMENT OF
THE POTENTIAL HAZARD FOR
CALVES ALLOWED TO GRAZE
PASTURE CONTAMINATED
WITH SALMONELLA DUBLIN IN
SLURRY
A. R. C. Institute for Research on Animal
Diseases, Comptoff Newbury, Berks., Eng-
land
R. J. Taylor
British Veterinary Journal, V. 129, p. 354-359,
1973. 2 tab., 3 ref.
Keywords: Slurries, Land application, Sal-
monella dublln, Grazing, Animal health,
Calves.
Experimental conditions, were produced to
simulate modern farming practices and to
Indicate the severity of the risk to which
grazing calves are exposed. The Infectlvity for
calves of pasture contaminated with Salmon-
ella dublln in slurry was studied. The pasture
was about 0.3 ha (0.8 acres) of mature
pasture. Four out of six calves In each of two
experiments became Infected when slurry
contained 10* S. dublln per ml but none
became Infected when allowed to graze
pasture which had been contaminated with
140
-------
10»S. dublln per ml. Under tne conditions of
the experiment, It we* concluded that the risk
to the health of grazing calve* WM not great
(Rowe-East Central)
4647-B2, D3, E3
GROWTH OF ALGAE ON PIG
MANURE
Department of Microbiology, University Col-
lege, Galway, Ireland
M. Wilson and J. A. Houghton
Irish Journal of Agricultural Research, V. 13,
p. 49-60, 1974. 1 fig., 8 tab., 7 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Lagoons, Algae,
Waste disposal, Waste digestion, By-product
recovery, Ireland.
The growth of algae on pig manure and the
decomposition of the waste was studied.
Investigated was the algal flora of two pig
waste lagoons. Results of the algal screening
program Indicated that of the 21 species
studied, only 4 species isolated from the
lagoon samples would grow on 15 and 20
percent pig manure and no algae could
tolerate a 25 percent concentration of manure.
The permanganate value (PV) of the manure
was measured before and after the growth of
the algae. Good algal growth and a mean
detention time of only 1.58 days was achieved
by a light Intensity of 16,150 Ix. The decrease
In light Intensity produced by Increasing
depth led to a decrease In algal growth. With
Increasing temperature, the growth rate and
PV reduction Increased. In samples Inoculated
with C. pyrenoldosa the reduction of PV was
considerably greater than In algae-free cul-
tures. This shows the value of an algal / bacter-
ial system as a means of waste digestion.
(Rowe-East Central)
4648-B5, C2, Dl, D3
THE AGRONOMIC ROLE OF
INTRODUCED DUNG BEETLES
IN GRAZING SYSTEMS
Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra,
A.C.T., Australia
G. T. McKlnney and F. H. W. Morley
Journal of Applied Ecology, V. 12, No. 3, p.
831-837, 1975. 2 fig., 19 ref.
Keywords: Pastures, Manure deposits, Rain-
fall, Temperature, Manure burial, Crop
response, Nitrogen, Dung beetles, Grazing.
The effect of dung deposition on heavily
stocked pastures where fecal deposition was a
problem was studied. The amount of dung
deposited depends on the number of animals,
and the amount and digestibility of the food
they eat, which depends on rainfall and
temperature. The rejection of herbage by
grazing animals seems unlikely to Influence
animal production to any significant extent.
The burial of dung may reduce losses of N
from feces and permit the use of this N by
plants for a year or two. The area affected Is
.unlikely to exceed 15 percent of the total. On
pastures to which N Is regularly applied, the
amount by which production Is Increased over
that of adjacent areas Is likely to be slight. For
pastures based on legumes the Increase may
be about 15-20 percent, but the value may be
partly offset by a reduction of the legume
content of the pasture. The probable gain
(8-15 percent of the area x 15-20 percent extra
growth) may be only 1-3 percent of extra
production. The benefits of Introducing dung
beetles to Improve the N status of pasture
seems doubtful, since It will most likely occur
In spring when the slowly available N Is being
mineralized. (Rowe-East Central)
4649-B3, B4, C2, C3, Dl, D3, E3
CONSERVATION OF CATTLE
MANURE IN PITS
Agricultural Research Corporation, Wad
Medanl
M. M. Musa and H. Fawzl
Sudan Agricultural Journal, V. 7, p. 27-34,
1972. 6 tab., 9 ref.
Keywords: Cattle wastes, Pit storage, Chemi-
cal properties, Nitrogen, Fertilizers.
A study was undertaken at Nlsheshlba
Livestock Improvement Centre In order to
evaluate cattle manure stored In pits, using
the chemical composition of the manure, Its
microbiological activity, and pot and field
tests as criteria for Its nitrogen supplying
ability. The study resulted In the following
conclusions: (1) The manure was Initially low
In nitrogen due to the absence of an absorbent
straw material and the high temperature. This
resulted In large losses of ammonia before
filling the pits. (2) Shallow pits dried more
than deeper ones. (3) An appreciable propor-
tion of the soluble nitrogen fraction was
Initially in the form of ammonia and this
tended to accumulate to higher values In
deeper pits. (4) There was nitrate buildup
after 4 months of storage, especially in some
shallow pits. (5) More nitrogen uptake from
manure-treated pots was found in the 2 pot
experiments than the control soli. However,
the fresh manure was slightly superior after
one month but much less so after four months
of storage. (6) Under field conditions, the
stored product in deep pits was nearly equal to
fresh dung In manurlal value. (!) The meso-
phillc aerobic mlcrobial population decreased
with storage time. The carbon dioxide
evolution from stored manures Indicated that
it could serve as a suitable parameter for their
maturity if dried overnight prior to incubation.
(8) The method presented seems to conserve
the nitrogen of the manure in a form suitable
for plant utilization. Also, sanitation hazards
are greatly reduced. (Merryman East
Central)
4650-A8, B2, B3, B5, C2, E2
ANIMAL MANURES IN GRASS
PRODUCTION
Plant Nutrition/Chemistry Department,
Johnstown Castle Research Centre, Wexford,
Ireland
H. Tunney
Seminar for Agricultural Advisors, Spring,
1975, 8 p 2 fig., 7 tab.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Poultry wastes,
Cattle wastes, Slurries, Land application, Soli
tests, Chemical analysis, Nutrients, Potas-
sium, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Application
rates.
While animal manures are a valuable source
of plant nutrients for grassland, certain
precautions must be taken. The soil should be
analyzed occasionally to avoid excess or
deficiency of nutrients on the land receiving
the manures. Manures should be spread as
evenly as possible and slurries should be
agitated before spreading. When possible,
cattle manures should be recycled to land
conserved for hay or silage. Cattle slurry Is not
well suited for pasture application because It
Is too high In potassium (or low In phosphorus)
and, In addition, may reduce the palatablllty
of the grass. Application of 1000 gals/acre
supplemented with 1 bag of 8 percent P will
supply enough Pand K for one year's grazing.
Cattle slurry should be applied at least 4-5
weeks before grazing to reduce Its effect on
palatablllty and risk of spreading disease. Pig
slurry Is a balanced source of P and K for
pasture. Pig slurry at 1500 gals/acre or
poultry slurry at 700 gals/acre will supply
adequate phosphorus and potassium for one1
year's grazing and enough nitrogen for one
grazing. (Merryman-East Central)
4651-A11, B2, B4, B5, C2, E2, Fl
FERTILISER VALUE OF ANIMAL
MANURES
The Agricultural Institute, Johnstown Castle
Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland
H. Tunney
Utilization of Manures by Land Spreading,
E.E.C. sponsored seminar, Modena, Italy,
Sept., 1976, p. 7-19. 4 fig., 4 tab., 9 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Cattle wastes,
Waste storage, Land application, Slurries,
Grassland, Silage, Animal health, Nutrients,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Ireland,
Economics.
In Ireland, there are 3 main types of manure
storage: (1) Farmyard manure - where straw Is
used as bedding material, (2) Dungstead
manure - where the manure without bedding
is scraped into a compound about 1.5m deep,
liquids are allowed to drain off and drying
takes place during the summer. This manure
is usually spread on grassland In the autumn.
The liquid from this type of storage is usually
Irrigated by a small electrically operated
pump, (3) Slurry - consists of feces and urine
mixed with variable quantities of rain and
wash water. Most pig manure and a small but
increasing proportion of cattle manure is
stored and spread as slurry. For maximum
benefit from pig slurry nutrients, the slurry
should be applied at rates to supply adequate
phosphorus and nitrogen and supplemented
with potassium fertilizer. Cattle slurry should
be applied at rates to supply adequate
potassium and should be supplemented with
phosphorus and nitrogen. Under Irish condi-
tions, It is recommended that cattle slurry be
applied to land conserved for silage or hay.
Cattle slurry Is not suitable for grazing land
because it has too much potassium. A
dressing as low as 10ms/ha would mean
excess potassium was being used. Also, there
may be risk to animal health where slurry is
applied for grazing. Pig slurry, however, is
particularly well suited for pasture. 17m*/ha
of good pig slurry will supply the annual
phosphorus and potassium requirements. Pig
slurry is also ideal for hay and silage land. The
slurry should be applied to grassland that has
been closely grazed or cut. Applying slurry to
long grass Increases the risk of contamination
and can reduce yield. Slurry for silage should
be applied 7-8 weeks before cutting. In
Ireland, the most suitable time for application
is April for first cut silage and In June for a
second cut. Because the cost of storing and
spreading manure is considerable, maximiz-
ing the fertilizer value of the manure will help
recover part of the cost. (Merryman-East
Central)
141
-------
4652-A8, E2
SUCCESSIONS OF MICRO-
ORGANISMS AND INVERTE-
BRATA AND THEIR CONNEC-
TIONS WITH BIOCHEMICAL
PROCESSES DURING DECOM-
POSITION OF MANURE IN SOIL
Kasaner Instltut fur Blologle der Akademle
der Wissenschaften der UdSSR und Kasaner
Universltat
M. M. Alejnlkova, T. I. Artem'jeva, T. M.
Borlsovic, F. G. Gatilova, S. M. Samosova, N.
M. Utroblna, and L I. Sltova
Pedoblologla, V. 15, No. 2, p. 81-97, 1975.
Keywords: Land application, Manure, De-
composition, Soil microbiology, Decomposi-
tion, Soil microbiology, Decomposition,
Naphthalene.
Decomposition experiments with manure In a
cultivated meadow-chernozem were made In
1967. Eighty capron-mesh-bags with (300 g)
manure were burled 10 cm deep In the soil; 40
bags with manure only, 40 bags with manure
mixed with naphthalene (300:9). Naphthalene
reduced the populations of mlcroarthropods
and changed the mlcroflora qualitatively.
Significant retardation of rotting processes,
caused by naphthalene showed the Import-
ance of soil Invertebrates in the breakdown of
organic substances In the soil. Some rottlng-
phases of manure were characterized by
occurrence and activity of distinct and
Interrelated populations of microorganisms
and soil Invertebrates. The succession of soil
invertebrate communities during rotting pro-
cesses was demonstrated by the changing
dominance of Collembola, Orlbatel and
Pyemotldae. (Alejnlkova-Kasaner Instltut fur
Blologle) (Article In German)
4653-A8
AN EXPERIMENT ON DUNG RE-
MOVAL BY APHODIUS LARVAE
(SCARABAELDAE) AND EARTH-
WORMS
Institute of General Zoology, University of
Copenhagen, Denmark
P. Holler
Olkos, V. 28, No. 1, p. 130-136, 1977.1 fig., 4
tab., 21 ref.
Keywords: Aphodlus larvae, Earthworms,
Dung removal, Organic matter.
Cattle dung pats from the field, Initially
without Aphodlus larvae, were transferred to
tubs with clean sand or garden soil. The
experiment Included four treatments: (1) pats
on sand (controls); (2) pats on sand, 95 A.
ruflpes L. larvae added per pat; (3) pats on
soil, 35-40 earthworms (mostly Lumbrlcus
terrestrls L.) added per pat; (4) pats on soil, 85
Aphodlus larvae and 35-40 worms added per
pat. The open tubs were placed outdoors for
six weeks. The controls lost about 16 percent
of their organic matter (averaged over the
duration of the experiment). In treatment (2)
loss of organic matter attributable to larvae
was 0.62 g per larvae, I.e. 6-7 times the larval
assimilation. Burial of organic matter contri-
buted about 40 percent of this loss. In
treatment (3) 0.75 g organic matter per g
earthworm were lost through earthworm
activity, under certain assumptions. The
decrease in organic matter of pats subjected to
treatment (4) indicated a simple additive
effect of larvae and earthworms, without
Interactions. (Copyright 1977-Oikos)
4654-B2, C2, D3, E2, E3
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF
AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aber-
deen, Scotland AB2 9SB
P. N. Hobson
Rowett Research Institute Reprint No. 916,
1976, p. 109-122. 2 tab., 15 ref.
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Swine
wastes, Cattle wastes, Poultry wastes, Biolo-
gical treatment, Slurries, Waste storage, Land
disposal, Energy, Recycling.
This review describes work on "mechanical"
anaerobic treatment being carried out at
Rowett Research Institute In collaboration
with the North of Scotland College of
Agriculture. The first experiments were done
In 15-litre stirred digesters heated to 35°C.
Because use of whole pig slurries precluded
mechanical loading, the digesters were hand-
loaded once a day while anaerobic conditions
were maintained. These small digesters were
run In steady states over some years and
showed that a significant reduction In pollu-
tants and potential pollutants In the waste
could be obtained and the digesters could be
run at a lower detention time than domestic
digesters, although some fall-off In per-
formance was apparent at a 14-day detention
time. When the experiments were continued
with a 100-litre digester which could be
mechanically loaded at 5 minute Intervals, the
reduction In pollution was better than with the
small digesters and the detention time could
be decreased to 10, or even 7 days without
significantly affecting performance. Recently,
pilot-plant (150-litre) Investigation of cattle
and poultry digestion was started. A new type
of pump on the digesters enabled wastes of
higher solids content to be handled. Digest-
ions of poultry and cattle wastes were started
from an inoculum of digesting pig waste. So
far, operation of the digesters at only a few
detention times and solids concentrations
have been tested, but It seems as If the
optimum detention times for these wastes will
be longer than that for the piggery waste.
Anaerobic digestion, like any other treatment
system, Is not suggested as the answer to
every farm waste disposal problem. However,
It would seem that anaerobic digestion can
appreciably reduce the polluting power of
such wastes and so make them more
acceptable for storage, la'nd dumping, or
spreading as fertilizer. Also, even If a digester
produces no more than enough gas for Its own
heating, the energy costs of pollution control
are comparable with those of any other
system. (Merryman-East Central)
4655-B2, Cl, C2, D3, E3
NOTES ON ANAEROBIC DIGES-
TION AND ANAEROBIC DIGEST-
ERS BASED ON EXPERIMENTAL
PLANT IN ABERDEEN
Microbiology Department, Rowett Research
Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, Scotland
P. N. Hobson, R. Summers, S. Bousfleld, P. J.
Mills, D. Clouston, and I. Auld
Notes on Anaerobic Digestion and Anaerobic
Digesters Based on Experimental Plant In
Aberdeen, July, 1977, 39 p. 7 tab.
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Design,
Swine wastes, Cattle wastes, Poultry wastes,
Mixing, Temperature, Fermentation, Slur-
ries, Detention times, Gas production,
Methane, Carbon dioxide, Fuels, Recycling,
Fertilizers, Sludge.
These notes provide background for deelgnlng
and running anaerobic digesters and the
results to be expected from the digestion of
wastes. While comments and results are
universally applicable, a digester system must
be designed for the site. Farm conditions must
be considered not only In calculating plant size
and results of digestion of the particular waste
but also In the practical details of construc-
tion. Also, such factors as climate and labor
availability muat be considered. Results
quoted In these notes are based on the
oepratlon of 3 pilot-plant digesters of about
150 liters capacity and 2 small farm scale
digesters of about 13,000 liters capacity.
Information Is given concerning: (1) digester
design, (2) starting up digesters, (3) running
digesters, and (4) the results of anaerobic
digestion. Such factors as detention times,
reduction of pollution and gas production are
discussed In terms of piggery wastes, cattle
wastes and poultry wastes. Appendices
consider: (1) some notes on mixing, (2)
temperature of digestion, (3) sizes of digest-
ers, and (4) a comparison of digestion and
aeration treatment of the same waste.
(Merryman-East Central)
4656-B2, B3, B4, Cl, C2, D3, El
THREE-STEP TREATMENT FOR
PIGGERY WASTES
Laboratory of General and Industrial Micro-
biology, The University of Gent, 9000 Gent,
Belgium
H. Vanstaen, J. P. Voets, and W. Verstraete
Water Research, V. 10, No. 10, p. 927-928,
1976. 1 fig., 2 tab., 5 ref.
Keywords: Swine wastes, Aerobic treatment,
Anaerobic treatment, Effluent quality, Bio-
chemical oxygen demand, Nitrification, Acti-
vated sludge, Physical properties, Chemical
properties.
This paper reports the results of a pilot study
In which an alternative three-step method for
the treatment of piggery wastes was Investi-
gated. In this three-step treatment, the first
aerobic treatment transforms the soluble BOD
to mlcrobial blomass and causes partial
nitrification. The second step acts as a septic
tank. A large amount of the blomass Is
retained and considerable amounts of oxidized
nitrogenous compounds are removed. The
third tank provides conventional activated
sludge treatment. During the experiments the
manure from a sow house, In which the
manure was diluted because of an unlimited
drinking water supply, and a fattening pig
house, In which the drinking water supply was
limited for a few hours a day, was used. Two
experiments were conducted, one using the
diluted wastewater and the other using the
more concentration wastewater. In the first
experiment using the diluted wastewater,
about 70 percent of the treated volume of
wastewater could be discarded as effluent
while 30 percent had to be stored as surplus
sludge. In the second experiment, the total
amount of surplus sludge to be stored
amounted to 50 percent of the Initial volume.
In both experiments, the effluents were of
acceptable BOD, appearance and odor. The
content of non-degradable organic matter, N
and P made them unacceptable for discharge
Into ollgotrophic waters, although the liquid
effluent could be discharged Into a farm
holding pond. (Bates-East Central)
4657-A11, B2, C3, E2
THE SURVIVAL OF SALMON-
ELLA DUBLIN IN CATTLE
SLURRY
142
-------
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food,
Veterinary Investigation Centre, Whltley
Road, Longbenton, Newcastle upon Tyne
England NE12 9SE
C. R. Flndlay
Veterinary Record, V. 89, p. 224-225, Aug 21
1971. 3 ret.
Keywords: Slurries, Dairy cattle, Bacteria,
Salmonella Dublin, Land spreading, Disease.
The Interim findings on the survival ol
Salmonella dublln In cattle slurry are reported
by C. R. Flndlay, Ministry of Agriculture,
Fisheries and Food. In this experiment, the
slurry was collected from a 150-cow dairy herd
housed In cubicles and It contained dairy
washings and yard washings; It was collected
in mid-October when the cows were mostly at
grass and could be termed "summer" slurry.
The dry-matter content was 8.7 percent and
the pH was 7.25. Three tanks, each containing
9 gal Ions of slurry, were seeded with asmooth
culture of S. dublln so that the final
concentrations was 10 x 10 organlsms/c.c.
One tank was left covered (Bin 2), the second
was left open (Bin 3), and the third was spread
on a 9 sq. yd. plot. S. dublln was recovered
regularly from both tanks for 5 mos. after
Inoculation. Every week 2 swabs from each
bin were placed In liquid medium - one In
selenlte F broth (Sel F), the other In brilliant
green broth (BGB). After Incubation at 37°C
for 24 hr., each broth was subcultured onto
desoxycholate citrate agar (DCA). Out of a
possible 25 recoveries, the results were as
follows: Bin 2- Sel F/DCA - 8, BGB/DCA -
23, Bin 3 - Sel F/DCA - 3, BGB/DCA - 24.
Grass from the plots was cultured in
BGB/DCA and no organisms were found 2
weeks after spreading. Guinea-pigs fed on the
grass seven weeks after spreading did not
become Infected. However, the organism was
isolated from soil cores 5 months after
spreading and It was still felt that the
persistence of S. dublln In slurry and In the
soil in which slurry had been placed might
prove to be a disease risk to animals grazing
the pasture. (Bates - East Central)
4658-B2, C2, D3, E3
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF ANAE-
ROBIC DIGESTION
Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, Scot-
land
R. Summers and S. Bousfleld
Rowett Research Institute Reprint No. 876, 4
p. 1 fig., 2 tab., 18 ref.
Keywords: Farm wastes, Domestic wastes,
Factory wastes, Anaerobic digesters, Gases,
Recycling, England, Fertilizers.
Practical applications of the anaerobic di-
gestion of various forms of waste are
discussed with special emphasis on farm
wastes. First consideration was given to the
treatment of domestic wastes In anaerobic
digestion plants at sewage works. The London
Sewage System anaeroblcally digests about
650 tons of sewage sludge per day from a
population of some seven and a half million
people, and produces an average of nine
million cubic feet of gas dally. Some of this
gas Is compressed and sold and the rest Is
used to run dual-fuel engines or gas turbines
which provide 80-90 percent of the power
needed to run the sewage works. In contrast to
domestic wastes, which are relatively similar,
factory wastes differ widely, depending on the
processes which have been carried out. Some
wastes are unsuitable for anaerobic digestion
because they contain substances Inhibitory to
bacterial activity. Factory wastes that are
readily digestible Include slaughterhouse,
fruit and vegetable, alcohol fermentation, and
pulp and paper wastes. Because of their
strength, however, such wastes often have to
be pretreated on-slte before discharge. The
amount of animal wastes produced by farm
animals Is greater per capita than from
humans. Anaerobic digesters for farm wastes
can be divided Into 2 types. First, there Is the
small, warm-climate plant treating the wastes
from juat a few animals - the Gober gas unit.
Second, there are larger, heated digesters of
temperate climates digesting the waste from
several hundred or more animals. The smaller
digesters use no mechanization or additional
heating and are very Inefficient. The larger
digesters must be automated and heated to
work efficiently. Animal wastes are produced
within small areas, are amenable to di-
gestion, and the gas production per unit
volume Is high. Many uses can be found for
surplus gas on-slte, the pollutlonal power of
the waste Is considerably reduced and, In
many cases, the digested sludge could be
used as a fertilizer. (Merryman-East Central)
4659-A4, A6, B2, Cl, C2, C3, D3,
E2
AEROBIC TREATMENT IN RELA-
TION TO LAND APPLICATION OF
SLURRY
The West of Scotland Agricultural College,
Auchlncrulve, Ayr, Scotland
S. Baines
Utilization of Manure by Land Spreading.
Commission of the European Communities,
EUR 5672e, 1977, p. 413-432. 5 fig., 3 tab., 11
ref.
Keywords: Aerobic treatment, Design, Odor,
Water pollution, Blodegradatlon, Sludge resi-
dence time, Dissolved oxygen concentration,
Temperature, Pathogenic bacteria.
Data from laboratory experiments at The
West of Scotland Agricultural College provide
useful criteria for the design and operation of
aerobic treatment plants to be used In systems
where air and water pollution present pro-
blems. In the presence of an adequate supply
of dissolved oxygen, a mixed population of
microorganisms will become established and
convert the chemical components of slurry
from one form into another, and Into microbial
cells. Ultimately, aerobic metabolism will
result In the production of carbon dioxide,
water, inorganic salts, heat energy, and
microbial cells. The variety and activity of
microorganisms that become established and
hence, the degree of blodegradatlon, depends
on a variety of physical and chemical
parameters Including mean residence time of
microorganisms or sludge residence time
(SRT), dissolved oxygen concentration, and
temperature. These factors are also Important
in the capital and operating costs of treatment
systems. Because variation In operational
parameters will affect the end products, the
process can be manipulated to meet one or
more of the desired objectives of treatment.
Primary solids/liquid separation by physical
and mechanical techniques must also be
considered in conjunction with biological
treatment to gain an appreciation of the
economic and handling aspects. (Merryman-
East Central)
4660-A8, B3, C2, E2
SUPPRESSION OF SUPERPHOS-
PHATE-PHOSPHORUS FIXA-
TION BY FARMYARD MANURE:
I. HIGH PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE
FROM SUPERPHOSPHATE
Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology,
Lyallpur, Pakistan
M. Sharif, F. M. Chaudhry and A. Latlf
Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, V. 20, No. 4,
p. 387-393, Dec., 1974. 3 tab., 19 ref.
Keywords: Land application, Fertilizers,
Farmyard manure, Superphosphate-phos-
phorus, Crop response, Maize, Cotton,
Wheat, Pakistan.
A pot experiment was performed to study the
effect of premlxlng at various ratios of 32P
labelled SUP (Superphosphate) and FYM
(farmyard manure) on the uptake of fertilizer
phosphorus by maize plants. The results were
tested In fields of cotton and wheat. These
experiments were performed on alkaline
calcareous soils. The studies Indicated that
premlxlng SUP with FYM appreciably In-
creased availability of fertilizer-phosphorus to
plants from alkaline calcareous soils of
Pakistan. Premlxlng Increased the availability
of SUP-P (superphosphate-phosphorus) much
more from lower doses of SUP than from
higher doses. Premlxlng also increased the
availability of SUP-P to plants at their later
stages of growth rather than at their earlier
stages. Since plants suffer from phosphorus
deficiency mainly during the later stages of
growth, the mixing technique would be highly
useful In phosphorus nutrition of plants.
(Merryman-East Central)
4661-A8, Bl, E3
DEVELOPMENT OF A SYN-
THETIC COMPOST FOR MUSH-
ROOM GROWING BASED ON
WHEAT STRAW AND CHICKEN
MANURE
Mushroom Experimental Station, Horst (L),
the Netherlands
J.P.G. Gerrlts
Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science,
V. 22, No. 3, p. 175-194, 1974. 7 fig., 12 tab.,
27 ref.
Keywords: Composting, Poultry manure,
Straw, Gypsum, Chopping, Nitrogen, Mush-
Thls paper explains how a high-yielding
synthetic compost can be prepared primarily
from straw and chicken manure. Most experi-
ments were carried out with various amounts
of chicken manure and urea. Some attention
was paid to time of supplementation, water-
Ing, Inoculation with dried bacteria, and
nitrogen sources (le. calcium ammonium
nitrate and calcium cyanamlde). Addition of
town waste compost and spent mushroom
compost and the effect of chopping the straw
before composting starts were also studied. A
practical formula for the preparation of
synthetic compost is presented, and some of
the Important factors In composting are
elucidated. The formula Is as follows: 1000 kg
of chopped wheat straw Is watered with 4000
liters of water. The straw Is then mixed with
1000 kg of chicken manure and the material Is
turned according to theschemeO, 4, 7, 11, 12.
For every kg of gypsum are added and on day
12, the compost Is ready and can be filled.
This mixture produces 3300 kg of compost. At
filling, this compost has a C/N ratio of 18, a
nitrogen content of 2.0 percent and an
ammonia content of 0.4 percent, and a pH of
8.6. If less chicken manure Is used, It Is
possible to apply nitrogen as urea or
ammonium nitrate, urine, or vlnasse, but If
143
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the amount of chicken manure becomes too
small, yield Is negatively affected. The
watering procedure Is not very Important so
long as the moisture content Is fairly constant
during composting; however, moisture con-
tent at filling and spawning will determine the
yield. Use of spent mushroom compost Is not
recommended because this decreases yield.
No positive effect of adding dried bacteria,
which should stimulate heating, could be
established. (Bates-East Central)
4662-A1, A4, Bl, C2, D3, E3
THE WASTE PRODUCTS
AGRICULTURE
OF
Head of Department of Agricultural Engineer-
Ing, University of Newcastle upon Tyne,
Newcastle upon Tyne, NEL 7RU, England
J. R. O'Callaghan
Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, V. 123,
No. 5223, p. 139-149, Feb., 1975. 2 tab.
Keywords: Agricultural wastes, Livestock
wastes, Straw, Waste management, Recycl-
ing, Methane, Fertilizers, Feeds, Fuels,
Bedding, Strawboard, Paper pulp.
Dealing with agricultural wastes can be a
problem. For dealing with the waste problems
of any processing activity, there are A general
methods of approach: (1) Reduce waste at
source by Improving the efficiency of the
process which Is the waste source. (2) Use the
waste from one process as the raw material for
another process. (3) Dump the waste and run
the risk of pollution; a course which Is no
longer possible and Is in any case hazardous.
(4) Process the waste In order that it may be
dumped. The two main waste products
resulting from agricultural production which
are disposed of In such a way as to be a source
of pollution are the manures from livestock
units and straw from cereal enterprises.
Animal manures could be utilized as a source
of methane through utilization of the anaero-
bic fermentation process. Also the residual
products of the fermenter would have fertili-
zer value and the organic polluting capacity of
the wastes would be reduced. Animal ma-
nures could also be looked upon as a source of
nutrients. Factors which currently seriously
Impede recovery of nutrients In animal
manure are: (1) An attitude towards disposal
rather than utilization. (2) Inadequate farm
manure storage means manure produced
during the winter months has to be spread on
the fields, thus Increasing water pollution and
uselessly expending nutrients outside the
growing season. More effective use of animal
manures is necessary both as a means of
reducing pollution of water sources and of
conserving energy and raw materials through
replacement of Inorganic sources of fertilizer.
Proper storage, mixing and timing of the
applications to crops are a necessity, however.
As for straw, about 9 million tons of straw are
produced every harvest In England. Slightly
more than one-third of It Is used for animal
bedding and a similar amount Is burned.
Some of the remainder Is used as a feed for
ruminants, some is ploughed In and a small
amount is used Industrially for products such
as Strawboard. From the farmer's point of
view, producing straw for pulp for making
paper Is as yet uneconomical. In parallel with
any studies by the producers on the use of
straw as a raw material for pulp, there should
be a very great effort on the Industrial side to
find cheaper methods of processing. (Merry-
man-East Central)
4663-B1
DECISION TOOLS FOR DAKY
MANURE HANDLING SYSTEMS'
SELECTION
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
L. M. Safley, Jr., D. A. Halth, and D. R. Price
Paper No. 77-4028, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1977 Annual Meet-
ing, North Carolina State University, June
27-29, 1977, 22 p. 12 tab., 25 ref.
Keywords: Linear programming models,
Dairy Industry, Waste management, Decision
making, Economics.
Two linear programming models were pre-
sented to help dairy farmers decide which
type of manure system was best suited for
their operation, and how much could be spent
on a manure handling system. Factors to be
considered In evaluating a manure system
include: labor, energy usage, herd size, land
availability, and fertilizer value of the manure.
Factors to be considered In determining the
necessary costs of a system Include: economic
data, cropping rotations, manure manage-
ment and nutrient cycles. Both models relied
on simple, straight-forward constraints, but
they were found to provide the management
answers necessary for making sound deci-
sions. (Rowe-East Central)
4664-A1, A6, A7, A10, All, Bl,
Dl, D3, E3, Fl
NEW RECYCLING TRIAL SHOWS
S20/HD EXTRA PROFIT
Anonymous
Calf News, V. 15, No. 11, p. 50-52, Nov., 1977.
2 fig.
Keywords: Refeedlng, Processed bovine
waste, Composting, Separation techniques,
Cattle, Performance, Economics, Odor con-
trol, Dust control, Fly control, Feedlot runoff,
Economics, Costs.
After many years of trial and error and
discouraging frustration, Dick Bunger (presi-
dent of Corral Industries, Phoenix, Arizona)
feels that he has a realistic, economical
method of saving a feeder money on his cattle;
of turning a waste Into value; of reducing
odor, dust and files; of keeping the pens In
better shape for the cattle and for handling
runoff. Further, Bunger feels this might well
be a substantial step forward, profltwlse, for
feedlots of 5,000 head and over from now on.
What is he doing? He has developed a method
of harvesting the manure from livestock and
processing It Into recycled feed at the total
cost of only nine dollars a ton. This nine
dollars includes all costs of collecting,
operating the recycling system, the payroll,
trucks, equipment, chemicals, Interest, de-
preciation and maintenance. In experiments
employing this product as feed, control cattle
averaged 3.2 pounds dally gain, and proces-
sed bovine waste (PBW) cattle averaged 3
pounds dally gain. There were no death losses
nor hospltallzatlons In any of the groups.
Corral showed a 16 percent advantage In cost
of gain with the PBW cattle over the controls,
which figures out to five cents a pound per
head per day. (Merrvman-East Central)
4665-A6, Bl, C2, D3, E3, Fl
METHANE FROM CATTLE MA-
NURE TO REPLACE FUEL OIL
Anonymous
Feedstuffs, V. 49, No. 47, p. 1, 39-40, Nov. 14,
1977.
Keywords: Cattle wastes, Energy, Fermenta-
tion, Recycling, Methane, Refeedlng, Waste-
water quality, Odor, Costs.
Construction Is scheduled to begin In Feb-
ruary on a prototype methane plant which
could eventually make the Kaplan Industries
feedlot and processing plant south of Bartow,
Florida, totally energy self-sufficient. The
project Is funded primarily by a U.S.
Department of Energy grant of $938,000 to
Hamilton Standard, a division of United
Technology of Connecticut, builder of the
system. The prototype plant, an anaerobic
fermentation system, will process manure
from 10,000 head of cattle. Hamilton Standard
projects production of $158,000 worth of
methane gas and $350,000 worth of animal
feed annually, with operating costs of $80,000.
The system will both decrease odor and
upgrade the plant's waste water system.
(Kaplan presently uses a wastewater system
which recycles fluid cattle waste Into drinking
water for the animals). L. W. Umstadter,
assistant to the president and project manager
for Kaplan, said the plant should be ready for
operation In late 1978. (Bates-East Central)
4666-A8, B3, C2, E2
STUDIES ON POULTRY MANURE
IN RELATION TO VEGETABLE
PRODUCTION, n. POTATO
Department of Vegetable Crops, Haryana
Agricultural University, Hlssar, India
K. Singh, M. S. Mlnhas, and O. P. Srlvastava
Indian Journal of Horticulture, V. 30, No. 3/4,
p. 537-541, 1973. 2 tab., 16 ref.
Keywords: Poultry manure, Farmyard ma-
nure, Fertilizers, Nitrogen, Potatoes, Crop
response, India.
The focus of this study has been to compare
the value of poultry manure with farmyard
manure (FYM) and to evaluate the require-
ment of nitrogen in the form of these organic
manures alone and In combination with
fertilizer to obtain better growth, maximum
yield and good quality of potatoes. The
experiment was conducted on an autumn crop
of potato variety Kufrl Slndhurl during
1968-1969 at Vegetable Experimental Farm,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhlana,
India, in randomized block design consisting
of 16 treatments, replicated 3 times In 4 x 3
meter unit plots. Four doses of nitrogen (0, 80,
120, and 160 kg/ha) were applied as farmyard
manure (0.84 percent N) and poultry manure
(1.5 percent N) and In combination with
nitrogenous fertilizer (ammonium sulphate)
on a 50:50 basis. There was a progressive
Increase In the growth of potato plants with
successive Increments In the levels of nitrogen
application through various combinations. A
combination of poultry manure and fertilizer
at the rate of 160 kg N/ha gave the maximum
yield (14220 kg/ha). Poultry manure exhibited
better response than farmyard manure on
yield and Its different attributes (height of the
plant, number of shoots, and number of leaves
per plant) at every level and combination.
Crude protein and phosphorus concentration
In the tubers Increased considerably with the
144
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Increasing levels of nitrogen while water
soluble carbohydrates and starch contents
were found to Increase only up to the 120 kg N
level and declined with the higher applica-
tion of nitrogen. (Bates-East Central)
4667-A4, B2, C2, C3
SLURRY PROBLEMS IN RELA-
TION TO POLLUTION OF SUR-
FACE WATERS
Department of Agriculture, Northern Ireland
and Queen's University, Belfast, Northern
Ireland
J.S.V. McAllister
Semaln D-Etude Agriculture et Envlronne-
ment, Copte-Rendu Des Seances, September
2-6, 1974, p. 134-143. 5 tab., 11 ref.
Keywords: Slurries, Waste management,
Water pollution, Land spreading, Literature
reviews, Disease organisms.
The amount of slurry which can be safely
spread on land depends on three factors: soil
type, cropping system, and climate. A
literature review is given concerning problems
with land spreading of such wastes. Surface
waters may be polluted when farm wastes
such as slurry or silage effluent are able to
gain rapid access to watercourses. Spreading
wastes on land which is very wet, very dry
with large cracks or which has porous backfill
over field drains allows such rapid access to
watercourses. Direct pollution of water may
occur from silos of manure storage and
housing areas when effluent passes through
cracks or Joints In well-made concrete struc-
tures and subsequently Into drains. Waters
may also be directly contaminated by disease
organisms during the spreading of slurry
either by direct runoff or by aerosol action. All
farm effluents are rich in nutrients and have
potential for causing eutrophlcation and
secondary pollution. (Rowe-East Central)
145
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-78-137
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOONO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
LIVESTOCK AND THE ENVIRONMENT, A Bibliography with
Abstracts, Volume V
5. REPORT DATE
June 1978 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
M. L. Rowe and Linda Merryman
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Animal Waste Technical Information Center
School of Environmental Science
East Central Oklahoma State University
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BB770
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R-805151
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab. - ADA, OK
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final (3/1/77 - 2/28/78)
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/15
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Management and research information on animal wastes has expanded in recent
years. This material has appeared in such diverse sources as journal articles,
conference papers, university publications, government publications, magazine
articles, books or book chapters, and theses. This bibliography was compiled in
order to speed the flow of information on findings in one segment of the livestock
industry to other segments that could benefit from this technology.
Included in this publication are the following indexes: (1) author,
(2) animal information categories. These indexes are followed by a section
of abstracts of each reference entry found in the bibliography. Single copies
of most articles can be obtained in hard copy or microfiche form at cost from
the Animal Waste Technical Information Center, School of Environmental Science,
East Central Oklahoma State University, Ada, Oklahoma 74820.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Agricultural Wastes
Animal Husbandry
Waste Disposal
Bibliographies
Abstracts
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Animal wastes management
Animal wastes technical
abstracts
43F
68D
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
152
20. SECURITY CLASS {This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
146
4 U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1978—7 57 - UU/ 1 iS2
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