October 1981
MONITORING TO DETECT
GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS RESULTING
FROM ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
by
Ron Beck
Bernard Aboba
Douglas Miller
Ivor Kaklins
ERCO/Energy Resources Co. Inc.
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
EPA Contract No. 68-03-2648
Project Officer
John S. Farlow
Oil & Hazardous Materials Spills Branch
Municipal Environmental! Research Laboratory-Cincinnati
Edison, New Jersey 08837
MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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•DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Municipal Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was created
because of increasing public and government concern about the
dangers of pollution to the health and welfare of the American
people. Noxious air, foul water/ and spoiled land are tragic
testimonies to the deterioration of our natural environment.
The complexity of that environment and the interplay of its
components require a concentrated and integrated attack on the
problem.
Research and development is that necessary first step in
problem solution; it involves defining the problem, measuring
its impact, and searching for solutions. The Municipal Environ-
mental Research Laboratory develops new and improved technology
and systems to prevent, treat, and manage wastewater and solid
and hazardous waste pollutant discharges from municipal and
community sources, to preserve and treat public drinking water
supplies, and to minimize the adverse economic, social, health
and aesthetic effects of pollution. This publication is one of
the products of that research and provides a most vital commun-
ications link between the researcher and the user community.
This report develops a groundwater monitoring program
for the early detection of any environmental problem that may
result from enhanced oil and gas recovery operations. The
program is readily adaptable for use at specific sites.
The report will be of interest to all those interested in the
potential environmental impacts that may be associated with
tertiary oil and gas production. Further information may be
obtained through the Oil and Hazardous Materials Spills
Branch, Edison, New Jersey 08837.
Francis T. Mayo, Director
Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory
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ABSTRACT
This report develops a four-stage monitoring program to
detect groundwater contamination events that may potentially
result from enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects. The
monitoring system design is based on a statistical analysis
evolving from a series of equations that model subsurface
transport of EOR spills. Results of the design include both
spatial and frequency monitoring intervals that depend on
properties of the local geology and dispersion characteris-
tics of the potential contaminants. Sample results are
provided for typical reservoir characteristics.
Selection of measures to be sampled is based on a review
of the identity of likely contaminants, on the available
sample and analysis procedures, and on the cost and time
constraints on analysis. Nonspecific indicator measures are
identified that can be used to flag those intervals requiring
more intensive and specific monitoring.
The number of independent variables in the analysis
dictate that EOR monitoring systems be designed on a site-
specific basis. Sampling designs can be easily formulated to
conform to the peculiarities of chosen EOR sites based on data
already available from federal and state geological surveys and
from oil company statistics.
This report is submitted by Energy Resources Company
Inc. in fulfillment of Subcontract No. N8520023SP with
Rockwell International under Contract No. 68-03-2648 with
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Work began-in
September 1979 and was completed August 1980. The draft
report was completed in November 1980. The Rockwell Project
Officer was Walter Unterberg.
iv
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CONTENTS
Foreword iv
Abstract vi
Figures vii
Tables viii
Abbreviations and Acronyms ix
1. Introduction 1
The Need for Monitoring Programs 1
Background 2
Objectives of This Study 3
2. Overview of EOR Processes 5
Steam Injection <,....».<> 5
In Situ Combustion . . . . . „ „ „ 8
Improved Waterflood 8
Micellar/Polymer Flooding 11
Alkaline Flooding 14
C02~Miscible Flooding 14
3. . Groundwater Contamination Pathways 17
4. A Simple Program to Monitor EOR Projects 21
Overview 21
Conceptual Design of the Monitoring Program ... 21
Representative Monitoring Programs. ....... 25
5. Identification of Chemicals Used in Enhanced
Recovery Programs 31
Chemicals Used in EOR and Enhanced Gas Recovery
Processes 31
Chemicals Covered Under Current Regulatory
Structure 32
6. Groundwater Sampling and Analysis Procedures ... 49
Introduction 49
Sampling Parameters 50
Applicability of the Techniques 56
7. Monitoring Program Design Considerations 59
Design Issues 59
Benefits Measures 59
Development of Baseline Data 60
Detection of Trends and Violation of Standards. . 63
Identification of Previously Unrecognized
Pollutants 63
Detection of Chemical or Hydrocarbon Losses ... 64
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Control
Investments 65
Pollutant Indicators 65
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8. Placement of Monitoring Stations and Frequency
of Sampling 67
Introduction 67
Before Vs. After a Pollutant Event 67
Design of a Pollution-Event Detection System. . 68
Monitoring in Response to Pollutant Events. . . 77
9. Baseline Data on Groundwater Quality 85
Introduction 85
Selection of Counties 85
Display of Spatial Placement 86
Selection of a Statistic 86
Trend Analysis 87
10. Recommendations 89
References 91
Apendices
A. World Oil's 1979-1980 Guide to Drilling, Workover and
Completion Fluids 95
B. Development of Convection-Diffusion Model
Equations 125
C. Development of Pollutant Event Monitoring Model
Equations 129
D. USGS/NWDE Groundwater Monitoring Station Locations
and Sampling Frequencies 133
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FIGURES
Number Pag<
1 Steam-soak process 6
2 Steam-drive process. . 7
3 Forward in situ-combustion process 9
4 Reverse in situ-combustion process 10
5 The micellar-polymer flooding process 13
6 Major routes of groundwater contamination
associated with enhanced recovery 18
7 Monitoring Program: Water-Quality Degradation
from EOR/EGR . . „ 23
8 EOR/EGR Environmental Monitoring Overview Matrix ... 24
9 Concentration as a function of time for a sampling
point 500 m downstream from a burst leak source. ... 71
10 Volume of spill P (m3) 73
11 Sampling frequency as a function of spill volume
and dispersion rule ...... 74
12 Progression of burst leak; dispersion rate =
5 times groundwater velocity 75
B-l Location of Recommended Monitoring Stations for a
Detection Monitoring System, Based on the Solution of
an Equation for an Ellipse Showing Pollutant Trace at
Concentration Co (Detection Limit) at Time to (an
Arbitrary Time After the Spill) 127
D-l Area Map for Stephens County, Texas, Showing Loca-
tions of USGS Groundwater Quality Monitoring Wells :. .134
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TABLES
Number Pag<
1 Summary of Levels of Risk Anticipated from Various
Activities Carried Out During Enhanced-Recovery
Programs 20
2 General Scheme for Monitoring of EOR Impacts on
Groundwater 22
3 Monitoring Program for a Polymer Flood to be
Conducted over a 20-year Period 26
4 Monitoring Program for a Steam Flood to be
Conducted over a 20-year Period 28
5 Enhanced Oil Recovery: Chemicals Proposed for Use
as Surfactants 33
6 Enhanced Oil Recovery: Chemicals Proposed for Use
as Cosurf act ants. 34
7 Enhanced Oil Recovery: Hydrocarbons Used As a
Fraction of Micellar Slug (or in Miscible-
Displacement Processes) 35
8 Tertiary Oil Recovery: Chemicals Proposed for Use
as Mobility Buffers 36
9 Tertiary Oil Recovery: Chemicals Proposed for Use
as Bactericides and Biocides 37
10 Tertiary Oil Recovery: Chemicals Proposed for
Use to Block Exchange Sites in the Formation
(Pref lushing) 37
11 Tertiary Oil Recovery: Chemicals Proposed as Elec-
trolytes 38
12 Tertiary Oil Recovery: Chemicals Proposed for Use
to Increase Efficiency of Thermal Methods 38
13 EOR Chemical Producing Companies and Their Products -
Summary for United States 39
14 Matrix of Monitoring Parameters 51
15 EOR/EGR Environmental Monitoring Costs and Benefits . 61
16 Model Parameters 70
17 Station Locations and Sampling Frequencies 77
18 Pollutants and Classes of Transport Models. 79
19 Data Needs for Immiscible-Flow Model 81
20 Data Needs for Miscible-Flow Model 83
D-l Summary of Existing Groundwater Data for Four Sample
Counties 133
D-2 Parameters Measured - 40 Stephens County Groundwater
Monitoring Stations .... 135
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists
API American Petroleum Institute
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
DOE Department of Energy
EGR Enhanced Gas Recovery
EOR Enhanced Oil Recovery
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERDA Energy Research and Development Administration
EV Environmental Office, Department of Energy
GC/FID Gas Chromatograph with Flame lonization Detector
GC/MS Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectroscope
ICAP Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Detector
IOCC Interstate Oil Compact Commission
MBA Methylene Blue Active Substances Test
MERL Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, EPA
NAS National Academy of Science
NASQAN National Stream Quality Accounting Network
NIH National Institutes of Health
NWDE National Water Data Exchange
NWQSS National Water Quality Surveillance System
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Act
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
TOC Total Organic Carbon
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
USGS United States Geological Survey
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
THE NEED FOR MONITORING PROGRAMS*
Various recent studies of the environmental aspects of
enhanced oil recovery (Donaldson, 1978; United States De-
partment of Energy, 1978; and Beck et al., 1980, for example)
have identified contamination of freshwater in aquifers as a
potential consequence of extensive enhanced oil recovery
(EOR) activities. The DOE has ranked micellar polymer
flooding as having the potential for significant environmen-
tal constraints (United States Department of Energy, Office
of the Assistant Secretary for Environmental Protection,
Safety and Emergency Preparedness, 1980). Many potential
routes exist for groundwater pollution. No firm evidence is
available that such pollution does or will occur, nor is
there a complete understanding of the pollutant mechanism.
Relatively few data have been collected from the
aquifers that may be contaminated from currently active
enhanced recovery programs. Many of the enhanced recovery
projects are experimental in nature, and all available
resources were devoted to assembly of engineering perfor-
mance data. Many of the early EOR projects took place in
sparsely populated areas where no convenient water wells
useful for the sampling of aquifer .quality existed. Uncer-
tainties as to whether groundwater contamination does in
fact take place will persist until adequate data sets become
available for study, or until a major pollutant event occurs
that is readily detected by the public. For assembled data
to be useful for pollutant detection and analysis, data
must be collected consistently and according to statistically
valid sampling procedures.
The various organizations responsible for environmental
data collection (oilfield operators, U.S. EPA, USGS, U.S.
DOE, state resource agencies and local resource agencies)
have different monitoring objectives. Thus, each group's
meaning of abbreviations and acronyms in this and
subsequent sections, refer to listing on p. ix.
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monitoring program design will be different although some
elements will be in common.
A monitoring system is needed for use by research and
policy groups such as the U.S. EPA, U.S. DOE and API. They
will require nationwide data sets that can be used to detect
long-term trends, to identify regional problems, and to
determine how much attention should be paid to potential
hazards to groundwaters from EOR activities. Any analysis
that is to be applied to large data sets will require consis-
tent data. If each station selects an entirely new set of
variables to sample, intervals of sampling, and sampling
procedures, then the statistical problems involved with using
the entire national data set will be large.
The lack of sets of data collected over a long period of
time to serve as a baseline is probably the most significant
constraint as regards groundwater sampling, since chemicals
can be expected to move only a few feet per year in most
subsurface environments.
Additionally, the groundwater problem is so broad
in scope that a generalized sampling plan at an affordable
level of effort will be unlikely to yield useful results.
With these problems and provisos in mind, there is
needed a set of procedures that will accomplish routine
monitoring in an efficient fashion.
BACKGROUND
Information is available from various environmental
monitoring programs developed over the last 15 years. For
example, the USGS has developed the NASQAN water-quality
monitoring network and the EPA has developed the NWQSS
network. The USGS has maintained a computer file of ground-
water quality data for over more than 10 years.1 The states
of California, Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Illinois (among
others) maintain records of oilfield connate waters, brines,
Contact the USGS National Water Data Exchange, Reston,
Virginia, for further information.
2A11 unpublished data available from the state agencies
(California Division of Oil and Gas, California Department
of Water Resources, Texas Railroad Commission, Kansas,
Oklahoma, and Illinois Geological Surveys) and some data
available on "tape from the U.S. DOE, Bartlesville Energy
Research Center.
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and adjoining aquifiers.2 EPA is developing monitoring
programs regarding Underground Injection Control regulations.
Each of these existing monitoring or data repository
systems is an important element in the design of a monitoring
program for enhanced recovery operations. In addition, hier-
archical chemical analysis schemes have been developed to deal
with the requirements of RCRA, the Safe Drinking Water Act, and
TSCA. Finally, the EPA Las Vegas Laboratory has developed a
series of comprehensive documents regarding monitoring to
detect groundwater pollution from oil-shale projects (Todd et
al., 1976; Slawson, 1979; Slawson and McMillian, 1979; Pimental
et al., 1979).
The statistical and sampling theory bases for developing
groundwater monitoring program all exist for other applica-
tions. Modelino work includes Bender et al. (1977), Gray
and Pinder (1976), Peaceman (1977), and Aris (1978). A
variety of monitoring program designs for other applications
were developed by Gunnerson (1966), Matalas (1967), Letten-
maier (1975), Montgomery (1974), and Beck and Pierrehumbert
(1976).
OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY
This study aims at meeting the data needs for the
identification of the nature and extent of groundwater
contamination due to enhanced oil recovery activities.
The primary objective of this study is to design an
efficient EOR project groundwater monitoring program and
to develop the necessary procedures to accomplish this.
This study is to provide the groundwork for development of
standard principles to be used in monitoring EOR projects.
Monitoring guidelines are to be developed through
analysis of: (a) review of chemical use data and of toxicity
and carcinogenicity 'studies that establish the pollutants of
concern, (b) statistical analysis of patterns of variability
to establish suitable sampling frequency and sample well
spacing and patterns, and (c) review of analytical protocols
available that will yield valid results.
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SECTION 2
OVERVIEW OF EOR PROCESSES
After World War II, as a result of the increasing demand
for crude oil, attention was given to improved management of
the known oil in place, as well as to an expansion in explora-
tion. Scientists and engineers had recognized that simple
techniques of improved oil recovery were potentially useful and
realized that new methods could play a very important role in
adding to oil reserves and reservoir productivity (American
Petroleum Institute, 1961). Since the end of the war various
new fluid-injection methods have been researched that provide
the potential to recover large volumes of oil left in reser-
voirs after conventional recovery. Little effort, however,
has been applied to identification of environmental problems.
STEAM INJECTION
Documented cases of steam injection were reported in
the 1920's and 1930's, and apparently the technique had been
discovered long before that. In at least one case — in
the tight sands of the Bradford, Pennsylvania, field — the
steam or hot water injection was initiated to improve injec-
tivity of the water rather than to increase production
(American Petroleum Institute, 1961). In other situations
the steam had been intended for paraffin removal from the
well bore. Steam injection did not significantly progress
until the 1960's, when the Shell Oil Company succeeded with a
cyclic steam soak in California (American Petroleum Institute,
1961). Since then, steam flooding has been applied success-
fully to heavy oils in a variety of California fields (Figures
1 and 2). At the present time, steam soak is a technically
proven and economically acceptable enhanced-recovery process,
and in some cases steam flooding looks promising. Large-scale
expansion of steam soak in California is currently being held
up by air-pollution concerns. Various options are under
consideration, including use of scrubbers, low-NOx burners,
fluidized-bed coal generators and solar generated steam.
Possible revision of air-pollution regulations would simplify
the problem.
There has been little concern about environmental protec-
tion until the present. Conflicts with air regulations have
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i
a\
I
Heavy Oil gv
! Zone Si:
Volatile-
Gases
Trap
Produced Oil,
Contains Up to
95% Water
Oii/Steam
Zone
I. INJECTION PHASE
II. PRODUCTION PHASE
Figure 1. Steam-soak process.
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INPUT WELL
I
-J
I
300-40QOC -300°C
HMVV Oil
Figure 2. Steam-drive process.
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led to air sampling, stack sampling, air-dispersion modeling,
and developmental scrubber engineering. Re-use of produced
water for steam injection is also under study.
IN SITU COMBUSTION
Air and water injection were common in the earlier part
of the 1900's. The purpose of air injection at that time was
to "push" the oil toward the producing well. Yet the 02
content of the resulting air samples indicated that subter-
ranean combustion had been at least partially responsible
for the "air-injection" that increased production.
In situ combustion was probably unknowingly conducted
in the early 1900's before it was recognized as such. Some
of the earliest work in in situ-combustion EOR occurred in
Russia in 1935, in shallow, high-permeability, high-porosity
sands. The oil-laden sand was ignited by glowing charcoal
(American Petroleum Institute, 1961). This work was per-
formed in a pressure-depleted reservoir with 36 API gravity
crude. The recovery was small, but significant. The most
significant present work in the United States is in Califor-
nia, by Getty and Citgo (Beck et al., 1980). Figures 3 and
4 depict the process. Environmental studies have not been
performed.
IMPROVED WATERFLOOD!
Simple waterflooding had its beginning over a century
ago, in the Bradford field of western Pennsylvania, when an
insufficient packer2 allowed leakage of shallow groundwater
into a well's oil column. While the production of the immediate
well was curtailed, there was a marked increase in oil produc-
tion at the surrounding wells.
Early operators built on this experience and developed
"circle floods" whereby they would waterflood their field
incrementally by turning central producing wells into water
injectors and, as oil production continued, they would, in an
expanding circle, convert the closest watered-out producers to
water injectors.
For many years waterflooding was practiced illegally in
Pennsylvania; not until 1921 was the practice legalized
there. Other early waterflooding projects took place at
iSummarized from Schumacher, 1978.
2Packer - the outer supporting structure of a well.
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Oxidarrt Gas
Combustible Gases
CO, CH4, C2H6. CaHs,
(High-Moiecular-Weight Hydrocarbons)
A
SOX. NOX
A
Forward In Situ
Figure 3. Forward in situ-combustion process.
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SOX. NOX, H20 Oil
Input Weil
Compressor
I Scrubber
Flame Front Advances
Against the Flow of *|
Injected Air
Cracked
Hydrocarbons
and Gases
Extracted Sand
Reverse In Situ
Figure 4. Reverse in situ-combustion process.
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California's Kern River field and in Ontario (Interstate Oil
Compact Commission, 1974), but many believed the water would
contaminate or dilute the oil. Legislative constraints
diminished in the 1940's, however, and the practice spread to
fields across the country.
Improved waterfloods or polymer-augmented waterfloods
were developed in order to increase recovery efficiency of
the flood. The improvement in oil-displacement efficiency
over and above straight waterflooding is minimal, but the
polymer thickens the injected water and greatly improves the
sweep conformance,3 causing the waterflood to affect a larger
fluid mobilities, and particularly to the fluid mobility
ratio of oil to water on injection and production in
flood patterns. The results suggested increasing waterflood's
sweep efficiencies by increasing the viscosity of the
injected water (Chang, 1978). Then in 1964 water-soluble
polymers were suggested as the preinjection thickening to
reduce water mobility. Numerous laboratory and field
studies have been done since that time to further refine the
process. Improved waterfloods were field-tested in the
1960's.
The injected chemicals are of.potential enviromental
concern. Historical data on polymers used in this process
exist from their use as flocculating agents in water-treatment
processes. Flocculating agents have been screened for health
hazards on a regular basis by the chemical manufacturers
that supply them? there is no formal EPA review process,
however, nor have any detailed EPA studies been performed to
evaluate use of flocculants.
MICELLAR/POLYMER FLOODING4
Micellar/polymer flooding involves the use of a surfac-
tant/water injection followed by polymer/water injection.
3In summary, sweep conformance means flooding the
entire volume of the oil-bearing zone. See petroleum
engineering texts, for example, the Society of Petroleum
Engineers monograph series, for a detailed explanation of
this.
4Gogarty (1975) reviews the development of surfactant
or micellar/polymer flooding in his paper on the "Status
of Surfactant or Micellar Methods."
^Sweep Efficiency is the percentage of recoverable
oil that is produced at time of water breakthrough in the
production well.
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These "slugs" of fluid act to improve the displacement effi-
ciency and sweep efficiency over a conventional waterflood.
Polymer injection adds conformity to and enhances sweep effi-
ciency5 of the surfactant slug, which acts to minimize fluid-oil
interfacial tension6 (see Figure 5). Surfactant flooding was
initiated in the late 1920's and the 1930's, using polycyclic
sulfonic substances and wood sulfite liquor. As the technique
progressed, a variety of chemical substances were considered
for use.as long as they achieved the desired results of reduced
interfacial tension between oil and flooding fluid and preven-
tion of excessive adsorption of the surfactants in the reservoir,
A range of surfactant-solvent compounds are still used in
micellar/polymer flooding today, and as a result it is difficult
to analyze the pollution effects from the surfactant slug.
Additional laboratory studies and refinement of the
chemical-flooding theories gave rise to the so-called low-
tension flooding process, whereby large volume (30 percent of
the pore volume), low-surfactant-concentration (<2 percent)
floods are used. In 1959 and 1961 this process was further
refined by patents teaching injection of surfactant in low-
viscosity hydrocarbon solvent (Holm and Bernard) and other
hydrocarbon solutions for specific reservoir conditions.
The processes using petroleum-based sulfonate slugs became
known as soluble-oil flooding processes.
Microemulsions^ for use in oil recovery were first
patented as part of a well-stimulation process to remove
obstructing waxy solids. Twenty years later, what would become
the well-known "Maraflood" enhanced-recovery process, licensed
by Marathon Oil Company, was introduced by Gogarty and Olsen.
This process differed from the low-tension floods because a
small fraction of the pore volume and a relatively high sur-
factant concentration (>5 percent) were used.
Several types of surfactant flooding have been
developed, but generally they are of two types. In the
first, large volumes (15 to 60+ percent pore volume) and low
concentrations of surfactant dissolved in oil or water are
injected. The second type involves a relatively small
volume (3 to 20 percent pore volume) of highly concentrated
surfactant.
S-Interfacial tension is an instability between two
liquids along their interface caused by dissimilarities
in molecular compositions.
^Microemulsions: surfactant-stabilized dispersion of
water and hydrocarbons. The aggregates of surfactants and
hydrocarbons (micelles) are in the general size range of 10~6
to 10~4 mm.
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,^..'^^,^ ^ 122-183m _;__.^
Figure 5. The micellae-polymer flooding process (ERDA, 1975).
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The slug that is used in micellar/polymer floodings
can have a variety of components that make assessment of its
environmental hazards difficult at best. Often the exact
composition of additives used is not known, since crude
extracts of a roughly determined nature may be added. The
basic composition of a micellar slug is hydrocarbon, surfactant,
and/or water, and often added to these are a cosurfactant
(usually alcohol) and electrolytes (inorganic salts).
ALKALINE FLOODING
The history of alkaline flooding is most likely directly
aligned with that of waterflooding. After waterflooding was
recognized as an effective recovery mechanism, the addition of
various alkaline chemicals was considered as an option for
recovery of further fractions of the remaining oil in
suitable reservoirs. The alkaline chemicals, such as. sodium
hydroxide and potassium hydrate, were added to the drive
water to enhance recovery by improving formation wettability
and oil emulsification and by reducing interfacial tension
(U.S. Deparatment of Energy, 1978).
Regarding environmental protection, the only relevant
work has been a recent environmental assessment (O'Banion,
1978b).
C02-MISCIBLE FLOODING
Out of the search for the development of more efficient
recovery technologies, the concept of miscible-fluid flooding
developed, and many petroleum scientists were intrigued by
the idea of miscible-fluid displacement (Interstate Oil
Compact Commission, 1974). Although the concept of miscible-
fluid displacement was proposed in 1972, the idea was not
tested in field applications until the late 1950's (Schu-
macher, 1978).
The use of C02 as a miscible-flooding agent evolved
because it was known to be one of the few low-cost fluids
that could be miscible with both oil and water if the right
physical conditions were maintained (Schumacher, 1978). A
carbonated waterflood using this concept was initiated in the
Bartlesville sand formation, Oklahoma, in 1961. From 8 to 10
pounds of C02 were added to each barrel of injected water.
However, this application had very disappointing recovery
effects, apparently due to formation fractures and peripheral
stratifications that diverted the mainstream of the fluid
(Interstate Oil Compact Commission, 1974). Though laboratory
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tests showed the CO2 process to be promising and very
efficient, in field applications the miscible slug of solvent
apparently becomes enriched with oil as it passes through the
reservoir, and loses a large part of its scavenging ability
(Interstate Oil Compact Commission, 1974).
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SECTION 3
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION PATHWAYS
Enhanced recovery can result in contamination of aqui-
fers by a variety of pathways that fall into three general
categories: 1) downward leaching from surface disposal,
2) communication to aquifers via improperly sealed or cased
wells, and 3) communication to aquifers through fractures or
cracks in previously impermeable formations. Such fractures
may be opened up by changed reservoir pressures accompanying
enhanced oil-recovery techniques and subsequent reinjection
or by gas fracturing. Figure 6 depicts the major routes
of contamination.
Evaluation of existing information can provide only
tentative conclusions regarding groundwater degradation.
Significant risks to groundwater quality are apparent. Some of
the chemicals employed in enhanced recovery may be toxic or
carcinogenic. Little is known about the degradation products
of these chemicals, which may be more or less toxic than the
parent chemicals. Brines, which are produced in a ratio with
oil as high as 20:1 in current enhanced-recovery operations,
have the potential to contaminate freshwater aquifers by
reinjection or disposal. Brines also contain heavy metals
that may migrate from the disposal site. Some of the pathways
depicted in Figure 6 are known to exist as a result of
pollutant events that have already occurred. Others only
represent possible pathways. The volumes and concentrations of
chemicals used are significant enough to warrant further
investigation of the toxicities of the chemicals and of the
pollutant pathways.
All enhanced-recovery technologies involve potential
groundwater concerns. Those technologies that require injec-
tion of chemicals into the reservoir or fracturing of forma-
tions hold the most potential for contamination. In situ
combustion is also of particular concern, because of the
range of chemicals that are formed during the subsurface
combustion process. Table 1 summarizes the types of pollu-
tant problems that may occur.
In addition to the generic concerns, there are various
environmental/institutional situations that may enhance pol-
lutant risks. These must be looked at in a site-specific
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or a technologywide assessment, and should be considered in
terms of their probability of occurrence. Insufficient infor-
mation is available to make reliable determinations of such
probabilities at this time. The types of situations of concern
include:
1. EOR programs taking place in old fields in which
unmapped abandoned wells exist. These old wells are
in some cases imperfectly sealed and may lead to
communication with freshwater aquifers.
2. EOR programs making use of old fields in which old
wells are not all reworked or recapped. Cracks in
cement or casings, as a result of corrosion, age, or
both, may allow communication with freshwater aqui-
fers. Proposed underground injection regulations
would require reworking of all wells within .4 km
of all EOR activities.
3. Freshwater aquifers located just above or below the
producing formation. This would greatly increase the
opportunity for contamination over the more common
situation, in which aquifers are far removed from
producing layers.
4. EOR programs taking place in areas that have under-
gone significant subsidence. In such areas the
subsidence events may have resulted in fracturing or
other structural alterations allowing transport of
pollutants.
5. High seismic activity in the region of the project.
The producing reservoir will become a repository for
brines containing a variety of injected chemicals.
These hazardous wastes may escape the oil formation
following seismic events.
6. Freshwater aquifers located below disposal ponds for
drilling muds and hydraulic fracturing fluids. In
these situations, leachate contamination may occur.
-19-
-------
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF LEVELS OF RISK ANTICIPATED FROM VARIOUS
ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT DURING ENHANCED-RECOVERY PROGRAMS.
THESE ARE ERGO ESTIMATES BASED UPON AVAILABLE EVIDENCE.
Enhanced Recovery Processes
Steam
In Situ
Combustion
Polymer
Polymer/
Micallar
Alkaline.
C02
Hydraulic
Fracturing
Explosive
Fracturing
Directional
Drilling
Activities Causing
Groundwater Contamination
VI
1
"o
_o
-
-
•
•
•
+
'*
-
-
In Situ Formation of
Pollutants
-
*
-
-
•
-
-
-
-
Cause Subsurface Structural
Changes (new pollutant routes)
—
-
+
*
+
+
-
-
—
Disposal of Solid Wastes with
Hazardous Leachato
+
-
-
-
—
-
*
—
-
Summary of Potential for
Groundwater Problems
Low
Medium
High
High
High
Low
Medium
Medium
Low
LEGEND:
—Negligible Risk
•(•Potential for Occasional Pollutant Events
'Significant Potential for Regular Occurrence of Pollutant
Events If No Measures Are Taken
-20-
-------
SECTION 4
A SIMPLE PROGRAM TO MONITOR EOR PROJECTS
This chapter presents a simple monitoring scheme that
can be implemented as part of an enhanced oil-recovery project,
The purpose of such a so-called detection monitoring program
will be to check for indications that groundwater degradation
may be occurring as a result of the EOR project. A more
sophisticated monitoring procedure may be appropriate in cases
where the project is very large or where the regional geology
has been identified as making the project particularly suscep-
tible to pollutant events. In such situations, the procedures
discussed in Sections 5 through 8 will be pertinent.
OVERVIEW
Particular monitoring activities and intensities of
sampling will be associated with different EOR technologies
and with each stage of an EOR project. Table 2 'depicts a
general scheme for monitoring. The scheme involves assembly
of background and baseline information during the early
stages of a project, with routine monitoring during the
course of the project and, in some cases, follow-up monitoring
for 5 years after the project is completed. For relatively
low-risk technologies such as thermal-oil recovery, less
monitoring is required.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF THE MONITORING PROGRAM
Figures 7 and 8 summarize the overall concept of
EOR/EGR (Enhanced Gas Recovery) monitoring. Figure 7 gives
a step-by-step outline of the tasks to be carried out in an
environmental-monitoring program. The approach is a hier-
archical one, in which the simplest, broadest monitoring
activities are first performed and then only those analytical
tests relevant to specific environmental problems are
incorporated in the detailed and comprehensive phases of a
monitoring program. Figure 8 characterizes each of four
hierarchical stages in a monitoring program.
-21-
-------
TABLE 2. GENERAL SCHEME FOR MONITORING OF EOR IMPACTS ON GROUNDWATER.
^X. Stage of
_ ^s. Project
Type Xw
ol X.
Project ^^
Sie&m Soak.
Steam Drive
In Situ
Combustion
Steam Drive with
Additives
CO?, Other
Miscible.Gas
Advanced Water flood.
Polymer Flood
Alkaline Flood
Micellar/Polymer Flood
Conception
Assemble Baseline Data
Formulate Pollution-Response Plan
Field
Management
(Rework or
seal old wells.
drill new wells)
Prepare a Map of At! Old Wells
Monitor Reworking Activities
Preflush
N.A."
N.A.
N.A.
Carry Out
Tracer Studies
Injection of
Chemical
Slugs
N.A.
N.A.
Monitor for Presence
of Chemicals in
Produced Oil & Wat*
Carry Out
Tracer Studies
Production by
Water or Steam
Injection
Perform Diagnostic
Monitoring Only If
Unusual Reservoir
Conditions Are
Noted
r
Conduct Routine
Monitoring of
Nearby
Groundwater
Post
Production
None
Required
Conduct Routine
Monitoring of
Nearby
Groundwaters
I
ro
N)
I
*N.A. - Not Applicable.
-------
I
to
U)
1A
Characletlie Technology
•. Type ol Method
b. Qumlily of Chemical*
c. Olhoi Envlionmenlil Stresut
2A
Characterltc Envlionnxnl
ol tin SIM
a. Otology
b. OH DetMvuIr
c. llydiokigy
d. Other Acllvlllai Thai
May Act SymiglilkaHv
1 1
ID
Select Parameters
lo Be
Maiilioieil
-*
2B
Evaluate Frequency of
Sampling. Spatial Location
of Sample Sim
|
3A
Monitor tha Recovery
Pio|i>cl and Track
Material Balance*
3B
Carry Out Monitoring
Program Using Indicator
Variable! ITOC. MBA.
Conductivity)
4A
Idmlily Apparent Louat
of Chemical! from Oil
Reservoir
4B
Identify Generatliad
Pollutant Trends
Oavolop Specific Trand
Monlltulng Piogum
3C
Garry Out Specific
Olagnot lie Moiillorlng
Acllvlllai In Rnpom*
to OlnMwd PolluKnl
Emnli
4C
Character In Pollutant
Eventdl
Figure 7. Monitoring Program: Water-Quality Degradation from EOR/EGR.
-------
I
10
ParanMlari lo IM
Uaatui ad
Pur pot* ol
Monitoring
General
Strategy
Ma|ur DlmumlonlO
ol AnalyiU
STAGES OF MONITORING
1
DEVELOP
BASELINE
litdicalort
Delamilne Editing
Coodiiloiu
*. Uttwiuw OaulliM Lnvoli
l>. Idamily Spatial and
Temporal Paiiernt
Spatial and Tompoitl
II
MONITOR
TRENDS
Indlcauwi
Idantlly Changm
In Lovult
a. Select K«y Slalloiu
b. Takt PmlodU: MAasuf M
c. Look lor Chiinum In
Iduniillcuion Paiieim
Toniporal lot
ntpretonliliv* Silet
III
SPECIFIC! ALLY
EVALUATE FLAGGED
PROBLEMS
Specify Ctiumlcali
Idantlfy PcoMitm
Coniamlnwli, Idonilfy
Vialdlions ol SltuidaiJi
a. Pcitoim Spodlic Twit
lo Ottlmniln* ConlninlnwiU
Tlul llava Cuusml Tmult
U. Ouiwmin* l> CcliarU Muva
Bvaii Violaied
c. DuUinilnt Spatial Extant
oi Couiiuninatlon
PioiilaolCluwt
ol Coiuanibiwili
IV
ASSESS
EFFECTIVENESS
OF CONTROLS
Specify Clutinicals
Compaia LevaU with
Reuulatoiy Criluiiit;
Check (or Reduction In
l.tvuli to Below Cilteda
Values
a. Evaluate Contaminant
TiDixk in Rasponta lo
Controlt
Taniporal lor Spocilic
ProUem 2oiM»
Figure 8. EOR/EGR Environmental Monitoring Overview Matrix. This display summarizes
the major characteristics of the four types of monitoring needed to evaluate ehvironmental quality.
-------
REPRESENTATIVE MONITORING PROGRAMS
To show how the general scheme in Table 2 should be
applied to a particular project, two typical monitoring
programs are outlined, for a polymer flood in Table 3, and
for a steam flood in Table 4. Each element of the monitor-
ing program for the polymer-flood example is described
below.
Design of Project
During the initial design stages of a polymer-flood
project, available data on local groundwaters are collected.
At a minimum, a cross-sectional mapping of the location of all
freshwater aquifers in relationship to the producing formation
is prepared. In particular, aquifers that are traversed by
injection, production, or abandoned wells are noted. Addition-
ally, all available monitoring data on the quality of these
local aquifers are assembled. Geostatistical procedures such
as "kriging" are employed to develop averages weighted by the
spatial distribution of the sample points.
Reworking of Oilfield Wells
During the preparation stage of the polymer flood, a
map is drawn that locates all the wells that penetrate the
formation to be flooded. All wells are keyed by age, and
all plugged and otherwise abandoned wells are noted. During
the drilling of new EOR wells and reworking of old wells for
use during the project, well-log data and well pressures are
monitored to detect any communication of fluids with freshwater
aquifers that are traversed. This monitoring procedure is a
standard part of oilfield operations.
Preflush
During the preflush stage of the polymer flood, the
initial pressurization of the reservoir takes place (even
though sometimes the field has been subjected to secondary
waterflooding for several years prior to the polymer project).
A tracer is injected during the preflush to track the movement
of the injected fluids under the new pressure conditions.
The tracer is tracked in existing oil wells and also in
water wells penetrating adjacent aquifers, to verify that no
communication is occurring with freshwater bodies. Samples of
the preflush fluids are drawn to determine their chemistry, in
case any pollutant event (such as leakage via a sealed well)
should occur.
-25-
-------
TABLE 3. MONITORING PROGRAM FOR A POLYMER FLOOD TO BE CONDUCTED
OVER A 20-YEAR PERIOD
Stage of Project
Monitoring Events
Design of Project
1. Identify all freshwater aquifers.
2. Collect monitoring data on
aquifer water quality; utilize
nkrigingna statistics to develop
average values. Look for
seasonal trends.
Rework Oilfield Wells
Develop maps of all old and all
sealed wells, and inventory the
condition of all old wells.
Monitor reworking procedure
to detect any communication
with aquifers.
Preflush
1. Conduct tracer studies to
determine dynamics of injected
fluids.
2. Monitor quality of preflush
fluids.
Injection of Chemical
Slugs
Conduct tracer studies to
determine dynamics of chemical
slug.
Inventory known degradation
tendencies, toxicity, carcino-
genicity of chemicals used;
identify persistent potentially
harmful components.
Production
Monitor for unusual levels of
indicators (Total Organic
Carbon, Methylene Blue, Active
Substances, Conductivity,
Reservoir/Welltest Pressure,
Resistivity and the Geophysical
Logs) on a weekly to monthly
basis, depending on the proximity
aSee Section 8, "Selection of a Statistic" for defini-
tion of "Kriging."
-26-
-------
TABLE 3 (cont.)
Stage of Project Monitoring Events
of the aquifer to the producing
zone. Sampling sites to be
spaced at not more than 4
times well spacing if possible.
Post-production 1. Monitor for unusual levels of
indicators on a yearly basis.
2. Monitor pressure for a statis-
tically selected sample of oil
wells.
-27-
-------
TABLE 4. MONITORING PROGRAM FOR A STEAM FLOOD TO BE CONDUCTED
OVER A 20-YEAR PERIOD
Stage of Project
Monitoring Events
Design of Project
1. Identify all freshwater aquifers
2. Collect monitoring data on
aquifer water quality; utilize
"kriging" statistics to develop
average values. Look for
seasonal trends.
Rework Oilfield Wells
Develop maps of all old and all
sealed wells, and inventory the
condition of all old wells.
Monitor reworking procedure
to detect any communication
with aquifers.
Steam-soak Selected
Wells
Monitor produced oil and
water phases to detect heat-
induced synthesis of hazardous
organics.
Fieldwide Steam Soak
Monitor produced oil and
water phases to detect heat-
induced synthesis of hazardous
organics.
Post-production
None
-28-
-------
Injection of Chemical Slugs
During the polymer stage of a project a succession of
concentrated chemicals is injected into the formation.
Many of these, such as biocides and polymers, are subject to
fairly rapid degradation within the formation. Background
information is assembled on the known chemical and toxicolo-
gical properties of the chemicals being used, and inferences
regarding synergistic effects are developed. A tracer is
injected with the chemical slug to track its progress through
the formation.
Production
The production stage of the project involves injection
of water to force out additional oil, utilizing the polymer
as a mobility control zone, and a piston. During this time
surrounding freshwater zones need to be monitored regularly.
Sampling wells should be spaced as closely as possible to
increase the chances of early flagging of any contamination
events. Since each sampling well will cost $1,000 to $10,000
(1980 dollars) or more to drill, a comprehensive sampling
network will not be economically justifiable until a signifi-
cant contamination event is suspected. Wells already com-
pleted to the freshwater formations will have to be used for
sampling. If possible, freshwater sampling stations should be
spaced no farther apart than four times the spacing of the
oilfield's producing wells.
Samples of produced fluids will be monitored to deter-
mine the composition of the oil and brine phases, with par-
ticular attention paid to degradation products of the injected
chemicals and other potentially hazardous substances.
Post-production
After the polymer project is completed, regular monitor-
ing of groundwater sampling stations is continued, to check
for fluids moving out of the former producing zone (and the
disposal zone if the produced water has not been returned to
the producing zone). Well pressures at a random sample of
wells are monitored for unusual reservoir conditions or well
failures.
If Pollutant Events Are Detected
If pollutant events are detected, then additional
sampling, as outlined in Sections 5 through 8 of this report,
will be reauired.
-29-
-------
SECTION 5
IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICALS USED IN
ENHANCED RECOVERY PROGRAMS
This section discusses the selection of parameters for
further consideration in the analytical stages of the design
of a monitoring program. The major problem at hand is to
reduce the list of chemicals to a manageable size. In elimi-
nating a chemical from the list, the cost of monitoring
must be weighed against the potential of the substance to
pose an environmental threat. Monitoring costs are usually
well known. The environmental hazards, on the other hand, are
difficult to establish. The information herein and in Section
6 provides a variety of ways of partitioning the lists to
make the selection tasks easier. There are three major
sources of working lists: 1) lists of known chemicals used
in the technologies assembled by the EPA (Braxton et al.,
1976; Beck et al., 1980); 2) lists of chemicals covered under
current regulations assembled by the DOE (Booz, Allen, and
Hamilton 1978); and 3) lists of parameters that can serve'as
indicators of categories of contaminants. For purposes of
monitoring activities, lists of parameters to be measured are
most useful if arranged according to analytical methods. This
task report, then, provides a discussion of the various lists
of chemicals and the development of an integrated list organ-
ized by analytical techniques and discussion of the utility of
the lists.
CHEMICALS USED IN EOR AND ENHANCED GAS RECOVERY PROCESSES
A wide variety'of chemicals are used during the course
of enhanced-recovery projects. These range from the drilling
muds, added during the preliminary drilling of injection and
production wells for a project, to toxic biocides and anti-
corrosion additives, which are used to counteract chemical
reactions that have been found to reduce the effectiveness
of enhanced recovery. Despite the apparent vastness of
these lists, many of the chemicals are very similar; and, in
fact, groups of chemicals can each be measured through one
analytical procedure.
-31-
-------
The list developed by Braxton et al. (1976) for the EPA
was a preliminary one, based on a review of current practices
and patent literature. This list thus includes some chemicals
that although theoretically interesting are not now being
considered for use in field applications. The list included
as Tables 5 through 12 is a revised version of Braxton's
list, which takes these changes into account.1 To further
qualify the information considered in Tables 5 through
12, a separate list has been developed, which includes only
those chemicals known to be commercially available for use
in EOR projects. This list of trade products, Table 13,
represents those chemicals which are likely to be used in
projects taking place today and in the near future. The
appendix presents a list of chemicals generally in use in
oil and gas development that are also used in conjunction
with enhanced recovery.
CHEMICALS COVERED UNDER CURRENT REGULATORY STRUCTURE
Regulations are not usually specific with respect to
chemicals used in oil and gas applications. In fact, this
lack of specificity has been at the center of the controversy
regarding the regulation of drilling-mud wastes and brines.
The EPA is currently beginning a detailed monitoring
investigation of drilling mud wastes.
In an attempt to deal with these uncertainties, the DOE
developed an analysis of the currently regulated chemicals.
Other relevant lists include the NIH list of carcinogens,
drinking water criteria, water quality criteria, and Cali-
fornia air quality standards.
revised surfactant list (1976) is now outdated;
developments since its revision are likely to have caused
additions and/or changes.
-32-
-------
TABLE 5. ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY: EXAMPLES OF CHEMICALS PROPOSED
FOR USE AS SURFACTANTS3
SULFONATES
Alfo olefin sulfonate
Alky alryl sulfonate
Alky aryl napthenic sulfonate with monovalent cation
Hexadecylnaphthenic sulfonate
Sodium laryl sulfonate
LAURATES
p-Chloroaniline sulfate laurate*3
p-Toluidene sulfate laurate
Polyglycerol monolaurate
Triethanolamine laurate
Sodium glyceryl monolaurate sulfate
AMMONIUM CHLORIDES
Ditetradecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
Dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride
Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride
MYRISTATES
Glycerol disulfoacetate monomyristate
Triethanolamine myristate
SULFATES
n-Dodecyl-diethyleneglycol sulfate
Monobutylphenyl phenol sodium sulfate
Diethyleneglycol sulfate
OTHERS
n-Methyltaurine oleamide
Morpholine stearate
Pentaerythritol monostearate
Dihexyl sodium succinate
Sodium sulfate oleylethylanilide
Triethanolamine oleate
Alkyl phenoxypolyethoxy ethanol
Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol
aBraxton et al. (1976).
^Halogenated compounds, though proposed in the liter-
ature, are unlikely to be used in field operations, because
their possible presence in produced oil streams would poison
the catalysts at the refinery.
-33-
-------
TABLE 6. ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY: CHEMICALS PROPOSED FOR USE
AS COSURFACTANTSa
Alcoholic liquors-
Fusel oil
Alcohols
Alkaryl alcohols
Phenol
p-Nonyl phenol
Cresol
Alkyl alcohols
Isopentanolb
2-Pentanolb
Decyl alcohols
Ethanol
Isobutanol
n-Butanol
Cyclohexanol
1-Hexanolb
2-Hexanolb
1-Octanol
2-Octanol
Isopropanolb
Aldehydes
Formaldehyde
Gluteraldehyde
Paraformaldehyde
Amides
Amino compounds
Esters
Sorbitan fatty ester
Ketones
*Braxton et al. (1976)
commonly used.
-34-
-------
TABLE 7. ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY: HYDROCARBONS USED AS A
FRACTION OF MICELLAR SLUG (OR IN MISCIBLE-
DISPLACEMENT PROCESSES)3
Alkylated aryl compounds
Anthenic compounds
Aryl compounds with mono cyclic compounds
Alkyl phenols
Benzene
Toluene
Acryl compounds with polycyclic compounds
Crude oil°
Partially refined fractions of crude oil
Overheads from crude columns
Side cuts from crude columns
Gas oils
Straight run gasoline
Kerosene
Liquefied petroleum gas
Naphthas
Heavy naphthas
Refined fraction of crude oil
Paraffinic compounds
Decane
Dodecane
Heptane
Octane
Pentane
Propane
Cycloparaffinic compounds
Cyclohexane
Naphthenic compounds
aBraxton et al. (1976).
bMost commonly used.
-35-
-------
TABLE 8. TERTIARY OIL RECOVERY: CHEMICALS PROPOSED FOR USE
AS MOBILITY BUFFERS3
Aldoses B series
L series
Amines
Carboxymethylcellulose
Carboxyvinyl polymer
Dextrans
Desoxyribonucleic acid
Glycerin
Ketoses B series
L series
Poly aery 1 amid e*3
Polyethylene oxideb
Polyisobutylene in benzene
Rubber in benzene
Saccharides
Conjugated saccharides
Disaccharides
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides0
Hydroxyethylcellulose
aBraxton et al. (1976).
^Most commonly used.
-36-
-------
TABLE 9. TERTIARY OIL RECOVERY: CHEMICALS PROPOSED FOR USE
AS BACTERICIDES AND BIOCIDESa
Aldehydes
Formaldehyde
Gluteraldehyde
Paraformaldehyde
Alkyl phosphates
Acetate salts of coco amines
Alkyl amines
Quaternary amines
Alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
Coco dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
Diamine salts
Acetate salts of coco diamines
Acetate salts of tallow diamines
Calcium sulfate
Sodium hydroxide
Heavy metal salts
Chlorinated phenols
Alkyl dichlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Substituted phenols
Sodium salts of phenols
aT. J. Robichaux, "Bactericides Used in Drilling and
Completion Operations," U.S. EPA Symposium on Environmental
Aspects of Chemical Use in Well Drilling Operations, Houston,
May 1965, p. 4.
TABLE 10. TERTIARY OIL RECOVERY: CHEMICALS PROPOSED FOR USE TO
BLOCK EXCHANGE SITES IN THE FORMATION* (PREFLUSHING)
Quaternary ammonium salts
Fluoride solutions
Potassium permanganate
Sodium hydroxide
aBraxton et al. (1976).
-37-
-------
TABLE 11. TERTIARY OIL RECOVERY: CHEMICALS PROPOSED AS
ELECTROLYTES*
Acids
Hydrochloric acid
Inorganic acids
Organic acids
Sulfuric acid
Bases
Inorganic bases
Organic bases
Sodium hydroxide
Salts
Inorganic salts
Organic salts
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium nitrate
Sodium sulfate
Sodium silicate
aBrax-ton et al. (1976)
TABLE 12. TERTIARY OIL RECOVERY: CHEMICALS PROPOSED FOR USE
TO INCREASE EFFICIENCY OF THERMAL METHODSa
Quincline
Sodium hydroxide
Toluene
aBraxton et al. (1976).
-38-
-------
TABLE 13. COR CHEMICAL PRODUCING COMPANIES AND THEIR PRODUCTS - SUMMARY FOR UNITED STATES8
Description
Use
ft• Amoco Chemical Company
Surfactants:
Amoco Sulfonate 155
Amoco Sulfonate 151
Amoco Sulfonate 152
I
u>
Cosurfactantsi
Amoco Conurfactant
120
a highly consistent
ammonium salt of a
sulfonated petroleum
fraction
a medium equivalent
weight (420) sodium
salt of a polybutene
sulfonate
an ammonium salt
of a sulfonated
petroleum fraction
an oxyalkylated
alcohol w/ "unusual"
phase distribution
coefficient* in oil/
water systems
for use in formulating
rolcellar fluids for
enhanced oil recovery
for use In formulating
micellar fluids for
enhanced oil recovery
for use In formulating
micellar fluids for
enhanced oil recovery
for the preparation
of micellar Injection
fluids, can be used w/
most sulfonates at
sulfonate/cosurfactant
ratios up to 20/1
Physical Properties
Sulfonate activity wt % 48-52
Oil wt * 7-12
Inorganic salts wt t 15 man
Water wt % 27-33
Sulfonate activity wt t 47-52
Oil wt t 8-18
Inorganics salts wtt 15 max
Water wt % 23-29
Sulfonate activity wt % 48-52
Oil wt t 7-12
Inorganic salts wt % 15 max
Water wt % 27-33
Viscosity, centlstokes 9 49° C
(120* P) - 800
Density "1.09 kg/1
Plash point - 182* C
Pour point - 0* C (32* F)
Corrosion rate (carbon steel
at 49* C) - 5
Odor, ammonlacal
Density - 1.01 kg/1
Pour point « 2* C
Plash point • 1260* C
Viscosity cp « 77
"This table describes the commercially available EOR injection chemicals. Ancillary chemicals such as
biocides, corrosion inhibitors, and steam-drive additives are not reported on in this table. Further documentation
of these products is available from the Manufacters.
-------
TAIU.E 13 (CONT.)
Description
Use
Physical Properties
Amoco' Cosurfactant
122
Polymers:
Sweepald 103
an oxyalkylated
alcohol w/ "unusual"
phase distribution
coefficient in oil/
water systems
high molecular weight
copolymer, a liquid
emulsion form containing
25% polymer, 25% oil,
and 50% water and is
supplied with an
emulsion breaker
for the preparation
of micellar injection
fluids, can be used w/
most eulfonates at
sulfonate/cosurfactant
ratios as high as 80/1
or as low as 1/1
specially developed
for EOR, to Improve
mobility ratios
Density = 8.60 Ib/gal
Pour point " 40* F
Flash point « 205* F
Viscosity cp = 35.4* F
Specific gravity •= 8.33 Ib/gal
Pour point » -20* C
Viscosity •= 900 cps
pll = 7.2
o
I
D. Allied Colloids Incorporated
Polymersi
Alcoflood 1200
Various alsomer-
polymers 507
Other:
Antiprex A
anlonic acrylamide
copolymer w/ ultra
high molecular weight;
dry, white granular
powder
polyacrylamides;
sodium polyacrylate
polymer in "micro-
bead" form
a polymeric scale
inhibitor - sodium
salt of a synthetic
polycarboxylic acid
mobility control in
the driving fluid
for use in drilling
fluids, fluid loss
reducer for fresh
water based drilling
systems in bentonite,
etc.
for control of scale
& deposit formation
which restricts flow
through injection 6
flow lines 6 filtering
systems
Particle size • 100% through
112 mesh
Bulk density - 40 Ib per ft3
pll in distilled water 1% solution
0 25* C = 5.5-6.5
In oxygen-free brine less than
10% loss in viscosity over
5 days at 175* F.
Particle size = 100% through
112 mesh
Bulk density = 802 kg/m3
pll of 1% solution 8 25* C =
5.5 to 6.5
Solid content -=45
pll = 7.0-7.5
Specific gravity
Viscosity e 25* C
1.30
1,400 cps
-------
TABLE 13 (CONT.)
Description
Use
Physical Properties
C. Nalco Chemical Division
Polymersi
Nalfo f
Nal-flo p
Surfactants!
ADOFOAM BK-1 Anionic
is 30% by weight
polymer solids
high molecular weight,
is unstabilized,
develops liquid
polymers
alcohol ether aulfate
for mobility control in
BOB flooding
mobility-control agents
foaming agent
N.A.
0. I)OU
A wide variety of
Eon polymerst
XD (series)
Pushers/dry polymersi
Pusher 500 Oil
Pusher 700 Oil
Pusher 1000 Oil
Surfactants:
PEI 1000
PEI 400
acrylamide polymers of mobility-control agents
various molecular size,
in which 301 of the
carboxamide groups have
been replaced by
carboxylate groups
an intermediate-molecular- nobility-control agent
weight anionic
polyelectrolyte
a high-molecular-weight
anionic polyelectrolyte
an extremely
high-molecular-weight
anionic polyelectrolyte
cat ionic polymer»
polyethylenamine
cat ionic polymer;
polyethylenamine
mobility-control agent
mobility-control agent formulated
as a hydrocarbon emulsion of
water-soluble polymers
foaming agent
foaming agent
N.A.
N.A.
-------
TADLE 13 (CONT.)
Description
Use
Physical Properties
E. Pfizer Chemical Division
Polymerst
Blopolymer 103S
solution of xanthan
gum: a high molecular
weight heteropoly-
saccharide'produced
by the Xanthomonas
campestrls fermentation
of carbohydrates
mobi1i ty-control
agent for enhanced
ol1 recovery
Tan gelatinous fluid
Polymer activity •= 2.8-3.21
Viscosity » 7,000-10,000 cp
Specific gravity = 25* C 0.95
1.00 g/cc
Stabilizer, formaldehyde
2000 ppm min
I
*>•
to
I
F. American Cyanamid
Polymerst
Cyanatrol the 900
series
anionic liquid
poly aery lain ides
roobi11ty-control
agents developed
specifically for
EOR
Bulk density 25* C «• 8.43 Ib/gal
Bulk viscosity 25* C = 1,200 cps
Freezing point « 18* C
Flash point - 3982* C
Surfactants:
Aerosol A-102
nonionic and anionlci
disodium ethoxylated
alcohol half ester of
sulfosucclnlc
foaming agent
N.A.
G. Aerosol OT
(75% Alo)
Polymers:
Xanthan Broth
antonici
sodium dioctyl
siilfosucclnlte
foaming agent
a polysaccharide
made by fermentation
by Xanthomonas
caropestris
mohi 1ity-control
agent for ROR
N.A.
Xanthan gum % « 2.5-3.0
Viscosity ° 10,000-20,000 cp
pll = 6.0-7.0
Preservative ° 3,000 ppm
formaldehyde
-------
I
*»
u>
TABLE 13 (CONT.)
Description
Use
II. CORT (Hercules)
N-llance (series) polyacrylamides manu-
factured "to produce"
higher ( more uniform
molecular weights and
greater polymer
linearity
mobility-control
agents
Physical Properties
Viscosity • Range 6-100 cp
p 1,000 ppm
Natrosol 2SO IIIIR hydroxyl cellulose mobility-control agents
(HEC)
Other EOR chemicals supplied by Hercules through CORT are cellulosic fc polysaccharide chemicals.
I. Mitco Chemical Corporation
Surfactants:
TRS 10-80 petroleum sulfonate foaming agent N.A.
TOA-100 ethoxylated alcohol
foaming agent
foaming agent
J. Stepan Chemical Company
Surfactants:
Petrosep 465 petroleum sulfonate
Petioaep 450 petroleum sulfonate
Petrosep 420 petroleum sulfonate
foaming agent
foaming agent
foaming agent
K. Alcolac Inc.
Surfactants:
Siponate DS-10
dodecyl benzene
sulfonate
foaming agent
I,. Exxon Chemical Co.
Surfactants:
OXS
Orthoxylene sulfonate
foaming agent
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
-------
.B 13 (CONT.)
M. GAP Corporation
Surfactantsi
Igepal CO-530
Igepal CO-610
N. Suntech
Suntech 1
Suntech 2
Suntech 3
Suntech 4
Suntech 5
Suntech 6
Suntech 7
Suntech 8
Description
ethoxylated phenol
ethoxylated phenol
mixed xylenes and
C}2 olefin
mixed xylenes and
Cj5 olefin-narrow
toluene and Cj5
olefin-narrow
toluene and Cj5
olefin-narrow
toluene and Cjj
olef in-broad
benzene tower
feed and Cj5
olef in-broad
benzene tower feed
and Cj5 olefin-narrow
benzene .tower
Use Physical Properties
foaming agent N A.
foaming agent N.A.
foaming agent N.A.
foaming agent N.A.
foaming agent N.A.
foaming agent N.A.
foaming agent N.A.
foaming agent N.A.
foaming agent N.A.
foaming agent N.A.
bottoms and
olefin
-------
TABLE 13 (CONT.)
Description
Use
Physical Properties
O. HILEHEAA
Surfactants:
Amp11 foam"
P. MAGCODAR
Surfactants!
Magcofoamer 44
coco aroine betalne
foaming agent
foaming agent
N.A.
N.A.
in
I
Q. Armour Industrial
Chemical Company
Surfactantsi
ARQUAD T-2C
ARMOHISr II
cationic; quaternary
ammonium salt
cationic
N.A.
N.A.
H. Dupont
Surfactantsi
BCO
amphoterlc; C-alkyl betaine
N.A.
S. General Hills
Surfactants!
AI.FOAM 3
T. Shell Chemical
Surfactants:
Shell foam
sulfonate (probably
no benzene)
foaming agent
N.A.
N.A.
-------
TABLE 13 (CONT.)
Description
Use
Physical Properties
U. Halliburton
Surfactants:
IIC-2
IIOWCO SUDS
foaming agent
N.A.
N.A.
V. Rohm fc llaaa
Surfactants:
TRITON QS-15
TRITON GR-S
amphoterici
oxyethylated sodium
salt
anlonici sodiup
alkyleater sulfonate
foaming agent
foaming agent
N.A.
N.A.
W. Petrolite Corp.
Surfactants:
Tret-0-llte J-9005
Tret-o-lite TD-8
foaming agent
foaming agent
N.A.
N.A.
X. Adomite
Surfactants:
Adofoam
50% active anionic
surfactant
Y• Kelco, Plyisign of
Merck t Co.f~Inc.
Polymers:
Xanflood
xantlian gum
foaming agent
mobility-control agent
N.A.
N.A.
-------
TABLE 13 (CONT.)
I
*>.
Z. Hercules
Incorporated
Polymersi
Natrosol 250 IIIIR
Aft. Union Carbide
Chemical Co.
Polymersi
Polyox WSR N-3000
Polyox WSR 301
Polyox coagulant
Description
hydroxyethyl
cellulose (DEC)
Use
Physical Properties
mobility-control agent N.A.
polythylene oxide (RBO)
polytltylene oxide (REO)
polythylene oxide (REQ)
mobility-control aqent N.A.
mobility-control agent N.A.
mobility-control agent N.A.
-------
TABLE 14 (CONT.)
1
Chemical
Category
for EOR Use
Nonspecific
Chemical Analytical
Group Technique
monopolyinerlc
sugars
Specific
Analytical
Technique
paper
Technique
Protocol
Listing Precision %
m
Threshold
Value • Environmental
(detection Standard or
limit) Guideline
m
Cost
per
Sample3
Level of
Operator
Training
Required
chroma tography
polysac- manual analysis
charldes by cleavage
n
enzyme hydrolysis
E. Diocides
1
Ul
to
1
P. Chemicals
used to
block ex-
change
sites
aldehydes GC/PID
alkyl phosphate
phosphates color imetrlc
tests
alkyl
phosphates
quaternary
amines
...
alkyl amines
acetate salts
of amines
calcium sulfate
sodium alkalinity
hydroxide titratlon
heavy met- atomic
al salts absorption17
heavy met- inductively
al salts coupled
argon plasma
phenols chloroform
extraction
phenols
quater- NII3 titratlon
nary am-
monium salts
quater-
nary am-
monium salts
GC/HS
ion chrom-
atography
GC/MS
GC/MS
titratlon
GC/MS
*
ion
EPA Level I
recommended
ASTH D-515
j
q
EPA Level II j
recommended
EPA Level II j
recommended
e
ASTM 1)1067-1070
8
t
ASTM-D17B) h
EPA Level II j
recommended
ASTM 01426 y
q
P
.01-10 ppm
50 mg
Injected
q
50 mg
injected
50 mg
injected
e
s
t
h x
50 mg x
injected
y
q
$50-100
$5-10
$50-200
$15-25
$50-200+
$50-200+
$5-10
$5-10
u
$100W
$5-10
$50-200*
$5-10
$15-25
chroma tog r aphy
4 yr
college
U.S.
tech.
4 yr
college
tech.
or 4 yr
college
4 yr
college
4 yr
col lege
U.S.
tech.
U.S.
tech.
4 yr
col lege
4 yr
college
U.S.
tech .
4 yr
col lege
U.S.
tech.
tech.
or 4 yr
col lege.
-------
TABLE 14. MATRIX OF MONITORING PARAMETERS
— — — - ' ' """' ' --- . • _-__..-_.. — ._.!•_•- -- __----- -i r ..__. _ _ I j .!.--__ _ . _.._-. - . _ . . ... .. _. -r- — . - - — ._-. .1 -_ - --.- ,_„-—_ -- ___ - . .-v. ~i-
Chemical Nonspecific
Category Chemical Analytical
for EOR Use Group Technique
A. Surfac- all sur-
tanta factants
Bulfon- tltratlond
ates
D. Cosur- alcohols
factants
phenols chloroform
extraction
phenols
aldehydes GC/FID
amides
amines
amines
esters
ketonea
C. Hydro- aryl compounds
carbons (Incl. benzene)
alkyl . chloroform
phenols extraction
aliphatic
hydrocarbons
f>. Mobility amines
buffers
mnnopo 1 y me r 1 c
sugars
Specific
Analytical
Technique
direct probe
mass spectro-
metryb
GC/FID
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/Mfik
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS6
GC/FIDl
GC/MS*
GC/MS of
trimethylsilyl
Technique
Protocol
Listing Precision
yioo
ASTM D-2330
EPA Level II
recommended
ASTM-D 1783
EPA Level II
recommended
EPA Level I
recommended
EPA Level II
recommended
EPA Level II
recommended
EPA Level II
recommended
EPA Level II
recommended
EPA Level II
recommended
ASTM-D 178 3
EPA level II
recommended
F.PA Level 11
recommended
e
10
h
J
j
j
i
j
h
10
j
Threshold
Value Environmental Cost
(detection Standard or per
% limit) Guideline Sample*
low ppb
range0
e f
50 mg g
injected
h 1
50 mg i
injected
50 mg
injected
50 mg
injected
50 mg
injected
50 mg
injected
50 mg
injected
50 mg
injected
h
5 mg
injected
50 mg
injected
$25-100
$5-10
$50-100
$5-10
$50-200*
$50-100
$50-200+
$50-200+
$50-2001
$50-200+
$50-200+
$50-200+
$5-10
$50-100
$50-200+
$50-200+
Level of
Operator
Training
Required
4 yr
college
U.S.
tech.
4 yr
college
U.S.
tech
.4 yr
college
4 yr
college
4 yr
college
4 yr
college
4 yr
college
4 yr
college
4 yr
college
4 yr
col lege
U.S.
tech.
4 yr
college
4 yr
college
4 yr
college
derivatives
-------
SAMPLING PARAMETERS
To design a monitoring program requires information
about eight sampling parameters shown in Table 14. These
eight parameters include information about the appropriate
chemical tests—
1. Nonspecific Analytical Technique
2. Specific Analytical Technique
3. Technique Protocol Listing—
information concerning the ability of the techniques to
detect environmental hazards—
4. Precision
5. Threshold Value/Detection Limit
6. Environmental Standard or Guideline—
and information about the effort required to carry out the
tests—
7. Cost Per Sample
8. Level of Operator Training Required.
Nonspecific Analytical Technique
Each chemical group cited in the table includes a
number of individual chemicals, each with its own molecular
composition, physical and chemical properties, and toxicity.
For some of these groups, a convenient "nonspecific" test
exists that will detect the presence of some member of the
group in a sample, without being able to identify specific
chemicals and their concentrations. These general tests are
often an appropriate screening tool, to determine inexpensively
whether more detailed sampling is required at a particular
sampling station and time.
Specific Analytical Technique
Techniques included in this category will detect the
presence or absence of specific chemicals within a group.
Technique Protocol Listing
Techniques that are routine enough to be standardized
are described by analytical protocols. The appropriate
protocol references are provided in the matrix. Some of the
protocols refer to techniques that are undergoing rapid
development, such as GC/MS analysis. These protocols will
provide only_general guidelines for the analytical procedures,
-50-
-------
SECTION 6
GROUNDWATER SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
INTRODUCTION
Enhanced oil and gas recovery processes use and create
a diversity of chemicals. To monitor the discharge of
these chemicals to the environment requires many specific
analytical tests and procedures. The parameters associated
with these tests have been summarized in a master matrix of
water-quality tests for EOR/EGR chemicals. This matrix is
displayed in Table 14.
It would be desirable to reduce the number of required
tests, at least initially, by performing simple screening
tests which would indicate whether or not more specific test-
ing is likely to show presence of contaminants. To that end,
nonspecific tests are noted in the matrix that can serve
as general indicators of the presence of a class of chemi-
cals. Even more general screening tests are not cited in the
matrix. Those general tests that might be used include:
o Total Organic Carbon - The total organic carbon
(TOC) test will generally detect all organic carbon
compounds. This will include not only polymers but
also oils and other oil-based hydrocarbons. Thus,
TOC can indicate oil or working-fluid contamination.
However, interpretation of TOC data is complicated.
o Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) - The measurement of
high TDS levels will indicate the presence of brine
contamination in a sample. This can be an initial
indicator of escape of reinjected or surface-disposed
wastewaters.
o p_H - A sudden change in the pH values occurring
at a sampling station can provide an indication of
contamination by surfactants, sulfur-containing
compounds, and other EOR-related chemicals.
-49-
-------
TABLE 14 (CONT.)
Chemical
Category
Cor EOR Use
G. Electro-
lytes
II. Chemicals
used to
increase
efficiency
of thermal
methods
-
Chemical
Group
fluoride
solutions
potassium
permanganate
sod i urn
hydroxide
acids and
bases
salts
sod i urn
salts
qu incline
sod 1 urn
hydroxide
toluene
Nonspecific
Analytical
Technique
distillation
color (metric
alkalinity
titratlon
pll titratlon
flame atomic
absorption
alkalinity
titration
.
Specific
Analytical
Technique
and
test
titration
ion chroma-
tography
GC/MS
GC/MS
Technique
Protocol
Listing Precision %
ASTM 01179 y
e
ASTH D1067-1070
ASTM 01067-1070
q
8
EPA Level II j
recommended
ASTM 01067-1070
EPA Level II j
recommended
Threshold
Value
(detection
limit)
10 ppb
e
q .
a
10 rog
Injected
50 mg
injected
Environmental Cost
Standard or per
Guideline Sample8
$5-10
$5-10
$5-10
$5-10
$15-25
$fl-15
$50-200+
$5-10
$50-200+
Level of
Operator
Training
Required
U.S.
tech.
U.S.
tech.
U.S.
tech.
U.S.
tech.
tech.
or 4 yr
college
4 yr
college
4 yr
college
U.S.
tech.
4 yr
col lege
FOOTNOTES 8
a,.
Cost per sample assuming 10 or more similar samples run at one time.
Direct probe mass spectrometry achieves poor separation, so specific identification is possible only if individual peaks
are not greatly superimposed on one another.
Assuming a large sample is collected and concentrated In the laboratory.
Colorimetrlc titratlon with methylene blue measures detergent as equivalent ppm of linear alkyl sulfonate.
For titration tests in generals
Threshold Values
10-2 H in solu.
lO-5 M in solu.
I0~6 M-10~7 M in solu.
Preciaion (I)
0.01
0.1
0.2-1.0
(cent inned)
-------
FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 14 (continued)
Petroleum sulfonates are considered flammable and therefore might be hazardous under RCHA. They should also be treated as
potential carcinogens.
9hexanol - marginal for RCRA hazardous rating on the basis of ignitahillty
octanol - aquatic toxlclty over 96 hours - 1X50 - 10-100 ppm
n-butanol - OSIIA limit 100 ppm
- threshold limit value (sklnl - SO ppm
- aquatic toxlclty at 96 hours - LC5o>1000 ppm
- hazardous under RCHA on the basis of Iqnitahllity
tert-butanol - OSIIA llml£ 100 ppm
- hazardous under RCHA on the basis of ignltahllity
iso-butanol - threshold limit value - 100 ppm
- hazardous under RCRA on the basis of ignitability
sec-hutanol - OSIIA limit 100 ppm
- threshold limit value - ISO ppm
- aquatic toxlclty at 96 hours - LC^nHOOO ppm
- hazardous under RCRA on the basis of Ignitability
cyclohexanol - OSIIA limit SO ppm
- threshold limit value - SO ppm
- aquatic toxlclty at 95 hours - LCjQ - 10-100 ppm
hOetectlon limit - S ppb
Threshold Values Precision (%)
«-5 PP»> *
48.3 ppb 6
9.61 ppb 10
'phenol - OSIIA limit (skin) 5 ppm
- threshold limit value - S ppm
- drinking water standard (1962) -
-------
FOOTNOTES TO TABLE 14 (continued!
^Detection llmlti low ppb range - up to SO ppb precision Is 1-10%.
rPlaroe atonic absorption or graphite-furnace atonic absorption, for example, depending on which metals are being examined.
sFlame AA detection llmlti low ppn to high ppb range - at 1-10 ppm, precision la l-2%> graphite furnace AA - at
20-100 ppb, precision Is St.
Inductively coupled argon plasma detection limits 10-20 ppb - at 100-300 ppb, precision is 31.
"flame AA - SB-15/earaple, graphite furnace AA - $)2-25/sample.
WICAP la a miltl-element technique. Several elements can be Measured In a single analysts, so for a wide scan It can be
cheaper than AA.
*2,4,S-trichlorophcnol - threshold limit value - low (very tonic) phenol - OSIIA Unit - 55 ppm (skin)
- threshold limit value - 5 ppm
pentachlorophenol - aquatic toxlclty at 96 hours - - drinking water standard
LC50<1 ppn (1962) - 1 ppb
' yAt O.S ppm, precision Is 3t.
• 'precision was. 9» at 0.81 ppm.
-------
leaving the details of the analysis to the judgment of the
chemist. For other sophisticated tests, such as inductively
coupled argon plasma, standard protocols are not appropriate,
since the technique is too new and complicated. Thus,
analytical procedures are standardized only to a limited
extent, depending for the validity of the data on the
training and experience of the analyst.
Precision
The techniques differ in their precision. Precision
can be affected by the operator experience and training.
Threshold Value
The threshold value of a test usually must be less than
or equal to one-half of the applicable environmental guideline
for the technique to be a useful monitoring tool.
Environmental Standard or Guideline
Environmental standards have not yet been developed for
many of the chemicals of concern. (See Beck et al., 1980,
and Silvestro et al., 1980). This information gap is a problem
in the development of effective monitoring programs.
Cost Per Sample
Costs per sample have been developed assuming: a) 1980
prices, 1980 dollars; b) commercial laboratories perform the
testing; c) samples are run in batches of at least ten
samples. Costs for sample transport are not included.
Level of Operator Training Required
The quality of the operators performing the chemical
tests is a principal variable controlling the value of moni-
toring data. Use of inexperienced or undertrained technicians
can invalidate monitoring data. Required training levels
included in the matrix are the generally recognized minimums.
Use of operators with several years of experience can result in
better accuracy and consistency. Laboratories should be under
the supervision of a Ph.D. chemist or the equivalent. Labora-
tories should meet appropriate state and EPA laboratory-approval
tests.
APPLICABILITY OF THE TECHNIQUES
Sample volume and cross-constituent interference limit
the applicability of some of the techniques. Required sample
-56-
-------
volumes will increase rapidly as desired detection limit
decreases, so that no simple values could be entered into
the matrix. Presence of a complicated hydrocarbon component
in the sample may necessitate multiple solvent separations
and extracts to isolate the sample fraction to be analyzed.
Presence of a high total-dissolved-solids component can
decrease the sensitivity of other tests.
-57-
-------
SECTION 7
MONITORING PROGRAM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Design of an effective yet realistic groundwater monitoring
program is a'difficult analytical problem and is impeded by the
lack of information about the baseline quality of aquifers and
the pollutant pathways that are required in making informed
decisions. Generally/ it is much easier to design a monitoring
program on the basis of a specific type of pollutant event or
track to a specific pollutant incident. Unfortunately, often a
pollutant event will remain undetected for long periods of
time, being noticed only after an aquifer has been subjected to
low levels of pollution over several years. Thus, it is
necessary to conduct some form of regular monitoring of aquifers
that may be affected by an EOR project.
DESIGN ISSUES
The major problems to be addressed in the enhanced-
recovery environmental monitoring manual are as follows:
1. How should monitoring stations be located to ensure
an acceptable probability that any discharges from
the recovery processes are detected?
2. What combination of measurements, number of
stations, and frequency of sampling provides the
best information value per dollar expenditure?
3. How can all of the various monitoring variables
be standardized sufficiently so that different
recovery projects can be compared, and so that
time-series analysis can be carried out?
4. Which procedures need to be followed to ensure
that the measurements taken constitute meaningful
information?
BENEFITS MEASURES
The design of an efficient monitoring program requires
that the benefits of monitoring be identified. Benefits of EOR
-59-
-------
groundwater monitoring will include detection and prevention
of environmental risks and evaluation of environmental control
investments. To each general benefits category (Table 15) a
variety of indices and variables can serve as measures to meet
that monitoring need. For example, indices of cancer mor-
tality per 1,000,000 individuals may serve as a measure of
human health risk.
The first step in specifying these benefits is an
evaluation of the enhanced-recovery processes and the nature
of the pollutant events that may be expected. This first
step was carried out as part of the recently completed project
performed by MERL (Beck et al., 1980). This tells us the
types of risks that a monitoring program should be designed to
detect. The next step is to identify measurements that can be
made to characterize the pollutant events. An enumeration of
measures is provided in Section 6. The next .step is to
determine range of values, variability and statistical charac-
teristics of contamination events using a body of historical
data relative to past pollutant events. This cannot now be
adequately carried out due to lack of historical data.1 A
substitute analysis, carried out on an a priori basis, makes
up the body of Section 8 of this report. This tells us how
intensively the risk indices should be measured to obtain
meaningful information.
Table 15 summarizes the categories of costs and benefits
that enter into the design of an EOR/EGR monitoring program.
In addition to the benefits identified in Table 15, there is
another purpose for monitoring investments, which does not
appear in that list because it is an "intermediate" benefit;
that is, it is a tool for the accomplishment of the other
purposes. That benefit is the development of Baseline Infor-
mation.
Dollar values and manpower values can easily be placed
on the cost elements, as has been done in Section 6. The
measures that should be used for the other benefits are less
straightforward. Some of the possible uses of a monitoring
program and the way to express their benefits are discussed
below. The objectives discussed are: (1) baseline data
assembly, (2) detection of trends and violations of standards
and (3) detection of previously unrecognized pollutants.
^Historical data that could be used for this work
are lacking mainly because (1) few significant pollutant
events have been identified and (2) no environmental monitor-
ing programs are in place with EOR or EGR projects.
-60-
-------
TABLE 15.
EOR/EGR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING COSTS AND
BENEFITS
Costs
Benefits
Dollar costs of monitoring
tests
Manpower costs of monitor-
ing
Identification of public-health
risks
Detection of violations of
regulations
Identification of ecosystem
risks
Identification of other envi-
ronmental risks
(aesthetics, resource
preemption, synergistic
effects, intermedia effects)
Identification of previously
unrecognized pollutants
Detection of degradation
trends at levels below
currently recognized risk
thresholds
Detection of chemical or hydro-
carbon losses (economic
benefit)
Evaluation of the effective-
ness of control investments
-61-
-------
DEVELOPMENT OF BASELINE DATA
There are two alternate strategies for the development
of a baseline for EOR/EGR environmental studies. One is to
evaluate environmental insults on a site-specific basis; the
other is to look at the national or regional picture. To some
extent, both must be done. Environmental control of EOR/EGR
activities merits significant attention if the potential
overall impacts are significant, compared with other energy
alternatives. Also, violations of regulations at any site
cannot be ignored. Regulatory agencies — i.e., those of the
DOE, EPA, and California Air Quality Control Board — will
mainly require regional and national data to evaluate the
effectiveness of their programs. Operators will only have use
for an approach applicable to their own specific projects.
Each approach will have different statistical and information
requirements.
Regional Approach
The regional approach requires the development of average
values and spatial and temporal variabilities for a relatively
small number of key stations. The key stations are selected to
represent the range of conditions relevant to the technology
and medium of interest. The conditions that need to be
represented are as follows:
Geological characteristics
Connate-water chemistry
Aquifer characteristics
Types of disposal formations
Technology options
Age of field operations
Generally, a minimum number of observations will be required to
characterize each condition, depending on the variability of
the parameter being considered. This minimum number can be
achieved by some combination of repeat observations at a
station and synoptic measurements at several stations. Once
the basic statistics have been statistically characterized,
additional stations or observations will provide minimal
informational benefit.
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Site-Specific Approach
The site-specific approach involves investigation of
possible routes of contamination and directions of contami-
nant flow. The approach includes reservoir and aquifer
dynamics. A synoptic data set covering the area influenced
by the project is required? a time series adequate to
characterize local patterns is also required for several key
stations. Baseline data gathering should be kept to the
minimum required to characterize levels of indicator para-
meters. Without specific cause for carrying out detailed
monitoring at specific stations, large bodies of useless
data could easily be assembled.
DETECTION OF TRENDS AND VIOLATION OF STANDARDS
Violations of regulations are usually measured as
frequency of observations exceeding a reference level. The
statistics that govern trends in frequency of occurrences of
a condition are different from the statistics that govern
trends in annual means.
No reference levels (i.e., standards or criteria) cur-
rently exist for most of the chemicals identified in Table 13
and Appendix A. The lack of firm reference criteria makes the
use of these benefits measures difficult. Thus, development of
usable reference values should be undertaken by the monitoring
agencies. The status of reference values is as follows:
Public-Health Risk. Drinking-water standards and water-
quality criteria exist. However, these standards do not cover
most of the organics relevant to EOR/EGR. The NAS (1977) lists
of suspected carcinogens came closest to considering the relevant
variables. U.S. DOE research is currently under way on this
topic. Air-quality standards exist, but these standards do not
cover the trace organics.
Reinjection, Subsurface, Waste-Injection Regulations do not
specify quality criteria.
RCRA. Guidelines for drilling muds and oilfield brines
are currently being developed by the U.S. EPA.
Ecosystem Risks. No guidelines exist relative to subsurface
waters. Water-quality criteria cover few of the relevant
chemicals. Visibility criteria exist.
Other Environmental Risks are difficult to quantify.
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IDENTIFICATION OF PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED POLLUTANTS
A monitoring program that is intended to identify pre-
viously unrecognized pollutants involves broad-based measure-
ments with low expectation for informational benefits. Indices
of the informational value of such a monitoring plan include:
1. Classes of chemicals measured; A monitoring program is
beneficial to the extent that it provides measurements
of a wide range of chemicals: detection of presence/
absence is the main criterion.
2. Media sampled; A monitoring program is beneficial to
the extent that it provides a scan of the range of
possibly polluted media with a spatial coverage of each
medium.
3. Temporal Sampling; A monitoring program is beneficial
to the extent that it can detect pollutants that may be
subject to irregular occurrence at sampling stations.
A suitable measure of of the potential informational
benefits of a program designed to screen for new pollutants
would be of the following form:
w, w« w_
I = F1(C) X (MN) ^ (f) J
where W]_ » W2 + W3
I a index of likelihood of detecting previously
unrecognized pollutants
Fi(C) « index of the classes of chemicals
measured
M a number of aquifers sampled (of total aquifers
bodies impacted)
N = average number of samples per aquifer
f = average frequency of sampling per station
wi,W2,W3 a weighting factors for the three
indices.
The best monitoring strategy will yield a maximum value of I
within a given budgetary constraint.
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DETECTION OF CHEMICAL OR HYDROCARBON LOSSES
Some monitoring strategies screen for potential pollutant
events by monitoring chemical and/or hydrocarbon losses from
the oil reservoir. These strategies include monitoring of well
pressure, monitoring of movements of tracer chemicals, and
development of data for periodic mass-balance accounting.
Benefits of these monitoring activities may be measured as the
dollar savings caused by reduced-volume consumption of chemicals
and increased recovery of oil or gas. Estimated savings are
calculated in terms of a site-by-site assessment of risks of
losses that are usually calculated during the project engineer-
ing; or they can be calculated generally, as in the 1976 EPA
study (Braxton et al., 1976).
EVALUATION OP THE'EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTROL INVESTMENTS
Monitoring programs to evaluate effectiveness of
control investments will compare the performance of controls
with regulating standards and/or design criteria. This will
involve the statistical issues discussed above. Making
comparisons requires pairs of observations "upstream"
and "downstream" of controls before and after their applica-
tion. For controls aimed at maintenance of groundwater
quality, "upgradient" and "downgradient" pairs may not be
easy to establish, and groups of stations.may be required to
define the "up" and "down" gradient conditions.
POLLUTANT INDICATORS
Enhanced-recovery activities use a wide variety of
chemicals. Comprehensive monitoring for each potential
pollutant (including primary pollutants, degradation products,
and synergistic pairs) will require extensive budgetary
commitments. The measurement of indicator parameters rather
than specific chemicals provides less detailed and less
precise information; but it is a more certain way of obtain-
ing useful returns for a given level of investment.
Various indicators that might be used to detect relevant
pollutants are as follows:
1. Total Organic Carbon. Total organic carbon provides a
measure of the presence of all chemicals soluble in a
given solvent, such as methylene chloride. Monitoring
TOC in the vicinity of EOR projects can be expected to
detect the presence of organic polymers, organic
biocides, hydrocarbons, and miscellaneous other
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organic additives used in oil operations. The TOC
measure could be used as a screening tool; if adverse
trends are observed, then further, more specific
analytical tests would be triggered.
2. Methylene Blue Active Substances. The MBA test
quantifies the presence of methylene blue active
chemicals, which mainly include a large class of
surfactants. Monitoring MBA in the vicinity of EOR
projects can be expected to detect the presence of
surfactants. The MBA test is a general screening
tool, aimed at a more restricted list of pollutants
than the first test.
3. Conductivity. The conductivity test is a surrogate
measure to determine the general presence of salts.
The measurement of conductivity in the vicinity of
EOR/EGR projects can serve as a screening tool to
detect the presence of brines in water bodies.
4. Reservoir Pressure. The pressure maintained within
the oil-bearing formation provides a monitor on escape
of fluids away from the intended pathways. These
monitoring activities are usually carried out as part
of good reservoir engineering practices.
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SECTION 8
PLACEMENT OF MONITORING STATIONS
AND FREQUENCY OF SAMPLING
INTRODUCTION
This section adopts two separate approaches for deter-
mining appropriate placement and sampling-frequency designs
for underground monitoring stations. The first method
applies to detection systems, or systems designed to monitor
before and just after a pollutant event occurs. The second
method applies to event-monitoring systems that are designed
to monitor the progress or extent of a contaminant plume.
While detection-system monitoring stations must be opera-
tional before the event, an event-monitoring methodology is
likely to be applied after the event to determine where to
drill new wells or take above-ground measurements and how
frequently to do so.
The following outlines the three subsections below that
address issues of sampling frequency and station placement:
1. The first section discusses the differences in
emphasis between systems designed before and after
the pollutant event has occurred.
2. The second section discusses the proposed method-
ology for designing a pollution-event detection
system.
3. The third section discusses the methodology
for monitoring in response to pollutant events
and the equations for the chemical-fate modeling
of water-miscible and -immiscible pollutants in
groundwater.
BEFORE VS. AFTER A POLLUTANT EVENT
The considerations affecting spatial placement of
monitoring stations are different before and after a
pollutant event has occurred. Before a pollutant event
occurs, the emphasis is on early detection leading to
monitoring for contamination close to possible sources,
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whereas after an event the emphasis is on determining the
extent of contamination, which may require monitoring far
from the source.
Similarly, for detection capability the density of
monitoring stations should be high, whereas for delineating
the extent of contamination the stations should be more
widely spaced.
For these reasons, the design of a detection and an
event-monitoring system have only a weak linkage. As a
detection system requires greater accuracy, higher sampling
frequencies, and fewer stations than an event-monitoring
system, data collection by well samples is appropriate.
For an event system, however, less expensive methods will
suffice. This is not to say, of course, that an event-
monitoring system should not use detection techniques,
particularly if there are water wells in the field that can
easily be used for monitoring. The point is that monitoring
techniques are likely to be more cost-effective than drill-
ing new wells.
The use of less expensive data-collection techniques
for event-monitoring systems should be more than compen-
sated for by a program of computer-based miscible or
immiscible transport models. As it is doubtful whether
these models can be adequately calibrated without a
pollutant event, they play a less prominent role in "detec-
tion" systems.
Chemical-fate mathematical models fall into two cate-
gories: miscible and immiscible pollutant models. While
brines and biocides are soluble in water, oil and surfactants
are not. Briefly, the latter (immiscible case) equations must
be written for the movement of both the water and nonwater
phases, while in the former (miscible case) an equation for
transport in the water phase only is developed. . ;
DESIGN OF A POLLUTION-EVENT DETECTION SYSTEM
The design of a detection system has two phases: the
first is a "baseline" analysis, characterizing TDS, BOD,
organic-carbon, etc., and other levels before an event, and
the second phase is the design of the monitoring system
itself.
The purpose of the first phase is to take out all
"trends" or explainable variations in groundwater quality,
so that residual variation is uncorrelated (a white noise).
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Seasonal trends in groundwater quality have been noted
frequently in the literature; other possible trends include
a straight-line time dependence, correlation among levels of
chemical constituents, correlations among nearby wells, and
relations of concentrations to the level of the groundwater
table and volume of water pumped.
Once all trends have been removed, the standard devia-
tion of the residuals is taken to serve as an indication of
the reliability of sampling. A well with a standard error
of o on a given pollutant measure would yield a standard
deviation of »//n if sampling results were averaged over
n time periods.
The second phase of monitoring station design takes
as input the expected value of an indicator at a given time,
u(t), and the calculated standard deviation a. These para-
meters are used to set up threshold levels for detection; as
only uppe£ thresholds are likely to be useful, a value of
u + .(Ser//n) represents the threshold level, where S * a factor
between 2 and 4. The value selected will reflect a judgement
on the • importance of early detection and the degree of incon-
venience you wish to bear from false alarms due to random
variation.
The following outlines the aspects of detection
systems to be discussed in the next few pages:
A. The model to be used for determining spatial
arrangement and sampling frequency, its limitations
and data requirements.
B. Issues of detection power.
C. Formulas for spacing and frequency of monitoring.
D. Refinements to the model.
A. The Model
The subsurface dispersion model equations developed in
Appendix B are based on a second-order, linear differential
equation which depicts underground convection-diffusion
phenomena. This analysis assumes that aquifer flow is
constant in direction and magnitude and also that under-
ground diffusion properties are uniform in the region of the
spill. Since detection monitoring stations are to be placed
close together, each covering only a small zone, variations
in flow and diffusion may be neglected without seriously
affecting results.
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The purpose of the detection monitoring system is to
detect contamination as soon as possible. The model permits
prediction of the length of time, to, required to detect a
leak depending upon values of spill size and concentration,
spacing of stations, groundwater flow, local diffusion rates
and the time interval between samples. Because the concentra-
tion profile could range from an initial burst to a slow leak,
a worst-case approach is adopted. An initial-burst leak that
quickly damps out is the hardest to detect. Consequently, the
solutions for monitoring system design drawn from the model
will be fitted to the detection of this case.
Data Requirements—
The parameters of the model are given in Table 16. It
is seen that considerable geological and production informa-
tion is needed to specify the model parameters. However, as
detection stations are likely to be placed close to sources
and as geological and production information should be
available for existing wells, collection of necessary data
should not require additional geological measurements.
The concentration of a pollutant at a given point in
space C(x,y,t) is illustrated as a function of time and
model parameters in Figure 9. The x-coordinate signifies
the direction of aquifer flows and the y-coordinate, its
perpendicular in the horizontal plane.
TABLE 16. MODEL PARAMETERS
Parameter
Physical measurements that must
be made to determine parameter
V - velocity of groundwater
motion
D - diffusion coefficient
P - level of initial burst
Transmissibility, level of
groundwater table near pollu-
tant surface
Pollutant mobility; for immis-
cible fluids, water saturation
viscosity; porosity; permea-
bility of area near source
In an injection well, volume
of fluids injected per second;
or in a producing well, volume
of produced fluids per second
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140-
120-
100-
* BOH
o
i
§
60-
40-
20-
CQ - Detection Limit
2 K I04 3 x ID4
TIME AFTER SPILL (SECONDSI
ID4
6XI04
Figure 9. Concentration as a function of time for a groundwater sampling well 500 m downstream from a burst
leak source; Groundwater Velocity=.01 cm/sec; Dispersion Rate=5 times groundwater velocity.
Example chosen is a sand aquifer with relatively fast transport.
-------
Limitations—
It should be stressed that while the modeling devel-
oped in equations B-l, -2, -3 and -4 of Appendix B and
illustrated in Figures 10 and 11 is inadequate for the
modeling of pollutant fates to be conducted in an event-
monitoring system, it gives considerable insight into
considerations for detection-system design. The model does
not take into account possible variations in permeability
and porosity nor, more seriously, variations in directions
or magnitude of groundwater flow. As is shown in Subsection
D below, once an understanding of the basic forces influencing
system design is achieved, solutions to these objections
will suggest themselves.
B. Detection Power
As has been mentioned in the introduction, baseline
sampling provides us with an expected value for a measured
variable and a standard deviation. Levels more than So//n
above the baseline mean u are cause for sounding an alarm,
where n is the number of samples averaged for the purposed
of reducing false alarms.
The approach taken in the following sections is to design
a system that will be likely to detect levels above the mean of
So or greater, within a time of to after the event, using_
only one sample. An added benefit is that levels of So//n or
greater may be detected by averaging over n samples. As a
result, a graph of the minimum deviation detectable within a
given perjlod after the event, with confidence factor S, would
plot So//nAt versus nAt, where At is the sampling interval.
C. Derivation of Spatial and Frequency Relations
The progress of a contamination plume will resemble
Figure 12.
As can be seen, the "center of gravity" of the plume
progresses at a speed of V in the x direction, while the
width of the plume in the y direction is proportional to the
dispersion coefficient D.
Equation B-4, which generated the plots in Figure 12,
is reproduced below.
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to
I
1400-
20
60
BO
100 120
VOLUME OF SPILL |m3|
I
140
160
I
ISO
D - O.Bm'/sec.
200
Figure 10. Spacing of sampling stations as a function of spill volume and dispersion rate, D.
-------
6x
8
3x10«-
20 40
I
60
I
80
100 120
VOLUME OF SPILL tin3)
I
MO
I
ICO
0 - 0.6 m2/M>c.
O - 0.4 in2/>oc.
O m 0.3 ni2
IBO 200
Figure 11. Sampling frequency as a function of spill volume and dispersion rate. D.
-------
01
I
Figure 12. Progression of burst leak; dispersion rate = 5 times groundwater velocity.
-------
P -[(x-Vt)2+ y2]/2Dt .„ ...
C(x,y,t) = = e * (B-4)
(2u)HDt
Our goals in detection-system design ar-e:
1. To detect a minimum concentration above baseline
of S
-------
TABLE 17. STATION LOCATIONS AND SAMPLING FREQUENCIES
(See Fig. B-l on pg. 127)
Station Location Sampling Interval
(Vt . 0) ^V4W « ~ 8Vt,
w «•<
W2D2 - 10V W2Dt
V~ ' °
^•V4W2D2 - 10V W2Dt
V21 °
\ 1 / 2 2
Vt +-y2WDto ,0) i^'\4W D - 8VWD [Vt + 1/2 2WDt ]
2WDt0 ,01 -=2^ 4^0* - 8VWD [VtQ - 1/2 2WDtQ]
The formula for y spacing may be similarly interpreted.
For values of x such that (x-Vto)2 > 2WDto, stations become
useless. From another point of view, for values of t such
that the equality no longer holds, sampling stations at
point x with y > Ay become useless. Thus, for monitoring of
a burst leak, stations have a finite useful life.
The formula for At is seen to decrease in V2, and to
increase in D and W. This is intuitively correct, as
quicker sampling is required to "catch" events in quicker
flowing aquifers. As accuracy increases, aquifers need not
be sampled so often.
MONITORING IN RESPONSE TO POLLUTANT EVENTS
Enhanced recovery groundwater pollutant events will
involve diverse pollutant-transport routes. Contamination
may occur as a result of well-casing leaks, spills of chemicals
or oils in holding tanks, or communication between subsurface
formations, for example. Each pollutant event will require a
unique detection and monitoring program, in which sampling
stations are selected to conform with the expected speed and
direction of travel of the pollutants, sampling intervals
conform to the expected rate of degradation of the pollutant,
and analytical procedures are selected according to the chemical
nature of the pollutant. This discussion presents an overview
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of the transport models that can be used in the design of a
sampling program to track a pollutant event.
Information Needs
The detection of groundwater pollutant events should
not be a statistical question. That is to say, chemical tests
should be chosen so as to delimit very clearly between pollutant
events and normal circumstances, such that it is unnecessary
to filter out "noise." To determine which chemical tests
should be performed to detect EOR chemicals for accidents at
site, it is important to collect the following information:
o A table of "likely" concentration levels of EOR
chemicals in every EOR process in injected and
produced waters, in addition to levels in the
reservoir formation.
o A table of contamination scenarios, listing for
each scenario the groups of pollutants that are
likely to be released together, concentration
estimates, and relative mobilities. For example,
a leaky injection well will result in pollution by
EOR chemicals at full strength, but little brine
or oil contamination; fractures in the formation
will result in higher levels of brine and oil and
less of EOR chemicals. Brine contamination
travels much more quickly than polymer does.
o A summary of the relevant EOR chemical degradation
processes and by-products.
o A table of "likely" background values for TDS,
BOD, TOC, Methylene Blue Active Substances, etc.,
in the local aquifers.
The above information will allow one to discern which
chemical tests have high detection power for a particular
pollutant event.
It is important to realize that once this information is
assembled and tests are selected for the monitoring program,
little attention will have to be paid to the collection of
baseline data.
Classing EOR Pollutants According to Physical Properties
Surfactants and polymers are used in enhanced oil recovery
because they decrease the mobility of injected water (and
therefore the rate of flow through porous rock), thereby better
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matching the mobility of injected fluids with that of the
reservoir oil. Because of the alteration in fluid properties
brought about by even the small concentrations of polymers
and surfactants in conventional water/ models of contaminant
transport in aquifers are inappropriate for modeling pollutant
events involving these chemicals. Conventional models of
miscible transport, such as those developed by Finder (Brede-
hoeft and Finder, 1973; Gray and Finder, 1976; Bender et al.)
can be applied to brine and biocide contamination. A summary
of the classes of models (miscible, immiscible, fluid-altering)
is provided in Table 18.
TABLE 18. POLLUTANTS AND CLASSES OF TRANSPORT MODELS
Classes
of Models Miscible Immiscible Fluid-Altering
Pollutants Biocides Oil Polymers
Brines Surfactants
It is important to realize that these models may be
combined to model any combination of pollutants escaping
together or separately.
In the next few pages, the following information will
be given for each of these models:
1) A summary and explanation of the mathematical
equations
2) References for computer codes, numerical solutions,
and in-depth explanations
3) A summary of the data necessary to operate the
models
Overview of the Equations
From a physical perspective, all the models to be
discussed are derived from three equations: those of
(1) mass conservation, (2) Darcy's law, and (3) convection-
diffusion. Mass conservation is a physical law, while
Darcy's law is an empirically verified principle (not unlike
Ohm's law); the convection-diffusion equation resembles
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a mathematical model, as it combines several diffusion mech-
anisms in one equation.
Definition of Terms
The effective porosity maximum 4>e(x) of porous rock is
defined as the fraction of rock volume that may be filled by a
fluid. Only connected pores contribute to effective porosity.
The pores may be filled wholly or partially by fluids.
In an oil-bearing formation, these would be brine and oil;
in an aquifer, water. The saturation S(x) with respect to a
given fluid is defined as the fraction of available pore
space occupied by the fluid at point X.
The capillary pressure PC is defined as the total pressure
within the pores due to all fluids.
The relative permeability *ri is a function of the
saturations of other fluids present in the pores, which ranges
from 0 to 1. It must be determined experimentally from cores.
Immiscible Flow Equations
Overview—
To model the flow of immiscible fluids in porous media (oil
in water or water in oil), two mass-conservation and Darcy's-law
equations are used, one of each for the miscible and immiscible
phases. The equations are coupled by relations between the
pressure and saturations of the wetting and nonwetting phases.
It is important to remember that there are only two free
variables in the equations. These may be thought of as Sw,
the water saturation, and Pw, the pressure due to water.
These two^variables are determined by two partial differential .
equations"! The equations are developed in Appendix C.
Equations C-6- and C-7 are combined mass-conservation and
Darcy's-law equations; equation C-9 says that between the
wetting and nonwetting phases, all available pore space is
filled. Equation C-8 states that the capillary pressure is a
function of the water and nonwater saturations, and that the
water and nonwater pressures contribute to it with opposing
signs. This has been experimentally verified.
Together, equations C-6 to C-9 make up two equations in
two unknowns.
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Uses —
Equations C-6 to C-9 are used to model oil pollution of
aquifers. Solving the equations gives the water saturation
in the formation, which can be used as an element in a
miscible-flow equation if there are pollutants dissolved in
the water.
Data Needs—
A summary of the parameters that need to be determined to
specify the model is given in Table 19.
Of all the parameters, q is the most difficult to determine,
References—
The book by Peaceman (1977) contains a complete explana-
tion of the immiscible-flow equations.
TABLE 19. DATA NEEDS FOR IMMISCIBLE-FLOW MODEL
Parameter
How Determined
o (thickness of formation)
D (depth of formation)
PC(SW) (capillary pressure)
(relative
permeability)
q(x) (source or sink term)
e (effective porosity)
Geologic maps and cores
Geologic maps and cores
Determined experimentally
from cores
Determined experimentally
from cores
Must identify sources of con-
tamination (fractures, bad
wells, etc.), from geologic
and hydrologic maps and pres-
sure test cores
Determined experimentally from
cores
Miscible-Flow Equations
Overview—
The miscible-flow models couple one mass-conservation-
Darcy's-law equation with a convection-diffusion equation.
The mass-conservation-Darcy's-law equation is used to
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establish the distribution of groundwater velocity within
the aquifer, and the water saturation. These two variables
are then used as input to the convection-diffusion equation
that models the concentration of pollutant within the ground-
water. It is important to realize that the miscible-flow
equations assume that water mobility and density are constant
— that is, that increasing concentrations of pollutant do not
change these values. This assumption does not hold true for
surfactant and polymer pollutants. The equations are developed
in Appendix C.
These relations must be empirically determined for the
polymers and surfactants under consideration. The result is
that equations C-10 (Darcy's Law equation) and C-13 (convection-
diffusion equation) must now be solved simultaneously instead
of independently. The mobility effects of equations C-14 and
C-15 are likely to be important, as the presence of polymer in
groundwater will slow its movement through rock. It must be
realized that this effect may well be permanent; i.e., ground-
water flow after a pollutant event is likely to be slower than
before the event, even after polymer levels have subsided.
This is because polymer clogs rock pores, decreasing perme-
ability. This is the essence of equation C-14.
Uses —
Equations C-10 to C-13 are used to model brine and
biocide pollution of aquifers. With equations C-14 and C-15
added, polymer and surfactant pollutant events may be
modeled.
Data Needs—
A summary of the parameters that need to be determined
to specify the model are given in Table 20.
References—
The book by Collins (1976) describes the miscible-flow
model, including polymer-mobility effects..
Fluid Altering Equations
Where the pollutant is polymer or surfactant, equations
C-14 and C-15 must be added to account for changing water
mobility and density. Data are obtained from laboratory
flooding simulations employing the polymer or surfactant.
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TABLE 20. DATA NEEDS FOR MISCIBLE-FLOW MODEL
Parameter
How Determined
Normal Case
a (thickness)
D (depth of formation)
pce (effective porosity)
Sw (water saturation)
Polymer and Surfactant Case
K(C) permeability
w(c) (viscosity of ground-
water)
Geologic maps and cores
Geologic maps and cores
Determined experimentally
from cores
Determined experimentally
from cores
Water samples
Cores
Hydrologic maps and cores
Experimentally from cores
Viscometer
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SECTION 9
BASELINE DATA ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY
INTRODUCTION
To establish a baseline for the groundwater-quality
monitoring of EOR projects, data representative of the areas
in which present or future EOR activity is taking place are
needed. Rather than raw data/ the required information is
in the form of regional statistics. Such statistics can be
used in the assessment of problems at specific oilfields.
The steps in the development of useful regional statistics
are as follows:
1. The selection of counties in which groundwater-
monitoring data are to be collected.
2. The display, on 1:500,000 scale hydrologic unit
maps, of the spatial placement of monitoring
stations within each county.
3. The selection of a statistic to estimate the
"average" groundwater quality within a particular
cluster of stations.
4. The taking out of seasonal and other trends in the
selection of.,.a statistic, to produce a residual
variance, a.
A discussion of the procedures to be used in each of
these steps follows.
SELECTION OF COUNTIES
From the Oil and Gas Journal EOR Annual Report of
March 28, 1980, four counties were selected as representa-
tive areas of present or future EOR activity for initial
tabulation in this report:
Osage, Oklahoma
Stephens, Texas
Wayne, Mississippi
Kern, California
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The USGS National Water Data Exchange (USGS/NWDE)
provided a retrieval of the locations and monitoring fre-
quencies of all groundwater monitoring stations in these
counties. That information is tabulated in Appendix D.
DISPLAY OF SPATIAL PLACEMENT
The USGS can provide printouts that include latitude
and longitude, monitoring frequency, and station ID numbers.
Prom this information, the OSGS/NWDE can provide plots of
the spatial location of the stations within selected counties.
This information can be obtained from the USGS in Reston,
Virginia.
SELECTION OP A STATISTIC
The "average" water quality from samples taken at irregu-
lar spacings and times (as is likely for the data of concern
here) is estimated in a geostatistical procedure known as
"kriging."
Kriging involves the selection of x^'s in an
estimator of the form:
N
U = XiWtXifYdifti),
so as to estimate
W(X,Y,t*)dXdY
That is, the average concentration of W over the area A at
time t*.
The characteristics of the kriging estimator are:
1. unbiasedness under the assumption of W = a
constant.
2. least variance among linear estimators.
*
See the David et al. (1976) reference for "hands-on" use.
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-------
TREND ANALYSIS
Groundwater literature indicates that seasonal trends
are a possibility. These trends have been observed on
several occasions in nonpolluted groundwater and have
increased in severity after a pollutant event; that is,
these trends may well be better expressed as a percent
change from the average rather than as an additive factor.
A trial regression might be:
UJ.J = UOjBi + 6J.J,
where
j
1i
= the kriging estimator in year i, month j.
= the average value for concentration
» the month effect
= the year effect
= an additive error term (the literature
supports the idea that the term is in fact
additive).
-87-
-------
SECTION 10
RECOMMENDATIONS
This report sets up a framework for statistically
valid monitoring of enhanced recovery projects. Monitoring
conducted in accordance with this framework at geographi-
cally separated sites will be comparable for the purposes
of evaluating regional and national conditions and trends.
However, this report presents only a preliminary outline for
groundwater monitoring programs.
The following are recommendations for further work
needed regarding the assembly of groundwater quality infor-
mation for enhanced recovery projects:
o Identify Projects That Require Monitoring; Review
ongoing and planned EOR, EGR, and tar sands projects.
Select those projects that are most likely to impose
groundwater quality degradation. Rank the remaining
projects according to potential groundwater quality
impacts. Obtain a complete prioritized listing of
EOR, and tar sands projects in order of need for
monitoring.
o Identify Susceptible Regions; Review the regional*
distribution of EOR, EGR and tar sands projects.
Evaluate the regional environmental issues, existing
environmental quality and groundwater use. Prioritize
regions regarding the need for monitoring. Organize
the prioritized listing of project by region.
o Select Trend Monitoring Sample; Develop a statis-
tically based sample of projects, based on compart-
mentalization of the sample by region and by inferred
pollution potential.
o Select Initial Sample; Select a small set of
projects for sampling. This initial set of from one
to five sites should be selected based on the
accessibility of the site, the availability of
existing wells to use in the sampling effort, and
the anticipated costs of sampling at that site.
^Regions to be defined in terms of oil production areas.
-89-
-------
o Develop Sampling Plans for Sample Set; Design
site specific sampling plan for the initial set of
sites based on the monitoring guidelines presented
in this report. These plans should account for the
engineering and geological peculiarities, if any,
for the selected projects.
o Develop Cooperative Sampling Procedure; Working
with the DOE and the industry, the EPA should
develop a workable plan for conducting monitoring at
the initial sample of stations and on a nationwide
basis.
o Training; EPA and DOE should jointly develop training
programs for federal, state and industry personnel
who will be responsible for carrying out the EOR
monitoring programs.
In addition to the work recommended for the implementa-
tion of a groundwater monitoring program, the following more
general activities should be undertaken to complement the
topics covered by this report;
o Water Usage Monitoring; A program needs to be
developed to account for the water usage by EOR and
EGR projects. This will need to take the form of
monthly tabulations of water usage by projects as
compared with unallocated water supplies at that
locality.
o Produced Water Disposal Formations; An information
base needs to be developed and kept updated regarding
the usage of subsurface formations for produced
water disposal, and the volumes disposed of at each
formation.
o Monitoring Programs for Related Technologies;
Tar Sands, Heavy Oil Mining. The EPA Las Vegas
laboratory has developed detailed protocols for the
monitoring of wastewater from oil shale projects
(Todd et al., 1976, Slawson, 1979). These protocols,
together with this report need to be extended to the
tar sands and heavy oil mining technology areas.
-90-
-------
REFERENCES
Aggar, M. A., and Langmuir, D. 1971. "Groundwater
Pollution Potential of a Landfill Above a Water Table."
Groundwater 9(6), pp. 76-94.
Aris, R. 1978. Mathematical Modelling Techniques,
Pitman/ San Francisco, 191 pp.
American Petroleum Institute. 1961. History of Petro-
leum Engineering/ API Publication, New York, New York.
Bear, J. 1972. "Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media."
Am. Elsevier Pub. Co., New York/ 764 p.
Beck/ R. and Pierrehumbert, R.T.D. 1976. Design of_
Stations for Monitoring Water Quality Trends/ U.S. EPA, OPE.
Beck, R., Scriven, T.H.; Lindguist, M.; and Shore, R.
1980. Pollution Assessment of Enhanced Oil and Enhanced Gas
Recovery Technologies, U.S. EPA, ORD.
Bender, Scott J.; Pinder, G. F.; and Gay, William F.
1977. "A Comparison of Numerical Approximations to the
.One-Dimensional Convective-Diffusion Equation." Water
Resources Program, Princeton University.
Booz, Allen, and Hamilton. 1978. "Development of
Environmental Guidelines for EOR and EGR Processes." Office
of Environmental Activities, Division of Program Control and
Support, Department of Energy.
Braxton, C. ; Muller, C.; Post, J.; Stephens, R.; and
White, J. 1976. Potential Environmental Consequences
of Tertiary Oil Recovery.For U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Report No. PB-260, 646/5GA, 229 pp.
Bredehoeft, J. D., and Pinder, G. F. 1973. "Mass
Transport in Flowing Groundwater." Water Resour. Res. V. 9,
No. 1, pp. 194-210.
Chang, H.L. 1978. "Polymer Flooding Technology -.
Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow." Journal of Petroleum
Technology:1113-1128.
-91-
-------
Collins, R. E. 1976. Flow of Fluids Through Porous
Materials, Petroleum Pub. Co., Tulsa.
David/ M. et al. 1976. Advanced Geostatics in the
Mining Industry. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Boston,
Massachusetts.
Donaldson, Erie C. 1978. The Environmental Aspects
of Enhanced Oil Recovery. U.S. Department of Energy,
Bartlesville Energy Technology Center, internal paper.
Everett, Lorne, G.; Schmidt, K.D. ; Tinlin, R.M.; and
Todd, O.K. 1976. "Monitoring Groundwater Quality: Methods
and Costs." EPA/600/4-76/023, General Electric Co., Santa
Barbara, California, TEMPO.
Fryberger, J. S. 1975. "Arkansas Brine Disposal."
In Report 5, Monitoring Groundwater Quality; Illustrative
Examples, prepared by G.E. TEMPO for the Environmental
Protection Agency (in press).
Geraghty, J. J., and Perlmutter, N. M. 1975. "Landfill
Leachate Contamination in Milford, Connecticut." In Report 5,
Monitoring Groundwater Quality; Illustrative Examples, prepared
by G.E. TEMPO for the Environmental Protection Agency (in press),
Geraghty, J. J., and Perlmutter, N. M. 1975. "Plating
Waste Contamination in Long Island, New York." In report 5,
Monitoring Groundwater Quality; Illustrative Examples,
prepared by G.E. TEMPO for the Environmental Protection
Agency (in press).
Gogarty, B.W. 1975. Status of Surfactant or Micellar
Methods. Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper No. 5559,
AIME.
Gray, William G., and Finder, G. F. 1976. : "An Analysis
of the Numerical Solution of the Transport Equation." Water
Resour. Res. V. 12, No. 3, pp. 547-55.
Gunnerson, Charles G. 1966. "Optimizing Sampling
Intervals in Tidal Estuaries," Journal of the Sanitary
Engineering Division, Proceedings of the American Society
of Civil Engineers 92(SA2;April): pp. 103-125.
Interstate Oil Compact Commission, (IOCC), 1974.
Secondary and Tertiary Oil Recovery Processes. Oklahoma City.
Le Grand, H. E. 1972. "Monitoring of Changes in Quality
of Groundwater." In Water Quality in a Stressed Environment,
ed. by W. A. Pettyjohn, Burgess Pub. Co., pp. 122-29.
-92-
-------
Lettenmaier, D.P. 1975. Design of Monitoring Systems
for Detection of Trends in Steam Quality, Harris Hydraulics
Laboratory, Technical Report #39, University of Washington,
Seattle,
Matalas, Nicholas C. 1967. "Optimum Gauging Station
Location," presented at IBM Scientific Symposium on Water
and Air Resource Management, October 23-25, 1967.
Meyer, C. F. ed., 1973. Polluted Groundwater: Some
Effects, Controls and Monitoring. G.E. TEMPO Report prepared
for the Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/4-73-0016.
Montgomery, H.A.C. 1974. "The Design of Sampling
Programmes for Rivers and Effluents," Water Pollution
Control (1974): pp. 77-101.
Moore, S.F. 1971. The Application of Linear Filter
Theory to the Design and Improvement of Measurement Systems
for Aquatic Environments, Ph.D. Thesis, University of
California, Davis, California.
National Academy of Sciences. Summary Report; Drinking
Water and Health. For U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C.
O'Banion, K. Environmental Impact Assessment: Enhanced
Oil Recovery by Caustic Flood, Long Beach, California.
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, June 5, 1978.
Peaceman, Donald W. 1977. Fundamentals of Numerical
.Reservoir Simulation, Elsevier Press.
Pimentel, K.D., Stuermer, D.H. , and Moody, M.M. 1979.
"Sampling Strategies in Groundwater.Transport and Fate
Studies for In Situ Oil Shale Retorting, paper in Oil Shale
Symposium, U.S. EPA, IERL, EPA-600/9-80-022, pp. 286-302.
Pinder, G. F., and Frind, E. O. 1972. "Application of
Galerkin's Procedure to Aquifer Analysis." Water Resources
Research, 8(1), pp. 108-20.
Prickett, T. A., and Lonnquist, C. G. 1971. Selected
Digital Computer Techniques for Groundwater Resource Evaluation.
Illinois State Water Survey, Bulletin 55.
Schmidt, K. D. 1975. "Monitoring Groundwater Pollution."
Paper presented at the International Conference on Environmental
Sensing and Assessment, Las Vegas, Sept. 14-19.
-93-
-------
Schumacher, M.M., editor, 1978. Enhanced Oil Recovery;
Secondary and Tertiary Methods. Noyes Data Corporation, New
Jersey.
Silvestro, E., and Desmarais, A.M. 1980. Toxicity of
Chemical Compounds Used for Enhanced Oil Recovery, U.S. DOE,
BETC.
Slawson, G.C., Jr. 1979. Groundwater Quality Monitor-
ing of Western Oil Shale Development. U.S. EPA Interagency
Energy-Environment Research and Development. EPA-600/7-79-023.
Slawson, G.C., Jr., and McMillian, L.G. 1979. "Ground-
water Quality Sampling Approaches for Monitoring Oil Shale
Development," paper in Oil Shale Symposium, U.S. EPA IERL,
EPA-600/9-80-022, pp. 86-100.
Stollar, R. L., and Roux, P. 1975. "Earth Resistivity
Surveys - A Method for Defining Groundwater Contamination."
Groundwater 13(2), pp. 145-50.
Tinlin, R. M. 1976. "Monitoring Groundwater Quality:
Illustrative Examples." EPA/666/4-76/036, General Electric
Co., Santa Barbara, California, Ctr. for Advanced Studies.
Todd, D. K.; Tinlin, R.M.; Schmidt, K.D.; and Everett,
L.D. 1976. "Monitoring Groundwater Quality: Monitoring
Methodology." EPA/666/4-76/026, General Electric Co., Santa
Barbara, California, Ctr. for Advanced Studies.
U.S. Department of Energy. 1978. Environmental
Development Plan; Enhanced Gas Recovery FY 1977. Washing-
ton, D.C.
U.S. Department of Energy. 1980. "Comparing Energy
Technology Alternatives from an Environmental Perspective,"
working paper.
Yare, B. S. 1975. "The Use of a Specialized Drilling and
Groundwater Sampling Technique for Delineation of Hexavalent
Chromium Contamination in an Unconfined Aquifer, Southern New
Jersey Coastal Plain." Groundwater 13(2), pp. 151-54.
-94-
-------
APPENDIX A
WORLD OIL'S 1979-80
GUIDE TO DRILLING, WORKOVER AND COMPLETION FLUIDS*
Reprinted courtesy of World Oil, June 1979.
iNote: These are generally oilfield fluids, used
in conventional as well as enhanced recovery, many of which
are common harmless chemicals. This list is included for
completeness.
-95-
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Tradename
Oescrletlon of Material
Recommended lor These Systems
Water-ease
LOWBH
Hign
pM
Oil-
ease
Functioning As:
Available from:
ACE-BEN
ACL
AOOFOAMBF-1
Floceulam ana eentonite
Extender
Organo metallic comooune
Brine 4 freshwater learner
X XX
X X X X X X
S P
s
American Mud
CECA
Nalco
AOOMALL
AEROSOL
AO-4
Baetericide-surtsctant
Surface active agent
Oil'SoiuBle fluid-loss additive
lor Brine*
XX XXX
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X
Nalco
Am. Cyanamtd
Western
AFHOX
AIRFOAM AP.SO
AIRFOAM B
Foaming agenta
Freshwater leemer
Brine A freshwater f oamer
X
X
X
X
X
X
p
p
p
s
s
s
AQuanesa
Aqua-Flo
Aoua-Flo
AKTAFLO-E
AKTAFLO-S
ALCOMER so
ALCOMER 90
ALCOMER 100
ALCOMER 120
ALCOMER S07
ALCOMER 329
ALCOMER 72L
ALDACIOE
Nonionie emulslfier
Nomonic mud surfactant, shale
and soiida control.
Selective fioccuwm
Selective ftocculant of lew
yield drill solids
day floccuiam
Shale inhibitor
Sodium BOtyaerylate
Bentonite extender
Disoersant. tninner
Surface active agent
Mlcroeiecide
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X X
XXX
X X
X
X X
X XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
P S
x s P
p
p
p
S P
S P S
p p
p
P S P
p
Saroid
Bar oiO
Allied
Allied
Allied
Allied
Allied
Allied
Allied
Allied
Baroid
ALKA-LIGOOT
ALUMINUM STEARATE
AM.»
AM-9 GROUT
AMERICAN BAR
AMERICAN GEL
AMI- TEC
AMOCO ORILLAIO 402
AMOCO OPILLAIO 403
AMOCO ORILLAIO 4!0
AMOCO FLO-TREAT
AMOCO KLA.FREE
AMOCO LO-SOL
AMOCO SELECT. FLOC
AMPU-FOAM
ANHIB
ANTI.FOAM 8
ANTtPHEX A
A PC
APS-1
APS-J
AOUAGEL
AQUARI
AOUA-TEC
ARCOBAN
ARCOBAR
ARCO BLEND
AP.COCHROME
ARCO CHROME
AP.COCHROME MODIFIED
AHCOCLAY
ARCOOET
ARCOOMS. OME
ASCOOMS
ARCOFIBER
Cautieized lignite
Aluminum slearate
granular Bowder (47 so)
Chemical grout
Mixture ot acrylic monomers
w/cataiyats
Bante
Wyoming eentonite
Water Base mud corrosion
innie.
Wetting agent tor shale-seal.
gilsonne 4 aaonalttc materials
Surface active agent dilf. Dress.
sticking
oil suBstttute
aminni
Oxygen scavenger
reducer
Gel reducing agent-low solids
non-disoersed muds
Organic Bioooiymer Blend
Bentonite extender 4 selective
fioccuiant
Selective fioccuiant of low yield
drilled solids
Gen. oureose foaming agent
Comoletien fluid inhibitor
Foam inhibitor
Scaie inhibitor
Nonooilutmg luoricant
Water external emulsion spacer
fluid
Water based soacer fluid
Wyoming bentonite
Polymeric tor clay tree fluids
Nonionie Olend w/organic
amme salt
Higher alcohol comeound
Barm
Sienoeo lignosullonate com-
oound
Chromeiignosuilonaie
Chrome lignosultonaie
Ferrochrome lignosulfonate
SuB-oentonite
Detergents
Non ionic surfactants
LIQUIO surfactant
Fibrous material
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
•3
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X . X
X
X
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
XXX
X
x- —
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
S S P American Mud
P Most companies.
P Am. Cyanamid
P Am Cyanamid
P American Mud
S P American Mud
P Miicntm
S S S P P Amoco
S P S P Amoco
P Amoco
P P Amoco
P S S S P Amoco
P P Amoco
P Amoco
P Miicnem
P Halliburton
P Comoietion
P Allied
P S Cnemeo
Western
Western
P S Baroid
P P P B"nadd
"** P Miicnem
P . Arnold 4 Clarke
P Arno'd 4 Clarke
S P Arnold* Clarke
P • S P Arnold 4 Clarke
S S S P Deiia Mud
P S P Arnold 4 Clarke
P Arnold A Clarke
P P Arnold 4 Clarke
P P Arnold 4 Clarke
S S P Delta Mud
P Arnold 4 Clarke
-97-
-------
R«COmrr
World Oil's Y979-SO .
Fluids Guide
Product Tradename Deacriotion of Matenal
AOCO FLOC Flocculating agent
ARCO FOS Sodium tetrapnospnate
ARCO FREE Oil soluble surfactants
ARCO GEL Bemonite
APCOLIG Mined lignite
ARCOLOIO Pregeiatmized starcn
ARCOtUBE Extreme pressure-lubricants
ARCOMERSE Sodium alkyiaryl sullonate
ARCOMICA F Ground mica, fine
ARCOMICA c Ground mica, coarse
ARCOMUL Primary emutsifier tor invert
muds
ARCOPARA Paratormaldenyde
ARCO PERMALOIO Non.iermenting starcn
ARCO PLUG: FMC Ground Walnut Shells
ARCOSEAL Cellophane
ARCOSOL Non. ionic anionic emulsifier
ARCOTAN Ouebracno compound
ARCOTONE Causticized lignite
ARCOTRIM Blend of surfactants
ARCOTRQL Stabilizer (or oil muds
- ARCO VAN Hi.temoeraiure stabilizer lor
oil muds
ARCO VIS Viscosity and gel builder for
oil muds
APCOWATE Calcium caroonate
ARCOWOOC Fibrous mineral wool
ARGIS1L 5 6 ' Attaouigite clay or sepidlite
ASBENIT EXTRA Crysotyll
ASBENIT xp . Fine Asoestos
ASBESTOS LC Fibrous asbestos
ASBESTOS SL Inorganic vtsoosifier
ASP-?:: 'Corrosion inhibitor
ASPHA.GEL Gelatinous casing
CONCENTRATE recovery pack
ASPHA.MUL Basic emulsitier
CONCENTRATE
AT. GEL Anapuigite •
ATLOSOL Anionic-nonronic surfactant
emulsitier
ATLOSOL Low solids emulsitier
ATLOSOU S tow solids brine emulsitier
ATLOSOL S Nonionic emulsifier
ATTAPULGUS DRILLING Anaouigite Clay lor
CLAY 40 lor oil mud
ATTAPULGUS DRILLING Anapuigite Clay
CLAY 1JO •
ATTA PULGUS DRILLING Predispersed anapuigite
FLUID clay liQuid
BACTIRAM Bactencide
BACTIRAM 443 Bactencide (sulfate reducing)
BACTIRAM 47 1 Corrosion inhibitor and
bactencide
BACTRON K.:: Sactericide
BACTRON K. 31 Bactericide
BACTRON KM-4 . Sactericide
BACTRON KM. 5 Bactericide
BACTRON KM.7 Sactericide tor nigh wt. brine
SANSLUFF Aspnaltic Compound
BARABUF OH buffer for cley free fluids
3ARACARB Acid Sdiubie graded calcium
caroonate
BARACOR A Corrosion inhibitor
BARA OEFOAM 1 Surface active defbamer
BARAFLOC Clay flocculant
BARAFOS Sodium tetrapnoaohate
BARA VIS Synthetic cellulose
BARAZAN Suspension agent
BAR-GAIN High specific gravity
weighting agent
BARITE Or oarytes. ottered under many
tradenames. native barium
sulfate
BARITE MUOBAR Barium sulphate and barite
BARITE MUOHEMA Barite and hematite
BARIUM CARBONATE Barium carbonate
Water
ended for These Systems f
.oase
LowoH
Fresh Waler
Brackish Water
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
•
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X • X
X X
X X
X X
Sal Saltwater
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Gyp treated
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
High
OH
lime Treated
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X'
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
fresh Watei
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Oil- 8
base 4
! I - ;
~ - ^ *
Ijiijljljli
X P
X
X
jnctioning As
'.•3
1 f * t ! I | I "** .
\ I i I i § 1 1 1
^u..j(/)c/)»»>u$
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Tradeneme Description el Material
BASCO 50 Nontermenting starch
BASCO 300 Chrome lignosultonate
BASCO BEN Clay extender
BASCO BESTOS inorganic viscosilier
BASCO CAU-LIG Causttctzed lignite
BASCO CELLOBAC Hign molecular weight poly-
aniomc cellulose polymer
BASCO OEFOAMER Hi alcohol
BASCO DEFOAMERS
BASCO DOUBLE-YIELD HI yield oemomtt
BASCO ORILFAS Drilling mud detergent
BASCO ORILFLO Ferrocnrome lignesultonate
BASCO DRIFLOC day lieecuiant
BASCO DRILMUL Amonic-nonionie surlactam
BASCO DRILUBE Diesel substitute
BASCO FILTER RATE Aapftaluc compound
BASCO FIBER Shredded cane liber
BASCO FLAKE Fragmented cellophane
BASCO GEL Bentonite
BASCO LIG Lignite
BASCO LUBE-X Hign pressure lubricant
BASCO MUD Sub-eemonne
BASCOIL Oil base mud stabilizer
BASCO PIPE FREE Surfactant-mix w/diesel to
tree pipe
BASCO PLUG Processed nut nulls
BASCO PRESERVATIVE Staren oreservative
BASCO SALT MUD Aitaputgne clay
BASCO SURF Drilling mud detergent
BASCO T Oil mud stabilizer
BASCO WATE BAnte (barytas)
BASCO Y Oil mud gel additive
BC 10 Compound cnromo .
lignoaultonate
BOO Bentonite diesei oil slurry
BEN-EX Polymer, tloccuiant and
clay extender
BENGUM Gum-bemonite-diesel oil
BENTOBLOC Time setting compound
BENTONE 34 Ograndpniltc clay
BENTONIL C Bentonite
BENTONIT A vtSC. Extreme nigh yielding
MPL EXTRA
BEX Polymeric clay tree Huids
BICARBONATE OF SODA Sodium bicarbonate
BIOHI BIT B-7 11 Biocide
BIOHIBIT B-71Z Biocide
B1OMIBIT B-717 Biocide
BIOTROL Liquid eiocide
BIT LUBE Extreme pressure lubricant
BLACK MAGIC Basic oil base mud cone.
imtgr. mixed)
BLACK MAGIC PREMIX Basic oil base mud cone.
Imtgr. mixed)
BLACK MAGIC Basic u« base mud cone, lor ni
SUPERMIX wt. and temp. (mtgr. mixedl
BLACK MAGIC Sacked oil base mutt cone, tor
SUPERMIX wt. and temo. (location mixedl
BLACK MAGIC "Sacked fishing tools, oil base
SUPERMtx.SFT concentrate, location mixed
BLACK MAGIC Sacked oil base mud cone
UNIVERSAL lor location mix
BLANOSE Sodium carooxymetrwi cellu-
lose available in nign and low
viscosity, lecnnicai and pure
grade
BLANOSE CMHEC Carooxymetnyl hydroxyemyi
cellulose
BLOCK BUSTER Surfactant
BM-NITE Chrome lignite
BORE-TROL Shale. noie.HT/HPIiuid
loss control agent
BREAK Defoamer tor clay tree fluids
BRIDGE-SAL Polymer dispersant and
sized salt blend
Recommended for These Systems
Freshwater
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
w-"M" £!; 1
LOWPH "JS" - |
T~~ ° I
1'S-s.f J 1 s . .
i|]]fi!?jf{iU
X XX
X X X X X S S
p
XX P
X
X
XXXXXX SP
X X X X X X
X X
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
X X X X P
X X
XX P
X X
X XX
X X
X X X X X P
XX X
XX XXX X P
XXX XXX X P
X X XX X P
XXXXXX P
XXXXXX P
xx s s
xx s s
xx s s
xx s s
xx s s
XXXXXX X
XX XXX
XXXXXX X PP
p
X
Functioning As:
If
all s « i 1 -
§ 1 s i 1 t III
•»^O>2i£o»l£2£
P S Barium
S S P Barium
P P Barium
— P Barium
S P Barium
P P P Barium
Barium
S ' Barium
P P Barium
P Barium " ff
S P Banum • ,>
P Banum U.
S Barium
P Barium '
S PS Banum (!)
.— i
P Barium . -1
P Banum •
PS P Barium >»
S P Barium ^*
Banum H
P P Barium Q;
P P Barium iij
Barium |
P Barium f ^
Banum Q£
P Barium i . i
P Barium £1
S " ' Barium ~Sd
P Barium -SJ
S P Barium x^fi
P S P Avebene*
CECA
P Halliburton
P P ROSIanc
ECCO
P HalliDurton
P CECA
. P CECA
P P S.F.D.B
S P UBM
P Brmadd
P Most companies
S S C-E Natco
C-E Natco
C-E Natco
Monteiio eno
ECCO
Magcobar °. .
P S S S S O'iBsis
P S S S S Oil Base
P S S S S Oil Base
P S S S S Oil Base
P S ~. Oil Base
P S S S S Oil Base
p s 'CECA
P S Hercuiei
P Mageooar
P PS Teimte
P P Messina
Brmado
P Texas Brine
99
-------
Recommended lor These Systems
World Oil's 1979'8O .
JPfffjrfe Gjiirif* .
m f%«ffJ^4«*7 %»*J*WJrVef W
Product Tradename Description of Material
3RINE-GARO H,s scavenger
SPINE-OX 0»ygen scavenger
BRINE-PAC Corrosion mnibiior lor solid*
free packer fluids
BRINE SAVER Oil-soiuoie fluid-lost additive
for brines •
BHINEFOAM Surttcuni
3RISTEX Pig nair bristles
8RIXEL Ferrocnrome lignosulfonate
3RIXEL 2E Ferro-lignosulfonate
meditled
8RIXEL3E Sodium FerroChrome Ligno*
lulfonale modified
8RIXEL ECO F«rro-lignosul)onate
modified-
BRIXELNP2 . Ferrocnrome
ilgnosultonate
BUCAL Shale control reagent
BW BAR Barytas
BW CHROME-FREE Oecnromed lignosulfonate
BW CLAY Wyoming bentonite
BW CLN • Chrome lignite
BW OT Concentrated mud
detergent
BW -MUU Invert emulsifier
SW EMUL-FL Supplementary emulsilier
4 filtration control agent
for invert emulsions
BWEMUL-V1S Gelling agent for invert
emulsions
BW EXHI-CELL Purified, high molecular
weignt caroo»ymetnyl
cellulose
BW FCl Ferro-Chrome
lignosulfonate
BW HEC Hydroiy etnyi cellulose
BW HI-CELL Wgn molecular weignt
• sodium carBO'ymetnyl
cellulose
8WHT.LOIO Temoeraturestaole
modilied starcn
BW INHIBITOR 351 Corrosion inhibitor and
oactencide
BW LO-CELL Medium molecular weignt
sodium carborymetnyi
callulOM
awLUae BiodegraoaBieiubncant
aw PIPE-LOOSE Surfactant to be mixed with
diesel oil to free stuck oipe
aw POLYSEALER Non. 5 S 3 Available from^
P Brinaod
P Brinadd
P Mlicnem
Ooweii
arinadd
3nste>
Aveoene
CECA
Aveoene
CECA
Avebene &
CECA
Aveoene
CECA
Avebene •
CECA •
Arnold a Clarke
P 3W Mud
BW Mud •
P aw Mud
aw Mud
aw Mud
aw Mud
aw Mud
P 3WMud
P BW Mud
BW Mud
P aw Mud
p aw MUO
aw Mud
P aw Mud
s aw Mud
aw Mud
. aw Mud
aw Mud
aw Mud
S 3W Mud
P BW Mud
P 3W Mud
P 3W Mud
S 3W Mud
P aw Mud
p aw Mud
_ aw Mud
P S Oeiia Mud
P Mostcorppames
P Most companies
• P Water r«n
* Water Teen
P 'Water Teen
P Water T«cn
P Water Teen
P Water Teen
COA'HMC
Hainourton
-100-
-------
Recommended tor Tnese Systems
World Oil's 1979-8O """""" B°'" J
Fluids Guide .T y « !
• f fcJ*V*«J %*•••• af ^J <•***• - . S 3
1 1 f I ! f i ! , f S i i i
il;ti!"iM!Ht
Product Tradename Description of Material il o w O 3 £ 3 $ 6 < . < CD O i5
CALT«OL Shale control mhttmor X
CARBOCEL CMC xxxxxx x s
CARBO FREE
ting fluid concentrate to free
stuck pipe
CARBO-GEL Invert suspending agent. X X
viscosiiier
CARBO-MUL Liouid oil pnase mud emulsilier XX P
and wetting agent
CARBONOX Lignnic material XX XXX S
CARBO-SEAL Modified Hydrocarbon X
cellulose
CARBO-TECL . Mign temp, w/o emulsifier tor X P
on pnase muds
CARBO-TROL Filtration control agent for oil X X
pnase muds
disoersant
CARBWATE Calcium carbonate (oarticle
sized) lor clay free fluids
CARNA.MUL Supplemental additive (or' XX P
on muds wnHe drilling
camallite salt
icausticued)
CAUSTIC POTASH Potassium nydrate X X X X XX P
CAUSTI-LIG Causucized lignite X X X X X X X
CC.16 Sodium salt ol hgnitic material XX XXX S
CEASCAL Acid soluble sealer lor lost XXX XX
circulation
CEASTOP Acid soluble lost circulation XXX XX
material
CECAD.O. Drilling mud detergent X X X X X X X
CECA DETERGENT Drilling mud detergent X X X X X X. X
CECABAR Bante ' XXXXXX XX
CECALIG Chrome lignosultonate X X x X X X X
CECAMIANTE Inorganic viscosiiier XXXXXXXX
CECAMIDON Pregelatinized starcn XXXXXX
CECARB Calcium carbonate XXXXXX XX
CECBRINEA Acid soluble workover X X X X X S
reducer for cecorine A
CECFLOC • Clay fiocculant XX XX
CECFLOCHT Clay lioccuiam-nign temp. XXX XX
CECGUM Natural polymer XXX X
CECMER . CarbO'ymetny) cellulose X X
Mine and coarse)
CECOL Ground olive stones XXXXXXXXX
Mine and coarse)
CECPAO Combination of granules.
and fibers
F Fine
G Coarse
CECPAO 5 Acid soluble lost circulation
material
CECTAN Atomized Queoracno XX X X X X
CECWOOD Snredded wood liber XXXXXXXXX
CEDAR SEAL Processed ceoer fiber X X X X X X X
CEGAL Lead suilioe powder XXXXXX XX
and coarse)
CELATEXN Ground neoprene (fine. X X
medium & coarse)
CELLEX Sodium earoo»ymethyi . XX X X X X X
cellulose
CELLOFLAKE Shredded cellophane XXXXXXXXX
CELL-O-SEAL Snredded cellophane X X X X X X X
CELL-0-SEAL Celloonane (lakes XXXXXXXXX
Functioning As:
M vt
I 1 S I i i >'_ ' '
as i « ! ! B I •=*
issis! I=i
f i III I <: 3 S { ! f
1 i I § 1 1 ! I 1 1
tSSSSSJalsSiB
^C£iTw(Oc/)^->uSu Available irom
P • MHcnem
P UBM
P S S Lambert*
P S Mncnem
— P Mucnem
S Miicnem
P P Baroid
P Mucnem
P S S BASF Wyandone
P Milenem
P S S P Dniisate
P Bnnadd
Mizeii
P UBM
P Wyo-Ben
Most companies
S ' Most companies
P Magcooar
P P Baroid
P Magcobar
P P S Magcoba'
S P CECA SA
S S P CECA
P CECA
P CECA
S S P CECA
P CECA
P S S CECA
P . CECA
S P CECA
S P CECA
P CECA
P S CECA
P S CECA
S S P CECA
P CECA
•P S CECA
P CECA
P CECA
P CECA
P CECA
P CECA
S P CECA
P *" CECA
P Most comosmes
P CECA
P CECA
P ' ' CECASA
P >iiisaf«
P S Baro'C
P Driiisatesna
ECCO
P Magcobar
P • western
-101-
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O -
Fluids Guide
M f %afaY%*f<«i7 W***faV^efW
P-oSuet Tradaname Description of Material u
CELLOSIZE Hydroxyetnyl cellulose
CELOFLEX Shredded ceilognane X
CELPOL Long cnam ooiyaniomc cellu- X
losic polymer
CELPOL SL Poiyamonic cellulose polymer X
CF-1 Amonic foaming agent >
CF.2 Neutral Huorolhydrocaroon X
loamer '
CHALKSEAL Acid soluBie fibers X
CHALK-SEAL Select Blend ot X
acidizanie lost
circulation materials
CHEMCO ARC Non-ooiluting luBncant X
MUO LUBE
CHEMCO BAR Bante X
CHEMCO FREE LUBE Surf aetant material to Be X
mixed witn diesel oil to
free stuck otpe
CHEMCO GEL Wyoming Bemonite X
CHEMCO LOO Fluid detergent - X
CHEMCOLIG Lignite X
CHEMCO UIGNO- Ugnosulfonaw . X
SULFONATE T2T
CHEMCO NO FOAM Liquid amifoam agent X
CHEMCO NO SLUFF Suifonated asonalt X
CHEMCO PLUG Ground nul nulls X
CHEMCO SALT GEL Attaouigiteciay
CHEMHIS »3 Filrmngamine
CHEMICAL V Non.viscous-organic iqd. to im-
prove gel and combat crude
oil contamination in Black
Magic
CHEMICAL w • Non-viscous organic Iqd. and
Slack Magic thickening agent
CHEMICAL WASH 7 Mud preflusn for cementing X
CHEMICAL WASH too Mud ereflusn lor cementing X
CHEMTHOLX Selected polymer Blend X
CHIP-SEAL Shredded Cedar Rber X
CHROM8LENO Blend ot Oisoersam • X
CHROME-FREE Chrome free lignite for nign X
temoeratur* service
CHROMELIG Cnrome lignite X
CI8 Fitmmg amme X
CIOE-COR Bioeide-corrosion inhibitor X
CIRCOTEX Sized carbonates X
CIRCOTEX.MAX . Sized carbonates X
CKCIOEL. Non.poliuimg Bactericide X
(liquid)
CKCIOE P Non-polluting Bactericide X
(powder)
CKCL inmbitivecomolex polymer X
CKMIX Oii-inrwater emulsion -
worn over and comoietton
system
CL « . Potassium salt of lignite X
material
CLAROCEL Cellulose lioer X
CLARSOL ATC Attaouigitactay
CLARSOL F3 2 Medium yield Bentomte X
CLARSOL FB 5 Hign yield Bentomte X
CLARSOL F3 7 Seoioiite clay
CLARSOL THR Suoer-oentonite X
CLARSOL WY Wyoming Bentomte X
CLA-STAY Completion 1 perforating fluid
CLAY-EX Semonite extender • X
CLAY MASTER Low M.W. polymer • X
CLAY STABILIZER L42 Zirconium salt solution to
prevent clay migration
iignosuifonate
CL-CLS Chrome ngmte-cnrome X
iignosuifonate.
CLEAR S20 Surfactant tor removal of oil
mud lost to formation
CLEARATHONT Flocculant . X
CLEARTRQN a-2« Flocculant suiiide scavenger X
CLINTON FLAKES Shreoded ceiioonane X
C-LOX uouid oiyoen scavenger X
CLS . Chrome lignosuifonate X
flecomm
enoed tor These Systems Fv
Water-Base
LOW OH
ackish Vvalei
1 SallWami
a vt
X X
X X
XXX
XXX
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X . X
X X
x x
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
pliealed
O
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
Hign
OH
ne Treated
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
ushWaloi
Ik
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
Oil. 1
base =
3
» ,1. i
jliU|!!]|i
.w $ O <'j5o Availaoie fronx
S P Maqcooar
X P USM
X X S S P PS Nyma
X S S P
X . X X
x PS
X S
X P
X S P
XX S P
P Nyma
P P Cardinal
P — P Cardinal
P ' Orlgmud
P Mizell
Chemeo
P Cnemco
Chemeo
P Cnemco
P' Chemeo
P Chemeo
S P Chemeo " •
XX P CMemco
X S S P S P Chemeo
XXX P Chemeo
XXX S S
XXX S
X S
XX S
X
X P
X
X S
X P
X P
XXX
X P
x s s
X S3
X P
XXX
XX S
xx S
X P
X X
P
X X
XX P
X . P
XXX
X
x s P
P Chemeo
P Snnadd
S S P Oil Base
S3 S P Oil Base
P Ooweli
P Oowetl
S Milcnem
P Maqcooar
P Arnold 4 Clarke
P Til.M.
P P Arnold 4 Clarice
P Texas Brine .
P Messina
P S Texas Brine
P- S Texas Brine
CECA
CECA
P S CECA
P CECA SA
P S Avwene
P CECA
P CECA
P CECA
P CECA
P CECA
P CECA
P CECA
P , Halliburton
P Arnold & Clarke
P Western
Ooweii
S P Ome
S P Delia Mud
P Saroid -
Chamoion
Oamoion
P OOwffll
P Wvo-Sen
3 P Most comoames
-102
-------
Recommenced lor These Systems
World Oil's 1979'8O
Fluids Guid& -
af ffeefff^***^ ^MfefTaTfeeT^av
|
1
Product Tredeneme Description of Material i
w
ater-base °''' S
•o
LO-pH "p'g" _ |
, * s
[OnKkish Waler
CMC Sodium carooxymetnyl eellu- X X
lose (offered under many
traoenames and in many
grades)
& filler reducer tor salt
muds ane cement slurries'
CM.TH Cement decontaminam X
COAT-45 Sulfide scavenger X
COAT. 110 Atmospheric corrosion infiibitor
COAT- 113 Oiygen corrosion inhibitor X
COAT- 122 Corrosion inhibitor tor treating
solids free packer fluids
COAT- 190 Atmospheric corrosion innibitor
COAT-311 Oiygen corrosion Inhibitor X
COAT-415 Filming amine X
COAT.777 Oiygfn scavenger (liqu id 1 X
COAT-888 Oiygen scavenger (solid) X
COAT 6- 1«00 Corrosion inhibitor and Biocide
tor treating solids free
packer fluids
COLMACEL Cellulose fiber X
suspension
CON DET Mud detergent
COBBAN Organic corrosion inhibitors X
COREXIT 764« Inorganic acaiedisson/er X
COREXIT 7671 Bactenciae. concentrated X
sodium tricnioropnenate
solution
COREXIT 7720 Corrosion inhibitor X
COREXIT 7754 Corrosion inhibitor X
COREXIT 7767 inorganic Oiygen scavenger X
COREXIT 781$ Parattin disperaent
CORTRON H-174 Organic corrosion inhibitor X
CORTRON R-2207 Organic corrosion inhibitor X
treaiment
CORTRON RDF-21 Filming amme corr. inn. X
CORTRON RDF. 100 Catalyzed powdered oiygen X
scavenger
CORTRON ROF.109 Organic filming inhibitor X
CORTRON ROF-11S Corrosion inhibitor X
CORTRON RDF-128 Oiygen scavenger X
CORTRON ROF-132 Aerated corrosion innibitor X
CORTRON RDF.137 Sullide scavenger corrosion X
inhibitor
aerated muds
CORTRON HU-70 Complete mud packer fluid X
CORTRON RU-135 Aerated corrosion inhibitor X
CORTRONRU-137 Low solids corrosion inhibitor X
COTTONSEED HULLS Cottonseed nulls X
COUROFLEX Shredoed leemer flakes . X
CRACKCHEK-97 Sullide cracking inhibitor X
CRODACAP Encapsulating polymer X
CRODACELL Viscosifying polymer X
CRODAN Sodium poiyacrylaie X
CROOAPOL 15 Polyacryiamide dispersion X
CS-1 ' Polymer clay stabilizer X
CS-3 Clay and silt suspending agent X
CSD-50 One sack additive spotting
fluid lor treeing stuck pipe
CSO-50 SPACER One sack cement soacer
CUTTINGS WASH Detergent
CYANAMER 2u A Drilling fluid additive X
CYANAMER 292 Low solids mud additive X
CYFLOC 4000 Flocculani X
CYFLOC4SOO Flocculani X
CYPAN Sodium polyacryiate X
D-AIR.1 Powdered antltoam agent
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
£ - "
tilf i ! Him
lilllil HI III
X X P
X X X X X
X X X X X X
s
XXXXXXX
x s
X X
X
X X X X X P
X X
P
X X X X X
XX XX X
XX X
XXXX X
X X
X X X X X
X X X X X
XXXX
X X X X X
XXXXXXX
Functioning As
I/ .. r
.flijjf.jji *".'
i||5^slil|l
S "TB c v u -™ "•
£S.£2&m£$d95 Available from
P S Most companies
P S Orillsafe
P Brmadd
P Barotd
P Baroid
P Biroifl
P Baroid
P Baroid
P Baroid
P Baroid
P Baroid
P Baroid
P Baroid
P CECA
P Completion
P Baroid
P Doweii
Enon Chem
P Exion Chem.
Exxon Chem
P Exxon Chem
P Exion Chem.
P Exion Cnem
P Exion Cnem
P Chamoion
P Champion
S P Champion
P Chamoion
P Chamoion
P Cnampion
P Champion
P Champion
P Champion
S Cnampion
P Champion
S Champion
P Cnampion
P Chrmoion
P Champion
P Chamoion
P • Most companies
P UBM
P Halliburton
XXXX P S CDA/HMC
X X X X X S P CDA/HMC
X X. X X S P S COA/HMC
X XX X
X X .
X X
XX P
X X
P S CDA'HMC
•~ P Aouaness
P P Cardinal
S Western
Miteii
XXX P Am. Cyanarnio
X X X X X P Am Cyanamid
XX P p Am. Cyanamid
XXXX !
9 S Am. Cyanamia
> P Am CyanamiO
a P Am Cyanamia
XXXX X S P S Am. Cvanamid
and'ECCO
P Halliburton
-107
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Tredename Description of Material
D-AiR-2 LIQUIO aniiloam agent
DAKOLITE Norm Denote lignite
0-0 • Drilling mud detergent
OEFOAM Clay free lluids detoamer
DEFOAMER LiQuid-non alcohol Base
detoamer
DEFOAMER NO 15 Hioner alconol compound
DEFOAMER NO 20 Sodium aikyi aryi suilonate
OEFOAMER RL23 General purpose detoamer
OEFOAMER RL53 Sodium aikyl aryl suilonate
OEFOAMER RL83 Branched higher alconol
OEFOAMER VOF. I3S Oefoamer
OEFOMEX Defoamer
DEL-BAR Barite IBarytes)
DEL-BRIOGE-B Blended CaC03 lor brine
fluids
DEL-CIOE-B Film forming amine and
Bactericide
DEL DEFOAMER Alconol detoamer
OEL-DET Mud detergent
DEL-FIBER Shredded cane dBer Blend
DEL-FLAKES Shredded cetioonane
DEL-GEL Wyoming Bentonite
OEL-HYVIS-B Blended HEC lor Brine lluids
DEL-LIGNITE C Chrome lignite
DEL PA K Calcium Bromide/calcium
cniondeinauid Blend)
DEL PEL Calcium chloride (eeliet or
flane)
OEL-PILL-B Hee-iignosultonate-CaCoj
slurry blend for Brine fluids •
DEL-PLUG Ground wemut or pecan nulls
DEL-SEAL-B HEC-lignosulfonste-carbonate
blend tor brme fluids
OEL-S-GEL Attaoulgite clay
DEL-VIS-B Blended HEC CaCo3 for brine
fluids
OESCO Organic mud tnmner
OESILTA Selective flucculant
DETERGENT JO-1 Mud detergent
DETERGENT «7 Drilling detergent (dry)
DETERGENT «139
OEXTRID Organic polymer
OFM Polyalconoi defoamer
OICASORB Shredded oil absorbing
material
DIAPLUO Filter eld material
DIASEALM Mixture of filter aid materials
DICKS MUD SEAL Shredded organic fiber
DEARTH Oiatcnaceous earth-graded
DIPEL 421 Polymer for calcium control
OISPERSOLC Modified lignosultonsie
DISPERSOLN Modified lignosulfonate
DMA LIGNITEC Causllciied lignite
OML-2 Water soluble biodegradable
non-polluting lubricant
OMS Drilling mud surfactant
DMS Drill mud surfactant
DOS-3 Diesel oil substitute
OOS-22 Drilling mud lubricant
DOW CORNING Silicones
DOWELL Bactericide surfactant
BACTERICIOE 400
OOWELL Bactericide
BACTERICIDE SOO
DOC Diesel oil cement
ORILLBAR Barite
ORILLBAR C Coarse Barite
ORILLGEL Bemonite
DRILLING DETERGENT Drilling mud detergent
DRILLING DETERGENT Mud detergent
ORILLWATE Acid soluble weighting mat.
DRILL-X Toroue reducer (liquid)
ORIL-SOL Rocculant Iliouid)
ORILTAL 13< Drilling mud detergent
Recommended for These Systems f
Water-base
LOW OH
FrashWaler
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
xxxx 1
XXX
Black. 5h Wale.
X
X
X
xxxx
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
xxxx |
X
X
X
Sal. Sail Water
Gyp treated
Hign
OH
j
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
| xxxx
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Freshwater
0,,- S
base J
|
I I
Ihiillill!
P
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
jneiionmg AS
S 2
sIS s|5 ;:
; £ 3 < 5 > £ s "^^
| * i I « 1 I s
:?2=uO««S-
So.o-S«..i«j?i
!S;2uS5sff§
:£.2Scn-> S Saroid
Texas Brine
Delia Mud
P Messina
P Drill Soee.
P Wvo-Ben
and ECCO
P . COA/HMC
P Am. Colloid
P Avebene S CECA
P Avebene 4 CECA
9 S Drill. Add.
Delta Mud
P Aauaness
X S S P ~ ROSI
X S P Magcobar
X P S Orlgmud
P
X X P
X X P
XXX
Tretoine
S S Ooweii
S Ooweii
P . Halliburton
P Oriiisafe
P Oriiisate
XX S P Oriiisafe
X S P
X S P P COA/HMC
X X P Oriiisafe
X P
X P
X S "
Wyo- Ben
Wvo-3en
O ' .I — "-.'.
-------
Recommended for Trutso Systems
World Oil's 1979-8O
PliiifJ^ Guiflf* -
m fleffUO Wl*ffMw
I
1
i
Product Tradename Description of Material £
ORILTEX Polymer 4 sited carbonate X
blend
ORILTREAT Oil mud stabilizer
scavenger
DRILTRON 8-Z7 Chromate corrosion inhibitor • X
ORILTRONB-143 Sulfide scavenger inhibitor X
ORISCOSE Pure grade CMC X
ORISCOSE HIGH Pure grade CMC X
VISCOSITY
ORISCOSE. REG. 4HV CMC X
ORISPAC. REG. Poiyanionic cellulose X
SUPERLO
ORISPAC Poiyanionic cellulose X
DRISPAC SUPERLO Poiyanionic cellulose X
DRLGBAR Barite X
ORLGOET Drilling mud detergent X
DRLGGEL Bentonite X
ORLGX Polymer flocculant-clay X
extender
claytree A water base mud
and C02. H,S
wonover 1 completion
OS-PEC Srtale control agent X
HjS and shale control
OS-PRESERVATIVE For starch and gums X
D-TRONS-19 Drilling detergent X
OUOV1S Xanthum gum bioooiymer X
DURA TONE HT Oil mud tlltratien control agent
loss additive
OV.22 Fluid loss control agent for oil
base and invert emulsion
muds
DWA-76B Oisoersant/wenmg agent
OV-33 Oil welting agent for oil con.
tinous 4 invert emulsion muds
OWA.76 Oiseersant/wetting agent
ECCO-BANOX Oxygen scavenger X
ECCO.BAR Barite X
ECCO-CLAVLUBE Biodegradable 4 Nontoiic X
lubricant
ECCO-OEFOAMER All purpose defoamer X
ECCO-ORILLING Drilling mud detergent X
DETERGENT
ECCO-GEL Sodium bentonite X
ECCO-PABACIOE Mtcrobiocioe X
ECCO-SEAL Shredded organic fiber X
ECCO-SOR8IOE H,S scavenger X
ECCO-SPOTFREE Surfactant for rni.mg X
w/diesei oil to free
stuck oioe
ECCO-vP Bentonne extender X
ECONOMAQIC Crude oil emuisilier and
mixothrooic orooerry aoiuster
EMULFOB BH Organic comoouno
EMULFOR EP Emuisifier. staoiiiier
EMULFOR ER Filtrate reducer
EMULFOR GE Gelling agent
EMULFOR MO Wetting agent for high comolex
M» content
EMULFOR NX Basic material, filtrate reducer
EMULFOR ST Stabilizer, emuisifier
EMULFOR TX Viscosiiier
EMULGO Emuisifivr for clay free fluids
EMULGO FILL CJay free fluids emuisilier
E P MUOLUPE Extreme oressure luDncant X
ESAPALKT177 Drill mud liauid surlactanl X
ESAPALNP187 Nomonic emuisifier X
water-base Oiu S
base 3
Low OH
BiackishWalei
Sal Sail Water
Gyp \i ealed
X X
X X
X X
X X
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X
X X •
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X X
XXX
"orf S !
Its? I ! I = i = 5
Is!?? s i I H s 1
\ \ 1 1 1 5 1 i 1 1 i 1
5 £ ° 3 O <
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Tradenam* Description of Material
EXCELLO-GEL Polymeric water gel spacer
fluid
EXTRA HI .yiELO OEL Polymerized Wyoming
Bentontte
EZEFLO Low pour-point surfactant
E Z MUL Oil mud emulsifler
E.Z.OUT Oil soluole surfactant to free
stuck pipe
EZ SPOT Oil mud concentrate
F-S32 Nomonic foaming agent
FB I Siliconedetoamer
Recommended for These Systems Ft
Water-Oase
LowpH
Fiesri Walui
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FB 2 Concentrated silicon* X
defoamer
FCL Modified Chrome lignosul'onate X
'F.O.S. 89 Drilling detergent X
FER-0-SAR Weighting material
FERRO-CAL * Iron completed Hgnosuifonat*
FERROWATE Iron careonate
F-FLOW Mud removal agent
FIBERTEX Shredded can* tib*r Blend
FL- < (Refined) Improved organic polymer
FL-3 Polymeric for clay tree fluids
FL-* Polymeric for clay fr** fluids
FLOBEST Inorganic viscoiifler
FLOCCULENT Clay flocculant
FLOCELE Cettoonane Hakes
FLOCGEL Pregetattntzed starcn
FLOCGEL HV/TA Modified natural polymer .
FLOCGEL LV Pregelatinized potato starch
FLOCGEL LV-NR Pregelatinized starcn.
low viscosity
FLOCGEL NL V Pregelatinized corn starcn
FLOCGEL ST Shredded high swelling (lanes
FLOCGEL W Camoxymetnyl polymer
aentonite extender
FLOCHEK r*o-onas« polymer and cement
FLOSAL inorganic viscoufier
FLOTEX Llgnosulfonatea. carbohydrate*
S sized carBonat* Blend
FLOXIT Clay floceulant
FOAMATRONV.t; Foaming agent
FOAMATRONV-U Foaming agent
FOAM BRAKE Liquid antifoam agent
FOAMER OP14 Non-ionic learning agent
FOAMER OP1S Foaming agent for nign
electrolyte fluids
FOAMEX PP Foaming agent
FOAM FREE Versatile non-poiluting
defoamer
FOAMING AGENT G-2 Noniomc foaming agent
FORAGUM C - Organic compound
FORAGUM HM Natural ooiymer
FORAMOUSSE 0 Freshwater foaming agent
FORAMOUSSE FW Fresn and sea water
roaming agent
FORAMOUSSE S Salt water foaming agent
FORAOUITAINE tfl Bacterieide
FORAOUITAINE3J Saetencide
FORMASEAL Oil sol. lost cire. material and
. temp, plugging agent
FORMASEAL-HT Oil spi. lest circ. material and
temp, plugging agent lor
high temp.
FREE HOLE Surf ace active agent for treeing
stuck drill pipe
FREE LUBE Surfactant material
to Be mixed with
di«el oH to tree
stuck pipe
FRACSEAL Finely ground CACOj
FRESH.FLO Modified tree extract
FS-F Law surface tension
foaming agent
F 4 w PILL Oil soluole lemoorary '
Diugging agent for
aroduong zones
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
i
a
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sdl SallWaioi
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
GypTioalecl
High
i s
1 1
:
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Tradename Oeacription of Material
GABROSA Sodium cartaoiymetnyiceitulose
I Low. Mea. Hi. Ext Hi vis
tecnnical grade)
GALACTASOL «13 Nonionie polymer viscosilier
Recommended for Tn»sa Systems
W.«r-bas.
LOWPH
$
tl
Brackish Water
Sal. Saltwater
|
a
a
Mtgn
OH
a
£
|
Flesh Water
Low Solids
XXX XX
B°ase
Walei-m O.lllnveill
i
s
1
Functioning As:
Alkalinity. pH Control Additives
Baclencides
1
S
^
M
Ul
Lubiicanis
j
F UK ale Reducers
i
0
Shale Contiol Inhib
|
i
Viscusiliers
Calcium Removals
Weighiing Materials
i
u
ffk
Available from.
X S P S P Montedison
X S P Hennei
GALACTASOL «1«
GALACTASOL 61S
GALENA
Nomonic polymer viscositier
Anionieoolymerviseositier
lead sultide powder
XXX XX
XX X
XXXXXX XX
Menhei
Hennet
Saroid
GEL-AIR
GELOMEHEEAV
GELTONE II
GENORILFLO
Anionie (awning agent
Hlgn molecular weignt
polymer
Low stiear. oil mud geiiant
Natural polymer and fluid
loss additive
X X X X X X
XXX X
'X X
Miicne
UBM
Saroid
Hennel
GENORILTHIK
GENORILTHIK
GEO-GEL
Natural ootymar viseonflaf
Guargum
Hign temperature «tiBle
vijcosifytng agent
XXX XX
XX X
X X X X X X X
Henkei
American Mud
Magcofiar '
GILSONITE
GRAPHITE
CUFCOBAR
Natural Hydrocarbon
Grapntte
Bante (Barytas)
X X X X X X X
XXXXXXXXX
xxxxxxxxx
Most companies
Most comBames
GH Gulco
GUFCO BIOCIOE B-12
GUFCO BIOLUBE
GUFCO BROMICAL
Bactericide
Nonpoiluting lubricant
Water solution of calcium
cmoride and calcium bromide
X X X • X X X X
X X X X X X X
GH Gulco
GH Gulco
GH Gufco
GUFCO 8ROMICAL HO
GUFCO BROMICON
GUFCO CIS
water solution ol
zinc bromide and
calcium Bromide*
Calcium bromide powder
(line, medium & coanel
Cnromellgnosulionata
X X X X X X X
GH Gulco
GH Guteo
GH Gufco
GUFCO O-FOAM 40
GUFCO OMO
Oefoamer
Drilling mud detergent
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
GH Gutco
GH Gulco
GUFCO FiLMKOTEC-33
GUFCOGEL
GUFCO MO GEL
Corrosion inhibitor
Wyoming oenrenite
Viscosifier lor
Bromtcal HO
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
GUFCO PREMUL EMB
GUFCO PREMUL EMC
GUFCO PREMULX
Invert mud emuisifier
invert mud wetting agent
Invert mud fluid loss
control agent
XX
X X
xx
GH Gulco
GH Gulco
GH Gufeo
IFCOOX8ANS-10 Oiygen scavenger
IFCOPOLYJEL Pure syntnetie polymer
IFCOPOLYSEAL LCM for clear water
lluidsfReg. 1 Coarse)
IFCO POL YVtS Polymer and calcium
caroonate Blend
IFCOPREGEL Invert mud gelling agent
JFCO PREMUL Inverted emulsion
tFCO PREMUL EMA invert mud emulsifier
X X X X X X X
XXX X
X X
XXX X
X X
X X
X X
P
P
PS P
P
P
P GH GutCO
GH Gulco
GH Gulco
GH Gulco
GH Gulco
GH rjuico
GH Gufco
GH Gufco
GH Gulco
GH Gulco
GUFCO SALT GEL
GUFCO WALLFREE
GUFCO WALLKOTE
GYPSOL in
GYPSUM
GYPTHONTOF.it 3
Anaculgite clay
Surfactant material
to Be mi»ed witn diesel
oil to tree oioe
Liquid asonait
X X
xxxxxxxx
X X X X X X X
Gypsum disintegrator
Gyosum (Blaster of oarisi
Scale control
XXX
XX X
X X X X X X X
S P
GH Gutco-
GH Gul:o
GH Gulco
Ca'flmsl
'^ost con-Dam
Champion
HALLIBURTON-GEL
MEVIWATER
ANTI-OXIOANT M129
HEVIWATER DRY
CONCENTRATE S5S
Wyoming oentomte • X
Oxygen scavenger (solid) X
Weignting agent tor solids-tree X
Muid
X X X X
Haiiiou'ton
Ooweii
Ooweii
H6VIWATSH GELLING
AGENT J164
HEV1WATER 1C
PACKER AND
COMPLETION FLUID
HEVIWATER nC
PACKER AND
COMPLETION FLUIO
Gelling agent
Water solution of calcium
cmorioe witn density range
of 9 to 1 1. 6 oog including
inniBitor and fluid loss control
Water solution ol calcium
cniohoe and calcium
Bromide wttn density range
ol 1 1.7 10 t5. 1 oog including
inniBttor and fluid loss control
X X X X
OOWOII
Ooweii
Oo»eii
HEVIWATER MIC
PACKEP.ANO
COMPLETION FLUID
Water solution of Ca3r
wnndensitvot 15.J-I7.2
oog. including innionor
-107-
PS Ooweii
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Traaeneme Description of Material
Recommenced lor These Systems Ft.
water
-Base
Low OH
Fiesh Water
HEWWATER ivc Water solution of rmc
INHIBITED BRINE bromide, calcium bromide and
caicium cmonoe. 15. 2 la
19.2 pog
HiCELL Poiyaniomc cellulose X
HiCELL OS Pgivaniomc cellulose
HiOENSE Weignnng agent
HIMUL Y Organoohiiic colloid
HiPOL X Hign molecular weight lamnan
gum
Hi.WATE Extra nign density powder for
Blowout control
HME . Selective, nonionic surface
active agent
HME ENERGIZER Selective, nonionic surface
active agent
HOLE-CONTROL Modified hydrocarbon
compound for snale control
HOLEMA KER FLOC Nonionic. selective floccuiant
HOTCEL Stable high temperature
viscositymg agent
HOWCO BAR Wetgnting agent
HOWCO SUDS Nonionic foaming agent
HOWCO SUDS-STICKS Solid foaming agent
HS GUARD Hydrogen sullioe scavenger
HS-i Sulfide cracking inhibitor
HTT 450 Polymeric high temperature
disoersant. fluid loss con.
trol agent
HUMIC 333 OH in weter emulsion system
HUMIC NF Acid soluble oti-in-water
emulsion work over and
completion system
HVDROGEL Wyoming bentonite
HYDRO-SPOT One drum additive spotting
fluid tor treeing stuck pipe
HYOROWATE Weighted completion fluid
HY-SEAL Shredded organic fiber
HYTEX Lignosulfonatea. synthetic poly-
mer 1 sized carbonate Blend
IOF ANTiFOAM L-500 Oetoemer for polymeric
systems
IOFAP-21 Polymeric fluid loss reducer
IOF BACTERIOCIOE D3T Non-onenolic Dactericide
IOF 3-FREE Spotting llutd for treeing
stuck pipe
IOFCL-11 Chrome lignite
IOF CORROSION Coating amme corrosion
INHIBITOR A/C inhibitor
IOF CORROSION Sulfide resistant-amine
INHIBITOR A IS baae corrosion inhibitor
IOF CORROSION Oiygen scavenger
INHIBITOR 0/S
IOF CORROSION Coating amine for
INHIBITOR PHT production wells
IDF DEFOAMER Alconol blend
IOF OF. 19 Selective floeculant
IDFDF-Zoe Floccuiant
IOF 0-FOAM Long chain alcohol
IDF OF- VIS Polymeric viscositier
lOFDI-PLUG Finer aid material
IOF DRILLING Drilling mud detergent
DETERGENT OX. to
IOFOV-68 Bemoniteeitender
IOF OYNA LUBE Drilling lubricant
IDF EASY DRILL Torque reducer
IOF EML LUBRICANT Drilling lubricant
IOFFLR-IOO Polymeric fluid loss
reducer
IOF HI. FOAM Foaming agent
IOF HI-TEMP High temoereture fluid
loss reducer
I OF HY.MUL Hign temperature fluid
loss staBilizer
IDFIOBREAK Surface active detoamer
IOFIOBRIOGE Oil soluble graded resm
lOFIOCARB-r; Acid soluble graded
calcium carbonate
IOFIOCAR8-1SO Acio soluble graded
calcium carbonate
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Brackish Walei
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
•X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sal Sail Walar
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Gyp Trnaled
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Hign
OH
Lima denied
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
FieshWaln
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M
Oil- »
oasa •=
<* O 2 a •« ** £ "» — 1
Si_**l5s|'Si
ijf fiilill!
x x s s P
X S S P
X X
X S
X X
X
X P
X S
X X
X
X
X
nciiontng As1
f ' •
a i -a « * S P
'a 1 < s III '•»
Hiiii!!!
! S 5 1 { 1 1 f !
P Ooweii
P P COA/HMC
P COA/HMC
P HalliBurton
P COA/HMC
P Messina
P Messina
P Chemco
P Monteiio
P S Mueii
Monteiio
P Messina
P Halliburton
P Halliburton
P Halliburton
P Arnold 4 Ciarne
P Western
P P COA/HMC
X PS S CECA
X PS S CECA
X S
XX P
X
X P
P
X P
X P
s
X
X
X
X P
X P
X P
X P
X S S
X S
X X
X P
X P
X S P
X
P Wyo-Ben
Miseii
Halliburton
P Baroid
P Texas Brine
IOF
S IOF
IOF
S IOF
P IOF
P IOF
P IOF
P IOF
P IDF
IOF
IOF
IOF
IOF
P IOF
P IOF
P IOF
P ""* IOF
S IDF
S IDF
S IOF
S IOF
P S IOF
X PS IOF
X PS IDF
X P IOF
X
XXX S
XXX P
IDF
S P IOF
S S IOF
-108-
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O •
Pltiifi^ Gil iff f* .
a¥ af»efa?*efO W*TUf «WW '
Product Tradename Descnption of Materiel
IOF IOCIDE-L Non-onenolic bacieriocide
liquid
IOF IOCIOE-P Non-onenollc bactenocide
powder
IOF IOFAC Non-ionie fluoro-surfactant
Recommended for These System,
Water-base jOJ^ S
•a
"*">» "pS" » 1
! 1 1 ! 1 S i t 1 1 4 5 i «•
iH1. i.jHiijl
i.oo)O^ia.^>O <
loss control
IMCO OUROGEL Viscosiiier )
I X X XX
XXXXXX
(XXXXXX P
Functioning As:
'
r - ||| ||| t / '
IOF
IOF
- P IOF
P IOF
P IOF -
P IOF
P IOF
P IOF
IOF
P IOF
P IDF
P IOF •
P IOF
S P IOF
IOF
P IOF
P IOF
P IDF
P IOF
P IOF
P IOF
P IOF
P IOF
S IOF
S P IOF
IOF
P S IOF
P IOF
P IOF
P IOF
P IOF
P IOF
P IOF
P IDF
P Wyo-8»n
S P Wyo-Ban
P IMCO
P IMCO
IMCO
P IMCO
IMCO
P P IMCO
P S"~ IMCO
P IMCO
FMCO
IMCO FLAKES Shredded ceiioonane flakes XXXXXXXXX P IMCO
IMCOFLOC Clay Hoeeulant X P IMCO
IMCOFOAMANT Foaming agent X PS IMCO
IMCOFOAMBAN AH guroose liauid defoamant XXXXXXX P
IMCOFREEPIPE Oil sol. surfactant XX XX X
IMCO
P IMCO
P IMCO
IMCO GEL Wyoming Bentonite XxXXXX S P IMCO
IMCOGELEX Bentonite extender X x X X S P tMCO
IMCOHOLECOAT Water disoersaoie asonaltic XXXXXXX PS IMCO
blend
IMCOHYB Extra hi yield beniomte X X
IMCO IE PAC inhibition «nnanc*r XXX X
IMCO KEN CAL-L Powoered dispersing agent X X
-109-
P IMCO
S P IMCO
P IMCO
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Tradename Oescriotion of Material
IMCO KEN-GEL Organopnilic clay
IMCO KENOL-S Emuisiflers for formulating
invert emulsions
IMCO KENOX QUICK lime
IMCO KEN-PAK Cone, for gelatinous oil packs
IMCO KEN SUPREME Fatty acid emulsifier
IMCO KEN.X CONC. l Basic invert oil emulsifier
IMCO KEN-X CONC J Stabilizer weight suspension
agent
IMCO KEN-X CONC 3 Staoilizer hi temp filtrate
control
IMCO KLAY Sub-oentonite
iMCO KWIKSEAL aiended LCM
IMCOLIQ LigmHc material
IMCOLOIO Pregelatlnizedslarcn
IMCO LUBE- 106 Lubricant
IMCO LUSRIKLEEN Non-polluting organic lubricant
1 MCO MO Mud detergent
IMCO MUOOIL ' Oil dispersed asphalt
IMCO PERMAFILM Corrosion inhibitor
IMCO PERMALOIO Pregelatimzed starch
IMCO PHOS Phosphate
IMCO PLUG Ground walnut hulls (fine. med.
and coarse grades)
IMCO POLY Ri Synergistie polymer blend
IMCO POLYSAFE Polymer for fluid loss control
IMCO PRESERVALOiO Paraformaidenyde
IMCO Q8T Oueoracno based thinner
IMCORO-Iti ' Processed mod: ligndsulfonate
IMCO RO-2000 Oisoersant
IMCOSAFE-PAC Blended polymers
IMCO SAFE PERFSEAL Blended synthetic polymers
IMCO SAFE-SEAL Sized carbonates
IMCO SAFE-SEAL X Sized carbonates
IMCO SAFE-TROL Lignosulfonates. carbohydrates
and sized carbonate blend
IMCO SAFE-VIS Synthetic polymer and sized
carbonate blend
IMCO SAFE-VIS X Synthetic polymer
IMCO SCALECHEK Scale inhibitor
IMCO SCR . Snale control reagent
IMCOSHURLIFT Wet processed calcium mag-
nesium silicate
IMCOSP-101 Sodium oolyacrylates
IMCO SPOT Ory blend emulsifier
IMCOSULF-XII Hydrogen sulfide scavenger
IMCO SUPER GELEX aentomte extender
IMCO SWS Anionic-nonionic surfactant
iMCO THIN Causricized lignite
IMCOVG-10- Chrome lignosulfonate
IMCOVR Qei-Ouilder for invert emulsion
IMCO WATE Calcium caroonate
IMCO XC aactenally produced polymer
IMCO X-CORR Corrosion inhibitor
IMCO XOj Oiygen scavenger
IMPERMEX Pregeiatmited starch
IMVIGEL Magnesium smectite
INOUSCRU8 Heavy duty cleaner
INICOR 9 Corrosion inhibitor
INIPOL S 33 Surfactant mued with diesel for
freeing stuck oioe
INVERMUL Oil mud stabilizer
INVERPOL Magnesium smectite
IRO8AR Syntn. m density, acid
sol. weighting material
IRONITE SPONGE Synthetic ondeHjS
scavenger
J-2 Natural gum viscosity builder
and fluid-loss control agent
JEL-0-QEL Hyaroiyemyiecelluiase
JELFLAKE Shredded cellophane
KANE FIBER Processed cane 'iber
KARI Polymeric for clay free fluids
Recommended for These Systems FV
water-ease
LOWOH
3
3
|
u.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
BiackiihWalBi
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sal Sail Walei
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Gyp Iiealed
High
pH
LuneTruatud
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
• X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
I
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Oil- 8
base =
I J !
3 1 i s . . . «
!jjf}lji!fi
X
X PS
XX P
XX. P
•x. P
X P
X P
. X P
XXX
x s
x -p
X P
p
x s P
p
X
X
X S P
X P
X P
X
nctiomng As:
- I 1 - 3 s
« = ? w » ^ - ."=*
.- S B o 2 **
|3^5§3ofi2
i23vi
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Trodaname
Description of Material
Recommended for These Systems
LoweH
High
OH
Oil-
aase
Functioning As:
Available from »»
KELZAN XC POLYMER
KEMBREAK
Xanthum gum oiopolymer
Calcium tignoauifonate
X X X X X X X
XX X X X X
Keico
Arnold & Clarke
K.FLO
KIM.MUD
KLEARFAC
Non.ienic surfactant X
Polymeric for clay tree fluids XXX
Pnosonate ester of alconoi
alkoxytata
X
X
S P
P P
P P
Baroid
Bnnadfl
BASF Wyandane
KtEEN.Bl.OCK Non-damaging sued carbonate XXXXXXXXX
KLEEN.8LOCKX Non-damegm 9 sized careenan XXXXXXXXX
KLEEN-ORILL Non-damagmg poiymer/liltra- XXX XX
lion control comooumJ
KLEEN-MIX Onebagmiitureotnon. X X X X X X X
damaging vtscosifiers/
nitration agenta.
KLEEN.PAK Non-damaging synthetic XXX XX
polymer Diand
KLEEN.P1L Non-damaging syntnetlc XXX XX
polymar eland
KLEEN-SEAt. Non-damaging filtration eon. XXX x X
trolbleno
KLEEN.SPOT Non-ootlutlng. invert emulsion XXXXXXXXX
. tootling fluid lor stuck piaa
KLEENUP Heavy duly detergent and XXX
degraaaar
KLEEN.VIS Nen^amaging lymnatic XXX X
polymer
KLEEN.VISX Non^amagtng ayntnatic XXX X
polymar
K-UQ Pouuiumiignitadamativa X X
KOLITE Ground coal XXXXXXXXXX
KONT.OL Corrosion innibitor XXXXXXXXXX
KOROMIBIT C-100K Atmo»pn»nc corrosion
inntbitor
KOBOMI6ITC.115K Corrosion mmoitor XXXXXXX X
KOROHIBlTC-UZK H7Ssea*angar XXXXXXX
KOROHIBiT C-675 Corrosion inn.oilor XXXXXXX X
KWIK.THIK Extra fti yiatd bantonite X X
KWIKSEAL Comamanon of granula*. llakaa XXXXXXX
and fibers
KWIKVIS Polymer • X XX
110 Pure, onad lignite lor gee- XXX X
thermal drilling
L19 Causncizea soluble lignite XXX XX
LAMCOBAR Santa (barytas) XXXXXXXXX
LAMCOCLAY Sub-bentonite XXXXXXX
LAMCOORILLFAS Mud detergent XXXXXXX
LAMCOE Emulstfier XXXXXXX
LAMCO FIBER Shredded cane fibers XXXXXXX
LAMCO FLAKES Shredded flakes. XXXXXXX
LAMCOGEL Wyoming bentonite XX X X X X
LAMCO HYOROPROOF Colloidal asonalt XXXXXXX
LAMCOLIG Lignite XX X X X X
LAMCO PERMA TMINZ Aluminum chrome ligno- XXXXXXXX
^ suilenaia
LAMCO SLX Emuisifier i surfactant XXXXXXX
LAMSALGEL Attaoulgitectay X X
LD-8 Non-ooliuting defoamer XXXXXXX
LEATHERSEAL Snredded learner XXXXXXXXX
LEATH-O Shreodeo leather X X X X
LECTRO-Mix water soiueie salts x x X XX
LENALK Causticized lignite X XXX
LENOX Lignite X XXX
LEO'S PLUG Sunflower seed nulls XXXXXXX
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
Messina
P P
Messina
Delta Mud
Magcebar
Messina
Messina
Baroid
Ooweu
P Tretoiit*
P C-E Natco
P C-E Naico
P C-E Naico
P C-E Natco
Magcobar
RSDi and
ECCO
Wyo-Ben
CECA1
AveDene
Aveoene A
CECA SA
Louisiana Mud
S P
P
Louisiana Mud
Louisiana Mud
Louisuna Mud
Louisiana Mud
Louisiana Mud
Louisiana Mud
S S
S
Louisiana Mud
Louisiana Mud
Louisiana Mud
S P
Louisiana Mud •
Louisiana Mud
Mticnem
Saroid
MllC."!***!
Oil Sase
ECCO
ECCO
Wyo-8en
LHC
LIGCO
LIGCON
Liauid hydrocarbon cement lor
tost circulation
Lignite X X
Sooiumsaitof ligmiic X X
material
XXX
X X X X
Western
Mi.cnem
LIGNATE
LIGNEX
LlGNEX N
Processed modified ligno-
sullonate
Low molecular weight ferro-
cnrome hgnosuifonate
Sodium hgnosuifonate
X X X X X X
CECiS
Aveoen
Aweoene
CEC*
LIGNO TMIN
LlGTEX-K
LIME
LO LOSS
Lignite case ininner
Potassium lignite derivative
Hyorated lime
Guar gum
X X
X X
X XX
P S
Am Colloid
T»*as Brine
Most comoam«
Maguoar
-m-
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Tradename Description of Material
Heeommenoed lor These Systems
Water-oase
LowpH
•shWalei
ik.
ack.sh Wald
a
1 Sail Wale
e
1
1
5
•S
i
o
i
art
a
O
<
Functioning AS
«•
«
>
js
^
0
i
15
<
clencides
a
*n
1
o
(It
1
UJ
bncanls
^
M
ffl
3
£
at|
IraloRmJuc
ii
—
o
c
i
u
J
.a
o
U
1
«
1
<
w
c
a
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1
C
i
S
•5
>
£
Iciuin Rome
0
f
i
5
.IA
i
o
'•%S*
ip
AviitaOle from
LOWATE Acid soluble wetgm materiel xxxxxxxxx P Magcobar
LST-5 Non-emulsion, all purpose XXX X P Cardinal
surfactant
LST-tJ ' '
LST.13
LST-34
LST-36
LST-37
LST-35
LU8E-KOTE
LUBE-TSX
LUBRA-GLIOE
LU8RA.PHASE 1
LUBRA.PHASE II
LUBRE TORQUE
LUBRICANT JJ35
LUBRICANT 458
LUBRI-FILM
LUBRI-SAL
MAGCOBAR
MAGCOBRINE C.B
MAGCOBRINE C.C
MAGCOBRINE PC.
MAGCO
OEFOAMER A.40
MAGCOFOAMER 76
MAGCO FIBER
MAGCOGEL
MAGCO INHIBITOR 101
MAGCOLUSE
MAGCONATE
MAGCONOL
MAGCOPHOS
MAGCO POLY
OEFOAMER
MAGCO POLY SAL
MAGNACIOE
MAGNE-MAGIC
MAGNE-SALT
MAGNE-SET
MAGNE-SET
ACCELERATOR
MAGNE-SET RETAROER
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
MAGNESIUM OXIDE
MAGNE-THIN
MARBLE
MARITE
MC-SOO
MESUCO. BAR
MESUCO-SEN
MESUCO-CL
MESUCO-CRCL
MESUCO FIBER
MESUCO FLAKE
Silt suspending surfactant
Oil. paraffin dispersant
Cationte fluorosurfaciant
Fluo'osurfaciant blend to' loam
ing xvorocaroon Irac fluids
Fiuorosurtactant blend lor foam
ing mixtures ot hydrocarbon
and water from well oore
Nomonic fluorosurtsctant
Graphite
Biodegradable lubricant
Solid friction reducer &
' gumbo" stabilizer
Non ionic mud surfactant
shale solids control
Biodegradable & non-tone
lubricant
cefuiose-base fiber
Tord reducer
Extreme pressure lubricant
Biodegradable and nontoiie
lubricant
E.P. lubricant and corrosion
mnib.
Non-polluting lubricant
Barite I barytes)
Pre-btended calcium chloride/
Bromide brines for workover.
completion end packers
Pre-biended calcium cnionde
brine lor workover. comple-
tion and packers
Potassium chloride
Defoamer
Foammg'agen't
Blended fibers
Wyoming bentonite
Corrosion inhibitor for packer
fluids
treating oil drill string
inhibitor for workover. com-
pletion and packer brines
Biodegradable lubricant
Petroleum sulfonate emulsitter
Alcohol deioamer
Sodium tetrapnosohale
Organic polyol deioamer
Organic polymer
Bactenostats
Blend of megnesium and
calcium compounds
water soluble salts
Controlled solidifier
Material for reducing setttme
lor Magne-Set
Material lor increasing set
lime tor Magne-Set
Megnesium chloride
Low molecular wt. polymer
Natural calcium carbonate
4. 7 specific gravity
weighting agent
Fluid loss control, high temper-
sture stability additive
Sarite (barytes)
Bentonite
Sodium salt of lignitic material
Chrome lignitic compound
Shredded plant fibers
Sized and crimped cellophane
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
XXX
X
.X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X f
X f
X P
X P
X X X X P
x s
X P
S P
X • P
X P
X P
X P
XXX
X
P
X f
x s
X
X P
X P
X P
X
X P
X P
X P
P P
X
X
X
X •
X
XXX
X X
XX P
X X
X P
xx s P
X S
X
XXX
P P Cardinal
P Cardinal
P _ Cardinal '
> Cardinal
1 Cardinal
P Cardinal
Magcobar
Texas Brine
Sun Chem
S P Sun Chem
Sun Chem
"
UBM
COA/HMC
Lamoerti
P Miichem
Milchem
P Magcobar
Magcooar
Magcobar
S P Magcobar
Magcobar
Magcobar
P Magcebar
P Magcobar
P Magcobar
Magcebar
Magcobar
Magcobar
P P Magcobar
Magcooar
Magcooar
Aouaness
S On Base
P Oil Base
P • Oil Base
P Oil Base
P —Oil Base
S Most companies
ECCO
S P Oil Base
P Edemsarda
P S • Messina
P Messm
P Messm
o Messin
P P Messin
P Messin
P Messin
-112-
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Tradename Description of Material
MESUCO-FQAM Versatile foaming agent lor
tresn to salt saturated muds
MESUCO-GEL Wyoming oentomtelAPI spec.)
MESUCO-GEL Wyoming oentonite
MESUCO-HEC Hydroiyethylceilulose
MESUCO-KL Potassium hgnitic compound
MESUCO-LIG Lignitic material
MESUCO MUD Concentrated mud detergent
DETERGENT
MESUCO-PLUG High strength ground nut shells
MESUCO SALT CLAY Attapuigite ciay
MESUCO-SE AL Scientific blend of loss circula-
tion materials
MESUCO-SORB H»S scavenger
MESUCO SUPER GEL e»tra n>gn yield bentonite
MESUCO WORKOVER-S Hign molecular weight polymer-
caicwm carbonate blend
MF- 1 Polymer, selective I locculant
MCA Mica flakes Isev. grades avail.)
MICATEX Mica flakes (line. med. and
•coarse)
MIL-BAR .Bantelbarytes)
MILCHEM MO Mud detergent
MILCHEM PIPE-GARD Zinc enromate corrosion
inhibitor
Mil CON Neutralized heavy metal mod
lignite
MIL-FIBER Shredded cane libers
MIlFLAKE ' Snredded cellophane fibers
MIL-FREE Surfactant lor mining with
diesei oil to free stuck pipe
MIL-GARO HjS scavenger
MILGEl Wyoming bentonite
MIL-PLATE Diesel on replacement
MIL-PLUG Ground walnut hulls
MIL-POLYMER 302 Biodegradable polymer viseoa-
if ler tor water Base mud
MIL-POLYMER 303 Drilling polymer with
biocide
MIL-POLYMER 30* Drilling polymer with biocide
lor calcium contaminated
systems
MIL-POLYMER 305 Drilling polymer tor moderate
temperature systems
MIL-POLYMER 306 Drilling polymer tor moderate
to hign temp, systems
MIL-TEMP Stabilize flow 4 fluid loss of •
• water ease muds at nign
temp.
Recommended for These Systems FI
Water-base
LOWPH
Freshwater
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
1
0
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sat Saltwater
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
•o
f
a
O
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Hign
pH
Lime Treated
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Freshwater
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Oil- I
base =
I.I. i
f !i Iff! illi
S£=ssS»Ei2 =
^ f O <£>u£u Available from
P Messma
P Messm
P Messm
P Messm
P S Messm
S Messm
P Messma
P Messma
P Messma
P Messina
P Messina
P Messina
P Messina
RDSi
P Most companies
P Baroid
P Milcnem
P Milcnem
P Milcnem
S MUcnem
P Milcnem
P Mtlcnem
P Milcnem
P Milcnem
P Milcnem
P Milcnem
P Milcnem
P Milcnem
P Milcnem
P Milcnem
P Mucnem
MIXICAL
Acid soluble fluid loss additive XXX
and lost circulation material
lor Polybnne systems
XXX
Magcobar
MON-DET
MONEX .
MONEX
MON FOAM
MONHIB
MONOIL CONCENTRATE
MON PAC
MON PAC ULTRA LO
MOP-REX
MOB-REX
MR-l
MUOBAN
MUD- EX
MUDFLUSH
MUD FIBER
MUD-MUL
MUD-MUL(LS)
MUD-PAC
MUD SEAL .
Mud detergent
Flocculam and oentonite
mender
Co-polymer, llocculant and
clay extender
Foaming agent for fresh or salt
water
Film terming arnme to control
drill pipe corrosion
Concentrate for Oil Base invert
system
High molecular weignt. poly-
antonic celiulosic polymer
Poiyamonic cellulose ultralo
viscosity
For snaie stabilization
Modified staren
Mud removal agent
Oil-Base mud thinner.
dispersant
Mud detergent
Mud removal agent
Blended cane and wood fiber
Non-ionic emuisifier
Amonic'noniomc llow solids
emuisitieri
Corrosion inhibitor tor solids
layden Packer Fluids
Cellulose fibers
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
. X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
S P Montello
P P ECCO
P P Mometio
P Montello
P Montello
P Montello
S S P P P Montello
S S P P _ Monteiio
Corn
P P Milcnem
S S western
P Dowell
p P Tretoiite
Halliburton
P Maccobar
P S Messma
P S Messina
P Milcnem
P Telnite
-113-
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Tradename Oescriotion of Material
MULCON To correct acid number in
oil muds 4 invert muds
MUIOIS Emulsifler 4 wetting agent
for oil base 4 invert muos
MULFIL Stabilizes suspension 4 plaster-
ing prop, in oil m.
MULFIX Oil soluble liquid for use
as packer fluid, lor
fracturing and acidizing
MULFLO Flow improver
MULGEL vlscosifler 4 gelling agent
for oil Base 4 invert muds'
MULOILA Dry or liquid basic camp.
far ni temp/hi water oil '
basamuos
MULOIL B Dry or liquid baste comp.
for oil base jnuds
MULSEAL Aspnaltic. oil soluble LCM
for oil base 4 invert
MULSTA 8 Stabilizes filtrate 4 emulsion
under hi temp, in oil
base muds
MULTICEL CMC. all grades
MULTICEL EHV Super ni vis CMC
MULTICOAT • Water-dispersibleaspnalt
for filtration, inhibition
4 lubric. in weter base m.
MULTICBYL Poiyacryiamide. all grade*
MULTIOET Drilling mud detergent
MULTIOEX Hi temperature stable •
polysaccnande. 200 *C
MULTI.OF Liquid all purpo» d-loam
MULTI-OFO Dry all purpose d-foamer
MULTIFLOC Selective, nontomc
flocculant
MULTIFOAM All purpose foaming agent
MULTIHEC Hydrpiyetnyfeeilulose
MULT1LAX Oil soluble surfactant to
free stuck pipe
MULTIUQC Cnromelignite
MULTILU8E Extreme pressure lubricant
MULTILU8E A Non-oollunng EP lubricant
MULTIMER Blend a* hi temp. 4 salt
resistant polymers
MULTIMYL Pregeiatintzed staren
MULTIMYLA Non-farmeming. lemp. stable
carbo«ymetnyl-starefi
MULTIPLAST Non-polluting, hi soluble
low solids LCM-addiUve
MULT1POL HT Resin/iigmtic blend tor
filtrate 4 vis control at hi
temperatures
MULTISAL Colloidal Base 4 filtrate
reducer for clayfree muds
MULTISEAL Combination of granules flakes
and fibers
MULTITHIN Chrome lignosulfonate
MULTIVIS HI molecular weignt. salt
resistant polymer
MULTl-xC Hi molecular weignt xanrnan
gum pplymar
MV-4QS Liauid oil Phase mud emuisifler
i wetting agent
MY-U3-JEL Pregeiatinized starcn
MY-LO-jEL Starcn preservatives
PRESERVATIVE
N-43S8 Organic polyelectrolyte
polymers
NAMINAGIL Corrosion innibitor. bioetde
NATROSOL Hydro«y «tnyl cellulose
NELUPHANE C«ilopnane (takes
NELUPHLAX Shredded fibre
NELL) STARCH Pregelatinised starch
NF. i Uouid antifoam agent
NFP Powdered antifoam agent
N-GAUGE Potassium lignosulfonata
NOCOR 133. 166. 203 Corrosion inhibitors
NOCOR 224 Corrosion innioitors
NOCOR '39 Corrosion inhibitors
Recommended for These Systems
Water-base
LowpH
Fresh Malar
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
Brackish Walar
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sal. Salt Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
Gyp Treated
High
BM
Flush Wilier
Oil- |
Base =
Low Solids
Waloi in-O.I|lnvocl|
Oil Mud
Au.Gas. Mist
Alkalinity. pH Conlrol Adi
X X
XXX
XXX
XXX
X
XXX
XXX
XXX
X X
XXX
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
XXX
X X
X
X
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
xxxx
»
X
X
X
X
X
X
/
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
xxxx
X
XXX
XXX
X X
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X
XXX
XXX
X
XXX
XX X
X
X
X
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
xxxx,
p
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X P
X
s
X
XXX
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
-114-
Functioning As:
«
'SSiiS^^Z.^uC
Ilillifi Jj
s s s_
P S PS
S S3 S
P S S P P
P S3
S S P S
S S P S
S P
P S S P
p
p
SO P
p p
p
p
p
p
S S P S
S . P
S • P P
P S
P S
P S
p
P- S
p
P S3
p
p
S S S P
s
s s
S3 P
p
p .
p
p
p
p
p
p
S PS
.
'
•III k/-"
'.sail
• > u 3 y Available from:
P Orilisafe
Onllsafe
P Orillsate
P Orilisafe
Onllsafe
P Onllsafe
S S Oriiisafe
S S Orillsate
S Orilisafe
Orilisafe
S Onllsafe
P Oniisate
S Ortllsate
P Onllsafe
Oriiisafe
S Onllsafe
Onllsafe
Ohiliafe
Oriiisafe
Onllsafe
P Dniisate
Orilisafe
Orilisafe
Orillsate
Orilisafe
S Orillsate
P Oniisafa
S Onllsafe
Oniisale
S Oriiisafe
S Onllsafe
Eisenman
Oniisate
P OnMsale
P Orilisafe
S Magcobar
• Magcooar
Tretoiite
° Shone Pouienc
P Saner Chem.
COA/HMC
COA/HMC
S COA/HMC
Halliburton
Haiiibunon
Oeita Mud
P Cardinal
a r.,.«,,,,
-------
World Oil's 7979-80 .
PTfff/f/c Giiifff* .
m •fU'jflM^ wffeffavM^rr
Product Tradename Description e< Material
NOCOR 6*4 Air/Gas Dug learner with
inhibitor
NOCOR 64S Air/Gas Drig toemer
NOCOP 700 S Surfactants
NOMOUSS 0 Defoamer
NOMOUSS S D«toamer
NORUST 720 Corrosion inhibitor
NORUST 99S Corroiion inmoiior lof
completion brines
NOHUST 996 Corrosion inhibitor lor
calcium completion brines
NORUST ACM Oiygen corrosion inhibitor
NORUST ASW Oiygen corrosion innionor
NORUST OC 40 »oammg agent tor iresh or salt
water
NORUST PA23D H,5 and CO3 corrosion
inhibitor
NORUST SC 41 Oiygen scavenger
NO-STiK Surface active agent
NOVAORIL30 Poiyamome cellules* polymers
NOVADRtL *0 Poiyamonic cellulosic polymers
NOXYGEN Oxygen scavenger
N. P.L. 122 Environmental Protection
tubncant
Recommended tor Tnese System!
maw-base °"' >
base x
W»OM "PM" ~ • |
ff
<§
eifsie.S f i S „ .. „
ill! 1 1 1 ? , 1 i ! 1 1 f
! K 1 I ! i 1 1 ? ! f ! ! I
IcwOiijSo < < c o vu w
X
X
XX XX P
XX P
XX X S
XX S
XX S
XXX XX X
X X
X
XX XX
X X X X X X X
XXX
XXX XX
NYMCEL Carooty methyl cellulose in
functioning As
-*<2!*-
if
all • Z -
if .|n i f "-
3 ;» » 5 > » I 4 •£
S « ? 5 i Cfi « « 2 -a
I ! ? .? 3 * r* ! ? I
i 1 1 s 1 1 1 1 1 f i
£££°£c5£!uiu A«ailabi«lrom
P S Cardinal
P P P Caramai
P P Cardinal
P Cardinal
CECA
C£C«
P CECA
P CECA SA
P CECASA
P CECA
P CECA
P CECA
P CECA
P CECA
S P ROSI
P P Hercules
P P Hercules
P Milcnem
P P P Trinity Mat
P MagcoBai
P S P Nyma
OA 13
OBPPA
low. nigh and ultra high vis-
cosities, technical and pure
grades
Oxidizing agent
XXX
Completion
OBACIDPVRO
OB BENGEL
OBC 6S5
OBC SS<
OB CLAY
OBCLOROGEL
OBOEFOAMER
OB DETERGENT
OBOIVERTER
OB DIVERTER-HT
OBFLOC
OB GEL
OB GRAVEL PACK
FLUID
08 HEVYWATE
OBHEXAGLAS
OB HI-CAL
08 LIME HYDRATE
06 MIX FIX
08 NUT SHELL
08 PACKER FLUID
Sodium acid pyro pnospnate
Wyoming bentonite
Blended oxygen scavenger.
corrosion innibi|or. biocifle
Blended oiygen scavenger.
corrosion inhibitor, biocide
SuO-oentomie
Anapulgite clay
Oefoamer
Mud detergent
Stimulation fluid drvener
Stimulation diverter for hi.
temp, hi-press wells
Clay llocculant
Cone, tor improving Black
Magic gel: basic cone, for
location mixing of Black
Magic SP
Basic oil base mud cone, lor
gravel packing range of 7.0
to 17-ppg (mfgr mixed)
Bante fbarytes)
Sodium nexameto phosphate
Calcium nydroxide
Hydrated lime
Vise, reducer for Black Magic
and mixing oil adjuster
Ground pecan shell
Basic oil base mud cone. Icr
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
xxx
X
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
X
xxx
X
xxx
xxx
X
X
xxx
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X P P
X S P
X X P
X X P
X S . P
X P
X P
X P P
xxx s s P
X P
XXXX SS P SPSS
xx P ' s
xxx
X P P
xxx PS s s
XXXXPS s s
XX PS
XXX P
XXXX
Oil Base
Oil Base
P CDA/HMC
P COA/HMC
Oil Base
Oil Base
Oil Base
Oil Base
Oil Base
Oil Base
Oil Base
Oil Base
Oil Base .
P Oil Base
Oil Base
S Oil Base
S Oil Base
' Oil Base
Oil Base
P Oil Base
"
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Tradename Description of Material
OCOBEN Bentonite
OCOBRACHO Soray dried aueBracno
OCOOEFOAMER Detoaming agent
OCO DRILL LUBE Torque reducer
OCO FIBER Shredded cane fiber
OCO FLA KE Shredded cellophane fibers
OCO FOAM Foaming agent for Iresn to salt
saturated mud systems
OCO FREE PIPE Surfactant to mn with dieael
to free stuck pipe
OCOGEL Wyoming Bentonite
OCO GEO FIX Shale & solid* control agent
mud surfactant lor nign temp.
OCO GEO GEL Hign temperature stable clay
OCO GEO LOW. Dispersapie hydrocarpon lor
nign temp, fluid loss
control
OCO GEO MUD Resin-lignittc blend for nt/hp
Fheelogieal/fluid lota control
OCO HEAVY WATE Lead sutfide powder
OCOLIG Iignitic material
OCOLIG C Caustic iignitic material
OCOLIG CL Chrome iignitic material
OCOLIG K Caustic Potash Iignitic material
OCO MUL Additive for stable Invert
emulsions
OCO MUL S Supplement emultifier and
wetting agent
OCO MULTILOW Men fermenting starch
OCO OIL LOW Fluid loss control agent lor
inverted systems
OCO OIL VIS viscosity and gelling agent
OCO PERMAFLOW Lignosultonate
OCOPHOS Sodium tetrapnospnate
OCO PLUG Ground walnut nulls
OCO POLY LOW Hign molecular weight poly'
tniontc cellulose
OCO SALT GEL Attapulgite clay
OCO SEAL ComBination ol granules. Hakes
and libers for lost circulation
control
OCO SK CLAY Very high temp, clay
OCO SPOT FREE Cone, lor hi density spotting
fluid
OCO SULFSORB H,S scavenger
OCO SUPER FLOCK Floccuiams
OCO SUPER SLICK Diesel oil replacement
OCO SUPER VIS Extra hi yield b»moniie
OCOTHIN Chrome modified ligno.
suifonate
OCOWATE Calcium carbonate
OCOWET Oil wetting agent
00 1 10 Corrosion inhibitor (dry)
OO 1 100 Corrosion inhibitor (liquid)
OO 1 550T Salt inhibitor (liquid)
OO 1600 Oxygen scavenger lory)
O.K. LIQUID \ Detergent
OS- 11 Oiygen scavenger
O-S-S PILL Polymeric for clay Iree fluids
OMC Oil mud conditioner
OIL BASE MUD SPACER Cement spacer lor oil base
muds
OILCOMPLETE No.solids/non-qamaging.oil
base completion fluid con.
centration
OIL CON Supplemental emulsifler.
wetting agent
OILFAZE Sacked oil bate mud cone.
OILFOS Sodium tetrapnospnale
OIL MUL Additive lor staple invert
emulsions
OILMUL-L Uouid additive for stable
' invert emulsions
OILMUL-P Powder additive lor stable
invert emulsions
OILPACK Oil Base packer fluid concen-.
Irate
OILSPERSE Amine
OILSPERSE-I Mud removal agent
Recommenced tor These Systems
Wate>
-one
LOW OH
Fiesn Water
xxx
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Orackish Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sal Saltwater
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
v
a
O
X
X
xxx
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Hign
pH
Lime Treated
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Fiesh Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
xxx
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
O'l. " *
Dase' =
Low Solids
Wale. uiO.I(lnvo.l|
Oil Mud
An. Gas. Mlsl
Alkalinity. pH Conliol Ad
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
xxx
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
xxx
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
.X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X X X
X
X-wX
Functioning As
•* i
s r III
1 1 1 i I 1
i.2c£c*u5<*
|s5'3£s!3^S!
S S P
S P
p
p
p
p p
p
S P
s
S P S P
P S S
S P P
S S P P
S S S P
S S PS
P S
PS S
• p
f
•» - - '••
• III ils=9
« 1 s 3
1 \ ? 1
ills
a 3 s i
|> o 5 o Available Irom:
P OCOMA
OCOMA
OCOMA
OCOMA
OCOMA
OCOMA
OCOMA
OCOMA
P OCOMA
OCOMA
P OCOMA
OCOMA
OCOMA
P OCOMA
OCOMA
OCOMA
OCOMA
OCOMA
S OCOMA
OCOMA
S OCOMA
S P OCOMA
P OCOMA
S S S P OCOMA
P P OCOMA
P OCOMA
S P S P OCOMA •
. s
p
p
p p
p
P OCOMA
OCOMA
P OCOMA
OCOMA
P OCOMA
OCOMA
P OCOMA
S P OCOMA
S S S P OCOMA
P S S
p
p p
P OCOMA
OCOMA
P Wyo-Sen
P Wyo-Ben
Wyo-Ben
P Wyo-Ben
King
P Magcooar
P Bnnadd
P Baroid
P S Ooweti
S P P P ^ Messina
PS S Messina
PS S Magcooar
P S . MHcnem
P S
P S
P S
S Messina
S Messina
S ' Messina
P Messina •
p p p p Srinadd
Haiiiourton
-116-
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Tradename Description of Material
OILSPQT Sacked cone for ni dense
spotting fluid
OILTONE Fluid loss control agent
OIL VIS Viscosity and gelling agent
OtLWET Oil wetting agent
OMG-40 Viscositier'weignt suspension
OMG-40 LIQUID B Viscosifier/weignt suspension
OMG-40 SOLID 6 Organopniiic ciay
OS-IL Oiygen scavenger
PAC Poivanionic cellulose
PAK.R-CHEM Biocide lor drilling and
packer fluids
PAL-MIX. 100-8 Organic oolysaccnride
PAL-MIX 1 10-R Complex coooiymer system
PAL-MIX 150-0 Enzyme Breaker
PAL-MIX 150-F Enzyme Breaker
PAL-MIX 200 HClacid
PAL-MIX 210 Liquid detoamer
PAL-MIX 225 Surfactam-deiergent
PAL-MIX 235-A Proprietary liquid X-Aidenyde
Plus
PAL-MIX 236 Water-soluble corrosion
inniaitor/Biostan
PAL-MIX 255 Alkaline catalyst
PAL-MIX 305 Fine calcium carbonate for
porvmer. 325 mesn
PAL-MIX 333 Sized calcium carbonate lor
polymer fluids
SG gradations 12-325 mesn
G gradations 12- 100 mesn
EC gradations 3- 16 mesn
PAL-MIX 375 Hydrokyethyl cellulose
PAL-MIX MO-A Blended oolvmer system
PAL-' 'IX A Z32 Biodegradabie-non liuorescmg
liquid coooiymers
PAL-MIX FLOC-AN Anionic polymer floccuiant
PAL-MIX FLOC-ONIC Nonionie polymer flocculant
PAL-MIX FOAM.R Liquid toam agent KV con-
trolled naif-iife drig.
or W.O
PAL-MIX SO- 238 Ammonium Bisultite
PAL-MIX RO-320 Oil-soluble fluid-loss additive
for Brines
PAL-MIX SUPER-FAC Heavy duty cleaner
PAL-MIX SUPER-X Complex copolymer drilling
fluid
PAL-MIX SUPER-x-G.S. Thixotropic drilling polymer
w/gel strength
PAL-MIX X-TENDER-B Alkaline Pnosohate plus
PARAFORMALOEHYDE Paratormaldenyde
PELADOW 94-97*/l pore calcium chloride
PELTEX Ferrocnrome lignosutfonate
PEPTOMAGIC Crude oil mud emutsilier
PEPTOMAGIC LS Crude oil mud emulsitier
PEHFHEAL Poiymeric-ii jnosultonata tor
clay tree fluids
PERLITE Lost circulation material
PERMA. CHECK Lost circulation material
PERMA-LOSE Nen-lermemmg staren
PETRO 150 DRILLING Hign grade anapulgne
CLAY
PETRO-DF Surfactant defoamer
PETRO-FLO Ferroenrome lignosultonate
FETROGIL 37.60 B Poiymer-Bentonite extender
PETROGIL 1681 Emulsifier
PETROGIL A 46 Wetting agent, thinner
PETROGIL ARF453 Emuisilier. filtrate reducer.
stabilizer
PETROGIL ARG Drilling detergent
PETROGIL EP Extreme oressure additive
PETROGIL F54 Basic emulsifier. stasilizer
PETROGIL HF3 Temperature filtrate reducer
PETROGIL SIV-CONC Viscosilier. gelling agent
PETHOGIL X invert spotting agent tor
treeing stuck pipe
PETRO-LIG Lignite material
PETRO-LIG-K Reacted product of lignite
Recommended lor These Systems
water-Base
LOW OH
1
1
iZ
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Brackish Waler
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sal Sail Walor
1
«
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
H>
p
lime Ifealed
Oil- J
Base -
n ! 1
1 0
i 1 1 , \ 1 i 1 1 ! i
1 f $ 1 » 1 1 1 1 1 1
•iT J S 0 <u5u Available from
S Messina
P Messma
P Messma
S S Messma •
_ P Mizell
P UBM
P UBM
P Magcobar
P S S Baker Chem
United Mud
S P P P.A.L.
P PAL.
P P.A.L.
P P.A.L.
PA.L.
P PA.L.
P PAL
P P.A.L.
P P.A.L.
P P.A.L.
P P S P.A.L.
P.A.L.
P P S P PA.L.
P S S S P PA.L
S P S PA.L.
PA.L.
P A.L. -
S P PS PA.L
P P.A.L.
P S PA.L.
P • P.A.L.
P S P P PA.L
P P P PA.L
. PA.L.
Most companies
P Baker Cnem
P King
X S S P Oil Base
X S S P On Base
X p p Brmadd
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
P Halliburton
P Western
f S Miicnem
X S P American Mud
XX P American Mud
XX S S P American MuC
XX P
XX P
XX P
P- '*" Rhone-Pouienc
Rhone- Pouienc
S- Hnone-Poulenc
X P P Rhone- Poulenc
XX P Rnone-Pouienc
XX P Rhone- Poulenc
X P Rnone-Pouienc
X P Rnone-Pouienc
X P Rnone-Pouienc
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X P Rnone-Pouienc
XX S S P American MuO
XX P P P - American MuO
and potassium
-117-
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Product Tredename Description of Material
PETRO-LUBE Siodegradaoie-nontoxic lubri-
cant ana bit belling agent
PETHOTONE Organopniilic clay powder lor
use as oil mud suspended
agent
PH-10 Butters tor clay free fluids
pH-REGULAOOR pH control and corros.
innib. uouid
PHENO SEAL Flat, chip shape, tnermoset res-
moid material, panicle greded
PtPE LAX Surf actant mil. 10 be mixed witn
diesei oil to free pipe
PIPE-LOOSE Surfactant mtt. to be mixed witn
diesei oil 10 tree pipe
PIPE-OFF Surfactant to be mixed with
diesei oil to free stuck pipe
PIPE OUT Oil soluble surfactant
PLUG-GIT Processed hardwood fiber
PLUGMIX Combination of grannuiates
fibers
PLUG-SAL Sized salt with disperunt
PLURAOOT Surfactants
PLURAFAC Surfactants
PLURONIC Surfactants
PLURONIC R Surfactants
POLIDRIL Polymer tor clay free drilling
POLIHEAL Polymeric lignosultonate com-
plex tor clay-iree fluida
POL VIS 10 Synthetic Hoccuiam
POLY. AN Hi molecular weight poly-
anionic celiulosic polymer
POLY. SEN Polymer, flocculant and
bentonite extender
POLY-8RIOGE Self complexing polymer ug
POLYBRINE Acid soluble material for vis-
cosity and fluid loss control
POLYCLAY Bentomte extender
POLYDRLG Modified HEC
POLYFLAKE Oil sol. plastic film
POLYLUBE Extreme pressure lubricant
POLY.MAGIC Co-polymer
POLY-MAGIC 21 Co-polymer
POLY.MAGIC- 100 Co-polymer
POLY.MAGIC HT Co-ooiymer
POLY.MAGIC SUPER Co-polymer
HI VIS
POLYMER 214 Scale inhibitor
POLYMER PLUG Lost circulation plug
POLY.NOX Oxygen scavenger tor
polymer fluids
POLYS Sodium polyacrylate Ihjuid
system
POLY-SEC Selective flocculant and
bentonite extender •
POLY-SEC KO Selective flocculant and ben-
tonite extender tor non-dis-
persed muds
POLY. SEC UO Polymer for nendispersed muds
POLY-SLICK Granular high angle drilling
lubricant
POLYSURF Drilling mud surfactant
POLYTEX Organic polymer blend
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE Potassium chloride
PREMIUM GEL Bentonile
PRESANTIL Surfactant mixed witn diesei
to free stuck pioe
PRESERVATIVE 4AO Paratormeldehyde
PRESERVATIVE PCP Sodium pentacniorophenate
PRO-2 Coating tor atmospheric corro-
sion conditions
PROC1ME Calcium-lignosultonete
PRO FIBER Shredded excelsior material
emulsions and water blocks
PROTECTO FOL Water disperuble asphalt
additive
PROTECTOMAGIC OH dib- o-sed asphalt used as
oil jnase in emulsion muds
PROTECTOMAGIC-M Water dispersaole asphalt
Recommended tor These Sysums Fi
water-oase
LowpH
Fiesh Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Brack iih Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X'
X
Sal Saltwater
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
B
o
a
(3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Htgn
pH
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Fresh Water
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Oil- »
base =
§
_ 0
! 1 s
.1 ! ! i i i i i f i
o T •= S c = £ j 5 3 «
v^S^O— "5-— -Ga
j — -s • ™ u £ c ^ u
X P
X X
P
P S
XXX
X X
X
X X
X
X
XXX P P
XXX P
XXX P P
x x- x P
X
P
X P
x x s s P
X P
x s
X P
P
XXX
X P
X P
x s
x s
x s
X S
X
X P
x s
x s
P
X S S
P
X
P P
XX P
X P
X P
P S
xx s
XX S S P
x s P
jnctionmg As
„ „ if
c : „ . :' '
£ c s «i •= :j>
* -? " Z •%" - ''.=»
1 - • S o - i "^
f s J ! =• 1 f ! !
1 5 a -8 S S 3 1 S
1 | 5 I 1 | S 3 f 1
hi^u>ui^>u>o Availab
efrom.
S American Mud
P Baroid
Bnnadd
_ P UBM
f Montello
Magcobar
Drill. Add.
Dixie
P CDA/HMC
f Baroid
P UBM
P Texas Brine
P P P BASF Wyandotte
P P P BASF Wyandoite
P P P BASF Wvandotte
P P P BASF Wyanootte
P P P Bnnadd
Brmadd
COA/HMC
P P Driiisafe
P Messina
P Milcnem
P Oil Base
P Driiisafe
P Ongmud '
P Baroid
Oil Base Ger
S P Oil Base
P S Oil Base
P S Oil Base
P S Oil Base
S P Oil Base
P Aouaness
P Oowell
P Milchem
S S Wyo-Sen .
P Am Colloid
P Am. Colloid
P Am. Colloid
S Messina
P CDA/HMC
Texas Brine
P Most companies
P Am. Colloid
P •*• Lambert!
COA/HMC
COA/HMC
P Milcnem
P Avebene&CECA
P Wyo-Ben
and ECCO
P P S UBM
S S Oil Base
P S Oil Base
-118-
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Tradename Description of Material
mixed w/diesei for use as oil
phase in emulsion muds
PROTECTOZONE J2t 1 Fluid-loss additive for Brines
less men 9.6 ppg
PROTECTOZONE J212 Fluid-loss additive tor Prines
heavier man 9.6 ppg
PROTECTOZONE J213 Fluid loss additive tor Brmes.
oremined package I solids 1
PROTECTOZONE J?n Bridging agent for womover
PROTECTOZONE JJ1S Brine viKosifier
PROXELAB Mud and starch oreservatme
PROXEL GXL Mud and starch preservative
PW2030 Poiyanionic fluid leas reducer
and viscosHier
PWG Polymeric water gel
O-BROXIN Ferrochrome iignosulfoneie
Of -5 Cellulose gelling agent
OF. 6 Chemically modified low
residue guar
0.- PILL Polymeric tor clay free fluids
0-TROL Inhipited mud additive
QUEBRACHO OueBraenoitanmnieitraci
DUCK-SET Quick setting cement
tor lost circulation
OUm-FOAM Biodegradable foaming agent
OUIK-GEL High yield bentomte
OUIK.MUO Suspension of concentrated
vtscosrtiers
OUIK.TROL Organic polymer
RAPIORIL Organic polymer: clay extender
and solids fioccuiant
RAYVAN Chroma lignosuilonate
RO-i 1 Acid corrosion inhibitor
RD- 12 Hign temperature acid corro-
sion mnioitor
REDOU-TOROUE Extreme pressure luBricant
RED DEVIL CLAY Hign yield Bentonite
REDWOOD FIBER Redwood fiBer
REGULATED FILL-UP Quick set cement tor lost
CEMENT circulation
RELEASE Surface active agent
REMOX Catalyzed sodium sutfiie
REMOX L Liquid sodium Bisulfite
RESINEX Resin additive, fluid lots control
agent
RETABONOA.P. Selective fioccuiant
REV-DUST Inert clay
R f Ft 123 Resinous filtrate reducer
RHODOPOL23 Hign molecular weight long
chain polymer xamnon gum
RHOOOPOL 23-P Xamnan gum Biopolymer
RHODORSIL Silicone anti-loam
ROCAQIL Acrylic resin and catalysts
ROCAGIL 1295-S Acrylic resm and catalysts
ROD LUBE E. P luBncam for drill rods
RUF.PLUG Weody ring of corn cofi
S-6 1 Amine Base scale inniB.
SALtNEX Seawater emulsifier
SALGITE Attaoulgite clay
SALT Sodium chloride
SALT GEL Attacuigite clay
SALT GEL HU YIELD Attapuigite
SALT MUD Attaoulgite clay
SALT WATER CLAY Attaoulgite clay
SALT WATER GEL Attapuigite clay
SAM* Spacer lluid
SAMS Spacer fluid
SANHEAL PILL Polymeric-tignosultonate
complex for clay free fluids
SAPP Sodium acid pyropnosonate
SCALE-BAN Scale mhiOitor tor drilling
muds
SCALEHIBITS-208K Scale InniBitor
SCALEHIBIT S-401 Scale intiiDitor
SCALEHI BIT S-40« Scale innlBHOr
Recommended tor These Systems Ft
waie'-base
Low OH
{
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
I
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
X
X
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X
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X
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X
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X
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*
X
X
X
X
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X
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X
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X
X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
X
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{
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X
X
X
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XXX
X
X
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X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
XXX
-.
XXX
On- §
base s
5
f !
* s x . 5
.6 I | | r r | f 1
«ilcn<~>i;>;j Available from"
S S Oil Base
— Ooweii
Ooweii
P P Dowe"
P Ooweii
P Ooweii
S ICI
S ICI
P P Novacei
P Halliburton
S P Baroid
Cardinal
Cardinal
P P Brmadd
P Am. Colloid
P Most companies
P western
P Baroid
P Baroid
P Baroid
P P Baroid
P MagcoBar
P Wyo-Ben
P Cardinal
P Cardinal
Oil Base Ger
P American Mud
P Most companies
P . , Powell
P Monteiio and
ECCO
P Arnold S Clarke
P Arnold Clarice
S MagcoBar
Scnoiten
P Wyo-Ben
Trinity Mud
• P Rhone-Pouienc
4CECA
S P Rhone-Pouienc
Rhone-Pouienc
P Rhone-Pouienc
P Rhone-Pouienc
MagcoOar
P Wyo-Ben
P Wvo-Ben
_ MagcoBar
P Arnold & Clarke
S S Most companies
P MagcoBar
P ECCO
P VVyo-Ben
P American Mud
P Milcnem
Halliburton
HalliBurton
P P Snnadd
P P Magcooar
P Milcnem
P C-E Natco
P C-ENaicc
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
• Product Tradename Description of Material
SCAVENGER > HjS Powdered inorganic H»S
scavenger
SCORTRON GOF.SO Detergent, scale, corrosion
inhibitor
SE- 1 1 Secondary emulsi'ier tor oil
base and invert emulsion
muds
SEABAR Barium sullate
SEABEN Bemonite
SEA BLEND Filtrate reducer and
viscosifier
SEA CARS Lost circulation and
weighting material
SEA CLAY . Fibrous asbestos
SEAORILL High yield viscoslfier
SEA.FLO Quick-dissolving hi.
molweignt polymer
SEAFLO Aluminum complex ligno-
sullonate
SEAFLO-C Chrome iignosultonate
SEA-FREE Pipe treeing compound
SEALIG Lignite
SEA MUD Sepiome
SEAMUL Salt water emulsitier and
surfactant
SEA vis viscosifier
SEPARAN day flocculant
SEPGEL Sepiolite
SERVO CK. UCA Corrosion inhibitor, bacterlelde
SERVO MCA Oxygen scavengers, lioccu-
lants
SHALE LIG Potassium lignite
SHALE-TONE Wettaoie aspnamc blend for
shale control
SHUR-GEL Beneticiated bemonita mud
conditioner .
SHUR-PLUG Dehydrated graded eallulosic
bridging agent
SHUR-PLUG Granular polymer/clay blend
BRIDGE BOMB tor sealing vugular loss zones
SHUR-PLUG LINK-UP Alkaline liquid catalyst
SHUR-PLUG Blend of water soluble poty-
PRONTO-PLUQ 'mersi graded eaiiulosic
bridging agent
SL-tOOO Scale inhibitor
SIOERITE Acid soluble weight material
SIGTEX Synthetic polymers
SIMPLE SEAL Polymeric lignosulfonatc com.
plex 4 sized carbonate blend
SIMULSOL P4 Emulsilier oil-water
SL1CKCOAT Pipe coating lubricant
SLICKPIPE Biodegradable non-toxic mud
lubricant corrosion Inhibitor
and diesel oil substitute
SLIX Torque reducer
SLUGGIT Calcium carbonate tor clay free
COARSE fluids (panicle sized)
GRANDE
MAX
MEDIUM
MICRO
SLUGHEAL Polymeric-lignosulfonate com-
plex for clay free fluids
SODA ASH Sodium carbonate
SODIUM BICARBONATE Sodium bicarbonate
SODIUM CARBONATE Soda ash
SODIUM OICHROMATE Sodium dichromate
SODIUM HEXAMETA Sodium hexamen phosphate
PHOSPHATE
SODIUM SULFITE Oxygen scavenger
SOLKWIK instant dissolving viscoslfier
SOLTEX Sultonated residuum
SOLUBLE- WATE Acid soluble weighting material
for work over/completion
fluids
SOLUBREAK viscosity breaker for eiay free
fluids
SOLUBRIOGE Particle sized resin for clay free
FINE fluids
MEDIUM
COARSE
Recommended tor These Systems fi.
water-base
LowoH
Freshwater
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Biacklsh Walei
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sal Sail Wale.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
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XXX
X
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X
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8"
H
(t
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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OH. |
3ase s
1
•3
~ j:
. 1 § :
I ? s 1 1 II 1 !• H
t||f. | S | 1 I | !
'.3 3 O < < d c £ i ;: i
XX X
xx P s
X S
P
X S
X S S P
x s
X X
x s P
XX S
x PS
X P
x s
X P
X
xx . s P
X P
X P
X
X X
P
x PS
x PS
x PS
X P
X P
x s
x s
X S
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x
X X .S S S
xx x P P s
X X
-120-
nctioning As
If ''
i,Hi Hi l;
iiiiilifi !;
u.-jc/>MS5o3o Available from'
S S P Lamberti
S P Champion
S . Magcobar
P Seamud
P Seamud
P Seamud
P P Seamud
S P Telnite
P Champion
P P Enka -
P Seamud
S P Seamud
Seamud
S Seamud
P IMV
S S Baroid
P Seamud
Mticnem
P Orillsale
P Servo
P Servo
P Arnold » Clarke
P Dixie •
1 S Baroid
P Shur-Plug
P Shur-Plug
P Shur-Plug
P P Shur-Plug
P Magcooar
P Magcobar
P Texas Brine
P Brinadd
CECA
S Messina
S S Messina
Montello
P Brmadd
P Brinadd
T* Most companies
S S Most comoanies
P S Most comoanies
P P ECCO
P Most comoanies
P Enka
P Drill Soee
and ECCO
P Messina
Bnnadd
P Brinadd
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Proouct Tradename Description of Material
SOLUKLEEN Poiymeric-lignosultonate com.
Olei for clay free fluids
SOLVAOUIK Emulsifier tor clay tree fluids
SOLVITEXCP. Modified polymer
SORB-OX Oxygen scavenger
SPACER 1000 Mud-cement spacer, fluid loss
control agent
SPACER 1001 Cement spacer tor oil
base muds
SPEEDER-P Eitreme pressure lubricants '
and wetting agents
SPEEDER-X • Surfactant for mixing with.
dresei oil to free pipe
SPECIAL ADDITIVE <7 Non.vtscous organic lad (or
treating water, water baae
mud or dry contam. 01 oil
base muds
SPECIAL ADDITIVE 47X Powder tor treating oil base
muds contaminated by
water base muds
SPECIAL ADDITIVE 58 Weight suspension stabilizer
and miiing adiuster for oil
base muds
SPECIAL ADDITIVE 77 Surfactant for treatment of
water contamination
SPECIAL ADDITIVE 81 Oil base mud stabilizer
SPECIAL ADDITIVE 81-A Concentrated oil baae mud
stabilizer
SPECIAL ADDITIVE 2S2 Detoamer fluids
SPERS6NE Chrome lignosulfonafe
STABIL HOLE Sacked asphalt-added dry to
system or as a mixture with
Oil
STABILtTE Organic phosphate thinner
STABILOSE Carooiymetnylated polymer
low viscosity
STABL-PROP Chrome-lignite
STABL-VIS Chrome-lignosulfonate
STAFLO Hign molecular weight poty-
anionic ceilulosic polymer
ST AFOAM 202 Biodegradable foaming agent
STAFLO-EXLO Polyaniomc cellulose
STARCH Pregelatinized starch
STARFIX Non-fermenting starch-baaed
polymer
STARLOSE Non-fermenting stareft
STORIT Preservative for clay-tree
fluids
STUCKBREAKER Surfactant product lor miiing
witn dies** oil to tree stuck
pioe
SUPER ASBESTOS Asbestos fibre
SUPER COL Mod. eitra high yield bentonlte
SUPER ORIL Specialty treated giltonne
SUPERORILL Treated gilsonne for dispersed
systems
SUPER EXTEND Bentoniteeitender
SUPERGEL Beneliciated bentonite
SUPER GEL High yield bentonite
SUPER LIG Lignite
SUPER LUBE FLOW Pure, pulverized, high temper-
ature gilsdniie
SUPERMUL Non.ionic emulsitier
SUPER SHALE-TROL 202 Organo-aiummum complex
SUPER TREAT Soluble lignite
SUPER VISBESTOS Fiberous asbestos material
SUPER VISBESTOS Pre-sneared wet-refined.
(CRUSHED) oeiietized. crysotile esbestos
SUPER-WATE Special nign density weighting
material tor Blowout control
only
SURF-ACT Mud surfactant, shale and
solids control agent
SURFAKE Emulsilie-
SURFAKM Nontonic surfactant for solids
control: soluilizer for CMC &
starch fluids
SURFATRON DP-61 Surfactant
SURFDRIL Biodegradable, non. ionic
Recommended to' TneseStsiems Fv
water-base
LOWPH
1
1
Ifc
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
X
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X
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X
X
X
X
X
I
1
£
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sal. Sail Wafer
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
C
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Hign
OH
BJ
1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
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1
s.
£
tt
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
on- ;
baae s
•3
1 .1. • i
* f z^frrrfl
X P
X P
x s
X P
XX P
XXX S P
X X
xx s s
x s
X X
XX S
x PS
x PS
X S
xxx s s
X
XX P
x s
x s s
XX S P
X
x x s P
x • P
X P
p
p
X P
x s
x s
x s
S P
X P
X
p p
x s p
X P
X P
X
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X X
x P s s
X P
X
X S
nctionmg As
* I I " * i --1
o» 5 ? * • • 2 ^
f ||| I j If !
£55$u Available from
P Brmadd
P Brmadd
P Scnoiten
_ P Messina
S Ooweii
P P Doweii
P Teinite
P Teimie
P S S OilB*»
P Oil Base
P S Oil Base
P Oil Base
S P S Oil Base
S P S Oil Base
Oil Base
P Magcooar
S P S Magcobar
S P Baroid
S Scnoiten
P P Drill Add
S P Drill Add
P P Enka
P P American Mud
P S Enka
S S Most companies
S S Messina
S Milcnem
Brmadd
P Messma
P CDA/HMC
P Milcnem
P S Momeiio
P S Chemo
P CDA/HMC
P Arnold S Clarke
P Am Colloid
P Am. Colloid
P Monielio
S CDA/MMC
P Mitcrtem
P ^. Am. Colloid
P Magcobar
P Monielio
P Magcobar
S P Messina
Magcooar
S Magcoba'
P Cnamoc •
P Amertrdn Mud
SUHFLO-B11
wetting agent
Corrosion inhibitor and btocide
lor treating solids free
packer fluids
Baroid
-121-
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Traaename
0«$crionon of Material
Becommenaea for These Systems
High
BM
Oil.
Case
functioning As
Available from:
SUPFLO-B33
SURFLO-H35
SURFLO-S362
Sioeiae lor drig. and p«r. fiuiat X X X X X X X
Scale mniuiior X X X X X X X
Foaming agent tor fresh or
sail water
Saroid
BaroiO
Baroid
SURFLO-S37S
SUHFLO-S378
SURFLO-S390
Foaming agent for trean or*
salt water
Foaming agent for fresh or
salt water
Foaming agent for fresh or
saltwater
Baroia
Bar o*d
Bar aid
SURFLO-W300
SUHF-LUBE
TANNATHIN
Surface active defearner X X X X X X X
Powdered surtaetant lueneant XXXXXXXX
Lignite XXX XXX
Quebrcctto eitreet ana lignitie XX XXX
mil.
Temporary blocking agent
Bante (barytas) XXXXXXXXX
CMC (pure graae hi-»isl X X X X X X X
CMC(puregradelow.vi9i X X X X X X X
CMC (technical grade iew-vi»» X X X X X X X
CMC (teennieal grade regular) X X X X X X X
Water soluOle lubricant X X X X X X X
Drilling mud detergent and X X X X X X X
welting agent
Organic polymer X X X X XX
Fibrous material XXXXXXXXX
Shreaaefl cellophane Hakes XXXXXXXXX
aentomte X X X X X X
Ferrocnrome lignaauifonaie X X X X X X X
Ferrochrome potassium X X X X X X
lignosuifonate
Processes lignite X x XXX
Processed sodium lignite XX XXX
Ground walnut snelis XXXXXXXXXX
Potyamonic cellulose X X X X X X
Poiyanionic cellulose X X X X X X
Sodium tetraonospnate XX XXX
Sodium acid pyropnospnate XXX
Vermicutitetlaiies XXXXXXXXX
Cotton seed nulls XXXXXXXXX
(coarse and fine)
High viscosity fluid
Temporary lost circulation X X
plug
Coarse barite for temporary XXXXXX XX
weight control
P S
P
Baroid
Ome
Magcooar
TANNEX
TBA
TEL-SAB
Baroid
Halliburton
Tetnite
TEL-CELLOSE.H
TEL-CELLOSE-L
TEL-CELLOSE-TI.
Telnite
Telnite
Telnite
TEL-CELLOSE-TM
TEL-CLEAN
TEL-O.D.
S P
s s
Telnita
Telniie
Teinne
TEL-OEXT
TEL-FIBER
TEL-FLAKE
Telnite
Telnite
Telnite
TEL-QEL
TEL-LIG
TEL-LIG-K
Telnite
Telnite
Telnite
TELNITE-A
TELNITE-B
TEL-PLUQ
Telnite
Telnite
Telnite
TEL-POLYMER-L
TEL-POLYMER-H
TEL-PHOS
s s
s s
Telnite
Telniie
Telniie
TEL-SAPP
TEL-SEAL
TEL-STOP
Telnite
Telnite
Telnite
TEMSLOK
TEMPOSEAL
TEMP-WATE
Halliburton
Western
Messina
TETRONIC
TET THIN
THERMOGEL
Surfactants
Sodium tetrapnospnate XXX
Hijn temperature Moiollte XXX
XXX
XX S
X X
P P
P
BASF Wyindotte
CDA/MMC
IMV
THERMO-SEAL Oispersabie hydrocarbon
-------
World Oil's 1979-8O
Fluids Guide
Product Tradename
Description of Material
Recommenced lot The** Systems
y
""'
Functioning As
Available irom
TRIL-OX
Complimentary invert oil
emuislfier louiO nmei
Delia Mud
THIMULSO
TP.IP.WATE
TRl-S
Oii-m-water emuisifier
Granular bante
Surfactant additive for work-
over and completion fluid
XXXXXXX
xxxxxxxxx
P S
Baroid
Baroid
Halliburton
TS-301
TUF-PLUG
TUF.PLUG
Porvmertc-Jignosultonate
compiei lor ciay Iree fluids
Walnut snelis (coarse, medium.
and fine)
Walnut sne*is
XXX
XXXXXXXXX
xxxxxxxxx
Brinadd
Haiiiburtor.
Western
T-ZPILL
ULTHAOEFOM
ULTRAOET
Poivmeric tor clay Iree fluids
Detoammg ageni
Surtactam. mud detergent and
emuislfier
xxx
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxx
S S
Bnnadd
Meril
ULTRADRYl
ULTRAFLOK
ULTRAFIOKOR
Engineered drilling fluid
Nen-selective liocculant
Non.«eiect»efieccuiant'
anti-corrosive
P P
P
P
Merit
Men!
S .Merit
ULTRAFLOK-SEL
ULTHAFREE
ULTRAKOR
Selective tloccuiant
Spotting agent
Anli-corrosive
XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
Merit
Merit
P Merit
ULTRA PA K
ULTRASAFE
ULTRASEAL
Viscosifier and filtrate reduc-
tion agent
Workover fluid
Seepage inrtitmor
X X X X X X X
XXX X
xxxxxxxxx
S P
P
Merit
Mem
ULTRASPAN
ULTRAVIS
UMS FIBER SEAL
Viscosilier and tutrate reduc-
tion agent
ViscosHier and note sweeping
agent (replaces asoestoa
fibers)
Blended lost circulation mil.
XX XX
XXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
S P
S
PS
P
Merit
Mem
United Mud
UNl-CAL
UNI-DRILL
UNl-FREE
Chrome mod. sodium
lignosuitonate
Sodium poryacrylate liquid
system
Surfactant to be miied with
dieael ori tb tree pipe
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
Mucnem
Wye-Ben
United Mud
UNITED DEFQAMER
UNITED GEL
Liauid anti-fdam agent
Wyoming eemonne
XXXXXXX
XX X
United Mud
United Mud
United Mud
UNI.THIN
VEN-BLEND
VEN.CHEM300
Cauaticized lignite
Comematien of fiDers.
granules, and flake)
Organic polymer
XXX XXX
XXXXXXX
United Mud
Venture
venture
VEN.FYBER 201
VEN-GEL
VENTURE BURR PAK
Micronited. surface modified.
cellulose-base fiber
Hign yield bentomte
Blend of organic libers
XXXXXXXX
X X
X X X X X X
venture
venture
VENTURE FIBER KANE
VENTURE POLY
PELLETS
VERLOW
Cellulose-base cane liber
Densitied and expandable
lioerous LCM product
Oil soluble surfactant
X X X X X X
XXXXXXX
Venture
venture
CDA/HMC
VERMUL
VERMUL S
VERT
VISTROL
W-703K
Invert emutsifier. fluid loas
control agent
Supplementary emuisilier
Polymeric for clay free fluids
X
XX
carbonate blend
Causticized oueoracno
O>ygen scavenger
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
CDA/HMC
CDA/HMC
Brinadd
VEHTILE
VERTOIL
VEHVIS
VG-69
V1SBESTOS
V1SCOGEL618
VISFLO (REGULAR*
SUPER 20)
V1SGUM
VISOUICK
VISTEX
invert emulsion
Sacked- invert emulsion
mud cone.
Organo metallic powder
Gelling agent tor invert
emulsions
Inorganic viscosifier emulsion
mud
Hign temperature polymer
Hign molecular wetgnt poiy-
amonic cellulose
Modified guar gum
inorganic viscosilier
Syntnetic polymer & sited
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
P P
P S
S
S
' P S
S P S
S
S
P
S
P
P
P
S ~
P
P
P
P
Magcobar
Magcobar
CDA/HMC
Magcobar
Magcbbar
Scnoilen
Messma
CDA/HMC
Magcoear
Teias Brine
Arnold i Ciarne
C-E Natco
WALL-NUT
WATESAL
WC-n
Ground walnut nulls
Sued salt witn disoersani
Organic poiyeiecirotyte
polymers
XXXXXXXXX
. x
X
Most companies
Texas Bnn«
Tretoine
-123-
-------
Recommended lor These Svstemt F
World Oil's 1979'8O
Fluids Guide* -,
m JTMfMO ^flffWw
I
1
Product Tradeneme Description of Material i
WHITE MAGIC Emuisilier and tnmner lor x
emulsion muds
WK.I Futrai8reaucertork.il x
fluids
wi.iOO Sosium oolyacrylate X
WWW.' Mud removal agent x
WO. 20 Hign.yieid polymeric to' X
vtscosny and nitration control
WC 2' High yield oolymer X
viseositier
W O 22 • Acid soluble polymeric viscosi- X
tier-low density fluids
WO 23 Acid soluble polymeric viscosi- X
f ter-nign density fluids
WO 30 Actd-solubie. graded calcium X
caroenate
gravity weighting material
wo 50 Polymer and graded calcium X
careonate
WO OErOAM Aiconoibasecomoound
WYO-8ENX . Polymer, flocculant and X
clay extender
X-900A Powdered catalysed oxygen X
scavenger
x-9001 O>ygen scavenger X
x-905 Oiygen scavenger X
XB23 . BiODOiymer X
XC POCYMER XantRum gum biooolymer X
XKB-UG Potassium lignite X
XK8-THIN iron completed lignosurfonate X
XMDL Multi-functional drilling liduid X
XP-20 Cnrome lignite X
x.PEt 0 Water disoersabie aspnaitite x
(Qiisonitet
XPK.JOOO Atmosaneric corrosion inntbitor
X.TENO Powdered flecculam and clay X
ei tender
ZEO Polymeric for clay tree fluids X
ZEOGEL AttaDuigite powder
ZERO TORQUE Graded granular tnermo beads X
ZINC BROMIDE Zinc bromide'caicium bromide
(liquid Blend)
Wate'-oase
Low OH
QiackishWalei
Sal SallWalei
Gyp Tiealed
XXX
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
XXX
XXX
X X
X X
XXX
X X
X X
XXX
XXX
X
X X
XXX
XXX
Nign
DM
Lime Tieated
Fiesh Water
X X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
Oil- ;
Dase £
' "6
<
0
1 i
= « 5 «
«o s*-S;:«fT
.JHHIIH;
2 3 O < i ill in •«•
I * 2" I 1 * 8 I I 1
• ? t 5 ' - * 1 I I
E"eS = S2-§ =
'l3ljl|^lcS A..,l.blefrom
P Teies Snne
S D OH Base
S Western
BOSi
Western
P Miicnem
P Miicriem
P Miicnem
P Milcnem
P S Milcnem
P Milcnem
P , Milcnem
Milcnem
P Wyo-Sen
P C-E Naieo
P C-E Naico
P CE-Natco
P CECA
P Keico S
Completion
S 5 Milcnem
' S' S Milcnem
P S ROSI
P . P Magcoear
P ROSi
P Magcobar
P Bar oia
P Brmadd
P Baroid
Delta Mud
P S Delta Mud
-124-
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APPENDIX B
DEVELOPMENT OF CONVECTION-DIFFUSION MODEL " EQUATIONS1
For the purposes of detection-system design, the
convection-diffusion equation will be used. The equation
is:
Dy2c - V . VC = 3C/3t (B-l)
where
C - the concentration of pollutant at point x,y,z
D « the diffusion coefficient
V » a vector given the direction and magnitude
of fluid flow
t = time
In pollutant fate modeling, V is not constant, but varies in
space across the aquifer. As V may vary, the use of equa-
tion B-l for modeling pollutant transport in diverse areas
would be inappropriate; however, as detection-monitoring
stations are to be placed fairly close together, the varia-
tion in V may be neglected for detection-system design.
If we assume that a source of the pollution (ofo,t) is
located at the origin, and that V is in the x direction, and
that variation in the a direction may be neglected, the
solution of equation B-l iss
C(x,y,t) = / C(o,o,t-ti) "l e '^^^2 + ^/^ (B-2)
where.
V = velocity in the x direction
D = the diffusion coefficient
t - a small time interval
background information, see Aris, 1978.
-125-
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For an initial burst that quickly damps out, the
form of C may be said to be:
C(o,o,t) = P & (t) (B-3)
P = level of the burst at time 0
(t) = the dirac delta function.
The solution to equation (B-2), then, is:
C(X,y,t) = ! e - C(*-Vt)2 + ^J/2Dt (B-4)
Let us set the minimum detection level Sc = CQ.
Solving the equation
C0 (B-5)
we find
[(x-Vt)2 + y2] • 2DT[W - 1/2 In t/t]J (B-6)
where
W = In P/[2irCo(Dti)l/2]
t]_ = 1 sec
Now, as the term In t/t^ is small compared with the .
other term, we may neglect it, and we get:
(x-Vt)2 + y2 = 2DtW (B-7)
Equation 7 is the formula of an ellipse. Solving for
one-half the width of the ellipse in the x and y directions,
we find: :
AX = 1/2 2WDtQ - (x-VtQ)2r for (x-Vt)2 < WDt (B-8)
= 0 elsewhere
Ay - 1/2 2WDt - y2, for y2 < WDtQ (B-9)
3 0 elsewhere
It can be seen that the maximum y spacing occurs at x =
vtQ, and the maximum x spacing at y = 0, so that'(vto,0) is
an optimal place to put a station if we wish to minimize the
number of stations (see Figure B-l).
-126-
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X
Equation of (he Ellipse
I
H1
to
I
Direction of
Uroundwatcr
Flow
Figure 0—1. Location of Recommended Monitoring Stations for a Detection Monitoring
System, Based on the Solution of an Equation for an Ellipse Showing Pollutant Trace at
Concentration C0 (Detection Limit) at Time t0 (an Arbitrary Time After the Spill).
-------
The sampling frequency may be solved by finding the width
of t as a function of x and y:
4W2D2 - 4V2y2 - SxVWD .
-128-
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APPENDIX C
DEVELOPMENT OP POLLUTANT EVENT MONITORING MODEL EQUATIONS
The conservation of mass equation is of the form:
7 • (pV) = || . (C-l)
where e> = the density of fluid, and V - velocity. This says
that the amount of fluid entering a small volume is equal to
the increase in density,,
Darcy's law is expressed in the form:
V = -x [vp-pg"D] (C-2)
where V = velocity, x = a parameter known as mobility, P is
pressure, P is density, g is the gravitational acceleration
constant, and D is depth. This equation says that fluid
velocity in porous rock is proportional to applied force.
x, mobility, may be a function of pollutant concentration in
the fluid.
The convection-diffusion equation is:
D?2c - V-vc = 6C/«t (C-3)
where C » the concentration of pollutant within a fluid, D =
a parameter known as the diffusion or dispersion coefficient,
and V = velocity of the fluid in which the pollutant is ,
dissolved. This equation is a relative of the heat or
diffusion equation:
D?2C » 6C/6T (C-4)
When V = 0, this is a solution to equation C-3. Thus, in the
frame of reference of the moving fluid, the convection-diffusion
equation simplifies to a simple diffusion equation.
The mobility x^ of a given fluid is composed of several
terms:
-129-
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1 "i
where < = permeability, *<*e'wV
«PW Wn (7pw -PW97D> +.a
-------
(7Pc-pwgvD) •£•
"It (SwC)
where
C = concentration of pollutant in groundwater
a = .h (thickness) in two dimensions
* 1 in three dimensions
Pc = capillary pressure (varies in space)
Sw - water saturation (varies in space)
K - permeability (constant)
uw = viscosity of groundwater (constant)
4>e = effective porosity
C = concentration of pollutant in groundwater
cl • diffusion of dispersion constant
g * gravitational constant
pw « density of groundwater
q = q(x,y,z,t) • source of sink volume of water
per volume rock
qw '• water source term
qc = pollutant source term
FLUID ALTERING EQUATIONS: MODIFICATIONS FOR POLYMER AND
SURFACTANT POLLUTANT EVENTS
Where the pollutant is polymer or surfactant, equations 14
and 15 must be added.
< = *(C) (C-14)
uw • uw(C) (C-15)
DETERMINING THE SOURCE TERM
The source term q in both the miscible and immiscible
flow equations will vary according to the source of con-
tamination. For contamination from a leaky well, q might be
modeled as a point source:
q(x,y,z) = Q6(x-x0) s(y-y0) s(z-z0) (C-16)
where Q is the pollutant emitted and (xo,yo/zo) is the loca-
tion of the leak. It is important to understand that this
case is not likely to be useful because, if one knew where
the leak in the well was, he would stop it and there would
be no source term. For contamination via a direct communi-
cation between strata, q might take the form
-131-
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q(x,y,z,t) = q*C*8x0,y0,z0,t) (C-
where q* = the fraction of reservoir fluid leaking into the
aquifer from the leak at point (Xp,yo/zo)/ and C* is
the concentration of pollutants within the reservoir fluids.
This is related to the progress of EOR within the reservoir.
-132-
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APPENDIX D
USGS/NWDE GROUNDWATER MONITORING STATION
LOCATIONS AND SAMPLING FREQUENCIES
This appendix provides examples of the nature and
extent of data available for a groundwater quality baseline
from the USGS data bases. Locations with high EOR potential,
selected as examples, are shown in Table D-l.
TABLE D-l. SUMMARY OF EXISTING GROUNDWATER DATA FOR FOUR
SAMPLE COUNTIES
NO. Of
Monitoring
Location Wells
Stephens County, Texas
Wayne County, Mississippi
Osage County, Oklahoma
Kern County, California
40
25
24
663
No. of
Parameters
Measured Frequency
9
11
11
14
Seasonal
Annual
Annual
Annual
Monitoring information for Stephens County is presented in
Figure D-l and Table D-2. Maps and sampling frequency
cbmputer printouts can be obtained from the USGS for a •
nominal users charge.
-133-
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I
M
u>
I
Graham a
STEPHENS COUNTY
S I
1:
B.«*«n»Mgo
a a*
!?•
e« ...
io«
•— „.—, ,
" 30
• I
V »«f
•<6«I6 & »M»
^l" 36. .361
v >;.
99°
DEGREES LONGITUDE
Mlmril Walk D
SlnpixnvMlo D
-33°
-33°30'
Ul
Q
32»
08°
Figure D-1. Area map for Stephens County, Texas, showing locations of USGS groundwater quality monitoring wells.
-------
TABLE D-2. PARAMETERS MEASURED - 40 STEPHENS COUNTY
GROUNDWATER MONITORING STATIONS (See Figure
D-l for Station Locations) ALL PARAMETERS
MEASURED SEASONALLY
Temperature
Specific Conductance
pH
Dissolved Solids
Major Ions
Hardness
Silica
Nitrogen Species
Minor Constituents
AWBERC LIBRARY U.S. EPA
-135-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
read liiunicnvns on the reverse before completing/
=E=OST ,\o.
EPA-6 00/2-81-
12.
13. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
•i. TITL£ i.\O SUBTITLE
Monitoring to Detect Groundwater Problems Resulting
from Enhanced Oil Recovery
\S. REPORT DATE
I October 1981
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Ron Beck, B. Aboba, D. Miller, and I. Kaklins
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
ERGO/Energy Resources Co., Inc.
185 Alewife Brook Parkway
Cambridge, MA 02138
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE 823
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-03-2648
12. SPONSpRING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS, , , _. _..
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory - Cm. , OH
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
13.
.jyPE.C
Final
,OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/14
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
John S. Farlow, Project Officer (201-321-6631)
16. ABSTRACT
This report develops a four-stage monitoring program to detect ground water contamination
events that may potentially result from enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects. The moni-
toring system design is based on a statistical analysis evolving from a series of equations
that model subsurface transport of EOR spills. Results of the design include both spatial
and frequency monitoring intervals that depend on properties of the local geology and
dispersion characteristics of the potential contaminants. Sample results are provided for
typical reservoir characteristics.
Selection of measures to be sampled is based on a review of the identity of likaly contam-
inants, on the available sample and analysis procedures, and on the cost and time con-
straints on analysis. Nonspecific indicator measures are identified that can be used to
flag those intervals requiring more intensive and specific monitoring.
The number of independent variables in the analysis dictate that EOR monitoring systems
be designed on a site-specific basis. Sampling designs can be easily formulated to con-
form to the peculiarities of chosen EOR sites based on data already available from federal
and state geological surveys and from oil company statistics.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Monitors
Groundwater
Pollution
Oil Recovery
Environmental Engineering
Monitoring Strategy
Groundwater Pollution
Environmental Problems
Enhanced Oil Recovery
3. 2ISTP.I5UTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
14 G
20. SECURITY CLASS /This pcge/ |22. PRICE
[Unclassified j
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
136
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