United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Duluth MN 55804
EPA-600/3-79-056
May 1979
Research and Development
A National
Compendium of
Freshwater Fish and
Water Temperature
Data
Volume I
Data Management
Techniques, Output
Examples and
Limitations
V
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6.. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH series. This series
describes research on the effects of pollution on humans, plant and animal spe-
cies, and materials. Problems are assessed for their long- and short-term influ-
ences. Investigations include formation, transport, and pathway studies to deter-
mine the fate of pollutants and their effects. This work provides the technical basis
for setting standards to minimize undesirable changes in living organisms in the
aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments.
! his document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
-------
EPA-600/3-79-056
May 1979
A NATIONAL COMPENDIUM
OF
FRESHWATER FISH AND WATER TEMPERATURE DATA
Volume I
Data Management Techniques, Output
Examples and Limitations
by
Kenneth E. Biesinger
Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth
Duluth, MN 55804
Robert P. Brown
Lockhead Ocean Laboratory
San Diego, CA 92101
Carl R. Bernick
Pacific Northwest Bell
Portland, OR 97201
Glenn A. Flittner
Ocean Services Division
National Weather Service
Silver Spring, MD 20910
and
Kenneth E. F. Hokanson
Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth
Monticello Ecological Research Station
Monticello, MN 55362
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DULUTH, MINNESOTA 55804
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention
of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
11
-------
FOREWORD
Our nation's fresh waters are vital for all animals and plants, yet our
diverse uses of water for recreation, food, energy, transportation, and
industry physically and chemically alter lakes, river, and streams. Such
alterations threaten terrestrial organisms, as well as those living in water.
The Environmental Research Laboratory in Duluth, Minnesota, develops methods,
conducts laboratory and field studies, and extrapolates research findings
to determine how physical and chemical pollution affects
aquatic life;
to assess the effects of ecosystems on pollutants;
to predict effects of pollutants on large lakes through
use of models; and
to measure bioaccumulation of pollutants in aquatic
organisms that are consumed by other animals, including
man.
This study was undertaken to provide an independent data base describing
ambient temperature regimens inhabited by various freshwater fish populations
throughout the Continental United States. A national survey was conducted
to compile and collate information on freshwater fish and water temperature
records collected independently by various state and federal agencies,
educational institutions and private enterprise. This report (Volume I)
describes the data management methods and limitations with descriptions of
computer programs used in sorting and evaluating data. Numerous examples of
some possible applications to contemporary problems in water quality and
fishery management are discussed. Volume II describes thermal requirements
of thirty freshwater fish based on laboratory and field data and includes
a critique of the sources of variation. An analysis of thermal criteria and
temperatures inhabited by freshwater fish species are evaluated in Volume III
from a synthesis of field and laboratory data.
Donald I. Mount, Ph.D.
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
Duluth, Minnesota
iii
-------
PREFACE
The work for this report was performed by staff members of: (1) The
Environmental Sciences Department of Plessey Environmental Systems of San
Diego, California (formerly the Bissett-Berman Corporation) with programming
and computer services supplied under subcontract by Eco-Logic, Inc. of San
Diego; (2) Eco-Logic Systems Analysts, Inc. of San Diego, California; (3)
Systems, Science and Software of La Jolla, California; and (4) the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota
Reports, summaries and contract numbers of various stages of the work,
from which this report was partially compiled are as follows:
Bissett-Berman Corporation. 1970. Historical Review of Temperature as
Related to Fish Populations. Attachment II. Technical Proposal.
Federal Water Quality Administration, Duluth, MN.
Bissett-Berman Corporation. 1971. Historical Review of Temperature as
Related to Fish Populations. Interim Report - Phase I. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Contract 14-12-941.
Brown, R. P., A. H. Rice, D. R. Perry, D. R. Danielski and C. R. Bernick. 1972.
A National Compendium of Freshwater Fisheries and Water Temperature Data.
Volume I - Technical Report. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth,
MN. Contract 14-12-941.
Brown, R. P., A. H. Rice, D. R. Perry, D. R. Danielski and C. R. Bernick. 1972.
A National Compendium of Freshwater Fisheries and Water Temperature Data.
Volume II - Appendices. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth,
MN. Contract 14-12-941.
Brown, R. P., A. H. Rice, D. R. Perry, D. R. Danielski and C. R. Bernick. 1972.
A National Compendium of Freshwater Fisheries and Water Temperature Data.
Volume III - Part 1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN.
Contract 14-12-941.
Brown, R. P., A. H. Rice, D. R. Perry, D. R. Danielski and C. R. Bernick. 1972.
A National Compendium of Freshwater Fisheries and Water Temperature Data.
Volume III - Part 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN.
Contract 14-12-941.
Brown, R. P., A. H. Rice, D. R. Perry, D. R. Danielski and C. R. Bernick. 1972.
A National Compendium of Freshwater Fisheries and Water Temperature Data.
Volume III - Part 3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency- Duluth, MN.
Contract 14-12-941.
iv
-------
Eco-Logic Systems Analysts Inc. 1973. A National Compendium of Freshwater
Fisheries and Water Temperature Data. Volume III - Data Processing.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MM. Contract 68-03-0243.
Systems, Science and Software. 1974. Some Analyses of a National Compendium
of Freshwater Fisheries and Temperature Data. Fish/Temp Program Abstracts.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Contract 68-03-2044.
Systems, Science and Software. 1974. Some Analyses of a National Compendium
of Freshwater Fisheries and Temperature Data. Computer Program Documentation.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Contract 68-03-2044.
Systems, Science and Software. 1975. Some Analyses of a National Compendium
of Freshwater Fisheries and Temperature Data. Percentiles Program Abstracts.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Contract 68-03-2044.
The Environmental Protection Agency Project Officer for the above contracts
was Kenneth E. Biesinger.
v
-------
ABSTRACT
The present study resulted in the compilation of a computer data base
containing historical fish distribution data with accompanying water
temperature data from about 1930-1972 for over 300 species of freshwater
fish from 574 locations in the United S.tates and provides the first
nationwide compendium that describes freshwater fish population habitats
in relation to water temperature regimens. Data collected from many
unrelated sources were edited, formatted and assembled into a meaningful
presentation. The transformation of the encoded data into magnetic
characters on a computer data tape was accomplished with a Honeywell 702
Keytape machine. Computer programs developed were written in the FORTRAN
IV language and implemented on the Univac 1108 computer system. The present
data system was implemented primarily as a computer data storage and
retrieval method. As such, the computer programs were largely designed to
format, sort, store and recall selected records, or groupings of data.
For analyzing data, computer programs were developed for: (1) determining
the frequency of occurrence of certain types and classes of data; (2) deter-
mining the number of fish temperature data sets (fish present at the same
time and place water temperatures were taken) by: a) major and minor river
basins, b) thermal characteristics, c) sampling method, and d) temperature
and fish catching equipment type; (3) compiling fish species data and
correlating these with water temperature records; (4) producing tables with
minimum, maximum and mean temperatures with corresponding fish counts; and
(5) producing cumulative percentiles of weekly water temperatures for each
fish species. Suggestions as to possible uses for the data and programs
are given. Also included are some case example studies.
A section is included describing the limitations of the encoded fish and
temperature data and a critique of the: (1) data quality, (2) environmental
quality, (3) quality of the work performed, (4) materials and methods used to
collect fish and temperature data, and (5) data reporting and analyses.
VI
-------
CONTENTS
Foreword Ğ... ill
Preface iv
Abstract vi
Figures ix
Tables xi
Acknowledgments xħħi
1. Introduction 1
2. Summary and Conclusions 4
3. Recommendations 6
4. Data Management g
Data management design concept g
Data collection H
Data encoding procedures ..... 13
Data storage 19
Computer Program STORE 19
Computer Program RECOND 22
Editing 22
Data retrieval 22
Computer Program REGURG 22
Computer Program SUMDAT 26
Computer Program CATALOG 28
Computer Program CATSRCH 28
Computer Program STWKLY 3-^
Data analyses 31
Computer Program ALLPOSS 3-^
MATRIX Programs 33
Computer Program WKTTAB 45
Computer Program WKTPLT 47
Computer Program WKPCT1 ^
Computer Program WKPCT2 47
Computer Program STUDY1 52
Data graphics 52
Computer Program MPLOT 52
Computer Program ECOPLOT 56
5. Data Sources, Types and Amounts ^
Sources and types of fish data ^
Sources and types of temperature data gg
The amount of encoded fish temperature data JQ
6. Case Example Studies 93
Fish population and water temperature changes 93
VII
-------
Columbia River 93
Green River 98
Trinity River 101
Sagehen Creek 104
Analysis of a river system 104
Selection of a River System 106
Mississippi River Description . . 106
Description of the Temperature Data 107
Description of the Fish Data 115
Description and temperature regimes for channel catfish . . 117
7. Data Limitations 123
Temperature data 123
Fish data 127
Critique 130
References 133
Appendices 138
A. List of fish species 138
B. Data encoding formats 146
C. Fisheries-Temperature stations completed 154
D. Special data codes 166
E. Main sources of fish-temperature information 184
Vlll
-------
FIGURES
Number Page
1 Data management concept 9
2 Schematic diagram of Univac 1108 Computer System used for fish-
temperature data processing 21
3 Example of computer output from computer program WKTPLT (Option 1) 48
4 Example of computer output from computer program WKTPLT (Option 2) 49
5 Weekly and monthly temperatures at the Lewiston fish trapping
facility 57
6 Average monthly temperatures at the Lewiston fish trapping
facility 58
7 Weekly mean temperature for yellow perch where it is abundant . . 59
8 A composite weekly temperature graph for rainbow trout 61
9 Relative abundance of the fish population at St. Croix River,
Minnesota at River Mile 20.6 62
10 Annual relative abundance of selected species in Rogue River at
Goldray Dam 63
11 Historical monthly mean temperatures of Columbia River at
Bonneville Dam 94
12 Yearly fish count of American shad over Bonneville Dam 95
13 Yearly fish count of coho salmon and northern squawfish over
Bonneville Dam 95
14 Yearly fish count of chinook salmon over Bonneville Dam 97
15 Historical average monthly temperatures for Green River near
Greendale with the number of fish present 99
16 Historical average monthly temperatures for lower Green River
near Jensen, with the number of fish present 100
IX
-------
17 Average monthly temperatures at the Lewiston fish trapping
facility 102
18 Historical mean monthly temperatures for the Trinity River at the
Lewiston fish trapping facility 103
19 Historical mean monthly maximum temperatures of the Sagehen Creek
(May-October), with the number of fish present 105
20 Mississippi River Basin map 109
21 Average monthly temperature for stations in ISOTHERM regions on the
Mississippi River for selected years of record Ill
22 Seasonal extreme temperature values for changes in latitude along
the Mississippi River for selected years of record, 1965-1972. 114
23 Location and number of stream river stations where channel catfish
were present 120
24 Seasonal temperature envelope by percentage occurrence for channel
catfish 122
-------
TABLES
Number Page
1. Total Contacts Initiated .................... 14
2. List of the 50 Fish Species Specified for Analysis ..... Ğ 15
3. Fish-Temperature Computer Programs Summary .......... .20
4. Example of Output from Computer Program STORE Which Converts
Data Tapes to Master Tapes .................. 23
5. Example of Output from Computer Program REGURG Which Selectively
Retrieves Data from Master Tapes .............. .25
6. Example of Output from Computer Program SUMDAT ......... 27
7. Example of Output from Computer Program CATALOG Which Provides
Inventory of all Data on Master Tapes for Each Station .... 29
8. Example of Output from Computer Program CATSRCH Which Extracts
Selected Station Data .................... 30
9. Example of Output from Computer Program STWKLY Which Provides
Weekly Temperature and Fish Count Data from Master Tapes ... 32
10. Example of Output from Computer Program POSSA1 ........ .34
11. Example of Output from Computer Program POSSA2 ......... 35
12. Example of Output from Computer Program POSSA3 ......... .35
13. Example of Output from Computer Program POSSA4 ......... 37
14. Example of Data Output for Rainbow Trout for Major and Minor
River Basin and Station Codes ................ 39
15. Example of the Data Output for Rainbow Trout by Temperature
Sampling Equipment and Fish Count Sampling Method ...... 40
16. Fish Temperature Data Sets by Temperature Sampling Equipment and
Thermal Characteristics ................... 4^
17. Fish Temperature Data Sets by Fish Count Sampling Methods Used
for Each Thermal Characteristic
xi
-------
18. Example of the Number of Fish-Temperature Data Sets in the Data
Base for Each Fish species .................. 42
19. Example of Total Number of Records by Station .......... 43
20. Example of Output from Computer Program WKTTAB Which Produces a
Table of Minimum, Maximum and Mean Temperatures and
Corresponding Fish Counts .................. 46
21. Example of Computer Output from Computer Program WKPCT1 Which
Produces Cummulative Percentiles of Weekly Temperatures
for Given Species ..... ................. 50
22. Example of Computer Output from Computer Program WKPCT2 Which
Generates Tables of Selected Percentiles for Given Species
by Week ........................... 51
23. Example of Computer Output from STUDY1 Which Produces Fish-
Temperature Statistics from Master Tapes ........... 53
24. Example of Computer Output from MPLOT1 ............. 55
25. Amounts of Data Collected and Stations Encoded by State ..... 71
26. The Number of Temperature Records, Fish Records and Fish-
Temperature Data Sets by Station, for Streams and Rivers ... 73
27. The Number of Temperature Records, Fish Records and Fish-
Temperature Data Sets by Station, for Lakes and Reservoirs . . 78
28. The Number of Fish-Temperature Data Sets in the Data Base for
Each Fish Species ...................... 83
29. Fish Census Methods Used for 50 Species of Freshwater Fish Encoded
in the Stream-River Category ................. 92
30. Mississippi River Stations
31. Distribution of Selected Fish Species in the Mississippi River
from Minnesota to Louisiana ................. 116
32. The Number of Fish-Temperature Data Sets for Channel Catfish in
Streams and Rivers by Major and Minor River Basin and
Station Code ........................ 118
Xll
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The following individuals are gratefully acknowledged for their help in
gathering and compiling the data, and for developing and encoding the computer
programs: Mr. Joseph E. Barkovic, Mr. Donald R. Danielski, Mr. Dale Perry,
Mr. Alan H. Rice, and Ms. Loraine Wong.
Individuals in the following organizations were particularly cooperative:
U.S. Bureau of Land Management; U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; U.S. Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife; Denver Public Library, Library Reference Service,
Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife Restoration; National Marine Fisheries Service;
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; U.S. Atomic Energy Commission; U.S. Forest Service,
U.S. Geological Survey; Tennessee Valley Authority; Regional Offices of the
Environmental Protection Agency; Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee;
Pacific Northwest River Basins Commission; individual state Fish and Game
Commissions, and other state water resources agencies; and colleges and
universities.
We appreciate the support of Mr. Robert W. Andrew, Dr. William A. Brungs,
Mr. Armond E. Lemke, Dr. Alan Nebeker, Dr. Todd Thorsland and others who have
helped with various aspects of this study. We especially thank Ms. Arlene
Shelhon and Ms. Leah Foresman for their assistance with this report.
The general support of the Office of Research and Monitoring of the
Environmental Protection Agency and the assistance of Drs. J. Frances Allen
and Donald I. Mount is acknowledged.
We also thank Drs. Charles C. Coutant and Donald Harriss for reviewing
the manuscript and offering constructive criticism.
Xlll
-------
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Altered thermal regimes of our nation's waterways originate from numerous
man-made heat sources such as power,plants, industrial, and municipal effluents
as well as impoundments and logging practices. The steadily increasing
"thermal modification" of our nation's lakes and streams from these sources
has been a subject of increasing concern for a number of years, especially
in terms of ecological effects on the aquatic environment. In view of this
concern, a clear separation of the phenomena of normal cultural and natural
warming of fresh water bodies from heat caused by man must be made, as
temperature is perhaps the single most influencial factor governing the
distribution, behavior, growth and reproduction of freshwater fishes. The
temperature of surface waters of the United States vary from 32 F (0 C) to
over 100 F (37.8 C) as a function of geographical location. Factors
influencing water temperature include latitude, altitude, seasonal and diel
cycles, volume and duration of flows, depth, substrate type, overhead canopy,
turbidity, etc. These factors are indeed so numerous that is is seldom that
two nearby bodies of water exhibit the same thermal characteristics or
species composition. Extensive bibliographies have been compiled and detailed
reviews of the relationship of temperature to aquatic life have been
published (American Society of Civil Engineer 1967; Brett 1960; Kennedy and
Mihursky 1967; Raney 1967; U.S. Department of the Interior 1967; Wartz and
Penn 1965; Brown 1974; Coutant and Talmage 1975; also Coutant and others
in years from 1968 through 1977). In order to effectively establish meaningful
water quality criteria regarding thermal discharges into fresh water streams,
rivers, and lakes, requirements clearly exist for reliable data on both the
natural thermal characteristics of these bodies of water and for data on
the relationship of temperature to endemic biota.
In the past, federal, state and local government agencies, universities,
private research institutions and industrial organizations have all played a
role in the collection of large quantities of data in connection with
investigations regarding various aspects of fresh water fishes. These
programs have usually been in response to needs dictated by problems associated
with the conservation of fisheries resulting from overfishing and the
environmental effects of water pollution caused by stream diversion programs,
urban development, and industrial and municipal waste discharges. The present
study was undertaken in an attempt to bring this information together in a
computer format and make it available for problem solving.
The primary objective of this National Compendium of Freshwater Fish and
Water Temperature Data Study was to assemble and collate a computer and
information management system data base containing historical water temperature
-------
records and fish population records for major lakes and streams in the
continental United States. The computer data base was designed to provide:
(1) an independent basis for describing temperature regimens inhabited by
freshwater fish to assist in developing and evaluating temperature criteria,
(2) a procedure to evaluate changes or stability of fish populations, (3) a
procedure to identify warming or cooling trends in bodies of water, (4) an
indication of the past and present geographical distribution of fishes, (5)
and provide a scientific basis for fish management. The data base was
designed so that it may be expanded and also include other water quality
parameters such as dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, hardness, pH, heavy metals,
organic compounds, etc. In addition, the data base may be used in conjunction
with other data bases containing biological, physical and chemical measurements.
The scope of this study included the development of techniques for the
collection, processing, and reduction of the resulting fish population and
water temperature data to a computer-compatible form to facilitate correlation
and analysis of the results. The study was conceived to be a full-scale
national effort covering the United States, including Alaska, but excluding
Hawaii. The basic study was conducted during 1970-72. Information in the
data base includes data collected through 1972. Additional data management
efforts were completed during 1973-75.
This report (Volume I) describes an independent data base containing
ambient temperature regimes inhabited by various fish populations. It is
intended to present a summary of information encoded, computer programs now
available for analyzing data, limitations of the data base and some examples
of how the data might be used. It is hoped that potential users of the data
base can gain some insight as to how they may use it to solve a multiplicity
of problems. It is further hoped that the information encoded will be used
and updated to solve water quality problems, chronicle changes (both natural
and man induced) in fish species and population dynamics, and provide a
rational basis for controlling heat discharges which will protect aquatic
life, yet not lead to energy waste to construct cooling devices where they
are not needed.
Volume II of the study entitled "Development of Thermal Criteria and Some
Sources of Variation" describes thermal requirements for thirty freshwater
fish species based primarily upon laboratory data and natural history
observations. The ultimate upper incipient lethal temperature, growth optimum,
final temperature preferendum, physiological optimum, and reproductive
requirements are compiled in criteria tables for each species. In addition,
important experimental variables are summarized to identify sources of
variation in the laboratory data base. Bioassay responses and endpoints are
defined and some test conditions contributing to variation in the data base
is discussed. Existing thermal criteria have been expanded upon by review of
the literature published through 1978 and includes a bibliography on over
700 references.
Volume III of the study entitled "Analysis of Thermal Criteria and
Temperature Regimes Supporting Stream Fish Populations" provides an evaluation
and synthesis of the field and laboratory data base found in Volumes I and
-------
II, respectively. Thermal requirements of temperate climate fishes are
classified into three groups (cold-water, cool-water, and warm-water fishes);
the thermal limits of each are defined. Specific adaptations to the
seasonal temperature cycle are described for thirty species. The role of
temperature and day length on fish reproductive cycles is reviewed using
new knowledge from both experimental lab studies and natural history
observations. Particular importance is placed on studies describing
modification in the reproductive cycles for species introduced beyond their
indigenous range, including subtropical and tropical climates or subject
to extreme thermal modifications. A generalized model of the seasonal
temperature envelope and its relationship to thermal criteria is discussed
with recommendations for future criteria development.
-------
SECTION 2
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The present study has resulted in the compilation of a computer data
base containing historical fish-temperature data for over 300 species of
freshwater fish from 574 locations in the United States.
The present study results provide the first nationwide compendium
describing thermal limits to distribution for various freshwater fish
populations. They also chronicle those changes already observed in existing
records and provide an independent data base for the establishment and
evaluation of state and federal thermal water quality criteria.
The computer data base contains historical water temperature and fish
population records from about 1930 up to 1972 for lakes and streams in
the United States excluding Hawaii.
A considerable amount of historical data was available on fish populations
and lake and stream water temperatures. However, it was an exception rather
than the rule to find these two types of data collected simultaneously by the
same agency. Therefore, the initial efforts of this study were to piece
together by location and time period the two types of data which had been
collected from the various sources supplying the information.
Data collected from many unrelated sources were edited, formatted and
assembled into a meaningful presentation. The transformation of the encoded
data into magnetic characters on a computer data tape was accomplished with
a Honeywell 702 Keytape machine. Computer programs developed were written
in the FORTRAN IV language and implemented on the Univac 1108 computer system.
Although conceived with growth and change in mind, the present data
system was implemented primarily as a data storage and retrieval method. As
such, the computer programs were largely designed to format, sort, store and
recall selected records, or groupings of data. However, several optional
use sequences available to the user may be employed to effect editing, perform
selected station studies, do geographic or environmental area studies, and
obtain graphic presentations of single or composite fish and temperature
station(s) records. Compatibility of the fish-temperature data with EPA's
STORET and BIO-STORET system and other computer systems is assured through
the indexing of selected data stations by latitude and longitude coordinates.
For analyzing data, computer programs were developed for: (1) determining
the frequency of occurrence of certain types and classes of data; (2)
determining the number of fish temperature data sets by: a) major and minor
-------
river basins, b) thermal characteristics and sampling method and c) temperature
and fish catching equipment type; (3) compiling selected fish species data and
correlating these with fish-temperature records; (4) producing tables with
minimum, maximum and mean temperatures with corresponding fish counts; and
(5) producing cumulative percentiles of weekly temperatures for each species.
Computer graphic capabilities of encoded data include: (1) plots
displaying weekly and monthly minimum, maximum and mean temperatures for
one or more species for each station and year; (2) weekly or monthly minimum,
maximum and mean temperature for a given fish species for selected stations,
for several years at one station or for several stations and many years;
(3) fish population histograms showing as many as twenty-six species in order
of abundance for a given station and year or for a given station and several
years; (4) all temperatures (minimum, maximum and mean) at which a given
species is present for all stations and years where there are matching fish-
temperature data sets.
Some case example studies are included to suggest ways in which the data
might be used. These include a discussion of: (1) temperature changes on the
Columbia River at Bonneville Dam where fish were counted in a ladder; (2)
temperature changes as a result of dam construction on the Green River where
fish were counted from electro-fishing and gill netting; (3) temperature on
the Trinity River as effected by dam construction where fish were counted at
a fish trapping facility; (4) relatively stable temperatures on Sagehen Creek
where fish were counted by draining the stream; (5) temperature changes on
the Mississippi from its head waters to its mouth with resulting changes
in species composition where fish were counted using numerous types of fish
sampling equipment; and (6) distribution and temperature regimens for
channel catfish.
A section is included describing in detail the limitations of the encoded
fish and temperature data. Also included is a critique of the: (1) data
quality, (2) environmental quality, (3) quality of the work performed (4)
materials and methods used to collect fish and temperature data, and (5) data
reporting and analysis.
-------
SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that the Federal Government initiate planning efforts
for the establishment of uniform standards of accuracy and sampling frequency
for stream, reservoir, and lake temperature measurements for the purpose of
providing a common base for discussion and analysis of thermal modification
of water quality. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in collaboration
with the U.S. Geological Survey should sponsor a thorough review of water
temperature measurement techniques and systems. A recommended list of
standard instruments having approved ranges of accuracy should be prepared
and published. Such a list should be included within the technical
specifications and requirement portions of all Federally-sponsored grants
and contracts in fisheries and water quality research and management programs.
It is recommended that cooperative efforts be initiated between the
Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife, and individual state Fish and Game Commissions to establish a
nationwide observational network and standard procedures for sampling
freshwater fish populations. The allocation of additional federal funds to
the individual states from the Dingell-Johnson program (Federal Aid in Fish
Restoration Act) should be evaluated as a means of inducement for implementing
any such network.
The professional fisheries research organizations (e.g., the American
Fisheries Society; the Wildlife Society; the American Institute of Fishery
Research Biologist; and others) should be encouraged to study fish population
sampling techniques and problems thoroughly. They should recommend standard
types of gear for prescribed species or species groups in different types of
habitat. Standard mesh sizes, fishing techniques, and sampling intervals
should be prescribed or established wherever possible. Development of
standard reporting units, terminology, and formats also should be encouraged
at the national level.
Routine measurements of water quality parameters at the time of fish
population census should be encouraged. Development and standardization of
the necessary sensor technology to take these measurements should be strongly
supported. Professional organizations as well as government agencies should
be encouraged to study and recommend those water quality parameters that
should be reported regularly.
A national repository should be established and supported to house all
fish population census and habitat quality information. State and federal
agencies should develop standard summary reporting formats to ensure that the
-------
necessary data are forwarded to the repository upon completion of the work.
All Federal Aid projects should be required by specific terms of the contract
to contribute such information directly to the repository. The repository
should engage in a continuous data quality control program, and bring
discrepancies to the attention of the contributor when necessary.
The federal agencies involved in environmental monitoring, water
resources management, fisheries, and recreation should coordinate program
planning and committment of resources to ensure maintenance of soundly based
programs serving the public interest. Formation of river basin commissions
and other technical coordination bodies should be fostered at the regional,
state, and local jurisdictional levels.
Agencies at all levels should prepare periodic "state of the environment"
reports, in which significant changes observed in the preceding interval are
chronicled and evaluated. These reports should be issued on an annual basis
for purposes of compilation and interpretation at a later time.
It is recommended that the present study data base be further evaluated
in order to develop an atlas of the seasonal occurrence and geographical
distribution of the species catalogued during this study. Essentially, this
effort would produce a nationwide zoogeography of freshwater fishes.
Documents collected during this study should be utilized to expand the
present data base in terms of supplying additional information regarding
physical and chemical properties of the various water bodies. These data
would provide a more comprehensive base from which known shifts in species
distribution and abundance could be evaluated.
It is further recommended that the present data base be brought up to
date and that a mechanism for keeping it current be adopted.
-------
SECTION 4
DATA MANAGEMENT
This section is devoted to the description of the methodology conceived
for or evolving from the present study. This methodology can be presented
in terms of a data management concept since a predominance of the work defined
for the study has involved the essential elements of data management, e.g.,
data collection, data encoding (collation), computer processing, and
presentation of output. These elements will be discussed in the subsequent
text and will include a brief description of the major computer routines
developed to facilitate the storing, retrieval and analysis of the collected
data. Where appropriate, ancillary data and descriptive materials have been
included as appendices to this report.
DATA MANAGEMENT DESIGN CONCEPT
Perhaps one of the most difficult and complex aspects surrounding the
development of software for the present study was the basic design and
implementation of a data base management system. The uncertainty of the
data base use requirements certainly contributed to the design problems,
but more than this, the great variability in the collected data, methods,
reports, and instrumentation imposed a constant pressure on the Fish-
Temperature Data Management System (FTDMS) to be flexible and general.
Unfortunately, the use of any such system is not general. Rather, it is a
function of specific user demands. The subsequent dilemna resulted in a
design compromise. The design goal of this system was to satisfy a major
portion of both these requirements.
The basic flow of logic inherent in the philosophy of the FTDMS is
shown in Figure 1. The three types of data were defined as station data,
fisheries data, and temperature data. In general, the data were encoded in
the data base independently in sets. A set consisted of (1) sta^-on data
and fish data, (2) station data and temperature data, or (3) station, fish,
and temperature data. These data classifications will be discussed in detail
in the subsequent text, but it is important to note that the three classes
of data usually were collected and encoded separately. For the most part,
the matching of fish data to chronologically corresponding temperature data
sets was accomplished by analytical computer programs which organized the
data by river-basin and species categories.
A set of computer programs was developed to store the raw data after it
was formatted, sorted, and edited. This process resulted in stream data and
lake data. The stream data relates water temperatures to indigenous fish
in moving water (rivers, creeks, canals, etc.) and the lake data relates
-------
STATION DATA
Identification/location
Physical characteristics
and changes
Data source references
Political descriptors
FISHERIES DATA
Species Identification
Population estimates
Biological parameters
Chronology
Catch method
TEMPERATURE DATA
Classification/type
Chronology
Measurement equipment
STORAGE
Format
Sort
Edit
Store
STREAMS DATA
Station data
Fisheries data
Temperature data
RETRIEVAL
Catalog
Station records
Matrices
LAKES DATA
Station data
Fisheries data
Temperature data
ANALYSES
Station statistics
Species statistics
Temperature statistics
Graphics/plots
Figure 1. Data management concept.
-------
fish to impounded waters (lakes, reservoirs, ponds, etc.)' For aquatic systems
such as the Mississippi River which is a series of "pools" connected by the
river, the entire system was treated as a stream category although, perhaps,
some of the data should reside in both categories.
The next processing phase for the FTDMS was the design of a method for
the selected retrieval of the data in the stream or lake categories. The
retrieval logic includes (1) a library catalog type listing of all stations
and fish species in the data base by category (lake or stream) and reference
volume (computer magnetic tape), (2) formatted computer listing of select
(or all) station data, or (3) a variety of parametrically-paired matrices
describing the quantitative contents on the data base in the selected
parameters (species vs capture method, species vs number and type of
temperature records, etc.). This capability of the system was envisioned
as a necessary prerequisite to any analysis since users of the data base will
need to know if the particular data of interest resides in the data base in
the desired station (location) and species categories and quantities.
The final phase of development for the FTDMS was the coding of a set of
computer programs with which to compile stations, species, temperature
statistics, and graphical presentations of these data. While certainly
not exhaustive, the set of analytical programs issuing from this study
represents an initial capability and allows the user to derive essential
conclusions and graphics suitable for inclusion in reports, articles, or
other publications.
The design of the Data Management System proceeded in steps, or iterations,
throughout the duration of this project, primarily because the study
requirements themselves changed as knowledge was gained during successive
levels of progress. One of the most demanding requirements which persisted
throughout the study was the need for the system to reconcile the
inconsistencies in the collected data. This problem had a major effect on
the design of the data encoding sheets and the attendant computer programs.
The variability in the collected fish-temperature data is principally
because the data originated from many diverse sources which were not necessarily
interrelated. Consequently, some of the summary statistics for particular
categories in the data base are numbers representing the results of unrelated
field experiments, nonuniform sampling procedures and incomplete documentation.
An important example of this problem is in the reporting of quantity of fish
sampled. Some of these samples are in terms of "species per stream-mile",
or "per creel". Some are in "pounds per acre", or "fish per acre", and still
others are presented as "percent of sample". The obvious difficulty in
correlating such varied units resulted in a computer storage category called,
fish "count". This is the sump into which all quantifying estimators of fish
populations are stored.
Any inferences made from such numerics need to be cautious and qualified.
In order to correct this fraility in the collected data, a correlation analysis
needs to be performed to determine weighting factors or summing techniques
which yield meaningful statistics. Since this effort was outside the scope
of the development of the data management system, the numbers in "count" have
10
-------
been used for this report, however, these results need to be qualified in the
context of their probable relative inconsistencies. There are other examples
of this type of data irrelevance which ultimately will be corrected only
after a national data reporting format has been implemented.
Such problems have required the design of a data management system which
is flexible and amenable to growth or change. This versatility is provided
by the present system in four ways: (1) The programming language and computer
environment were selected to provide a nearly universal use. (2) The system
was conceived to be user oriented. The computer logic provides for recalling,
inspecting, and editing stored records. Through the use of various matrix
routines, it allows rapid assessment of selected dependent and independent
variables in the data base which can ultimately be presented by means of
computer graphic presentations to give the user a visible summary of the
selected data. (3) A modular construction of all computer programs was made
to provide convenient building blocks for future use (different use sequences,
analytic models, etc.), and (4) the individual data records for fish and
temperature data are in a format (80-column cards) which can be extended
to other parameters of interest (water chemistry parameters, turbidity, etc.).
Although conceived with growth and change in mind, the present system
was implemented primarily as a data storage and retrieval method. As such,
the computer programs are largely designed to format, sort, store, and recall
selected records, or groupings of data. However, several optional use
sequences available to the user can be employed to effect editing, perform
selected station studies, carry out geographic or environmental area studies,
and give graphic presentations of single or composite fish and temperature
station(s) records. They can also be used in conjunction with the U.S.E.P.A.
computer net to expand the data base through utilization of selected data of
records stored on that system. Compatability of the fish-temperature data
base with EPA's STORET, BIOSTORET, and other systems is assured through the
indexing of selected data stations by latitude and longitude coordinates.
Hence, any pertinent data incorporated into these systems by other federal
agencies can be recalled and processed for inclusion into the FTDMS.
DATA COLLECTION
The ultimate success of the fish-temperature study depended largely on
developing adequate data collection procedures. The first stage of the data
collection program consisted of an extensive telephone survey of the particular
geographical region under consideration to establish field survey contacts.
The second stage consisted of a follow-up mailing program to further acquaint
the established contacts with the purpose of the study prior to actually
contacting them in the field. The third stage of the data collection portion
of the survey consisted of visits to individuals in various organizations to
acquire fish-temperature data. In order to provide a clear perspective of
the work involved in successfully conducting a data collection program of this
nature, each of the foregoing survey procedures is described in the following
paragraphs. A major factor in the overall success of this study was the
excellent cooperation and assistance extended from most organizations and
11
-------
individuals contacted. In addition to making originals and copies of data
available on site, several individuals assisted in the task of data collection
by gathering the data together themselves, and mailing it to project personnel.
The initial step in the telephone survey was to establish liaison with
major federal agencies. The focal points for achieving this were the Regional
Offices of the Environmental Protection Agency. With the assistance of the
EPA project coordinator, it was formally agreed that each of the Regional
Offices would assist the study team by providing survey contacts and acting
as liaison between the numerous governmental agencies operating within their
administrative region.
Based on both the contacts supplied by the EPA Regional Offices and others
developed by the study staff, the initial telephone survey was conducted on a
state-by-state basis. Each call was logged on a telephone contact sheet for
record-keeping purposes. The starting point with most states was through the
state fish and game agencies where the majority of all freshwater fish data
were believed to be held.
Initial study contacts typically produced names of several knowledgeable
individuals within universities and federal and state agencies and organizations
such as the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (BSF&W), U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers (ACE), U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) , U.S. Geological
Survey (USGS), state water quality agencies, Cooperative Fishery Units (BSF&W),
and public utilities. The telephone survey for each geographical region was
concluded when it became apparent that contacts were referring the study staff
to individuals who had already been contacted.
Where there was any indication of available data for the study, a letter
explaining our specific requirements and a copy of a study abstract were
mailed to the individual. The utilization of a study abstract as a tool in
the survey served two essential purposes. The first of these was to provide
specific information about the study to field contacts prior to our arrival.
This procedure often resulted in considerable time saving as the individual
contacted was usually able to assist the study team much more efficiently as
a result of his being more aware of our specific needs. The second purpose
of the study abstract was to acquaint as many organizations and individuals
as possible that a national fish-temperature study was in progress. This was
also accomplished by mailing out the abstract to a large number of "trade
magazines" and including it in newsletters produced by various organizations.
Upon completion of the telephone survey, interviews were scheduled with
individuals located in each of the states to be visited. This task was
divided among members of the study staff and was conducted over a period of
seventeen months. The staff members interviewed and obtained data from as
few as one to as many as eight individuals from a given organization.
Originally, it was planned to utilize a questionaire to transcribe the fish
and temperature data in the field from the original files held by the various
individuals. Ideally, this would have facilitated the computer encoding
process; however, because of the diverse types of fish and temperature data
formats encountered this approach was abandoned early in the study as
impractical.
12
-------
Prior to embarking on the field surveys, each staff member was required
to thoroughly familiarize himself with the existing water resource programs
in the geographic area being visited. This facilitated questioning the contact
as to the availability of specific types of investigations known to be associated
with water resources (i.e., environmental impact surveys on impounded rivers
or routine water quality monitoring of a particular river drainage). Knowledge
of the types of data obtained from other areas previously surveyed was also
helpful, as reference to them often triggered a response from a new contact.
For example, one could solicit fish data for a particular location where it
had been previously determined from personnel in the U.S. Geological Survey
that a good series of temperature records were available. Likewise, the mention
of a particularly good set of fish data to a water resource agency often led
to the disclosure of a compatible temperature set. Additionally, contacts
were more willing to cooperate in releasing their information when project
personnel limited their interview to specific questions.
In summary, by employing comprehensive telephone, mail, and field survey
techniques, a computer data base of largely unpublished fish-temperature data
in excess of 570 stations was compiled. During the course of the study, 790
individuals were contacted by telephone, letter, or personal interview from
589 separate federal and state agencies and other organizations in 251 U.S.
cities a state-by-state tabulation of this coverage is shown in Table 1.
DATA ENCODING PROCEDURES
The collected data were screened and qualified as to importance in the
study. The qualified documents were then assigned an "accession number" and
remitted to the fish-temperature library. A summary of the data thus
collected includes the following:
I. Inclusive dates for which temperature and fish population data
apply for each of 50 species (Table 2) selected because of their
commercial or recreational importance as well as other species
found in Appendix A.
II. Source of information for:
A. Temperature
B. Fish data
III. Location:
A. State
B. County
C. River, reservoir, or lake (on reservoir or lake, specify
exact location)
D. Nearest highway and town or river mile
E. Elevation
F. Isotherm
13
-------
TABLE 1. TOTAL CONTACTS INITIATED
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kans as
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Washington, D.C. (Arlington)
Total
Cities
4
4
4
4
17
3
3
3
9
4
2
8
4
6
5
6
4
8
3
3
5
6
5
4
6
4
1
3
6
2
9
2
2
4
5
4
7
2
2
6
6
14
3
2
4
9
4
9
3
2
251
Agencies
10
8
11
8
41
12
5
6
14
13
8
20
7
13
9
8
13
13
4
9
15
15
11
8
15
10
16
6
10
10
19
9
10
10
13
21
12
4
6
10
10
28
7
6
8
20
7
23
9
9
589
Individuals
11
9
15
14
53
11
7
8
18
22
12
28
8
15
14
9
22
16
6
11
26
29
13
11
21
12
24
8
10
7
24
10
13
14
12
34
10
4
7
11
14
34
19
8
7
29
8
29
8
24
790
14
-------
TABLE 2. LIST OF THE 50 FISH SPECIES SPECIFIED FOR ANALYSIS
Common name
Scientitic name
White sturgeon
Alewife
Gizzard shad
Threadfin shad
Lake whitefish
Pink salmon
Chum salmon
Coho salmon
Sockeye salmon
Chinook salmon
Mountain whitefish
Cutthroat trout
Rainbow trout
Atlantic salmon
Brown trout
Brook trout
Lake trout
American smelt
Chain pickerel
Northern pike
Muskellunge
Carp
Fathead minnow
Longnose sucker
White sucker
Smallmouth buffalo
Bigmouth buffalo
Black bullhead
Yello.7 bullhead
Brown bullhead
Channel catfish
White bass
Striped bass
Green sunfish
Bluegill
Smallmouth bass
Largemouth bass
White crappie
Black crappie
Yellow perch
Sauger
Walleye
Freshwater drum
Mosquitofish
Golden shiner
Redear sunfish
Flathead catfish
Shovelnose sturgeon
Lake herring
Emerald shiner
Acipenser tvansmontanus
Atosa pseudoharengus
Dorosoma cepedianum
Dorosoma petenense
Coregonus clupeaformis
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
Oncorhynchus keta
Oncorhynchus kisutah
Oncorhynchus nerka
Oncorhynchus tshauytseha
Prosopiwn williamsoni
Salmo clarki
Salmo gairdneri
Salmo salar
Salmo trutta
Salvelinus fontinalis
Salvelinus namaycush
Osmerus mordax
Ssox niger
Ssox lucius
Esox masquinongy
Cypri-nus carpio
Pimephales promelas
Ca.tostorm.is catostcrrtus
Catostomus commersoni
Ictiobus bubalus
Ictiobus cyppinellus
Istalurus melas
Ictalurus natalis
Ictalurus nebulosus
Ictalurus punctatus
Morons chrysops
Morone saxa.ti.lis
Lepomis cyanellus
Lepomis macrochims
'O-cvopterus dolonrieui
l-Haroptems salmoides
Pomoxis annularis
Fomoxis nigromaculatus
Perca flavescens
Stizostedion canadense
Stizostedion vitrsim vitrnim
Avlodinotus grunnzens
jombusia affinis
I'lotsrrrigonus cvysolsucas
Lepomis rricrolopiins
Pylodictis olivaris
Scaphirhynchus platorimchus
Ccregonus artedii
Sotropis ather-inoides
15
-------
IV. Depth at which temperature measurements were made for lakes
and reservoirs
V. Temperature data where good fish population data were available
VI. Species present
A. Relative abundance
1. Fish caught per man hour (creel census)
2. Weir counts per unit of time (inclusive dates)
3. Counts made by stream and lake surveys (expressed as
the number of fish per distance of stream or number
of fish per unit area) or
4. Other
B. Condition (i.e., healthy, diseased, stunted)
VII. Fish populations
A. Natural reproduction
B. Stocked with no reproduction
C. Stocked with reproduction
D. Transient residents
1. Duration of residence (inclusive dates)
2. Spawning in area
E. Permanent residents
VIII. Observed spawning including dates and relative success
IX. Qualifying remarks:
A. Nonstratified body of water (i.e., homothermous stream)
B. Stratified body of water (i.e., lake or reservoir)
C. Water with a horizontal gradient (i.e., thermal discharges)
D. If temperature measurements were from a:
1. Low gradient river, then areas up and/or downstream
were used in reaches not influenced by thermal discharges
and in reaches considered to have the same temperatures.
2. Small impoundment used only for diversion, then species
were included in the stream category.
3. High gradient stream at the mouth of a canyon, only
species present above were included and for a distance
not exceeding a rise in elevation of 500 feet.
Data in the above categories were analyzed, and after analysis, edited
for applicability in the study. The surviving categories and organization
of the encoding formats was then formalized into computer data card-sized
16
-------
records. A general description of the six data encoding formats comprising
the 80-character input records utilized in the FTDMS is as follows:
Data Sheet
I (one sheet per station)
J (maximum of nine (9)
sheets per station)
K (one sheet per station)
T (no sheet limit)
General Description
Data included in this category describes
the data location (latitude and longitude
coordinates) and other geophysical
characteristics.
This category includes the code numbers
relating to the various bibliographic
entries (accession numbers) and special
events (dam construction, river
channelization, etc.) peculiar to the
station defined by the "I" data sheet.
This entry allows a total of 80 characters
for the station common name ("Mississippi
River Pool 1", etc.).
All water temperature information for a
particular station location is encoded
on these sheets.
F (no sheet limit)
All fish sampling information for a
particular station is encoded on these
sheets.
B (no sheet limit)
Fish spawning or other biological data
are encoded on these sheets.
A detailed description of the input categories for each of these formats
is included as Appendix B. (The reader should refer to these for decoding
printouts in this section.)
All of the' sheets comprising a station set were interrelated by a station
code number which was affixed by the encoder at the time the data were
transcribed. This number is a six-digit integer of which the first two
digits indicate the state code. The last four-digits identify the station
in the sequence of accession (see Appendix C).
During the course of the study, three major changes were made in the
format of these sheets which will be discussed here. These changes were
the result of experience and use of the study data base and computer
programs; it is expected that future users will have requirements which
will necessitate still other system modifications.
The first major change in the encoding format affected the J-data sheet,
particularly, in terms of the inclusion of bibliographic accession numbers
and special event codes. The accession numbers are in the range of 000,001
through 899,999 and are assigned to all documents containing fish-temperature
data or ancillary information used.
17
-------
The special event codes are in the range 900,000 through 999,999 and are
used to reference physical or functional changes in the station environment
which could affect the use or interpretation of the encoded data. Examples
of these special events are such occurrences as the construction dates for a
local dam, major flood dates and resulting stream changes, and man-made
changes such as channelization and dredging. Additionally, biological
information reported for a particular fish species or fish population, such
as characteristic spawning behavior in a geographic region that may be
different from other regions, is referenced via these codes.
The format of the temperature encoding data sheet was also changed to
allow for .a more compact transcription of data. Basically, the present format
provides a data sheet for recording daily temperature values and a second
format for the weekly, monthly, quarterly, and annual data. One other change
on this sheet allows an identifying code number for the type of temperature
sensing equipment used in the field sampling. This provides data from which
a subjective evaluation of the quality of the temperature data can be made.
Additionally, it provides the basis for determining the frequency of use of
particular equipment types.
The final major modification to the format of the data encoding sheets
was the incorporation of alpha-numeric data descriptor codes, or alpha codes.
This addition to the data base was dictated by the data variability and the
subsequent need fox qualifying remarks. As presently used, the code consists
of a maximum of seven characters, the first two of which must be alphabetic,
the last five integers. A complete listing and description of these codes is
presented as Appendix D but a brief example will be given here to show their
intended utility.
Using the previous example of the indefinite fish "count" statistic,
assume that a data entry for a particular station was presented in terms of
a fish sample rate, say, 13 rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) per stream-mile.
The corresponding spawning temperature data collected for this date and
station is given as a range, 48 F to 52 F (8.9 C to 11.1 C) . The correct
procedure for encoding these data consistent with the present system
methodology would be as follows: (1) Estimate the length of the stream in
miles controlled by the station. If this is not available in the source
document, it would be necessary either to refer to a map of the subject
station or obtain this information by letter or phone. For purposes of this
example, suppose it is determined that the control length is 10 miles. The
resultant "count" would be encoded as 130 and the corresponding alpha code
would be entered as AA00013 and CF00010, signifying the source data as a
catch-rate per stream-mile of 13 fish and an assumption for the stream
length as 10 miles. (2) The spawning temperature data would be encoded as
48 F (8.9 C) for the observed low and a high of 52 F (11.1 C). The alpha
code supporting these entries would be EG48.52, or the temperature range
is 48 F to 52 F (8.9 C to 11.1 C).
The next step in the encoding process was the transformation of the
encoded data into magnetic characters on a computer data tape. The data
18
-------
resulting from this process became the input to the computer programs which
format, sort, edit, and re-store these data in a series of operations which
ultimately yielded a magnetic tape called the Master Tape. The important
logic steps describing this process is the subject of the subsequent text.
Table 3 presents a summary of the various computer programs, or routines,
discussed in the next sections. The discussion of these follow in the order
of the table.
DATA STORAGE
The data storage process included transformation of the encoded data to
a format compatable to high-speed, large computers. The initial study
utilized a Univac 1108 computer system with an EXEC VIII controller/auditor.
This system is shown schematically as Figure 2. In general, the data base
Master Tapes are adaptable to other machines with very little modification;
however, the computer program logic (FORTRAN IV) is presently Univac 1108
specific and would require some modifications for other processing systems.
The computer logic sorts the data by station number and record type, and
within these records as follows:
I - one card only per station
J - by serial number to a maximum of nine
K - one card only per station
T - by increasing date and depth
F - by increasing date and depth
B - by increasing date and species number
The resulting magnetic data tape becomes the input to program STORE.
Computer Program STORE
This program uses as input the ordered data on the "complete station"
tape made by the process described above.
In order of increasing station number, STORE puts the data onto one of
two separate Master Tapes, one of which contains all river and stream data,
the other all other types of water bodies, such as lakes, reservoirs, etc.
The data for each station are arranged in blocks of eleven 37-word
records, as follows:
Block 1 - The identification block. This block gives general information
about the station - name, location, water-body, type, elevation, etc., together
with codes for source materials.
Block 2 to k - Temperature blocks. Record 1 contains the station number.
Records 2-11 are 10 sets of temperatures recorded, giving year, month, whether
daily, weekly, monthly data, whether maximum, minimum, or average data.
19
-------
TABLE 3. FISH-TEMPERATURE COMPUTER PROGRAMS SUMMARY
Type/Name
Use
Storage
STORE
RECOND
ACD
DEDUP
TPEDIT
Retrieval
REGURG
SUMDAT
CATALOG
CATSRCH
STWKLY
Analyses
ALLPOSS
MATRXI/OUT1
MATRX2/OUT2
MATRX3/OUT3/OUTSP
CFT
FIT
WKTTAB
WKTPLT
WKPCT1
WKPCT2
STUDY1
Graphics
MPLOT
ECOPLOT
Converts data tapes (prestored 80-column cards, binary) to master tapes (blocked, BCD)
Converts master tapes to data tapes (for updating, editing)
General purpose editing (add, change or delete) for data tapes
Deletes duplicate records from data tapes
General purpose editing for master tapes
Selective (by station numbers) retrieval of data from master tapes
Prints contents of data tapes-MONTMP (from STUDY1), WKTMP (from STWKLY), FSHCNT (from STWKLY)
Provides inventory of all data on master tapes, produces data tape, FTK2
Extracts selected stations' data from FTK2, any combination of parameters
Produces WKTMP (weekly temperatures) and FSCNT (fish counts) data tapes from master tapes
Determines frequency of occurrence of certain types and classes of data on the master tapes
Determines fish-temperature data sets by major and minor river basins
Determines fish-temperature data sets by thermal characteristic and sampling method
Determines fish-temperature data sets by temperature and fish-catch equipment type
Compiles selected fish species data from FSHCNT-tape (from STWKLY)
Compiles matched fish-temperature records from CFT and WKTMP (from STWKLY)
Uses FTT-tape to produce table of minimum, maximum and mean temperatures and corresponding
fish counts
Plots tabular data from WKTTAB
Uses FTT-tape to produce cumulative percentiles of weekly temperatures for all species
Uses WPCTl-tape to generate tables of selected percentiles, species and weeks
Produces fish-temperature statistics from master tape for each station and year of record
Collects data for selected station/years from STWKLY and STUDYl-tapes for plotting
Produces six types of labelled and annotated graphs from MPLOT tape
-------
I7S2
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of Univac 1108 Computer System used for fish-temperature data
processing.
-------
Blocks k+1 to H - Fish blocks. Record 1 contains the station number.
Records 2-11 are 10 sets of species data (number caught, method of catch, etc.).
Blocks £+1 to m - Biological blocks. Record 1 contains the station number.
Records 2-11 are 10 sets of general background information about the living
and spawning habits of each species recorded.
Table 4 illustrates typical STORE output. New fish and temperature blocks
are defined for each new year encountered, but only full blocks are printed.
Also, biological blocks are not printed. This means that for station 400900
in the example, there are many blocks of incomplete (non-full) fish, temperature
and biological data.
Computer Program RECOND
The purpose of this program is to make possible the reconstruction of
data tapes from Master Tapes of the original data base, or conversely, to
make new Master Tapes from updated data tapes. The logic of this program
transfers the data from one format to the other and provides a complete
listing of the 80-column card images representing the data. This program
may be used either for loss or damage to a data tape, or to update a data
tape after extensive editing to the Master Tape.
Editing
Adding, changing, or deleting data on the data tapes, is accomplished by
the computer program ACD; duplicate records on these tapes can be eliminated
by the program DEDUP. Changes to the Master Tapes can be effected by the
TPEDIT routine. After this program is used on the Master Tapes and at the
user's convenience, the program RECOND can be utilized to update the fish-
temperature data tapes as discussed earlier.
DATA RETRIEVAL
User inspection of the encoded data on the Master Tapes is accomplished
with the computer programs described in this section. There are three general
types of programs in the retrieval category. The first type (REGURG and
SUMDAT) simply reproduce the data corresponding to a selected station, or set
of station records in the data base. The second type (CATALOG and CATSRCH)
provide an index to the data compiled on each Master Tape, and the final
type (STWKLY) accumulate fish population data and (weekly) temperature data
for cursory examination and further analytical studies.
Computer Program REGURG
This program will output the contents of any Master Tape made by program
STORE.
Selective options are available, as follows:
(1) Print all data for a given list of stations
22
-------
TABLE 4, EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT FROM COMPUTER PROGRAM STORE WHICH CONVERTS DATA TAPES TO MASTER TAPES
Statn
No.
Body Therm Major Minor Lat. Long.
Record County type char, basin basin D/M/S D/M/S
400700 1
Station 400900
Station 400900
Year
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
Mon
Depth
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
39 2 2 13 9 4407001222800
Accession numbers
721921
McKenzie River, Oregon
Station 400900 T
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
temps
temps
temps
temps
temps
temps
temps
temps
temps
temps
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
T
-1
-1
-1
-1 -1
-1 -1
-1 -1
-1 -1
-1 -1
-1 -1
1 1
-1 -1
-1 -1
-1 -1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
i
-1
-1
-1
-1 -1
-1 -1
-1 -1
-1 -1
-1 -1
-1 -i
i i
-1 -1
-1 540
490 -1
Station 400900 F
Year
50
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
-1
Mon
13
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Species Day
13
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
-]
-1
-1
-1
-1
Dep
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
100
Count
3500
-1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Method
8
-1
1
-1
-1
-I
-1
-1
-1
-1
Cond
3
-1
-1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Free,
code
Av. iso Evel. Nearst Name
code (ft) code-locatn
5 3 500
Temperature data
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
600
T
-1
-1
-1
Fish
Devel
3
-1
-1
i
_i
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
-1
-T
590
-1
-1
data
-1
-1
-1
-1
560
-1
i
-1
1
-1
-1
440
520
-1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
2
370
-1
-1
480
_ i
-1
]
-1
J
-1
Vida, Oregon
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
470
-1
1
-1
Temp id
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Type
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Samp. Eqpt
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
-------
(2) Print the ID-block
(3) Print the T-blocks
(4) Print the F-blocks
(5) Print the B-blocks
(6) Print the I-records (first record of ID block) geographical data
OR Print the J-records (non-blank records 2 through 10 of ID-block)
accession numbers
OR Print the K-records (last record of ID-block) complete station
name.
An example of the output of this routine is shown in Table 5 and is
described as follows:
The data block headed "Contents of I Record" contains the information
supplied by the "I Card" data sheet. The pertinent numbers relating to the
two lines of descriptors starting with "Station" and "State", respectively,
are contained in the two rows directly below (rows 3 and 4). For example,
in Table 5 the station number is 50300, the latitude is 41°55'00"N, the
longitude is 122°26"00"W, the precision of this position is within one
minute (code 5) and the station is located in a 52 F (11.1 C) isotherm area.
Similarly, for the next row (row 4) the state is California (CA) in Siskiyou
County (county 93) the nearest landmark is Hornbrook (a town) (code 2) the
major river basin is California (code 14) the minor river basin is Klamath
River (code 1) and the type of water body is classified as a river (code 2)
and the name of the river is Klamath River.
The contents of the J-record, which follow, is typical of the type of
information included to identify sources of information and other related
comments. The contents of this record are bibliographic and reference code
or accession numbers which relate to pertinent documents or comments which
describe the encoded data or station operation. The K-record contains the
station name and location identifier which provide a geographical locus for
each station and can be used as a label for various table and graphic outputs.
The "temperature data" information include an identification record
which contains the station number and the letter "T" (signifying temperature).
The remaining information in this record is comprised of temperature data for
all the dates (year and month) of record and for all sampling depths. The
values of minus one (-1) in the temperature matrix, indicate "no value
given". For example, from the table included for the data of March 1963 at
surface depth (zero) on the fifteenth day, there is registered a 43 F (6.1 C)
temperature. The temperature, type (T-ID) and class (T-CLASS) given at the
right-hand side of this record indicates- that the temperature given is DAILY-
MINIMUM (codes 3 and 1).
The "fish-data" also begins with an identification record containing the
station number. Succeeding rows of data contain all of the input to the
computer on the F-cards. From left-to-right in order of appearance, these
values are:
24
-------
TABLE 5. EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT FROM COMPUTER PROGRAM REGURG WHICH SELECTIVELY RETRIEVES DATA FROM MASTER TAPES
Contents of I Kecords
Station ID Latitude Longitude Prec 150
State Cnty Nr Identification Maj Min Type Body Name Thermal
50300 1 415500 1222600 5 520
Ca 93 2Hornbrook 14 1 2Klamath River
Contents of J records
Riley, James 0., Jr., Region 1, Inland Fisheries, Annual Report, Iron Gate
Salmon Steelhead Hatchery Operations 1965-1968, California Department
Fish and Game, Administrative Reports 67-8, 67-15, 68-10
Marshall, Laird C., Annual Report Iron Gate Salmon Steelhead Hatchery
1969-70, Calif. Department of Fish-Game, Administrative Report Number 70-17
Content of K Record
Station Name F or T Precision Sta. Type Elev Av.150 Str. Grad. Qlty State Folor
Iron Gate Hatcliery 35 3 -10000 520 -1 Oca 03A
Contents of temperature buffer
Station ID Latitude Longitude Prec 150
50000 i 415500 1223600 5 520
Year Month Depth Temps for day
1
17
63
430
430
63
441
430
2
IS
3
430
421
3
430
430
CONTINUES FOR
3
i*
0
421
430
0
430
441
MONTHS
4
20
421
430
430
441
AND
5
21
421
410
421
441
YEARS
6
22
421
421
430
421
7
23
430
421
441
421
8
24
430
421
441
441
9
25
430
430
441
441
11)
26
441
430
441
441
11
27
441
430
441
430
12
2y
441
430
441
441
13
29
430
430
441
441
14
30
430
430
441
441
15
31
430
430
430
441
16
T-ID TCiass
421
3 1
430
3 2
Contents of Fish Buffer
Station ID Latitude Longitude Prec 150
50000 F 4155UO 1222600 5 520
Yr Mon Sp Sf Dp Count-10U IT/A KP PP CN NTV ST TR Res-MO. SP SP-MO. SUC
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
/
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
46
10
10
46
10
46
46
10
46
24
24
27
29
29
30
30
3
4
4
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-I
-1
too
100
200
200
200
1400
400
300
1300
200
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
5 6
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
3 4
1 10
1 10
1 10
1 10
1 10
1 10
1 10
1 10
1 10
1 10
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
_]_
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
lu
]"
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
J
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
CONTENTS OF FISH BUFFER CONTINUES
25
-------
YR = Sampling year
MO = Sampling month
SP - Species number
SF = Day of month
DP = Sampling depth
COUNT*100 = Sample size multiplied by 100
U/A = Count units, e.g., 5 = per day
KP = Capture method, e.g., 4 = creel census
PP = Population quantifier, e.g., 1 = abundant
CN = Condition of the species in the sample, e.g., 4 = not given
NTV = Native species code, e.g., 1 = yes, 2 = no
ST = Stocked species code, e.g., 1 = stocked with no reproduction
TR = Transient species code, e.g., 1 = transient
RES-MO. = Duration (in months) species is resident, i.e., beginning and
ending
SP = Spawning code, e.g., 1 = transient spawning occurs
SP-MO. = Duration (in months) spawning was observed, i.e., beginning
and ending
SUC = Degree of spawning success, e.g., 1 = good
QLF = Water quality code, e.g., 1 = thermal discharge
IMP = Species importance code, e.g., 1 = most important
For any of the data noted as having a value of ten (10) or minus one
(-1), the entries in these categories were not available or not given. At
the conclusion of each station data block, a summary of record statements
is included to indicate the total number of records for all data and the
number of data cards input to each record block. (i.e., A record block is
defined in computer storage as that space necessary to contain 396 words,
or data values.)
Computer Program SUMDAT
This program is set up to print the contents of each of the three
summary data tapes:
MONTMP - monthly minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures at each
station for each year of record (from STUDY1)
WKTMP - weekly minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures at each
station for each year of record (from STWKLY)
FSHCNT - total fish count and count for all species at each ^station
for each year of record (from STWKLY).
As may be seen in Table 6, the output of this routine is simply a
formatted tape dump, useful primarily in pinpointing bad records when they
create difficulties during processing by the analytical routines. The
example is a dump of a fish-tape: 250100 is the station number, 49 is the
year, and 1048 is the total number of fish of all species caught at that
station during that year. The numbers that follow are fish counts for
individual species, the species number being represented by its position.
For example, in 1949 at station 250100, species one through twelve were
not found. Fifty-seven individuals of species thirteen were recorded, none
of species fourteen, and 198 of species fifteen. (See Appendix A for names
of fish corresponding to species number.)
26
-------
TABLE 6. EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT FROM COMPUTER PROGRAM SUMDAT
Reading Tape FSHTOT No.
1
19
37
55
73
91
108
127
145
163
181
1
19
37
55
73
91
108
127
145
163
181
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
250100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
250100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
250100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
91
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11 Record
1048
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1190
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
691
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Length 503
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
57
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Date 030372 Page 7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
198
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
255
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
793
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
917
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table continues - but not included
-------
Computer Program CATALOG
This program provides an inventory on tape of basic data regarding all
stations on the Master Tapes.
Using the Master Tapes as input, CATALOG abstracts from them the
following data, which are put on a separate tape FTK2 for ready reference:
Record length
Station number
ID of Master Tape where the station is stored
2-letter state code
Water body type
Major basin
Minor basin
Latitude
Longitude
Isotherm range
EPA region
A list of all species present
CATALOG may be used to produce a concise table of contents for a Master
Tape (Table 7). As a rough yardstick, the entire data base consists of ten
Master Tapes (or 24,000 feet of tape). Column 1 headed "length", indicates
the number of blocks of data in the record. The blocks contain 407 computer
words each. The remaining columns contain areal descriptors except "tape",
which simply identifies the Master Tape being read. Species found at a
station are indicated by the species code in the second line. For example,
in Table 7, station 20500 has catch records for species, 8, 9, 10, 13, 72,
96 and 199.
CATALOG'S primary value, however, lies in the production of the catalog
tape, the use of which is outlined in the following description of program
CATSRCH.
Computer Program CATSRCH
This program can be used to search the tape made by program CATALOG, tape
FTK2, for specific information. One or more of the classes of data may be
retrieved in one pass. For example, if one desired to know which stations in
a given major basin, between given latitudes and longitudes, contained eight
particular species, CATSRCH reads FTK2 and prints out all the stations meeting
any of these specifications.
In one study it was necessary to know at what stations any or all of a
list of 50 species occurred. The numeric code for each species was input to
CATSRCH and output from the program is as shown in Table 8. Notice that the
only difference between the output of CATALOG and CATSRCH in this case, other
than the transposition of some columns, is the deletion of records not
associated with species in the input list. For example, species 8, 10, 72,
96 and 196 were not requested in the input deck so no longer show up at station
20500, as they did in the CATALOG output.
28
-------
TABLE 7. EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT FROM COMPUTER PROGRAM CATALOG WHICH PROVIDES INVENTORY
OF ALL DATA ON MASTER TAPES FOR EACH STATION
Length
12
15
13
18
19
16
21
18
15
12
19
12
18
Station
10200
20100
20300
20500
20700
20800
20900
21000
21100
21200
21500
21800
21900
Tape
546051
546051
546051
546051
546051
546051
546051
546051
546051
546051
546051
546051
546051
State Body type Lat
Al
AK
AK
AK
AK
AK
AK
AK
AK
AK
AK
AK
AK
41
6 7
6 7
8 9
6 7
6 7
6 7
6 7
8 9
105
6 8
9
2
3
8
3
3
10
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
8
3
10
3
2
9
2
3
0
562300
10
562700
613600
13 72
572404
9 12
572100
92 209
595400
10 13
611300
10 13
611000
92
620000
600700
10 13
592000
611200
Long Min Iso Max Iso
0
1343800
1324200
1490600
96 199
1350502
13 46
1342400
1495100
46 64
1493800
92 225
1494600
1460000
1492400
92 105
1555000
1494000
5
32
32
5
32
92
32
32
92 96
32
32
32
32
196
32
32
8
39
39
8
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
(Follov/ed by
Maj Bsn Min Bsn
0
16
16
0
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
0
12
12
0
12
12
8
8
8
10
8
5
8
species list)
EPA Region
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10 13 45 92 105
29
-------
TABLE 8. EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT FROM COMPUTER PROGRAM CATSRCH WHICH EXTRACTS SELECTED STATION DATA
Variable
Species
Species
Species
Species
Species
Species
Co Species
O
Species
Species
Species
Species
Species
Species
Species
Value(s) Station No. Tape Number State
40
17
25
17
11
22
24
41
6
6
6
6
8
8
561600
42 114
561700
561800
561900
570000
570300
25 35 37 39 40
570600
10200 546051
20100 546051
7 8 10
20200 546051
7
20300 546051
7
20400 546051
7
20400 546051
9 10 13
20500 546051
9 13
WI
WI
WI
WI
WY
WY
42
WY
AL
AK
AK
AK
AK
AK
AK
Body Type Latitude
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
430600
480200
0
0
0
431200
0
0
562300
562700
562700
562700
613600
613600
Longitude
892600
894100
0
0
0
1083600
0
0
1343800
1324200
1324200
1324200
1490600
1490600
Min/Max Major Basin
40
40
5
5
5
45
5
5
32
32
32
32
5
5
44
44
8
8
8
49
8
8
39
39
39
39
8
8
7
7
0
0
0
9
0
0
16
16
16
16
0
0
Minor Basin EPA Reg
9
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
12
12
12
12
0
0
5
5
5
5
8
8
8
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
-------
Computer Program STWKLY
This program is used to accumulate two kinds of data from a Master Tape:
(1) Weekly minimum, maximum, and average temperature at each station
for each year of record.
(2) Total fish count of each species for each station per year.
All data are printed for each year of record. In addition, the data are
written on one of two tapes, TEMPWK having the weekly temperature data and
FSHCNT having the weekly total fish count by species.
An example of STWKLY temperature output is shown in Table 9. Temperatures
are ordered across the page by week so that station 20100, week 1, 1935 has
an average minimum temperature of 31.3 F (-0.67 C) , average maximum of 31.4 F
(-0.67 C) and average mean of 31.4 F (-0.67 C). Week 27, 1935 has an average
minimum of 48.4 F (8.91 C) , average maximum of 51.9 F (11.1 C) and average
mean of 50.1 F (10.0 C). STWKLY fish output starts in the lower section of
Table 9. During the year 1935 at station 20100, 6,040 individuals of species
6 were counted.
STWKLY is most useful in the production of the fish count and weekly
temperature tapes, which become input for many of the analytical programs.
DATA ANALYSES
Currently, the FTDMS provides the user a fairly wide range of data summary
presentations with which to support further analyses or detailed examinations
of the data base. The philosophy behind these presentations is to allow human
inspection and intervention rather than to impose on the computer logical
decisions which are premature or result in superficial or erroneous conclusions.
Since the data base accumulated to date is large and is expected to get much
larger, the purpose of the analytical routines developed thus far is to allow
the user the facility to answer the following questions: (1) How much data
resides in the data base in specific categories of interest? (2) What is the
summary content of these data for specific geographical locations or species?,
and (3) What conclusions can be drawn from basic statistical presentations of
selected data combinations? Currently, there are over twelve routines which
form the analytical capability of the FTDMS. The purpose of each and a
brief example of each output table will be given in the subsequent text.
Computer Program ALLPOSS
This program does a scan of Master Tapes to provide a quick summary of
information to aid in making decisions as to what kinds of statistical studies
could be made for a given set of stations.
Four categories of data may be requested from input of up to four Master
Tapes for any one run of this program. Each category of data is accumulated
from all the input tapes and printed out before data for the next category
are compiled. The four kinds of data are accumulated by the following sub-
routines :
31
-------
TABLE 9. EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT FROM COMPUTER PROGRAM STOKLY WHICH PRODUCES WEEKLY TE1
-------
(a) POSSA1 - Occurrence of each species. The fish blocks for each
station are searched for all species and all methods of capture. If no fish
blocks are found, a diagnostic is printed. Otherwise, at the end of fish data
for each station, the program prints for each species the number of occurrences
of each capture method, followed by the years in which these data were collected.
Output from POSSA1 is shown in Table 10. The relative effectiveness of various
types of capture techniques on a particular fish species in a particular
location is amply demonstrated. For example, in Table 10, while rainbow
trout (#13) catch is poor by seine and better with electric shock, the reverse
is true for fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) (#23).
(b) POSSA2 - Correlation of species presence with water temperature.
The temperature blocks for each station are searched for daily surface data.
Maximum and minimum temperatures only are collected. If there are no
temperatures for a given station, no further data collection is made, and
the program increments to the next station. Also, if there are temperature
statistics accumulated, but no fish data are available, the program increments
to the next station. Given that both temperature and fish data exist for a
station, the averages of the maximum and minimum temperatures for each month
are printed, followed by a list of the number of occurrences of each species
in that month (Table 11). The years of record from which this information
was derived are also printed.
(c) POSSA3 - Accumulator of categories of temperature data and species
present for each station. This sub-routine searches the Master Tapes for
each station's temperature records and adds the number of occurrences in
each category of temperature data (daily, weekly, monthly, etc.). It then
accumulates a list of the species present at each station. Printouts consist
of the number of times a particular category of temperature data appear,
followed by a list of the years for which species data were found. POSSA3
would be most valuable in the feasibility study stage of any fish-temperature
analysis. In Table 12, for all the stations listed there exists daily
temperature data, but for none of them is there continuous, seasonal, weekly,
quarterly, or annual data (these categories could, of course, be constructed
given ample daily data).
(d) POSSA4 - Spawning data. A search of the B-blocks on the input
Master Tapes is made in search of spawning data. If some information is
found, the species is noted. At the end of searching each station, the
printout consists of either a notation that for that station no spawning
information was found or a list of the species for which such information
was available. POSSA4 provides the type of information necessary to
pinpoint optimum spawning conditions. Table 13 is representative of the
sparsity of data related to this phenomenon. Two items in the output
requiring elucidation are that the B adjacent the species column is a
program check that indicates Biographic Data, and the SUGG column gives
spawning success where 1 = good, 2 = poor, 3 = not given.
MATRIX Programs
The seven matrix programs (MATRX1, MATRX2, MATRX3, OUT1, OUT2, OUT3,
and OUTSP) will be discussed together.
33
-------
TABLE 10. EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT FROM COMPUTER PROGRAM POSSA1 (SEE TEXT)
Composite Possa Program Aug 26, 1971 CJ Date 082671
Station 490100 Tape No. FT5001
Species
Capture Method for species shown
Elctro Gilnet Weir Creel Poison
Page 20
Ladder Seine Trap Stroiv
2
11
13
22
23
25
28
31
47
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
85
Alewif e
Mnin Whtfish
Rainbw Trout
Carp
Fahd Minnow
White Sucker
Black Bulhed
Chnel Catfsh
Colrdo Chub
Colrdo Sqfsh
Spkled Dace
Flnlmth Sckr
Bluhd Sucker
Hmpok Sucker
Mottld Sclfn
Utah Chub
Redsid Shinr
Creek Chub
Pins Mt Scxr
Years
0
0
15
16
3
2
1
4
5
2
2
20
20
2
0
0
10
0
0
of Record 59
0
0
3
1
2
1
0
6
15
4
1
25
5
1
1
0
8
0
6
64 65
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
66
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
14
39
4
1
1
24
1
36
27
20
0
2
1
41
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Note - Values shown are number of occurrences.
-------
LO
Ln
TABLE 11
. EXAMPLE OF
Composite FOSSA Program A"g
Frequency of occurrence of
AvMin-
AvMax-
Species
10
10
10
46
46
46
8
8
15
15
15
Note
10
46
8
15
Jan
Temp 38,4
Temp 43.8
Pop
Type
Abund 0
Common 0
Scarce 0
Abund 1
Common 7
Scarce 5
Common 0
Scarce 5
Abund 0
Common 0
Scarce 0
Feb
41.3
45 ,,7
0
0
0
5
39
22
0
1
0
0
0
Temp - -I means not
Chinook Slmn
Stlhd Trout
Coho Salmon
Brown Trout
given
Mar
41,7
49.1
0
0
0
18
63
26
0
1
0
0
0
given
OUTPUT
FROM COMPUTER
26, 1971 CJ
Station 50200
PROGRAM POSSA2 (SEE TEXT)
Tape No
species within MIN/MAX temperature
Apr
44,7
51.0
0
0
0
1
44
20
0
0
0
0
0
May
45.8
55.9
0
0
1
0
1
18
0
0
0
0
0
Jun
50.2
61.1
0
17
6
0
0
20
0
0
0
1
12
Jul
55.2
66.1
0
21
6
0
0
23
U
0
0
0
0
Aug
54.7
64.0
0
10
1
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
Date 082671
, FTS001
Page
44
band, by month a,nd population class
Sep
53,6
62,5
19
54
3
0
2
46
0
1
0
0
0
Oct
47.7
50.8
84
104
1
2
24
111
2
49
0
0
0
Nov
41.6
50.6
15
57
40
9
34
40
28
71
0
0
0
Dec
40.0
45.4
0
3
9
4
7
13
8
20
0
0
0
Annual
-1.0
-1.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
Years of Record 51 52 53 54 55 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
68
-------
TABLE 12. EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT FROM COMPUTER PROGRAM POSSA3 (SEE TEXT)
Composite POSSA
No. of occurrences of each
Station Body Temp Type
50200
50600
150400
Stream
Temperatures
Years of Record
Species P 8
Years of Record
Stream
Temperatures
Years of Record
Species P 11
Years of Record
Stream
Temperatures
Years of Record
program Aug 26, 1971 CJ Date 082671 Page 40
temperature type/each station, followed by list of species Tape No, FTS001
Continuous Seasonal Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Annual Other Period
51
10
50
53
13
53
59
0
15
0
15
0
52
46
59
54
16
54
60
53
60
55
50
55
61
0
54
61
0
56
72 8?
56
0
62
55
62
57
5 98
57
63
555
57
63
55
58
58
259
64
50
64
59
59
65
0
59
65
0
60
60
0
66
000
60 61 62 63 64 65 66
66 67 68
000
61
61
000
67 68 69
0
67 68
0
0
^ Species PS 10 11 12 13 36 46 56 59 63 65 68 72 74 77 92 96
Years of Record 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
150500 Stream
Temperatures 0 0920 0000
Years of Record 57 58 59 67 68 69
Species P 11 12 13 50 56 59 63 68 72 73 77 92 94 96
Years of Record 54 55 62 63
340100 Stream
Temperatures 0 0 177 0 21 0 0 0
Years of Record 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
Species P 13 15 22 23 ?5 28 31 34 35 45 47 49 50 51 52 54 85 93
Years of Record 61 63 64 65 67 68
400100 Stream
Temperatures 0 0 164 0 0000
Years of Record 47 48 49 50 52 58 59 60 61 62
Species PS 8 10 13 46
Years of Record 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
60 61 62 64 65 66 67 68
-------
TABLE 13. EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT FROM COMPUTER PROGRAM POSSA4 (SEE TEXT)
Station
160100
160100
160100
160100
Station
160200
160200
160200
160200
160200
160200
160200
160200
160200
Composite
Species
37
35
37
22
B
B
B
B
Species
22
38
35
37
37
35
37
39
22
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
FOSSA
Year
68
70
70
70
Year
67
67
68
68
68
69
69
69
70
Program Nov , 1971
Following
Succ From To
1
2
1
1
Succ
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
Mo /Day
0 0
0 0
0 0
6 0
From
Mo /Day
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Mo/Day
0 0
0 0
0 0
6 0
To
Ho/Day
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
CJ 0020
POSSA4 Requested
data are from tape LAK201
Mln. Spawng flax, Spawng
Temp
-1.00
-1,00
-1.00
-1,00
Min. Spawng
Temp
-1.00
-1,00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
Temp
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1,00
Max. Spawng
Temp
-1.00
-1 . 00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
Date 011372 Page 41
Opt. Spawng Peak Spawng Peak Spawng
Temp
-1 , 00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
Opt. Spawng
Temp
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
Month
-1,
-1.
-1.
-1.
Peak Spawng
Month
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
1
-1.
-1.
-1.
-I.
Hay
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
Peak Spawng
Day
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
-1.
End of job
Exit called from Loc. 014551
-------
MATRX1/OUT1 is used to determine the fish-temperature data sets by
major and minor river basins for each species. Program MATRXl processes
one Master Tape at a time, storing the accumulated matrix for Table 14 on
tape "MATn" where n indicates the Master Tape and has the value of 1 or 2.
Program OUT1 then uses the final tape MATn to print out data in Table 14.
MATRX2/OUT2 is used to determine fish-temperature data sets by thermal
characteristics and sampling method. Program MATRX2 processes one Master
Tape at a time and stores the accumulated matrix for Table 15 on tape "MXn"
where n indicates the Master Tape and is assigned the value of 1 or 2.
Program OUT2 then uses the final tape MXn to print out data in Table 15.
Program MATRX3 processes one Master Tape at a time, storing the accumulated
matrix for Tables 16, 17, and 18 on punched cards and prints out Table 19 for
stations on the Master Tape. After all Master Tapes have been processed
("lakes" or "streams"), program OUT3 reads the portion of the cards containing
matrices for Tables 16 and 17 and prints them accordingly. Programs OUT1,
OUT2, and OUT3 handle one set of tapes and cards for "streams" and another
set of tapes and cards for "lakes". However, program OUTSP reads the
remaining cards punched in program MATRX3 (minus those for Tables 16 and 17)
and prints out Table 18 for both "lakes" and "streams" in one pass.
For each species, Table 14 gives the major and minor river basins in
which it is located as determined from the data base, the station number,
and the total number of fish-temperature (F/T) and spawning temperature
(S/T) data sets available under the following current definition of a data
set. In general, an F/T or S/T data set is defined as an occurrence of
both fish and temperature data for at least one month within any year of
record. Theoretically every station has the potential of twelve data sets
per year, per species; however, the program logic which develops this table
records only the first matching set for a given species.
As can be seen in Table 14, the number of S/T data sets is minimal in
both the stream-river (S-R) and lake-reservoir (L-R) categories. This is
attributable to the following:
(1) There is a lack of specific information in the data base referencing
spawning habits of many of the fishes.
(2) A large portion of the spawning information in the data base is
referenced via the alpha codes which are not selectable with the
program logic for this table. (See Appendix D.)
In order to arrive at the total F/T or S/T data sets for an individual
species, the user must refer to the separate listings of the stream-river
(S-R) and lake-reservoir (L-R) categories. Also, the total number of F/T
data sets in this table is equal to the total number in each category of
Table 18. It should be noted, however, that this is not true for all tables
since each one has a different number of possible combinations of parameters.
By mapping the occurrence of fishes within river basins from data
obtained from similar printouts for each species, zones of distribution may
38
-------
TABLE 14.
EXAMPLE OF DATA OUTPUT FOR RAINBOW TROUT FOR MAJOR
A1JD ZIINOR RIVER BASIK AND STATION CODES
Table for Stream-River Category
Rainbcw trout
Date 072473 Page 10
Major River Basin Minor River Basin Station Code Total No. of Total No. of
Code Code F-T Data Sets S-T Data Sets
1 12
2
3
14
16
3
6
7
5
20
7
7
3
27
33
320100
321300
351302
410100
230200
330100
330101
330103
330104
330106
201100
201200
201300
201400
470401
470403
470800
470500
470502
580300
250100
2
}
2
16
2
2
3
2
2
2
10
2
2
2
0
2
0
4
1
1
I
1
2
1
1
3
3
5
5
3
2
5
5
5
8
1
1
5
f\
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
x
1
0
0
0
0
Table continues but not included.
39
-------
TABLE 15. EXAMPLE OF THE DATA OUTPUT FOR RAINBOW TROUT BY TEMPERATURE
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT AND FISH COUNT SAMPLING METHOD
Output Table 2 for Stream-River Category
Date 072373
Page 13
Rainbow Trout
Thermal
Characteristic
Temperature
Sampling Equipment
-P-
O
Fish Count Sampling Method
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Total Number of F-T Data Sets
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
2
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
u
0
12
0
0
4
20
0
0
0'
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
17
1
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
4
0
16
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0'
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
TABLE 16. FISH TEMPERATURE DATA SETS BY TEMPERATURE
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
Table 3
Date 072473
Temperature
Thermal
Characteristics
1
2
3
Totals
0
8
358
250
616
1
0
29
2
31
2
0
0
0
0
3
4
26
1
31
4
0
32
0
32
Sampling
5
16
0
0
16
6
1
0
0
1
Page 1
Equipment
7
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
9
0
20
67
87
Total
28
485
320
814
TABLE 17. FISH TEHPERATURE DATA SETS BY FISH COUNT SAMPLING
METHODS USED FOR EACH THERMAL CHARACTERISTIC
Tables 4 Date 072473 Page 2
Fish count sampling method
Thermal Characteristic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Total
1 13 40800 12 000400 000 U 0000 41
2 81 37 93 134 33 55 21 38 9 3 4 6 0 39 0 0 5 2 2 41 2 605
3 7 3 12 49 0 73 7 6 1 2 0 Q 0 120 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 355
Totals 101 44 105 191 33 128 40 44 10 5 8 8 0 229 0 0 10 2 2 41 2 1001
NOTE: See Appendix B for decoding thermal characteristics, temperature sampling equipment and fish count
sampling method.
41
-------
TABLE 18. EXA1ILE OF THE. NUMBER OF FISH-TEISPERATURE DATA SETS IN THE
DATA BASE FOR EACH FISH SPECIES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Species
White sturgeon
Alewife
Gizzard shad
Threadfin shad
Lake whitefish
Pink salmon
Chum salmon
Coho salmon
Sockeye salmon
Chinook salmon
Mountain whitefish
Cutthroat trout
Rainbow trout
Atlantic salmon
Brown trout
Brook trout
Lake trout
Rainbow smelt
Chain pickerel
northern pike
Kuskellunge
Carp
Fathead minnow
Longnose sucker
White sucker
Smallmouth buffalo
Bigmouth buffalo
Black bullhead
Yellow bullhead
Brown bullhead
Channel catfish
White bass
Striped bass
Green sunfish
Bluegill
Smallmouth bass
Largemouth bass
White crappie
Black crappie
Yellow perch
Sauger
Walleye
Freshwater drum
Steelhead trout
Kokanee salmon
Steelhead trout
Bonytail chub
Humpback chub
Colorado squawfish
Speckled dace
Date
No. of F-T Data Sets
Lake- Reservoir
0
10
92
47
0
0
0
6
0
10
23
24
86
1
23
16
18
0
16
61
20
134
7
3
40
43
16
72
62
55
151
53
5
102
240
35
264
125
139
52
20
76
73
0
19
0
8
0
1
0
070973 Page 9
No. of F-T Data Sets
Stream- River
30
9
69
28
0
102
94
176
104
208
109
43
172
11
64
69
0
1
58
45
3
356
10
6
96
43
25
41
36
55
174
87
24
76
162
138
134
73
84
58
54
91
184
12
5
135
11
£,
7
17
42
-------
TABLE 19. EXAMPLE OF TOTAL NUMBER.OF RECORDS BY STATION
Station No.
10200
20100
20200
20300
20400
20500
20501
20700
20800
20900
21000
21100
21200
21500
21600
21800
21900
22000
22100
22101
22200
22300
22400
22500
22600
22700
30000
30200
40600
40601
40700
40800
40900
50000
50100
50200
Table continues
Tables
of T-Records
0
630
38
17
25
17
5
28
42
115
57
23
2
6
12
31
146
36
4
3
4
3
3
3
5
2
0
0
87
95
177
0
177
0
345
780
6 = MSTPM6+MSTKM1
No. of F-Records
0
1973
23
27
19
420
25
59
137
3326
30
20
23
135
160
406
357
533
61
36
21
16
6
8
2
3
0
96
73
60
0
Q
10
0
1262
1887
Number of F-T Data Sets
0
25
10
7
12
3
1
3
5
10
3
1
2
2
4
8
5
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
16
16
- but not included.
43
-------
be determined throughout the United States. Continual updating of the data
base would supplement current information and the disappearance of fishes
within zones could be assessed. Also, as sampling and reporting procedures
become more standardized, fish species that appear to be absent from
particular river basins will be catalogued into the data base and thus
allow more meaningful correlations for analysis.
At first glance, it could be assumed that for each species in a particular
water body, Table 15 indicates the fish sampling gear most commonly used in
conjunction with specific water temperature sampling equipment (TSE) for the
particular thermal characteristics (TC) of the wate,r body. For the most part,
these types of correlations should be cautiously related and carefully qualified.
For instance, fish sampling is rarely done in exactly the same place of
known temperature monitoring stations. Thus these two types of data may be
collected miles apart. The exceptions to this occur in anadromous fish
management programs where the two types of data are collected simultaneously.
These two types of information appear together in Table 15.
An additional caution to the user of this table is in the interpretation
of the thermal characteristic (TC) column. The TC category coded number "1"
(stratified) might be assumed to be a lake environment, while number "2"
(isothermal) is logically related to a stream environment. However, not all
lakes are stratified, and not all streams are isothermal. The Mississippi
River offers a good example of this phenomenon as it alternately changes
character from one pool to another. Furthermore, many sampling agencies
failed to report the known TC of water-bodies, and in many cases samples
were taken from the surface only. Thus, as is apparent from the table, it
was difficult to determine this category from the literature and many of
the data were encoded in category 3 (not given).
Table 16 provides an indication of the total number of fish-temperature
data sets occurring within the data base by temperature sampling equipment
and thermal characteristic. Table 17 represents the total number of F/T
data sets by fish-count sampling method and the thermal characteristics for
all species and all stations. It should be noted that Tables 16 and 17 will
not necessarily have an equal number of F/T data sets. For a given station
and year of record, there may have been one or more different types of fish
sampling methods utilized. However, for that same station and year perhaps
only one type of temperature sampling equipment was used; of course, the
reverse can also be true; and therefore, the total F/T sets in the two tables
are not expected to be equal.
Fish count sampling method "weir" (category 3) and "ladder" (category 6),
on the S-R listing (category 2), are closely associated and commonly used
together. These types of capture methods are most often used in counting
migrant fish populations in cold, isothermal streams as is apparent from
Table 15. If these two categories were merged, they would yield, the
highest number of F/T data sets by any one fish count sampling method.
Again, this can be directly attributed to water temperature measurements
being collected as a standard procedure with migrant fish populations
research.
44
-------
Included in data from the complete table (see Table 26) for the
example given as Table 19 is a listing of the total number of temperature
records and total number of fish records available at each station for all
years of record. The program logic which develops this table defines a F/T
data set as an occurrence of both fish and temperature data for at least one
month within any year of record. Since this table will produce statistics
for all species on record, the storage requirements do not allow sorting
by species within each year of record and each station.
The usefulness of this table is not in its tabulation of F/T data sets
at each station but rather in its indication of the actual amount of records
available at each station. A record is defined as an 80-column card of
either fish or temperature data on an encoding data-sheet. Therefore, the
reason that fish records in this table outnumber temperature records for
many stations is that every card of fish records is one species only, whereas,
one temperature record could be 30 daily entries, 12 monthly entries, or
4 seasonal entries.
It is apparent from this table that some stations have no fish or
temperature records. The reason for this is that these are spawning-data-
only stations. These stations are identified by an asterick (*) on the
station list included in Appendix C of this report.
The tabulation of the number of fish-temperature data sets available
for each species broken down into lake-reservoir and stream-river categories
is included in Table 28 which is the complete data for the example given here
as Table 18. Unidentified species, i.e., unidentified chub, etc., are not
tabulated.
This table gives a clear indication of the species of fish that are
preferentially sampled for their sport or commercial value. It also supports
our findings that many of the fish that are captured are not documented in
the literature, as in special single-species studies. It also documents that
most sampling operations selectively avoid the smaller fish such as shiners,
darters, and minnows.
Those species which show "0" F/T data sets in both categories indicate
that for all years and all stations there were not matching months of data.
However, the possibility exists that both types of data were collected, but
at different times of the year, or that these data were collected in opposing
years but were still included in the data base. This type of situation was
very common with the integration of U.S. Geological Survey temperature data
into the data base since these data were encoded independently of any fish
data.
Computer Program WKTTAB
This program uses the FTT-tape to produce a table of minimum, maximum and
mean temperatures and corresponding fish counts for a given species. WKTTAB
uses as input the weekly fish-temperature tape created by FTT which uses as
input the STWKLY tapes to produce the table illustrated in Table 20. ihe
45
-------
TABLE 20. EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT FROM COMPUTER PROGRAM WKTTAB WHICH PRODUCES A TABLE
OF MINIMUM, MAXIMUM AND
Station
20100
20100
20100
20100
20100
20100
20100
20100
490100
20100
20100
20100
20100
20100
20100
20100
20100
20180
20100
20100
20100
20100
20100
20100
20100
20100
20700
540101
540101
540101
540101
540101
540101
540101
540101
540101
540101
540101
540101
540101
540101
540101
540102
540102
540102
540102
Year
35
50
49
52
38
43
45
59
59
42
39
60
55
54
58
63
62
40
36
48
47
46
44
61
53
37
64
65
51
40
56
55
54
53
52
64
63
62
61
59
58
57
67
64
66
60
MEAN TEMPERATURES AND CORRESPONDING FISH COUNTS
Week
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Pink Salmon
Ma xi mum
31
31
32
32
32
33
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
36
36
37
37
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
_ 1
Mean
31
31
32
32
31
33
33
32
33
34
33
34
33
35
34
35
35
35
34
35
34
35
35
37
37
32
35
38
41
43
36
39
42
40
34
43
43
42
39
40
40
39
43
43
41
39
MinimuM
31
31
32
31
31
32
32
31
32
34
32
34
33
34
33
34
34
-1
34
34
34
35
35
36
36
32
-1
-1
-1
-1
~1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Fish
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
46
-------
data is sorted in ascending order by week, maximum temperature, and year. A
binary sort is used so that -1's (indicating no data), having a one in bit
zero of the computer word for the sign appear at the bottom of each sort. The
algorithm used to produce the table is as*follows: A species number is input
to the program and the species name printed at the top of each page, in the
case of this example, pink salmon (Qncorhynchus gorbuscha). The input tape is
then searched for yearly station blocks containing pink salmon catch records.
Each time one is found all the weekly temperature and weekly fish records
for that station during that year are read into a buffer. When an end-of-
file is encountered on the tape, the above mentioned sort is performed on
the records in the buffer and the contents of the buffer are printed out.
If a "__" appears in the "fish" column, this indicates that the species in
question was caught at the station during that year, but not during that
week. If fish were captured during the same week, the number caught appears
in the "fish" column. The complete table would continue through all fifty
two weeks.
Computer Program WKTPLT
WKTPLT is a companion program to WKTTAB in that it presents the same data
in a graphical rather than tabular form. The logic of this routine will
cause an "X" to be printed (plotted) where both a temperature and a fish
catch record for a given species occur in the same week. A second option is
provided that will plot an "X" for any week that a temperature was recorded
and the species was found at that station sometime during the same year. The
first option (Figure 3) corresponds to WKTTAB where a number is found in the
"fish" column. These envelopes can be produced for each species for maximum
and minimum as well as mean (example given) temperatures. They are useful in
that extreme temperature preferences of a given species (as indicated by their
presence) can be determined as well as a temperature envelope. However, these
values are not weighted and a given record (i.e., an !'X" at a particular
temperature in a given week) may represent one or many records. Figure 4,
which is the second option of WKPLT, illustrates the mean temperature data in
the table produced by WKTTAB,
Computer Program WKPCT1
This program obtains data from the weekly fish-temperature tape made by
Program FTT and produces a tape containing cumulative percentiles of weekly
average temperatures at one degree increments for all species designated.
Printer output is also generated, Categories are mean and maximum temperatures
for fish catch records occurring in the same year and in the same week as
temperature measurements were taken (Table 21). This and the following table
are only partial tables for one species. The complete tables for each species
would continue for 52 weeks.
Computer Program WKPCT2
This program reads the percentile tape produced by WKPCT1 and generates
user-specified interpolated percentile values for user-specified species and
weeks. Data printed in Table 22 are interpolated mean and maximum
-------
CCHC SALHUN
H
E
A
N
r
E
H
P
E
R
A
T
R
E
0
E
3
F
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
70-1
I
1
1
I
I
1
I
I
61-1
I
1
I
j
1
I
1
I
I
SD-i
I
1
I
I
I
1
i : x x
i
i
ĞJ-I X
1
I X
I
I X
I
I
1
i
31-1
1
X
X X
X X XXX
X K X X X X
X X
X X
X
X XX
X X X X X X X
XXXX X X
x x a xx
X X XXXXXX XXXX
X XXX XXXXXX X
X XXXX XXXX X
XJXXXXXXXXXX X
XXXX XXXX
XKXXX XXXX
X> X X X < X X X X
XXXX XXXXXXX
> XXXX X X X X X X
X X XXXXXXX
> xx> x< X
X X
XX X X
X
X X
XXX
X X
13 26 30
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
>
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
X
XXX
XXX
XXXX
X X
X X X X X
XXXX
X X X X X
XXXX
1 X X X X X
X XXXX
X X XXX
X X
XX XX
X XX XX
X
X X
X
1-32
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
1
1
I
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
J
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
J
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
X I
X X X I
XXXI
XXXI
X X XI
I
X XI
X X 1
XI
I
X I
I
I
1
i-o
I
52 UtCK
.2
H
E
A
N
I
E
H
P
E
R
A
T
R
t
D
E
G
c
i
Figure 3. Example of computer output from computer program WKTPLT,
Option 1, (see text).
48
-------
CCHC SALMON ICAJ LH1 SAMf YEAH)
H
£
A.
N
r
£
H
F
£
R
A
T
U
R
£
D
E
G
F
J t-I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
oo-i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
J
7H-I
I
1
I
I
J
1
I
I
I
60-1
I
I
I
1
I
I
J
I
I
50-1
J
I X
1
I X <
J X
I X X
1 X X
I X X
I X X
<43-I X X
I X X
I X X
I X X
r x x
I X X
I X X
I X X
3J -I XX
I
1
X X
X
X XX
X X
XXX
XX X XXXX
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X XXXXXXXXX
XXX XXXXXXXXXX
X XXXXXXXXXX
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
yyxxxxxxxxxx x
XXXXXXXXXXXX XX
X X X~X XXXXXXX X
XXXXXXXXXX XXX
XXXXXXXXX XXX
XXXXXXXX X XXXX
xxxxxxxx xxxxx.
XXXXXXX XXXXXXX
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
XXXXXXX XXXX
n
X
x
X
X X
>
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
>
X
x
f
X
y.
X
X
X
X
X
y
x
y
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
>
x
X
x
X
X
X
x
X
X
y
X
x
X
X
x
X
X
X
x
x
X
X
X
1.
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
x
X
X
x
X
x
y
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
y
X
x
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
y
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
x
y
x
y
x
x
l_
x
X
X
x
X
X
X
x
x
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
x
x
"M
X
X
y
x
X
X
>
X
X
X
X
x
y
X
y
X
y
x
y
x
y
X
>
X
X
X
X
X
y
X
X
X
X
X
x
x
X
x
X
X
X
y
x
X
X
X
x
X
y
X
y
X
y
y
X
X
y
un
X
x
x
X
x
x
x
X
X
X
X
x
X
x
X
X
X
x
X
A
y
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
y
X
X
X
y
X
X
X
X
x
x
X
X
x
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
y
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
y
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
x
x
X
y
x
y
X
y
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
y
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
y
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
y
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
I {,
X
X
y
x
X
X
y
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
y
x
x
X
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
X
f\J LM
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X <
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
x x
X X
X X
X X
X t
Y X
X <
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X <
X X
X X
X
1 iH
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
26
nt
X
X
X
X
x
x
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
K
X
X
I
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
tfl
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
x
X
x
X
X
x
X
x
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
x
M ğ
X
X
y
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
x
X
X
x
X
X
X
x
X
y
y
X
y
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
y.
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
x
y
X
y
X
x
X
X
X
y
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
x
y
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
x
X
x
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
x
X
X
X
x
x
*
X
X
XXX
x y
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
X X
X X
x
X X
39
.
L
t
I
I
I
1
r
J
I
J
I
J
I
I
I
J
I
I
1
J
1
I
I
I
1
I
I
1
I
1
I
I
I
1
X I
X 1
X I
XX 1
X X I
XX XI
XXX XI
XXXX I
XXXX I
X X X X Al
XX /, X X I
X X X X XI
XX X X X J
X X X X XI
X X X X xl
XX X X xl
X X X X X|
X X X X XI
XX XXI
XXXX Xl-u
XXXI
°
E
A
N
I
E
H
p
E
R
A
I
Ij
R
E
0
E
LJ
L
52 UlEKS
Figure 4. Example of computer output from computer program WKTPLT,
Option 2, (see text).
49
-------
TABLE 21. EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER OUTPUT FROM COMPUTER PROGRAM WJCPCT1 WHICH PRODUCES CUMULATIVE
PERCENTILE OF WEEKLY TEMPERATURES FOR A GIVEN SPECIES
Ui
O
Same Year
Temp
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36:0
37.0
38. U
39.0
40.0
41.0
42.0
43.0
44.0
45.0
46.0
47.0
48.0
49.0
50.0
51.0
Freq
0
1
2
1
3
2
2
1
9
6
11
10
4
1
3
3
5
6
0
1
1
Max
N(T)
0
1
3
4
7
9
11
12
21
27
39
48
52
53
56
59
64
70
70
71
72
Prcntl
0.
1.
4.
6,
10.
13.
15.
17.
29.
39.
53.
67,
72.
74.
78.
82.
89.
97.
97.
99.
100,
Temp
31.0
32,0
33,0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
38.0
39.0
40.0
41.0
42.0
43,0
44.0
45.0
46.0
47.0
48.0
49.0
50,0
51,0
Freq
1
1
2
7
1
6
4
8
13
16
17
17
11
5
3
5
5
3
1
0
1
Chinook Salmon
Mean
N(T)
1
2
4
11
12
18
22
30
43
59
76
93
104
109
112
117
123
126
127
127
129
Prcntl
1.
2.
3.
9.
9.
14.
17.
23.
34.
46.
59.
73.
81.
85.
98.
91.
96.
98.
99.
99.
100,
Week 1
Temp
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
38.0
39.0
40.0
41.0
42.0
43.0
44.0
45.0
46.0
47.0
48.0
49,0
50.0
51,0
Freq
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
4
4
0
1
1
Max
N(T)
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
8
12
12
13
14
Same Week
103
Mean
Prcntl
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
14.
14.
21.
25.
57.
86.
86.
93,
100,
Temp
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
38.0
39.0
40.0
41.0
42.0
43.0
44.0
45.0
46.0
47.0
48.0
49.0
50.0
51,0
Freq i
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
4
4
2
1
0
1
N(TJ
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
7
11
13
14
14
15
Prcntl
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
13.
13.
20.
47.
73.
87.
93.
93.
100.
-------
TABLE 22. EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER OUTPUT FROM COMPUTER PROGRAM WKPCT2
WHICH GENERATES TABLES OF SELECTED PERCENTILES FOR GIVEN SPECIES BY WEEK
Temp
Week 1
33.60
35.10
38.27
39.10
40.16
40.82
41.52
42.60
45.53
47.13
47.73
51.00
Week 2
32.65
36.32
37.92
39.41
40.02
40.58
41.30
42.39
44.50
46.34
47.12
52.00
Max
Freq
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Temp
N(T)
3
7
14
21
28
36
43
50
57
64
68
72
3
7
14
21
29
36
43
51
58
65
69
73
Chinook
Prcntl
5.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
95.00
100.00
5.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
95.00
100.00
Salmon
Temp
33.34
35.13
37.45
38.65
39.51
40.29
41.05
41.80
42.85
45.64
46.77
51.00
33.45
35.28
37.28
38.34
39.25
39.92
40.62
41.45
42.43
45.05
46.16
51.00
Mean
Freq
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Temp
N(T)
6
12
25
38
51
63
76
89
102
115
121
128
6
12
25
38
50
63
76
88
101
114
120
127
Prcntl
5.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
95.00
100.00
5.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
95.00
100.00
Percentiles and N(T) values are extrapolated where a zero occurs in the
frequency column.
51
-------
temperatures for a given percentile of occurrence in the data base where a
fish catch record occurred during the same year.
Computer Program STUDY1
This program will, on option, collect data from the Master Tape(s) and
(a) calculate and print monthly temperature data and one standard
deviation for each year at each station,
(b) print monthly and/or annual fish count by species and by capture
method for each year,
(c) print the percentage of total annual count that each species
comprises for a given capture method, and
(d) write on tape MONTEMP for each station and each year, the average
maximum, mean, and minimum monthly temperature.
STUDY1 output is shown in Table 23. The top part of Table 23 gives
station name and number and monthly temperature data and statistics.
Following that is yearly capture data by species and technique, e.g., in
1949, 101 threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) were caught by gillnetting
(month unknown). Following are additional fish statistics. The number
preceding the species name is the species number. The out-put tape of
STUDY1 is used by the graphics program ECOPLOT.
DATA GRAPHICS
The present FTDM system produces a series of six-plot formats in any
combination desired by the user. The data comprising these plots are
provided by the output (tapes) of programs STWKLY and STUDY1, respectively.
The sequence of operations and examples of the six graphic presentations
are described in the following paragraphs.
Computer Program MPLOT
This program uses the summarized data from the Master Tapes to collect
specified data for plotting (ECOPLOT). The input tapes to this program may
be one or two of the following summary tapes depending on the data to
be plotted:
(a) WKTAP (the accumulation made by program STWKLY of all weekly
temperatures for each station by year),
(b) MONTAP (the accumulation made by program STUDY1 of all monthly
temperatures for each station by year), and
(c) TOTFSH (the accumulation made by program STUDY1 of total fish
count for each station by year).
The program writes an output tape, MASTER, which is read directly by
ECOPLOT. Computer cards input to this pro-gram supply the information necessary
to define the type of plot to be generated - stations, years, and any other
necessary information for the data collection. Annotation information can
be supplied at the time of actual plotting.
52
-------
TABLE 23. EXAMPLE OF COMPUTER OUTPUT FROM STUDY1 WHICH PRODUCES FISH TEMPERATURE
Station 260101
Av.Min Temp
Av.Max Temp
Mean Temp
St.Dev - Min
St.Dev - Max
St.Dev Mean
95 Pctconfldence
Limits
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
Threadfin Shan
Mooneye
Mooneye
Shortnose Gar
Shortnose Gar
Freshwater Drum
Freshwater Drum
Freshwater Drum
CONTINUES
Capture
Method
Gilnet
Creel
STATISTICS FROM MASTER
River Mile 21,5, St. Croix River, WI
Jan FeB Mar Apr May Jun
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1,0 -1.0 -1.0
-1,0 32,0 -1,0 -1.0 60.7 65.4
-1,0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
-1,0 -1.0 -1.0 -1,0 4.6 2.2
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
-l.C -1.0 -1.0 -1,0 -1.0 -1.0
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
-1.0 32.0 -1.0 -1.0 51.7 61.2
-1.0 32.0 -1,0 -1,0 69.7 63.7
Gilnet 0. 0, 0. 0. 0. 0.
Gilnet 0. 0. 0. 0, 0. 0.
Creel 0. 0. 0, 0, 0. 0.
Gilnet 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0,
Trawl 0. 0, 0. 0, 0. 0,
Gilnet 0. 0, 0, 0, 0. 0.
Creel 0. 0. 0. 0. 0, 0.
Trawl 0. 0, 0, 0. 0. 0.
FOR OTHER FISH SPECIES
Total Species
Count
314,0 4 Threadfin Shad
20 Northern Pike
22 Carp
31 White Bass
32 Striped Bass
35 Black Crapple
39 Black Bullhead
40 Yellow Perch
41 Sauger
42 Uallye
43 Freshwater Drum
118 Mooneye
138 Golden Redhorse
161 Shortnose Gar
162 Spotted Sucker
165 Silver Redhorse
170 Shrthd Redhorse (N)
1085.0
20 Northern Pike
26 Smallmouth Buffalo
31 White Bass
32 Striped Bass
34 Bluegill
35 Sraallmouth Bass
36 Largemouth Bass
40 Yellow Perch
41 Saugen
42 Walleye
43 Freshwater Drum
78 Unk Bullhead
165 Silver Redhorse
170 Shrthd Redhorse (N)
173 Logperch
174 Silver Chub
175 Silver Lamprey
177 Unk Buffal
179 Cal. Udlfsh (Garf)
TAPES
Date 030672 ^ m9 Page 33
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Y2
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
72.5 77.6 70.2 52. 4 -1.0 -1.0
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
4.6 1.5 4.8 8.3 -1.0 -1.0
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
-1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0
63.5 74.0 60.8 36.2 -1.0 -1.0
81.5 00.5 79.7 68.6 -1.0 -1.0
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 101.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 6.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 2.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 1.
0, 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 18.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 132.
0, 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 365.
Percent of Total
Annual Count
32,803
.637
1.274
3.185
25.470
2.548
2.229
7.325
13.376
1.592
5.732
.318
.318
.637
.637
.637
1.274
.553
12.166
.553
.184
5.899
14.470
.367
40.922
.276
5.438
5.530
1.014
1.751
.276
.092
.092
.869
9.954
.092
CONTINUES FOR OTHER CAPTURE METHODS AMD SPECIES
53
-------
Program MPLOT searches the tapes for specific stations and years. The
data are checked and desired calculations are performed before writing out
the plot tape. During this search and write phase of operation, every effort
is made to continue the run, despite missing data or other data anomalies.
When data for any particular station or year cannot be found, an error-message
is printed out. Hence, after user inspection, any data set found to be
inadequate or unacceptable can be deleted by the plotting program.
Each data set is identified by graph type, stations and years, and
composite plots are given a special identification number to aid in accumulating
the necessary data being used for these plots. A 72-character title is output
as the first record on the plot tape and is produced as part of the graphics
set for filing identification.
Output from MPLOT1 is outlined as follows and is shown in Table 24. For
plot 1 in Table 24, at the top, the station requested is 250100, from 1948 to
1962. There are three species of trout present, 77.55% brook (Salvelinus
fontinalis), 19.98% brown (Salmo trutta), and 2.46% rainbow. The total catch
for the period considered is 14849,
Plot No. 1 (See above and Table 24)
(a) Station name,
(b) First and last year,
(c) Number of species,
(d) Names of species, and
(e) Total and percent of each species.
Plot No. 2 (Table 24)
(a) Station name,
(b) First and last year and number of years,
(c) Number of species,
(d) Names of species, and
(e) For number of years given:
(1) Year
(2) Total and percent of each species.
Plot No. 3 (Table 24)
(a) Station name,
(b) First and last year and number of years, and
(c) For number of years given:
(1) Yearly and monthly temperatures.
Plot No. 4 (Example not given)
(a) Station name,
(b) Number of abundant and scarce species,
54
-------
TABLE 24. EILAMPLE OF COMPUTER OUTPUT FROM MPLOT1 (SEE TEXT)
Plots 1, 2, and 3'Date 030372Page 47
410 records copied to drum file ID
last record on drum is all 999999's,
Input 250100 Pigeon River trout research station, MI.
Input year 48 62
Pigeon River trout research station, MI.
1948 1961
3
3
Brook trout
Brown trout
Rainbow trout
14849.00
.7755 .1998 .0246
.END..
Input 260101 River mile 21.5, St. Croix River, MN.
Input year 67 71
1
River mile 21.5, St. Croix River, MN.
1967 1970 0
26
26
Freshwater drum
White bass
Sauger
Unk. Crappie
Threadfin shad
White crappie
Black crappie
Trout perch
Carp
Walleye
Logperch
Unk. shiner
Channel catfish
Silver redhorse
Smallmouth bass
Yellow perch
Bluegill
Shorthead redhorse (NRTH)
Lake sturgeon
Shortnose gar
CONTINUES FOR OTHER SPECIES AND YEARS
Table continues - but not included.
55
-------
(c) Names of above species,
(d) Year,
(e) Weekly temperatures, and
(f) Monthly temperatures.
Plot No. 5 (Example not given)
(a) Species and abundance,
(b) Number of stations,
(c) Names of stations,
(d) First and last year of each station, and
(e) Weekly temperatures.
Plot No. 6 (Example not given)
(a) One species,
(b) Number of stations,
(c) Names of stations,
(d) First and last year of each station,
(e) Weekly temperatures, and
(f) Abundance and spawning ranges.
Computer Program ECOPLOT
The graphics program, ECOPLOT, processes the plot tape generated by MPLOT
to produce as many as six types of labeled and annotated graphs. An input card
giving type of graph, identifier station, years of record and other annotated
information is supplied for each graph requested. The plot tape is searched
for the specific data set to be displayed, and the proper record is found,
control is transferred to the subroutine GRAPHS which accomplishes the plotting.
Options are included to allow for rewinding of the plot tape and to switch tape
drive units as required. Hence, more than one master may be processed per
run, and data need not be plotted in the same order as on any one plot tape.
Each plot run is identified with a run number, data, and title of plot tape
used.
Brief descriptions of graphs generated by types follow:
(1) A plot displaying weekly and monthly average minimum, maximum, and
mean temperatures may be output for each station and year and for
as many as six abundant and scarce species. At present, the species
data are input for each plot (Figure 5).
(2) A sinusoidal-type of plot showing monthly average minimum, maximum,
and mean temperatures' for selected stations, and for 10 year periods
is produced if requested (Figure 6).
(3) Weekly average minimum, or mean temperature ranges are displayed
as bell-shaped curves where a given species is abundant or scarce
(Figure 7).
(4) A composite weekly-average temperature plot of averaged minimum,
maximum, and mean temperatures is produced for as many as 10
stations and for selected years when the species are observed
56
-------
90
80
70
LL
CO
LU
LU60
(D
Ld
Q
50
40
30
_M|N ABUNDANT SPECIES SCARCE SPECIES
+ MAX CHINOOK SALMON COHO SALMON
o MEAN STEELHEAD TROUT
D MONTHLY AVERAGE
-
"l"l~^- + +
a Q ca
-4- "*" O
D -_ -a + +
- o o - _ + +
_,_ D DO a
o ~ a "*"
00 +
+ a o
o
D _
a f+ _
O B O
+ - ~ ~ -+
- + ° o
+-o°P ~ o
+ -'-?°+ ~0fr~
o" 2 BO Q o
^ § - ° *
^t^sS" *ia-_
*
^
1 1BIIII glllfllllllBI Illlllllllllllllllllllll 1 II Illl 1
r JAM! pc-R i MAD' APR ' MAY' JIIM' .1111 ' Aim ' Ğ;FP ' nrr ' NOW ' nrr
30
25
20
0
CO
LU
15 ^
O
LU
Q
10
5
i vx
0
Figure 5. Weekly and monthly temperatures at the Lewiston fish trapping facility.
-------
Ul
00
90
80
70
U.
CO
UJ
QJ ^n
fv ^^
LU
Q
50
40
^n
r -MIN
+ MAX
o MEAN
-
+ ^^
+ o co
o °
o + o +.
+ - 4- 0 _ 0
° "^*-
o _. "*" **" j.
o ° o o o
o *~o o
+ A ^°~~l°~4^-tltW-jt- 0^4.
" 2 * t + +- * -" S °" 2 "t -^% JT^ ^ "V
S ~o + ~ ~ ~ ° fi ° *^ d" %** *e * "d / ~"6
mJ3Q~ "~ ^ -Q O U. i_ w j. ^ JL. ^^ '
n ^u 2
6.
1J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
30
25
20 Q
CO
UJ
QJ
is cr
C9
yj
D
10
5
0
Figure 6. Average monthly temperatures at the Lewiston fish trapping facility.
-------
90r
80-
70-
UJ
LJ60
o:
(D
UJ
Q
50
4O
30
4 STATIONS ON THE ST. CROIX RIVER 1966-1970
2 STATIONS ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER 1969-1970
30
25
20
o
UJ
UJ
Q
10
, 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I 1 I I I I ğ I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I 1 III I I II I I
JAN FEB ' MAR ' APR ' MAY ' JUN ' JUL ' AUG ' SEP OCT NOV DEC
0
Figure 7. Weekly mean temperature for yellow perch where it is abundant.
-------
to be abundant. Stations and years to be averaged are supplied
as input by the user. Spawning dates, temperature ranges, and
intervals of species abundance are displayed in the body of the
graph (Figure 8).
(5) A fish population distribution percentage histogram is produced for
any requested station and for any given year of record. The species
names are listed in order of abundance (Figure 9).
(6) A summary histogram of the annual relative abordance of selected
fish species for any given station, and as many as five species is
also a user option. Species are displayed in order of abundance,
and any species amounting to less than 1 percent of the annual
count is not displayed (Figure 10).
60
-------
90
80
70
LL
DEGREES
0)
0
50
40
xn
-MIN
+ MAX
o MEAN
-
+ +
SPAWNING +°-~ ~-°o +
+ o -o +
H-0 - -0
1 j_ -J-
+ +O ~ ~~ S"
+ o"oo °~ ~ -
t-o -
fii^^- MOST ABUNDANT **4^ _
'***** **'
-
30
25
200
01
DEGREES
10
5
0
Figure 8. A composite weekly temperature graph for rainbow trout.
-------
100
9O
8O
§70
o
O 60
_J
2 50
LL
o:
K 'o
0
30
TOTAL COUNT = 6432
A-WHITE BASS
B-SAUGER
C-FRESHWATER DRUM
D-LOGPERCH
E-WALLEYE
FTHREADFIN SHAD
G-CARP
H-UNK. SHINER
I TROUT PERCH
J-SMALLMOUTH BASS
K-SILVER REDHORSE
L CHANNEL CATFISH
M-YELLOW PERCH
G H |
,^L K L M
1 R&OOi PMMOa Ğ PPOg
N-SHORTHEAD REDHORSE (NRTH)
0-WHITE CRAPPIE
P-SILVER CHUB
Q-BLACK CRAPPiE
R-WHITE SUCKER
S-UNK. CRAPPIE
T-ROCK BASS
U-NORTHERN PIKE
V-MOONEYE
W-GOLDEYE
X-SILVER LAMPREY
Y-SHORTNOSE GAR
Z-BLUEGILL
I r-
0
N
o P
J.R s
2< JL z
Figure 9. Relative abundance of the fish population at St. Croix Fiver, rinnesota at F.ivcr Hile 20.6.
-------
100
90
80
5
§70
O
<60
h-
0
I- 50
fc
(_40
UJ
g30
yj
°- 20
SO
A
A -CHINOOK SALMON
B - STEELHEAD TROUT
C-COHO
f
/3
- 1
s=s b
J
<
"
L_J
A
A
I
B 1
C
P g *
B
I
1
1
s
i 1 i
1
1
1
I
X
3
1
g
H ;
SALMON
-RAINBOW TROUT
(LESS THAN 1.0%)
A
I
fi
1
l
1
i
|c
|@
im I
B I
1
1
1
1
1
1
?
_ 1
/:
B
s
f
i
i
f
1
j
c !
a i
^
i
i
i
i
A
1
i
C
9 i
3 p
B :
ğ :
1 ^
i
C E
3
I
(
1
P
|
I
I
1 1
^
B
C
s
i 1
Figure 10. Annual relative abundance of selected species in liogue Piver at Poldray i^ar.
-------
SECTION 5
DATA SOURCES, TYPES AND AMOUNTS
The purpose of this section is to provide a description of the sources,
types and amounts of the various categories of fish and temperature data that
were collected during the study. A partial list of the main sources of this
information is contained in Appendix E. To facilitate discussion, the sources
and types of fish data will be discussed first. Then, sources and types of
temperature data are discussed, followed by a description of the amounts of
both types of data gathered during the study.
Where possible, a brief review of the past history and present programs
of each source are described. Since many of the freshwater fish management
and research programs are supported by funds allocated from the Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, it seems appropriate to begin the discussion
here.
SOURCES AND TYPES OF FISH DATA
In 1956 the Fish and Wildlife Act created within the Department of the
Interior the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which was composed of the Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (BSF&W) and the Bureau of Commerical Fisheries
(BCF). This Act was in national recognition of the need for wise utilization
of natural resources, both on land and in the oceans. Since that time, the
marine activities of the BCF and BSF&W have been transferred to the National
Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) under the purview of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce. The freshwater
activities of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife have remained within
the Department of the Interior.
In 1960, a cooperative program of training, investigation and application
involving the BSF&W, State Fish and Game Departments, colleges, and universities
was enacted under Public Law 86-686 (74-STAT.733). Under this law, Cooperative
Fishery Units were instituted for the purpose of "facilitating cooperation
between the Federal Government, colleges and universities, the states and
private organizations for cooperative unit programs of research and education
relating to fish and wildlife and for other purposes", (U.S. Department of
Interior 1969). By 1972, 25 Units had been organized under the general
guidance of a coordinating committee, representing the participating agencies.
Fish information obtained from Cooperative Fishery Units was contained in
unpublished theses, reprints and non-summarized raw data. Unit research
programs are financed, in part, by the Division of Fishery Services of the
BSF&W or by local fish and game commissions. The latter source usually
contracts fishery research studies out to the Cooperative Fishery Units with
64
-------
Federal Aid in Fish Restoration funds. Reports emanating from these studies
are generally referred to as Dingell-Johnson (D-J) Progress Reports.
The Dingell-Johnson program was initiated in 1950 under the Federal Aid
in Fish Restoration Act and receives funds through a manufacturer's excise tax
on sport fishery equipment. Each state matches these funds from fishing and
hunting license sales. The number of copies of D-J Reports produced by the
fish and game commissions is at the discretion of each state agency; however,
depending on the contents, at least one copy must be sent to each of the
following: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
(pesticide data), National Reservoir Research Program (reservoir data), and
the Denver Public Library (all reports regardless of content).
The Denver Public Library, Library Reference Service, Federal Aid in
Fish and Wildlife Restoration, which operates under contract with the BSF&W,
was established in 1965 to assist individuals and organizations in obtaining
Dingell-Johnson (sport fisheries) and Pittman-Robertson (wildlife) progress
reports-. State-by-state bibliographies and copies of D-J reports are
available for a nominal fee. The Library Reference Service was a valuable
aid in securing unpublished D-J reports for this study that could not be
obtained from other sources.
In addition to funding and supervising a multiplicity of activities,
the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife conducts its own fishery research
programs. One such program of the Division of Fishery Research is the
National Reservoir Research Program which consists of the North Central and
South Central Investigations Programs. Effects of different environmental
variables on both standing crop and harvest of sport fishes have been studied
on over one hundred reservoirs. Other areas of study are limnological trends
and life history investigations on important fish species.
The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) was also contacted during
the survey to obtain fish-temperature data. In addition to "in-house"
marine fishery research programs of this agency, cooperative research on
rivers and reservoirs is also conducted in conjunction with individual states.
An example of this type of program is the research conducted on problems
of passage of salmon at dams on the Columbia River with the states of
Washington and Oregon. The Columbia River research is conducted under contract
with the NMFS's Fish-Passage Research Paogram which is supported by funds
allocated from the Saltonstall-Kennedy Act of 1954. Information collected
from this type of research is contained in the "Special Scientific Report
Fisheries", publication series.
Commercial catch records for major rivers and tributaries were obtained
from the NMFS's Division of Statistics and Market News. Much of the catch
data is summarized from data collected by other state agencies; for example,
the Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee (UMRCC) supplies the
Mississippi River catch records by pool from Hastings, Minnesota, to
Caruthersville, Missouri. The UMRCC was formed in 1943 by the action of
the states of Illinois,, Iowa, Missouri, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service for the purpose of investigating the fishery and
wildlife resources of the Upper Mississippi River. Each state supplies the
65
-------
UMRCC with commercial fish landing records, creel census records, and other
types of fish population data compiled by fishery biologists within their area.
Results are included in annual progress reports of the Fish Technical Committee
of the UMRCC.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ACE) also contributed data for this
study. For example, the Corps has, since 1938, recorded daily counts of fish
passing over the dams along the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Although the main
purpose of counting stations at fish ladders is to observe and appraise the
effects of the dams on the anadromous salmon runs in the rivers, other fish
species overreaching the dams, such as sturgeon, bass, etc., are also
routinely counted. Ladder counts and daily water temperatures are presented
from 1938-1969 in the Corps' "Annual Fish Passage Report, Columbia and
Snake River Projects" (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1969). Tables and graphs
are given which include daily, monthly and yearly fish counts and water
temperature along with other chemical and physical factors of the rivers.
An additional source of information on Columbia River fisheries was the
Atomic Energy Commission (now Department of Energy, DOE) at Hanford. In 1944,
the Atomic Energy Commission (AEG) began construction of a series of nuclear
reactors on the Columbia River north of Richland, Washington. The number of
reactors in operation since 1944 has ranged from as many as nine to the
present two (Watson 1970). In the process of producing plutonium and electricity,
water is extracted from the river, circulated through the reactors and returned
to the river. Since the time that the reactors began operating, the AEC has
continually sponsored research studies to determine the effects, if any, the
effluent cooling water has on the Columbia River environment.
The results of these investigations, contained in AEC Research and
Development Reports, have been utilized to obtain additional information on
Columbia River temperatures and fish populations, especially salmon. Specific
AEC research on the Columbia River environment included determining relationships
of reactor operation and numbers of salmon spawning near Hanford (Watson 1970),
correlation of water temperature to timing of seaward migration of juvenile
chinook salmon (Becker 1970), evaluation of effects of heated effluents on
fish survivaJ (Becker and Coutant 1970), and effects of Hanford Plant operations
on temperature of the river (Jaske and Synoground 1970) .
In another region, the AEC at its Oak Ridge National Laboratories,
conducted research in the area of thermal effects studies. One such study
was monitoring, by use of an ultrasonic, temperature-sensing fish tag, the
movement and temperature selection of largemouth bass in the Clinch River
near Oak Ridge, Tennessee (Oak Ridge National Laboratory 1971).
In addition to contacting the agencies mentioned in the foregoing, each
of the 49 state fish and game commissions were contacted to obtain a major
portion of the fishery data. In general, fishery research and investigations
carried on by the various state fish and game agencies are oriented towards
a management approach to give the sports fisherman more recreation per dollar
and at the same time ensure the survival and well-being of the multitude of
game and nongame fish species. Most of these agencies rely upon Federal Aid
in Fish and Wildlife Restoration Funds in order to continue their stream and
66
-------
lake management programs. Management information is generally summarized in
Dingell-Johnson (D-J) Job Progress Reports which usually contain data on (1)
life history studies, (2) creel census surveys, (3) rough fish eradication
programs, (4) hatchery management programs,, and (5) limnological studies.
Each of these is discussed briefly in the following paragraphs.
Life history investigations provide information on age and rate of growth,
age composition, population dynamics, reproduction, food habits, distribution,
and movement of fish. To obtain this type of information, fishery biologists
carry on netting, seining, electro-shocking, trapping, and poisoning
operations.
Creel census surveys generally provide information on fisherman use,
harvest and tagging studies to determine stocking success. Essentially, a
creel census is a standardized method by which an area of lake or stream is
canvassed to contact anglers to determine the species composition of their
catch. Summary evaluations of data collected during creel surveys might
include: (1) residence of fisherman, (2) boat or shore fishing, (3) total
hours fished, (4) total marked fish caught, (5) total unmarked fish caught,
(6) total number of fishermen in census area, and (7) catch per angler hour
for each species.
Rough fish eradication is generally initiated when it has been determined
that the game-to-rough-fish ratio has become unbalanced in favor of nongame
fish species. The use of rotenone is a popular method by which to attain the
desired results. However, this method is relatively indiscriminate and many
species of game fish are also killed. Restocking the particular water body
with game fish acquired from local fish hatcheries is the final step in this
type of program.
With each year passing, it. has become evident that more sport fishermen
are utilizing the nation's fishery resource and harvesting more fish than the
fish populations can reproduce each year. Other factors such as pollution of
waters, natural aging of reservoirs, and building of dams across rivers, have
curtailed the ability of many fish species to naturally reproduce. As a
consequence, fish hatcheries have been constructed to help reestablish the
declining populations of fish. Hatchery programs include rearing of selected
fish species for introduction into altered aquatic habitats such as trout
into cold tailwater sections of streams below dams, restocking areas that
have recently been under an eradication program as mentioned above, and for
anadromous fish, maintaining trapping facilities on streams to capture adults
during their spawning migration for egg taking purposes. The eggs are then
incubated at the hatchery to insure higher survival of the young. As part of
the latter program, water temperatures are monitored and numbers of each fish
species entering the trapping facility are tabulated.
Information from limnological studies is generally included in three
categories; (1) physical properties such as water transparency (or the amounts
of dissolved and suspended materials), stream flow, and temperature; (2)
chemical properties such as acidity, alkalinity, conductivity, carbon dioxide,
pH, and dissolved oxygen; and (3) biological characteristics such as analysis
67
-------
of plankton, benthos, insects, and other organisms. Of these types of data,
temperature is the most useful for the present study; however, additional
information regarding such factors as pollution, flooding, habitat alteration,
and food supply, etc., have been utilized to evaluate a particular body of
water in terms of qualifying the fish-temperature data.
SOURCES AND TYPES OF TEMPERATURE DATA
The main sources of water temperature records were provided by the U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS). Data collected from this agency were contained in
a variety of publications which are listed in Appendix E. Prior to 1964, the
USGS water quality data, which include records of either "spot" observations
or tables of continuous daily records of maximum, mean or minimum temperatures,
were compiled from fourteen major drainage basins within the United States.
The data therein are listed in a downstream sequence, beginning at the
headwaters. Each natural drainage area is called a "Part" and numbered from
1 through 14. From 1941 through 1963, the USGS annually published these
data in water-supply papers entitled, "Quality of Surface Waters of the United
States". Each of these volumes contains information on certain "Parts" or
drainage basins. However, beginning with the 1964 water year (October 1 to
September 30 of the following year), water temperature and related water
quality data have been released by the Geological Survey in annual reports
on a state-boundary basis.
Additional water temperature data were obtained from the Water Resources
Data Center of USGS on a 9-track, 800 BPI, binary format, data tape. Since
this is a fairly recent method of storing water quality data, time has not
allowed for the historical backlog of all stations and all years of data
referenced in USGS publications to be included on the tape.
Aside from compiling its own data, the USGS, by cooperating with a
multiplicity of federal, state, and local agencies, obtains water quality
information from almost every water-body in the country. As part of this
cooperative program, the USGS co-publishes water temperature data for
particular state needs. For example, the Montana Fish and Game Commission,
in cooperation with the USGS, published a report in 1969 entitled, "Temperature
of Surface Waters in Montana" (see Appendix E). This report provides for each
station a graph on water temperature versus time, a table of spot observations
("Periodic measurements"), and, if available, tables of continuous records and
summaries. Similarly, in 1966, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) published
"Water Temperature of Streams and Reservoirs in the Tennessee River Basin",
which is a collation of published and unpublished data collected principally
by themselves and the USGS in the four states adjoining Tennessee. Other states
such as Texas, Oregon, Utah, and Missouri, for example, have published similar
historical stream temperatures in cooperation with the USGS (Appendix E) .
Where U.S. Geological Survey;water temperature compilations were not
available or not feasible to use because of1 their' distance from a fish
sampling location, other sources of water temperature records were sought
out. Generally, state fish and game department files contain a fair amount
of water temperature records ranging from raw data sheets to thermograph
68
-------
records and published tabulations. For the most part, these were collected
on-site with fish population sampling programs such as at fish hatchery
trapping facilities and on streams where creel surveys and such activities
as gill-netting are performed. The latter two types of water temperature
data are often included in Dingell-Johnson progress reports and characteris-
tically represent daily, weekly, or monthly observations. Where lake
temperatures were available, they were usually in the form of a monthly, quarterly,
minimum/maximum surface, depth profile, or merely a graphical summary
indicating "typical" temperature profiles for a stratified body of water.
The task of locating and obtaining "missing" temperature data for
otherwise good fishery data sets was materially reduced through the use of
the USGS "Catalog of Information on Water Data", (USGS 1970). This catalog
is an index of information concerning water data acquisition activities of
various state and federal agencies. Generally, water quality information
for each location listed in the catalog includes the name of the reporting
agency, agency station number, station name, latitude, longitude, state,
county, period of record, storage of data, and types of data monitored.
Actual data are not contained in the catalog, but must be obtained from the
agency which collects the data. For example, the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers actively participates in monitoring water quality on major river
systems such as the Mississippi, Cumberland, Ohio and Red River systems.
These collected data are available upon request from the ACE.
An additional supplement to the USGS index is a catalog of maps which
present, by station number, the geographical location of each station.
Stations are grouped according to "geographic units" which are identified
by basin code numbers. There are 79 geographic units, which for the most
part coincide with and are included within the 14 major drainage basins
previously explained. The stations within these geographic units are also
numerically listed in downstream order.
Practically every agency involved in water resources has at one time or
another compiled information on water temperature. For this reason only the
agencies contributing the bulk of information have been discussed in this
section; however, for the sake of completeness, the following is a brief list
of sources of supplementary temperature data that were utilized in this study:
U.S. Forest Service, EPA Water Programs Office (STORET data). Bureau of
Reclamation, Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
public utilities, and various state water quality agencies.
In summary, as was expected, a considerable amount of data was available
to the study on fish population census and lake and stream water temperatures.
However, it was an exception rather than the rule to find these two types of
data collected together by the same agency at the same location and during
the same time period. Therefore, the initial efforts of this study were to
piec'e the two types of data together by location and time period, which had
been collected from the various sources supplying the information.
69
-------
THE AMOUNT OF ENCODED FISH-TEMPERATURE DATA
From a total of 2817 documents collected during the study, 574 stations
were encoded by staff members in which both fish and water temperature data
were assessed as compatible data sets. A list of all fish-temperature
stations encoded is contained in Appendix C. The total number of documents
that were collected in each of the 49 states surveyed (Table 25) is an
indication of the general type of information obtained and the number of
fish-temperature stations completed. It should be noted that a single
document may contain information on any number of streams or reservoirs as,
for example, a USGS publication on water temperatures for a particular
state. In the column on "fish and/or temperature information", the number
of documents is not an index of collated fish-temperature data sets; rather,
it shows the total number of documents that contain either fish data or
temperature data. The column on "other related information" pertains to
supporting data on water resources and biological research that was not of
direct use to this study.
As each document was reviewed, it was stamped with an accession number
and cross-referenced with a bibliographic card. The personal knowledge
gained in collecting the various types of data enabled each staff member
to maintain a high level of quality control in selecting and encoding only
those data containing information required for this study.
Although only 50 fish species were specified for indepth analysis, data
on an additional 301 species defined as being of lesser economic or social
importance have been included in the data base for future reference. However,
38 of these fish species were inadequately identified as to common or scientific
name and, consequently, were encoded as unidentified trout, minnow, etc. A
complete listing of the species encoded is contained in Appendix A.
Study results indicate that each set of fish-temperature data should be
accompanied by a list of the literature references that contain either original
data or information that further describe particular aspects of the data.
Thus, observed changes in the fish populations or thermal regimes, as plotted
from the historical data, can be evaluated in terms of all of the supporting
publications and available knowledge regarding a specific area or environment.
Ideally, a computerized bibliography of all literature collected would
accomplish the foregoing goals; however, since this was beyond the original
scope of the study, only a partial listing of 393 main sources of information
is available (Appendix E).
The number of temperature records, fish records and fish-temperature
data sets by station presently encoded in the data base for streams and rivers
is given in Table 26. This information for lakes and reservoirs is given in
Table 27- Even a cursory examination of these tables shows that there are
many more temperature and fish records than there are matching fish-temperature
data sets where both types of information were collected at the same time.
However, it is hoped that users of the data base will use the temperature
and fish records independently as well as combined. A possible use for a
fishery biologist, for instance, could be to chronicle changes in species
70
-------
TABLE 25o AMOUNTS OF DATA COLLECTED AND STATIONS ENCODED BY STATE
*
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
(continued)
Total
documents
7
76
72
78
50
25
8
0
52
6
61
72
13
21
90
65
56
159
12
5
158
46
45
5
11
49
107
50
12
17
85
46
50
29
72
100
16
11
26
Documents with
fish and/or
temperature
information
5
45
66
38
44
17
4
0
22
5
51
42
10
16
69
38
33
60
11
5
101
35
43
5
8
36
100
28
8
7
33
29
42
27
46
87
9
3
21
Documents with
other related
information
2
31
6
40
6
8
4
0
30
1
10
30
3
5
21
27
23
99
1
0
57
11
2
0
3
13
7
22
4
10
52
17
8
2
26
13
7
8
5
Fish-
temperature
stations
completed
5
33
7
11
19
10
4
0
16
0
10
23
0
14
17
16
29
4
9
8
8
31
20
13
8
5
25
6
11
2
15
22
0
3
8
13
8
3
9
71
-------
TABLE 25. (continued)
State
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
Directory
Great Lakes
EPA Region I
EPA Region III
EPA Region IV
EPA Region V
EPA Region VI
EPA Region VIII
EPA Region X
Totals
Total
documents
87
73
114
48
41
2
61
46
156
14
120
6
64
10
2
12
6
5
10
77
2817
Documents with
fish and/or
temperature
information
68
63
102
36
36
2
38
36
107
5
50
0
33
8
2
11
5
2
6
46
1905
Fish
Documents with temperature
other related stations
information completed
19
10
12
12
5
0
23
10
49
9
70
6
31
2
0
1
1
3
4
31
912
3
19
29
9
3
2
11
16
29
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
574
72
-------
TABLE 26. THE NUMBER OF TEMPERATURE RECORDS, FISH RECORDS, AND FISH-TEMPERATURE DATA SETS
BY STATION, FOR STREAMS AND RIVERS
Number of records
Station*
10200t
20100
20200
20300
20400
20500
20501
20700
20800
20900
21000
21100
21200
21500
21600
21800
21900
22000
22100
22101
22200
22300
22400
22500
22600
22700
30000+
30200
40600
40601
40700
40800 1
40900
Temperature
0
630
38
17
25
17
5
28
42
115
57
23
2
6
12
31
146
36
4
3
4
3
3
3
5
2
0
0
87
95
177
0
177
Fish
0
1973
23
27
19
420
25
59
137
3326
30
20
23
135
160
405
357
533
61
36
21
16
6
8
2
3
0
96
73
60
0
0
10
Number of
fish-temperature
data sets
0
25
10
7
12
3
1
3
5
10
3
1
2
2
4
8
5
3
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
3
2
0
0
0
Number of records
Station*
soooot
50100
50200
50300
50600
50700
51000
51200
51500t
52700
52800t
70000t
70501
70900t
soooot
80100
80300t
lOOOOOt
110100
110200
150400
150500
150600
150900
161200
161201
161202
161203
161204
161205
161206
161207
1613001-
Temperature
0
345
780
83
53
90
22
4
0
84
0
0
1
0
0
24
0
0
23
61
334
182
37
71
148
148
148
429
106
10
10
128
0
Fish
0
1262
1887
721
171
721
310
51
0
302
0
0
12
0
0
481
0
0
0
189
328
175
302
336
235
289
49
253
0
0
0
0
0
Number of
fish-temperature
data sets
0
16
16
6
9
5
6
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
2
8
0
5
5
5
7
2
5
0
0
0
0
0
(continued)
-------
-C-
TABLE 26. (continued)
Number of records
Number of
Number of records
Number of
Station*
161400t
leisoot
isoooot
180200t
180300t
180400
180401
180402
180403
180404
180405
180406
180407
180500
180600
191200
191300 t
191700t
200300
200301
200400
200401
200402
200403
200404
200500
200600
200601
200700
200800
200900 t
201000 t
(continued)
Temperature
0
0
0
0
0
205
151
151
151
148
148
148
148
205
122
131
0
0
179
179
0
0
0
0
0
24
16
31
15
11
0
o
Fish
0
0
0
0
0
116
123
221
121
81
166
93
96
116
0
4
0
0
94
153
25
14
14
24
20
23
29
211
50
36
0
0
risn-temperature
data sets
0
0
0
0
0
6
7
7
5
5
5
5
5
1
0
1
0
0
3
10
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
5
3
4
0
0
Station*
201100
201200
201300
201400
210100
210101
210200
210500
210600
210800
210801
210802
210803
210804
210805
210806
210807
210808
210809
210810
210811
210812
210813
210814
211300
211400
222000 t
220200
230000t
230100
230500
230600
Temperature
1
1
1
1
71
106
57
19
44
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
134
0
0
0
0
0
138
2
106
0
362
0
90
51
49
Fish
25
16
18
18
94
202
111
12
244
33
45
38
24
14
10
7
39
29
40
17
21
23
8
47
4
33
0
114
0
218
88
37
risn-temperature
data sets
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
0
3
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
0
12
0
4
1
6
-------
TABLE 26. (continued)
Number of records
Number of
Number of records
Number of
Station*
230700
230800
230900
240000 t
240100
240101
240102
240103
240104
240105
240106
250100
250500
260000 t
260101
260102
260103
260104
260105
260106
260200
260201
260202
260203
260204
260301
260500
260501
260502
260503
260504
260505
(continued)
Temperature
21
17
31
0
9
28
0
0
0
2
0
4
27
0
183
169
205
171
103
0
103
95
74
78
32
16
205
205
205
45
36
202
Fish
26
5
93
0
63
112
36
14
66
76
50
271
32
0
215
138
223
126
3
2
250
278
144
129
41
3
39
81
98
38
29
48
i isn- temperature
data sets
1
0
4
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
0
3
3
3
3
1
0
3
3
2
3
1
1
1
5
6
1
0
1
Station*
260600
260700
260701
260702
260703
260704
260705
260706
260707
270300
270400
270600
270601
270700
270701
270800
270801
270900
271000
271100
271200
271201
271300
271400
271401
271500
280000"*"
280100
280101
280102
280200
280300'1"
Temperature
0
187
44
44
59
14
44
45
36
12
12
5
6
14
5
9
9
10
9
10
9
10
9
179
122
177
0
2
2
8
67
0
Fish
114
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
19
/4
16
18
15
19
12
18
17
32
22
22
23
199
202
64
0
76
59
68
15
0
i its 11 -Temperature
data sets
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
3
3
7
0
1
1
1
0
0
-------
TABLE 26. (continued)
Number of records
Number of
Number of records
Number of
Station*
280400
280401
280402
280403
280404
280500
280600
290700t
3000001
300100
300300
300400
310000t
311300
311301
311400
-311401
311402
311500
32QOOOt
320100
320300
320301
320302
330000t
330100
330101
330102
330103
330104
330105
330106
(continued)
Temperature
148
148
148
148
148
148
207
0
0
51
15
16
0
40
55
0
0
0
0
0
35
19
22
16
0
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
Fish
96
89
109
112
102
308
0
0
0
304
210
164
0
21
5
28
14
4
52
0
38
69
75
75
0
39
68
13
57
36
29
35
i j-bn-cempei auut e
data sets
5
5
5
5
5
11
0
0
0
5
2
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
1
2
0
2
2
1
2
2
0
2
Station*
330107
330200
330201
340100
3505001
350600+
350700t
351300
351301
351302
351303
360000t
360200
361000
361001
361201t
361300t
361400t
380000t
380200t
390700
390701
400000+
400100
400200
400300
400400
400500
400700
400900
401000
401100
Temperature
28
1
2
230
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
0
3
48
29
0
0
0
0
0
36
36
0
182
11
70
261
83
6
631
939
31
Fish
13
16
52
95
0
0
0
62
65
75
53
0
51
24
25
0
0
0
0
0
77
68
0
844
165
65
69
4437
20
151
37
47
L -Ltoll LtilUJJ tiL ei LUI.
data sets
1
0
2
6
0
0
0
3
2
3
2
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
10
1
4
12
7
I
19
13
0
-------
TABLE 26. (continued)
Number of records
Number of
Number of records
^Station Locations are given la Appendix C.
tSpawning information only is available at theso stations.
Number of
Station*
401200
410000t
410100
410101
410102
410103
410104
410105
410106
430000t
430200t
450000t
450100
450101
450200
450201
450300
450400
450500
450600
470200
470201
470300
470401
470402
470403
470500
470501
470502
Temperature
915
0
3
0
3
3
2
1
1
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
4
1
6
3
179
179
9
207
229
212
6
0
6
Fish
77
0
68
17
99
76
63
79
34
0
0
0
29
54
51
37
0
0
0
0
68
0
176
167
0
170
225
223
227
risn-temperacure
data sets
13
0
3
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
0
2
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
4
0
2
5
0
5
3
0
2
Station*
470600
470601
470602
470700
470701
470800
480800
480900
482200
482201
482202
482203
482204
482205
490100
490101
490500
490600
500000
500200
510000
510100
540100
540101
540102
540103
540104
540105
540106
Temperature
4
4
4
93
48
308
145
108
25
0
15
0
41
118
65
275
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1295
143
0
279
110
0
Fish
14
10
11
208
208
106
55
10
20
13
15
13
7
1
537
1753
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3270
1480
225
1496
738
142
risn-temperature
data sets
0
0
0
8
5
5
2
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
4
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
33
13
0
17
8
0
-------
TABLE 27. THE NUMBER OF TEMPERATURE RECORDS, FISH RECORDS, AND FISH-TEMPERATURE DATA SETS
BY STATION, FOR LAKES AND RESERVOIRS
Number of records
Number of
Number of records
Number of
Station*
1000 Ot
10100
10101
10102
20000t
20600
21300
21400
21700
22800
22900
23000
30100
30101
30300
30400
30500
401001"
40300
40400
40401
40500
41000t
50500
50900
51300
51900f
52000
523001"
70100
70300
70400
70500
(continued)
Temperature
0
11
33
23
0
13
8
4
19
2
4
32
48
137
290
91
77
0
98
14
8
18
0
4
12
114
0
0
0
48
455
150
58
Fish
0
132
463
264
0
17
3
2
74
3
23
102
115
245
148
390
36
0
181
124
50
113
0
167
61
272
0
121
0
12
75
95
149
r is n- temperature
data sets
0
2
2
2
0
1
0
0
2
1
1
1
3
3
5
7
3
0
4
1
1
1
0
1
1
5
0
0
0
1
2
2
1
Station*
70600
70700
70800
80200t
llOOOOt
110300
110400
110500
110600
110700
110800
110900
111000
111100
111200
111300
111400t
lllSOOt
ISOOOOt
150100
150200
150300
150700
150800t
160000t
160100
160200
160300
160400
160500
160600
160700
160800
Temperature
90
109
41
0
0
5
12
4
23
13
26
11
21
2
1
0
0
0
0
37
0
148
25
0
0
313
363
34
31
60
198
132
475
Fish
143
115
161
0
0
416
93
90
337
205
88
126
259
32
0
15
0
0
0
69
215
716
2314
0
0
242
224
82
185
130
119
129
97
L j_sn- temp era turi
data sets
2
1
1
0
0
3
2
0
3
2
4
4
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
4
0
0
14
6
3
3
3
5
7
9
-------
TABLE 27. (continued)
Number of records
Number of
Number of records
Number of
Station*
160900
1611001-
1801001-
190000t
190100
190200
190300
190400
190500
190600
190700
190800
190900
191000
191100
191400
191500
191600
200100
200200
210300
210400
210700
210900
211000
211100
211200
220100
220300
230200
230300
230400
250000r
(continued)
Temperature
52
0
0
0
28
10
37
10
4
12
12
4
2
181
6
16
8
5
31
38
16
16
6
8
26
32
43
133
8
27
21
5
0
Fish
255
0
0
0
14
9
18
11
15
28
7
5
42
23
6
9
5
40
151
120
803
0
15
64
62
30
45
12
3
28
28
38
0
rj-sri- temper a cure
data sets
3
0
0
0
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
0
0
1
2
2
1
0
1
0
1
I
1
0
Station*
250200t
250300t
2504001-
250600
250700
260300
260400t
270100
270200
270500
290000
290100t
2903001'
290400
2905001-
290600t
300200
310400
310500
310600
310601
310602
310603
310604
310605
310606
310607
310800
310900
311000
311101
311102
311103
Temperature
0
0
0
2
1
39
0
673
191
563
0
102
0
30
0
0
1
56
306
0
37
52
50
41
39
34
0
0
358
40
0
0
75
Fish
0
0
0
43
34
569
0
29
20
358
0
28
0
36
0
0
8
103
278
409
0
103
0
3
100
67
34
142
211
114
98
274
236
risn- temper a tur
data sets
0
0
0
1
1
4
0
1
1
6
0
2
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
2
3
0
0
0
-------
CO
o
TABLE 27. (continued)
Number of records
Number of
Number of records
Number of
Station*
311104
311200
320200
340200
350000+
350100t
350400
350800t
350900
351000
351100
351200
360100t
360300
360400
360500
360600
360700
360800
.360900
361100
361200
361500
.361600
361700
361800
-361900
362000
380100t
390000t
390100
390300
390400
(continues)
Temperature
0
32
4
77
0
0
5
0
6
5
2
3
0
20
3
3
3
52
589
442
398
0
9
8
7
8
8
10
0
0
178
96
195
Fish
192
246
9
389
0
0
35
0
79
38
16
28
0
31
40
37
21
109
41
45
16
162
43
35
38
45
20
21
0
0
121
1122
146
lisa- temperature
data sets
0
1
I
4
0
0
4
0
4
4
1
2
0
1
1
1
1
1
5
4
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
5
5
1
Station*
390500
390600
400600
400800
401300t
430100t
460000t
460100
460200t
470000t
470100t
470900t
471000t
480000t
480100
480101
480200
480300
480400
480500
480600
480700
481000t
481100
481200
481300
481400
481500
481600
481700
481800
481900
482000t
Temperature
2
31
153
8373
0
0
0
98
0
0
0
0
0
0
234
197
117
18
34
32
48
14
0
68
42
972
191
137
69
160
12
16
0
Fish
23
67
10
240
0
0
0
433
0
0
0
0
0
0
689
586
595
557
89
121
177
285
0
295
477
48
456
317
185
736
39
536
0
iisn-temperauur'
data sets
2
4
4
11
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
5
3
1
2
1
3
0
3
1
1
2
2
0
1
1
2
0
-------
TABLE 27. (continued)
Number of records
Number of
Number of records
*Statlon locations are given in Appendix C.
tSpawning information only is available at these stations.
Number of
Station*
482100
490000t
490200
490300
490400
490401
500100-
540200
540300
540400
550100
550200
550400
550500
550600
550700
550800
550900
551000
551100
551200
551300
Temperature
165
0
107
19
112
108
25
166
201
145
36
31
40
43
91
43
32
34
3
11
28
6
Fish
117
0
204
302
118
0
467
2
10
4
111
62
32
24
30
66
50
42
23
8
18
4
-L -Lsu- uemper a ture
data sets
0
0
4
2
3
0
12
2
3
2
3
2
0
1
4
3
3
2
1
0
1
0
Station"
551400
551500
560000t
560200
560400
560500
560700
560900
561000
561200
561300
561500t
561600t
561700t
561800t
561900t
570000t
570300
570600t
Temperature
5
52
0
223
0
0
0
754
77
468
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
Fish
16
9
0
375
5
5
5
236
343
505
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
99
0
nan- temper acure
data sets
1
1
0
18
0
0
0
7
15
15
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
-------
composition and abundance at a particular station (say station number 20900,
which is Bear Creek on the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska where there are 3326
fish records). Other uses might include checking fish or temperature records
at a given station or stations independently before and after a major industry,
dam, power plant, etc. was constructed.
The number of fish-temperature data sets in the data base for each fish
species in both the lake-reservoir and stream-river categories are given in
Table 28. This table may be used for deciding whether an analyses of the
temperature requirements for a given species as deduced from its presence in
natural waters where temperature information is available might be worthwhile.
For this two examples will suffice. First let us consider an analyses for
rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordox). From Table 28 we find there are no lake-
reservoir data set's and only one stream-river data set and thus insufficient
data for an analyses. Second let us consider an analyses for channel catfish
(Ictalurus punctatus). On checking Table 28 we find that there are 151 and
174 fish-temperature data sets for the lake-reservoir and stream-river
categories, respectively and thiis sufficient data for further analyses.
Fish census methods used for the 50 species of freshwater fish encoded
in the stream-river category where there were matching fish-temperature data
sets are given in Table 29. This data indicates methods most frequently
used. One might conclude that the "combination method" was the most
effective, however, this says nothing. Although, it does suggest that all
fish censussing should state which method(s) was(were) used and how many
fish were counted by each. Useful conclusions about effective method of
censussing for all 50 species might be that "c'reel", "electro", "seining",
and "fish ladders" were the most effective.
82
-------
TABLE 28. THE NUMBER OF FISH-TEMPERATURE DATA SETS
IN THE DATA BASE FOR EACH FISH SPECIES
Species
Petromyzontidae-lampreys
Chestnut lamprey (318)
Pacific lamprey (59)
Sea lamprey (354)
Silver lamprey (175)
Southern brook lamprey (326)
Acipenseridae-sturgeons
Atlantic sturgeon (220)
Green sturgeon (70)
Lake sturgeon (116)
Pallid sturgeon (320)
Shovelnose sturgeon (113)
White sturgeon (1)
Polyodontidae-paddlef ishes
Paddlefish (190)
Lepisosteidae-gars
Alligator gar (272)
Florida gar (245)
Longnose gar (121)
Shortnose gar (161)
Spotted gar (134)
Amiidae-bowf ins
Bowfin (119)
Elopidae- tarpons
Ladyfish (285)
Tarpon (251)
Anguillidae-f reshwater eels
American eel (143)
Clupeidae-herrings
Alabama shad (234)
Alewife (2)
American shad (60)
Blueback herring (150)
Gizzard shad (3)
Hickory shad (298)
Skipjack herring (186)
Threadfin shad (4)
(continued)
Number of
fish-temperature data sets
Lake-Reservoir Stream-River
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
3
3
0
7
9
2
49
28
35
33
0
0
7
0
10
1
1
92
0
6
47
o o
3
76
1
3
2
1
0
10
0
48
38
137
10
0
49
26
20
136
3
0
138
0
9
96
5
69
3
23
28
-------
TABLE 28, (continued)
Number of fish/temperature data sets
Ljp tğ _1_^O
Hiodontidae-mooneyes
Goldeye (164)*
Mooneye (118)
Salmonidae- trout s
Artie char (314)
Artie grayling (105)
Atlantic salmon (14)
Brook trout (16)
Brown trout (15)
Chinook salmon (10)
Chum salmon (7)
Coho salmon (8)
Cutthroat trout (12)
Dolly Varden (92)
Golden trout (200)
Kokanee salmon (45)
Lake herring (114 and 193)
Lake trout (17)
Lake whitefish (5)
Mountain whitefish (11)
Pink salmon (6)
Rainbow trout (13)
Round whitefish (196)
Sockeye salmon (9)
Steelhead trout (46)
Engraulidae-anchovies
Bay anchovy (142)
Osmeridae-smelts
Eulachon (89)
Rainbow smelt (18)
Umbridae-mudminnows
Alaska blackfish (315)
Central mudminnow (323)
Esocidae-pikes
Chain pickerel (19)
Grass pickerel (131)
Muskellunge (21)
Northern pike (20)
Redfin pickerel (203)
(continued)
Lake-Reservoir
8
17
2
0
1
16
23
10
0
6
24
7
1
19
0
18
0
23
0
86
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
16
6
20
61
3
Stream-River
26
47
0
5
11
69
64
208
94
176
43
57
0
5
0
0
0
109
102
172
0
104
185
6
0
1
2
0
58
10
3
45
3
84
-------
TABLE 28. (continued)
Number of fish-temperature data sets
Species
Lake-Reservoir Stream-River
Characidae-characins
Mexican tetra (276)* 1 1
Cyrinidae-minnows and carps
Arkansas River shiner (269) 1 0
Bigeye chub (214) 0 4
Bigeye shiner (345) 0 2
Bigmouth shiner (139) 1 7
Blackchin shiner (357) 0 0
Blacknose dace (67) 0 29
Blacknose shiner (356) 0 0
Blackspot shiner (302) 1 0
Blacktail shiner (207) 5 14
Bleeding shiner (229) 0 1
Bluehead chub (219) 0 1
Bluestripe shiner (242) 0 0
Bluntnose minnow (128) 7 18
Bluntnose shiner (263) 0 0
Bonytail (47) 8 11
Bridle shiner (337) 0 1
Bullhead minnow (210) 13 9
Carp (22) 134 356
Chiselmouth (68) 4 0
Coastal shiner (311) 0 0
Colorado squawfish (49) 1 7
Comely shiner (353) 0 17
Common shiner (183) 0 53
Creek chub (57) 4 38
Cutlips minnow (338) 0 27
Cypress minnow (319) 0 0
Emerald shiner (115) 6 10
Fallfish (195) 1 48
Fathead minnow (23) 7 10
Finescale dace (309) 0 1
Flathead chub (266) 2 6
Ghost shiner (359) 0 5
Golden shiner (91) 78 44
Goldfish (79) 9 5
Hitch (99) 0 0
Hornyhead chub (182) 0 8
Humpback chub (48) 0 2
Lahontan redside (88) 0 9
Longnose dace (95) 2 28
Longnose shiner (218) 1 1
Mimic shiner (293) 3 6
(continued)
85
-------
TABLE 28. (continued)
Number of fish-temperature data sets
species
Cyprinidae-minnows and carps (continued)
Northern squawfish (63)*
Oregon chub (62)
Ozark minnow (227)
Pallid shiner (307)
Peamouth (69)
Plains minnow (254)
Proserpine shiner (282)
Pugnose minnow (215 and 274)
Redeye chub (208)
Redfin shiner (125 and 305)
Red shiner (100)
Redside shiner (56)
Ribbon shiner (301)
Rio Grande shiner (281)
River chub (346)
River shiner (267)
Rosefin shiner (351)
Rosyface shiner (348)
Sabine shiner (327)
Sacramento squawfish (107)
Sand shiner (185)
Satinfin shiner (262)
Sharpsone shiner (291)
Silverband shiner (322)
Silver chub (174)
Silver jaw minnow (347)
Silver shiner (344)
Silvery minnow (206)
Speckled chub (265)
Speckled dace (50)
Spotfin shiner (184)
Spottail shiner (157)
Steelcolor shiner (340)
Stoneroller (158)
Striped shiner (136)
Sturgeon chub (321)
Suckermouth minnow (268)
Swallowtail shiner (336)
Taillight shiner (243)
Tamaulipas shiner (283)
Tench (61)
Texas shiner (280)
Tui chub (80)
Utah chub (55)
(continued)
Lake-Reservoir
4
0
0
0
0
5
3
6
0
2
29
3
3
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
8
1
2
2
0
0
0
5
4
0
0
5
0
4
0
1
3
0
8
5
1
2
6
6
Stream-River
70
0
1
2
0
0
0
4
1
3
12
72
2
0
1
2
3
6
9
0
7
24
0
0
8
0
1
5
5
17
8
35
0
20
0
0
3
19
0
0
18
0
0
3
-------
TABLE 28. (continued)
Number of fish-temperature data sets
opecies
Cyprinidae-minnows and carps (continued)
Weed shiner (241)*
Whitetail shiner (228)
Catostomidae-suckers
Bigmouth buffalo (27)
Black buffalo (255)
Black redhorse (192)
Blacktail redhorse (204)
Bluehead sucker (52)
Blue sucker (223)
Bridgelip sucker (66)
Creek chubsucker (197)
Cui-ui (111)
Flannelmouth sucker (51)
Golden redhorse (138)
Gray redhorse (294)
Greater redhorse (163)
Highfin carpsucker (168)
Humpback sucker (53)
Lake chubsucker (132)
Largescale sucker (94)
Longnose sucker (24)
Mountain sucker (85)
Northern hog sucker (191)
Quillback (123)
River carpsucker (133)
River redhorse (169)
Smallmouth buffalo (26)
Sharpfin chubsucker (212)
Shorthead redhorse (170)
Silver redhorse (165)
Spotted sucker (162)
Suckermouth redhorse (258)
Tahoe sucker (83)
Utah sucker (101)
White sucker (25)
Ictaluridae-freshwater catfishes
Black bullhead (28)
Black madtom (328)
Blue catfish (187)
Brindled madtom (209)
Brown bullhead (30)
Carolina madtom (339)
(continued)
Lake-Reservoir
0
0
16
4
1
2
3
5
2
0
1
10
11
7
0
1
0
12
4
3
0
4
18
40
3
43
0
7
1
18
1
3
0
40
72
0
26
0
55
0
Stream-River
8
1
25
20
6
10
8
13
0
11
0
12
22
1
1
2
5
0
0
6
2
17
67
39
10
43
1
32
19
36
0
0
1
96
41
1
47
2
55
0
87
-------
TABLE 28. (continued)
Number of fish-temperature data sets
apecj.es -
Lake-Reservoir
Ictaluridae-freshwater catfishes (continued)
Channel catfish (31)*
Flat bullhead (233)
Flathead catfish (109 and 256)
Freckled madtom (329)
Margined madtom (290)
Slender madtom (232)
Speckled madtom (205)
Stonecat (271)
Tadpole madtom (137)
White catfish (82)
Yellow bullhead (29)
Ariidae-sea catfishes
Sea catfish (317)
Aphredoderidae-pirate perches
Pirate perch (201)
Percopsidae-trout-perch
Trout-perch (65)
Gadidae-codf ishes
Burbot (84)
Belonidae-needlef ishes
Atlantic needlefish (151)
Cyprinodontidae-killif ishes
Banded killifish (153)
Blackspotted topminnow (217)
Blackstripe topminnow (140)
Bluefin killifish (250)
Desert pupfish (106)
Golden topminnow (306)
Mummichog (154)
Northern studfish (231)
Plains killifish (264)
Rainwater killifish (156)
Seminole killifish (247)
Sheepshead minnow (155)
Starhead topminnow (129)
151
0
53
0
0
0
0
3
5
19
62
0
6
0
22
0
1
0
5
2
0
1
0
0
3
0
7
7
1
Stream-River
174
1
85
6
17
0
3
3
3
14
36
2
13
5
17
6
18
9
9
0
0
1
4
0
1
4
0
4
1
Poeciliidae-livebearers
Amazon molly (278)
(continned)
-------
TABLE 28. (continued)
Number of fish-temperature data sets
species
Poeciliidae-livebearers (continued)
Sailfin molly (275)*
Mosquitofish (90)
Atherinidae-silver sides
Brook silverside (130)
Mississippi silverside (270)
Tidewater silverside (152)
Gasterosteidae-sticklebacks
Brook stickleback (120)
Fourspine stickleback (146)
Ninespine stickleback (324)
Threespine stickleback (64)
Percichthyidae-temperate basses
Striped bass (33)
White bass (32)
White perch (144)
Centrarchidae-sunf ishes
Banded pygmy sunfish (180)
Banded sunfish (295)
Blackbanded sunfish (288)
Black crappie (39)
Bluegill (35)
Bluespotted sunfish (248)
Dollar sunfish (246)
Flier (222)
Green sunfish (34)
Guadalupe bass (297)
Largemouth bass (37)
Longear sunfish (188)
Mud sunfish (289)
Orangespotted sunfish (122)
Pumpkinseed (117)
Redbreast sunfish (194)
Redear sunfish (103)
Redeye bass (239)
Roanoke bass (284)
Rock bass (126)
Sacramento perch (81)
Smallmouth bass (36)
Spotted bass (189)
Spotted sunfish (127)
( continue cl)
Lake-Reservoir
3
23
17
0
13
1
0
0
0
5
58
4
1
1
1
139
240
3
1
6
102
2
264
53
0
21
52
22
94
0
0
39
2
35
30
16
Stream-River
1
9
8
0
5
0
3
0
12
24
87
15
4
0
1
84
162
1
1
4
76
1
134
82
3
12
41
43
24
1
0
100
1
138
61
14
89
-------
TABLE 28. (continued)
Number of fish-temperature data sets
species
Centrarchidae-sunf ishes (continued)
Warmouth (108)*
White crappie (38)
Percidae-perches
Banded darter (342)
Blackbanded darter (240)
Blackside darter (332)
Bluntnose darter (330)
Channel darter (349)
Cypress darter (331)
Dusky darter (333)
Fantail darter (312)
Fountain darter (286)
Greenside darter (343)
Greenthroat darter (300)
Harlequin darter (360)
Iowa darter (171)
Johnny darter (181)
Logperch (173)
Naked sand darter (216)
Orangethroat darter (230)
Rainbow darter (341)
River darter (172)
Sauger (41)
Scaly sand darter (303)
Shield darter (352)
Slenderhead darter (350)
Slough darter (304)
Swamp darter (198)
Walleye (42)
Western sand darter (.361)
Yellow perch (40)
Sparidae-porgies
Pinfish (287)
Sheepshead (358)
Sciaenidae-drums
Atlantic croaker (211)
Freshwater drum (43)
Red drum (299)
Silver perch (149)
Spot (148)
(continued)
Lake -Reservoir
79
125
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
9
0
0
0
0
20
1
0
0
1
0
76
0
52
0
0
0
73
0
0
0
Stream-River
56
73
0
0
2
4
0
2
5
1
1
6
0
0
0
25
16
0
2
1
2
54
9
18
0
2
1
91
2
58
2
48
2
184
1
2
4
90
-------
TABLE 28. (continued)
Species
Number of fish-temperature data sets
Cake-Reservoir
Stream-River
Cichlidae-cichlids
Blackchin mouthbrooder (252)*
Rio Grande perch (273)
Mugilidae-mullets
Mountain mullet (237)
Striped mullet (104)
Gobiidae-gobies
Naked goby (147)
Cottidae-sculpins
Banded sculpin (226)
Mottled sculpin (54)
Piute sculpin (98)
Bothidae-lefteye flounders
Southern flounder (213)
Soleidae-soles
Hogchoker (145)
3
15
0
7
0
0
0
4
1
0
24
7
6
9
* Species code numbers in the data base. Scientific name is given in
Appendix A.
91
-------
TABLE 29. FISH CENSUS NETHODS USED FDR 50 SPECIES OF FRESHWATER FISH ENCODED IN THE STREAM-RIVER CATEGORY
Electro-
Species fishing
White sturgeon
Alewife
Gizzard shad
Threadfln shad
Lake whiteflsh
Pink salmon
Chum salmon
Coho salmon
Sockeye salmon
Chinook salmon
Mountain whltefish
Cuttroat trout
Rainbow trout
Atlantic salmon
Brown trout
Brook trout
Lake trout
Rainbow smelt
Chain pickerel
Northern pike
Muske 1 1 unge
Carp
Fathead minnow
Longnose sucker
White sucker
Smallmouth buffalo
BIgmouth buffalo
B lack bu 1 1 head
Yel low bul Ihead
Brown bu ! Ihead
Channel catfish
White bass
Striped bass
Green sunfish
Sma 1 1 mouth bass
Largemouth bass
White crappie
Black crappie
Ye 1 low perch
Sauger
Wa 1 1 eye
Freshwater drum
Mosqu i tof ish
Golden shiner
Redear sunfish
Flathead catfish
Shove! nose sturgeon
Lake herring
Emerald shiner
Bluegl 1 1
A 1 1 species
1
14
1
3
2
2
8
3
32
22
24
40
39
12
4
40
1
91
9
10
5
14
36
21
11
23
53
33
12
27
34
8
26
8
28
5
8
33
743
Gil 1
net
5
8
3
2
2
18
10
9
2
17
4
10
3
4
17
10
1
2
1
11
7
6
8
9
11
1
1
182
Weir
3
10
38
36
70
22
41
3
34
15
7
8
10
10
10
6
8
10
1
4
6
2
8
H
359
Creel
1
1
3
6
2
2
43
8
26
5
38
62
6
2
10
10
45
57
8
26
53
53
17
23
24
35
54
34
2
1
38
3
78
776
Poison
2
17
3
17
9
4
11
4
2
2
6
21
3
-
15
5
21
13
11
3
7
10
8
20
-
24
238
Ladder Seine
35
T
11
5
35
41
79 1
72
102
69 1
1
7 2
1
1
2 4
-
69 17
8
13
4
7
1
1
39 11
4
2 12
3 7
24
5
6
1
8
6
1 13
9
7
5 5
1
1
1
12
9
564 235
Stream Trap
Trap diversion net
1 1
4
9
8 9
-
9
8 9
2
2
3
1
2
4
4
4
2
3
2
5
2
2
1
4
64 37
4
2
2
4
2
4
2
4
4
2
2
2
4
4
2
4
2
2
2
2
4
60
Fyke
Trawl net
6
4
1
1
4
1
6
2
2
4
4
6
2
2
4
4
2
6
4
8
-
2
6
74 7
Ccrnb 1 n-
at ton
2
23
22
25
10
2
5
3
220
1
2
2
23
20
12
13
13
24
21
1
4
25
21
24
4
19
4
171
2
13
4
21
55
27
836
Hoop Tramme 1 Trot
net net line
1
-
-
12 2
4
7
-
4
1
g
3
5
8
3
4
4
4
1
2
2
2
-
" ^.
76 2
1
2
8
2
3
2
2
19
5
5
4
2
2
6
4
1
9
2
2
2
1
1
2
177
92
-------
SECTION 6
CASE EXAMPLE STUDIES
FISH POPULATION AND WATER TEMPERATURE CHANGES
Changes in river water temperature following dam construction along
with information about changes or stability of fish populations are noted
and discussed in the first three examples in this section. The fourth
example is of a creek with a relatively stable temperature but yet changes
in fish population dynamics.
Columbia River
The observed monthly mean temperatures on the Columbia River below the
Bonneville Dam for the period from 1948 to 1968 are given in Figure 11. Also
included in this figure are the completion dates for upstream dams and the
number of nuclear reactors in operation at the AEC Hanford reservation
located near Richland, Washington. An overall rise in river temperatures
is apparent in Figure 11. This agrees with the results of a detailed
analysis of the Columbia River thermal regime performed by Moore (1968).
He showed that a major upward shift in river temperatures occurred after
1956. The rise in temperature ranged from 0.5 F (0.3 C) in September to
about 2 F (1.1 C) in winter. Moore (1968) concluded that the rise in
Columbia River temperatures was caused by heated discharges from the
Hanford reactors. However, the intentional release of cooler water from
Lake Roosevelt and Brownlee Reservoirs to offset the heating effects of the
Hanford operation, warmed the Bonneville temperature regime in fall and
winter and cooled it in spring and summer. This explains why the overall
temperature increase was only about 1 F (0.6 C) in summer and 2 F (1.1 C)
in fall and winter. Construction of reservoirs above the Dalles and McNary
Dams is believed to have played a minor role in the overall rise in
Columbia River temperatures.
Total annual fish counts from Bonneville Dam for American shad (Alosa
spidissima), northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis), and coho
(Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) are
shown in Figures 12, 13, and 14. A major change in total annual counts
for all four species occurred between 1960 and 1962. The shad and coho
salmon increased, while the squawfish and chinook salmon both decreased.
However, these changes are difficult to evaluate because of the many factors
involved. Specifically, it is known that irrigation, logging, mining,
dam construction and other activities by man seriously reduce both the
size and capacity of chinook salmon spawning areas in the Northwest (Fulton
1968). Additionally, a major hatchery program for chinook and coho salmon
93
-------
70
60
QC
ID
I50
40
30
HANFORD NUCLEAR REACTORS BEGAN OPERATING 1944
(3) = NUMBEROF REACTORS OPERATING.
NUMBER OF REACTORS
"""N S~*<
.3) (4
Rock Island 1933
Grand Coulee 1941
Bonneville 1938
Chief The
McNary Joseph Dalles
Darn Darn Dam
i I L_
Priest Rocky
Rapids Reach Wanapum
Dam Dam Dam
L I I
John
Wei Is Day
Dam Dam
I _L_
948 '49 ^0 151 '52 '53 '54 '55 '56 '57 '58^59 ' '60 ' '61 ' '62 ' '63 ' '64 ' '65 ' '66 ' '67 ' '68
Figure 11. Historical monthly mean temperatures of Columbia River at Bonneville Dam.
-------
o
Ul
I.OOO.OOO -
800,000 -
CO
LA.
U_ 600,000
O
o:
^ 400,000
S
z>
2 200,000
AMERICAN SHAD
IM
- jr - r- - i- - r- - r i - 1 - r - 1 - , inn - '" '" "" mil mğ ..... nm
I948r 49 ' '50 ' '51 ' '52 ' '53 ' '54 ' '55 ' '56 ' '57 T581 59 ' '60 ' '61 ' '62 ' '63 ' 64 ' '65 '66 '67 ' 68 '
Figure 12. Yearly fisli count of american chad over Bonncvllle Dam.
-------
u.
100,000
80.OOO
60,000
o:
m 40,ooo
20,000
COHO SALMON
NORTHERN SQUAWFISH
II
II
JH1
Hi
1
^948' '49
'52 53 '54 '55 ' '56 ' '57 '58 '59 Tl60 '61 '62' '63^ '64 '65 ' '66 ' '67 ' '68
Figure 13. Yearly fish count of echo salmon and northern squawfish over Bonneville Dam.
-------
500,000-
400.000 -
u.
O
o:
UJ
m
300,000-
200,000- ;i
100,000- i
ANNUAL CHINOOK SALMON
FALL RUN
SUMMER
1948 '49 '50 '51 '52 '53 '54 '55 '56 57 '58 '59 '60 '61 '62 '63 '64 '65 '66 '67 '68
Figure 14. Yearly fish count of chinook salmon over Bonneville Dam.
-------
on the Columbia Elver was instituted in the mid 50's (Glenn A. Flittner,
personal communication). Also, an eradication program for squawfish was
conducted in 1957 in the Columbia River as a result of their predation on
juvenile hatchery salmon (LaRivers 1962). Thus, only the change in shad
populations can be discussed with any degree of certainty in terms of the
effects of the man-induced rise in Columbia River temperatures. In this
case, there appeared to be a direct relationship between the overall warmer
temperatures and the population "explosion" occurring in 1960. However,
it should be pointed out that other unidentified warm-water species, including
carp and suckers that are routinely counted at Bonneville Dam, showed a
marked decline in numbers after 1960 (not shown). Thus, where major man-made
alterations to the natural environment are known to have occurred, considerable
caution must be exercised in interpreting attendant fish population changes.
Green River
The Green River flows from Wyoming through Utah and into Colorado.
Flaming Gorge Dam was constructed on the river and put into operation in
the fall of 1962. This is a relatively large dam and discharges cold water
from the lower depths of the reservoir into the river below. The general
effect of this type of stream modification is seen in a lowering of average
annual temperatures but with higher winter temperatures, a decrease in
turbidity, and a reduction in seasonal flow variation.
Figure 15 showing temperatures of the pre-impoundment and those observed
afterwards just below the dam at Greendale is a striking example of the
narrowed range of seasonal temperatures. An average pre-impoundment temperature
range was from freezing to 72 F (22.2 C) while post-impoundment records at
the same location indicated a range from 38 to 53 F (3.3 to 11.7 C).
The effects were noticeable on the fish population species composition.
At Greendale, near the dam and as far down river as Little Hole where
temperatures never reached 60 F (15.6 C), fish such as carp, channel catfish,
and Colorado chub decreased or were not found. Vanicek et al. (1970) stated
that no reproduction of these species was observed in 1964-1966. The redside
shiner (Richardsonius balteatus) also was observed to occur in smaller
numbers while the speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus) increased markedly from
1964 to 1966. However, this could be attributed to a rotenone program prior
to impoundment to eradicate all non-game fish and hence should be accepted
with reservations. Rainbow trout were introduced in the upper stretches
since the temperatures were more suitable to them after the damming. These
species were termed abundant but not observed to spawn, probably because
of the lack of suitable substrate. Successful spawning by the flannelmouth
sucker (Catostomus latipinnis), speckled dace, and bluehead sucker (Catostomus
discobolus) was first noted 23 miles below the dam.
At Jensen, approximately 90 miles below the dam, the temperature effects
are far less apparent than upstream. Figure 16 shows the comparison of
pre- and post-impoundment temperatures. The summer highs are reduced from
about 73 to 66 F (22.8 to 18.9 C). Reproduction occurred for all native fish
except the humpback sucker (Xyraucher texahus). The humpback sucker prefers
98
-------
'vo
75r
U. "-1
o
U
QC 60
LU
Q.
UJ
1000 H
500
I
CO 4OO
U.
cc
300
200
IOO
A
/
1957-59
AVERAGE MEAN
MONTHLY
TEMPERATURE.
fl
EL.
.REDSIDE SHINER
-FATHEAD MINNOW
.SPECKLED DACE
.CARP
aCHANNEL CAT
1
1964
1965
1966
Figure 15. Historical average monthly temperatures for Green River near Greendale
with the number of fish present.
-------
U.
o
LU
CC
I
(T
Id
CL
S
UJ
70-
60-
50-
40-
30
1957-59, 1962
AVERAGE MEAN
MONTHLY
TEMPERATURE _
2000
900
700
500
GL 400
NUMBER OF
r\> t>4
o o
100
-
-
-
-
1
I
!
\
ra
:M _-. ... 1
1
ra
@
=
1
REDS
CARF
PATH
r-WHI1
>IDE SHINER
3
EAD MINNOW
"EHEAD SUCKER
i
|
Figure 16.
1964
1965
Historical average monthly temperatures for lower f^reen River
near Jensen, with the number of fish present.
100
-------
a torrential river habitat and has probably disappeared because of the lack
of this habitat. The species composition shows, however, a sharp reduction
in carp, a warmer-water fish, and disappearance of the whitehead sucker.
While the temperature change was less drastic in the lower Green River,
changes in the species composition and population numbers is probably in
part the result of other factors such as lack of turbid water. However, the
optimum temperature range for some of the native fish in the Green River
appear to be slightly above that of the river. This, combined with other
factors, possibly contributed to the observed declines in fish populations.
Trinity River
Temperature changes on the Trinity River in California occurred as a
result of dam construction. Effects of dam construction noticeably decreased
river water temperature as early as 1961. Upon completion of both Lewiston
and Trinity Dams in 1963, maximum and mean water temperature decreased even
further. There was a general increase in the minimum temperature during
this period. These changes are evident in Figure 17 for which daily
maximum and minimum temperatures were averaged by computer to plot monthly
average maximum, minimum and mean temperatures.
The construction of Lewiston and Trinity Dams blocked the normal spawning
runs of salmon and steelhead on the Trinity River from 1958 to 1960. While
a hatchery was being built, fish were trapped and trucked from Lewiston to
11 miles above Trinity Dam. From 1960 to 1961 coho and chinook salmon were
spawned at Lewiston or returned below in the river. Part of the steelhead
run was transported above Trinity Dam in 1961. The permanent hatchery was
opened in May 1963. Effects of the impoundment were observable during the
summer of 1961 and afterwards by a lower range of temperature and a
significant reduction to the summer highs previously observed. As shown
in Figure 18, chinook salmon were the most abundant of the four species
occurring in all but one of the ten years with a range of total number per
year trapped from 9452 in 1962 to 3075 in 1965. Also shown on this figure
are the average mean monthly temperatures for the Trinity River. It is
difficult to see any direct correlation between the temperatures prevailing
prior to the impoundment and the fish trapped and those resulting later
when the temperatures were restricted to cooler summer waters. However, from
1962 to 1967 there was a decline in the number of chinook. Secondary impacts
resulting from reduced flows are viewed as an important factor in this
decline. Coho salmon numbers declined from 1962 to 1965 but the numbers
returning in 1966 and 1967 exceeded the pre-impoundment population. The
hatchery may have been wholly responsible for this fluctuation. Rainbow
trout (Salmo gairdneri) continued through the ten-year-record at a steady
level except for the last two years where data were missing or insufficient
for analysis. Brown trout were random in occurrence and did not appear
for a three-year period.
The four reported species generally prefer cold waters and were probably
little affected by reducing the summer temperature highs. Changes in the
relative abundance of warm water species may have occurred as was evident in
101
-------
o
to
90 r
80
70
IL.
CO
UJ
UJ
UJ
O
50
40
-MIN
+ MAX
oMEAN
CD
_i_
o
-+
; 2
1958 ' 1959 ' I960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 ' 1966 1967
30
25
20,
UJ
UJ
15 cr
10
0
Figure 17. Average monthly temperatures at the Lewlston fish trapping facility.
-------
o
LO
70
LU
o:
or
LU
o.
^
UJ
h-
60
50
40
^ 8000
JJJ 600O
U_ 4000
° 2000
600
400
200
o:
UJ
CD
:§
1958
.1959-60 AVERAGE MEAN
MONTHLY TEMPERATURE
1
1959 I960
1961
J!
I I
I I
ff"
DATA MISSING
\ 1966
.CHINOOK SALMON
.STEELHEAD
COHO SALMON
BROWN TROUT
alfl
1962 ' 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
Figure 18. Historical mean monthly temperatures for the Trinity River at the
Lewiston fish trapping facility.
-------
the Green River following construction of the Flaming Gorge Dam but were not
chronicled for the Trinity River.
Sagehen Creek
The observed mean monthly maximum temperature and total annual fish counts
for brook trout, redside shiners, brown trout and suckers at Sagehen Creek are
shown in Figure 19. Also shown is the 1953-61 average monthly temperature
curve. Sagehen Creek is considered typical of many small streams on the
eastern slope of the northern Sierra Nevada range. Aside from camping and
fishing, grazing is the only important land use ajacent to the stream. Thus,
for all practical purposes, Sagehen Creek can be considered as an example
of a relatively pristine stream environment.
Climatic conditions at Sagehen Creek are severe as evidenced by mean
monthly minimum air temperatures of less than 32 F (0 C) during September
through June (Needham and Jones 1959). Annual water temperatures range
from 32 F to 74 F (0 C to 23.3 C) with a maximum diel range of 22 F (5.5 C)
occurring in July during periods of low flow.
In terms of the Sagehen fish populations a significant decline in numbers
of brook and brown trout and an increase in suckers and shiners can be seen
from the nine-year record in Figure 19. The numbers of sculpins, dace and
whitefish (not shown) fluctuated irregularly during this period with no
significant trends.
From the standpoint of temperature changes, the Sagehen Creek conditions
appear to be relatively stable. However, the effect of the heaviest flood on
record during December 1955 on Sagehen fish populations can be seen in 1956.
Both fish populations and stream temperatures were the lowest of the nine-year
period. Brook trout, shiners, and sucker populations recovered somewhat in
1957, however, brown trout did not occur again in significant numbers.
According to Card and Flittner (unpublished manuscript 1978) the observed
long-term decline in brook and brown trout cannot be ascribed to a temperature
change or overfishing but is most likely the result of the 1955 flood which
decimated the existing populations. The increase in suckers and shiners is
most likely the result of a good year class spawned during the 1958-59 warm-
water, low-flow years.
ANALYSIS OF A RIVER SYSTEM
The Mississippi River system was selected as an example of a river system
that spans a wide range of temperature regimes from the headwaters to the mouth.
This section provides a brief review of the selection process and the sequence
of steps taken in collating and presenting the data to effect the analysis.
A brief description of the present environment of the Mississippi River and
an account of the historical changes in the river's environment due to man's
activities are also presented. Hand plotted temperature regimes from
selected stations on the Mississippi River and a discussion of these data is
included. Basic consideration is given to the habitat preferences and
104
-------
o
Ol
75r
U. 70h
o
LJ
Q.
2
65
60
55
50
1000
CO 800
U_
LL 600
ct:
U-i 400
CD
S
= 200
1705
1953 " 1954
1955
1956 ' 1957
1958
1959 I960
1961
A
1953-61
AVERAGE
MEAN
MONTHLY
, i TEMPERATURE
-BROOK TROUT
-REDSIDE SHINER
.BROWN TROUT
.SUCKER
1962
Figure 19. Historical mean monthly maximum temperatures of the Sagehen Creek
(May-October), with the number of fish present.
-------
distribution of selected species which have been encoded in the fish-
temperature data base and which are prominent in the literature. It is
hoped that the methodology of this analysis may provide a basis from which
additional analyses of this or other river systems may be devised.
Selection of a River System
The Mississippi River system was selected as a case study because:
(1) It spans a wide range of temperature regimes from its source at Lake
Itasca in Northern Minnesota to its mouth at Head of Passes, Louisiana.
(2) It spans seven major USGS isotherm zones and a wide latitudinal range.
(3) There is a noticeable phase shift in the temperature regimes. (4) It
is an important commercial fishing, sport fishing and recreational resource
and as such is economically important to ten different states. (5) It is
a suitable habitat for at least 35 of the 50 species of fishes selected for
detailed analysis. and (6) It has a suitable matched series of fish and
temperature data sets.
Mississippi River Description
The Mississippi River originates in Northern Minnesota at 47° north
latitude and flows 2,470 miles in a southerly direction. At the mouth, it
empties into the Gulf of Mexico at 29° north latitude. The river system
drains an area of approximately 1,244,000 square miles including all or parts
of 31 states and two Canadian Provinces (Barnickol and Starrett 1951). It
travels through, or is the boundary for, the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin,
Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi and
Lo uis iana.
The headwaters of the river, above the Twin Cities in Minnesota, are
intersected by a series of dams and lakes used as water storage for
hydroelectric power, navigation and flood control. In free flowing areas
it varies from a narrow, slowly meandering stream to a shallow, wide,
relatively straight and fast flowing stream. Bottom morphology varies
from sand and silt to gravel, rubble and boulders. Turbidity changes
occur from one location to another due to the surrounding soil types which
vary in erosive properties and because of industrial effluents. The river
travels 660 miles through Minnesota with a stream gradient of 1.28 feet per
mile, while the average stream gradient for the entire Mississippi's 0.57
feet per mile (Johnson 1968).
From its confluence with the Missouri River to Hastings, Minnesota, the
upper Mississippi River consists of a series of 26 locks and dams. This
segmentation has essentially transformed the upper river into a series of
pools or small lakes, but between these impoundments, there are stretches of
the river which exhibit considerable current. The impoundment of the river
has had the effect of creating stable water levels and a rich and varied
aquatic environment. Below Alton, Illinois, the Mississippi has remained
free flowing for the entire distance to the Gulf of Mexico. Turbidity in
this portion of the river is much greater than in the upper reaches. This
106
-------
is due, in part, to the high silt load added by the Missouri River; however,
the relatively clear Ohio River tends to dilute these turbid waters below
its confluence with the Mississippi (Pflieger 1971).
Below the confluence of the Missouri River, the current of the Mississippi
increases in velocity and flows over a common substrate of fine sand, gravel
and occasionally rubble. This bottom type remains virtually unchanged from
this point to the Gulf of Mexico except for the silt bottoms of the occasional
backwater areas (Pflieger 1971).
The total water quality of the Mississippi is a consequence of multiple-
use demands of a growing human population, industry, and agriculture. In
Louisiana alone, nearly five-billion gallons per day of river water is
withdrawn for municipal and industrial uses (Everett 1971). The river is also
used as a vehicle for disposal of organic and inorganic wastes. Thermal waste
water from industrial cooling and electric generating plants also has an
effect on the river environment. The suspended solids and soil particles
causing turbidity in the river are in large measure a consequence of the
intensified farming activities which proliferate throughout the watershed.
The spectrum of climate along the Mississippi River varies from the severe
cold winters and short hot summers, which are typical of Minnesota's continental
climate, to the short, mild winters and long hot and humid summers, which
characterize the subtropical environment of Louisiana.
Description of the Temperature Data
Data were collected for 66 locations on the Mississippi River; however,
not all of these stations contained both fish and temperature information.
For the most part these two types of data were collected by separate agencies
who were utilizing the data for their own purposes. For this reason fish
and temperature sampling periods and locations differed extensively
throughout the river system.
The Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee (UMRCC) has documented
fish population changes in the Mississippi above the Ohio River since the
early 1940's. Fishery information available for the stretch of river below
Caruthersville, Missouri, was from commercial catch statistics supplied by the
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS, U.S. Department of Commerce 1972)
and a three year pollution study (U.S. Department of the Interior 1969) in
the lower Mississippi River basin. In addition, the University of Louisiana
supplied notes on the relative abundance and field observations of reproductive
phenomena of fishes in the river near St. Francisville.
The commercial fish records supplied by the NMFS were limited in value
since they grouped similar species such as buffalofish and crappie, and
summarized the location of each catch by state. The summarization of catch
statistics by state created encoding problems such as defining the latitude-
longitude relationship of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) isotherm map
designation and major and minor river basins. The selection of a location
for the fish data added to the confusion of matching temperature stations
107
-------
to this data. Additionally, information on the fish sampling method was
seldom reported by type of sampling gear but rather was reported by all types
of gear used. Out of 243 fish-temperature data sets available by all types
of sampling methods, 185 were in category 14, "combination". A further
complexity in the compilation of catch statistics was that fish counts were
reported in a variety of units such as pounds, percent, number per day,
number per year or number of each species caught.
The reporting of temperature sampling locations was more precise than
the reporting of fishery locations. The location of temperature data was
often given by latitude-longitude coordinates while geographical names (lakes,
rivers, cities, etc.) were used for reporting fish sampling statistics.
However, most temperature monitoring stations on the Mississippi River system
were associated with larger cities and were supplied by the USGS or the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers. These data represented the longest-term records;
whereas, municipal intake water temperatures were, for the most part, sporatic
and not readily available except in summary publications. Limitations to the
temperature data, however, were associated with a lack of correlation to depth
and a lack of uniformity in sampling time. Much of the data on river
temperatures were obtained from the USGS Data Base, and for these data the
type of temperature sampling equipment was not given. There were 145 fish-
temperature data sets out of a total of 221 in which the temperature sampling
equipment is not known.
With such a large mass of information collected on the Mississippi River
and as the true location of some of the data measurements were vague, it was
important to establish a geographical locus, with stations on the river. A
table was developed to list in downstream order, the stations, there locations
and years of record of fish or temperature data. This information was then
annotated on a large map of the Mississippi River showing the locations of
fish and temperature stations where data was collected or known to exist.
Figure 20 is a reduced representation, but does not indicate all stations
from the table or the larger map.
It was apparent from the table and map that some locations contained only
temperature data, others contained only fish data, and in many areas neither
type of data existed in the computer base. Consequently, an additional effort
was made to obtain data in these categories and locations. For example,
neither fish nor temperature data were present above Monticello, Minnesota.
Intensified data collection efforts in this area culminated in three additional
fish data sets and seven additional temperature data sets.
Since the stations should contain complete fish-temperature data sets from
the same location and time period for this study, and since this requirement
could not be achieved for the entire Mississippi River data base, the
philosophy of data collation was altered. Several options were available:
(1) Include only those stations that had complete fish-temperature data sets.
(2) Include all available data and analyze only those stations that were
complete data sets. and (3) Include all available data and manipulate the
temperature data so that all of the fish data would have a matching temperature
set. For this analysis, option three was employed and the following discussion
describes the manipulated method.
108
-------
Figure 20. Mississippi River Basin map.
109
-------
In order to justify the merging of temperature data at one location with
fish data at another location and thereby "create" a fish-temperature station,
visual interpretation of the thermal regimes covering the river system was
needed. Thus a temperature station was selected from each of the seven USGS
isotherm bands which intersect the Mississippi and the average monthly
temperatures for selected years of record were plotted. The stations selected
for review are shown in downstream order by isotherm in Figure 21. The
additional station at St. Louis (isotherm 55-59 F) (12.8-15.0 C) was added to
compare the influence of the Missouri River to temperatures recorded at Alton,
immediately upstream.
As expected, the river warms as it flows southward. The degree of warming
from one location to another, among others, is a function of the climatology,
industrial use of the river, geography and the influence of tributary streams.
Monthly temperatures varied as little as 2 F (1.1 C) between adjacent isotherms
and as much as 10 F (5.6 C) depending on the season of the year and the location.
Additionally, temperatures were more variable between the northern stations
than between southern stations. For example, the average monthly temperatures
in April for Jacobson were from about 34-42 F (1.1-5.5 C), while those at St.
Paul were about 44-51 F (6.7-10.6 C). Differences in the lows and highs
between these stations were 10 and 9 F (5.6 and 5.0 C), respectively; whereas,
the differences in the low and high average monthly temperatures between
Helena and Tarbert Landing for April were only 4 and 1 F (2.2 and 0.6 C),
respectively.
A marked phase shift in temperature occurred between the extreme northern
and southern stations. In comparing records between St. Paul and Tarbert
Landing, temperatures warmed as much as a month earlier at Tarbert Landing
and cooled as much as a month later than at St. Paul. The determination of
the influence of the Missouri and Ohio Rivers on the thermal regime of the
Mississippi was not attempted; however, it was noted that the temperatures
at St. Louis were slightly cooler during the spring and summer months and
slightly warmer during the winter than those at Alton, immediately upstream.
It was concluded that separate temperature-only stations could be merged
with existing fish-only stations with minimum error if they were within the
same USGS isotherm zone. However, due to a paucity of temperature data for
some stretches of the river, this method was not always applied, and in
certain instances, extrapolated temperatures overlapped continguous isotherm
boundaries. To ensure that they retained their identity, original
temperature and fish records were encoded as incomplete data sets as
indicated in Table 30.
Figure 22 represents the means of extreme low and high values of the
average monthly temperatures for each season of the year. This figure gives
a graphical representation of the thermal regime by latitude and by station
on the Mississippi River. The winter season high temperatures can differ as
much as 20 F (11.1 C) between the northern and southern latitudinal limits
of the Mississippi. The abrupt increase in temperature between Jacobson
and St. Paul of 6 F (3.4 C) and then the rapid 4 F (2.2 C) cooling at Dubuque
may be from the high industrial use of the river in the area surrounding
110
-------
JACOBSON, MINNESOTA
ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA
9 0
80
M
§ 70
K
3
w 60
L]
Cd
a;
o
S 5°
u
z
M
§40
EH
£
£ 30
E
W
E-i
20
9 0
80.
f
u
:E
H 70
£
X
£
w 60
u
K
o
0 50
z
M
a: 40
EH
[q
o. 30
s
w
20
SO°-44° ISOTHERM 1967-1972
1 I 1 I 1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1
-
m * _
ğ
- _
_ _
;
I
"
. :
- " * s
-
i i i i i i i i i i i i
JFMAMJJASOND
DUBUQUE, IOWA
50°-54° ISOTHERM 1965-1968
| 1 ! i 1 1 I I 1 1 1 I
* ~
*
*
* *
"
"
8
a
*
-
-
. 5 : :
_ -
-
1 1 i I 1 f 1 t 1 1 1 1
JFMAMJJASOND
9 0
80
M
W
ffi
z 70
w
E
w 60
W
tf
W 50
O
E
H
Ğ 40
3
&
w 30
E
H
EH
20
9 0
80
EH
W
X
w 70
X
On
w 60
W
w
ID
S 50
z
M
" 40
?
w
o. 30
H
20
15°-49° ISOTHERM 1965-1969
1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I 1 "1 T~
_
*
* * -
*
'
o e
_ _
e
Ğ ğ *
:
-
1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 I 1 1 | 1
JFMAMJJASOND
ALTON, ILLINOIS
55°-59° ISOTHERM 1965-1969
i 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1
~ Ğ ğ
a
* 0
- -
- '
*
~ !
~ . I
ğ °
. "
- ~
-
t | | 1 1 i I 1 1 1 1 i
JFMAMJJASOND
Figure 21. Average monthly temperatures for stations on the
Mississippi River for selected years of T
record.
Ill
-------
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE
55"-59° ISOTHERM 1965-1969 60°-64° ISOTHERM 1963-1967
90
80
H
u
a:
H 70
Pi
55
£
w 60
H
W
W
Q 50
2
H
u
OS 40
D
rt!
W
S 30
E
U
tH
20
1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
~
I
^
.
' I -
^
" .
* "~
* * .
^
_ _
. "
* *
-
1 1 1 1 1 1
au
80
M
W
I
W 70
a.
s
b
M 60
W
cd
u
Q 50
z
H
W
rt 40
D
<
W
S 30
u
20
11111 ' \ ' ' ' ' '
: * *
.
* ^
.
m
-
*
*
* _
"
-
i i i i i i i i i i i i
JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
HELENA, ARKANSAS TARBERT LANDING, LOUISIANA
65"-69° ISOTHERM 1966-1971 70°-ABOVE ISOTHERM 1966-1970
90
80
f
H
H
X
H 70
a;
In
w 60
W
K
U
a 50
z
H
u
a 40
^
a:
a 30
20
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1
j :
-
* Ğ
#
*
: :
B
Ğ J
. .
B
" ;
~
-
1 1 i i i 1 i i i i i i
^u
80
M
K
I70
In
w 60
W
W
(J
S 50
2
H
W
Ğ 40
D
Si
o. 30
20
i i i i i i i i i i i i
I j
* ;
:
*
Ğ
.
_ .
B
* ,
"* * ~
.
,
-
-
-
1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND
Fifjurc 21. (continued)
112
-------
TABLE "50. MISSISSIPPI RIVER STATIONS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
e
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
260600
260707
260706
260705
260704
260703
260702
260701
260504
260503
260505
260703
260204
260200
260202
260201
260500
260700
562000
562001
562002
562003
260501
260502
563000
562004
562005
562006
180500
180400
562007
180401
180600
180402
180403
180404
! 6 1 206
180405
180406
1 6 1 200
180407
280500
210400
280401
161205
280402
280403
280404
161201
161207
161202
280600
161203
1 6 1 204
200301
200300
470200
470201
271500
27 1 400
040900
040700
271401
2 1 1 400
210100
210101
p j
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
<
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
<
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
State of Minnesota
Mississippi River at Grand Rapids, W
Mississippi River at Jacobson, MN
Mississippi River at Camp Rlpley, MN
Mississippi River at Royalton, MM
Mississippi River at Sauk Rapids, MM
Mississippi River at St. Cloud, W
Mississippi River at Clearwater, MN
Minn i bi qosh ish to Grand Rapids
Grand Rapids to Brainard
Bralnard to Elk River
Mont ice 1 lo, at River Mile 0.8 from Plant
Montlcel In, at River Mile 1 .0 f rom P lant
.Monticello, at River Mile I.I from Plant
Monticello, at River Mile 1.2 from P lant
Monticel lo, at River Mile 1.5 from plant
Pool 2 - Minneapolis to Hastings, MM
- St. Paul, MN
Pool 3 - Hastings to above Red Wing
Pool 4 - Red Wing to Alma, Wl (Lake Pepln)
Pool 5 - Alma to above Minneiska, MN
Pool 5a- Minneiska to Goodview, MN
Pool 6 - from above Wlnona, MN to Trempea leau , Wl
State of Wisconsin
Pool 7 - Trernpeau leau to above La Crosse
Pool 8 - La Crosse to Genoa
Pool 9 - Genoa to below Lynxville
State of Iowa
Pool 10 - Harpers Ferry to Guttenberg, 1A
Pool " - Guttenburg ro Dubuque
Pool 12 - Oubuque to Bel Ivue
- Cubuque, IA
Pool 13 - Bel Ivue to above Clinton
Pool 14 - CMnton to La Claire
Pool 15 - La Claire to ^avenpor*
- Mol ine, IL
Pool 16 - Rock Island, IL to Muscatlne, IA
Pool 17 - Muscatine to New Boston, IL
Pool 18 - New Boston to above Burlington, !A
Pooi 19 - Burlington to Keokuk
Pool 20 - Keokuk to Canton, MO
Pool 21 - Canton to Qunicy
Ouincy, IL
Pool 22 - Ouincy to Saverton
Pool 24 - near Louisiana, MO
Pool 25 - Louisiana to Winfleld, MO
Pool 26 - Winfleld to Alton, IL
- A Iton, !L
State of 1 1 I inois
- St. Louis, tC
Pool 266- St. Louis to Caruthersv 1 1 le, MO
- Chester, IL
State of Kentucky
- at Hlckman
State of Tennessee
- at Memphis
State of Mississippi
- at Tun led. Ml
State of Arkansas
- dt Helena
- at V Icksburg, Ml
State of Louisiana
- a* Tarbert Landing
- at l.ul Ing
F = years of fish records
F <= 1949-62
T = 1967-72
T = 1967-72
T = 1967-72
T - 1967-72
T = 1953-65
T = 1967-72
T = 1967-71
F = 1961
F = 1965, 1967
F = 1965
F = 1968-70 T = 1968-70
F = 1968-69 t = 1968-70
F = 1963-70 T = 1966-70
F - 1968-70 T = 1968-70
F = 1968-70 ~ = 1968-70
F = 1964
T = 1959-69
F = 1964-70 T = 1939-43
F = 1945, 1962-70
F 1964 70 t 1939 43
F = 1945, 1962-70
F = 1964-70
F = 1945, 1964-70
F = 1949-59
F = 1945, 1962-70
F = 1945, 1962-70
F = 1945, 1964-70
F = 1949-59
F = 1945, 1964-70
F = 1945, 1962-70
F = 1 946, 1950, 1964-70
T = 1957-69
F = 1946-50, 1962-68, 71
F = 1946, 1950, .'964-68.
F = !945, 1950, 1964-68,
T = 1951-60
F = 1945, 1950, 1964-63,
F = 1946-50, 1964-68
F = 1946, 1962-71
F = 1946-50, 1964-68, 19:
r = 1946-62
f - 1044, 1950, !964-68,
F = 1944, 1950, 1964-68,
T = 1951-60
F = 1944, 1950, 1964-68,
F = 1944. 1950, 1964-68,
F = 1944, 1950, 1964-68,
F = 1944, 1950, 1962-68.
T = 1951-60
F = 1949-52
T = 1951-70
F = 1944, 1964-68, 1971
T - 1952, 1960-69
F = 1950, 1954-68
F = I9G6, 1967, 68 r =
F = I95C. !954-59
t - 1956-71
F = 1954-62, 1967
F = 1 966, 1967, 1968
F = 1950
T - | 057-7 i
F = ,'966, 1967, 1968 '
F = 1950, 1964-68
F = 1966-68 T - 1966-71
T = 1959-69 F = 1966-68
T= 1957-70
1971
1971
1971
n
197 1
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
T-I95I-70
1956-71
- 1959-68
113
-------
WINTER (DEC, JAN., FE8)
DUBUQUE ST. LDUIS HELENA
JACOBSON ST. PAUL I ALTON | MEMPHIS |
45°
V1PHIS
40° 35°
NORTH LATITUDE
TARBERT
LANDING
1
30°
20;
15 LU
CC
10 i
5 ce
LU
o I
UJ
SPRING (MAR., APR.. MAY)
80 r
U. 70
geo
I"
UJ
0. 40
30
DUBUOUE ST. LOUIS HELENA
JACOBSON ST. PAUL ALTON] MEMPHIS |
i~ r
45° 40° 35°
NORTH LATITUDE
-|25
TARBERT
LANDING
-r
30°
20 o
UJ
=>
10
SUMMER (JUNE, JULY, AUG.)
DUBUOUE ST LOUIS HELENA
JACOBSON ST.PAUL I ALTONI MEMPHIS]
I I T^
45° 40° 35°
NORTH LATITUDE
TARBERT
LANDING
OL
30°
FALL (SER.OCT., NOV)
80r
U. 7O
CC
60
CC
UJ
CL 40
30
DUBUQLE ST. LOUIS HELENA
JACOBSON ST. PAUL I ALTON MEMPHIS I
1 ' 1 " 1
45° 40° 35°
NORTH LATITUDE
TARBERT
LANDING
25
20 i,
UJ
15 CC
10
cc
Figure 22. Seasonal extreme temperature values for changes in latitude
along the Mississippi River for selected years of record,
1965-1972.
114
-------
St. Paul. Figure 22 represents six (or less) years of accumulated data for
each station, longer-term data would more accurately describe these local
conditions. The temperature during spring on the Mississippi fluctuates
widely between March and May at each stafion. The warming of the river below
St. Louis appears to be more predictable than in the higher latitudes.
Seasonal highs tended to decrease between Jacobson and St. Paul while the
seasonal lows increased. South of St. Paul, lows decreased and are 1 F
(0.6 C) cooler at Dubuque than at Jacobson.
During the summer season, the differences between the highs and lows at
each station are between 9 F (5.0 C) and 14 F (7.8 C). Temperatures increase
5-6 F (2.8-3.4 C) from Jacobson to St. Paul while the temperatures do not
vary more than 1 F (0.6 C) in the three most southern stations.
The fall season temperatures depict the cooling of the rivet as winter
approaches. The cooling in the northern portions of the river is much more
pronounced than in the southern sections and is most likely a result of
latitudinal separation of the two extremes. The seasonal highs in the fall
occur in September while the lows occur in November. During this season
temperature differences between highs and lows at each station varied from
25-34 F (13.9-18.9 C).
In summary, this section of the report has described a method used to both
analyze and synthesize water temperature data in the Mississippi River system.
For the most part, temperature records were added to fish stations when these
data were lacking and if these data were judged as being representative of the
same isotherm. Sample temperature stations from seven USGS isotherm zones
were hand-plotted to determine the thermal profile of the Mississippi River.
Extreme seasonal variations in temperature indicate that the river is as much
as 20 F (11.1 C) cooler in the north during winter and 10 F (5.6 C) cooler
during summer than in the south.
Description of the Fish Data
This section will address the relative abundance and distribution of 35
selected species of fishes that are present in the Mississippi River.
Consideration is given to the distrubution of these fishes in relation to
habitat preferences and other environmental factors where this information
was available.
The complexity of environmental conditions existing in the Mississippi
is reflected in the diversity of the fish fauna, which includes over 120
known species representing 25 families of fish (Nord 1967). For the purpose
of this study, only 50 species were considered for analysis. Of the 50
selected species of fish, 35 of these were found in this river. Table 31
is a composite summary of these fish indicating their abundance as discussed
in the literature and from the computer data base. The occurrence of each
species is noted by an "X" for the appropriate station location on the
Mississippi. Pool 26B, as identified in the table, is that section of the
river from pool 26 south to Caruthersville, Missouri.
115
-------
Sp
003
004
005
013
019
020
021
022
023
025
071
ny-
031
032
034
035
036
037
03Q
039
040
041
042
-043
090
091
103
109
113
1 14
Lake white! Ish
Rainbow trout
Chain pickerel
Northern pike
Muskel lunge
Carp (European)
White sucker
->i,,,-l hut l1--^'1
White bass
Blueglll
Smal Imouth bass
White crappie
Rlack crappie
Ye 1 low perch
Sauger
Redear sunfish
Flathead catfish
Shove 1 nose sturgeon
Lake herring (Cisco)
1944 - 1968
Minnesota
Wisconsin . . Missouri
loxa
1 1 1 Inols jy
£* <£/$ {^A^ y * oV Upper Mississippi River Navigation PMI5 J/ £/ /h £/ jj?/
$ <-y$ y$ cj/c Jy o ^y ,§/ $1 £/ //
X
X XXXXX Common bel
XXX Accidental
X X
XXX XX x XXXXX Based on o
* * XX
X x x x x '
xxx y
X Rare abo e
y
x > X idely dls
*
XXXXXXXX V
XXX XX
xxx
XX XX
XXXXX
XXX 'X xxxxx CV
'
x
X XX Occasional
X X Accidental
*
X Rare
SI ANA
(Nord 1967 and Smith, et al 1971)
ve Pool 11, occasional to Ohio River
Id records; probably does not now occur In this river below Pool 2
trlbuted above Pool 12; less so below
. Pool 12, common below
trlbuted but not common
oughout
ouqhout
trlbuted but not common
hroughout
Pool 17
oughout
mmon above Pool 19
peclally bslc* Missouri River
n below Pool 20 than above
oughout, but particularly abundant below Missouri River
below Pool 24
trlbuted, but not common
to upper river
from Lake Pepln to Ohio River
mdant fish I
-------
Of primary importance is the influence of water temperature on the
distribution of selected fishes in the Mississippi. For many species, water
temperature has been identified by field and laboratory research as a
limiting factor in distribution and abundance in river systems. Other factors
correlated with species distribution include river morphology, pollution,
interspecific competition, food habits, spawning preferences, climate,
man-made changes in local habitats, and seasonal migrations.
Environmental factors, for the most part, are not independent variables
and where the patterns of variation for two or more factors are correlated, it
is not easy to demonstrate that any one factor is dominant in controlling the
distribution of a given species. Many of the no re obvious physical and
biological factors have been studied in hopes of gaining more understanding
on how they interact with specific fish; however, it should be remembered
that in some instances more subtle and less readily observed factors may be
of greater importance (Pflieger 1971).
One of the principal factors associated with the changes in fish species
in the Mississippi River is man's alteration of the aquatic environment.
Carlander (1954) reported that construction of dams along the river have
become barriers to upstream migration of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula),
American eel (Anguilla rostrata), buffalofishes, skipjack, Ohio shad (Alosa
ohienais), and freshwater drum (Apolodinotus grunniens). In addition,
spawning grounds have been destroyed for species such as the skipjack, Ohio
shad and blue sucker (Cycleptus elongatus). On the other hand, such
impoundments may have produced a favorable habitat for species such as the
largemouth bass, channel catfish, white crappie (Pomoxis annularis), black
crappie (Pomoxis nigromoculatus) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) that are
characteristically associated with lentic habitats. Other factors such as
leveeing of river banks, destruction of habitats through efforts to maintain
a navigation channel and siltation caused from deforestation have contributed
to the changes in the numbers and distribution of fish (Smith et al. 1971).
The man-made changes and modifications in the upper Mississippi River
above Alton have changed the current velocity, turbidity and bottom type.
Prior to man's development of the Mississippi for navigation, the river
consisted of a series of relatively deep pools separated by shallow bars,
rapids, and a fluctuating water level. Impoundment has brought an increase
in the permanent water area, and a decrease in current and water level
fluctuation. The reduction in the river current has been accompanied by
a corresponding reduction in turbidity, although this could be offset by
increased erosion. With the precipitation of silt, sand, gravel and rubble,
the river bottom is covered and thus tends to limit the area of suitable
spawning habitat that certain species of aquatic life require. Carlander
(1954) concluded that due to the paucity of information in early fish
collections prior to man's activities on the Mississippi River, it is
difficult to assess the full impact of many of these changes.
DISTRIBUTION AND TEMPERATURE REGIMES FOR CHANNEL CATFISH
The distribution of channel catfish, as included in the data base, is
given in Table 32 for streams and rivers. Figure 23 is a graphic presentation
of this data.
117
-------
TABLE 32. THE NUMBER OF FISlI-TEJrPERATURE DATA SETS FOR CHANNEL CATFISH
IN STREAMS AND RIVERS 3Y MAJOR Mb MINOR RIVER BASIN AND STATION CODE
00
River basin codes
-i
j
Major Minor Station
2
3
410105
14
230900
3
1
361000
361001
31
110200
42
270600
270700
270800
270801
271201
43
271100
4
6
470401
470403
7
470800
8
470700
Total number of
fish-temperature
data sets
5
1
1
4
4
9
2
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
23
10
5
5
5
5
8
5
River basin codes
Major Minor Station
470500
7
4
260500
5
260101
260102
260103
260104
7
562001
562003
562004
562007
10
180402
17
161200
161201
18
280500
9
9
300100
11
191200
12
Total number of
ish-temperature
data sets
2
35
1
1
11
3
3
3
2
9
3
2
2
2
3
3
4
1
3
7
7
8
4
4
1
1
3
(continued)
-------
TABLE 32. (continued)
Kiver basin codes
Major Minor Station
470701
5
14
200800
20
40601
280100
280101
280102
6
200300
271400
11
270300
270400
270401
16
390700
390701
19
210200
20
210600
21
210100
210101
11
2
340100
6
490100
ioLaj_ numoer or
fish- temperature
data sets
3
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
5
3
2
5
1
1
3
3
2
1
2
2
1
I
5
3
2
8
1
1
7
4
River basin codes
J
Major Minor Station
12
300300
300400
10
5
40600
490101
12
1
210800
210801
210802
210803
210804
210805
210807
210808
210814
5
482200
482202
482204
7
480800
480900
13
8
540105
10
540101
540102
540104
lotai number or
rish- temperature
data sets
2
1
29
8
3
3
15
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
r
i
i
3
1
1
1
3
2
1
39
8
8
31
9
9
13
-------
NJ
O
_u? ^ The United States of America , , Ğ
01
P^
cn
or
i
en
en t
a a
A O
or
.
en 3:
uu en
01 ro
Figure 23. Location and number of stream river stations where channel catfish were present.
-------
To describe the temperature regimes inhabited by channel catfish, we
selected only stream and river stations which are more isothermal (i.e., the
temperature is not stratified with depth) than lakes or reservoirs. The
spatial and temporal presence of channel catfish in these water bodies
suggest that all life phases tolerate the upper and lower temperature
extremes found during different seasons. We assume that temperatures are
adequate to permit reproduction, embryo and larval development, growth,
and maturation at appropriate times during the annual temperature cycle.
Accepting these assumptions we obtained a computer printout of all temperature
records where channel catfish were present in stream and river stations,
and examined the data for accuracy and completeness. Several computer
options are available for further description of the seasonal temperature
regimes where channel catfish were present. (See Figures 3, 4, and 8 etc.)
Temperature records obtained over the geographical range of a species
should theoretically approximate their thermal tolerance limits for all
life functions. A statistical summary of the temperature envelope was
desired to collate to thermal requirements established in laboratory bioassays.
Therefore weekly mean temperatures from all stations (years) where channel
catfish were present were summarized by the cummulative frequency of
occurrence of the temperatures in the data base (to perform this analyses,
computer programs STWKLY, CFT, FTT, WKTTAB, WKPCT1 and WKPCT2, outlined
in Table 3, and discussed in Section 4 were used). The seasonal temperature
regime to which channel catfish were most frequently reported in the data
base is described by a seasonal envelope bound by the 5, 50, and 95
cummulative percentile of occurrence of weekly mean temperatures in the
data base. The temperatures between the 5 and 95 cummulative percentile
values indicate that ninety percent of the channel catfish found in rivers
and streams included in the data base are found within this range. The
output from program WKPCT2 for channel catfish is hand plotted in Figure 24.
Of all weekly mean temperature values in the data base in the stream-river
category where channel catfish were present, only 5 percent were higher
than the upper envelope and 5 percent were lower than the lower envelope.
The weekly mean temperatures were below 10 C for 12 weeks and not above
30 C during the two warmest weeks of summer in the upper envelope (95
percentile). In the lower envelope (5 percentile), the weekly mean
temperature where channel catfish were present was below 10 C for 29 weeks
and reached a high of 18 C during the two warmest weeks in summer.
The biological significance of this thermal regime will be discussed in
Volume III entitled "Analysis of Thermal Criteria and Temperature Regimes
Supporting Stream Fish Populations". Also in Volume III, thermal criteria
based largely on laboratory derived requirements are discussed in
connection with natural temperature regimes supporting populations of
thirty species of freshwater fish. The location and number of stations
where each species were present in the data base are plotted on maps of
the United States that reflect their geographic distribution.
121
-------
40
35
30
O 25
UJ
CC
20
LoJ
Q_
UJ 15
10
TIME (months)
M A M J J A
0 N
D
CHANNEL CATFISH
- 100
o1
TIME (weeks)
Figure 24. Seasonal temperature envelope by percentage occurrence for channel catfish.
-------
SECTION 7
DATA LIMITATIONS
The purpose of this section is to describe some of the major limitations
of the data that have been incorporated in the fish-temperature data base.
This discussion is considered essential as experience has shown that the more
cognizant that potential users are of the inherent strengths and weaknesses
of the basic data, the less likely they are to apply analytical techniques
which are inappropriate. Hopefully, through this knowledge, users of the
data base will be able to maximize the utility and effectiveness of the
derived results.
It should be pointed out that many of the limitations of the data
compiled were anticipated and had previously been identified as being a
subject that would have to be dealt with in realistic terms.
Throughout the following discussion it should be borne in mind that the
two major reasons for the limitations placed on the study data base are: (1)
the great variability of methods that were used to obtain and summarize the
basic temperature and fish data and, (2) that these data were never originally
collected with the present study objectives in mind.
TEMPERATURE DATA
The major sources and types of stream, lake, and reservoir temperature
data available were described. As noted, the frequency of these observations
range from daily to annual. Additionally, the distribution of these data in
both space and time can vary on a regular or random basis depending on the
nature of the sampling program. To further complicate the situation, the
methods used to obtain the temperature data are nonstandardized and the
instrumentation consists of hand-held thermometers, maximum-minimum recording
thermometers, continuous recording thermographs, and various types of electronic
temperature systems for obtaining vertical thermal profiles of streams, lakes,
and reservoirs.
Although all of the foregoing have posed special data collation and
processing problems, the most serious limitations of the available temperature
data have been the subject of accuracy, or more correctly, the inaccuracy of
observations, and the non-standardized computational methods used by various
organizations and individuals to present the data in terms of observed ranges,
averages, etc.
To avoid confusion in the remaining discussion, the accuracy of a
measurement is defined as the ratio of the error of the indicated value to
123
-------
the true value or absolute value, e.g. (indicated value-true value)/true value.
In determining the accuracy of an observation, one attempts to eliminate any
biases due to operational deviations in the instruments themselves, the
observer, or external environmental conditions.
A review of the literature on water temperature data collected revealed
that although the situation regarding the uncertainty of the accuracy of the
data is generally acknowledged, very few investigators have attempted to
analyze the problem to ensure that the compiled data were expressed in a
meaningful form and to assist in the appraisal and use of these data. This
is especially true for the various temperature data compilations prepared by
several states in cooperation with the USGS (Appendix E) and from data
obtained from numerous diverse sources. Significant exceptions to the
foregoing are found in the publications by Moore (1963, 1964, and 1967);
Smith (1962); and Jaske and Synoground (1970). A brief review of various
aspects of these papers pertinent to this study follows.
Moore (1963, 1967) reviewed the accuracy of the temperature records
compiled for Oregon streams (Moore 1964) primarily in terms of the
instruments and methods used by the USGS to obtain their data. He concluded
that USGS thermographs, having a rated accuracy of +;!.! C (+2 F), respectively,
can be considered accurate to +0-5 C (+1 F). This is based on the fact that
the USGS hand thermometers used to check the thermographs and obtain spot
observations at other locations were graduated in one degree increments
which permitted observational errors of one-half of the smallest graduation,
or +0.3 C (+0.5 F). Moore (1967) also stated that with respect to USGS
data, "Experience in Oregon has shown that thermomgraph and hand-thermometer
observations agree within 0.6 C (1 F) about 80 percent of the time, and
within 1.1 C (2 F) about 95 percent of the time". However, he cautioned
that unless the thermograph station is carefully sited and periodically
checked and adjusted on the basis of hand thermometer observations, the
resulting thermograph data can be as much as 1.7 C (3 F) in error. Moore
recommended that in order to reduce these errors the stream temperature
should be measured by reading the thermometer while it is immersed in
moving water near the end of the inlet pipe containing the temperature
probe. He did not, however, discuss the possible errors that could be
introduced by paralax from reading the thermometer in this fashion. With
regard to proper siting of the thermograph or spot observation stations,
Moore stressed the need for obtaining vertical temperature profile^ across
the stream to ensure that the water temperature at the point of observation
was representative of the average of all of the observations obtained
across the width of the stream.
The validity of following this procedure was pointed out in the case
where 38 of 40 USGS thermograph stations in Oregon were found to be within
0.7 C (1.25 F) of the average for the cross-section and for 29 stations
within 0.3 C (0.5 F). At all of these stations, care was taken to ensure
that the temperature sensor was submerged in moving water at all times.
Jaske and Synoground (1970), from their investigations of the effects of
the Hanford Plant operations on the temperature of the Columbia River, also
124
-------
showed the value of properly siting and maintaining thermograph stations in
order ". . . to assure that the resulting numerical information and derived
judgments represent an objective assessment of the events which have taken
place". Data obtained by them from six thermographs of the same manufacturer
were checked weekly with an Atkins RTD thermometer having & certified accuracy
of +0.01 C (+_0.018 F) . The resulting accuracy of the data from the thermograph
stations varied between 0.75 C to 0.25 C (1.35 to 0.45 F) .
In discussing the feasibility of utilizing spot observations obtained with
hand-held thermometers from streams in the Columbia River Basin (Oregon,
Washington, Montana, Idaho), for the purpose of computing daily mean water
temperatures, Sylvester (1958) concluded that because of the effects of diel
heating and cooling of the water temperature at any given location, "no
particular hour can be established for a given stream at such time the water
temperature will be representative of the daily average temperature". However,
both Sylvester (1958) and Moore (1967) agreed that for streams in the Columbia
River Basin having a normal diel temperature fluctuation, routine twice daily,
spot observations obtained at 7 a.m. and 5 p.m., or 8 a.m. and 4 p.m., gave
a good approximation of the maximum, minimum, and mean stream temperature.
Specifically, Sylvester found that the daily average of the spot
observations taken at 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. x^re within about +_!.! C (+2 F) of
the daily average temperature computed from hourly readings at six selected
thermograph sites in the Columbia River Basin. Moore (1967) summarized the
results of previous attempts at deriving daily mean water temperatures from
regular spot temperature observations in other regions of the United States
as follows:
"Meyer (1928, p. 21-22) found that when twice-daily spot observations
of water temperature are used, an average of those obtained at 9 a.m.
and 9 p.m. give the best estimate of the daily mean water temperature.
D. Q. Matejka (oral communication, 1951), in discussing Nebraska streams,
concluded that two or three daily temperature observations morning
and evening or morning, noon, and night best define the daily mean
water temperature. He further concluded that observations at 8 a.m.
and 4 p.m. are the most practical and, when averaged, define a
temperature that is within 2 percent of the true mean. W. A. James
(oral communication, 1951) tested 10 different methods for computing
daily mean water temperature of New Mexico streams and concluded that
averaging the maximums and minimums for each day produced sufficiently
accurate results, with a probable error of 0.57 F."
Smith (1962) also examined the relative dependability of average daily
temperatures derived from the daily maximum-minimum temperatures as read
from thermograph charts with single spot observations taken daily on two
streams tributary to the south shore of Lake Superior during the period
from- 1958-1960. The time of day at which the hand thermometer readings
were taken varied randomly. He found that 10-11-day averages of the two
types of data yielded averages that never differed more than +_2.2 C (+_4 F)
and usually disagreed by less than +1.1 C (+2 F). In discussing the results
he stated that:
125
-------
"These disagreements become even less consequential when the
limitations of the two methods are considered. Thermograph charts
were calibrated in 2° graduations, and the width of the pen line
was usually 1° or more. The accuracy of interpretation was probably
no closer than 1° or 2°. Furthermore, the precision of these
instruments displayed a tendency to vary under field operating
conditions. Although the instruments were adjusted frequently,
their readings undoubtedly were in error by several degrees at times."
"Pocket thermometers, also, were calibrated in 2° graduations and
hence could not be read closer than the nearest ° F. The instruments
used were very accurate within their limitations and did not vary
in precision. The principal disadvantage of a single reading in
computing averages is that it usually does not represent the true
mean for the day. Apparently, these variations tend to equalize
when used in computation of averages."
The last statement should be taken with caution because in essence what
it says is that although the thermograph data are suspected to be in error
by several degrees, the 10-11 day averages of the spot observations agree
within a few degrees of these erroneous data and, therefore, neither set of
data give a real indication of the true average stream temperature.
Water temperature data collected by the USGS and other collecting
agencies are tabulated and summarized in a variety of ways. The USGS data
are arranged in water-year form which begins October 1 and ends September 30
of the following year. Because the average of daily maximum and minimum
water temperatures provides a close estimate of the daily mean, the USGS
usually publishes only the observed maximums and minimums for each day and
the monthly averages of these values for the thermograph records appearing
in their annual streamflow reports. In some cases, if thermograph or spot
temperature data were obtained prior to and after the construction of a
reservoir immediately upstream, means and extremes are presented for both
periods to show the effects of the impoundment.
It should be pointed out that depending on the local method used, the
maximum and minimum temperatures obtained from the thermograph records can
be either a mean of the observed values in each category or the absolute
highest and lowest temperature values (extremes) observed during ihe day.
Unfortunately, documentation describing the actual reporting methods employed
by the various reporting agencies are, in most cases, insufficient to
evaluate this problem.
Spot temperature observations are usually reported as single daily
observations or as monthly arithmetic means without additional reference
to the number of samples in these means. Also, the time at which spot
observations are obtained may not be given. Maximum and minimum temperature
data obtained may not be given. Maximum and minimum temperature data
obtained with field thermometers are reported in a manner similar to the
observed thermograph maximum-minimum observations, but depending on the
local policy, spot observations and thermograph data may not be reported if
the total observations are less than 80 percent complete for any given month
(Goines 1967).
126
-------
The utilization of the temperature data compiled during this study for
the purpose of producing composite annual temperature profiles and cumulative
frequency plots for cases where each of the 50 selected fish species were
present was accomplished by generating and accumulating daily, weekly and
monthly temperatures from all the various stations and years. In addition to
other factors such as those already discussed, a special problem encountered
during this process was the evaluation of stations' data representing short-
term data series which tend to bias the results of analyses from stations
with long-term records. The consideration here is, of course, whether the
long-term data more accurately estimates the actual environment and if so,
should a weighting algorithm be applied to the short-term data to derive a
stochastic composite.
An additional consideration independent of the quantitative character of
different data sets is the geographic nature of the observed data. For
instance, in comparing the years of record of different stations, it is
necessary to also select stations which reflect similar environmental effects.
Thus, the variance or standard deviation statistics from stations in similar
geographical areas (same population) might infer differences in length of
record and recording accuracy; whereas, these same statistics from stations
in independent (mutually exclusive) geographical areas would simply reflect
seasonal and geophysical differences.
From the foregoing discussion, it is clear that the need exists for the
establishment of uniform standards of accuracy for stream, reservoir, and
lake temperature measurements. Jaske and Synoground (1970) have succintly
summarized this problem in terms of national requirements as follows: ". . .
the art of stream temperature management will come of age only when an accepted
standard of accuracy and sampling frequency is established for all serious
researchers, river users and enforcement personnel to have a common basis in
discussion of thermal modification of water quality".
FISH DATA
As in the case of the temperature observations, the major limitations
of the basic historical fish data collated during this study stems from two
main sources. The first is the inherent selectivity in fisheries sampling
gear and the second is the lack of a standardized methodology to document
the resulting information. The above weaknesses have caused considerable
effort to be expended by the study team in terms of qualifying the fisheries
information prior to encoding them for computer processing.
Even a cursory review of the literature substantiates that all types of
fish sampling gear are more or less selective for certain species, age groups,
and size of fish. Moreover, gear performance can vary according to habitat
type, weather, chemical and physical properties of the water, and other
variables such as time of day and season in which the sampling program occurs.
For instance, Krumholz et al. (1962), in sampling the Ohio River with a
variety of gear, reported that, "... the size of the mesh in hoopnets,
trammel nets, and gill nets will restrict the size of fish that can be taken
with those nets. With the otter trawl, the size is restricted by the movement
of the boat and the movement of the net across the bottom and also by the sizes
of the meshes in the net".
127
-------
Bonn (1966), in sampling reservoir populations, concluded that the
effectiveness of the trawl as a method of collection is limited by the
physical condition of the water and the areas where it can be used.
Specifically, the sampling area should be free of obstacles and submerged
vegetation. Bonn indicated that the best catches occurred in murky or
turbid water, simply because in clear water the fish were able to see the
trawl and take evasive action.
Rotenone is generally conceded by fishery biologists to be the least
selective sampling method; however, as reported by Binns (1967) and Krumholz
et al. (1962), some species, such as bullheads, are much more resistant to
this chemical than other species. Factors such as anatomical differences
among fish species also place limitations on the effective use of rotenone
in sampling fish populations for species abundance. For example, some fish
species (i.e., darters), which do not have air bladders, will sink to the
bottom if not picked up immediately.
One of the problems encountered by biologists in sampling fish populations
is determining the dimenisons of an area that must be sampled in order to
adequately reflect the actual species composition and abundance. Also, as
pointed out by Burns (1966), the number of samples required from a given area
to adequately describe the fish population within prescribed statistical
limits is critical. Too few or too many samples can lead to erroneous
interpretation of the data and therefore make the entire sampling effort
meaningless. This situation has been underscored by the work of Krumholz
et al. (1962) who showed that because of both the diversity of the collecting
methods and the relatively small number of samples, the data collected from
various types of gear other than rotenone could not be used to draw any
definitive conclusions regarding the relative abundance and distribution
of fishes throughout the Ohio River. Furthermore, they found that the great
differences noted in the composition of the fish fauna were directly
attributable to the limitations of the gear.
The lack of uniform fish data reporting procedures is generally well
recognized by workers in this field and was anticipated by the study staff,
since each fishery researcher usually samples a population with a particular
goal in mind. Consequently, the results obtained and reported vary according
to specific management and research objectives. For instance, if a researcher
is studying the life history of a particular species, he may capture a number
of other fish species but will not document them in his report. Jn another
case, a biologist will include a list of fish species present in the water
body he has sampled but will document the quantities of only those that are
of commercial or sport value. Also, as pointed out previously, the reason
that only certain species are documented in a report can be attributed to the
selectivity of the sampling gear used. To further complicate the problem,
routine reporting procedures, established within individual agencies, can
often vary from time to time as the result of administrative or personnel
changes.
Another problem encountered during the study was the definition of fish
abundance, which Walburg (1969) defines as being proportional to catch
divided by total effort if sampling is random and it is known that the fish
128
-------
are randomly distributed. However, because of the lack of knowledge on fish
behavior and nonuniform environment these requirements are seldom attained.
Consequently, the problem of documenting relative abundance of fish
populations relies on the judgment of the individual investigator. For
example, in studying the distribution of fishes in the Green River, Utah, after
closure of Flaming Gorge Dam, Vanicek et al. (1970) arbitrarily classified
relative abundance of each species as "rare", "uncommon", and "abundant",
based on total numbers captured. Krumholz et al. (1962), in defining the
relative abundance of fishes in the Ohio River, considered three separate
ways in which this could be accomplished, namely: "(1) by the number of
individuals of each species, (2) by the total weight of the individuals of
each species, and (3) by the numbers and weights for each species taken each
year". A comparison of the first two methods yielded differing species
abundance. In the same study, the authors also tried to assess relative
abundance by the frequency with which each species occurred in all collections.
Their results showed that although the number of collections in which a species
of fish was taken was not necessarily an indication of its relative abundance,
it was a valuable aid in determining the ease of capture by a variety of
methods.
The foregoing lack of standardized methods of equating fish abundance
and the difficulty in correlating varied units of catch per unit of effort
resulted in a computer storage category for this study called, "fish count".
This is the sump into which all quantifying estimators of fish populations
are stored.
It is apparent then, that any statistical inferences made from such
numerics need to be cautious and qualified, and conclusions based on these
will be superficial. In order to correct this frailty in the collected data,
a correlation analysis would have to be performed to determine weighting
factors or summing techniques which would yield meaningful fishery statistics.
In spite of the foregoing limitations of the data, the user of the fish-
temperature data base can avoid or at least identify some of the statistical
weaknesses of these data by proper use of the analytic capability built into
the existing computer programs. These programs are modular in construction
and facilitate the step-by-step evaluation of the data in the generation of
a final composite temperature profile or a distributional plot of fish species
through time. For instance, the "ALLPOSS" program presents the types of data
available at each station location. After screening the stations for types
of data, the program can be used to determine how much (frequency of
occurrence) of the data is available at each station.
Program "STWKLY" calculates station temperature distributions on a weekly
basis (using daily and weekly data) and lists all of the fish species sampled
at the station for selected calendar periods of interest. At this point, the
user has much of the information needed to select those stations for further
analysis that assure a high correlation of dependent variables (fish and
temperature statistics). If desired, the output of the programs STUDY1 and
STWKLY can be plotted to assist visualization of the data before proceeding
with composite or summary graphics which are described in this report.
129
-------
Also at this point, additional reference information from the special events
coding series and the fish-temperature documents catalogued for each station
will also allow additional flexibility to the user in analyzing questionable
results from the data base.
CRITIQUE
A number of generalizations can be drawn from this study about data
quality, the state of the environment, and fish populations being sampled,
and the way in which the fishery biology research and management community
performed its work. The fish population data were generally poor and highly
selective in all areas studied. Atlantic coast states had the poorest
documentary record, followed by the Lower Mississippi Valley and Great Plains
states. The best fish population data were found in the Far West and Great
Lakes regions. Few states have Conservation or Fish and Game Departments or
Commissions that maintain adequate programs to monitor changes in fish
populations on a regular basis; many states have no organized programs at
all. Federal government agency laboratories and field station reports
varied widely, reflecting the interests and prerogatives of the local
directors.
Virtually all environments accounted for in this study reflect the impact
of man's activities on environmental quality to some degree ranging from
moderate to severe. Engineering works such as dams, reservoirs, water
diversions, navigation locks, stream channelization, highway construction,
power plants, industrial plants, and wastewater treatment plants have all had
major impacts on water flow characteristics, water volume, water quality,
and habitat quality. No major fresh water resources remain that are
relatively undisturbed; those that do are now impacted very heavily by the
recreation and sport angling communities, and fish population structure is
being altered either by design or circumstance, or both. There is no
adequate pre-exploitation and development fish population reference baseline
anywhere in the lower 48 states.
The quality of work performed by the fishery research and management
community reveals major deficiencies on a national level. A general guild/
craft philosophy prevails which allows the research and management community
nearly unrestricted latitude in the way field work is performed, and in the
manner in which data are collected, summarized, and reported. As a whole the
community is a poor chronicle, the records reveal no basic standards for
collection of fish population samples or their analysis; and such collections
that do exist lack one or more of the essential categories of information on
species identity, length-frequency distribution, sex ratios, reproductive
information including spawning data, age and growth data, and indices of
species diversity. In short, the study team found the entire biological data
record so deficient that few coherent records could be found that would
permit the kind of thorough analysis and interpretation of changes that the
state of the general science now permits. There were simply too many voids
in the data base.
130
-------
Physical measurements of water temperature varied widely. The
instrumentation used consisted of hand-held thermometers (both mercury
and alcohol-filled), maximum-minimum recording thermometers, continuous
recording thermographs (some with capillary-tube temperature sensing elements);
and mechanical bath thermographs and electronic temperature instruments for
obtaining vertical profiles of streams, lakes, and reservoirs. The accuracy
of such diverse equipment varied significantly, and systematic measurement
errors could not be accounted for, because the majority of equipment used
was uncalibrated. Few agencies and individuals took steps to assess the
accuracy of water temperature measurements; the USGS and the Hanford,
Washington facility of the Energy Resources Development Agency (now Department
of Energy) are notable exceptions. In addition, the biological community
revealed a widespread lack of awareness of the significant diurnal range of
temperature that can be observed on a given summer day under low-flow conditions.
Too few fish population sampling records contained more than one "spot"
measurement, and too often, the time of day that the measurement was taken
was not logged.
Biological and fisheries data deficiencies stem from two major sources:
(1) the inherent selectivity of the fish sampling gear used, and (2) the
absence of a standard methodology to record, summarize, and report the
information. Gear selectivity is directly related to the size range of
the species being sampled, and whether the species are predators, filter-
feeders, open water, or bottom dwellers. Other variations are caused by
habitat conditions including prevailing weather, chemical and physical
properties of the water, and changes in these conditions with seasons of
the year. The wide array of sampling equipment used in the United States
is indicative of the complexity and difficulty of the problem.
Chemical sampling techniques using rotenone or other materials were
recognized by many workers to be inadequate and highly selective of certain
species. In particular, recovery of animals for censusing purposes was a
major limitation. Total population census methods were not used in most
regions, and generally were employed in small streams or ponds where water
removal was practical. In general, confusion exists as to the comparability
of census data collected by various kinds of gear. Insufficient work has
been done to permit intercomparisons on a large scale.
Uniform fishery data reporting procedures are needed. Because of the
great diversity of sampling gear and techniques used, knowledgeable fishery
workers have attempted to deal with the problem by deriving statistics into
manageable numerical units. Eighteen major classes of derived statistics
were encountered in this study. Frequently, although resident fish populations
were sampled, the reports summarized only the information pertinent to the
one or two species that were the object of the study.
A major problem that appeared frequently dealt with assessments of relative
abundance. In almost all cases, the assessment was judgemental, because the
fishery worker could not assume his sampling techniques for the species could
meet the basic assumptions of randomness. Few workers consequently have gone
beyond making a simple estimate such as "rare", "common", or "abundant".
131
-------
Water quality measurements were seldom taken at the time of population
censuses although some measurements of oxygen levels, pH, and total alkalinity
were recorded routinely by the more careful observers. Inasmuch as these
measurements heretofore have required traditional "wet-chemistry" treatment
and analysis in the laboratory after collection, these data have been
overlooked because of their relative high cost and inconvenience. Nevertheless,
advent of new sensor technology promises early release frdm these former
constraints. The need to know water quality conditions at the time of sampling
has become of great importance in proper assessment of census information.
As noted earlier, no practical standards exist for the taking and
recording of essential information on fish populations in individual habitats.
Likewise, no standards exist for the orderly analysis and reportings of
findings. The establishment of the Denver Public Library Reference Service
in 1965 reflects an attempt to fill this need by bringing together all Federal
Aid Reports and other unpublished information. Whether or not selected
portions of a particular study are approved for publication in a refereed
journal or other publication medium, there remains the need to provide the
original observational record to state and federal agencies for other purposes.
This study revealed a multiplicity of federal, state, and regional
agencies having an interest in water resources, fisheries, and recreation.
A substantial number of federal programs are involved, either directly or
indirectly as bureaus under two departments (Interior, Commerce) and as
independent agencies (Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Energy Resources Development Agency (now Department of Energy),
Tennessee Valley Authority). The need to coordinate these activities and
to reduce overlap and duplication of effort is obvious.
Coordination of programs at the national level should provide inducement
for similar coordination at the state, regional, and local levels. River
basin commissions, conservation agencies, water quality control agencies, and
utility districts should pool their resources and information to provide
better programs in the public interest. Participation of academic institutions
and professional organizations should be invited and encouraged at all levels.
The value of baseline measurements (i.e., a series of standardized
measurements made periodically through a length time interval) in demonstrating
secular trends in fish populations, water, and habitat quality is emphasized
in this study. Moreover, the critical impact of data voids, brol^n
observational series, major changes in techniques all complicate after-the-
fact analyses by individuals not involved in the original work. Routine
publication of data without analytical interpretations and judgments based
on factors associated with collection of these original data constitutes
insufficient treatment by the worker. Lastly, failure to compile and analyze
the data at periodic intervals prevents full utilization of the information
at hand when long-term comparisons are needed.
132
-------
REFERENCES
American Society of Civil Engineers. 1967. Bibliography on thermal
pollution. J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. Proc. 93(SA3): 85-113.
Barnickol, G. and W. C. Starrett. 1951. Commercial and sport fishes of the
Mississippi River between Caruthersville, Missouri and Dubuque, Iowa.
111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 25: 349 p.
Becker, C. D. 1970. Temperature, timing and seaward migration of juvenile
chinook salmon from the central Columbia River. Res. Dev. Rep.
BNWL-1472, US-48, Atomic Energy Comm., Battelle Memorial Institute,
Pacific Northwest Laboratories. 21 p.
Becker, C. D., and C. C. Coutant. 1970. Experimental drifts of juvenile
salmonids through effluent discharges at Hanford. Part 1, 1968 drifts.
Res. Dev. Rep. BNWL-1499, UC-48, Atomic Energy Comm., Battelle Memorial
Institute, Pacific Northwest Laboratories. 35 p.
Binns, N. A. 1967. Effects of rotonene treatment on the fauna of the Green
River, Wyoming. Wyo. Game Fish Comm., Fish. Res. Bull. No. 1: 114 p.
Cheyenne, Wyom.
Bonn, E. W. 1966. Use of a trawl for sampling freshwater impoundment in Texas.
22: 354-361. In Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Game Fish Comm.
Brett, J. R. 1960. Thermal requirements of fish - three decades of study,
1940-70. p. 110-117. In C. M, Tarzwell [ed.] Biological problems in
water pollution, second seminar 1959. Rep. W60-3, U.S. Public Health
Serv. Tech. Robert A. Taft Sanit. Eng. Cen., Cincinnati, Ohio.
Brown, H. W. 1974. Handbook of the effects of temperature on some North
American fishes. American Electric Power Service Corporation,
Environmental Engineering Division, Canton, Ohio.
Burns, J. W. 1966. How big a sample. Section 20. p. 57-59. In A. Calhoun
[ed.] Inland fisheries management. Calif. Dep. Fish Game.
Carlander, H. B. 1954. A history of fish and fishing in the Upper Mississippi
River. A Publication Sponsored by the Upper Mississippi River Conservation
Committee.
Coutant, C. C. 1968. Thermal pollution - biological effects: a review of the
literature of 1967. J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 40: 1047-1052.
133
-------
Coutant, C. C. 1969. Thermal pollution - biological effects: a review of the
literature of 1968. J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 41: 1036-1053.
Coutant, C. C. 1970. Thermal pollution - biological effects: a review of the
literature of 1969. J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 42: 1025-1057-
Coutant, C. C. 1971. Thermal pollution - biological effects: a review of the
literature of 1970. J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 43: 1292-1334.
Coutant, C. C., and C. P. Goodyear. 1972. Water pollution - thermal pollution:
a review of the literature of 1971. J. Water. Pollut. Contr. Fed. 44:
1250-1294.
Coutant, C. C., and H. A. Pfuderer. 1973. Thermal effects: a review of the
literature of 1973. J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 45: 1331-1369.
Coutant, C. C., and H. A. Pfuderer. 1974. Thermal effects: a review of the
literature of 1974. J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 46: 1476-1540.
Coutant C. C., and S. S. Talmage. 1975. Thermal effects. J. Water Pollut.
Contr. Fed. 47: 1656-1704.
Coutant, C. C., and S. S. Talmage. 1976. Thermal effects. J. Water Pollut.
Contr. Fed. 48^ 1486-1544.
Coutant, C. C., and S. S. Talmage. 1977. Thermal effects. J. Water Pollut.
Contr. Fed. 49: 1369-1425.
Everett, D. E. 1971. Hydrologic and quality characteristics of the lower
Mississippi River. Tech. Rep. No. 5. Published by Louisiana Department
of Public Works in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey.
Fulton, L. A. 1968. Spawning areas and abundance of chinook salmon (Oncor-
hynchus tshawytscha) in the Columbia River basin - past and present.
Spec. Sci. Rep, No. 571, U.S. Dep. Inter. Fish Wildl. Serv. 26 p.
Card, R., and G. A. Flittner. 1978. A ten-year study of distribution and
abundance of fishes in Sagehen Creek, California. (unpublished manuscript).
Goines, W. H. 1967. Temperature of Texas streams. Texas Water Development
Board. Austin, Texas. Rep. 65: 232 p.
Green, R. S. 1964. The storage and retrieval of data for water quality control.
U.S. Dep. Inter., Fed. Water Pollu. Control Adm., Washington, D.C. 36 p.
Jaske, R. T., and M. 0. Synoground. 1970. Effect of Hanford plant operations
on the temperature of the Columbia River, 1964 to present. BNWL-1345,
UC-70, Atomic Energy Comm., Battelle Memorial Institute, Pacific
Northwest Laboratories.
134
-------
Johnson, M. W. 1968. A fisheries survey of the Mississippi River, Grand
Rapids to Brainerd, Minnesota. 1965-67. Spec. Publ. No. 61, Federal
Aid Project. FW-1-4-13. Minn. Dep. Conserv.
Kennedy, U. S., and J. A. Mihursky. 1967. Bibliography on the effects of
temperature in the aquatic environment. Univ. MD Nat. Resour. Inst.
Contract No. 326. 89 p.
Krumholz, L. A., J. R. Charles, and W. L. Minckley. 1962. Aquatic-life
resources of the Ohio River. III. The fish population of the Ohio River.
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, Cincinnati, Ohio. 218 p.
LaRivers, I. 1962. Fishes and fisheries of Nevada. Nev. Fish Game Comm. 782 p.
Meyer, A. F. 1928. Elements of Hydrology. John Wiley and Sons, New York,
N.Y. (Cited in Moore, 1967). 552 p.
Moore, A. M. 1963. Instrumentation for water temperature studies. p. 101-110.
In E. F. Eldridge [ed.] Water temperature - influences, effects, and
control. Proc. Twelfth Pacific Northwest Symposium on Water Pollution
Research. U.S. Dep. Health, Educ. and Welfare, Pacific Northwest Water
Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
Moore, A. M. 1964. Compilation of water-temperature data for Oregon streams.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Portland, Oregon.
Moore, A. M, 1967. Correlation and analysis of water-temperature data for
Oregon streams. 53 p. In Contributions to the hydrology of the United
States. U.S. Geol. Sur. Water Supply Paper 1819-K, U.S. Gov. Printing
Office, Washington, D.C.
Moore, A. M. 1968. Water temperatures in the lower Columbia River. U.S.
Geol. Sur. Cir. 551, U.S. Dep. Inter. 45 p.
Needham, P. R., and A. C. Jones. 1959. Flow, temperature, solar radiation,
and ice in relation to activities of fishes in Sagehen Creek, California.
Ecology 40: 465-473.
Nord, R. C. 1967- A compendium of fishery information on the Mississippi
River. A contribution of the Upper Mississippi River Conservation
Committee.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 1971. Annual progress report, period ending
September 30, 1971. Report No. ORNL-4759, U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission Tech. Inf.. Cent., Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 188 p.
Pflieger, W. L. 1971. A distributional study of Missouri fishes. Univ.
Kans. Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist. 20: 225-570.
Raney, E. C. 1967- Bibliography. Heated discharges and effects on aquatic
life with emphasis on fishes. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. 90 p. (mimeo).
135
-------
Smith, B. R. 1962. Spring and summer temperatures of streams tributary to the
south shore of Lake Superior, 1950-60. Special Scientific Report No.
410, U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv., U.S. Dep. Inter., Washington, B.C. 57 p.
Smith, P. W., A. C. Lopinot, and W. L. Pflieger. 1971. A distributional atlas
of upper Mississippi River fishes. Biological Notes No. 73, Illinois
Natural History Survey.
Sylvester, R. 0. 1958. Water quality studies in the Columbia River basin.
Special Scientific Report Fisheries No. 239, U.S. Fish. Wildl.
Serv. U.S. Dep. Int. 134 p.
Tennessee Valley Authority. 1966. Water temperature of streams and reservoirs
in the Tennessee river basin. Rep. No. 0-6608, Tennessee Valley Authority,
Knoxville, Tenn. 417 p.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1972. Fishery statistics of the United States,
1950-1969. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National
Marine Fisheries Service, Division of Statistics and Market News.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1969. Annual fish passage report, U.S. Army
Engineer Districts, Walla Walla, Washington, 16 p.
U.S. Department of the Interior. 1967. Temperature and aquatic life. Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration.
U.S. Department of the Interior. 1969. Quality of Surface Waters of the United
States, 1964. Parts 5 and 6. Hudson Bay and Upper Mississippi River
Basins and Missouri River Basin. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper
1956. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, B.C. 462 p.
U.S. Department of the Interior. 1969. "Cooperative fishery unit report for
the period of January 1968 through June 1969, Resource Publ. 80.
U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv., Bur. Sport Fish Wildl. Div., Fish. Services,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 80 p.
U.S. Department of the Interior. 1969. Endrin Pollution in the Lower
Mississippi River Basin. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
Lower Mississippi River Technical Assistance Project. 213 p.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 1970. Catalog of
information on water data, index to water quality section. Office
of Water Data Coordination. 443 p.
Vanicek, D. C., R. H. Kramer, and D. R. Franklin. 1970. Distribution of
Green River fishes in Utah and Colorado following closure of Flaming
Gorge Dam. The Southwest. Nat. 14: 297-315.
Walburg, C. H. 1969. Fish sampling and estimation of relative abundance in
Lewis and Clark Lake. Tech. Paper 18, U.S. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl.
136
-------
Wartz, C. B., and G. E. Penn. 1965. Water temperature and aquatic life.
Edison Electroc Inst. Publ. No. 65-901: 99 p.
Watson, D. G. 1970. Fall chinook salmon spawning in the Columbia River
near Hanford 1947-1969. AEG Res. Development Rep., BNWL-1515, UC-48,
Battelle Memorial Inst., Pacific Northwest Laboratories. 46 p.
137
-------
APPENDIX A
LIST OF FISH SPECIES
000
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
009
010
Oil
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
024
025
026
027
028
029
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
038
039
040
041
042
043
044
045
046
047
048
049
050
Unidentified fish
White sturgeon
Alewife
Gizzard shad
Threadfin shad
Lake whitefish
Pink salmon (humpback)
Chum salmon (dog or fall)
Coho salmon (silver)
Sockeye salmon (red, blueback)
Chinook salmon (king)
Mountain whitefish
Cutthroat trout
Rainbow trout
Atlantic salmon
Brown trout
Brook trout
Lake trout (mackinaw)
Rainbow smelt (American)
Chain pickerel
Northern pike
Muskellunge
Carp (European)
Fathead minnow
Longnose sucker
White sucker
Smallmouth buffalo
Bigmouth buffalo
Black bullhead
Yellow bullhead
Brown bullhead
Channel catfish
White bass
Striped bass
Green sunfish
Blue gill
Smallmouth bass
Largemouth bass
White crappie
Black crappie
Yellow perch
Sauger
Walleye
Freshwater drum
(Use no. 046)
Kokanee salmon (Landlocked)
Steelhead trout
Bonytail
Humpback chub
Colorado squawfish
Speckled dace
Acipenser transmontanus
Alosa pseudoharengus
Dorosoma cepedianum
Dorosoma petenense
Coregonus clupeaformis
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha
Oncorhynchus keta
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus nerka
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Prosopium williamsoni
Salmo clarki
Salmo gairdneri
Salmo salar
Salmo trutta
Salvelinus fontinalis
Salvelinus namaycush
Osmerus mordax
Esox niger
Esox lucius
Esox masquinongy
Cyprinus carpio
Pimephales promelas
Catostomus catostomus
Catostomus commersoni
Ictiobus bubalus
Ictiobus cyprinellus
Ictalurus melas
Ictalurus natalis
Ictalurus nebulosus
Ictalurus punctatus
Morone chrysops
Morone saxatilis
Lepomis cyanellus
Lepomis macrochirus
Micropterus dolomieui
Micropterus salmoides
Pomoxis annularis
Pomoxis nigromaculatus
Perca flavescens
Stizostedion canadense
Stizostedion vitreum vitreum
Aplodinotus grunniens
Oncorhynchus nerka
Salmo gairdneri
Gila elegans
Gila cypha
Ptychocheilus lucius
Rhinichthys osculus
138
-------
051
052
053
054
055
056
057
058
059
060
061
062
063
064
065
066
067
068
069
070
071
072
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
081
082
083
084
085
086
087
088
089
090
091
092
093
094
095
096
097
098
099
100
Flannelmouth sucker
Bluehead sucker
Humpback sucker
Mottled sculpin
Utah chub
Catostomus latipinnis
Catostomus discobolus
Xyrauchen texanus
Cottus bairdi
Gila atraria
Redside shiner (Col. redshiner)Richardsonius balteatus
Creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus
Unidentified trout
Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus
American shad Alosa sapidissima
Tench
Oregon chub
Northern squawfish
Threespine stickleback
Trout perch
Bridgelip sucker
Blacknose dace
Chiselmouth
Peamouth
Green sturgeon
Unidentified chub
Unidentified sucker
Unidentified bass
Unidentified catfish
Unidentified crappie
Unidentified perch
Unidentified dace
Unidentified bullhead
Goldfish
Tui chub
Sacramento perch
White catfish
Tahoe sucker
Burbot ( Ling)
Mountain sucker
Lahontan cutthroat trout
Kamloops trout
Lahontan redside
Eulachon
Mosquitofish
Golden shiner
Dolly Varden
(Use no. 52)
Largescale sucker
Longnose dace
Unidentified sculpin(cottid)
Unidentified squawfish
Piute sculpin
Hitch
Red shiner
Tinea tinea
Hybopsis crameri
Ptychocheilus oregonensis
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Percopsis omiscomaycus
Catostomus columbianus
Rhinichthys atratulus
Acrocheilus alutaceus
Mylocheilus caurinus
Acipenser medirostris
Carassius auratus
Gila bicolor
Archoplites interruptus
Ictalurus catus
Catostomus tahoensis
Lota lota
Catostomus platyrhynchus
Salmo clarki henshawi
Salmo gairdneri kamloops
Richardsonius egregius
Thaleichthys pacificus
Gambusia affinis
Notemigonus crysoleucas
Salvelinus malma
Catostomus macrocheilus
Rhinichthys cataractae
Cottus sp.
Cottus beldingi
Lavinia exilicauda
Notropis lutrensis
139
-------
101 Utah sucker
10Z Yellow bass
103 Redear sunfish
104 Striped mullet
105 Arctic grayling
106 Desert pupfish
107 Sacramento squawfish
108 Warmouth
109 Flathead catfish (yellow)
110 Unidentified shad
111 Cui-ui
112 Columbia speckled dace
113 Shovelnose sturgeon
114 Lake herring (cisco)
115 Emerald shiner
116 Lake sturgeon
117 Pumpkinseed
118 Mooneye
119 Bowfin
120 Brook stickleback
121 Longnose gar
122 Orangespotted sunfish
123 Quillback
124 Unidentified
125 Redfin shiner
126 Rock bass
127 Spotted sunfish
128 Bluntnose minnow
129 Starhead topminnow
130 Brook silverside
131 Grass pickerel
132 Lake chub sucker
133 River carpsucker
134 Spotted gar
135 Unidentified shiner
136 Striped shiner
137 Tadpole madtom
138 Golden redhorse
139 Bigmouth shiner
140 Blackstripe topminnow
141 Unidentified carpsucker
142 Bay anchovi
143 American eel
144 White perch
145 Hogchoker
146 Fourspine stickleback
147 Naked goby
148 Spot
149 Silver perch
150 Blueback herring
Catostomus ardens
Morone mississippiensis
Lepomis micnlophus
Mugil cephalus
Thymallus arcticus
Cyprinodon macularius
Ptychocheilus grandis
Lepomis gulosus
Pylodictis olivaris
Chasmistes cujus
Rhinichthys nubilus nubilus*
Scaphirhynchus platorynchus
Coregonus artedii
Notropis atherinoides
Acipenser fulvescens
Lepomis gibbosus
Hiodon tergisus
Ami a calva
Culaea inconstans
Lepisosteus osseus
Lepomis humilis
Carpiodes cyprinus
Notropis umbratilis
Ambloplites rupestris
Lepomis punctatus
Pimephales notatus
Fundulus notti
Labidesthes sicculus
Esox americanus vermiculatus
Erimyzon sucetta
Carpiodes carpio
Lepisosteus oculatus
Notropis chrysocephalus
Noturus gyrinus
Moxostoma erythrurum
Notropis dorsalis
Fundulus notatus
Anchoa mitchilli
Anguilla ro strata
Mo rone americana
Trinectes maculatus
Apeltes quadracus
Gobiosoma bosci
Leiostomus xanthurus
Bairdiella chrysura
Alosa aestivalis
140
-------
151 Atlantic needlefish
152 Tidewater silverside
153 Banded killifish
154 Mummichog
155 Sheepshead minnow
156 Rainwater killifish
157 Spottail shiner
158 Stoneroller
159 (Use no. 110)
160 Unidentified chubsucker
l6l Shortnose gar
162 Spotted sucker
163 Greater redhorse
164 Goldeye
165 Silver redhorse
Strongylura marina
Menidia beryllina
Fundulus diaphanus
Fundulus heteroclitus
Cyprinodon variegatus
Lucania parva
Notropis hudsonius
Campo stoma anomalum
Lepisosteus platostomus
Minytrema melanops
Moxostoma valenciennesi
Hiodon alosoides
Moxostoma anisurum
166 Unidentified redhorse
167 Unidentified sunfish
168 Highfin carpsucker Carpiodes velifer
169 River redhorse Moxostoma carinatum
170 Shorthead redhorse (northern)Moxo stoma macrolepidotum
171 Iowa darter
172 River darter
173 Logperch
174 Silver chub
175 Silver lamprey
176 Unidentified darter
177 Unidentified buffalo
178 Unidentified eel
179 (Deleted-Ocean species)
180 Banded pygmy sunfish
181 Johnny darter
182 Hornyhead chub
183 Common shiner
184 Spotfin shiner
185 Sand shiner
186 Skipjack herring
187 Blue catfish
188 Longear sunfish
189 Spotted bass
190 Paddlefish
191 Northern hogsucker
192 Black Redhorse
193 (Use no. 114)
194 Redbreast sunfish
195 Fallfish
196 Round whitefish
197 Creek chubsucker
198 Swamp darter
199 Unidentified stickleback
200 Golden trout
Etheo stoma exile
Percina shumardi
Percina caprodes
Hybopsis storeriana
Ichthyomyzon unicuspis
Elassoma zonatum
Etheo stoma nigrum
Nocomis biguttatus
Notropis cornutus
Notropis spilopterus
Notropis stramineus
Alosa chrysochloris
Ictalurus furcatus
Lepomis megalotis
Micropterus punctulatus
Polyodon spathula
Hypentelium nigricans
Moxostoma duquesnei
Lepomis auritus
Semotilus corporalis
Prosopium cylindraceum
Erimyzon oblongus
Etheostoma fusiforme
Salmo aquabonita
141
-------
20 1 Pirate perch
202 Unidentified madtom
203 Redfin pickerel
204 Blacktail redhorse
205 Speckled madtom
206 Silvery minnow
207 Blacktail shiner
208 Redeye chub
209 Brindled madtom
210 Bullhead minnow
211 Atlantic croaker
212 Sharpfin chub sucker
213 Southern flounder
214 Bigeye chub
215 Pugnose minnow
216 Naked sand darter
217 Blackspotted topminnow
218 Longnose shiner
Z19 Bluehead chub
220 Atlantic sturgeon
221 Unidentified pickerel
222 Flier
223 Blue sucker
224 Unidentified peanose
225 Unidentified whitefish
226 Banded sculpin
227 Ozark minnow
228 Whitetail shiner
229 Bleeding shiner
230 Orangethroat darter
231 Northern studfish
232 Slender madtom
233 Flat bullhead
234 Alabama shad
235 Unidentified gar
236 Unidentified sturgeon
237 Mountain mullet
238 Unidentified needlefish
239 Redeye bass
240 Blackbanded darter
241 Weed shiner
242 Blue stripe shiner
243 Taillight shiner
244 Unidentified mullet
245 Florida gar
246 Dollar sunfish
247 Seminole killifish
248 Bluespotted sunfish
249 Unidentified gambusia
250 Bluefin killifish
Aphredoderus sayanus
Esox americanus americanus
Moxostoma poecilurum
Noturus leptacanthus
Hybognathus nuchalis
Notropis venustus
H^rperi hybopsis
Noturus miurus
Pimephales vigilax
Micropogon undulatus
Erimyzon tenuis
Paralichthys letho stigma
Hybopsis amblops
Notropis emiliae
Ammocrypta beani
Fundulus olivaceus
Notropis longirostris
Nocomis leptocephalus
Acipenser oxyrhynchus
Centrarchus macropterus
Cycleptus elongatus
Cottus carolinae
Dionda nubila
Notropis galacturus
Notropis zonatus
Etheostoma spectabile
Fundulus catenatus
Noturus exilis
Ictalurus platycephalus
Alosa alabamae
Agonostomus monticola
Micropterus coosae
Percina nigrofasciata
Notropis texanus
Notropis callitaenia
Notropis maculatus
Lepisosteus platyrhincus
Lepomis marginatus
Fundulus seminolis
Enneacanthus gloriosus
Lucania goodei
142
-------
251 Tarpon
252 Blackchin mouthbrooder
253 Unidentified silverside
254 Plains minnow
255 Black buffalo
256 (Use no. 109)
*257 Eel
258 Suckermouth redhorse
*259 Herring
*260 Madtom
261 (Deleted-Ocean species)
262 Satinfin shiner
263 Bluntnose shiner
264 Plains killifish
265 Speckled chub
266 Flathead chub
267 River shiner
268 Suckermouth minnow
269 Arkansas River shiner
270 Mississippi silverside
271 Stonecat
272 Alligator gar
273 Rio Grande perch
274 (Use no. 215)
275 Sailfin molly
276 Mexican tetra
**277 Central weed shiner
278 Amazon molly
**279 Rio Grande tetra
280 Texas shiner
281 Rio Grande shiner
282 Proserpine shiner
283 Tamaulipas shiner
284 Roanoke bass
285 Ladyfish
286 Fountain darter
287 Pinfish
288 Blackbanded sunfish
289 Mud sunfish
290 Margined madtom
291 Sharpnose shiner
**292 Brazos River shiner
293 Mimic shiner
294 Gray redhorse
295 Banded sunfish
296 (Deleted-Ocean species)
297 Guadalupe bass
298 Hickory shad
299 Red drum
300 Greenthroat darter
Megalops atlantica
Tilapia melanotheron
Hybognathus placitus
Ictiobus niger
Anguilla bostoniensis
Moxostoma pappillosum
Pomolobus pseudoharengus
Schilbsodes marginatus
Notropis analostanus
Notropis simus
Fundulus kansae
Hybopsis aestivalis
Hybopsis gracilis
Notropis blennius
Phenacobius mirabilis
Notropis girardi
Menidia audens
Noturus flavus
Lepisosteus spatula
Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum
Poecilia latipinna
Astyanax mexicanus
Notropis roseus
Poecilia formosa
Astyanax fasciatus
Notropis amabilis
Notropis jemezanus
Notorpis proserpinus
Notropis braytoni
Ambloplites cavifrons
Elops saurus
Etheostoma fonticola
Lagodon rhomboides
Enneacanthus chaetodon
Acantharchus pomotis
Noturus insignis
Notropis oxyrhynchus
Notropis brazosensis
Notropis volucellus
Moxostoma conge stum
Enneacanthus obesus
Micropterus treculi
Alosa mediocris
Sciaenops ocellata
Etheostoma lepidum
143
-------
301 Ribbon shiner
302 Blackspot shiner
303 Scaly sand darter
304 Slough darter
305 (Use no. 125)
306 Golden topminnow
307 Pallid shiner
**308 Plains orangethroat darter
309 Finescale dace
**310 Southern sand shiner
311 Coastal shiner
312 Fantail darter
313 Unidentified hogsucker
314 Arctic char
315 Alaska blackfish
316 Unidentified salmon
317 Sea catfish
318 Chestnut lamprey
319 Cypress minnow
320 Pallid sturgeon
321 Sturgeon chub
322 Silverband shiner
323 Central mudminnow
234 Ninespine stickleback
325 Unidentified carp
326 Southern brook lamprey
327 Sabine shiner
328 Black madtom
329 Freckled madtom
330 Bluntnose darter
331 Cypress darter
332 Blackside darter
333 Dusky darter
334 Unidentified herring
335 Unidentified drum
336 Swallowtail shiner
337 Bridle shiner
338 Cutlips minnow
339 Carolina madtom
340 Steelcolor shiner
341 Rainbow darter
342 Banded darter
343 Greenside darter
344 Silver shiner
345 Bigeye shiner
346 River chub
347 Silverjaw minnow
348 Rosyface shiner
349 Channel darter
350 Slenderhead darter
Notropis fumeus
Notropis atrocaudalis
Ammocrypta vivax
Etheostoma gracile
Fundulus chrysotus
Notropis amnis
Poecilicthys spectabilis
Phoxinus neogaeus
Notropis deliciosus
Notropis petersoni
Etheo stoma
Salvelinus alpinus
Dallia pectoralis
Arius felis
Icthyomyzon castaneus
Hybognathus hayi
Scaphirhynchus albus
Hybopsis gelida
Notropis shumardi
Umbra limi
Pungitius pungitius
Ichthyomyzon gagei
Notropis sabinae
Noturus funebris
Noturus nocturnus
Etheostoma chlorosomum
Etheostoma proeliare
Percina maculata
Percina sciera
Notropis procne
Notropis bifrenatus
Exoglossum maxillingua
Noturus furiosus
Notropis whipplei
Etheo stoma caeruleum
Etheostoma zonale
Etheostoma blennioides
Notropis photogenis
Notropis boops
Nocomis micropogon
Ericymba buccata
Notropis rubellus
Percina copelandi
Percina phoxocephala
144
-------
351 Rosefin shiner
352 Shield darter
353 Comely shiner
354 Sea lamprey
355 Unidentified studfish
356 Blacknose shiner
357 Blackchin shiner
358 Sheepshead
359 Ghost shiner
360 Harlequin darter
361 Western s.and darter
Notropis ardens
Percina peltata
Notropis amoenus
Petromyzon marinus
Notropis heterolepis
Notropis heterodon
Archosargus probatocephalus
Notropis buchanani
Etheostoma histrio
Ammocrypta clara
* Not as in A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the
United States and Canada, Amer. Fish. Soc., Special Publication No. 6,
Third Edition, 1970.
** Not in A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United
States and Canada, Amer. Fish. Soc., Special Publication No. 6, Third
Edition, 1970.
145
-------
APPENDIX B
DATA ENCODING FORMATS
I FORMAT - LOCATION/GENERAL INFORMATION
Column(s)
1 "I" letter designator
2-7 Station number: The first two digits represent state designator as taken
from STORET state code numbers. The. remaining four digits comprise an
arbitrary serial number of stations within that state and are normally assigned
in units of 100.
Example:
03
0100
Arizona, Lake Mohave at Boulder
If several stations are located on the same body of water and are in close prox-
imity to each other, the serial numbers assigned differ only in the last two digits
to reflect this degree of commonality.
Example:
03
0101 Arizona, Lake Mohave Davis Dam
8-10 County code Taken from USGS "Catalog of Information on Water Data, Index to
Water Quality Section, "
11 Type of water body
1. Lake
2. River
3. Stream
4. Reservoir
5. Other (e.g., swamp, bayou, marsh, etc.)
12 Thermal characteristics of body of water
1. Stratified
2. Isothermal
3. Not given
13-14 Major river basin in which this station is located: Taken from EPA designation
(Appendix G3).
15-16 Minor river basin in which this station is located: Taken from EPA designation
(Appendix G3).
17-22 Northern latitude of station location: Degree, minutes, seconds (no decimals)
23-29 West longitude of station location: Degree, minutes, seconds (no decimals)
146
-------
Column) s)
30 Precision code -- an estimate of the accuracy of latitude and longitude designation
1. (not to be used) 5. within 1.0'
2. within 1.0" 6. within 10.0'
3. within 10.0" 7. within 30.0'
4. within 30.0" 8. within 1 *
31 Average isotherm of surface water temperature
1.
2.
3.
4.
< 40
40-44
45-49
50-54
5.
6.
7.
8.
55-59
60-64
65-69
>69
Taken from the USGS Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-235, "Temperature of
Surface Waters in the Conterminous United States."
32-36 Elevation of studied area in feet (blank if unknown; zero designates zero elevation)
37 Category of nearest major landmark to station location
1. City, state
2. Town
3. Highway
4. River mile
5. Other (e.g., physical features)
38-80 The name of nearest landmark as designated in Column 37.
J FORMAT - BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND/OR EDITORIAL REFERENCE
Column(s)
1 "J" letter designator
2-7 Station number as described on "I" format
8 Serial number: Up to nine J-format records are allowed for listing of all
accession numbers applicable to a given station location.
9-14 Blank
15-20 Accession number
25-30 Accession number
35-40 Accession number
45-50 Accession number
55-60 Accession number
147
-------
Column(s)
65-70 Accession number
75-80 Accession number
A six-digit accession number, ranging from 000, 001 through 899, 999 was assigned to all
documents containing fish-temperature data or ancillary information used in this study.
The inclusion of these numbers allows the user to retrieve original data documents for
each station defined in the data base.
Accession numbers 900, 000 through 999, 999 were used to reference physical or functional
changes in the environment which would affect the use or interpretation of the encoded
numbers.
K FORMAT - STATION NAME
C olumn( s)
I "K" letter desingator
2-7 Station number
8-80 Station name and state - completely written out
T FORMAT - DAILY TEMPERATURE
Column(s)
1 "T" letter designator
2-7 Station number
8-9 Year (no blanks or zero)
10-11 Month (no blanks or zero)
12 Temperature identification:
1 Daily
13 Temperature type:
1 Minimum
2 Maximum
3 Average minimum
14 Sampling equipment:
0 Not given
1 Taylor thermometer
2 Ryan thermometer
3 Electric recording
4 Pocket thermometer
Average maximum
Discrete
Average
Tempscribe temperature recorder
Palmer temperature recorder
Oxygen temperature meter
Tele thermometer
USGS Tape Library
148
-------
Column! s)
15
16-18
Depth/Degree units (no blanks):
Feet and °F
Feet and °C
Meters and °F
Meters and °C
Depth at which water temperatures were taken (no blanks -- use zero if surface;
-1 if unknown)
Example:
16 17
19-80 31 Daily temperatures (Leave blank if temperature is not given; use zero if
temperature is zero. ) Two columns allowed for each temperature.
Example:
19
4
20
0
21
3
22
9
. .
79
4
80
1
Column
Temperature
T FORMAT - WEEKLY, MONTHLY, QUARTERLY, SEASONAL AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURES
Column(s)
"T" letter designator
Station number
Year (no blanks--use data of observation or first year of several years of
averaged data see column 17-18)
10
11
12
13
Temperature identification:
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Temperature type:
1 Minimum
2 Maximum
3 Average minimum
Sampling equipment:
0 Not given
1 Taylor thermometer
2 Ryan thermometer
3 Electric recording
4 Pocket thermometer
Depth/Degree units (no blanks)
Feet and °F
Feet and °C
4 Quarterly
5 Seasonal
6 Annual
4 Average maximum
5 Discrete
6 Average
5 Tempscribe temperature recorder
6 Palmer temperature recorder
7 Oxygen temperature meter
8 Telethermometer
9 USGS Tape Library
3 Meters and °F
4 Meters and °C
149
-------
Column(s)
14-16
17-18
19-20
21-22
23-24
25-26
27-28
29-30
31-32
etc.
to
79-80
*
**
F FORMAT
Column(s)
1
2-7
8-9
10-11
12-13
14-16
17-27
28-30
31
Depth at which water temperatures were taken (no blanksuse
- 1 if unknown)
Number of years (maximum of 30) of accumulated or averaged
the year written in column 8-9- (Leave blank or use 1 if one y
WEEKLY MONTHLY QUARTERLY SEASONAL
#* Blank Blank Blank
Week 1* Jan* 1st Quarter* Spring*
Week 2* Feb* 2nd Quarter* Summer*
Week 3* Mar* 3rd Quarter* Fall*
Week 4* Apr* 4th Quarter* Winter*
Week 5* Ivlav* ( - -no more data )
etc. etc.
(up to 26 weeks per entry)
Leave blanks for period of no data
In the case of weekly data, there is room on the format for onl
The data recorded could be for week 1, week 2, etc., through
week 27, week 28, etc., through week 52. In the first case, "
column 19-20 and in the second case, "27" is entered in 19-20
of the two possible groups of weekly data is being encoded.
- FISH COUNTS AND GENERAL INFORMATION
"F" letter designator
Station number
Year (no blanks --use date of observation or publication)
Month (no blanks--use zero if unknown, 1 3 if annual data)
Day (may be blank)
Species (three-digit numeric referring to specific species, se
Fish quantity indicator
Sampling depth (-1 if not given)
Depth units (no blanks)
1 Feet
2 Meters
3 Not given
zero if surface;
data, starting wit]
ear only. )
ANNUAL
Blank
1st Year*
2nd Year*
3rd Year*
4th Year*
C. f V, V" i=ğ a T -1=
J III i cd £ '
etc.
(up to 30 years)
y 26 observations.
week 26, or for
01 " is entered in
to indicate which
e Appendix H)
150
-------
Column(s)
32-33
34
35
36-38
39-40
41-45
46-47
48-5Z
53-54
55-59
60-61
62-66
67-68
69-73
74-75
76-80
Sampling method
01 Electro 08 Trap
02 Gill net 09 Stream diversion
03. Weir 10 Trap net
04 Creel 11 Trawl
05 Poison 12 Fyke net
06 Ladder 13 Natural kill
07 Seine 14 Combination
Fish condition (defined as general health of fish)
1 Good
2 Not good
3 Not given
Fish development
1 Normal
2 Stunted
3 Not given
Not used
Alpha code
Count for above
Alpha code
Count for above
Alpha code
Count for above
Alpha code
Count for above
Alpha code
Count for above
Alpha code
Count for above
15 Tow net
1 6 Meter net
17 Hoop net
18 Trammel net
19 Not given
20 Trot line
21 Unknown netting
151
-------
B FORMAT - SPAWNING DATA
Column(s)
1 "B" letter designator
2-7 Station number
8-9 Year (no blanks--use date of observation or date of publication)
10-11 Month (no blanks--use zero if unknown, 1 3 if annual data)
12-13 Day (no blanks--use zero if unknown)
14-16 Species number
17 Residency:
1 Transient
2 Permanent
18-25
26
27
28-35
36
37-38
39-40
41-45
46-47
48-52
53-54
Period of transient occupation- -from month/day to month/day
Recruitment:
1 Native 4 Native and stocked
2 Stocked 5 Stocked and introduced
3 Introduced 6 Not given
Spawning:
1 Induced 4 None
2 Natural 5 Not given
3 Both
Spawning dates--from month/day to month/day
Spawning success
1 Good
2 Poor
3 Not given
Not used
Alpha code
Count for above
Alpha code
Count for above
Alpha code
152
-------
Column(s)
55-59 Count for above
60-61 Alpha code
62-66 Count for above
67-68 Alpha code
69-73 Count for above
74-75 Alpha code
76-80 Count for above
153
-------
APPENDIX C
FISHERIES-TEMPERATURE STATIONS COMPLETED
ALABAMA
*0 10000 State of Alabama
#010100 Wheeler Reservoir Browns Ferry Plant at River Mile 284
#010101 Wheeler Reservoir Browns.Ferry Plant at River Mile 293
#010102 Wheeler Reservoir Browns Ferry Plant at River Mile 299
*0 10200 Tennessee River below Guntersville Dam
ALASKA
*020000 State of Alaska
020100 Sashin Creek on Little Port Walter Bay, Baranof Island
020200 Maybeso Creek, Prince of Wales Island
020300 Harris River, Prince of Wales Island
020400 Indian Creek, Prince of Wales Island
020500 Cottonwood Creek at Outlet Weir
020501 Cottonwood Creek at Inlet Weir
020600 Wasilla Lakev
020700 Eva Creek, BaranofIsland
020800 Hood Bay Creek, Admirality Island
020900 Bear Creek, Kenai Peninsula
#021000 Ship Creek near Anchorage
021100 Campbell Creek near Anchorage
021200 Our Creek near Glenallen
021300 Gulkana Lake
021400 Summit Lake
021500 Russian River, Kenai Peninsula
021600 Swanson River, Kenai Peninsula
021700 East Finger Lake, Kenai Peninsula
021800 Kvickak River near Igiugig
021900 Fire Creek Weir below Upper Fire Lake
022000 Fire Creek Weir below Lower Fire Lake
022100 Anchor River, Kenai Peninsula
022101 South Fork Anchor River, Kenai Peninsula
022200 Deep Creek, Kenai, Kenai Peninsula
022300 Ninilchik River, Kenai Peninsula
022400 Stariski Creek, Kenai Peninsula
022500 Quartz Creek, Kenai Peninsula
022600 Cresent Creek, Kenai Peninsula
022700 Cooper Creek, Kenai Peninsula
022800 Hidden Lake, Kenai Peninsula
022900 Big Lake
023000 Lake Louise
ARIZONA
*030000 State of Arizona
030100 Lake Mohave-Boulder
030101 Lake Mohave-Davis Dam
030200 Salt River
030300 Parker Canyon Lake
030400 Imperial Reservoir
030500 Long Lake
154
-------
ARKANSAS
*04010'0 Bull Shoals Reservoir
040300 Lake Hamilton
040400 Lake Catherine
#040401 Lake Catherine, Steam Plant Bay
040500 Lake Ouachita
040600 Little Red River near Pangburn
040601 Little Red River near West Point
040700 Mississippi River at Helena
*040800 White River
040900 Mississippi River in State of Arkansas
#041000 Beaver Reservoir on White River
CALIFORNIA
#050000 State of California
050100 Nimbus Hatchery on the American River
050200 Trinity River at Lewiston Fish Trapping Facilities
050300 Iron Gate Hatchery on the Klamath River
050400 Castle Lake
050500 Lake Pillsbury
050600 Sagehen Creek
050700 Feather River Hatchery
050800 Lake Crowley
050900 Lake Havasu
051000 Shasta River
051200 Klamath River
051300 Lake Tahoe
#051500 Sacramento River
#051900 Clear Lake
052000 Pine Flat Lake
#052300 Eagle Lake
052700 Sacramento River near Red Bluff
#052800 Trinity River
COLORADO
*070000 State of Colorado
070100 Forest Lake
070300 Trappers Lake
070400 Two Buttes Reservoir
070500 Skaguay Reservoir
070501 West Beaver Creek, Inlet Stream to Skaguay Reservoir
070600 Carbody Lake
070700 Barbour Lake
070800 Boyd Lake
#070900 Forest Canyon
CONNECTICUT
#080000 State of Connecticut
080100 Enfield Dam on the Connecticut River
#080200 West Hill Pond
#080300 Lower Connecticut River
DELEWARE
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
#100000 District of Columbia
155
-------
FLORIDA
#110000
110100
110200
110300
110400
110500
110600
110700
110800
110900
111000
111100
111200
*111300
$111400
*111500
GEORGIA
IDAHO
* 150000
150100
150200
150300
150400
150500
150600
150700
* 150800
150900
ILLINOIS
#160000
160100
160200
160300
160400
160500
160600
160700
160800
160900
#161000
-161100
161200
161201
161202
161203
161204
161205
161206
161207
#161300
-161400
#161500
INDIANA
State of Florida
St. Johns River
Apalachicola River at Jim Woodruff Dam
Newnans Lake
Lake Apopka
Deer Point Lake
Lake Griffin
Lake Harris
Lake Hollingsworth
Lake Parker
Lake Trafford
Dead Lake
Lake Hunter
Everglades
Lake Panasoffkee
Lake Weir
State of Idaho
Arrowrock Reservoir
Cascade Reservoir
Anderson Ranch Reservoir
Clearwater River
North Fork Clearwater River
Lemhi Big Springs Creek
Lake Pend Oreille
Preist Lakes
Lemhi River at River Mile 28.
State of Illinois
Lake Le-Aqua-na
Argyle Lake
Red Hills Lake
Ramsey Lake
Lincoln Trail Lake
Lake Murphysboro
Beaver Dam Lake
Siloam Springs Lake
Spring Lake
Fork Lake
Park Pond
Mississippi River, Pool 18, From New Boston, IL to above Burlington, IA
Mississippi River, Pool 26, From Winfield, MO to Alton, IL
Mississippi River in State of Illinois
Mississippi River, Pool 26B, From St. Louis, MO to Caruthersville, MO
Mississippi River at Chester, IL
Mississippi River at Quincy, IL
Mississippi River at Moline, IL
Mississippi River at Alton, IL
Embarras River
Dismal Creek
Kaskaskia River
156
-------
IOWA
#180000
-=180100
* 180200
#180300
180400
180401
180402
180403
180404
180405
180406
180407
180500
180600
KANSAS
*190000
190100
190200
190400
190500
190600
190700
190800
190900
191000
191100
191200
#191300
191400
191500
191600
#191700
State of Iowa
Clear Lake
Manchester
Des Moines River
Mississippi River,
Mississippi River,
Mississippi River,
Mississippi River,
Mississippi River,
Mississippi River,
Mississippi River,
Mississippi River,
Mississippi River
Mississippi River
Pool 10,
Pool 12,
Pool 13,
Pool 14,
Pool 15,
From
From
From
From
From
Pool 16, From
Pool 17, From
Pool 19, From
in State of Iowa
at Dubuque, IA
Harpers Ferry, IA to Guttenberg, IA
Dubuque, IA to Bellevue, IA
Bellevue, LA to above Clinton, IA
Clinton, IA to La Claire, LA
La Claire, LA to Davenport, LA
Rock Island, IL to Muscatine, LA.
Muscatine, IA to New Boston, IL
Burlington, IA to Keokuk, LA
State of Kansas
McKinley Lake
Chase County State Lake
Montgomery County State Lake
John Redmond Reservoir
McPherson County State Lake
Meade County State Lake
Atchison County State Lake
Milford Reservoir
Tuttle Creek Reservoir
Douglas County State Lake
Kansas River at Wamego
Smoky Hill River
Cherokee County Lake No. 1
Cherokee County Lake No. 3
Norton Reservoir
Junction of Neosho and Cottonwood Rivers
KENTUCKY
200100 Barren River Reservoir
200200 Nolan River Reservoir
200300 Mississippi River at Hickman
200301 Mississippi River in State of Kentucky
200400 Licking River near Butler
200401 Licking River near Kentontown
200402 Licking River near Blue Lick Spring
200403 Licking River near West Liberty
200404 Licking River near Swampton
200500 So. Fork Licking River near Cynthiana
200600 So. Fork Elkhorn Creek near Faywood
200601 So. Fork Elkhorn Creek near Paynes
200700 No. Fork Elkhorn Creek near Georgetown
200800 Main Elkhorn Creek near Frankfort
#200900 Plum Creek
#201000 Doe Run
LOUISIANA
210100 Mississippi River at Tarbert Landing
210101 Mississippi River at Luling
210200 Atchafalaya River at Simmesport
210300 D'Arbonhe Lake
210400 Spring Bayou
157
-------
210500 Amite River
210600 Six Mile Creek
210700 Lac Des Allemands
210800 Sabine River, Station IB
210801 Sabine River, Station 2B
210802 Sabine River, Station 3B
210803 Sabine River, Station 1A
210804 Sabine River, Station 2A
210805 Sabine River, Station 3A
210806 Sabine River, Station 4A
210807 Sabine River, Station 5A
210808 Sabine River, Station 6A
210809 Sabine River, Station 7A
210810 Sabine River, Station 8A
210811 Sabine River, Station 9A
210812 Sabine River, Station 10A
210813 Sabine River, Station 11A
210814 Sabine River, Station 12A
210900 Anacoco Lake
211000 Bundicks Lake
211100 Chicot Lake
211200 Henderson Lake
211300 Tchefuncte River
211400 Mississippi River in State of Louisiana
MAINE
#220000 State of Maine
220100 Moosehead Lake
220200 Barrows Stream
220300 Sebasicook Lake
MARYLAND
#230000 State of Maryland
230100 Patuxent River at Benedict Bridge
230200 Loch Raven Reservoir
230400 Savage River Reservoir
230500 Little Patuxent River
230600 Nanticoke River
230700 Choptank River
230800 Blackwater River
230900 Potomac River at Lander
MASSACHUSETTS
#240000 State of Massachusetts
240100 Connecticut River at Gill and Northfield areas
240101 Connecticut River at Montague, Gill, Greenfield, Deerfield areas
240102 Connecticut River at Sunderland, Deerfield, Whately areas
240103 Connecticut River at Hadley, Hatfield, Northampton areas
240104 Connecticut River at the Oxbow in Northampton
240105 Connecticut River at South Hadley, Holyoke, Chicopee areas
240106 Connecticut River at West Springfield, Springfield, Agawam, Longmeadow areas
MICHIGAN
#250000 State of Michigan
250100 Pigeon River Trout Research Station
#250200 Ostego Lake
#250300 Houghton Lake
#250400 Southern Lake Superior
250500 Hunt Creek Trout Research Station
250600 More Trout, Inc (MTI)
250700 Guiley Pond
158
-------
MINNESOTA
*260000 State of Minnesota
#260100 St. Croix River at Allen S. King Generating Plant
#260 10 1 St. Croix River at River Mile 21.5
#260102 St. Croix River at River Mile 20. 7
#260103 St. Croix River at River Mile 20. 6
#260104 St. Croix River at River Mile 19.2
#260105 St. Croix River at River Mile 17.8
#260106 St. Croix River at River Mile 17.3
#260200 Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant on Mississippi River at 1. 1 River Miles
#260201 Mississippi River at 1. 5 River Miles
#260202 Mississippi River at 1. 2 River Miles
#260203 Mississippi River at 0. 8 River Miles
#260204 Mississippi River at 1. 0 River Miles
260300 Lake George
260301 Lake George Northern Pike Slough
*260400 Red Lake
260500 Mississippi River, Pool 2, From Minneapolis, MN to Hastings, MN
260501 Mississippi River, Pool 5A, From below Minneiska, MN to Goodview, MN
260502 Mississippi River, Pool 6, From above Winona, MN to Trempealeau, WI
260503 Mississippi River From Grand Rapids to Brainard, MN
260504 Mississippi River From Winnibigoshish to Grand Rapids, MN
260505 Mississippi River From Brainard to Elk River, MN
260600 Mississippi River in State of Minnesota
260700 Mississippi River at St. Paul, MN
260701 Mississippi River at Clearwater, MN
260702 Mississippi River at St. Cloud, MN
260703 Mississippi River at Sauk Rapids, MN
260704 Mississippi River at Royalton, MN
260705 Mississippi River at Camp Ripley, MN
260706 Mississippi River at Jacobson, MN
260707 Mississippi River at Grand Rapids, MN
MISSISSIPPI
270100 Wolf Lake
270200 Mossy Lake
270300 Little Tallahatchie River
270400 Coldwater River
270500 Ross R.Burnett Reservoir
270600 Bowie River 1. 9 Miles above the mouth
270601 Bowie River 1.06 Miles above the mouth
270700 Leaf River 69. 1 Miles above the mouth
270701 Leaf River 56. 5 Miles above the mouth
270800 Tallahala Creek
270801 Tallahala Creek 9. 5 Miles above the mouth
270900 Escatawpa River at River Mile 10. 6
271000 Pascagoula River at River Mile 10. 5
271100 Jordan River at Hwy. 603
271200 Big Biloxi River at Hwy. 49
271201 Big Biloxi River at Lorraine Crossing
271300 Little Biloxi River at Hwy. 49
271400 Mississippi River at Tunica
271401 Mississippi River at Vicksburg
271500 Mississippi River in State of Mississippi
MISSOURI
*280000 State of Missouri
280100 James River at Nelson Mill Bridge
280101 James River at Highway 14
280102 James River at Bernet Farm
280200 Wilson Creek at Manley Ford
159
-------
=1=280300 Neosho
280400 Mississippi River, Pool 20, From Keokuk, IA to Canton, MO
280401 Mississippi River, Pool 21, From Canton, MO to Quincy, IL
280402 Mississippi River, Pool 22, From Quincy, IL to Saverton, MO
280403 Mississippi River, Pool 24, near Louisiana, MO
280404 Mississippi River, Pool 25, From Louisiana, MO to Winfield,
280500 Mississippi River in State of Missouri
280600 Mississippi River at St. Louis, MO
MO
MONTANA
'=290000 State of Montana
290100 Hungry Horse Reservoir
*290ZOO Flathead Lake
:=290300 Thompson Lake
290400 Willow Creek Reservoir
:=290500 Seeley Lake
:=290600 Grebe Lake
'=290700 North Fork of Flathead River
NEBRASKA
#300000 State of Nebraska
300100 North Platte River at Lewellen
300200 Lake McConaughy
300300 Missouri River at Fort Calhoun
300400 Missouri River at Brownville
NEVADA
#310000 State of Nevada
310400 Walker Lake
310500 Lake Tahoe
310600 Lake Mead at Temple Bar
310601 Lake Mead at Overton Dock
310602 Lake Mead at Echo Bay
310603 Lake Mead at Virgin Basin
310604 Lake Mead at Black Canyon
310605 Lake Mead at Las Vegas Wash
310606 Lake Mead at Boulder Basin (Callville Bay & Swallow Cove)
310607 Lake Mead at South Cove
310800 Bassett Lake
310900 Topaz Reservoir
311000 Adams-McGill Reservoir
311101 Mohaye Lake near Willow Beach
311102 Mohave Lake near Eldorado Canyon
311103 Mohave Lake near Cottonwood Cove
311104 Mohave Lake near Katherine Landing
311200 Pyramid Lake
311300 Upper Truckee River
311301 Lower Truckee River
311400 Salmon Falls River
311401 South Fork Salmon Falls River
311402 North Fork Salmon Falls River
311500 Cleve Creek
NEW HAMPSHIRE
#320000 State of New Hampshire
320100 Swift River
320200 Upper Baker Pond
#320300 Merrimack River North of Merrimack Generating Plant
#320301 Merrimack River South of Merrimack Generating Plant
#320302 Merrimack River South of Hooksett Power Dam
160
-------
NEW JERSEY
*330000 State of New Jersey
330100 Stations 26 and 25 on Big Flatbrook River
330101 Stations 21 and 20 on Big Flatbrook River
330102 Station 19 on Big Flatbrook River
330103 Stations 15, 14, and 13 on Big Flatbrook River
330104 Station 12-3 on Little Flatbrook River
330105 Station 12-6 on Little Flatbrook River
330106 Stations 12 and 11 on Big Flatbrook River
330107 Station 9 on Big Flatbrook River
330200 Deleware River at Trenton
330201 Deleware River at Belvidere
NEW MEXICO
340100 San Juan River
340200 Navajo Reservoir
NEW YORK
=-350000 State of New York
#350100 Cayuge Lake
350400 Oneida Lake
#350500 Keuka Inlet
#350600 Catherine Creek
#350700 Grout Brook
#350800 Finger Lakes
350900 Raquette Lake
351000 Seneca Lake
351100 Blue Mountain Lake
351200 Chautauqua Lake
351300 Deleware River, East Branch
351301 Deleware River, West Branch
351302 Deleware River at Long Eddy
351303 Deleware River at Mongaup
NORTH CAROLINA
#360000 State of North Carolina
#360100 Lake Wylie
360200 Bones Creek
360300 Lake James
360400 Merchant's Mill Pond
360500 Lake Phelps
360600 Alligator Lake
360700 John Kerr Scott Reservoir
360800 Kinney Cameron Lake
361000 Chowan River at River Mile 55
361001 Chowan River at River Mile 48
361100 High Rock Lake
#361200 Waccamaw River
#361300 Lumber River
#361400 South River
361500 Lexington-Thomasville Reservoir
361600 Lake Fisher
361700 Lake Concord
361800 Lake Lexington
361900 Lake Lee
362000 Lake Monroe
161
-------
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
#380000
#380100
#380200
State of Ohio
Lake Erie
Massie Creek
OKLAHOMA
#390000 State of Oklahoma
390100 Keystone Reservoir on Arkansas River
390300 Canton Reservoir
390400 Tenkiller Ferry Reservoir
390500 Lake Carl Blackwell
390600 Lake Hefner
390700 Mountain Fork River above Broken Bow Reservoir
390701 Mountain Fork River below Broken Bow Reservoir
OREGON
#400000 State of Oregon
400100 Rogue River Goldray Dam
400200 Willamette River near Oregon City
400300 Sandy River Marmot Dam
400400 Deschutes River at mouth
400500 North Umpqua River, Winchester Dam
400700 Thomas Creek
400800 Detroit Reservoir
400900 McKenzie Riyer
401000 Breitenbush River
401100 South Fork McKenzie River
401200 North Santiam River
#401300 Lake of the Woods
PENNSYLVANIA
#410000 State of Pennsylvania
410100 Deleware River at Millanville
410101 Deleware River at Matamoras
410102 Deleware River at Minnisink Island
410103 Deleware River at Tocks Island
410104 Deleware River at Raubs Island
410105 Deleware River at Marshall Islands
410106 Deleware River at Scudders Falls
RHODE ISLAND
#430000 State of Rhode Island
#430100 Pausacaco Pond
#430200 Apponaug Brook
SOUTH CAROLINA
#450000 State of South Carolina
450100 Santee River near Jamestown
450101 Santee River near Wilson's Landing
450200 Cooper River near Lake Moultrie
450201 Cooper River near Charleston
450300 Edisto River
450400 Sawhatchie River
450500 Savannah River
450600 Ashepoo River
162
-------
SOUTH DAKOTA
#460000 State of South Dakota
460100 Oahe Reservoir
#460200 Lewis and Clark Lake
TENNESSEE
#470000 -State of Tennessee
*470100 Norris Reservoir
470200 Mississippi River in State of Tennessee
470201 Mississippi River at Memphis
470300 Tennessee River below Pickwick Dam
470401 Elk River from River Mile 41-53
470402 Elk River from River Mile 69-113
470403 Elk River from River Mile 124-163
470500 Obey River, Upper Dale Hallow Tailwater Zone
470501 Obey River, Middle Dale Hallow Tailwater Zone
470502 Obey River, Lower Dale Hallow Tailwater Zone
470600 Hurricane Creek below Hurricane Mills Dam
470601 Hurricane Creek at State Hwy 13
470602 Hurricane Creek at Long Wallace Bridge, County Road 6223
470700 Buffalo River at River Mile 17
470701 Buffalo River at River Mile 58
470800 Duck River
#470900 Dale Hallow Reservoir
#471000 Center Hill Reservoir
TEXAS
#480000 State of Texas
480100 Lake Texoma
480101 Buncombe Creek Arm-Lake Texoma
480200 Lake Corpus Christie
480300 Falcon Reservoir
480400 Lake Bentsen
480500 Delta Orchards Lake
480600 Olmito Lake
480700 Casa Blanca Lake
480800 Nueces River below I^ake Corpus Christi
480900 Frio River
#481000 Lake Diversion
481100 Buchanan Lake
481200 Lake Inks
481300 Lake Travis
481400 Murvaul Bayou Reservoir
#481500 Striker Creek Reservoir
481600 Lake Whitney
481700 Possum Kingdom Lake
481800 Lake Granbury
481900 San Angelo Reservoir
#482000 Ferndale Club Lake
##482100 Lake Colorado City
482200 Colorado River near Bastrop
482201 Colorado River near La Grange
482202 Colorado River near Columbus
482203 Colorado River near Altair
482204 Colorado River near Wharton
482205 Colorado River near Bay City
163
-------
UTAH
#490000 State of Utah
490100 Upper Green River
490101 Lower Green River
490200 Flaming Gorge Reservoir
490300 Utah Lake
490400 Glen Canyon Reservoir (Lake Powell)
490401 Glen Canyon Reservoir (Lake Powell)
#490500 Logan River
#490600 Green River
VERMONT
#500000
500100
#500200
VIRGINIA
#510000
#510100
State of Vermont
Lake Champlain
Pittsford
State of Virginia
York River
Bonneville Dam
The Dalles Dam
John Day Dam
WASHINGTON
#540100 Columbia River
540101 Columbia River,
540102 Columbia River,
540103 Columbia River,
540104 Columbia River, McNary Dam
540105 Snake River, Ice Harbor Dam
540106 Snake River, Lower Monumental Dam
540112 Priest Rapids. Dam
540200 Silver Lake
540300 Goodwin Lake
540400 Shoecraft Lake
WEST VIRGINIA
*550000 State of West Virginia
550100 Sutton Reservoir
550200 Summerville Reservoir
550300 Middle Island Creek
550400 Castlemans Run Lake
550500 Burches Run Lake
550600 Conaway Run Lake
550700 New Creek Lake
550800 Warden Lake
550900 Sleepy Creek Lake
551000 Doe Run Lake
551 100 Bear Lake
551200 Teter Creek Lake
551300 Baker Lake
551400 Laurel Lake
551500 Bonds Creek Lake
WISCONSIN
#560000 State of Wisconsin
560200 Lake Winnebago
560300 Lawrence Creek
560400 Lake Winnie Connie
560500 Lake Butte Des Morts
560600 Wolf River at New London
164
-------
560601 Wolf River st Spoehr's Marsh
560700 Lake Poygon
560800 Fox River, Marshes
560900 Cox Hallow Lake
561000 Murphy Flowage Reservoir
*56llOO Brule River
561200 Escanaba Lake
561300 Gilbert Lake
561400 Bohemian Valley Creek
*56l500 University of Wisconsin Garden Ponds
#561600 Lake Mendota
#561700 Trout Lake
*56l800 Muskellunge Lake
#561900 Green Lake
56EOOO Mississippi River,
562001 Mississippi River,
56200Z Mississippi River,
56Z003 Mississippi River,
562004 Mississippi River,
562005 Mississippi River,
562006 Mississippi River,
562007 Mississippi River,
563000
Mississippi River in State of Wisconsin
WYOMING
*570000 State of Wyoming
570100 Fontenelle Reservoir
570200 Green River below Fontenelle
570201 Green River above Flaming Gorge
570300 Ocean Lake
570400 Torrey Creek
#570500 Arnica Lake, Yellowstone
£570600 Yellowstone Lake
Spawning Data only .
Power Plant .
Pool 3, From Hastings, MN to above Red Wing, MN
Pool 4, From Red Wing, MN to Alma, WI
Pool 4A, Lake Pepin
Pool 5, From Alma, WI to below Minneiska, MN
From Trempealeau, WI to above La Crosse, WI
From La Crosse, WI to Genoa, WI
From Genoa, WI to below Lynxville, WI
From Guttenberg, LA. to Dubuque, LA
Pool 7,
Pool 8,
Pool 9,
Pool 11,
165
-------
APPENDIX D
SPECIAL DATA CODES
In order to facilitate the usefulness and user understanding of the
fish-temperature data base, special information codes have been incorporated
into the station data files. These codes are presented and discussed in the
following paragraphs.
ALPHA CODES
In reviewing the material gathered for the fish-temperature survey a
potential was recognized for the inclusion in the data base of additional
data above and beyond that required by the present study. It was felt that
by means of such information subsequent users of the data would have greater
flexibility in manipulating data retrieved. Thus, the user would know not
only at what temperatures a particular species was found, but would also
know other parameters such as the rate at which the fish were caught, the
sampling size of each catch, migration and emigration information, spawning
data, etCo In order to assimilate this additional numerical data within
the structure of the fish-temperature survey without unduly complicating
the encoding forms, a special code was devised that could be enlarged to
accommodate any data situation.
This alpha-numeric code, called the Alpha Code, consists of two alphabetic
symbols followed by five numeric digits. The first letter symbol specifies
the general type of data, the second letter further specifically defines the
data type, and the five numeric digits are the defined data.
As an example, consider that some investigator, in addition to reporting
total catch, also reported the results as 23.1 fish per trawl. This second
set of data would be entered in the data base via the Alpha Codes as follows:
o First letter "A" Indicates this entry is a measure
of sample size.
o Second letter "N" Indicates the sample size entry is
in units of per trawl.
o The 5 numeric entries 023.1 note that the decimal point
occupies one of the 5 numeric spaces.
The complete Alpha Code for this entry would be "AN023.1" and would be so
entered on the encoding sheet. In the course of the study, seven major (or
first letter) categories were identified. These seven categories and their
26 subcategories are listed on the following pages.
166
-------
ACCESSION CODE
The accession code numbers are in the range of 000,001 through 899,999
and are assigned to all documents containing fish-temperature data or ancillary
information used in the study. The inclusion of these numbers on the J-data
sheets (and in the- corresponding computer record) allows the user to retrieve
original -data documents for each station defined in the data base.
The special event codes are in the range 900,000 through 999,999 and are
used to reference physical or functional changes in the station environment
which could affect the use or interpretation of the encoded data. Examples
of these special events are such occurrences as the construction dates for
a local dam, major flood dates and resulting stream changes, man-made changes
such as channelization and dredging. Additionally, biological information
reported for a particular fish species or fish population, such as characteristic
spawning behavior in a geographic region that may be different from other
regions, is references via these codes. Pages 172-183 contain a complete
list of the special codes used in the study to date.
ALPHA CODE
A SAMPLE SIZE (FISH)
C SAMPLE NUMBER
D SAMPLE NUMBER
E SPAWNING DATA
F MIGRATION DATA
G EMIGRATION DATA
H TEMPERATURE DATA
167
-------
_A SAMPLE SIZE (FISH)
AA per stream mile
AB per acre
AC per man hour
AD per hour
AE per day
AF per week
AG per month
AH per year
AI in percent of sample (catch)
AJ per site observation
AK in pounds (non-commercial)
AL per net
AM per season
AN per trawl
AO in pounds (commercial)
AP in grams
AQ in ounces
AR per net day
C SAMPLE NUMBER
CA number of fishermen
CB number of electro-shocking stations
CC number of gill-nets
CD number of traps
CE number of weirs
CF number of stream miles
CG number of acres
CH number of hours
168
-------
CI number of days
CJ number of weeks
CK number of months
CL number of years
CM number of angling trips
CN number of trap nets
CO number of trawls
CP number of hours per trip
CQ number of hours per acre
CR number of seines
CS number of fyke nets
CT number of lifts
CU number of young of year
CV number of nets
CW number of net-feet
CX number of shocking samples
CY number of downstream migrants
CZ number of net days
D SAMPLE NUMBER
DA number of samples
DB number of pounds
E SPAWNING DATA
EA minimum spawning temperature F
EB maximum spawning temperature F
EC optimum spawning temperature F
ED month of peak spawning
EE day of peak spawning
EF spawning at water temperature from to C
169
-------
EG spawning at water temperature from to F
EH minimum spawning temperature C
El maximum spawning temperature C
EJ optimum spawning temperature C
EK onset spawning temperature C
EL spawn a^ water temperature C
EM peak spawning at water temperature C
EN peak spawning at water temperature F
EO most spawning above C
EP onset spawning temperature F
EQ spawn at water temperature F
ER most spawning above F
ES peak spawning at temperature below C
ET ending spawning temperature F
EU preferred^ spawning period from mo/day
EV preferred spawning period to mo/day
EW temp range during preferred spawning period from to F
EX peak spawning from mo/day
EY peak spawning to mo/day
EZ mean spawning temperature F
MIGRATION DATA
FA month of peak migration
FB day of peak migration
FC peak migration from month to month
FD adult migration to spawning grounds from month to*month
FE juvenile migration from nursery area from month to month
FF month/day juveniles begin migrating
FG migration from month to month
170
-------
FH peak migration from mo/day
FI peak migration to mo/day
FJ temperature at migration from to F
FK mean temperature during migration peak F
FL spawning migration from mo/day
FM spawning migration to mo/day
FN temperature range during migration from to F
FO temperature at initiation of migration F
FP migration from mo/day
FQ migration to mo/day
G EMIGRATION DATA
GA peak emigration from month to month
GB juvenile emigration from month to month
GC mo/day of peak juvenile emigration
GD juvenile emigration from mo/day
GE juvenile emigration to mo/day
GF smolt emigration from month to month
GG peak emigration from mo/day
GH peak emigration to mo/day
GI mo/day of peak emigration
GJ emigration from mo/day
GK emigration to mo/day
H TEMPERATURE DATA
HA temp range for designated depth from to F
HB temp range for designated depth from _to C
171
-------
SPECIAL CODE ACCESSION SERIES
900,000 MISCELLANEOUS
901,000 FLOOD
902,000 POISON
903,000 DRAINAGE
904,000 FISH/TEMP RELATIONSHIP
905, 000 CATCH RATE DATA
906,000 TEMPERATURE
900,000 MISCELLANEOUS
900,000 Miscellaneous-Murphy Flowage, Wisconsin
Pan Fish Removal Program May 22 to June 22, 1961 To study the effect of
fish removed on the remaining population.
900,001 Miscellaneous-Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin
Calibration error for week of June 15, 1970.
900,002 Miscellaneous-Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin
(Minimum and Maximum 1962-1969) Water temperatures taken from Taylor
thermograph records which were returned to Wisconsin without keeping a copy.
900,003 Miscellaneous-Pigeon River, Michigan (1959)
"One contributing cause of decline in catch was the work that the Lake and Stream
Improvement Section of the Fish Division was doing. "
900,004 Miscellaneous-Wheeler Reservoir Browns Ferry Plant-River Mile 293
"Two changes appear to be of greatest significance. . . ; the almost complete
elimination of skipjack herring from the catch and the increased number of
species and total catch of game fish. These changes appear to be reflections of
the changed habitat due to construction activities at Browns Ferry. "
900,005 Miscellaneous-Barren River Reservoir, Kentucky
Creel Census per month from March to October, 1968, is an estimate based on
actual count.
900,006 Miscellaneous-Nolin River Reservoir, Kentucky
Creel Census per month from March to October, 1968, is an estimate based on
actual count.
900,007 Miscellaneous-Bull Shoals Lake, Arkansas
Any spawning data utilized or made public from this station (reference source
710919) must refer to Mr. Lou Vogele, National Reservoir Research Program,
Division of Fisheries Research, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Fayetteville, Arkansas.
900,008 Miscellaneous-Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho
"The 1951 to 1954 harvest would come from fish spawned before dam construction,
the 1955 to 1958 harvest from fish spawned after. "
172
-------
900,009 Miscellaneous-Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho
Creel Census 1953 adjusted for missed fisherman
Creel Census 1951, 1954-1957, 1963-1964, 1966-1967 preliminary estimates
900,010 Miscellaneous-Big Springs Creek, Idaho
The rainbow trout counts are "fish which could have been resident rainbow trout
and/or steelhead trout".
900,011 Miscellaneous-Big Springs Creek, Idaho
Trapping counts for Brook trout and Chinook salmon for the years 196Z-1965 are
estimates.
900,012 Miscellaneous-Moosehead Lake, Maine
Creel Census 1967-1970 estimated from expanded samples.
900,013 Miscellaneous-Lake Griffin, Florida
Creel Census 1968-1969 are estimates.
900,014 Miscellaneous-Walker Lake, Nevada
Catch composition from 57 gill net sets was 4652 fish from 1954-1958.
900,015 Miscellaneous-Walker Lake, Nevada
Depth-temperature values from 4 year seasonal water temperature average.
900,016 Miscellaneous-Topaz Reservoir, Nevada
Temperature profiles are 1954-1958 average quarterly extremes.
900,017 Miscellaneous-Pyramid Lake, Nevada
Temperatures for 1958 are average monthly seasonal temps for 1954-1958.
900,018 Miscellaneous-Utah Lake, Utah
Temperatures for 1939 are actually mean monthly temperatures over a ten year
period from 1929-1939.
900,019 Miscellaneous-Maybeso Creek, Alaska
Before logging-1950-1952
During logging-1953-1957
After logging-1958-1962
900, 020 Miscellaneous-Maybeso Creek, Alaska
Fish counts are estimated from aerial and foot surveys.
900,021 Miscellaneous-Harris River, Alaska
Before logging-1953-1958
During logging-1959-1961
After logging-1962
900,022 Miscellaneous-Harris River, Alaska
Fish counts are estimates from aerial and foot surveys.
900,023 Miscellaneous-Indian Creek, Alaska
Fish counts from estimates of aerial and foot surveys.
900,024 Miscellaneous-Savage River Reservoir, Maryland
Creel Census dated September 30, 1958 is actually from May 1, 1958 to
September 30, 1958. It is an estimate.
900,025 Miscellaneous-Little Patuxent River, Maryland
Creel Census dated October 1958 is actually for April 1958 through October 1958.
900, 02'6 Miscellaneous-Cottonwood Creek, Alaska
Salmon counts (weir) are estimates for 1956 and 1957.
900,027 Miscellaneous-Two Buttes Reservoir, Colorado
Seine hauls for 1951 are estimates based on actual counts.
173
-------
900,028 Miscellaneous-Tenkiller Ferry Reservoir, Oklahoma
August 1960 and June 1966 poison counts are estimates based on actual count.
(Rotenone samples).
900,029 Miscellaneous-Keystone Reservoir, Oklahoma
The 1960 fish counts (method combination) are from the Arkansas River and the
Cimmaron River. They are pre-impoundment studies. "The Keystone Dam will
be constructed approximately one mile below the confluence of the Arkansas and
Cimarron River, Tulsa County, near the community of Keystone, and the reser-
voir will extend into five counties, Tulsa, Osage, Payne, Creek, and Pawnee. "
The reservoir "will extend upstream for 30 miles on the Arkansas River and 32
miles on the Cimarron River". The reservoir was completed February 1964.
900,030 Miscellaneous-Keystone Reservoir, Oklahoma
The June 8, 1966 poison counts are estimates based on actual count. (Rotenone)
900,031 Miscellaneous-Missouri River at Fort Calhoun, Nebraska
The fish counts for 1971 are seasonal counts. April represents spring, June
represents summer, and September represents fall.
900,032 Miscellaneous-Missouri River at Brownville, Nebraska
The fish counts for 1971 are seasonal counts. April represents spring, June
represents summer, and September represents fall.
900,033 Miscellaneous-High Rock Lake, North Carolina
Seining count for September 9, I960 is actually for November 5, 1959 to Septem-
ber 9, 1960.
900,034 Miscellaneous-Lake Travis, Texas
Creel Census for July 1953 is actually for June and July 1953. All temperatures
were taken f>rom a Bathythermograph.
900,035 Miscellaneous-San Angelo Reservoir, Texas
Creel Census for 1956 is actually for September 1954 through April 1956 .
900,036 Miscellaneous-Ship Creek near Anchorage, Alaska
There are 3 Power Plants using cooling water from Ship Creek. There are
Chugach Electric Association, 1 mile above mouth of creek, West Elm Dorf,
3. 6 miles above mouth, and Fort Richardson, 8.2 miles above mouth. All
water temps were taken at 9 stations from mouth to City of Anchorage Dam,
11.5 miles above mouth.
900,037 Miscellaneous-Hood Bay Creek, Alaska
Downstream outmigrant counts are for Dolly Varden, Pink Salmon, Chum Salmon
and Coho Salmon smolts only. Inmigrants leave the creek the same year as
entry and consist of spawned-out and nonspawning char; Therefore these out-
migrants were not encoded. Inmigrant counts for this station include estimates
by Alaska Fish and Game personnel.
900,038 Miscellaneous-Eva Creek, Baranof Island, Alaska
"Actual spawning of Dolly Varden chars was not observed in the Lake Eva
system. During October many upstream migrating'Dolly Varden passing the
weir were found upon examination to be spawned out. Since little spawning area
is available below the weir, the possibility exists that these fish spawned in
other systems, dropped back down to salt water and then migrated oiHtap to
Lake Eva for the winter. "
900,039 Miscellaneous-New Creek Lake, West Virginia
All species caught by gill net on July 30, 1969 were caught at a. depth range of
0 30 feet. All species caught by gill net on August 7, 1969 were caught at a
depth range of 20 30 feet.
900,040 Miscellaneous-Russian River, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska
All Creel Census are estimates based on actual counts.
174
-------
900,041 Miscellaneous-More Trout, Inc. Pond(MTI), Michigan
Dip net data for 1961 is and "estimate based on data from previous years'
recovery averages at MTI and Guiley ponds. "
900,042 Miscellaneous-Fire Creek Weir below Lower Fire Lake, Alaska
Upstream immigrant counts for Dolly Varden, Rainbow trout and Coho Salmon
smolts are encoded.
900,043 Miscellaneous-Fire Creek Weir below Lower Fire Lake, Alaska
"The March 27 earthquake severely damaged the upstream-downstream control
structure on Lower Fire Lake. Reconstruction of this facility was started on
June 22 and completed on August 14, 1964. The traps at the Fire Lake Hatchery
were put into operation on May 15, and 15 adult rainbow trout were captured.
Because the traps on Lower Fire Lake were inoperative during the peak of the
coho salmon and rainbow trout out-migration, little data was obtained on
migratory habits.
900,044 Miscellaneous-Alaska
The Creel Census for the following years and stations are estimates based on
actual count:
1955-Russian River
1954-1955-Anchor River, Kenai Peninsula
1955-Deep Creek, Kenai Peninsula
1955-Stariski Creek, Kenai Peninsula
1955-Quartz Creek, Kenai Peninsula
1955-Crescent Creek, Kenai Peninsula
1955-Cooper Creek, Kenai Peninsula
1952, 1955-Hidden Lake, Kenai Peninsula
1955-Big Lake
900,045 Miscellaneous-Mississippi River at Hickman, KY: at Tunica, MS: at Vicksburg,
MS: at Tarbert Landing, LA: at Luling, LA. Atchafalaya River at Simmesport,
LA.
''Endrin was the agent responsible for catastrophic fish kills in the Lower
Mississippi River Basin in 1963-1964. "
"Endrin present in the Mississippi and Atchafalya Rivers, and the rate of produc-
tion and use, declined after this time to a level where endrin was no longer a
pollution hazard. "
"At the present rate and methods of production, waste disposal, and use, con-
centrations of endrin in the waters of the Lower Mississippi River Basin may be
expected to remain at levels not harmful to fish."
900,046 Miscellaneous-Spring Bayou, Louisiana and Amite River, Louisiana
Poison counts (Rotenone) for August 1962 are actually for the summer of 1962.
900,047 Miscellaneous-Lac Des Allemands, Louisiana
"The most marked changes in water chemistries from Lac Des Allemands occurs
ed in samples taken September 20, 1965, ten days following Hurricane Betsy. . . .
Heavy rains and large amounts of foliage and debris fell into the lake and bayous
and canals, but more restricted to areas in Lac Des Allemands where these
bayous entered."
900,048 Miscellaneous-Oahe Reservoir, South Dakota
Annual creel census for I960 is actually July, 1959 to March, I960.
Annual creel census for 1961 is actually April, I960 to March, 1961.
Water temperatures were taken from June 22, 1959 to September 7, 1959 and
from June 13, 1961 to August 22, 1961.
175
-------
900,049 Miscellaneous-Little Red River near Pangburn, Arkansas and near West Point,
Arkansas
Hydro-Electric Power Generation at Greers Ferry Dam began on June 9, 1964.
Greers Ferry Dam is located at River Mile 79. 0, the Pangburn station about
River Mile 60 and the West Point station within 16 miles of the confluence with
the White River.
"Since the Greers Ferry Dam has been discharging cold water into this river,
a put-and-take trout fishery has existed as far down stream as Pangburn. All
native warm water fish species have been eliminated. From Pangburn to the
mouth of the river, below West Point, only a remenant stock of native fishes
has survived. " (Personal communication with Mr. Bill Keith, Arkansas Game
and Fish Commission, Little Rock, Arkansas.)
900,050 Miscellaneous-Tchefuncte River near Covington, Louisiana
The fish counts for 1967 are actually for September, 1966 to January, 1968.
The fish counts are seasonal counts. March represents winter, April repre-
sents spring, June represents summer, and October represents fall.
900,051 Miscellaneous-Licking River near Butler, near Kentontown and near Blue Lick
Springs, Kentucky
Temperature data for these three stations is located at McKinneysburg, Kentucky.
(Latitude 38°35'52 and Longitude 84°16'00) The same temperature data was used
for all three stations.
900, 05Z Miscellaneous-Licking River near West Liberty and near Swampton, Kentucky
Temperature data for these two stations is located at Farmers, Kentucky.
(Latitude 38°08'Z4 and Longitude 83 33'Z6) The same temperature data was used
for both stations.
900,053 Miscellaneous-Big Flatbrook River, New Jersey
Eight stations were encoded on the Big Flatbrook River. Since water tempera-
ture data was only available for two of these stations (330101 and 330103), the
water temperatures were also encoded in the stations in close proximity.
Water temperatures for station 330101 were also used for stations 330100 and
330102. Water temperatures for station 330103 were also used for stations
330104, 330105, 330106, and 330107.
900,054 Miscellaneous-Elk River, Tennessee
There are three Elk River stations. When the available data was not separated
by stations but combined into one total count for the whole river, we input this
combined data into all three stations (470401, 470402, and 470403).
The combined data put into all three stations was electro counts for 1963 and
1965, and creel counts for 1962 through 1965.
(The creel count for 1965 is an estimate.)
900,055 Miscellaneous-South Fork Elkhorn Creek, Kentucky
The South Fork Elkhorn Creek near Paynes, Kentucky is polluted with municipal
sewage below the Town Branch Creek.
The South Fork Elkhorn Creek near Faywood, Kentucky is the only unpolluted
station on the South Fork.
900, 056 Miscellaneous-South Fork Elkhorn River near Faywood, Kentucky
Electro counts for 1960-1961, 1969 are number of fish per acre.
The temperatures for 1968-1970 were recorded with mercury and alcohol stream
thermometers. ^
900,057 Miscellaneous-South Fork Elkhorn River near Paynes, Kentucky
Electro counts for 1960-1965, 1969 are number of fish per acre.
The water temperatures for 1968-1970 were recorded with mercury and alcohol
stream thermometers.
900, 058 Miscellaneous-North Fork Elkhorn Creek near Georgetown, Kentucky
The water temperatures for 1968-1970 were recorded with mercury and alcohol
stream thermometers.
October, 1968-Electro countsWhen raw data listed a fish count as tr. (trace),
we designated trace to mean 1 fish captured. We did this to show this fish was
present.
176
-------
900,059 Miscellaneous-Main Elkhorn Creek near Frankfort, Kentucky
The water temperatures for 1969-1970 were recorded with mercury and alcohol
stream thermometers.
900,060 Miscellaneous-Mississippi River from Grand Rapids to Brainard, Minnesota
The trap net counts dated September, 1967 are actually for September, 1967 and
August and September, 1965.
900,061 Miscellaneous-Mississippi River, Pool 13 and Pool 26
The creel census for 1962 is seasonal. May represents spring, July represents
summer, and September represents fall.
900,062 Miscellaneous-Mis sissippi River at Dubuque, Iowa
All spawning data for this station applies to all of the upper Mississippi
River stations. (Pools 3 through 26B)
901,000 FLOOD
901,000 Flood-Lawrence Creek, Wisconsin
Flood-Spring 1960
Flood-February 9, 1966 damaged brook trout redds.
901,001 Flood-Bohemian Valley Creek, Wisconsin
Single run shocking data prior to (April 13, 1959) and after (May 25, 1959) a.
flash flood.
901,002 Flood-Pigeon River, Michigan
Flood-May 1957-catch of wild trout smallest since the establishment of the
Pigeon River Station in 1949.
901,003 Flood-Apalachicola River, Florida
"Early in I960, the Apalachicola River valley experienced the worst flood in many
years. It began in the late winter and lasted until the approximate time for the
striped bass to begin spawning. ... It is believed that a major portion of the
striped bass from the Apalachicola River went throuth the dam and into the Flint
and Chattahoochee Rivers to spawn. "
901,004 Flood-Feather River Hatchery, California
The hatchery is located upstream from Oroville-Chico Highway Bridge. Below
dam sight, the river flooded from December 21, 1964 to January 30, 1965. The
hatchery facilities were damaged.
901,005 Flood-Sagehen Creek, California
In December 1955 "was the most severe flood of the study period and was
followed by extreme low numbers of most fishes in 1956".
901,006 Flood-Lake Corpus Christi, Texas
In 1958 "during the last of February and the first of March a flood occurred" on
Lake Corpus Christi.
177
-------
902,000 POISON
902, 000 Poison-Argyle Lake, Illinois
The lake was treated with antimycin on June 10, 1970.
902,001 Poison-Wheeler Reservoir, Alabama
The reservoir was treated with rotenone August and September 1970. Informa-
tion listed as poison for September 1970 is for the whole reservoir (stations
010100 and 010102) not just one station (010101).
902, 002 Poison-Anderson Ranch Reservoir, Idaho
The reservoir was treated with rotenone July 19 to August 11, 1965, July 25 to
August 4, 1966 and August 9 to August 16, 1967. The shoreline was treated with
rotenone to .kill squawfish fry.
902, 003 Poison-Bentsen State Park Lake, Texas
"This lake was treated with rotenone in January, I960, to eradicate the existing
fish population and restocked with black bass (Largemouth bass) in March. "
"In view of the fish collections (April and October 1961-gill nets), it is clear that
the benefits obtained from the fish eradication in January I960 have been nullified. '
902,004 Poison-Buchanan Lake, Texas
Treated with rotenone January 25, 1956. "It is believed that a complete kill
was achieved, but few fishes were taken. "
902, 005 Poison-Murvaul Bayou Reservoir, Texas
"Prior to impoundment, on September 17, 1957, about a twelve mile stretch of
Marvaul Bayou above the dam was treated with Pro-Noxfish and rotenone powder
to eliminate as nearly as possible the existing fish population. "
902,006 Poison-Possum Kingdon Lake, Texas
Rotenone was applied to the lake on September 22, 1959. Gill net data for
September 1959 was gathered before and after the treatment.
902,007 Poison-Bear Creek, Alaska
In 1963 a barrier was constructed at the outlet of Bear Lake and the lake was
treated with rotenone inorder to eliminate competitor species of Silver Salmon.
A total kill of Threespine stickleback, Sculpins, Dolly Varden, Red and Silver
Salmon occurred. "The barrier at the outlet of rehabilitated Bear Lake was
destroyed as a result of the Good Friday earthquake and reinfestation of the
lake by Dolly Varden and Threespine sticklebacks occurred. "
903,000 DRAINAGE
903,000 Drainage-Argyle Lake, Illinois
On September 7, 1970 the lake was drained before rehabilitation.
903,001 Drainage-Castleman Run Lake, West Virginia
"The lake was drained October 20-24, 1969."
903, 002 Drainage-Burches Run Lake, West Virginia
"The lake was drained November 3-7, 1969. "
903,003 Drainage-Sleepy Creek Lake, West Virginia
The lake "was drained during November, 1970, in order to make repairs
to the drop inlet. "
178
-------
904.000 FISH/TEMP RELATIONSHIP
904,000 Fish/Temp Relationship-Murphy Flowage, Wisconsin
"Several fishery workers have found that growth initiation each year for warm
water species is closely related to the time surface water temperature
reaches 60 F. " (Study period from 1955 through 1963)
904,001 Fish/Temp Relationship-Trout Lake, Wisconsin
Lake trout-"-Preferred temperature is about 50°F.oand they seldom remain for
extended periods of time in warmer waters than 65 F. The siscower probably
never gets in waters exceeding 40°F. "
904,002 Fish/Temp Relationship-Murphy Flowage, Wisconsin
"Bluegills will tolerate quite warm water. The maximum lethal temperature
tolerated is probably similiar to that of pumpkinseed sunfish and largemouth
bass, namely 95 F. "
904,003 Fish/Temp Relationship-Murphy Flowage, Wisconsin
Bluegill-"Food consumption is regulated by water temperature and decreases
drastically below temperatures of 50 -55 F.
904,004 Fish/Temp Relationship-Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho
"The amount of time required for kokanee eggs to hatch and fry to emerge from
the nests is governed by temperature. Within the range of 35 to 60 degrees F. ,
the rate of development varies directly with the temperature. . . . Development
is retarded by colder temperatures. ..."
904,005 Fish/Temp Relationship-Lake Mendota, Wisconsin
Yellow Perch-"Maximum temperatures tolerated in laboratory experiments
was 92. 0 F. Perch seem to prefer a water temperature of 69. 8 F. "
904,006 Fish/Temp Relationship-Brule River, Wisconsin
"Brown trout are most active and growth is best when water temperatures range
between 65 and 75 F. , although this species has tolerated water temperatures
up to 81°F. for short periods. "
904,007 Fish/Temp Relationship-Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin
Muskellunge-"Feeding drops off in water temperatures above 85 F. " "Cool
water temperatures are preferred, ranging from 33 to 78 F. , but muskellunge
can withstand temperatures up to 90 F. for short periods. "
904,008 Fish/Temp Relationship-Lake George Northern Pike Slough, Minnesota
"It would appear from these observations that water temperatures in the
middle 50's are necessary for spawning to occur." (Species-Northern Pike)
904,009 Fish/Temp Relationship-Murphy Flowage, Wisconsin
"Bass will tolerate temperatures of 80-90°F. Their :
96. 8 F. Growth ceases at temperatures below 50 F.
904,010 Fish/Temp Relationship-Nanticoke River, Maryland
"The 1963 data show three spawning peaks correlated with rising water tempera-
tures, and two depressions in number of eggs correlated with falling tempera-
tures. "
904,011 Fish/Temp Relationship-West Beaver Creek, Colorado
"The main factor that seemed to increase the number of fish trapped daily was
maximum stream water temperature, especially when the daily increase was
quite marked. "
179
-------
904,000 FISH/TEMP RELATIONSHIP (continued)
904,012 Fish/Temp Relationship-Lake Carl Blackwell, Oklahoma, Canton Reservoir,
Oklahoma, and Buncombe Creek Arm-Lake Texoma, Oklahoma and Texas
"Loomis and Irwin (1954) found that depth distribution of fishes in Lake Carl
Blackwell, Oklahoma, was not related to temperature, since temperature
conditions were uniform. Hancock (1954) established that warm water entering
the Canton Reservoir, Oklahoma, caused large fish aggregations which resulted
in increased winter angling yields. Grinstead ( 1965) found that light penetration
and turbidity influenced white crappie distribution more than any other physico-
chemical factor in Buncombe Creek, Lake Texoma, Oklahoma. " (Quote taken
from report #722212)
904,013 Fish/Temp Relationship-Canton Reservoir, Oklahoma
"In Canton Reservoir, Oklahoma, Hancock (1954) has shown that during the
winter white crappie will aggregate in a locality with a higher water temperature
if this is available. He found white crappie concentrated in tremendous numbers
in a small cove which was being fed by warmer ground water. Hancock experi-
mentally duplicated this condition in another small cove and observed a similar
concentration where one did not exist prior to experimentation. This clearly
irrustrates the fact that white crappie will select an area with a more desirable
temperature if this is available. " (Quote taken from report #722213)
904,014 Fish/Temp Relationship-Buncombe Creek Arm-Lake Texoma, Texas and
Oklahoma
"Thermal stratification with a wide temperature range is only occasionally
observed. . . .Since there was for the most part no appreciable vertical tempera-
ture gradient, the recorded vertical movements of the white crappie cannot be
interpreted as an attempt to move to more desirable temperature conditions. It
was concluded, therefore, that factors other than temperature must have in-
fluenced the vertical distribution of the white crappie." "White crappie did
appear to be influenced by light penetration, generally they occurred at a greater
depth when the turbidity was low and nearer the surface as turbidity increased. "
(Quote taken from report #722213)
904,015 Fish/Temp Relationship-Buchanan Lake, Texas
"During the months of October and November (1955) the number of individuals
(fish) taken in seines dropped sharply. This decline is probably due to the sharp
decline in water temperatures and the resulting regression of shallow water
aquatic vegetation which provided some cover. "
904,016 Fish/Temp Relationship-Bear Creek, Alaska
"Various workers on red salmon investigations have noted that seaward migra-
tion followed shortly after breakup of lake ice and that cessation of seaward
migratio^ has been related to increasing minimum water temperatures usually
about 50 F. " "Downstream movement of silver salmon did not begin until the
ice had broken up and the water Breached 39. 5°F. Ninety percent of the migra-
tion occurred between 41 and 56 F. This suggests silver salmon may have
greater temperature tolerance limits than red salmon, whose migration is
usually terminated at 50 F "
904,017 Fish/Temp Relationship-East Finger Lake, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska
"Water temperature appears to be the factor that exerts the most influence on the
depth-distribution of Arctic char. Char were captured in water temperatures
varying from 40 to 60 F. However, more than 89 percent were taken in water
colder than 55 F. During July and August, 70 percent of the char were captured
in water that ranged from 41 to 50 F. These data suggest that surface temper-
atures in excess of 55 F. tend to restrict Arctic char to mid-water (20-30 feet)
or bottom depths (35-45 feet). "
904,018 Fish/Temp Relationship-South Fork Anchor River, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska
"Other studies and Alaskan observations have shown that the steelhead habit is
to ascend the streams in the fall, winter over in the larger stream or lake areas,
and sp_awn in the streams in the spring (when water temperatures are from
39-42 ), followed by downstream migration to salt water. "
180
-------
904,OLS Fish/Temp Relationship-Lake Catherine, Steam Plant Bay, Arkansas
Temp and fish collections were made in the cooling pond adjacent to the main
body of the lake. Temps for 1967 are also available.
"There was and obvious seasonal ingress and egress of fishes within the
effluent receiving bay."
"A direct correlation could not be made between the distribution of fishes in
the effluent receiving bay and water temperatures. The average temperature
in the plant bay in the summer of 1970 was very near the optimum temperature
for most of the native warmwater species of fish in Lake Catherine."
"The concentration of fishes during winter months is brought on by an abun-
dance of threadfin shad which seek out the warm water discharge. The con-
centrations of shad attract predator fishes into the area and create an ex-
cellent winter fishery."
"Other than food supply, dissolved oxygen concentrations was the major
factor controlling abundance of fishes within the receiving embayment."
905,000 CATCH RATE DATA
905,000 Catch Rate Data-Canton Reservoir, Oklahoma
1950, 52-54, 60-61, 65Creel Census are percentages
1964-67--Trawl counts are catch per haul
1964-65--Seine counts are catch per haul
1965Meter net counts are catch per haul
1965-67Poison counts are catch per acre (These are Rotenone Samples)
905,001 Catch Rate Data-Two Buttes Reservoir, Colorado
1946-52--Creel Census are percentages
905,002 Catch Rate Data-Summerville Reservoir, West Virginia
1966-67,70--Poison counts are percentages
905,003 Catch Rate Data-Sutton Reservoir, West Virginia
1966-67,70Poison counts are percentages
905,004 Catch Rate Data-Burches Run Lake, West Virginia
Oct. 13, 1963Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Oct. 16, 1967Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Aug. 15, 1968Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Nov. 11, 1969Poison counts are number of fish per acre
905,005 Catch Rate Data-Conaway Run Lake, West Virginia
July 28, 1966method "Not Given"counts are number of fish per acre
July 26, 1967Poison counts are number of fish per acre
July 11, 1968Poison counts are number of fish per acre
July 9, 1969Poison counts are number of fish per acre
May 29, 1970Poison counts are number of fish per acre
905,006 Catch Rate Data-New Creek Lake, West Virginia
Sept. 7, 1966method "Not Given"--counts are number of fish per acre
Sept. 11, 1967Poison counts are number of fish per acre
July 18, 1969Poison counts are number of fish per acre
July 29, 1969Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Aug. 12, 1970Poison counts are number of fish per acre
905,007 Catch Rate Data-Warden Lake, West Virginia
Sept. 6, 1966Poison counts are number of fish per acre
July 27, 1967Poison counts are number of fish per acre
July 24, 1968Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Aug. 15, 1969Poison counts are number of fish per acre
24, 1970Poison counts are number of fish per acre
181
-------
905,008 Catch Rate Data - Sleepy Creek Lake, West Virginia
Sept. 22, 1966Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Aug. 29, 1967Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Aug. 14, 1969Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Aug. 20, 1970Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Nov. 25, 1970Poison counts are number of fish per acre
905,009 Catch Rate Data-Catlemans Run Lake, West Virginia
Oct. 5, 1967--Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Aug. 12, 1968Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Aug. 11, 1969Poison counts are number of fish per acre
905,010 Catch Rate Data-Bear Lake, West Virginia
Sept. 11, 1967Poison counts are number of fish per acre
905,011 Catch Rate Data-Baker Lake, West Virginia
Aug. 29, 1967--Poison counts are number of fish per acre
905,012 Catch Rate Data-Teter Creek Lake, West Virginia
Sept. 2, 1967Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Aug. 29, 1968Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Sept. 1969Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Aug. 24, 1970Poison counts are number of fish per acre
905,013 Catch Rate Data-Laurel Lake, West Virginia
Oct. 3, 1967Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Aug. 1968Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Aug. 28, 1969Poison counts are number of fish per acre
Sept. 16,^1970Poison counts are number of fish per acre
905,014 Catch Rate Data-Bonds Creek Lake, West Virginia
June 18, 1968Poison counts are number of fish per acre
June 24, 1969Poison counts are number of fish per acre
June 17, 1970Poison counts are number of fish per acre
905,015 Catch Rate Data-Mississippi River
All combination fish counts are in pounds for the following stations along the
Mississippi River
Pools 3,4,4A,5,5A,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22, 24,
25,26, and 26B
Also stations040900,161202,180500,200301,210100,260600,280500, and
470200
182
-------
906,000 TEMPERATURE
906,000 Temperature-Fontana Reservoir, North Carolina
All data is for 1965
Species Month Temperature Range
037 05 70-73
07 58-84
10 70-71
032 05 64-76
07 72-84
10 69-72
042 05 57-75
07 66-84
10 71
035 05 67-77
07 77-84
10 70-71
039 05 73
07 71-76
10 71-72
031 05 61-76
07 68-84
10 71-72
109 05 65-72
07 76-84
10 72
022 05 70-76
07 68-84
10 73
003 05 62-76
07 72-82
10 71-73
906,001 Temperature-Lake Colorado City, Texas
"The intake temperatures are representative (within 1 to 3°F.) of 85% of the
water in the entire reservoir."
(Source-Letter dated April 4, 1972 from John E. Tilton)
906,002 Temperature-Mountain Fork River below Broken Bow Reservoir, Oklahoma
Water temperatures fluctuated erratically due to Hydroelectric Power
Generating station water releases from Broken Bow Reservoir.
183
-------
APPENDIX E
MAIN SOURCES OF FISH-TEMPERATURE INFORMATION
NATIONAL
1. Doyel, W. W., W. F. Curtis, and E. B. Chase, 1968. Catalog of Information on
Water Data, USGS, Office of Water Data Coordination.
2. Jenkins, R. M. , July 1964. "Reservoir Fishery Research Strategy and Tactics, "
Bureau of Sport Fishery and Wildlife, U. S. Department of Interior.
3. Kinney, Edward C. , November 1969. Cooperative Fishery Unit Report for the
Period January 1968 Through June 1969~iBureau of Sport Fishery and Wildlife.
4. Krenkel, P. A. and F. L. Parker, 1969. "Biological Aspects of Thermal
Pollution, " Vanderbilt University Press.
5. Mihursky, J. A., A. J. McErlean, and V. S. Kennedy, October 1970. "Thermal
Pollution, Aquaculture and Pathobiology in Aquatic Systems," Journal of Wildlife
Diseases, University of Maryland.
6. "Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant Fish Monitoring Investigations, Wheeler Reservoir,
Alabama, " January 1969. TVA, Division of Forestry, Fish and Wildlife Branch.
7. "Common and Scientific Names of Fishes, " 1970. American Fisheries Society.
8. Conservation Directory 1971, 1971. The National Wildlife Federation.
9. Index to Federal Aid Publications in Sport Fish and Wildlife Restoration and
Selected Cooperative Research Project Reports, March 1968. 0"! S~]Department
of Interior.
10. "Mississippi River Fisheries, Commercial Catch by States, 1950 1969, " 197Z.
National Marine Fisheries Service.
11. "Quality of Surface Waters of the United States 1950 Parts 9 14. Colorado River
Basin to Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and Lower Columbia River Basin, " 1954.
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D. C.
1Z. "Reservoir Fisheries and Limnology," 1971. American Fisheries Society, Special
Publication Number 8.
ALABAMA
13. Sheddan, Tommy L. , April 197Z. "Fish Inventory Data, Guntersville Reservoir,
1971," TVA, Fisheries and Waterfowl Resources Branch.
14. Wrenn, William B. , 1968. " Life History Aspects of Smallmouth Buffalo and Fresh-
water Drum in Wheeler Reservoir, Alabama, " Proceedings from the ZZ Annual Con-
ference of Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, Tennessee
Valley Authority. "
15. "Browns Ferry Draft Environmental Statement, " July 1971. Tennessee Valley
Authority.
184
-------
!6. "Fish Monitoring Investigations, Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, Wheeler Reservoir,
Alabama, Winter Quarter, 197Z," August 1972. Tennessee Valley Authority.
17. "Fish Monitoring Investigations, Sequoyah Nuclear Plant, Chickamauga Reservoir,
Tennessee, Fall Quarter, 1971," February 1972. Tennessee Valley Authority.
18. "Water Quality Records in Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, 1964," 1964.
U. S. Geological Survey.
ALASKA
19. Burgner, R. L. , Chas J. Di Costanzo, and R. J. Ellis, April 1969. "Biological
Studies and Estimates of Optimum Escapements of Sockeye Salmon in the Major
River Systems in Southwestern Alaska, " U.S. Fish k Wildlife Service.
20. Engel, Larry J. , June 1967. "Evaluation of the King Salmon Sport Fisheries on
the Lower Kenai Peninsula, " Alaska Game Commission.
21. Helle, John H. , May 1970. "Biological Characteristics of Intertidal and Fresh
Water Spawning Pink Salmon at Olsen Creek, Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1962-
1963," U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report Fisheries Number
602.
22. Kerus, O. EL, Jr., July 1968. "Abundance, Distribution, and Size of Juvenile
Sockeye Salmon and Major Competitor Species in Iliamna Lake and Lake Clark,
1966 and 1967, " University of Washington, College of Fisheries.
23. Olsen, Jerrold M. , February 1967. "Research on Pink Salmon at Little Port
Walter, Alaska 1934 64," U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
24. Reduk, R. Russell, March 1969. "Creel Census of the Sport Fish and Sport Fish
Waters of the Cook Inlet Drainage, " Alaska Game Commission.
25. Reed, Roger J. , 1960. "Life History and Migration Patterns of Arctic Grayling,
Thymallus arcticus, (Pallas), in the Tanana River Drainage of Alaska, " Alaska
Department of Fish & Game.
26. Roguski, Eugene A. , 1967. "Investigations of the Tanana River and Tangle Lakes
Fisheries: Migratory and Population Study, " Alaska Game Commission.
27. Whitesel, Leslie E. , June 1956. "Game Fish Investigations of Alaska Quarterly
Progress Report," Fish and Wildlife Service and Alaska Game Commission.
28. "Spawning Behavior, Fecundity and Early Life History of Anadromous Dolly
Varden in Southeastern Alaska, " May 1968. Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
29. "Water Resources Data for Alaska, 1968 . Part 2, Water Quality Records , " 1968.
U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
30. "Weather Observations, Iliamna Lake and Kvichak River near Igiugig, " 1970.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau.
ARIZONA
31. Barnes, T. O. , 1968. Miscellaneous Fishery Investigations in Salt River, Arizona
Game and Fish Department.
32. Bruce, James R. , 1961. "Studies of the Abundance, Distribution and Ecology of
the Arizona Native Trout, Salmo gila (Miller) in the White River Drainage, "
Arizona Game and Fish Department.
185
-------
33, Carufel, L. H. , 1969. Miscellaneous Post Development Evaluation Investigations
and Surveys, Arizona Game and Fish Department.
34. Carufel, L. H. and T. O. Barnes, 1965. "A Basic Survey of Waters in District V
and Predevelopment Surveys, " Arizona Game and Fish Department.
35. Kelly, P., T. Knipe, and C. D. Ziebell, 1968. "Fishery Investigations and Per-
iodic Surveys of Waters in District VI and Fishery Implications Associated with
Prolonged Temperature and Oxygen Stratification, " Arizona Game and Fish Depart-
ment.
36. Stone, Joseph L. , 1969. "Glen Canyon Unit Colorado River Storage Project
Reservoir Fisheries Investigation Creel Census and Plankton Studies, " Arizona
Game and Fish Department.
37. Stone, Joseph JL. and W. C. Melander, 1969. "Tailwater Fisheries Investigations
Creel Census and limnological Study of the Colorado River Below Glen Canyon
Dam, " Arizona Game and Fish Department.
38. Miscellaneous Fishery Investigations on Imperial Reservoir, 1969. Arizona Game
and Fish Department.
39. Miscellaneous Fishery Investigations in the Lake Mohave Area, 1968. Arizona
Game and Fish Department.
40. "Water Resources Data for Arizona, 1968. Part 2, Water Quality Records, " 1968.
U. S. Department of Interior.
ARKANSAS
41. Duncan, Thomas O. and David I. Morais, March 1971. "Interim Report to Cooper-
ators on the Study of Sport Fishermen Use and Harvest, Bull Shoals Reservoir and
Tailwater, 1971," Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, South Central Reservoir
Investigations, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Arkansas Fish and Game Commis-
sion, and Missouri Department of Conservation.
42. Hulsey, Andrew H. , August 1959. "An Analysis of the Fishery Benefits to be
Derived from a. Warm Water Tailwater Versus a Cold Water Tailwater, "
Arkansas Game and Fish Commission.
43. Jenkins, Robert M. , November 1968. "The Influence of Some Environmental
Factors on Standing Crop and Harvest of Fishes in U. S. Reservoirs, " Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Fayetteville.
44. Keith, William E. and Carl A. Perrin, 1971. "An Investigation of Effects of Cool-
ing Water Effluent from a Steam Electric Generation Station on Water Temperatures
Stratification, Fish Populations, and Chemical Water Quality in Lake Catherine and
the Ouachita River Below Remmel Dam," Arkansas Game and Fish Commission.
45. Mullan, James W. and Richard L. Applegate, 1965. "The Physical Chemical
Limnology of a New Reservoir (Beaver ) .and a Fourteen Year Old Reservoir
(Bull Shoals) Located on the White River, Arkansas and Missouri, " U.S. Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
46. Stevenson, James and Clinton Richards, "A Three Year Creel Census of Lake
Catherine, Lake Hamilton, and Lake Ouachita, Arkansas, " Arkansas Fish and
Game Commission.
47. "Temperatures of the Mississippi River at Helena, Arkansas 1956 1971," 1971.
U0 S. Army Corps of Engineers.
48. "Water Resources Data for Arkansas ,1964 - 1969. Part 2, Water Quality Records, '
1969. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
49. White River Basin Project Operations, Reservoir Water Quality Investigations,
1966 - 1972 , Volumes I and 1T7 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.
186
-------
CALIFORNIA
50. Beland, R. D. , 1970. "On the Fishery of the Lower Colorado River the Lake
Havasu Fishery, " California Department of Fish and Game.
51. Coots, M. , 1956. "Klamath River 1954 1956 King Salmon Counts, Klamathon
Racks, Siskiyou County, and Some Notes on Marked King Salmon Recoveries in the
Upper Klamath'River, " California Department of Fish and Game.
52. Cordone, Almo J. , 1966. "The Lake Tahoe Sportfishery Supplementary Report, "
Inland Fisheries Branch California Department of Fish and Game.
53. Dunham, Lloyd R. , 1968. "Recommendations on Thermal Objectives for Water
Quality Control Policies on the Interstate Waters of California, " The Resources
Agency California Department of Fish and Game.
54. Gard, R. and G. A. Flittner, (Unpublished). "A Ten Year Study of Distribution
and Abundance of Fishes in Sagehen Creek, California, " California Department of
Fish and Game.
55. Hinze, J. A. and W. H. Jochimsen, 1970. "Annual Reports Nimbus Salmon and
Steelhead Hatchery 1955 1970, " California Department of Fish and Game.
56. Kennedy, Harry D. , January 1964. "Air and Water Temperatures and Stream Flow
Data from Convict Creek, Mono County, California 1950 to 1962," U. S. Depart-
ment of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
57. King, D. J. , 1969. "Annual Project Report Fishery Management Program, "
U. S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
58. Miller, Lee W. , 1967. "A Report on the 1964 San Vicente Reservoir Fishery in
San Diego County, California, with a Summary of Catch Statistics from 1956
1964, " The Resources Agency^ California Department of Fish and Game.
59. Murray, Robert, 1968. "Annual Reports from Trinity River Lewiston Fish Trap-
ping Facilities 1958 1968, " California Department of Fish and Game.
60. Riley, J. O. , Jr. and L. E. Marshall, 1970. "Annual Reports Iron Gate Salmon
and Steelhead Hatchery 1965 1970, " The Resources Agency California Depart-
ment of Fish and Game.
61. Weidiein, W. Donald, 1970. "Temperature Approximations for the Sacramento
and Trinity Rivers under Year 2020 Water Demand Conditions, " U. S. Bureau of
Reclamation.
62. "An Evaluation of the Fish and Wildlife Resources of the Mad River as Effected by
the U. S. Corps of Engineers Mad River Project with Special Reference to the
Proposed Buttler Valley Reservoir, " 1968. The Resources Agency California
Department of Fish and Game.
CONNECTICUT
63. Boyd, William A. , April 1970. "Connecticut River Ecological Study, Water Temp-
eratures 1966 69," Essex Marine Lab, Essex.
64 Leggett, W. C. , October 1969. "A Study of the Reproductive Potential of the
American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the Connecticut River, and of the Possible
Effects of Natural or Man Induced Changes in the Population Structure of the Species
on Its Reproductive Success, " Essex Marine Lab, Connecticut Research Corn-
mis sion.
65. Marcy, B. C., Jr., "Spawning of the American Shad, Alosa sapidissima in the
Lower Connecticut River, " Essex Marine Lab.
66. "Lake and Pond Survey Series No. 2 West Hill Pond, " 1971. Connecticut Board
of Fisheries and Game.
187
-------
COLORADO
67. Beckman, William C. , December 1952. "Guide to the Fishes of Colorado,"
Colorado Cooperative Fishery Unit.
68. Horak, Donald L. , April 1967. "The Rearing and Introduction of Predator Species
into Selected Warm Water Lakes of Colorado and Miscellaneous Colorado Fish-
eries Research Review. "
69. Lynch, Thomas M. , Philip A. Buscemi, and David G. Lemons, November 1953.
"Limiiological and Fishery Conditions of Two Buttes Reservoir, Colorado 1950 and
1951, " Colorado Game and Fish Department.
70. Snyder, G. R. and H. A. Tanner, June 1960. "Cutthroat Trout Reproduction in the
Inlets to Trappers Lake, " Colorado Department of Game and Fish.
71. Skaguay Reservoir Studies Miscellaneous Job Completion Reports, 1953. Colorado
State Game and Fish Department.
FLORIDA
12. Barkuloo, James M. , May 1961. "Quarterly Progress Report for Investigations
Project Anadromous Fish Study, " Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
73. Barkuloo, James M. , February 1970. "Taxonomic Status and Reproduction of
Stripped Bass (Morone saxatilis) in Florida, " Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild-
life.
74. Ware, Forrest J. and Wesley V. Fish, October 1971. "Five Year Creel Survey
of Two Florida Lakes," Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission.
75. Wilbur, Robert L. , 1969. "Biology of the Redear Sunfish in Florida, " Florida
Game and Fresh- Water Fish Commission.
76. "Creel Census of Lakes Griffin and Harris, " June 1969. Florida Game and Fresh
Water Fish Commission.
77. "Fish Population Studies,Inventory of Fish Populations, " June 1969. Florida Game
and Fresh Water Fish Commission.
78. "Water Resources Data for Florida, 1964 1968. Part 2, Water Quality Records, "
1968. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
GEORGIA
79. Fox, A. C. and J. P. Clugston, 1970. "Georgia Cooperative Sport Fishery Unit
Annual Report FY 1970, " Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
80. Zeller, Howard D. , 1971. "Temperature Summary of Georgia, Alabama, Tenn-
essee, Mississippi, and Florida, " Environmental Protection Agency, Atlanta.
81. "Water Resources Data For Georgia, Part 2, Water Quality Records, " 1965.
U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
IDAHO
82. Bjornn, T. C. , "Trout and Salmon Movements in Two Idaho Streams as Related
to Temperature, Food, Stream Flow, Cover, and Population Density, " Idaho
Cooperative Fishery Unit, University of Idaho.
83. Bjornn, T. C. and W. Leusink, 1966. Miscellaneous Lake and Reservoir Invest-
igations on Kokanee Salmon and Cutthroat Trout and Harvest, Age Structure and
Growth of Game Fish Populations from Priest and Upper Priest Lakes, Idaho Fish
and Game Department.
188
-------
84. Everest, F. H. and H. A. Pollard II, 1969. "Habitat Selection and Spatial Inter-
action of Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Trout in Two Idaho Streams and
the Effect of Planted Trout and Angling on Juvenile Steelhead Trout, " Idaho Co-
operative Fishery Unit, University of Idaho.
85. Keating, James F., 1970. "Growth Rates and Food Habits of Smallmouth Bass in
the Smake, Clearwater and Salmon Rivers, Idaho 1965 1967," Idaho Fish and
Game Department.
86. Mallet, Jerry L. , May 1968. "Annual Report: Biological and Economic Survey of
Survey of Fishery Resources in Lake Pend Oreille. The Lake Pend Oreille Creel
Census and Life History Studies, 1967, " Idaho Department of Fish and Game.
87. Marcuson, P. E. andN. R. Howse, 1968. "Environmental Correlates of Seasonal
Abundance and Movement of Fish in Round Lake, Idaho, " Idaho Cooperative Fishery
Unit.
88. Murphy, Leon W and Howard E. Metsker, 196Z. "Inventory of Idaho Streams Con-
taining Anadromous Fish Including Recommendations for Improving Production of
Salmon and Steelhead, Part 2. Clearwater River Drainage, " Idaho Department of
Fish and Game.
89. Pollard, Herbert A. , II, July 1970. "Sqawfish Control in Anderson Ranch Reservoir
and Survival and Growth of Kokanee and Coho Salmon in Anderson Ranch Reservoir, "
Idaho Fish and Game Department.
90. Reingold, Melvin, 1970. "Job Completion Report Salmon and Steelhead Invest-
igations, " Idaho Fish and Game Department.
91. "Water Resources Data for Idaho, 1965 1968. Part 1, Surface Water Records;
PartZ, Water Quality Records. " U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
ILLINOIS
9Z. Barnickal, Paul G. and William C. Starrett, September 1951. "Commercial and
Sport Fishes of the Mississippi River Between Caruthersville, Missouri, and
Dubuque, Iowa. "
93. Dunham, Larry L. , December 1971. "Fish Sampling by Electric Fishing Gear
Below Navigation Dams No. 12 26 on the Mississippi River, " Illinois Department
of Conservation, Division of Fisheries.
94. Harmeson, Robert H. and Virginia M. Schnepper, 1965. "Temperatures of Surface
Waters in Illinois, " State Department of Registration and Education, State Water
Survey, Urbana.
95. Klassen, Clarence W., July 1968. "Water Quality Network Illinois 1967 Vol. I
Illinois (less Northeast), " Illinois State Sanitary Water Board.
96. Larimore, Weldon R. and Philip W. Smith, March 1963. "The Fishes of Champaign
County, Illinois, as Affected by 60 Years of Stream Changes, " Department of Reg-
istration and Education, Natural History Survey Division.
97. Mills, Harlow B. , William C. Starrett, and Fraixk C. Bellrose, June 1966. "Man's
Effect on the Fish and Wildlife of the Illinois River, " Department of Registration
and Education, Natural History Survey Division.
98 Page, Lawrence, M. and Philip W. Smith, September 1970. "The Life History of
the Dusky Darter Percina sciera, in the Embarras River, Illinois," Illinois De-
partment of Registration and Education, Natural History Survey Division.
99. Price, O. M., 1971. "Red Hill Lake, Illinois 1957 1971," Illinois Department of
Conservation,Division of Fisheries.
189
-------
100. Rock, LeoF., October 1963. " 1962 Mississippi River Sport Fishing Creel Census, "
Illinois Department of Conservation, Division of Fisheries.
101. Smith, Philip W. , November 1971. "Illinois Streams: A Classification Based on
their Fishes and an Analysis of Factors Responsible for Disappearance of Native
Species," Illinois Natural History Survey, Urbana.
10Z. Smith, Philip W., Alvin C. Lopinot and William L. Pflieger, May 1971. A Dis-
tributional Atlas of Upper Mississippi River Fishes, Department of Registration
and Education, Natural History Survey Division.
103. Starrett, William C. and Paul G. Barnickol, July 1955. "Efficiency and Select-
ivity of Commercial Fishing Devices Used on the Mississippi River, " Illinois
Department of Registration and Education.
104. Starrett, William C. and Sam A. Parr, November 1951. "Commercial Fisheries
of Illinois Rivers: A Statistical Report for 1950, " Illinois Department of Registra-
tion and Education, Natural History Survey Division, Biological Notes Number 25.
105. Thomas, David L. , December 1970. "An Ecological Study of Four Darter of the
Genus Percina (Percidae) in the Kaskaskia River, Illinois, " Department of Reg-
istration and Education, Natural History Survey Division, Biological Notes Num-
ber 70.
106. "Water Resources Data for Illinois, 1970. Part 2, Water Quality Records, " 1970.
U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
INDIANA
107. Christensen, Darryl, "Effects of Commercial Fishing on Fish Populations of the
East Fork of tha White River, " Indiana Department of Natural Resources.
108. Christensen, Darryl, 1967. "The Distribution of Fishes Throughout the White
River System and the Effects of Various Environmental Factors Upon the Commer-
cial Fishery, 1967, " Indiana Department of Natural Resources.
109. Me Ginty, David J. , 1968. "A Three Year Creel Census of the Monroe Reservoir
Tailwater Fisheries, 1966 1968, " Indiana Department of Natural Resources.
110. Me Reynolds, H. E. and Edward Aderkas, 1962. "Pre Impoundment Survey of
Salt Creek Basin, 1962, " Indiana Department of Conservation.
111. Proffitt, Max A. , February 1969. "Effects if Heated Discharge Upon Aquatic
Resources of White River at Petersburg, Indiana, " Water Resources Research
Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Report of Investigation Number 3.
112. "Indiana Water Quality, Monitor Station Records Rivers and Streams, 1957 1969,'
1969. Indiana State Board of Health and Stream Pollution Control Board.
113. "Temperature Conditions of the Wabash River and the East Fork, West Fork and
Main Stern of the White River, as They Relate to Proposed Aquatic Life Require-
ments of Class I, II, III Fish, " Indiana State Board of Health, Division of Water
Pollution Control.
IOWA
114. Carlander, Harriet Bell, 1954. A History of Fish and Fishing in the Upper
Mississippi River, Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee.
115. Carlander, Kenneth D. , 1969. Handbook of Freshwater Fishery Biology -
Volume One , Iowa Cooperative Fishery Unit, Iowa State University Press, Ames,
Iowa.
116. Helms, Don R. , 1968. "Aquatic Habitat of the Mis sissippi River Bordering Iowa, "
Iowa Quarterly Biology Reports, Volume XX, Number 4.
117. Mayhew, James, "Some Biological Characteristics of a Channel Catfish Population
in the Lower Des Moines River with an Evaluation of Potential Commercial Harvest,
April 1966 June 1969," Iowa State Conservation Commission, Technical Series
72-2.
190
-------
118. Mayhew, James and Larry Mitzner, July 1969. "Commercial Fisheries Investiga-
tions, A Report on the Third Year of Studies of the Des Moines River and
Coralville Reservoir, " Iowa State Conservation Commission.
119. Nord, Robert C., March 1967. "A Compendium of Fishery Information of the Upper
Mississippi River, " Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee.
1ZO. -Creel Census on the. Upper Mississippi River, " U.S. Department of Interior ,
Special Scientific Report Fisheries Number 202.
121' Proceedings of the Twenty Fifth Annual Meeting of the Upper Mississippi River
Conservation Committee, January 1969. Upper Mississippi River Conservation
Committee.
122. "Water Temperatures for Mississippi River - Storet Data, " 1972. Environmental
Protection Agency.
KANSAS
123. Cole, William D. , 1966. "Fish Population Control, Statewide Fishery Survey,
Report for the Period July 1, 1965 to June 30, 1966," Kansas Forestry, Fish and
Game Commission, Topeka.
124. Diaz, Art, November 1971. "Water Temperatures for Various Kansas Rivers,"
U. S. Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
125. Gray, Melville W. and Kanti Lai Shah, April 1964. "Water Quality in Tuttle Creek
and Kanopolis Reservoirs, " Kansas State Department of Health.
126. Jash, Stephen L. , July 1968. "Limnology and Fisheries Productivity of Acid and
Alkaline Strip Mine Lakes, " Kansas State College, Pittsburg.
127. Minckley, C. O. and Harold E. Klaassen, July 1969. " Life History of the Plains
Killifish, Fundulus kansae (Garmen), in the Smoky Hill River, Kansas, " Trans-
actions of the American Fisheries Society, Volume 98, Number 3 , The American
Fisheries Society.
128. Minckley, W. L. , 1959. Fishes of the Big Blue River Basin, Kansas, Volume 11,
University of Kansas.
129. Pflieger, William L. , February 1971. A Distributional Study of Missouri Fishes
Volume 20, Number 3, University of Kansas; Museum of Natural History.
130. Ray, Johnny, 1966. "Determination of Conditions Under Which Northern Pike Spawn
Naturally in Kansas Reservoirs, Report for the Period July 1, 1965 to June 30,
1966, " Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game Commission, Topeka.
131. Summerfelt, R. C. and C. O. Minckley "Aspects of the Life History of the Sand
Shiner in the Smoky Hill River, " Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit, Kansas State
University.
132. "Water Resources Data for Kansas , 1970. Part 2, Water Quality Records, " 1970.
U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
KENTUCKY
133. Carter, Bernard T., "The Movement of Fishes Through Navigation Lock Chambers
in the Kentucky River, " Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources.
134. Carter, James P., 1968. "Pre- and Post- Impoundment Surveys on Nolin River, "
Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources.
191
-------
135. Carter, James P. and Albert R. Jones, 1969. "Inventory and Classification of
Streams in the Upper Cumberland River Drainage, " Kentucky Department of
Fish and Wildlife Resources, Fisheries Bulletin Number 52.
136. Clay, William M. , "A Field Manual of Kentucky Fishes, " Kentucky Department of
Fish and Wildlife Resources.
137. Jones, Albert R. , "Changes in the Bass Population of Elkhorn Creek Following the
Establishment of a Size Unit, " Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources,
Fisheries Bulletin Number 45.
138. Jones, Albert R. , 1970. "Inventory and Classification of Streams in the Licking
River Drainage, " Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Fisheries
Bulletin Number 53.
139. Krumholz, Louis A. , 1965. "A Radioecological Study of the Biota of Doe Run,
Meade County, Kentucky, " Department of Biology, University of Louisville.
140. Tompkins, W. A. , H. L. Barber and L. Gerow, April 1951. "A Preliminary
Report on Commercial Fishing in Kentucky, " Kentucky Division of Game and
Fish, Frankfort, Fisheries Bulletin Number 7.
141. "Temperatures of the Mississippi River at Hickman, Kentucky, 1956 1971, "
1971. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.
142. "Water Resources Data for Kentucky, 1964-1969, Part 2, Water Quality Records, "
U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
LOUISIANA
143. Brashier, Jerry, May 1965. "A Study of the Age and Growth of Largemouth Bass
in False River and Old River Pointe Coupe Parish, Louisiana, " Louisiana Wild
Life and Fisheries Commission.
144. Carver, Dudley Clay, August 1965. "Ecological Factors Affecting Distribution and
Abundance of the Centrarchids of the Recent Delta of the Mississippi River, "
Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission.
145, Davis, James and Lloyd Posey, Jr., 1958. "Relative Selectivity of Freshwater
Fishing Devices in Louisiana, " Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission.
146. Lambou, Victor W. , 1959. "Louisiana Impoundments: Their Fish Populations
and Management, " Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission.
147. Ryan, Patrick William, January 1968. "Food Habits, Spawning and Growth of
Spotted Bass Micropterus punctulatus in Tchefuncte River, Southeastern Louisiana, "
Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission.
148. Ryan, Patrick W. , James W. Avault, Jr. and R. Oneal Smitherman, 1970. "Food
Habits and Spawning of Spotted Bass in Tchefuncte River, Southeastern Louisiana, "
Louisiana State University.
149. "Endrin Pollution in the Lower Mississippi River Basin, " June 1969. U. S. Depart-
ment of Interior.
150. "Unpublished Water Temperature Data for Various Rivers in Louisiana 1959 1971, "
1971. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.
151. "Water Resources Data for Louisiana, 197 1. Part 1, Surface Water Records; Part 2,
Water Quality Records. " 1971. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey*
192
-------
152. AU clair, R. P., January 1956. "The White Perch Morone americana (Gmelin)
Sebasticook Lake, Maine," Division of Graduate Study, University of Maine, Orono.
153. Bond, Lyndon H., June 1966. "Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Maine
Lakes in Relation to Species Suitability and Productivity," Maine Department of
Inland Fisheries and Game.
154. De Roche, Stuart E., May 1967. "A Study of Brook Trout in Branch Brook,"
Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Game.
155. Everhart, W. H., 1966. Fishes of Maine, Maine Department of Inland Fisheries
and Game.
156. Fry, F. E. J., May 1951. "Some Environmental Relations of the Speckled Trout
(Salvelinus fontinalis) ," Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory.
157. Hatch, Richard W., June 1971. "Hydrographic Data, 1966-1970 Penobscot River,
Maine. A Compilation of Results of Surveys of the Cooperative Fishery Unit,
University of Maine," University of Maine.
158. Mairs, Donald F., May 1967. "Statewide Lake and Stream Investigation Population
Studies - Lakes," Department of Inland Fisheries and Game.
159. Rupp, Robert S., January 1968. "Life History and Ecology of the Smelt (Osmerus
mordax) in Inland Waters of Maine," Department of Inland Fisheries and Game,
Fisheries Research and Management Division.
160. Warner, Kendall and Angelo Incerpi, January 1969. "Current Status of the Salmon,
Salmo salar, Fisheries of Two Fish River Lakes, Maine," Transactions of the
American Fisheries Society, Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Game.
161. "Water Resources Data for Maine, 1970. Part 1, Surface Water Records; Part 2,
Water Quality Records; Part 3, Ground Water Records." 1970. U.S. Department of
Interior, Geological Survey.
MARYLAND
162. Kennedy, V. S. and J. A. Mihursky, May 1967. "Bibliography on the Effects of
Temperature in the Aquatic Environment," Maryland Natural Resource Institute.
163. Walburg, Charles H., 1952. "Relative Abundance of Maryland Shad 1944-1952,"
Maryland Fish and Wildlife Service, Research Report Number 38.
164. Wurtz, Charles B. and Charles E. Renn, June 1965. "Water Temperatures and Aquatic
Life," Cooling Water Studies for Edison Electric Institute - Research Project
RP-49 , Edison Electric Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources.
165. "Maryland Inland Fishery Investigations - Job Completion Reports," 1960. Maryland
Game and Inland Fish Commission.
166. Miscellaneous Job Completion Reports and Little Patuxent River Survey. December
1958. Maryland Water Pollution Control Commission.
167. Miscellaneous Job Completion Reports for Potomac River Basin, 1956 - 1959, 1959.
Maryland Fish and Game.
MASSACHUSETTS
168. McCraig, Robert S., 1968. "Connecticut River Harvest and Population Study,"
Massachusetts Divison of Fisheries and Game.
169. Stroud, Richard H., 1955. "Fisheries Report for Some Central, Eastern, and
Western Massachusetts Lakes, Ponds, and Reservoirs, 1951 - 1952," Bureau of
Wildlife Research and Management, Boston.
193
-------
170. "Water Temperatures and Flow Resources of the Connecticut River at Turner's
Falls, Massachusetts," May 1967.
MICHIGAN
171. Alexander, Gaylord and David S. Shelter, April 1957. "The Eighteenth Annual
Intensive Creel Census, Hunt Creek Fisheries Experiment Station, 1956," Insti-
tute for Fisheries Research, Michigan Department of Conservation, Ann Arbor,
Report Number 1508.
172. Beeton, Alfred M. , April 1961. "Environmental Changes in Lake Erie, " Trans-
actions of the American Fisheries Society, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
173. Carbine, W. F. , December 1940. "Further Observations Upon the Spawning Habits
of Centrarchid Fishes in Deep Lake, Oakland County, Michigan 1939, " Institute
for Fisheries Research.
174. Gowing, Howard, March 1954. "The Effects of an Increase in the Minimum Limit
of Trout Upon Angling in the Rifle River, Rifle River Area, " Institute for Fisheries
Research.
175. Latta, William C. , January 1962. "Past - Season Population Estimates of Wild
Trout in Experimental Sections of the Pigeon River, 1949 1958, " Institute for
Fisheries Research.
176. Schultz, Edward E. , March 1960. "The Repopulation of a Section of the Ford River,
Dickinson County, Following It's Treatment with Rotenone, " Michigan Department
of Conservation.
177- Shelter, David S. , February 1965. "Observations on the Natural History of the
Rainbow Trout and Rainbow Trout Fishing in the East Branch of the Au Gres River,
losco County, Michigan, " Michigan Department of Conservation, Research and
Development Report Number 23.
178. Wells, La Rue, 1968. Seasonal Depth Distribution of Fish in Southeastern Lake
Michigan, Fishery Bulletin: Volume 67, Number 1, Bureau of Commercial Fish-
eries Biological Laboratory.
179. Williams, Otis H. , Gaylord Alexander, and David S. Shelter, March 1967. "The
27th Annual Intensive Creel Census, Hunt Creek Trout Research Station, 1965, "
Michigan Department of Conservation, Lansing, Institute of Fisheries Research,
Research and Development Report Number 99.
180. "An Ecological Evaluation of Thermal Discharge From the Monroe Power Plant, "
1969. Michigan State University Institute of Water Research.
181. Catalog of Publications of the Institute for Fisheries Research 1929-1962, 1962.
Michigan Department of Conservation.
182. "The Water Resources of the Upper Peninsula Drainage Area, An Overview of
Region Water Uses, " October 1968. State of Michigan Water Resources Commis-
sion, Department of Natural Resources.
183. "Unpublished Fish Counts and Temperature Data for Lake Michigan, " 1971.
U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Ann Arbor Laboratory.
184. "Water Resources Data for Michigan, 1969. Part 2, Water Quality Records, "
U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
185. "Water Temperatures at Hunt Creek Trout Research Station, 1956-1969," 1969.
Michigan Department of Conservation, Lansing, Institute of Fisheries Research.
194
-------
MINNESOTA
186. Gray, David G. , E. F. Miller and Alan J. Brook, August 1971. "Environmental
Monitoring and Ecological Studies Program 1970, Annual Report for the Prairie
Island Nuclear Generating Plant near Red Wing,, Minnesota, " Northern States
Power Company.
187. Johnson, Merle W. , October 1968. "A Fisheries:Survey of the Mississippi River
Grand Rapids to Brainard, Minnesota, 1965-1967," Minnesota Department of Con-
servation; Division of Game and Fish.
188. Kramer, Robert H. and Lloyd L. Smith, Jr., 1960. "First Year Growth of the
Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lace'pede) , and Some Related Ecological
Factors, " Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology, University of Minn-
esota.
189. Magnuson, John L. and Lloyd L. Smith, 1963. "Some Phases of the Life History of
the Trout Perch, " University of Minnesota, Department of Entomology, Fisheries
and Wildlife.
190. Peterka, John J. and Lloyd L. Smith, Jr., 1970. "Lake Whitefish in the Commer-
cial Fishery of Red Lakes, Minnesota, " Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society, Department of Entomology, Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Minn-
esota.
191. Peterson, Arthur R. , "A Biological Reconnaissance of the Upper Mississippi River,1
Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish.
192. Schneider, James A. , September 1966. "An Electro Fishing Survey of the Miss-
issippi River, Brainard to Elk River, Minnesota, " Minnesota Department of Con-
servation, Division of Game and Fish.
193. "Environmental Monitoring and Ecological Studies Program 1970 Annual Report
(December 1969 November 1970) for the Allen S. King Generating Plant Oak Park
Heights, Minnesota," August 1971. Northern States Power Company.
194. "NSP Environmental Monitoring Program Annual Report 1969 for the Monticello
Nuclear Generating Plant Monticello, Minnesota, " June 1970. Northern States
Power Company.
195. "Unpublished Water Temperatures for Mississippi River 1939 1948," 1948.
Minnesota State Board of Public Health.
196. "Unpublished Water Temperatures for Mississippi River above Monticello, Minn-
esota 1953 1972," 1972. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency.
197. "Water Resources Data for Minnesota. Part 1, Surface Water Records; Part 2,
Water Quality Records. " 1969. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
MISSISSIPPI
198. Coleman, ElvinW., July I960. "State Wide Lake and Stream Survey 1959-1960, "
Mississippi Game and Fish Commission.
199 Golden, H. G. , July 1959. "Temperature Observations of Mississippi Streams, "
Mississippi Board of Water Commissioners and U. S. Department of Interior,
Geological Survey.
^00 Grantham, B.'l., 1962. "Annual Report Pollution Investigations in Mis sissippi,
on the Leaf River, " Mississippi Game and Fish Commission.
Z01 Schultz C A , June 1969. "Survey of the Walleye Population and Related Para-
meters in the Tombigbee River System in Mississippi, " Mississippi Game and
Fish Commission.
195
-------
202. "Unpublished Data on Stream Temperatures in Mississippi, " (Unpublished).
U. S. Forest Service, Jackson, Mississippi.
203. "Water Resources Data for Mississippi, 1965 1970. Part 1, Surface Water Records;
Part 2 , Water Quality Records. " 1970'. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological
Survey.
MISSOURI
204. Bowie, James E. , 1971. "Temperature of Missouri Streams, " U. S. Department
of Interior, Geological Survey.
205. Funk, John L. , July 1969. "Missouri1 s State Wide General Creel Census., "
Missouri Department of Conservation.
206. "James River Wilson Creek Study Springfield, Missouri," June 1969. U. S. De-
partment of Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
207. "The Evaluation of Environmental Alterations by Thermal Loading and Acid Pollu-
tion in the Cooling Reservoir of a Steam Electric Station, July 1968 June 1970, "
August 1970. Missouri Water Resources Research Center, University of Missouri,
Columbia.
MONTANA
208. Aagaard, Fern C. , 1969. "Temperature of Surface Waters in Montana, " Montana
Fish and Game Department and U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
209. Block, Daniel G. , June 1955. "Trout Migration and Spawning Studies on the North
Fork Drainage of the Flathead'River, " Montana State University.
2,10. Brown, C. J. D. , 1962. "A Preliminary List of Montana Fishes, " Montana Academy
of Sciences, Zoological Sciences Section.
211. Gaffney, J. L. and J. E. Huston, 1967. A Preliminary Fishery Survey of Hungry
Horse Reservoir and Annual Progress Reports, Montana Fish and Game Division.
212, "Water Resources Data for Montana. 1966-1968. Part 2, Water Quality Records, "
1968. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
NEBRASKA
213. Mac Kichan, Kenneth A. , 1967. "Diurnal Temperature Fluctuations of Three
Nebraska Streams, " Geological Survey Research.
214. Madsen, Monte L. , June 1971. "Commercial Fisheries Investigations Project,"
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Aquatic Wildlife Division.
215. Morris, Larry A. et al, October 1968. "Effects of Main Stem Impoundments and
Channelization upon the Limnology of the Missouri River, Nebraska, " Transactions
of the American Fisheries Society, Volume 97, Number 4, The American Fisheries
Society.
216. Van Nelson, Rod, July 1970. "The Age Composition of the 1968 1970 Spawning
Runs of Lake McConaughy Rainbow Trout, " Nebraska Game and Parks Commission,
Lincoln.
217. "Selected Environmental Effects of Two Nuclear Power Plants on the Missouri River,
Pre Operational Progress Report," March 1972. Nebraska Game and Parks
Commission.
218. "Water Resources Data for Nebraska. Part 2, Water Quality Records, " 1968.
U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
196
-------
NEVADA
219. Allen, Robert C., 1970. Miscellaneous and Unpublished Creel Census Summaries, Job
Completion Reports and Statewide Fisheries Management Progress Reports,Nevada
Fish and Game Commission. ~ ~~~~
220. Corlet, R. and N. Wood, 1969. Job Completion Reports, Investigation Projects,
Lake Tahoe Project FAF-4-R and Miscellaneous and Unpublished Creel Census
Summaries, Nevada Pish and Game Department.
221. Espinosa, F. A., Jr., J. E. Deacun, A. Jonez, and R. C. Sumner, 1970. Lakes Meac
and Mohave Investigations and Review and Selection of Bait Fishes for the Lower
Colorado River Complex and Fishery Reports on the Lower Colorado River,Nevada
Fish and Game Commission and Arizona Game and Fish Commission.
222. Jonez, A., R. C. Sumner, and N. M. Wood, 1969. Lakes Mead and Mohave
Investigations, A Comparative Study of an Established Reservoir as Related to
Newly Created Impoundment and Miscellaneous Water Temperatures and Creel Census,
Nevada Fish and Game Commission.
223. La Rivers, Ira, 1962. Fishes and Fisheries of Nevada, Nevada Fish and Game
Commission.
224. Lockard, Dale, 1969. Miscellaneous Unpublished Stream Survey Reports and Dingle^_
Johnson Job Completion Reports, 1953-1969, Nevada Fish and Game Commission.
225. "Water Resources Data for Nevada, 1969. Part 1, Surface Water Records; Part 2,
Water Quality Records." 1969. 0. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
NEW HAMPSHIRE
226. Carpenter, Ralph G., 1947. Fishes of New Hampshire, New Hampshire Fish and Game
Commission.
227. Corson, Bernard W. , 1968. "New Hampshire Fish and Game Department Biennial Report
1966, 1968," New Hampshire Fish and Game Department.
228. Morrison, George R. , 1960. "The Findings, Results and Recommendations of the
Upper Baker Pond Study Conducted in 1959 - 1960," New Hampshire Fish and Game
Department.
229. Morrison, George R. and Arthur E. Newell, 1971. "Anadromous Fish Restoration in
the Connecticut River, State of New Hampshire, Divison of Inland and Marine
Fisheries .
230. Newell, Arthur E., 1970. "Biological Survey of the Lakes and Ponds in Cheshire,
Hillsborough and Rockingham Counties," New Hampshire Fish and Game Department,
Survey Report Number 8c.
231 Newell Arthur E., 1963. "Biological Survey of the Lakes and Ponds in Sullivan,
Merrimack, Belknap, and Stafford Counties," New Hampshire Fish and Game
Department, Survey Report Number 8b.
?3? Newell Arthur E., 1958. "Trout Stream Management Investigations of the Swift
River Watershed in Albany, New Hampshire," New Hampshire Fish and Game
Department, Survey Report Number 7.
933 Normandeau, Donald A., October 1968. "The Effects of Thermal Releases on the
Ecology of the Merrimack River, 1967 and 1968," Institute for Research and
Services, St. Anselm's College.
197
-------
NEW JERSEY
234. Barker, James L. , August 1965. "Observations on Some Areas of the Deleware
River Between Belvidere and Scudders Falls, New Jersey in Respect to Their
Utilization by American Shad, Alosa sapidissima (Wilson), for Spawning Purposes
in 1963 1964, " New Jersey Department of Conservation and Economic Develop-
ment Bureau of Fisheries Laboratory, Miscellaneous Report Number 28.
235. Pyle, A. Bruce and Robert H. Soldwedel, February 197 1. "Flatbrook Trout Studies, '
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Division of Fish, Game and
Shellfisheries.
236. Zarbock, William M. , "Delaware River Anadromous Fishery Studies, " Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Rosemont, New Jersey.
237. "The Tri State Fishery Study, A Cooperative Investigation of the Delaware River
Fishery 1959 1962," 1962. U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
238. "Water Resources Data for New Jersey, 1970. Part 2, Water Quality Records, "
1971. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
NEW MEXICO
239. Koster, William J. , 1957. Guide to the Fishes of New Mexico, University of New
Mexico Press.
240. Olson, H. F. , E. Graves and B. Haines, 1968. Miscellaneous Job Completion
Reports on the San Juan River, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish.
241. "Water Resources Data for New Mexico, 1964 1968. Part 2, Water Quality Records,
1968. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
NEW YORK
242. Forney, John L. , 1964. "Factors Affecting First Year Growth of Walleyes in
Oneida Lake, New York, " Department of Conservation, Cornell University.
243. Forney, John L. , July 1968. "Reproduction of Young Northern Pike in a Regulated
Marsh, " Department of Conservation, Cornell University.
244. Galligan, James P. , "Depth Distribution of Lake Trout and Associated Species in
Cayuga Lake, New York, " Connecticut Board of Fisheries and Game.
245. Hatch, Richard W. , January 1957. "Success of Natural Spawning of Rainbow Trout
in the Finger Lakes Region of New York, " Department of Conservation, Cornell
University.
246. Webster, Dwight A. , May 1954. "Smallmouth Bass, Micropterus dolomieui , in
Cayuga Lake, " Cornell University.
247, Williams, Owen O. , 1971. "Analysis of Stream Temperature Variations in the
Upper Delaware River Basin, New York, " U.S. Department of Interior, Geological
Survey, Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1999-K.
248. Ecology of Thermal Additions, Lower Hudson River Cooperative Fishery Study
Vicinity of Indian Point, Buchanan, New York June 1969 - October 1971 (Final
Report), 1971. Published for Consolidated Edison of New York by Ratheon Com-
pany.
249. "Spawning Data for Various New York Lakes, " New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation.
250. "Water Resources Data for New York. Part 2, Water Quality Records, " 1972.
U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Su-rvey.
198
-------
NORTH CAROLINA
251. Davis, James R. , October 1971. "The Spawning Behavior, Fecundity Rates, and
Food Habits of the Redbreast Sunfish in Southeastern North Carolina, " North
Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Raleigh.
252. Koss, Richard W. , August 1971. An Interim Report on Environmental Responses
to Thermal Discharges from Marshall Steam Station, Lake Norman, North Carolina,
John Hopkins Univers-ity, Baltimore, Research Project RP-49.
253. Ratledge, Hayden M. , 1965. "Progress Report, Work Plan V Federal Aid in Fish
Restoration, Cold Water Stream Studies, " State Wildlife Resources Commission,
Raleigh, North Carolina.
254. Smith, William B. , 1969. "A Preliminary Report on the Biology of the Roanoke
Bass, Amblppites cavifrons Cope, in North Carolina, " North Carolina Wildlife
Resources Commission, Raleigh.
255. Woodard, Thomas H. , 1970. "Summa ry of Data on Temperatures of Streams in
North Carolina 1943 1967," U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey,
Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1895-A.
256. Woodard, Thomas H. , "Temperature of Streams in North Carolina, " U. S. De-
partment of Interior, Geological Survey and North Carolina Department of Water
and Air Resources.
NORTH DAKOTA
257. Carufel, Louis H. , January 1956. "Creel Census Analysis on Tailrace Fishing
Area of Garrison Dam, Mercer County) " North Dakota State Game and Fish De-
partment.
258. Carufel, Louis H. , January 1961. "Observations on the Life History and Taxonomy
of the Sauger (Stizostedion canadense Srnitrj in Garrison Reservoir, North Dakota, "
North Dakota State Game and Fish Department.
259. Evenhuis, Bernard L. , June 1969. "A List of Fishes Collected in North Dakota,
1964 1968, " North Dakota Game and Fish Department, Division of Fisheries,
Bismarck.
260 Hill, William J. , 1968. "Surveys of Reservoirs, Natural Lakes and Streams for
Fishery Management, " North Dakota State Game and Fish Department.
261 Pagan, James E. , March 1970. "Management Surveys of the Missouri River and
Its Ma'instem Reservoirs, " North Dakota Game and Fish Department, Report
Number A-1012.
262 Wahtola, Charles H. , 1970. 'The Population Dynamics of Channel Catfish,
Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), in the Little Missouri Arm of Lake Sakakawea,
Before and During Commercial Exploitation, 1958 1971," The University of
North Dakota.
263. "Missouri River Water Temperatures at Bismarck City Filtration Plant, " 1970.
OHIO
264 Ball, Frederick L. and Russell L. Scholl, December 1970. " Lake Erie Fisheries
Investigations Lake Erie Fish Population GUI Netting Survey, Ohio Department
of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife.
265. Brown, Edward H. , Jr. , I960. " Little Miami River Headwaters - Stream Invest-
igations, " Ohio Department of Natural Resources.
199
-------
266. Brett, J. R. , 1960. "Thermal Requirements of Fish-- Three Decades of Study,
1940 1970, " Biological Problems in Water Pollution. Transactions of the
Second Seminar on Biological Problems in Water Pollution, U~! S. Department of
Health Education and Welfare.
267. Mount, Donald I. , 1968. "Derivation of Aquatic Life Requirements for the Temp-
erature Characteristic, 196Z 1968," Orsanco.
268. "Aquatic Life Resources of the Ohio River, An Inventory and Evaluation of Fish
Populations, Limnological Conditions, Commercial Fishing, and Sport Fishing,
with Historical Notes, " 1962. Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission.
269. "Commercial Fish Landings, Lake Erie 1970, " 1970. Ohio Department of Natural
Resources, Division of Wildlife.
270. "Water Resources Data for Ohio, 1964 1970, Part 2, Water Quality Records, "
1972. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
OKLAHOMA
271. Finnell, Joe C. , 1953. "Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature Profiles of Tenkiller
Reservoir and Tailwaters with Consideration of These Waters as a Possible Habitat
for Rainbow Trout, " Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science, Volume 34,
272. Grinstead, Bobby Gene, 1965. "The Vertical Distribution of the White Crappie,
Pomoxis annularis, in the Buncombe Creek Arm of Lake Texoma, " University
of Oklahoma, Norman.
273. Houser, Alfred, August 1957. "A Study of the Commercial Fishery of Lake
Texoma, " Oklahoma Fishery Research Laboratory, Norman.
274. Lewis, Steven A. , 1970. "Age and Growth of Walley, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum
(Mitchell), in Canton Reservoir, Oklahoma, " Proceedings of the Oklahoma'Academy
of Science, Volume 50.
275. Linton, Thomas L. , July 1961. "A Study of Fishes of the Arkansas and Cimarron
Rivers in the Area of the Proposed Keystone Reservoir, " Oklahoma Fishery Re-
search Laboratory, Norman, Report Number 81.
276. Summers, Phillip B. , 1954. "Some Observations on Limnology and Fish Distribu-
tion in the Illinois River Below Tenkiller Reservoir, " Oklahoma State Game and
Fish Department, Me Alester.
277. Thompson, William H. , April 1951. "The Age and Growth of White Bass, Lepibema
chrysops (Rafinesque), Lake Overholser and Lake Hefner, Oklahoma, " Fisheries
Experiment Station, Norman.
278. "Fishery Research in Oklahoma, Annual Report, July 1966 June 1967, of the
Oklahoma Fishery Research Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma, " 1967. Oklahoma
State Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma City.
279. "Oklahoma Water Temperatures, Keystone Lake," 1971. Corps of Engineers,
Tulsa District.
280. "Water Resources Data for Oklahoma, 1964 1968. Part 2, Water Quality Records, "
1968. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
OREGON
281. Moore, A. M. , 1964. "Compilation of Water Temperature Data for Oregon, "
U. S. Department of Interior , Geological Survey.
200
-------
282. Moore, A. M. , 1967. "Correlation and Analysis of Water - Temperature Data for
Oregon Streams," U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
283. Thompson, Robert N. and James B. Haas, June 1960. Environmental Survey Report
Pertaining to Eastern Oregon and the Willamette River and Its Tributaries, Part I
- Survey Reports of Eastern Oregon, Fish Commission of Oregon.
284. Willis, Raymond A., Melvin D. Collins, and Roy E. Sams, June 1960. Environmental
Survey Report Pertaining to Salmon and Steelhead in Certain Rivers in Eastern
Oregon and the Willamette River and Its Tributaries, Part II - Survey Reports of
the Willamette River and Its Tributaries, Fish Commission of Oregon.
285. "Annual Report Fishery Division 1950 - 1968," 1968. Oregon Game Commission.
286. "Buffer Strip and Related Stream Temperature Studies," 1969. U.S. Forest Service.
287. "Detroit River Project - North Santium River Basin, Oregon, Water Quality Data,"
February 1968. Corps of Engineers.
288. "The Fish and Wildlife Resources of the Umatilla Basin, Oregon, and Their Water
Use Requirements," April 1963. Oregon Game Commission.
289. "Water Resources Data for Oregon, 1969. Part 2, Water Quality Records," U. S.
Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
PENNSYLVANIA
290. McFadden, James T. and Edwin L. Cooper, January 1962. "An Ecological Comparison
of Six Populations of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta), "Transactions of the American
Fisheries Society, Volume 91, Number 1.
291. Miller, Joseph P., William M. Zarbock, James W. Friedersdorff, and Richard W.
Marshall, 1971. "Delaware River Basin Anadromous Fishery Study, Annual Progress
Report, Delaware River Anadromous Fish Project AFS-2-4," Pennsylvania Fish
Commission and The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
292. "Water Resources Data for Pennsylvania, 1964-1968, Part 2, Water Quality Records,"
1968. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
RHODE ISLAND
293. Cooper, Richard A., 1961. "Early Life History and Spawning Migration of the
Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus," University of Rhode Island, Kingston.
294. Bridges, W. Leigh, March 1965. "Progress Report on the Pawcatuck River Watershed
Study," Division of Fish and Game, Rhode Island.
295. Stolgitis, John A., Miscellaneous Job Completion Reports on Sea Run Smelt
Restoration, Division of Fish and Game, Rhode Island.
296. Winn, H. E. and W. A. Richkus, June 1971. "Final Report, Fishway Evaluation
Study, "Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston.
SOUTH CAROLINA
297. Archer, Donald L., 1966. "Fisheries Investigations in Lakes and Streams, Job I -
Trout Tagging Study," South Carolina Wildlife Resources Department, Columbia.
298. Fuller, Jefferson C., July 1968. "South Carolina's Striped Bass," South ' Carolina
Wildlife Resources Department, Columbia.
201
-------
Z99. "Quality of Surface Waters of South Carolina A Summary of Data, 1945 1968, "
1969. U. S. Geological Survey, Columbia.
300. "Relative Abundance of Species in Cooper and Back Rivers, " South Carolina
Wildlife Resources Department, Columbia.
301. "Spawning Activities of Anadromous Fishes in the Savannah and Ashepoo Rivers, "
1970. South Carolina Wildlife Resources Department, Columbia.
302. "Spawning Activity of Anadromous Fishes, Regulations Affecting Anadromous Species,
The Need for Introductions of Anadromous Species Stream Improvements, " 1969.
South Carolina Fish and Game.
303. "Water Resources Data for South Carolina. "Part 2, Water Quality Records, " 1968.
U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
SOUTH DAKOTA
304. Benson, Norman G. , 1971. "North Central Reservoir Investigations, " Bureau of
Sport Fisheries and ;Wildlife.
305. Benson, Norman G. , 1966. "Review of Fishery Studies on Missouri River Main
Stem Reservoirs, " Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Research Report
Number 71.
306. Bradwisch, William A. , 1968. "Effects, of Intensive Black Bullhead, Ictalurus
melas, Removal From Selected Eastern South Dakota Lakes," South Dakota De-
partment of Game, Fish and Parks.
307. Fogle, Ned E. ğ June 1963. "Report of Fisheries Investigations During the Third
Year of Impoundment of Oahe Reservoir, South Dakota, 1961, " South Dakota De-
partment of Game, Fish and Parks, Pierre.
308. Fogle, Ned E. 1963. "Reproductive Success of Fishes in Oahe Reservoir as Deter-
mined by Trawling and Seining 1963, " South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and
Parks.
309. Fogle, Ned E. , December 1964. "Summation of Four Years of Creel Census
July 1959 thru June 1963 on Oahe Tailwaters, " South Dakota Department of Game,
Fish and Parks, Pierre.
310. Fuchs, Everett H. , 1965. "Life History of the Emerald Shiner, Notropis atherinoides,
in Lewis and Clark Lake, South Dakota, " Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
311. Nelson, W. R. , R. E. Siefert, and D. V. Swedberg, 1968. "Studies of the Early
Life History of Reservoir Fishes, " Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
312. Siefert, R. E. , July 1968. "Reproductive Behavior, Incubation and Mortality of Eggs,
and Postlarval Food Selection in the White Crappie, " Transactions of the American
Fisheries Society, Volume 97, Number 3.
313. Swedberg, Donald V. and Charles L. Walburg, July 1970. "Spawning and Early
Life History of the Freshwater Drum in Lewis and Clark Lake, Missouri River, "
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Volume 99, Number 3.
314. Warnick, Donald C. , 1969. "Evaluation of Floating Trap Nets as a Commercial
Fishing Gear, " South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, Pierre.
315. "Water Resources Data for South Dakota 1966 Part 2. Water Quality Records, "
1966. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
202
-------
TENNESSEE
316. Libbey, Jake Elbridge, May 1969. "Certain Aspects of the life History of the
Walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchell), in Dale Hollow Reservoir ,
Tennessee, Kentucky, with Emphasis on Spawning, " Tennessee Technological
University.
317. Muench, Kevin Allen, August 1966. "Certain Aspects of the Life History of the
Walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchell), in Center Hill Reservoir,
Tennessee, " Tennessee Technological University,
318. Myhr, Anders I. , III, August 197 1. "A Study of the White Bass, Morone chrysops
(Rafmesque), in Dale Hollow Reservoir, Tennessee, Kentucky," Tennessee Tech-
nological University.
319. Stubbs, JohnM., June 1966. "A Survey of Smallmouth Bass and Rock Bass Re-
production on Duck River and Buffalo River, " Tennessee Game and Fish Commis-
sion.
320. "Fish Monitoring Investigations Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, Wheeler Reservoir,
Alabama," June 1971. Tennessee Valley Authority, Division of Forestry, Fisher-
ies and Wildlife.
321. "Temperatures of the Mississippi River at Memphis, Tennessee 1956 1971,"
1971. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.
322. "Tennessee Valley Streams: Their Fish, Bottom Fauna, and Aquatic Habitat -
Powell River Drainage Basin, 1968," April 1970. Tennessee Valley Aut hority.
323. "Water Quality of Tennessee Surface Streams, " 1965. Tennessee Stream Pollu-
tion Control Board.
324. "Water Resources Data for Tennessee, 1964 1969- Part 1, Surface Water Quality;
Part 2 , Water Quality Records. " 1970. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological
Survey.
325. "Water Temperature of Streams and Reservoirs in the Tennessee River Basin, "
September, 1966. Tennessee Valley Authority, Report Number 0-6608.
TEXAS
326. Dowell, Virgil Eugene, 1956. "Activity Patterns and Distribution of the Fishes in
the Buncombe Creek Arm of Lake Texoma, " University of Oklahoma.
327. Drew, Howard R. and John E. Tilton, April 1970. "Thermal Requirements to Pro-
tect Aquatic Life in Texas Reservoirs, " Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, Washington D. C. , Volume 42~]Number 4.
328. Goines, W. H. , November 1967. Temperature of Texas Streams, Texas Water
Development Board, Publication Number 65.
329. Harbeck, G. Earl , G. E. Koberg and G. H. Hughes, 1959. The Effect of the
Addition of Heat from a Powerplant on the Thermal Structure and Evaporation of
Lake Colorado City, Texas, 1959. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological
Survey, Geological Survey Professional Paper 272-B, U. S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D. C.
330. Smith, Stephen F. , January 1971. "Effects of a Thermal Effluent on Aquatic Life
in an East Texas Reservoir (Wilkes Reservoir) February 1970 January 1971, "
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.
331. Tilton, John E. and Gary Wood, 1961. "Resurvey of the Waters of Region 6-B,
February 1, I960 January 31, 1961," Texas Game and Fish Commission.
203
-------
33Z. White, Richard L. , June 1965. "Fisheries Reconnaissance, February 1, 1964
January 31, 1965, ( Lakes Austin.Belton, Buchanan, Brady, Can yon, Flatrock,Ingram,
Marble Falls, Town, Travis, and Brushy Creek, Colorado, Guadalupe, Llano,
Pedernales, San Gabriel, San Marcos, and San Saba Rivers)," Texas Parks and
Wildlife Department.
333. Lake Travis Ldmnographical Report 1968, 1969, 1970, ARL-TM-70 -33, Copy Num-
ber 1Z, December 1970. Applied Research Labs. , University of Texas, Austin.
334. "Water Resources Data for Texas, 1964 1968. Part 2, Water Quality Records, "
1968. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
UTAH
335. Hales, D. C. , C. J. Stearns and A. Bangerter, 1958. "An Inventory Survey of
Utah's Fishing Waters, " Utah Department of Fish and Game.
336. Kramer, Robert H. , 1969. "A Preliminary Bibliography on Extent and Cause of
Early Mortality in Freshwater Fish, " Utah Cooperative Fishery Unit.
337. Lawler, R. E. , 1960. "Investigations of the Channel Catfish of Utah Lake and
Job Completion Reports, " Utah Department of Fish and Game.
338. Sigler, W. F. and R. R. Miller, 1963. Fishes of Utah, Utah Department of Fish
and Game.
339. Whitaker, G. L. , 1970. "Daily Water Temperature Records for Utah Streams,
1944 1968, " U.S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey and Utah Depart-
ment of Natural Resources.
340. "Glen Canyon Reservoir Post Impoundment Investigation, " 1968. Utah Depart-
ment of Fish and Game.
341. Miscellaneous Glen Canyon Reservoir Post - Impoundment Investigations, 1968.
Utah Department of Fish and Game.
342. Miscellaneous Unpublished Field Notes on the Pre and Post - Impoundment Fish-
ery of the Green River near Flaming Gorge Dam, Utah. Supplied by Mr. Paul B.
Holden at Utah State University, 1970. Utah State University, Cooperative Fishery
Unit.
VERMONT
343. Incerpi, Angelo, "Big Averill Lake, " Vermont Fish and Game Department.
344. "A Study of the Walleye Fishery in Lake Champlain 1954 1966, " 1967. Vermont
Fish and Game Department.
345. "Historical Survey of Lake Champlain's Fishery 1963," February 1963. Vermont
Fish and Game Department.
346. 34th Biennial Report, 1938. Vermont Fish and Game Service.
VIRGINIA
347. Jensen, Loren D. and J. D. Ristroph, 1971. Status Report on Thermal Effects
Studies at the Chesterfield Station on the James River, Virginia, Department of
Geography and Environmental Engineering, John Hopkins University and Virginia
Electric and Power Company.
348. "Water Resources Data for Virginia, 1964 1969 . Part 2, Water Quality Records,"
1969. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
204
-------
WASHINGTON
349. Clark, Shirley M. and George R. Snyder, Limnological Study of Lower Columbia
River, 1967 1968, Special Scientific Report Fisheries Number 610, 1968.
U~jS. Department of Interior and U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
350. Clark, Shirley M. and George R. Snyder, 1968. Timing and Extent of a Flow Re-
versal in the Lower Columbia River, Volume 14, U. S~! Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries.
351. Coutant, Charles C. , October 1970. Thermal Resistance of Adult Coho and Jack
Chinook Salmon and Adult Steelhead Trout from the Columbia RiverJPrepared by
Battelle Memorial Institute, Pacific Northwest Laboratories for U. S. Atomic
Energy Commission.
352. Fulton, Leonard A. , October 1968. Spawning Areas and Abundance of Chinook Sal-
mon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Columbia River Basin - Past and Present,
Special Scientific Report Fisheries Number 571, U. S. Department of Interior.
353. Fulton, Leonard A. , Spawning Areas and Abundance of Steelhead Trout and Coho,
Sockeye, and Chum Salmon in the Columbia River Basin - Past and Present, Spe -
cial Scientific Report Fisheries Number 618, 0~!S~! Department of Commerce.
354. Jaske, R. T. and M. O. Synoground, November 1970. Effect of Hanford Plant
Operations on the Temperature of the Columbia River 1964 to Present, Battelle
Memorial Institute, Pacifi c Northwest Laboratories.
355. Snyder, George R. and Theodore H. Blahm, May 1971. "Effects of Increased Temp-
erature on Cold Water Organisms, " Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
U. S. Department of Commerce.
356. Tollefson, Roger, August 1962. Preliminary Determination of Middle Columbia
River Temperatures with Special Reference to Effects of the Hanford Atomic Pro-
ducts Operation, Northwest Pulp and Paper Association.
357. "State of Washington Department of Fisheries 1968 Annual Report," 1968. Wash-
ington Department of Fisheries.
WEST VIRGINIA
358. Miles, Robert L. , June 1969. "Muskellunge Life History Studies July 1, 1967 to
June 30, 1968, " West Virginia State Department of Natural Resources, Charleston.
359. Pierce, Bert E. , March 1968. "Population and Age and Growth Study, " West
Virginia State Department of Natural Resources, Charleston.
360. Pierce, Bert, January 1969. "West Virginia Reservoir Investigations, " West
Virginia Department of Natural Rebources, Charleston, Division of Game and Fish.
361. Pierce, Bert E. , May 1971. "West Virginia Reservoir Investigations, " West
Virginia Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, Division of Game and Fish.
362. Ross, RobertD., July 1970. "Pre Impoundment Surveys July 1, 1968 to June 30,
1969, " West Virginia State Department of Natural Resources, Charleston.
363 "Water Resources Data for West Virginia, 1965. Parti. Surface Water Records;
Part 2 , Water Quality Records, " 1965. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological
Survey.
WISCONSIN
364. Dunst, Russell, July 1966. "Impoundment Studies Annual Progress Report
January 1, 1965 December 31, 1965," Wisconsin Conservation Department.
205
-------
365. Hunt, Robert L. , April 1966. "Lawrence Creek Trout Research Project (Effects
of Angling Regulations on a Wild Brook Trout Fishery) for the Period January 1,
1965 December 31, 1965," Wisconsin Conservation Department.
366. Neill, William Harold, 1971. Distributional Ecology and Behavioral Thermoregula-
tion of Fishes in Relation to Heated Effluent from a. Steam - Electric Power Plant
(Lake Monona, Wisconsin), University of Wisconsin. "
367. Nord, Robert C. , October 1964. "The 1962 1963 Sport Fishery Survey of the
Upper Mississippi River," Upper Mississippi Rive.r Conservation Committee.
368. Priegel, G. R. , 1970. Reproduction and Early Life History of the Walleye in the
Lake Winnebago Region, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
369. Priegel, Gordon R. , 1960. "Winnebago Studies Annual Progress Report for
Period January 1 to December 31, I960," Wisconsin Conservation Department.
370. Priegel, Gordon R. and Thomas L. Wirth, 1971. The Lake Sturgeon, Its Life
History, Ecology and Management, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
371. Snow, Howard E. , 1969. "Statewide Fishery Research, Northern Pike Stocking in
Murphy Flowage July 1, 1963 June 30, 1969," Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources.
372. Wright, Kenneth J. , October 1970. "The 1967 1968 Sport Fishery Survey of the
Upper Mississippi River," Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee.
373. "Muskellunge Spawning, Reproduction, and Propagation, January 1, 1968 to Decem-
ber 31, 1968," 1968. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
374. "Water Resources Data for Wisconsin, 1964 1969. Part 1, Surface Water Records;
Part 2, Water Quality Records. " 1969. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological
Survey.
WYOMING
375. Binns, Niles Allen, 1967. Effects of Rotenone Treatment on the Fauna of the Green
River, Wyoming, Wyoming Game and Fish Commission.
376. Binns, N. A. , 1967. Fishery Survey of Fontenelle Rgservoir and the Green River
Downstream to Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Wyoming Game and Fish Commission
and Utah State Department of Fish and Game.
377. Miller, Donald D. , March 1970. Life History of the Burbot, Wyoming Game and
Fish Commission.
378. Simon, James R. , 1951. Wyoming Fishes, Wyoming Game and Fish Department.
379. "Water Resources Data for Wyoming,1964 1968. Part 2, Water Quality Records, "
1968. U. S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey.
EPA REGION I
380. Connecticut River Atlantic Salmon Restoration Program, July 1971. Technical
Committee for Fisheries Management of the Connecticut River Basin.
381. "Water Resources Data for Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont.
Parti, Surface Water Records; Part 2, Water Quality Records." 1971. U. S. De-
partment of Interior, Geological Survey.
206
-------
EPA REGION V
382. Beeton, Alfred M. , James H. Johnson and Stanford H. Smith, April 1959. Lake
Superior Limnological Data, 1951 1957, Special Scientific Report Fisheries Num-
ber 297, U. S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
383. Christenson, Lyle M. and Lloyd L. Smith, March 1965. Characteristics of Fish
Populations in Upper Mississippi River Backwater Areas, Bureau of Sport Fisher-
ies and Wildlife.
384. "Water Quality Records in Michigan and Wisconsin 1964, " 1964. U. S. Depart-
ment of Interior, Geological Survey.
EPA REGION X
385. Clark, S. M. and G. R. Snyder, July 1970. Limnological Study of Lower Columbia
River, 1967 - 1968, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
386. Fulton, L,. A. , October 1968. Spawning Areas and Abundance of Chinook Salmon in
the Columbia River Basin - Past and Present, U. S. Department of Interior.
387. Moore, A. M. , October 1968. Water Temperatures in the Columbia River Basin
July 1966 to September 1967, U. S. Department of Interior , Geological Survey.
388. Sylvester, R. O. , May 1958. Water Quality Studies in the Columbia River Basin,
U. S. Department of Interior.
389. Annual Fish Passage Report, Columbia River Projects: Bonneville, John Day, The
Dalles and Me Nary Dams, Snake River Projects: Ice Harbor, Lower Monumental,
Little Goose, Oregon and Washington 1938 - 1969. 1970.. U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers.
390. Columbia North Pacific Region Comprehensive Framework Study, November 1970.
Pacific Northwest River Basins Commissions.
391. Columbia River Thermal Effects Study Volume I - Biological Effects Studies, Jan-
uary 1971. Environmental Protection Agency .
392. Columbia River Thermal Effects Study Volume II - Thermal Prediction, January 1971.
Environmental Protection Agency.
393. Fish Facilities on the Lower Columbia and Snake Rivers at Corp of Engineers' Pro-
jects,1969. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District.
207
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-79-056
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
A National Compendium of Freshwater Fish and Water
Temperature Data, Volume I - Data Management Techniques,
Output Examples and Limitations
5. REPORT DATE
May 1979 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Kenneth E. Biesinger, Robert P. Brown, Carl R. Bernick,
Glenn A. Flittner and Kenneth E. F. Hokanson
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPOF
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth , MN
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BA021
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Same as above
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/03
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The present study resulted In the compilation of a computer data base containing historical fish distribution
data with accompanying water temperature data from about 1930-1972 for over 300 species of freshwater fish
from 574 locations in the United States and provides the first nationwide compendium that describes freshwater
fish population habitats in relation to water temperature regimens. Data collected from many unrelated sources
were edited, formatted and assembled into a meaningful presentation. The transformation of the encoded data
into magnetic characters on a computer data tape was accomplished with a Honeywell 702 Keytape machine.
Computer programs developed were written in the FORTRAN IV language and implemented on the Univac 1108 computer
system. The present data system was implemented primarily as a computer data storage and retrieval method.
As such, the computer programs were largely designed to format, sort, store and recall selected records, or
groupings of data.
For analyzing data, computer programs were developed for: (1) determining the frequency of occurrence
of certain types and classes of data; (2) determining the number of fish temperature data sets (fish present
at the same time and place water temperatures were taken) by: a) major and minor river basins, b) thermal
characteristics, c) sampling method, and d) temperature and fish catching equipment type; (3) compiling fish
species data and correlating these with water-temperature records; (4) producing tables with minimum,
maximum and mean temperatures with corresponding fish counts; and (5) producing cumulative percentiles of
weekly water temperatures for each fish species. Suggestions as to possible uses for the data and programs
are given. Also included are some case example studies.
A section is included describing the limitations of the encoded fish and temperature data and a critique
of the: (1) data quality, (2) environmental quality, (3) quality of the work performed, (4) materials and
methods used to collect fish and temperature data, and (5) data reporting and analysis.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDEDTERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Temperature distribution
Freshwater fishes
Temperature measuring instruments
Data acquistion
Data retrieval
Fisheries
National compendium
Data management
Fish distribution
Water temperature
Streams and lakes
06 C
F
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
222
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICt
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
208
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979 657-060/5319
------- |