United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Duluth MN 55804
EPA-600/3-80-070
July 1980
Research and Development
Environmental
Effects of Western
Coal Surface Mining
Part VIII
Fish Distribution in
Trout Creek, Colorado
1975-1976
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7 Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH series. This series
describes research on the effects of pollution on humans, plant and animal spe-
cies, and materials. Problems are assessed for their long- and short-term influ-
ences. Investigations include formation, transport, and pathway studies to deter-
mine the fate of pollutants and their effects. This work provides the technical basis
for setting standards to minimize undesirable changes in living organisms in the
aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/3-80-070
July 1980
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF WESTERN COAL SURFACE MINING
PART VIII - FISH DISTRIBUTION IN TROUT CREEK, COLORADO, 1975-1976
by
John P. Goettl, Jr. and Jerry W. Edde
Colorado Division of Wildlife
Fisheries Research Center
Fort Collins, Colorado 80522
Grant No. R803950
Project Officer
Donald I. Mount
Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DULUTH, MINNESOTA 55804
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Research Laboratory-
Duluth, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of
trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
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FOREWORD
This eighth report in a series discusses the impact of surface coal
mining in a Colorado stream. The mining activity is composed of both old
and new operations. No striking effects of the mining operation were
identifiable within the resolution of the study and natural variation.
Other reports will supply data on the chemical characteristics of the water
quality.
Norbert Jaworski, Ph.D
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth
111
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ABSTRACT
A study was conducted on Trout Creek in northwestern Colorado during
1975-1976 to assess the effects of drainage from an adjacent surface coal
mine on the distribution of fishes in the creek, and to relate their dis-
tribution to physical and chemical variables. A second objective was to
determine the possible toxicity of surface coal mine drainage water on fish
stocked in ponds receiving surface and groundwater run-off from the mine.
Results did not indicate any direct effects of mine drainage water on
the distribution of fishes in Trout Creek, although possible effects may
have been masked by elevation, stream flow, streambed alterations, and agrv
cultural irrigation return flows. Brook trout (Salvel-inus fontinalis] was
the dominant salmonid species in the upper reaches of the creek; rainbow
trout (Salmo gairdnem.) and brown trout (S. trutta] were found only in the
region of the mine. Mottled sculpin (Cottus ba-ird-i} and speckled dace
(Rhinichthys osoulus] were the most common fishes found throughout and at
all but the uppermost reaches, respectively.
Rainbow trout stocked in mine seepage water ponds for a year evi-
denced high survival rates over an eight-month period during the winter,
but fared poorly during the ensuing summer months, this latter most pro-
bably because of extremely high water temperatures. There was no apparent
evidence of toxicity to the fish from contaminants in the mine pond water.
IV
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Figures vi
Tables vii
Acknowledgments viil
I Introduction 1
II Conclusions 2
III Recommendations 3
IV Description of the Study Area and Sampling Sites 4
Study Area 4
Sampling Sites 6
V Methods 10
Physical Factors 10
Fish Population Estimates 10
In-s-itu Toxicity Tests 10
VI Results 11
Fall 1975 Sampling 11
Physical Factors 14
Fish Creek Sampling, Summer 1975 and 1976 14
In-situ Toxicity Tests 14
VII Discussion 18
Longitudinal Zonation 18
Simple Linear Coefficients of Determination 18
Physical Factors 21
In-situ Toxicity Tests 23
References 26
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Location map of the Edna Mine study site 5
2 Fish sampling stations on Trout Creek, Colorado 7
3 Longitudinal profile of three western mountain streams
and the zonation of fish species in these streams .... 19
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TABLES
Number Page
Estimated numbers of fish per 200 m of Trout Creek at
various sampling stations during late summer of 1975
and 1976 12
Number of fish collected in one electrofishing pass
at four stations on Trout Creek, 22-23 October 1975 ... 13
Physical characteristics of Trout Creek during fish
sampling periods in late summer, 1975 and 1976 15
Percentages of rainbow trout recovered from coal mine
strip pit ponds 16
Physical and chemical characteristics of three experi-
mental strip pit ponds used for rainbow trout plant-
ings 17
Coefficient of determination (r2) matrix for physical
parameters measured on Trout Creek during fish
sampling 22
Coefficient of determination matrix showing values of
r2 calculated for regressions of differences (1975
minus 1976) in the stream physical factors measured
on Trout Creek 24
VII
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The field studies reported herein were carried out with the full coopera-
tion of the Pittsburgh and Midway Coal Mining Company. We are indebted to
the following persons who reviewed the manuscript at various stages prior to
publication, and who made several helpful suggestions: Oliver B. Cope,
Martin A. Hamilton, Robert P. McConnell, Glenn R. Phillips, Rodney K. Skogerboe,
and Robert V. Thurston.
This research was funded in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory--Duluth, Research Grant No. R803950,
awarded to Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University,
and Fisheries Bioassay Laboratory, Montana State University.
vm
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
The Edna Coal Mine near Oak Creek, Colorado, lies in the watershed of
Trout Creek, a montane stream draining Colorado's Flattop Mountains. Ele-
vation in the study area ranged from 1,980 to 2,440 m. The stream is classi-
fied as rithron (mean monthly temperature less than 20°C) owing to its small
size, high elevation, and water source primarily from snowmelt runoff. Fish
in Trout Creek show a longitudinal zonation of species typical of many mountain
streams (Holton 1953, Vincent and Miller 1969, Allen 1969, Moyle and Nichols
1973, Gard and Flittner 1974).
Primary agricultural uses of Trout Creek include livestock watering and
pasture irrigation. Much of the lower third of this stream has been chan-
nelled to produce more arable land where oats, hay, and wheat are grown.
Woody riparian vegetation is reduced in this area. The absence of streamside
vegetation results in diurnal summer temperature ranges of about 7°C at the
lower stations while the range at the upper stations is only 3°C.
The Edna Coal Mine is situated at approximately the midpoint of the
study area. Surface runoff from the most recently active portion of the mine
enters Trout Creek from a ditch draining a final-cut strip-pit. Drainage
from the older mining area joins an irrigation ditch and enters Trout Creek
several hundred meters upstream from a ditch which drains the most recent
mining area.
The primary objective of this study was to determine the distribution of
fish species in Trout Creek, relative to the Edna Coal Mine, and to relate
these distributions to the physical and chemical parameters existing in the
stream. Sampling stations were chosen to include sites both above and below
the mine. A secondary objective was to determine the toxicity of undiluted
coal mine drainage water to rainbow trout (Salmo ga-Lrdneri-}.
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SECTION II
CONCLUSIONS
The number of rainbow trout and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Trout
Creek was maximal at the level of the Edna Coal Mine. This relationship is
probably a result of these two species responding to a metabolic temperature
optimum at the level of the mine. Brook trout (_Salvelinus font-inalis] did
not show a similar optimum, but increased in numbers with elevation and were
predominant in numbers at the upper station. Over their range in Trout
Creek, they apparently preferred temperatures in the range of 12-14°C, as
opposed to 12-23°C for rainbow and brown trouts.
It was not possible to demonstrate direct effects of the Edna Coal Mine
on the distribution of fishes in Trout Creek because of other man-induced
alterations in the mining area. The potential coal mine impact area contained
irrigation diversions, channelled areas, and irrigation return flows. This
problem was further complicated by the fact that the coal mine is located
along the stretch of Trout Creek where the stream slope flattens distinctly.
Effluent from the Edna Coal Mine was not acutely toxic to rainbow
trout. This was determined by -in situ toxicity tests in ponds receiving
drainage water from the mine site. These tests showed that some of the test
fish survived as long as one year in the ponds.
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SECTION III
RECOMMENDATIONS
Mining procedures which minimize impacts on Trout Creek such as stabili-
zation of spoils banks by contouring and planting should be followed.
Drainage from the Edna Coal Mine to Trout Creek would be most detrimental to
the fishery when carrying a significant load of suspended solids. To minimize
this impact, service roads which ford Trout Creek should only be constructed
when no alternative route is available. The absence of strip-mining in the
alluvial valley of Trout Creek is the single most important benefit of current
mining practice toward reduction of adverse effects upon the stream. Encroach'
ment of the mine into the valley would increase the silt load of the stream
and its bed. This would reduce both the feeding and spawning habitat avail-
able to fish.
Fraser (1972) states that a flow of 60 percent of the mean annual flow
is considered by some to be the minimum amount necessary to maintain a viable
fishery. Unpublished data from David B. McWhorter (Department of Agricultural
Engineering, Colorado State University) show a mean annual flow of 1.12
m3/sec at the Homestead station. On 28 July 1976 the flow at this station
was 0.40 m3/sec or 60 percent of the recommended flow for trout during this
critical warm water period. Benefits from further withdrawals of water from
this stream should be weighed against an anticipated adverse effect on the
fish populations described in this report.
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SECTION IV
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
AND SAMPLING SITES
STUDY AREA
The area has been previously described by Bass et al. (1955) and McWhorter
et al. (1975). A summary of those descriptions follows.
Physical Characteristics
The study area lies in northwestern Colorado in the southeastern portion
of a gently rolling, 2,590 km2, coal mining region known to the industry as
the eastern part of the Yampa coal field. The climate is semiarid with an
annual precipitation of 38 to 51 cm; at least half of this occurs as snow.
Trout Creek is west of the town of Oak Creek and southwest of Steamboat
Springs (Figure 1). It originates in a mountain region at an elevation in
excess of 3550 m, runs several kilometers through national forest, enters a
small valley containing Pittsburgh and Midway's Edna Mine, and continues
northward to its confluence with the Yampa River near Milner, Colorado. At
the higher elevations above the mine, the land is largely vegetated with
trees and native grasses. In the valley, vegetation changes to native
grasses and some alfalfa fields. Stock ranches utilize the land across the
creek from the mine and downstream.
It may be noted in Figure 1 that mining started on the upstream side in
the World War II era. Although the strata disrupted by mining in the older
area have not been regraded to their original aspect, the area is sparsely
vegetated in native scrubbrush (oak) and grasses. Mining operations then
moved progressively north, reaching the northern extreme around 1970; these
latter were the first spoils to be regraded to the original contours and are
now partially vegetated with native plants. Current activity is centered on
the upslope (east) side of the mine near the top of the ridge separating the
Oak and Trout Creek watersheds.
The area mined during the 1950's includes a bowl-shaped cut, about 200
m2 x 30 m deep, near the base of the spoils that is barren of vegetation.
With this exception, the density of native vegetation is approximately pro-
portional to the age of the spoil material.
The surface material of the previously mined areas is composed largely
of mine overburden which is the only soil layer above bedrock. Below the
surface, which is graded only in the northern end of the mine, the overburden
consists of debris ranging in size from that associated with clays to rocks
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Apex Mine
(underground)
• Steamboat
Spri ngs
Denver*
Upper and
Lower Twin Pond
Miles
Figure 1. Location map of the Edna Mine study site. (Inset indicates
location in Colorado.)
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1 m in diameter. This material normally ranges from 10 to 20 m in depth and
represents a marked contrast to the relatively well-sorted soils and strata
present prior to mining. The mine is typically separated from the creek by
approximately 50 m of undisturbed area which serves to some extent as a
buffer zone through which mine drainage must pass.
Hydrology
Trout Creek is the major drainage of the 110 km2 watershed which includes
the mine. The hydrology of this drainage has been characterized by McWhorter
et al. (1975). The mean annual discharge measured just below the mine has
been estimated at 2.8 x 107 m3/year. This is approximately equivalent to a
precipitation of 26 cm/year over the watershed. The surface water divides in
the area coincide generally with the topographic highs. In the spoil areas,
the surface drainage patterns are disrupted in several areas such that
precipitation tends to accumulate in depressions and infiltrate into spoils
with little or no overland flow. Thus, a high fraction of the precipitation
is lost by evapo-transpiration or infiltration into the ground. It is clear
that mining has changed the surface and subsurface drainage patterns; this
can be inferred from Figure 2. The depth to which water can percolate has
been generally changed from a few meters to more than 15-20 m; this increases
the potential for the dissolution of spoil materials by water. Although a
highwall of undisturbed rock exists between the mine and the creek, at least
a small amount of subsurface flow from the mine through the alluvial aquifers
and into the creek occurs (McWhorter et al. 1975). The quantity of this
underflow is not known. Small drainages enter the creek from the ranch area
opposite the mine but their contribution to the total inflow is small. In
general, the major inflow contributions to the stream originate on the mined
site.
SAMPLING SITES
Eleven stations on Trout Creek proper and one on its tributary, Fish
Creek, were sampled in the summers of 1975 and 1976. Site locations are
shown in Figure 2. Four of the Trout Creek stations were also sampled in the
fall of 1975. Bear River, a nearby tributary to the Yampa River, was also
sampled to determine if this river contained fish species not present in
Trout Creek. No species, not already present in Trout Creek, was found so
the Bear River was not sampled after the summer of 1975. The eleven stations
on Trout Creek and the one station on its tributary, Fish Creek, are described
below.
Routt station.--Located just inside the boundary of the Routt National
Forest. The riparian vegetation is a dense stand of willows and conifers.
The stream bottom is composed primarily of medium to large cobble.
Apex station.--Adjacent to the county road, approximately 3 km upstream
from the Apex mine--a small coal adit supplying private consumers. The
stream is partially protected by a canopy of willow (Salix sp.) and cotton-
wood (Populus angustifolia]. At this station the stream bottom is primarily
gravel. Habitat is mostly riffle with a few deep pools interspersed.
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Water f^reen
pump
Old draglineX^" EDNA COAL MINE
0
10
'STILLWATER
RESERVOIR
kilometers
Figure 2.
Fish sampling stations on Trout Creek, Colorado
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Homestead station.--Directly across from the beginning of the oldest
coal mining area. At the center of this section, an irrigation ditch diverts
water east to a pasture. The bottom type is gravel. Willows border the east
bank, and the west bank is vegetated with grass.
Dragline station.--Located about 0.5 km north of an obsolete dragline,
this consists of a mixture of deep pools and short riffles. Riparian vege-
tation is mostly grass with some willows. An irrigation headgate diverts
water from the upper limit of this section and a portion of diverted water
re-enters Trout Creek near Pump station. The primary bottom type is gravel.
Pump station.--A gasoline-powered water pump is located at this station
and is used to transfer water from a pool to tank trucks. Surface drainage
from the most recent mining area enters Trout Creek near this pump. In 1976
a ford was graded across this section of stream, ostensibly as a service road
for power lines. Gravel was the principal bottom constituent. The entire
section was bordered by a dense growth of willows.
Green station.--Located on the property of Perley Green. The station
was relocated slightly in 1976 to accommodate a beaver dam which caused water
levels to rise too high for electrofishing. Riparian vegetation is largely
pasture types with some willows in the upsteam half. More sandy bottom was
found here than at any other station.
McKune station.--Streambank cover is of moderate density here and much
of the stream is bordered by pasture. Stream bottom cover in the form of
boulders or cobble is lacking as well. Narrow portions along this section
are swept clean of alluvium, and the bottom is primarily bedrock.
Yowel1 station.--Riffles predominate here, with only one large pool
found along the 200 m sampled downstream from the county road bridge. The
bottom is composed of cobbles and gravel. Riparian vegetation consists
almost entirely of grasses.
Liske station.--This station, and those below it, are characterized by
low gradients and streambed channelization. Good fish cover in these areas
is largely lacking with the exception of some undercut banks. Bottom type is
principally gravel with sandy material in the deeper water. Riparian vegeta-
tion is entirely legume-type hay.
Bedell station.--The upstream limit of this station is the county road
bridge crossing Trout Creek north of the Bedell ranch. Channelization is
more extensive at this station than at any other. The stream is bordered by
a small grain field to the east and riparian vegetation is absent. The
stream bottom is sand and gravel.
Black station.--Located at the first bridge crossing Trout Creek from
Milner, Colorado, the station consists of a series of deep pools broken by
occasional short riffles. The bottom is a mixture of alluvial deposits
ranging from sand to large cobble. Deciduous trees border the right bank.
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Fish Creek station.--This one station on Trout Creek's only permanent
tributary, Fish Creek, was sampled for species composition. It is bordered
by hay and small grain fields at an elevation of 2,060 m. The bottom is
small gravel and sand.
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SECTION V
METHODS
PHYSICAL FACTORS
Flow, velocity, and discharge were measured at three points along a
transverse section at each station, after the methods of Robins and Crawford
(1954). Specific conductance (expressed as ymhos/cm) was measured in the
stream by use of an Industrial Instruments Solu Bridge. Temperatures were
corrected to predicted noonday values using a measured 8 to 9 hour daylight
temperature pulse of 0.7°C/hour and 0.4°C/hour for unshaded and shaded
stations, respectively. Slopes were calculated from elevations recorded on
U.S. Geological Survey topographical maps (7.5 minute series).
FISH POPULATION ESTIMATES
Fish populations were sampled using backpack electrofishing equipment.
Three successive passes were made through each 200 m station. Fishes captured
during each of three passes were identified, counted, measured, and released.
The DeLury regression method (Lagler 1952) was used to estimate population
sizes for each species at each station. Population estimate plots were
unsuitable in some cases because of positive slopes or very low catches on
the final pass. In these instances, the total catch was considered to be the
best estimate of the population.
IN SITU TOXICITY TESTS
Three ponds, consisting of strip-pits filled with mine runoff water, are
located at the Edna Coal Mine. The first pond (Sign Pond) is located in the
older series of strip pits which were mined about 30 years ago. The other
two ponds (Upper and Lower Twin Ponds) are at the base of a strip pit which
drains a relatively recent mining area. These ponds are separated by a coal
dam. Upper Twin Pond has no outlet, but Lower Twin Pond drains into Trout
Creek via a small ditch.
Between 25 and 70 rainbow trout were stocked on each of two occasions in
each of these ponds, first in the fall of 1975 and again in the spring of
1976. Various fin clips were used to distinguish between these groups.
Trout averaged 119 mm at the time of stocking. Planted trout were recovered
by seining and gillnetting one month after stocking in the fall of 1975,
again in the spring of 1976, and in the fall of 1976. Water samples were
collected from each pond at time of stocking in September 1975 and analyzed
for specific conductance, hardness, dissolved oxygen, and alkalinity using
procedures described in American Public Health Association et al. (1971).
10
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SECTION VI
RESULTS
Ten species of fish were observed in Trout Creek during the three
sampling periods as follows: mountain whitefish (Prosopium will-lamson-L],
cutthroat trout (Salmo clark-i). rainbow trout, brOwn trout, brook trout,
speckled dace (Khiniohthys osoulus], redside shiner (Richardsonius bdlteatus],
white sucker (Catostorms aorrmersoni), mountain sucker (C. platyrhynchus), and
mottled sculpin (Cottus ba-irdi]. Fish Creek contained speckled dace, redside
shiner, and white sucker. In addition, the creek chub (Semot-ilus atromocu-
latus) and hybrids of the creek chub and the redside shiner were found in
Fish Creek, but not in Trout Creek.
The occurrence of nine resident fish species (plus the mountain whitefish,
which is a fall migrant) in Trout Creek was essentially the same both in 1975
and in 1976 (Table 1). Trout populations were relatively stable, the only
significant exceptions being an increase in rainbow trout at the Homestead
station in 1976 (possibly due to stocking directly upstream in the fall of
1975) and a decrease in brook trout at the Apex station. The estimated
numbers of redside shiner and speckled dace varied more than the trout at
the various stations between 1975 and 1976. In 1976 the redside shiner
showed higher populations at the lower stations than in 1975. The number of
dace showed no trend -in location selection; they declined at some stations,
and greatly increased at others. The Liske station, in particular, showed a
sharp increase in the number of speckled dace, white suckers, and mottled
sculpins in 1976. The number of mountain suckers declined considerably at
the Green station by 1976. The numbers of mottled sculpin varied in much the
same manner as the speckled dace, increasing sharply at some stations in 1976
and declining sharply at others, with no apparent relation to elevation.
With the exceptions of mottled sculpins and brook trout, populations of the
other species tended to be maximum at some point along Trout Creek with
declining numbers both upstream and downstream from this point.
FALL 1975 SAMPLING
Sampling was conducted at Black, Bedell, Green, and Apex stations
(Table 2). Surface ice formed on Trout Creek on 25 October, preventing
sampling at other stations. Mountain whitefish were taken during fall
sampling of Trout Creek, but were not observed in summer sampling. One
rainbow trout was captured at the Black station. Green station (-25 km
upstream) was the nearest station where rainbow trout were recovered during
summer. Fall distribution of brook trout was approximately the same as in
summer. The temperature decline in Trout Creek during the fall does not
appear to influence the range of brook trout.
11
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Table 1. Estimated numbers of fish per 200 meters of Trout Creek at various sampling stations during late sunnier of 1975 and 1976.
ro
Station
Black
Bedell
Liske
Yowell
McKune
Green
Pump
Dragline
Homestead
Apex
Routt
Cutthroat trout
Year Salmo
clarki
1975
1976
1975
1976
1975
1976
1975
1976
1975
1976
1975
1976
1975
1976
1975
1976
1975
1976
1975
1976
1975
1976
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Rainbow trout
Salmo
gairdnen-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
16
13
8
8
2
24
4
1
0
0
Brown trout
Salmo
trutta
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
2
1
3
5
8
11
3
1
0
0
Brook trout
Salve linus
fontinalis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
70
3
80
103
Speckled dace
Rhiniohthys
osoulus
2
69
10
82
61
1,031
675
166
85
549
450
96
56
46
26
131
26
63
1
0
0
0
Redside shiner
Riahardsoniua
balteatus
0
11
1
25
0
21
32
1
1
1
25
1
25
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
White sucker
Catos totnuB
oommeraoni
8
1
3
9
0
84
4
1
0
1
4
0
0
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mountain sucker
Catos tomus
platyrhynchus
0
0
1
1
0
2
9
0
1
5
67
3
5
11
16
7
7
15
11
0
0
0
Mottled sculpin
Cottus
bairdi
1
6
4
78
18
855
162
13
72
38
231
38
86
53
54
175
354
203
128
162
206
217
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Table 2. Number of fish collected in one electrofishing pass at four
stations on Trout Creek, 22-23 October 1975.
Species
Mountain whitefish
(Prosopiim williamsoni.)
Rainbow trout
(Salmo ga-irdnev-i)
Brown trout
(Salmo trutta)
Brook trout
(Sa1veli,nus fonti-naUs)
Redside shiner
(R-iohardsonius balteatus)
Speckled dace
(Rhin-ichthys osoulus)
White sucker
(Catostomus oormerson'i)
Mountain sucker
(Catostomus platyrhynohus)
Mottled sculpin
Sampling station
Black
8
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
Bedell
2
0
0
0
2
27
4
2
35
Green
0
0
3
0
0
5
1
0
55
Apex
0
3
0
9
0
1
0
2
15
(Cottus bai-rdi)
13
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PHYSICAL FACTORS
Discharge, specific conductance, velocity, and noon-corrected tempera-
ture were measured at the time of fish sampling during 1975 and 1976 (Table
3). Discharge was considerably lower in the second year at all stations
below Apex. The two upper stations, Apex and Routt, had nearly identical
flows in 1975 and 1976. The reduced flows recorded at stations below Apex
were the result of increased irrigation during this relatively dry year.
Physical conditions in Fish Creek were similar in 1975 and 1976; discharge
rates in Fish Creek were 0.09 and 0.11 m3/sec, and specific conductivities
were 1,000 and 1,200 umhos/cm, respectively.
FISH CREEK SAMPLING, SUMMER 1975 AND 1976
Speckled dace, redside shiner, and white sucker, common to both Trout
and Fish Creeks, were recovered during summers 1975 and 1976. Creek chubs,
not found in Trout Creek, were recovered during the 1976 sampling period in
Fish Creek. Also, several creek chub/redside shiner hybrids were observed in
Fish Creek (identification by Darrel Snyder, Dep. Fishery and Wildlife Biology,
Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins). The recovery of all species was greater
in 1976.
IN SITU TOXICITY TESTS
The results of the experimental stocking of rainbow trout in strip pits
of the Edna Coal Mine are summarized in Table 4, and physical characteristics
measured at time of stocking are listed in Table 5.
In October 1975, one month after stocking, the number of fish recaptured
and removed from Lower Twin Pond was 75 percent of those stocked, and for
Sign Pond it was 20 percent; several fish were observed in Upper Twin Pond,
but none removed. In May 1976, eight months after stocking, there was 56
percent recovery of possible remaining fish in Lower Twin Pond and 48 percent
recovery in Upper Twin Pond; no fish were recovered from Sign Pond.
At the time of the May 1976 harvest, 50 additional fish were stocked in
each pond, and all three ponds were netted or seined in September 1976. One
fish from the May 1976 stocking was recovered in each of Lower Twin Pond and
Sign Pond, and no fish were recovered from the September 1975 stocking. Four
fish were recovered in Upper Twin Pond from the September 1975 stocking, and
none from the May 1976 stocking.
14
-------
Table 3. Physical characteristics of Trout Creek during fish sampling periods in late
summer, 1975 and 1976.
Station
Black
Bedell
L i s ke
Yowell
McKune
Green
Pump
Dragline
Homestead
Apex
Routt
Elevation
(m)
1,975
1,987
1,999
2,048
2,085
2,109
2,158
2,170
2,195
2,316
2,487
Distance
from mine
(km)
-25.3
-19.6
-18.0
-8.0
-5.6
-2.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
+6.4
+13.0
Slope
(%)
0.22
0.19
0.19
1.00
1.10
1.02
1.37
1.46
1.24
1.96
3.43
Date
(day/
month/
year)
30/7/75
31/7/76
31/7/75
30/7/76
31/7/75
31/7/76
17/8/75
29/7/76
1/8/75
22/7/76
19/8/75
21/7/76
5/8/75
27/7/76
6/8/75
29/7/76
15/8/75
28/7/76
7/8/75
21/7/76
16/8/75
19/7/76
Discharge
(m /sec)
1.33
0.39
1.43
0.39
1.40
0.41
0.71
0.32
1.04
0.26
0.80
0.43
0.72
0.50
0.89
0.42
0.90
0.40
0.96
1.00
0.83
0.80
Specific
conductance
(ymhos/cm)
640
925
650
1,000
650
900
500
645
500
750
480
480
480
480
400
440
320
410
380
380
180
180
Surface
velocity
(cm/sec)
49.5
26.5
59.6
38.7
71.5
29.2
63.8
41.0
49.3
35.4
86.2
18.3
34.2
28.7
72.1
46.2
66.2
28.9
60.5
68.3
54.7
52.3
Noon-
corrected
temperature
(°C)
18.0
26.0
18.0
24.0
19.5
20.5
16.0
21.5
15.5
17.0
12.5
17.0
23.0
19.0
14.0
15.0
13.5
15.0
14.5
12.0
9.5
12.0
-------
Table 4. Percentages of rainbow trout recovered from coal mine strip
pit ponds.
Strip Pit Pond Percent Recovery-' (Date--Month/Year)
(10/75) (5/76) (9/76)
Lower Twin Pond
9/75 Stocking 75 56 0
5/76 Stocking — -- 2
Upper Twin Pond , ,
9/75 Stocking NS-7 48 8
5/76 Stocking -- -- 0
Sign Pond
9/75 Stocking 20 0 0
5/76 Stocking — -- 2
— Percentages are based on maximum possible number of fish remaining
after stocking or after prior sampling.
- Not sampled.
16
-------
Table 5. Physical and chemical characteristics of three experimental strip pit ponds
used for rainbow trout plantings. (Samples taken 24 September 1975.)
s
Sign
Twin
Lower
Twin
Width x
26 x 36
17 x 25
9 x 38
Mean
depth
(cm)
30-60
24
46
Specific
conductance
(ymhos/cm)
4,000
4,025
4,050
Dissolved
8.1 2,368
7.6 2,868
7.9 2,544
-------
SECTION VII
DISCUSSION
LONGITUDINAL ZONATION
Studies of fish distribution in two western streams comparable to Trout
Creek are reported in the literature. Gard and Flittner (1974) examined the
distribution of fish in Sagehen Creek, California (Figure 3). This stream is
approximately the same size as Trout Creek. Its gradient is much steeper in
the upper reaches than the section of Trout Creek we sampled, although the
mean elevation is lower than Trout Creek. The second stream studied, which
was of comparable size and elevation to Trout Creek, is Little Beaver Creek,
Colorado (Vincent and Miller 1969). Like Sagehen Creek, Little Beaver Creek
has a steeper gradient than Trout Creek; however, unlike Sagehen Creek its
elevation is higher than the Trout Creek study area.
The following fish were common to both Trout Creek and Sagehen Creek:
Mountain whitefish, rainbow trout, brown trout, brook trout, speckled dace,
and mountain sucker. The other species found in Trout Creek, redside shiner,
white sucker, and mottled sculpin were congeners of species found in Sagehen
Creek, namely lahbntan redside (Riohardsonius egregius), Tahoe sucker (Cato-
storms tahoensis], and piute sculpin (Cottus beldingi). The greatest physical
differences between the three streams are temperature and gradient.
Figure 3 illustrates the correspondence between the relative occurrence
of the fish species in these similar, though geographically distant streams.
The elevation at which a particular species was found differed among the
three streams. Sculpins and brook trout co-dominate in the upper reaches of
Trout Creek. Mottled sculpins occur below the brook trout zone in Sagehen
Creek and are not reported in Little Beaver Creek.
SIMPLE LINEAR COEFFICIENTS OF DETERMINATION
Nonlinear models are frequently more representative of the relationship
between number of fish and physical factors. However, Gard and Flittner
(1974) have used first-order linear models to describe these relationships in
Sagehen Creek, California.V In order to compare the results obtained in the
present study with those of other authors, linear regressions were computed
for the independent variables, elevation, temperature, conductivity, velocity,
When fitting multivariate models to data by regression methods; linear
models are not without merit when computer time and number-of observations
are limited. Also, the number of independent variables included in the
model increases both the amount of computer time and the required number
of observations.
18
-------
3050r
\
2800h
brook
v trout
"\ zone
\
Little Beaver Creek, CO
LU
_l
LU
2550
2300
2050
^ brown
\ trout
\ zone
\
brook trout,
sculpin
zone
rainbow trout,
brown trout,
sculpin,
mountain sucker
Trout Creek, CO
1800
•.[brook trout
["•. zone
']•. rainbow trout,
'•.. brown trout,
''••.. sculpin sucker, dace,
'••.. zone redside
'-•... zone
I i -I -I
white sucker, dace, sculpin,
redside zone
Sagehen Creek, CA
i _ i _ i
10 15 20 25
STREAM LENGTH (km)
30
35
Figure 3.
Longitudinal profile of three western mountain streams and
the zonation of fish species in these streams. [Little
Beaver Creek, Colorado, from Vincent and Miller (1969);
Sagehen Creek, California, from Gard and Flittner (1974);
Trout Creek, Colorado, from Goettl and Edde (present re-
port).]
19
-------
discharge, and gradient versus the dependent variables, populations of the
various fish species. Only brook trout were significantly (a = 0.05) corre-
lated with any of the physical factors in a linear manner. The coefficients
of determination (r2) calculated for this species versus gradient and elevation
were 0.65 and 0.67, respectively. The highest value of multiple (four para-
meters) r2 calculated by Gard and Flittner (1974) were for brook trout in
Sagehen Creek. Here gradient and temperature were considered to be the most
important factors measured in controlling brook trout numbers.
The apparent downstream shift of redside shiners in Trout Creek during
the low flows of 1976 was examined by calculation of the linear regression of
differences in redside shiner numbers at each of the stations (1975 minus
1976) versus the differences in discharge [1975 minus 1976) noted at these
same stations.
The coefficient of determination for this regression (r2 = 0.88) indi-
cated a fairly strong inverse relationship between the change in redside
shiner numbers and the change in discharge. This species was usually found in
sheltered areas of the stream and may be displaced by high flows and strong
currents. Gard and Flittner (1974) noted that redside shiners were often
found near the surface of larger pools, while dace, an associated species,
were generally found in and near riffle areas.
Mountain whitefish were captured in Trout Creek only in the fall and
only at the lower stations (Table 2). Brown (1952) states that this species
migrates into lower reaches of small tributaries during fall for spawning:
Donald Horak (Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fort Collins, personal communi-
cation) recovered gravid mountain whitefish as small as 229 mm, although the
more common length at sexual maturity is 254 to 279 mm (Sigler and Miller
1963). The largest mountain whitefish captured in Trout Creek was 120 mm.
The absence of this fish during August sampling of 1975 and 1976 indicates
that these presumably immature fish were fall migrants and their upper limit
of distribution indicates they were probably upstream migrants.
Cutthroat trout were found only at the highest station on Trout Creek.
One individual was captured at this station during both 1975 and 1976, though
not the same fish as shown by fin clipping. Cutthroat trout are the only
native trout in Colorado. McAfee (1966) points out that they compete poorly
with rainbow, brown, and brook trouts and are displaced by these species
where they occur.
Rainbow trout were most numerous at the elevation of the Edna Coal Mine.
Although elevation was the best predictor of rainbow trout abundance from the
available data, it seems likely that its correlate, temperature, may have
been the controlling factor in this relationship. Cherry et at. (1975) found
that rainbow trout preferred temperatures which increased from 11.6 to 22°C
as the acclimation temperature increased from 6 to 24°C. The range of tem-
peratures preferred in these tests never exceeded 1.1°C for any one acclimation
temperature. The range of noon-corrected temperatures recorded within the
rainbow trout zone of Trout Creek was 12 to 23°C (Tables 1 and 3). This
range is probably near the yearly maximum temperature for these stations, as
the measurements were taken in July and August. These temperatures correlate
20
-------
quite closely to those indicated above as preferred temperatures of rainbow
trout. Temperatures greater and less than the preferred range of rainbow
trout were recorded—at stations outside their observed range—in Trout Creek
during summer sampling. It is possible that thermal limitations are imposed
on rainbow and brown trouts outside their ranges. That is, reduced feeding
or metabolic efficiencies may cause these species to be relatively uncompeti-
tive outside their "thermal optimum" (Li 1975). Using first-order models,
Gard and Flittner (1974) found that among the variables they measured (eleva-
tion, gradient, percentage pool, and temperature) elevation was the best
predictor of rainbow trout abundance. Although we strongly suspect temperature
as the controlling variable in rainbow and brown trout abundance, we too have
chosen elevation as the best predictor of their numbers. It is quite possible
that elevation is a better indicator of mean temperature than temperature
itself, given the infrequency of temperature measurements on Trout Creek.
Holden and Stalnaker (1975) have noted movement of rainbow trout into
the Yampa River (Trout Creek's receiving stream) from the Green River,
apparently in response to cooling of the Yampa River in the fall. Rainbow
trout were recovered in the lower reaches of Trout Creek near the Yampa River
only during fall sampling when water temperatures were much lower. The
behavior of this species appears to be influenced by temperature more than
any other species in Trout Creek.
Unlike the rainbow and brown trouts, brook trout did not show a popu-
lation maximum over the range of stations measured in Trout Creek, but in-
creased in abundance with altitude (Table 1). Vincent and Miller (1969)
found no upper altitudinal limit for brook trout in Little Beaver Creek,
Colorado. Only extremely low flows (0.015 m3/sec) limited brook trout in
this stream at an elevation of approximately 2900 m. At the highest station,
brook and cutthroat trouts occur, the former in much greater numbers. Gard
and Flittner (1974) found that gradient and temperature were the most important
predictors of brook trout abundance. Unlike Sagehen Creek, whose profile was
a series of step-like slopes, Trout Creek shows a gradual, smooth profile,
and the parameters elevation and slope are highly correlated.
PHYSICAL FACTORS
Discharge downstream from Apex station was considerable less in 1976
than in 1975 (Table 3). This decrease in flow was the result of increased
irrigation at the level of the Edna Coal Mine during this relatively dry
year. Temporal effects on this difference in flows seem unlikely as the
Black, Bedell, and Liske stations were sampled on nearly the same dates
during both years. Flows averaged 41 percent of the 1975 flow at the nine
lowest stations in 1976. Along with the reduction in flows below the Apex
station in 1976, there were increases in temperature and specific conductance
at all stations except the Green station, and with respect to specific con-
ductance, the Pump station. The presence of reduced flows and elevated
temperatures raises the question of whether the independent variables are
related. Correlations are presented in Table 6. The positive correlation
between specific conductance and temperature is probably due to the length of
stream bed (including irrigation ditches and fields) over which the water has
passed, thus elevating both temperature and specific conductance. The highest
21
-------
o
Table 6. Coefficient of determination (r ) matrix for physical
parameters measured on Trout Creek during fish sampling.
Noon-
corrected Velocity Conductivity Discharge Slope
temperature
Elevation 0.514 0.031 0.684 0.001 0.942
Slope 0.502 0.030 0.693 0.001
Discharge 0.090 0.437 0.074
Conductivity 0.692 0.147
Velocity 0.310
22
-------
calculated r2 value was for elevation versus slope--0.94. This result seems
quite understandable, as Trout Creek shows a profile typical of a stream
flowing over strata of uniform hardness, slowly leveling out as it approaches
baseline at Yampa River. Both.specific conductance and temperature increase
in a downstream direction,-each correlating well with elevation and slope.
Flow does, not increase much as one proceeds downstream (Table 3). It is
clear that the magnitudes of the temperature and specific conductance in-
creases are related to irrigation withdrawals. This conclusion might be
questioned on the basis of data in Table 6 which show that the correlation of
discharge and specific conductance has a quite low value of r2. This relation-
ship is complicated by the strong negative correlation of elevation and slope
to specific conductance and temperature; i.e., both temperature and specific
conductance increase in the downstream direction regardless of the overall
volume of flow.
An allowance for decreasing elevation can be made by comparing the
differences measured for each of the physical factors between the years 1975
and 1976 at each station. Coefficients of determination calculated for these
differences are shown in Table 7. The values of r2 show a change in discharge
which is negatively correlated with changes in both temperature and specific
conductance. Velocity is not as highly correlated with these variables,
indicating the importance of the volume of water involved, which would tend
to buffer both increasing specific conductance and temperature.
Jenke (1974) stated that irrigation diversion may produce return flow
waters three to ten times higher in their dissolved solids content than the
receiving stream from which the water had been originally diverted. This
results from evaporative concentration of surface water and percolation into
the local water table which displaces salt-laden water into the surface
stream. He pointed out that return flows may also be aggravated by nonasso-
ciated sources such as natural salt, mining, and oil fields. Walker (1970)
noted that approximately 10 percent of the total salinity in the Colorado
River is added at Grand Valley, Colorado. Extensive irrigation in this area
transfers water onto the surrounding alluvium, forcing water into the river
from aquifers which are "in equilibrium with the ambient salt concentration."
In summary, the data collected during the summer of 1976 on Trout Creek,
Colorado, indicate that both temperature and specific conductance increase in
the downstream direction. The natural increase in these parameters at lower
elevations is amplified by point source drainage from the Edna Coal Mine (the
ditch draining Upper and Lower Twin Ponds and other small ditches) and by
non-point sources such as percolation and infiltration from irrigation of
the alluvium forming the valley of Trout Creek.
IN-SITU TOXICITY TESTS
Results of the in-situ toxicity tests indicate that the undiluted drainage
from the Edna Coal Mine is not acutely toxic to rainbow trout. An escape
route to Trout Creek was available to fish planted in Lower Twin Pond during
the fall of 1975, but few, if any, fish died or left the pond within one
month of stocking, since 75 percent recovery was achieved. No evidence of
23
-------
2
Table 7. Coefficient of determination matrix showing values of r
calculated for regressions of differences (1975 minus 1976)
in the stream physical factors measured on Trout Creek.
Discharge Velocity Conductivity
Temperature 0.29 0.13 0.33
Conductivity 0.85 0.06
Velocity 0.24
24
-------
dead fish was found during sampling, and all fish recovered were in apparently
good condition.
Although there was no evidence of over-winter survival of fish in Sign
Pond, the high percentage of over-winter survival (50 percent) in both Upper
and Lower Twin Ponds is an indication that the mine water leachate itself was
not accutely toxic. Further, although percentage of summer survival was
extremely low, at least one fish did survive in each of the three test ponds.
Measured water chemistry parameters for all three ponds were comparable.
During the winter months water levels in all three ponds remained fairly con-
stant, and water exchange between the aquifer and the ponds was negligible.
During the summer months, however, pond water levels dropped appreciably, and
volumes decreased to an estimated 25 percent of these winter volumes. During
latter summer, water temperatures rose to values most probably near the upper
tolerance limits for rainbow trout. These factors, plus possible predation
from great blue herrons (Ai\i^\: /i^pcdias] which were observed in the vicinity
of the ponds, were most likely responsible for the high summer mortality
rates of the stocked fish.
25
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REFERENCES
Allen, K. R. 1969. Distinctive aspects of the ecology of stream fishes: A
review. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 26(6):1429-1438.
American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and
Water Pollution Control Federation. 1971. Standard methods for the
examination of water and wastewater. 13th Ed. New York. 874 p.
Bass, N. W., J. B. Eby, and M. R. Campbell. 1955. Geology and mineral fuels
of parts of Routt and Moffat Counties, Colorado. Survey Bull. 1027-D,
U.S. Geological Survey. Pp. 143-250.
Brown, C. J. D. 1952. Spawning habits and early development of the mountain
whitefish (Prosop-iim wilHcmson-L] in Montana. Copeia 1952:109-113.
Cherry, D. S., K. L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1975. Temperatures selected
and avoided by fish at various acclimation temperatures. J. Fish. Res.
Board Can. 32(4):485-491.
Fraser, J. C. 1972. Regulated stream discharge for fish and other aquatic
resources: An annotated bibliography. Food and Agric. Organ, of the
United Nations Fisheries Tech. Paper No. 112, FIRI/T112. FAO, United
Nations, Rome. 103 p.
Gard, R., and G. A. Flittner. 1974. Distribution and abundance of fishes in
Sagehen Creek, California. J. Wildl. Manage. 38(2):347-358.
Holden, P. B., and C. B. Stalnaker. 1975. Distribution and abundance of
mainstream fishes of the middle and upper Colorado River basins, 1967-
1973. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104(2):217-231.
Holton, G. D. 1953. A trout population study on a small creek in Gallatin
County, Montana. J. Wildl. Mange. 17(l):62-82.
Jenke, A. L. 1974. Evaluation of salinity created by irrigation return
flows. EPA-430/9-74-006. 128 p.
Lagler, K. F. 1952. Freshwater fishery biology. Wm. C. Brown, Publishers,
Dubuque, Iowa. 421 p.
Li, H. 1975. Competition and coexistence in stream fish, p. 19-30. In
Symposium on Trout/Non-game Fish Relationships in Streams. P. B. Moyle
and D. L. Koch, eds. 81 p.
26
-------
McAfee, W. P. 1966. Lahanton cutthroat trout, p. 225-231. In Inland Fish-
eries Management. Calif. Dep. Fish and Game, A. Calhoun, ed. 546 p.
McWhorter, D. B., R. K. Skogerboe, and G. V. Skogerboe. 1975. Water quality
control in mine spoils, Upper Colorado River Basin. EPA-670/2-75-048.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. 122 p.
Moyle, P. B., and R. Nichols. 1973. Ecology of some native and introduced
fishes of the Sierra-Nevada foothills in Central California. Copeia
1973(3):478-490.
Robins, C. R., and R. W. Crawford. 1954. A short, accurate method for
estimating the volume of stream flow. J. Wild!. Manage. 18:366-369.
Sigler, W. F., and R. R. Miller. 1963. Fishes of Utah. Utah State Dep.
Fish and Game, Salt Lake City. 203 p.
Vincent, R. E., and W. H. Miller. 1969. Altitudinal distribution of brown
trout and other fishes in a headwater tributary of the South Platte
River, Colorado. Ecology 50(3):464-466.
Walker, W. R. 1970. Hydro-salinity model of the Grand Valley. M.S. Thesis.
Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins. 94 p.
27
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/3-80-07Q
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Environmental Effects of Western
Part VIII - Fish Distribution in
1975-1976
Coal Surface Mining -
Trout Creek, Colorado,
5. REPORT DATE
JULY 1980 ISSUING DATE.
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
John P. Goettl, Jr., and Jerry W. Edde
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Colorado Division of Wildlife
Fisheries Research Center
Fort Collins, Colorado 80522
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1HE625, 1NE831
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
R803950
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Duluth, Minnesota 55804
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/03
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A study was conducted on Trout Creek in northwestern Colorado during
assess the effects of drainage from an adjacent surface coal mine on the
of fishes in the creek, and to relate their distribution to physical and
variables. A second objective was to determine the possible toxicity of
1975-1976 to
distribution
chemical
surface coal
mine drainage water on fish stocked in ponds receiving surface and groundwater run-off
from the mine.
Results did not indicate any direct effects of mine drainage water on the distri-
bution of fishes in Trout Creek, although possible effects may have been masked by
elevation, stream flow, streambed alterations, and agricultural irrigation return flows
Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) was the dominant salmonid species in the upper
reaches of the creek; rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown trout (S_. trutta) were
found only in the region of the mine. Mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi) and speckled
dace (Rhinichthys osculus) were the most common fishes found throughout and at all but
the uppermost reaches, respectively.
Rainbow trout stocked in mine seepage water ponds for a year evidenced high survi-
val rates over an eight-month period during the winter, but fared poorly during the
ensuing summer months, this latter most probably because of extremely high water
temperatures. There was no apparent evidence of toxicity to the fish from contaminants
in the mine pond water.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Fish distribution
Biological effects
Field studies
Turbidity
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Energy deviation
Coal mining
Mine drainage
COSATl Field/Group
06/F
18. DIS"
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report I
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
36
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
20 SECURITY CLASS (This page}
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
it U.:,. GOVERNMENT PR IN I ING OFFICE: 1930 — 657-165/0063
28
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