CD A
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U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Industrial Environmental Research
Office of Research and Development Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
EPA~600/7~78~008
4O7Q
JSnUarV 151/0
DEVELOPMENT AND LABORATORY
EVALUATION OF A FIVE-STAGE
CYCLONE SYSTEM
Interagency
Energy-Environment
Research and Development
Program Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the participating Federal Agencies, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Government, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-78-008
January 1978
DEVELOPMENT AND LABORATORY
EVALUATION OF A FIVE-STAGE
CYCLONE SYSTEM
by
Wallace B. Smith and Rufus Ray Wilson, Jr.
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue, South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
Contract No. 68-02-2131, T.D. 10602
Program Element No. EHE624
EPA Project Officer: D. Bruce Harris
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
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ABSTRACT
This report describes the development and calibration of
a Five-Stage Cyclone System designed and fabricated by Southern
Research Institute under EPA Contract Number 68-02-2131. The
cyclone system was calibrated using a vibrating orifice aerosol
generator to generate monodisperse particles of dye of large
diameter for use at ambient and higher temperatures, and a pres-
surized Collison nebulizer to disperse monodisperse latex par-
ticles of small diameter for use at ambient temperature. Re-
sults from calibrating the cyclones at several conditions of
flow, temperature, and particle density suggest that the D50
cut points are proportional to the flow rate of the gas raised
to a negative exponent which is between -0.63 and -1.11, lin-
early proportional to the viscosity of the gas, and proportional
to the reciprocal of the square root of the particle density.
At 25°C (77°F), 28.3 £/min (1.0 ft3/min) and for a particle
density of 1.0 gm/cm3, the D50 cut points of the cyclone
system were 5.4 ym, 2.1 ym, 1.4 ym, 0.65 ym, and 0.32 ym
for Cyclones I-V, respectively.
11
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Abstract ii
List of Figures iv
List of Tables vi
Acknowledgment vii
SECTIONS
I - Introduction. 1
II - Background. . 3
III - Technical Discussion 11
A. Cyclone Design. 11
B. Experimental Procedures 11
IV - Experimental Results 19
V - Summary 35
References 40
APPENDIX - Shop Drawings For The EPA-S.R.I. Cyclone System. 42
ill
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LIST OF FIGURES
1. Comparison of cascade impactor stage with cyclone collection
efficiency curve.
Cyclone: S.R.I.-l Cyclone
28.3 Jl/min, 22°C, 752 mm Hg
After Smith, et. al.7
Impactor: Modified Brink BMS-11 Cascade Impactor
Greased Collection Plate, Stage 4
Corrected for wall losses
0.85 Jl/min, 22°C, 749 mm Hg
After Gushing, et. al.8 5
2. Collection Efficiency-Particle Density Relationship
SASS Middle Cyclone
Ammonium Fluorescein Particle Density = 1.35 gm/cm3
Turguoise Dye Particle Density = 2.04 gm/cm3
From Gushing, et. al.9 6
3. Dso-Viscosity Relationship
SASS Middle Cyclone
Ammonium Fluorescein
Particle Density = 1.35 gm/cm3
From Gushing, et. al.9 7
4. Dependence of particle cut size on flow rate for four cyclones.
After Chan and Lippmann.6 9
5. Dependence of particle cut size on flow rate for a 10 mm
nylon cyclone. After Blachman and Lippmann.10 10
6. Environmental Protection Agency-Southern Research Institute
Five-Stage Cyclone. 12
7. Hypothetical flow through a cyclone of conventional design.
13
8. Hypothetical flow through a cyclone of modified design
(Cyclone I) . 14
9. Vibrating orifice aerosol generating system. 15
10. Calibration system for heated aerosols. 17.
IV
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11
12
13,
14,
15
16
17,
18
19
Figures (Cont'd.
Collison aerosol generator system.
18
Collection Efficiency of EPA-S.R.I. Cyclone I at a flow
of 28.3 £/min, temperatures of 25, 93, and 204°C, and for
a particle density of 2.04 gm/cm3. 21
Collection Efficiency of EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones II and III
at a flow of 28.3 £/min, temperatures of 25, 93, and
204°C, and for a particle density of 2.04 gm/cm3.
Solid Symbols: Derived from data taken at a particle
density of 1.05 gm/cm3. 22
Collection Efficiency of EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones I, II, and
at a flowrate of 14.2 &/min, a temperature of 25°C, and
a particle density of 2.04 gm/cm3.
Solid Symbols: Derived from data taken at a particle
density of 1.35 gm/cm3.
Collection Efficiency of EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones IV and V at
flowrates of 7.1, 14.2, and 28.3 &/min, a temperature of
25°C, and for a particle density of 1.05 gm/cm3.
Solid Symbols: Derived from data taken at a particle
density of 2.04 gm/cm3.
Deposition of particulate mass in EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones I,
II, and III.
a. Deposition of mass in
A. Cylinder and inlet
B. Cone and top of cup
C. Cup and outside of exit tube
b. Deposition of mass in
A. Cylinder and inlet
B. Cone and top of cup
C. Collection cup
D. Cap and outside of gas
III
for
24
25
exit tube
28
Collection Efficiency of EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones I, II, and
the Cyclone I gas exit control cup at a flowrate of 28.3
Jl/min, temperatures of 25, 93, and 204°C, and for a par-
ticle density of 2.04 gm/cm3. 29
D5o cut point versus viscosity for EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones I,
II, and III at a flowrate of 28.3 £/min, temperatures of
25, 93, and 204°C, and for a particle density of
2.04 gm/cm3. 31
DSo cut point versus viscosity for EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones I,
II, and III at a flowrate of 28.3 &/min, temperatures of
25, 93, and 204°C, and for a particle density of 1.00 gm/cm3
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Figures (Cont'd.)
Page
20. Dso cut point versus flowrate for EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones
IV and V at flowrates of 7.1, 14.2, and 28.3 £/min, a tem-
perature of 25°C, and for a particle density of 1.05 gm/cm3.
33
21. Collection Efficiency of the EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones at a
flowrate of 28.3 &/min, a temperature of 25°C, and for
a particle density of 1.00 gm/cm3. 37
22. Collection Efficiency of the EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones at a
flowrate of 14.2 &/min, a temperature of 25°C, and for
a particle density of 1.00 gm/cm3. 38
LIST OF TABLES
1 Laboratory Calibration of EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones,
Planned Procedure 19
2 Deposition Study 27
3 Laboratory Calibration of EPA-S. R. I. Cyclones ,
Cut Points 36
VI
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The concept of the cyclone system was formed during dis-
cussions with Bruce Harris of EPA and Kenneth Gushing and J. D,
McCain of Southern Research Institute. The mechanical design
was done by David Hussey and part of the experimental data
was taken by Don Johnson.
vn
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The majority of measurements to determine the particle-
size distribution in process streams are made with cascade impac-
tors. Impactors, however, have several limitations:
There is not enough mass collected for chemical analysis
of the particles in each size fraction.
Frequently there is not enough mass collected on some
stages to be weighed accurately.
Particle bounce and reentrainment cause an unpredic-
table, but significant, error in the stage and backup
filter catches.*
When the mass concentration is high, the sampling time
may be undesirably short.
Impactors are used with lightweight collection substrates
which are often unstable in mass when exposed to the
process stream.2
A series of cyclones with progressively decreasing cut
points will perform similarly to impactors, but without many
of the associated problems.
Cyclones, however, also have limitations to their applica-
bility:
There is no general theory to describe the performance
of small cyclones under field test conditions.
Sampling times may be undesirably long at sources where
the mass concentration is low.
An experimental study is described in this report that
was undertaken to develop and evaluate a system containing five
cyclones and a backup filter in series. The cyclones were cali-
brated, using monodisperse aerosols, over a range in temperature,
flow rate, and particle density similar to that expected for
field sampling. In addition to demonstrating the utility of
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cyclones for in-situ particle-size analysis, it is intended that
the experimental data obtained will supplement that already avail
able to serve as the basis for the development of a more accurate
theory of cyclone performance.
Section 2 contains a brief summary of previous work related
to this study. Section 3 describes the design and evaluation
of the Environmental Protection Agency-Southern Research Insti-
tute cyclone system. Section 4 is a summary of the important
experimental results and Section 5 contains shop drawings for
the new system.
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SECTION 2
BACKGROUND
Several theories have been suggested that attempt to pre-
dict cyclone behavior. Typically, the theories are based on the
classical equation for centripetal force (mv2/r) and include
additional terms to describe effects such as viscosity drag
and turbulent flow of the gas in the cyclone. The final equa-
tion usually gives the cyclone's collection efficiency in terms
of the cyclone's dimensions and various parameters of the test
aerosol. The dimensions of the cyclone are frequently expressed
as ratios. For example, the height (h) of a cyclone, the inlet
diameter (d. ), and the exit tube diameter (d ), might be ex-
JL 11 " A
pressed as fractions of the diameter of the cyclone body, D;
h/D, d. /D, and d /D, respectively. Cyclone performance also
1 fl G X
depends upon the particle diameter, the particle density, the
gas flowrate, and the gas viscosity-
Cyclone behavior may conveniently be expressed in terms
of a "Dso" cut point, which is the diameter of the particle
which is collected with 50 percent efficiency. The conventional
theory of Lapple gives the cyclone D5o cut point as a square
root function of several parameters:3
where
H B 2y
c c
2irN p Q
(D
D50 is the diameter of particles which will be collec-
ted with 50 percent efficiency,
NS is the "effective" number of turns made by the gas
stream in the cyclone,
Q is the flowrate of the gas through the cyclone,
B is the width of the cyclone inlet,
\^r
H is the height of the cyclone inlet,
p is the density of the particles,
y is the gas viscosity.
and
For most conditions of cyclone experimentation, the gas viscosity
is solely a function of temperature and gas composition, so
that Lapple' s theory gives the D5 0 cut point in terms of easily
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measured variables: gas temperature, cyclone inlet dimensions/
gas flowrate, and particle density- Unfortunately, because
of the complicated flow patterns in cyclones, N is difficult
to predict.
Leith and Licht4 proposed a somewhat different, semiempiri-
cal, equation for cyclone DSD'S:
D5o =
/ 18DBrH
'CnC
\C(n+l)
(2)
where C is a cyclone geometry coefficient dependent on the
cyclone's dimension ratios only,
D is the diameter of the cyclone body, and
n is a parameter that depends on the cyclone diameter and
the gas temperature.
This equation includes the same /U/Qp term as did Lapple's
equation, but it also contains the variable n which is dependent
on the gas temperature. Thus, as the gas temperature changes,
the Ds o will not be a simple square root function of the gas
viscosity.
The theories of Lapple, and Leith and Licht provide a basis
for comparison of recent experimental data. Other cyclone theo-
ries are discussed by Leith and Mehta5 and by Chan and Lippmann.6
Previous experimental work by Smith, e_t al7 on' small cy~
clones has shown that small cyclones perform comparably to im-
pactors. Figure 1 compares data from the study of Smith, e_t
al,7 with impactor calibration data reported by Gushing, et
al-
Work reported by Gushing, Felix, and Smith9 on the cali-
bration of the middle cyclone of the EPA Source Assessment Sam-
pling System (SASS) included data taken at two particle den-
sities and three values of gas viscosities. The cyclone is
approximately four inches in diameter and ten inches in height,
including the collection cup. Figure 2 shows collection effi-
ciency versus particle diameter curves for particle densities
of 1.35 gm/cm3 and 2.04 gm/cm3. These data support the hypo-
thesis that a cyclone D50 is inversely proportional to the
square root of the particle density. Figure 3 shows that the
experimental relationship between D50 and gas viscosity (or
temperature) is not a square root, but a linear relationship.
An earlier calibration by Gushing e_t al 9 also indicated the
D5o vs. flowrate relationship is not a square root relationship.
-------
100
o
z
LU
o
LLI
O
O
Dp/D50
Figure 1. Comparison of cascade impactor stage with cyclone collection
efficiency curve.
Cyclone: S.R.I. 1 Cyclone
28.3 K/min, 22° C, 752 mm Hg
From Smith, et. al7
Impactor: Modified Brink BMS-11 Cascade Impactor
Greased Collection Plate, Stage 4
Corrected for wall losses
0.85 1/min, 22° C, 749 mm Hg
From Gushing, et. al.&
5
-------
100
>
o
o
HI
O
o
80
60
40
20
DENSITY COMPARISON
O AMMONIUM FLUORESCEIN
21°C, 154 Wmin
D TURQUOISE DYE
21°C, 153C/min
I I I I I I I
5 6 7 8 910
PARTICLE DIAMETER, micrometers
Figure 2. Collection efficiency-particle density relationship
SASS Middle Cyclone
Ammonium fluorescein particle density = 1.35 gm/cm^
Turquoise dye particle density = 2.04 gm/cm^
From Cashing, et. al.9
-------
177°C
CD
o
93°C
LO
Q
21°C
140
180
220
260
VISCOSITY, poise x 10'6
Figure 3. DpjQ-viscosity relationship
SASS Middle Cyclone
Ammonium fluorescein
Particle density = 1.35 gm/cm^
From Gushing, et. al.9
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Chan and Lippmann,6 in their development of an empirical
theory, also observed that the D50 of cyclones does not have
an inverse square root dependence on the sample flowrate.
In fitting an equation of the form, D5o = KQ , to their experi-
mental data, n was found to be between -0.636 and -2.13 for cali
bration data from several cyclones. Figure 4 is the data of
Chan and Lippmann showing the experimental Dso vs. flowrate
relationship for several cyclones. Notice that one set of
data has two lines fitted to it> presumably due to an abrupt
change in the gas flow pattern in the cyclone at higher flow-
rates. Figure 5 shows additional data from a study by Blachman
and Lippmann that also suggests a discontinuity in the D50 vs.
flowrate relationship.10
In summary, there does not yet seem to be a theory which
can accurately predict small cyclone Ds o cut points for vary-
ing aerosol flowrates and viscosities. Nevertheless, conven-
tional theories, semi-empirical theory, and experimental data
agree that the Dso's of small cyclones are inversely propor-
tional to the square root of the particle density. However,
experimental data indicate that the Dso's of small cyclones
are not inversely proportional to the square root of the flow-
rate nor directly proportional to the square root of the gas
viscosity, as some theories predict.
-------
o
o
E
in
G
AEROTEC 2
AEROTEC 3/4
10mm NYLON
UNICO 240
10 50 100
FLOWRATE, liters/min
500
1000
Figure 4. Dependence of particle cut size on flow rate for four cyclones.
After Chan and Lippmann.®
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(D
4->
CD
E
o
u
E
a
in
0
.6 .8
FLOWRATE, liters/min
Figure 5. Dependence of particle cut size on flow rate for a 10 mm*
nylon cyclone. After Blachman and Lippmann. "
10
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SECTION 3
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
A. Cyclone Design
Figure 6 shows the EPA-Southern Research Institute cyclone
system. One prototype system is made of aluminum, with silicone
rubber o-rings, and a second prototype system is made of titanium,
with metal o-rings. The system is designed to operate instack,
at a sample flowrate of 28.3 £/min, and is compact enough to fit
through a 10 cm diameter port. The objective was to obtain five
cut points equally spaced on a logarithmic scale within the range
of 0.1-10 urn. Since there is no theory that is sufficiently accu-
rate to serve as a basis for small cyclone design, the individual
cyclones of the system were designed empirically- The dimensions
were selected to be identical or related to those of cyclones
that had been previously evaluated in our laboratories.7 Lapple's
equation was used to obtain extrapolated cyclone dimensions
for cutpoints between those observed previously, and some rede-
sign based upon trial and error was required to achieve the
final designs.
The cyclones are numbered sequentially as I through V,
starting with the largest. Cyclones II-V are of conventional
design, as shown in Figure 7. Cyclone I is somewhat different,
with the gas exit tube passing through the collection cup as
shown in Figure 8.
B. Experimental Procedures
Two aerosol generator systems were used to calibrate the
cyclones. A vibrating orifice aerosol generator was used to
produce dye particles 1.2-8 ym in diameter. A Collison nebuli-
zer system was employed to disperse latex .spheres of 0.3-2.0 ym
diameter.
The vibrating orifice aerosol generator (VOAG) is shown
in Figure 9. This system is similar to that developed by
Berglund and Liu11 and has been described previously by Gushing
et al.6 The two types of dye particles were ammonium fluores-
cein~(density 1.35 gm/cm3) and du Pont Pontamine Fast Turquoise
8GLP dye (density 2.04 gm/cm3). The VOAG system was used to
calibrate Cyclones I, II, and III at flowrates of 14.2 and
28.3 £/min (0.50 and 1.00 ft3/min) and temperatures of 25,
11
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CYCLONE 1
CYCLONE 4
CYCLONE 5
CYCLONE 2
CYCLONE 3
OUTLET
INLET NOZZLE
3630-056
Figure 6. Environmental Protection Agency-Southern Research Institute
Five-Stage Cyclone.
12
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GAS EXIT TUBE
CAP
SAMPLE AIR FLOW
CYLINDER
CONE
•COLLECTION CUP
Figure,?. Hypothetical flow through a cyclone of conventional design.
13
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SAMPLE AIR FLOW
-CAP
GAS EXIT CONTROL CUP
CYLINDER
COLLECTION CUP
GAS EXIT TUBE
Figure 8. Hypothetical flow through a cyclone of modified
design (Cyclone I).
14
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CHAMBER
CHARGE IMEUTRALIZER
y
VSS DRYING
—
VIBRATING
ORIFICE
FLOW J
METERS'^— f
|!
h
CONTROL /^-^
VALVES *^
' \
\
\
J_
•— »
n
[ i
M
1 I
i \
' /
//
//
!/
i
1
L
v^
H
SIGNAL GENERATOR
^^
^
\/^ MEMBRANE
/\ FILTER
*— SYRINGE
PUMP
ABSOLUTE
.S' FILTER
^ t
/\i DRY AIR
Figure 9. Vibrating orifice aerosol generating system.
15
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93, and 204°C (77, 200 and 400°P) ; and Cyclone IV at 7.1 JL/min
(0.25 ft3/min) and 25°C (77°F). All of the internal surfaces
of the cyclones were washed after sampling, and the mass col-
lected on each surface was determined by absorption spectroscopy.
The apparatus used to heat the turquoise dye aerosol to
the desired temperatures is shown in Figure 10. A pump was
used to obtain the desired air flow through .the cyclones. In
general the cyclones were calibrated individually with a 47 mm
Gelman Filter holder connected to the cyclone gas exit*"tube 8
cm from the cap. For tests in which the flowrate of the aerosol
stream from the VOAG was greater than the desired flowrate through
the cyclone, the bleed valve was opened to allow the excess air
to escape. For tests in which the flowrate from the VOAG was
less than the desired flow through the cyclone, makeup air was
supplied through the absolute filter. The aerosol stream to the
cyclone passed through a heated copper tube and the temperature
was measured at the inlet of the cyclone. The sampling port was
used to collect and examine heated particles for correct size,
color, shape, and general integrity. The cyclone to be tested,
and a glass fiber back-up filter, were kept*heated in an oven at
the'same temperature as the aerosol stream. The air exiting the
filter entered a heat exchanger which allowed the air to come to
room temperature. The flowrate was measured with a calibrated
orifice located just upstream from the pump. A valving arrange-
ment on the pump was used to adjust the air flow to the desired
rate.
The second aerosol generator, shown in Figure 11, was
a pressurized Collison nebulizer which was used to disperse
polystyrene latex (PSL) particles,with diameters from 0.312 ym
to 1.099 ym and with a density of 1.05 gm/cm3 and polyvinyl-
toluene particles with diameters of 2.01 ym with a density of
1.027 gm/cm3. A general description of the system was given
by Calvert,12 and a more specific description by Gushing, et
al.9 The Gollison system was used to calibrate Cyclones IV
and V at three flowrates: 7.1, 14.2, and 28.3 i/min (0.25,
0.50, and 1.00 ft3/min). Due to the low melting point of the
latex spheres, cyclones IV and V were calibrated at 25°C (77°F)
only.
16
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AEROSOL STREAM
FROM VOAG
-ABSOLUTE FILTER
OVEN
KEPT AT
AEROSOL TEMPERATURE
BLEED
HEATED
COPPER TUBE
INSULATION
SAMPLING
PORT
MERCURY WATER
MANOMETER MANOMETER
Figure 10. Calibration system for heated aerosols.
17
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PRESSURE GAUGE
DIFFUSIONAL DRYER
DEVICE TO BE
CALIBRATED
AP,
o
MASS FLOWMETER
THREE-WAY VALVE
MASS FLOWMETER I
CLIMET PARTICLE
ANALYZER
AUXILIARY PUMP
BLEED VALVE
1VALVE A
VALVE B
jG-tf -v ABSOLUTE
~V$< ->~ FILTER
VALVE C
Po210
MIXING
CHAMBER
PRESSURE
'GAUGE
DILUTION _
AIR ROTAMETER -^* COLLISON ROTAMETER
VALVE
DRYER
VALVE
COMPRESSED AIR LINE
REGULATOR " ABSOLUTE FILTER
DRYER
REGULATOR
O E3 c=>
ABSOLUTE FILTER
Figure 11. Collison aerosol generator system.
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SECTION 4
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Table 1 lists the experimental parameters for the labora-
tory calibration study. As previously stated, three values
each of flowrate, particle density, and gas temperature were
used to simulate a range of conditions that might be expected
in field use. The object of the experiments was to accu-
rately determine the D5o cut points of the cyclones by measuring
the collection efficiency of the cyclones for particle diameters
near the Ds o.
Table 1
Laboratory Calibration of Five Stage Cyclone System
Test Conditions
Cyclone
II
III
IV
V
Flowrate
5,/min •
7.1
14.2
28.3
28.3
28.3
Temperature
degrees C
25
25
25
93
204
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T/A
T/P
T
T
T/P
P
P
P
P
P
T is turquoise dye particles
A is ammonium fluorescein particles
P is polystyrene latex or polyvinyltoluene particles
In tests conducted with particles generated by the VOAG,
each point on the collection efficiency graphs represents the
entrance of a very large number (over 10 ) monodisperse particles
into the cyclone inlet. Thus, each data point was found to be
reproducible to within one or two percent of the initial value
of the collection efficiency, except for particle diameters very
close to the Dso cut point where the efficiency curve is almost
vertical.
19
-------
The sample flowrate, as measured by the metering orifice,
was accurate to within 1 k/min. The temperature of the dye
aerosol was accurate to within 3°C of the true value. The den-
sity of the dye particles was accurate to within 0.05 gm/cm3
and the reported size is estimated to be within 1% of the true
size.
For tests conducted with the Collison system, the aero-
sol concentration was approximately 10-40 particles/cm3. One
minute samples were run alternately through the cyclone and
the bypass line. At least five sets of inlet/bypass data were
averaged to calculate each point shown in the graphs of collec-
tion efficiency vs. particle diameter. The flowrate was mea-
sured by an electronic mass flowmeter that is accurate to within
±1 &/min of the true value. The temperature was stable to with-
in 1°C. The density of the latex particles is reported to be
accurate to three significant digits. Particle size standard
deviations were less than 0.0082 micrometers for sizes smaller
than 2 micrometers in diameter and 0*0135 micrometers for the
2.020 micrometer diameter particles.13 The average standard
deviation of the collection efficiency was 5% except for par-
ticle diameters very close to the Dso cut point.
The collection efficiency curves for Cyclones I, II,
and III, calibrated at 28.3 2,/min with turquoise dye par-
ticles (particle density 2.04 gm/cm3) at temperatures of 25,
93, and 204°C (77, 200, and 400°F), are shown in Figures 12
and 13. The steepness of the curves indicate the extent to
which the cyclones will have ideal behavior at these conditions.
In Figure 13, the solid symbols represent collection efficien-
cies measured using latex particles and the Collison system
and are called derived data. Derived data are values of col-
lection efficiency and Dso which were measured using particles
__of a different density than that listed on the graph and were
then transposed to particle diameters of equivalent aerodynamic
behavior and the same density as those listed, by means of Stokes
law. Application of Stokes law yields:
/ Pid \ h
-- -' plLl • Dl
where D! and D2 are the diameters of particles of densities
pi and p2, respectively, which have the same aerodynamic
behavior, and
Ci and C2 are the slip correction factors for particles
of diameters DI and D2 , respectively.
Equation (3) must be solved by iteration, to yield D2 and C2
from an initial value of Di and d.
20
-------
100
c
u
o
LU
O
H
O
LU
O
O
80
o 60
40
20
O
25°C
1 TT
93°C
100
204°C
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
80
60
40
20
I I I I
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
PARTICLE DIAMETER, micrometers
Figure 12. Collection efficiency of EPA-S.R.I. Cyclone I at a flow
of 28.3 %/min, temperatures of 25, 93, and 204°C, and
for a particle density of 2.04 gm/cm3.
21
-------
CYCLONE II
CYCLONE III
100
c
o
u
^
-------
As an example, in Figure 13, the collection efficiency
of Cyclone III was 23% for PSL particles, 1.099 ym in dia-
meter and with a density of 1.05 gm/cm3. Using these values
in equation (3), we find an equivalent diameter for particles
of density 2.04 gm/cm3.
f (1.05) (1.152) ~]
= |_(2.04)(C2) J
Therefore, in Figure 13, the 23% collection efficiency for Cy-
clone III is plotted at .75 ym. Similarly, the 99% collection
efficiency is plotted at 1.4 ym for a particle density of 2.04
gm/cm3 instead of the actual 2.0 ym diameter for the polyvinyl-
toluene particle density of 1.027 gm/cm3.
Figure 14 shows the collection efficiency curves for
Cyclones I, II, and III, calibrated at a flowrate of 14.2
S,/min and temperature of 25°C with turquoise dye particles
(particle density 2.04 gm/cm3). The two derived data points
were obtained using ammonium fluorescein (particle density
1.35 gm/cm3). Again the steepness of the collection efficiency
curves indicates that the cyclones have nearly ideal col-
lection characteristics at the reduced flowrate of 14.2 £,pm.
In the collection efficiency curves for Cyclone III in
Figure 14, the transposed data taken using the ammonium
fluorescein dye and the turquoise dye lie close to a single
smooth curve as would be expected according to Stokes' law-
Figure 15 shows the collection efficiency curves for
Cyclones IV and V for a temperature of 25°C and flowrates
of 7.1, 14.2, and 28.3 Jl/min. The open symbols indicate
data taken using either polystyrene latex particles (density
1.05 gm/cm3) or polyvinyltoluene particles (density 1.027
gm/cm ). The darkened symbols represent data taken using
turquoise dye particles (density 2.04 gm/cm3) and trans-
lated to a density of 1.05 gm/cm3 using Stokes' law. The limita-
tion in the particle sizes available in the range 1.0 ym to 2.8
ym is quite evident and the uncertainty in the values of the D50
cut point that are in this size range is greater than for those
cut points that lie outside this size range.
The data cited above were for each of the cyclones
sampling at the same actual inlet flows. However, when
operating the cyclones as a series train, the inlet flowrate
to each cyclone will be slightly different due to the pres-
sure drops across the cyclones preceding it. In order to
allow more accurate calculations of the cyclone D50 cut
points in field operation, the pressure drop was measured
across each cyclone at the same mass flow with the inlet
of the large cyclone operating at ambient pressure and tem-
perature and at 28.3 2,/min. The results of this measurement
are listed below:
23
-------
100
80
o
o
u.
LL,
o
l-
o
o
o
60
40
20
O Cyclone I
A Cyclone 11
D Cyclone III
Solid Symbols — Derived Data
8 10
PARTICLE DIAMETER, micrometers
Figure 14. Collection efficiency of EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones I, II, and III
at a flow rate of 14.2 S./min, a temperature of 25°C, and
for a particle density of 2.04 gm/cm^. Solid symbols:
Derived from data taken at a particle density of 1.35 gm/cm^
24
-------
Cyclone IV
Cyclone V
100
Ln
c
O)
o
>
O
O
LL
LL
LLJ
2
O
o
UJ
O
O
I I IJJJI
40
20
O28.3 fe/min
A 14.2 C/min
D 7.1
I.I.I
O 28.3 Wmin
A 14.2 C/min
D 7.1
I [
0.6 0.8 1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0 8.0
0.3 0.4
0.6 0.8 1.0
2.0
PARTICLE DIAMETER , micrometers
Figure 75. Collection efficiency of EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones IV and V at flow
rates of 7. 1, 14.2, and 28.3 ^/min, a temperature of 25°C, and
for a particle density of 1.05 gm/cm3 So/id symbols: Derived
from data taken at a particle density of 2.04 gm/cm3
-------
Barometric Pressure = 747 mm Hg
Ambient Temperature = 25°C
Cyclone
I
II
III
IV
V
Total
Pressure Drop Across
Cyclone
5
40
71
332
137
,1 mm H20
,6 mm H20
.1 mm H20
,7 mm H20
,2 mm Hg
170.2 mm Hg
of Total Pressure
Drop.
0.22
1.76
3.07
14.37
80.58
100.00
Inlet Flow
28.3
28.8
28.9
29.1
30.1
These pressure drops were measured without a backup fiber
downstream of Cyclone V- If a back-up filter is used, its
pressure drop should be measured separately and subtracted
from the total pressure drop to yield just the pressure
drop across the cyclones. Then the above percentages can
be used to determine the flow at the inlet of each cyclone.
A study of particulate deposition in a cyclone during
its operation yielded some interesting results. Deposition
data were taken from tests on three cyclones at two flow-
rates and two particle densities. The aerosol particles collec-
ted were turquoise dye and ammonium fluorescein. The par-
ticulate concentrations were low and thus no data were ob-
tained under conditions where there was a large amount of
material on the surfaces. The analysis was performed by
rinsing the various parts of the cyclone separately after
each test and measuring the absorbance of each wash with a
spectrophotometer. The data on deposition are listed in
Table 2, with a short explanation, and plotted in a bar graph
format in Figure 16. In each cyclone, the largest deposition
occurred in tne cone. The next largest depositions occurred
in the cup.
For each of the cyclones, the material collected inside
the exit tube was considered part of the catch of the next
stage. It was questioned whether a similar procedure should
be used for the gas exit control cup of Cyclone I. During
the calibration procedure, particulate matter collected in
the gas exit control cup was measured separately from that
collected in the rest of the cyclone. Figure 17 shows the
results of these measurements. Since the cup's collection
efficiency is zero for particles slightly larger than the
D50 of Cyclone II, for data reduction the catch of the con-
trol cup was considered to be part of the Cyclone II catch,
and not part of the Cyclone I catch.
-------
TABLE 2
DEPOSITION STUDY
Cyclone I at 14.2 £/min, ambient temperature, 6 urn dye particles
Collection Efficiency - Cyclone 53.3%
Deposition - Cylinder and inlet 21.3%
Cone and top of cup 55.6
Cup and outside of exit tube 23.1
Total in cyclone 100.0%
Cyclone II at 28.3 5,/min, ambient temperature, 2 ym dye particles
Collection Efficiency 93.3%
Deposition - Cylinder and inlet 2.4%
Cone and top of cup 51.0
Collection cup 46.0
Top of cyclone and outside of
gas exit tube 0.6
100.0%
Cyclone III at 14.2 S,/min, ambient temperature, 2 ym ammonium
fluorescein particles
Collection Efficiency 32.5%
Deposition - Cylinder and inlet 0.0
Cone and top of collection cup 72.1
Collection cup 27.9
Top of cyclone and outside of
gas exit tube 0.0
100.0%
Note: Inside of gas exit tube was not considered part of
the cyclone catch.
-------
60
Q
LU
h-
O
LU
O
CJ
co
CO
O
LL
h-
2
LU
O
IT
LU
0.
o
LU
O
O
CO
CO
<
O
I-
LU
O
LU
<
O
IT
40
A
B
CYCLONE I
14.2 %Jm\n 6 p.m dye
60
40
20
ABC
CYCLONE II
28.3 C/min 2 /urn dye
Depositon of mass in
A. Cylinder and inlet
B. Cone and top of cup
C. Cup and outside of exit tube
Deposition of mass in
A. Cylinder and inlet
B. Cone and top of cup
C. Collection cup
D. Cap and outside of gas exit tube
A
B
D
CYCLONE III
14.2 g/min 2 /jm amm. fl.
Figure 16. Deposition of paniculate mass in EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones I, II, and III.
28
-------
O Cyclone I
A Gas Exit Control Cup
D Cyclone II
100
Temperature = 77 F
Temperature = 200° F
>
O
LU
O
2
O
CJ
LU
O
O
Temperature = 400°F
3 4 5678910 2 3 4 56789 10 2 3 4 5678910
PARTICLE DIAMETER, micrometers
Figure 17. Collection efficiency of EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones I, II, and the
Cyclone I gas exit control cup at a flow rate of 28.3 9./m/n,
temperatures of 25, 93, and 204°C, and for a particle density
of 2.04 gm/cm^.
29
-------
Figure 18 shows the change in Dso cut point due to the
change in gas viscosity for Cyclones I, II, and III. Vis-
cosity is dependent only on temperature for our calibration
conditions, and the viscosity values 183, 214, and 259 mi-
cropoise correspond to 25°C, 93°C, and 204°C respectively.
These values of viscosity were calculated from the equation
T3/2
.068T + 7.8
where u is the viscosity in micropoise and T is the tempera-
ture in degrees Kelvin. Equation 4 is a curve fit to data
given.. in the Chemical Rubber Handbook for the viscosity of
air.''14 For each cyclone, a linear regression has been per-
formed on the three data points to give the best straight
line. Although a search of the literature has not revealed
a theory which suggests a linear dependence of Dso on vis-
cosity, a straight line was suggested by the lack of a con-
sistent trend in curvature of the data and by the linear fit
made on earlier data shown in Figure 3.9 The coefficient of
determination is near to unity for each set of data. The
curves have been extrapolated to 316°C for each cyclone and
replotted for a particle density of 1.00 gm/cm3 in Figure
19. This facilitates the determination of the D5 o cut points
at actual test conditions.
Figure 20 indicates the change in Dso cut point due to
the change in gas flow for Cyclones IV and V. A power curve
was fitted to both sets of data points to yield the follow-
ing equations:
For Cyclone IV: D5 0 = 17.6 Q~°-98 (5)
where r2 = 0.981
For Cyclone V: Dso = 14.0 Q"1'11 (6)
where r2 = 0.974
and r2 is the coefficient of determination.
In their April 1977 work as discussed above, Chan and
Lippmann suggested that the relationship between Dso cut point
and gas flowrate (Q) was Dso = KQ where K and n are experi-
mentally determined constants.6 From our data, the values
of n and K for Cyclones I-V are:
30
-------
TEMPERATURE, degrees C
25
204
316
CD
+-•
CD
O
O
£
6
in
Q
180
220 260
VISCOSITY, micropoise
300
Figure 18, D§Q cut point versus viscosity for EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones I, II,
and III at a flow rate of 28.3 S./m/n, temperatures of 25, 93,
and 204°C, and for a particle density of 2.04 gm/cm^
31
-------
TEMPERATURE, degrees C
204
316
E
o
i_
u
E
6
in
Q
220
260
300
VISCOSITY, micropoise
Figure 19. D$Q cut point versus viscosity for EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones I, II
and III at a flow rate of 28.3 Q./min, temperatures of 25, 93,
and 204°C, and for a particle density of 1.00 gm/cm^
32
-------
10
OJ
o
o
E
O
Q,
D
O
O
in
Q
1.0
0.1
Temperature = 25°C
Density = 1.05 gm/cm^
Cyclone IV
Cyclone V
L 1 1 I
2.83
5.7
14.2
28.3
GAS FLOW (Q) liters per minute
Figure 20. D$Q cut point versus flow rate for EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones IV and V
at flow rates of 7.1, 14.2, and 28.3 Q./min a temperature of 25°C,
and for a particle density of 1.05 gm/cm^.
33
-------
Cyclone I II III iv V
n -.63 -.70 -.84 -.98 -1.11
K 44.6 22.2 22.7 17.6 14.0
Note that only two data points were available to determine the
constants n and K for Cyclones I, II, and III. The range in
values for n reported by Chan and Lippmann was -0.636 to -2.13,
the reported magnitudes of K were from 6.17 to 4591, and the
diameters of the cyclones range from 10 to 152 mm. Also, the
geometries and relative dimensions of the cyclones used by Chan
and Lippmann may not have been identical to each other, or to
the ones used in this study.15
34
-------
SECTION 5
SUMMARY
The EPA-S.R.I. cyclone system is an inertial particle
sizing device that is designed for in-situ sampling of indus-
trial process streams. It will fit through a 10 cm diameter
port and is equipped with nozzles of different diameters
to allow isokinetic sampling at the nominal sample flowrate
of 28.3 2,/min.
In this study, the individual cyclones of the system
were tested and calibrated in the laboratory under conditions
similar to those frequently encountered in field tests: gas
temperatures of 25, 93, and 204°C, flowrates of 7.1, 14.2,
and 28.3 A/min, and particle densities of 1.05, 1.35, and
2.04 gm/cm3.
The Dso cut points for the cyclone system at various
operating conditions are given in Table 3. For laboratory
test conditions (25°C, 28.3 &/min, particle density 1.0 gm/cm3)
the cut points are 5.4, 2.1, 1.4, 0.65, and 0.32 ym. Figures
21 and 22'show some of the calibration curves that were ob-
tained. Figure 21 has efficiency vs. aerodynamic (particle
density =1.0 gm/cm3) particle diameter plots at a sampling
rate of 28.3 il/min and Figure 22 shows similar data where
the flowrate is 14 H/min. These two figures illustrate that
the small cyclones have "sharp" efficiency curves and indicate
that the system should function adequately as a particle siz-
ing device. At the test conditions for Figure 21, the pres-
sure drop across the cyclone system was 170 mm Hg.
Data from this study wherein dif f erent^par tide densities
(p) were used tend to support the D50 vs. p2 relationship sug-
gested by several theories3.'17'18 On the other hand, the experi
mental results indicated that the cut points were directly
proportional to the gas viscosity which is in opposition to most
theories. 3 ' **'16 ' 17 Also, it was found in this study and by Chan
and Lippmann6 that the D50's of small cyclones are not inversely
proportional to the square root of the flowrate as some theories
predict.
35
-------
TABLE 3
LABORATORY CALIBRATION OF THE FIVE-STAGE CYCLONES
DSQ Cut Points
Cyclone
Particle Density (gm/cm3
OJ
CTN
Flow
d/min
7.1
14.2
28.3
28.3
28.3
Temperature
°C
25
25
25
93
204
2.04 1.00
II
2.04 1.00
III
2.04 1.35 1.00
Cyclone DSQ cut points
micrometers
IV
1.05
1.00
V
1.05 1.00
5.9
3.8
4.4
6.4
(8.4)
(5.4)
(6.3)
(9.1)
2.4
1.5
2.3
2.9
(3.5)
(2.1)
(3.3)
(4.1)
(1.7) 2.1
.95
1.2
1.9
(2.4)
(1.4)
(1.8)
(2.8)
2.5
1.5
.64
(2.5)
(1.5)
(.65)
1.5
.85
.32
(1.5)
(.87)
(.32)
cut points enclosed in parentheses are derived from the experimental data using Stoke1s law.
-------
100
c
o>
o
O
2
UJ
o
LL
U-
LU
0
o
o
CYCLONE
CYCLONE II
CYCLONE III
CYCLONE!V
CYCLONE V
PARTICLE DIAMETER, micrometer*
Figure 21. Collection efficiency of the EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones at a flow rate
of 28.3 C//??//?, a temperature of 25°C, and for a particle
density of 1.00 gm/cm^.
37
-------
0)
Q.
o
o
z
o
o
LU
o
o
100
80
60
40
20
CYCLONE I
CYCLONE II
CYCLONE III
CYCLONE IV
CYCLONE V
J 1 I I I 1 I 1
0.1
1.0
10
PARTICLE DIAMETER, micrometers
Figure 22. Collection efficiency of the EPA-S.R.I. Cyclones at a flow rate
of 14.2 Si/min, a temperature of 25°C, and for a particle
density of 1.00 gm/cm^.
38
-------
Work is continuing in an effort to identify or develop
an adequate theory for the prediction of cyclone performance
er a ranae of test conditions.
under a range of test conditions
39
-------
REFERENCES
1. McCain, J. D., J. E. McCormack, and D. B. Harris.
Non-Ideal Behavior in Cascade Impactors. 70th Annual
Meeting, APCA, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1977. Paper
77-35.3.
2. Felix, L. G., G. I. Clinard, G. E. Lacey, and J. D. McCain.
Inertial Cascade Impactor Substrate Media for Flue Gas
Sampling. EPA-600/7-77-060, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1977, 89 pp.
3. Lapple, C. E. Processes Use Many Collector Types.
Chemical Engineering, 58: 144-151, 1951.
4. Leith, D. and W. Licht. The Collection Efficiency of Cyclone
Type Particle Collectors-A New Theoretical Approach, A.I.Ch.E.
Symposium Series, New York, New York, 1971, pp. 196-206.
5. Leith, D. and D. Mehta. Cyclone Performance and Design.
Atmospheric Environment, 7: 527-549, 1973.
6. Chan, T. , and M. Lippmann. Particle Collection Efficiencies
of Air Sampling Cyclones: An Empirical Theory. Environ-
mental Science and Technology, 11(4): 377-382, 1977.
7. Smith, W. B., K. M. Gushing, G. E. Lacey, and J. D. McCain.
Particulate Sizing Techniques for Control Device Evaluation.
EPA-650/2-74-102-a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1975. 132 pp.
8. Gushing, K. M., G. E. Lacey, J. D. McCain and W. B. Smith.
Particulate Sizing Techniques for Control Device Evaluation:
Cascade Impactor Calibrations. EPA-600/2-76-280, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, 1976. 94 pp.
9. Gushing, K. M., W. Farthing, L. G. Felix, J. D. McCain, and
W. B. Smith. Particulate Sampling and Support, Annual Report
(November 1976-October 1977). EPA Contract Number 68-02-"
2131, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC, 1977.
40
-------
References (Cont'd.
10. Blachman, M. and M. Lippmann. Performance Characteristics
of the Multicyclone Aerosol Sampler. Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc,
J. 35: 311, 1974.
11. Berglund, R. N. and B. Y. H. Liu. Generation of Monodis-
perse Aerosol Standards. Environmental Science and Tech-
nology, 7(2): 147-153, 1973.
1.2. Calvert, S. , C. Lake, and R. Parker. Cascade Impactor
Calibration Guidelines. EPA-600/2-76-118, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, 1976.
13. Supplied by Dow Diagnostics, The Dow Chemical Company,
Indianapolis, Indiana.
14. Weast, R. C., ed. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,
49th ed., The Chemical Rubber Company, Cleveland, OH,
1968.
15. Lippmann, M. and T. Chan. Calibration of Dual Inlet Cy-
clones for "Respirable" Mass Sampling. Amer. Ind. Hyg.
Assoc. J. 35: 189, 1974.
16. Muschelknautz, E. Design of Cyclone Separators in the
Engineering Practice. Staub-Reinhalt. Luft, 30(5): 1,
1970.
17. Sproull, W. T. Air Pollution and Its Control. Exposition
Press, New York, 1970.
41
-------
APPENDIX
SHOP DRAWINGS FOR THE EPA-S.R.I. CYCLONE SYSTEM
42
-------
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BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA 35105
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-------
Addendum
ASSY ITEM QUANT,
NAME
DESCRIPTION
MATERIAL
B
B
N/A
B
B
B
B
B
1001A
1001B
1001C
1002A
1002B
1002C
&
1003C
1003A
1003B
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Collection Cup
Vortex Tube/Out-
let
Inlet Adapter
Collection Cup
Vortex Tube/Out-
let
Inlet Adapter
(402C & 403C
Identical)
Collection Cup
Vortex Tube/Out-
let
Cyclone II,
6A7-4V
Cyclone II,
6A7-4V
Cyclone II,
6A7-4V
Cyclone III,
6A7-4V
Cyclone III,
6A7-4V
Cyclone III,
6A7-4V
Cyclone IV,
6A7-4V
Cyclone IV,
6A7-4V
1.79" O.D. X 1 5/16" L,
Titanium
1.79" O.D. x 1.6" L,
Titanium
1.1" W x 1.1" H x 3/8" L,
Titanium
1.54" O.D. x 1.6" L,
Titanium
1.54" O.D. x 1.4" L,
Titanium
0.8" W x 0.8" H x 3/8" L,
Titanium
1.35" O.D. x 1.6" L,
Titanium
1.35" O.D. x 1.21" L,
Titanium
53
-------
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The following is a listing of seals required for a single set of cyclones:
Cyclone I:
1 ea. #1000-1-7, 1.000" O.D. X 0.035" Dia., Inconel X-750 Metal-0-Ring;
2 ea. #1875-2-7, 1.875" O.D. X 0.062" Dia., Inconel X-750 Metal-0-Ring,
or #E-C-E-001750-5-7-l, 1.750" I.D. X 0.062" Free Height Metal-C-Ring;
Cyclone II:
2 ea. #1625-2-7, 1.625" O.D. X 0.062" Dia., Inconel X-750 Metal-0-Ring,
or #E-C-E-001500-5-7-l, 1.500" I.D. X 0.062" Free Height Metal-C-Ring;
Cyclone III:
2 ea. #1375-2-7, 1.375" O.D. X 0.062" Dia., Inconel X-750 Metal-0-Ring,
or #E-C-E-001250-5-7-l, 1.250" I.D. X 0.062" Free Height Metal-C-Ring;
Cyclone IV:
2 ea. #1188-2-7, 1.188" O.D. X 0.062" Dia., Inconel X-750 Metal-0-Ring,
or #E-C-E-001062-5-7-l, 1.062" I.D. X 0.062" Free Height Metal-C-Ring;
Cyclone V:
2 ea. #1062-2-7, 1.062" O.D. X 0.062" Dia., Inconel X-750 Metal-0-Ring,
or #E-C-E-000938-5-7-l, 0.938" I.D. X 0.062" Free Height Metal-C-Ring;
1 ea. #1938-2-7, 1.938" O.D. X 0.062" Dia., Inconel X-750 Metal-0-Ring,
or #E-C-E-001812-5-7-l, 1.812" I.D. X 0.062" Free Height Metal-C-Ring.
Available from: Advanced Products Co.
Defco Park Road
North Haven, Connecticut
06473
BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA 35205
TITLE "~
Five stage Series Cyclone & Backup
SCALE j DWG. NO.
DATE 7y/i4/-77 "1 £63 0- l-A-24
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions or ll-e rci'trse before completing!
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-78-008
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4.TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
Development and Laboratory Evaluation of a
Five-stage Cyclone System
5. REPORT DATE
January 1978
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Wallace B. Smith and Rufus Ray Wilson, Jr,
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
SORI-EAS-78-44
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue, South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
EHE624
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2131, T.D. 10602
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 4/76-6/77
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IERL-RTP project officer is D. Bruce Harris, Mail Drop 62, 919/
541-2557.
is. ABSTRACT
repOrt describes the development and calibration of a five-stage
cyclone system, designed and fabricated by Southern Research Institute. The system
was calibrated using both a vibrating-orifice aerosol generator (to generate mono-
disperse, large -diameter dye particles for use at ambient and higher temperatures)
and a pressurized Collison nebulizer (to disperse monodisperse, small-diameter
latex particles for use at ambient temperature). Results from calibrating the cyclone;
at several conditions of flow, temperature, and particle density suggest that the D(50)
cut points are proportional to the gas flow rate raised to a negative exponent which is
between -0.63 and -1.11, linearly proportional to the gas viscosity, and proportional
to the reciprocal of the square root of the particle density. At 25 C, 28. 3 liters/min,
and for a particle density of 1.0 g/cc, the D(50) cut points were 5.4, 2.1, 1.4, 0.65,
and 0.32 micrometers for cyclones I-V, respectively.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATl Field/Group
Air Pollution
Cyclone Separators
Development
Evaluation
Aerosols
Dust
Calibrating
Air Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Particulate
13B
07A
14 B
07D
11G
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (Thn Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
66
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
59
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