&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA-600/8-79-007
February 1979
Office of Research and Development
Research
Summary
Oil Spills
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Cover photo: Argo Merchant
(by US EPA Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory,
Las Vegas, Nevada)
This brochure is one of a series providing a brief descrip-
tion of major areas of the Environmental Protection
Agency's research and development program. Comments
as to how this summary could be improved are welcome.
Please address your suggestions to:
Research Summary Editor
Office of Research and Development, RD-674
US EPA, Washington DC 20460
Additional copies can be obtained by writing to
Publications at the above address, or by calling
(202) 755-0648.
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AWBERC LIBRARY U.S. EPA
US Reliance on Oil
US Energy
Consumption
by Source
Nearly half of our total energy needs are met by petroleum,
making it the largest direct source of energy in the United
States. Large demand and a limited domestic supply have re-
quired us to import nearly one half of our oil at an annual cost
of more than $30 billion. Demand has grown to the point that as
of September 1978 we were importing an average of more than
240 million gallons of oil each day, predominately by ship.
As the world has learned in the last ten years, the transpor-
tation of petroleum involves significant elements of risk. The
recent Amoco Cadiz tanker spill off the northern coast of
France provided a disconcerting example of some of the
possible severe impacts of oil on the environment.
Major oil spills frequently result in extensive damage to plant
and animal life, unsightly fouling of beaches and waterways,
and great economic hardship for individuals and communities.
In addition to the more familiar damages, petroleum and petro-
leum products have been shown to affect plant and animal
growth patterns, decrease rates of photosynthesis, disrupt feed-
ing and reproductive behavior, and seriously impair other vital
biological processes.
The need for a cohesive Federal oil spills research program
has become increasingly apparent in the aftermath of such
major spills as the Santa Barbara, California offshore well
blow-out of 1969, and the December 1976 grounding of the
Argo Merchant near Nantucket, Massachusetts. Numerous
agencies including the Environmental Protection Agency,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Coast
Guard, and the Departments of Energy and Interior, are en-
gaged in research projects directed toward preventing and
minimizing the effects of spills. One major Federal initiative to
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Relative Sizes
of Representative
Spills
coordinate a portion of this research is the Interagency Energy/
Environment R&D Program, sponsored by the Office of
Research and Development (ORD) within the EPA. Through the
Interagency Program alone nearly $4 million is being spent
annually on oil spills-related research.
Oil spills research is also one of the aspects of ocean pollu-
tion research being considered by the Interagency Committee
oh Ocean Pollution Research and Development and Monitor-
ing. The committee, chaired by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration and composed of several Federal
agencies including the EPA, is developing a five-year plan for
a comprehensive marine pollution-related Federal program.
This planning activity is mandated by the Ocean Pollution
Research and Development and Monitoring Planning Act of
1978.
Amoco Cadiz
60 million gallons
(coast of France. 1978)
Torrey Canyon
36 million gallons
coast of Great Britain, 1967)
Argo Merchant
7.5 million gallons
(off Nantucket, Massachusetts, 1976)
Sealifl Pacific
1.3 million gallons
(off Cook Inlet, Alaska, 19761
Regulatory
Responsibilities
Federal responsibilities for regulating oil spills are divided be-
tween the EPA and the Coast Guard under two broad areas: re-
sponse and prevention. The EPA is charged with setting regula-
tions for responses to inland spills, while the Coast Guard has
responsibility for spills occurring in coastal waters and the
Great Lakes. With regard to prevention, the EPA and the Coast
Guard are responsible for non-transportation-related and trans-
portation-related spills, respectively. To enable the EPA to fulfill
its regulatory responsibilities, the Office of Research and
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Spill Prevention
Control, Cleanup,
and Monitoring
Development conducts a wide-ranging oil spills research pro-
gram. Major initiatives are underway to:
develop oil spill prevention, control, cleanup, and monitor-
ing methods and technologies to minimize adverse effects
on the environment.
improve our understanding of the impacts of spills on
ecosystems and our capability to predict and assess the
effects of petroleum on plants and animals.
ensure the successful transfer of research information
through technical reports, manuals, workshops, and other
methods of information dissemination.
Every year more than ten million gallons of oil escape into
U.S. waters as a result of more than ten thousand spills. The
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency
Plan, developed as a result of section 311 of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, designates which local, state, or
Federal organization is responsible for the cleanup of a given
spill.
Upon request, ORD's Oil and Hazardous Materials Spills
Team in Edison, New Jersey provides technical support to
personnel responsible for spill cleanup by assisting in the
control, removal, and recovery of petroleum and other
hazardous substances. The team also obtains and analyzes
samples of spilled material and compiles initial environmental
impact data. A fully equipped mobile chemical laboratory was
recently developed to facilitate rapid on-site analyses during
spill decontamination and removal operations.
Oil Spills in
US Waters
1970-1977
US Coast Guard Data
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SPCC Plans
Spill Cleanup
Testing Facility
In December of 1973 the EPA announced oil pollution regula-
tions requiring the preparation of a Spill Prevention, Control,
and Countermeasure (SPCC) plan by the owner or operator of
any facility that could reasonably be expected to spill oil into
U.S. waters. To assist in the preparation of SPCC plans, ORD's
Edison, New Jersey branch of the Cincinnati, Ohio Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory, is funding a study to deter-
mine the feasibility of technologies that could be used by opera-
tors of oil storage facilities to comply with these regulations.
The EPA Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental
Test Tank (OHMSETT) facility is also operated by the Edison,
New Jersey team, and permits environmentally safe testing of
spill cleanup methods and technologies. The facility consists of
a 2.6 million gallon concrete tank, with mobile bridges over-
head capable of carrying monitoring instrumentation including
closed circuit television. The facility has a wave generator and
simulated beach available to help duplicate actual environ-
mental conditions. The efficiency of oil spill containment
booms, skimmers, and gelling agents can be evaluated with
repeated duplication of tests to insure statistically significant
results. This method of environmentally safe testing permits
the evaluation of equipment under varying marine or fresh-
water conditions without the cost, time, and uncertainties
involved in natural environmental tests. The OHMSETT
facility is routinely made available to other government
agencies, such as the Coast Guard, Navy, Department of
Energy, U.S. Geological Survey, and National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, for their oil spill experiments.
The OHMSETT
Facility,
Leonardo NJ
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Pipeline leaks, ruptures, and related accidents account for
about 14 percent, by volume, of all oil spilled in the nation.
With the development of additional oil and gas fields on the
outer continental shelf, pipelines will be the principal means of
moving products to shore installations. Accordingly, ORD is
evaluating existing techniques for the rapid detection of leaks
that allow a pipeline to be shut down before significant quan-
tities of petroleum are spilled.
Sources of
US Oil Spills
gallon vessel soil
US Coast Guard Data
Dispersants
Shoreline
Cleanup
In recognition of the difficulty of oil containment and removal
operations in rough seas, present efforts by the Edison Team
are centering on the evaluation of oil dispersing chemicals and
their delivery systems for coping with large scale spills. The
capabilities for applying dispersants from surface vessels and
aircraft at environmentally acceptable concentrations and flow
rates are being developed.
Even with the most rapid response and the best available
control technology, many oil spill incidents result in significant
environmental impacts to shorelines. These shorelines include
estuarine, ocean, and inland areas which may have considerable
recreational, aesthetic, or commercial value. The state-of-the-art
for cleanup of oil from shorelines currently requires extensive
use of manpower and equipment which, in some cases, can be
more environmentally damaging to the shoreline than the oil
itself. A promising research area currently being addressed by
the Edison team is the application of chemical agents to protect
the shoreline area by forming a thin film which prevents the
oil from adhering to the beach. These agents are intended to be
applied just before the oil slick arrives. As the tide recedes, the
oil can then be washed by wave action off the beach and back
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Fingerprinting
Aerial Photography
Oil Detection
Devices
Ecological
Impact of Oil
into the water where it may be more readily collected and
removed.
Research supported by ORD's Environmental Research
Laboratory (ERL) in Athens, Georgia is enhancing current petro-
leum identification techniques frequently used to locate sources
of spills. Through the use of high resolution gas chromatography
and computer analysis, an oil sample can be assigned a unique
"fingerprint," or pattern of data, that will distinguish it from other
samples. These data can then be compared with fingerprinted
samples taken from oil tankers, pipelines, or storage facilities,
and a determination can be made as to the sources of the spill.
Because of the difficulty of determining whether oil samples
are indigenous to a given area, or whether they are present
as a result of a spill, this project is designed to improve methods
of distinguishing between naturally and artificially occuring
petroleum compounds
To enforce regulatory standards, the early detection of viola-
tions is essential. While it is not practical to monitor the entire
United States on a continuous basis, the use of aerial photog-
raphy and remote sensing technologies offer an effective
approach to monitoring environmental stresses. Techniques
developed by ORD's Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory (EMSL) in Las Vegas, Nevada are frequently used to
rapidly detect spills, assist in locating violators, and routinely
monitor pipeline and storage facilities. EMSL-Las Vegas
annually responds to numerous spills across the nation, pro-
viding aerial photographs and other data needed for EPA
and Coast Guard spill analysis.
ORD's Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
(EMSL) in Cincinnati, Ohio is developing a device for detecting
low concentrations of oil in wastewaters from treatment pro-
cesses involved in coal liquefaction, shale oil recovery, and
petroleum refining. Through the use of liquid chromatography
and optical fiber technologies, this device will be capable of
identifying petroleum in water at very small concentrations.
Such monitoring methods are being developed for new and
emerging fossil fuel extraction technologies to help avoid future
adverse environmental impacts.
A major ORD program is underway at several labs throughout
the country to assess the ecological impacts of petroleum and
petroleum products on the environment. The Environmental
Research Laboratory (ERL) at Narragansett, Rhode Island is
researching the problem of oil in the marine environment in
several areas. First, with regards to damage assessment, exper-
tise was provided in the early stages of determining the
biological effects of the massive Amoco Cadiz spill in France
and again at the subsequent Ocean 250 gasoline spill in local
waters. The capability for improved response to oil spills is
currently being developed in order to further the state of the
art of the measurement of biological change as the result of a
spill.
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Sublethal
Effects
Mussel Watch
The predominant effort at Narragansett, regarding oil spill
research, is a diverse approach to the determination of per-
missible levels of various petroleum components, as required
by the Toxic Substances Control Act (TOSCA). This is being
done through the evaluation of a variety of sublethal effects.
These effects or responses, i.e., the disruption of such
biological processes as normal feeding behavior and
reproductive patterns, can be elicited in particular marine
organisms under certain conditions by very small amounts of
oil. The mechanisms by which sublethal effects are brought
about are very complex and poorly understood, and ERL-
Narragansett is striving to develop biological data and pro-
tocols for chemical analysis that will help elucidate some of
these mechanisms.
In addition, the Narragansett lab is conducting research to
determine the possible histopathological and mutagenic
effects of oil. Carcinogenesis of the reproductive tract and
breakdown of connective tissue were found in soft shell
clams taken in the vicinity of an oil spill in Maine. Carefully
controlled laboratory experiments are being conducted to
determine whether these effects are the direct result of the
spill. Precisely how petroleum and petroleum compounds
affect organisms is not clear at this time. Experiments will
continue, and others will be undertaken, particularly in the
field of genetic toxicology, to attempt to define and clarify
these mechanisms.
Sublethal effects, while perhaps not immediately fatal to a
given individual, have a direct bearing on the survival of the
species as a whole, and consequently, on the balance of the
ecosystem of which it is a member. ERL-Narragansett is
developing the use of advanced simulated marine en-
vironments or microcosms to study the effects of oil and
other organic chemicals on marine ecosystems. The concept
of the "persistence limit" of the ecosystem its ability to return
to its former state of equilibrium following a perturbation such
as an oil spill is being evaluated as a means of setting per-
missible levels of toxic substances in the marine environment.
Shellfish such as mussels and oysters when exposed to toxic
compounds often store and concentrate these substances in
their body tissues, allowing their possible use for pollutant
surveillance. This principal is being used by ERL-Narragansett
to develop data on several categories of marine pollutants,
including petroleum hydrocarbons. The Mussel Watch project,
coordinated by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in
La Jolla, California, under contract with ERL-Narragansett,
is designed to monitor pollutant levels in U.S. coastal waters by
systematically analyzing samples of mussels and oysters taken
from one-hundred stations along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts,
and Gulf of Mexico. Now completing its third year, the
Mussel Watch program is recognized internationally as one of
the most promising ongoing marine monitoring efforts. This
project will play an increasingly important role in assisting the
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Supertanker
Leaving
Valdez Narrows
EPA in setting congressionally-mandated standards and
regulations as techniques for quantifying pollutant concentra-
tions are improved.
Martin Rogers/Woodfin Camp
Alaskan Spills
A series of projects supported by ORD's Environmental
Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon is being undertaken
to document the effects of oil spills on high-latitude arctic lakes,
subarctic coastal intertidal environments, and Alaskan salt
marsh communities. Alaska's permafrost areas provide a prime
location for studying the biodegradation, cleanup, and
mediation of oil spills complicated by temperature extremes.
Information derived from these experiments will be especially
useful in protecting areas impacted by the development of
Alaskan oil resources. Tanker movement through the North-
west Passage has been attempted and is considered
impractical at this time. Therefore, oil from Alaska's North Slope
oil fields is moved to southern markets at least partially by pipe-
line. Documenting the potential effects of oil spilled in the ter-
restrial or freshwater environments is important in the event of
pipeline failure.
Other research projects being performed at or through ERL-
Corvallis are aimed at demonstrating the effects of oil pollution
on marine organisms. One project is aimed at assessing the
sublethal effects of petroleum constituents on the fatty acid
metabolism of fish. Previously, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB's) had been shown to adversely affect fish fatty acid
metabolism causing abnormal biochemical structure of cell
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membranes. It is suspected that petroleum constituents may
have similar effects. A fish's ability to adapt to temperature
changes depends greatly on the chemical makeup of these
complex membranes. A second project is directed at deter-
mining the effects of selected petroleum refinery effluent
components on the growth and population structure of phyto-
plankton; while a related project is investigating changes in the
enzyme activities of fish exposed to sublethal concentrations
of these effluents.
Offshore Drilling
ORD's Environmental Research Laboratory in Gulf Breeze,
Florida is coordinating several research projects related to
offshore oil drilling and the ecological effects of petroleum.
Offshore petroleum exploration, extraction, and transportation
activities may adversely affect marine ecosystems in the
Gulf of Mexico and other coastal areas. Toxicity tests are
being performed on various organisms to determine what
effects drilling muds and other extraction-related emissions
have on the environment. An offshore laboratory, established on
a U.S. Naval research platform in the Gulf, is being used by
scientists from several universities and the Gulf Breeze lab to
study the developmental and behavioral effects of drilling fluids
and their components on marine life indigenous to oil and gas
drilling sites. In 1977, more than 3500 oil spills were reported in
the Gulf area. Research of this kind will be instrumental in
setting standards and regulations designed to lessen the im-
pact of pollution associated with offshore oil development.
US Oil Pollution
Incidents by Area
Pacific
Ocean
18%
Atlantic
Ocean
22%
Gulf of
Mexico
33%
US Coast Guard Data
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Information
Transfer
Cleanup Manuals
Conferences &
Workshops
ORD publishes numerous documents related to oil spill
research that are distributed to Federal, state, and local
governments, academia, industry, and the interested public.
A manual of practice for the environmentally acceptable
use of oil spill dispersants will be published in late 1979 by
the Edison, New Jersey branch of the Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory in Cincinnati. The manual will include an
inventory of available equipment, and a description of the
factors that must be considered when using dispersants for
spill control and cleanup. The Edison lab is also preparing a
"Manual for Oil Spill Cleanup Priorities" to assist cleanup teams
as they face decisions regarding aesthetic, commercial, recrea-
tional and other environmental aspects of spill cleanup.
In addition, Edison is preparing a manual for the "Protection,
Cleanup, and Restoration of Salt Marshes Endangered by Oil
Spills" and a Manual of Practice for the "Protection and
Cleanup of Ocean, Estuarine, and Inland Shorelines." Both
emphasize the decision-making processes through which field
personnel can arrive at effective cleanup recommendations.
Oil spills in cold climates, such as those in Alaska, are more
difficult to deal with than those occurring in warm climates.
Aside from the problems of working in sub-zero temperatures,
natural ocean cleansing actions are slowed and the oil tends to
congeal and even solidify. Accordingly, the Edison lab is pre-
paring a manual on "Cold Climate Oil Spills-Shoreline Restora-
tion and Protection" that will assemble the field methods and
techniques proven most efficient in cold climate spill cleanup.
EPA annually sponsors several conferences and workshops
throughout the country to promote information transfer both
among scientists performing oil spills-related research and the
"user community" design engineers, and state and local
officials. For example, a recent workshop in Hartford,
Connecticut established response strategies applicable to oil
spills emergencies in the New England region, while a
similar workshop in Anchorage, Alaska identified scientific
needs and capabilities later incorporated into a regional
response plan for assessing ecological damage due to major
Alaskan spills. Similar workshops have been held for the
Gulf of Mexico, Mid-Atlantic, and South Atlantic regions.
Presentations at national and regional conferences for govern-
mental and industrial representatives who deal with spill
response and control are prepared by the Environmental
Monitoring and Support Laboratory in Las Vegas to disseminate
information on aerial monitoring applications. Topics include
types of film for different conditions, data collection and pro-
cessing procedures, and photography analysis techniques.
These address oil recognition and differentiation, environmental
damage assessment, clean up analysis and potential spill
situation recognition.
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Individual
Research
Projects
Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory -
Cincinnati OH
(including the Oil and Hazardous
Materials Spills Branch, Edison,
New Jersey)
Selected research projects being performed by or through the
laboratory or office indicated:
Evaluation of Oil Spill Prevention Practice
Field Verification of Pollution Control Rationale for Off-
shore Platforms
Pollution Assessment of Advanced Oil and Gas Recovery
Programs
Environmental Guidelines for Onshore Impact of Offshore
Petroleum Development
Petroleum Pipeline Leak Detection
Methods Manual for Oil Spill Source Identification
Methods of Quantification for Petroleum Oils in Water
Oil Slick Dispersal Mechanics
Performance Testing - Inland/Harbor Oil Spill Equipment
Performance Testing - Offshore Oil Spill Equipment
Multi-agency Project for Oil Spill Equipment Evaluation
Manual of Practice for Oil Spill Dispersants
Manual of Practice for Surface Collecting Agents
Development and Demonstration of Effective Dispersant
Application Techniques
Manual of Practice for Cold-Climate Shoreline Protection
and Restoration
Surface Treatment Agents for Shoreline and Marsh Area
Protection
Manuals of Practice for Ocean, Estuarine and Inland
Shorelines
Amine Carbamate Gelation for Oil Spill Recovery
Users Manual for Oil Spill Damage Assessment
Office of Energy, Minerals,
and Industry
Washington DC
(via Interagency Energy/Environment
R&D Program)
Environmental Assessment of Northern Puget Sound and
the Strait of Juan de Fuca (U.S. Department of
Commerce - NOAA)
Environmental Assessment of an Active Oil Field in the
Northwestern Gulf of Mexico. (U.S. Department of
Commerce - NOAA)
Major Coastal Ecosystem Characterization and Method-
ology with Emphasis on Fish and Wildlife as Related to Oil
and Gas Development (U.S. Department of the Interior)
Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Selected
Toxic Metals in Selected Marine Ecosystems and
Organisms (U.S. Department of Commerce - NOAA)
Energy-Related Water Pollutant Analyses Instrumentation
(U.S. Department of Commerce - NOAA)
Ecological and Physiological/Toxicological Effects of
Oil on Birds (U.S. Department of the Interior)
Ocean Oil Spill Concentration and Trajectory Forecast
(U.S. Department of Commerce - NOAA)
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Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory -
Las Vegas NV
Aerial Remote Sensor Data Collection Processing
and Analysis for Environmental Monitoring
Development of Deployable Oil Sensor
Package (through interagency agreement with
NOAA)
Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory -
Cincinnati OH
Production of Water Quality Control Samples for the
Quality Assurance Program
Development of Oil in Water Monitor
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Corvallis OR
Consequences of Crude Oil Contamination on Cold Climate
Salt Marshes and Inshore Ecosystems
Ecological Effects of Oil and Derived Hydrocarbons and
Guidelines for Damage Assessment and Methods for
Predicting Impact
Alaskan Oil Seeps - Their Chemical and Biological Effects
on the Environment
Oil Spills - Effects on Arctic Lake Systems
Effect of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Fatty Acid Metabolism
in Marine Fishes and Possible Sublethal Effect on the
Physiology of Temperature Acclimation
Effects of Petroleum Refinery Discharges on West Coast
Marine Organisms
Effects of Crude Oil Spills on Benthic/lntertidal Organisms
Evaluation of the Effect of Crude Oil on Permafrost
Underlain Ecosystems
Survey of Chemical, Physical, and Biological Conditions
Existing in Major Streams Before and After Oilfield
Development in the Alaskan Arctic
Response of Microorganisms to Hot Crude Oil Spills on a
Subarctic Taiga Soil
Environmental Research
Laboratory -
Narragansett Rl
Onshore Survey of Macrobenthos Along the Brittany Coast
of France, Following the Amoco Cadiz Oil Spill
Onshore Biological Survey of the Effects of the Ocean 250
Gasoline Spill, Fishers Island, New York
Oil Spill Response Research, North Atlantic Coast (Norfolk,
Virginia to Eastport, Maine)
Culture of Marine Algae for Experimental Use for the
Detection of Toxic Substances and for the Effects of Oil on
Reproductive Stages of Marine Macroalgae
Effects of No. 2 Fuel Oil on the Chemically Evoked Feeding
Behavior of the Mud Snail, Illynassa obsolete
Effects of No. 2 Fuel Oil on Filter Feeding in Blue Mussels,
Mytilus edulis
Effects of No. 2 Fuel Oil on the Reproduction of Winter
Flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus
Sublethal Feeding Response of Three Commercially Impor-
tant Fish Species to Oil-Tainted Prey
Biological Consequences of Exposure of Blue Crabs to
No. 2 Fuel Oil
Recovery of Natural Benthic Marine Communities Following
Experimental Oiling of Sediments
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Environmental Research
Laboratory -
Gulf Breeze PL
Chemical Studies Directed Towards Ecological Damage
Assessment of Petroleum Discharges into the Marine
Environment
Relation Between Hydrocarbon Contamination and Tumors
in the Soft Shell Clam, Mya arenaria
The Use of Microcosms as a Method for Determining the
Persistence Limits of Marine Ecosystems
Monitoring Levels of Several Classes of Pollutants,
Including Petroleum Hydrocarbons, in Mussels and Oysters
at Over 100 Stations Nationwide in the Mussel Watch
Program
Determine Toxicity to Marine Organisms of Petrochemicals
and Energy Related Organic Solvents Derived from Offshore
Activities and Ocean Dumping
Toxic, Sublethal and Latent Effects of Selected Petroleum
Hydrocarbons and Barium Sulfate on Marine Organisms
Effects of Petroleum Compounds on Estuarine Fishes
Environmental Effects of Offshore Drilling and Oil on the
Marine Environment (with U.S. Navy)
Effects of Drilling Fluids and Oil on Corals
Environmental Research
Laboratory -
Athens GA
Environmental Research
Laboratory -
Ada OK
High-Resolution Separation of Organics in Water
(fingerprinting)
Treatment of Oil Refinery Wastewaters for
Reuse Using a Sand Filter-Activated Carbon System
Amoco Cadiz
Wreckage
Martin Rogers/Woodfin Camp
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Additional
Information
For more information, please write to the appropriate sources
below:
EPA research publications
Research Information, RD-674
Office of Research and Development
US EPA, Washington DC 20460
individual EPA research projects
ORDIS, RD-674
Office of Research and Development
US EPA, Washington DC 20460
EPA conferences and workshops
Research Conferences
Environmental Research Information
Center
26 W. St. Clair Street
US EPA, Cincinnati OH 45268
the Interagency Energy/Environment
Research and Development Program
Interagency Energy/Environment
Program RD-681
Office of Energy Minerals and
Industry
US EPA, Washington DC 20460
Suggested
Reading
Energy/Environment III. October 1978. EPA-600/9-78-002
Proceedings of the Third National Conference on the
Interagency R&D Program. 386 pages.
Energy/Environment Fact Book. December 1977.
EPA-600/9-77-041. 76 pages.
Alaskan Oil Transportation Issues. October 1977.
EPA-600/9-77-019. 11 pages.
Oil Shale and the Environment. October 1977.
EPA-600/9-77-033. 29 pages.
Who's Who IV in the Interagency Energy/Environment
R&D Program. June 1978. EPA-600/9-78-022. 32 pages.
Research Highlights 1978. December 1978.
EPA-600/9-78-040. 70 pages.
Research Outlook. February 1979. EPA-600/9-79-005.
140 pages.
Oil Pollution Reports Vol. 5, No. 3 (June 1978 -
September 1978). November 1978. EPA-600/7-78-218.
(Since July 1974, EPA has published 17 of these quarterly
reports. A list of back issues is available from the Oil and
Hazardous Materials Spills Branch, U.S. EPA, Edison,
N.J. 08817).
Identification of Components of Energy-Related Wastes
and Effluents. January 1978. EPA-600/7-78-004. 524 pages.
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