EPA-R3-73-009
FEBRUARY 1973
         Ecological Research Series
  Pollution As A Result  of  Fish
  Cultural Activities
I
55
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   r*L
                                    UJ
                                    o
                                    Office of Research and Monitoring
                                    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                    Washington, D.C. 20460

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            RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the  Office  of  Research  and
Monitoring,  Environmental Protection Agency, have
been grouped into five series.  These  five  broad
categories  were established to facilitate further
development  and  application   of   environmental
technology.   Elimination  of traditional grouping
was  consciously  planned  to  foster   technology
transfer   and  a  maximum  interface  in  related
fields.  The five series are:

   1.  Environmental Health Effects Research
   2.  Environmental Protection Technology
   3.  Ecological Research
   4.  Environmental Monitoring
   5.  Socioeconomic Environmental Studies

This report has been assigned  to  the  ECOLOGICAL
RESEARCH  series.   This series describes research
on the effects of pollution on humans,  plant  and
animal   species,  and  materials.   Problems  are
assessed   for   their   long-   and    short-term
influences.    Investigations  include  formation,
transport, and pathway studies  to  determine  the
fate  of  pollutants and their effects.  This work
provides the technical basis for setting standards
to  minimize   undesirable   changes   in   living
organisms   in   the   aquatic,   terrestrial  and
atmospheric environments.

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                                                EPA-R3-73-009
                                                February  1973
          POLLUTION AS A RESULT OF FISH

               CULTURAL  ACTIVITIES
                       By
               Russell N.  Hinshaw
   Utah  State Division  of Wildlife Resources
             1596 West North Temple
           Salt Lake City, Utah 84116

                Project  18050 EDH
                 Project  Officer

              Dr. Donald  A. Hilden
        Office of Air and Water Programs
         Environmental Protection Agency
             Washington,  D.C.
                  Prepared for

        OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
     U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
             WASHINGTON,  D.C. 20^60
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.0,20402
              Price $2.60 domestic postpaid or $2.25 QPO Bookstore

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                           EPA Review Notice
This report has "been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency
and approved for publication.  Approval does not signify that the con-
tents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial pro-
ducts constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
                                  11

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                             ABSTRACT
         Pollution as a Result of Fish Cultural Activities
Fish hatchery activities have been suspected as a source of pollution.
This study was undertaken to evaluate this in hatchery discharges in
relationship to possible pollution.

A program of semi-monthly physical-chemical analysis was conducted for
a year at six trout hatcheries.  These determinations were taken at
the hatchery inflow and outfall, the receiving water above and below
the hatchery outfall.

Bottom fauna was sampled once a month during the summer and bi-monthly
through the winter on selected stations in the receiving waters.

Flow data was recorded for the influent, effluent, and receiving waters.

There was no correlation between the pounds of food fed in the hatch-
eries and:

     1.  changes of chemical quality in the receiving waters

     2.  changes in kinds and numbers of bottom fauna organisms
         in the receiving waters

The analysis of samples revealed degradation of the water quality through
every hatchery and in the receiving water.  This degradation was bene-
ficial from a fisheries standpoint but water quality and public health
considerations may require cleanup before acceptable levels could be
achieved.

This report was submitted in fulfillment of Grant No. 18050 EDH between
the Environmental Protection Agency and Utah Division of Wildlife
Resources.
                                iii

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                         TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                             Page
ABSTRACT	iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS	   v

LIST OF FIGURES	vi

INTRODUCTION	   1

MATERIALS AND METHODS	   3

RESULTS  	   5

KAMAS HATCHERY	   7
     Discussion - Physical-Chemical and Bottom Fauna Results   9
     Conclusions	15

MIDWAY HATCHERY	16
     Discussion   Physical-Chemical and Bottom Fauna Results  18
     Conclusions	23

LOA HATCHERY	25
     Discussion - Physical-Chemical and Bottom Fauna Results  27
     Conclusions	31

WHITE TROUT FARM	32
     Discussion - Physical-Chemical and Bottom Fauna Results  3^-
     Conclusions	k-0

SPRINGVILLE - STATE AND FEDERAL HATCHERIES 	  4l
     Discussion   Physical-Chemical and Bottom Fauna Results  43
     Conclusions	50

CONCLUSIONS	52

BIBLIOGRAPHY	53

APPENDIX A:  Physical-Chemical Data	5^

APPENDIX B:  Statistical Analysis Data .	151

APPENDIX C:  Bottom Fauna Data	159

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                          LIST  OF FIGURES









                                                                  Page




TABLE 1  Summary of Statistical Analysis  	   6




PLATE 1  Kamas Hatchery	   8




PLATE 2  Midway Hatchery	17




PLATE 3  Loa Hatchery	26




PLATE k  White Trout Farm	33




PLATE 5  Springville (State and Federal) Hatcheries	lj-2
                                 VI

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                           INTRODUCTION
The almost complete absence of literature on the subject indicates that
the _quality of hatchery effluents has not, generally, been considered a
serious enough problem to warrant investigation.  The primary emphasis
of pertinent work has been on the effects of pollutants' on fish, rather
than the effects of fish cultural activities on other beneficial uses
downstream.

There are over 600 State and Federal fish cultural stations currently
operating in the United States.  These hatcheries produce a minimum of
12 million pounds of trout annually.  They utilize each year more than
4l million pounds of fish food of which almost 23 million pounds are
offal, meats, fish and other organic material.  The remaining 18 million
pounds of feed are commercially prepared pellets or other dry feeds.  If
accurate data were available for private fish cultural enterprises,
these totals would be increased substantially.

The pollution potential of such a large fish cultural program could have
a decided effect on the quality of water receiving hatchery effluents.
It is generally believed that, except in rare cases, fish cultural waste
waters are unlikely to cause major immediate pollution problems.  Chronic
effects on smaller receiving waters, however, have received less atten-
tion and are little understood.  Recent surveys in Utah associated with
efforts to arrive at stream classification have indicated that pollution
from this source is a possibility.  Some deterioration of stream and
reservoir habitat, with resultant impact on the fishery resources, are
now suspected of having occurred as a result of long term release of
hatchery effluents into these waters.

There are a number of factors associated with fish cultural effluents
that have potential or known existing detrimental effects on the quality
of the receiving waters, the aquatic habitat, and the fauna dependent
upon that habitat.  Most of these may be broadly grouped into three
categories.

The first category includes pathogens and parasites passing from the
hatchery into the natural waters.  The close proximity in which the
fish are held as part of the cultural activities facilitates trans-
mission of diseases and results in frequent epizootics (Davis, 1956).
To what extent the release of these pathogenic and parasitic forms in-
to the receiving waters affects other fishes, aquatic fauna, and the
existing ecosystem is largely unknown.

A second category is composed of chemicals and drugs employed to control
either prophylactically or therapeutically, diseases and parasites with-
in the hatchery.  These are introduced into the water either directly or

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through fish food.  Again, little is known of their effect upon the system
of the receiving waters.

The third group of factors include those that contribute to chemical and/
or physical change of water quality.  Organic wastes from fish metabolic
processes (Brockway,  1950), waste feed as well as algae and detritus
from pond and raceway cleaning can in the process of decomposition re-
duce dissolved oxygen levels,  increase biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.),
carbon dioxide, ammonia,  nitrate and nitrite levels.  Particles of waste
not broken down within the hatcheries add to the turbidity, suspended
and settleable solid  levels of the effluent,  and, the completely degraded
portions of the waste can elevate the total dissolved solid level.   The
larger suspended solids deposited in the slower moving reaches of re-
ceiving waters can build  up sludge beds.

The first and second  categories,  although important to an understanding
of the total effect of hatchery wastes on the aquatic habitat and organ-
isms,  are sporadic in nature.   The third category of factors,  however,  are
encountered almost continuously throughout a substantial portion of the
year under normal hatchery operating procedures.   They constitute the most
suspect and possibly  significant  sources of pollution.   This  study  was
designed to determine the levels,  periodicity and effects of  these  pol-
lutants on receiving  waters and on aquatic organisms.

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                       METHODS AND MATERIALS
The hatcheries selected for this study include four Utah State Division
of Wildlife Resource trout hatcheries located near the cities of Kamas,
Midway, Springville, and Loa;  a federal hatchery at Springville; and a
commercial hatchery (White's Trout Farm) at Paradise, Utah.  These six
hatcheries were chosen because they represent a diversity of production
levels, feeding programs, and operational practices.

The feeding programs of commercial hatcheries frequently differ from
those of Federal and State hatcheries.  The commercial hatchery studied
used both a dry feed- and a wet feed composed primarily of offal from
commercially dressed fish, chickens, warm-blooded animals, and whole
rough fish.  The State and Federal hatcheries investigated fed a bal-
anced diet of dry food pellets.

Concrete rearing ponds were periodically cleaned throughout the year in
State and Federal hatcheries.  Algae and other growths were detached dur-
ing pond cleaning and with the flow-through character of the raceway
system entered the effluent.  In hatcheries which used dirt rearing ponds
these problems were of a smaller magnitude because this type of pond was
seldom cleaned.

To sample all phases of fish rearing, a bi-weekly sampling program was
conducted during the period of November, 1968 through October, 1969-
The specific sampling stations for each hatchery were designed to in-
clude (l) the hatchery inflow, (2) the hatchery effluent, (3) the re-
ceiving water above entry of the hatchery waste water, (h) the receiving
water one hundred feet downstream and (5) the receiving water one
thousand feet downstream.  Due to the complexity of the water supply
systems and outfalls in some hatcheries, the number of stations varies
with each individual hatchery (see Plates 1, 2, 3, h and 5).  At some
hatcheries multiple inflows and outfalls were sampled.

Dissolved oxygen, pH, carbon dioxide, and temperature were determined
every two hours to detect any significant changes during the day.  For
all other measurements composite samples in lieu of "grab" samples were
used to encompass the daily period of operation at each installation.
Each of these samples was comprised of four sub-samples collected at
each station at 2-hour intervals, beginning at 9^00 A.M.

These composite samples were examined for levels of biochemical oxygen
demand (B.O.D.), most probable number (M.P.N. ) coliform, total hardness,
methyl orange alkalinity, specific conductance, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia,
settleable, suspended and total dissolved solids, and turbidity.

Ford Chemical Laboratory, Salt Lake City, analyzed1 the composite samples

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 for B.O.D.,  M.P.W.  coliform,  ammonia,,  and suspended and total dissolved
 solids using procedures  outlined  in Standard Methods for the Examination
 of Water and Wastewater,  12th Edition.   Settleable  solids and specific
 conductance  were  also  run using the "Standard Methods"  procedure.   M.O. '
 alkalinity,  total hardness, nitrites,  nitrates,  turbidity and dissolved
 oxygen determinations  were run using the Each Chemical  Company DR-EL
 analysis kit.   Carbon  dioxide levels were determined using the method of
 Weedham and  Needham (1966) and hydrogen  ion  concentrations were deter-
 mined using  the Helige comparator.

 Flow data were  taken at  each  installation utilizing a Gurley current
 meter and cross sections  or discharges over  weirs.   This  was 'done  to
 compare the  volume  relationships  of the  effluent and receiving waters.
 Accurate water  measurements were  difficult' to obtain at  some of the
 hatcheries since  there were more  than  one  source and/or  outfalls.  Also,
 the volume of flow  increased  throughout  some  hatchery systems.

 The poundage  of fish fed  and  the  poundage  of  feed utilized at each instal-
 lation were  determined and compiled  monthly  throughout the study period.

 Bottom Fauna

 Bottom fauna collections were  made monthly during the summer and bi-monthly
 through the winter  from stations  located above and below  the point of dis-
 charge in the receiving water, and, where possible,   from  the hatchery
 water  source.   This combination of  stations allowed  an analysis  of changes
 in  the numbers  and  kinds of aquatic  invertebrates present  in the receiving
 waters below the point of  discharge at each hatchery.  The  locations  of
 bottom fauna stations were the same as those used for chemical  analysis
 (see Plate 1 through 5) and are similarly numbered.   Water velocity re-
 quired the use  of hand-screens for collecting bottom fauna  in all hatch-
 eries  except Loa where a Surber square foot sampler was used.

 In  collecting the handscreen samples, a five or ten  square foot  area  was
 disturbed, and the aquatic invertebrates captured.   The Surber  sampler
 was used  to obtain three square foot samples at each sampling station.
 The organisms collected were then segregated, identified and  counted.

 Populations of aquatic invertebrates sampled at the  stations  above the
point  of discharge were compared with those of the  receiving water from
 stations 100 feet  and 1,000 feet downstream.   These  populations were
 classified as to "pollution tolerant" or "pollution  intolerant" forms
based  on the  kinds of organisms present and on percentage of  increase
or decrease of populations at  each station.

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                              RESULTS
Results of the various physical - chemical parameters are graphed in
Figures 1 through 192, Appendix A.  Each parameter has been separated
into groups.  The first grouping compares the source water to the hat-
chery effluent.  The second grouping compares the receiving water above  [
the hatchery outfall to the 100 and 1,000 foot stations below the outfall.
Analysis of variance compared the receiving water above the outfall and
the station 1,000 feet below the outfall.  The results from the 100 foot
station on the receiving water was omitted from the analysis.  This sta-
tion was located too close to the .outfall for sufficient mixing of the
effluent and receiving water.  Appendix B contains the results of the
statistical analysis, Tables 2 through 8.  These results are summarized
in Table 1, page 6.  Bottom fauna results were also analyzed statistically,
but because of insufficient samples these data were not usable.

The tabulated bottom fauna data are listed in Appendix C,  Tables 8 through
2k-.  These tables list the kinds and number of bottom fauna found at the
stations on the receiving water-  Bottom fauna results are graphed and
contained in Appendix C, Figures 193 through 2l8.

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                                                  - HATCHERT -
Parameter
                           Kamas   Midway    Loa
                                                      VJhite
                                                                               Springville
                      State      Federal #1    Federal#2
M.O. Alkalinity
Total Hardness
Nitrate
Nitrite
Settleable Solids
Sp. Conductance
Turbidity
Ammonia
B.O.D.
M.P.N, Coliform
Susp, Solids
Total Dis. Solids
Dissolved Oxygen
pH
Carbon dioxide
Temperature
                             -x-*
                                     •JHfr
                                     }'-
#K
-X-


• • e
-x-s?


•SHf
• ป t
•JHt
                                                                     *
ป•ป •
* ป .


• ซ•
a a *
ป e •
                                                                                 •SHfr


                                                                                 •5H5-
                                                                                                •JHJ-
                                                                                                •K-
ซ Indicates significance at the 93>$ confidence interval,
-^Indicates significance at the 99% confidence interval.
         Table 1.  Summary of Statistical  A
                                                    of Variance on the Receiving ฅaters
                                  Above  and Below the Hatchery Effluents

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                          KAMAS HATCHERY
Plate 1 (page 8) shows physical layout and positions of the various sam-
pling stations.  Stations 1 and 2 were located at the source springs for
the hatchery house and raceways.  Station 3 was at the outfall just above
entry to the receiving water, Beaver Creek.  Comparison of the- springs
with the outfall revealed the impact that the hatchery had on the spring
water.

Three stations were located on the receiving water.  .Station k was located
above the outfall on Beaver Creek.  Stations 5 and 6 were located 100 feet
and 1,000 feet below the outfall, respectively.  Comparison of station k
with stations 5 and 6 indicated changes in chemistry and bottom fauna due
to the effluent from the hatchery.

Physical-chemical relationships are illustrated in Figures 1 through 32,
Appendix A.  Statistical analysis data is recorded in Table 2, Appendix B.
Bottom fauna results are listed in Tables 9 through 11 and Figures 193
through 196, Appendix C.
                                 7

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              Spring
Plate 1.  Kamas Hatchery and Beaver Creek showing sampling stations

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      Discussion - Physical-Chemical and Bottom Fauna Results
Methyl Orange Alkalinity

M. 0. alkalinity values for Kamas hatchery, stations 1, 2, and 3> indica-
ted no change except a slight decrease during the spring runoff, (Fig-
ure l).  The influence of spring runoff was demonstrated by a lowering
of values in the receiving water, stations 4, 5, and 6 (Figure 2).  Val-
ues at station k averaged 48 mg/1 and concentrations increased at sta-
tions 5 and 6 as the water traveled downstream.  There is a significant
increase in M. 0. alkalinity "by the addition of the hatchery effluent
(Table l).  This increase was due to the quality of the • source water and
not the result of hatchery activities.

Total Hardness

Hardness values (Figures 3 and 4) were affected by the spring runoff
similar to the alkalinities.  There was no change in hardness due to
fish propagation activities on the waters through the hatchery.  For
the receiving water, hardness at the clean water station (4) averaged
lower than stations 5 and 6, which increased to an average of 29 and
97 mg/1 respectively.  The addition of the effluent increased the total
hardness significantly at the 99$ confidence interval in Beaver Creek
(Table l); however, this change was not the result of hatchery activities

Turbidity and Settleable Solids

Turbidity increased in the hatchery as well as settleable solids (Fig-
ures "[; 8, and 5, 6) respectively.  When the water from the hatchery was
added to Beaver Creek, concentrations of settleable solids and turbidity
were increased.  This addition resulted in the receiving water concen-
trations being raised '57% for settleable solids and 8% for turbidity
over the original values for station 4 of 0.03 ml/1 settleable solids
and 14 Jackson Turbidity Units.  Station 6 was located far enough down-
stream to allow some precipitation of these solids, resulting in lower
concentrations of turbidity and settleable solids.  Hatchery activity,
based upon the 95% confidence interval, did not significantly alter
water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters above and below the point
of hatchery discharge were from the same population (Table l).

Suspended Solids

Concentration of suspended solids at the source springs averaged 1.7
mg/1 and were increased 28% through hatchery activities (Figures 9 and
10).  Values at station 4 averaged 6.8 mg/1 which were increased at
station 5> t>y the addition of hatchery effluent.  At station 6 suspended
solids were even higher than at station 5-  Hatchery activity based

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upon the 95% confidence interval, did not significantly alter water
quality.  Thus, the receiving waters above and below the point  of hatch-
ery discharge were from the same population (Table l).

Total Dissolved Solids

Total dissolved solids concentrations (Figures 11 and 12) were  increased
5% over the spring source average of 398 mg/1 by hatchery activities.
This water when added to the receiving water at station 4 which had  an
average concentration of 3^6 mg/1 raised the values an average  of 3%.
Total dissolved solids were regularly higher at station 6 than  at sta-
tion 5.  Hatchery activity, based upon the 95% confidence interval,  did
not significantly alter water quality.  Thus the receiving waters above
and below the point of hatchery discharge were from the same population.
(Table l).

Specific Conductance

Specific conductance measured at the springs,  stations 1 and 2, averaged
155 u mhos/cm.  These readings remain relatively constant through the
hatchery (Figure 13).  When this effluent was added to Beaver Creek, the
low conductance at station k (130 u mhos/cm) was increased 30%  at station
5.  Hatchery activity, based upon the 99% confidence interval significantly
altered water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters above and below the
point of hatchery discharge were from different populations (Table l).

Nitrate

Nitrate concentrations are depicted in Figures 15 and 16.  The  levels
for stations 1, 2, and 3 (l-59 mg/l) were maintained through the hatchery
and were added to the receiving water at this level.  These concentrations
increased the levels in the receiving waters about 22% above the 1.6 mg/1
nitrate found at station k.  Hatchery activity,  based upon the  95% confi-
dence interval, did not significantly alter water quality.  Thus, the
receiving waters above and below the point of hatchery discharge were
from the same population (Table l).

Nitrites

Nitrite (Figures 17 and 18) is a product of bacterial degradation on
ammonia and organic substances and was more than doubled between the
source and hatchery outfall.   The source waters recorded average levels
of 0.006 mg/1 and the outfall a level of 0.016 mg/1 nitrite.  The ni-
trites introduced by the hatchery increased this product 33% in the
receiving water at station 5.   Low levels of nitrite at station k were
increased at station 6.   Hatchery activity,  based upon the 99 % confi-
dence interval significantly altered water quality.  Thus, the receiving
waters above and below the point of hatchery discharge were from different

                                 10

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populations (Table l).  Bacterial degradation of ammonia and organic
nitrogen products continued downstream, and this action has been re-
flected in nitrite levels which were higher in station 6 than in station
5.  Nitrites oxidize readily to nitrates, and some correlation would be
expected between these two anions.  There were no discernible relation-
ships to indicate that this was the case at this hatchery and its re-
ceiving waters.

Ammonia

Ammonia concentrations (Figures 19 and 20) at stations 1 and 2 averaged
0.21 mg/1.  These were raised 3k% in the outfall by the addition of
fish excretory products and breakdown of organic nitrogen compounds.
Some concentrations measured at the Kamas Hatchery were above those
which are known to affect fish metabolism (Brockway, 1950)•  When these
concentrations at station 3 were combined with those found at station
h-  (0.2k mg/l)  in the receiving water, the resultant levels were raised
27$> at station 5-  Comparison of station k with station 6 revealed that
hatchery activity based upon the 99$ confidence interval significantly
altered water  quality.  Thus, the receiving waters above and below the
point of hatchery discharge were from different populations (Table l).

M.F.N. Coliform

M.P.N. Coliform bacterial counts (Figures 21 and 22) were increased ten
fold through the hatchery over the average concentration in the source
waters of 1600 bacteria/100 ml.  An analysis of food has revealed as
high as 60 M.P.N. coliform per gram and this increase through the hatch-
ery may be related to this source.  Beaver Creek counts, station k,
average over 61,000 coliform bacteria per 100 ml of water-  This con-
centration was increased about 13$ after the hatchery outfall was
added, station 5-  Concentrations at station 6 were higher than those
found at station 4.  However, hatchery activity, based upon the 95$
confidence interval, did not significantly alter water quality.  Thus,
the receiving waters above and below the point of discharge were from
the same population (Table l).

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) concentrations (Figures 23 and 2^)
averaged only 0.03 mg/1 for the source springs.  Adding food and waste
products to the hatchery water increased B.O.D. 16 fold.  The hatchery
effluent, when combined with an average concentration of 3.3 mg/1 B.O.D.
of Beaver Creek at station k, increased levels at station 5 21$ and con-
tinued to increase downstream.  Statistical analysis of the changes
between the upstream receiving water, station k} and the lower receiving
water, station 6, showed that hatchery activity, based upon the 99$ con-
fidence interval, significantly altered water quality.  Thus, the receiving

                                 11

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waters above and below the point of hatchery discharge were from dif-
ferent populations (Table l).

Dissolved Oxygen

Fish utilization reduced D.O. levels slightly through the hatchery  (Fig-
ure 25).  The addition of the hatchery effluent to Beaver Creek also
reduced D.O. levels at stations 5 and 6 (Figure 26).  However, the  con-
centrations encountered were not decreased to levels which would be
critical for fish propagation.  Hatchery activity, based upon the
confidence interval, did not significantly alter water quality.  Thus,
the receiving waters above and below the point of hatchery discharge
were from the same population (Table l).

Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Ion Concentration

Carbon dioxide concentrations were lowered throughout the hatchery, ac-
companied by a rise in pH (Figure 27, 28, and 29, 30 respectively) .  Ee-
duction of carbon dioxide at the source springs to an average of 3-1 mg/1
carbon dioxide at the outfall resulted from aeration over baffles in
the raceways.  The loss of carbon dioxide decreased the hydrogen ion
concentration.  The hatchery effluent has a minimal effect on the carbon
dioxide content of the receiving water.  Concentration of carbon dioxide
remains essentially constant between stations k and 5> but continued
aeration in Beaver Creek between stations 5 and 6 allowed additional
carbon dioxide to escape into the atmosphere which resulted in a slight
rise of pH at station 6.  Changes in carbon dioxide and pH concentrations
due to hatchery activities, and based upon the 95% confidence interval,
did not significantly alter water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters
above and below the point of hatchery discharge were from the same  pop-
ulation (Table l).

Temperature

Water temperatures (Figures 31 and 32) through the hatchery remained
within a range of 5ฐF. with no yearly fluctuations.  However, Beaver
Creek water varied from a low of 32ฐF. in the winter to a high of 63ฐF.
in the summer-  During the winter months the relatively warm water  aver-
aged 51ฐF.  from the hatchery and was mixed with cold Beaver Creek water.
The resultant difference was about 8ฐF. between stations k and 5.   At
the confluence of the hatchery effluent and Beaver Creek, there was an
average difference of 20ฐF.   The effluent did not affect the temperature
of the receiving water as much during the balance of the year.  The
relatively  warm hatchery effluent when added to Beaver Creek caused dif-
ferences which were significant at the 95% confidence interval (Table l).
                                 12

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Bottom Fauna

Bottom fauna was collected and later analyzed from stations k, 5, an^ 6
on the receiving water of the Kamas Hatchery (See Plate 1 for layout).
The substrate found at station 4 above the hatchery outfall consisted of
fist-sized rocks to football-sized boulders.  The shores were lined with
willows about 8 feet high.  No aquatic plant islands occurred in this area

Station 5, located 100 feet below the outfall, had a similar rocky sub-
strate; however, several aquatic plant islands have formed where silt
and sludge precipitated around the base of the plants that formed the
islands.  Willows line the banks here also.

Station 6, located 1,000 feet below the outfall, had a substrate of small
rocks but was similar to station 4; there were no islands of aquatic
plants.  The results of the bottom fauna analysis are contained in Tables
9, 10, and 11 and Figures 193 through 196 (Appendix C).

The vater of Beaver Creek had concentrations of dissolved substances de-
rived from mountains composed of Precambian quartzite.  These mountains
dissolve slowly in water, and the surface runoff and spring water from
these sources are about as pure as distilled water.  Consequently, the
productivity of these waters is low and supports relatively few organisms.
When dissolved materials like bicarbonate ions and nutrients, are added
by the hatchery, growth of all organisms is enhanced (Figure 193)-  Pol-
lution tolerant organisms increased 93%; and clean water forms increased
6k% (Figures 19^ and 196).  Throughout this report the term "pollution
tolerant organisms" designates those animals which are classified as
Annelida, Gastropoda, and the Diptera family Chironomidae.  These organ-
isms can also be found in clean, unpolluted water but have the ability
to live in heavily polluted environments.

In the case of the Kamas Hatchery there was a large increase of pollution
intolerant organisms accompanied by a larger increase of pollution toler-
ant forms.  This indicated that possible degradation of the water has
occurred, but coupled with this increase there was an increase in number
of kinds of organisms (Figure 195)-  The influence of the hatchery was
believed to be one of beneficial enrichment.

Between stations 4 and 5j "the kinds of organisms present increased from
18 to 22.  The term "kind" refers to a group of organisms identified
as belonging to a particular class, order, family, or genera.  These are
listed in the tables of results and retain their identity for the analysis
of organisms collected at all the stations examined in this study.  A
reduction in kinds of organisms would be indicative of a deleterious
situation.
An increase of k^% of clean water organisms and a decrease of 9% of

                                 13

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the pollution tolerant organisms occurred between stations 5 and 6.
Numbers of kinds increased from 22 to 2k,  indicating an improving
situation.

Water Flows

Flows (cfs) were measured  monthly throughout  the sampling year and were
highly variable.  At  times the  measured  volume  at the outfall was less
than the cumulative flows  entering the hatchery system.   Flows,  even from
the spring sources, were also highly  variable.   This discrepancy can be
explained by measurement error  in determining the source flows of hatch-
ery water rather than water loss  in the  hatchery system.  Because of
this variability,  the median of the range  of  flow from the springs, out-
fall and the receiving water was  compared.  The flows found at the out-
fall of the Kamas  Hatchery was  1/3  as great as  the receiving water.

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                            Conclusions
Of the 16 tests, only carbon dioxide was upgraded.  All other tests
show a degradation of the vater or remained unchanged.  However,, the
influence on the receiving water chemistry by hatchery effluent' gen-
erally was degrading.

An analysis of variance vas conducted on the changes made by the hatch-
ery waters on the receiving stream.  Methyl Orange Alkalinity, total
hardness, nitrite, specific conductance, ammonia,, B.O.D. and temperature
were increased significantly (Table l).  The hatchery source waters were
originally different from Beaver Creek and many parameters were not in-
creased by hatchery activities; however, hatchery use increased nitrite,
ammonia and B.O.D. levels.  When effluent was added to Beaver Creek there
was a significant increase of these parameters in the receiving water.
This enrichment increased food organisms for the fishery present.

Since the receiving water above the outfall was very low in nutrients
necessary to support aquatic organisms, the effect of the Kamas Hatchery
effluent on Beaver Creek was of beneficial.enrichment improving the
natural fish food habitat.  The addition of bicarbonates from the springs
supplying the hatchery and the nitrogenous compounds and other nutrients
from the hatchery enhanced the growth of organisms in the stations below
the outfall. The hatchery effluent increased the growth of individuals
and kinds of bottom fauna in Beaver Creek.  This increase is indicative
of an enrichment situation, and not necessarily the degradation of the
resource which actually depends on the increased food supply for survival

Figure 197 shows the relationship of the food fed and the fish present
for the year sampled.  A comparison of this graph with the chemistry
graphs shows no correlation between the amount of food fed and the fish
present with the degradation of the water-  There seems to be an inverse
relationship that is believed to be caused by spring runoff and not any
fact connected with fish cultural activities.

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                          MIDWAY HATCHERY
Midway Hatchery (Plate 2) required seven stations for sampling.  Sta-
tions 1 and 2 were the main sources for the hatchery water.  Because
of a high water table, large quantities of ground water seeped into the
runs and ponds.  For this reason the springs constituted only a part
of the water supply.  Stations 3 and 7 are located at the outfalls that
flowed directly into the receiving water,  Snake Creek.

Stations k, 5> and 6 were located on Snake Creek.  Station k was above
the outfalls, and station 5 was 100 feet below.  Station 6 was situated
1,000 feet below the outfall at the -lower  end of a pasture just above a
railroad bridge.

Physical-chemical data is shown in Appendix A in Figures 33 through 6k.
Statistical analysis of variance is recorded in Table 3, Appendix B
and bottom fauna findings are listed in Tables 12,  13,  and 14 and Fig-
ures 198 through 202,  Appendix C.
                                16

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    Feed Storage and ,->r
    Maintenance
    Buildings
Snake Creek	
                                                           TT
          Plate 2. Midway Hatchery and Snake Creek showing sampling stations

                                   17

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       Discussion  - Physical-Chemical  and  Bottom Fauna Results
 Methyl Orange  Alkalinity

 M.O.  Alkalinity  (Figures  33 and 3)4.) was reduced  through  Midway Hatchery.
 Station 1 was  the primary source for hatchery  outfall  station 1,  and
 the west spring  station 2 formed the source for  station  3  outfall.   There
 was some crossflow  in the hatchery runs plus considerable  inflow  of
 ground water-  Station 2  spring had an average concentration of M.O.
 alkalinity of  3^5 mg/1.   The concentrations at the  other spring,  station
 1,  and the outfalls  station 3 and 7 were  slightly lower.   Mixing  of the
 two outfalls with the receiving water} station k (282  mg/l),  caused a
 very slight rise at  stations 5 and 6.  Hatchery  activity,  based upon the
 95$ confidence interval,  did not significantly alter water quality.  Thus,
 the receiving  waters above and below the point of discharge were  from the
 same population  (Table l).  The receiving water  showed a periodic reduc-
 tion of M.O. alkalinity during the spring runoff.

 Total Hardness;

 Hardness values  (Figures  35 and 36) showed a slight reduction from  532
 mg/1 between stations 1 and J, but no similar change was evident  between
 stations 2 and 3.  Hardness of lj-59 mg/1 in the receiving water was  not
 altered and hatchery activity based upon the 95$ confidence interval,
 did not significantly alter water quality.  Thus, the  receiving waters
 above and below  the point  of discharge were from the same  population
 (Table l).  Dilution during spring runoff resulted  in  some  periodic
 lower concentrations.

 Turbidity,  Settleable, and Suspended Solids

 Turbidity throughout Midway Hatchery (Figure 37) was composed entirely
 of  suspended solids (Figure 39) since there were no settleable solids
 (Figure  hi] in the hatchery waters sampled.  Station k- on  Snake Creek,
 above  the  outfall,,  had the highest average values for turbidity (13.5
 Jackson  Turbidity Units),   suspended solids (8.3 mg/l), and  settleable
 solids  (0.1 ml/1),  Figures 38,  kO,  and ^2 respectively.  Turbidity  at
 station  k was reduced to 1/3 that of station 5 after the addition of
 hatchery  effluent.   Turbidity increased 2 JTU between  stations 5  and 6.
 A large reduction of turbidity at station 5 was probably the  result of
 incomplete mixing.   There  was  a significant decrease of turbidity based
 upon the 95$ confidence interval between stations k and 6  (Table  l)
which altered, water quality.

Settleable materials were  reduced as  the receiving water passed from
 station ii through station  6 resulting from slower velocities  and  an
aquatic weed-choked streambed.   Yearly runoff fluctuations  were present
but barely discernible.   Changes in settleable solid concentrations  due

                                 18

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to hatchery activities, based upon the 95% confidence interval, signifi-
cantly altered water quality while suspended solids were not significant
at the same interval (Table l).

Total Dissolved Solids

Examinations for total dissolved  solids  (Figure 43) of the source waters
showed that the west spring, station 2,  averaged higher TDS (694 mg/l)
than the east  spring, station 1 (6?8 mg/l).  At low flows TDS values
decreased, but with the increased flows  of spring runoff the levels
increased.  The outfall from the  hatchery averaged 686 rag/1 TDS.  When
this water was added to the receiving water at station 4 (Figure 44)
which had an average concentration of 683 mg/l, the values were decreased
3% at station  5.   Again with mixing, the concentrations were higher at
station 6 than at  station  5.  Hatchery activity, based upon the 95% con-
fidence interval,  did not  significantly  alter water quality.  Thus, the
receiving waters above and below  the point of discharge were from the
same population  (Table l).

Specific Conductance

Specific conductance measures concentrations of ionizable material in
water.  The  average values of the springs, stations 1 and 2, were 1040
and 1230 u mhos/cm, respectively  (Figure 45).  These readings remained
constant through the hatchery for the east system,  stations 1 and 7,
and was reduced  through the west  system  stations 2  and 3 over 100 u
mhos/cm.  When this effluent was  added to Snake Creek, the conductance
at  station 4 (921  u mhos/cm)  increased 6%  (Figure 46) at station 5-
A slight reduction occurred at  station 6; however,  the change between
stations 4 and 6  due to hatchery  activities, based  on the 95% confidence
interval,  did  not  significantly alter water  quality.  Thus, the re-
ceiving waters above and  below  the point of  hatchery discharge were from
the  same population  (Table l).  No annual  fluctuations were observed
in the hatchery waters; but station 4  on  Snake Creek was  influenced
strongly by  spring runoff water.   Concentrations at stations 5 and 6
remained  stable,  possibly because of  the large  quantities of highly
conductive water introduced  from  the  hatchery.

Nitrate

Nitrate  concentrations  are depicted  in  Figures  47  and ij-8.   Levels  for
the  source water averaged higher  (3-71  mg/l) in nitrates than  the  ef-
fluent,  stations 3 and 7   (3-32  mg/l).   These concentrations  increased
the  levels in the receiving  waters about 18% above  the  2.3  mg/l  nitrate
found at  station 4.   Concentrations  of  nitrate  decreased between stations
5 and 6.   Hatchery activity,  based upon the  95% confidence  interval,  did
not  significantly alter  water quality.   Thus,  the  receiving waters  above
 and below the point  of hatchery discharge  were  from the  same population
 (Table l).

                                  19

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Nitrite

Nitrite (Figures k$ and 50) is a product of bacterial degradation and
was increased over 6 fold between the source and hatchery, outfall.  The
source waters recorded average levels of 0.006 mg/1 and the outfall
averaged 0.037 mg/1 nitrite.  The effect' of the concentrations of nitrites
introduced by the hatchery effluent resulted in a 36/0 increase in the re-
ceiving water between stations 4 and 5.   Further increases between stations
5 and 6 suggest that additional degradation of ammonia and organic com-
pounds was occurring.  Hatchery activity, based upon the 95$ confidence
interval, significantly altered water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters
above and below the point of hatchery discharge were from different popu-
lations (Table l).
      I
Ammonia

Ammonia concentrations (Figure 51) at stations 1 and 2 averaged 0.36 mg/1.
These levels are increased 2 fold by the addition of fish excretory pro-
ducts and breakdown of organic nitrogen•compounds.   Levels at the, outfall
often exceeded values considered by Brockway (1950) to be detrimental to-
fish.  "When effluent, stations 3 and J,  ^ere combined with those in Snake
Creek, station k, (O.Qk mg/l), the resultant levels were raised 2% at
station 5 (Figure 52).  Between station 5 and station 6 the average ammonia
concentrations increased 5$.  Hatchery activity, based upon the 95$ con-
fidence interval, did not significantly alter water quality.  Thus, the
receiving waters above and below the point of hatchery discharge were from
the same population (Table l).

MPN Coliform

Coliform bacteria counts (Figure 53) were increased 16 fold through the
hatchery over the average concentration in the source waters of 5,720
bacteria/100 ml.  Snake Creek counts at station k (Figure 5^) averaged
5^,000 coliform bacteria/100 ml of water.  This concentration was in-
creased 31$ after the hatchery outfalls, were added  above station 5.
Cattle pastured in the field below station 5 could  be responsible for
the 62$ increase between stations 5 and 6.  Hatchery activity, based upon
the 95$ confidence interval, did not significantly  alter water quality.
Thus, the receiving waters above and below the point of hatchery discharge
were from the same population (Table l).

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) concentrations (Figure 55) averaged
0.58 mg/1 and 2.Ik mg/1 for stations 1 and 2, respectively.  Adding food
and fish waste products to the hatchery water supply increased B.O.D. 5
fold.  The hatchery effluent,  when combined with Snake Creek at station k
(Figure 56)  which had an average concentration of 5.46 mg/1 B.O.D.
increased levels 2.5$ at station 5-  B.O.D. concentrations continued to

                               20

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increase downstream to  station 6; however, hatchery activity, based up'on
the 95/0 confidence interval,  did not alter water quality.  Thus, the re-
ceiving waters above  and below the point of hatchery discharge were' from
the same population (Table  l).  The high B.O.D. levels in Snake Creek
can possibly be  attributed-  to organic wastes from summer homes and exten-
sive livestock grazing  throughout the valley.

Dissolved  Oxygen

Dissolved  oxygen (D.O^  concentrations (Figure 57) were increased 25% in
the hatchery system by  aerating baffles.  'Initial aeration was provided
at the springs by converted diesel engine blowers.  The addition of the
hatchery effluent to  Snake  Creek reduced D.O. levels at station 5
(Figure 58).  D.O. concentrations were not decreased to a level which
would be critical for fish  propagation.  D.O. concentrations between sta-
tions 5 and 6 were enhanced by photosynthetic action of aquatic plants,
and hatchery activity,  based  upon the 95$ confidence interval, did not
significantly alter water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters above and
below the  point  of hatchery discharge were from the same population
(Table l).

Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Ion Concentrations
Carbon dioxide concentrations  (Figures 59 and 60) were lowered through
the hatchery, - accompanied by a rise in pH (Figures 6l and 62).  High
average carbon dioxide levels of 29 mg/1 and 56 mg/1 were found at sta-
tions 1 and 2 respectively.  As carbon dioxide was liberated to the
atmosphere by aeration, the pH became increasingly alkaline.  The
hatchery effluent when combined with Snake Creek increased carbon dioxide
39% which in turn depressed pH 6% between stations k- and 5-  Concentra-
tions of carbon dioxide and pH levels remained constant between stations
5 and 6 .  Hatchery activity, based upon the 95% confidence interval for
carbon dioxide and the 99% confidence interval for pH, significantly
altered water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters above and below the
point of hatchery discharge were from different populations (Table l).

Temperature

Water temperatures (Figures 63 and 64) at the spring stations 1 and 2
varied only 6ฐF. throughout the year.  Extremes occurred during the summer
and winter at stations 3 and 7-  The influence of hatchery effluent on
Snake Creek water temperature was minimal because the water temperature
in the hatchery system adjusted to that of the receiving water while
transversing a series of long dirt ponds.

Bottom Fauna

Bottom fauna was collected and later analyzed from stations k, 5> and 6
on Snake Creek,  the receiving water, of the Midway Hatchery (see Plate 2
for layout.)  The substrate found at station 4 above the hatchery outfall

                                21

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consisted of small gravel to baseball-sized rock.  This material was com-
posed of limestone which underlies the valley from outcroppings to about
15 feet below the ground surface.  Willows border the stream providing
shade and cover.

Station 5 was located 100 feet below the outfall at the upper end of a
pasture.  The stream bottom was composed of walnut-sized gravel with
islands of aquatic plant communities.  In the warmer months, watercress
and associated vegetation almost choke the entire stream, and it is in
these areas that silt and sludge precipitate around the base of the plant
islands.  Wo willows were found in the pasture area.

Station 6 was located 1,000 feet below the outfall at the lower end of
the pasture.  This area had a substrate of gravel, sand, and small rocks,
plus the aquatic plant islands where a few sludge bars and silt collect.
Results of the bottom fauna analysis are recorded in Tables 12, 13, and
Ik and Figures 198 through 202, Appendix C.

Analysis of bottom fauna (Figures 198-199) from stations k and 5 reveals
an increase of 36^ of the pollution intolerant organisms and an increase
of 83^ of pollution tolerant kinds (Figure 201).  These changes, coupled
with a reduction in kinds of organisms (Figure 200), suggested a degrad-
ing water situation.  Increased pollution tolerant and decreased pollution
intolerant populations indicated a continuing degradation between stations
5 and 6.  The increase of 0.3 kinds of organisms was not significant in
this area to offset the rise of pollution tolerant forms and the reduction
in populations of clean water organisms.

The quality of Snake Creek as an aquatic environment was reduced by the
impact of the effluent from the Midway Hatchery.

Water Flows

Snake Creek flows are 2.5 times greater than the combined Midway Hatchery
outfalls.   A dilution of this magnitude would be comparable to that found
at Kamas Hatchery.   The amount of degradation, however, was not similar
at the two hatcheries.  The quality of the receiving water at Midway is
much lower than at  Kamas, allowing a continuance of the degradation
process downstream from stations 5 and 6.
                                 22

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                            Conclusions (
Analysis of the waters of Midway Hatchery revealed that the average
M.P.N. coliform counts and B.O.D. through the hatchery were increased.
Snake Creek, the receiving water, had high levels of B.O.D. before the
hatchery effluent was added.  M.P.N. coliform counts were also high be-
fore the hatchery effluent entered the receiving water.  After the ef-
fluent entered Snake Creek the concentrations were increased even further.

Concentrations of ammonia found in the Midway Hatchery outfalls and re-
ceiving waters were above values that Brockway (1950) reports reduces
concentrations of oxygen in fish blood.  In an aquatic habitat pH dir-
ectly affects the toxicity of ammonia.  The high carbon dioxide concen-
tration in Midway Hatchery waters and the resultant acidic water ap-
parently reduced the toxicity of ammonia (Tabata, 1962).

The highly buffered water of the Midway Hatchery reduced pH fluctua-
tions.  When ammonia was introduced into the hatchery waters this buf-
fering effect allowed high concentrations to persist without producing
visible detrimental effects on fish and aquatic organisms.

Suspended solids, turbidity, nitrite, ammonia, B.O.D., and M.P.N. coli-
form bacteria  increased through the hatchery indicating an enrichment
of the water.  The slight reduction or constant levels of M.O. alkal-
inity, hardness, settleable solids, specific conductance, TDS, nitrates,
D.O., pH and carbon dioxide suggest a stable or increase of water quality.

Analysis of nitrites, nitrates, M.P.N. coliform count, D.O., carbon dioxide
and pH show degradation of the receiving water-  The results of the other
tests on the receiving water indicated a slight increase or stable water
quality in Snake Creek.  Statistical analysis confirmed the significant
increase of nitrite, settleable solids, specific conductance and tur-
bidity in the receiving waters.  When these results were weighed and
their relative importance and contribution to water quality was consider-
ed, the consequences of fish culture on Midway waters resulted in water
quality deterioration.

Bottom fauna analysis confirmed the lowering of water quality in Snake
Creek.  This poorer quality water enabled pollution tolerant organisms
to reproduce at a greater rate than those which are intolerant of or-
ganic pollution.  A decrease in the kinds of organisms also suggests
degradation of the receiving water-

Figure 202 shows the relationship of food fed and fish present at the
Midway Hatchery.  Comparison of this data with chemical analysis re-
vealed little or no correlation between the amount of fish food utilized
and/or the pounds of fish in the hatchery system and the water quality of
the hatchery effluent.

                                23

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Even with the degradation of the water quality below the hatchery many
nutrients promoted vegetation and bottom fauna growth which is bene-
ficial to the fishery below the  hatchery.   However,,  from a public health
standpoint the increased  M.P.IT,  coliform and B.O.D.  would be detrimental.

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                           LOA HATCHERY
Four stations were chosen to sample Loa Hatchery (Plate 3).  The source
was the total flow from several springs located along the mountainside.
Water was collected in a gravel-filled ditch and fed to a headbox, sta-
tion 1.  Station 2 was the outfall from the hatchery.  Stations 3 and 4
were located 100 and 1,000 feet below the outfall., respectively.  The
situation at this hatchery is unique.  The source of Spring Creek, the
receiving water, is the hatchery outfall.

Physic'al-chemical data is contained in Figures 65 through 80, Appendix A,
Statistical analysis is recorded in Table k, Appendix B,  Bottom fauna
results are found in Appendix C, Tables 15, 16, and 17 and Figures 203
through 207.

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                                    ;Springs
     Station 1
     Concrete ponds —	
                                                  ^Collection system
                                                      Hatchery house
      Feed house —-—	-\
     Concrete ponds-
   Spring Creek
Plate 3.  Loa Hatchery and Spring Creek showing sampling stations.
                        26

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      Discussion - Physical-Chemical and Bottom Fauna Results

Methyl Orange Alkalinity

M. 0. alkalinity concentrations (Figure 65) showed a minimal rise averaging
106 mg/1 at station 1 to 110 mg/l at station 4.  Spring runoff fluctua-
tions were not apparent in this hatchery system.  Hatchery activity, based
upon the 95$ confidence interval, did not significantly alter water quality.
Thus, the receiving waters above and below the point of hatchery discharge
were from the same population (Table l).

Total. Hardness

Hardness (Figure 66) did not change appreciably from station 1 (104 mg/l)
through station 4 (ill mg/l).  The hardness concentrations were not af-
fected by annual runoff and hatchery activity, based upon the 95$ confi-
dence interval, did not significantly alter water quality.  Thus, the
receiving waters above and below the point of hatchery discharge were
from the same population.

Turbidity, Settleable and Suspended Solids

Turbidity, settleable solids and suspended solids (Figures 67, 68 and
69 respectively) were increased through the hatchery.  Settleable solid
levels averaging less than 0.1 ml/1 were recorded for all stations.  Sus-
pended solids at station 1 (0.09 mg/l) increased to a high of 5-8 mg/l
at station 4.  At the same time, turbidity increased from 1.0 Jackson
Turbidity Unit at station 1 to 3.4 JTU at station 4.  Suspended solids
and turbidity reached their highest values at station 4, believed to be
the result of direct access of cattle to the stream in the pasture below
the hatchery.  The changes in turbidity were not significant at the 95$
confidence interval while hatchery activities, based on the 95$ confi-
dence interval for settleable solids and the 99$ confidence interval for
suspended solids, significantly altered water quality (Table l).

Total Dissolved Solids

Total dissolved solids (Figure 70) did not change significantly from
station 1 (190-mg/l) to station 4 (200 mg/l) because of hatchery activ-
ities.  Through the months of January to October, the values were lower
than during November and December.  There was no apparent reduction
during spring runoff.  Hatchery activity, based upon the 95$ confidence
interval, did not significantly alter water quality.  Thus, the receiving
waters above and below the point of hatchery discharge were from the same
population (Table l).

Specific Conductance

Specific conductance (Figure 71) at station 1 remained constant through-
out the year averaging 261 u mhos/cm.  The increase of ionizable material

                                 27

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 added by hatchery activities, based upon the  95$  confidence  interval,
 did not  significantly  alter water  quality.  Thus, the receiving waters
 above and below the point  of discharge were from  the same population
 (Table l).

 Nitrates,  Nitrites, and Ammonia

 Nitrate  concentrations  (Figure 72) were the same  at stations  1,  2.,  and
 3 (averaging 1.67 mg/l).   At station 4, possibly  because of  cattle  excre-
 ment,  the nitrate concentration  was approximately 1 mg/l higher.   Nitrites
 (Figure  73)  increased  3 fold through the hatchery but remained  at the
 same concentration at  stations 2 and 3.  At Station k nitrite concentra-
 tions were increased U0$,  believed to be caused by livestock  use.
 Ammonia  (figure 7^) averaged 0.27 mg/l at station 1 and O.kk  mg/l at
 station  2.   Ammonia concentration decreased at station 3 (0.38  mg/l).
 The increase of ammonia at station k (0.8l mg/l)  was again attributed to
 livestock use.   Changes in nitrate concentrations were not significant
 at  the 95$ confidence  interval while hatchery activity, based upon  the
 99$ confidence  interval for ammonia and nitrite,  significantly  altered
 water quality.   Thus, the  receiving waters above  and below the  point of
 hatchery discharge were from the same population  on nitrate analysis and
 from different  populations on ammonia and nitrite analysis (Table l).

 MPN Coliform

 MPN coliform counts were increased over 9 fold through the hatchery, com-
 parison  of stations 1 and  2 (Figure 75)-  Concentrations at stations 2
 and 3  averaged  2^,150 bacteria/100 ml, MPN coliform at station  k aver-
 aged 69,90ฐ  bacteria/100 ml.  This increase could have resulted  from the
 deposition of cattle excrement in and along the stream.  Changes in bac-
 teria  numbers between stations 1 and k- due to hatchery activity, based
 upon the 99$ confidence interval significantly altered water  quality.
 Thus,  the receiving waters above and below the hatchery discharge were
 from different populations (Table l).

 Biochemical  Oxygen Demand

 Biochemical  oxygen demand  (Figure 76) of water in the hatchery  system in-
 creased an average of 20 times as it passed through the hatchery.   Con-
 tinued breakdown  of food pellets and other organic compounds  further
 increased B.O.D.  at station 3 below the outfall to an average of k.6 mg/l.
 This increase continued downstream and at station k- averaged  5.5 mg/l.
 Hatchery activity, based upon the 99$ confidence  interval, significantly
 altered water quality.  Thus,  the receiving waters above and  below  the
point  of hatchery discharge were from different populations  (Table  l).

 Dissolved Oxygen

 Dissolved oxygen  (Figure 77) concentrations were  reduced by fish usage in
 the Loa Hatchery.  The lower concentrations at station 2 (6.2 mg/l)  were

                                28

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increased at station 4 to 6.8 mg/1 by riffles, waterfalls and plant action
in the stream below the hatchery.  Hatchery activity, based upon the 99%
confidence interval, significantly altered water quality.  Thus, the re-
ceiving waters above and below the point of hatchery discharge were from
different populations.

Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Ion Concentration

Carbon dioxide (Figure 78) is raised kOO% above an average of O.l4 mg/1
at station 1 by hatchery activity.  This increase lowered hydrogen ion
concentrations (Figure 79) at station 2 an average of about 0.2 of a pH
unit.  Loss of carbon dioxide at station 3 resulted from agitation over
riffles between stations 2 and 3.  Station k carbon dioxide concentra-
tions averaged 0.5 rag/1, but pH values did not decrease.  Hatchery acti-
vity, based upon the 99% confidence interval, significantly altered
water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters above and below the point of
hatchery discharge were from different populations (Table l).

Temperature

The effect of the hatchery on temperatures is negligible (Figure 80).
The spring remained a nearly constant 60 degrees F. throughout the year
and the lower stations fluctuated with the seasons.  Temperature in
these areas ranged from a minimum of 56 degrees F., to a maximum of 6k
degrees F.  Hatchery activity, based upon the 95% confidence interval,
did not significantly alter water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters
above and below the hatchery discharge were from the same population
(Table l).

Bottom Fauna

Bottom fauna organisms were gathered with the Surber-square foot sampler
at stations 1, 2, and k (see Plate 3 for layout).  The invertebrates at
station 1 lived in a substrate of walnut-sized gravel, interspersed with
watercress and other small aquatic plants.  Springs flowed from the ground
in many small rivulets which were collected into a head box, station 1.
Representative samples were selected from these small streams above the
collection canal.

In station 2, below the hatchery, there were softball-sized rocks mingled
with smaller gravel and sand.  Watercress grew abundantly through the
summer months along the shore.  The lower sampling area, station 4, was
characterized with a sand and gravel bottom with a moderate number of
larger rocks stabilizing the substrate.  Little vegetation occurs on the
banks in this area except grasses and sedges; and these are cropped close
by grazing cattle.

The concentrations and variety of invertebrates (Figures 203 and 20k]
which occurred at these sampling sites was indicative of the enrichment
added by the hatchery.  This enrichment resulted in a 6.8% (Figure 206)

                                29

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increase in number of pollution intolerant organisms and a 6Q% increase
in pollution tolerant invertebrates.  In some of the slower reaches,
solids were precipitated and small silt and sludge beds were found. •-
These areas were also sampled along with the more open sectors providing
a better representative sample of all organisms present in the stream.

The creek running below station 2 to station 4 permitted some recovery
with a resultant 6kฐ/o increase of clean water organisms and a kO% decrease
of pollution tolerant invertebrates.  This large increase of clean water
organisms (Figure 20^-) occurred at station 4 notwithstanding the presence
of additional nutrients contributed to the stream by cattle pastured in
this area.

The change in kinds of organisms (Figure 205)  throughout the study area
was found to be minimal,  indicating that the eutrophication of the stream
by the Loa Hatchery,  though present,  did not alter the composition of
aquatic invertebrates to  any great extent.

Flows

The spring flow at the Loa Hatchery forms the  major portion of Spring
Creek below the hatchery.   The median flow was 18 CFS which carried the
total chemical and biological loadings from the hatchery.   Water  flows
from this source did  not  vary as widely as  in  sources from other' hatch-
eries.
                               30

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                            Conclusions

Chemical analysis of the Loa Hatchery water revealed that B.O.D., M.P.N.
celiform bacteria, suspended solids, ammonia and carbon dioxide were in-
creased by hatchery activities.

M.0. alkalinity, total hardness, specific conductance, total dissolved
solids, nitrates, and temperatures did not change significantly because
of"hatchery activities.

Analysis of variance were conducted on the changes made by the hatchery
on the stream.  Nitrite, settleable solids, ammonia, B.O.D., MPN coliform,
suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, pH and carbon dioxide were changed
significantly.  These changes confirmed an enrichment of,the water where
many more organisms were present to utilize the available nutrients.

Bottom fauna analysis showed that the influence of the Loa Hatchery is
one of enrichment.  The high quality water which the hatchery used per-
mitted greater  concentrations of detrimental chemicals to be placed into
the water before any degradation was observed.  Increased growth and
greater numbers of bottom fauna organisms indicated a beneficial result
from the,hatchery activities.

Consideration of the above factors reveal that the hatchery degraded the
quality of the  water-  Comparison of the three lower stations shows a
continuing degradation of water quality in Spring Creek.  The hatchery
influence was shown in the difference in water quality at stations 1 and
2.  Further degradation of the stream is a result of some other factor,
such as livestock use in the stream below the hatchery-

As  in Kamas and Midway hatcheries, the expected increased pollutional
loadings do not correspond with the increased use of food for a larger
number of fish  in the hatchery (Figure 207).

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                         WHITE TROUT FARM
Water courses sampled at White's Trout Farm consisted of four inflows
(stations 1 through k} and two outfalls at stations 6 and 7.  A third
outfall used for irrigation purposes did not enter Little Bear River and
was not sampled.  See Plate k for layout.  Station 1, source water from
Little Bear River,, was used in the ponds and-runs.  The springs at sta-
tions 2, 3, and 4- were used for growing fry and fingerling.  For facility
in analysis, the data for these three springs was combined into one sta-
tion., designated as station 2.  Chemical characteristics of these springs
did not vary sufficiently to warrant separation.  The two outfalls, sta-
tions 6 and 7> were located at the lower end of the hatchery complex and
entered the Little Bear River about 100 feet apart.

The impact that hatchery effluent had on the Little Bear River was assessed
by comparing station 5, found above the outfalls, with stations 8 and 9
which lie downstream from the outfall 100 feet and 1,000 feet, respectively

Physical and chemical data can be found in Appendix A, Figures 8l through
112 and statistical analysis is recorded in Table 5,  Appendix B.   Bottom
fauna analysis is tabulated in Appendix C,  Tables 18,  19 and 20 and
Figures 208 through 212.
                               32

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             Springs
        Station 2 ---
                                                                         -Station 5
Plate H.   White's  Trout Farm and Little Bear River showing sampling stations.
                            33

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      Discussion  -  Physical-Chemical  and  Bottom Fauna Results

 Methyl Orange  Alkalinity

 Figures 8l and 82  for M.O.  alkalinity  show  concentrations  at  the various
 stations.   Concentrations at  station 2,  the springs,  averaged 36 mg/1
 higher than Little Bear River water-   The levels  of  M.O. alkalinity at
 station 2  remained constant throughout the  year,  while  Little Bear
 River water (station l) varied between 100  mg/1 and  260 mg/1.   The out-
 falls,, stations  6  and 7; reflected the lower values  of  station 1 rather
 than the spring  water -

 There was  no great difference in concentrations of M.O. alkalinity be-
 tween the  clean  water station (5) and  the lower receiving  water stations
 (8 and 9)*  A  reduction of values during the spring runoff in  April and
 May was evident.   The decrease on the  second sample  in  January reflected
 dilution brought about by a severe rainstorm.  Hatchery activity,  based
 upon the 95% confidence interval, did  not significantly alter  water quality.
 Thus, the  receiving waters above and below  the point  of hatchery discharge
 were from  the  same population (Table l).

 Total Hardness

 Total hardness followed the same pattern as the M.O.  alkalinity and aver-
 aged highest at  station 2 (277 mg/l),  Figure 83.  Hardness  was  reduced
 by high runoff periods during January  and again in April and May.   The
 outfalls,  stations 6 and 7> reflected  concentrations  found  at  station 1,
 averaging  235  mg/1 hardness.

 The receiving  water (Figure 84) above  the outfall at  station 5,  had an
 average  increase of 12 mg/1 above station 1 which was the  source  of this
 water.   The  lower receiving water stations were reduced an  average  total
 hardness about 1%.  Hatchery  activity,  based upon the 95/0  confidence in-
 terval,  did  not  significantly alter water quality.  Thus,  the receiving
 waters above and below the point of hatchery discharge were from the same
 population  (Table l).

 Turbidity

 Turbidity  (Figures 85 and 86)  increased  slightly through the hatchery.
 Very little turbidity is contributed by the springs (station 2).  The
 highest concentrations (24.8 JTU) enter the hatchery  at station  1,  a
 diversion of Little Bear River.   Outfalls at 'stations 6 and 7 averaged
 only 1.2 JTU below this  influent water.  The addition of hatchery efflu-
 ent increased receiving water  concentrations from 26.5 JTU  at station  5,
to 28.6 JTU at  station 8.   Turbidity at station 9 increased after complete
mixing had occurred.   Hatchery activity,  based upon the 95/0 confidence
 interval, did not significantly alter water quality.  Thus, the receiving
waters above and below the point of hatchery discharge were from the  same
population (Table l).   A severe rainstorm and flood in January and  the

                                34

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spring runoff  in April and  May caused  turbidity to increase  throughout
the system.

Settleable Solids

Hatchery  operations  increased  settleable  solids (Figures 87  and 88)  about
3 fold.   The springs,  station  2,  contributed minute  quantities of  settle-
ables while the incoming  Little Bear River water contributed an average
of 0.1 ml/1.   Outfall  stations 6  and 7 averaged 0.29 ml/1.   Higher con-
centrations were noted during  June  at  station 6 and  in September at
station 7-  Although large  amounts  of  settleable solids were released
at station 6,  they settled  before there was an  observable influence  on
station 8.  Wien station  7  carried  high concentrations of settleable
solids, a direct effect was caused  on  station 8.   Station 9  averaged
0.32 ml/1 settleable solids throughout the year-   Hatchery activity}
based upon the 95$ confidence  interval between  stations 5 and 9, did not
significantly  alter  water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters above and
below the point of hatchery discharge  were from the  same population  (Table
1).

Suspended Solids

Concentrations of suspended solids  at  the springs  and influent from the
Little Bear River averaged  2.1 mg/1 and 27.7 mg/1, respectively.  They
were increased 20% through  hatchery activities  (Figures 89 and 90).  Values
at station 5 averaged  26.9  mg/1 and were increased at station 8 to 48.4
mg/1 by the addition of hatchery  effluent.  At  station 9 suspended solids
were increased to concentrations  higher than at  station 5•   Hatchery acti-
vity, based upon the 95%  confidence interval did  not significantly alter
water quality. Thus,  the receiving waters above  and below the point of
hatchery  discharge were from the  same  population  (Table l).

Total Dissolved Solids

Hatchery  activities  increased  total dissolved solid  (Figures 91 and 92)
concentrations lk% over the influent source at  station 1 which averaged
285 mg/1.  The effluent when added  to  station 5  (317 mg/l) raised the
values in the  receiving water  9%.   After thorough mixing at  station 9
the concentrations were not increased  above those levels found at station
5.  Hatchery activity,  based upon the  95% confidence interval,  did not
significantly  alter  water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters above and
below the point of hatchery discharge  were from the  same population
(Table l).

Specific  Conductance

Specific  conductance is an  index  of concentrations of ionizable material
in water.  The average  values  of  specific conductance of the influent
waters (Figure 93) a"t stations  1 and 2, were 505 u mhos/cm.  These read-
ings are reduced approximately  12% through hatchery activities.  When
                                35

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 this  effluent was  added to the Little Bear River,  the  average  specific
 conductance  of  station 5  (527 u mhos/cm) was decreased Q
-------
MPN Coliform

MPN coliform bacteria counts (Figure 101) were increased 44 times through
the hatchery over the average concentration in the source waters of 3,000
bacteria/100 ml.  Little Bear River counts at station 5 (Figure 102) aver-
aged over 65,000 coliform bacteria per 100 ml of water.  This concentra-
tion was increased over three-fold after the hatchery outfall was added,
station 8.  Concentrations at station 9 were 4.8 times higher than those
found at station 5-  Hatchery activity, based upon the 99% confidence in-
terval, significantly altered water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters
above and below the point of hatchery discharge were from different popu-
lations (Table l).

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) concentrations (Figure 103) averaged
1.0 mg/1 for the source waters.  Adding food and waste products to the
hatchery water increased B.O.D. 6.5 times.  The hatchery effluent, when
combined with station 5 (Figure 109), which had an average concentration
of 3.7 mg/1 B.O.D., increased B.O.D. levels at station 8 over 200%.
B.O.D. concentrations continued to increase downstream an additional 8%,
between stations 8 and 9-  Stations 1 and 5 a^e from the Little Bear
River source, but station 5 B.O.D. levels are over 3 times higher, pos-
sibly because of livestock use between these stations.  Increases of B.O.D.
as a result of hatchery activity based upon the 99% confidence interval,
altered water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters above and below the
point of hatchery discharge were from different populations (Table l).

Dissolved Oxygen

Fish utilization reduced dissolved oxygen (D.O.) levels slightly through
the hatchery (Figure 105).  The addition of the hatchery effluent to
Little Bear River also reduced D.O. levels at stations 8 and 9 (Figure
106).  However,, the concentrations encountered were not decreased to levels
which would be critical for fish propagation.  The reduction between sta-
tions 5 an^ 9 due tฐ hatchery activity, based upon the 99% confidence in-
terval, significantly altered water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters
above and below the point of hatchery discharge were from different popu-
lations (Table l).

Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Ion Concentrations

Carbon dioxide values (Figure 107) were found to be highest in the spring
sources.  Hydrogen ion concentrations (Figure 109) were consequently
lower.  Incoming water from Little Bear River had lower carbon dioxide
and higher pH averaging differences of 0.6 mg/1 and 0.7 pH unit, respec-
tively, than the springs, station 2.  Carbon dioxide concentrations were
lowered through the hatchery, accompanied by no apparent change in pH.
An.average reduction of 0-5 mg/1 of carbon dioxide through the hatchery

                                37

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 could "be attributed to aeration and photosynthetic action in the dirt
 ponds.  The hatchery effluent increased the average carbon dioxide  con-
 centrations between stations 5 and 8 (Figure 108) with an average de-
 crease  of pH of 0.6 of a unit.  Aeration in Little Bear River between
 stations 8 and 9 permitted additional carbon dioxide to escape into the
 atmosphere resulting in a rise of pH at station 9-  The decrease of car-
 bon dioxide from station 5 to station 9 due "to hatchery activities,, based
 on the  99/o confidence interval, significantly altered water quality while
 at the  same time pH changes did not significantly t,lter water quality  at'
 the 95/o confidence interval (Table l).

 Temperature

 Water temperatures (Figure 111) at the hatchery springs varied only 3.5
 degrees F. throughout the year-  Little Bear River water, stations'! and
 5, the  outfalls station 6 and 7, and the lower receiving water, stations
 8 and 9, varied from a low of 33-5 degrees F., in the winter to a high of
 66.0 degrees F. in the summer.

 Bottom  Fauna

 Bottom  fauna was collected and later analyzed from stations 5> 8 an(3- 9
 on the  receiving water of White's Trout Farm (see Plate k for layout).
 Station 5 was designated as the clean water area.  It included inter-
 spersed rubble and football-sized boulders.  These rocks were normally
 covered uniformally with short filamentous algae growth throughout  most
 of the  year.  The banks were lined with high willows shading part of the
 stream.

 The  same substrate was found 100 feet below the outfalls at station 8,
 but  the filamentous algae had been partially replaced with sewage fungus
 (Sphaerotilus natans).  This growth flourishes in water enriched with
 organic material.   The hatchery effluent from station 7 had not mixed
 completely with Little Bear River so only a portion of the stream was
 covered with the growth of sewage fungus.

 Station 9 was located 1,000 feet downstream and was composed of stable
rubble,  gravel and sand.   Filamentous algae predominated with a few
patches of sewage  fungus  adhering to the rocks during low flow periods
in late summer.  High willows and Box Elder trees lined the banks in
this section of the river.  Results of the bottom fauna analysis are
contained in Tables 18,  19 and 20 and Figures 208 through 212 (Appendix C)
Relative numbers of pollution and clean water organisms collected at sta-
tions 5, 8 and 9 are summarized in Figures 208.  Throughout all the sec-
tions,  the numbers of pollution tolerant organisms exceeded those of the
clean water forms  (Figure 209).

At station 5 pollution tolerant organisms (Figures 208 and 209) were
about three times  as abundant as the clean water forms, but after the
hatchery effluent  was added at station 8 the abundance of pollution

                                38

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tolerant organisms exceeded clean water forms by a ratio of 25 to 1.  The
large increase of pollution tolerant organisms and the subsequent loss
of seven kinds of organisms (Figure 210) was indicative of a biologically
degraded water environment immediately below the outfalls.

At station 9 the river began to recover.  Numbers of pollution tolerant
organisms were reduced 10 percent (Figure 211) below those at station 8,
and clean water organisms recovered 58 percent, but the numbers of kinds
of organisms had not returned in abundance to those concentrations found
above the hatchery outfalls at station 5-

Water Flows

Flows (cfs) were measured monthly throughout the sampling year and were
highly, variable.  Because of the variability, some of which was contri-
buted by measurement error, the median of the range of flow from the
outfalls and receiving water was compared.  The outfalls contributed 1/2
at the minimum flow to 1/3 at maximum flows of the Little Bear River-
A greater pollutional effect on the receiving water was evident in low
late-fall flows than during high water flows in the spring.
                                 39

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                            Conclusions
Changes in chemical and bottom fauna quality of the water as a result
of White's Trout Farm activities is discussed in two phases.  First, the
effects on the water flowing through the hatchery and second, the effects
on the receiving water.

Settleable and suspended solids, turbidity, total dissolved solids,
nitrites, ammonia, B.O.D., M.P.N. coliform, and carbon dioxide increased,
while D.O. and pH were reduced.  This degradation of water quality pro-
gressed through the hatchery.  Other tests, which had little or no reduc-
tion in concentrations, were M.0. alkalinity, total hardness, specific
conductance, and nitrates.  Of this group, nitrates have the greatest
significance in assessing the degree of pollution on a body of water.
Nitrates were possibly assimilated by aquatic vegetation before large
concentrations were built up.

The chemistry of the receiving water was changed when the outfalls were
added.  Settleable and suspended solids, turbidity, TDS, nitrates, ammonia,
B.O.D., M.P.N. coliform, and carbon dioxide were increased indicating a
degradation of water quality in Little Bear River-  Statistical analysis
of the various parameters showed a significant change in concentrations
of ammonia, B.O.D., M.P.N. coliform, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide.
These changes are indicative that the hatchery activities were degrading
the waters of the Little Bear River.

Analysis of bottom fauna collections revealed a large increase of pollu-
tion tolerant organisms accompanied by a reduction in pollution intolerant
forms between stations 5 and 8.  Numbers of kinds were reduced drastically
between these two stations also denoting a degradation of the aquatic
habitat.  An increase in numbers and kinds of organisms found at sta-
tion 9; 1,000 feet below the outfall, suggested a recovery from the
degradation evidenced at station 8.

Chemical parameters and bottom fauna examined for hatchery and receiving
waters indicated deterioration of water quality.

The amounts of wet food and dry food pellets used at White's Trout Farm
are shown in Figure 212.  Information for the poundage of fish fed each
food was not available.  Of all parameters mentioned only the nitrate
and nitrite levels could be correlated with feeding levels which were
highest from June through October.  The significance of this correlation
is somewhat diminished because of the lack of correlation of the B.O.D.,
ammonia, and M.P.N. coliform tests  with the amount of food fed.  Based
on results from this study,  the amount of food fed had little or no rela-
tionship with the eutrophication of the outfall waters.  The level of
enrichment was related to fish metabolism and its waste materials.  These
results, therefore, are similar to  those found for the previous hatcheries.

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            SPRINGVTLLE - STATE AND FEDERAL HATCHERIES
The Federal and State hatcheries at Springville, Utah,, formed a complex
of inflows and outfalls that influenced each other in chemistry and
"bottom fauna characteristics.  Layout of the two hatcheries can be seen
in Plate 5-  Station 1 was the source for the Federal hatchery and a
partial source for the State hatchery.  Station 2 was a spring used at
the State hatchery for supplying the hatchery house.  Station 3 was "the
total outfall of the State hatchery.  Outfalls for the Federal hatchery
included stations 5, 10, 11 and 12, the latter was the outfall of a
pond.  Stations 8 and 9 were outfalls of growing ponds but were not sam-
pled for this study because the ponds were not used during the sampling
period.  Station 4, 100 feet below State outfall, was divided into two
streams, one was diverted through the inoperative Geneva Steel-Ironton
ฅorks (ironton Canal) and the other flowed into Utah Lake.  Comparison
of station 4 with stations 6 and 7 showed the influence of the outfall
from the Federal hatchery, station 5, on this water-  Comparison of sta-
tion 4 with stations 13 and l4 indicated changes due to the other Federal
outfalls, stations 10, 11 and 12.  Comparing stations 6 and 12 revealed
changes through the fingerling pond.

Physical and chemical results are collected in Appendix A, Figures 113
to 192 inclusive.  Statistical analysis of the receiving waters is re-
corded in Tables 6, 7 and 8, Appendix B.  Summaries of bottom fauna
collections are listed in Appendix C, Tables 21 through 24 and Figures
213 through 218.

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                                   •^Springs
                                                      Cement Ponds
                                                                 State
                                                                 Hatchery
                                                                 House
                                                            Highway 89-91
Plate 5.  SprlngvDle federal and State Hatcheries and Spring Creek showing sampling stall

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      Discussion - Physical-Chemical and Bottom Fauna Results
Methyl Orange Alkalinity

Methyl orange alkalinity (Figures 113 through 117) was stable at all
stations throughout the year.  Average M. 0. alkalinity increased 5$
through the Federal hatchery.  All other stations examined averaged
235 mg/1 alkalinity throughout the year with no apparent annual runoff
dilution.  The changes of M.O. alkalinity in the receiving water due
to State and Federal hatchery activity, based upon the 95$ confidence
interval, did not significantly alter water quality.  Thus, the receiv-
ing waters above and below the hatchery discharges were from the same
population (Table l).

Total Hardness

Hardness (Figures 118 through 122) was found to fluctuate considerably
throughout the year with minimum readings at all stations the first col-
lection in June.  Station 2 averaged kd mg/1 lower than other hatchery
stations.  Average concentrations at station 11, one of the outfalls
from the Federal Hatchery, had concentrations 35 mg/1 above the inflow,
station 1.  Other stations in the hatchery complex were within 10 mg/1
of the average of 37^ mg/1 total hardness.  The changes of hardness due
to State and Federal hatchery activities, based upon the 95$ confidence
interval, did not significantly alter water quality.  Thus, the receiving
waters above and below the hatchery discharges were from the same popula-
tion (Table l).

Turbidity

Turbidity concentrations (Figures 123 through 127) were increased as the
water supply traversed the hatchery and raceway systems.  Turbidity of
the State hatchery increased 9%; and at the Federal hatchery, 12$ above
the inflow concentration of 1.26 Jackson Turbidity Units, station 1.
Turbidity in the receiving waters, Spring Creek and the Ironton Canal,
were reduced by slow flows and filtration in a watercress-choked water-
way.  Concentrations were generally lowered during the months of March,
Api*il, and May.  State hatchery activity, based upon the 95$ confidence
interval, did not significantly alter water quality while federal hat-
chery activities, based upon the 95$ confidence interval significantly
altered water quality in the Ironton Canal and based upon the 99$ con-
fidence interval, significantly altered water quality in Spring Creek
(Table l).

Settleable Solids

Settleable solids (Figures 128 through 132) showed an increase in concen-
trations throughout both hatcheries and raceway systems.  The levels of
this parameter were very low, averaging less than 0.2 ml/1 so that the

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changes were minimal.  Settleable solids were reduced in the Ironton Canax
because the stream was deep with low velocity which allowed many particles
to precipitate.  An increase in settleable solids in Spring Creek was
apparently caused by the activity of cattle which' had direct access to
the stream.  Spring runoff did not noticeably affect the amount of settle-
able solids in the receiving waters.  The changes in settleable solids
due to hatchery activities, based upon the 99/o confidence interval, signi-
ficantly altered water quality in Spring Creek only.  Thus, the receiving
waters above and below the Federal hatchery discharges on Spring Creek
are from different populations (Table l).

Suspended Solids

Concentrations of suspended solids (Figures 133 through 137) at the source
spring, station 1, averaged 0.48 mg/1 and increased about 5 fold after
traversing the State hatchery and increased 12 fold through the Federal
hatchery.  Suspended solids were an average of 1-33 mg/1 higher at the
outfall of the Federal fingerling pond.  Values at station k averaged
3.18 mg/1 which increased at stations 6 and 13 by the addition of hatchery
effluent.  At  stations 7 and iM- suspended solids were even higher than at
stations 6 and 13 respectively.  Spring runoff did not influence the levels
of suspended solids.  State and Federal hatchery activities, based upon the
99/o confidence interval, significantly altered water quality in all receiv-
ing waters.  Thus, the receiving waters above and below the point of hat-
chery discharges were from different populations (Table l).

Total Dissolved Solids

Total dissolved solids concentrations (Figures 138 through 1^2) increased
about 3/0 at the State hatchery, 6% at the Federal Hatchery and 1$ at the
fingerling pond.  After the effluent was added to the receiving water at
station k which had an average concentration of 656 mg/1 the values in-
creased 2/ in the Ironton Canal and h% in the lower Spring Creek.  The
lowest concentration of T.D.S. was noted in January with the high point
in the late September sample.  Shortly before the September collection,
the hatcheries had been disinfected to eliminate infectious pancreatic
necrosis virus.  Federal hatchery activities, based upon the 95/> confi-
dence interval, significantly altered water quality in Spring Creek while
the State and Federal hatchery (Ironton Canal) receiving waters were not
altered significantly, at this same confidence interval.

Specific Conductance

Specific conductance measures concentrations of ionizable material in
water and are recorded in Figures 1^3 through ikj.  The State hatchery
concentrations were increased an average of 3$ although station 2 aver-
aged 90 u mhos/cm less than station 1.  Federal hatchery outfalls aver-
aged 965 u mhos/cm, the same as the influent water of station 1.  The
use of the water through the fingerling pond increased specific conduct-
ance Ik- u mhos/cm.  The Ironton Canal water averaged 990 u mhos/cm for

                                 kk

-------
stations 4, 6 and 7-  Spring Creek conductance increased an average of
15 u mhos/cm, as a result of hatchery effluent contribution.  State hat-
chery activity, based upon the 99$ confidence interval,, significantly
altered water quality while Federal hatchery activities did not signifi-
cantly alter water quality at the 95/0 confidence interval (Table l).

Nitrate

Nitrate concentrations are depicted in Figures 148 through 152.  Hatchery
use decreased nitrates in the water.  Station 2, the hatchery house
spring, was 33/0 higher than station l(2.49 mg/l), but its contribution
to the total flow was so small that there was little change in the outfall
concentrations.  The water through the Federal Hatchery and fingerling
ponds was reduced 10$ and 3$, respectively.  The concentrations found at
the Federal hatchery decreased the levels in the Ironton Canal 4.8$ and
Spring Creek 11$ below the 2.6 mg/1 found at station 4.  Hatchery activ-
ities, based upon the 95$ confidence interval, did not significantly alter
water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters above and below the hatchery
discharges were from the same population (Table l).

Nitrite

Nitrite (Figures 153 through 157) is a product of bacterial degradation
on ammonia and organic substances.  The source waters averaged 0.01 mg/1.
The State hatchery increased these concentrations 2.5 times and the
Federal hatchery increased nitrite levels almost 3 fold.  Nitrite concen-
trations were doubled as the water supply traversed the Federal finger-
ling pond.  The effect of nitrite concentrations in the effluent from
the Federal hatchery resulted in an almost 3 fold increase of this pro-
duct in Spring Creek, station 13-  Bacterial degradation of ammonia and
organic nitrogen products continued downstream, and was reflected in
nitrite levels which were almost doubled between stations 13 and 14.
Nitrites readily oxidize to nitrates, and some correlation would be ex-
pected between these two anions.  However, in this case, there were no
discernible relationships to indicate this was true.  No increase was
noted in the Ironton Canal between stations 6 and 7-  State hatchery ac-
tivity, based upon the 95$ confidence interval, significantly altered
water quality in upper Spring Creek.  Federal hatchery activities, based
upon the 99$ confidence interval, significantly altered water quality in
lower Spring Creek but in the Federal receiving water (Ironton Canal)
the change in nitrite concentrations were not significant at the 95$ con-
fidence interval (Table l).

Ammonia

Ammonia concentrations (Figures 158 through 162) at station 1 averaged
0.24 mg/1.  These were 33$ higher at the State hatchery outfall and
averaged 37$ higher at the Federal hatchery outfalls.  The ammonia content
of the water supply was reduced 23$ while traversing the Federal hatchery
fingerling pond.  When these concentrations were combined with the

                                 45

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receiving water below station k (0.38 mg/l), the resultant ammonia levels
increased 2Q%  at station 6 and k^% at station 13-  Unaccountably, ammonia
levels at stations 7 and lk} were higher than at stations 6 and 13 res-
pectively.  State and Federal hatchery activities, based upon the 99%
confidence interval, significantly altered water quality in the receiving
waters.  Thus, the receiving waters above and below the hatchery discharges
were from different populations (Table l).

M.P.M. Coliform

M.P.N. coliform bacteria counts (Figures 163 through 16?) were increased,
28 fold by effluent from the State hatchery and 93 fold by effluents from -..
the Federal hatchery, based on average concentrations in the source, water
(Station l) of 7^2 bacteria/100 ml.  Coliform "bacteria concentrations
doubled in the Federal fingerling pond.  Upper Spring Creek counts (Sta- .
tion k) averaged 13,660 coliform bacteria/100 ml of water which increased
about 2.5 times in the Ironton Canal and almost 100 fold in the lower
Spring Creek.  Concentrations at station 7 and Ik continued to increase
above those found at stations 6 and 13 respectively.  State and Federal
hatchery activities, based upon the 99% confidence interval, significantly
altered water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters above and below the
hatchery discharges were from different populations (Table 1).

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) concentrations (Figures 168 through
172) averaged 0.07 mg/1 for the source springs.  Adding food and waste
products to the water supply at the State hatchery increased B.O.D. 12
fold and at the Federal hatchery raised B.O.D. levels 59 fold.  When
this effluent was mixed with an average concentration of 3.2 mg/1 B.O.D.
of Spring Creek at station k the levels were increased 17$ in the Ironton
Canal at station 6.  After hatchery effluents were added to Spring Creek
at station 13, B.O.D. increased 19$.  Concentrations continued to increase
at station 7 on the Ironton Canal and station Ik on Spring Creek.  State
and Federal hatchery activities, based upon the 99% confidence interval,
significantly altered water quality.  Thus, the receiving waters above
and below the hatchery discharges-were from different populations (Table 1).

Dissolved Oxygen

Fish utilization reduced D.O. levels slightly through the hatchery systems
(Figures 173 through 177).   An average reduction in D.O. of 0.2 mg/1
occurred at the State hatchery and at the Federal hatchery the reduction
averaged 0-9 mg/1.   D.O.  levels decreased Q.k mg/1 in the Federal hatchery
fingerling pond.

Dissolved oxygen concentrations in the Federal fingerling pond became
critical for fish propagation during the period of February through May
so special aeration equipment was employed to alleviate the situation.
Dissolved oxygen concentrations in Ironton Canal receiving water were not

                                 k6

-------
reduced significantly and the D.O. in Spring Creek receiving water was
enhanced by photosynthetic action, riffles, and waterfalls.  State and
Federal hatchery activities^ based upori the 95% confidence interval,
significantly altered water quality in Upper Spring Creek and Ironton
Canal while at this confidence interval lower Spring Creek water quality
was not significantly altered.

Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Ion Concentration

Carbon dioxide concentrations (Figures 178 through 182) were lowered in
the State and Federal hatcheries, while pH -remained stable at 7-3 (Figures
183 through 187).  Aeration by baffles in the raceways resulted in a re-
duction- of the average carbon dioxide concentration from 6.8 mg/1 at the
source spring to an average of ^.7 mg/1 in the outfall of the State hat-
chery.  Carbon dioxide concentrations in Federal hatchery were reduced
from 6.8 mg/1 at the springs to 5.0 mg/1 at the outfalls.  The effects
of propagation in the Federal fingerling pond increased carbon dioxide an
average of 0.5 mg/1 accompanied by no change in pH.  The effect of the
Federal hatchery effluent on the  Ironton Canal decreased carbon dioxide
concentrations 1.1 mg/1 while the pH remained stable at "f.k.

Average carbon dioxide concentrations in Spring Creek receiving water were
reduced from 5-1 mg/1 at station  k to 3-1 mg/1 at station 13 to 2.0 mg/1
at station 1^ by the influence of hatchery effluent.  Hydrogen ion concen-
trations increased from 7-^- at station k to 7-6 at station 1^- as carbon
dioxide was liberated into the atmosphere by aeration over riffles and
utilization in photosynthesis.  State and Federal hatchery activities,
based upon the 99% confidence interval, reduced carbon dioxide levels
significantly to alter water quality.  Hatchery activities, based upon
the 95% confidence interval, did  not change pH or water quality signifi-
cantly.  Thus, the receiving waters above and below the hatchery discharges
were from different populations with carbon dioxide and were from the same
population with pH (Table'l).

Temperature

Water temperatures (Figures 188 through 192) in the State hatchery fluc-
tuated within a range of 11ฐF., and the Federal hatchery temperatures
varied l6ฐF.  The median for both hatcheries was 59ฐF-  A low winter tem-
perature of 4^ฐF. was recorded for Spring Creek and the Federal fingerling
pond, and the summer high for these waters was 66ฐF.  The Ironton Canal
ranged from a winter low of 53ฐF. to a summer high of 63ฐF.

Bottom Fauna

Bottom fauna was collected and later analyzed from stations 1, k, 7 and
Ik on the source and receiving waters of the Springville hatcheries (see
Plate 5 for layout).  The substrate found at station 1, located above
the hatcheries, consisted of walnut-sized gravel.  Some aquatic weeds
and watercress lined the banks and the bottom gravel was covered v'th

-------
 filamentous algae.   There  was  no  tree  or  shrub  cover  along the banks.

 The substrate at station 4,  the State  hatchery  outfall,  and also the upper
 receiving water station for  the Federal hatchery, was  football-sized
 boulders interspersed with rubble.   During  the  summer  luxuriant gro'wths
 of watercress grew  in the  slower  flowing  reaches  and  along the banks.

 Station 7,  located  1,000 feet  below  station 5 outfall, had a substrate
 of pea-sized gravel interspersed  with  areas where 'silt and sludge had
 precipitated around the base of the  plants  to form  islands.   Willows
 line the east bank  of the  Ironton Canal at  this sampling station.

 Station 14, located 1,000  feet below station 12 on  Spring Creek,  had a
 substrate of rubble and small  gravel interspersed with islands of small
 vegetation.  Watercress with small concomitant  sludge beds were found  at
 station l4.  The stream was  shaded throughout the day by large cottonwood
 trees.

 Bottom fauna collections are summarized in  Tables 21 through 24 and
 Figures 213 through 218, Appendix C.

 At station  1 pollution intolerant organisms  outnumbered  pollution tolerant
 organisms about 2.5 to 1 (Figures 213  and 2l4).  This situation is indica-
 tive of a relatively clean water  situation.  Station 4 contained  4.4
 pollution tolerant  organisms for  each  of the clean  water variety.  This
 was an  increase of  $6% for pollution tolerant organisms  (Figure 216) and
 52^ for clean water organisms  above  those found at  station 1.   State hat-
 chery activities resulted  in an increase of  0.6 in  kinds  of  organisms.

 Numbers of  organisms  at  station 7 in the Ironton Canal were  dramatically
 reduced by  the  effects  of  hatchery effluents.  Pollution tolerant organisms
 were  reduced by 87% and  clean  water  invertebrates were reduced by 48%  com-
 pared to station 4.   The numbers  of  kinds (Figure 215) were  reduced  to
 levels  found at station  1.  A  reduction of  available habitat  was  respon-
 sible for the reduction  in numbers of  organisms and kinds  of organisms.

 Bottom  fauna at station  l4 approximated the numbers of invertebrates found
 at  station  7-  Numbers of kinds of organisms were higher  at  station  14
 than  at  station 7,  which suggested an  improved situation in  the Spring
 Creek arm of the receiving water.

 Although Spring Creek was degraded as  a hygenic water source  by State  hat-
 chery activities, there was a  great  increase of pollution  tolerant organ-
 isms accompanied by a moderate increase of pollution intolerant inverte-
brates, which was beneficial from a  fisheries viewpoint.

The Federal Hatchery  also degrades Ironton Canal and Spring  Creek  but  to
 a lesser degree than the State hatchery.  In retrospect, however,  it is
believed that two additional sampling  areas could have been chosen to

                                 48

-------
give a more exact evaluation of the effects of effluent from the Federal
hatchery.  These stations should have been located below stations 5 and 12.

Water Flows

Station 3 composed the total outfall flow from the State hatchery.  This
flow ranged from Ik to 18 cfs.  Four flows composed the total outfall
from the Federal hatchery.  Station 5 constituted about kO% of the Federal
hatchery flow.  The other outfalls, stations 10, 11 and 12 contributed the
remainder of the hatchery outfall flow.  Measurement error in estimating
partial flows was as high as 10% of the total outfall from the Federal
hatchery.  Impact of the effluent from the Federal hatchery was greater
on Spring Creek than on the Ironton Canal.

-------
                            Conclusions


 The  complex arrangement of outfalls from the State and Federal  hatcheries
 at Springville caused difficulty in assessing the effects  of  fish culture
 on water  quality in Spring Creek and the Ironton Canal.

 Comparison of stations 1 and 2 with 3 revealed that degrading loads  of
 nutrients were added to the water system by the State hatchery.   Changes
 in M.0. alkalinity, total hardness, total dissolved solids, nitrates,
 ammonia,  dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide were indicative  of improved
 water quality.  Settleable and suspended solids, turbidity, specific  con-
 ductance, nitrite, B.ti.D., and M.P.N. coliform, increased  in  concentration
 which is  indicative of degraded water quality.

 Statistical analysis revealed that the levels of nitrite,  specific conduc-
 tance, ammonia, B.O.D., M.P.N. coliform, suspended solids, dissolved
 oxygen, and carbon dioxide were changed significantly by State  hatchery
 activities.  These changes were indicative of an increased nutrient load
 and  degraded water quality.

 The  Federal hatchery outfalls, numbered 5, 10 and 11, when compared to
 station 1 showed that settleable and suspended solids, turbidity, nitrites,
 ammonia, BjO.D., M.P.N. coliform, and dissolved oxygen were changed,  in-
 dicating degraded water quality.  Station 12 was the outfall  from the
 lower fingerling pondk  The results from this sampling point  were similar
 to the other Federal hatchery outfalls except that dissolved  oxygen con-
 tent  of the water supply was increased while passing through  the  pond.

 The receiving waters separated into two branches, Ironton Canal and Spring
 Creek, represented by stations k} 6, 7 and 4, 13 and 14, respectively.
 Settleable and suspended solids, ammonia,  B.O.D., and M.P.N.  coliforra in-
 creased in the Ironton Canal.  Statistical analysis were conducted on the
 changes made by the Federal hatchery on the Ironton Canal and Spring
 Creek.  Turbidity,  ammonia, B.O.D., M.P.N. coliform,  suspended  solids,
 dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide were changed significantly  (Table l).
 These changes suggest a hygenic degradation and eutrophication  of the
 water in this branch of Spring Creek.

 On Spring Creek proper there was a significant increase in nitrites.,
 settleable solids,  turbidity, ammonia,  B.O.D., M.P.N. colifortn, suspended
 solids and total dissolved solids.   A decrease in carbon dioxide  occurred
between station k and the lower comparison station l4.  These changes in-
dicated a degradation of water quality in Spring Creek.

Bottom fauna analysis also indicated that  the hatcheries were degrading
the water.  The difference in numbers and quality of organisms  found be-
tween stations 1 and h indicated a poorer water quality through the State
hatchery.   The comparison of stations 4 to 7 and h to 1^ shows  a  recovery
from the degraded quality at station k.  However, it is noted that the

                                 50

-------
State outfall constitutes the source of receiving water for the Federal
hatchery and the Federal hatchery further degrades this water by addition
of the effluent to the stream.  Chemical comparison of station 1 with sta-
tions 5> 10 and 11 indicates lower quality water is released from the
Federal hatchery.

Figures 217 and 218 show the relationship of the food used and the number
of fish raised at the Springville State and Federal hatcheries.   As in
the hatcheries previously considered, there was no observable correlation
between degradation of the water and the number of fish present and food
used.

-------
                            CONCLUSIONS
Fish cultural activities caused a progressive degradation of water  quality
in the hatchery system ,which when added to the receiving water, caused
subsequent degradation of the receiving water.  The effect of this  degrada-
tion was closely correlated with the quality of water prior to hatchery
use.  A high quality water showed the degradation less than a water of  ,  ,
lower quality.

Kamas and Loa had this high quality water available for hatchery use and
the receiving waters were not degraded significantly.  The water supplies
of the other hatcheries studied showed a high degree of enrichment  before
use and when the hatchery wastes were added, resulted in degradation which
could be quite serious from a public health standpoint.

In all but the Kamas and Midway hatcheries the M.P.N. coliform counts in-
creased significantly as a result of hatchery activities.  This increase
might be interpreted as a potential hazard to public health of the  area.
The counts, however; may not have the impact as initially evident because
the levels were determined by "Standard Methods Multiple-Tube Fermentation
Technique" which gives results of all organisms present which produce gas
on lactose fermentation.  The tests performed report not only human fecal
contamination but also contributions from fish and animal excrement, fish
food, soil and many other sources.  Since fish are not suspect of adding
greatly to the coliform levels and food is suspect of contributing  only a
minor portion to these high concentrations, other sources are probably re-
sponsible for this large increase.  Further studies should be conducted to
determine the sources of the high coliform levels.

B.O.D. levels were increased significantly through hatchery activities at
all installations except Midway.  The highest concentrations were found at
the commercial hatchery which utilized a combination of animal offal fed
wet, and dry pelleted food.

The use of wet animal offal for fish food increased the potential for
degrading the water in the hatchery and the receiving waters.  Incomplete
utilization by fish left residues which subsequently decayed in the race-
ways and increased enrichment to a point that severe degradation of the
receiving water occurred.   When pelleted food was fed exclusively,  most
of the food was consumed immediately as seen in lower B.O.D. concentrations
and concomitant parameter levels in hatcheries using pelleted food.

The enrichment of the receiving waters by hatchery activities has increased
the growth and propagation of many fish food organisms.  This situation
from a fishery point of view is probably desirable.  However, this  enrich-
ment when evaluated from public health and a water quality standpoint
may not be desirable.

-------
                           BIBLIOGRAPHY'
American Public Health Association Ins., et al."Standard Methods  for
     the Examination of Water and Wastewater."  Twelfth  edition.   Boyd
     Printing Company, Inc., Albany, N. Y. 1965.

Alabaster, J. S., and Herbert, D. M.,  "Influence of Carbon Dioxide  on
     the Toxicity of Ammonia," Nature  174:404,  1954.

Bean, E. L., "Development of Water Quality Ideals," Jour. A.W.W.A.
     53:1361, 1961.

Brockway, D. R., "Metabolic Products and Their  Effects," Progressive
     Fish Culturist, 12:3, pp. 127-129, 1950.

Davis, H. S., Culture and Diseases of  Game Fishes, University of  California
     Press, pp. 185-186, 1956.

Gaufin, A. R., and Tarzwell, C. M., "Aquatic Insects as Indicators  of
     Stream Pollution," Public__Health  Reports,  67:1, pp. 59-64, 1952.

Gaufin, A. R., and Tarzwell, C. M., "Aquatic Macro-Invertebrate Communi-
     ties as Indicators of Organic Pollution in Lytle Creek," Sewage and
     Industrial Wastes, 28:7, PP- 906-924, 1956.

Grantham, B. J., "The Value and Use of Macro-Invertebrates in Evaluating
     Stream Pollution Conditions," Proceedings  Mississippi Water  Resources
     Conference, 1966.

Hinshaw, R. N., "The Pollutional Degradation of the Jordan River  as-
     Shown by Aquatic Invertebrates,"  Utah Fish and Game publication
     number 66-11, 1966.

Lloyd, R., and Herbert, D. W. M., "The Influence of Carbon Dioxide  on
     the Toxicity of Un-Ionized Ammonia to Rainbow Trout (Salmo
     gairdnerii Richardson)."  Ann. Appl. Biol. 48:339, I960.

Needham, J. G., and Needham, P. R., "Fresh Water Biology," Holden
     Day Inc., San Francisco, California, 1966.

State of Washington, "Toxic Effects of Organic  and Inorganic Pollutants
     on Young Salmon and Trout," Bulletin number 5, pp. 183-187,  1960.

Tabata, K., "Toxicity of Ammonia to Aquatic Animals with Reference  to
     the Effect of pH and Carbon Dioxide," Bull. Tokai, Reg. Fish.,
     Res. Lab. 34, pp. 67-74, 1962; Biol. Abstr. 45=755, 1964.
                                 53

-------
       APPENDIX A
PHTSICAL - CHEMICAL DATA

-------
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209
180
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                                               Months  of Pickup

                        Flgura 1. Kamas Hatchery,  M.O. Alkalinity.  Stations 1, 2 and 3.
440
420
400
380
360
340
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300
280
260
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                     Figure 2.  Kamas Hatchery,  M.O. Alkalinity. Stations 4, 5 and 6.

-------

420
400
380
360
340
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280
260
240
220
200
180
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 Figure 3.  Kamas  Hatchery, Total Hardness.  Stations 1, 2 and 3.
440
420
400
380
360
340
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                         Month of Pickup
  Figure 4.  Kamas Hatchery, Total Hardness.  Stations 4, 5 and 6.

-------
1.10
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         Figure 5.  Kamas Hatchery, Settleable Solids. Stations 1, 2, and 3.
Station 4 —I—I—
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                                Month of Plclcup
        Figure 6. Kamas Hatchery,  Settleable Solids.  Stations 4, 5 and 6.
                                  57

-------
68
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82
80
78
76
74
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70
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                     3       4       5
                       TLtti Of Pickup
Figure  8.  Kamas Hatchery, Turbidity.  Stations 4, 5 and 6.

                         58

-------
11     12
                                  3      4       5
                                  Month of Pickup
             Figure 9.  Kamas Hatchery,  Suspended Solids.  Stations 1, 2 and 3.
                                                                                    -Xv
                                         4      S
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-------
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          1234567          B
                         Month of .Pickup

     Figure  11.  Kamas Hatchery, Total Dissolved Solids. Stations 1, 2 and 3.
Figure 12.  Kamas Hatchery,  Total Dissolved Solids,  Stations 4, 5  ajid  6.
                             60

-------
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                       .Month. oL Pickup

tlgure 14,  Kamas Hatchery,  Specific Conductance.  Stations 4, 5 and 6.
                         61

-------
                  345
                  Month of Pickup
Figure 15.  Kamas Hatchery, Nitrate.  Stations 1, Z and 3.
Figure 16.  Kamas Hatchery,  Nitrate.  Stations 4, 5 and 6.
                     62

-------
                   3456
                   Month of Pickup
Figure 17.  Kamas Hatchery,  Nitrite.  Stations 1, 2 and 3.
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                     63

-------
                  345
                  Month of Pickup
Figura 19.  Kamas Hatchery,  Ammonia.  Stations 1, 2 and  3,
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-------
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                    Month nf Pickup


Figure 21. Kamas Hatchery,  MPN Collform. Stations 1, 2 and 3.
Figure 22.  Kamas Hatchery,  MPN Conform.  Stations 4, 5 and 6.
                        65

-------
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Mnnth of Pickun



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                    Figure 26,  Kamas Hatchery,  Dissolved Oxygen.  Stations 4, 5 and 6.
                                             67

-------

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                            L Of PickliP
Figure 28. Kamas Hatchery, Carbon Dioxide.  Stations 4, 5 and 6.

-------
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                                              Month of Pickup.
                Flgura 29.  Kamas Hatchery,  Hydrogen Ion Concentration.  Stations 1, 2 and 3.
  .2-

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 Statlon 4
 Station 5 	—
 Station 6 	

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                                                                                         •\
                                            3456
                                                .Month oi Pickup
                                                                                     8       9      10
                 Figure 30. Kamas Hatchery,  Hydrogen Ion Concentration.  Stations 4,  5 and  6,

-------
74
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-Month of Pickup
Figure 31. Kamas Hatchery,  Temperature.  Stations  1, 2 and 3.
  Figure 32.  Kamas Hatchery,  Temperature.  Stations 4, 5 and 6.
                           70

-------

                          Figure 33.  Midway Hatchery,  M .O. Alkalinity.  Stations 1,  2, 3 and 7 .
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                                                                                                        10
                         Figure 34.  Midway Hatchery, M.O. Alkalinity. Stations 4, 5 and 6.
                                                 71

-------
                       3       4      5
                        Month of Pickup
 Figure 35.  Midway Hatchery, Total Hardness. Stations 1, 2,  3 and?.
                       345
                          Month of P_ickup
Figure 36.  Midway Hatchery, Total Hardness. Stations 4, 5  and 6.

-------
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                        Month, of Pickup

Figure 37 .  Midway Hatchery -  Turbidity.  Stations 1,2,3 and 7 .
 Figure 38.  Midway Hatchery, TufbidUy.  Stations A, 5 and 6.
                          73

-------
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86
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82
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 Figure 39.  Midway Hatchery,  Suspended Solids .  Stations 1,2,3 and 7 .
                      345
                        Month, of Pickup

Figure 40.  Midway Hatchery,  Suspended Solids.  Stations 4,  5 and  6.

-------
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       1234567          8
                        Month of Plckun

Figure  41.  Midway Hatchery, Settleable Solids.  Stations 1,2,3 and 7.
Figure 42.  Midway Hatchery, Settleable Solids.  Stations 4, 5 and B.
                        75

-------
880
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Month ol Pickup
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                              4       5
                            Month of Pickup

Figure 44.  Midway Hatchery, Total  Dissolved Solids.  Stations 4, 5 and 6.

                          76

-------
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-------
Figure 47.  Midway Hatchery,  Nitrate. Stations 1,2,3 and 7.
                  3      4       5
                     Month of Pickup
Figure 48.  Midway Hatchery,  Nitrate.  Stations 4, 5 and 6.
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-------
                                                 456
                                               Monlh of Pickup
                    Figure 49.  Midway Hatchery, Nitrite,  Stations 1,2,3 and 7.
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                                          3456
                                                 Month Qf Pickup
                                                                                                 10
                        Figure 50.  Midway Hatchery, Nitrite.  Stations 4,  5 and 6.
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   1234567           8
                       Month., at Einkup.


Figxire 51.  Midway Hatchery, Ammonia.  Stations 1,2,3 and 7.
                   3456
                      Month of Pickup
Figure ,52.  Midway Hatchery, Ammonia.  Stations 4,  5 and 6.

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                                                 Mbnth of Pickup

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 12          1234567           89
                                Month nf Plrlfiip


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                            3456
                                Month of .Picfaxp
      re 56.   ivlicway Hatchery, Biochemical Oxygen Demand.  Stations 4, 5 and 6.

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                                      Month of Pickup

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12 1234567 89 10
Month ฃ}f Pickup
'Figure 59. Midway Hatchery, Carbon Dioxide. Stations 1,2,3 and 7.

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                   Figure 62.  Midway Hatchery,  Hydrogen Ion Concentration.  Stations 4, 5 and 6.

                                                   85

-------
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    1234567           8
                         Month nf Pickup


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                                          4       5
                                        Month of Pickup
             Figure 65.  Loa Hatchery,  M.O. Alkallnit/. Stations  1 , 2, 3 and 4 .
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                                   34567
                                        Month of Pickup
                                                                            89       10
            Figure 66.  Loa Hatchery, Total Hardness.  Stations 1,2,3 and 4.
                                      87

-------
    1           234567



                          Month of Pickup






     Figure  67.  Loa Hatchery,  Turbidity.  Stations 1, 2,  3 and 4.
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-------
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             11121           234567           8
                                                        Mnnth of Pickup

                            Figure 69.  Loa Hatchery,  Suspended Solids.  Stations 1,2,3 and 4.
   kko
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   380
   360
   3110
   320
   300
   280
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Station 1 —(-
Station 2 -f-
Station 3 	
Station 4	
                                                                                                            m
                                                 345
                                                    Month, of Pickup
                        Figure 70. Loa Hatchery, Total Dissolved Solids.  Stations 1,2,3 and 4.

-------
440
420
400
360
360
340
320
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280
260
240
220
200
180
160
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100
80
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                                                  Month of
                                                5

                                             Pickup
                                                                                         B   9
                      Figure 71. Loa Hatchery,  Specific Conductance.  Stations 1 ,  2, 3 and 4.
   4.4

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'Station 4	~
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                                        2        345       67

                                                    Month of Pickup


                              Figure 72.  Loa Hatchery,  Nitrate.  Stations 1,2,3 and 4.
                                                                                          a   9
                                                       90

-------
                                 345

                                     Month of Pickup


              Figure 73.  Loa Hatchery, Nitrite.  Stations 1,2,3 and 4.
•Station 1   ]  j—
•Station 2  -f-t-.
•Station 3  	—
'Station 4  	
     -r
                      Aฃ.
       21          234567
                                     Month of Pickup

               Figure 74.  Loa Hatchery,  Ammonia.  Stations 1,2,3 and 4.
                                                                                      10
                                        91

-------
                          3456
                               Month of Pickup
   Figure 75.  Loa Hatchery,  M .r .N . CoLiform.  Stations 1, 2,  3 and 4 .

21
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12      1          234567           89
                              Month of Pickup

 Figure 76.  Loa Hatchery,  Biochemical Oxygen Demand.  Stations 1,2,3 and 4.

                                   92

-------
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12      1          23456
                                 Month of Pickup
      Figure 77.  Loa Hatchery,  Dissolved Oxygen,  Stations 1,2,3 and 4.
                           345
                                Month' of Pickup

       Figure 78, Loa Hatchery,  Carbon Dtoxlde.  Stations 1,2,3 and 4.
                                93

-------
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                    12       1           234567           89

                                                       Month of Pickup


                      Figure 79.  Loa Hatchery,  Hydrogen Ion Concentration,  Stations 1,2,3 and 4.
                                                                                                         10
                _l_
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    68

    66

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    62

    60
           Station 1 —f-tf	
           Station 2 -{—/---
           Station 3	
           Station 4	~
                                                                                  l-t-
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    38

    36
             11      12
                                                         456

                                                        Month of Pickup
                             Figure  80.  Loa Hatchery,  Temperature.  Stations 1,2,3 and 4.

-------
 IlltO

 1420

 4400

 300

 360

 3"tO

 320

 300

 280

 260

 2440

•220

 200

 ISO

 160

 HO

 120

 100

 -80

  60

  to)

  20

   0
Station  1
Station  2
Station  6
Station  7
                              ฑ*
          11      12   1
                                       34           567
                                               Month of Pickup
                   Figure  81.  White's Trout Farm,  M.O. Alkalinity.  Stations 1,2,6 and 7.
                   1
 uo

 4420

 1400

 3-0

 3L-0

 3&40

 320

 300

 280

 260

 240

 220

 200

 ISO

 160

 140

 120

 100
Station 5-4—H
Station 8  ™
Station 9  	
                                                                    s
        *T*
                                               4           5
                                              Month of Pickup
                    Figure 82.  White's Trout Farm,  M .O . Alkalinity .  Stations 5 , 8 and 9 .
                                                    95

-------
Figure 83.  White's Trout Farm,  Total Hardness.  Stations 1,2,6 and 7.
                           4          56
                           Month of Pickup
 Figure 84 .  White's Trout Farm,  Total Hardness.  Stations  5, 8 and 9.
                                96

-------
  Station 1 —t—t
  Station 2 -t—h
  Station 6
  Station 7 	
11      12   1
           Figure 85.  White's Trout Farm,  Turbidity.  Stations 1,^,6 and 7.
                                    4          5        6
                                     Month of Pickup
              Figure 86. White's  Trout Farm,  Turbidity.  Stations 5,  8 and 9.
                                          97

-------

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        12   1234          56789
                                    Month of Pickup

        Figure87.  White's Trout Farm,  Settleable Solids.  Stations 1, 2, 6 and 7 .
                                                                                             10
21-0
20-0
19-0
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16.0
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11      12   1
                                     4          5        6
                                    Month of Pickup
         Figure 88.   White's Trout Farm ,  Settleable Solids .  Stations 5 ,  8 and 9 .

-------
                           4          5
                           Month of Pickup
Figure 89.  White's Trout Farm,  Suspended Solids,  Stations 1,2,6 and 7.
                           4          5
                           Month of Pickup
 Figure 90.  White's Trout Farm,  Suspended Solids.  Stations 5,  8 and 9.
                                99

-------

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1000
950
900
800
750
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650
600
550
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350
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                                   Month of Pickup
      Figure 91.  White's Trout Farm, Total Dissolved Solids.  Stations 1,2,6 and 7 .
                                                                                        10
1100
1050
1000
950
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850
800
750
700
650
600
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11      12  12       34          567       89
                                   Month of Pickup


       Figure 92.  White's Trout Farm,  Total Dissolved Solids .  Stations 5 ,  B and 9 .
                                         100

-------
1100



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900
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700
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11 ซ121      2       3      4          5       6      7       8      9
                                  Month of Pickup


      Figure 93. White's Trout Farm,  Specific Conductance. Stations 1,2,6 and 7.
1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
300
750
700
650
600
550
500
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                                  4          5
                                  Month of Pickup
       Figure 94.  White's Trout Farm,  Specific Conductance.  Stations 5, 8 and 9.

                                       101

-------
— *
 Station 1 -p
 Station 2 •
 Station 6	
 Station 7	
                                                                                          3-
                                                                               xs
        12  1
                            34           567
                                    Month of Pickup
             Figure 95.  White's Trout Farm,  Nitrate.  Stations 1 , 2, 6 and 7 .
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11      12  1
                    234           567
                                   Month of Pickup
              Figure 96.  White's Trout Farm,  Nitrate.  Stations 5,  6 and 9.

                                          102

-------



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Figure 97.  White's Trout Farm, Nitrite.  Stations 1,2,6 and 7.
              34          56
                     Month of Pickup
Figure 98. White's Trout Farm, Nitrite.  Stations 5, 8 and 9.
                        103

-------
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                            34           56
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             11       12   1
                                          34           567
                                                 Month of Pickup
                  Figure 101.  White's Trout Farm,  M.P.N. Conform. Stations 1,2,6 and 7 .
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                                                  Month of Pickup
                     Figure 102.  White's Trout Farm,  M.P.N, Coliform.  Stations 5B 6 and 9.

                                                       105

-------

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                                4          56
                                Month of Pickup
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                                Month of Pickup
 Figure 104. White's Trout Farm,  Biochemical Oxygen Demand,  Stations 5, 8 and 9.
                                    106

-------
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                         234         5
                                       Month of Pickup
                                                                                          10
              Figure 105.  White's Trout Farm,  Dissolved Oxygen.  Stations 1, 2, 6 and 7.
5-0
                                        4         56
                                        Month oฃ Plckun
                Figure 106.  White's Trout Farm,  Dissolved Oxygen.  Stations 5, 8 and 9.
                                          107

-------
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                         Month of Pickup
                                                                              10
 Figure 107.  White's Trout Farm,  Carbon Dioxide. Stations 1,2,6 and 1 .
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Figure 108. White's Trout Farm,  Carbon Dioxide.  Stations 5, 8 and 9.
                               108

-------

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10
Figure 110.  White's Trout Farm, Hydrogen Ion Concentration.  Stations 5, 8 and 9,
                                109

-------
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10
           Figure 111.  White's Trout Farm, Temperature.  Stations 1,2,6 and 7.
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             1234          5676

                                   Month of Pickup

            Figure 112. White's Trout Farm,  Temperature.  Stations 5,  8 and 9.
                                      110

-------
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                                     456
                                  Month of Pickup
   Figure 113.  Sprmgville Hatchery (State),  M.O. Alkalinity.  Stations 1,  2 and3.
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  12       1           234567           89
                                  Month of Pickup

Figure 114.  Sprlngville Hatchery (Federal),  M.O.  Alkalinity.  Stations 1 ,  5, 10 and 11.
                                111

-------
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    12       1           234567           89
                                    Month of Pickup

   Figure 115.  Springvtlle Hatchery (Federal, Pond),  M.O.  Alkalinity.  Stations 6 and 12.
                                                                                          10
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    12       1           234567           69
                                    Month of Pickup

Figure 116.  Springvllle Hatchery (Receiving Water),  M .O. Alkalinity.  Stations 4 ,  6 and 7 .
                                   112

-------



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             1121           234567            89
                                                     Month of Pickup

              Figure 117.  Springville Hatchery (Receiving water),  M.O. Alkalinity.   Stations 4,  13  and 14.
                                                                                                           10
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            11      12
                                                34567
                                                    Month of Pickup
                                                                                                   9       10
                    Figure 118. Springville Hatchery (State),  Total Hardness.  Stations 1,  2, and 3.
                                                  113

-------
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                                                     Month of Pickup
                                                                                                     9       10
                  Figure 119.  Sprlngvllle Hatchery (Federal),  Total Hardness.   Stations 1 , 5 , 10 and 11 .
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                                                     Month of Pickup
                   Flgur-. 120.  Spilngville Hatchery (Federal pond),  Total Hardness.   Stations 6 and 12.

-------
                                            3456
                                                Month of Pickup

              Figure 121.  Springvtlle Hatchery  (Receiving water),  Total Hardness.  Stations 4,  6 and 7 .
SkO
        11      12
                                            3456
                                                Month of Pickup
             Figure 122. Sprlngvllle Hatchery (Receiving water),  Total Hardness.  Stations 4,  13 and 14.
                                              115

-------
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                               Month of Pickup
   Figure 123.  Springville Hatchery (State) ,  Turbidity.  Stations 1 , 2 and 3 .
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                               Month of Pickup
Figure 124,  Springville Hatchery (Federal),  Turbidity.  Stations 1, 5, 10 and 11.

                              116

-------
I
                                               3       4      5       S       7
                                                   Month of Pickup
                                                                                                 9       10
                      Figure 125.  Sprlngvllle Hatchery (Federal pond),  Turbidity.  Stations 6 and 12 .
            11      12
                                       2345
                                                   Month of Pickup
                    Figure 126.  SpringviHe Hatchery (Receiving water),  Turbidity. Stations 4, 6 and 7.
                                                   117

-------
11      12
                                   3456
                                       Month of Pickup
                                                                                             10
       Figure 127.  Spnngville Hatchery (Receiving water),  Turbidity.  Stations 4, 13 and 14.
It. 2
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-------
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11 12 1 234567 8 9 10
                                   Month of Pickup

Figure 129.  Springville Hatchery (Federal),  Settleable Solids.  Stations 1, 5, 10 and 11.
                               345
                                    Month of Pickup
Figure 130.  Springville Hatchery (Federal pond),  Settleable Solids .  Stations 6 and 12.
                                 119

-------

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                                3456
                                     Month of Pickup
                                                                                           10
 Figure  131,  Springville Hatchery (Receiving water),  Settleable Solids. Stations 4,  6 and 7,
It. 2
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                                3456
                                    Month of Pickup
Figure 132.  Springville Hatchery {Receiving water),  Settleable Solids. Stations 4,  13 and 14.
                                   120

-------

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                12       1           234567           89
                                                Month of Pickup


                Figure 133.  Sprlngville Hatchery (State),  Suspended Solids.  Stations 1,  2 and 3.
30
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                                            3456
                                                Month of Pickup
                                                                                                      10
             Figure 134.  Springville Hatchery (Federal), Suspended Solids. Stations 1,  5, 10 and 11.

                                            121

-------

















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       4-
 Station
 Station  6 -
 Station  7 •
n      12
                                           4567
                                        Month of Pickup
                                                                                             10
     Figure  136.  Springville Hatchery (Receiving water), Suspended Solids.  Stations 4, 6 and 7 ,
                                      122

-------

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Month of Pickup
Figure 137. Spr ngville Hatchery (Receiving water) , Suspended Solids. Stations 4, 13 and 14.
1100
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11      12
                                                                                            10
                                        Month of Pickup



       Figure 138. Springville Hatchery (State), Total Dissolved Solids. Stations 1,  2 and 3.
                                      123

-------
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                                3456
                                    Month of Pickup
 Tigure 140. Springviile Hatchery (Federal pond). Total Dissolved Solids. Stations 6 and 12.

-------
  1100

  1050

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Station  6	
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            11      12
                                                 3456
                                                      Month of Pickup
                                                                                                            10
               Figure 141. Sprlngvllle Hatchery (Receiving water), Total Dissolved Solids. Stations 4, 6 and 7.
                -E3-
   1050
    950

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    750

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Station 13	
Station 14	
                                        &
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             11       12
                                                  3456
                                                      Month of Pickup
                                                                                                             10
              Figure 142. Springvllle Hatchery (Receiving water).  Total Dissolved Solids. Stations 4, 13 and 14.

                                                     125

-------

1300
1250
1200
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1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
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750
700
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600
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                                              3456
                                                  Month of Pickup
                Figure 143.  Springville Hatchery (State),  Specific Conductance.  Stations 1,  2 and 3.
1250

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 850
 700

 650

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 350

 300

 250

 200
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                                             345
                                                  Month of Pickup
            Figure 144.  Springville Hatchery (Federal),  Specific Conductance.  Stations 1, 5, 10 and 11.
                                                126

-------
  Figure 145.  vJprin<;ville Hatchery  (Federal pond),  Specific Conductance..  Slations 6 end 12.
                                  3456
                                      Month of Pickup
Fiqure  H6.  Springville Hatchnry (Receiving water),  Specific Conductance.  Stations 4, 6 and 7.
                                      127

-------

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1200
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1000
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                                        Month of Pickup
Figure  147.  Springville Hatchery (Receiving water). Specific Conductance.  Stations 4,13 and 14.
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11      12
                                    34567
                                        Month of Pickup
                                                                                               10
             Figure 148. Springville Hatchery (State), Nitrate.  Statln.-.s 1, 2 and 3.
                                     123

-------
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11      12       1
                             23456
                                         Month of Pickup
          Figure  149.  Springvllle Hatchery (Federal),  Nitrate.  Stations 1, 5 , 10 and 11.
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                                     3456
                                         Month of Pickup
                                                                                                10
          Figure 150.  Spnngville Hatchery (Federal pond),  Nitrate.  Stations 6 and 12.
                                       129

-------
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                                       Month of Pickup
                                                                                             10
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    Month of Pickup
                                                                                              10
       Figure 152.  Springville Hatchery  (Receiving water},  Nitrate,  Stations 4, 13 and 14.
                                       130

-------



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Month of Pickup
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Figure 154.  Sprlngvllle Hatchery (Federal),  Nitrite.  Stations 1, 5, 10 and 11.
                               131

-------
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Station 12
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                              1            234567            8
                                                       Month of Pickup


                        Figure 155.  Springvllle Hatchery (Federal pond),  Nitrite.  Stations 6 and 12.
                                                                                                                10
    ..00

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Station  6
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                                                           4       5
                                                        Month of Pickup
                      Figure 156.  Springvllle Hatchery (Receiving water) ,   Nitrite.  Stations 4 , 6 and 7 .
                                                      132

-------
 12       1
                             3456
                                Month of Pickup
Figure 157.  Sprlngvllli Hatdiery (Receiving water),  Nitr-te. Stations 4, 13 and 14.
                                    45
                                 Month of Pickup
      Figure 158.  Springville Hatchery  (State),  Ammonia.  Stations 1, 2 and 3.
                               133

-------
               I    I   I    I
            Station  1 —|—|	
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                                    234557
                                                Month of Pickup
                                                                                                 10
                   Figure 159, Springville Hatchery (Federal),  Ammonia.  Stations 1, 5, 10 and 11,
2.2
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                                            3456
                                                Month of Pickup
     10
                     Figure 160.  Springviile Hatchery (Federal pond).  Ammonia.  Stations 6 and 12.

-------




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                           3456
                               Month of Pickup
                                                                                   10
Figure 162.  Springville Hatchery (Receiving water), Ammonia. Stations 4, 13 and 14.
                             135

-------
,000,000

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             11      12       1
                                                  3456
                                                      Month of Pickup
                    Figure 163.  Sprlngvllle Hatchery (State),  M.P.N. Conform.  Stations 1, 2 and 3.
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
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_. 60,000
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b
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             Month of Pickup
                                                                                                              10
                Figure 164.  Sprlngvi He Hatchery (Federal) ,  M.P.N. Conform.  Stations 1 , 5 , 10 and 11 .
                                                     136

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                                           4567
                                       Month of Pickup
  figure 1PC-.  SpnnqviUo Kafcher\- (federal pond),  M.P.N. Coliform.  Stations 6 and 12.

 Figure 166.  Springville Hatchery  (Rpcciving water),  M.P.N. Coliform.  Stations 4,  6 and?.
                                     137

-------
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        12       1
                                                    567
                                               of Pickup
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Figure 167.  Springvllle Hatchery (Receiving water),  M.P.N. Coliform.  Stations 4,  13 and 14.
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                                     3456
                                         Month of Pickup
10
    Figure 168.  Springville Hatchery (State),  Biochemical Oxygen Demand.  Stations  1, 2 and 3
                                      138

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                                       Month of Pickup
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                                     139

-------
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                                                  Month of Pickup
                                                                                                       10
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                                                   Month of Pickup
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                                                iko

-------
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        12      1           234567           89
                                        Month of Pickup


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                            2       34567
                                        Month of Pickup
                                                                                              10
     Figure 174.  Springville  Hatchery  (Federal),  Dissolved Oxygen.  Stations 1, 5, 10 and 11.

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                                         45
                                      Month of Pickup
                                                                                            10
  Figure 175. Springville Hatchery (Federal pond),  Dissolved Oxygen.  Stations 6 and 12.
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                                      Month of Pickup
                                                                                            10
Figure 176.  Sprmgville Hatchery (Receiving water).,  Dissolved Oxygen.  Stations 4, 6 and 7.

-------
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           1121           234567           89
                                                 Month of Pickup


            Figure 177 .  Springville Hatchery (Receiving water),  Dissolved Oxygen.  Stations 4,13 and 14 .
                                             3456
                                                 Month of Pickup
                   Figure 178.  Springvilie Hatchery (State),  Carbon Dioxide.  Stations 1, 2 and 3.

-------
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  Station 10 •
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        12       1
                           23456
                                       Month of Pickup
                                                                                            10
       Figure 179.  Sprlngvllle Hatchery (Federal),  Carbon Dioxide.  Stations 1, 5, 1C and 11.
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-------
    22

    21

    20

    19

    18

    17

    16
Station 4  \ \ -
Station 6	
Station 7	
S    9
                   XTTT
                    -5t-P
                                                                                              ZT
                  52
                                                                                rS
                                                                              ^
           H      12      1
                                          3456
                                              Month of Pickup
                Figure 181. Springville Hatcher/ {Receiving water),  Carbon Dioxide. Stations 4, 6 and 7.
E
in .
-8,
           11      12      1
                                          3456
                                              Month of Pickup
               Figure 182.  Springville Hatcher/ (Receiving water),  Carbon Dioxide

                                            1*1-5
                                                                                 4, 1.", arid 14,

-------

.2
9.0
.8
.6
.it
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11      12
                                    3456
                                        Month of Pickup
                                                                                               10
    Figure 183.  Sprlngville Hatchery (State) ,  Hydrogen Ion Concentration.  Stations 1,  2 and 3.
.2
9.0
.8
.6
.It
.2
8.0
.8
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2 .,,
o „
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                                        Month of Pickup


Fioure 184.  Springville  Hatchery  (Federal),  Hydrogen Ion Concentration. Stations 1, 5, 10 and 11.

-------
•a
.2

9.0
.8
.6
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8.0
.8
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            11      12
                                                345
                                                    Month of Pickup
                                                                                                          10
              Figure 185. Springville Hatchery (Federal pond), Hydrogen Ion Concentration. Stations 6 and 12.
.2
9.0
.8
.6
.It
.2
a.o
.8
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            II      12
                                                3456
                                                    Month of Pickup
             Figure 186. Springville Hatchery (Receiving water), Hydrogen Ion Concentration. Stations 4, 6 and 7 .

                                                .   llj-7

-------
 .2

9-0

 .8

 .6

 .U

 .2

8.0

 .3
Station  4
Station 13 •
Station 14	~
6.0
        11     12      1          234567          8       9      10
                                              Month of Pickup


      Figure 187.  Springville Hatchen/ (Receiving water),  Hydrogen Ion Concentration.  Stations 4, 13 and 14.
               4-
 72 -

 70 -

 68 -

 66 -

 61* -

 62 -

 60 -

 5ซ '
         Station  1 —4-
         Station  2 	
         Station  3	
             as
                                                    —4-
                                              FF^H2
 50 -

 Ii8 -

 1*6 -

 Mi •
                                          345
                                             Month of Pickup
                  Figure 188.  Springville Hatchery (State), Temperature.  Stations 1, 2 and 3.

-------
71*
T2
TO
68
66
61*
62
60
58
56
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52
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11      12       1
                                    345
                                        Month of Pickup
                                                                                              10
      Figure 189.  Springville  Hatchery  (Federal),  Temperature.  Stations ] ,  5,  10 and  11.
72
70
68
66
6k
62
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s ซ
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11      12      1
                                    3456
                                        Month of Pickup
                                                                                       9       10
        Figure 190.  Springville Hatchery (rederal pond),  Temperature.  Stations 6 and 12.

-------
71*
72
70
68
66
61*
62
60
58
56
52
50
1*6
1*2
38
36
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                                           3456
                                                Month of Pickup
              Figure 191,  Sprlngvllle Hatchery (Receiving water),  Temperature.  Stations 4,  6 and 7.
               -I—\-
         Station  4 .
         Station 13 —	
        1 Station 14	~
                                                                                                    •Ax
                                                                                                         T= '
                                            X/'j
k&
                                         ฑ
                                            3456
                                                Month of Pickup
             Figure 192.  Springville  Hatchery  (Receiving water),  Temperature.  Stations 4, 13 and 14.

                                              150

-------
           APPENDIX B
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

-------
               TABLE 2.   KAMAS HATCHERY TJECKETTNG WATER, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
                  Above ^Station U)     Below  (Station 6)
 Parameter
M.O. Alkalinity
Total Hardness
Nitrates
Nitrites
Settleable Solids
Sp. Conductance
Turbidity
Ammonia
B.O.D.
M.P.N. Coliform
Suspended Solids
Total Dis. Solids
Dissolved Oxygen
PH
Carbon Dioxide
Temperature

Mean
5o.oo
63.85
1.192
.14192-02
.3769-01
1U2.7
13.88
.2UOU
3.369
.6111;+ 05
1.115
277.5
8.1462
7.123
1.115
U2.72
Standard
Deviation
23.66
25.78
2.599
.7099-02
.6629-01
M.li5
12.53
.1190
1.631
.1829+06
7.039
261.9
.9855
1.233
.5883
11.16

Mean
122.7
1U5.0
1.565
.1738-01
.5885-01
285.6
9.769
.3950
5.088
.9219+05
6.900
306.8
8.119
7.250
1.077
1x8.25
Standard
Deviation
1|3.0U
51.63
2.U98
.2311-01
.11*96
89.09
12.92
.2001
1.169
.7739+05
7.33U
221.5
.6108
1.260
.2717
6.198

T Value
-7.5U6
-7.170
-.5283
-2.750
-.6593
-7.i4i5
1.166
-3.160
-It. 369
-.7971
-1.2li6
-.U362
1.U83
-.3671
.3026
-2.211
Probability
Significance
.5215-07
.14i70-07
.2998
.14137-02
.256U
.5215-07
,87&
.13UO-02
.3157-OU
.211i5
.1092
.3323
.9278
.3576
.6183
.1581-01
3.308
U.011
1.082
10.87
5.091
U.618
1.063
1.803
1.914;
5.58U
1.085
1.397
2.3kh
I.OUU
U.687
3.2UO
-x-x-
-:H(-
* . •
v\~>\"
...
-x-;t
ป * *
-x-x-
-x-x-
* ป *
• ซ *
• ซ *
* * ป
• e *
• • *
*
-x- Indicates significance at the 95$ confidence interval.
-s^-Indicates significance at the 99$? confidence interval.

-------
                    TABLE 3.  MIDWAY HATCHERY EEGETVING WATER, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
                      Above (Station 1+)     Below (Station 6)
VJl
uo
    Parameter
M.O. Alkalinity
Total Hardness
Nitrates
Nitrites
Settleable Solids
Sp. Conductance
Turbidity
Ammonia
B.O.D.
M.P.N. Coliform
Suspended Solids
Total Bis. Solids
Dissolved Oxygen
PH  '
Carbon Dioxide
Temperature

Mean
277.7
^25.1+
2.635
.1601+-01
.9538-01
900.6
11+.23
.5081
Iป. 912
.5396+05
1.892
670.6
7.951+
7.816
2.500
52.19
Standard
Deviation
35.70
80.31
2.319
.191+2-01
.101+7
133.5
Hi, 31
.5821+
1+.381
.709 Of 05
7.573
71+.97
.5736
.3300
1+.21+5
5.705

Mean
289.6
1+1+1+.2
3.151
.2588-01
.2962-01
972.1
6.577
.6027
5.708
.1973+06
6.808
671+.8
8.21+6
7.360
1+.31+6
51+.35
Sta nda rd
Deviation
21.63
51+.57
1.806
.9262-02
.3092-01
91+.1+3
6.351
.6321
1.625
.^375+06
9.295
U9.0L
.7295
.8167-01
1.381;
5.327

T Value
-1.U57
-.9897
-.8917
-2.33U
3.071
-2.231
2.1+93
-.5613
-.6372
-1.61+9
-.811+6
-.23+08
-1.606
6.707
-2.108
-1.1+12
                                                                                              Significance
.7575-01
.1635
.1876
.1183-01
.9983
.1510-01
.9920
.2885
.2631+
.5273-01
.2096
.1+053
.5727-01
1.0000
.2002-01
.8207-01
2.721+
2.166
1.61+8
1+.395 *
11.1+8 *ป
1.998 *
5.078 *
1.178
1.H5
38.08
l*5o6 .
2.31+0
1.618
16.33 *•
9.1+08 *
1.11+7
*
m
0




0
*
e
0
•
*


9
    -x- Indicates significance at the 95$ confidence interval.
    -ftttlndicates significance at the 99.^ confidence interval.

-------
                    TABLE LL.  LOA HATCHERY RECEIVING WATER. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
vn
-!=-
    Parameter
H.O. Alkalinity
Total Hardness
Nitrates
Nitrites
Settleable Solids
Sp. Conductance
Turbidity
Ammonia
B.O.D.
M.P.N. Coliform
Suspended Solids
Total Dis. Solids
Dissolved Oxygen
pH
Carbon Dioxide
Temperature
Above (Station 1)

Mean
99.23
105.8
1.766
.UOOO-02
s .1000-01
261.3
2.000
.2062
.6038
2676.
.ฃ538
s 190.6
6.951
7.820
.381+6-01
60.12
Standard
Deviation
6.88k
16.53
1.729
.5521-02
.2lil3-o5
23.98
2.263
.8295-01
.2973
6176.
.1985
1*9.83
.1703
.ll*U*
.1961
.3258
Below (Station 1;)

Mean
101.6
108 . 2
1.889
.2381-01
.5808-01
271.2
3.000
.1*831
5.1*77
e 7535+ 05
5.773
200.2
6.692
7.68U
.5000
60.08
Standard
Deviation
23.78
29.65
1.719
.2099-01
.972U-OL
58.81
2.U98
.3605
2.252
.9996+05
1*.U57
5>*. 1*2
.3610
.2055
.8121;
2.201

T Value
-.1*832
-.3582
-.2582
-1*.651*
-2.521
-.7905
-1.513
-3.817
-10.91*
-3.700
-5.965
-.661*5
3.31*1
2.708
-2.816
.7053-01

Probability
.3155
.3609
.3987
.1219-01;
.71*69-02
.2165
.6831-01
.1865-03
.2980-07
.2683-03
.1863-06
.251*7
.9992
.9953
.31*71-02
.5280

F
11.93
3.215
1.012
il*.l*5
.1625+10
6.011;
1.219
18.89
57.37
262.0
5oU.^
1.193
1*.1*96
2.027
17.16
1*5.61

Significance
...
...
• . •
-x-x-
•st
. ซ .
...
-5S-X-
-X-X-
•59f
-X-*
...
-x-s-
•K*
-X-*
...
    "- Indicates  significance at the 95$ confidence interval.
    -^Indicates  significance at the 99^ confidence interval.

-------
              TABLE 5.  WHITE HATCHERT EECETVITJG WATER. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
                  Above (Station 5)     Below (Station 9)
Parameter
M.O. Alkalinity
Total Hardness
Nitrates
Nitrites
Settleable Solids
Sp. Conductance
Turbidity
Ammonia
B.O.D.
M.P.N, Coliform
Suspended Solids
Total Ms. Solids
Dissolved Oxygen
pH
Carbon Dioxide
Temperature

Mean
220.&
2U1.6
1.82k
.3880-01
.3020
1|60.U
101.1
.3500
3.9li5
.7160+05
28.68
30U.2
9.272
7.50li
.0000
19.16
Standard
Devia tion
U9.57
52.81
1,878
.562^-01
.9950
101.7
359.0
.1793
1.233
.8616+05
92.20
52.25
.8259
1.93k
.0000
10.U9

Mean
218.8
238.3
2.578
.3050-01
.3U78
ii57.1
76.17
.6017
7.600
.3911+06
56.39
320.2
8.200
7.333
.la67
VT.51
Standard
Deviation
U7.03
U7.97
1.987
.3U*B-OL
.7273
95.67
217.1
.3160
5.017
.5076+06
U;5.7
50.11
1.306
1.926
.7173
8.5UO

T Value
.lliBU
.2263
-1.366
.6196
-.1808
.1175
.2929
-3.W7
-3.531
-3.102
-.7990
-1.097
3.1ili9
.3091;
-2.906
.6029
Significance
.5587
.5890
.8922-01
.7307
.U287
.51^65
.611)5
.6026-03
.1692-03
.1623-02
.2llj2
.1392
.9991;
.6208
.2785-02
.7253
1.111
1.212
1.120
2.661
1.872
1.130
2.735
3.105
16.55
3U.72
2. 197
1.087
2.501
1.008
.0000
1.509
. .
e e
. .
• .
•* ป
• ••
• ป .
%#
#*
•5BJ-
• -ป •
• * r
•SHfr
ซ * *
*->
...
* Indicates  significance at the 95$ confidence interval.
•^Indicates  significance at the 99$ confidence interval.

-------
            TABLE 6.   STATE HATCHERY AT SPRTNGVILLE RECEIVING WATER, STATISTICAL ANALYSTS OF VARIANCE
                     Above  (Station 1)     Below  (Station 1+)
H
Ui
    Parameter
M.O. Alkalinity
Total Hardness
Nitrates
Nitrites
Settleable Solids
Sp, Conductance
Turbidity
Ammonia
B.O.D.
M.P.N. Coliform
Suspended Solids
Total Dis. Solids
Dissolved Oxygen
PH
Carbon Dioxide
Temperature

Mean
235. U
1+81 0 9
2,839
.1027-01
.1000-01
967.9
1,962
.1819
.5000
292,6
.5000
615.7
6.850
7.062
6.115
57.71
Standard
Deviation
7.606
51.69
1.596
.8229-02
.2U3-05
31.57
1.865
.51+70-01
.0000
226.5
. 0000
69.33
.9105
1.219
1.818
7.096

Mean
235.8
1+93.1
2.578
.3092-01
.3385-01
999.9
1+.151+
.3135
3.365
.11+59+05
2.612
61+1.9
6.1+19
7.112
1.731
58.96
Standard
Deviation
8.567
1+1+.70
.6151
.1+988-01
.9696-01
29.16
6.386
,188)4
1.179
.21+88+05
1,081+
82.70
.5307
1.229
1.1+30
3.060

T Value
-.1712
-.8322
.7773
-2.083
-1.251+
-3.802
-1.680
-3.1+18
-9.881
-2.930
-9.931
-Io239
2.081+
-.11+73
3.052
-.821+8
                                                                                              Significance
.1+321+
.201+6
.7797
. 2119-01
.1078
.1958-03
.1+956-01
.6301+-03
.3725-07
.2550-02
.1+1+70=07
.1105
.9789
o 1+1+17
.9982
.2067
1.269
1.337
6.735
36, 7U
.1615+10
1.172
11.72
11.87
.0000
.1206+05
.0000
1.1+23
2.91+1+
1.017
1.617
5.378
ป * •
o • •
e • •
-3!-
ป e •
-x-x-
• • •
-X-K
->B;-
-x-w-
-;:-x-
A * *
-X-
ป • ป
-x-&
• e •
   * Indicates significance at the 95$ confidence interval.
   •K-xIndicates significance at the 99$ confidence interval.

-------
        TABLE 7.  FEDERAL HATCHERY AT SPRTNGVILLE - //I.  IROMTON CANAL STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
   Parame i
   M.O.  Alkalinity
   Total Hardness
   Nitrates
   Nitrites
   Settleable Solids
   Sp.  Conductance
   Turbidity
   Ammonia
H  B.O.D.
^  M.P.N. Coliforw
   Suspended Solids
   Total Dis. Solids
   Dissolved Oxvpen
   PH
   Carbon Dioxide
   Temperature
Above (Station 4)

Mec,n
wu
U8l*.9
2.839
.1027-01
Is .1000-01
967.9
1.962
.1819
.5000
292.6
. .5000
is 615.7
i 6.850
7.062
6.115
57.71
Standard
Deviation
7.606
51.69
1.596
.8229-0?
.24l'3-05
31.57
1.865
.5U70-01
. 0000
226.5
. 0000
69.33
.9105
1.219
1.818
7.096
Below (Station 7)

Mean
262.1
470. "J
2.411
.11(56-01
l(51r "01
982. 2 "
3.667
.U17U
U.196
.3,093+06
u.eu.
64} i.l
6. Ill
7.152
4.1.35
58.80
Standard
Deviation
13?. 9
lOli. 9
.6629
.ITlU
.2694-01
93.21
V p.oi
~J ' O ^ jf ^
.2829
1.4Q4
.1027+06
4.193
101.7
.5693
1. 216
1.570
3.140

T Value
-1.022
.51 Oh
1.284
-1.327
-.9010
-.7441
-2.021
-4.169
-12.87
-3.041
"4.925
-1.184
2.113
-.2701
4.11|2
-.7243

Probability
.1557
.69UO
.8975
.951U-01
.1656
.2301
.2U28-01
.5940-OU
.2980-07
.1860-02
.U701-05
.1209
.9802
.3941
.9999
.2361


F Significance
305.1
U.116
5.799
255.0
.1247+09
8.719
h.356
26.7U
.OOOC
.6507+06
.0000
2.152
2.558
1.005
1.342
5.106
• * e
o • o
• • o
• * •
o a •
0 C ป

-x-x-
•3J-X-
-X-X-
-X-X-

• O •
-X-

-X-X-*

   -" Indicates signj.ficance at the 95$ confidence interval.
   -^-Indicates significance at the 995? confidence interval.

-------
          TABLE 8.  FEDERAL HATCHERY AT SPRINGVILLE - #2, SPRTMG CREEK STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
                     Above  (Station 1|)     Below  (Station lU)
H
VJl
CO
    Parameter
M.O. Alkalinity-
Total Hardness
Nitrates
Nitrites
Settleable Solids
Sp. Conductance
Turbidity
Ammonia
B.O.D.
M.P.N. Coliform
Suspended Solids
Total Dis. Solids
Dissolved Oxygen
pH
Carbon Dioxide
Temperature

Mean
235. 1+
181.9
2.839
.1027=01
o 1000= 01
967.9
10962
.1819
.5000
292.6
.5000
615.7
6.850
7.062
6.115
57.71
Standard
Deviation
7.606
51.69
1,596
.8229-02
. 210-3-05
31.57
1.865
.51+70-01
.0000
226.5
.0000
69.33
.9105
1.219
1.818
7.096

Mean
257.7
503. 1+
2.312
.1507
.U308-OL
951.8
L.U62
.5381
5.735
.1514;+ 06
7.569
670.0
6.996
7.369
2.077
58.26
Standard
Deviation
158.0
158.5
.6608
.2093
.5160-01
197.1
3.776
.3013
1.3Ui
.1097+06
6.853
82. W
.1+626
1.291
1.055
5.677

T Value
-.7178
=.6565
1,555
=3.1+17
-3.269
.1+116
-3.027
-5o930
-19.86
=7.160
-5.260
-2.572
-.7297
-0881+0
9.795
-.3086
                                                                                              Significance
.2381
.2573
.9369
.633U-03
.9787=03
.6588
,1950-02
.1863=06
.2235=07
.5960-07
.1550-05
.6562=02
.233+5
.1905
1.0000
.3795
1+31.6
9.398
5.835
61+7.0
.U571++09
38.99
U.099
30,31+
.0000
.231+7+06
.0000
i.hl5
3.871+
1.122
2.968
1.562
* 0 ป
0 0 ซ
ป * *
-;H!-
-x-x-
. . *
-X-i!-
-x-x-
-;;_;;-
-X-X-
-x-::-
~;c-
...
9 . .
-X-tt
ป * e
   -x- Indicates significance at the 95$ confidence interval.
   -x-#Indicates significance at the 99$ confidence interval.

-------
   APPENDIX C
BOTTOM FAUNA DATA

-------
TABLE 9.  KAMAS HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS, STATION h.
Organism
Annelida
Hirudinea
Oligochaete
Tubifex
Crustacea
Amphipoda
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
H Ephemeroptera
o Ameletus
Baetis
Cinygimila
Epeorus
Ephemerella
Heptagenia
Leptophlebia
Rhithrogena
Plecoptera
Acroneuria
Alloperla
Arcynopteryx
Capnia
Claassenia
Isoperla
Nemoura
Ptqronarcella
U-U-69

98
10
78

12

7
87

0 • *
'3h
ft * 0
ซ • •
176
9 V 0
a 0 *
00*

& O O
• 0 0
• C ซ
ft 0 ป
...
7
e 0 e
15
5-2-69

• • *
l
...

5

• 0 0
• a ft

aftft
U
• ft .
ft 0 •
23
...
...
28

ft 0 9
ft 0 ft
9*ซ
• a a
2
...
...
13
6-16-69

ft ป *
0 • a
ft 0 a

• ft ft

• a •
1

• • ป
3U
21
21
'81
...
...
10

...
...
...
* * *
U
ft ซ *
ft ft *
• ft ft
7-25-69

a 0 0
• ป 0
...

...

a * ft
* ซ• •

U
•U8
ft a •
12
30
ft ft ft
ป * •
12

...
1
ft ft *
e 0 e
2
...
ป . .
3
8-21-69

1
...
10

...

ft ft a
• a *

6
6
ft 0 ft
ป a 0
20
16
• • ป
...

• . ซ
...
...
...
. •ซ•
1
• 0 0
3
9-18-69 11-12-69

2
000 ft ft ft
ft ft ft 0 a 0

ft ft ft • ซ *

1
2

5
a • a a • a
ft a 0 a * •
0 a o 000
13
• * • • ซ •
10
• ป • ซ * ซ

• • • • * *
ft • 0 ft ft 9
ft ft ft ft ft ft
0 0 # ft * a
2 3
9
1
a ป 0 a ซ 0
1_19_70

5
1
3

...

a * ซ
1

8
3
ป • •
• • •
282
• e *
12
59

2
ft ซ ft
ft * ft
10
3
U
it
21
3-27-

1
a • •
2

a • •

1
ft * ft

3k
2
• a 0
0 ft ft
69
20
22
U5

e • ft
* ft *
1
2
17
1
0 O ป
21

-------
TABLE 9.  KAMAS HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS,  STATION U.  (Cont'd.)
Organism
Coleoptera
Dytiscidae
Elmldae
Hallpidae
Dlptera
Antocha
Athrix
Chironomidae
Hexatoma
LImnophora
Muscidae
H Raphidolabls
H Simulldae
Stratiomyldae
TIpulidae
Trichoptera
Arctopsyche
Bra chyeentms
Glossosoma
Hydropsyche
Leptocella
LImnephilus
Rhyacophila
Total Org./sq. ft.
Kinds of Organisms
L-U-69

• • e
5
i

il;
13

• • *
2
* * •
• • e
2
ป • *
i

55
23
o ป •
19U
72
li
2
139.5
2U
5-2-69

• * •
ซ • .
# * •

* • *
17

* • •
• • ซ
• 0 •
ซ • *
• * *
1
1

• * *
e • ซ
1
• • *
1
iU
* * o
11.1
"i '.)
-1-..'
6-16-69

1
...
ป * •

* 0 •
12
• •
2
• o ป
• 0 *•
• 0 ป
1
...
1

* • *
1
* * e
10
15
3li
...
2U.9
16
7-25-69

11
37
e • •

• 0 •
6
2
1;
...
e . ป
3
* ป •
o • •
2

2
li
o * •
ซ ป ซ
11
11
...
20.9
19
8-21-69

1
18
o • •

• • •
13
12
1
* * •
• * *
1
* • ซ
• • ซ
e ป •

u
u
• * •
2
6
5
...
32.0
19
9=18-69 11-12-69 1-19-70

ซ o • • e • -I-
21; 80
*•• ••• • c •

• •• ซ•ป ••ซ
i 15
1 3
•u
1 1
l
• 0 • *•• •••*
1
38
3

• * • 6 • • O
3
ป O ป *•• * C> •
2 65
1U5 728
1; 1
1
1.8 UU.U 271, Ij.
6 lli 29
3-27-

...
197
...

• * •
12
5
6
...
2
• * •
• • *
62
• * *•

2
1

*68
396
9
1
199. t
26

-------
TABLE 10.  KAMS HATCHERY BOTTOM FATOA ANALYSIS, STATION 5.
Organism
Annelida
Hirudinea
Oligochaete
Tubifex
Crustacea
Isopoda
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
Ephemeroptera
Ameletus
Baetis
Ginygimla
Epeorus
Ephemerella
Heptagenia
Leptophlebia
Hhithrogena
Plecoptera
Acroneuria
Alloperla
Claassenia
Tsogenus
Isoperla
Paraleuctra
Nemoura
PteronarceT 1 a
li-li-69

3
1
*-* *

* * *

* • •
* * *

• • *•
• * ,
6
...
16
• * •
* w *
ป * *

• a •
* • ป
6
• • .
.. .
...
...
6
5-2-69

185
...
80

...

2
32

* * •
2
...
. ป ป
1>
• • *
* • ป
ป • *

1
• • •
* * •
ซ • *
• •-
• * *
' • * •
8
6-16-69

lUO
1
130

• * •

19
9

3
113
15
2
80
• * *
• • *
11

• • ป
• 9 •
* ป ป
• • *
1
1
* • ป
• * *
7-25-65

57
...
35

• ป •

1;
...

• • *
201
• * •
9
66
ซ * *
* • •
3

1
1
* * •
* a •
* • *
*-ป #
ป ••
12
8-21-69

179
* * *
2

* * •

16
...

...
"h2
. ...
...
29
1
• * *
...

...
• 0 •
...
...
1
...
• • *
10
9-Io-69

182
* • •
20

1

13
• • *

• • *
2U
• * *
• * *
hi
* • *
• * *
* * *

ป • •
1
ซ * •
• ป *
h
...
1
11
11-12-69

100
...
119

1

33
U

* ป •
32
* • •
* • •
121
...
6
1

• * •
* • *
2
1
15
ft * ซ
ป• •
9
i-ly-70

515
* ซ ป
27

...

23
5

• • *
. 286
• • *
• * o

• • *
1
3

1
* * *
2
• * *
"2.8
...

*83
3-27-70

19U
.%.
80

...

2
* * •

1
109
* * *
U
U82
* ป *
* * *
* * •

* • *
1
5
* # *
26
* * *

' • #
26

-------
TABLE 10.  KAMAS HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS,  STATION 5.  (Cont'd.)
Organism
Goleoptera
Dryopidae
Dytiscidae
ELmidae
Gyrinnidae
Halipidae
Hydrophilidae
Diptera
Antocha
Athrix
Blepharoceridae
H Ghironomidae
S) Hexatoma
Limnophora
Muscidae
"Raphidolabis
Siimilidae
Stratiomyidae
Tipulidae
Trichoptera
Arctopsyche
Bra chycentrus
Glossosoma
Hydropsyche
Leptocella
Limnephilus
Rhyacophila
Total Org./sq. ft.
Kinds of Organisms
U-li-69

• * e
1
k
• ป 0
...
. • •

...
li
...
• . •
2
...
...
•-•-•
ป • ป-
ป • •
...

3
7
• *•
* . e
2
I
• . *
7.3
Ui
5-2-69

ซ v •
* ซ 0
e • O
• . *
• a •
• * *

• • *•
'18
* • •
* ...
. . ป
ป e •
• . •
o ป •
ป * •
* . •
l

l
. ..
. • •
13
1
3
• * ป
36.0
1U
6-16-69

1
1
* * *
• • 0
• * •
...

1
6
. ..
71
1
...
...
1
2
...
...

2
...
...
13
22
35
...
68.1
25
7-25-69

...
2
U
* c •
6
1

1
6
ซ • e
82
1
...
...
1
10
* • •
• • *

3
73
...
U
20
"111
• a *
61.9
25
8-21-69

0 * *
2
8
. e •
• e •
...

• o *•
1
ป * ซ
7
1
...
...
• ป ป
17
.. .
...

1;
11
04*
3
15
'19
* ป •
36.8
19
9-18=69

9 • ป
• • O
2
...
...
...

1
8
...
5
l
2
...
...
1
• * •
1

19
9
ซซ0
37
20
• e o
1
82.2
23
11-12-69

• e ซ
106
i
. * .
...

37
U
...
3UO
• ป *-
7
• * *
ป • *
1
31
...

8
8
...
100
1302
13
2
U80.8
27
1-19-70

...
U
255
ซ 9 •
...
...

76
11
...
2307
2
13
3
• * .
183
111;
2

29
U6
1
U95
1272
25
8
1238.0
30
3-27-

*• .
• • *
170
. . •
...
...

99
13
1
18U6
• ••
1
...
• * •
2
18
11

59
22
2
883
1138
28
3
iol;5.]
27

-------
TABLE 11. KAMAS HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSTS, STATION 6.
Organism
Annelida
Himdinea
Oligochaete
Tubifex
Crustacea
Amphipoda
Ase] la?
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
H
^ Ephemeroptera
Baetis
Ginygmla
Epeorus
Ephemerella
Heptagenia
Leptophlebia
Bhithrogena
Plecoptera
Acroneuria
Alloperla
Arcynopteryx
Capnla
Claassenia
Isogenus
Isoperla
Paraleuctra
Nemoura
Pteronarcella
U-V69

28
• ซ o
6

ซ o 0
ซ a •

h
• a *

12
ซ a •
o a a
1419
o ซ a
a ป •
• O a

2
1
a A •
a a e
2
a • a
25
a ซ a
• c ป
11U
5-2-69

2U
O o e
6

* o •
ซ ป V

3
1

1
o * •
e a a
11
• ..
9 ซ •
8

a * e
• * •
a c •
a e ป
e a *
a e ซ
• * o
O e a
o a a
6
6-16-69

7
1
ป • ••

o a •
* e •

2
• a a

213
U9
73
282
a * *
9 • *
31

1
. 0 .
1
ป 9 e
10
* * ป
6
6
• * a
o a e
7=25-69

16
a ซ o
$

a o a
* • a

3
* * a

120
. • •
8
256
a a a
• a a
10

7
• . .
ซ ป 0
ซ v a
9
a • a
2
a e •
3
19
8=21-69

11
e a •
8

a * *
• * a

3
...

253
• ซ ป
...
9li
U
ซ a •
• C 9

ซ A O
2
a 9 o
a a a
3
3

• o a
L|.
U3
9-18-69

7
a o a
1

8
1

1
a o a

9
a ป a
a *• a
7U
a ป a
• • a
a o *

2
a a a
• • •
e * e
• ซ *
0*9
2
a • •
a a ซ
26
11-12-69

53
a o a
102

0*0
2

22
3U

2
• • .
• • •
3J47
ซ # a
U
3

a * a
2
ซ • a
11
ป ซ •
...
8
• * a
o a a>
30
1-19-70

UO
• a a
28

• * *
a a •

• * a
ป e *

108
a • *
* a a
1012
a a a
a a a
ป * •

li
a o a
a a a
8
20
• 4 a
160
Uo
O • 9
32
3-27-70

90
• a •
200

a ป ป
* a •

a • •
10

ioUo

30

• a *
10
...

20
* a 0
9*9
20
20
• * o
70
I *— '
• a 0
20
5o

-------
                          TABLE 11. KAMS HATCHER! BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS, STATION 6.  (Cont'd.)
 Organism

 Coleoptera
  Dryopidae
  Elmidae
  Halipidae

 Diptera
  Antocha
  Athrix
  Chironomidae
  Hexatorna
  Limnophora
  Muscidae
'  Raphidolabis
T* Simulidae
  Stratiomyidae
  Tipulidae

 Trichoptera
  Arctopsyche
  Bra chycentrus
  G-lossosoma
  Helicopsyche
  Hydropsyche
  Leptocella
  Limnephil-qs
  Rhyacophila
Total Org./sq. ft.
Kinds of Organisms
2
1
  7
  5
 20
  U
 25
113
161
58U
101
212
 25
                           187. U
                             2U
-2-69
* • •
* * *
• 0 ป
1
5
1
• •
* ซ
* *
• *•
0 •
1
1
...
• 0 •
...
. ซ •
lU
1
15
i
10.0
17
6-16-69
1
• * ป
* • *
• # •
6
22
1
...
...
1
59
• * •
2
1
. . ซ
...
...
59
1
27
13
88.0
25
7=25-69
• * *
2lj.
* • *
3
8
h8
3
ซ • •
* • *
1
'U3
• * •
* * •
38
25
• 9 •
• ป•
28
1U
78
10
80.5
25
8-21-69
• * *
36
• * *
3
8
52
1
o *
* •
ป ป
• *
. .
3
91
•15
ป * •
• • *
27
15
58
3
7U.O
23
9-18-69
• * •
1
• * •

9
19
3
1
* o *
* • *
2
• ป *
2
36
'10
• • *
O 4 *
26
22
5
2
53.8
23
11-12 -<
* ป •
187
3
62
U
138
...
...
12
U
1
1U
1
33
77
ป.
1
99
1711
U2
7
603.2
30
                                                                    • ซ •
                                                                    568
                                                                                               92
                                                                                               20
                                                                                              572
                                                                                               12
                                                                                               liU
                                                                                                 U
                                                                                               68
                                                                                              152
                                                                                               36
                                                                                              • • •
                                                                                              832
                                                                                              32h
                                                                                               92
                                                                                               56
                                                                 86U.E
                                                                   2U
                                                                                                        870
                                                                            120
                                                                             ho
                                                                             10
                                                                             10
                                                                            e • •
                                                                             Uo
                                                                             60
                                                                             10
                                                                            130
                                                                             5o
                                                                            210
                                                                            • * •
                                                                            U70
                                                                            590
                                                                            390
                                                                            110
                                                                                                         29

-------
TABLE 12. MTTMAY HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS,  STATION h.
Organism 8-5-68
Annelida
Hirudinea U
Oligochaete . . .
Tubif ex
Crustacea
Amphipoda 2
Asellus 20
Mollusca
Gastropoda ...
Pelecypoda ...
ON Ephemeroptera
Baetis ...
Epeorus ...
Ephemerella ...
Heptagenia 2
Plecoptera
Isoperla . .„
Coleoptera
Dryopidae . . .
Elraidae ...
Dipt era
Antocha ...
Chironomidae ,..
Limnophora ...
Ra phi do la bis ...
Simulidae ...
Tipulidae ,,,
U-U=69

22
7
31

7
U7

9
0 • *

127
* r 0
• f 0
...

• 00

• • 0
3

0*0
ฃ
* 0 0"
1
• * •
...
5-2=69

11
000
28

20
32

6
...

'35
...
37
...

e ป .

...
*

• 0 *
6
060
e 0 ซ
...
e w ป
6=16=69

9
2
52

1
27

6
...

117
1
llli
...

000

1
2

0 C 0
1
• * *
00 *
0 * ซ•
0*0
7=25-69

5
00*
2U

5
90

3
...

'79
• * 0
5o
0*0

0 ป 0

• 0 *
7

...
"17
0 • •
* • •
3
...
8=21-69

2
• e ป
7

8
180

13
00}*

10
0 * •
7
ซ * *

1

000
^

* * 0
2
0 ป ซ
A ป *
2
* ซ 0
9-18-69

2
1
u

5
15

0 • 0
0*0

2
ซ ป ซ
0 e ป
...

• 0 0

000
5

• • *
1
0 ป 0
0*9
0 o e
ป a ป
11-12-69

13
1
38

ii
107

9
3

9
0*0
17
000

ป 0 0

000
95

0*0
37
• ซ *
* 0 0
21
• * •
1-19=70

28
U
121

18
U07

19
2

77
* • ซ
60
000

0 • 0

• 00
112

0 0 9
75
2
4*0
59
l
3-18-70

19
ป 0 ป
113

8
62

3
2

271
0*0
221
* 0 A

• 0 *

* 0 •
138

1
162
0 0 *
* t e
5
• ซ *

-------
                              TAJLEJL2.   MIDWAY HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA. ANALYSISs STATION 1;. (Cont'd.)




  Organism/"        8-5-68    k-k-69    5-2-69   6=16-69   T-gg-iSg   8-21-69   9-18=69  11-12-69   1-19-70   3-18-70
Trichoptera
Brachycentrus
Hydropsyche . . .
Leptocella
Limnephilus 12
Rhyacophila ...
Total Org. /sq.ft. L.O
Kinds of Organisms 5

U ... ..,
• o e •ซ•• •ป*
* a * • e ป * o ซ
3 ... 19
• ปป A • ป •••
26.6 18.0 35.2
12 9 13

4 * * ป** ••* O
• *•• * • * •ซซ • • ป
ป * • ป•* ••ป -^ I
3 3 ... 16
o • • • e * ซ•* ••*
28.6- U8.0 7.0 78.6
11 12 8 15

2
3
• e •
1|O
1
207. ir-
18

* • •
2
...
6
• . •
202.6
111
CT\

-------
                               TABLE 13.   MIDWAY HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS, STATION 5.
c^
CD
Organism 8
Annelida
Hirudinea
Oligochaete
Tubifex
Crustacea
Amphipoda
Asellus
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
Ephemeroptera
Baetis
Ephemerella
Hhithrogena
Tricorythode_s
Coleoptera
Dytiscidae
ELmidae
Hydraenidae
Diptera
Ghironomidae
Limnophora
Simulidae
Stratiomyidae
Trichoptera
Bra chvcentrus
Hydropsyche
LeptoceHa
LimnenhilTis
-5-68

6
ซ ซ e
2

58
55

3
• 0 e

2
990
9*9
...

...
...
1

1
• 99
3
• 00

9 ซ 9-
ซ 0 0
• 9 0
1
Total Org./sq.ft. 13.2
Kinds of Organisms
10
h-h-69

92
3
91

27
148

10
* * *

172
• ซ9
• 0 0
• 9 0

000
909
990

151
• ••
I
000

...
...
e 0 o
0 A 9
59.8
9
5-2-69

87
• 90
21U

2
29

18
9

21
6
0 9 O
...

9 •ซ
909
O 0 0

21>U
ft v 0
• 9 ซ
0O*

.**
• o 9
e c 9
e o 0
63.0
9
6-16-69

30
...
31

25
13U

11
9*0

25U
117
1
...

* • 9
8
• 99

117
• ป 0
13
1

909
900
e c *
8
75.0
13
7-25-69

17
99-0
20

21
258

3
...

19
26
...
...

...
...
...

' 3
...
7
009

• 9 O
* 9 0
099
3
37.7
10
8-21-69

Ii3
* 9 9
383

51
715

36
...

25
1
. ..
2

1
2
e 9 ป

12
...
3
• ซ ซ

090
000
000
900
2pl|e 8
12
9-18-69

6
009
2

19
U7

2
909

• ซ9
990-
990
• O 9

000
• 99
999

9ซซ
09*
9 9 *
* 9 9

• O 9
0 9 O
0 o e
090
15.2
5
11-12-69

63
1
296

1265
2281

530
6

37
U9
0 * *
• 0 9

000
39
09*

530
6
190
. . ซ

.ซ.
1
1
2U
1063.8
16
1-19-70

100
1
2117

217
1*99

52
k

20
12
...
...

* 9 9
35
fi 0 9

332
1
17
0 0 ซ•

9
0 9 0
O ซ 0
O 9 0
683.2
111
3-18-70

U3
953
...

15
5o

5
5

26
12
• 9 9
* O 9

999
6
• * 9

151
000
3
9 9 *

99*
999
9*9

253.8
11

-------
                             TABLE 1U.  MIDWAY HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSTS, STATION 6.
H
Organism
Annelida
Hirudinea
Oligochaete
Tubifex
Crustacea
Amphipoda
Asellus
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
Ephemeroptera
Baetis
EDhemerella
Heptagenia
Tricorythodes
Hemiptera
Corixidae
Coleoptera
Dryopidae
Dytiscidae
Elmidae
Halipidae
Diptera
Anthomyiidae
Chironomidae
Lironophora
Simulidae
8-5-68

36
• • #
1

20
162

* • •
* * •

8
• ป •
36
...

* • *

1
3
. ..
• e *

ซ 9 0
5
. . .
21*
ii-li-69

11 k
0 0 ft
6k

5
39

13
* • •

303
* ซ *
ซ 0 •
...

* • *

ป ซ e
0 e *
3
ป * •

1
209
• 0 e
12
5-2-69

93
e • •
61*

5
11;

5
. • •

5i
7
* • 0
• ft *

ft * ft

a a o
* ป 0
e c *
...

ซ a e
38
o 0 ซ
.0.
6-16-69

65
0 ซ ft
32

* * •
1|7

ft ft 0
• * ft

156
16
• 0 ft
...

ป e ป

0 * #
ป * ป
• 0ft
ซ ซ O

* ft *
190
• * 0
1*6
7-25-69

31
ft 0 0
68

5
156

3
...

66
30
1
60

-• 0- 0

ป 0 e
ซ • ป
7
0*0

a ซ• o
5
ซ a a
8
8-21-69

7
...
6U2

1
163

3
1

e * •
2
0*0
5

1

ป0ป
2
1
• 00

ปป•
5
000
5
9-18-69 11-12-69

... 25it
1
3 112i|

It 278
10 14*90

3 783
137

5
30
ft * ft 000
0 ft • ft 0 ft

89

• ป ซ * • 0
* ป * O * A
71
1

ป 0 0 O 0 •
137
0 ft 0 J-
5
1-19-70

319
e 0 •
9^9

55
139

18
10

67
15
o • •
* • •

...

00*
• o •
ll
• * 0

0 • 0
93
0 ft- O
107
3 -as.

1*79
1
553

2k
30

1
1*

U59
36
• 00
* • •

...

O ft 0
1
16
ป • *

ft 0 0-
399

"l*6

-------
                            TABLE llu  MEDMAY HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS.  STATION 6.   (Cont'd. ).
Organism 8-5-68
Trichoptera
Brachycentrus 1
Hydropsyche ...
Limnephilus ...
Total Org./sq.ft. 29.7
Kinds of Organisms 11
U-U-69 5-2-69 6-16-69
•i- • • • • • •
• •ป ซ • • * ป •
76. U 27.7 55.3
11 8 8
7_25_69 8-21-69
*.!! "u
l;lt.O 168. It
12 lli
9-18-69
• • *
...
5.2
6
11-12-69
• • *
* ป •
77
Iii96.li
15
1-19-70
* • *
• * •
5
356.2
12
3-18-7
• • *
1
2
liio.U
15
o

-------
TABLE 15.  LOA HATCHERY BOTTOM: FAUNA ANALYSIS,  STATION 1.
Organism
Annelida
HIrudinea
Tubifex
Crustacea
Amphlpoda
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
Ephemeroptera
Baetis
Ephemerella
H : 	
— s
H Plecoptera
Acroneuria
Odonata
Argia
Hemiptera
Ambry sus
Coleoptera
Dytiscidae
Elmidae
Diptera
Chironomidae
Muscidae
Eaphidolabis
Simulidae
5-9-69
9
• * •
717
1
* • •
• * e
1
1
1
**7
• * *
* * •
ซ 0 •
6-U-69
3
662
322
7
* *• ป
* * *
• # *
12
17
* * *
7
* * *
* * *
ป ป *
* • •
7-16-69
9
2
13U
7
* • *
1
• • *
* * •
3
2
• * *
1
A * •
* * *
* • *
* * *
8=21-69 9=18-69
3 5
2 6
ho 21U
15 "75
• • • * <* •
1 6
ป • ป • • *
10 1
* • • • # •
• •ป • * •
• ป • • * ป
3
1
• • ป ป * *
• • * ป ป ป
• * ป • • *
11-21-69
18
19
350
• • *
1
* * •
3U
7
* • *
* * •
91
2
2
2
1-13-70
87
19
2646
178
ป * *
• * •
1
21
87
* • #
63
151
• • •
* * •
* * *
3-11-70
9
5
319
68
7
2
• * •
133
1
* • ป
• * •
1

-------
                             TABLE 15.  LOA HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS, STATION 1.  (Cont'd. )
Organism
Trichoptera
Glossosoma
Helicopsyche
Hvdropsyche
Leptocella
Limnephilus
Total Org, /sq.ft.
Kinds of Organisms
3-9-69 6-li-69

a ป * a * *
116
1
1
1 It
393.0 385.6
9 12
7-16-69

• • 0
12
* * ป
• * *
* • ป
57.0
9
8-21-69

j e ซ •
• • •
3
• • 9
11
29.6
10
9-18-69

• * •
33
4 9 0
• • •
2
lll.O
8
11-21-69

7
1U
3
128
2U
250.0
16
1-13-70

ป ป •
• a *
lit
...
195
H55.2
12
3-11-70

2
1
2
13
...
187.7
13
ro

-------
TABLE 16.  LOA HATCHEKT BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSTS.  STATION 3.
Organism
Annelida
Hirudinea
Oligochaete
Tubifex
Crustacea
Amphipoda
Mollusca
Ga stropoda
Pelecypoda
Epherneroptera
Baetis
Ephemerella
Plecoptera
Acronenria
Isogenus
Coleoptera
Dytiscidae
Elmidae
Dipt era
Athrix
Chironomidae
Limnophora
Haphidolabis
Similidae
Tipulidae
5-9-69

12
1
152

356

15
2

• * *
# * •

• * •
u

1
* * •

• * *
71
* • •
* * •
1
* * *
6-U-69

18
• * *
135

370

13
* * *

28
* • *

• * •
1;

* • •
ป • •

ป • •
36
1
* ป ป
* * *
• ป •
7-16-69

5
* • ป
265

61|2

167
• • *

28
• # *

* • •
• * *

1
* • *

* * •
3
* • •
• * ป
31
* • •
8-21-69

17
ซ • •
ill

1031

"39
* • ป

22
* * *

• * *
• ซ *

* • *
1

• • •
16
3
* • *
' 66
: ป # *
9-18-69

9
2
2U

1021

7
* ป •

77
...

• ป ป
* ป ป

• • *
* • *

• ป *
2
2
• • ป
U6
* * *
11-21-69

27
* • •
2U

175

1
ป ป *

' 8
• • •

ป ซ• *
• • *

* ป#
3

1
13
• *•
* • •
U
* * *
1-13-70

59
• ป ป
1357

18UU

Hi
3

17
1

1
* * *

• * *
• # •

• * *
70
ซ • *
• • *
77
3
3-11-

9
# * ป
101

92U

• ป ป
3

18
• ป #

2
• * *

* * *
10


13U
* * #
1
U
* * •

-------
                      TABLE 16.  LOA HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS,  STATION 3.  (Cont'd.)


Organism            5-9-69  6-L-69   7-16-69   8-21-69   9-18-69  11-21-69   1-13-70   3-11-70


Trichoptera
 Helicopsyche        ...     ...        2         3        12
 Hydropsyche           1       1      ...       ...       ...       ...         13         k
 Leptocella          ...     ...      ...         1         1         1         1
 Limnephilus         ...       5      ...        2k        30         2         2


Total Org./sq.ft.   30.5.3   203.6    381.3     L22.3     JO1.0     186.3    1155.2     103.3
Kinds of Organisms    11      10        9        12        12        11        llj.        11

-------
                               TABLE 17.  LOA HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS, STATION  h.
—]
vn
Organism
Annelida
Hirudinea
Tubifex
Crustacea
Amphipoda
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
Ephemeroptera
Baetis
Caenis
Plecoptera
Acroneuria
Isogenus
Isoperla
Coleoptera
Dytiscidae
Elmidae
DIptera
Athrix
Chironoraidae
Limnophora
Muscidae
Simulida e
TIpulidae
5-9-69

2
31

9U3

2
* ซ ซ

1
1

•ป ป '
'11
9 * *

1
* * ป

# * •
17
ซ e ซ
• • ป
ซ * •
1
6-li-69

Ik
77

16^0

'Ii6
ป * *>

101
* ป *

4 • ซ
39
• * *

3
ซ * 0

* ป 0
2?i
ป * •
0 * 9
1
1
7-16-69

53
30

1805

272
• * *

'31;
• * ซ

# * *
ซ • 4
3

2
ซ ป ซ•

ซ e •
1
A * *
A e ซ
22
• • *
6-21-69

53
214;

1531

-H5
# • *

5o
• * •

• ป •
* ป *
* * *

* * *
i

* • ซ
7
* * 9
• * *
63
ป * ป
9-18-69

56
19

1263

189
ซ * ซ

'33
• * *

ซ ป ป
• * ซ
• • ป

* ป *
1

1
1
ซ * ซ
* ซ ซ
23
4 * *
11-21-69

-4!
19

1U63

7
3

'31
* • *

* * *
• * A
ป * •

• ซ •
ป ป a

ป * *
33
* * #
1
Ui
* • ป
1-13-70

51
16

6617

ป • *
* * *

'15
ซ * ป

* ป •
* * *
* * ซ

* s ป
* * *

• # *
139
1
• * *
171;
1
3-11-

33
35

2i|60

1
* • ซ

29
• ป fit

u
* # •
• ป *

* ป •
* * a


116
# 0 ป
* * *
56
e ป *

-------
                      TABLEJ.7.  LOA HATCHERY BOTTOM 7AUHA ANALYSIS, STATION U.  (Cont'd.)


Organism            5-9-6.;  6-L-69   7-16-69   8-21-69   9-18-69   11-21-69   1-13-70   3-11-70
irichoptera
He lie opsyche
HydropsYche
Leptocella
Limnephilus

ซ * a
* * ซ•
1
ii

99*
h
* e ซ
28

1
2
ซ * •
16

ป ป *
ซ P #
* • #
5

ซ 0 ป * e ซ
5
1
2 U

1
6
ป ป *
Uo

• ซ *
ป* e
2
* 0 ป
Total Org./sq.ft.   338.3   672.8    7^7.0     666.3     529.6     550.3    2363.2     912.0
Kinds of Organisms    12      12       12         9        11        11        11         9

-------
TABLE 18.  WHITE HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS, STATION 5.
Organism 10-23-68
Annelida
Hirudinea 15
Oligochaete ...
Tubif ex
Crustacea
Amphipoda 22
Decapoda 2
Molliisca
Gastropoda 26
Pelecypoda ...
Ephemeroptera
Baetis
Epeorus . . ,
Ephemerella ซ, „ ,
Heptagenia ...
,-ปTI,,j-.._.,-..--,Vta_. -. .-n *
Leptophlebia . ..
R^ithrogena ซ . .
Tricorrthodes ...
Fie copters
Acroneuria ป . .
A rcyno p t e rvx . . „
Brachjrc tera
Cajgnoa ,f.
Claassenia ...
Isogenus 3
Isgjgerla . .,
Tjjs njoura , , ,
f-.-k$ti*-^ii^J---^'>kฃ.---.^ -^ * * s
1-7-69 5-27-69

12
000 O 0 •
52 U

39
009 • • •

25
$ 0 ซ e ป •

1 19
2
1 37
ซซ0 e a 0
• • 0 090
6
ป * 0 
-------
                               TABLE 18.  WHITE HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS,  STATION 5.   (Confd.)
-q
CD
Organism 10-23-68
Coleoptera
Dryopidae
Dytiscidae
Elm da e
Diptera
A_ntocha
G hir onomida e
Hexatoma
Limnophora
Raphidolabis
Siimilidae
S tra tiorr^rida e
Tipulidae
Trichoptera
Arctopsyche
Bra chyeentrus
Hydroptila
Hydropsyche
Leptocella
Rhyacophila
Total Org./sq.ft.
Kinds of Organisms

u
* • *
1

o * ซ
li.
3
• • ป
* ป *
e ป •
* • •
26

2
5
...
. ..
• * *
• • •
31.3
13
1-7-69

1
3
12

...
163
e • •
* 0 ป
. •ป
* * *
• e 9
28

...
• * .
.ป.
U
• ••
• • *
3U.1
11
5-27-69

• * •
* s •
e • •

ซ * 0
s * *
ป * ซ
* ••
ป • *
• * ป
ป * 9
2

• • 0
2
* ป *
30
1
1
12.5
12
6-2U-69 7-22-69

• * • • • e
6
26

1
167 132
1
• • 9 • • 0
1 2
1 1
* • • • • •
1

* • ป B ป •
* * * * * *
• ป • * • *
3
* e * • * •
...
50.3 173.7
10 20
8-19-69

* t *
2
'te/

• e •
16
8
3
1
21;
• ซ •
27

...
1
1
8
...
3
5i.o
22
9-19-69
•;
* a. •
ซ * *
* * •

• ป ป
17
e * •
1
9 • •
* ป •
• * •
2

• * •
• ป •
* * ซ
• * #
• • •
ป O 0
6.0
7
11-1U-69

• • *
• • *
50

e * ป
1001;
...
3
* * *
5
5
30

• • *
• * e

...
ซ ป •
...
337.8
16
1-16-70

...
...
300

e ป *
2220
• • •
30
* * •
• o *
20
5o

e • •


10
10
10
956.0
17
3-20-70

* 0 *
* * •
1060

10
3U5o
• • .
5o
10
...
30
27

• • ป


90
20
* * •
2977.1;
21

-------
TABLE 19.  -WHITE HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS, STATION 8.
Organism 10-23-68
Annelida
Hirudinea 6
Oligochaete ...
Tubifex
Crustacea
Amphipoda 12
Mollusca
Ga stropoda ...
Ephemeroptera
Baetis ...
Epeorus ...
Ephemerella ...
Rhithrogena ...
Plecoptera
Arcynopteryx ...
Isoperla ...
Pteronarcella . ซ .
Pteronarcys ...
Coleoptera
Dytiscidae .,,
Elmidae . „ .
Diptera
Chironomidae 1
Hexatoma ...
Simulidae ...
Stratiomyidae ...
Tipulidae
1-7-69

1+6
• * ซ
1

13

• • #

1
• * *
• ป *•
• * *

.*.
1
• ป *
* • •

• f *
ซ * ป

197
* ซ ป
• * •
ซ • 9
• * •
5-27-69

* * O
* ป •
171+

* • *

• * •

81
1+
12U
1+

1
17
• ซ *
• • *

• •ป
• * ป

9 * e
o e •
3
...
ป-ซ •
6-2U-69

1
• • •
83
•*

12

0 • •

39
• • •
31
1

...
2
* * •
* * •

ซ * *
...

82
fi 9 ซ
• ซ e
o ซ e
1
7-22-69

1
• • #
2U

8

...

" 3
0 • *
1
1

• * *
• * *
• * *
1

• • *
1

37
...
151
* * a
• a •
8-19-69

6
• 0 • .
8

11+

...

1
• • *
*• •
* * •

* * *
• * *
1
* * *

* * •
1

U5
1
653
• 0 ซ
• * •
9-19-69

11+
1
* • •

9

1

...
. t> .
...
. . •

• ปซ
. # .
. • .
...

• * *
• * *

* ซ •
• v 9
29
* # *
ป * a
n-iU-69

15
i
68,833

U9

3

1
• * •
• • •
...

...
. • ป
1
* • ป

0 ••
5

617
* • ซ
11D
• •ซ
• * •
1-16=70

60
20
36,1+30

190

10

160
0 ซ *
10
• • *

• ••
* * ป
• • *
• * *

• * • •
30

1+91+0
* ป •
720
10
10
3-20-

11+0
• • *
810

80

...

220
# * •
50


* . •
10
• * •


10
l+o

2990
e w *•
• * *•
• • *
10

-------
                             TABLEJL9.  WTIETE FJITCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA  ANALYSIS., STATION 8.  (Cont'd. )

Organism        1(3-23-^    1^7-6j?  5^27-69  6^2)4-69  7^22-69    8-19^69   9-19-69  ll-ll^   1-16-70   3-20-70


Trlchoptera
 Hydropsyche       i.,           U      2U       11        1          1       ,,ซ,         1        ..,         20
 J-jirnnsPiu—uns         j>         ซปซ     ป• •      ซปซ       ซซซ        ซป*       aซซ       •ซ•        ป•ซ        * aซ
Total Orgป/sq.ft.   2.2        26.3    !j3.2     26.3     22,9      Ili6.2      10,8    13,927ซ2   8I;98.0     876.0
Kinds of Organisms   U          7       9       10       11         10         5        11         12        11

-------
                             TABLE  20.  WHITE HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS, STATION 9.
  Organism
10-23-
1_7_69  5-27-69  6-2U-69  7-22-69   8-19-69   9-19-69  11-1U-69   1-16-70   3-20-70
CD
H
Annelida
Hirudinea k
Oligochaete ...
Tubifex ...
Crustacea
Amphipoda . . .
Asellus ...
Mollusca
Gastropoda ...
Ephemeroptera
Baetis ...
Epeorus ...
Ephemerella ...
Heptagenia ...
Leptophlebia ...
Rhlthrogena ...
Tricorythodes ...
Plecoptera
Acroneurla . , .
Arcynopteryx ...
Brachyptera ...
Isogenus „,.
Isoperla .„„
Pteronarcella 2
Pteronarcys ...
Coleoptera
Elmidae 4e,

1
2
68

3
...

3

ซ ซ e
1
2
ซ a •
0 # *
e • ซ
...

0 9 ซ
3
ซ * *
9 0 ซ
1
ป * *•
ป e ป

# ป *

2
0 0 *
21

• • •
• • *

...

78
1
108
...
0 • *
11
e * *•

• ซ *
ป*ป
* 0 e
e a e
33
e a*
a 0 ป

ซ> * 9

e • •
ซ 0 •
1

...
• • ป

ซ • .

195
10
21$
e • ป
* ป e
* a *
0 s a

* a e
e e ซ
. a.a
a * a
* ป e
ซ a ป
* a e

a * ซ

0 • *
* 9 •
29

2
• * ซ

a a *

85
• a ป
l
2
• # ป
ป a •
8

ซ e 0
a a ซ
• a e
,o a a
aaa
U
1

2

1;
• • .
126

3
a * •

9

26
a ซ ป
0 a •
• 00
a o ป
a a w
a o ซ

a e a
e ซ ป
e * *
a a *
3
1
...

ft * 0

5
3
1

2
a a ป

23

2
0 0- ป
* a •
e a e
000
a 0 0
e ft a


**i
0 ป e
ป 0 4
ป ซ 0
' 1
ซ ป 9

ft ฎ e

Uo
Uo
95,55o

130
20

170

130
a * •
160
aaซ
$ • *
e ป •
...


099
ป a a
10
20
e * *
o 0 e-

590

12
12
26k

178
a a *

75

307
aaa
82
* * 0
a 0 *
a * ป
a * a


"5
2

*28
12
0 * a

109

5o
aaa
1330

30
aaa

a a *

1670
aaa
250
a 9 0
10
Uo
aaa

I(.0
10
160
0 a 0

2C
* * a

210

-------
                            TABLE 20,  WHITE HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS, STATION 9.  (Cont'd. )
Organism
10-23=68    1-7-69  ฃ-27=69   6-2U-69   7-22-69   8-19-69   9-19-69  11-1U-69   1-16-70   3-20-70
TJiptera
Chironomidae
Hexatona
Limnophora
Haphidolabis
Sciornyzidae
Siurulidae
Stra tioiryida e
Tipulidae
Trichoptera
Rrachycentrus
Hydropsyche
Leptocella
Limnephilus
Rhya cophila
Total Org. /sq.ft.
Kinds of Organisms

2
0 ป 0
ซ * 
-------
                      TABLE 21.  SPRINGVILLE STATE HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS., STATION 1,






Organism         U-10-69     5^2-69  6-16-69  7-23-69  8-.2U69   9-18-69  rui2-69   1^19-70   3-18-70
Annelida
Hirudinea 11
Oligochaete 1
Tubif ex
Crustacea
Amphipoda 63
Mollusca
Ga stropoda It
T 	 |
co Ephemeroptera
Ameletus ...
Baetis 28U
Ephemerella 1
Tricorrthodes ...
Plecoptera~
Acroneuria ...
Isoperla ...
Odonata
Argia
Ischnnra
Hemiptera
Corixdae ...
Coleoptera
Elmidae 1

21;
• * •
25

192

20

• • •
155
2
278

3
1

1
• • •

• v *

* # •

59
* * •
96

300

5

* • ซ
15
13
• • •

• * •
• • •

ป • *
ป • •

• ป •

• * *

19 38
• • # * * •
• ป • • • ป

62h 131U

99

1
6 ...
3
*.. 1|.6

• • * * • •
* • ซ * • *

* • * * * *
2

1 1

• • ป • • ซ

10 U9
• r • • • ป
133

37 2953

96

• • • • * •
58
• * ซ * * •
1

• * • • 0 •
• • ป • • *

• * • ป * •
1

* ป • * *ป

• * 9 * • •

U7
• • ป
285

1U23

1786

• * •
U2
32
# • •

' • •
* ป •

* * *
3

• ป •

32

20
ป # •
220

3170

330

* • •
ioUo
10
570

• * •
* • *

• • •
• * ป

• •ป

10

-------
TABLE 21.  SPRINGVILLE STATE HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS, STATION 1. (Cont'd.)
Organism U-10-69
Diptera
Chironomldae 18
LimnoDhora
Simula da e ...
Trichoptera
. Hydro-psyche ...
Total Org. /sq.ft. lj.0.5
Kinds of Organisms 8
5-2-69
6
* • •
1
• * *
70.8
12
6-16-69 7-23-69 8-21-69
U5U 8 6
* ป * • • * J-
* * * *•• * • •
9U.2 132.2 301.6
769
9-18-69 11-12-69
5 U3
1
13
1
10.6 669.6
U 10
1-19-70
172
• * *
10
2
766.8
11
3-18-70
730
• • *
• ซ *
1220.0
9

-------
                     TABLE 22.  SPRING VH.LE STATE HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS,  STATION U.
Organism
Annelida
Hirudinea
Tubifex
Crustacea
Amphipoda
Aselliis
Mollusca
Ga stropoda
Pelecypoda
Ephemeroptera
Baetis
Ephemerella
Tricorythodes
Odonata
Ischmira
Coleoptera
Elmidae
Diptera
Chironomidae
Limnophora
Simulidae
Trichoptera
Hydropsyche
U-10-69

35
603

75
* * ป

1*
* * *

1*7
• * e
2

...

* # *

58
ป • ff
• # ป-

12
5-2-69

21
2789

892
1

11
3

11
* * *
68

..,

1

1U9
* • *
* • *

7
6-16-69

65
6350

3933
...

Ill
13

256
'31*
• 9 •

ซ ป *

1

251;
ป • *
3

5
7-23-69

1
1901

25
* • •

* * ป
1*

* • •
* • •
• e e

• * •

a # *

26IjO
* • •
ป e ป

* ป ป
8-21-69

209
1*

2922
* * •

29
• * •

322
* e ป
2

ซ * •

...

'22
• ป ป
57

18
9-18-69 11-12-69

1 90
22 1U21

7370
...

2 6
... 8

111
• # * • * *
• ซ • • ป *

* * * • * ป

3

3 12*
2
76

97
1_19_70

115
1079

5371
• * #

205
0 • ป

281
5
• • *

1

53

HOI*
5


66
3-18-70

120
1310

6710
• * *

110
...

2730
10
250

* * *

90

8030

*20

10
Total Org./sq.ft. 83.6      393.5  1092.8   18,28U.O   717.U       5.6    1839.6    17li5.2    3878.0
Kinds of Organisms  8         11      11        5        9         1;        11        12        11

-------
                    TABLE 23.  SraiMTTILLE FEDERAL HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS, STATION 7ซ
Organism
Annelida
Hirudinea
Tubifex
Crustacea
Amphipoda
Mollusca
Ga stropoda
Ephsneroptera
Baetis
oo Epheme rella
ฐ^ Tricorythcibes
Coleoptera
Elraidae
Diptera
Chironomidae
Sinnilidae
Trichoptera
Hydropsyche
Hydroptila
LeptocelTLa
Limnephilus
U-10-69

156
17U

2620

62

3
ป * *
1

• *-*

155
...

12
ซ ซ .
.ป.
6
5-2-69

22
526

toll

29

1U9
* • *
271

* ซ *

86
1

5
* ป *
• ป •
* • *
6-16-69

122
1016

1611

6

20
82
...

ป **

6
...

* * *
* * *
1
7-23-69

3k
11\

Ito

5

* • *
* ป *
...

* * *

335
5

• * •
* * •
• * *
1
8-21-69

19
508

397

39

11
* * *
...

ป ••

2
1

3
1
• * #
* ป *
9-18-69

21
li

u

* * ป

• * *
* ป *
* ป •

...

* ป ป
*• *

3
* * •
• * ป
• • *
11-12-69

Ij.
26U

166

• • *

1
* * *
• * *

• * *•

2
2

5
* i

1-19-70

7
273

too

8

112
5
...

3

19
106

32

• * •
9
3-18-70

90
1*590

5too

80

520
120
* • •

10

860
10

130
• *-•
* • •
Uo
Total Org./sq.ft.3l8.9      153.3   286.7   1730.6    196.2        6.V      890      2028     ?^7fi  n
Kinds of Organisms  9          9       8        7        9        i        8        n        11

-------
TABLE 2h.  SFRINGVILLE FEDERAL HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS,  STATION lU.
Organism
Annelida
Hirudinea
Tubifex
Crustacea
Amphipoda
Mollusca
Gastropoda
g, Ephemeroptera
-^ Baetis
Ephemerella
Heptagenia
Trie orythode s
Odonata
Argia
Hemiptera
Corixidae
Coleoptera
Dytiscidae
Elmidae
Diptera
.Athrix
Chir onomida e
5inmlidae
Ii-10-69

20
322

285

2

ia
12
* #ป
• ป *

1

...

1
18

• * ป
255
2
5-2-69

26
128

209

It

It
• * •
ป • *
l

* • •

...

* • •
3

• ••
13
It
6-16-69

91
762

1563

lit

12U
3
• • #
• * *

2

1

• * •
2

...
18
23
7-23-69 8-21-69

103 66
U92 2t3

200 17li

5 1

6 15
1
2
2

1

• ป * • * *

* * # * * •
5

1
1 1
l
9_l8-69 11-12-69 1-19-70

32t Ilt2 280
11 551 2370

31 273 1850

• *ซr * • * ***

1 12 Ij30
6 30
* ป • • • ป * • *
ป ซ * ป ซ • ••*

* * • u *ป *

••ป **v ***

••• *•• ***
180 510

• * • • • • * * *
238 1050
7 50
3-18-70

390
3620

1|090

20

300
70
...
20

...

...


250


710
...

-------
                    TABLE 2k.   SFRBJGVILLE FEDERAL HATCHERY BOTTOM FAUNA ANALYSIS, STATION Ik. (Cont'd.)
Organism
k-10-69    5-2-69  6-16-69  7-23-69   8-21-69   9-18-69  11-12-69   1-19-70   3-18-70






Trichoptera
Arctopsyche
Brachycentms
Hydropsyche
Limnephilus
Total Org, /sq.ft.

e 9 *
ฉ ซ ซ
78
6
10k. k
Kinds of Organisms 13
H
CO
CO





	 1
ป ป • tta* -I- ซ ป ป
5 971 276 82
1 97 7 2
39.8 367.7 219.8 78.2
11 13 15 10



* ซ ซ ซ e *
ซ ป ป * * *
1 1895
1
15.8 661.6
6 10



ป a ป
• * ป
590
50
Ikk2.0
10



0 ซ •
* * *
820
ko
2066.0
11



-------

2 000
1,000
900
Boo
TOO
/Cnn
ฐ 500
o P
"-1 k-00
ฃ 300
2 200
~ 100
\ 90
i 80
"J 70
ฃ 60
t7> SO
O Uo
!? 30
*; po
> 10
p> j-u
i- Q
1 8
•— ' <7
ฐ 6

4
•3
P
1
n
n


1.

r
0 7
1 8
 kn
g 40
^2 50
ง 6ฐ
E1 TO
BO
<3 90
ซ iฐฐ
^ 200
T3 300
S 4oo
5 500
O 600
^ 700
800
900
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
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                                       Month of Pickup
Figure 193- Kamas Hatchery,  Total Numbers of Aquatic Invertebrates Found at Selected Stations.

                                         189

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                                   Station




Figure 194.  Kamas Hatchery, Average Concentration of Aquatic Invertebrates,
                                190

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                              192

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                                        Month of Pickup
Figure 198.  Midway Hatchery,  Total Numbers of Aquatic Invertebrates Found at Selected Stations.
                                           193

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                                                             11
Figure 203.  Loa Hatchery,  Total Numbers of Aquatic Invertebrates Found at Selected Stations
                                           197

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Figure 204.  Loa Hatchery,  Average Concentration of Aquatic Invertebrates,


                                     198

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                               Concentration.
                                  199

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Figure 207 .  Loa Hatchery,  Feed and Fish Fed During the Sampling Period.
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                                       Month of Pickup
Figure 208. White's Hatchery,  Total Numbers  of Aquatic Invertebrates Found at Selected Stations




                                           201

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Figure 209. White's Hatchery,  Average Concentration of Aquatic
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                             202

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                              Concentration.
                                  203

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                                Month of Pickup





Figure 212.  White's Hatchery,  Wet and Dry Feed Fed During the Sampling Period.
                                      20k

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Figure 213.  Springville Hatcheries,  Total Number of Aquatic Invertebrates Found at Selected Stations




                                              205

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Figure 214.  Springville Hatcheries,  Average Concentration of Aquatic


                              Invertebrates .
                                  206

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                          16

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Figure 215.  Springville Hatcheries,  Average Number of Kinds at Selected

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Figure 217 .  Sprlngville Hatchery (State),  Feed and Fish Fed During the Sampling Period.
                                          208

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Figure 218.  Springville Hatchery (Federal),  Feed and Fish Fed During the Sampling Period.
                                             209

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SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
                             ession No.
                       w
4.  Title

  "Pollution as a Result of Fish Cultural Activities"
   Russell N. Hinshaw
9.  Organization
   Utah State Division of Wildlife Resources
   1596 West North Temple
   Salt Lake City, Utah
                       10. Project No.
                          18050 EDH
                       77. Contract/Grant No.
          Environmental Protection Agency report
          number, EPA-R3-73-009,  February 1973.
16. Abstraci  Fish hatchery activities have "been suspected as a source of pollution.
           This study was undertaken  to evaluate  this in hatchery discharges in
   relationship to possible pollution.
           A program of semi-monthly  physical-chemical analysis was conducted for a
   year at six trout hatcheries.  These determinations were taken at the hatchery
   inflow and outfall, the receiving  water above  and below the hatchery outfall.
           Bottom fauna was sampled once a month  during the summer and bi-monthly
   through the winter on selected stations in the receiving waters.
           Flow data was recorded for the  influent,  effluent, and receiving waters.
           There was no correlation between the pounds of food fed in the hatcheries
   and:
           l) changes of chemical quality  in the  receiving waters;
           2) changes in kinds and numbers of bottom fauna organisms in the
              receiving waters.

           The analysis of samples revealed degradation of the water quality through
   every hatchery and in the receiving water.  This  degradation was beneficial from
   a  fisheries standpoint but water quality and public health considerations may
   require cleanup before acceptable  levels could be achieved.
  a. Descriptors  Water pollution, Fish hatchery, Fish culturing;  Fish Hatchery Discharges,
              Water Quality, Public Health,  Fish management
I7b. identifiers   Trout hatchery, Pollution  evaluation,  Receiving waters, Fish Cultural
              Activities, Water Quality  Criteria
77c. CO WKR Field & Group  05, 5C
IS. A',nii<.hifiiy , 19.

U
'20.
1

ฃ&uitty.C$toitb.f '

\ *ป*•/''"* &X
Se&utity Class.
(Page)


Pages i

22. Price { '
i

Send To :


WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON, D. C. 2O24O

         Russell N. Hinshaw
tuijon Utah State Division of Wildlife Resources
                                                       *U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973 514-155/301 1-3

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