v>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
DIRECTIVE NUMBER: 9481.17(84)
Analytical Methods for Appendix VIII Constituents
APPROVAL DATE: i?.?:84
EFFECTIVE DATE: i2:27-84
ORIGINATING OFFICE: ^office of
0 FINAL
D DRAFT
STATUS:
REFERENCE (other documents):
OSWER OSWER OSWER
fE DIRECTIVE DIRECTIVE
-------
PARTS 264 AND 265 SUB PART F - GROUND-WATER PROTECTION DOC: 9481.17(84)
Key Words: Detection Limits, Analytic Methods, Appendix VIII
Regulations: 40 CFR 264, 265
Subject: Analytical Methods for Appendix VIII Constituents
Addressee: Jim Scarbrough, Chief, Waste Management Branch, Region IV
Originator: John H. Skinner, Director, Office of solid Waste
Source Doc: #9481.17(84)
Date: 12-27-84
Summary:
EPA's position that suitable test methods exist for conducting analysis
for all Appendix VIII analytes in ground water has been challenged. OSW agrees
that one cannot analyze for all analytes, but holds the position that one can
analyze for all of those species for which methods have been published, or
proposed, for inclusion, in SW-846. OSW may expand its list of analytes for
which methods are not available. However, until that time, Regions should
follow the recent Thomas/Price guidance.
Many applicants- have raised the issue about standards not being available
for all Appendix VIII analytes. ORD has obtained them for 98.2% of the consti-
tuents and has made them available to EPA and State Labs. Since industry has
access to suppliers, EPA will not supply them to the regulated community.
SW-846 and methods' proposed on October 1, 1984, provide analytical methods
for all those species for which monitoring requirements have been established.
Methods that evolved from EPA's 600.series of drinking water and effluent
guidelines have received extensive use and evaluation over the years. Other
methods have not received a desirable degree of evaluation, but EPA based them
upon generally accepted techniques. Final methods will include.extraction and
quantification specifications for individual Appendix VIII compounds.-
OSW expects the methods selected for ground-water monitoring to achieve
detection limits for the target analytes comparable to those experienced with a
drinking water matrix. OSW has started to work on detection limits for all the
Appendix VIII analytes.
The method detection limit set in SW-846 sets the line between species
present and not present. Any species present at a concentration below the
detection limit does not have to be reported.
Metal concentrations can serve as a negative, but not a positive, series
for organometallic compounds.
When an applicant monitors for inorganic species, it is necessary for him/
her to determine which inorganic anions and cations are present in the ground
water rather than being concerned about the compounds listed in Appendix VIII.
-------
9^81.17 (8M ^
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N
**•
f***** *t -» K"^ * _
Deo £ i be- c
r-
(t
MEMORANDUM . " . -•" i
•• a
Subject: RCRA Ground Water Monitoring Regulations <
r.
•V
frora: John H. Skinner/ Director . v
Office of Solid Waste (wn-5523) 'X N
f.
Toi Jim Scarbrough, Chief ^
Waste Management Branch £
Region IV • ^
in answer to your letter of December 3rd, I am writing to ^
clarify a nunber of points concerning the RCRA ground water ^
monitoring requi renents. 1 hope that this gives you the nec-ssary c
information to respond to questions fron permit applicants on the i
RCHA requirement to analyze for the Appendix VIII constituents.
c
Aa you are aware, the Agency's position that suitable test "~
methods are available for conducting analysas for all Appendix £
VIII analytes in ground water has been challenged. As described ^
in the recent Thomas/Price aerao and NP3M ( 4
-------
-. - Thus, you are correct when you conclude that the ETC protocol
.... x would flOt *wat the enforcement standard contained in the Thoaas/
•' Price »e«p. .._•-• ^-*-^-•- - - '-•• ' '
Many permit applicants have raised the issue that standards
are not available for all Appendix VTII analyte*. To date,
98.2% of the Appendix VIII constituents have been obtained by
ORD and eade available to EPA and State laboratories. These
standards are available frcn the EPA repository manijod by the
BMSL-CIN, LV and RTP laboratories. Compounds for which standards
are not yet available are listed in Table 2. ORD is in the
process of trying to either accumulate sufficient amounts of
the aissinj compound a or to locate suppliers for then.
Our position is that industry has a* much access to suppliers
as do Government laboratorator ies. A-gency policy Is, that EPA
will not serve as a supplier of analytical standards to the .
regulated coamunity a-nd their supporting laboratories.
The currant edition of SW-345, "Tast Methods for Evaluating
Solid Waste", taken together with th* methods proposed on October 1,
presents analytical methods for all those speclos for which
Bonitoring requirements have been established. lo^t of these
nethods evolved froa SPA's 600 series of drinking water and•
effluent guidelines monitoring wethod.n. The *00 series of methods
received extensive use and evaluation over tha years and Bust
definitely be considered a.a appropriate for ground water »oni tor I nq ,
Table 3 is a list of the SW-845 raethods which were derived fron
600 series Methods. •
* . *
The OSW also selected nethoda for a number of analytes which,
historically, have not buen of concern to the watar program, .In
selecting appropriate methods, the OSW reviewed work done by the
ORD, other Government agencies, and the open literature. Oraft
aethods were then cl rcu 1*te-1 to Industry (CMA, APT, ASTM , etc.)
as well as within SPA's research and enforcement laboratories.
After incorporation of the ccnmeita *n1 su-j ]est Ions, those methods
_ whicn did not roceive significant adverse conTwnt were incorporated
into the October 1 HPRM. while -nany of these methods h^v-e not
received the degree of evaluation desirable for a monitoring
nethod, they are based on generally accepted techniques. Problems,
as thoy exist in certain situations, tend to be interferences
wnich raise tha analytical detection limit as opposed to causlnr;.
false positives. Final methods will include extraction and
quantification specifications for individual Appendix VIII
compounds.
The aethods selected by the OSW for ground water monl tor Irvj
are expected to achieve detection limits for the target analytas
comparable to those experienced with * drinking water matrix.
Detection and quantification of organic compounds by CC/MS should
routinely ba possible In th«» 1 ppR to 100 ppR concentration
-------
Detection ana quanti c icat ion or iretais oy 1C? should
routinely be poasiale within this s/m« r*rvje. Furn«.ce atomic
absorption could extend this concentration range lower by one to
two orders of Ba-gnitud*. w> have r«»centl-y started worV to defir-
aine the detection Halts for 411 the Appendix VIII analyses In
ground water, while much wor*c still h*« to b« don«, I h*ve
included *O">e early data on the detection llalts for shout half
of the list (Table 4). Both the OSW «nd the ORO are .conducting
extensive evaluations of the nethods. More complete information
on analytic*! detection limits and precision for ground w*t*r and
other matrices should b« available by the end of 1935.
With respect to your que s t ion • as to wh>r> the line should to
drawn between present a'nd noi present, our policy is that thlt is
set at the laethod detection limit set in s\v-JU5. \ny sp*ci»i
present at a concentration below the detection Unit do«s not
hava to be reported.
Ona oversight of the NPR.*1 concerns the orTancne t al 1 Ic con-
pounds listed on Appendix VIII. A nu>*i>er of these chemicals are
oore toxic than th«» correspon-3 1 rvj o>etal cation concentration
would suggest. The October 1 notice proposes that orrjanome tal lie
compounds be considered covered by de te ru I nation of th« netalllc
species only. While analysis for the metal cation would serve
as a negative screen for org ancne tal 1 Ic compounds, its presence
would not be presumptive of the presence of an organoma t al 1 Ic
compound. Individual orrjancnetal lie compounds would still hv/e
to be determined to- differentiate between the labile or covalently
bound fornjs of the metal. This i?«3ije will be cl« arly 'resolved
when the thcs regulation is prcnulgacaU. • . '
Wh«n monitoring for Inot~j3nlc species one do-?5 not worry
about the- compounds listed in Appendix VI I I . Richer, the concern
is wnich Inorganic a.nlon«? aM caiion^ ^rj cfldn-lu^ vit'nout rc-izr'} for wh^t co^rxDun-l was their source.
A slmiliar situation exists for tha "cyanides'. Instead "of
setting specific thresholds for the various cyanides (e.g.,
hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen, cyanogen chloride) all cyanides
amenable to chlorinatlon are treated ^s If thoy were CN~.
1 hope that this memorandum adequately answers your questions.
Should you require additional information, please contact David
Friedman, of ray staff, at (202)33.2-4770.
-------
CC1 M. COOK
Tore Oevlne, Region IV
G. Lucero
E. Claussen
J. Lahraan
B. Wed die
A, Cor son
D. Friedman
Regional Solid Waste Branch Chiefs
Regional ESO Division Directors
Director H£IC
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1
ANALTTES FOR WHICH ANALYTICAL METHODS ARE NOT AVAILA3L2
C ac a sin
Sthylanabl §d I thlocar&aalc acid
2-Pluoroacat»*ild«
Iron D«xtran
Laaocarplna
Mustard Gas
Hltcojan Mustard, H-Oxlde arvl HC1 Salts
Nitrogen Bustard and HC1 Salts
Nitric o*ld«
Phoaphtna
-------
CCHPOUNCS FOR WHICH EPA HAS SOT FOUND STANDARDS
3-(alpha-Acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycouraarln salts
Bena( c) acrid In*
B«nro( j) f luocanth«n«
N,N-Bl»(2-chlorethyl)-2-naphthylanin«
Citrus Red No 2
Oib«nz( «,b) acrid ln«
7H-Dlb«nzo(c,g)carb«xole
Olchloropheny lars Ine
Di«thylarsin« ' -x
Cycasln
n Ibenz ( a, I) pyr«ne
Oibroaoraa tftane
H/ N-Dl«thylhydrailn«
O,O-DletKyl S-rr.ethyl «it»r of phonphorodi thiolc acid
3,3'-Dl™»-.nyl-l-(«ethylthlo)-2-butanon«/ o-( (
-.arbonyl) oxlma
Haxaathyl tetraphoaphata
Mercury fulminate
Nicotine salts
Nltrog-n mustard
Nitrogen mustard N-oxlde
Nltro^«n mustard N-oxide hydrochlorIde salt
Nl troqlycarln
N-Ni trcaomethy Ivl nylamln*
Nltrosonornlcotlna . .
N-'-ll trosos arcos I ne
Oct arsethyl-pyrophosphor am ti-J e
Pronanlde
0, O,0-Tr 1 «thy 1 phoipho roth ioa te
Tr 1 3 ( 1-azlrdi ny 1) phcssphinp sulfide
Uracil mustard
-------
TA3LE 3 ......
600 Series and Corresponding SW-346 Methods
800 Series -. - • SW-946
601 8310
602 «020
603 3030
604 8040
605 ( Denz id i ne )
606 gD60
607 ( nl tron «ni nes)
608 S'")<*0
609 .......i... H090
610 . ' lion
611 (hiloethera)
612 * « * * • • . « • . . 3120
613 (2,3,7,8-TCDO)
622 . .. . . . . . . . . R140
623 . . V . . Rl SO
624 « • . ... . • . . « . n 2 4 n
625 . . . . . . . . . . . 3250
625 «•• . « . «~« . . • • ° 2 ' >'
-------
3-66-2
-81-2
591-03-2
4 107-02-3
79-06-1
V
107-13-1
30^-00-2
107-18-6
92-67-1
50-07-7
62-53-3
7440-36-0
7440-39-3
56-55-3
71-43-2
92-37-5
205-99-2
205-32-3
TW4LJ2 4
S CET3CTIUN LIMITS (?R2LIMlv*S* RF.3JLTS)
Acatcptenooe (EthAnooe, 1-phenyl)
3-(alpha-Acetorvlberayl)-4-hydroxyca.rnarin ard salts (Warfarin)
(2U-l-Sanzcpyrar>-2^one, 4-hyrirary3-( 3-cxo-l-p>>5nyl butyl)-,
*rd
l-Ac«cyl-2-thiour«« (Acatantde, N-(araincxhioxanethyn-)
Acrolein (2-Pro?9n-
5-alpha, 8-alphj, fta-beca)-)
Allyi alcohol (2-Propan-l-ol)
Alctrin (l^tS.a
1 , 4 , 4a, 5 , 8 , 8a ,
(1-alpna,
nathylcartvnata «irino<21 ,3' : 3, 4 )-
pyrrolo-{l/2-a)irclolo-4/7-c;ione (est-r)
( \zirinot 2',3' i 3,41 pyrrolo(l,2>-^l ir
4,7-diorhj,
1, la, 2,3,8a,8t>-r>exahro-«-metiTDr— 5— nsc
C)
Aniline {aenzen<3nlne>
Anti-TOrr/
Bariun
Bera{ a] anthracene (3enzo[al antfr-^cerw)
Benzene (Cyclcftexstrtene)
Benzidine ( ( l,r-elpharyl}-4 , 4'di amine)
Bento(bl fluDcantherte ( 2,3— "tonzof licranc^ene)
Benro( j] eiuoranthene (7,3-8enzof luorar.thene)
10*
IOC
Son
500
500
100
O.I
50
50
5-0
• Unless othdrvise indicates ail concenLrations are in units cf ug/1 (p
-------
1-86-2
-81-2
591-08-2
107-02-3
x_
79-0.6-1 '
107-13-1
30^-00-2
107-18-6
92-67-1
5O-07-7
•XSM.-YTS ' CETEETION LIMITS
Acatcptenooe (EthAnooe,
RF-3JLTS1
7440-39-3
56-5S-3
71-43-2
92-37-5
203-99-2
205-32-3
(2H-l-6enzopyran-2-or>e, 4-
and salt*)
an3 salts (Warfarin)
3-cxo-l-p>1wnyltxityU-,
l'Ac«cyl-2-thiour«« (Acutanide, N-( aalncthioxoneth/1)-)
Acrolain U-Propenal)
Acr/laniio (2-Prcpen«amldc)
Acr/lonitrile ( 2-PrOxTer«nitrila)
, 1,2,3,< , 10,
S-alpha, 8-
Mlyl alcohol (2-?ropan-l^>l)
Mctrin (1,4 tS,8-Qi:rx!t
1 , 4 , 4a, 5 , 8 , 8a,
azirlno<21 ,3' t 3,4 )-
PVTrolo-(l,2-a) lrci3lc--4,7-<;ione (ester) ("Itcnycin C)
( X2trtro( 2 ' , 3 ' i 3 , 4 ! pyr roio( 1 , 2-*U rrlolc-
4,7-aicx>}, $-anifx>3-[((-ardnocart»ryL')or/)-«thyll-
1 , la , 2 , a , 3a , at^hexahydro-Sa-rine tto^— 5^ne th,' -- •
62-53-3 Aniline
7440-36-0
Barium
Benz(a] ant.'Tracena (6ereo(a1 antfrtcrw)
Benzene (Cyclohex^triene)
Benzidine ( ( 1, r-9lphBryll-4 ,4'di amine)
Sento(bl fliorancherte ( 2, 3— "Vjnzoflicrant^ene)
BenzolJ] £luorarit!"ene (7,8-Benzo£luorantvTene)
10
50 T
500
100
O.I
50
in
inn
5
10
50
. in
51
50
50
* Unless
indicates all concentrations are in units c* u^/l (p
-------
"1-91-1
108-fcO-l
117-31-7
74-83-9
101-55-3
85-63-7
7440-43-9
75-15-0
12789-«33-6
108-9Q-7
•110-75-3
67-«6-3
74-37-3
91-53-7
95-57-3
•5344-82-1
7440-47-3
1319-77-3
72-54-3
72-5S-9
Benao(a]pyrBne (Benzo(d,«,f Jchryaene)
Bis(2-chloraet.hDxy)!nethane (Ethane, 1,1 '-
l3f 2-chloro-) -«--:••••
Bis(2— ctdocoetJyl) ethar (Ethane, l,l'oryt3ls(2-cMoro-)
ai»(2-cnloroi80pccpyl) «thcr (Ether, aisU-chloro-l-rethylethyl)-)
Bls(2-et.rylh>exyU prtth*lat« (l,2-Bcnzer»«dicartcnr/Uc
bl3(2-etnylhcxyl) eater)
Broacnathane (Methane, bcoao-)
4-flro-cphenyl pJ^enyl ether (QQnasr>e, l-brrmo-4-p^enoxy-)
Butyl benr/1 phthalata (1 ,2- ftenienerllcflctxwyllc acid, (xityl-
phenybtstfiyl es'ter)
Carbon diaulfide (Cartaoo bisulf tie)
CMotdane (alpha ard
-------
(PrcsphortxUthloic «rl-1, O,O-<1inatkTyl 0.5
S-(2-(.-T»thyl.araino)-2-oxoei:hyll ester
, 25
60-11-7 p-Dijoethylanincuzobenzene (Bere«nar»ine, 10
H , N-d ifflot hy 1-4- ( phe nyl azo ) - )
57-97-6 7,12-Dinethylhenzta] antTacen* (ftenzf a) anthracene, 5^
7,12-di^thyl-)
122-09-B alpha, ilphfl-Di-ant'ylphene'tfvla^ine (^enz»rvw,c)vinjnln-?,- in
, a lf>h a-<1 i:oe t My 1- )
105-67-9 1, 4-OL-neeylphanol . ^ (Phenol, 2,-4-dimat-h/l'*-) •-«•"•• •-- 10
131-11-3 Dimethyl phthalate -( lf 2-genzsnedicjrtoxyVlc acH,- 10
di.-r«thyl ester)
51-29-5 2,4-Olnitrqphenol (Pherol, 2,4-dinitro-) 20
121-14-2 2,4-QtniLrotoluene (Bensna, l-nethyl-2,4-dinltro-) 10
606-20-2 2,6-Oinitrotoluerw (^nzene, 2-nec?yl-l,3-eryLuiylrs2ine (HyHr.szin*;, 1,2— Jiphcryl-) .10
298-04-4 Dtsulfocon ( Phcfi^horo.licnioic acid, 0,0-^iotT/l ^
115-29-7 ErtJosulfan (5-*torborneoe, 2,3-4im=!thanol, 1,4,5,6,7,7- 0.1
hex ac.*i loco-, cyclic sulfite
72-20-3 Endrin and oietabolite^ ( 1,4: 5,fl-0i-nethanon^phthalene, - 1
1,2,3,4,10,10-h^vrhloro 6, 7-r?pory-l ,4,43,5,6, 7, S,
«ndo,erclo- and
97-5>2 Ethyl metaacrylata (2-?rq»notc acid, 2- nethyl-, etryl eater) 50
62-50-0 Ethyl rethanesulfonate (ftethartesulfonic acid, etnyl «->t«?r) 10
20<>-44-0 Fluorantheoe .10
75-69-4 PlLorotrichlorcre thane (Ethane, tric^loroflicr'O-) 10
-------
Beptachloc (
Ja, 4 ,7,7a-tatr an/dro-)
, 1,4.,5,6,7,3,8-heptachloro-
024-57-3
HepCJChloc apoxtde (alpha, beta, art) gamma iacners)
(4,7-rtBChano-lH-irKJene, l,4,5,6,7,R,9-*v?ptachloc
2,3-«poxy-3a,4,7,7-t«trahydro-, alp'ia, beta, arri
I.«cry»r5)
.0.1
0.1
113-74-1
87-68-3
77-47-4
67-72-1
19J-39-5
74-88-4
78-33-1
143-50-0
7439-92-1
23-33-1
7439-97-6
12fi-39-7
72-43-5
75-55-3
78-^3-3
80-62-6
66-27-3
293-00-0
•n-iO-3
134-32-7
Hex.^chlorobenaeno ('denaene, hexachloro-)
Hexachlorocyclchexano (all lacrprs)
(Cyclctvexane, hexachlor-, all ismera)
Hexjchlorocyclopent acJiane
He xachloroe thane (Ethane, hexachloro-)
Indeno( 1 , 2 , 3-cd) pyren^
IcxJorethane (rtsthana, lorto-)
Isofautyl alcchol (l-?rcpanol, 2-nctwyl-)
Kapooo ( l,3,4-'tethano-2H— cyclobut.ilcdl p3ntal2n-2-one,-
Lead
Malelc.h/nrside- n^-Pyrldazlnelnrr,, 1,2-li^r.^)
Mercury
Mcth-xrrylonitril'? (2— ?rq>»nitrile, 2---net.vvl-)
Methox-/chlor (denaene,- 1,1 '-( 2,2,2-tr ichloroethylicierve) f3i«»-
(4-ti»JthDxy-)
2-Hetrylaziridine (Aziridirw, 2-oetryl-)- __ _ '_
Methyl ethyl tetone (McX) ( 2-F*Jtaron«)
Hetry1- «ethdcr/late (2-Prq^rclc 'acid, 2-wttyl-, methyl est*r)
Methyl rae thanes ulfooate C^etharsesul fonic aclJ, rTithyl e^ter)
Methyl parathion (Phosphornthiolc «ri-1, O,O-.-lir^etvy 1-
O-(4-nitroprtenyl) estar)
••Naphthalene
1-Naphthylanine ( 1— Naphthalenanir.e)
\o
0.1
50
50
50
10
so
10
80
5000
0.3
•50
10
300
10
500
10
0.5
10
10
-------
-=? T .-59-*
• 86-63-4
7*40-02-0
l-Napheyl-2-thiauroa (Thiouraa, 1-naphthaleryl-)
98-95-5
100-02-7
924-16-3
62-75-9
634-93-5
100-75-4
930-55-2
56-38-2
608-93-5
82-65-6
87-66-5
62-44-2
4-95-2
108-15-2
9S-54-5
106-50-3
103-35-5
109-0 *-3
23950-53-5
107-19-7
p-Mitroanlline (Benzemnlrto, 4-nltro-)
Nltrobanaene "' (ften»rve, nltro-) *""'
4-Mitrcphenol (Phenol, 4-nitro-)
7440-22-4
95-94-3
N-Wltrosodimetiylamlno
N-Nitro80-N-tnethylijrB4 (Urea, (f-nethyl-H-nt troeo*)
N-fUtrosoplparidtrxj (Piparidina, 1-nitroso-)
Nltroscpyrnalidine (Pyrrolldlne, l-nltrc«o-)
ParatMon (Ptesphorothioic acid, 0,CXll«tJYl O(4-nltrapheryl) e-ite
Pentachiorobenssra (Bonrsoe/ pentachloco-)
Pwntachlorooitrobenzana (PCNB) (3ertzane, pentachloconitro-)
Pentachlorat)^6"0^ (Ptienol, pentachloro-)
Phenacetin (Acstanide, N-(4— et.hoxYp^eryl)-) .
Pnerol . . •
a-PharylanadiaTiifta ( 1,3—Berzenadianlne)
0-Phenylen«diamine ( 1,2-ftenzenedia^ine)
p-Pherylenadi jr.ine ( l,4-5«nzenadl(nine) _
N-Phenyltniouraa (TTiicxrBa, phonyl-)
2-?lcoline (Pyridlne, 2-
25
10
50
0.5
10
50
10
1^
25
25
• 25
25
SO
ln
in
10
10
-------
20-6
79-34-5
127-18-i
58-90-2
»
107-49-3
,\
7440-23-0
62-56-6
108-58-3
25376-45-3
26471-62-5
8001-35-2
75-25-2
-32-1
71-55-0
79--30-5
79-01-6
95-95-4
88-06-2,
93-76-5
93-72-1
«
96-18-4
75-01-4
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dloxln (TC3O) (Dlbenzo-p-JloTln,
2,3,7,8-tatractaorD-) .
1,1,1,2-TatracMoroethana (ethane, 1,1,1,2-teerachloro-)
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane (Ethane, 1,1,2,2-t«trachloco-)
TitracMoroethane (Sthano, t»trachloro-)
2,3,4,6-Tetrachlocaphanol (Phenol, 2,3,4,6-tatrachloro-}
T»traetrylpyrqphoaphate (Dlphoaphnrlc acid, t«tra*tn/l
as tar)
(Ursa, thio-)
*
Ttoluena (Benzane, nat^yl-)
Iblusne di-)
1,1,2-TrLchlocoa thane (ethane, 1, 1,2-trichloro-)
Trlchloroethene (Ethane, trichloro-)
2,4,5-Trichlorqphenol (Ptienol, 2,4,5-trichloro-) •
2,4,6=-TrlcMorqphenol -(Phenol, 2,4,6-trlc^oro-)
2,4,5— Tricfdorcpnenoxyacetic acid (>c«tlc acid,
2 , 4 , 5- tr tchl o cap he ncry- )
2,4,5-Trlcftlorqphenocyprcplonk: acid (
(PfC9anolc acid, 2-( 2,4,5-trlchloropnjnoxy)-)
1,2,3-Trlchlorqprcpane (Propane, 1, 2,>trlcMoro-
Vinyl chlorL-fe (EXhene, chloco-)
0.001
10
10
10
50
2S
500
10
100
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
. 10
2
in
n
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