Prepublication issue for EPA libraries
     and State Sot-id Waste Management Agencies
           ABANDONED AUTOMOBILE REMOVAL
This final report (SW-90d) describes work performed
    under demonstration grant no. L 004019-01-0
  and is reproduced as received from the grantee
         Copies will be available from the
      National Technical Information Service
            U.S. Department of Commerce
           Springfield, Virginia  22161
       U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                       1977

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This report as submitted by the Kentucky Department for Natural Resources
and Environmental Protection, under Grant No. L 004019-01-0, has been
technically reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Publication does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of EPA, nor does mention of commercial products
constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government.

An environmental protection publication (SW-90d) in the solid waste
management series.

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                     TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                            PAGE
   I.   SUMMARY	    1

       A.   Background	    1
       B.   Project Development 	    2


  II.   PROJECT OBJECTIVES	    5

       A.   General	    5
       B.   Expected Results	    6


 III.   PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION	    7

       A.   Equipment and Personnel 	    7
       B.   Final Selection of Project Counties 	    8
       C.   Vehicle Collection Preparation	    8
       D.   Vehicle Collection	10
       E.   Vehicle Processing and Sale	11
       F.   Revenues and Financing	12
       G.   Project Benefits	12


  IV.   CONCLUSION	15

       A.   Future Program Needs	16
       B.   Legislative Recommendations 	   16


   V.   PROJECT CONTINUATION	18


  VI.   APPENDICES	19


 VII.   REFERENCES	26


VIII.   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	27

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                          SUMMARY








BACKGROUND






     Abandoned automobiles have been a problem in Kentucky for



many years.  Eastern Kentucky has earned the name "Detroit's



Graveyard" because of the vast number of abandoned vehicles in



the area.  Statewide it is estimated there are 300,000 junked



and abandoned vehicles, many of which are rusted remnants.



     "Recycling Solid Waste," a report prepared for the Kentucky



Department for Human Resources, suggested several reasons for



this phenomena:



     •   Some areas seem to attract "junk vehicles."  A



         pattern develops.  A family is not concerned about



         leaving an old car in its yard if neighbors on



         either side have old vehicles in their yards.



     •   A high percentage of the people in the areas



         containing a high density of abandoned vehicles



         are not overly concerned with the presence of



         vehicles.  Many want the vehicle for various



         reasons, including the availability of spare



         parts.



     •   It costs time and money for the owner to move



         a junker from his/her property.  Both are scarce



         for most of the people in the areas reflecting the



         greatest concentration of abandoned vehicles.

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     It is not unusual for an abandoned vehicle left along a



road or in a field to become a focal point for area residents



to begin a trash and garbage dump.   These abandoned vehicles



and associated dumps create unsightly blights on the landscape,



add to environmental degradation and provide breeding and



harborage areas for unwanted pests and disease.






PROJECT DEVELOPMENT






     The 1972 Kentucky General Assembly created the Department



for Natural Resources and Environmental Protection and gave it



several duties and functions, which prior to that time did not



exist.  In order to fill an administrative gap not covered by an



existing program, the Division of Special Programs was created.



One of the sub-units of this Division is the Beautification



Section.  This section is concerned primarily with cleaning up



roadside areas that were being used for solid waste disposal,



referred to as "orphan dumps."



     Mr. E. Thomas Reed, Director of the Division of Special



Programs, developed a keen interest in abandoned vehicle removal



in rural areas.  Mr. Reed was able to convince Governor Wendell



Ford of the feasibility of undertaking a pilot project in two (2)



counties:  Hardin County in Western Kentucky and Clark County in



Eastern Kentucky.



     Since the Division had neither the personnel nor equipment



to recover or retrieve abandoned vehicles, the Fort Knox Military



Installation furnished the necessary manpower  and equipment for
                                 -2-

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the project in Hardin County.   A local environmental organization



coordinated the project and was the beneficiary of revenues



received from the sale of the vehicles to a scrap metal company.



Approximately 600 vehicles were collected with a revenue of about



$9,000 received from sales.



     In Clark County, local businesses with access to automobile



wreckers were asked to participate in the project.  They received



$5.00 from the County Fiscal Court for each abandoned vehicle



retrieved.  The Jaycees were responsible for locating the junked



vehicles and obtaining the legal release from the owner or



individuals on whose land the vehicle rested.  Approximately 200



vehicles were collected with a revenue of about $3,400 received



from sales by the Jaycees.



     In both pilot projects the vehicles were sold to scrap



metal firms for approximately $8.00 to $10.00 each.  The market



for abandoned vehicles has improved markedly since this pilot



project began in 1973.  Through the summer of 1973, the Kentucky



Department of Transportation and the Division of Forestry within



the Department for Natural Resources and Environmental Protection



furnished personnel and equipment used in the vehicle retrieval



program.  This arrangement, however, was abandoned for several



reasons:   (1) During the  fall fire season the Division of Forestry



had to keep its personnel and equipment in a state of preparedness;



and (2) Crews from the Department of Transportation were not



allowed to remove vehicles that were not on a publicly owned



highway right-of-way.  The Division of Special Programs, however,
                                '-3-

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was able to continue the project through the winter of 1973-74



using its own personnel and two (2) trucks made available from



the Tennessee Valley Authority.



     It was apparent that the success of an expanded program



would depend upon the Department for Natural Resources and Environ-



mental Protection being able to provide personnel, equipment and



technical assistance on a continuing basis.



     Several lessons were learned from these two pilot projects.



It was determined that in the future only non-profit and non-



governmental groups would be used as county sponsors.  This aspect



of the program is its most innovative feature and is primarily



responsible for its success.  Persuading citizens to give their



vehicles to the state is a difficult task; however, when a citizen



is approached by a scout, high school band member, or a local



Jaycee who explains the project is for raising funds for field



trips, band uniforms, or providing the community with a public service,



citizens tend to be most cooperative.  This approach fosters community



pride and involvement and is one of the keys to the program's success.



     The program expanded activities in early 1974 when Governor



Ford gave $40,000 to the Department for Natural Resources and



Environmental Protection to purchase and refurbish ten (10) used



trucks secured from the Department of Transportation.  Each truck



was provided with a winch and fabricated loading ramp.  These



alternations made each truck capable of independently retrieving,



loading and transporting vehicles.
                               -4-

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     During 1973 and 1974, abandoned vehicle projects were



initiated and carried out in Bell, Carroll, Harlan, and Owen



Counties.  Approximately 6,425 vehicles were retrieved and the



county sponsors earned $24,900.



     The success of the pilot program gave encouragement and



justification to proceed with a full-scale demonstration pro-



ject.  Governor Julian Carroll allocated $45,000 which together



with an Environmental Protection Agency grant of $60,000 provided



sufficient funds to purchase and equip twelve (12) more trucks,



and hire and train crews.







                     PROJECT OBJECTIVES







GENERAL





     The purpose of the full scale demonstration project was to



improve overall solid waste management in Kentucky by recovering,



for  recycling, as many junked  and abandoned vehicles as possible



in fifteen  (15) selected  counties.



     An  additional objective was  to assess the adequacy of present



legislation governing junked and  abandoned vehicles.  If it was



determined  that present legislation was inadequate,  then recommenda-



tions were  to be made for needed  changes and improvements.



     Preliminary selection of  project counties was based on



exhibited local interest  and a willingness to cooperate and play



an active role in the project.  Also, priority was given to those



counties that would provide maximum exposure to the  program.
                                -5-

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     Counties initially selected were:   Adair,  Anderson,  Caldwell,



Graves,  Grayson,  Hart,  Jackson,  Jessamine,  Lawrence,  Logan,  Oldham,



Simpson,  Trigg,  Trimble and Wolfe.   However,  final selection of



participating counties  varied due to practical  difficulties  in



scheduling, weather conditions,  and location to processing centers.






EXPECTED RESULTS






     The project goals  were to eliminate many adverse health and



environmental problems, such as:



     1.   While eliminating an aesthetic problem, the



         retrieved vehicles would be recycled,  thus



         preserving and reusing valuable natural



         resources;



     2.   Rodent harborage and breeding habitats would



         be eliminated;



     3.   Mosquito breeding habitats would be eliminated;



     4.   Hazardous junks and abandoned vehicle hulks



         would be removed thereby eliminating a safety



         hazard to people, especially curious children;



     5.   Water pollution attributed to lubricants and



         other leakage from the vehicles would be abated;



     6.   One cause of property devaluation would be



         removed; and



     7.   Through coordination with the Division of Solid



         Waste, garbage and trash dumps associated with



         abandoned vehicles would be cleaned up and closed.
                                 -6-

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                 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION






EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNEL






     Beginning with the grant award received from the U. S.



Environmental Protection Agency on January 1, 1975,  the



Department initiated purchase procedures for trucks.  Bids



revealed that sufficient funds were available to purchase twelve (12)



trucks and associated equipment instead of the original estimate



of seven (7).  Additional equipment purchased included winches



and power take-offs for each truck.  Fabrication and reinforce-



ment of truck beds along with installation of winches and power



take-offs were completed in time for project initiation in the



spring.



     The Department employed four  (4) field supervisors to manage



the project on a day-to-day basis.  Because of high travel costs,



a decision was made to employ local drivers who would be paid



only for hours actually worked.  Therefore, savings were realized



when all trucks were not working and bad weather delayed project



operations.  A significant amount  of time was required to instruct



employees in the proper method of  truck operation as the project



progressed from county to county and new employees were hired.



Another disadvantage of this approach was that truck maintenance



was probably higher than if full-time, experienced drivers were



employed.  During the project year, a total of 168 people were



provided temporary employment.
                                 -7-

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FINAL SELECTION OF PROJECT COUNTIES






     Counties selected for the demonstration project differed




from the initial list because local response changed.   The



project counties finally selected were:   Allen, Galloway,  Carlisle,



Crittenden, Daviess,  Franklin, Fulton, Hancock, Hickman, Hopkins,



Magoffin, Muhlenberg, Simpson, and Union.  The primary reason for



the change was that some counties originally selected were not



ready to proceed as equipment became available to begin work.  In



order to keep the project moving, counties that were best prepared



to proceed were selected.






VEHICLE COLLECTION PREPARATION






     The first procedure in initiating the project in a county



was to make contact with the highest ranking elected officer--



usually the County Judge--and explain the project to him in



order to obtain maximum cooperation.  This was done sufficiently



in advance to allow for designation of public organizations to



conduct a survey of vehicles, originate and distribute public



information, develop collection procedures, and obtain legal



releases for processing vehicles as required.



     In some instances, only four or five  (4 or 5) days were



needed to locate and secure releases for 200 or 300 junked



vehicles.  It was required that a minimum of 200 releases be



obtained prior to bringing collection equipment into a county.



An enthusiastic sponsoring organization was an essential element in
                               -8-

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the early stages of a county project.  It was found that groups



such as the Jaycees and the Chamber of Commerce tended to be



city oriented and were difficult for rural residents to identify



with.  The most successful groups were county high school bands



and sponsors, scouts and similar organizations that have a county-



wide orientation.



     Generally, the procedure utilized in locating vehicles



was by using county maps and assigning sections of the county to



one or two (1 or 2) individuals.  Vehicles were than pinpointed



on maps and landowners were contacted regarding releases.  As



public awareness progressed, many citizens made contact with the



sponsoring groups about the location of other vehicles.



     When a sponsoring group failed to get an early start in



locating vehicles, the project would often bog down.  In some



instances counties would procrastinate in beginning preparations,



perhaps feeling the Department would do this work for them.  In



other  instances, counties would say there were no abandoned



vehicles in their county.   In these extreme cases, the Department's



vehicle retrieval crew might take a few days to canvass  the county



to see if they  could locate a significant number of vehicles and



then provide the data to the county.  Usually, the county would then pro-



ceed as a cooperating partner in the project.  Prior to  bringing  the



retrieval equipment into a  county, a central, temporary  vehicle



storage site would have to  be located.  County landfills proved



to be  suitable  storage areas in most instances.
                                -9-

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     Temporary, overnight storage of departmental vehicles was

handled by county Department of Transportation garages,  which

usually had protection fences around them.  Leaving the trucks

in the field would reduce fuel costs; however, one act of

vandalism could easily eliminate any savings.


VEHICLE COLLECTION

     During the project period fourteen (14) counties participated

in the program and a total of 5,045 junked vehicles were collected.

A low number of 125 vehicles was collected in Franklin County to

a high of 751 in Muhlenberg County.  The average collected per

county was about 360.

     Following is the county-by-county total of vehicles collected

and revenues received from metal dealers:


  COUNTY

Allen
Galloway
Carlisle
Crittenden
Daviess
Franklin
Fulton
Hancock
Hickman
Hopkins
Magoffin
Muhlenberg
Simpson
Union

     TOTAL          5,045           $94,280           $18.68


     The general procedure followed on vehicle pickup was to back

the truck up to the vehicle, winch it onto the bed, secure it,
VEHICLES
COLLECTED
275
156
185
351
486
125
340
650
438
425
200
751
308
355
REVENUES
RECEIVED
$ 6,500
1,800
5,000
7,400
8,200
2,000
6,100
6,500
8,500
14,580
3,800
10,300
5,700
7,900
AVERAGE REVENUE
PER VEHICLE
$25.63
11.53
27.02
21.08
16.87
16.00
17.94
10.00
19.40
34.30
19.00
13.71
18.50
22.25
                                 -10-

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and transport it to the temporary storage site.  When all of the




vehicles in a county had been collected, the winning bidder would



then arrange to crush and transport the vehicles to a recycling




facility.






VEHICLE PROCESSING AND SALE






     County sponsors were provided a list of scrap metal companies



in Kentucky and surrounding states prior to the completion of



the retrieval phase of the project.  It was recommended that sealed



bids be requested from these firms and that terms of bid arrange-



ment should specify that the sponsor be paid a standard price per



vehicle, and not per ton.  It was also recommended that the terms



state that the highest bid could be rejected if it was felt the price



did not reflect the true market value of the vehicles.  Another



condition recommended was that payment be made prior to vehicle



removal or at least before the selected bidder removed his or her



equipment from the county.



     Vehicles collected during the project were all recycled for



the valuable ferrous and non-ferrous metals which they contained.



When vehicles are processed for recycling, there are essentially



two methods.  One method is to compress the vehicle into a



rectangular shape by a powerful compaction unit and ship it



directly to a steel mill.  This method  is not  an efficient means



of processing a junk auto since extraneous components, such as



seats and dashboards are shipped to the steel  mills, thus



reducing its monetary and recycling value.
                               -11-

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     The other method of processing a junk car is to shred it.



A shredder is a large machine resembling a storage building.




The auto is dropped into the top where it is shredded by giant



hammers mounted on a rotating shaft.   After the auto is shredded,



the ferrous metals are separated from the non-ferrous metals



usually by magnets, thus reducing the impurities and increasing



the value of material shipped to a steel mill.






REVENUES AND FINANCING






     Total cost to the Department for the project was $197,578



of which the Federal Grant provided $60,000.  A considerable



amount of this total expenditure was for equipment that will be



utilized beyond the demonstration project period; therefore, the



actual project cost can be considered less.  Considering that



the life of a vehicle used for retrieval and transporting is



approximately ten  (10) years, it is evident that the citizens of



Kentucky will benefit from this grant for many years to come.



During the project year, local sponsors received approximately



$100,000 from the sale of junked cars to recycling firms.  All of



the benefits of this project cannot be converted into dollars and



will be dealt with in the following section.






PROJECT BENEFITS






     In order to adequately evaluate the benefits derived from



the project, the proposed achievements should be weighed against



actual results.  Although the goals delineated in the grant
                              -12-

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application were very ambitious, they were for the most part




achieved.



     The project benefits can be placed into four (4) major



categories:  (1) environmental; (2) public health and safety;



(3) monetary; and (4) aesthetic.



     The primary goal of the project, as stated in the grant



application, was to improve the overall solid waste management



program in the state by recovering as many junked automobiles



as possible on a statewide basis.   Besides recovering the



vehicles, the Division of Special Programs naturally wanted to



have all of these vehicles recycled.  Another objective of the



project was to review current solid waste statutes governing



abandoned vehicle disposal and recommend amendments if necessary.



     The major goal of the project was achieved as over 5,000



abandoned vehicles were collected and recycled.  Each car was



converted into approximately one (1) ton of steel.



     According to the Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel, when



1,000 tons of steel are made with scrap, the energy saved is



equivalent to the energy contained in 140,000 gallons of



gasoline.  By extending this to the 51.3 million tons of scrap



metal purchased during 1974 for use in the United States, we find



that the energy savings recycled from using the scrap iron



was equivalent to the energy contained in nearly 7.2 billion



gallons of gasoline, enough energy to power 20 million automobiles



(30 miles to the gallon) nearly 11,000 miles.



     The United States Environmental Protection Agency has



identified six (6) additional benefits when scrap is used
                           -13-

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instead of virgin materials:  (1) 90% savings in virgin materials



use (one ton of scrap conserves 1% tons of iron ore and 1/3 ton



of coal/coke); (2) 867, reduction in air pollution; (3) 767, re-



duction in water pollution; (4) 407, reduction in water use;



(5) 9770 reduction in mining waste; and (6) 10570 reduction in



consumer wastes generated.



     Manufacturing steel from scrap metal is a good example of



converting a liability into an energy saving natural resource



with a minimum  environmental impact.



     Besides the environmental benefits, there were public health



and safety benefits derived from this project.  Abandoned vehicles



are natural breeding grounds and habitats for insects, reptiles,



and rodents.  Removing abandoned vehicles also dramatically reduces



the number of unpermitted garbage dumps in a county.  Aside from



the public health aspect, there is always a danger that children's



natural curiosities will cause them to be injured while playing in



an abandoned auto.



     Improving water quality in an area by removing junk cars



from streams improves both  the environmental quality and the public



health and safety in an area.  With municipalities spending thousands



of dollars in an effort to  clean up streams, every effort  should be



made to eliminate potential causes of water pollution, thus decreasing



the already heavy burden  that is being placed on municipal water



treatment plants.



     The monetary benefits  of this kind of project to a county are



threefold:  (1) it serves  to raise funds  for civic or school groups;
                                 -14-

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(2) it creates employment in the area;  and (3)  it raises the



value of property where junked automobiles accumulated.



     The aesthetic benefits derived from this project are



difficult to quantify.  How much more pleasure does an individual



derive from an environment that is free from litter as opposed



to one that is strewn with junked cars and trash?  Few would



disagree that most people prefer a clean environment and this



is one of the basic principles on which the abandoned vehicle



removal program is based.



     Another intangible benefit derived from the project is the



enjoyment and cultural enrichment that resulted from revenues that



were raised; that enabled, for instance, a girl scout troop taking



a field trip to Philadelphia or Jaycees sponsoring toys-for-tots



and birthday parties  for handicapped children.   High school bands



have proved to be one of the best sponsors for the program and in



return they are able  to take trips or to buy new band uniforms.



     In the event that excess funds exist, they are often expended



for a community beautification project or an environmentally related



project, such as films promoting environmental awareness that could



be shown in schools or to community action groups.






                            CONCLUSION






     The ultimate success or value of a project must be judged



in terms of the overall benefits derived from the project versus
                                 -15-

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its cost.  Many of the benefits derived from this project cannot




be given monetary value.  It is clear, however, that nearly $100,000



was made by sponsors during the grant period.  Nearly $200,000 was



spent on the program from January, 1975, through December, 1975,



(the grant period).   Twelve (12) trucks were bought and retooled



with these funds.  The estimated life of these trucks is ten (10)



years.  So, clearly, Kentuckians will be benefiting from the grant



for many years.






FUTURE PROGRAM NEEDS






     In the future,  the Department intends to operate the



program in a manner similar to the past.  One of the minor changes



planned is to hire drivers on a permanent basis.  By having



permanent drivers, the life expectancy of the retrieval vehicles



should be extended.   The Department does not anticipate any major



equipment needs in the future.





LEGISLATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS






     Kentucky has an adequate junk car law, KRS 177.905-990.



If there has been deficiency in the past, it has been in the



area of enforcement; however, the Kentucky Department of



Transportation which is charged with enforcing this law has



recently initiated an ambitious, statewide enforcement program.  The



statewide priorities that have been established are to begin with



federal highways, then work down to federal-state roads, then



to state and finally to county roads.  The Kentucky Law states
                             -16-

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that if five (5) inoperable cars are within 200 feet of the
center line of the highway, a screen must be erected.  Those
found to be in noncompliance must submit a compliance schedule
or be fined.
     In view of the recent increased effort by the state, the
Division of Special Programs is being required by the state to
post a sign in front of their temporary storage site within a
county, identifying what it is and giving an estimated time when
the cars will be removed.
     There are several other legislative alternates that need
to be considered in order to improve the national recycling effort.
One major problem is the inconsistency in the freight charges
that scrap metal haulers must pay as opposed to those shipping
iron ore.   The Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel, Inc., estimates
that it costs almost three (3) times as much to haul scrap iron
as it does the virgin material.  This naturally has a dramatic
effect on the supply and demand quotients of these two commodities.
     The federal government is in effect encouraging the un-
necessary use of some of our natural resources and thus encouraging
the growth of abandoned vehicle graveyards.  In terms of reducing
and rechanneling the stream of solid waste, it is the federal
government which should set the example.  Many of the solutions to the
critical problem of reducing and rechanneling the stream of solid
waste are regional or national and difficult or impossible for a
city or state to deal with in a comprehensive fashion.
                             -17-

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PROJECT CONTINUATION (results from January - June, 1976)






     During the first six (6) months of this year, 2,200



vehicles were retrieved and sold to scrap metal firms for



approximately $53,000.   Although the Department has not



substantially altered the abandoned auto retrieval program,



there are plans to study and consider the possibility of



collecting valuable white goods, such as the ferrous metals found



in kitchen appliances.   There are several problems related to



physically removing these appliances from creeks, ravines, etc.,



which will require some study and experimentation.  There is



definitely a need to address this problem, especially in



Eastern Kentucky where there are a limited number of sanitary



landfills in which to dispose of these appliances.



     This program could be handled as follows:  initially,



the Division would allow the local sponsors to advertise their



willingness to come to a person's home and pick up the old



appliances.  If there is a favorable response, the possibility



exists for retrieving these appliances from areas where they



present a real environmental or public health and safety hazard.



At the moment, this idea is still in the planning stages, although



we feel there is a real possibility for its implementation.
                               -18-

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                         APPENDIX A
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT IN THREE-COUNTY AREA


     The chart on the following page visually delineates the

timing of various phases in the development of this project and

illustrates how important timing and momentum are to the success

of the program.  Listed below are the phases referred to on the

chart.

      (1)  Departmental official makes initial contact with
          highest ranking elected official in the county;

      (2)  Initial contact with county sponsor (after
          designation);

      (3)  Sponsor orientation session; location of temporary
          storage areas for the cars;

      (4)  Publicity for the project should be initiated;

      (5)  Canvassing county; identifying abandoned autos
          and obtaining their legal release;

      (6)  Training period for local truck drivers;

      (7)  Retrieval process begins after minimum number of
          releases have been secured; and

      (8)  Portable crusher is brought into county (usually
          after the retrieval process is complete).


     Naturally this program does not always run this smoothly.

There is a potential for delay throughout the entire process.  It

is the responsibility of the project manager to anticipate and

deal with these situations as they may arise.
                              -19-

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ro
o
 i
REPRESENTATl
WEEKS
Phases
i
X
County A 2
Crew I 3
4
6
7
8

1
County B 2
Crew II 3
4
5
6
7
8
1
County C 2
Crew I 3
4
5
6
7
8
1


























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                              APPENDIX  B
                          RELEASE OF LIABILITY
          In CONSIDERATION OF THE REMOVAL of a
                                                       year model
      make             body style              serial number
(Body, Chassis, with or without motor), I,
release the State of Kentucky and/or their agents from all liability which

may be caused from any person who may at -any time claim ownership or a

lien of any nature matured or not matured upon said vehicle or any

accessories thereon including the engine.

          This release encompasses any and all claims.

          Witness my signature this ;iay of	, 197	,

at 	, 	,  Kentucky.
             city                 county

Witness:
Exact location of car
Is car towable?
Does car have a front and/or rear axle on it?
Does car have front and/or rear wheels and tires on it?
                                 -21-

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                         APPENDIX C


FINANCIAL REPORT

    BUDGET

    A.   Personnel                                   $75,498.
         (environmental supervisor,
          equipment operators)

    B.   Fringe Benefits                               7,788.
         (FICA, insurance, retirement)

    C.   Travel                                         -0-
         (meals,  lodging, mileage)

    D.   Equipment                                    78,416.
         (trucks, winches, power
          take-off, truck bed fabrication)
                           TOTAL                    $161,702.


    EXPENDITURES

    A.   Personnel                                  $ 75,498.

    B.   Fringe Benefits                               7,788,

    C.   Equipment                                    78,416,
              SUB-TOTAL                             $161,702,
              (Program Expenditures)

           *  SUB-TOTAL                               35,876
              (Non-Program Expenditures)
                           TOTAL EXPENDITURES       $197,578.


    Breakdown of Non-Program Expenses include:  travel, fuel,
    maintenance, and part-time labor, which were not reimbursed
    through grant.
                            -22-

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                                  D A V I E S S <
                           CHRISTIAN
*  Counties  cleaned  up  during grant  period

+  Other  counties cleaned  up
                                                                                                                                 KENTUCKY Base Map Series 8-5
                                                                                                                                 Compiled ord cistributed by
                                                                                                                                 Kentucky De^rtnent of Commerce
                                                                                                                                 Frankfort, Kentucky
                                                                             SHELBY  I FRANKLIN!

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  JUNK CARS  BEING  LOADED WITH WINCH AND INCLINED LOADING RAMP
THIS VEHICLE IS AMOST LOADED, WINCH IS MOUNTED BEHIND TRUCK CAB.
CHAIN WITH LOAD BINDER ARE USED TO SECURE VEHICLE AFTER LOADING,
CAB PROTECTOR AND LOADING RAMP EASILY SEEN ALSO FROM THIS VIEW.
                             -24-

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ANOTHER VEHICLE BEING PLACED IN PORTABLE CRUSHER BY FORK-LIFT
WITH ONE CRUSHED VEHICLE REMAINING.
 CRUSHED VEHICLES,  APPROXIMATELY 20,  BEING LOADED FOR TRIP  TO
 METAL SHREDDER AND FURTHER PROCESSING-RECYCLING.   U.S.  STEEL
 PRODUCTION CONTAINS 55% SCRAP AT PRESENT.
                             -25-

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                        REFERENCES
1.   "Base Data Regarding Recycling Solid Waste:  Sixteen
    Southeastern Kentucky Counties",  prepared by Parrot,
    Ely,  and Hurt Consultant Engineers,  Lexington,
    Kentucky;  under a grant from the  Kentucky Department
    of Health, Appalachian Environmental Health  Demon-
    stration Project and financed by  the Appalachian
    Regional Commission, February, 1973.
2.   "Reclamation,  Conservation,  Beautification",  The
    Institute of Scrap Iron and  Steel,  Inc.
                            -26-

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                      Acknowledgments


      There are several organizations that were instrumental
in the success of this project.  On the local level, numerous
organizations should be recognized.  The members of the Kentucky
Association of County Judges have always cooperated with Depart-
mental personnel in all phases of this project.

      In addition, the following organizations served as county
sponsors for this project:

      The Allen County High School Band,
      The Galloway County 4-H Club,
      The Crittenden County 4-H Club,
      The Daviess County High School Band,
      The Bluegrass Area Development District for the Senior
              Citizens Project in Franklin County,
      The Hancock County High School Band,
      The Girl Scouts in Hickman County,
      The Kiwanis Club in Hopkins County,
      The Future Farmers of America in Magoffin County,
      The Senior Class of Hughes-Kirk High School,
      The Franklin-Simpson High School Band, and
      The Union County High School Band.

      On the state level, assistance from personnel within the
Division of Solid Waste schould be acknowledged in the develop-
ment phase of this project.  The staff of the Office of Planning
and Research is primarily responsible for organizing and writing
this demonstration manual.

      Mr. Elmer Cleveland, grant project officer in the Solid
Waste Management Program in the Environmental Protection Agency,
played a major role in developing and managing this project.  On
several occasions he came to Kentucky and offered timely advice.
Mr. William Holland, also in the Solid Waste Management Program,
played a role in securing this grant for Kentucky while he was
assigned to the Division of Solid Waste.
Vial546
SW-90d
                            -27-

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