EPA/AA/CTAB-88-07
Technical Report
Light-Duty Automotive Technology and
Fuel Economy Trends Through 1988
by
Robert M. Heavenrich
and
J. DiI lard Murrell
June 1988
NOTICE
Technical Reports do not necessarily represent final EPA
decisions or positions. They are intended to present technical
analysis of issues using data which are currently available.
The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the
exchange of technical information and to inform the public of
technical developments which may form the basis for a final EPA
decision, position or regulatory action.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Mobile Sources
Emission Control Technology Division
Control Technology and Applications Branch
2565 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN 48105
OFFICE OF
AIR AND RADIATION
July 18, 1988
MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT: Exemption From Peer and Administrative Review
FROM:
TO:
Karl H. Hellman, Chief y*>
Control Technology and Applications Branch
Charles L. Gray, Jr., Director
Emission Control Technology Division
The attached report entitled "Light-Duty Automotive
Technology and Fuel Economy Trends Through 1988,"
(EPA/AA/CTAB-88-07) examines trends in light-duty vehicle fuel
economy and technology usage for model years 1978 through
1988. Comparisons with previous years' data are made for the
fleet as a whole and for number of cylinders, vehicle size
class, inertia weight class, and market segment (Domestic,
European, Asian).
Since this report is concerned only with the presentation
of data and its analysis and does not involve matters of policy
or regulations, your concurrence is requested to waive
administrative review according to the policy outlined in your
directive of April 22, 1982.
Concurrence:
Charles L. Gray',
^ Dir., ECTD
Nonconcurrence:
Date:
Charles L. Gray, Jr., Dir., ECTD
cc: E. Burger, ECTD
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Table of Contents
Page
Number
I. Abstract 1
II. Introduction 1
III. Car and Truck Trends 2
IV. MPG Improvement 3
A. Commercial Fleets Vs. Retail 3
B. FFVs 4
V. Technology Usage 4
A. Catalysts 4
B. Transmissions 5
C. Engines 5
1. Number of Cylinders 5
2. Engine Size 5
3. Performance 6
4. Fuel Metering 7
VI. Vehicle Size 7
A. Truck Size Class 7
B. Car Size Class 8
C. Vehicle Weight Class 9
VI I.Market Segments 10
A. Market Share 10
B. Vehicle Size 10
C. Fuel Metering 11
0. Drive and Transmissions 11
VI11.Conclusions 12
IX. References 14
Tables
Figures
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I. Abstract
This, the sixteenth in this series of papers and reports,
examines trends in light-duty vehicle fuel economy and
technology usage for model years 1978 through 1988.
Comparisons with previous years' data are made for the fleet as
a whole and for number of cylinders, vehicle size class,
inertia weight class, and market segment (Domestic, European,
and Asian).
11. Introduct ion
Trends in vehicle technology and fuel economy for
light-duty cars and trucks are examined in this report, as in
preceding papers in this series [1-18].* Technology usage and
vehicle performance are accorded more emphasis in this report
than analysis of individual manufacturers.
To the extent possible, the data in this report represent
the latest and most complete vehicle technology and fuel
economy data available.
For 1978 through 1985, all data are "final CAFE."** For
1986, the data are final CAFE for most, but not all,
manufacturers. For 1987, final CAFE data was available for
some, but not all manufacturers.
For 1988, fuel economy label data was used. The sales
voIumes for all 1988 model year data have been adjusted to
agree with post-label (but pre-"final") information reported to
the Department of Transportation and in reliable trade
publications. This same procedure was used for those
manufacturers for which "final CAFE" data for 1986 and 1987
were unavai(able.
For consistency with the previous reports in this series,
the MPG data in this paper have no road or CAFE correction
factors. Where only one MPG value is presented, it is 55/45
combined MPG. All vehicle weights presented are inertia
weights (nominally curb weight plus 300 Ibs).
* Numbers in brackets denote references listed at the end of
the text.
** The light truck data in this paper include gross vehicle
weights (GVW) up to 8,500 Ibs for all model years,
although emission standards for light trucks with GVW
between 6,000 and 8,500 Ibs were not in effect before
1979. For details on how data on 6,001-8,500 Ibs light
trucks were obtained for model years 1975 to 1979, see
Reference 13.
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As in previous papers in this series, vehicle
classification as to vehicle type, size class and manufacturer
generally follows fuel economy label, Gas Mi I cage Guide and
CAFE protocols; exceptions are listed in Table 1.
The truck size classification scheme used in this paper is
the same as was first used in Reference 14. In some tables,
passenger car market share data is presented as "Large"
representing Large Sedans and Wagons, "Midsize" representing
Midsize Sedans and Wagons and "Small" representing Compacts,
Subcompacts, Minicompacts, and Two-Seaters. Similarly, truck
market share data is presented as "Large" representing Large
Pickups, Vans and Utility Trucks and "Small" representing Small
Pickups, Vans and Utility Trucks.
The database used for this paper was frozen in late May
1988 and may exclude some changes to existing vehicles or new
vehicles scheduled for midyear introduction.
Appendix A lists the model year 1988 nameplates and their
average MPG as of the data freeze date.
This paper includes an estimate of 0 to 60 MPH
acceleration time for cars, calculated as in [16].
III. Car and Truck Trends
Table 2 gives major characteristics of passenger cars,
light-duty trucks, and all light-duty vehicles (cars and light
trucks) for model years 1975 to 1988. Total sales in model
year 1988 are projected to be 11.5 million cars and 4.9 million
trucks (16.4 million total).
As shown in Figure 1, unadjusted sales-weighted fuel
economy has changed very little the last few years,
particularly for light trucks. This year's combined car and
truck fleet will average 25.8 MPG. Between 1978 and 1981,
55/45 fuel economy improved about five MPG for both cars and
trucks. Since then, 55/45 fuel economy for cars has increased
by only three MPG and for trucks by only one MPG.
Average inertia weight for cars dropped 500 Ibs between
1978 and 1981 and has varied very little since then.
Similarly, average inertia weight for light trucks decreased
350 Ibs between 1978 and 1981 and has remained constant since.
Average engine size for both cars and light trucks
decreased considerably between 1978 and 1981: 69 CID for cars
and 67 for trucks. Since then, automobile engines have
decreased another 20 CID. Light truck engines have increased
CIO two years in a row.
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Manual transmission usage for cars peaked in 1980 at 32
percent and has since decreased to about 27 percent.
Similarly, manual transmission usage for light trucks peaked at
53 percent in 1980, compared to about 40 percent the last few
years. Since 1978, four-wheel drive has been used in 20-30
percent of trucks, but in less than 3 percent of the cars;
because of the sales mix of cars and trucks, four-wheel drive
accounts for about 10 percent of this year's total light-duty
fleet compared to about 5 percent for the period 1975-82.
One major change the last few years is a large increase in
the use of fuel-injected engines (Figure 2). More than 80
percent of this year's trucks will have fuel-injected engines
as will the cars. By comparison, light trucks were 40 percent
fuel-injected in 1986, and 12 percent in 1985. Diesel engine
usage peaked in 1981 for cars and a year later for light
trucks. Diesels have not been an important part of the U.S.
market for the past few years.
Figure 3 shows the percentage of model year 1978 to model
year 1988 gasoline-powered automobiles with carbureted,
throttle body (TBI) and port fuel-injected engines and a
projection of these percentages through model year 1995. Use
of TBI engines appears to be at, or possibly just past a peak;
conversion to port fuel injection continues. Over half of this
year's automobiles have port fuel injection compared to 15
percent in 1984.
IV. MPG Improvement
A. Commercial Fleets vs. Retail
Tables 3 and 4 compare characteristics of retail and
commercial fleet passenger cars for model year 1979 to 1986.
The data in these tables was derived from registration data
supplied by reference [19]. This reference covers more than
just "centrally fueled" fleet cars. This registration data is
limited to the nameplate level for Domestic manufacturers and
to percent imports for the Import segment of the market. This
analysis, thus, does not take into account differences below
the nameplate level in the usage of transmissions, engines,
etc. between retail and commercial automobile users.
As shown in Figure 4, vehicles sold retail have higher
average fuel economy (by about an MPG) and are lighter. Figure
5 compares the sales fraction of Large, Midsize and Small cars
for consumer and fleet passenger cars. There is little
difference in the Large car sales fractions of fleet and
consumer vehicles, but commercial fleets consist of a greater
percentage of Midsize cars and a smaller percentage of Small
cars than consumer vehicles. For example, nearly 60 percent of
model year 1984 consumer vehicles were Small vehicles compared
to about 40 percent of the commercial fleet vehicles. The
sales mix of the vehicles sold to commercial fleet operators
thus is reducing the average MPG of the overall (commercial
plus retail) fleet (see Figure 5).
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B. FFVs
In order to encourage the development of metHanoi-fueled
vehicles, fuel economy credits that could apply toward meeting
the fuel economy standards are being proposed. One possibility
for M85 flexible-fueled vehicles (FFVs) would be to use only
the gasoline content of the fuel blend in calculating fuel
economy for the FFVs in a manufacturer's product line.*
Figure 6 shows the impact of such a CAFE credit on the
three major Domestic manufacturers for model year 1988,
assuming no other CAFE adjustments are made.
GM and Ford would both achieve 27.5 MPG if they were given
credit for FFV conversion of 20 percent of their Large Sedans
and Wagons. Similarly, all three domestic manufacturers would
meet 27.5 MPG if they were given credit for converting 20
percent of their Midsize Sedans and Wagons.
Ford and Chrysler could meet, and GM nearly meet, 27.5 MPG
if credited for converting all of their Midsize vehicles sold
to commercial fleet operators to FFVs. Ford could also achieve
27.5 MPG if credited for converting all of its Large Sedans and
Wagons sold to commercial fleet operators.
V. Technology Usage
A. Catalysts
Tables 5 and 6 give market share, 55/45 MPG and vehicle
weight by catalyst type for cars and trucks, respectively.
Only a minuscule percentage of the cars built since 1984 have
not had feedback control, so we no longer distinguish between
vehicles with and without feedback.
Usage of oxidation-only catalysts in passenger cars
essentially stopped in 1985. For 1985-87, the only cars with
oxidation-only catalysts were vehicles such as Subaru
four-wheel-drive sedans and wagons, which were certified as
light trucks but classified as "cars" in this report.
For example: using M85 fuel, 15 percent of the blend is
gasoline. If an FFV achieves 15 miles per gallon of M85,
it would be credited with a value of 100 miles per gallon
of gasoline (15 mpg divided by 15 percent).
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Except for some Ford trucks with thermal reactors, all
gasoline-fueled trucks built since 1984 have used catalysts.
Only 4 percent of this year's trucks use oxidation-only
catalysts (Figure 7).
Usage of the three-way-plus-oxidation catalyst continues
to drop for cars, but is increasing for light trucks. This
combination accounted for 62 percent of the 1984 cars compared
to 31 percent last year, and 25 percent this year. Conversely,
the three-way-plus-oxidation catalyst combination accounted for
11 percent of the 1983 trucks, 22 percent last year, and 31
percent this year.
B. Transmissions
Tables 7 and 8 show the trend in transmission usage for
cars and trucks. For both cars and trucks, conversion from
"automatic" to "lockup" transmission continues. In 1978, 73
percent of the cars and 68 percent of the trucks used automatic
transmissions. Lockup transmissions are used on 64 percent of
this year's cars, and nearly half of the trucks.
Manual transmissions without overdrive accounted for 31.7
percent of the 1978 trucks; for 1987, 33.2 percent of the
trucks will have manual transmissions with overdrive.
C. Engines
1. Number of Cylinders
Tables 9 and 10 compare 1978 to 1988 cars and light trucks
by number of cylinders. Only 4-, 6-, and 8-cylinder engines
are shown in these two tables because vehicles with other
numbers of cylinders (e.g., 3-, 5- and 12-) have never
accounted for more than a percent or two of the car and truck
fleets. The calculation of the sales fractions in these
tables, however, include all vehicles, regardless of number of
cylinders. Thus, in 1983, cars with 4, 6, or 8 cylinders
accounted for 98.4 percent of the car fleet; the remaining 1.6
percent of the fleet consisted of cars with other cylinder
counts.
2. Engine Size
Use of 8-cylinder engines continues to drop. In 1978,
nearly three-fourths of the light trucks had 8-cylinder
engines, compared to about a fourth the last three years.
Similarly, the sales fraction of 8-cylinder engines in cars has
dropped from 53 percent in 1978 to 12 percent this year.
Figure 8 shows the market fraction for passenger cars by number
of cylinders. (Similar data for trucks is presented later, in
Figure 12.)
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Average displacement for 8-cyUnder car and light truck
engines has remained constant at nominal values of 300 and 320
CID respectively for several years. This year's 8-cyUnder
cars and trucks are heavier than both last years and those
built in 1987.
Figure 8 shows that since 1978, passenger car engine
sizeat the number of cylinders levelhas changed very little
compared to the 84 CID reduction in engine size that has
occurred for the overall car fleet due to changes in the mix of
engines. This year's cars with 4-cyUnder engines average 9
CID larger than the 1978s, while the 6- and 8-cyUnder engines
are smaller by 27 and 37 CID, respectively.
The 6-cyUnder market share has remained at about 25
percent for cars, but has more that doubled for trucks since
1978. The market share of 4-cy Under trucks has tripled. At
the number of cylinders level of stratification, there has been
little if any improvement in fuel economy the last five years
for either cars or trucks. Since 1983, the fuel economy of
trucks with 4-cyUnder engines has dropped nearly 2 MPG, and
those trucks are 275 Ibs heavier.
3. Performance
Figure 9 shows average engine horsepower for cars with 4-,
6-, and 8-cyUnder engines. In 1978, 8-cyUnder engines had
twice the horsepower of the fours. Between 1978 and 1981,
8-cy Under engine horsepower decreased 21 HP, when use of
Diesel engines increased to nearly 17 percent of the 8-cyUnder
car engines. Since then, as the use of Diesel and carbureted
8-cyUnder engines decreased, their horsepower has increased
again to 170 HP.
Horsepower of 6-cyUnder car engines was constant at a
nominal value of 110 HP between 1978 and 1981. Since then, use
of port fuel injection in 6-cy Under car engines has increased
from 7 to nearly 98 percent; their weight has remained
constant, their displacement has decreased from 215 to 193 CID,
their horsepower has increased from 110 to 142 HP, and their 0
to 60 acceleration time decreased from 14.1 to 11.5 seconds.
Horsepower of 4-cyUnder car engines remained constant
through 1982. Since then, weight, engine displacement, and CID
of 4-cyUnder car engines have all increased.
Figure 10 gives 0 to 60 acceleration time for passenger
cars by number of cylinders. Except for 1986 to 1987, cars
with 8-cyUnder engines always averaged faster 0 to 60
acceleration time than those with 6-cyUnder engines. In 1978,
cars with 4- and 6-cyUnder engines had about the same 0 to 60
acceleration time. Since then, the sixes have reduced their
acceleration time by 3.3 seconds and are hard to distinguish
from cars with 8-cyUnder engines.
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4. Fuel Metering
Figure 11 compares fuel metering used in cars with 4-, 6-,
and 8-cyUnder engines. Nearly all of this year's cars with
6-cyUnder engines will have port fuel injection compared to 36
percent of the 4-cy Under and 41 percent of the 8-cy Under
engines. This figure also shows an increasing trend for TBI
fuel metering for cars with 4-cyUnder engines.
Nearly 92 percent of this year's cars with 4-cy Under
engines will have front wheel drive, as will 83 percent of the
cars with 6-cyUnder engines. Conversely, only 20 percent of
this year's cars with 8-cy Under engines will have front wheel
drive; The other 80 percent will still have rear .drive.
Similarly, a third of the 8-cy Under car engines buift this
year will be carbureted. All of these 8-cyUnder carbureted
engines will be used in cars with rear drive and automatic
transmission such as the Chevrolet Caprice, Buick LeSabre and
Dodge Diplomat.
Nearly 99 percent of this year's trucks with 6-cyUnder
engines will be fuel injected, compared to 58 percent in 1986
and 0.5 percent in 1985. Similarly, nearly 95 percent of this
year's trucks with 8-cyUnder engines will be fuel injected,
compared to 24 and 8 percent for the preceding two years. By
comparison, only 63 percent of this year's cars with 8-cy Under
engines will be fuel injected. Less than half of this year's
trucks with 4-cyUnder engines will be carbureted. Model year
1988 should be the first for which fuel injection exceeds 50
percent for both cars and trucks.
Figure 12 compares light truck and passenger car MPG by
number of cylinders for model years 1978-88. At the number of
cylinders level of stratification, there has been little
improvement in MPG the last few years for both cars and
trucks. MPG for cars with 6-cyUnder engines, for example, has
increased 1.6 MPG since 1984 compared to a 3.4 MPG increase
between 1979 and 1983. The MPG of trucks with 6-cy Under
engines is a good estimate of the fleet average for all trucks.
VI. Vehicle Size
A. Truck Size Class
Table 11 gives fuel economy, market fraction, CID and
inertia weight for 1978 to 1988 light-duty trucks by size
class. In 1978, Large Pickups accounted for nearly 60 percent
of all light trucks; Large Vans 19 percent and Small Pickups 10
percent. Since then, the market share of Large Pickups has
dropped to about 30 percent (Figure 13). Small Pickups gained
in popularity through 1983 when they accounted for 38 percent
of all light trucks. Since then, their market share has
dropped to about 25 percent while Small Vans and Utility Trucks
have increased their shares of the market to 18 and 15 percent,
respectively.
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Figure 14 shows the changes in 55/45 MPG and inertia
weight that have occurred since 1978 for the six truck
classes. Small Pickups now get lower MPG than they did in
1978, but are heavier. Small Vans and Utility Trucks both get
higher MPG than they did in 1978, and both of these classes are
heavier. Small Vans and Small Utility Trucks are now difficult
to distinguish on the basis of weight and MPG.
Large Vans, Large Pickups and Large Utility Trucks all get
higher MPG than they did in 1978. Large Vans and Utility
Trucks are heavier than they were in 1978; Large Pickups are
the only truck class to be lighter this year than they were in
1978.
The Light Truck fleet has improved 6.0 MPG since 1978, an
amount larger than any of the classes due to mix shifts across
classes (Table 12).
B. Car Size Class
Table 13 compares cars by EPA car class. Only
Min{compacts and Small Wagons show any significant variation in
interior volume: Mini compact volumes have ranged from 76 to 83
cubic feet, Small Wagons 105 to 119 cubic feet. Note that
interior volume is undefined for the Two-Seater car class; a
value of 50 cubic feet has been assigned to all Two-Seaters, a
class which has never accounted for more than about 3 percent
of car sales.
On a cI ass-by-class basis, passenger car MPG, inertia
weight and engine size have changed very little the last few
years. The largest change since last year is the 102 Ibs
increase in inertia weight for the Large Wagons.
Table 14 gives major characteristics of "Large Cars"
(i.e., Large Sedans and Wagons), "Midsize Cars" (Midsize Sedans
and Wagons) and "Small Cars" (Compacts, Subcompacts,
Minicoapacts, Small Wagons and Two Seaters).
Since 1980, Large Sedans and Wagons have accounted for
only 11 to 15 percent of the cars. By comparison, they
accounted for about 20 percent of the cars in 1978 and 1979.
Similarly, the market share of Midsize Cars and Wagons has
dropped from a peak of 36 percent in 1981 to less than a fourth
this year (see Figure 15).
Figure 16 compares inertia weight and MPG for 1978 to 1988
Small, Midsize and Large cars. Large Sedans and Wagons now
achieve higher MPG than both Small and Midsize cars did in 1978
and are lighter than Midsize Cars were then. Similarly,
Midsize Cars achieve higher MPG than Small Cars did in 1978,
but are heavier.
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More than 80 percent of the Small and Midsize cars now
have front-wheel drive, but there has been little change in
front-wheel drive usage for Large Cars. Front-wheel drive
usage for Large cars has been stalled at about the 50 percent
mark the past three years.
Use of TBI engines in Large cars peaked at 44 percent in
1985 and has since dropped to 15 percent, while use of port
fuel injection increased to 62 percent. Similarly, usage of
TBI engines in Midsize Cars peaked at 40 percent in 1986,
dropping to 27 percent this year, while port fuel injection
increased from 29 percent to 68 percent. Small car usage of
TBI engines has remained in the 25-30 percent range the last
four years, but Small car usage of port fuel injection has
increased from 26 percent in 1985 to 48 percent this year.
C. Vehicle Weight Class
Table 15 presents fuel economy, market fraction, CIO, 0 to
60 acceleration time and volume for 1978-88 cars by inertia
weight. Table 2 showed that average interior volume of cars
changed very little between 1978 and 1988, but inertia weight
decreased more than 500 Ibs, with most of this decrease coming
between 1978 and 1980. This shows up in Table 15 as an
increase in volume by weight class. Analysis of cars with
inertia weight above 4000 Ibs is confounded by the fact that
these vehicles accounted for more about a fourth of the cars
built in 1978, compared to only about a percent of the cars
built each year since 1984. Similarly, vehicles over 3500 Ibs
accounted for 70 percent of the 1978 fleet, but only 36 percent
in 1988.
Since 1979, four weight classes, those from 2500 to 3500
Ibs, have accounted for a majority of the cars built each
year. The market share of this group of classes has increased
each year and now accounts for five out of six cars. Reduction
in Market share has occurred for those cars below 2500 Ibs and
also for those above 3500 Ibs.
Since last year, MPG has increased for all but two of the
weight classes shown (under 2250 and 4000 Ibs), but these two
classes account for only 10 percent of this year's production.
Table 16 presents fuel economy, average market fraction,
and CID by inertia weight class for 1978 to 1988 light trucks.
In 1978, two weight classes, 4000 and 4500 Ibs, accounted for
70 percent of the light trucks. Since then the market share of
these two classes dropped to about 40 percent in 1984-85 and
have since increased to 47 percent.
The market share of the 3500 Ibs class increased from 3
percent in 1978 to about 25 percent in 1986 where it has
remained. Similarly, the 3000 Ibs class increased from 4
percent in 1978 to 20 percent in 1982, but it has since dropped
to 14 percent.
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VII. Market Segments
Table 17 shows major characteristics of the Domestic,
European, and Asian car fleets for model years 1978-87. Table
18 presents similar data for light trucks, but the truck fleet
is divided into just Domestic and Import segments. As in
previous papers, Import production volumes include vehicles
assembled in the U.S. by foreign manufacturers.
A. Market Share
As shown in Figure 17, the market share of European cars
has stayed at 5 to 7 percent. The Asian share of the car
market, on the other hand, has increased from 14 percent in
1978 to the 30 percent level the last two years.
Sales of Import trucks have increased relatively
consistently, but their share (27 percent) of the light truck
market is not quite as high as it was two years ago when 30
percent of Light Trucks were Imports.
B. Vehicle Size
Figure 18 shows the changes in 55/45 MPG and inertia
weight that have occurred for Domestic, European, and Asian
cars and also for Domestic and Import trucks.
Domestic cars built this year are 557 Ibs lighter, have
engines that are 92 CID smaller, and get 8.3 higher 55/45 MPG
than their 1978 counterparts. Domestic 1988 trucks are 241 Ibs
lighter, have engines that are 83 CID smaller, and get 5.8
higher MPG than in 1978. This year's Domestic Cars and Light
Trucks, however, are heavier than last year's.
This year's Asian and European cars get higher MPG than in
1978, but are heavier and have larger engines. This year's
European cars get 2.7 MPG less than in 1981, primarily because
Diesel engines were used in 36 percent of the European cars
that year.
This year's Import Trucks get lower average MPG (24.1)
than any year since 1979, but also are heavier and do not use
Diesel engines.
Since 1978, European and Asian cars have not only
increased inertia weight and engine size, they have also
increased their interior volumes by 7 and 12 cubic feet
respectively (Figure 19). The size (interior volume) of
Domestic cars has remained about the same (110 to 115 cubic
feet) and their inertia weight has reduced.
Another metric by which Domestic, European, and Asian cars
can be compared is interior volume divided by horsepower. The
sharp increase in HP/cu. ft. for the Europeans that has
occurred since 1980 coincides with the decrease in the use of
Diesel engines in European cars (36 percent diesel in 1981 vs.
0.1 percent in 1988).
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Since the interior volume of Domestic cars has remained
relatively constant, the increase in HP/cu.ft. that has
occurred since 1981 is due to the increase in horsepower (130
horsepower in 1988 vs. 106 in 1981-82). A similar increase in
horsepower occurred for Asian cars (94 HP this year vs. 77 HP
in 1980) but their HP/cu.ft. ratio has also been affected by an
increase in volume. About 4 percent of Asian Cars are
"Midsize," as are 17 percent of the European Cars. This
represents a major change since 1978 when all Asian Cars were
small as were 98 percent of the European Cars.
C. Fuel Metering
As mentioned earlier, fuel-injected engines are now used
in more than 80 percent of this year's light trucks compared to
less than 3 percent just four years ago. Figure 20 compares
the use of fuel-injected engines for Domestic and Import trucks
for 1978 to 1988. Nearly 95 percent of this year's Domestic
trucks are fuel injected, and over half of the Imports are. By
comparison, fuel-injected engines were used in 45 percent of
the 1986 Domestic and 31 percent of the 1986 Import trucks.
Figure 21 makes a similar comparison for Domestic,
European and Asian cars, but also shows only the fraction which
uses Diesel, carburet ion, TBI or port fuel injection. Nearly
86 percent of this year's European cars use port fuel
injection, with the remaining 5 percent almost entirely
carbureted. Carbureted engines will be used in 13.5 percent of
the European cars this year, the highest level since 1980.
Throttle body injection (TBI) has been used in only a
small percentage of Asian cars, but has increased the past few
years to 20 percent this year. Less than half the Asian cars
still use carbureted engines.
Over 90 percent of this year's Domestic cars will have
fuel-injected engines, with nearly two-thirds of these port
fuel injection. Use of TBI by the Domestics, however, remained
relatively constant at about 43 percent for three years, but
has dropped to 33 percent this year. Use of port fuel
injection in Domestic cars has increased from 6 percent in 1984
to 59 percent this year.
D. Drive and Transmission
Nearly 80 percent of this year's Domestic cars will use
front-wheel drive, as will nearly 90 percent of the Asians and
56 percent of the Europeans. Use of front-wheel drive in
European cars, however, is still below the level of 1980-81.
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Except for 1983 when 11 percent of the Asian cars used
four-wheel drive, it has been used only in a small percentage
of the Domestic, European, and Asian cars built each year.
Four-wheel-drive usage for light trucks has varied from a
maximum of 33 percent in 1984 to a minimum of 18 percent in
1979 for the Domestics. For the Imports, on the other hand,
four-wheel-drive usage has increased from 6.5 percent in 1978
to 38.5 percent this year. Since 1985, front-wheel drive has
been used in only 8-10 percent of the Domestic trucks and has
been used in only as many as 7 percent (in 1982) of the Import
trucks each year since 1978.
Use of manual transmissions in Asian cars has dropped from
78 percent in 1978 to about 50 percent the last three, years.
Similarly, use of manual transmissions peaked at 75 percent in
1980 for the Europeans and decreased to about 50 percent where
it has remained since 1983. Manual transmission usage for
Domestic cars increased from 8 percent in 1978 to 17 percent in
1980, and has remained in an 11 to 14 percent band since 1983.
VII I.Conclusions
Since 1982 there has been little year-to-year improvement
in fuel economy of light-duty vehicles, particularly when
compared with the improvements which took place before then.
This year's combined car and light truck fleet will
average 25.8 MPG. Since 1981, 55/45 fuel economy has improved
3.3 MPG for cars and 1.1 MPG for light trucks.
There is no evidence of a trend toward larger, heavier,
less fuel efficient vehicles.
Average weight for cars has been constant (about 3100 Ibs)
for the past seven years. There is no trend toward heavier
cars.
Average weight for light trucks has been constant (about
3800 Ibs) for the past seven years. There is no trend toward
heavier trucks.
The market share of Large Sedans and Wagons has remained
in a narrow range (11 to 15 percent) since 1980. The market
share of Midsize Sedans and Wagons has dropped from 36 percent
in 1981 to about 25 percent this year. There is no trend
toward larger cars.
Class-by-class, passenger car inertia weight and fuel
economy have changed very little since the early 1980s.
There is a trend toward smaller trucks. The market share
of Large Pickups has dropped from 60 percent in 1978 to 33
percent this year, with Small Pickups, Vans, and Utility trucks
absorbing the shift in market share. Light truck MPG has
increased 6.0 MPG since 1978.
-------
-13-
At the number of cylinders level of stratification, there
has been little year-to-year improvement in fuel economy in the
last five years for either cars or trucks. The market share of
6-cylinder engines has remained at about 25 percent for cars
over the last several years, but has increased to over 40
percent for trucks. Compared to 1978, this year's 4-cylinder
car engines are 21 CID larger, while 6- and 8-cylinder engines
are smaller by 27 and 35 CID, respectively. Use of 8-cylinder
engines has dropped to 13 percent of this year's cars and 25
percent of this year's trucks. There is no trend toward larger
engines
will have
More than 80 percent of this year's cars
fuel-injected engines, as will the light trucks.
Use of three-way-plus-oxidation catalysts has decreased
for cars, but increased for trucks. This catalyst type is
projected to be used on 25 percent of this year's cars and 31
percent of this year's trucks. Oxidation only catalysts will
be used on less than 4 percent of this year's trucks.
Sales of Asian cars are projected to exceed three million
this year, more than double the number sold in 1978. The
market share of European cars has been in a narrow range (5 to
7 percent) since 1978. The market share of Import trucks will
be 27 percent this year, compared to a peak of 31 percent in
1980.
Since 1978, engine size, inertia weight, and interior
volume have all increased for European and Asian cars. For the
Domestics, interior volume has remained the same, but inertia
weight and engine size have decreased. Thus, there is no trend
toward larger car sizes, increasing weight, or larger engines
for Domestic cars.
Since 1978, passenger car 55/45 fuel economy has improved
8.3 MPG for the Domestics, compared to 2.8 MPG for the
Europeans and 3.5 for the Asians.
This year's Domestic light trucks get 5.8 MPG higher 55/45
fuel economy than their 1978 counterparts. Import light truck
fuel economy has decreased 1.0 MPG since 1978.
-------
-14-
IX. References
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Fuel Economy
and Emission Control," November 1972.
2. Austin and He 11man, "Passenger Car Fuel Economy -
Trends and Influencing Factors," SAE Paper 730790, September
1973.
3. Austin and He I(man, "Fuel Economy of the 1975
Models," SAE Paper 740970, October 1974.
4. Austin, Michael and Service, "Passenger Car Fuel
Economy Trends through 1976," SAE Paper 750957, October 1975.
5. Murrell, Pace, Service and Yeager, "Light-Duty
Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1977," SAE Paper 760795,
October 1976.
6. Murrell, "Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends
through 1978," SAE Paper 780036, February 1978.
7. Murrell, "Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends
through 1979," SAE Paper 790225, February 1979.
8. Murrell, Foster and Bristor, "Light-Duty Automotive
Fuel Economy Trends through 1980," SAE Paper 800853, June 1980.
9. Foster, Murrell and Loos, "Light-Duty Automotive
Fuel Economy Trends through 1981," SAE Paper 810386, February
1981.
10. Cheng, LeBaron, Murrell and Loos, "Light-Duty
Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1982," SAE Paper 820300,
February 1982.
11. He I Iman and Murrell, "Why Vehicles Don't Achieve EPA
MPG on the Road and How that Shortfall Can Be Accounted For,"
SAE Paper 820791, June 1982.
12. Murrell, Loos, Heavenrich, and Cheng, "Light-Duty
Automobile Fuel Economy... Trends through 1983," SAE Paper
830544, February 1983.
13. Heavenrich, Murrell, Cheng, and Loos, "Passenger Car
Fuel Economy - Trends through 1984," SAE Paper 840499, February
1984.
14. Loos, Cheng, Murrell and Heavenrich, "Light Truck
Fuel Economy - Trends through 1984," SAE Paper 841405, October
1984.
15. Heavenrich, Murrell, Cheng and Loos, "Light-Duty
Automotive Fuel Economy...Trends through 1985," SAE Paper
850550, March 1985.
-------
-15-
16. Ma I Mar is, Asia and Gould, "Concise Description of
Auto Fuel Economy in Recent Years," SAE Paper 760045, February
1976.
17. Heavenrich, Cheng, and Murrell, "Light-Duty
Automotive Trends Through 1986," SAE Paper 860366, February
1986.
18. Heavenrich, Murrell, and Cheng, "Light-Duty
Automotive Trends through 1987" SAE Paper 871088, May 1988.
19. Automotive Fleet, Yearly Fact Book, Bobit
Publishing, Redondo Beach, CA.
-------
-16-
LIST OF TABLES
1. Vehicle Classification Convention
2. Characteristics Of 1975 to 1988 Light-Duty Vehicles
3. Characteristics Of Consumer and Commercial Fleet Passenger
Cars, 1979 To 1986
4. Commercial Fleet and Consumer Purchased Cars By Size
Category, 1979 To 1986
5. Catalyst Usage For Cars, 1978-88
6. Catalyst Usage For Light Trucks, 1978-88
7. Transmission Usage For Cars, 1978-88
8. Transmission Usage For Trucks, 1978-88
9. Characteristics Of Cars By Number Of Cylinders, 1978-88
10. Characteristics Of Light Trucks By Number of Cylinders,
1978-88
11. MPG, Market Fraction, CID and Inertia Weight Of 1978 To
1988 Trucks By Size Class
12. Changes In CIO, Weight and MPG Of Light Trucks By Size
Class, 1978 to 1988
13. MPG, Market Fraction, CID and Inertia Weight Of 1978 To
1988 Cars By Car Size Class
14. Characteristics Of 1978 To 1988 Small, Midsize and Large
Cars
15. MPG, Market Fraction, CID, 0 To 60 Time and Volume Of 1978
to 1988 Cars By Weight Class
16. MPG, Market Fraction, and CID, of 1978 to 1988 Trucks By
Weight Class
17. Characteristics Of 1978 To 1988 Domestic, European and
Asian Cars
18. Characteristics Of 1978 To 1988 Domestic and Imported
Trucks
-------
-17-
Table 1
Vehicle Classification Convent ion
Manufacturer/Vehi cI e
AMC Renault Alliance
AMC Eagle 4WD Car/Wagon
Chrysler vehicles by Mitsubishi
Colt Vista by Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Space Wagon
Ford vehicles by Mazda
Mercury Merkur and Scorpio
GM vehicles by Isuzu
GM vehicles by Suzuki
1988 Pontiac Lemans
GM/Toyota vehicles
U.S. buiIt Honda
Honda/Rover/SterI ing
Subaru 4WD Car/Wagon
Subaru Brat
U.S. bu i11 VoIkswagen
Audi and German-built Volkswagen
Porsche
This Trend Ana lysis
AlI to AMC
Car/Wagon
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Small Van
SmaI I Van
Mazda
Ford European Import
Isuzu
Suzuki
Asian Import
N.U.M.M.I. Assan Import
Honda Import
Asian Import
Car/Wagon
SmaII Pickup
VW Group
VW Group
VW Group through 1984,
Porsche after 1984
-------
-18-
Table 2 - Characteristics of 1975 - 1988 Light Duty Vehicles
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
Cars
Trucks
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
CITY FE
HWY FE
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
D1sp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/Disp
HP/Wt
0 TO 60
% Small
7. Mid
% Large
>
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
CITY FE
HWY FE
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
D1sp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man . T r
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
% Smal 1
% Large
8237
.806
13.7
19.5
15.8
4058
32.3
288
.068
6.5
19.9
5.1
5.1
94.6
.2
136
.515
.033
14.2
55.4
23.3
21.3
1987
. 194
12. 1
16.2
13.7
4072
28.4
311
.076
17. 1
37. 0
. 1
99.9
13.7
86.3
9722
.788
15.2
21 .3
17.5
4059
35.5
287
.068
5.8
17. 1
3.2
3.2
96.6
.3
134
.502
.032
14.4
55.4
25.2
19.4
2612
.212
12.8
16.9
14.4
4155
30.5
319
.076
22.9
34.8
. 1
99.9
11.1
88.9
113OO
.800
16.0
22.3
18.3
3944
36.4
279
.068
6.8
16.8
4.2
4.2
95.3
.5
133
.516
.033
14.0
51 .9
24.5
23.5
2823
.200
14.0
18.1
15.6
4135
33.0
318
.076
23.6
32.0
. 1
99.9
13.5
86.5
11175
.773
17.2
24.5
19.9
3588
35.9
251
.067
9.6
20.2
5. 1
5. 1
94. 0
.9
124
.538
.034
13.7
44.7
34.4
21 .0
3273
.227
13.8
17.5
15.2
4151
32.4
314
.075
29.0
32.4
. 1
99. 1
.8
13.3
86.7
10794
.778
17.7
24.6
20.3
3485
35.4
238
.065
11 .9
.3
22.3
4.7
4.7
93.2
2. 1
119
.545
.034
13.8
43.7
34.2
22.1
3088
.222
13.4
16.8
14.7
4252
32.1
298
.069
18.0
35.2
.3
97.9
1.8
18.5
81.5
9443
.835
20.3
29.0
23.5
3101
36.6
188
.058
29.7
.9
31 .9
6.9
.7
6.2
88.7
4 .4
100
.583
.032
14.3
54.4
34.4
11.3
1863
.165
16.5
21 .9
18.6
3869
36.3
248
.062
1 .4
25.0
53.0
1 .7
94.9
3.5
30.3
69.7
8733
.827
21.7
31. 1
25.1
3076
38.9
182
.057
37.0
.7
30.4
8.8
2.6
6. 1
85.3
5.9
99
.594
.032
14.4
51.5
36.4
12.2
1821
. 173
17.8
23.9
20.1
38O6
38.8
247
.063
2.0
20. 1
51 .6
1 . 1
93.3
5.6
27.6
72.4
7819
.803
22.3
32.7
26.0
3054
40. 1
175
.055
45.6
.8
29.7
17.0
9.8
7.2
78.4
4.7
99
. 6O9
.032
14.4
56.5
31 .0
12.5
1914
. 197
18. 1
24.4
20.5
3806
39.6
243
.062
1.7
20.0
45.7
.7
90.0
9.3
33.9
66. 1
8002
.777
22.1
32.7
25.9
3112
40.7
182
.056
47.3
3. 1
27.4
28.3
18.9
9.5
69.6
2.1
104
.615
.033
14.0
53.1
31 .8
15. 1
2300
.223
18.3
25.2
20.9
3763
39.9
231
.060
1 .4
25. 8
45.9
.6
94.7
4.7
45.5
54.5
10675
.761
22.4
33.3
26.3
3099
41 . 1
179
.056
53.7
1 .0
24.2
39.4
24.4
15.0
58.9
1 .7
106
.637
.034
13.8
57.4
29.4
13.2
3345
.239
17.9
24.8
20.5
3782
39.3
224
.058
4.9
31 .0
42. 1
2.6
95.1
2.3
46.0
54.0
10791
.746
23.0
34.3
27.0
3093
41 .9
177
.055
61 .6
2. 1
23.6
53.5
32.0
21 .4
45.6
.9
111
.671
.035
13.3
55.7
28.9
15.4
3669
.254
18.0
24.9
20.6
3795
39.6
224
.058
7. 1
30.6
37. 1
12.3
86.7
1 . 1
49. 1
50.9
11015
.717
23.7
35.5
27.9
3041
42.6
167
.053
71 . 1
1 . 1
24.8
65.1
28.4
36.7
34.5
.3
1 1 1
.701
.036
13.2
59.5
27.9
12.6
4350
.283
18.8
25.9
21 .4
3738
40.4
211
.055
5.9
30.3
42.7
40.5
18.7
21 .8
58.7
.7
56.3
43.7
10882
.714
24.0
36.2
28.3
3033
43. 1
162
.052
76.3
1.3
25.4
73. 1
29.6
43.5
26.6
.3
113
.732
.037
13.0
63.0
24. 1
12.9
4349
.286
18.7
26.2
21.5
3755
40.6
217
.056
7. 1
29.6
40.0
70.0
31 .8
38.2
29.7
.3
58.1
41.9
115OO
.700
24.0
36.6
28.4
3069
43.8
162
.051
80. 1
1 .7
27.5
81 .8
27.2
54.6
18.2
.0
119
.772
.038
12.6
62.8
22.3
14.9
4937
.300
18.3
26.2
21.2
3853
41 .0
225
.057
7.7
30.0
36.6
83.1
47.2
35.8
16.5
.5
54.4
45.6
-------
Both
-19-
Table 2 - Characteristics of 1975 - 1988 Light Duty Vehicles (continued)
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
Sales(OOO)
CITY FE
HWY FE
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
D1sp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
1O224
13.4
18.7
15.3
406O
31.6
293
.069
5.3
3.3
23.2
4. 1
4. 1
95.7
.2
12334
14.6
20.2
16.7
4079
34.4
294
.069
4.6
4.8
20. 9
2.5
2.5
97.3
.2
14123
15.6
21.3
17.7
3982
35.7
287
.070
5.5
4.7
19.8
3.4
3.4
96.2
.4
14448
16.3
22.5
18.6
3715
35. 1
266
.069
7.4
6.6
23.0
3.9
3.9
95.2
.9
13882
16.5
22.3
18.7
3655
34.7
252
.066
9.2
4.3
25. 1
3.7
3.7
94.2
2.0
11306
19.6
27.5
22.5
3228
36.6
198
.059
25.0
4.9
35.4
6.0
.6
5.2
89.7
4.3
10554
20.9
29.5
24. 1
3202
38.9
193
.058
31 .0
4.0
34.1
7.5
2.2
5. 1
86.7
5.9
9732
21 .3
30.7
24.7
3202
40.0
188
.056
37.0
4.6
32.8
13.8
7.9
5.8
80.6
5.6
10302
21.2
30.6
24.6
3257
40.5
193
.057
37. 0
8. 1
31.5
22. 1
14.7
7.3
75.2
2.7
14020
21.2
30.8
24.6
3262
40.7
190
.056
42. 1
8.2
28.5
30.6
18.6
1 1 .4
67.6
1 .8
14460
21 .5
31 .3
25.0
3271
41 .4
189
.056
47.8
9.3
27.0
43.0
23.9
16.0
56. 1
.9
15365
22. 1
32.2
25.7
3238
42.0
180
.054
52.6
9.3
29.8
58.2
25.7
32 .~5
41 .4
.4
15231
22.2
32.7
25.9
3239
42.4
178
.053
56.5
9.4
29.6
72.2
30.2
42.0
27.5
.3
16437
22.0
32.7
25.8
3304
43.0
181
.053
58.4
10.2
30.2
82.2
33.2
49.0
17.7
. 1
-------
-20-
Table 3 - Characteristics of Consumer and Commercial Fleet Passenger Cars
1979
1980 1981
1982
1983 1984
1985
1986
umer
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
D1sp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/D1sp
HP/Wt
0 TO 60
% Sinai 1
% Mid
% Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
9281
.860
20.5
3447
35.4
233
.065
12.8
.4
24. 1
5.0
5.0
92.8
2.2
118
.551
.034
13.8
46.5
33.0
20.5
1O8
2260
3835
8212
.870
23.7
3078
36.6
185
.057
30.5
.9
33.6
7.3
.7
6.7
88. 1
4.5
100
.589
.032
14.3
57.0
32. 1
10.8
103
25O7
38O8
7473
.856
25.3
3052
38.9
179
.056
37.6
.8
32.3
9.3
2.6
6.7
84.7
6. 1
98
.601
.032
14.4
54.2
33.9
11 .8
1O6
2745
4127
6726
.860
26.2
3O32
40. 1
172
.054
46.3
.9
31 .5
17.2
9.4
7.8
78. 1
4.8
98
.615
.032
14.4
59.3
28.6
12. 1
105
2834
4237
6945
.868
26.2
3O86
40.8
178
.055
48.5
3.4
29.9
29.0
18.4
10.6
68.8
2.2
103
.624
.033
14.0
57.0
28. 1
14.9
1O8
2912
4399
9055
.848
26.5
3077
41.2
176
.055
53.9
1 . 1
26.2
39.9
23.6
16.3
58.3
1 .8
105
.645
.034
13.8
6O.4
26.8
12.9
107
2912
4395
9157
.849
27.2
3070
41 .9
174
.054
62. 1
2.4
25.6
52.5
29.6
22.9
46.5
1 .0
110
.679
.035
13.4
58.6
26.4
14.9
107
2992
4513
9180
.833
28.0
3O32
42.6
166
.053
7O.8
1 . 1
25.9
64.3
26.8
37.5
35.4
.3
1 11
.705
.036
13.2
61 . 1
26.3
12.6
1O7
3O55
4566
-------
-21-
Table 3 - Characteristics of Consumer and Commercial Fleet Passenger Cars (continued)
1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
1984
1985
1986
Commercial
Fleet Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
D1sp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/Disp
HP/Wt
0 TO 60
% Smal 1
% Mid
% Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
1513
. 140
19.1
3715
35.6
269
.070
6.3
. 1
11 .4
2.7
2.7
95.6
1 .7
129
.504
.034
13.6
26.6
41.5
31 .9
116
2249
4139
1231
.130
22.4
3261
36.7
209
.062
24.3
1 .0
2O. 7
3.7
.8
2.9
92.6
3.7
106
.546
.032
14.2
36.8
49.0
14. 1
110
2510
4O62
1260
. 144
24.0
3215
38.8
199
.060
33.7
.4
19.3
5.7
2.7
3.0
89.0
5.3
103
.558
.032
14.3
35.0
SO. 8
14.3
112
2734
4360
1O93
. 140
25.0
3191
40. 1
193
.058
41.3
.5
18.5
15.6
12.0
3.6
8O.2
4.2
103
.574
.032
14.3
39.4
45.3
15.3
112
2849
4497
1057
.132
24.2
3282
39.9
206
.061
39.3
.8
10.8
23.8
22.0
1.8
74.9
1 .2
109
.560
.033
14.0
27.7
55.9
16.5
115
2846
4608
1620
. 152
25.2
3216
40.7
195
.059
53.1
.3
13.1
36.6
28.9
7.7
62.2
1 .2
109
.592
.034
13.8
40.8
43.9
15.3
113
2898
4597
1634
. 151
25.9
3224
41 .9
195
.059
58.6
.4
12. 0
58.7
45.7
13.0
40.9
.4
115
.627
.036
13.3
39.5
42.7
17.8
113
298O
4743
1835
. 167
27.5
3085
42.6
172
.054
72.8
.7
19.0
69.4
36.4
33.0
30.4
.2
112
.683
.036
13.2
51.3
36. 1
12.5
109
3064
4678
-------
-22-
Table 4 - Fuel Economy. Market Fraction, Average CID, IW, 0 To 60, and Vol for 1979-86 Cars
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
SMALL
23.6
.465
161
29O6
14.2
90
26.3
.570
135
2702
14.6
91
28.7
.542
127
2631
14.4
93
29.2
.593
128
267O
14.5
94
29.9
.570
132
2705
14.2
96
29.7
.604
137
2756
13.9
96
30.1
.588
134
2747
13.5
97
30.1
.611
136
2779
13.4
98
i-onsi
MIDSIZE
19. 1
.330
269
3713
13.7
116
21 .6
.321
229
3379
13.9
115
22.9
.339
218
3346
14.3
116
24. 0
.286
211
3337
14.2
116
24.0
.281
212
3331
13.8
116
24. 1
.268
207
3327
13.7
116
24.9
.263
201
333O
13.3
116
25.8
.263
191
3262
13. 1
117
jmer
LARGE
17.2
.205
340
4246
13.0
134
19. 1
. 108
315
4160
14.2
134
20.4
. 118
306
414O
14.4
134
20.4
. 121
294
4089
14. 0
135
20. 1
. 149
294
4079
13.5
134
20.5
. 129
295
4067
13.4
135
22.2
. 149
281
3882
12.8
132
23.7
. 126
264
3776
12.2
130
ALL
20.5
1 .OOO
233
3447
13.8
1O8
23.7
1 .OOO
185
3078
14.3
103
25.3
1 .000
179
3052
14 .4
1O6
26.2
1 .OOO
172
3032
14.4
105
26.2
1 .OOO
178
3086
14. 0
108
26.5
1 .OOO
176
3077
13.8
1O7
27.2
1 .OOO
174
307O
13.4
107
28. 0
1 .OOO
166
3032
13.2
107
SMALL
22. 1
.266
189
3087
14.0
93
25.3
.368
146
2783
14.6
93
27.9
.350
135
2694
14.4
96
28.8
.394
135
2723
14.5
97
28.3
.277
148
2815
14.3
1OO
28.4
.408
151
2833
14. 1
1OO
29.3
.395
148
2824
13.5
1OO
29.7
.513
140
2812
13.5
99
f let
MIDSIZE
19.0
.415
269
3734
13.9
117
21 .7
.490
226
3365
14.0
116
23.0
.508
214
3320
14.3
116
24.0
.453
208
3296
14.3
117
23.9
.559
209
3281
13.9
117
24.6
.439
201
3277
13.7
117
25.1
.426
2O2
3309
13.4
116
26.2
.361
185
3234
13.2
1 17
JT
LARGE
17. 1
.319
334
4215
13.0
134
19.0
. 141
312
4144
14. 1
134
20.2
. 143
3O3
4122
14.3
135
20.4
.153
296
4O86
14.0
136
20.1
. 165
295
4066
13.6
135
20.4
.153
296
4061
13.5
136
22.0
.178
284
39O5
12.6
133
23.8
.125
265
3778
12.2
131
ALL
19. 1
1 .OOO
269
3715
13.6
116
22.4
1 .000
209
3261
14.2
110
24.0
1 .OOO
199
3215
14.3
112
25.0
1.000
193
3191
14.3
1 12
24.2
1 .OOO
206
3282
14.0
115
25.2
1.OOO
195
3216
13.8
113
25.9
1.0OO
195
3224
13.3
113
27.5
1.000
172
3085
13.2
109
SMALL
23.4
.437
163
2921
14.2
90
26.2
.544
136
27O9
14.6
91
28.6
.515
128
2637
14.4
93
29.2
.565
129
2675
14.5
94
29.8
.531
133
2713
14.2
97
29.6
.574
138
2765
13.9
97
30.0
.559
135
2756
13.5
97
30.1
.595
136
2784
13.4
98
001
MIDSIZE
19.1
.342
269
3716
13.8
117
21 .6
.344
228
3376
13.9
115
23.0
.364
218
3341
14.3
1 16
24.0
.310
211
3329
14.2
1 16
24.0
.318
211
3319
13.8
116
24.2
.294
2O5
3315
13.7
116
24.9
.288
20 1
3325
13.3
116
25.9
.279
190
3256
13. 1
1 17
m
LARGE
17.2
.221
339
4240
13.0
134
19. 1
. 1 13
315
4158
14.2
134
20.4
. 122
305
4T37
14.4
134
2O. 4
. 125
294
4088
14.0
136
20.1
. 151
294
4O77
13.5
135
20. 4
. 132
296
4O66
13.4
135
22.2
. 154
282
3886
12.8
132
23.8
.126
264
3777
12.2
130
ALL
20.3
1.OOO
238
3485
13.8
109
23.5
1.OOO
188
3101
14.3
104
25. 1
1.OOO
182
3076
14 .4
106
26.0
1.000
175
3054
14 .4
106
25.9
1 .OOO
182
3112
14.0
109
26.3
1.OOO
179
3O99
13.8
108
27.0
1 .OOO
177
3O93
13.3
108
27.9
1.OOO
167
3O41
13.2
107
-------
-23-
Table 5 - Market Share, 55/45 MPG and IW of 1978 - 1988 Passenger Cars by Catalyst Type
1978
1979
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
No Catalyst
Oxid. Catalyst
3-Way Catalyst
3-Way + Oxid.
Diesel
.102
27.0
2467
.887
19.2
3717
.002
22.0
3188
.009
29.4
3498
.085
27.2
2408
.868
19.6
3587
.018
23.5
2982
.007
16.8
4082
.021
27. 1
3873
.046
25.9
2471
.790
23.3
3093
.096
22.7
3150
.025
20. 1
3663
.044
30.0
3487
. 142
30.0
2480
.297
26.2
2967
.502
23.1
3248
.059
29.9
3589
. 132
32.6
2413
.299
27.1
2977
.523
24.0
3210
.047
30.6
36O2
.124
33.0
2455
.243
28.7
2869
.612
23.8
3324
.021
30.8
3633
.006
27. 1
2788
.357
30.2
2754
.621
24.3
3296
.017
36.3
32O2
.004
28.0
2722
.485
29.3
2837
.502
24.9
3339
.009
34.2
3275
.005
28. 1
2731
.540
28.8
2945
.452
26.8
3159
.003
40.5
29O6
-OO6
27.3
2839
.661
29.1
2955
.330
26.8
3190
.003
31.2
3531
.750
29.4
2970
.250
25.9
3364
.OOO
37.4
3OOO
Table 6 - Market Share, 55/45 MPG and IW of 1978 - 1988 Light Trucks by Catalyst Type
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
1988
No Catalyst
Oxid. Catalyst
3-Way Catalyst
3-Way + Oxid.
Diesel
.705
14.5
4260
.287
17.3
3878
.084
22.8
2821
.898
14.2
4371
.008
21.2
4383
.018
21. 1
4977
. 107
24.2
2773
.849
17.9
3986
.010
19.2
3622
.OOO
13.4
65OO
.035
24.3
4437
.035
27.8
2728
.839
19.4
3913
.032
23.3
3O34
.038
18.6
3925
.056
32.0
3213
.OOO
28.8
2750
.795
20.2
3769
.052
23.8
3120
.060
15.3
4279
.093
27.0
4192
.022
22.3
3154
.741
20.7
3816
.076
22.0
3372
.113
19.3
3536
.047
27.0
4388
.623
20.2
3851
. 122
22.5
3367
.232
19.8
3764
.023
27.4
4291
.009
21.6
3203
.530
19.7
3957
.261
24.2
3346
. 189
18.7
3945
.011
26.1
4578
.395
19.8
3972
.459
23. 1
3514
.138
21 .3
3764
.007
26.7
4550
.182
21.0
3752
.592
22.0
3720
.224
20.5
3840
.OO3
25.7
4661
.038
21.8
3289
.644
22.2
3767
.313
19.4
4076
.005
22.5
5336
-------
-24-
Taole 7 - Market Share, 55/45 MPG and IW of 1978
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Automatic
Lockup +Auto
Lockup * Ovdrive
Manual
1988 Passenger Cars by Transmission Type
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
.731
18.7
3817
.067
17.2
4133
.2 2
28. 1
2575
.697
19. 0
3727
.080
18.5
3822
.223
26.6
2604
.516
22.4
3218
. 142
19.9
3759
.023
19.3
3975
.319
28.5
2558
.362
24.4
2972
.259
22.4
3641
.074
19.8
40O1
.304
31.5
2492
. 189
27.3
2800
.388
24.4
3265
. 126
20.2
4016
.297
31 .9
2531
. 168
28. 1
2828
.354
24.4
3235
.213
21 .4
3823
.265
32.4
2555
. 175
28.0
2810
.365
25.4
3192
.218
22.0
3714
.242
32.4
2609
.185
28.3
2828
.292
26.8
3117
.294
23.2
3612
.228
32.8
2607
. 172
28 . 1
2837
.272
27.7
3022
.309
25.0
3478
.248
32.7
2657
. 155
27.8
2817
.245
29.0
2930
.346
25.3
3477
.253
33. 1
2660
.083
27.4
2924
.271
29.7
2892
.372
25.4
3513
.275
32.8
2685
Table 8 - Market Share, 55/45 MPG and IW of 1978
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
1988 Light Trucks by Transmission Type
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
Automatic
Lockup +Auto
Manual
Manual + Ovdrive
.676
14.4
4330
.317
17.3
38O6
.007
27.2
25OO
.628
13.5
4534
.021
15.2
4141
.289
16.9
3929
.063
22.3
2956
.224
16.3
4162
.246
16.6
4491
.350
19.8
3614
.181
23.5
3151
. 173
17.0
4138
.311
17.9
4264
.277
21 .7
3592
.239
25.3
3217
.211
16.7
4137
.332
19.4
4236
.214
22.3
3461
.242
25.7
3231
.176
17.2
3919
.361
19.3
4296
.229
23.6
3334
.234
25.3
3241
.227
17.3
3921
.351
19.4
4196
. 160
22.3
3496
.261
25.0
3280
.207
17.7
3988
.422
19.6
4075
. 129
22.7
3553
.243
25.1
3272
. 153
19.2
3921
.420
19.7
4089
.099
23.0
3582
.328
25.3
3247
. 175
18.3
4103
.424
2O.6
3971
.095
21 .9
3748
.305
25.3
3256
. 134
17.9
4313
.476
20.7
4054
.059
22.5
3511
.332
23.6
3440
-------
FOUR
SIX
-25-
Table 9 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1988 Passenger Cars by Number of Cyl iriders
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt( Ibs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
Disp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Garb
% Diesel
Erg -HP
HP/Disp
HP/Wt
0 TO 6O
% Smal 1
% Mid
% Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Oisp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Garb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/Disp
HP/Wt
0 TO SO
% Small
% Mid
% Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
2942
.263
28.3
2519
36. 1
108
.043
31.6
67. 1
10.4
10.4
87.4
2.2
78
.726
.031
14.7
97.6
2.4
89
2579
3216
2351
.210
2O. 2
3478
35.2
220
.063
1.0
9. 1
6.2
6.2
93.7
. 1
107
.498
.031
14.8
54.6
43.4
2. 1
1O9
22O4
3836
3184
.295
27.0
2571
35.0
1 11
.043
33.3
1 .2
65.8
7.0
7.0
9O.6
2.4
77
.707
.030
14.9
95.8
4.2
90
2484
3163
2250
.208
20. 4
3412
34.9
216
.063
1 .2
1O. 4
7.4
7.4
91 .9
.7
109
.516
.032
14.4
42. 1
56.3
1 .6
1O8
2211
3788
4600
.487
27.9
2579
36.3
1 16
.045
44.8
1 .0
60.4
9.5
9.5
86.7
3.8
78
.682
.030
14.8
89.7
10.3
93
2643
3376
2674
.283
21 .6
3336
36. 1
212
.064
21.7
1.5
8.2
4.2
4.2
94.6
1 . 1
110
.530
.033
14.0
29.7
66.0
4.3
1 1 1
24O8
4012
4542
.520
29.7
2560
38.4
116
.045
60.3
.9
55.3
7.9
7.9
87.8
4.3
79
.693
.031
14.6
82.9
17. 1
97
2937
3734
2411
.276
22.6
3384
38.4
215
.063
14.2
.8
5.4
6.8
6.8
92.4
.9
110
.523
.033
14. 1
23.7
70.0
6.3
1 1 1
2528
4291
431 1
.551
30.8
2607
40.4
115
.044
71.6
.9
49.0
18.9
11.0
7.9
77.7
3.4
78
.686
.030
14.9
84. 1
15.9
98
3O56
3963
2122
.271
23.0
3389
39.2
212
.062
19. 1
1 . 1
7.0
17.4
7.8
9.6
79.9
2.7
1 14
.551
.034
13.8
26.3
63.9
9.8
112
2591
4409
4260
.532
31.0
263O
41 .2
119
.045
74.8
5.0
47. 1
32.3
20.5
11 .8
66. 1
1 .6
81
.695
.031
14.6
79.8
20.2
1O1
3181
4147
1879
.235
23.8
3379
4O.4
211
.062
22.3
1 .7
6.6
12.4
12.4
84.7
2.9
116
.567
.035
13.6
32.3
63.4
4.3
1 1 1
2659
4498
5884
.551
31 . 1
2664
41 .8
120
.045
80.7
1 .4
40.0
44.2
27.8
16.4
53.9
1 .9
86
.719
.032
14.3
84 .4
15.6
1OO
3168
4190
2457
.230
24. 1
3365
40.5
2O5
.061
31 .5
.9
6. 1
29.9
8.8
21.1
68.7
1 .4
1 17
.586
.035
13.4
30.0
66.9
3. 1
1 1 1
2682
4513
6059
.562
31 .3
2676
42.3
121
.045
83.0
3.7
38.5
51.8
32.5
19.3
46.8
1 .3
90
.753
.034
13.9
81 .3
18.7
.0
101
3230
4291
2503
.232
24.0
3388
40.8
206
.061
48.5
.0
6.3
62.8
21.6
41 .2
36.7
.6
124
.617
.037
12.9
30.2
55.9
13.9
112
2695
4564
6542
.594
31 .2
2720
42.7
122
.045
88.7
1 .6
36.9
63.6
38.5
25. 1
36. 0
.4
91
.755
.033
13.9
79.5
20.3
.2
102
3233
4373
2752
.250
24.9
3373
42. 0
199
.059
63.9
.4
7. 1
80.6
15. 1
65.5
19.2
.3
134
.687
.040
12. 1
34.6
44.5
21.0
112
2799
4728
6909
.635
31.3
2718
42.9
120
.044
90.9
2.0
36.8
67.8
37.6
30.2
32. f
. 1
93
.778
.034
13.7
81 .6
18.2
.2
102
3232
4365
2499
.230
25.1
3413
42.9
199
.058
73. 1
.2
8.0
96.7
8.0
88.7
2.5
.8
143
.733
.042
11 .6
37.9
38.2
23.9
113
2843
4854
6725
.585
31 .9
2728
43.7
117
.043
91.7
2.7
43. 1
76.9
40.8
36.2
23.0
.0
97
.830
.035
13.4
86.8
12.6
.5
101
3270
4422
33O3
.287
25.7
3391
43.8
193
.057
83.3
.3
6.3
99.9
1.6
98.3
. 1
142
.747
.042
11.5
33.6
44.6
21.8
1 14
2938
4984
-------
-26-
Table 9 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1988 Passenger Cars by Number of Cylinders (continued)
EIGHT
1978 1979
1980 1981
1982
1983
1984
1985 1986
1987
1988
T
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt( Ibs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
Disp/Wt
% FWD
% 4 WO
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/Disp
HP/Wt
0 TO 60
% Smal 1
% M1d
% Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
5882
.526
17.2
4166
36. 1
336
.081
2.1
1.2
1 .9
1 .9
97.5
.6
154
.460
.037
12.8
14.2
46.8
39.0
119
2085
4317
5361
.497
17.6
4058
35.9
324
.080
3.7
1 .4
2.2
2.2
95.3
2.6
149
.461
.037
12.9
13.4
42.8
43.8
121
2144
4340
2169
.230
19. 1
3920
37.9
309
.079
7.6
.8
4.4
3.0
1 .4
85.8
9.8
135
.439
.035
13.6
9.9
46.4
43.7
121
2343
4616
1780
.204
20.3
3973
40.9
307
.077
8.8
1.0
13.7
12.9
.8
69.4
16.9
133
.440
.034
14.0
8.8
4O.O
51.2
123
2540
5074
1386
. 177
20.3
3931
40.4
304
.077
5.4
4.5
10.3
9.0
1 .3
78.1
11 .6
138
.459
.036
13.4
17.3
27.2
55.6
123
2528
5031
1863
.233
20.1
3944
39.7
298
.076
9.6
3.4
35.3
34.3
1 .0
62.5
2.2
143
.482
.036
12.9
12.9
26.5
60.6
125
2516
4992
2334
.219
20.4
3914
40.0
299
.077
9.2
3.2
37.3
32.2
5.1
61 .3
1 .4
144
.484
.037
12.8
18.3
24.5
57.3
122
2497
4927
2229
.207
21.7
3895
42.3
296
.076
18.2
2.5
47 .4
42.3
5. 1
52.5
. 1
151
.509
.039
12.4
14.9
26.4
58.7
123
2670
5227
1721
. 156
23.1
3729
43.2
289
.077
15.7
6.8
46.4
1 1 .7
34.7
53.6
148
.521
.040
12.2
23. 1
30.4
46.4
119
2799
5163
1474
. 135
22.8
3868
44.2
300
.078
13.3
1.3
58.1
29.1
29. 0
41 .9
155
.519
.040
12.0
18.2
28.3
53.5
122
2792
5433
1472
. 128
22.6
3903
44.2
301
.077
20. 3
3.8
63.4
22.4
41 .0
36.6
170
.568
.044
1 1 .4
18.4
16.3
65.3
126
2852
5628
-------
FOUR
SIX
EIGHT
-27-
Table 10 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1988 Light Trucks by Number of Cylinders
1978 1979 198O 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
1988
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
D1sp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
% Smal 1
% Large
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
D1Sp(CI)
O1sp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Care
% Diesel
% Small
% Large
Sales(OOO)
Fract 1on
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
D1sp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
% Small
% Large
342
. 105
26.2
2849
37.7
121
.042
6.8
88. 1
.8
99.2
100.0
558
. 171
17.9
3973
35.9
273
.069
14.6
32.0
99.8
.2
9.8
90.2
2373
.725
13.9
4381
30.8
352
.081
35.5
24.4
98.9
1 . 1
1 .6
98.4
481
. 156
23.1
2850
33.6
123
.043
20.5
86.4
1.8
98.2
99.2
.8
515
. 167
17.2
4O66
35.4
264
.066
19.5
61 .0
99.3
.7
10.9
89. 1
2O92
.677
13.2
4620
3O.9
347
.075
17.0
17.0
97.5
2.5
1.8
98.2
585
.314
24.3
2842
35. 1
124
.044
4.5
22.2
90.0
5.3
92.8
1 .9
89.4
10.6
555
.298
18.8
4016
38.0
269
.067
18.3
61.9
99. 1
.9
6.4
93.6
723
.388
15.4
4585
35.9
333
.073
32.5
16.3
93.4
6.6
1 .O
99. 0
522
.287
27.3
2861
39.9
130
.046
6.4
24.5
92.9
3.9
80.6
15.5
90.4
9.6
636
.350
19.7
3956
39.2
272
.069
14.5
57.3
1OO.O
4.6
95.4
662
.364
16.9
44O5
37.6
315
.072
.5
22.0
13.6
96.8
3.2
.3
99.7
518
.270
27.4
2897
40.4
132
.046
6.2
23.3
88.9
2.4
82. 0
15.6
86.6
13.4
642
.336
20.9
3693
38.7
243
.066
12.8
52.5
10O.O
31 .3
68.7
754
.394
17.2
4526
39.9
319
.071
. 1
24.0
10.2
87.0
13.0
100.0
744
.324
27.2
2924
40.3
135
.046
4.2
19.2
84.8
2.0
92.5
5.6
92.0
8.0
751
.327
21 . 1
3754
39.7
229
.061
32.4
48.5
1OO.O
48. 0
52.0
8O4
.350
17.0
4547
39.7
321
.071
25.6
7.4
91.7
8.3
10O.O
1083
.324
26.4
3064
40.8
135
.044
15. 1
21.3
75.9
7.9
88.8
3.3
79.6
20.4
1200
.359
20.8
3730
38.9
221
.059
41 .2
41 .4
100.0
56.5
43.5
1062
.317
16.5
4573
38.3
320
.070
29.3
8.5
96.0
4.O
100.0
1253
.342
26. 1
3157
41 .5
141
.045
20.7
21.7
65.9
27.7
71 . 1
1.2
77.7
22.3
1217
.332
21.5
3704
39.9
216
.058
43.0
37.7
.5
.5
99.5
67.9
32.1
1198
.327
16.3
4555
37.5
318
.070
.0
27.4
6.5
8.1
89.9
2.0
100.0
1802
.414
26.3
3159
41.7
139
.044
14. 1
24.7
72.6
34.8
18.5
16.3
64.4
.8
81.0
19.0
1379
.317
20.9
3793
39.7
218
.057
37.8
33.3
58.3
34.7
23.5
41 .6
. 1
71 .8
28.2
1169
.269
17. 1
4563
39.2
315
.069
.0
29.9
7.6
28.5
.0
28.4
70.2
1 .3
100.0
1527
.351
26.6
3123
41.7
139
.045
10.5
25.5
73.2
43.9
22.7
21 .2
55.8
.3
88.7
11.3
1766
.406
21 .5
3791
40.7
221
.058
8.3
32.3
27. 1
90.2
35.0
55.3
9.8
66.2
33.8
1056
.243
16.8
46O9
38.9
322
.070
.0
30.8
13.8
73.9
39.5
34.4
25.4
.7
.0
1OO.O
1524
.309
25.3
3199
40.6
142
.045
9.0
26.6
74.0
51.5
39.8
11 .8
48.5
89.5
10.5
2160
.438
21 .6
3838
41.5
225
.059
11.3
34.3
28.4
98.7
46.2
52.4
1 .3
61 . 1
38.9
1252
.254
17.3
4675
40.8
327
.070
.0
26.6
5.2
94.6
58. 1
36.5
3.6
1 .8
.O
10O.O
-------
-28-
Table 11 - Fuel Economy. Market Fraction, CID and Inertia Weight
for 1978 - 1988 Light-Duty Trucks by Size/Body Class
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Smal 1
Pickups
26.3
. 1037
121
2844
23.4
. 1486
123
2832
25.3
.2625
123
2792
28. 1
.2468
129
2822
27.5
.3091
144
2880
26.9
.38O5
145
2978
26.0
.27O7
146
3080
25.9
.2273
151
3070
25.8
.2829
147
3118
27. 1
.2472
147
3026
25.6
.2216
154
3O75
Large
Pickups
14.7
.5889
339
4326
14.3
.5660
330
4486
17.4
.5083
294
4227
18.9
.5439
286
4069
19.0
.4438
287
4151
18.4
.3280
289
4197
18.8
.3402
271
4048
19.2
.3391
269
4026
19.7
.2992
262
40O5
19.2
.2786
272
4092
19.4
.3318
278
4166
Small
Van
20.0
.OO08
120
350O
18.7
.OO27
120
35OO
19.0
.OO84
120
3619
18.5
.0062
120
3644
21 .7
.0078
111
3668
19.7
.OO62
118
3567
24.7
.O649
136
3380
23.5
. 1206
169
3521
23.2
. 1494
181
3671
23.4
. 1796
186
3674
23.3
.1777
185
3783
Large
Van
14.2
.1902
330
4253
13.5
. 1529
326
4560
16.5
. 1213
299
4404
17.4
. 1283
292
4357
17. 1
. 1545
296
4376
17.7
. 1599
301
4445
17. 1
. 1371
3O3
4402
16.4
. 1124
308
4462
17.4
.0906
305
4537
17. 1
.0959
310
4577
17.7
.0818
310
4665
Small
Uti 1 Ity
16.7
.0285
275
3026
16.7
.0339
261
3196
18.8
.0325
227
3083
20.4
.0234
225
3054
20.5
.0222
207
2922
21 .9
.0680
189
3512
21 .9
. 1247
175
3546
22.1
. 1429
168
3643
22.2
. 1309
163
355O
22.6
. 1538
172
3519
22.2
. 1446
182
3573
Large
Ut1l 1ty
13.8
.0878
359
4676
11 .6
.0959
355
4975
14.3
.0670
328
4810
15.6
.0513
320
4734
16.8
.0626
324
4855
16.5
.0574
333
4905
15.5
.0622
331
4910
15.8
.0577
333
4945
16.3
.0470
328
4955
15.9
.0450
333
5053
16.1
.0424
339
5153
-------
-29-
Table 12
Changes In CID, Weight and MPG
of Light-Duty Trucks By Size Class. 1978-88
Class
Sma II Pi ckup
Large Pickup
Sma I I Van
Large Van
Sma II Utility
Large Uti I ity
A I I Trucks
CID
+23
-61
+65
-20
-93
-20
-89
Weight
+231
-160
+273
+412
+547
+477
-298
MPG
-.7
+4.7
+3.3
+3.5
+5.5
+2.3
+6.0
-------
-30-
Table 13 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID, IW, 0 To 60, and Volume by Car Size Class
1978
1979
198O
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Two
Seater C
19.4
.017
187
3O79
11 .8
50
20.1
.024
180
3026
12.2
50
20.6
.021
180
2954
12.3
50
21 .9
.019
202
3O05
10. 6
50
25.7
.034
147
2726
13.0
50
23.9
.017
146
2756
11 .8
50
26.7
.033
174
2886
12. 1
50
26.9
.031
158
2826
11.7
50
28. 1
.028
166
2916
11 .7
50
27.5
.026
167
2929
11.5
50
27. 1
.024
166
2976
10.8
50
Mini
:ompact C
27.4
.081
120
2584
14. 1
79
27.6
.040
113
2450
14.4
80
28. 1
.041
116
2459
14.4
83
34.3
.026
92
2164
14.5
83
35.5
.023
95
2193
14.6
83
35.7
.020
100
2273
14.2
82
25.6
.004
151
2855
10.5
76
36.0
.007
106
2300
13.4
79
30.7
.016
113
2408
12.8
81
31 .0
.006
123
2573
1 1 .5
78
32.0
.007
120
2712
12.2
79
Sub
Compact C
24.6
.184
159
2842
14.4
90
24. 1
.282
155
2847
14.2
90
27. 1
.376
128
2640
14.7
90
29.3
.311
124
2604
14.7
90
29. 1
.298
133
2657
14.5
92
30.0
.246
136
2688
14.0
93
29.6
.238
14O
2737
13.5
93
30. 1
.202
136
2734
13.4
94
30.6
.216
136
2764
13.4
95
31 .6
. 191
126
27O5
13.6
93
32.0
.203
119
2672
13.4
93
Compact *
20.2
.133
236
3552
14.5
105
19.5
.062
246
3624
14.4
1O5
22.4
.073
186
3185
14.4
106
26.7
. 112
142
2825
14.2
1O4
29.0
. 162
128
2794
14.6
103
28.8
.182
141
2844
14.4
103
29.7
.256
137
2798
14.3
103
29.8
.272
138
28O4
13.5
103
29.8
.304
137
2819
13.5
103
29.9
.373
134
2830
13.3
103
29.9
.367
137
2891
12.7
103
Mdslze
18.6
.299
292
3820
13.4
113
19. 1
.297
272
3710
13.6
113
21.6
.316
229
3362
13.8
113
22.9
.332
220
3346
14.2
114
24.0
.273
211
3321
14.2
114
23.9
.284
212
3316
13.8
114
24. 1
.260
210
3318
13.6
114
24.9
.258
205
3319
13.3
114
25.9
.242
194
3241
13.0
1 14
26.1
.209
190
3256
12.6
114
26.7
. 189
184
3288
12.4
113
Large
16.8
. 183
357
4394
12.8
128
17.4
. 196
339
4210
12.9
13O
19. 1
. 102
314
4130
14. 0
131
20.4
. 109
3O4
4108
14.3
131
20.7
. 106
292
4034
13.9
131
20.2
. 135
293
4041
13.4
131
20.5
.116
294
4022
13.4
131
22.3
. 140
279
3841
12.7
129
23.9
. 115
26O
3719
12. 1
127
24.3
. 12O
263
3716
11.9
128
24.2
. 129
258
3678
11.3
127
Small H
Wagon
24.3
.032
134
2805
14.3
108
25.7
.029
123
2711
15. 1
105
28.6
.033
1 13
2591
15.4-
108
30.0
.048
108
2531
14.4
1 11
30.6
.049
109
2580
15.3
112
32.2
.066
1O5
2565
15.3
1O8
31.9
.043
1O7
2620
15.2
116
32.5
.046
107
2579
15.2
118
31.0
.032
113
2648
14.7
118
31 . 1
.034
116
2781
14. 1
120
31.6
.025
1 1 1
2718
13.9
118
/Mdsize
Wagon
18.6
.045
258
3836
14.4
140
19. 1
.045
249
3758
14.7
140
21 . 1
.027
228
3535
15.0
140
23. 1
.031
193
3285
14.5
136
23.7
.036
205
3384
14.3
136
24.4
.034
200
3348
14. 1
136
25.0
.034
172
3298
14. 1
136
25.0
.030
173
3380
13.9
136
26.0
.037
162
3355
13.6
138
25.9
.032
172
3433
13.2
140
26.2
.035
174
3394
12.8
14O
Large
Wagon
15.9
.026
354
4664
13.4
162
16.1
.026
333
4467
13.4
163
19. 1
.011
324
4423
15.2
161
19.9
.012
313
4394
15.3
161
19.2
.019
306
4396
14.6
161
19.6
.016
307
4380
14. 1
162
19.9
.017
305
4371
13.9
162
20.9
.014
305
4354
13.2
162
22.0
.011
304
4381
13.9
161
22.9
.009
304
4320
13.8
162
22.9
.021
306
4434
14. 1
161
-------
-31-
Table 14 Characteristics of Small, Midsize and Large Passenger Cars. 1978 to 1988
SMALL
MIDSIZE
1978 1979
1980
1981
1982
1983 1984 1985 1986
1987
1988
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI )
Dlsp/Wt
% FWD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/01 sp
HP/Wt
0 TO 60
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
D1sp/Wt
% FWD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/DIsp
HP/Wt
0 TO 60
4991
.447
23.3
3013
35.5
174
.055
20.2
43.6
10. 1
10.1
88.6
1 .4
99.2
.631
.033
14.2
3843
.344
18.6
3822
35.6
288
.075
1 .2
2.2
1.6
1.6
98.4
.0
133.4
.467
.035
13.5
4714
.437
23.4
2921
34.6
163
.053
23.7
49.2
8.9
8.9
89.0
2. 1
96.6
.644
.032
14.2
3693
.342
19.1
3716
35.7
269
.072
4.5
2.4
2.3
2.3
96.1
1 .6
26.4
.475
.034
13.8
5135
.544
26.2
2709
36.0
136
.049
37.0
53.6
10.5
10.5
85.6
3.9
85.5
.659
.031
14.6
3244
.344
21 .6
3376
36.6
228
.067
27.8
8.0
2.7
1 .4
1.3
94.5
2.8
112.3
.510
.033
13.9
4495
.515
28.6
2637
38.2
128
.047
49.0
54.8
1 1 .4
1 1 .4
83.8
4.8
84.7
.687
.032
14.4
3175
.364
23.0
3341
38.5
218
.064
32.5
6.2
2.8
2. 1
.7
93. 1
4. 1
107.1
.514
.032
14.3
4421
.565
29.2
2675
39.6
129
.047
57.3
51.1
18.4
6. 1
12.3
77.8
3.8
85.7
.684
.032
14.5
2420
.310
24. 0
3329
40.2
211
.062
42.8
2.6
14.4
13.6
.8
81.5
4. 1
107.5
.532
.032
14.2
4248
.531
29.8
2713
40.9
133
.048
60.8
50.6
33.2
16.2
17.0
64.7
2. 1
89.0
.695
.032
14.2
2544
.318
24.0
3319
40. 0
211
.063
47. 1
1.7
16.6
15.3
1.3
81.6
1 .7
111.2
.546
.033
13.9
6128
.574
29.6
2765
41 .4
138
.049
64.6
41.3
44.9
21. 1
23.8
52.9
2. 1
94.2
.707
.034
13.9
3135
.294
24.2
3315
40.3
205
.061
56.8
1.5
29.5
25.0
4.5
69.3
1 .2
1 12.6
.571
.034
13.7
6030
.559
30.0
2756
41.8
135
.048
69.8
41 .4
52.9
26.5
26.4
45.8
. 1.3
98.6
.746
.035
13.5
3103
.288
24.9
3325
41.6
201
.060
63. 1
1.6
5O.6
36.6
14.0
49. 0
.4
1 16.8
.612
.035
13.3
6551
.595
30. 1
2784
42.3
136
.048
74.7
40.2
60.9
25.8
35. 1
38.7
.4
99.8
.753
.035
13.4
3076
.279
25.9
3256
42.3
190
.058
72.5
2.8
69.2
40.4
28.8
3O.6
.2
118.0
.650
.036
13. 1
6855
.630
30.3
2791
42.7
132
.046
80.4
39.0
66.4
25.7
40.7
33.3
.3
101 . 1
.782
.036
13.3
2627
.241
26.0
3280
42.8
187
.056
77.9
3.0
85.6
41 .2
44.4
14.0
.4
123.8
.689
.038
12.7
7221
.628
30.5
2814
43.3
131
.046
83.3
42.0
78.5
30. 1
48.4
:21 .5
.0
107.2
.832
.037
12.9
2563
.223
26.6
3304
44. 1
182
.055
87.0
4.8
94.6
27. 1
67.5
5.4
127. 1
.715
.038
12.4
-------
-32-
Table 14 Characteristics of Small, Midsize and Large Passenger Cars, 1978 to 1988 (continued)
LARGE
1978 1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984 1985
1986
1987
1988
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Dlsp(CI)
Disp/Wt
% FWD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/Disp
HP/Wt
0 TO 60
2341
.210
16.7
4428
37.2
357
.080
1.0
. 1
. 1
98.5
1 .4
162.3
.457
.037
12.9
2387
.221
17.2
4240
36.7
339
.080
. 1
. 1
96.8
3. 1
53.8
.456
.036
13.0
1064
. 113
19. 1
4158
40. 1
315
.076
1 .8
1 .8
86.2
12.0
136.3
.438
.033
14.2
1064
. 122
20.4
4137
42.8
305
.074
15.3
15.3
68.4
16.3
133.0
.442
.032
14.4
978
. 125
20.4
4088
42.2
294
.072
17. 1
17. 1
72.8
10. 1
135.9
.466
.033
14.0
1209
.151
20. 1
4077
41.1
294
.072
35.9
35.9
61 .5
2.7
140.4
.480
.034
13.5
1412
.132
20.4
4066
41.6
296
.073
37.3
37.3
61 .8
.9
140.7
.478
.035
13.4
1657
. 154
22.2
3886
43. 1
282
.072
29. 1
60.9
43.6
17.4
38.8
.3
143.6
.51 1
.037
12.8
1388
. 126
23.8
3777
44.8
264
.070
51 . 1
.6
76.2
14.5
61 .8
23.8
146.9
.569
.039
12.2
14OO
. 129
24.2
3757
45.4
265
.070
52.9
.4
82.2
26.9
55.4
17.8
149. 1
.574
.040
12.0
1717
. 149
24.0
3786
45.4
265
.070
56.5
.5
76.7
15. 1
,61.6
'23.3
157.6
.607
.042
11.7
-------
-33-
Table 15 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID, 0 to 60 Time, and
Volume, for 1978 - 1988 Passenger Cars by Weight Class
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Under
2250
34.9
.024
90
14.3
80
32.0
.022
88
14.4
80
33.0
?30
30
14.3
86
38.4
.024
86
14.0
87
40.3
.020
86
14.5
87
43.6
.012
84
14.4
86
44.3
.OO9
86
13.5
73
48.5
.OO9
78
14.5
68
45.8
.013
67
15.9
79
45.2
.019
67
16.0
84
42. 1
.025
71
15.5
89
2250
31.9
.079
89
15.0
86
31 .4
.065
88
15.2
88
32.4
. 123
92
15.0
90
34.4
. 136
96
14.8
91
35.6
. 1 13
94
15.0
92
36.2
. 123
95
14.9
96
37.1
.084
94
14.8
97
37.5
.078
94
14.6
97
38.5
.068
93
14.8
93
39.2
. O42
91
14.5
90
39.7
.042
91
13.5
91
2500
27.9
.070
101
15.1
92
27.9
.100
101
15.4
91
28.0
. 124
104
15.6
92
29.4
.175
108
14.8
95
31 .2
. 184
106
15.4
92
32.2
. 155
107
15.0
95
32.7
. 143
107
14.7
96
32.8
. 157
109
14.2
98
33.7
.147
106
14.3
1OO
33.5
. 179
105
14.5
99
34.4
.150
99
14.6
99
2750
24.8
.045
129
13.4
89
24.0
.043
132
13.6
82
26. 1
. 103
142
13.6
96
27.7
.082
137
13.8
107
28.8
. 123
124
14.4
104
30.2
. 1O8
124
14.2
1O6
30. 1
. 192
127
14. 1
103
30.6
. 174
128
13.6
103
3O.6
. 172
125
13.4
102
30.9
. 184
124
13.3
102
31 .5
. 152
121
13.0
102
3000
22.5
.081
164
13.9
97
22.1
. 119
162
13.9
96
23.6
.215
164
13.8
101
24.4
. 186
165
13.8
104
25.7
. 199
163
13.6
104
25.8
.189
161
13.4
105
26.4
. 187
157
13.2
105
27.1
. 189
153
13.0
1O6
27.5
.257
151
13.2
107
28.0
.247
147
12.8
106
28.3
.272
147
12.3
105
3500
20.2
.268
257
13.8
1 11
20.2
.249
252
13.7
112
20.7
.227
244
14. 1
111
22.2
.209
234
14.3
113
22.4
. 182
237
14.0
112
22.8
.209
238
13.6
112
22.9
.208
236
13.1
110
23.4
.228
228
12.7
112
24.4
.251
225
12.0
113
24.7
.228
216
11.6
1 14
25.2
.266
210
11.4
114
4000
18.0
.200
306
13.1
115
17.8
.245
311
13.0
120
18.8
. 139
302
13.9
122
20.3
. 150
296
14.0
123
20.6
. 155
287
13.8
126
20.3
. 181
287
13.4
127
20.6
. 159
289
13.4
126
21 .7
. 155
294
12.8
125
22. 1
.083
299
12.4
125
22.6
.095
296
12.3
123
22.3
.072
291
1 1 .3
124
Over
4OOO
15.8
.233
369
13. 1
126
16.2
. 159
358
13.5
127
18.9
.039
350
15. 1
137
20.3
.037
343
16. 1
137
20.7
.024
323
16. 1
148
19.8
.024
312
14.4
146
20.0
.018
3O9
14. 0
152
20.8
.010
307
13.8
160
21 .2
.OO9
309
14. 0
156
22.0
.007
307
14.5
159
22.7
.022
308
14.5
155
-------
-34-
Table 16 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction and CID
for 1978 to 1988 Light Duty Trucks by Weight Class
1978
1979
198O
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Under
2750
27.2
.007
97
27.5
.013
96
28.8
.024
92
33.3
.028
102
29.8
.026
12O
28. 1
.017
126
28.0
.007
99
29. 1
.003
82
32.7
.010
84
33.0
.015
81
33.5
.014
81
2750
23.5
.074
157
22.6
.081
126
25.2
. 174
126
27.9
.122
130
28.3
. 119
130
28.8
. 148
132
28.3
.098
130
29.9
.067
130
29.5
.073
132
29.7
.050
135
27.5
.038
136
3OOO
25.2
.044
148
21 .9
.073
154
22.7
. 114
146
25.9
. 137
150
25.9
. 198
162
25.7
. 180
158
26.0
.172
153
26.2
.179
151
26.8
.193
143
27.4
. 185
144
26.5
. 143
146
35OO
18.6
.031
267
16.9
.022
251
18.3
.044
21 1
20.9
.067
238
22. 1
.076
205
23.3
. 120
174
22.7
.221
164
23.0
.260
168
23.0
.259
164
23.2
.275
177
22.9
.250
183
4OOO
15.9
.402
319
15.9
.227
301
18.6
.288
279
19. 1
.371
283
18.7
.256
286
19.0
.218
269
18.9
.206
265
19.6
.202
260
20. 1
.215
243
20.5
.234
241
21.2
.280
227
4500
13.5
.301
353
13.9
.311
323
15.7
.209
319
16.8
.205
312
16.8.
.213
310
17.0
.225
310
16.7
.207
310
16.4
.203
31 1
17.3
. 177
307
17. 1
.163
315
18.0
. 190
317
50OO
12.8
.099
371
12.3
.218
363
15. 1
. 130
347
15.8
.067
330
17.0
.089
332
17.0
.075
332
16.0
.078
327
15.9
.076
326
16.3
.067
323
15.9
.064
326
16. 1
.069
329
Over
50OO
12. 1
.042
379
11 .0
.054
401
13.0
.018
355
13.7
.003
350
21.5
.024
350
20.4
.017
374
18.2
.012
369
17. 1
.010
363
16.8
.008
348
16.9
.014
352
17.2
.016
354
-------
-35-
Table 17 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1988 Domestic,
1978 1979
198O
1981
1982
1983
European and Asian Passenger Cars
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
Domestic
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI )
Disp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/Disp
HP/Wt
O TO 60
% Small
% Mid
% Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
9084
.813
18.7
3828
36.0
284
.073
4.6
8.2
1 . 1
1 . 1
98.6
.4
133
.483
.035
13.6
32.2
42. 1
25.8
114
2185
4117
8761
.812
19.3
3696
35.7
268
.071
6.3
9.9
1 . 1
1 . 1
97.3
1 .6
128
.501
.035
13.6
31.0
41 .8
27.2
114
2235
4088
682O
.722
21 .9
3323
36.5
218
.064
23.4
.6
16.8
1 .2
.9
.2
95.7
3. 1
109
.532
.033
14. 1
37.3
47. 1
15.6
110
2448
4048
6261
.717
23.5
3291
38.7
210
.062
32.4
.3
15.3
3.7
3.7
91.3
5.0
1O6
.549
.032
14.2
32.7
50.3
17.0
113
27O6
44O8
55O6
.704
24.5
3247
40.0
200
.059
42.9
.4
15.4
13.9
13.9
82.4
3.7
1O6
.567
.032
14.3
38.8
43.4
17.8
112
28OO
45O4
5682
.710
24. 1
3310
40.2
2O8
.061
42.5
.6
12.3
27.3
26.6
.7
71.5
1 .2
11 1
.565
.033
14.0
34.7
44. 1
21.3
115
2828
4612
81O2
.759
25. 1
3233
40.8
197
.059
51.3
.3
13.6
38.3
32.0
6.3
60.7
.9
110
.593
.034
13.8
45.3
37.2
17.4
111
2857
4553
7797
.723
25.8
3246
41 .9
199
.059
60.0
.0
11 .0
57.5
44.2
13.3
42.3
.2
117
.625
.036
13.2
40.7
38.0
21.3
113
2950
4734
7515
.682
26.6
3199
42.6
191
.058
68.2
. 1
11.7
70.7
41 .0
29.6
29.2
. 1
117
.646
.036
13.0
43.6
38. 1
18.3
112
2999
4768
6724
.618
26.9
3209
43.2
191
.058
72.6
.6
11.2
84.9
43.5
41. -5
15.0
. 1
121
.665
.037
12.7
42.7
36.7
20.6
112
3O51
4872
7145
.621
27.0
3271
44.3
192
.057
78.8
.3
12.4
92.4
33.4
59.0
7.6
130
.707
.040
12.2
44.7
31 .7
23.6
114
3107
5068
European
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Disp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/D1sp
HP/Wt
O TO 6O
% Small
% Mid
% Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
582
.052
23.9
2705
33.2
115
.042
53.7
68.6
65.5
65.5
22.9
11.5
87
.758
.032
14.7
96.2
3.8
92
2335
3084
520
.048
24.4
2783
35. 1
121
.043
47.0
69. 1
54.9
54.9
27.5
17.6
87
.727
.031
15. 1
93.4
6.6
90
2354
3195
699
.074
28. 0
2649
38.5
114
.043
65.3
75.2
55.3
55.3
15.5
29.2
80
.702
.030
15.4
95.4
4.6
90
2699
3498
525
.060
29.4
2765
42.1
121
.044
61 . 1
68.7
61 .4
61 .4
2.2
36.4
84
.694
.030
15.2
95.0
5.0
93
2928
394O
494
.063
28.6
2895
42.7
129
.044
54.8
61 .2
65.6
65.6
6.3
28. 1
92
.718
.031
14.8
93.8
6.2
96
2923
4144
441
.055
27.2
3041
42.0
140
.046
41.9
. 1
53.5
77.0
77.0
3.6
19.4
107
.773
.035
13.5
90.5
9.3
. 1
99
2784
4180
640
.060
26.7
2987
40.8
139
.046
45.4
.5
51.0
84.2
84.2
2.2
13.6
110
.798
.037
13.0
81 .6
18.4
1OO
2772
4086
666
.062
26.3
307O
41 . 1
144
.046
45.0
.6
46.4
88.8
88.8
.3
10.9
117
.827
.038
12.8
79.5
20.5
.0
102
2818
4231
735
.067
26.0
3O19
39.8
146
.047
47.0
1.2
46.9
91.4
91 .4
5.3
3.3
124
.857
.040
12.2
76.3
22.3
1.5
1O3
2788
4124
734
.067
25.9
3025
39.5
145
.047
46.7
.9
48.2
90.2
90.2
6.6
3.2
128
.891
.041
11.9
78.2
19.9
1 .9
101
2712
4027
811
.070
26.7
296O
39.6
136
.045
55.9
1 .2
52.7
86.4
86.4
13.5
. 1
124
.919
.041
12.1
79.1
17.4
3.5
99
2729
3968
-------
-36-
Table 17 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1988 Domestic, European and Asian Passenger Cars (continued)
Asian
1978
1979
1980 1981
1982
1983 1984
1985
1986 1987
1988
n
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt( IDS)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Disp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/Disp
HP/Wt
0 TO 60
% Smal 1
% Mid
% Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
1510
.135
28.7
2482
36.2
106
.042
22.8
74. 1
5.9
5.9
94. 1
84
.784
.033
14.0
100.0
85
2531
3097
1513
. 140
26.7
25O6
33.9
107
.042
32.4
2.5
77.8
8. 1
8. 1
91 .9
78
.734
.031
14.6
100.0
85
2356
2895
1924
.204
29.0
2482
36.4
107
.043
39.2
2.4
69.7
9.4
9.4
90.6
77
.720
.031
14.6
1OO.O
89
2647
3232
1948
.223
30.9
2469
38.6
109
.044
45.5
2. 1
68.7
11.0
11.0
88.2
.8
78
.713
.031
14.5
100.0
89
2816
3426
1819
.233
31.2
2512
39.7
113
.044
51.3
2.2
64.4
13. 1
13. 1
85.6
1 .3
80
.707
.032
14.5
100.0
91
2924
3611
1879
.235
32.7
2529
41.9
112
.044
63.2
11.3
67. 1
20.2
20.2
79.3
.5
83
.731
.032
14.2
10O.O
93
3160
3924
1933
. 181
32.7
2569
42.5
114
.044
66.8
4.2
59.4
29. 1
.5
28.6
70.1
.8
88
.768
.034
13.7
100.0
94
3174
4OO4
2328
.216
32.2
2585
42.2
113
.043
71.8
9.4
59.0
29.9
. 4
29.5
69.9
.2
89
.782
.034
13.9
99.2
.8
95
3175
4O13
2765
.251
32.9
2616
43.5
110
.042
85.3
3.6
54.4
43.2
1 .7
41 .4
56.8
. 1
90
.810
.034
13.8
98. 1
1.9
97
3287
4211
3423
.315
32.2
2690
43.7
111
.041
89.8
2.8
48.4
46. 1
8.7
37.4
53.9
93
.831
.034
13.8
99.5
.5
97
3227
4259
3545
.308
32.2
2686
43.7
1O9
.040
88.3
4.6
52.1
59.3
20.8
38.6
40.7
96
.870
.035
13.5
95.6
4 .4
97
3239
4247
-------
Domestic
Imports
-37-
Table 18 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1988 Domestic and Imported Light Trucks
1978
1979
1980 1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986 1987
1988
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
D1sp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
% Small
% Large
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt( Ibs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
Dlsp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
7. Stnal 1
% Large
2915
.891
14.5
4305
31.8
337
.079
31 .7
25.5
99. 1
.9
2.7
97.3
358
. 109
25.1
2903
37.2
127
.043
6.5
88.6
.8
99.2
10O.O
2616
.847
13.8
4504
31.8
330
.073
17.6
25.6
97.9
2.1
3.8
96.2
473
. 153
23. 1
2854
33.7
124
.043
20.1
88. 1
1 .8
98.2
10O.O
1293
.694
16.8
4323
36.8
303
.070
27.1
36.8
95.9
4. 1
4.3
95.7
571
.306
24.3
2839
35.1
124
.044
4.6
20.3
89.8
5.4
92.6
2.0
89.3
10.7
1310
.720
18.2
4173
38.4
293
.070
.3
19.0
35.6
98.4
1 .6
3.3
96.7
510
.280
27.3
2862
39.9
130
.045
6.5
22.8
92.8
4.0
80. 1
15.9
9O.2
9.8
1459
.763
19. 0
4078
39.3
277
.068
.0
18.2
31.2
93.3
6.7
18. 1
81 .9
454
.237
27. 1
2932
40.6
135
.046
7. 1
26. 1
92.2
2.8
79.5
17.7
84.7
15.3
1806
.785
19.6
3977
39.6
257
.063
.0
26. 1
33.8
95.9
4. 1
33.8
66.2
495
.215
27.1
2982
41 .0
137
. O46
6.2
24.6
90.2
3.O
9O.3
6.8
88.0
12. 0
2608
.780
19.2
3990
38.9
250
.062
5.7
33.0
30.1
98. 1
1 .9
39.3
60.7
737
.220
26.6
3045
4O.9
134
.044
2.0
23.9
84.5
1 1 .6
84.6
3.8
70.0
3O.O
2938
.801
19.5
3963
39.2
245
.061
8.2
30.7
26.5
9.5
89.6
.9
45.9
54. 1
730
. 199
26.3
3119
41 .4
139
.045
2.4
30.0
79.8
23.5
74.9
1 .6
61.7
38.3
3055
.702
19.9
3993
40. 1
243
.060
7.6
29.9
25.3
44.6
19.8
24.8
54.8
.6
49. 1
50.9
1296
.298
26. 1
3136
41.2
138
.044
1.8
31 .2
83.5
30.9
16.1
14.8
68.0
1 . 1
73.4
26.6
3274
.753
20.4
3956
40.7
242
.060
8.6
27.2
28.2
80.7
35.0
45.7
19.0
.3
49.2
50.8
1075
.247
25.6
3143
40.4
139
.044
2.4
36.8
76. 1
37.5
21 .9
15.6
62.4
. 1
85.0
15.0
3626
.734
20.3
4064
41.6
254
.062
10.2
26.9
21 .9
94.8
51 .6
43.2
4.6
.6
43.2
56.8
1311
.266
24. 1
3269
39.4
146
.045
1.0
38.5
77. 1
50.7
35.2
15.6
49.3
85.3
14.7
-------
-38-
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Car and Truck MPG and Inertia Weight By Model Year
2. Use of Fuel Injection By 1978 To 1988 Cars and Light Trucks
3. Fuel-Inject ion Trends, Gasoline-Fueled Automobiles
4. Weight and MPG Of Commercial Fleet and Consumer Purchased
Cars, 1979 To 1986
5. Size Distribution Differences Of Commercial Fleet and
Consumer Purchased Vehicles, 1979 To 1986
6. Impact of FFV Cafe Credits On Domestic Manufacturers..
7. Catalyst Usage, 1978 To 1988 Cars and Trucks
8. Car and Truck Engine Size By Number Of Cylinders, 1978 To
1988
9. Horsepower For Cars By Number Of Cylinders, 1978 To 1988
10. Acceleration Time Of Cars By Number of Cylinders, 1978 To
1988
11. Fuel Metering In Cars By Number Of Cylinders, 1978 To 1988
12. Car and Light Truck MPG By Number Of Cylinders, 1978 To
1988
13. Market Share Of 1978-88 Trucks By Size Class
14. MPG and Inertia Weight Of 1978-88 Trucks By Size Class
Market Share Of Small, Midsize and Large Cars, 1978 To 1988
MPG and Inertia Weight Of Small, Midsize and Large Cars,
1978 To 1988
17. Sales Of Domestic and Imported Vehicles, 1978 To 1988
18. Inertia Weight and MPG Of 1978 to 1988 Domestic and
Imported Vehicles
19. Interior Volume of Domestic, European and Asian Cars, 1978
To 1988
20. Fuel Injection used by 1978 to 1988 Light Trucks
21. Fuel Metering Of Domestic, European and Asian Cars, 1978
To 1988
15
16
-------
-39-
Passenger Cars
40
35
30
25
20
15
Average MPG
Weight
Highway
Inertia Weight
74 76 78 80 82 84 86
Model Year
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
88
40
35
30
25
20
15
Average MPG
Light Trucks
10
74
Inertia Weight
Weight
76 78
80 82
Model Year
84 86
88
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Fig. 1
-------
-40-
Fuel Injection Usage
Cars and Light Trucks
100
Percent Fuel Injected
20 -
78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
Model Year
Fig. 2
100
Percent
Fuel Injection Trends
Gasoline Fueled Automobiles
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
Model Year
Fig. 3
-------
-41-
MPG by Model Year
Consumer & Fleet Cars
30
25
20
15
MPG
CONSUMER
10
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Inertia Weight by Model Year
Consumer & Fleet Cars
4500
Inertia Weight
4000 h
3500 h
3000
2500
2000
FLEET
CONSUMER
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 4
-------
Small Car Sales Fraction
Consumer va Fleet
1.00
0.76
0.60
0.26
0.00
Small Car Fraction
79 80 81 82 83 84 86 86
Midsize Car Sales Fraction
Consumer vs Fleet
1.00
0.76
0.60 -
0.26
0.00
Midsize Fraction
79 60
81 82 83
Model Year
86 88
Large Car Sales Fraction
Consumer vs Fleet
1.00
0.76
0.60
0.26
0.00
Large Car Fraction
79 80 81
82 83 84
Model Year
86 86
Fig. 5
-------
-43-
Effect of FFV Conversion
Model Year 1988 Large Sedans and Wagons
40
MPG
35
30
25
27.5 MPQ
20
10 20 30 40
Percent Large Cars Converted
so
Effect of FFV Conversion
Model Year 1988 Midsize Sedans & Wagons
40
MPG
35
30
25
CHRYSLER
27.5 MPQ
20
10 20 30 40
Percent Midsize Cars Converted
Fig. 6
50
-------
-44^
Catalyst Types Used on Cars
Sales Fraction
78 79 80 81
82 83 84
Model Year
85 86 87
Catalyst Types Used on Light Trucks
Sales Fraction
78 79 80
82 83 84
Model Year
Fig. 7
85 86 87 88
-------
-45-
Average Engine Size
Passenger Cars
400
300
200
100
Cubic Inch Displacement
8-cyl
4-cyl
Average
I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Average Engine Size
Light Trucks
400
300
200
100
Cubic Inch Displacement
4-cyl
1 1 1 1 1 1
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 8
-------
-46-
Average Engine Horsepower
Passenger Cars
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
Horsepower
4-cyl
H h
H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 9
Average Zero to 60 Acceleration
Passenger Cars
Time (seconds)
15
14
13
12
11
10
-cyl
H h
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
Model Year
Fig. 10
-------
-47-
100%
80%
60% -
Engine Size Market Shares
Passenger Cars
Sales Fraction
40%
20%
Fuel Metering, Cars
6 Cylinder Engines
100%
80%
80%
Sales Fraction
40% -
20% -
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 86 87 88
Model Year
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 88 87 88
Model Year
Fuel Metering, Cars
4 Cylinder Engines
100%
80%
60%
Sales Fraction
40% -
20% -
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 88 87 88
Model Year
Fuel Metering, Cars
8 Cylinder Engines
100%
80% -
80% -
Sales Fraction
40% -
20%
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 86 87 88
Model Year
Fig. 11
-------
-48-
Passenger Car MPG by Model Year
and Number of Cylinders
35
30
25
20
15
MPG
4 CYLINDER
8 CYLINDER
10
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Light Truck MPG by Model Year
and Number of Cylinders
30
25
20
15h
MPG
6 CYLINDER
8 CYLINDER
10
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 12
-------
-49-
100%
80%
60% h
Truck Class Market Shares
Sales Fraction
40% h
20%
79 80
81
85 86 87 88
82 83 84
Model Year
Fig. 13
MPG vs Inertia Weight by Truck Size
Model Year 1978 to 1988 Light Trucks
40
MPG
35-
30-
25-
20-
15-
10
SMALL
PICKUP
SMALL
VAN
LARGE
PICKUP LARGE LARQE
UTILITY
VAN
SMALL
UTILITY
A
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Inertia Weight
4500
5000
5500
Fig. 14
-------
-50-
Car Size Market Shares
100%
80% -
60% -
Sales Fraction
40%
20%
79 80
81
82 83 84
Model Year
Fig. 15
85 86 87 88
MPG vs Inertia Weight by Size Class
Model Year 1978 to 1988 Passenger Cars
40
MPG
35-
30-
25-
20-
15-
10
Midsize
Large
2000 2500 3000 3500
Inertia Weight
4000
4500
Fig. 16
-------
-51-
Vehicle Sales by Vehicle Type
Cars and Light Trucks
Sales, Millions
DOMESTIC CARS
DOMESTIC TRUCKS
ASIAN CARS
EUROPEAN CARS
IMPORT TRUCKS
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
Model Year
Fig. 17
MPG vs Inertia Weight by Vehicle Type
40
MPG
35-
30-
25-
20-
15-
10
ASIAN
CARS
EUROPEAN
CARS
IMPORTED
TRUCKS
DOMESTIC
TRUCKS
2000 2500 3000 3500
Inertia Weight
4000
4500
Fig. 18
-------
Interior Volume of Cars
130
EPA Volume (cu. ft.)
120
110
100
90
80
DOMESTIC
EUROPEAN
ASIAN
t
I
LARGE
MIDSIZE
COMPACT
SUBCOMPACT
J MINICOMPACT
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 19
-------
-53-
100
Fuel Injection Usage
Light Trucks
Percent Fuel Injected
80
60
40
20
Imported
Domestic
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
Model Year
Fig. 20
-------
-54-
Fuel Metering
Domestic Cars
Fuel Metering
Asian Cars
100%
80%
60%
40%
20% -
Sales Fraction
o%
100%
80%
60% -
Sales Fraction
40%
20%
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
Model Year
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 86 87 88
Model Year
Fuel Metering
European Cars
100%
80%
80%
Sales Fraction
40%
20%
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 86 87 88
Model Year
Fig. 21
-------
-55-
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A lists the sales-weighted average nameplate MPG
values for model year 1988 cars and trucks, by size class.
APPENDIX B gives major characteristics of model year 1988
trucks by weight class.
APPENDIX C gives major characteristics of model year 1988
trucks by size class.
APPENDIX D gives major characteristics of model year 1988 cars
by weight class.
APPENDIX E gives major characteristics of model year 1988 cars
by size class.
APPENDIX F compares model year 1988 Domestic, European, and
Asian passenger cars by transmission type, drive type, and
engine type.
APPENDIX G compares model year 1988 Domestic and Import trucks
by transmission type, drive type, and engine type.
-------
A-l
TWO SEATERS
UNAOJ
5S/45
MPG
Appendix A - Namipllt* Average Fuel Economy
MINICOMPACT SEDANS
SUZUKI SPRINT METRO ....
HONDA CIVIC CRX HF 60.7
HONDA CIVIC CRX 3B.5
FORD EXP 34.4
TOYOTA MR2 ..
SUBARU XT-OL
32. 4
32.3
DELTA 204T ..
BERTONE XI/9
29.2
ALFA ROMEO SPIDER
CM FIERO
27.7
27.5
PANTHER KALLISTA 26.9
GM REATTA 28.2
MASERATI 0
MASERATI QC CAR
NISSAN 300ZX ...
LOTUS ESPRIT TU
MAZDA RX-7
GM CORVETTE
GM CORVETTE CONVERT IB
GM ALLANTE
AURORA
MERCEDES-BENZ 560SL
FERRARI 328 GTS/GTB
RUF
JAGUAR XJ-SC
FERRARI T6STAROSSA
24.7
24. 1
23.7
23.4
22.7
22.6
22.6
22.4
19. I
17.5
17.2
17.0
16.5
13.4
UNADJ
55/45
MPO
SUZUKI FORSA TURBO ..
SUZUKI TURBO SPRINT .
SUZUKI TURBO FIREFLY
46.0
46.0
46.0
TOYOTA CELICA CONVERTIB 34.3
OACIA COUPE ..
DACIA SEDAN ..
30.7
30.7
VW/AUOI CABRIOLET 29.0
PORSCHE 924 S 28.5
PORSCHE 944
PORSCHE 944 S
PORSCHE 944 TURBO
26.0
25.8
25.7
PORSCHE 911 CARRERA 24.4
PORSCHE 911 23.3
PORSCHE 91 1 TURBO
PORSCHE 928 S4 ...
21 .4
20.7
FERRARI 3.2 MONDIAL/CAB 17.2
SUBCOMPACT SEDANS
UNADJ
55/45
MPG
LAMBORGHINI COUNTACH
SUZUKI SPRINT 50.9
SUZUKI FIREFLY 50.6
SUZUKI FORSA 50.6
FORD FESTIVA 46.8
DAIHATSU CHARADE 46.5
TOYOTA TERCEL EZ 44.6
SUBARU JUSTY 44.3
ISUZU SPECTRUM 41.0
HONDA CIVIC 38.9
MITSUBISHI COLT 38.6
ISUZU SUNBURST 38.4
ISUZU I -MARK 38.0
SUBARU JUSTY 4WD 37.6
MERCEDES-BENZ 19002.5 37.4
NISSAN SENTRA HONEYBEE 37.3
TOYOTA TERCEL 36.6
MITSUBISHI MIRAGE 36.1
ISUZU SPECTRUM TURBO 36.1
MITSUBISHI PRECIS 35.2
HYUNDAI EXCEL 34.9
NISSAN SENTRA COUPE 34.7
YUGO 0V 33.9
NUMMI COROLLA FX 33.5
HONOA INTEGRA 32.6
VW/AUOI FOX 31.9
SUBARU MATCHBAC 31.7
TOYOTA COROLLA 31.3
NISSAN PULSAR NX 31.2
SUBARU XT 30.4
CM SUNBIRD CONVERTIB 30.0
MITSUBISHI TR6DIA 29.3
MITSUBISHI COROIA 29.3
SUBARU SEOAN/3DOOR 29.0
VW/AUOI SCIROCCO 16V 28.8
CHRYSLER DAVTONA 28.5
VW/AUDI 80/90 28.1
HONDA PRELUDE 28.0
CHRYSLER LEBARON CONVERTIB ... 27.8
NISSAN 200SX 27.8
TOVOTA CELICA 27.4
ISUZU IMPULSE 26.5
FORD MUSTANG 26.3
GM CAVALIER CONVERTIB 26.3
MERCEDES-BENZ I90E2.3 26.1
SUBARU XT 4WD 25.6
SAAB 900 CONVERTIB 25.5
MERCEDES-BENZ 190E2.6 24.9
NISSAN 300ZX 2*2 24.1
BMW 3-SERIES 24.0
VW/AUOI 80/90 OUATTRO 23.9
GM CAMARO 23.8
GM FIREBIRD/TRANS 23.6
TOYOTA SUPRA 23.3
MITSUBISHI CONQUEST 23.3
ALFA ROMEO MILANO 23.2
MITSUBISHI STARION 23.1
MERCEDES-BENZ 300CE 23.0
BMW 6-SERIES 17.6
JAGUAR XJ-S 16.5
ROLLS-ROYCE BENTLEV 11.8
ROLLS-ROYCE CORNICHE II 11.8
ASTON MARTIN LAGONOA 10.9
ASTON MARTIN SALOON/VANTAGE .. 10.9
-------
A-2
COMPACT SEDANS
App*noMx A - Nimipllt* Av«r«o« Fu«l Economy (Continues)
.«««« UNAOJ
MIDSIZE SEDANS 55/45 LARGE SEDANS
UNAOJ
55/45
MPG
CM LEMANS 35.7
TOVOTA COROLLA 35.0
NISSAN SENTRA 34.8
NUMMI NOVA 34.7
FORD ESCORT 33.6
FORD TRACER 33.2
GM FIRENZA 33.2
CM 5KVHAWK 32.9
GM SUNBIRD 32.6
MAZDA 323 32.5
CHRYSLER OMNI 32.2
CHRYSLER HORIZON 32.2
.7
.7
.6
.5
.4
.2
VW/AUOI JETTA 31.
vw/AUOI GOLF 31.
GM CAVALIER 31 .
GM SKYLARK 31.
HONOA ACCORD 31.
GM GRAND AM 31.
MAZDA LASER 31.0
GM CUTLASS CALAIS 30.9
SUBARU SEDAN/3DOOR 30.3
CHRYSLER SHADOW 29.4
CHRYSLER SUNDANCE 29.2
VW/AUDI JETTA GLI 16V 28.8
VW/AUDI GTI 16V 28.8
FORD TOPAZ 28.7
FORD TEMPO 28.7
GM CORSICA 28.3
GM BERETTA 28.3
CHRYSLER LEBARON 28.3
NISSAN STANZA 28.0
GM CIMARRON 26.4
VOLVO 2400L/240GL 26.3
FORD COUGAR 26.0
SAAB 900 25.9
FORD THUNOERBIRD 25.6
McEVOV 240 DL/240 GL S 25.3
GM SOMERSET/SKVLAR 25.3
MERCEDES-BENZ 260E 24.8
TOYOTA CAMRY 24.6
FORD TOPAZ ALL WHEEL 24.4
FORD TEMPO ALL WHEEL 24.4
NISSAN MAXIMA 23.9
TOYOTA CRESSIDA 23.6
HONDA LEGEND 23.6
vw/AUOI QUANTUM 23.5
STERLING AUSTIN ROVER ST 23.4
FORD XH4TI 23.4
JAGUAR XJ6 23.3
PEUGEOT 505 SEDAN 23.3
MITSUBISHI GALANT SIGMA 23.2
MERCEDES-BENZ 300E 23.0
BMW 5-SERIES 22.4
VOLVO 780 21.1
MERCEDES-BENZ 300SE 20.6
MERCEDES-BENZ 560SEC 17.0
UNAOJ
55/45
MPG
CHRYSLER ARIES 30.3
CHRYSLER RELIANT 30.3
CHRYSLER CARAVELLE 28.9
CHRYSLER 600 28.8
MAZDA 626/MX-6 28.8
CM 6000 28.7
CHRYSLER LANCER 28.6
GM CELEBRITY 28. 1
CHRYSLER LEBARON GTS 28.1
MITSUBISHI MEDALLION SEDAN ... 28.0
GM CUTLASS CIERA 28.0
GM CENTURY 27.6
GM REGAL 27.3
GM GRAND PRIX 27.2
FORD SABLE 27.2
FORD TAURUS 27.0
GM CUTLASS SUPREME 26.4
GM RIVIERA 26.2
GM TORONAOO 26.2
VOLVO 740/760 26.0
CHRYSLER NEW YORKER TURBO 25.9
CHRYSLER DYNASTY 25.4
CHRYSLER NEW VORKER/STH 25.1
MAZDA 929 24.2
VW/AUDI 5000S 23.8
VW/AUDI 5000S OUATTRO 23.7
GM MONTE CARLO 23.6
VW/AUDI 5000CS TURBO 23.4
VW/AUDI 5000CS OUATTRO 23.3
FORD MARK VII 23.0
CHRYSLER NEWPORT/FIFTH A 22.8
FORD SCORPIO 22.6
GM SEVILLE 22.4
GM ELDORADO 22.4
VOLVO 740/760 21.1
CX 25GTI 21.0
MERCEDES-BENZ 300SEL 20.6
CHRYSLER GRAN FURY 20.1
CHRYSLER DIPLOMAT 19.5
BMW 7-SERIES 18.9
MERCEDES-BENZ 420SEL 18.8
MERCEDES-BENZ 560SEL 17.0
ROLLS-ROYCE SILVER SPIRIT ... 12.0
ROLLS-ROYCE BENTLEY EIGHT .... 12.0
UNADJ
55/45
MPG
GM BONNEVILLE
GM LESABRE ...
CM DELTA 88
GM NINETY-EIGHT
CM ELECTRA
26.2
26.2
26.2
26.2
26.2
CHRYSLER PREMIER
SAAB 9000
25.3
25.2
FORD CONTINENTAL 23.2
FORD GRAND MARQUIS
FORD TOWN CAR
GM BROUGHAM
23.0
23.0
GM CAPRICE 22.5
FORD LTD CROWN VICTORIA
GM DEVILLE
22.4
22.4
GM FLEETWOOO 22.4
BMW 750 SERIES
ROLLS-ROYCE SILVER SPUR
16.2
I 1.8
-------
A-3
Appendix A - Nam«p)at* Average Fu«t Economy (Continued)
SMALL WAGONS
UNADJ
55/45
MPG
MIDSIZE WAGONS
UNADJ
55/45
MPG
LARGE WAGONS
UNAOJ
55/45
MPG
HONOA CIVIC 37.0
MITSUBISHI COLT 35.8
MITSUBISHI MIRAGE 35.4
NISSAN SENTHA 33
FORD ESCORT 33
MAZDA 323 33.3
GM SUNBIRD 33.3
GM FIRENZA CRUISER 33.2
FORD TRACER 32.0
GM SKVHAWK 32.0
VW/AUDI FOX 31.9
TOVOTA TERCEL 31.6
CM CAVALIER 31.5
NISSAN SENTRA 4WD 31.3
SUBARU 30.7
DACIA STATION WAGON 30.7
HONDA CIVIC 4WO 30.2
TOVOTA COROLLA ALL-TRACK 29.2
SUBARU 4WO 28.7
TOVOTA CAMRV 24.
NISSAN STANZA 4WO 24.4
NISSAN MAXIMA 23.8
VW/AUDI QUANTUM 23.4
VW/AUDI QUANTUM SVNCRO 22.1
CHRVSLER EAGLE-4WD 20.3
CHRYSLER RELIANT 29.3
CHRVSLER ARIES 29.3
CHRVSLER TOWN i. COUNTRV 28.3
GM CELEBRITY 28. I
GM 6000 28. I
FORD SABLE 27.7
GM CUTLASS CRUISER 27.6
CM CENTURY 27.3
FORD TAURUS 27.2
NISSAN STANZA 2WD 27.1
VOLVO 240DL/240GL WAG 27.0
MITSUBISHI MEDALLION 26.0
McEVOV 240 DL/240 GL WAG 25.3
VOLVO 740/760 WAGON 25.3
FORD TAURUS V6 24.4
FORD SABLE V6 23.6
VW/AUDI 5000S 23.4
PEUGEOT 505 STATION WAG 23.4
VW/AUDI 5000CS OUATTRO 23.3
CHRYSLER TOWN & COUNTRY 23.2
MERCEDES-BENZ 300TE 21.1
CX ESTATE 21.0
FORD GRAND MARQUIS WAG .
FORD LTD CROWN VICTORIA
CM CUSTOM CRUISER
GM CAPRICE
GM SAFARI
GM LESABRE/ELECTRA
23. I
23. 1
22.9
22.9
22.9
22.9
-------
A-4
Appendix A - Nameplat* Average Fuel Economy (Continued)
LARGE PICKUPS
UNAOJ
55/45
MPG
CHRYSLER COMANCHE-2WO 24.1
GM CABALLERO PICKUP 24.0
GM EL CAM I NO PICKUP 24.0
MITSUBISHI TRUCK 4WO 23.5
GM TIO PICKUP 4WO 23.0
GM TI5 PICKUP 4WD 23.0
MITSUBISHI POWER RAMSO 4WO ... 23.0
CHRVSLER DAKOTA 2*0 22.8
CHRYSLER COMANCHE-4WD 22.7
ISUZU PICKUP TRUCK 2WO 22.6
CHRYSLER DAKOTA 4WD 20.7
TOYOTA TRUCK 4WD 20.7
NISSAN TRUCK 4X0 20.6
ISUZU PICKUP TRUCK 4WD 20.6
GM CIO PICKUP 2WO 20.2
GM CIS PICKUP 2WD 20.2
GM C2S PICKUP 2WO 18.8
GM C20 PICKUP 2WO 18.8
FORD FI50 PICKUP 2ND '. . . 18.6
CHRVSLER DAKOTA CAB CHAS 18.3
FORD F250 PICKUP 2WO 17.4
CHRYSLER 0100/0150 PICKUP .... 17.3
FORD F150 PICKUP 4WO 17.2
GM K25 PICKUP 4WO 17.2
GM K20 PICKUP 4KD 17.2
GM K15 PICKUP 4WD 17.0
GM KIO PICKUP 4WO 17.0
FORD F250 PICKUP 4WD 16.3
CHRVSLER D2SO PICKUP 2WD 15.6
CHRVSLER J-10 STD PICKUP 14.6
CHRVSLER W100/W150 PICKUP .... 14.2
CHRYSLER J-20 STD PICKUP 13.9
CHRVSLER W2SO PICKUP 4WO 13.6
CHRVSLER D250 CAB CHASSI 13.4
LARGE VANS
UNADJ
55/45
MPG
GM G30 VAN 2WD 20.7
GM G35 VANDURA 2WO 20.7
CM G15/25 VANDURA 19.4
GM G10/20 VAN 2WD 19.3
GM G15/25 RALLV 2WD 17.7
GM GIO/20 SPORTVAN 17.7
FORD El50 ECONOLINE 17.4
CHRVSLER B150/B250 VAN 2 17.4.
GM G30 SPORTVAN 2WD 17.1
GM G35 RALLV 2ND 17.1
FORD E1SO CLUB 16.8
CHRYSLER B150/B2SO 16.7
FORD E250 ECONOLINE 16.1
CHRVSLER B350 VAN 2WD 15.5
CHRYSLER 8350 2WO 13.9
LARGE UTILITY
UNAOJ
55/45
MPG
GM RIO SUBURBAN 2WO 17.5
GM R15 SUBURBAN 2WD 17.5
GM VIS SUBURBAN 4WD
GM V10 SUBURBN 4WO .
17.1
17.1
GM VIS JIMMY 4WD 17.0
GM V10 BLAZER 4WO 17.0
RANGE ROVER 16.8
CHRVSLER A0150 RAMCHARGE 16.3
TOYOTA LAND CRUISER 15.4
FORD BRONCO 4WD 15.3
CHRVSLER AWI50 RAMCHARGE 14.3
CHRVSLER GRAND WAGONEER 13.9
-------
A-5
SMALL PICKUPS
Appendix A - Nam«plat« Av«rag« Fu«I Economy (Continued)
............................. UNAOJ
SMALL VANS 55/45 SMALL UTILITY
UNAOJ
55/45
MPG
MITSUBISHI TRUCK 2WD 27.8
MITSUBISHI RAM50 2WD 26.9
TOYOTA TRUCK 2WO 26.6
MAZDA FORD COURIER 26.5
MAZDA B2200/B2600 26.4
FORD RANGER PICKUP 2WD 26.3
ISUZU PICKUP TRUCK 2WD 26.2
NISSAN TRUCK 2WD 26.1
GM S10 PICKUP 2WO 24.7
CM SIS PICKUP 2WO 24.7
FORD RANGER PICKUP 4WD 22.6
MAZDA COURIER PICKUP 21.9
MAZDA B2600 4X4 21.7
N OHIO COMMERCIAL CHAS 21.4
CM SIS CAB CHASSIS 17.8
GM 510 CAB CHASSIS 17.8
NISSAN TRUCK CAB CHASS 16.6
UNADJ
55/45
MPG
MITSUBISHI COLT VISTA 28.0
MITSUBISHI SPACE 27.4
TOVOTA VAN 2WD (PASS) 26.1
TOVOTA VAN 2MO (CARGO) 26.1
TOVOTA VAN 4WD (CARGO) 24.2
CHRVSLER CARAVAN/RAM VAN 24.2
TOVOTA VAN 4WO (PASS) 24.1
CHRVSLER VOYAGER 2WO 24.0
MITSUBISHI VAN 23.8
FORD AEROSTAR VAN 22.9
GM SAFARI 2WD (CARGO) 22.7
GM ASTRO 2WD (CARGO) 22.7
NISSAN VAN(CARGO) 22.6
GM ASTRO 2WD (PASS) 22.4
CM SAFARI 2WO (PASS) 22.4
MITSUBISHI 22.4
NISSAN VAN(PASSENGER) 22.4
FORD AEROSTAR 22.2
VOLKSWAGEN VANAGON 2WD 19.7
VOLKSWAGEN VANAGON SVNCRO .... 18.4
UNADJ
55/45
MPG
SUZUKI SAMURAI CONVERT 33.5
SUZUKI SAMURAI HARDTOP 33.5
MITSUBISHI COLT VISTA 4WD .... 26.8
CM S10 BLAZER 2WD 23.5
GM S15 JIMMV 2WD 23.5
CHRVSLER CMEROKEE-2WD 23.2
FORD BRONCO II 2WO 22.5
CHRVSLER CHEROKEE/WAGONEER ... 22.4
GRUMMAN-OLSON LLV 22.3
FORD BRONCO I I 4WO 21.9
GM T10 BLAZER 4WD 21.6
GM TI5 JIMMV 4WO 21.6
CHRVSLER WRANGLER-4WD 21.2
MITSUBISHI MONTERO 20.5
MITSUBISHI RAIDER 20.3
TOVOTA 4-RUNNER 4WO 20.0
ISUZU TROOPER 19.9
NISSAN PATHFINDER 4WD 19.3
-------
B-l
Appendix B - Characteristics of 1988 Light Duty Trucks by Weight Class
Under Over
275O 2750 3000 35OO 4OOO 4500 50OO 50OO
Domestic
Imports
Fleet
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
Dlsp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Garb
% Diesel
Sales(OOO)
Fract ion
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
Disp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Sales(OOO)
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
Dlsp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
68
1 .000
33.5
225O
37.7
81
.036
1OO.O
1OO.O
1OO.O
68
33.5
225O
37.7
81
.036
1OO.O
1OO.O
1OO.O
37
. 196
28.0
2750
38.4
122
.044
100.0
100.0
149
.804
27.4
2750
37.8
139
.050
100.0
100.0
186
27.5
275O
37.9
136
.049
100.0
100.0
223
.317
26.7
3OOO
4O.4
153
.051
4.3
72.4
74.8
4O.6
34.2
25.2
481
.683
26.4
30OO
39.7
143
.048
2.6
.6
85.0
42.0
36.9
5.1
58.0
704
26.5
3OOO
39.9
146
.049
1 .8
1.8
81.0
52.4
38. 1
14.3
47.6
880
.713
23.1
3500
40.6
195
.056
21.8
44.8
30.5
96.7
49.7
47.0
3.3
354
.287
22.5
350O
39.6
153
.044
56.8
60.5
57.8
34.9
22.9
42.2
1234
22.9
35OO
40.3
183
.052
15.6
48.3
39. 1
85.5
45.5
40. 1
14.5
1134
.821
21 .5
4OOO
43. 1
241
.060
15.6
16.3
20.9
99.9
55.5
44 .4
. 1
248
.179
20.0
4000
40. 1
162
.040
. 1
89.3
68.7
10O.O
64.5
35.5
1382
21 .2
4OOO
42.6
227
.057
12.8
29.4
29.4
99.9
57. 1
42.8
. 1
929
.988
18.0
45OO
40.8
318
.071
19.3
8.5
96. 1
56.8
39.3
3.3
.6
1 1
.012
15.8
45OO
35.6
233
.052
100.0
10O.O
100.0
940
18. 0
4500
4O.8
317
.071
20.3
8.4
96.2
56.2
4O.O
3.3
.6
343
1.OOO
16.1
500O
40.6
329
.066
52.8
3.9
94.6
35.5
59. 1
3.8
1.6
343
16. 1
5OOO
40.6
329
.066
52.8
3.9
94.6
35.5
59.1
3.8
1 .6
81
1.0OO
17.2
5662
49.3
354
.063
32.7
. 1
84.3
79.3
5.0
.9
14.8
81
17.2
5662
49.3
354
.063
32.7
. 1
84.3
79.3
5.0
.9
14.8
-------
C-l
Appendix C - Characteristics of 1988 Light Duty Trucks by Size Class
Domestic
Imports
Fleet
Small Large Small
Pickups Pickups Van
Large Smal1 Large
Van Utility Util1ty
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt( Ibs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
Dlsp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
'/. Diesel
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Dlsp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Sales(OOO)
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
Dlsp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
401
.366
25.0
3189
4O. 1
171
.053
16.6
56.2
81.4
37.7
43.8
18.6
693
.634
26.0
30O9
39. 1
144
.048
.O
8.1
88.2
29.8
29.0
.7
7O.2
1O94
25.6
3O75
39.5
154
.050
.0
11.2
76.5
48.7
32.2
16.5
51 .3
1456
.889
19.2
4229
40.8
292
.069
27. 0
23.6
96.8
59.2
37.6
2.5
.8
182
.111
21.5
3664
39.5
162
.044
99. 1
83.4
62.7
40.9
21.8
37.3
1638
19.4
4166
40.7
278
.066
35.0
30.3
93.0
57.1
35.9
6.3
.7
699
.796
23.3
3843
44.8
196
.051
52.8
8.5
100.0
43.6
56.4
179
.204
23.4
3548
41.7
141
.040
7.0
5.9
25.4
1OO.O
57.9
42. 1
877
23.3
3783
44.2
185
.049
43.4
1 .2
12.0
100.0
46.5
53.5
404
1.000
17.7
4665
41 .6
310
.067
3. 1
97.5
50.4
47. 1
2. 1
.4
4O4
17.7
4665
41 .6
310
.067
3.1
97.5
50.4
47.1
2.1
.4
468
.655
22. 1
3636
40.3
204
.056
79.9
31 .9
93.8
49.5
44.3
6.2
246
.345
22.3
3454
38.5
140
.040
1OO.O
82.0
63.0
33.2
29.8
37.0
714
22.2
3573
39.7
182
.051
86.9
49.2
83.2
43.9
39.3
16.8
198
.947
16. 1
5190
42.6
345
.067
71.6
2.3
85.2
59.9
25.3
9.7
5. 1
1 1
.053
15.8
4500
35.6
233
.052
100. 0
100.0
1OO.O
209
16. 1
5153
42.2
339
.066
73.2
2.2
86.0
56.7
29.3
9.2
4.8
-------
D-l
Appendix D - Characteristics of 1988 Passenger Cars by Weight Class
Domes ti
Cu.
Europea
Cu
Under
2250
c
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI )
D1sp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/Disp
HP/Wt
0 TO 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Ft Ton MPG
in
Sales(OOO) 99
Fraction .347
55/45 FE 34.2
Wt(lbs) 20OO
Ton-MPG 34.2
D1sp(CI) 71
D1sp/Wt .036
% FWD 1OO.O
% 4WD
% Man.Tr 1OO.O
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb 1OO.O
% Diesel
Eng-HP 56
HP/01 sp .788
HP/Wt .028
0 TO 60 15.5
Cu.Ft 86
Cu.Ft MPG 2952
.Ft Ton MPG 2952
2250 2500
256
. 149
34. S
250O
43.9
116
.047
1OO.O
55.5
1OO.O
100.0
88
.756
.035
13.1
102
3588
4485
10 121
. 020 . 07O
32.0 31.2
2250 25OO
35.9 39.1
79 107
.035 .043
1OO.O 98.2
100.0 97.2
99.9
99.9
100.0 .1
61 88
.772 .828
.027 .035
15.8 13.3
86 92
2760 2890
3106 3613
2750
1059
.608
31.8
275O
43.9
128
.047
99.8
33.2
100.0
82.7
17.3
96
.759
.035
13.2
103
3292
4526
143
.082
30.6
275O
42.3
1 11
.040
97.4
67.6
100.0
1OO.O
1O8
.980
.039
11.9
102
3141
4318
3OOO
2387
.762
28.5
3OOO
43.0
153
.051
95.6
.8
12.6
100.0
35.6
64.4
116
.769
.039
12.5
1O7
3079
4618
184
.059
25.6
3OOO
38.6
143
.048
26.5
3.0
36.8
99.6
99.6
.4
135
.948
.045
11.1
98
2533
38OO
3500
2483
.812
25.5
3500
44.8
222
.063
80.4
3.8
99.8
15.5
84.3:
.2
149
.685
.043
11.5
117
3009
5265
172
.056
24.0
35OO
42.3
151
.043
21 .2
2.3
2O. 3
1OO.O
1OO.O
152
1.O20
.044
11.3
112
2714
4750
40OO
712
.859
22.6
40OO
45.4
301
.075
5.6
.3
59.4
2.8
56.7
40.6
172
.572
.043
11.5
129
2937
5874
76
.092
19.5
4000
39.5
253
.063
1 .9
1OO.O
100.0
2O7
.843
.052
9.8
99
1979
3958
Over
40OO
248
.980
22.9
4500
51 .5
307
.068
10O.O
140
.456
.031
14.6
156
3572
8037
5
.020
14.8
4716
35. 1
333
.070
.3
1OO.O
1OO.O
270
.842
.058
9. 1
1 11
1682
3922
-------
D-2
Appendix D - Characteristics of 1988 Passenger Cars by Weight Class (continued)
Asian
Cu.
Fleet
Cu
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
Dlsp/Wt
% FWD
% 4 WO
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carto
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/DIsp
HP/Wt
0 TO 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Ft Ton MPG
Sales(OOO)
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
D1sp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/D1sp
HP/Wt
0 TO 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
.Ft Ton MPG
Under
2250
187
.653
48. 1
1959
47.4
70
.036
96.6
3.4
89.8
19. 1
19. 1
80.9
55
.792
.028
15.5
90
4362
4264
286
42. 1
1973
42.8
71
.036
97.8
2.2
93.3
12.5
12.5
87.5
56
.790
.028
15.5
89
3872
38O8
2250
468
.980
39.9
2250
45.2
91
.040
100.0
66.6
40.2
34.8
5.3
59.8
77
.853
.034
13.4
91
3653
4110
478
39.7
2250
45.0
91
.040
100.0
67.3
39.3
34.1
5.2
60.7
77
.851
.034
13.5
91
3635
4089
2500
1345
.781
34.7
25OO
43.6
95
.038
98.6
1 .4
49.2
43.4
29.5
13.9
56.6
75
.792
.030
15.0
100
3473
4341
1722
34.4
250O
43.3
99
.040
98.7
1 . 1
53.5
55.8
37.9
17.9
44.2
78
.789
.031
14.6
99
3449
4311
2750
541
.310
31 .2
2750
43.1
111
.040
92.7
6.8
45.3
53.9
23.2
30.7
46.1
100
.913
.036
12.9
98
3077
4230
1743
31.5
2750
43.5
121
. O44
97.4
2. 1
39.8
85.7
57.4
28.3
14.3
98
.825
.036
13.0
102
3213
4417
3000
562
. 179
28.4
30OO
42.9
124
.041
74.0
11 .6
54.9
100.0
6.0
94.0
118
.947
.039
12.2
99
2853
4280
3133
28.3
300O
42.7
147
.049
87.7
2.8
21.6
100.0
28.2
71 .8
.0
118
.811
.039
12.3
105
3OO6
4509
350O
402
. 131
23.9
3500
41.9
166
.048
59.7
9.0
31 .7
100.0
4.4
95.6
162
.991
.046
1O. 6
98
2338
4092
3057
25.2
3500
44.3
21O
.060
74.4
1 .3
8.4
99.9
13.2
86.7
. 1
151
.744
.043
11.4
114
2904
5082
40OO
41
.049
23.3
4000
46.7
180
.045
59.7
100.0
10O.O
2O7
1. 153
.052
9.6
85
1989
3979
829
22.3
40OO
44.9
291
.073
4.8
.2
3.1
65.2
2.4
62.8
34.8
177
.626
.044
11.3
124
2802
5604
Over
4000
253
22.7
4504
51.2
308
.068
.0
2.0
2.0
98.0
143
.464
.032
14.5
155
3534
7954
-------
E-l
Appendix E - Characteristics of 1988 Cars by EPA Car Class
s
Domestic
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt( Ibs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
Dlsp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carp
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/D1sp
HP/Wt
0 TO 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
European
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
D1sp(CI)
Dlsp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/Dlsp
HP/Wt
0 TO SO
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Two
.eater
87
.322
27. 1
311O
42.7
21O
.065
39.0
42.9
10O.O
29.0
71.0
151
.743
.047
1 1 .0
50
1399
2137
31
.113
20.7
3543
37.5
225
.061
27.4
27.5
99.5
99.5
.5
200
1 .056
.057
9.3
50
109O
1875
Mini
Compact
38
.472
26.9
2771
37.3
138
.049
53.4
83.8
100.0
1OO.O
140
.967
.049
11.3
74
2034
2775
assenger
Sub
Compact
388
. 166
25.6
3296
42.5
214
.064
26.2
35.4
100.0
22.7
77.3
144
.699
.043
1 1 .6
95
2480
4O56
277
. 119
29.0
2568
37.2
112
.042
69.7
1.8
77.1
60.3
60.3
39.4
.3
99
.861
.037
13.1
90
2674
3353
uars
Compact
2604
.621
29.8
2928
43.9
147
.050
9O.3
.7
24.8
10O.O
46.7
53.3
1 14
.788
.039
12.5
104
3127
4555
267
.064
27.4
3012
41 .5
134
.044
62.1
45.7
100.0
1OO.O
127
.957
.042
11.5
104
2920
4333
Midsize
1917
.887
26.9
3291
44.3
187
.056
90.9
1 .6
92.8
29.9
62.9
7.2
126
. 69O
.038
12.5
1 14
3079
5035
102
.047
22.4
3495
39.5
178
.050
11.9
3.6
9.5
100.0
100. 0
155
.899
.044
11.1
112
2577
4439
Large
1443
.980
24.2
3679
44.6
261
.071
65.5
. 1
87.0
18.0
69.0
13.0
160
.619
.043
11.3
127
3081
5661
29
.020
23.4
3635
43.2
147
.039
86.0
25.9
100.0
100.0
165
1 . 164
.04 5
11.1
125
3025
542O
-- iT3T
Smal 1
112
.332
32.4
2720
44.3
122
.045
98.2
1 .8
26.8
98.2
92.7
5.5
1 .8
92
.757
.034
13.6
1 19
3888
5257
27
.081
31.2
2523
39.4
108
.043
98.0
2.0
98.4
10O.O
10O.O
80
.745
.032
14. 1
110
3451
4347
ion wag
Midsize
348
.866
26.2
3394
44.6
180
.053
100.0
1 . 1
100.0
34.5
65.5
127
.707
.037
12.7
140
3694
626O
39
.097
25.5
3538
45.3
144
.041
2.9
.8
17.7
10O.O
1OO.O
130
.905
.037
12.9
134
3444
6083
ions
Large
245
1.000
22.9
4434
50.8
306
.069
13.2
*
13.2
86.8
145
.475
.033
14 . 1
161
3688
8172
-------
E-2
Appendix E - Characteristics of 1988 Cars by EPA Car Class (continued)
Si
Asian
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Dlsp(CI)
D1sp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/Disp
HP/Wt
0 TO 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Fleet
Sales(OOO)
55/45 FE
wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Oisp(CI)
D1sp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% PORT
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-HP
HP/D1sp
HP/Wt
0 TO 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Two
aater c
153
.565
29.0
2787
41.4
129
.046
50.9
75.9
100.0
22.6
77.4
126
.984
.045
11 .0
5O
1556
2O72
271
27. 1
2976
41.4
166
.054
44.4
59.8
99.9
22.1
77.8
. 1
143
.914
.047
10.8
50
1453
2071
KE
Mini
:ompact C
43
.528
38.5
2659
51 .4
1O3
.038
100.0
61.3
85.8
85.8
14.2
98
.949
.036
12.9
82
3353
4237
81
32.0
2712
44.8
120
.043
78.0
71.9
92.5
92.5
7.5
1 18
.958
.042
12.2
79
2730
3546
issenger
Sub
:ompact (
1669
.715
34.6
2542
44.3
98
.038
89.0
3.9
62.7
43.8
18.2
25.5
56.2
89
.886
.034
13.8
93
3346
4134
2334
32.0
2670
43.1
119
.043
76.2
3.0
59.9
55.1
16.8
38.3
44.9
.0
99
.852
.036
13.4
93
3122
4028
i;ars
Compact
1324
.316
30.7
2793
43. 1
118
.042
98.2
35.9
63.6
21 .8
41.8
36.4
10O
.836
.035
13.4
103
3238
4439
4195
29.9
2891
43.5
137
.047
91 .0
.4
29.6
88.5
35.9
52.6
11.5
110
.814
.038
12.7
103
3149
4504
Midsize
142
.066
27.6
3091
42.8
143
.046
78.0
46.3
100.0
100.0
126
.878
.041
1 1 .8
113
3149
4844
2161
26.7
3288
44. 0
184
.055
86.4
.2
4.9
93.6
26.5
67. 1
6.4
127
.713
.039
12.4
113
3060
4994
Large
1472
24.2
3678
44.5
258
.070
65.9
.6
87.3
17.6
69.6
12.7
160
.629
.043
11.3
127
3O80
5656
3THT
Small !
199
.587
30.3
2806
42.7
107
.038
50.1
49.9
55.8
92. 1
54.3
37.8
7.9
91
.850
.032
14.2
119
3659
5089
339
31. 0
2754
43.0
112
.041
70. 0
30. 0
49.6
94.8
62.6
32.1
5.2
91
.811
.033
14. 0
118
3718
5085
ion wciyt
Midsize
15
.036
26.8
30OO
40.4
123
.041
1OO.O
36.4
1OO.O
100.0
99
.801
.033
13.8
136
3662
5493
402
26.2
3394
44.5
174
.051
90.5
. 1
4.0
1OO.O
29.9
70.1
126
.730
.037
12.8
140
3669
6215
ma
Large
245
22.9
4434
50.8
306
.069
13.2
13.2
86.8
145
.475
.033
14. 1
161
3688
8172
-------
F-l
Appendix F - Market Fraction, MPG, Weight, CID, 0 to 60. and Volume of 1988 Cars
Front
Rear
4Wheel
Total
Auto
Manual
Total
Domestic
European
Asian
A11 Mfrs
Mkt Fraction
55/45 FE
Weight
Displacement
0 to 60
Volume
Mkt Fraction
55/45 FE
Weight
Displacement
0 to 60
Volume
Mkt Fraction
55/45 FE
Weight
Displacement
0 to 60
Volume
Mkt Fraction
55/45 FE
Weight
Displacement
0 to 60
Volume
.490
28.1
3115
169.
12.4
112
.039
30.3
2596
103.
13. 1
97
.272
33.3
2614
105.
13.7
98
.801
29.8
2919
144.
12.9
107
. 130
23.6
3861
280.
11.7
121
-O30
23. 1
3427
177.
10. 8
102
.022
24.2
3412
163.
10.6
81
. 182
23.6
3735
249.
11 .4
113
.002
24.0
3O99
152.
14.0
103
.001
23.6
3209
140.
11.3
1O4
.014
28.5
2956
110.
13.3
109
.017
27.7
2983
115.
13.2
1O8
.621
27.0
3271
192.
12.2
114
.070
26.7
2960
136.
12. 1
99
.308
32.2
2686
109.
13.5
97
1.0OO
28.4
3069
162.
12.6
1O8
.544
26.5
3327
199.
12.2
116
.033
23.7
3362
165.
11.2
105
. 148
30.3
2766
1 14 .
13.6
100
.725
27. 1
3214
180.
12.4
112
.077
31.2
2874
142.
12.4
101
.037
30.1
2600
109.
12.8
94
- . 161
34.2
2614
105.
13.4
95
.275
32.7
2685
116.
13. 1
97
.621
27.0
3271
192.
12.2
1 14
.070
26.7
2960
136.
12.1
99
.308
32.2
2686
1O9.
13.5
97
1 .OOO
28.4
3069
325.
12.6
108
Fuel Inj
Carb
Diesel
Total
Domestic
European
Asian
All Mfrs
Mkt Fraction
55/45 FE
Weight
Displacement
0 to 60
Vo1ume
Mkt Fraction
55/45 FE
Weight
Displacement
0 to 60
Volume
Mkt Fraction
55/45 FE
Weight
Displacement
0 to 60
Vo1ume
Mkt Fraction
55/45 FE
Weight
Displacement
0 to 60
Volume
.574
27.5
3192
182.
12. 1
112
.071
27.0
3O03
138.
12.0
102
.173
29.7
2886
121.
12.5
97
.818
27.9
3111
165.
12.2
108
.047
22.4
4225
3O9.
13.4
138
.010
33.9
2O23
72.
15.5
86
. 125
36. 1
2437
95.
14.8
97
. 182
31 . 1
2878
149.
14.5
107
.000
37.4
3 OOO
152.
14.6
96
.OOO
37.4
30OO
152.
14.6
96
.621
27.0
3271
192.
12.2
114
.080
27.7
2887
13O.
12.4
1OO
.298
32.1
2697
11O.
13.4
97
1.OOO
28.4
3O69
162.
12.6
108
-------
G-l
Appendix G - Market Fraction, MPG. Weight. CID, and 0 to 60 of 1988 Trucks
Front
Rear 4Wheel
Total
Auto Manual
Total
Domestic
Imports
All Mfrs
Mkt Fraction
55/45 FE
Weight
Displacement
Mkt Fraction
55/45 FE
Weight
Displacement
Mkt Fraction
55/45 FE
Weight
Displacement
.075
24. 1
3740
171.
.003
27.8
3023
126.
.077
24.2
3716
170.
.462
20.3
4094
266.
. 161
25.7
3082
143.
.623
21 .4
3833
235.
. 198
19.4
4117
255.
.102
21 .8
3570
151.
.300
20. 1
3931
220.
.734
20.3
4064
254.
.266
24. 1
3269
146.
1 .000
21 .2
3853
225.
.573
19.7
4184
264.
.061
22.2
3547
154.
.634
19.9
4123
254.
. 161
22.9
3638
216.
.205
24.7
3187
144.
.366
23.9
3385
176.
.734
20.3
4064
254.
.266
24. 1
3269
146.
1.000
21 .2
3853
451 .
Fuel Inj
Carb
Diesel
Total
Domestic
Imports
All Mfrs
Mkt Fraction
55/45 FE
Weight
Displacement
0 to 60
Mkt Fraction
55/45 FE
Weight
Displacement
0 to 60
Mkt Fraction
55/45 FE
Weight
Displacement
0 to 60
.696
20.3
4084
255.
12.7
. 135
22.4
3551
154.
14.0
.831
20.6
3998
239.
12.9
.034
20.7
3479
211 .
15. 1
. 131
26.0
2979
138.
14.0
. 165
24.7
3082
153.
14.2
.005
22.5
5336
379.
16.9
.005
22.5
5336
379.
16.9
.734
20.3
4O64
254.
12.8
.266
24.1
3269
146.
14.0
1.OOO
21 .2
3853
225.
13. 1
------- |