EPA/AA/CTAB/89-04 Technical Report Light-Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends Through 1989 by Robert M. Heavenrich and J. Dillard Murrell May 1989 NOTICE Technical Reports do not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or positions. They are intended to present technical analysis of issues using data which are currently available. The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the exchange of technical information and to inform the public of technical developments which may form the basis for a final EPA decision, position or regulatory action. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Radiation Office of Mobile Sources Emission Control Technology Division Control Technology and Applications Branch 2565 Plymouth Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 ------- Contents Page I. Abstract 1 II. Introduction 1 III. General Car and Truck Trends 2 IV. MPG Improvement Potential 6 A. Concept Overview 6 B. High MPG Cars 7 C. High MPG Manufacturer's Cars 7 D. Performance Effects/Adjustment 9 V. Trends in Technology Usage 12 A. Catalysts 12 B. Engines 13 1. Engine Size 13 2. Power and Performance 18 3. Fuel Metering 18 VI. Trends by Vehicle Size 21 A. Vehicle Size Class 21 B. Vehicle Weight Class 27 VII. Trends by Market Segment 30 A. Market Share 30 B. Vehicle Size 30 C. Fuel Metering 38 D. Drive and Transmissions 38 VIII. Conclusions 40 IX. References 41 Appendixes 43 ------- I. Abstract This, the seventeenth in this series of papers and reports, examines trends in light-duty vehicle fuel economy and technology usage for model years 1978 through 1989. Comparisons with previous years' data are made for the fleet as a whole and for number of cylinders, vehicle size class, inertia weight class, and market seg- ment (Domestic, European, and Asian). II. Introduction Trends in vehicle technology and fuel economy for light-duty cars and trucks are examined in this report, as in preceding papers in this series [1-18].* Technology usage and vehicle performance are emphasized. To the extent possible, this report is based on the latest and most complete vehicle technology and fuel economy data available. The source database was frozen in late March 1989 and excludes some changes to existing vehicles or new vehicles scheduled for midyear introduction. For 1978 through 1986, all data are "final CAFE" data.** For 1987, the data are final CAFE for almost all manufacturers. For 1988, final CAFE data was available for some, but not all manufacturers. For Model Year 1989, fuel economy label data were used. The sales volumes for all the 1989 model year data have been adjusted to agree with post-label (but pre-"final") information reported to the Department of Transportation and in reliable trade publications. This same procedure was used for those manufacturers for which "final CAFE" data for 1987 and 1988 were unavailable. For consistency with the previous reports in this series, the MPG data in this paper have no road or CAFE correction factors. Where only one MPG value is presen- ted, it is 55/45 combined MPG. All vehicle weights presented are inertia weights (nominally curb weight plus 300 Ibs). As in previous papers in this series, vehicle classification as to vehicle type, size class and manufacturer generally follows fuel economy label, Gas Mileage Guide and CAFE protocols; exceptions are listed in Appendix A. In some passenger car tables, market shares for Large Sedans and Wagons are aggregated as "Large," Mid- size Sedans and Wagons are aggregated as "Midsize," and "Small" includes everything else: Compacts, Subcompacts, Minicompacts, and Two-Seaters. For trucks, the larger Pickups, Vans and Utility Trucks are sometimes aggregated as "Large" trucks, and "Small" includes the smaller models. The truck size classification scheme used in this paper is explained in Reference 14. Appendix B lists the model year 1989 nameplates and their average MPG as of the data freeze date. This paper includes an estimate of 0 to 60 MPH acceleration time for cars, cal- culated from horsepower and inertia weight, as in reference 19. * Numbers in brackets denote references listed at the end of the text. ** The light truck data in this paper include gross vehicle weights (GVW) up to 8,500 Ibs for all model years, although emission standards for light trucks with GVW between 6,000 and 8,500 Ibs were not in effect before 1979. For details on how data on 6,001-8,500 Ibs light trucks were obtained for model years 1975 to 1979, see Reference 14. ------- 2 III. General Car and Truck Trends Table 1 gives major characteristics of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and all light-duty vehicles (cars and light trucks) for model years 1975 to 1989. Total sales in model year 1989 are projected to be 10.3 million cars and 4.5 million trucks (14.8 million total). Average 55/45 MPG for cars decreased from 28.6 to 28.2 since last year. Other changes since last year, consistent with this MPG decline, include a 61 Ib. increase in inertia weight, a 0.1 second decrease in 0 to 60 acceleration time, and increases in horsepower and engine size. Table 2 summarizes the recent trend for 18 of the variables in Table 1 for Pas- senger Cars. Of the eighteen indicators listed in Table 2, eleven have changed in a direction consistent with a decline in fuel economy, five changed in a direction promoting improvement, and two are inconclusive. As shown in Figure 1, sales-weighted fuel economy has changed very little in the last few years, particularly for light trucks. This year's combined car and truck fleet will average 25.5 MPG. Between 1975 and 1981, 55/45 fuel economy improved about nine MPG for cars and about six for trucks. Since then, 55/45 fuel economy for cars has increased by only three MPG and for trucks by only one MPG. Average inertia weight for cars dropped 1,000 Ibs between 1975 and 1980, leveled off for a while, and has increased by nearly 100 Ibs since 1987. The light truck weight trend is similar. Correspondingly, car and truck fuel economy gains through 1980 occurred mainly when inertia weight was reduced; fuel economy improvements since 1980 have come in spite of the stagnated weight trend. Average engine size for cars and light trucks decreased considerably between 1975 and 1981: by more than 100 CID for cars and 64 for trucks. Since then, automo- bile engines have decreased another 20 CID. Light-truck engines downsized steadily until 1986, but truck engine CID has increased every year since then. Average engine horsepower reached a minimum for cars in 1981 and for trucks in 1983, but has risen consistently since. Power per CID has increased steadily and significantly over the entire period; while advantage could have been taken of this to reduce CID and improve fuel economy, the MPG improvement has been foregone in favor of increased vehicle power and performance. Manual transmission usage peaked in 1980 at 32 percent for cars and 53 percent for trucks. It has since dropped to 25 percent for cars and 32 percent for trucks. Four-wheel drive was used in about 20 percent of trucks in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and over 30 percent since 1984; 4WD appears in less than 5 percent of cars. The last few years have seen a large increase in the use of fuel-injected en- gines. More than 91 percent of this year's trucks will have fuel-injected engines, as will more than 87 percent of the cars. By comparison, light trucks were 40 per- .cent fuel-injected in 1986, and 12 percent in 1985. Diesel engine usage peaked in 1981 for cars and a year later for light trucks. Diesels have not been an important part of the U.S. light duty market for several years. Figure 2 shows the cumulative distribution of MPG for model year 1989 passenger cars. More than 90 percent of the 1989 cars get between 20 and 35 MPG; less than one percent get less than 20 MPG, and less than 10 percent get more than 35 MPG. ------- Table 1 - Characteristics of 1975 to 1989 Light Duty Vehicles 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987- 1988 1989 Cars Sales(OOO) Fraction City FE Hwy FE 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb % FWD % 4WO % Man.Tr % Inject % TBI % Port % Carb % Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 % Small % Mid % Large Trucks Sales(OOO) Fraction City FE Hwy FE 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb % FWD % 4WD % Man.Tr % Inject % TBI % Port % Carb % Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 % Small % Large 8237 .806 '13.7 19.5 15.8 4058 32.3 288 .068 6.5 19.9 5.1 5.1 94.6 .2 136 .515 .033 14.2 55.4 23.3 21.3 1987 .194 12.1 16.2 13.7 4072 28.4 311 .076 17.1 37.0 .1 99.9 142 .476 .035 13.6 13.7 86.3 9722 .788 15.2 21.3 17.5 4059 35.5 287 .068 5.8 17.1 3.2 3.2 96.6 .3 134 .502 .032 14.4 55.4 25.2 19.4 2612 .212 12.8 16.9 14.4 4155 30.5 319 .076 22.9 34.8 .1 99.9 141 .458 .034, 13.8 11.1 ,88.9 11300 .800 16.0 22.3 18.3 3944 36.4 279 .068 6.8 16.8 4.2 4.2 95.3 .5 133 .516 .033 14.0 51.9 24.5 23.5 2823 .200 14.0 18.1 15.6 4135 33.0 318 .076 23.6 32.0 .1 99.9 147 .482 .036 13.3 13.5 86.5 11175 .773 17.2 24.5 19.9 3588 35.9 251 .067 9.6 20.2 5.1 5.1 94.0 .9 124 .538 .034 13.7 44.7 34.4 21.0 3273 .227 13.8 17.5 15.2 4151 32.4 314 .075 29.0 32.4 .1 99.1 .8 146 .481 .035 13.4 13.3 86.7 10794 .778 17.7 24.6 20.3 3485 35.4 238 .065 11.9 .3 22.3 4.7 4.7 93.2 2.1 119 .545 .034 13.8 43.7 34.2 22.1 3088 .222 13.4 16.8 14.7 4252 32.1 298 .069 18.0 35.2 .3 97.9 1.8 138 .486 .032 14.3 18.5 81.5 9443 .835 20.3 29.0 23.5 3101 36.6 188 .058 29.7 .9 31.9 6.9 .7 6.2 88.7 4.4 100 .583 .032 14.3 54.4 34.4 11.3 1863 .165 16.5 21.9 18.6 3869 36.3 248 .062 1.4 25.0 53.0 1.7 94.9 3.5 121 .528 .031 14.5 30.3 69.7 8733 .827 21.7 31.1 25.1 3076 38.9 182 .057 37.0 .7 30.4 8.8 2.6 6.1 85.3 5.9 99 .594 .032 14.4 51.5 36.4 12.2 1821 .173 17.8 23.9 20.1 3806 38.8 247 .063 2.0 20.1 51.6 1.1 93.3 5.6 119 .508 .031 14.6 27.6 72.4 7819 .803 22.3 32.7 26.0 3054 40.1 175 .055 45.6 .8 29.7 17.0 9.8 7.2 78.4 4.7 99 .609 .032 14.4 56.5 31.0 12.5 1914 .197 18.1 24.4 20.5 3806 39.6 243 .062 1.7 20.0 45.7 .7 90.0 9.3 120 .524 .032 14.5 33.9 66.1 8002 .777 22.1 32.7 25.9 3112 40.7 182 .056 47.3 3.1 27.4 28.3 18.9 9.5. 69.6 2.1 104 .615 .033 14.0 53.1 31.8 15.1 2300 .223 18.3 25.2 20.9 3763 39.9 231 .060 1.4 25.8 45.9 .6 94.7 4.7 118 .543 .031 14.5 45.5 54.5 10675 .761 22.4 33.3 26.3 3099 41.1 179 .056 53.7 1.0 24.2 39.4 24.4 , 15.0 58.9 1.7 106 .637 .034 13.8 57.4 29.4 13.2 3345 .239 17.9 24.8 20.5 3782 39.3 224 .058 4.9 31.0 42.1 2.6 95.1 2.3 118 .557 .031 14.7 46.0 54.0 10791 .746 23.0 34.3 27.0 3093 41.9 177 .055 61.6 2.1 23.6 53.5 32.0 21.4 45.6 .9 111 .671 .035 13.3 55.7 28.9 15.4 3669 .254 18.0 24.9 20.6 3795 39.6 224 .058 7.1 30.6 37.1 12.3 86.7 1.1 124 .586 .033 14.2 49.1 50.9 11015 .717 23.7 35.5 27.9 3041 42.6 167 .053 71.1 1.1 24.8 65.1 28.4 36.7 34.5 .3 111 .701 .036 13.2 59.5 27.9 12.6 4350 .283 18.8 25.9 21.4 3738 40.4 211 .055 5.9 30.3 42.7 40.5 18.7 21.8 58.7 .7 123 .621 .033 14.0 56.3 43.7 10811 .715 23.8 35.8 28.1 3032 42.7 162 .052 76.8 1.4 24.7 73.1 30.3 42.9 26.6 .2 113 .731 .037 13.0 63.2 24.6 12.1 4305 .285 18.8 26.4 21.6 3731 40.6 213 .056 7.1 30.6 39.6 68.2 32.2 36.0 31.5 .3 132 .646 .035 13.4 59.9 40.1 10660 .698 24.2 36.7 28.6 3055 43.8 161 .051 81.1 1.3 23.8 84.3 28.7 55.6 15.7 .0 118 .767 .038 12.6 64.1 22.8 13.0 4603 .302 18.2 26.2 21.1 3877 41.1 229 .058 9.0 33.7 34.2 87.9 44.8 43.2 11.8 .3 142 .648 .037 13.0 54.7 45.3 10286 .694 23.8 36.3 28.2 3116 44.1 162 .051 81.8 1.3 25.5 87.4 26.6 60.7 12.6 .0 121 .787 .039 12.5 59.5 25.3 15.2 4546 .306 18.2 25.8 21.0 3906 41.3 230 .058 9.5 32.1 31.7 91.1 45.6 45.5 8.6 .3 144 .655 .037 12.9 57.8 42.2 ------- Table 1 - Characteristics of 1975 to 1989 Light Duty Vehicles (Continued) 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 id Trucks Sales(OOO) City FE Hwy FE 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb % FWD X 4WD % Man.Tr % Inject % TBI % Port % Carb % Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 10224 13.4 18.7 15.3 4060 31.6 293 .069 5.3 3.3 23.2 4.1 4.1 95.7 .2 137 .507 .033 12334 14.6 20.2 16.7 4079 34.4 294 .069 4.6 4.8 20.9 2.5 2.5 97.3 .2 135 .493 .033 14123 15.6 21.3 17.7 3982 35.7 287 .070 5.5 4.7 19.8 3.4 3.4 96.2 .4 136 .510 .034 14448 16.3 22.5 18.6 3715 35.1 266 .069 7.4 6.6 23.0 3.9 3.9 95.2 .9 129 .525 .034 13882 16.5 22.3 18.7 3655 34.7 252 .066 9.2 4.3 25.1 3.7 3.7 94.2 2.0 124 .532 .034 11306 19.6 27.5 22.5 3228 36.6 198 .059 25.0 4.9 35.4 6.0 .6 5.2 89.7 4.3 104 .574 .032 10554 20.9 29.5 24.1 3202 38.9 193 .058 31.0 4.0 34.1 7.5 2.2 5.1 86.7 5.9 102 .580 .032 9732 21.3 30.7 24.7 3202 40.0 188 .056 37.0 4.6 32.8 13.8 7.9 5.8 80.6 5.6 103 .593 .032 10302 21.2 30.6 24.6 3257 40.5 193 .057 37.0 8.1 31.5 22.1 14.7 7.3 75.2 2.7 107 .599 .033 14020 21.2 30.8 24.6 3262 40.7 190 .056 42.1 8.2 28.5 30.6 18.6 11.4 67.6 1.8 109 .618 .033 14460 21.5 31.3 25.0 3271 41.4 189 .056 47.8 9.3 27.0 43.0 23.9 16.0 56.1 .9 114 .650 .035 15365 22.1 32.2 25.7 3238 42.0 180 .054 52.6 9.3 29.8 58.2 25.7 32.5 41.4 .4 114 .678 .035 15116 22.1 32.5 25.9 3231 42.1 177 .053 57.0 9.7 28.9 71.7 30.8 40.9 28.0 .3 118 .707 .036 15264 22.0 32.7 25.8 3303 43.0 182 .053 59.3 11.1 26.9 85.4 33.5 51.9 14.5 .1 126 .731 .038 14832 21.8 32.3 25.5 3358 43.2 183 .053 59.7 10.7 27.4 88.5 32.5 56.0 11.4 .1 128 .747 .038 Table 2 - Changes Affecting 1989 Passenger Car Fuel Economy The 1989 Average for: Ci ty MPG Hi way MPG 55/45 MPG Engine CID Inertia Wt Engine Hp Hp/Lb 0 to 60 Time Percent Small Cars Percent Large Cars Percent Diesel Ton MPG CID/Lb Hp/CID Percent FWD Percent Manual Trans Percent Port FI Percent Midsize Cars is: 23.8 36.3 28.2 162 3116 121 .039 12.5 59.5% 15.2% 0.006% 44.1 .051 .787 81.8% 25.5% 60.7% 25.3% This metric has not been this: Low Low Low High High High High Low Low High Low High Low High High High High High since: 1987 1987 1987 1988 1983 1978 Ever Ever 1986 1985 1988 Ever 1988 Ever Ever 1983 Ever 1986 Its effect is to make MPG: Worse Worse Worse Worse Worse Worse Worse Worse Worse Worse Worse Better Better Better Better Better -- ------- Passenger Car MPG by Model Year Average MPG Inertia Weight 35 30 25 20 15 10 74 76 78 80 82 84 Model Year 86 88 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 90 Light Truck MPG by Model Year Average MPG Inertia Weight 30 25 20 15 10 Weight 74 76 78 80 82 84 Model Year 86 88 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 90 Fig. 1 ------- Cumulative MPG Distribution 1989 Passenger Cars 100 Cumulative Percent 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 55/45 MPG Fig. 2 IV. MPG Improvement Potential A. Concept Overview Vehicle fuel economy has remained essentially constant for years, and underwent a reversal in 1989; yet, the importance of vehicle fuel economy is increasing due to its direct connection with the greenhouse effect. Given this situation, it is meaningful to probe today's vehicle fleet to "mine" what potential exists there for improving fuel economy. This is obviously, and necessarily, a matter of hypotheti- cal investigation. Of the many possible methods of applying hypothesis to the data base, this paper presents three: ''High MPG Cars" Scenario: within each weight class, identification of the high MPG 1989 cars, and construction of a fleet consisting of just those cars, mixed in the same proportions by weight as the actual fleet. For symmetry, this was also done for the low MPG cars. The an- alysis divided each weight class into five equally-populated segments, by nameplates, and selected the top MPG fifth, or quintile, as the "high MPG cars;" the bottom quintile made up the "low MPG cars". "High MPG Manufacturer's Cars" Scenario: within each car size class, identification of the highest manufacturer's average MPG, and construc- tion of a fleet consisting of just that manufacturer's cars in that class, with the classes mixed in the same proportions as the actual fleet. This was done similarly for the lowest manufacturer's average. ------- "Performance Adjustment" Scenario: using sensitivity coefficients for the relation between MPG and 0-60 acceleration, the MPG data in recent model years, characterized by ever-increasing vehicle performance, were adjusted to correspond to the vehicle performance of prior model years. B. High MPG Cars Table 3 presents the results for the High MPG Cars scenario. The hypothetical fleets used in this scenario consist, on a MPG rank basis, of the top and bottom 20 percent, or quintile, of the nameplates in each inertia weight class. For this sce- nario, the inertia weight mix was held constant, so the high and low quintile fleets have the same average inertia weight as the actual fleet. This scenario shows the potential for a 30.9 MPG fleet average using 1989 tech- nology, with no sacrifice in interior volume, and with average acceleration perfor- mance better than all model years prior to 1985. Average interior volume for the high MPG case is the same as that of the actual 1989 fleet; the low MPG case has much lower volume. Table 3 Results of "High MPG Cars" Analysis Low MPG Actual High MPG Car Fleet Fleet Car Fleet Inertia Weight 3116 3116 3116 55/45 MPG 23.5 28.2 30.9 CID 192 162 146 Horsepower 154 121 110 0 to 60 10.7 12.5 13.3 Interior Volume 94 108 108 Percent Manual 36.1 25.5 41.3 Percent FWD 43.3 81.8 89.4 Percent Port FI 86.6 60.7 51.0 C. High MPG Manufacturer's Cars It may be argued that the preceding High MPG Car Scenario is less than fully realistic because the hypothetical fleet made up of each weight class' best-MPG cars may not include a sufficiently variegated, "rational" mix of car types; the analysis technique does not even guarantee that each vehicle size/type, e.g. Midsize Station Wagon, is represented in the hypothetical data base. The High MPG Manufacturer's Cars scenario is size class based, rather than weight class based, so representation of all size classes is ensured. Within each size class, each manufacturer's MPG average is determined, and the cars (all of them) from that manufacturer with the highest MPG average are retained in the hypothetical fleet. The low MPG case is handled similarly. ------- 8 Table 4 illustrates the scenario applied to the 1989 fleet. The resulting high MPG fleet is made up of manufacturer B's Two-Seaters, manufacturer D's Minicom- pacts, etc., mixed in the "class market share" proportions of the overall fleet. Table 4 High and Low MPG Manufacturers, by Car Class, 1989 Class Market Low MPG Mfr Fleet Avg High MPG Mfr Car Class Share, % Mfr MPG MPG Mfr MPG Two-Seater 1.5 A 8.7 26.9 B 42.2 Minicompact 0.3 C 17.2 24.5 D 28.6 Subcompact 19.6 E 10.9 31.6 F 48.7 Compact 35.7 G 22.1 29.9 H 34.1 Midsize 22.8 I 12.5 26.5 J 27.7 Large 13.4 I 11.8 24.2 K 25.7 Small Wagon 2.4 L 29.7 31.3 B 34.7 Midsize Wagon 2.5 M 21.8 25.7 J 27.5 Large Wagon 1.8 J 22.8 22.8 N 23.2 Table 5 compares the high and low MPG results to the actual fleet for model year 1989. Under this scenario, a fleet average of 32.5 MPG could be achieved using 1989 technology, with no compromise in vehicle utility. The analysis was repeated for all model years back to 1978, revealing that last year's fleet showed even higher fuel economy potential: 1988 technology had the potential for a 33.9 MPG fleet average, as shown in Table 5. Table 5 Characteristics of Best/Actual/Worst Fleets, "High MPG Manufacturers" Scenario 1989 1989 1989 1988 Worst Actual Best Best 55/45 MPG 14.5 28.2 32.5 33.9 Interior Volume 111 108 109 106 Inertia Weight 4505 3116 2681 2594 CID 294 162 110 103 Horsepower 210 121 94 90 0 to 60 10.7 12.5 13.6 14.0 Percent Manual 13.2 25.5 39.9 46.4 Percent FWD 2.1 81.8 97.7 91.2 Figure 3 illustrates the high and low cases for this scenario, for all the model years. The high MPG potential was approaching 35 MPG until the MPG downturn of 1989, and the low MPG potential shows remarkable consistency. ------- MPG Improvement Potential "Best MPG Mfr's Cars" Scenario 35 30 25 20 15 10 Average MPG "Best in Class" Fleet "Worst in Class" Fleet 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Model Year Fig. 3 D. Performance Effects/Adjustment As shown in Figure 4, the fleet average 0 to 60 acceleration time was near or above 14 seconds until 1982, when it began dropping. The slope of the MPG trend curve clearly flattened after 1982; what had been a fuel economy improvement trend gave way to a performance improvement trend. Fuel economy and acceleration performance are interrelated; Figure 5 shows the correlation between 0 to 60 acceleration time and MPG. Each data point in this graph represents an estimated 0 to 60 acceleration time and an average 55/45 fuel economy from the high MPG quintile (see section B above), low MPG quintile, or middle 60 percent of the 1989 fleet. The MPG/performance interdependence was quantified by means of regression analy- sis performed on the EPA data bases. This yielded sensitivity coefficients on the order of 0.5, i.e. a 10 percent increase in 0 to 60 acceleration time corresponds to a 5 percent increase in fuel economy. Using these sensitivities, MPG data at one 0-60 level can be adjusted to what it would be at another 0-60 level. This was done for all model years from 1978 to 1989, for two performance levels selected as the adjustment bases: the 1979 fleet average level of 13.8 seconds, and the 1982 level of 14.4 seconds. The results appear in Figure 6, which shows that recent years' faster 0 to 60 acceleration times have cost up to 2 MPG in fleet fuel economy. ------- 10 MPG and Performance Passenger Cars 35 30 25 20 15 Average MPG 0 to 60 Time (Sec) 0 to 60 Time 55/45 MPG 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Model Year Fig. 4 15 14 13 12 11 Zero to 60 vs MPG by MPG Strata 1989 Passenger Cars 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 55/45 MPG 8 9 10 11 12 13 O to 60 Time (sec) Fig. 5 14 15 16 ------- 11 MPG MPG Sensitivity to Performance Passenger Cars MPG 9 1982 Accel. 1979 Accel. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 Model Year Fig. 6 88 89 ------- 12 V. Trends in Technology Usage A. Catalysts Tables 6 and 7 give market share, 55/45 MPG and vehicle weight by catalyst type for cars and trucks, respectively. Only a minuscule percentage of the cars built since 1984 have not had feedback control, so we no longer distinguish between vehi- cles with and without feedback. Usage of oxidation-only catalysts in passenger cars essentially stopped in 1985. For 1985-87, the only cars with oxidation-only catalysts were vehicles such as Subaru four-wheel-drive sedans and wagons, which were certified as light trucks but classified as "cars" in this report. Except for a few trucks with thermal reactors, all gasoline-fueled trucks built since 1984 have used catalysts. Less than 2 percent of this year's trucks still use oxidation-only catalysts. Usage of the three-way-plus-oxidation catalyst is dropping for both cars and light trucks. This combination accounted for 62 percent of the 1984 cars compared to 25 percent last year, and 18 percent this year. Similarly, the three-way-plus- oxidation catalyst combination accounted for 25 percent of the light trucks last year, and 22 percent this year. Table 6 - Market Share, 55/45 MPG and IW of 1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars by Catalyst Type 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 No Catalyst Oxid. Catalyst 3-Way Catalyst 3-Way + Oxid. Diesel .102 27.0 2467 .887 19.2 3717 .002 22.0 3188- .009 29.4 3498 .085 27.2 2408 .868 19.6 3587 .018 23.5 2982 .007 16.8 4082 .021 27.1 3873 .046 25.9 2471 .790 23.3 3093 .096 22.7 3150 .025 20.1 3663 .044 30.0 3487 .142 30.0 2480 .297 26.2 2967 .502 23.1 3248 .059 29.9 3589 .132 32.6 2413 .299 27.1 2977 .523 24.0 3210 .047 30.6 3602 .124 33.0 2455 .243 28.7 2869 .612 23.8 3324 .021 30.8 3633 .006 27.1 2788 .357 30.2 2754 .621 24.3 3296 .017 36.3 3202 .004 28.0 2722 .485 29.3 2837 .502 24.9 3339 .009 34.2 3275 .005 28.1 2731 .540 28.8 2945 .452 26.8 3159 .003 40.5 2906 .006 27.3 2839 .657 28.9 2966 .335 26.5 3162 .002 30.5 3584 .753 .821 29.4 28.6 2971 3063 .247 .179 26.3 26.2 3309 3357 .000 .000 37.4 44.3 3000 2884 ------- 13 Table 7 - Market Share, 55/45 MPG and IW of 1978 to 1989 Light Trucks by Catalyst Type 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 No Catalyst Oxid. Catalyst 3-Way Catalyst 3-Way + Oxid. Diesel .705 14.5 4260 .287 17.3 3878 .008 21.2 4383 .084 22.8 2821 .898 14.2 4371 .018 21.1 4977 .107 24.2 2773 .849 17.9 3986 .010 19.2 3622 .000 13.4 6500 .035 24.3 4437 .035 27.8 2728 .839 19.4 3913 .032 23.3 3034 .038 18.6 3925 .056 32.0 3213 .000 28.8 2750 .795 20.2 3769 .052 23.8 3120 .060 15.3 4279 .093 27.0 4192 .022 22.3 3154 .741 20.7 3816 .076 22.0 3372 .113 19.3 3536 .047 27.0 4388 .623 20.2 3851 .122 22.5 3367 .232 19.8 3764 .023 27.4 4291 .009 21.6 3203 .530 19.7 3957 .261 24.2 3346 .189 18.7 3945 .011 26.1 4578 .395 19.8 3972 .459 23.1 3514 .138 21.3 3764 .007 26.7 4550 .181 21.4 3695 .579 22.2 3672 .237 20.4 3891 .003 25.6 4719 .018 22.4 3188 .726 22.0 3773 .253 18.8 4207 .003 22.2 5534 .016 26.3 2834 .762 22.0 3802 .220 17.9 4327 .003 22.6 5198 B. Engines 1. Engine Size Tables 8 and 9 describe 1978 to 1989 cars and light trucks by number of cylin- ders. Only 4-, 6-, and 8-cylinder engines are shown in these two tables because vehicles with other numbers of cylinders (e.g., 3-, 5- and 12-) have never account- ed for more than a percent or two of the car and truck fleets. The calculation of the sales fractions in these tables, however, include all vehicles, regardless of number of cylinders. Thus, in 1983, cars with 4, 6, or 8 cylinders accounted for 98.4 percent of the car fleet; the remaining 1.6 percent of the fleet consisted of cars with other cylinder counts. Since 1978, passenger car average displacement for each cylinder counthas changed very little, although average engine size of the overall fleet has dropped by 89 CID due to changes in the mix of engines. This year's cars with 4-cylinder engines average 11 CID larger than 1978's, while the 6- and 8-cylinder engines are smaller by 28 and 34 CID, respectively. Average displacement for 8-cylinder car and light truck engines has remained constant at nominal values of 300 and 320 CID respectively for several years. This year's 8-cylinder cars and trucks are the heaviest since 1983. Use of 8-cylinder engines continues to drop: the sales fraction of 8-cylinder engines in cars decreased from 53 percent in 1978 to 10 percent this year. Figure 7 shows the market fraction for passenger cars by number of cylinders. In 1978, nearly three- fourths of the light trucks had 8-cylinder engines, compared to about one-fourth in the past four years. The 6-cylinder market share has now increased to about 33 percent for cars, and has more that doubled for trucks since 1978. The market share of 4-cylinder trucks peaked at 40 percent in 1986, but is still more than double what it was in 1978. At the number of cylinders level of stratification, there has been little improve- ment in fuel economy the last six years for either cars (Figure 8) or trucks. ------- 14 Table 8 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars by Number of Cylinders 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Four Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb % FWD % 4WD X Man.Tr % Inject % TBI X Port % Carb % Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 % Small % Mid % Large Cu.Ft Cu.Ft MPG Cu.Ft Ton MPG Six Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb % FWD % 4WD % Man.Tr X Inject % TBI % Port ' % Carb % Diesel Eng-Hp . Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 % Small X Mid X Large Cu.Ft Cu.Ft MPG Cu.Ft Ton MPG 2942 .263 28.3 2519 36.1 108 .043 31.6 67.1 10.4 10.4 87.4 2.2 78 .726 .031 14.7 97.6 2.4 89 2579 3216 2351 .210 20.2 3478 35.2 220 .063 1.0 9.1 6.2 6.2 93.7 .1 107 .498 .031 14.8 54.6 43.4 2.1 109 2204 3836 3184 .295 27.0 2571 35.0 111 .043 33.3 1.2 65.8 7.0 7.0 90.6 2.4 77 .707 .030 14.9 95.8 4.2 90 2484 3163 2250 .208 20.4 3412 34.9 216 .063 1.2 10.4 7.4 7.4 91.9 .7 109 .516 .032 14.4 42.1 56.3 1.6 108 2211 3788 4600 .487 27.9 2579 36.3 116 .045 44.8 1.0 60.4 9.5 9.5 86.7 3.8 78 .682 .030 14.8 89.7 10.3 93 2643 3376 2674 .283 21.6 3336 36.1 212 .064 21.7 1.5 8.2 4.2 4.2 94.6 1.1 110 .530 .033 14.0 29.7 66.0 4.3 111 2408 4012 4542 .520 29.7 2560 38.4 116 .045 60.3 .9 55.3 7.9 7.9 87.8 4.3 79 .693 .031 14.6 82.9 17.1 97 2937 3734 2411 .276 22.6 3384 38.4 215 .063 14.2 .8 5.4 6.8 6.8 92.4 .9 110 .523 .033 14.1 23.7 70.0 6.3 111 2528 4291 4311 .551 30.8 2607 40.4 115 .044 71.6 .9 49.0 18.9 11.0 7.9 77.7 3.4 78 .686 .030 14.9 84.1 15.9 98 3056 3963 2122 .271 23.0 3389 39.2 212 .062 19.1 1.1 7.0 17.4 7.8 9.6 79.9 2.7 114 .551 .034 13.8 26.3 63.9 9.8 112 2591 4409 4260 .532 31.0 2630 41.2 119 .045 74.8 5.0 47.1 32.3 20.5 11.8 66.1 1.6 81 .695 .031 14.6 79.8 20.2 101 3181 4147 1879 .235 23.8 3379 40.4 211 .062 22.3 1.7 6.6 12.4 12.4 84.7 2.9 116 .567 .035 13.6 32.3 63.4 4.3 111 2659 4498 5884 .551 31.1 2664 41.8 120 .045 80.7 1.4 40.0 44.2 27.8 16.4 53.9 1.9 86 .719 .032 14.3 84.4 15.6 100 3168 4190 2457 .230 24.1 3365 40.5 205 .061 31.5 .9 6.1 29.9 8.8 21.1 68.7 1.4 117 .586 .035 13.4 30.0 66.9 3.1 111 2682 4513 6059 .562 31.3 2676 42.3 121 .045 83.0 3.7 38.5 51.8 32.5 19.3 46.8 1.3 90 .753 .034 13.9 81.3 18.7 .0 101 3230 4291 2503 .232 24.0 3388 40.8 206 .061 48.5 .0 6.3 62.8 21.6 41.2 36.7 .6 124 .617 .037 12.9 30.2 55.9 13.9 112 2695 4564 6542 .594 31.2 2720 42.7 122 .045 88.7 1.6 36.9 63.6 38.5 25.1 36.0 .4 91 .755 .033 13.9 79.5 20.3 .2 102 3233 4373 2752 .250 24.9 3373 42.0 199 .059 63.9 .4 7.1 80.6 15.1 65.5 19.2 .3 134 .687 .040 12.1 34.6 44.5 21.0 112 2799 4728 6883 .637 31.1 2727 42.7 121 .044 90.7 2.1 ~35.0 68.0 41.9 26.1 31.9 .1 93 .773 .034 13.8 81.6 18.2 .2 102 3199' 4337 2535 .235 25.1 3414 42.9 199 .058 73.4 .3 7.8 96.7 7.8 89.0 2.4 .8 143 .732 .042 11.6 36.7 39.8 23.6 113 2860 4884 6380 .598 31.7 2742 43.7 119 .043 92.6 1.9 35.3 79.1 43.4 35.8 20.8 .0 96 .815 .035 13.5 86.6 13.2 .2 101 3260 4434 3029 .284 25.9 3382 44.0 193 .057 83.4 .7 7.1 98.8 1.5 97.2 1.2 141 .742 .042 11.6 33.9 45.6 20.5 114 2965 5009 5847 .568 31.4 2769 43.8 119 .043 93.3 2.0 39.3 82.4 41.5 40.9 17.5 .1 99 .837 .035 13.3 86.0 13.7 .4 101 3251 4451 3373 .328 25.6 3457 44.3 192 .056 82.1 .4 8.1 100.0 .2 99.8 147 .779 .043 11.5 26.9 49.9 23.2 115 2946 5089 ------- 15 Table 8 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars by Number of Cylinders (Continued) 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 'Eight Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb % FWD % 4WD % Man.Tr % Inject % TBI % Port % Carb % Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 % Small % Mid % Large Cu.Ft Cu.Ft MPG Cu.Ft Ton MPG 5882 .526 17.2 4166 36.1 336 .081 2.1 1.2 1.9 1.9 97.5 .6 154 .460 .037 12.8 14.2 46.8 39.0 119 2085 4317 5361 .497 17.6 4058 35.9 324 .080 3.7 1.4 2.2 2.2 95.3 2.6 149 .461 .037 12.9 13.4 42.8 43.8 121 2144 4340 2169 .230 19.1 3920 37.9 309 .079 7.6 .8 4.4 3.0 1.4 85.8 9.8 135 .439 .035 13.6 9.9 46.4 43.7 121 2343 4616 1780 .204 20.3 3973 40.9 307 .077 8.8 1.0 13.7 12.9 .8 69.4 16.9 133 .440 .034 14.0 8.8 40.0 51.2 123 2540 5074 1386 .177 20.3 3931 40.4 304 .077 5.4 4.5 10.3 9.0 1.3 78.1 11.6 138 .459 .036 13.4 17.3 27.2 55.6 123 2528 5031 1863 .233 20.1 3944 39.7 298 .076 9.6 3.4 35.3 34.3 1.0 62.5 2.2 143 .482 .036 12.9 12.9 26.5 60.6 125 2516 4992 2334 .219 20.4 3914 40.0 299 .077 9.2 3.2 37.3 32.2 5.1 61.3 1.4 144 .484 .037 12.8 18.3 24.5 57.3 122 2497 4927 2229 .207 21.7 3895 42.3 296 .076 18.2 2.5 47.4 42.3 5.1 52.5 .1 151 .509 .039 12.4 14.9 26.4 58.7 123 2670 5227 1721 .156 23.1 3729 43.2 289 .077 15.7 6.8 46.4 11.7 34.7 53.6 148 .521 .040 12.2 23.1 ' 30.4 46.4 119- 2799 5163 1393 .129 22.1 3846 42.7 299 .078 14.1 4.4 55.7 13.9 41.8 44.3 156 .521 .041 12.0 20.7 29.0 50.3 120 2674 5174 1251 .117 22.8 3857 44.0 301 .079 16.3 5.3 75.7 19.7 56.0 24.3 177 .587 .046 11.0 22.9 17.0 60.1 122 2793 5425 1067 .104 22.6 3940 44.7 302 .077 18.3 5.2 74.4 28.6 45.8 25.6 163 .540 .042 11.8 17.7 11.2 71.1 126 2876 5730 ------- 16 Table 9 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Light Trucks by Number of Cylinders 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Four Six Eight Sales Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb % FWD % 4WD % Man.Tr % Inject % TBI % Port % Carb % Diesel % Small % Large Sales Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb % FWD X 4WD % Man.Tr % Inject % TBI % Port X Carb % Diesel % Small X Large Sales Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs)'' Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb . % FWD % 4WD % Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel X Small X Large 342 .105 26.2 2849 37.7 121 .042 6.8 88.1 .8 99.2 100.0 558 .171 17.9 3973 35.9 273 .069 14.6 32.0 99.8 .2 9.8 90.2 2373 .725 13.9 4381 30.8 352 .081 35.5 24.4 98.9 1.1 1.6 98.4 481 .156 23.1 2850 33.6 123 .043 20.5 86.4 1.8 98.2 99.2 .8 515 .167 17.2 4066 35.4 264 .066 19.5 61.0 99.3 .7 10.9 89.1 2092 .677 13.2 4620 30.9 347 .075 17.0 17.0 97.5 2.5 1.8 98.2 585 .314 24.3 2842 35.1 124 .044 4.5 22.2 90.0 5.3 92.8 1.9 89.4 10.6 555 .298 18.8 4016 38.0 269 .067 18.3 61.9 99.1 .9 6.4 93.6 723 .388 15.4 4585 35.9 333 .073 32.5 16.3 93.4 6.6 1.0 99.0 522 .287 27.3 2861 39.9 130 .046 6.4 24.5 92.9 3.9 80.6 15.5 90.4 9.6 636 .350 19.7 3956 39.2 272 .069 14.5 57.3 100.0 4.6 95.4 662 .364 16.9 4405 37.6 315 .072 .5 22.0 13.6 96.8 3.2 .3 99.7 518 .270 27.4 2897 40.4 132 .046 6.2 23.3 88.9 2.4 82.0 15.6 86.6 13.4 642 .336 20.9 3693 38.7 243 .066 12.8 52.5 100.0 31.3 68.7 754 .394 17.2 4526 39.9 319 .071 .1 24.0 10.2 87.0 13.0 100.0 744 .324 27.2 2924 40.3 135 .046 4.2 19.2 84.8 2.0 92.5 5.6 92.0 8.0 751 .327 21.1 3754 39.7 229 .061 32.4 48.5 100.0 48.0 52.0 804 .350 17.0 4547 39.7 321 .071 25.6 7.4 91.7 8.3 100.0 1083 .324 26.4 3064 40.8 135 .044 15.1 21.3 75.9 7.9 88.8 3.3 79.6 20.4 1200 .359 20.8 3730 38.9 221 .059 41.2 41.4 100.0 56.5 43.5 1062 .317 16.5 4573 38.3 320 .070 29.3 8.5 96.0 4.0 100.0 1253 .342 26.1 3157 41.5 141 .045 20.7 21.7 65.9 27.7 71.1 1.2 77.7 22.3 1217 .332 21.5 3704 39.9 216 .058 43.0 37.7 .5 .5 99.5 67.9 32.1 1198 .327 16.3 4555 37.5 318 .070 .0 27.4 6.5 8.1 .0 89.9 2.0 100.0 1802 .414 26.3 3159 41.7 139 .044 14.1 24.7 72.6 34.8 18.5 16.3 64.4 .8 81.0 19.0 1379 .317 20.9 3793 39.7 218 .057 37.8 33.3 58.3 34.7 23.5 41.6 .1 71.8 28.2 1169 .269 17.1 4563 39.2 315 .069 .0 29.9 7.6 28.5 .0 28.4 70.2 1.3 100.0 1567 .364 26.4 3123 41.3 139 .045 10.2 25.9 72.6 40.0 22.6 17.5 59.7 .2 87.9 12.1 1832 .426 21.4 3803 40.7 223 .058 8.0 34.2 27.1 90.6 33.7 56.9 9.4 65.6 34.4 906 .210 16.7 4637 39.0 323 .070 .0 31.3 ' 7.8 71.7 46.1 25.7 27.5 .8 .0 100.0 1237 .269 26.1 3145 41.2 140 .045 8.0 31.2 73.6 60.7 33.5 27.2 39.3 86.5 13.5 2040 .443 21.6 3802 41.3 219 .058 15.4 34.9 27.3 98.5 39.1 59.3 1.5 71.0 29.0 1326 .288 17.4 4675 40.9 328 .071 34.2 8.1 97.1 63.9 33.2 2.0 .9 100.0 1210 .266 25.8 3200 41.3 143 .045 16.3 19.0 66.6 71.1 38.8 32.2 28.9 91.2 8.8 2156 .474 21.4 3880 41.6 224 .058 10.8 40.3 26.9 98.6 38.4 60.2 1.4 69.2 30.8 1179 .259 17.2 4679 40.5 329 .071 .0 30.6 4.5 98.0 65.8 32.1 1.0 1.0 2.8 97.2 ------- 17 Engine Size Market Shares Passenger Cars 100% Sales Fraction 80%- 60%- 40% 20%- 81 82 83 84 85 Model Year Fig. 7 86 87 88 89 35 30 25 20 15 10 MPG MPG by Number of Cylinders Passenger Cars 4 CYLINDER 8 CYLINDER 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Model Year Fig. 8 ------- 18 2. Power and Performance Figure 9 shows average engine horsepower for cars with 4-, 6-, and 8-cylinder engines. In 1978, 8-cylinder engines had twice the horsepower of the fours. Bet- ween 1978 and 1981, 8-cylinder engine horsepower decreased 21 HP, when use of Diesel engines increased to nearly 17 percent of the 8-cylinder car engines. Since then, as the use of Diesel and carbureted 8-cylinder engines decreased, their horsepower has increased and is now slightly higher than it was in 1978. Horsepower of 6-cylinder car engines was constant at a nominal value of 110 HP between 1978 and 1981. Since then, 6-cylinder car engines have increased usage of port fuel injection to nearly 100 percent; their weight has increased 73 Ibs, their displacement has decreased from 215 to 192 CID, their horsepower has increased substantially from 107 to 147, and their 0 to 60 acceleration time decreased from 14.1 to 11.5 seconds. Horsepower of 4-cylinder car engines remained constant at about 80 HP through 1982. Since then, horsepower of 4-cylinder car engines has increased to nearly 100 HP, while their cubic-inch displacement has remained at about 120 CID. Cars with 4- cylinder engines have reduced their estimated 0 to 60 acceleration time to 13.3 seconds. Figure 10 gives 0 to 60 acceleration time for passenger cars by number of engine cylinders. In 1978, cars with 4- and 6-cylinder engines had about the same 0 to 60 acceleration time (i.e. about 14.7 seconds). Since then, the sixes have reduced their acceleration time by 22 percent, or 3.3 seconds, to about the same value as cars with 8-cylinder engines. 3. Fuel Metering Figure 11 compares fuel metering used in cars with 4-, 6-, and 8- cylinder engines. Essentially, all of this year's cars with 6-cylinder engines will have port fuel injection compared to 41.5 percent of the 4- cylinder, and 46 percent of the 8-cylinder engines. The use of throttle body injection appears to have peaked for both 4- and 8-cylinder engines. Over 90 percent of this year's cars with 4-cylinder engines have front-wheel drive, as will over 80 percent of the cars with 6-cylinder engines. Conversely, only 18 percent of this year's cars with 8-cylinder engines have front-wheel drive; The others still have rear drive. Similarly, a fourth of the 8-cylinder car engines built this year are carbureted. All of these 8-cylinder carbureted engines are used in cars with rear drive and automatic transmission such as the Chevrolet Caprice, Buick LeSabre and Dodge Diplomat. Nearly 99 percent of this year's trucks with 6-cylinder engines will be fuel in- jected, compared to 58 percent in 1986 and 0.5 percent in 1985. Similarly, nearly 98 percent of this year's trucks with 8-cylinder engines will be fuel injected, compared to 8 percent for 1985. Less than a third of this year's trucks with 4- cylinder engines will be carbureted. Model year 1989 is the first for which fuel injection exceeds 87 percent for both cars and trucks. ------- 19 Average Engine Horsepower Passenger Cars 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 Horsepower 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Model Year Fig. 9 Average Zero to 60 Acceleration Passenger Cars 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Time (seconds) 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Model Year Fig. 10 ------- 20 Car Fuel Metering by Number of Cylinders Four Eight Sales Fraction Sales Fraction 717IMI1UI3MUMI7UW 71 7» 10 11 12 (3 M U M 17 Model Year Six Sales Fraction Model Year D Carbureted Diesel E3 Port m TBI Model Year Fig. 11 ------- 21 VI. Trends by Vehicle Size A. Vehicle Size Class Table 10 describes cars by EPA car class. Only Minicompacts and Small Wagons show any significant variation in interior volume: Minicompact volumes have ranged from 73 to 83 cubic feet, Small Wagons 105 to 120 cubic feet. Note that interior volume is undefined for the Two-Seater car class; a value of 50 cubic feet has been assigned to all Two-Seaters, a class which has never accounted for more than about three percent of car sales. On a class-by-class basis, passenger car MPG, inertia weight and engine size have changed very little the last several years, particularly for the four most sales significant classes (Subcompacts, Compacts, Midsize and Large sedans). MPG for Minicompacts dropped nearly 7 MPG since last year, but this class accounts for less than one-half of 1 percent of passenger car sales. Aggregating the nine EPA classes into three groups, "Large Cars" (i.e. Large Sedans and Wagons), "Midsize Cars" (Midsize Sedans and Wagons) and "Small Cars" (Compacts, Subcompacts, Minicompacts, Small Wagon%and Two Sealers), Table 11 gives major characteristics of these groups. Since 1980, Large Sedans and Wagons have accounted for only, 11 to 15 percent of the cars. By comparison, they accounted for about 20 percent of the cars in 1978 and 1979. Similarly, the market share of Midsize Cars and Wagons has dropped from a peak of 36 percent in 1981 to about one-fourth this year (see Figure 12). Large Sedans and Wagons now achieve higher MPG than Small and Midsize cars did in 1978 and are lighter than Midsize Cars were then. Similarly, Midsize Cars achieve higher MPG than Small Cars did in 1978, but are heavier. At this level of stratification, there has been little change in MPG for several years. More than 80 percent of the Small and Midsize cars now have front-wheel drive. Front-wheel drive usage for Large cars has now reached the 60 percent mark. Use of TBI engines in Large cars peaked at 44 percent in 1985 and has since dropped to 15 percent, while use of port fuel injection increased. Similarly, usage of TBI engines in Midsize Cars peaked at 40 percent in 1986, dropping to 22 percent this year with port fuel injection increasing from 29 percent to 77 percent. Small car usage of TBI engines has remained in the 25-30 percent range the last five years, but small car usage of port fuel injection has increased to over 50 percent. ------- 22 Table 10 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID, IW, 0 To 60, and Volume by Car Size Class Two Mini Sub Midsize Large Small Midsize Large Seater Compact Compact Compact Sedan Sedan Wagon Wagon Wagon 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 19.4 .017 187 3079 11.8 50 20.1 .024 180 3026 12.2 50 20.6 .021 180 2954 12.3 50 21.9 .019 202 3005 10.6 50 25.7 .034 147 2726 13.0 50 23.9 .017 146 2756 11.8 50 27.4 .081 120 2584 14.1 79 27.6 .040 113 2450 14.4 80 28.1 .041 116 2459 14.4 83 34.3 .026 92 2164 14.5 83 35.5 .023 95 2193 14.6 83 35.7 .020 100 2273 14.2 82 24.6 .184 159 2842 14.4 90 24.1 .282 155 2847 14.2 90 27.1 .376 128 2640 14.7 90 29.3 .311 124 2604 14.7 90 29.1 .298 133 2657 14.5 92 30.0 .246 136 2688 14.0 93 20.2 .133 236 3552 14.5 105 19.5 .062 246 3624 14.4 105 22.4 .073 186 3185 14.4 106 26.7 .112 142 2825 14.2 104 29.0 .162 128 2794 14.6 103 28.8 .182 141 2844 14.4 103 18.6 .299 292 3820 13.4 113 19.1 .297 272 3710 13.6 113 21.6 .316 229 3362 13.8 113 22.9 .332 220 3346 14.2 114 24.0 .273 211 3321 14.2 114 23.9 .284 212 3316 13.8 114 16.8 .183 357 4394 12.8 128 17.4 .196 339 4210 12.9 130 19.1 .102 314 4130 14.0 131 20.4 .109 304 4108 14.3 131 20.7 .106 292 4034 13.9 131 20.2 .135 293 4041 13.4 131 24.3 .032 134 2805 14.3 108 25.7 .029 123 2711 15.1 105 28.6 .033 113 2591 15.4 108 30.0 .048 108 2531 14.4 111 30.6 .049 109 2580 15.3 112 32.2 .066 105 2565 15.3 108 18.6 .045 258 3836 14.4 140 19.1 .045 249 3758 14.7 140 21.1 .027 228 3535 15.0 140 23.1 .031 193 3285 14.5 136 23.7 .036 205 3384 14.3 136 24.4 .034 200 3348 14.1 136 15.9 .026 354 4664 13.4 162 16.1 .026 333 4467 13.4 163 19.1 .011 324 4423 15.2 161 19.9 .012 313 4394 15.3 161 19.2 .019 306 4396 14.6 161 19.6 .016 307 4380 14.1 162 ------- 23 Table 10 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID, IW, 0 To 60 and Volume by Car Size Class (cont.) Two Mini Sub Midsize Large Small Midsize Large Seater Compact Compact Compact Sedan Sedan Wagon Wagon Wagon 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 26.7 .033 174 2886 12.1 50 26.9 .031 158 2826 11.7 50 28.1 .028 166 2916 11.7 50 27.5 .026 167 2920 11.5 50 27.1 .020 169 2967 10.9 50 26.9 .015 184 3011 10.4 50 25.6 .004 151 2855 10.5 76 36.0 .007 106 2300 13.4 79 30.7 .016 113 2408 12.8 81 30.7 .007 140 2636 11.3 77 31.2 .005 120 2596 12.5 77 24.5 .003 159 2861 9.7 73 29.6 .238 140 2737 13.5 93 30.1 .202 136 2734 13.4 94 30.6 .216 136 2764 13.4 95 31.1 .193 128 2728 13.7 93 32.1 .195 123 2681 13.3 93 31.6 .196 122 2716 13.0 94 29.7 .256 137 2798 14.3 103 29.8 .272 138 2804 13.5 103 29.8 .304 137 2819 13.5 103 29.7 .373 135 2834 13.3 103 29.8 .400 137 2899 12.8 104 29.9 .357 130 2913 12.9 103 24.1 .260 210 3318 13.6 114 24.9 .258 205 3319 13.3 114 25.9 .242 194 3241 13.0 114 26.0 .211 189 3250 12.7 114 26.7 .194 184 3289 12.3 113 26.5 .228 183 3329 12.3 114 20.5 .116 294 4022 13.4 131 22.3 .140 279 3841 12.7 129 23.9 .115 260 3719 12.1 127 23.8 .113 260 3697 11.8 127 24.3 .123 263 3730 11.3 128 24.2 .134 255 3695 11.4 126 31.9 .043 107 2620 15.2 116 32.5 .046 107 2579 15.2 118 31.0 .032 113 2648 14.7 118 30.7 .033 116 2795 14.2 120 31.6 .025 112 2733 13.8 117 31.3 .024 112 2897 13.7 119 25.0 .034 172 3298 14.1 136 25.0 .030 173 3380 13.9 136 26.0 .037 162 3355 13.6 138 25.6 .036 174 3439- 12.9 141 25.8 .031 178 3397 12.5 140 25.7 .025 180 3491 12.5 141 19.9 .017 305 4371 13.9 162 20.9 .014 305 4354 13.2 162 22.0 .011 304 4381 13.9 161 22.1 .008 304 4348 14.0 162 23.0 .008 305 4310 13.2 162 22.8 .018 306 4413 14.2 161 ------- 24 Small Midsize Large Table Sales (000) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 ! Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 Sales (000) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 11 - Characteristics of Small, Midsize and 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 4991 .447 23.3 3013 35.5 174 .055 20.2 43.6 10.1 10.1 88.6 1.4 99.2 .631 .033 14.2 3843 .344 18.6 3822 35.6 288 .075 1.2 2.2 1.6 - 1.6 98.4 .0 133.4 .467 .035 13.5 2341 .210 16.7 4428 37.2 357 .080 1.0 .1 .1 98.5 1.4 162.3 .457 .037 12.9 4714 .437 23.4 2921 34.6 163 .053 23.7 49.2 8.9 8.9 89.0 2.1 96.6 .644 .032 14.2 3693 .342 19.1 3716 35.7 269 .072 4.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 96.1 1.6 126.4 .475 .034 13.8 2387 .221 17.2 4240 36.7 339 .080 .1 .1 96.8 3.1 153.8 .456 .036 13.0 5135 .544 26.2 2709 36.0 136 .049 37.0 53.6 10.5 10.5 85.6 3.9 85.5 .659 .031 14.6 3244 .344 21.6 3376 36.6 228 .067 27.8 8.0 2.7 1.4 1.3 94.5 2.8 112.3 .510 .033 13.9 1064 .113 19.1 4158 40.1 315 .076 1.8 1.8 86.2 12.0 136.3 .438 .033 14.2 4495 .515 28.6 2637 38.2 128 .047 49.0 54.8 11.4 11.4 83.8 4.8 84.7 .687 .032 14.4 3175 .364 23.0 3341 38.5 218 .064 32.5 6.2 2.8 2.1 .7 93.1 4.1 107.1 .514 .032 14.3 1064 .122 20.4 4137 42.8 305 .074 15.3 15.3 68.4 16.3 133.0 .442 .032 14.4 4421 .565 29.2 2675 39.6 129 .047 57.3 51.1 18.4 6.1 12.3 77.8 3.8 85.7 .684 .032 14.5 2420 .310 24.0 3329 40.2 211 :062 42.8 2.6 14.4 13.6 .8 81.5 4.1 107.5 .532 .032 14.2 978 .125 20.4 4088 42.2 294 .072 17.1 17.1 72.8 10.1 135.9 .466 .033 14.0 4248 .531 29.8 2713 40.9 133 .048 60.8 50.6 33.2 16.2 17.0 64.7 2.1 89.0 .695 .032 14.2 2544 .318 24.0 3319 40.0 211 .063 47.1 1.7 16.6 15.3 1.3 81.6 1.7 111.2 .546 .033 13.9 1209 .151 20.1 4077 41.1 294 .072 35.9 35.9 61.5 2.7 140.4 .480 .034 13.5 Large Passenger Cars 1984 1985 1986 6128 .574' 29.6 2765 41.4 138 .049 64.6 41.3 44.9 21.1 23.8 52.9 2.1 94.2 .707 .034 13.9 3135 .294 24.2 3315 40.3 205 .061 56.8 1.5 29.5 25.0 4.5 69.3 1.2 112.6 .571 .034 13.7 1412 .132 20.4 4066 41.6 296 .073 37.3 37.3 61.8 .9 140.7 .478 .035 13.4 6030 .559 30.0 2756 41.8 135 .048 69.8 41.4 52.9 26.5 26.4 45.8 1.3 98.6 .746 .035 13.5 3103 .288 24.9 3325 41.6 201 .060 63.1 1.6 50.6 36.6 14.0 49.0 .4 116.8 .612 .035 13.3 1657 .154 22.2 3886 43.1 * 282 .072 29.1 60.9 43.6 17.4 38.8 .3 143.6 .511 .037 12.8 6551 .595 30.1 2784 42.3 136 .048 74.7 40.2 60.9 25.8 35.1 38.7 .4 99.8 .753 .035 13.4 3076 .279 25.9 3256 42.3 190 .058 72.5 2.8 69.2 40.4 28.8 30.6 .2 118.0 .650 .036 13.1 1388 .126 23.8 3777 44.8 264 .070 51.1 .6 76.2 14.5 61.8 23.8 146.9 .569 .039 12.2 1978 to 1989 1987 1988 6836 .632 30.1 2801 42.5 133 .047 80.0 38.2 66.7 29.7 37.0 33.1 .2 101.0 .775 .035 13.4 2663 .246 25.9 3277 42.6 187 .056 78.7 1.9 85.8 39.8 46.0 13.8 .4 124.0 .691 .038 12.7 1312 .121 23.7 3741 44.3 263 .070 56.5 .5 81.0 14.1 66.9 19.0 149.0 .579 .040 12.0 6888 .646 30.5 2825 43.3 133 .046 84.1 35.2 80.1 32.6 47.5 19.9 .0 106.2 .815 .037 13.0 2386 .224 26.6 3304 44.1 183 .055 87.5 4.3 95.5 27.2 68.3 4.5 128.3 .716 .039 12.4 1387 .130 24.2 3766 45.7 265 .070 55.1 .4 85.8 11.8 74.0 14.2 161.8 .619 .043 11.4 1989 6122 .595 30.4 2849 43.6 128 .044 87.2 39.5 83.2 31.6 51.6 16.7 .1 108.2 .855 .037 12.9 2604 .253 26.4 3345 44.3 183 .054 82.0 7.6 98.9 21.7 77.2 1.1 131.5 .731 .039 12.3 1560 .152 24.0 3780 45.4 261 .069 60.3 .4 84.3 15.3 69.0 15.7 155.6 .617 .042 11.7 ------- 25 Car Size Market Shares 100% 80% - 60% - Sales Fraction 40% 20% 78 79 80 82 83 84 85 Model Year Fig. 12 LARGE I 86 87 88 89 Table 12 gives fuel economy, market fraction, CID and inertia weight for 1978 to 1989 light-duty trucks by size class. In 1978, Large Pickups accounted for nearly 60 percent of all light trucks; Large Vans 19 percent and Small Pickups 10 percent. Since then, the market share of Large Pickups has dropped to less than 30 percent (Figure 13). Small Pickups gained in popularity through 1983 when they accounted for 38 percent of all light trucks. Since then, their market share has dropped to about 20 percent while Small Vans and Utility Trucks have increased their shares of the market about 18 percent each. The Light Truck fleet has improved 5.8 MPG since 1978, an amount larger than any of the classes due to mix shifts across classes. Inertia weight for five of the six size classes is higher this year than it was in 1978. The only exception is Large Pickups, which had an average inertia weight of 4,326 in 1978, compared to 4,252 this year. ------- 26 Table 12 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID and Inertia Weight for 1978 - 1989 Light-Duty Trucks by Size/Body Class Small Large Small Pickups Pickups Van Large Small Large Van Utility Utility 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 26.3 .1037 121 2844 23.4 .1486 123 2832 25.3 .2625 123 2792 28.1 .2468 129 2822 27.5 .3091 144 2880 26.9 .3805 145 2978 26.0 .2707 146 3080 25.9 .2273 151 3070 25.8 .2829 147 3118 26.8 .2610 147 3026 26.2 .2098 153 3062 25.1 .2135 163 3168 14.7 .5889 339 4326 14.3 .5660 330 4486 17.4 .5083 294 4227 18.9 .5439 286 4069 19.0 .4438 287 4151 18.4 .3280 289 4197 18.8 .3402 271 4048 19.2 .3391 269 4026 19.7 .2992 262 4005 19.3 .2690 268 4091 19.0 .3284 285 4232 19.2 .2865 285 4252 20.0 .0008 120 3500 18.7 .0027 120 3500 19.0 .0084 120 3619 18.5 .0062 120 3644 21.7 .0078 111 3668 19.7 .0062 118 3567 24.7 .0649 136 3380 23.5 .1206 169 3521 23.2 .1494 181 3671 23.3 .1788 186 3690 23.3 .1774 193 3809 23.3 .1859 186 3776 14.2 .1902 330 4253 13.5 .1529 326 4560 16.5 .1213 299 4404 17.4 .1283 292 4357 17.1 .1545 296 4376 17.7 .1599 301 4445 17.1 .1371 303 4402 16.4 .1124 308 4462 17.4 .0906 305 4537 17.3 .0885 309 4539 17.9 .0783 313 4662 17.3 .0947 310 4664 16.7 .0285 275 3026 16.7 .0339 261 3196 18.8 .0325 227 3083 20.4 .0234 225 3054 20.5 .0222 207 2922 21.9 .0680 189 3512 21.9 .1247 175 3546 22.1 .1429 168 3643 22.2 .1309 163 3550 22.4 .1594 175 3511 22.1 .1601 183 3530 21.7 .1789 201 3713 13.8 .0878 359 4676 11.6 .0959 355 4975 14.3 .0670 328 4810 15.6 .0513 320 4734 16.8 .0626 324 4855 16.5 .0574 333 4905 15.5 .0622 331 4910 15.8 .0577 333 4945 16.3 .0470 328 4955 15.9 .0434 333 5068 16.3 .0461 336 5189 16.2 .0405 333 5036 ------- 27 Truck Class Market Shares 100% 80% 60% h Sales Fraction 40% I- 20% 78 79 80 82 83 84 85 Model Year Fig. 13 86 87 88 89 B. Vehicle Weight Class Table 13 presents fuel economy, market fraction, CID, 0 to 60 acceleration time and volume for 1978-88 cars by inertia weight. Table 1 showed that average interior volume of cars changed very little between 1978 and 1989, but inertia weight dropped nearly 500 Ibs, with most of this decrease coming between 1978 and 1980. This shows up in Table 13 as an increase in volume by weight class. Analysis of cars with inertia weight above 4000 Ibs is confounded by the fact that these vehicles accounted for more about a fourth of the cars built in 1978, compared to only about a percent or two of the cars built each year since 1984. Since 1984, four weight classes, those from 2500 to 3500 Ib, have accounted for over 70 percent of the cars built each year. Reduction in market share has oc- curred for those cars below 2500 Ib and also for those above 3500 Ib. Since last year, MPG has increased for all but two of the weight classes shown (3000 and 3500 Ib), but these two classes account for over 50 percent of this year's production. Table 14 presents fuel economy, average market fraction, and CID by inertia weight class for 1978 to 1989 light trucks. In 1978, two weight classes, 4000 and 4500 Ib, accounted for 70 percent of the light trucks. The market share of these two classes dropped to about 40 percent in 1984-85, but have since increased by 49 percent. The market share of the 3500 Ib class for Light Trucks increased from 3 percent in 1978 to about 25 percent in 1986 where it has remained. Similarly, the 3000 Ib class increased from 4 percent in 1978 to 20 percent in 1982, but has since dropped to 14 percent. At the inertia weight level of stratification, there has been no significant increase in fuel economy for seven years. ------- 28 Table 13 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID, 0 to 60 Time, and Volume for 1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars by Inertia Weight Class 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Under 2250 34.9 .024 90 14.3 80 32.0 .022 88 14.4 80 33.0 .030 90 14.3 86 38.4 .024 86 14.0 87 40.3 .020 86 14.5 87 43.6 .012 84 14.4 86 44.3 .009 86 13.5 73 48.5 .009 78 14.5 68 45.8 .013 67 15.9 79 43.4 .013 66 16.0 81 44.5 .019 71 15.3 89 46.4 .020 74 14.8 92 2250 31.9 .079 89 15.0 86 31.4 .065 88 15.2 88 32.4 .123 92 15.0 90 34.4 .136 96 14.8 91 35.6 .113 . 94 15.0 92 36.2 .123 95 14.9 96 37.1 .084 94 14.8 97 37.5 .078 94 14.6 97 38.5 .068 93 14.8 93 39.0 .043 91 14.6 90 39.4 .039 91 13.5 91 40.1 .025 89 13.4 94 2500 27.9 .070 101 15.1 92 27.9 .100 101 15.4 91 28.0 .124 104 15.6 92 29.4 .175 108 14.8 95 31.2 .184 106 15.4 92 32.2 .155 107 15.0 95 32.7 .143 107 14.7 96 32.8 .157 109 14.2 98 33.7 .147 106 14.3 100 33.4 .183 104 14.6 99 34.1 .159 100 14.4 100 35.0 .153 98 13.9 99 2750 24.8 .045 129 13.4 89 24.0 .043 132 13.6 82 26.1 .103 142 13.6 96 27.7 .082 137 13.8 107 28.8 .123 124 14.4 104 30.2 .108 124 14.2 106 30.1 .192 127 14.1 103 30.6 .174 128 13.6 103 30.6 .172 125 13.4 102 30.8 .175 124 13.3 102 31.4 .145 122 13.1 102 31.8 .115 119 13.1 102 3000 22.5 .081 164 13.9 97 22.1 .119 162 13.9 96 23.6 .215 164 13.8 101 24.4 .186 165 13.8 104 25.7 .199 163 13.6 104 25.8 . 189 161 13.4 105 26.4 .187 157 13.2 105 27.1 .189 153 13.0 106 27.5 .257 151 13.2 107 27.9 .258 147 12.9 106 28.5 .296 145 12.6 105 28.1 .300 147 12.4 106 3500 20.2 .268 257 13.8 111 20.2 .249 252 13.7 112 20.7 .227 244 14.1 111 22.2 .209 234 14.3 113 22.4 .182 237 14.0 112 22.8 .209 238 13.6 112 22.9 .208 236 13.1 110 23.4 .228 228 12.7 112 24.4 .251 225 12.0 113 24.6 .236 218 11.6 114 25.4 .253 213 11.3 114 25,2 .274 199 11.4 114 4000 18.0 .200 306 13.1 115 17.8 .245 311 13.0 120 18.8 .139 302 13.9 122 20.3 .150 296 14.0 123 20.6 .155 287 13.8 126 20.3 .181 287 13.4 127 20.6 .159 289 13.4 126 21.7 .155 294 12.8 125 22.1 .083 299 12.4 125 21.7 .084 295 12.3 122 22.4 .079 290 11.2 126 23.1 .089 267 12.4 123 Over 4000 15.8 .233 369 13.1 126 16.2 .159 358 13.5 127 18.9 .039 350 15.1 137 20.3 .037 343 16.1 137 20.7 .024 323 16.1 148 19.8 .024 312 14.4 146 20.0 .018 309 14.0 152 20.8 .010 307 13.8 160 21.2 .009 309 14.0 156 22.0 .007 307 14.5 159 22.4 .010 308 14.4 144 22.4 ,023 308 14.4 148 ------- 29 Table 14 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction and CID for 1978 to 1989 Light Trucks by Inertia Weight Class 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Under 2750 27.2 .007 97 27.5 .013 96 28.8 .024 92 33.3 .028 102 29.8 .026 120 28.1 .017 126 28.0 .007 99 29.1 .003 82 32.7 .010 84 33.0 .015 81 33.3 .018 81 32.2 .011 91 2750 23.5 .074 157 22.6 .081 126 25.2 .174 126 27.9 .122 130 28.3 .119 130 28.8 .148 132 28.3 .098 130 29.9 .067 130 29.5 .073 132 29.7 .057 133 27.7 .030 134 27.7 .022 135 3000 25.2 .044 148 21.9 .073 154 22.7 .114 146 25.9 .137 150 25.9 .198 162 25.7 .180 158 26.0 .172 153 26.2 .179 151 26.8 .193 143 26.9 .187 144 27.1 .149 148 26.7 .135 146 3500 18.6 .031 267 16.9 .022 251 18.3 .044 211 20.9 .067 238 22.1 .076 205 23.3 .120 174 22.7 .221 164 23.0 .260 168 23.0 .259. 164 23.0 .287 178 22.7 .242 188 22.7 .241 188 4000 15.9 .402 319 15.9 .227 301 18.6 .288 279 19.1 .371 283 18.7 .256 286 19.0 .218 269 18.9 .206 265 19.6 .202 260 20.1 .215 243 20.6 .223 236 21.3 .250 223 21.5 .290 220 4500 13.5 .301 353 13.9 .311 323 15.7 .209 319 16.8 .205 312 16.8 .213 310 17.0 .225 310 16.7 .207 310 16.4 .203 311 17.3 .177 307 17.2 .163 314 18.0 .218 320 17.8 .200 318 5000 12.8 .099 371 12.3 .218 363 15.1 .130 347 15.8 .067 330 17.0 .089 332 17.0 .075 332 16.0 .078 327 15.9 .076 326 16.3 .067 323 15.9 .055 327 16.2 .074 326 16.4 .094 328 Over 5000 12.1 .042 379 11.0 .054 401 13.0 .018 355 13.7 .003 350 21.5 .024 350 20.4 .017 374 18.2 .012 369 17.1 .010 363 16.8 .008 348 16.9 .014 352 16.9 .019 352 16.6 .007 355 ------- 30 VII. Trends by Market Segment Table 15 shows major characteristics of the Domestic, European, and Asian car fleets for model years 1978-89. Table 16 presents similar data for light trucks, but the truck fleet is divided into just Domestic and Import segments. As in pre- vious papers, Import production volumes include vehicles assembled in the U.S. by foreign manufacturers. A. Market Share As shown in Figure 14, the market share of European cars has stayed at 5 to 7 percent. The Asian share of the car market, on the other hand, has increased from 14 percent in 1978 to over 33 percent. Sales of Import trucks have ranged from 10 to 30 percent. Their share of the light truck market this year (20 percent) is much lower than it was two years ago when 30 percent of Light Trucks were Imports. B. Vehicle Size Domestic cars built this year are 523 pounds lighter than their 1978 counter- parts, have engines that are 93 CID smaller and get 8.1 higher MPG. Nearly 70 per- cent of this MPG increase occurred between 1978 and 1982. This year's Asian and European cars get higher MPG than in 1978, but are heavier and have larger engines. European passenger car MPG peaked at nearly 30 MPG in 1981, primarily because Diesel engines were used in 36 percent of the European cars that year. Sales Fraction by Vehicle Type Cars and Light Trucks 100% 80% 60% Sales Fraction 1 Domestic Trucks 'Domestic Cars 40% 20% 1 Asian Cars 'European Cars 'Import Trucks 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Model Year Fig. 14 ------- 31 Table 15 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Domestic, European and Asian Passenger Cars 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Domestic Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD X 4WD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 X Small X Mid X Large Cu.Ft Cu.Ft MPG Cu.Ft Ton MPG European Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD X 4WD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 X Small X Mid X Large Cu.Ft Cu.Ft MPG Cu.Ft Ton MPG 9084 .813 18.7 3828 36.0 284 .073 4.6 8.2 1.1 1.1 98.6 .4 133 .483 .035 13.6 32.2 42.1 25.8 114 2185 4117 582 .052 23.9 2705 33.2 115 .042 53.7 68.6 65.5 65.5 22.9 11.5 87 .758 .032 14.7 96.2 3.8 92 2335 3084 8761 .812 19.3 3696 35.7 268 .071 6.3 9.9 1.1 1.1 97.3 1.6 128 .501 .035 13.6 31.0 41.8 27.2 114 2235 4088 520 .048 24.4 2783 35.1 121 .043 47.0 69.1 54.9 54.9 27.5 17.6 87 .727 .031 15.1 93.4 6.6 90 2354 3195 6820 .722 21.9 3323 36.5 218 .064 23.4 .6 16.8 1.2 .9 .2 95.7 3.1 109 .532 .033 14.1 37.3 47.1 15.6 110 2448 4048 699 .074 28.0 2649 38.5 114 .043 65.3 75.2 55.3 55.3 15.5 29.2 80 .702 .030 15.4 95.4 4.6 90 2699 3498 6261 .717 23.5 3291 38.7 210 .062 32.4 .3 15.3 3.7 3.7 91.3 5.0 106 .549 .032 14.2 32.7 50.3 17.0 113 2706 4408 525 .060 29.4 2765 42.1 121 .044 61.1 68.7 61.4 61.4 2.2 36.4 84 .694 .030 15.2 95.0 5.0 93 2928 3940 5506 .704 24.5 3247 40.0 200 .059 42.9 .4 15.4 13.9 13.9 82.4 3.7 106 .567 .032 14.3 38.8 43.4 17.8 112 2800 4504 494 .063 28.6 2895 42.7 129 .044 54.8 61.2 65.6 65.6 6.3 28.1 92 .718 .031 14.8 93.8 6.2 96 2923 4144 5682 .710 24.1 3310 40.2 208 .061 42.5 .6 12.3 27.3 26.6 .7 71.5 1.2 111 .565 .033 14.0 34.7 44.1 21.3 115 2828 4612 441 .055 27.2 3041 42.0 140 .046 41.9 .1 53.5 77.0 77.0 3.6 19.4 107 .773 .035 13.5 90.5 9.3 .1 99 2784 4180 8102 .759 25.1 3233 40.8 197 .059 51.3 .3 13.6 38.3 32.0 6.3 60.7 .9 nb' .593 .034 13.8 45.3 37.2 17.4 111 2857 4553 640 .060 26.7 2987 40.8 139 .046 45.4 .5 51.0 84.2 84.2 2.2 13.6 110 .798 .037 13.0 81.6 18.4 100 2772 4086 7797 .723 25.8 3246 41.9 199 .059 60.0 .0 11.0 57.5 44.2 13.3 42.3 .2 117 .625 .036 13.2 40.7 38.0 21.3 113 2950 4734 666 .062 26.3 3070 41.1 144 .046 45.0 .6 46.4 88.8 88.8 .3 10.9 117 .827 .038 12.8 79.5 20.5 .0 102 2818 4231 7515 .682 26.6 3199 42.6 191 .058 68.2 .1 11.7 70.7 41.0 29.6 29.2 ' .1 117 .646 .036 13.0 43.6 38.1 18.3 112 2999 4768 735 .067 26.0 3019 39.8 146 .047 47.0 1.2 46.9 91.4 91.4 5.3 3.3 124 .857 .040 12.2 76.3 22.3 1.5 103 2788 4124 6702 .620 26.6 3202 42.7 189 .058 74.0 .6 10.7 84.9 44.6 40.4 15.0 .1 121 .666 .037 12.8 43.3 37.4 19.4 112 3017 4805 745 .069 25.9 3025 39.5 146 .047 45.6 1.4 48.7 90.3 90.3 6.6 3.1 128 .885 .041 11.9 78.5 19.6 1.8 101 2701 4012 6616 .621 27.2 3247 44.2 190 .057 78.5 . .4 9.9 95.4 35.0 60.4 4.6 129 .704 .039 12.3 47.7 31.6 20.7 113 3079 4982 643 .060 25.6 3091 39.9 147 .046 48.9 1.3 44.7 94.1 94.1 5.8 .1 134 .918 .042 11.7 73.6 24.2 2.2 101 2684 4068 6233 .606 26.8 3305 44.4 191 .057 79.8 .3 10.8 95.6 32.9 62.7 4.4 131 .710 .039 12.3 38.5 36.8 24.8 114 3086 5085 593 .058 24.6 3227 40.1 155 .047 40.6 1.7 37.2 99.5 99.5 .5 145 .948 .044 11.3 73.7 23.7 2.7 103 2615 4152 ------- 32 Table 15 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Domestic, European and Asian Passenger Cars (continued) 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Asian Sales(OOO) 1510 Fraction .135 55/45 FE 28.7 Wt(lbs) 2482 Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD X 4WD X Man.Tr 36.2 106 .042 1513 .140 26.7 2506 33.9 107 .042 1924 .204 29.0 2482 36.4 107 .043 1948 .223 30.9 2469 38.6 109 .044 1819 .233 31.2 2512 39.7 113 .044 1879 1933 .235 .181 32.7 32.7 2529 2569 41.9 42.5 112 114 .044 .044 22.8 32.4 39.2 45.5 51.3 63.2 66.8 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.2 11.3 4.2 74.1 77.8 69.7 68.7 64.4 67.1 59.4 2328 .216 32.2 2585 42.2 113 .043 71.8 9.4 59.0 2765 .251 32.9 2616 43.5 110 .042 85.3 3.6 54.4 3364 .311 32.1 2696 43.6 111 .041 89.2 3.1 47.3 3401 .319 32.6 2675 43.9 109 .040 92.2 3.1 46.9 X TBI X Port % Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 X Small X Mid X Large Cu.Ft Cu.Ft MPG Cu.Ft Ton MPG 5.9 8.1 .5 9.4 11.0 13.1 20.2 28.6 94.1 91.9 90.6 88.2 85.6 79.3 70.1 .8 1.3 .5 .8 84 78 77 78 80 83 88 .784 .734 .720 .713 .707 .731 .768 .033 .031 .031 .031 .032 .032 .034 14.0 14.6 14.6 14.5 14.5 14.2 13.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 85 85 2531 2356 3097 2895 89 2647 3232 89 2816 3426 91 2924 3611 93 3160 3924 94 3174 4004 .4 29.5 69.9 .2 89 .782 .034 13.9 99.2 .8 95 3175 4013 1.7 41.4 56.8 .1 90 .810 .034 13.8 98.1 1.9 97 3287 4211 8.5 37.3 21.8 39.1 93 .826 .034 13.9 99.6 .4 97 3198 4236 95 .862 .035 13.5 94.4 5.6 98 3285 4313 3461 .336 31.9 2756 44.2 111 .040 92.6 3.0 49.9 X Inject 5.9 8.1 9.4 11.0 13.1 20.2 29.1 29.9 43.2 45.8 61.0 70.4 19.9 50.6 54.2 39.0 29.6 100 .899 .036 13.2 95.0 5.0 99 3244 4377 Note the changes in MPG and 0 to 60 MPH acceleration time that have occurred between 1978 and 1989 for Domestic, European, and Asian cars. Between 1978 and 1981, average MPG for Domestic cars increased from 18.7 to 23.5 MPG while their acceleration increased from 13.6 to 14.2 seconds. Since then, Domestic MPG has increased to 26.8 and Domestic 0 to 60 acceleration time has decreased to 12.3 seconds. European MPG and 0 to 60 acceleration time changed similarly between 1978 and 1981 when European MPG increased from 23.9 to 29.4. Since then, however, European MPG has decreased to 24.6 and European 0 to 60 acceleration time has decreased to 11.3 seconds. Between 1978 and 1983, 0 to 60 acceleration time for Asian cars re- mained above 14.0 seconds, but has since decreased to 13.2 seconds. In addition, Asian passenger car fuel economy has remained in a narrow (30.9 to 32.7) MPG range since 1981. Import truck fuel economy peaked in 1981 at 27.3 MPG when 15.9 percent of them had Diesel engines (Table 16). Since then, import truck MPG has decreased 3.1 MPG and their inertia weight has increased 491 pounds. Since 1978, Domestic light trucks improved 5.8 MPG, but almost all of this im- provement occurred between 1978 and 1983. Since then, Domestic truck MPG and iner- tia weight have stayed in a narrow range. ------- 33 Table 16 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Domestic and Imported Light Duty Trucks 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Domestic Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD % 4WD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 X Small X Large Imports Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD X 4WD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 X Small X Large 2915 .891 .14.5 4305 31.8 337 .079 31.7 25.5 99.1 .9 153 .451 .036 13.2 2.7 97.3 358 .109 25.1 2903 37.2 127 .043 6.5 88.6 .8 99.2 89 .719 .031 14.7 100.0 2616 .847 13.8 4504 31.8 330 .073 17.6 25.6 97.9 2.1 148 .449 ' .033 14.2 3.8 96.2 473 .153 23.1 2854 33.7 124 .043 20.1 88.1 1.8 98.2 85 .688 .030 15.0 100.0 1293 .694 16.8 4323 36.8 303 .070 27.1 36.8 95.9 4.1 136 .451 .032 14.4 4.3 95.7 571 .306 24.3 2839 35.1 124 .044 4.6 20.3 89.8 5.4 92.6 2.0 87 .701 .031 14.7 89.3 10.7 1310 .720 18.2 4173 38.4 293 .070 .3 19.0 35.6 98.4 1.6 132 .453 .032 14.4 3.3 96.7 510 .280 27.3 2862 39.9 130 .045 6.5 22.8 92.8 4.0 80.1 15.9 84 .650 .030 15.2 90.2 9.8 1459 .763 19.0 4078 39.3 277 .068 .0 18.2 31.2 93.3 6.7 130 .486 .032 14.3 18.1 81.9 454 .237 27.1 2932 40.6 135 .046 7.1 26.1 92.2 2.8 79.5 17.7 87 .648 .030 15.2 84.7 15.3 1806 .785 19.6 3977 39.6 257 .063 .0 26.1 33.8 95.9 4.1 125 .508 .031 14.5 33.8 66.2 495 .215 27.1 2982 41.0 137 .046 6.2 24.6 90.2 3.0 90.3 6.8 92 .672 .031 14.6 88.0 12.0 2608 .780 19.2 3990 38.9 250 .062 5.7 33.0 30.1 98.1 1.9 125 .523 .031 14.6 39.3 60.7 737 .220 26.6 3045 40.9 134 .044 2.0 23.9 84.5 11.6 84.6 3.8 91 .680 .030 14.9 70.0 30.0 2938 .801 19.5 3963 39.2 245 .061 8.2 30.7 26.5 9.5 .2 89.6 :s 130 .553 .033 14.2 45.9 54.1 730 .199 26.3 3119 41.4 139 .045 2.4 30.0 79.8 23.5 .1 74.9 1.6 100 .719 .032 14.4 61.7 38.3 3055 .702 19.9 3993 40.1 243 .060 7.6 29.9 25.3 44.6 19.8 24.8 54.8 .6 134 .579 .034 13.8 49.1 50.9 1296 .298 26.1 3136 41.2 138 .044 1.8 31.2 83.5 30.9 16.1 14.8 68.0 1.1 99 .717 .032 14.3 73.4 26.6 3160 .734 20.4 3945 40.6 240 .060 8.9 28.6 26.3 80.3 36.5 43.8 19.4 .3 143 .620 .036 13.0 50.8 49.2 - 1146 .266 25.6 3139 40.3 139 .044 2.3 35.9 76.3 34.9 20.5 14.4 64.9 .2 99 .718 .032 14.2 85.2 14.8 3705 .805 20,4 4034 41.5 250 .061 10.8 29.9 23.4 96.4 50.8 45.6 3.3 .3 151 .625 .037 12.7 48.7 51.3 899 .195 24.5 3228 39.6 142 .044 1.5 49.3 78.7 53.0 19.8 33.3 47.0. 105 .741 .033 13.9 79.4 20.6 3604 .793 20.3 4051 41.4 251 .061 11.6 30.0 21.4 98.5 52.1 46.4 1.2 .3 153 .632 .038 12.6 50.6 49.4 942 .207 24.2 3353 40.6 148 .044 1.6 40.4 70.8 62.8 20.9 41.9 37.2 110 .743 .033 13.7 85.4 14.6 ------- 34 Since 1978, European and Asian cars have not only increased inertia weight and engine size, they have also increased their interior volumes by 11 and 14 cubic feet respectively (Figure 15). The size (interior volume) of Domestic cars has re- mained about the same (110 to 115 cubic feet) and their inertia weight has reduced. Passenger Car Interior Volume, 1978 - 89 130 120 110 100 90 80 EPA Volume (cu. ft.) DOMESTIC EUROPEAN ASIAN 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Model Year Fig. 15 LARGE MIDSIZE COMPACT SUBCOMPACT MINICOMPACT Average interior volume for Domestic cars has remained in the "Midsize" range. Since 1978, average interior volume increased from the "Minicompact" to the "Sub- compact" range for Asian cars, and from the "Subcompact" to the "Compact" range for European cars. Table 15 showed two ratios, Hp/CID and HP/Wt, by which Domestic, European, and Asian cars can be compared. For the Domestics, Hp/CID has increased from 0.48 in 1978 to 0.71 this year. For the Europeans, Hp/CID dropped from a value of 0.76 in 1978 to 0.69 in 1981 (the peak year for European Diesel usage) and has since risen to a value of 0.95. Similarly, Hp/CID for the Asians decreased from 0.78 in 1978 to 0.71 in 1981 and 1982 and has since increased to 0.90 in 1989. Thus, Domestic cars, on a power per cubic inch displacement basis, trail the Imports. ------- 35 From 1978 to 1982, horsepower per Ib of inertia weight (Figure 16), remained in a relatively narrow range for Domestic, European, and Asian cars. Since then, this ratio has increased at roughly the same rate for European and Domestic cars and at a slightly slower rate for the Asians. Horsepower per Pound, 1978 to 89 0.048 0.044 0.040 0.036 0.032 0.028 Domestic European Asian 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Model Year Fig. 16 Figure 17 shows the ratio of interior volume (in cubic feet) to inertia weight (in Ibs). For the Domestics, interior volume has remained relatively constant, but because of the weight reductions which took place primarily between 1978 and 1982, this ratio increased. For the Asians/ interior volume and inertia weight have both consistently in- creased since 1978, but their ratio has remained relatively constant since 1979. Interior volume and inertia weight have increased on a similar basis for the Europ- eans through 1988. Since then, interior volume of European cars has remained con- stant, but their inertia weight has increased. ------- 36 Cubic Feet per Pound, 1978 to 1989 0.038 0.036 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.028 Domestic European Asian 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Model Year Fig. 17 Figure 18 shows ton-miles per gallon, i.e. miles per gallon multiplied by iner- tia weight in tons. Ton MPG equates vehicle utility with its ability to move weight (its own plus payload). Ton MPG for Domestic and Asian cars have both in- creased and are difficult to distinguish. Ton-MPG for European cars peaked in 1982 at 42.7 ton-MPG, dropped to a nominal value of 40 in 1986 where it has remained. Cubic feet miles per gallon (Figure 19) is a metric which associates vehicle utility with the ability to move interior volume, i.e. passengers and cargo. Since interior volume of European cars has been constant, and European fuel economy has decreased the last few years, European cubic feet MPG has decreased. For the Asians, both interior volume and fuel economy have been relatively constant the last few years, thus so has their cubic feet MPG. Interior volume for the Domes- tics has also been constant, but their cubic feet MPG metric increased due to fuel economy increases. ------- 37 Ton MPG, 1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars 45.0 42.5 40.0 37.5 35.0 32.5 Domestic European Asian 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Model Year Fig. 18 Cubic Feet MPG, 1978 to 1989 Cars 3500 3250 3000 2750 2500 2250 2000 Domestic European Asian 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Model Year Fig. 19 ------- 38 C. Fuel Metering Figure 20 shows the sales fractions of Domestic, European and Asian cars, which uses Diesel, carburetion, TBI or port fuel injection. Nearly all of this year's European cars use port fuel injection. Throttle body injection (TBI) has been used in only a small percentage of Asian cars. Less than 30 percent of the Asian cars still use carbureted engines. Nearly two-thirds of this year's Domestic cars will use port-fuel injection. Use of TBI by the Domestics, however, remained relatively constant at about 43 per- cent for three years (1985 to 1987), but has dropped to 33 percent. Use of port fuel injection in Domestic cars has increased every year since 1983. As mentioned earlier, fuel-injected engines are now used in more than 90 percent of this year's light trucks compared to less than 3 percent in 1984. Nearly all of this year's Domestic trucks are fuel injected, and over 62 percent of the Imports are. By comparison, fuel-injected engines were used in 45 percent of the 1986 Do- mestic and 31 percent of the 1986 Import trucks. D. Drive and Transmission Nearly 80 percent of this year's Domestic cars will use front-wheel drive, as will more than 90 percent of the Asians compared to only 40 percent of the Euro- peans. Use of front-wheel drive in European cars peaked in 1980 at 65 percent. Four-wheel drive has been used only in a small percentage of the Domestic, European, and Asian cars built each year. Four-wheel-drive usage for Domestic light trucks has varied from a minimum of 18 percent in 1982 to a maximum of 33 percent in 1984. For the Imports, on the other hand, four-wheel-drive usage has increased from 6.5 percent in 1978 to over 40 percent this year. Since 1985, front-wheel drive has been used in about 8-10 percent of the Domestic trucks and has been used in only as many as 7 percent (in 1982) of the Import trucks. Use of manual transmissions in Asian cars has dropped from 78 percent in 1979 to about 50 percent the last four years. Similarly, use of manual transmissions peaked at 75 percent in 1980 for the Europeans and decreased to less than 40 percent this year. Manual transmission usage for Domestic cars increased from 8 percent in 1978 to 17 percent in 1980, and has remained in a 10 to 12 percent band since 1983. ------- 39 Passenger Car Fuel Metering 100* Domestic Sales Fraction 100* Asian Sales Fraction 0% 40* 20ft 787880818283848686878688 7«7»aoai82MMMM«7MM Model Year European Model Year Sales Fraction 60* Carbureted Diesel Port TBI 797880818288848686878888 Model Year Fig. 20 ------- 40 VIII. Conclusions Since 1982, there has been little improvement in the fuel economy of light-duty vehicles, compared to the improvements which took place before then: in the 7 years from 1975 to 1982, fuel economy improved by 10 MPG for passenger cars and 7 MPG for light trucks; in the 7 years from 1982 to 1989, fuel economy improved by 2 MPG for passenger cars and by 0.5 MPG for light trucks. Average 55/45 MPG for cars decreased from 28.6 to 28.2 since last year. Other changes since last year include a 61 Ib increase in inertia weight and increases in horsepower and engine size. This year's Domestic light trucks get 5.8 MPG higher 55/45 fuel economy than their 1978 counterparts. Import light truck fuel economy has decreased 0.9 MPG since 1978. This year's combined car and light truck fleet will average 25.5 MPG. Since 1981, 55/45 fuel economy improved 3.1 MPG for cars and 0.9 MPG for light trucks. Average weight for cars was essentially constant (about 3100 Ibs) for the past ten years, but seems to have started to increase in 1989. Average weight for light trucks was essentially constant (about 3800 Ibs) for the past ten years, but seems to have started to increase in 1989. There is a hint of a trend toward lower fuel efficiency because of increases in vehicle weight, for both cars and trucks. The market share of Large Sedans and Wagons has remained in a narrow range (11 to 15 percent) since 1980. The market share of Midsize Sedans and Wagons has dropped from 36 percent in 1981 to about 25 percent in 1987, where it remains. Average inertia weights and fuel economy levels of the individual car size classes have changed very little since the early 1980s. There is a trend toward smaller trucks. The market share of Large Pickups has dropped from 60 percent in 1978 to less than 30 percent this year, with Small Pickups, Vans, and Utility trucks absorbing the shift in market share. Light truck MPG has not changed significantly since 1981. At the number of cylinders level of stratification, there has been little year- to-year improvement in fuel economy in the last several years for either cars or trucks. The market share of 6-cylinder engines has increased to over 30 percent for cars, and has increased to almost 50 percent for trucks. Compared to 1978, this year's 4-cylinder car engines are 11 CID larger, while 6- and 8-cylinder engines are smaller by 28 and 34 CID, respectively. Use of 8-cylinder engines has dropped to 10 percent of this year's cars and 25 percent of this year's trucks. There is no trend toward larger displacement engines, but there is a consistent trend toward higher horsepower levels. There is a trend toward lower fuel efficiency because increases in engine horsepower-to-CID capabilities are being used for performance increases, rather than for constant-performance CID reduction. ------- 41 VIII. Conclusions (cont'd) Fuel injection is used in more than 87 percent of this year's cars and 91 percent of the light trucks. Since 1978, passenger car 55/45 fuel economy has improved 8.1 MPG for the Domestic models, compared to 0.7 MPG for European and 3.2 for Asian. Sales of Asian cars are projected to exceed three million this year, more than double the number sold in 1978. The market share of European cars has been in a narrow range (5 to 7 percent) since 1978. The market share of Import trucks will be 21 percent this year, compared to a peak of 31 percent in 1980. Since 1978, engine size, inertia weight, and interior volume have all increased for European and Asian cars. For the Domestics, interior volume has remained the same, but inertia weight and engine size have decreased since 1978. The technical characteristics of recent model year cars are such that passenger car fleet fuel economy in the 30 to 34 MPG range can be achieved. IX. References 1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Fuel Economy and Emission Control, November 1972. 2. Passenger Car Fuel Economy - Trends and Influencing Factors, SAE Paper 730790, Austin and Hellman, September 1973. 3. Fuel Economy of the 1975 Models, SAE Paper 740970, Austin and Hellman, October 1974. 4. Passenger Car Fuel Economy Trends through 1976, SAE Paper 750957, Austin, Michael and Service, October 1975. 5. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1977, SAE Paper 760795, Murrell, Pace, Service and Yeager, October 1976. 6. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1978, SAE Paper 780036, Murrell, February 1978. 7. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1979, SAE Paper 790225, Murrell, February 1979. 8. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1980, SAE Paper 800853, Murrell, Foster and Bristor, June 1980. 9. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1981, SAE Paper 810386, Foster, Murrell and Loos, February 1981. 10. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1982, SAE Paper 820300, Cheng, LeBaron, Murrell and Loos, February 1982. ------- 42 IX. References (cont'd) 11. Why Vehicles Don't Achieve EPA MPG on the Road and How that Shortfall Can Be Accounted For, SAE Paper 820791, Hellman and Murrell, June 1982. 12. Light-Duty Automobile Fuel Economy . . . Trends through 1983, SAE Paper 830544, Murrell, Loos, Heavenrich, and Cheng, February 1983. 13. Passenger Car Fuel Economy - Trends through 1984, SAE Paper 840499, Heavenrich, Murrell, Cheng, and Loos, February 1984. 14. Light Truck Fuel Economy - Trends through 1984, SAE Paper 841405, Loos, Cheng, Murrell and Heavenrich, October 1984. 15. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy . . . Trends through 1985, SAE Paper 850550, Heavenrich, Murrell, Cheng and Loos, March 1985. 16. Light-Duty Automotive Trends Through 1986, SAE Paper 860366, Heavenrich, Cheng, and Murrell, February 1986. 17. Light-Duty Automotive Trends through 1987 SAE Paper 871088, Heavenrich, Murrell, and Cheng, May 1988. 18. Light-Duty Trends Through 1988 U.S. EPA, EPA/AA/CTAB/88-07, Heavenrich, and Murrell, June 1988. 19. Concise Description of Auto Fuel Economy in Recent Years, SAE Paper 760045, Malliaris, Asia and Gould, February 1976. 20. Automotive Fleet Yearly Fact Book. Bobit Publishing, Redondo Beach, CA. Appendixes APPENDIX A lists the vehicle classification convention used in this report. APPENDIX B gives the sales-weighted average nameplate MPG values for model year 1988 cars and trucks, by size class. APPENDIX C gives characteristics of model year 1989 cars by size class. APPENDIX D gives characteristics of model year 1989 trucks by size class. APPENDIX E gives characteristics of model year 1989 cars by weight class. APPENDIX F gives characteristics of model year 1989 trucks by weight class. ------- 43 Appendix A - Vehicle Classification Convention Manufacturer/Vehicle AMC Renault Alliance AMC Eagle Medallion AMC Eagle 4WD Car/Wagon AMC Eagle Summit Chrysler vehicles by Mitsubishi Chrysler vehicles by Lamborghini Colt Vista by Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Space Wagon Ford vehicles by Mazda Mercury Merkur and Scorpio GM vehicles by Isuzu GM vehicles by Suzuki 1988-89 Pontiac LeMans GM/Toyota vehicles U.S. built Honda Honda/Rover/Sterling Subaru 4WD Car/Wagon Subaru Brat U.S. built Volkswagen Audi and German built Volkswagen Porsche This Trend Analysis Domestic European Import Car/Wagon Asian Import Mitsubishi Lamborghini Mitsubishi Small Van Small Van Mazda Ford European Import Isuzu Suzuki Asian Import Asian Import Honda Import Asian Import Car/Wagon Small Pickup VW Group VW Group VW Group through 1984, Porsche after 1984 ------- 44 Appendix B ~ Nameplate Average Fuel Economy I**************************** UNADJ a**************************** UNADJ ***************************** UNADJ TWO SEATERS 55/45 MINICOMPACT SEDANS 55/45 SUBCOMPACT SEDANS 55/45 ...........,!.....,».. Mpo ..,,.,.,........,...,........ MpG .,.....,...,,.I..,,,,...*,,,, MPG SUZUKI METRO 65.3 HONDA CIVIC CRX HF 60.7 SUZUKI METRO LSI 51.1 SUZUKI SPRINT 50.3 DAIHATSU CHARADE E 46.4 SUZUKI TURBO SWIFT 46.1 SUZUKI TURBO SPRINT 46.1 DAIHATSU CHARADE 45.1 MAZDA FESTIVA 44. 1 SUBARU JUSTV 41.1 SUZUKI SWIFT 40.8 ISUZU SPECTRUM 39.6 ISUZU I-MARK 39.6 ISUZU SUNBURST 39.4 HONDA CIVIC CRX 38.1 TOYOTA TERCEL 38.0 HONDA CIVIC 37.0 NISSAN SENTRA HONEYBEE 36.9 MITSUBISHI COLT 36.7 SUBARU JUSTY 4WD 36.1 MERCEDES-BENZ 190D2.5 35.6 MITSUBISHI PRECIS 35.3 HYUNDAI EXCEL 35.0 MITSUBISHI MIRAGE 34.5 NISSAN SENTRA COUPE 34.3 MAZDA TRACER 34.2 SUZUKI SWIFT GTI 34.0 HONDA INTEGRA 32.1 SUBARU HATCHBAC 31.7 NUMMI PRIZM 31.6 VW/AUDI FOX 31.5 TOYOTA MR2 31.4 NISSAN PULSAR NX 30.8 TOYOTA COROLLA 30.5 SUBARU XT-DL 30.3 BERTONE Xl/9 29.2 SUBARU XT 29. 1 CHRYSLER SUNDANCE CONVER 29.0 VW/AUDI CABRIOLET 28.6 GM SUNBIRO CONVERTIB 28.1 TOYOTA CELICA 27.8 HONDA PRELUDE 27.8 CHRYSLER OAYTONA 27.8 ALFA ROMEO SPIDER 27.7 CHRYSLER SHADOW CONVERT 27.7 VW/AUOI 80/90 26.6 ISUZU IMPULSE 26.4 GM CAVALIER CONVERTIB 26.3 NISSAN 240SX 26.3 GM REATTA 25.5 CHRYSLER LEBARON CONVERTIB ... 25.5 PORSCHE 944 TURBO 25.3 FORD MUSTANG 25.3 SUBARU XT 4WD 25.1 SAAB 900 CONVERTIB 25.1 PORSCHE 944 24.8 MERCEDES-BENZ 190E2.6 24.7 LOTUS ESPRIT TU 24.3 GM CAMARO 23.9 VW/AUDI 80/90 QUATTRO 23.9 NISSAN 300ZX 2*2 23.9 GM FIREBIRD/TRANS 23.9 BMW M3 23.7 NISSAN 300ZX 23.5 MITSUBISHI CONQUEST 23.4 BMW 3251 CONVERTIB 23.3 PORSCHE 944 S 23.3 MITSUBISHI STARION 23.3 ALFA ROMEO MILANO 23.2 BMW 325IX 23.2 MASERATI TC BY MASERATI 23.1 BMW 325I/325IS 23.1 TOYOTA SUPRA 23.0 GM CORVETTE 22.8 GM CORVETTE CONVERTIB 22.8 MERCEDES-BENZ 300CE 22.8 MAZDA RX-7 88 22.7 PORSCHE 911 CARRERA 22.7 MAZDA RX-7 22.2 GM ALLANTE 20.4 VILLAGE IMPORTS 20.1 PORSCHE 928 S4 19.6 PORSCHE 911 TURBO 19.6 MASERATI MASERATI KAR1F 19.5 MASERATI MASERATI 225 19.5 MASERATI SPVOER 19.5 MASERATI 430 19.3 MASERATI 222E 19.2 BMW 635CSI IB.9 MERCEDES-BENZ 560SL 17.5 FERRARI 3.2 MONDIAL/CAB 17.2 FERRARI 328 GTS/GTB 17.2 JAGUAR XJ-S COUPE 16.7 JAGUAR XJ-S CON 16.2 BMW M6 14.8 FERRARI TESTAROSSA 13.4 ROLLS-ROYCE BENTLEV 12.1 ROLLS-ROYCE CORNICHE II 12.1 ASTON MARTIN LAGONDA 10.9 ASTON MARTIN SALOON/VANTAGE .. 10.9 LAMBORGHINI COUNTACH 8.7 ------- COMPACT SEDANS^ UNADJ 55/45 MPG Appendix B - (Continued) MIDSIZE SEDANS 45 UNADJ 55/45 MPG LARGE SEDANS UNADJ 55/45 MPG TOYOTA COROLLA 36.4 NISSAN SENTRA 35.2 GM LEMANS 34.1 FORD ESCORT 34.0 MITSUBISHI SUMMIT 33.8 GM SKYHAWK 32. B MAZDA 323 32.8 GM CAVALIER 32.1 VW/AUDI JETTA 31.9 CHRYSLER HORIZON 31.9 CHRYSLER OMNI 31.9 VW/AUDI GOLF .: 31.7 MAZDA LASER 31.1 HONDA ACCORD 31.0 GM SUNBIRO 31.0 GM GRAND AM 30.6 GM CUTLASS CALAIS 30.4 SUBARU SEOAN/3- 29.9 GM SKYLARK 29.9 MAZDA PROBE 29.2 CHRYSLER SHADOW 29. 1 CHRYSLER SUNDANCE 29.0 MITSUBISHI GALANT 29.0 VW/AUDI JETTA GLI 16V 28.8 VW/AUDI GTI 16V 28.8 GM BER6TTA 27.8 NISSAN STANZA 27.7 FORD TEMPO 27.6 FORD TOPAZ 27.5 TOYOTA CAMRV 27.0 CHRYSLER LE8ARON 26.9 SAAB 900 26.4 PEUGEOT 405 SEDAN 25.7 NISSAN MAXIMA 25.3 MERCEDES-BENZ 260E 25.1 VOLVO 240DL/240GL. .87 25.0 TOYOTA CRESSIDA 24.4 FORD TEMPO ALL WHEEL 24.4 FORD TOPAZ ALL WHEEL 24.4 PEUGEOT 505 SEDAN 23.5 FORD XR4T) 23.4 BMW 5251 23.3 MITSUBISHI SIGMA 23.2 HONDA LEGEND 23.2 HONDA AUSTIN ROVER ST 23.1 MERCEDES-BENZ 300E 22.8 JAGUAR XJ6 22.6 VOLVO 780 1 . . . 21.1 MERCEDES-BENZ 300SE 20.9 BMW 5351 20.4 MERCEDES-BENZ 560SEC 17.3 CHRYSLER RELIANT 30.5 CHRYSLER ARIES 30.5 GM CORSICA 28.B GM 6000 28.7 MAZDA 626/MX-6 28.7 CHRYSLER CARAVELLE 28.5 CHRYSLER 600 28.5 GM CELEBRITY 28.4 GM CUTLASS CIERA 28.1 RENAULT MEDALLION SEDAN 27.7 GM CENTURY 27.6 CHRYSLER LANCER 27.4 CHRYSLER ACCLAIM 27.1 FORD TAURUS 27.1 FORD SABLE 27.1 CHRYSLER LEBARON GTS 27.0 GM REGAL 27.0 CHRYSLER SPIRIT 26.9 GM CUTLASS SUPREME 26.7 GM GRAND PRIX 26.4 HYUNDAI SONATA 26.3 GM TORONADO 25.5 GM RIVIERA 25.5 FORD COUGAR 25.3 FORD THUNDERBIRO 24.8 CHRYSLER DYNASTY 24.6 MAZDA 929 24.2 CHRYSLER NEW YORKER 24.0 VOLVO 740 23.9 VW/AUDI 100 QUATTRO 23.7 VW/AUDI 100 23.6 GM 6000 STE 4WD 23,4 VW/AUOI 200 23.3 VW/AUOI 200 QUATTRO 23.3 FORD MARK VII 23.2 GM ELDORADO 23.0 GM SEVILLE 23.0 FORD SCORPIO 22.6 VOLVO 760 21.4 CHRYSLER NEWPORT/FIFTH A 21.3 MERCEDES-BENZ 300SEL 20.9 BMW 7351 20.4 BMW 735IL 20.3 CHRYSLER GRAN FURY 19.4 MERCEDES-BENZ 420SEL 18.8 MASERATI 228 18.5 CHRYSLER DIPLOMAT 17.7 MERCEDES-BENZ S60SEL 17.3 BMW 750IL 16.6 ROLLS-ROYCE BENTLEV TURBO R .. 12.8 ROLLS-ROYCE SILVER SPIRIT .... 12.4 ROLLS-ROYCE BENTLEV EIGHT .... 12.4 SAAB 9000 25.7 GM EIGHTY-EIGHT 25.5 GM LESABRE 25.5 GM ELECTRA 25.5 GM NINETV-EIGHT/TOURING 25.3 GM BONNEVILLE 25. 1 CHRYSLER PREMIER 24.8 CHRYSLER NEW YORKER 24.0 FORD CONTINENTAL 23.5 GM CAPRICE 23.3 FORD TOWN CAR 23.2 FORD GRAND MARQUIS 23.2 GM FLEETWOOD/DEVILLE 23.0 GM BROUGHAM 22.8 FORD LTD CROWN VICTORIA 22.1 ROLLS-ROYCE SILVER SPUR LIM .. 11.8 ------- 46 Appendix B - (Continued) *«*****«************« UNADJ *«*****«*******««««**«»*** UNAOJ *««*************»****«*** UNAOJ SMALL WAGONS 55/45 MIDSIZE WAGONS ' 55/45 LARGE WAGONS 55/45 MPG «««»««« MPQ »»««««»«« MPG HONDA CIVIC 36.1 MITSUBISHI COLT 34.5 MITSUBISHI MIRAGE 34.4 NISSAN SENTRA 33.8 FORD ESCORT 33.5 MAZDA TRACER 32.9 GM SKVHAWK 32.7 MAZDA 323 32.1 GM CAVALIER 31.6 VW/AUDI FOX 31.3 SUBARU 30.9 HONDA CIVIC 4WD 30.1 TOVOTA CAMRY 29.8 NISSAN SENTRA 4WD 29.6 MITSUBISHI COLT 4WD 29.6 TOVOTA COROLLA ALL-TRAC 29.2 SUBARU 4WD 29. 1 GM 6000 28.1 GM CELEBRITY 27.8 GM CUTLASS CRUISER 27.1 6M CENTURY 26.9 RENAULT MEDALLION 26.9 VOLVO 240DL/240GL WB7 26.9 FORD SABLE 26.3 FORD TAURUS 26. 2 PEUGEOT 405 25.2 VOLVO 740 25.2 FORD TAURUS V6 24.6 FORD SABLE V6 24.6 VW/AUDI 100 23.6 PEUGEOT 505 23.4 VW/AUDI 200 QUATTRO 23.3 FORD LTD CROWN VICTORIA 23.2 FORD GRAND MARQUIS 23.2 GM CUSTOM CRUISER 22.8 GM CAPRICE 22.8 GM SAFARI 22.8 GM LESABRE/ELECTRA 22.8 CHRYSLER TOWN 8. COUNTRY 22.5 MERCEDES-BENZ 300TE 21.8 SMALL PICKUPS MITSUBISHI TRUCK 2WO MITSUBISHI RAM50 2WD GM S15 PICKUR 2WD .. . GM S10 PICKUP 2WD . . . MAZDA B2200/B2600 . . . UNADJ 55/45 MPG MAZDA FORD COURIER TOYOTA TRUCK 2WO .. 27.7 27.3 26.9 26.8 26.7 26.6 26.6 NISSAN TRUCK 2WD 26.2 ISUZU PICKUP 2WD FORD RANGER PICKUP 2WD 25.5 '25.2 FORD RANGER PICKUP 4WD 22.3 SHEBY DAKOTA GM C1500 PICKUP 2WD GM C1500 SIERRA 2WO GM C2500 PICKUP 2WD GM C2500 SIERRA 2WD 17.4 17.3 17.3 16.8 16.8 SMALL VANS UNADJ 55/45 MPG MITSUBISHI COLT VISTA 26.6 MITSUBISHI SPACE 26.3 TOVOTA VAN 2WD (PASSEN) TOYOTA VAN 2WD (CARGO) . MITSUBISHI COLT VISTA 4WD MITSUBISHI VAN TOYOTA VAN 4WD (CARGO) .. TOYOTA VAN 4WD (PASS) ... CHRYSLER CARAVAN/RAM VAN CHRYSLER VOYAGER 2WD GM SAFARI 2WD (CARGO) GM ASTRO 2WD (CARGO) . FORD AEROSTAR VAN MITSUBISHI GM SAFARI 2WD GM ASTRO 2WD (PASS) 26. 1 26. 1 24.9 24.3 24.2 24. 1 23.8 23.7 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.3 22.3 22.3 FORD AEROSTAR 22.0 VOLKSWAGEN VANAGON 2WD AEROMATE 20.0 VOLKSWAGEN VANAGON SYNCRO SMALL UTILITY UNADJ 55/45 MPG SUZUKI SAMURAI CONVERT 33.3 SUZUKI SAMURAI HARDTOP 33.3 SUZUKI TRACKER CONVERT 33.2 SUZUKI SIDEKICK CONVER 32.2 SUZUKI TRACKER HARDTOP 30.3 SUZUKI SIDEKICK HARDTOP 29.7 MITSUBISHI SPACE 4WD 24.9 GM S15 JIMMY 2WD 23.4 MAZDA MPV 23.4 GM S10 BLAZER 2WD 23.4 ISUZU AMIGO 2WD 22.9 FORD BRONCO 11 2WD 22.1 GM S10 BLAZER 4WD 22.1 GM S15 JIMMY 4WD 22.1 TOYOTA 4-RUNNER 4WD 21.9 CHRYSLER CHEROKEE 2WD 21.7 FORD BRONCO H 4WD 21.2 CHRYSLER WRANGLER 4WD 20.8 CHRYSLER CHEROKEE/WAGONE 20.8 ISUZU AMIGO 4WO 20.6 CHRYSLER WAGONEER LIMITE 20.0 MITSUBISHI MONTERO 19.9 MITSUBISHI RAIDER 19.9 ISUZU TROOPER 19.6 NISSAN PATHFINDER 2WD 19.3 NISSAN PATHFINDER 4WD 18.8 ------- Append ix B - (Continued) LARGE PICKUPS TOVOTA TRUCK 4WD .... .... TOVOTA 1 TON TRUCK CHRYSLER COMANCHE PICKUP ..... GM COACHBUILDER WA . .... ISUZU PICKUP 2WD 1 TO ... MITSUBISHI POWER RAM50 4WD .. GRUMMAN-OLSON S10 CAB CHASSIS 55/45 LARGE VANS . 25.7 24.5 23 0 . 22.0 . 22.8 22.5 22.4 22 4 22 .3 . 22.1 21.8 55/45 CHRYSLER DAKOTA PICKUP 2 21.3 GM C1500 SIERRA 2WD 20.7 ISUZU PICKUP 4WD 20.6 GM C1500 PICKUP 2WD 20.6 NISSAN TRUCK 4WD 20.5 GM C2500 SIERRA 2WD 19.3 GM C2500 PICKUP 2WD 19.1 CHRVSLER DAKOTA PICKUP 4 18.7 CHRVSLER DAKOTA CAB CHAS 17.9 FORD F150 PICKUP 2WD 17.7 FORD FI50 PICKUP 4WD 17.2 GM K2500 PICKUP 4WD 17.0 CHRYSLER D100/D150 PICKU 16.9 GM K1500 SIERRA 4WD 16.9 GM K2500 SIERRA 4WD 16.8 GM K1500 PICKUP 4WD 16.8 FORD F250 PICKUP 2WD 16.6 NISSAN TRUCK CAB CHASS 16.5 FORD F250 PICKUP 4WD 16.5 CHRVSLER 0250 PICKUP 2WD 14.9 CHRYSLER W100/W150 PICKU 14.8 CHRYSLER W250 PICKUP 4WD 13.1 CHRYSLER D250 CAB CHASSI 13.0 GM 015/25 RALLY 2WD 18.7 CM G10/20 SPORTVAN 18.5 GM G15/25 VANDURA 18.5 GM G10/20 VAN 2WD 18.4 CHRVSLER B150/B250 VAN 2 17.1 FORD E150 ECONOLINE 16.8 "FORD E150 CLUB 16.3 CHRYSLER B150/B2SO 16.3 GM G30 VAN 2WD 16.2 GM G35 VANOURA 2WD 16.2 FORD E250 ECONOLINE 16.0 GM G35 RALLY 2WD 15.9 GM G30 SPORTVAN 2WD 15.9 CHRVSLER B350 VAN 2WD 15.9 CHRVSLER B350 2WD 14.6 LARGE UTILITY UNADJ 55/45 MPG 47 GM R1500 SUBURBAN GM V1500 BLAZER 4WD GM V1500 JIMMV 4WD . 21 .7 21.7 GM V1500 SUBURBAN 21.0 GM RIO SUBURBAN 2WO GM RI5 SUBURBAN 2WD GM V10 BLAZER 4WD CM V15 JIMMY 4WD . 18.2 IB.2 17.3 17.3 FORD BRONCO 4WD GM VIO SUBURBN 4WD GM V15 SUBURBAN 4MD .... CHRYSLER AD150 RAMCHARGE TOVOTA LAND CRUISER WA .. RANGE ROVER CHRVSLER GRAND WAGONEER . CHRYSLER AW150 RAI/CHARGE 16. 1 15.9 15.9 15.6 15.4 15.4 13.7 13.4 ------- 48 Appendix C - Characteristics of 1989 Passenger Cars by Size Class < Domestic Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD X 4WD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 Cu.Ft Cu.Ft MPG Cu.Ft Ton MPG European Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD % 4WD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X tiiesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 Cu.Ft Cu.Ft MPG Cu.Ft Ton MPG Two ieater 33 .213 23.1 3500 40.5 319 .091 29.0 3.4 100.0 100.0 222 .696 .063 8.4 50 1157 2025 19 .125 18.4 3839 35.8 278 .070 10.2. 22.5 100.0 100.0 219 .856 .057 9.2 50 957 1790 Mini Compact . 30 1.000 24.5 2861 35.3 159 .054 42.2 78.6 100.0 100.0 171 1.036 .058 9.7 73 1863 2592 cassengs Sub Compact 403 .199 25.4 3335 42.6 210 .062 31.8 31.3 100.0 25.4 74.6 151 .737 .045 11.5 95 2437 4040 127 .063 25.1 3027 38.3 149 .048 42.8 4.2 54.3 99.5 99.5 .5 142 .945 .046 11.1 91 2342 3469 }r i,ars Compact 1901 .518 30.2 2873 43.6 136 .047 99.2 .8 21.6 100.0 57.4 42.6 106 .781 .037 12.9 103 3137 4486 249 .068 26.0 3113 40.8 140 .045 48.2 36.2 98.9 98.9 1.1 135 .968 .043 11.4 105 2787 4270 Midsize 2079 .887 26.7 3335 44.7 186 .055 84.2 .1 6.0 98.6 26.2 72.4 1.4 130 .711 .039 12.4 114 3077 5103 92 .039 21.3 3694 39.6 194 .052 23.0 5.1 8.9 100.0 100.0 172 .912 .046 10.9 114 2461 4494 Large 1361 .988 24.2 3697 44.7 256 .069 68.0 93.2 17.5 75.7 6.8 158 .630 .043 11.4 126 3059 5651 16 .012 25.7 3499 45.1 121 .035 100.0 35.0 100.0 100.0 151 1.248 .043 11.2 124 3201 5599 otai Small 60 .244 32.4 2732 44.4 122 .045 ioo.o 22.4 100.0 90.8 9.2 92 .756 .034 13.6 120 3924 5350 12 .047 31.3 2500 39.1 109 .044 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 81 .743 .032 13.8 111 3477 4347 ;ion wac Midsize 212 .815 25.7 3486 45.0 188 .054 100.0 100.0 9.3 90.7 136 .728 .039 12.2 143 3682 6406 48 .185 25.8 3517 45.4 144 .041 6.1 .4 17.4 100.0 100.0 123 .850 .035 13.4 134 3476 6097 jons Large 184 1.000 22.8 4413 50.4 306 .069 17.4 17.4 82.6 142 .463 .032 14.2 161 3681 8117 ------- 49 Appendix C - Characteristics of 1989 Passenger Cars by Size Class (cont'd) c Asian Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb % FWD % 4WD % Man.Tr % Inject % TBI % Port % Carb % Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 Cu.Ft Cu.Ft MPG Cu.Ft Ton MPG Fleet Sales(OOO) 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb % FWD % 4WD % Man.Tr % Inject % TBI % Port % Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 Cu.Ft Cu.Ft MPG Cu.Ft Ton MPG Two ieater 103 .662 31.3 2697 44.5 123 .045 59.8 83.4 100.0 20.8 79.2 120 .978 .043 11.3 50 1755 2225 155 26.9 3011 42.6 184 .058 47.0 58.8 100.0 13.8 86.2 154 .903 .049 10.4 50 1528 2128 r, Mini Compact 30 24.5 2861 35.3 159 .054 42.2 78.6 100.0 100.0 171 1.036 .058 9.7 73 1863 2592 assenger Sub Compact 1491 .738 34.7 2522 44.1 96 .038 92.2 2.9 61.0 55.6 20.6 35.0 44.4 90 .917 .035 13.5 94 3377 4147 2021 31.6 2716 43.5 122 .043 77.1 2.4 54.7 67.2 20.3 46.9 32.8 .0 105 .883 .037 13.0 94 3124 4083 i-ars Compact 1 1518 .414 30.2 2930 44.4 120 .041 98.6 .5 40.0 76.3 18.8 57.4 23.7 107 .880 .036 13.0 103 3176 4574 3668 29.9 2913 43.7 130 .044 95.5 .6 30.2 90.1 37.5 52.6 9.8 .1 108 .835 .037 12.9 103 3130 4508 Midsize 173 .074 27.1 3066 41.7 143 .047 86.8 33.1 100.0 100.0 121 .845 .039 12.1 113 3089 4725 2345 26.5 3329 44.3 183 .055 82.0 .3 8.1 98.8 23.3 75.5 1.2 131 .729 .039 12.3 114 3054 5051 Large 1377 24.2 3695 44.7 255 .069 68.4 .4 93.2 17.3 75.9 6.8 157 .637 .043 11.4 126 3060 5650 oiai Small 176 .709 31.0 2980 46.3 109 .036 70.1 29.9 38.5 100.0 42.0 58.0 100 .920 .034 13.7 119 3729 5538 247 31.3 2897 45.5 112 .039 78.8 21.2 37.5 100.0 51.9 48.1 97 .872 .034 13.7 119 3764 5436 .ion nagu Midsize 260 25.7 3491 45.0 180 .051 82.6 .1 3.2 100.0 7.6 92.4 133 .750 .038 12.5 141 3644 6349 ns> Large 184 22.8 4413 50.4 306 .069 17.4 17.4 82.6 142 .463 .032 14.2 161 3681 8117 ------- 50 Appendix D - Characteristics of 1989 Light Duty Trucks by Size Class Small. Large Small Pickups Pickups Van Large Small Large Van Utility Utility Domestic Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD X 4WD % Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb Import Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD X 4WD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb - X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb Fleet Sales(OOO) 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD X 4WD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 555 .572 24.2 3324 40.6 179 .053 22.0 62.3 100.0 38.4 61.6 125 .705 .037 416 .428 26.6 2960 39.4 142 .048 82.8 29.0 22.8 6.2 71.0 100 .705 .034 971 25.1 3168 40.1 163 .051 12.6 71.1 69.6 31.7 37.9 30.4 114 .705 .036 1176 .903 18.9 4315 41.0 298 .069 .0 32.7 19.1 99.4 69.0 30.4 .0 .6 167 .560 .039 126 .097 22.6 3662 41.9 157 .043 88.2 83.9 79.5 27.8 51.7 20.5 121 .767 .033 1302 19.2 4252 41.1 285 .066 .0 38.1 25.4 97.4 65.0 32.4 2.0' .6 162 .580 .038 742 .878 23.1 3817 44.1 193 .050 56.1 7.6 100.0 40.7 59.3 138 .729 .036 103 .122 25.0 3476 43.6 134 .039 14.3 23.5 35.0 100.0 1.9 98.1 100 .746 .029 845 23.3 3776 44.0 186 .049 51.0 2.9 11.0 100.0 36.0 64.0 133 .731 .035 430 1.000 17.3 4664 40.6 310 .067 1.9 99.7 54.4 45.3 .3 165 .531 .035 430 17.3 4664 40.6 310 .067 1.9 99.7 54.4 45.3 .3 165 .531 .035 528 .649 21.4 3722 40.0 227 .061 85.1 25.6 94.2 39.9 54.3 5.8 154 .689 .042 285 .351 22.1 3698 41.1 153 .041 81.9 63.4 89.8 22.8 66,9 10.2 121 .790 .033 813 21.7 3713 40.4 201 .054 84.0 38.8 92.7 33.9 58.8 7.3 142 .725 .038 ' 173 .937 16.3 5072 41.9 339 .067 72.0 1.0 91.2 61.8 29.4 6.8 2.0 184 .543 .036 12 .063 15.4 4500 34.6 241 .053 100.0 100.0 100.0 162 .674 .036 184 16.2 5036 41.5 333 .066 73.8 .9 91.8 57.9 33.9 6.4 1.9 183 .551 .036 ------- Appendix E - Characteristics of 1989 Passenger Cars by Weight Class 51 Domest Cu Eu rope; Cu. Under 2250 2250 ic Sales (000) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb % FWD % 4WD % Man.Tr % Inject % TBI % Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 Cu.Ft Cu.Ft MPG .Ft Ton MPG in Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb % FWD % 4WD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 Cu.Ft Cu.Ft MPG .Ft Ton MPG 2500 212 .134 35.4 2500 44.6 116 .046 100.0 57.4 100.0 100.0 89 ,772 .036 12.9 103 3668 4585 71 .045 30.9 2500 38.8 109 .044 99.7 93.2 100.0 100.0 84 .773 .034 13.5 92 2847 3559 2750 766 .647 31.8 2750 43.9 125 .045 100.0 21.9 100.0 87.9 12.1 95 .765 .035 13.4 104 3304 4543 82 .070 31.1 2750 43.3 109 .040 97.6 64.7 96.8 96.8 3.2 106 .966 .038 12.3 103 3232 4444 3000 2127 .690 28.3 3000 42.7 155 .052 96.5 .7 9.6 100.0 38.4 61.6 116 .752 .039 12.5 108 3070 4605 164 .053 24.8 3000 37.4 141 .047 34.3 2.0 43.2 100.0 100.0 143 1.017 .048 10.7 98 2463 3694 3500 2091 .743 25.2 3500 44.3 216 .062 88.6 .1 7.0 100.0 12.5 87.5 154 .726 .044 11.2 117 2967 5192 181 .064 24.0 3500 42.2 153 .044 18.5 3.9 16.0 99.7 99.7 .3 151 .989 .043 11.5 112 2720 4760 4000 807 .878 23.5 4000 47.3 272 .068 11.3 4.6 94.7 11.1 83.6 5.3 150 .560 .037 12.8 126 2986 5973 86 .094 19.4 4000 39.2 251 .063 2.4 100.0 100.0 211 .869 .053 9.6 102 2030 4061 Over 4000 231 .964 22.8 4500 51.2 307 .068 100.0 140 .456 .031 14.6 150 3413 7680 9 .036 15.5 4611 36.0 331 .072 .2 100.0 100.0 268 .825 .058 8.9 87 1364 3143 ------- 52 Appendix E - Characteristics of 1989 Passenger Cars by Weight Class (cont'd) Asian Sales(OOO) Fraction 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb % FWD % 4WD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 Cu.Ft Cu.Ft MPG Cu.Ft Ton MPG "Fleet Sales(OOO) 55/45 FE Wt(lbs) Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD X 4WD X Man'Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb 0 to 60 Cu.Ft Cu.Ft MPG Cu.Ft Ton MPG Under 2250 207 1.000 46.4 1974 46.7 74 .038 100.0 77.8 51.9 28.1 23.8 48.1 59 .806 .030 14.8 92 4302 4230 207 46.4 1974 46.7 74 .038 100.0 77.8 51.9 28.1 23.8 48.1 59 .806 .030 14.8 92 4302 4230 2250 261 1.000 40.1 2250 45.5 89 .040 96.4 3.6 66.4 33.0 27.6 5.4 67.0 77 .865 .034 13.4 94 3777 4249 261 40.1 2250 45.5 89 .040 96.4 3.6 66.4 33.0 27.6 5.4 67.0 77 .865 .034 13.4 94 3777 4249 2500 1296 .821 35.1 2500 44.1 94 .038 99.9 .1 59.6 56.7 33.2 23.6 43.3 81 .860 .032 14.1 98 3465 4331 1579 35.0 2500 43.9 98 .039 99.9 .1 60.8 64.5 40.6 23.8 35.5 82 .844 .033 13.9 99 3465 4331 2750 335 .283 31.7 2750 43.8 107 .039 95.5 4.2 54.7 64.6 25.9 38.8 35.4 101 .954 .037 12.8 98 3125 4296 1183 31.8 2750 43.8 119 .043 98.6 1.2 34.2 89.8 64.2 25.6 10.0 .2 97 .832 .035 13.1 102 3248 4466 3000 792 .257 28.3 3000 42.7 127 .042 86.0 7.6 41.4 91.3 3.8 87.5 8.7 116 .915 .039 12.3 102 2902 4354 3083 28.1 3000 42.4 147 .049 90.5 2.6 19.5 97.8 27.4 70.3 2.2 118 .808 .039 12.4 106 2995 4492 3500 542 .193 25.8 3500 45.5 147 .042 83.1 3.2 17.8 100.0 2.0 98.0 143 .972 .041 12.0 103 2690 4708 2814 25.2 3500 44.4 199 .057 83.0 .9 9.6 100.0 9.7 90.3 .0 152 .791 .043 11.4 114 2898 5071 4000 26 .028 23.0 4000 46.0 180 .045 51.5- 100.0 100.0 215 1.196 .054 9.4 85 1961 3923 920 23.1 4000 46.5 267 .067 9.9 5.7 95.4 9.8 85.6 4.6 158 .607 .039 12.4 123 2867 5735 Over 4000 240 22.4 4504 50.7 308 .068 .0 3.6 3.6 96.4 145 .469 .032 14.4 148 3340 7517 ------- Appendix E - Characteristics of 1989 Light Trucks by Weight Class 53 Domestic Imports Fleet Sales Fraction 55/45 FE Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD % 4WD X Man.Tr % Inject % TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb Sales Fraction 55/45 FE Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb % FWD X 4WD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb Sales 55/45 FE Ton-MPG Disp(CI) CID/Lb X FWD X 4WD X Man.Tr X Inject X TBI X Port X Carb X Diesel Eng-Hp Hp/CID Hp/Lb Under 2750 2750 48 99 1.000 1.000 32.2 27.7 38.8 38.2 91 135 .038 .049 100.0 72.6 100.0 62.6 62.6 37.4 100.0 74 97 .813 .721 .031 .035 48 99 32.2 27.7 38.8 38.2 91 135 .038 .049 100.0 72.6 100.0 62.6 , 62.6 37.4 100.0 74 97 .813 .721 .031 .035 3000 291 .472 27.2 41.2 152 .051 3.9 81.8 100.0 54.6 45.4 105 .691 .035 325 .528 26.3 39.5 141 .047 3.9 1.3 75.5 39.8 25.9 13.8 60.2 99 .702 .033 616 26.7 40.3 146 .049 2.1 2.5 78.5 68.2 39.5 28.8 31.8 102 .697 .034 3500 915 .836 22.5 39.7 196 .056 27.3 37.7 33.1 96.7 35.2 61.4 3.3 138 .714 .039 180 .164 24.1 42.7 147 .042 1.1 53.3 68.3 79.4 11.1 68.2 20.6 110 .750 .031 1095 22.7 40.2 188 .054 23.0 40.3 38.8 93.8 31.3 62.6 6.2 133 .720 .038 4000 1042 .789 21.7 43.6 234 .059 16.0 30.3 12.8 100.0 59.4 40.6 150 .659 .037 278 .211 20.8 42.1 166 .041 79.5 59.1 100.0 22.5 77.5 130 .786 .033 1320 21.5 43.3 220 .055 12.6 40.6 22.6 100.0 51.7 48.3 146 .686 .036 4500 899 .987 17.9 40.6 319 .071 24.2 9.3 98.4 63.9 34.5 1.3 .3 173 .542 .039 12 .013 15.4 34.6 240 .053 100.0 100.0 100.0 162 .674 .036 911 17.8 40.5 318 .071 25.2 9.2 98.4 63.1 35.3 1.3 .2 173 .544 .039 5000 427 1.000 16.4 41.4 328 .066 38.8 3.3 99.0 41.9 57.1 .1.0 179 .543 .036 427 16.4 41.4 328 .066 38.8 3.3 99.0 41.9 57.1 1.0 179 .543 .036 Over 5000 30 1.000 16.6 49.1 355 .061 81.9 .4 82.2 79.1 3.2 17.8 197 .557 .034 30 16.6 49.1 355 .061 81.9 .4 82.2 79.1 3.2 17.8 197 .557 .034 ------- |