EPA/AA/CTAB/89-04
Technical Report
Light-Duty Automotive Technology and
Fuel Economy Trends Through 1989
by
Robert M. Heavenrich
and
J. Dillard Murrell
May 1989
NOTICE
Technical Reports do not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or positions.
They are intended to present technical analysis of issues using data which are
currently available. The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate
the exchange of technical information and to inform the public of technical
developments which may form the basis for a final EPA decision, position or
regulatory action.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Mobile Sources
Emission Control Technology Division
Control Technology and Applications Branch
2565 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
-------
Contents
Page
I. Abstract 1
II. Introduction 1
III. General Car and Truck Trends 2
IV. MPG Improvement Potential 6
A. Concept Overview 6
B. High MPG Cars 7
C. High MPG Manufacturer's Cars 7
D. Performance Effects/Adjustment 9
V. Trends in Technology Usage 12
A. Catalysts 12
B. Engines 13
1. Engine Size 13
2. Power and Performance 18
3. Fuel Metering 18
VI. Trends by Vehicle Size 21
A. Vehicle Size Class 21
B. Vehicle Weight Class 27
VII. Trends by Market Segment 30
A. Market Share 30
B. Vehicle Size 30
C. Fuel Metering 38
D. Drive and Transmissions 38
VIII. Conclusions 40
IX. References 41
Appendixes 43
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I. Abstract
This, the seventeenth in this series of papers and reports, examines trends in
light-duty vehicle fuel economy and technology usage for model years 1978 through
1989. Comparisons with previous years' data are made for the fleet as a whole and
for number of cylinders, vehicle size class, inertia weight class, and market seg-
ment (Domestic, European, and Asian).
II. Introduction
Trends in vehicle technology and fuel economy for light-duty cars and trucks are
examined in this report, as in preceding papers in this series [1-18].* Technology
usage and vehicle performance are emphasized. To the extent possible, this report
is based on the latest and most complete vehicle technology and fuel economy data
available. The source database was frozen in late March 1989 and excludes some
changes to existing vehicles or new vehicles scheduled for midyear introduction.
For 1978 through 1986, all data are "final CAFE" data.** For 1987, the data are
final CAFE for almost all manufacturers. For 1988, final CAFE data was available
for some, but not all manufacturers. For Model Year 1989, fuel economy label data
were used. The sales volumes for all the 1989 model year data have been adjusted to
agree with post-label (but pre-"final") information reported to the Department of
Transportation and in reliable trade publications. This same procedure was used for
those manufacturers for which "final CAFE" data for 1987 and 1988 were unavailable.
For consistency with the previous reports in this series, the MPG data in this
paper have no road or CAFE correction factors. Where only one MPG value is presen-
ted, it is 55/45 combined MPG. All vehicle weights presented are inertia weights
(nominally curb weight plus 300 Ibs).
As in previous papers in this series, vehicle classification as to vehicle type,
size class and manufacturer generally follows fuel economy label, Gas Mileage Guide
and CAFE protocols; exceptions are listed in Appendix A. In some passenger car
tables, market shares for Large Sedans and Wagons are aggregated as "Large," Mid-
size Sedans and Wagons are aggregated as "Midsize," and "Small" includes everything
else: Compacts, Subcompacts, Minicompacts, and Two-Seaters. For trucks, the larger
Pickups, Vans and Utility Trucks are sometimes aggregated as "Large" trucks, and
"Small" includes the smaller models. The truck size classification scheme used in
this paper is explained in Reference 14.
Appendix B lists the model year 1989 nameplates and their average MPG as of the
data freeze date.
This paper includes an estimate of 0 to 60 MPH acceleration time for cars, cal-
culated from horsepower and inertia weight, as in reference 19.
* Numbers in brackets denote references listed at the end of the text.
** The light truck data in this paper include gross vehicle weights (GVW) up to
8,500 Ibs for all model years, although emission standards for light trucks with
GVW between 6,000 and 8,500 Ibs were not in effect before 1979. For details on how
data on 6,001-8,500 Ibs light trucks were obtained for model years 1975 to 1979,
see Reference 14.
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2
III. General Car and Truck Trends
Table 1 gives major characteristics of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and
all light-duty vehicles (cars and light trucks) for model years 1975 to 1989. Total
sales in model year 1989 are projected to be 10.3 million cars and 4.5 million
trucks (14.8 million total).
Average 55/45 MPG for cars decreased from 28.6 to 28.2 since last year. Other
changes since last year, consistent with this MPG decline, include a 61 Ib.
increase in inertia weight, a 0.1 second decrease in 0 to 60 acceleration time, and
increases in horsepower and engine size.
Table 2 summarizes the recent trend for 18 of the variables in Table 1 for Pas-
senger Cars. Of the eighteen indicators listed in Table 2, eleven have changed in a
direction consistent with a decline in fuel economy, five changed in a direction
promoting improvement, and two are inconclusive.
As shown in Figure 1, sales-weighted fuel economy has changed very little in the
last few years, particularly for light trucks. This year's combined car and truck
fleet will average 25.5 MPG. Between 1975 and 1981, 55/45 fuel economy improved
about nine MPG for cars and about six for trucks. Since then, 55/45 fuel economy
for cars has increased by only three MPG and for trucks by only one MPG.
Average inertia weight for cars dropped 1,000 Ibs between 1975 and 1980, leveled
off for a while, and has increased by nearly 100 Ibs since 1987. The light truck
weight trend is similar. Correspondingly, car and truck fuel economy gains through
1980 occurred mainly when inertia weight was reduced; fuel economy improvements
since 1980 have come in spite of the stagnated weight trend.
Average engine size for cars and light trucks decreased considerably between
1975 and 1981: by more than 100 CID for cars and 64 for trucks. Since then, automo-
bile engines have decreased another 20 CID. Light-truck engines downsized steadily
until 1986, but truck engine CID has increased every year since then.
Average engine horsepower reached a minimum for cars in 1981 and for trucks in
1983, but has risen consistently since. Power per CID has increased steadily and
significantly over the entire period; while advantage could have been taken of this
to reduce CID and improve fuel economy, the MPG improvement has been foregone in
favor of increased vehicle power and performance.
Manual transmission usage peaked in 1980 at 32 percent for cars and 53 percent
for trucks. It has since dropped to 25 percent for cars and 32 percent for trucks.
Four-wheel drive was used in about 20 percent of trucks in the late 1970s and early
1980s, and over 30 percent since 1984; 4WD appears in less than 5 percent of cars.
The last few years have seen a large increase in the use of fuel-injected en-
gines. More than 91 percent of this year's trucks will have fuel-injected engines,
as will more than 87 percent of the cars. By comparison, light trucks were 40 per-
.cent fuel-injected in 1986, and 12 percent in 1985. Diesel engine usage peaked in
1981 for cars and a year later for light trucks. Diesels have not been an important
part of the U.S. light duty market for several years.
Figure 2 shows the cumulative distribution of MPG for model year 1989 passenger
cars. More than 90 percent of the 1989 cars get between 20 and 35 MPG; less than
one percent get less than 20 MPG, and less than 10 percent get more than 35 MPG.
-------
Table 1 - Characteristics of 1975 to 1989 Light Duty Vehicles
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987- 1988 1989
Cars
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
City FE
Hwy FE
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WO
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
% Small
% Mid
% Large
Trucks
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
City FE
Hwy FE
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
% Small
% Large
8237
.806
'13.7
19.5
15.8
4058
32.3
288
.068
6.5
19.9
5.1
5.1
94.6
.2
136
.515
.033
14.2
55.4
23.3
21.3
1987
.194
12.1
16.2
13.7
4072
28.4
311
.076
17.1
37.0
.1
99.9
142
.476
.035
13.6
13.7
86.3
9722
.788
15.2
21.3
17.5
4059
35.5
287
.068
5.8
17.1
3.2
3.2
96.6
.3
134
.502
.032
14.4
55.4
25.2
19.4
2612
.212
12.8
16.9
14.4
4155
30.5
319
.076
22.9
34.8
.1
99.9
141
.458
.034,
13.8
11.1
,88.9
11300
.800
16.0
22.3
18.3
3944
36.4
279
.068
6.8
16.8
4.2
4.2
95.3
.5
133
.516
.033
14.0
51.9
24.5
23.5
2823
.200
14.0
18.1
15.6
4135
33.0
318
.076
23.6
32.0
.1
99.9
147
.482
.036
13.3
13.5
86.5
11175
.773
17.2
24.5
19.9
3588
35.9
251
.067
9.6
20.2
5.1
5.1
94.0
.9
124
.538
.034
13.7
44.7
34.4
21.0
3273
.227
13.8
17.5
15.2
4151
32.4
314
.075
29.0
32.4
.1
99.1
.8
146
.481
.035
13.4
13.3
86.7
10794
.778
17.7
24.6
20.3
3485
35.4
238
.065
11.9
.3
22.3
4.7
4.7
93.2
2.1
119
.545
.034
13.8
43.7
34.2
22.1
3088
.222
13.4
16.8
14.7
4252
32.1
298
.069
18.0
35.2
.3
97.9
1.8
138
.486
.032
14.3
18.5
81.5
9443
.835
20.3
29.0
23.5
3101
36.6
188
.058
29.7
.9
31.9
6.9
.7
6.2
88.7
4.4
100
.583
.032
14.3
54.4
34.4
11.3
1863
.165
16.5
21.9
18.6
3869
36.3
248
.062
1.4
25.0
53.0
1.7
94.9
3.5
121
.528
.031
14.5
30.3
69.7
8733
.827
21.7
31.1
25.1
3076
38.9
182
.057
37.0
.7
30.4
8.8
2.6
6.1
85.3
5.9
99
.594
.032
14.4
51.5
36.4
12.2
1821
.173
17.8
23.9
20.1
3806
38.8
247
.063
2.0
20.1
51.6
1.1
93.3
5.6
119
.508
.031
14.6
27.6
72.4
7819
.803
22.3
32.7
26.0
3054
40.1
175
.055
45.6
.8
29.7
17.0
9.8
7.2
78.4
4.7
99
.609
.032
14.4
56.5
31.0
12.5
1914
.197
18.1
24.4
20.5
3806
39.6
243
.062
1.7
20.0
45.7
.7
90.0
9.3
120
.524
.032
14.5
33.9
66.1
8002
.777
22.1
32.7
25.9
3112
40.7
182
.056
47.3
3.1
27.4
28.3
18.9
9.5.
69.6
2.1
104
.615
.033
14.0
53.1
31.8
15.1
2300
.223
18.3
25.2
20.9
3763
39.9
231
.060
1.4
25.8
45.9
.6
94.7
4.7
118
.543
.031
14.5
45.5
54.5
10675
.761
22.4
33.3
26.3
3099
41.1
179
.056
53.7
1.0
24.2
39.4
24.4
, 15.0
58.9
1.7
106
.637
.034
13.8
57.4
29.4
13.2
3345
.239
17.9
24.8
20.5
3782
39.3
224
.058
4.9
31.0
42.1
2.6
95.1
2.3
118
.557
.031
14.7
46.0
54.0
10791
.746
23.0
34.3
27.0
3093
41.9
177
.055
61.6
2.1
23.6
53.5
32.0
21.4
45.6
.9
111
.671
.035
13.3
55.7
28.9
15.4
3669
.254
18.0
24.9
20.6
3795
39.6
224
.058
7.1
30.6
37.1
12.3
86.7
1.1
124
.586
.033
14.2
49.1
50.9
11015
.717
23.7
35.5
27.9
3041
42.6
167
.053
71.1
1.1
24.8
65.1
28.4
36.7
34.5
.3
111
.701
.036
13.2
59.5
27.9
12.6
4350
.283
18.8
25.9
21.4
3738
40.4
211
.055
5.9
30.3
42.7
40.5
18.7
21.8
58.7
.7
123
.621
.033
14.0
56.3
43.7
10811
.715
23.8
35.8
28.1
3032
42.7
162
.052
76.8
1.4
24.7
73.1
30.3
42.9
26.6
.2
113
.731
.037
13.0
63.2
24.6
12.1
4305
.285
18.8
26.4
21.6
3731
40.6
213
.056
7.1
30.6
39.6
68.2
32.2
36.0
31.5
.3
132
.646
.035
13.4
59.9
40.1
10660
.698
24.2
36.7
28.6
3055
43.8
161
.051
81.1
1.3
23.8
84.3
28.7
55.6
15.7
.0
118
.767
.038
12.6
64.1
22.8
13.0
4603
.302
18.2
26.2
21.1
3877
41.1
229
.058
9.0
33.7
34.2
87.9
44.8
43.2
11.8
.3
142
.648
.037
13.0
54.7
45.3
10286
.694
23.8
36.3
28.2
3116
44.1
162
.051
81.8
1.3
25.5
87.4
26.6
60.7
12.6
.0
121
.787
.039
12.5
59.5
25.3
15.2
4546
.306
18.2
25.8
21.0
3906
41.3
230
.058
9.5
32.1
31.7
91.1
45.6
45.5
8.6
.3
144
.655
.037
12.9
57.8
42.2
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Table 1 - Characteristics of 1975 to 1989 Light Duty Vehicles (Continued)
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
id Trucks
Sales(OOO)
City FE
Hwy FE
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
X 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
10224
13.4
18.7
15.3
4060
31.6
293
.069
5.3
3.3
23.2
4.1
4.1
95.7
.2
137
.507
.033
12334
14.6
20.2
16.7
4079
34.4
294
.069
4.6
4.8
20.9
2.5
2.5
97.3
.2
135
.493
.033
14123
15.6
21.3
17.7
3982
35.7
287
.070
5.5
4.7
19.8
3.4
3.4
96.2
.4
136
.510
.034
14448
16.3
22.5
18.6
3715
35.1
266
.069
7.4
6.6
23.0
3.9
3.9
95.2
.9
129
.525
.034
13882
16.5
22.3
18.7
3655
34.7
252
.066
9.2
4.3
25.1
3.7
3.7
94.2
2.0
124
.532
.034
11306
19.6
27.5
22.5
3228
36.6
198
.059
25.0
4.9
35.4
6.0
.6
5.2
89.7
4.3
104
.574
.032
10554
20.9
29.5
24.1
3202
38.9
193
.058
31.0
4.0
34.1
7.5
2.2
5.1
86.7
5.9
102
.580
.032
9732
21.3
30.7
24.7
3202
40.0
188
.056
37.0
4.6
32.8
13.8
7.9
5.8
80.6
5.6
103
.593
.032
10302
21.2
30.6
24.6
3257
40.5
193
.057
37.0
8.1
31.5
22.1
14.7
7.3
75.2
2.7
107
.599
.033
14020
21.2
30.8
24.6
3262
40.7
190
.056
42.1
8.2
28.5
30.6
18.6
11.4
67.6
1.8
109
.618
.033
14460
21.5
31.3
25.0
3271
41.4
189
.056
47.8
9.3
27.0
43.0
23.9
16.0
56.1
.9
114
.650
.035
15365
22.1
32.2
25.7
3238
42.0
180
.054
52.6
9.3
29.8
58.2
25.7
32.5
41.4
.4
114
.678
.035
15116
22.1
32.5
25.9
3231
42.1
177
.053
57.0
9.7
28.9
71.7
30.8
40.9
28.0
.3
118
.707
.036
15264
22.0
32.7
25.8
3303
43.0
182
.053
59.3
11.1
26.9
85.4
33.5
51.9
14.5
.1
126
.731
.038
14832
21.8
32.3
25.5
3358
43.2
183
.053
59.7
10.7
27.4
88.5
32.5
56.0
11.4
.1
128
.747
.038
Table 2 - Changes Affecting 1989 Passenger Car Fuel Economy
The 1989
Average for:
Ci ty MPG
Hi way MPG
55/45 MPG
Engine CID
Inertia Wt
Engine Hp
Hp/Lb
0 to 60 Time
Percent Small Cars
Percent Large Cars
Percent Diesel
Ton MPG
CID/Lb
Hp/CID
Percent FWD
Percent Manual Trans
Percent Port FI
Percent Midsize Cars
is:
23.8
36.3
28.2
162
3116
121
.039
12.5
59.5%
15.2%
0.006%
44.1
.051
.787
81.8%
25.5%
60.7%
25.3%
This metric
has not
been this:
Low
Low
Low
High
High
High
High
Low
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
High
High
High
High
since:
1987
1987
1987
1988
1983
1978
Ever
Ever
1986
1985
1988
Ever
1988
Ever
Ever
1983
Ever
1986
Its effect is
to make MPG:
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Better
Better
Better
Better
Better
--
-------
Passenger Car MPG by Model Year
Average MPG Inertia Weight
35
30
25
20
15
10
74
76 78
80 82 84
Model Year
86 88
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
90
Light Truck MPG by Model Year
Average MPG Inertia Weight
30
25
20
15
10
Weight
74 76 78 80 82 84
Model Year
86 88
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
90
Fig. 1
-------
Cumulative MPG Distribution
1989 Passenger Cars
100
Cumulative Percent
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
55/45 MPG
Fig. 2
IV. MPG Improvement Potential
A. Concept Overview
Vehicle fuel economy has remained essentially constant for years, and underwent
a reversal in 1989; yet, the importance of vehicle fuel economy is increasing due
to its direct connection with the greenhouse effect. Given this situation, it is
meaningful to probe today's vehicle fleet to "mine" what potential exists there for
improving fuel economy. This is obviously, and necessarily, a matter of hypotheti-
cal investigation. Of the many possible methods of applying hypothesis to the data
base, this paper presents three:
''High MPG Cars" Scenario: within each weight class, identification of
the high MPG 1989 cars, and construction of a fleet consisting of just
those cars, mixed in the same proportions by weight as the actual
fleet. For symmetry, this was also done for the low MPG cars. The an-
alysis divided each weight class into five equally-populated segments,
by nameplates, and selected the top MPG fifth, or quintile, as the
"high MPG cars;" the bottom quintile made up the "low MPG cars".
"High MPG Manufacturer's Cars" Scenario: within each car size class,
identification of the highest manufacturer's average MPG, and construc-
tion of a fleet consisting of just that manufacturer's cars in that
class, with the classes mixed in the same proportions as the actual
fleet. This was done similarly for the lowest manufacturer's average.
-------
"Performance Adjustment" Scenario: using sensitivity coefficients for the
relation between MPG and 0-60 acceleration, the MPG data in recent model
years, characterized by ever-increasing vehicle performance, were adjusted to
correspond to the vehicle performance of prior model years.
B. High MPG Cars
Table 3 presents the results for the High MPG Cars scenario. The hypothetical
fleets used in this scenario consist, on a MPG rank basis, of the top and bottom 20
percent, or quintile, of the nameplates in each inertia weight class. For this sce-
nario, the inertia weight mix was held constant, so the high and low quintile
fleets have the same average inertia weight as the actual fleet.
This scenario shows the potential for a 30.9 MPG fleet average using 1989 tech-
nology, with no sacrifice in interior volume, and with average acceleration perfor-
mance better than all model years prior to 1985. Average interior volume for the
high MPG case is the same as that of the actual 1989 fleet; the low MPG case has
much lower volume.
Table 3
Results of "High MPG Cars" Analysis
Low MPG Actual High MPG
Car Fleet Fleet Car Fleet
Inertia Weight 3116 3116 3116
55/45 MPG 23.5 28.2 30.9
CID 192 162 146
Horsepower 154 121 110
0 to 60 10.7 12.5 13.3
Interior Volume 94 108 108
Percent Manual 36.1 25.5 41.3
Percent FWD 43.3 81.8 89.4
Percent Port FI 86.6 60.7 51.0
C. High MPG Manufacturer's Cars
It may be argued that the preceding High MPG Car Scenario is less than fully
realistic because the hypothetical fleet made up of each weight class' best-MPG
cars may not include a sufficiently variegated, "rational" mix of car types; the
analysis technique does not even guarantee that each vehicle size/type, e.g.
Midsize Station Wagon, is represented in the hypothetical data base.
The High MPG Manufacturer's Cars scenario is size class based, rather than
weight class based, so representation of all size classes is ensured. Within each
size class, each manufacturer's MPG average is determined, and the cars (all of
them) from that manufacturer with the highest MPG average are retained in the
hypothetical fleet. The low MPG case is handled similarly.
-------
8
Table 4 illustrates the scenario applied to the 1989 fleet. The resulting high
MPG fleet is made up of manufacturer B's Two-Seaters, manufacturer D's Minicom-
pacts, etc., mixed in the "class market share" proportions of the overall fleet.
Table 4
High and Low MPG Manufacturers, by Car Class, 1989
Class
Market Low MPG Mfr Fleet Avg High MPG Mfr
Car Class Share, % Mfr MPG MPG Mfr MPG
Two-Seater 1.5 A 8.7 26.9 B 42.2
Minicompact 0.3 C 17.2 24.5 D 28.6
Subcompact 19.6 E 10.9 31.6 F 48.7
Compact 35.7 G 22.1 29.9 H 34.1
Midsize 22.8 I 12.5 26.5 J 27.7
Large 13.4 I 11.8 24.2 K 25.7
Small Wagon 2.4 L 29.7 31.3 B 34.7
Midsize Wagon 2.5 M 21.8 25.7 J 27.5
Large Wagon 1.8 J 22.8 22.8 N 23.2
Table 5 compares the high and low MPG results to the actual fleet for model year
1989. Under this scenario, a fleet average of 32.5 MPG could be achieved using 1989
technology, with no compromise in vehicle utility. The analysis was repeated for
all model years back to 1978, revealing that last year's fleet showed even higher
fuel economy potential: 1988 technology had the potential for a 33.9 MPG fleet
average, as shown in Table 5.
Table 5
Characteristics of Best/Actual/Worst Fleets,
"High MPG Manufacturers" Scenario
1989 1989 1989 1988
Worst Actual Best Best
55/45 MPG 14.5 28.2 32.5 33.9
Interior Volume 111 108 109 106
Inertia Weight 4505 3116 2681 2594
CID 294 162 110 103
Horsepower 210 121 94 90
0 to 60 10.7 12.5 13.6 14.0
Percent Manual 13.2 25.5 39.9 46.4
Percent FWD 2.1 81.8 97.7 91.2
Figure 3 illustrates the high and low cases for this scenario, for all the model
years. The high MPG potential was approaching 35 MPG until the MPG downturn of
1989, and the low MPG potential shows remarkable consistency.
-------
MPG Improvement Potential
"Best MPG Mfr's Cars" Scenario
35
30
25
20
15
10
Average MPG
"Best in Class" Fleet
"Worst in Class" Fleet
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 3
D. Performance Effects/Adjustment
As shown in Figure 4, the fleet average 0 to 60 acceleration time was near or
above 14 seconds until 1982, when it began dropping. The slope of the MPG trend
curve clearly flattened after 1982; what had been a fuel economy improvement trend
gave way to a performance improvement trend.
Fuel economy and acceleration performance are interrelated; Figure 5 shows the
correlation between 0 to 60 acceleration time and MPG. Each data point in this
graph represents an estimated 0 to 60 acceleration time and an average 55/45 fuel
economy from the high MPG quintile (see section B above), low MPG quintile, or
middle 60 percent of the 1989 fleet.
The MPG/performance interdependence was quantified by means of regression analy-
sis performed on the EPA data bases. This yielded sensitivity coefficients on the
order of 0.5, i.e. a 10 percent increase in 0 to 60 acceleration time corresponds
to a 5 percent increase in fuel economy. Using these sensitivities, MPG data at one
0-60 level can be adjusted to what it would be at another 0-60 level. This was done
for all model years from 1978 to 1989, for two performance levels selected as the
adjustment bases: the 1979 fleet average level of 13.8 seconds, and the 1982 level
of 14.4 seconds. The results appear in Figure 6, which shows that recent years'
faster 0 to 60 acceleration times have cost up to 2 MPG in fleet fuel economy.
-------
10
MPG and Performance
Passenger Cars
35
30
25
20
15
Average MPG
0 to 60 Time (Sec)
0 to 60 Time
55/45 MPG
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 4
15
14
13
12
11
Zero to 60 vs MPG by MPG Strata
1989 Passenger Cars
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
55/45 MPG
8 9 10 11 12 13
O to 60 Time (sec)
Fig. 5
14
15
16
-------
11
MPG
MPG Sensitivity to Performance
Passenger Cars
MPG 9 1982 Accel.
1979 Accel.
81
82 83 84 85 86 87
Model Year
Fig. 6
88 89
-------
12
V. Trends in Technology Usage
A. Catalysts
Tables 6 and 7 give market share, 55/45 MPG and vehicle weight by catalyst type
for cars and trucks, respectively. Only a minuscule percentage of the cars built
since 1984 have not had feedback control, so we no longer distinguish between vehi-
cles with and without feedback.
Usage of oxidation-only catalysts in passenger cars essentially stopped in 1985.
For 1985-87, the only cars with oxidation-only catalysts were vehicles such as
Subaru four-wheel-drive sedans and wagons, which were certified as light trucks but
classified as "cars" in this report. Except for a few trucks with thermal reactors,
all gasoline-fueled trucks built since 1984 have used catalysts. Less than 2
percent of this year's trucks still use oxidation-only catalysts.
Usage of the three-way-plus-oxidation catalyst is dropping for both cars and
light trucks. This combination accounted for 62 percent of the 1984 cars compared
to 25 percent last year, and 18 percent this year. Similarly, the three-way-plus-
oxidation catalyst combination accounted for 25 percent of the light trucks last
year, and 22 percent this year.
Table 6 - Market Share, 55/45 MPG and IW of 1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars by Catalyst Type
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
No Catalyst
Oxid. Catalyst
3-Way Catalyst
3-Way + Oxid.
Diesel
.102
27.0
2467
.887
19.2
3717
.002
22.0
3188-
.009
29.4
3498
.085
27.2
2408
.868
19.6
3587
.018
23.5
2982
.007
16.8
4082
.021
27.1
3873
.046
25.9
2471
.790
23.3
3093
.096
22.7
3150
.025
20.1
3663
.044
30.0
3487
.142
30.0
2480
.297
26.2
2967
.502
23.1
3248
.059
29.9
3589
.132
32.6
2413
.299
27.1
2977
.523
24.0
3210
.047
30.6
3602
.124
33.0
2455
.243
28.7
2869
.612
23.8
3324
.021
30.8
3633
.006
27.1
2788
.357
30.2
2754
.621
24.3
3296
.017
36.3
3202
.004
28.0
2722
.485
29.3
2837
.502
24.9
3339
.009
34.2
3275
.005
28.1
2731
.540
28.8
2945
.452
26.8
3159
.003
40.5
2906
.006
27.3
2839
.657
28.9
2966
.335
26.5
3162
.002
30.5
3584
.753 .821
29.4 28.6
2971 3063
.247 .179
26.3 26.2
3309 3357
.000 .000
37.4 44.3
3000 2884
-------
13
Table 7 - Market Share, 55/45 MPG and IW of 1978 to 1989 Light Trucks by Catalyst Type
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
No Catalyst
Oxid. Catalyst
3-Way Catalyst
3-Way + Oxid.
Diesel
.705
14.5
4260
.287
17.3
3878
.008
21.2
4383
.084
22.8
2821
.898
14.2
4371
.018
21.1
4977
.107
24.2
2773
.849
17.9
3986
.010
19.2
3622
.000
13.4
6500
.035
24.3
4437
.035
27.8
2728
.839
19.4
3913
.032
23.3
3034
.038
18.6
3925
.056
32.0
3213
.000
28.8
2750
.795
20.2
3769
.052
23.8
3120
.060
15.3
4279
.093
27.0
4192
.022
22.3
3154
.741
20.7
3816
.076
22.0
3372
.113
19.3
3536
.047
27.0
4388
.623
20.2
3851
.122
22.5
3367
.232
19.8
3764
.023
27.4
4291
.009
21.6
3203
.530
19.7
3957
.261
24.2
3346
.189
18.7
3945
.011
26.1
4578
.395
19.8
3972
.459
23.1
3514
.138
21.3
3764
.007
26.7
4550
.181
21.4
3695
.579
22.2
3672
.237
20.4
3891
.003
25.6
4719
.018
22.4
3188
.726
22.0
3773
.253
18.8
4207
.003
22.2
5534
.016
26.3
2834
.762
22.0
3802
.220
17.9
4327
.003
22.6
5198
B. Engines
1. Engine Size
Tables 8 and 9 describe 1978 to 1989 cars and light trucks by number of cylin-
ders. Only 4-, 6-, and 8-cylinder engines are shown in these two tables because
vehicles with other numbers of cylinders (e.g., 3-, 5- and 12-) have never account-
ed for more than a percent or two of the car and truck fleets. The calculation of
the sales fractions in these tables, however, include all vehicles, regardless of
number of cylinders. Thus, in 1983, cars with 4, 6, or 8 cylinders accounted for
98.4 percent of the car fleet; the remaining 1.6 percent of the fleet consisted of
cars with other cylinder counts.
Since 1978, passenger car average displacement for each cylinder counthas
changed very little, although average engine size of the overall fleet has dropped
by 89 CID due to changes in the mix of engines. This year's cars with 4-cylinder
engines average 11 CID larger than 1978's, while the 6- and 8-cylinder engines are
smaller by 28 and 34 CID, respectively.
Average displacement for 8-cylinder car and light truck engines has remained
constant at nominal values of 300 and 320 CID respectively for several years. This
year's 8-cylinder cars and trucks are the heaviest since 1983. Use of 8-cylinder
engines continues to drop: the sales fraction of 8-cylinder engines in cars
decreased from 53 percent in 1978 to 10 percent this year. Figure 7 shows the
market fraction for passenger cars by number of cylinders. In 1978, nearly three-
fourths of the light trucks had 8-cylinder engines, compared to about one-fourth in
the past four years.
The 6-cylinder market share has now increased to about 33 percent for cars, and
has more that doubled for trucks since 1978. The market share of 4-cylinder trucks
peaked at 40 percent in 1986, but is still more than double what it was in 1978.
At the number of cylinders level of stratification, there has been little improve-
ment in fuel economy the last six years for either cars (Figure 8) or trucks.
-------
14
Table 8 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars by Number of Cylinders
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
1989
Four
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
X Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
X Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
% Small
% Mid
% Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Six
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
X Inject
% TBI
% Port '
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp .
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
% Small
X Mid
X Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
2942
.263
28.3
2519
36.1
108
.043
31.6
67.1
10.4
10.4
87.4
2.2
78
.726
.031
14.7
97.6
2.4
89
2579
3216
2351
.210
20.2
3478
35.2
220
.063
1.0
9.1
6.2
6.2
93.7
.1
107
.498
.031
14.8
54.6
43.4
2.1
109
2204
3836
3184
.295
27.0
2571
35.0
111
.043
33.3
1.2
65.8
7.0
7.0
90.6
2.4
77
.707
.030
14.9
95.8
4.2
90
2484
3163
2250
.208
20.4
3412
34.9
216
.063
1.2
10.4
7.4
7.4
91.9
.7
109
.516
.032
14.4
42.1
56.3
1.6
108
2211
3788
4600
.487
27.9
2579
36.3
116
.045
44.8
1.0
60.4
9.5
9.5
86.7
3.8
78
.682
.030
14.8
89.7
10.3
93
2643
3376
2674
.283
21.6
3336
36.1
212
.064
21.7
1.5
8.2
4.2
4.2
94.6
1.1
110
.530
.033
14.0
29.7
66.0
4.3
111
2408
4012
4542
.520
29.7
2560
38.4
116
.045
60.3
.9
55.3
7.9
7.9
87.8
4.3
79
.693
.031
14.6
82.9
17.1
97
2937
3734
2411
.276
22.6
3384
38.4
215
.063
14.2
.8
5.4
6.8
6.8
92.4
.9
110
.523
.033
14.1
23.7
70.0
6.3
111
2528
4291
4311
.551
30.8
2607
40.4
115
.044
71.6
.9
49.0
18.9
11.0
7.9
77.7
3.4
78
.686
.030
14.9
84.1
15.9
98
3056
3963
2122
.271
23.0
3389
39.2
212
.062
19.1
1.1
7.0
17.4
7.8
9.6
79.9
2.7
114
.551
.034
13.8
26.3
63.9
9.8
112
2591
4409
4260
.532
31.0
2630
41.2
119
.045
74.8
5.0
47.1
32.3
20.5
11.8
66.1
1.6
81
.695
.031
14.6
79.8
20.2
101
3181
4147
1879
.235
23.8
3379
40.4
211
.062
22.3
1.7
6.6
12.4
12.4
84.7
2.9
116
.567
.035
13.6
32.3
63.4
4.3
111
2659
4498
5884
.551
31.1
2664
41.8
120
.045
80.7
1.4
40.0
44.2
27.8
16.4
53.9
1.9
86
.719
.032
14.3
84.4
15.6
100
3168
4190
2457
.230
24.1
3365
40.5
205
.061
31.5
.9
6.1
29.9
8.8
21.1
68.7
1.4
117
.586
.035
13.4
30.0
66.9
3.1
111
2682
4513
6059
.562
31.3
2676
42.3
121
.045
83.0
3.7
38.5
51.8
32.5
19.3
46.8
1.3
90
.753
.034
13.9
81.3
18.7
.0
101
3230
4291
2503
.232
24.0
3388
40.8
206
.061
48.5
.0
6.3
62.8
21.6
41.2
36.7
.6
124
.617
.037
12.9
30.2
55.9
13.9
112
2695
4564
6542
.594
31.2
2720
42.7
122
.045
88.7
1.6
36.9
63.6
38.5
25.1
36.0
.4
91
.755
.033
13.9
79.5
20.3
.2
102
3233
4373
2752
.250
24.9
3373
42.0
199
.059
63.9
.4
7.1
80.6
15.1
65.5
19.2
.3
134
.687
.040
12.1
34.6
44.5
21.0
112
2799
4728
6883
.637
31.1
2727
42.7
121
.044
90.7
2.1
~35.0
68.0
41.9
26.1
31.9
.1
93
.773
.034
13.8
81.6
18.2
.2
102
3199'
4337
2535
.235
25.1
3414
42.9
199
.058
73.4
.3
7.8
96.7
7.8
89.0
2.4
.8
143
.732
.042
11.6
36.7
39.8
23.6
113
2860
4884
6380
.598
31.7
2742
43.7
119
.043
92.6
1.9
35.3
79.1
43.4
35.8
20.8
.0
96
.815
.035
13.5
86.6
13.2
.2
101
3260
4434
3029
.284
25.9
3382
44.0
193
.057
83.4
.7
7.1
98.8
1.5
97.2
1.2
141
.742
.042
11.6
33.9
45.6
20.5
114
2965
5009
5847
.568
31.4
2769
43.8
119
.043
93.3
2.0
39.3
82.4
41.5
40.9
17.5
.1
99
.837
.035
13.3
86.0
13.7
.4
101
3251
4451
3373
.328
25.6
3457
44.3
192
.056
82.1
.4
8.1
100.0
.2
99.8
147
.779
.043
11.5
26.9
49.9
23.2
115
2946
5089
-------
15
Table 8 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars by Number of Cylinders (Continued)
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
'Eight
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
% Small
% Mid
% Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
5882
.526
17.2
4166
36.1
336
.081
2.1
1.2
1.9
1.9
97.5
.6
154
.460
.037
12.8
14.2
46.8
39.0
119
2085
4317
5361
.497
17.6
4058
35.9
324
.080
3.7
1.4
2.2
2.2
95.3
2.6
149
.461
.037
12.9
13.4
42.8
43.8
121
2144
4340
2169
.230
19.1
3920
37.9
309
.079
7.6
.8
4.4
3.0
1.4
85.8
9.8
135
.439
.035
13.6
9.9
46.4
43.7
121
2343
4616
1780
.204
20.3
3973
40.9
307
.077
8.8
1.0
13.7
12.9
.8
69.4
16.9
133
.440
.034
14.0
8.8
40.0
51.2
123
2540
5074
1386
.177
20.3
3931
40.4
304
.077
5.4
4.5
10.3
9.0
1.3
78.1
11.6
138
.459
.036
13.4
17.3
27.2
55.6
123
2528
5031
1863
.233
20.1
3944
39.7
298
.076
9.6
3.4
35.3
34.3
1.0
62.5
2.2
143
.482
.036
12.9
12.9
26.5
60.6
125
2516
4992
2334
.219
20.4
3914
40.0
299
.077
9.2
3.2
37.3
32.2
5.1
61.3
1.4
144
.484
.037
12.8
18.3
24.5
57.3
122
2497
4927
2229
.207
21.7
3895
42.3
296
.076
18.2
2.5
47.4
42.3
5.1
52.5
.1
151
.509
.039
12.4
14.9
26.4
58.7
123
2670
5227
1721
.156
23.1
3729
43.2
289
.077
15.7
6.8
46.4
11.7
34.7
53.6
148
.521
.040
12.2
23.1 '
30.4
46.4
119-
2799
5163
1393
.129
22.1
3846
42.7
299
.078
14.1
4.4
55.7
13.9
41.8
44.3
156
.521
.041
12.0
20.7
29.0
50.3
120
2674
5174
1251
.117
22.8
3857
44.0
301
.079
16.3
5.3
75.7
19.7
56.0
24.3
177
.587
.046
11.0
22.9
17.0
60.1
122
2793
5425
1067
.104
22.6
3940
44.7
302
.077
18.3
5.2
74.4
28.6
45.8
25.6
163
.540
.042
11.8
17.7
11.2
71.1
126
2876
5730
-------
16
Table 9 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Light Trucks by Number of Cylinders
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
1989
Four
Six
Eight
Sales
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
% Small
% Large
Sales
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
X 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
X Carb
% Diesel
% Small
X Large
Sales
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)''
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb .
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
X Small
X Large
342
.105
26.2
2849
37.7
121
.042
6.8
88.1
.8
99.2
100.0
558
.171
17.9
3973
35.9
273
.069
14.6
32.0
99.8
.2
9.8
90.2
2373
.725
13.9
4381
30.8
352
.081
35.5
24.4
98.9
1.1
1.6
98.4
481
.156
23.1
2850
33.6
123
.043
20.5
86.4
1.8
98.2
99.2
.8
515
.167
17.2
4066
35.4
264
.066
19.5
61.0
99.3
.7
10.9
89.1
2092
.677
13.2
4620
30.9
347
.075
17.0
17.0
97.5
2.5
1.8
98.2
585
.314
24.3
2842
35.1
124
.044
4.5
22.2
90.0
5.3
92.8
1.9
89.4
10.6
555
.298
18.8
4016
38.0
269
.067
18.3
61.9
99.1
.9
6.4
93.6
723
.388
15.4
4585
35.9
333
.073
32.5
16.3
93.4
6.6
1.0
99.0
522
.287
27.3
2861
39.9
130
.046
6.4
24.5
92.9
3.9
80.6
15.5
90.4
9.6
636
.350
19.7
3956
39.2
272
.069
14.5
57.3
100.0
4.6
95.4
662
.364
16.9
4405
37.6
315
.072
.5
22.0
13.6
96.8
3.2
.3
99.7
518
.270
27.4
2897
40.4
132
.046
6.2
23.3
88.9
2.4
82.0
15.6
86.6
13.4
642
.336
20.9
3693
38.7
243
.066
12.8
52.5
100.0
31.3
68.7
754
.394
17.2
4526
39.9
319
.071
.1
24.0
10.2
87.0
13.0
100.0
744
.324
27.2
2924
40.3
135
.046
4.2
19.2
84.8
2.0
92.5
5.6
92.0
8.0
751
.327
21.1
3754
39.7
229
.061
32.4
48.5
100.0
48.0
52.0
804
.350
17.0
4547
39.7
321
.071
25.6
7.4
91.7
8.3
100.0
1083
.324
26.4
3064
40.8
135
.044
15.1
21.3
75.9
7.9
88.8
3.3
79.6
20.4
1200
.359
20.8
3730
38.9
221
.059
41.2
41.4
100.0
56.5
43.5
1062
.317
16.5
4573
38.3
320
.070
29.3
8.5
96.0
4.0
100.0
1253
.342
26.1
3157
41.5
141
.045
20.7
21.7
65.9
27.7
71.1
1.2
77.7
22.3
1217
.332
21.5
3704
39.9
216
.058
43.0
37.7
.5
.5
99.5
67.9
32.1
1198
.327
16.3
4555
37.5
318
.070
.0
27.4
6.5
8.1
.0
89.9
2.0
100.0
1802
.414
26.3
3159
41.7
139
.044
14.1
24.7
72.6
34.8
18.5
16.3
64.4
.8
81.0
19.0
1379
.317
20.9
3793
39.7
218
.057
37.8
33.3
58.3
34.7
23.5
41.6
.1
71.8
28.2
1169
.269
17.1
4563
39.2
315
.069
.0
29.9
7.6
28.5
.0
28.4
70.2
1.3
100.0
1567
.364
26.4
3123
41.3
139
.045
10.2
25.9
72.6
40.0
22.6
17.5
59.7
.2
87.9
12.1
1832
.426
21.4
3803
40.7
223
.058
8.0
34.2
27.1
90.6
33.7
56.9
9.4
65.6
34.4
906
.210
16.7
4637
39.0
323
.070
.0
31.3
' 7.8
71.7
46.1
25.7
27.5
.8
.0
100.0
1237
.269
26.1
3145
41.2
140
.045
8.0
31.2
73.6
60.7
33.5
27.2
39.3
86.5
13.5
2040
.443
21.6
3802
41.3
219
.058
15.4
34.9
27.3
98.5
39.1
59.3
1.5
71.0
29.0
1326
.288
17.4
4675
40.9
328
.071
34.2
8.1
97.1
63.9
33.2
2.0
.9
100.0
1210
.266
25.8
3200
41.3
143
.045
16.3
19.0
66.6
71.1
38.8
32.2
28.9
91.2
8.8
2156
.474
21.4
3880
41.6
224
.058
10.8
40.3
26.9
98.6
38.4
60.2
1.4
69.2
30.8
1179
.259
17.2
4679
40.5
329
.071
.0
30.6
4.5
98.0
65.8
32.1
1.0
1.0
2.8
97.2
-------
17
Engine Size Market Shares
Passenger Cars
100%
Sales Fraction
80%-
60%-
40%
20%-
81
82 83 84 85
Model Year
Fig. 7
86 87 88 89
35
30
25
20
15
10
MPG
MPG by Number of Cylinders
Passenger Cars
4 CYLINDER
8 CYLINDER
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 8
-------
18
2. Power and Performance
Figure 9 shows average engine horsepower for cars with 4-, 6-, and 8-cylinder
engines. In 1978, 8-cylinder engines had twice the horsepower of the fours. Bet-
ween 1978 and 1981, 8-cylinder engine horsepower decreased 21 HP, when use of
Diesel engines increased to nearly 17 percent of the 8-cylinder car engines. Since
then, as the use of Diesel and carbureted 8-cylinder engines decreased, their
horsepower has increased and is now slightly higher than it was in 1978.
Horsepower of 6-cylinder car engines was constant at a nominal value of 110 HP
between 1978 and 1981. Since then, 6-cylinder car engines have increased usage of
port fuel injection to nearly 100 percent; their weight has increased 73 Ibs, their
displacement has decreased from 215 to 192 CID, their horsepower has increased
substantially from 107 to 147, and their 0 to 60 acceleration time decreased from
14.1 to 11.5 seconds.
Horsepower of 4-cylinder car engines remained constant at about 80 HP through
1982. Since then, horsepower of 4-cylinder car engines has increased to nearly 100
HP, while their cubic-inch displacement has remained at about 120 CID. Cars with 4-
cylinder engines have reduced their estimated 0 to 60 acceleration time to 13.3
seconds.
Figure 10 gives 0 to 60 acceleration time for passenger cars by number of engine
cylinders. In 1978, cars with 4- and 6-cylinder engines had about the same 0 to 60
acceleration time (i.e. about 14.7 seconds). Since then, the sixes have reduced
their acceleration time by 22 percent, or 3.3 seconds, to about the same value as
cars with 8-cylinder engines.
3. Fuel Metering
Figure 11 compares fuel metering used in cars with 4-, 6-, and 8- cylinder
engines. Essentially, all of this year's cars with 6-cylinder engines will have
port fuel injection compared to 41.5 percent of the 4- cylinder, and 46 percent of
the 8-cylinder engines. The use of throttle body injection appears to have peaked
for both 4- and 8-cylinder engines.
Over 90 percent of this year's cars with 4-cylinder engines have front-wheel
drive, as will over 80 percent of the cars with 6-cylinder engines. Conversely,
only 18 percent of this year's cars with 8-cylinder engines have front-wheel drive;
The others still have rear drive. Similarly, a fourth of the 8-cylinder car engines
built this year are carbureted. All of these 8-cylinder carbureted engines are
used in cars with rear drive and automatic transmission such as the Chevrolet
Caprice, Buick LeSabre and Dodge Diplomat.
Nearly 99 percent of this year's trucks with 6-cylinder engines will be fuel in-
jected, compared to 58 percent in 1986 and 0.5 percent in 1985. Similarly, nearly
98 percent of this year's trucks with 8-cylinder engines will be fuel injected,
compared to 8 percent for 1985. Less than a third of this year's trucks with 4-
cylinder engines will be carbureted. Model year 1989 is the first for which fuel
injection exceeds 87 percent for both cars and trucks.
-------
19
Average Engine Horsepower
Passenger Cars
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
Horsepower
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 9
Average Zero to 60 Acceleration
Passenger Cars
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
Time (seconds)
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 10
-------
20
Car Fuel Metering by Number of Cylinders
Four Eight
Sales Fraction
Sales Fraction
717IMI1UI3MUMI7UW 71 7» 10 11 12 (3 M U M 17
Model Year
Six
Sales Fraction
Model Year
D Carbureted
Diesel
E3 Port
m TBI
Model Year
Fig. 11
-------
21
VI. Trends by Vehicle Size
A. Vehicle Size Class
Table 10 describes cars by EPA car class. Only Minicompacts and Small Wagons
show any significant variation in interior volume: Minicompact volumes have ranged
from 73 to 83 cubic feet, Small Wagons 105 to 120 cubic feet. Note that interior
volume is undefined for the Two-Seater car class; a value of 50 cubic feet has been
assigned to all Two-Seaters, a class which has never accounted for more than about
three percent of car sales.
On a class-by-class basis, passenger car MPG, inertia weight and engine size
have changed very little the last several years, particularly for the four most
sales significant classes (Subcompacts, Compacts, Midsize and Large sedans). MPG
for Minicompacts dropped nearly 7 MPG since last year, but this class accounts for
less than one-half of 1 percent of passenger car sales.
Aggregating the nine EPA classes into three groups, "Large Cars" (i.e. Large
Sedans and Wagons), "Midsize Cars" (Midsize Sedans and Wagons) and "Small Cars"
(Compacts, Subcompacts, Minicompacts, Small Wagon%and Two Sealers), Table 11 gives
major characteristics of these groups.
Since 1980, Large Sedans and Wagons have accounted for only, 11 to 15 percent of
the cars. By comparison, they accounted for about 20 percent of the cars in 1978
and 1979. Similarly, the market share of Midsize Cars and Wagons has dropped from
a peak of 36 percent in 1981 to about one-fourth this year (see Figure 12).
Large Sedans and Wagons now achieve higher MPG than Small and Midsize cars did
in 1978 and are lighter than Midsize Cars were then. Similarly, Midsize Cars
achieve higher MPG than Small Cars did in 1978, but are heavier. At this level of
stratification, there has been little change in MPG for several years.
More than 80 percent of the Small and Midsize cars now have front-wheel drive.
Front-wheel drive usage for Large cars has now reached the 60 percent mark.
Use of TBI engines in Large cars peaked at 44 percent in 1985 and has since
dropped to 15 percent, while use of port fuel injection increased. Similarly, usage
of TBI engines in Midsize Cars peaked at 40 percent in 1986, dropping to 22 percent
this year with port fuel injection increasing from 29 percent to 77 percent. Small
car usage of TBI engines has remained in the 25-30 percent range the last five
years, but small car usage of port fuel injection has increased to over 50 percent.
-------
22
Table 10 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID, IW, 0 To 60, and Volume by Car Size Class
Two Mini Sub Midsize Large Small Midsize Large
Seater Compact Compact Compact Sedan Sedan Wagon Wagon Wagon
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
19.4
.017
187
3079
11.8
50
20.1
.024
180
3026
12.2
50
20.6
.021
180
2954
12.3
50
21.9
.019
202
3005
10.6
50
25.7
.034
147
2726
13.0
50
23.9
.017
146
2756
11.8
50
27.4
.081
120
2584
14.1
79
27.6
.040
113
2450
14.4
80
28.1
.041
116
2459
14.4
83
34.3
.026
92
2164
14.5
83
35.5
.023
95
2193
14.6
83
35.7
.020
100
2273
14.2
82
24.6
.184
159
2842
14.4
90
24.1
.282
155
2847
14.2
90
27.1
.376
128
2640
14.7
90
29.3
.311
124
2604
14.7
90
29.1
.298
133
2657
14.5
92
30.0
.246
136
2688
14.0
93
20.2
.133
236
3552
14.5
105
19.5
.062
246
3624
14.4
105
22.4
.073
186
3185
14.4
106
26.7
.112
142
2825
14.2
104
29.0
.162
128
2794
14.6
103
28.8
.182
141
2844
14.4
103
18.6
.299
292
3820
13.4
113
19.1
.297
272
3710
13.6
113
21.6
.316
229
3362
13.8
113
22.9
.332
220
3346
14.2
114
24.0
.273
211
3321
14.2
114
23.9
.284
212
3316
13.8
114
16.8
.183
357
4394
12.8
128
17.4
.196
339
4210
12.9
130
19.1
.102
314
4130
14.0
131
20.4
.109
304
4108
14.3
131
20.7
.106
292
4034
13.9
131
20.2
.135
293
4041
13.4
131
24.3
.032
134
2805
14.3
108
25.7
.029
123
2711
15.1
105
28.6
.033
113
2591
15.4
108
30.0
.048
108
2531
14.4
111
30.6
.049
109
2580
15.3
112
32.2
.066
105
2565
15.3
108
18.6
.045
258
3836
14.4
140
19.1
.045
249
3758
14.7
140
21.1
.027
228
3535
15.0
140
23.1
.031
193
3285
14.5
136
23.7
.036
205
3384
14.3
136
24.4
.034
200
3348
14.1
136
15.9
.026
354
4664
13.4
162
16.1
.026
333
4467
13.4
163
19.1
.011
324
4423
15.2
161
19.9
.012
313
4394
15.3
161
19.2
.019
306
4396
14.6
161
19.6
.016
307
4380
14.1
162
-------
23
Table 10 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID, IW, 0 To 60 and Volume by Car Size Class (cont.)
Two Mini Sub Midsize Large Small Midsize Large
Seater Compact Compact Compact Sedan Sedan Wagon Wagon Wagon
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
26.7
.033
174
2886
12.1
50
26.9
.031
158
2826
11.7
50
28.1
.028
166
2916
11.7
50
27.5
.026
167
2920
11.5
50
27.1
.020
169
2967
10.9
50
26.9
.015
184
3011
10.4
50
25.6
.004
151
2855
10.5
76
36.0
.007
106
2300
13.4
79
30.7
.016
113
2408
12.8
81
30.7
.007
140
2636
11.3
77
31.2
.005
120
2596
12.5
77
24.5
.003
159
2861
9.7
73
29.6
.238
140
2737
13.5
93
30.1
.202
136
2734
13.4
94
30.6
.216
136
2764
13.4
95
31.1
.193
128
2728
13.7
93
32.1
.195
123
2681
13.3
93
31.6
.196
122
2716
13.0
94
29.7
.256
137
2798
14.3
103
29.8
.272
138
2804
13.5
103
29.8
.304
137
2819
13.5
103
29.7
.373
135
2834
13.3
103
29.8
.400
137
2899
12.8
104
29.9
.357
130
2913
12.9
103
24.1
.260
210
3318
13.6
114
24.9
.258
205
3319
13.3
114
25.9
.242
194
3241
13.0
114
26.0
.211
189
3250
12.7
114
26.7
.194
184
3289
12.3
113
26.5
.228
183
3329
12.3
114
20.5
.116
294
4022
13.4
131
22.3
.140
279
3841
12.7
129
23.9
.115
260
3719
12.1
127
23.8
.113
260
3697
11.8
127
24.3
.123
263
3730
11.3
128
24.2
.134
255
3695
11.4
126
31.9
.043
107
2620
15.2
116
32.5
.046
107
2579
15.2
118
31.0
.032
113
2648
14.7
118
30.7
.033
116
2795
14.2
120
31.6
.025
112
2733
13.8
117
31.3
.024
112
2897
13.7
119
25.0
.034
172
3298
14.1
136
25.0
.030
173
3380
13.9
136
26.0
.037
162
3355
13.6
138
25.6
.036
174
3439-
12.9
141
25.8
.031
178
3397
12.5
140
25.7
.025
180
3491
12.5
141
19.9
.017
305
4371
13.9
162
20.9
.014
305
4354
13.2
162
22.0
.011
304
4381
13.9
161
22.1
.008
304
4348
14.0
162
23.0
.008
305
4310
13.2
162
22.8
.018
306
4413
14.2
161
-------
24
Small
Midsize
Large
Table
Sales (000)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
!
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Sales (000)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
11 - Characteristics of Small, Midsize and
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
4991
.447
23.3
3013
35.5
174
.055
20.2
43.6
10.1
10.1
88.6
1.4
99.2
.631
.033
14.2
3843
.344
18.6
3822
35.6
288
.075
1.2
2.2
1.6
-
1.6
98.4
.0
133.4
.467
.035
13.5
2341
.210
16.7
4428
37.2
357
.080
1.0
.1
.1
98.5
1.4
162.3
.457
.037
12.9
4714
.437
23.4
2921
34.6
163
.053
23.7
49.2
8.9
8.9
89.0
2.1
96.6
.644
.032
14.2
3693
.342
19.1
3716
35.7
269
.072
4.5
2.4
2.3
2.3
96.1
1.6
126.4
.475
.034
13.8
2387
.221
17.2
4240
36.7
339
.080
.1
.1
96.8
3.1
153.8
.456
.036
13.0
5135
.544
26.2
2709
36.0
136
.049
37.0
53.6
10.5
10.5
85.6
3.9
85.5
.659
.031
14.6
3244
.344
21.6
3376
36.6
228
.067
27.8
8.0
2.7
1.4
1.3
94.5
2.8
112.3
.510
.033
13.9
1064
.113
19.1
4158
40.1
315
.076
1.8
1.8
86.2
12.0
136.3
.438
.033
14.2
4495
.515
28.6
2637
38.2
128
.047
49.0
54.8
11.4
11.4
83.8
4.8
84.7
.687
.032
14.4
3175
.364
23.0
3341
38.5
218
.064
32.5
6.2
2.8
2.1
.7
93.1
4.1
107.1
.514
.032
14.3
1064
.122
20.4
4137
42.8
305
.074
15.3
15.3
68.4
16.3
133.0
.442
.032
14.4
4421
.565
29.2
2675
39.6
129
.047
57.3
51.1
18.4
6.1
12.3
77.8
3.8
85.7
.684
.032
14.5
2420
.310
24.0
3329
40.2
211
:062
42.8
2.6
14.4
13.6
.8
81.5
4.1
107.5
.532
.032
14.2
978
.125
20.4
4088
42.2
294
.072
17.1
17.1
72.8
10.1
135.9
.466
.033
14.0
4248
.531
29.8
2713
40.9
133
.048
60.8
50.6
33.2
16.2
17.0
64.7
2.1
89.0
.695
.032
14.2
2544
.318
24.0
3319
40.0
211
.063
47.1
1.7
16.6
15.3
1.3
81.6
1.7
111.2
.546
.033
13.9
1209
.151
20.1
4077
41.1
294
.072
35.9
35.9
61.5
2.7
140.4
.480
.034
13.5
Large Passenger Cars
1984 1985 1986
6128
.574'
29.6
2765
41.4
138
.049
64.6
41.3
44.9
21.1
23.8
52.9
2.1
94.2
.707
.034
13.9
3135
.294
24.2
3315
40.3
205
.061
56.8
1.5
29.5
25.0
4.5
69.3
1.2
112.6
.571
.034
13.7
1412
.132
20.4
4066
41.6
296
.073
37.3
37.3
61.8
.9
140.7
.478
.035
13.4
6030
.559
30.0
2756
41.8
135
.048
69.8
41.4
52.9
26.5
26.4
45.8
1.3
98.6
.746
.035
13.5
3103
.288
24.9
3325
41.6
201
.060
63.1
1.6
50.6
36.6
14.0
49.0
.4
116.8
.612
.035
13.3
1657
.154
22.2
3886
43.1
* 282
.072
29.1
60.9
43.6
17.4
38.8
.3
143.6
.511
.037
12.8
6551
.595
30.1
2784
42.3
136
.048
74.7
40.2
60.9
25.8
35.1
38.7
.4
99.8
.753
.035
13.4
3076
.279
25.9
3256
42.3
190
.058
72.5
2.8
69.2
40.4
28.8
30.6
.2
118.0
.650
.036
13.1
1388
.126
23.8
3777
44.8
264
.070
51.1
.6
76.2
14.5
61.8
23.8
146.9
.569
.039
12.2
1978 to 1989
1987 1988
6836
.632
30.1
2801
42.5
133
.047
80.0
38.2
66.7
29.7
37.0
33.1
.2
101.0
.775
.035
13.4
2663
.246
25.9
3277
42.6
187
.056
78.7
1.9
85.8
39.8
46.0
13.8
.4
124.0
.691
.038
12.7
1312
.121
23.7
3741
44.3
263
.070
56.5
.5
81.0
14.1
66.9
19.0
149.0
.579
.040
12.0
6888
.646
30.5
2825
43.3
133
.046
84.1
35.2
80.1
32.6
47.5
19.9
.0
106.2
.815
.037
13.0
2386
.224
26.6
3304
44.1
183
.055
87.5
4.3
95.5
27.2
68.3
4.5
128.3
.716
.039
12.4
1387
.130
24.2
3766
45.7
265
.070
55.1
.4
85.8
11.8
74.0
14.2
161.8
.619
.043
11.4
1989
6122
.595
30.4
2849
43.6
128
.044
87.2
39.5
83.2
31.6
51.6
16.7
.1
108.2
.855
.037
12.9
2604
.253
26.4
3345
44.3
183
.054
82.0
7.6
98.9
21.7
77.2
1.1
131.5
.731
.039
12.3
1560
.152
24.0
3780
45.4
261
.069
60.3
.4
84.3
15.3
69.0
15.7
155.6
.617
.042
11.7
-------
25
Car Size Market Shares
100%
80% -
60% -
Sales Fraction
40%
20%
78 79 80
82 83 84 85
Model Year
Fig. 12
LARGE
I
86 87 88 89
Table 12 gives fuel economy, market fraction, CID and inertia weight for 1978 to
1989 light-duty trucks by size class. In 1978, Large Pickups accounted for nearly
60 percent of all light trucks; Large Vans 19 percent and Small Pickups 10 percent.
Since then, the market share of Large Pickups has dropped to less than 30 percent
(Figure 13). Small Pickups gained in popularity through 1983 when they accounted
for 38 percent of all light trucks. Since then, their market share has dropped to
about 20 percent while Small Vans and Utility Trucks have increased their shares of
the market about 18 percent each.
The Light Truck fleet has improved 5.8 MPG since 1978, an amount larger than any
of the classes due to mix shifts across classes. Inertia weight for five of the
six size classes is higher this year than it was in 1978. The only exception is
Large Pickups, which had an average inertia weight of 4,326 in 1978, compared to
4,252 this year.
-------
26
Table 12 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID and Inertia Weight
for 1978 - 1989 Light-Duty Trucks by Size/Body Class
Small Large Small
Pickups Pickups Van
Large Small Large
Van Utility Utility
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
26.3
.1037
121
2844
23.4
.1486
123
2832
25.3
.2625
123
2792
28.1
.2468
129
2822
27.5
.3091
144
2880
26.9
.3805
145
2978
26.0
.2707
146
3080
25.9
.2273
151
3070
25.8
.2829
147
3118
26.8
.2610
147
3026
26.2
.2098
153
3062
25.1
.2135
163
3168
14.7
.5889
339
4326
14.3
.5660
330
4486
17.4
.5083
294
4227
18.9
.5439
286
4069
19.0
.4438
287
4151
18.4
.3280
289
4197
18.8
.3402
271
4048
19.2
.3391
269
4026
19.7
.2992
262
4005
19.3
.2690
268
4091
19.0
.3284
285
4232
19.2
.2865
285
4252
20.0
.0008
120
3500
18.7
.0027
120
3500
19.0
.0084
120
3619
18.5
.0062
120
3644
21.7
.0078
111
3668
19.7
.0062
118
3567
24.7
.0649
136
3380
23.5
.1206
169
3521
23.2
.1494
181
3671
23.3
.1788
186
3690
23.3
.1774
193
3809
23.3
.1859
186
3776
14.2
.1902
330
4253
13.5
.1529
326
4560
16.5
.1213
299
4404
17.4
.1283
292
4357
17.1
.1545
296
4376
17.7
.1599
301
4445
17.1
.1371
303
4402
16.4
.1124
308
4462
17.4
.0906
305
4537
17.3
.0885
309
4539
17.9
.0783
313
4662
17.3
.0947
310
4664
16.7
.0285
275
3026
16.7
.0339
261
3196
18.8
.0325
227
3083
20.4
.0234
225
3054
20.5
.0222
207
2922
21.9
.0680
189
3512
21.9
.1247
175
3546
22.1
.1429
168
3643
22.2
.1309
163
3550
22.4
.1594
175
3511
22.1
.1601
183
3530
21.7
.1789
201
3713
13.8
.0878
359
4676
11.6
.0959
355
4975
14.3
.0670
328
4810
15.6
.0513
320
4734
16.8
.0626
324
4855
16.5
.0574
333
4905
15.5
.0622
331
4910
15.8
.0577
333
4945
16.3
.0470
328
4955
15.9
.0434
333
5068
16.3
.0461
336
5189
16.2
.0405
333
5036
-------
27
Truck Class Market Shares
100%
80%
60% h
Sales Fraction
40% I-
20%
78 79
80
82 83 84 85
Model Year
Fig. 13
86 87 88 89
B. Vehicle Weight Class
Table 13 presents fuel economy, market fraction, CID, 0 to 60 acceleration time
and volume for 1978-88 cars by inertia weight. Table 1 showed that average
interior volume of cars changed very little between 1978 and 1989, but inertia
weight dropped nearly 500 Ibs, with most of this decrease coming between 1978 and
1980. This shows up in Table 13 as an increase in volume by weight class.
Analysis of cars with inertia weight above 4000 Ibs is confounded by the fact that
these vehicles accounted for more about a fourth of the cars built in 1978,
compared to only about a percent or two of the cars built each year since 1984.
Since 1984, four weight classes, those from 2500 to 3500 Ib, have accounted for
over 70 percent of the cars built each year. Reduction in market share has oc-
curred for those cars below 2500 Ib and also for those above 3500 Ib. Since last
year, MPG has increased for all but two of the weight classes shown (3000 and 3500
Ib), but these two classes account for over 50 percent of this year's production.
Table 14 presents fuel economy, average market fraction, and CID by inertia
weight class for 1978 to 1989 light trucks. In 1978, two weight classes, 4000 and
4500 Ib, accounted for 70 percent of the light trucks. The market share of these
two classes dropped to about 40 percent in 1984-85, but have since increased by 49
percent.
The market share of the 3500 Ib class for Light Trucks increased from 3 percent
in 1978 to about 25 percent in 1986 where it has remained. Similarly, the 3000 Ib
class increased from 4 percent in 1978 to 20 percent in 1982, but has since dropped
to 14 percent. At the inertia weight level of stratification, there has been no
significant increase in fuel economy for seven years.
-------
28
Table 13 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID, 0 to 60 Time, and Volume
for 1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars by Inertia Weight Class
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
Under
2250
34.9
.024
90
14.3
80
32.0
.022
88
14.4
80
33.0
.030
90
14.3
86
38.4
.024
86
14.0
87
40.3
.020
86
14.5
87
43.6
.012
84
14.4
86
44.3
.009
86
13.5
73
48.5
.009
78
14.5
68
45.8
.013
67
15.9
79
43.4
.013
66
16.0
81
44.5
.019
71
15.3
89
46.4
.020
74
14.8
92
2250
31.9
.079
89
15.0
86
31.4
.065
88
15.2
88
32.4
.123
92
15.0
90
34.4
.136
96
14.8
91
35.6
.113
. 94
15.0
92
36.2
.123
95
14.9
96
37.1
.084
94
14.8
97
37.5
.078
94
14.6
97
38.5
.068
93
14.8
93
39.0
.043
91
14.6
90
39.4
.039
91
13.5
91
40.1
.025
89
13.4
94
2500
27.9
.070
101
15.1
92
27.9
.100
101
15.4
91
28.0
.124
104
15.6
92
29.4
.175
108
14.8
95
31.2
.184
106
15.4
92
32.2
.155
107
15.0
95
32.7
.143
107
14.7
96
32.8
.157
109
14.2
98
33.7
.147
106
14.3
100
33.4
.183
104
14.6
99
34.1
.159
100
14.4
100
35.0
.153
98
13.9
99
2750
24.8
.045
129
13.4
89
24.0
.043
132
13.6
82
26.1
.103
142
13.6
96
27.7
.082
137
13.8
107
28.8
.123
124
14.4
104
30.2
.108
124
14.2
106
30.1
.192
127
14.1
103
30.6
.174
128
13.6
103
30.6
.172
125
13.4
102
30.8
.175
124
13.3
102
31.4
.145
122
13.1
102
31.8
.115
119
13.1
102
3000
22.5
.081
164
13.9
97
22.1
.119
162
13.9
96
23.6
.215
164
13.8
101
24.4
.186
165
13.8
104
25.7
.199
163
13.6
104
25.8
. 189
161
13.4
105
26.4
.187
157
13.2
105
27.1
.189
153
13.0
106
27.5
.257
151
13.2
107
27.9
.258
147
12.9
106
28.5
.296
145
12.6
105
28.1
.300
147
12.4
106
3500
20.2
.268
257
13.8
111
20.2
.249
252
13.7
112
20.7
.227
244
14.1
111
22.2
.209
234
14.3
113
22.4
.182
237
14.0
112
22.8
.209
238
13.6
112
22.9
.208
236
13.1
110
23.4
.228
228
12.7
112
24.4
.251
225
12.0
113
24.6
.236
218
11.6
114
25.4
.253
213
11.3
114
25,2
.274
199
11.4
114
4000
18.0
.200
306
13.1
115
17.8
.245
311
13.0
120
18.8
.139
302
13.9
122
20.3
.150
296
14.0
123
20.6
.155
287
13.8
126
20.3
.181
287
13.4
127
20.6
.159
289
13.4
126
21.7
.155
294
12.8
125
22.1
.083
299
12.4
125
21.7
.084
295
12.3
122
22.4
.079
290
11.2
126
23.1
.089
267
12.4
123
Over
4000
15.8
.233
369
13.1
126
16.2
.159
358
13.5
127
18.9
.039
350
15.1
137
20.3
.037
343
16.1
137
20.7
.024
323
16.1
148
19.8
.024
312
14.4
146
20.0
.018
309
14.0
152
20.8
.010
307
13.8
160
21.2
.009
309
14.0
156
22.0
.007
307
14.5
159
22.4
.010
308
14.4
144
22.4
,023
308
14.4
148
-------
29
Table 14 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction and CID
for 1978 to 1989 Light Trucks by Inertia Weight Class
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
Under
2750
27.2
.007
97
27.5
.013
96
28.8
.024
92
33.3
.028
102
29.8
.026
120
28.1
.017
126
28.0
.007
99
29.1
.003
82
32.7
.010
84
33.0
.015
81
33.3
.018
81
32.2
.011
91
2750
23.5
.074
157
22.6
.081
126
25.2
.174
126
27.9
.122
130
28.3
.119
130
28.8
.148
132
28.3
.098
130
29.9
.067
130
29.5
.073
132
29.7
.057
133
27.7
.030
134
27.7
.022
135
3000
25.2
.044
148
21.9
.073
154
22.7
.114
146
25.9
.137
150
25.9
.198
162
25.7
.180
158
26.0
.172
153
26.2
.179
151
26.8
.193
143
26.9
.187
144
27.1
.149
148
26.7
.135
146
3500
18.6
.031
267
16.9
.022
251
18.3
.044
211
20.9
.067
238
22.1
.076
205
23.3
.120
174
22.7
.221
164
23.0
.260
168
23.0
.259.
164
23.0
.287
178
22.7
.242
188
22.7
.241
188
4000
15.9
.402
319
15.9
.227
301
18.6
.288
279
19.1
.371
283
18.7
.256
286
19.0
.218
269
18.9
.206
265
19.6
.202
260
20.1
.215
243
20.6
.223
236
21.3
.250
223
21.5
.290
220
4500
13.5
.301
353
13.9
.311
323
15.7
.209
319
16.8
.205
312
16.8
.213
310
17.0
.225
310
16.7
.207
310
16.4
.203
311
17.3
.177
307
17.2
.163
314
18.0
.218
320
17.8
.200
318
5000
12.8
.099
371
12.3
.218
363
15.1
.130
347
15.8
.067
330
17.0
.089
332
17.0
.075
332
16.0
.078
327
15.9
.076
326
16.3
.067
323
15.9
.055
327
16.2
.074
326
16.4
.094
328
Over
5000
12.1
.042
379
11.0
.054
401
13.0
.018
355
13.7
.003
350
21.5
.024
350
20.4
.017
374
18.2
.012
369
17.1
.010
363
16.8
.008
348
16.9
.014
352
16.9
.019
352
16.6
.007
355
-------
30
VII. Trends by Market Segment
Table 15 shows major characteristics of the Domestic, European, and Asian car
fleets for model years 1978-89. Table 16 presents similar data for light trucks,
but the truck fleet is divided into just Domestic and Import segments. As in pre-
vious papers, Import production volumes include vehicles assembled in the U.S. by
foreign manufacturers.
A. Market Share
As shown in Figure 14, the market share of European cars has stayed at 5 to 7
percent. The Asian share of the car market, on the other hand, has increased from
14 percent in 1978 to over 33 percent. Sales of Import trucks have ranged from 10
to 30 percent. Their share of the light truck market this year (20 percent) is
much lower than it was two years ago when 30 percent of Light Trucks were Imports.
B. Vehicle Size
Domestic cars built this year are 523 pounds lighter than their 1978 counter-
parts, have engines that are 93 CID smaller and get 8.1 higher MPG. Nearly 70 per-
cent of this MPG increase occurred between 1978 and 1982.
This year's Asian and European cars get higher MPG than in 1978, but are heavier
and have larger engines. European passenger car MPG peaked at nearly 30 MPG in
1981, primarily because Diesel engines were used in 36 percent of the European cars
that year.
Sales Fraction by Vehicle Type
Cars and Light Trucks
100%
80%
60%
Sales Fraction
1 Domestic Trucks
'Domestic Cars
40%
20%
1 Asian Cars
'European Cars
'Import Trucks
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 14
-------
31
Table 15 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Domestic, European and Asian Passenger Cars
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Domestic
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
X Small
X Mid
X Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
European
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
X Small
X Mid
X Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
9084
.813
18.7
3828
36.0
284
.073
4.6
8.2
1.1
1.1
98.6
.4
133
.483
.035
13.6
32.2
42.1
25.8
114
2185
4117
582
.052
23.9
2705
33.2
115
.042
53.7
68.6
65.5
65.5
22.9
11.5
87
.758
.032
14.7
96.2
3.8
92
2335
3084
8761
.812
19.3
3696
35.7
268
.071
6.3
9.9
1.1
1.1
97.3
1.6
128
.501
.035
13.6
31.0
41.8
27.2
114
2235
4088
520
.048
24.4
2783
35.1
121
.043
47.0
69.1
54.9
54.9
27.5
17.6
87
.727
.031
15.1
93.4
6.6
90
2354
3195
6820
.722
21.9
3323
36.5
218
.064
23.4
.6
16.8
1.2
.9
.2
95.7
3.1
109
.532
.033
14.1
37.3
47.1
15.6
110
2448
4048
699
.074
28.0
2649
38.5
114
.043
65.3
75.2
55.3
55.3
15.5
29.2
80
.702
.030
15.4
95.4
4.6
90
2699
3498
6261
.717
23.5
3291
38.7
210
.062
32.4
.3
15.3
3.7
3.7
91.3
5.0
106
.549
.032
14.2
32.7
50.3
17.0
113
2706
4408
525
.060
29.4
2765
42.1
121
.044
61.1
68.7
61.4
61.4
2.2
36.4
84
.694
.030
15.2
95.0
5.0
93
2928
3940
5506
.704
24.5
3247
40.0
200
.059
42.9
.4
15.4
13.9
13.9
82.4
3.7
106
.567
.032
14.3
38.8
43.4
17.8
112
2800
4504
494
.063
28.6
2895
42.7
129
.044
54.8
61.2
65.6
65.6
6.3
28.1
92
.718
.031
14.8
93.8
6.2
96
2923
4144
5682
.710
24.1
3310
40.2
208
.061
42.5
.6
12.3
27.3
26.6
.7
71.5
1.2
111
.565
.033
14.0
34.7
44.1
21.3
115
2828
4612
441
.055
27.2
3041
42.0
140
.046
41.9
.1
53.5
77.0
77.0
3.6
19.4
107
.773
.035
13.5
90.5
9.3
.1
99
2784
4180
8102
.759
25.1
3233
40.8
197
.059
51.3
.3
13.6
38.3
32.0
6.3
60.7
.9
nb'
.593
.034
13.8
45.3
37.2
17.4
111
2857
4553
640
.060
26.7
2987
40.8
139
.046
45.4
.5
51.0
84.2
84.2
2.2
13.6
110
.798
.037
13.0
81.6
18.4
100
2772
4086
7797
.723
25.8
3246
41.9
199
.059
60.0
.0
11.0
57.5
44.2
13.3
42.3
.2
117
.625
.036
13.2
40.7
38.0
21.3
113
2950
4734
666
.062
26.3
3070
41.1
144
.046
45.0
.6
46.4
88.8
88.8
.3
10.9
117
.827
.038
12.8
79.5
20.5
.0
102
2818
4231
7515
.682
26.6
3199
42.6
191
.058
68.2
.1
11.7
70.7
41.0
29.6
29.2
' .1
117
.646
.036
13.0
43.6
38.1
18.3
112
2999
4768
735
.067
26.0
3019
39.8
146
.047
47.0
1.2
46.9
91.4
91.4
5.3
3.3
124
.857
.040
12.2
76.3
22.3
1.5
103
2788
4124
6702
.620
26.6
3202
42.7
189
.058
74.0
.6
10.7
84.9
44.6
40.4
15.0
.1
121
.666
.037
12.8
43.3
37.4
19.4
112
3017
4805
745
.069
25.9
3025
39.5
146
.047
45.6
1.4
48.7
90.3
90.3
6.6
3.1
128
.885
.041
11.9
78.5
19.6
1.8
101
2701
4012
6616
.621
27.2
3247
44.2
190
.057
78.5
. .4
9.9
95.4
35.0
60.4
4.6
129
.704
.039
12.3
47.7
31.6
20.7
113
3079
4982
643
.060
25.6
3091
39.9
147
.046
48.9
1.3
44.7
94.1
94.1
5.8
.1
134
.918
.042
11.7
73.6
24.2
2.2
101
2684
4068
6233
.606
26.8
3305
44.4
191
.057
79.8
.3
10.8
95.6
32.9
62.7
4.4
131
.710
.039
12.3
38.5
36.8
24.8
114
3086
5085
593
.058
24.6
3227
40.1
155
.047
40.6
1.7
37.2
99.5
99.5
.5
145
.948
.044
11.3
73.7
23.7
2.7
103
2615
4152
-------
32
Table 15 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Domestic, European and Asian Passenger Cars (continued)
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Asian
Sales(OOO) 1510
Fraction .135
55/45 FE 28.7
Wt(lbs) 2482
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
36.2
106
.042
1513
.140
26.7
2506
33.9
107
.042
1924
.204
29.0
2482
36.4
107
.043
1948
.223
30.9
2469
38.6
109
.044
1819
.233
31.2
2512
39.7
113
.044
1879 1933
.235 .181
32.7 32.7
2529 2569
41.9 42.5
112 114
.044 .044
22.8 32.4 39.2 45.5 51.3 63.2 66.8
2.5 2.4 2.1 2.2 11.3 4.2
74.1 77.8 69.7 68.7 64.4 67.1 59.4
2328
.216
32.2
2585
42.2
113
.043
71.8
9.4
59.0
2765
.251
32.9
2616
43.5
110
.042
85.3
3.6
54.4
3364
.311
32.1
2696
43.6
111
.041
89.2
3.1
47.3
3401
.319
32.6
2675
43.9
109
.040
92.2
3.1
46.9
X TBI
X Port
% Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
X Small
X Mid
X Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
5.9
8.1
.5
9.4 11.0 13.1 20.2 28.6
94.1 91.9 90.6 88.2 85.6 79.3 70.1
.8 1.3 .5 .8
84 78 77 78 80 83 88
.784 .734 .720 .713 .707 .731 .768
.033 .031 .031 .031 .032 .032 .034
14.0 14.6 14.6 14.5 14.5 14.2 13.7
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
85 85
2531 2356
3097 2895
89
2647
3232
89
2816
3426
91
2924
3611
93
3160
3924
94
3174
4004
.4
29.5
69.9
.2
89
.782
.034
13.9
99.2
.8
95
3175
4013
1.7
41.4
56.8
.1
90
.810
.034
13.8
98.1
1.9
97
3287
4211
8.5
37.3
21.8
39.1
93
.826
.034
13.9
99.6
.4
97
3198
4236
95
.862
.035
13.5
94.4
5.6
98
3285
4313
3461
.336
31.9
2756
44.2
111
.040
92.6
3.0
49.9
X Inject 5.9 8.1 9.4 11.0 13.1 20.2 29.1 29.9 43.2 45.8 61.0 70.4
19.9
50.6
54.2 39.0 29.6
100
.899
.036
13.2
95.0
5.0
99
3244
4377
Note the changes in MPG and 0 to 60 MPH acceleration time that have occurred
between 1978 and 1989 for Domestic, European, and Asian cars. Between 1978 and
1981, average MPG for Domestic cars increased from 18.7 to 23.5 MPG while their
acceleration increased from 13.6 to 14.2 seconds. Since then, Domestic MPG has
increased to 26.8 and Domestic 0 to 60 acceleration time has decreased to 12.3
seconds.
European MPG and 0 to 60 acceleration time changed similarly between 1978 and
1981 when European MPG increased from 23.9 to 29.4. Since then, however, European
MPG has decreased to 24.6 and European 0 to 60 acceleration time has decreased to
11.3 seconds. Between 1978 and 1983, 0 to 60 acceleration time for Asian cars re-
mained above 14.0 seconds, but has since decreased to 13.2 seconds. In addition,
Asian passenger car fuel economy has remained in a narrow (30.9 to 32.7) MPG range
since 1981.
Import truck fuel economy peaked in 1981 at 27.3 MPG when 15.9 percent of them
had Diesel engines (Table 16). Since then, import truck MPG has decreased 3.1 MPG
and their inertia weight has increased 491 pounds.
Since 1978, Domestic light trucks improved 5.8 MPG, but almost all of this im-
provement occurred between 1978 and 1983. Since then, Domestic truck MPG and iner-
tia weight have stayed in a narrow range.
-------
33
Table 16 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Domestic and Imported Light Duty Trucks
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Domestic
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
% 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
X Small
X Large
Imports
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
X Small
X Large
2915
.891
.14.5
4305
31.8
337
.079
31.7
25.5
99.1
.9
153
.451
.036
13.2
2.7
97.3
358
.109
25.1
2903
37.2
127
.043
6.5
88.6
.8
99.2
89
.719
.031
14.7
100.0
2616
.847
13.8
4504
31.8
330
.073
17.6
25.6
97.9
2.1
148
.449 '
.033
14.2
3.8
96.2
473
.153
23.1
2854
33.7
124
.043
20.1
88.1
1.8
98.2
85
.688
.030
15.0
100.0
1293
.694
16.8
4323
36.8
303
.070
27.1
36.8
95.9
4.1
136
.451
.032
14.4
4.3
95.7
571
.306
24.3
2839
35.1
124
.044
4.6
20.3
89.8
5.4
92.6
2.0
87
.701
.031
14.7
89.3
10.7
1310
.720
18.2
4173
38.4
293
.070
.3
19.0
35.6
98.4
1.6
132
.453
.032
14.4
3.3
96.7
510
.280
27.3
2862
39.9
130
.045
6.5
22.8
92.8
4.0
80.1
15.9
84
.650
.030
15.2
90.2
9.8
1459
.763
19.0
4078
39.3
277
.068
.0
18.2
31.2
93.3
6.7
130
.486
.032
14.3
18.1
81.9
454
.237
27.1
2932
40.6
135
.046
7.1
26.1
92.2
2.8
79.5
17.7
87
.648
.030
15.2
84.7
15.3
1806
.785
19.6
3977
39.6
257
.063
.0
26.1
33.8
95.9
4.1
125
.508
.031
14.5
33.8
66.2
495
.215
27.1
2982
41.0
137
.046
6.2
24.6
90.2
3.0
90.3
6.8
92
.672
.031
14.6
88.0
12.0
2608
.780
19.2
3990
38.9
250
.062
5.7
33.0
30.1
98.1
1.9
125
.523
.031
14.6
39.3
60.7
737
.220
26.6
3045
40.9
134
.044
2.0
23.9
84.5
11.6
84.6
3.8
91
.680
.030
14.9
70.0
30.0
2938
.801
19.5
3963
39.2
245
.061
8.2
30.7
26.5
9.5
.2
89.6
:s
130
.553
.033
14.2
45.9
54.1
730
.199
26.3
3119
41.4
139
.045
2.4
30.0
79.8
23.5
.1
74.9
1.6
100
.719
.032
14.4
61.7
38.3
3055
.702
19.9
3993
40.1
243
.060
7.6
29.9
25.3
44.6
19.8
24.8
54.8
.6
134
.579
.034
13.8
49.1
50.9
1296
.298
26.1
3136
41.2
138
.044
1.8
31.2
83.5
30.9
16.1
14.8
68.0
1.1
99
.717
.032
14.3
73.4
26.6
3160
.734
20.4
3945
40.6
240
.060
8.9
28.6
26.3
80.3
36.5
43.8
19.4
.3
143
.620
.036
13.0
50.8
49.2
-
1146
.266
25.6
3139
40.3
139
.044
2.3
35.9
76.3
34.9
20.5
14.4
64.9
.2
99
.718
.032
14.2
85.2
14.8
3705
.805
20,4
4034
41.5
250
.061
10.8
29.9
23.4
96.4
50.8
45.6
3.3
.3
151
.625
.037
12.7
48.7
51.3
899
.195
24.5
3228
39.6
142
.044
1.5
49.3
78.7
53.0
19.8
33.3
47.0.
105
.741
.033
13.9
79.4
20.6
3604
.793
20.3
4051
41.4
251
.061
11.6
30.0
21.4
98.5
52.1
46.4
1.2
.3
153
.632
.038
12.6
50.6
49.4
942
.207
24.2
3353
40.6
148
.044
1.6
40.4
70.8
62.8
20.9
41.9
37.2
110
.743
.033
13.7
85.4
14.6
-------
34
Since 1978, European and Asian cars have not only increased inertia weight and
engine size, they have also increased their interior volumes by 11 and 14 cubic
feet respectively (Figure 15). The size (interior volume) of Domestic cars has re-
mained about the same (110 to 115 cubic feet) and their inertia weight has reduced.
Passenger Car Interior Volume, 1978 - 89
130
120
110
100
90
80
EPA Volume (cu. ft.)
DOMESTIC
EUROPEAN
ASIAN
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 15
LARGE
MIDSIZE
COMPACT
SUBCOMPACT
MINICOMPACT
Average interior volume for Domestic cars has remained in the "Midsize" range.
Since 1978, average interior volume increased from the "Minicompact" to the "Sub-
compact" range for Asian cars, and from the "Subcompact" to the "Compact" range for
European cars.
Table 15 showed two ratios, Hp/CID and HP/Wt, by which Domestic, European, and
Asian cars can be compared. For the Domestics, Hp/CID has increased from 0.48 in
1978 to 0.71 this year. For the Europeans, Hp/CID dropped from a value of 0.76 in
1978 to 0.69 in 1981 (the peak year for European Diesel usage) and has since risen
to a value of 0.95. Similarly, Hp/CID for the Asians decreased from 0.78 in 1978
to 0.71 in 1981 and 1982 and has since increased to 0.90 in 1989. Thus, Domestic
cars, on a power per cubic inch displacement basis, trail the Imports.
-------
35
From 1978 to 1982, horsepower per Ib of inertia weight (Figure 16), remained in
a relatively narrow range for Domestic, European, and Asian cars. Since then, this
ratio has increased at roughly the same rate for European and Domestic cars and at
a slightly slower rate for the Asians.
Horsepower per Pound, 1978 to 89
0.048
0.044
0.040
0.036
0.032
0.028
Domestic
European
Asian
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 16
Figure 17 shows the ratio of interior volume (in cubic feet) to inertia weight
(in Ibs). For the Domestics, interior volume has remained relatively constant, but
because of the weight reductions which took place primarily between 1978 and 1982,
this ratio increased.
For the Asians/ interior volume and inertia weight have both consistently in-
creased since 1978, but their ratio has remained relatively constant since 1979.
Interior volume and inertia weight have increased on a similar basis for the Europ-
eans through 1988. Since then, interior volume of European cars has remained con-
stant, but their inertia weight has increased.
-------
36
Cubic Feet per Pound, 1978 to 1989
0.038
0.036
0.034
0.032
0.030
0.028
Domestic
European
Asian
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 17
Figure 18 shows ton-miles per gallon, i.e. miles per gallon multiplied by iner-
tia weight in tons. Ton MPG equates vehicle utility with its ability to move
weight (its own plus payload). Ton MPG for Domestic and Asian cars have both in-
creased and are difficult to distinguish. Ton-MPG for European cars peaked in 1982
at 42.7 ton-MPG, dropped to a nominal value of 40 in 1986 where it has remained.
Cubic feet miles per gallon (Figure 19) is a metric which associates vehicle
utility with the ability to move interior volume, i.e. passengers and cargo. Since
interior volume of European cars has been constant, and European fuel economy has
decreased the last few years, European cubic feet MPG has decreased. For the
Asians, both interior volume and fuel economy have been relatively constant the
last few years, thus so has their cubic feet MPG. Interior volume for the Domes-
tics has also been constant, but their cubic feet MPG metric increased due to fuel
economy increases.
-------
37
Ton MPG, 1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars
45.0
42.5
40.0
37.5
35.0
32.5
Domestic
European
Asian
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 18
Cubic Feet MPG, 1978 to 1989 Cars
3500
3250
3000
2750
2500
2250
2000
Domestic
European
Asian
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
Model Year
Fig. 19
-------
38
C. Fuel Metering
Figure 20 shows the sales fractions of Domestic, European and Asian cars, which
uses Diesel, carburetion, TBI or port fuel injection. Nearly all of this year's
European cars use port fuel injection. Throttle body injection (TBI) has been used
in only a small percentage of Asian cars. Less than 30 percent of the Asian cars
still use carbureted engines.
Nearly two-thirds of this year's Domestic cars will use port-fuel injection.
Use of TBI by the Domestics, however, remained relatively constant at about 43 per-
cent for three years (1985 to 1987), but has dropped to 33 percent. Use of port
fuel injection in Domestic cars has increased every year since 1983.
As mentioned earlier, fuel-injected engines are now used in more than 90 percent
of this year's light trucks compared to less than 3 percent in 1984. Nearly all of
this year's Domestic trucks are fuel injected, and over 62 percent of the Imports
are. By comparison, fuel-injected engines were used in 45 percent of the 1986 Do-
mestic and 31 percent of the 1986 Import trucks.
D. Drive and Transmission
Nearly 80 percent of this year's Domestic cars will use front-wheel drive, as
will more than 90 percent of the Asians compared to only 40 percent of the Euro-
peans. Use of front-wheel drive in European cars peaked in 1980 at 65 percent.
Four-wheel drive has been used only in a small percentage of the Domestic,
European, and Asian cars built each year. Four-wheel-drive usage for Domestic light
trucks has varied from a minimum of 18 percent in 1982 to a maximum of 33 percent
in 1984. For the Imports, on the other hand, four-wheel-drive usage has increased
from 6.5 percent in 1978 to over 40 percent this year. Since 1985, front-wheel
drive has been used in about 8-10 percent of the Domestic trucks and has been used
in only as many as 7 percent (in 1982) of the Import trucks.
Use of manual transmissions in Asian cars has dropped from 78 percent in 1979 to
about 50 percent the last four years. Similarly, use of manual transmissions peaked
at 75 percent in 1980 for the Europeans and decreased to less than 40 percent this
year. Manual transmission usage for Domestic cars increased from 8 percent in 1978
to 17 percent in 1980, and has remained in a 10 to 12 percent band since 1983.
-------
39
Passenger Car Fuel Metering
100*
Domestic
Sales Fraction
100*
Asian
Sales Fraction
0%
40*
20ft
787880818283848686878688
7«7»aoai82MMMM«7MM
Model Year
European
Model Year
Sales Fraction
60*
Carbureted
Diesel
Port
TBI
797880818288848686878888
Model Year
Fig. 20
-------
40
VIII. Conclusions
Since 1982, there has been little improvement in the fuel economy of light-duty
vehicles, compared to the improvements which took place before then: in the 7 years
from 1975 to 1982, fuel economy improved by 10 MPG for passenger cars and 7 MPG for
light trucks; in the 7 years from 1982 to 1989, fuel economy improved by 2 MPG for
passenger cars and by 0.5 MPG for light trucks.
Average 55/45 MPG for cars decreased from 28.6 to 28.2 since last year. Other
changes since last year include a 61 Ib increase in inertia weight and increases in
horsepower and engine size.
This year's Domestic light trucks get 5.8 MPG higher 55/45 fuel economy than
their 1978 counterparts. Import light truck fuel economy has decreased 0.9 MPG
since 1978.
This year's combined car and light truck fleet will average 25.5 MPG. Since
1981, 55/45 fuel economy improved 3.1 MPG for cars and 0.9 MPG for light trucks.
Average weight for cars was essentially constant (about 3100 Ibs) for the past
ten years, but seems to have started to increase in 1989.
Average weight for light trucks was essentially constant (about 3800 Ibs) for
the past ten years, but seems to have started to increase in 1989.
There is a hint of a trend toward lower fuel efficiency because of increases in
vehicle weight, for both cars and trucks.
The market share of Large Sedans and Wagons has remained in a narrow range (11
to 15 percent) since 1980. The market share of Midsize Sedans and Wagons has
dropped from 36 percent in 1981 to about 25 percent in 1987, where it remains.
Average inertia weights and fuel economy levels of the individual car size
classes have changed very little since the early 1980s.
There is a trend toward smaller trucks. The market share of Large Pickups has
dropped from 60 percent in 1978 to less than 30 percent this year, with Small
Pickups, Vans, and Utility trucks absorbing the shift in market share. Light truck
MPG has not changed significantly since 1981.
At the number of cylinders level of stratification, there has been little year-
to-year improvement in fuel economy in the last several years for either cars or
trucks. The market share of 6-cylinder engines has increased to over 30 percent
for cars, and has increased to almost 50 percent for trucks. Compared to 1978,
this year's 4-cylinder car engines are 11 CID larger, while 6- and 8-cylinder
engines are smaller by 28 and 34 CID, respectively. Use of 8-cylinder engines has
dropped to 10 percent of this year's cars and 25 percent of this year's trucks.
There is no trend toward larger displacement engines, but there is a consistent
trend toward higher horsepower levels.
There is a trend toward lower fuel efficiency because increases in engine
horsepower-to-CID capabilities are being used for performance increases, rather
than for constant-performance CID reduction.
-------
41
VIII. Conclusions (cont'd)
Fuel injection is used in more than 87 percent of this year's cars and 91
percent of the light trucks.
Since 1978, passenger car 55/45 fuel economy has improved 8.1 MPG for the
Domestic models, compared to 0.7 MPG for European and 3.2 for Asian.
Sales of Asian cars are projected to exceed three million this year, more than
double the number sold in 1978. The market share of European cars has been in a
narrow range (5 to 7 percent) since 1978. The market share of Import trucks will
be 21 percent this year, compared to a peak of 31 percent in 1980.
Since 1978, engine size, inertia weight, and interior volume have all increased
for European and Asian cars. For the Domestics, interior volume has remained the
same, but inertia weight and engine size have decreased since 1978.
The technical characteristics of recent model year cars are such that passenger
car fleet fuel economy in the 30 to 34 MPG range can be achieved.
IX. References
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Fuel Economy and Emission Control,
November 1972.
2. Passenger Car Fuel Economy - Trends and Influencing Factors, SAE Paper 730790,
Austin and Hellman, September 1973.
3. Fuel Economy of the 1975 Models, SAE Paper 740970, Austin and Hellman, October
1974.
4. Passenger Car Fuel Economy Trends through 1976, SAE Paper 750957, Austin,
Michael and Service, October 1975.
5. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1977, SAE Paper 760795,
Murrell, Pace, Service and Yeager, October 1976.
6. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1978, SAE Paper 780036,
Murrell, February 1978.
7. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1979, SAE Paper 790225,
Murrell, February 1979.
8. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1980, SAE Paper 800853,
Murrell, Foster and Bristor, June 1980.
9. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1981, SAE Paper 810386,
Foster, Murrell and Loos, February 1981.
10. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1982, SAE Paper 820300,
Cheng, LeBaron, Murrell and Loos, February 1982.
-------
42
IX. References (cont'd)
11. Why Vehicles Don't Achieve EPA MPG on the Road and How that Shortfall Can Be
Accounted For, SAE Paper 820791, Hellman and Murrell, June 1982.
12. Light-Duty Automobile Fuel Economy . . . Trends through 1983, SAE Paper 830544,
Murrell, Loos, Heavenrich, and Cheng, February 1983.
13. Passenger Car Fuel Economy - Trends through 1984, SAE Paper 840499, Heavenrich,
Murrell, Cheng, and Loos, February 1984.
14. Light Truck Fuel Economy - Trends through 1984, SAE Paper 841405, Loos, Cheng,
Murrell and Heavenrich, October 1984.
15. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy . . . Trends through 1985, SAE Paper 850550,
Heavenrich, Murrell, Cheng and Loos, March 1985.
16. Light-Duty Automotive Trends Through 1986, SAE Paper 860366, Heavenrich, Cheng,
and Murrell, February 1986.
17. Light-Duty Automotive Trends through 1987 SAE Paper 871088, Heavenrich,
Murrell, and Cheng, May 1988.
18. Light-Duty Trends Through 1988 U.S. EPA, EPA/AA/CTAB/88-07, Heavenrich, and
Murrell, June 1988.
19. Concise Description of Auto Fuel Economy in Recent Years, SAE Paper 760045,
Malliaris, Asia and Gould, February 1976.
20. Automotive Fleet Yearly Fact Book. Bobit Publishing, Redondo Beach, CA.
Appendixes
APPENDIX A lists the vehicle classification convention used in this report.
APPENDIX B gives the sales-weighted average nameplate MPG values for model
year 1988 cars and trucks, by size class.
APPENDIX C gives characteristics of model year 1989 cars by size class.
APPENDIX D gives characteristics of model year 1989 trucks by size class.
APPENDIX E gives characteristics of model year 1989 cars by weight class.
APPENDIX F gives characteristics of model year 1989 trucks by weight class.
-------
43
Appendix A - Vehicle Classification Convention
Manufacturer/Vehicle
AMC Renault Alliance
AMC Eagle Medallion
AMC Eagle 4WD Car/Wagon
AMC Eagle Summit
Chrysler vehicles by Mitsubishi
Chrysler vehicles by Lamborghini
Colt Vista by Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi Space Wagon
Ford vehicles by Mazda
Mercury Merkur and Scorpio
GM vehicles by Isuzu
GM vehicles by Suzuki
1988-89 Pontiac LeMans
GM/Toyota vehicles
U.S. built Honda
Honda/Rover/Sterling
Subaru 4WD Car/Wagon
Subaru Brat
U.S. built Volkswagen
Audi and German built Volkswagen
Porsche
This Trend Analysis
Domestic
European Import
Car/Wagon
Asian Import
Mitsubishi
Lamborghini
Mitsubishi Small Van
Small Van
Mazda
Ford European Import
Isuzu
Suzuki
Asian Import
Asian Import
Honda Import
Asian Import
Car/Wagon
Small Pickup
VW Group
VW Group
VW Group through 1984,
Porsche after 1984
-------
44
Appendix B ~ Nameplate Average Fuel Economy
I**************************** UNADJ a**************************** UNADJ ***************************** UNADJ
TWO SEATERS 55/45 MINICOMPACT SEDANS 55/45 SUBCOMPACT SEDANS 55/45
...........,!.....,».. Mpo ..,,.,.,........,...,........ MpG .,.....,...,,.I..,,,,...*,,,, MPG
SUZUKI METRO 65.3
HONDA CIVIC CRX HF 60.7
SUZUKI METRO LSI 51.1
SUZUKI SPRINT 50.3
DAIHATSU CHARADE E 46.4
SUZUKI TURBO SWIFT 46.1
SUZUKI TURBO SPRINT 46.1
DAIHATSU CHARADE 45.1
MAZDA FESTIVA 44. 1
SUBARU JUSTV 41.1
SUZUKI SWIFT 40.8
ISUZU SPECTRUM 39.6
ISUZU I-MARK 39.6
ISUZU SUNBURST 39.4
HONDA CIVIC CRX 38.1
TOYOTA TERCEL 38.0
HONDA CIVIC 37.0
NISSAN SENTRA HONEYBEE 36.9
MITSUBISHI COLT 36.7
SUBARU JUSTY 4WD 36.1
MERCEDES-BENZ 190D2.5 35.6
MITSUBISHI PRECIS 35.3
HYUNDAI EXCEL 35.0
MITSUBISHI MIRAGE 34.5
NISSAN SENTRA COUPE 34.3
MAZDA TRACER 34.2
SUZUKI SWIFT GTI 34.0
HONDA INTEGRA 32.1
SUBARU HATCHBAC 31.7
NUMMI PRIZM 31.6
VW/AUDI FOX 31.5
TOYOTA MR2 31.4
NISSAN PULSAR NX 30.8
TOYOTA COROLLA 30.5
SUBARU XT-DL 30.3
BERTONE Xl/9 29.2
SUBARU XT 29. 1
CHRYSLER SUNDANCE CONVER 29.0
VW/AUDI CABRIOLET 28.6
GM SUNBIRO CONVERTIB 28.1
TOYOTA CELICA 27.8
HONDA PRELUDE 27.8
CHRYSLER OAYTONA 27.8
ALFA ROMEO SPIDER 27.7
CHRYSLER SHADOW CONVERT 27.7
VW/AUOI 80/90 26.6
ISUZU IMPULSE 26.4
GM CAVALIER CONVERTIB 26.3
NISSAN 240SX 26.3
GM REATTA 25.5
CHRYSLER LEBARON CONVERTIB ... 25.5
PORSCHE 944 TURBO 25.3
FORD MUSTANG 25.3
SUBARU XT 4WD 25.1
SAAB 900 CONVERTIB 25.1
PORSCHE 944 24.8
MERCEDES-BENZ 190E2.6 24.7
LOTUS ESPRIT TU 24.3
GM CAMARO 23.9
VW/AUDI 80/90 QUATTRO 23.9
NISSAN 300ZX 2*2 23.9
GM FIREBIRD/TRANS 23.9
BMW M3 23.7
NISSAN 300ZX 23.5
MITSUBISHI CONQUEST 23.4
BMW 3251 CONVERTIB 23.3
PORSCHE 944 S 23.3
MITSUBISHI STARION 23.3
ALFA ROMEO MILANO 23.2
BMW 325IX 23.2
MASERATI TC BY MASERATI 23.1
BMW 325I/325IS 23.1
TOYOTA SUPRA 23.0
GM CORVETTE 22.8
GM CORVETTE CONVERTIB 22.8
MERCEDES-BENZ 300CE 22.8
MAZDA RX-7 88 22.7
PORSCHE 911 CARRERA 22.7
MAZDA RX-7 22.2
GM ALLANTE 20.4
VILLAGE IMPORTS 20.1
PORSCHE 928 S4 19.6
PORSCHE 911 TURBO 19.6
MASERATI MASERATI KAR1F 19.5
MASERATI MASERATI 225 19.5
MASERATI SPVOER 19.5
MASERATI 430 19.3
MASERATI 222E 19.2
BMW 635CSI IB.9
MERCEDES-BENZ 560SL 17.5
FERRARI 3.2 MONDIAL/CAB 17.2
FERRARI 328 GTS/GTB 17.2
JAGUAR XJ-S COUPE 16.7
JAGUAR XJ-S CON 16.2
BMW M6 14.8
FERRARI TESTAROSSA 13.4
ROLLS-ROYCE BENTLEV 12.1
ROLLS-ROYCE CORNICHE II 12.1
ASTON MARTIN LAGONDA 10.9
ASTON MARTIN SALOON/VANTAGE .. 10.9
LAMBORGHINI COUNTACH 8.7
-------
COMPACT SEDANS^
UNADJ
55/45
MPG
Appendix B - (Continued)
MIDSIZE SEDANS
45
UNADJ
55/45
MPG
LARGE SEDANS
UNADJ
55/45
MPG
TOYOTA COROLLA 36.4
NISSAN SENTRA 35.2
GM LEMANS 34.1
FORD ESCORT 34.0
MITSUBISHI SUMMIT 33.8
GM SKYHAWK 32. B
MAZDA 323 32.8
GM CAVALIER 32.1
VW/AUDI JETTA 31.9
CHRYSLER HORIZON 31.9
CHRYSLER OMNI 31.9
VW/AUDI GOLF .: 31.7
MAZDA LASER 31.1
HONDA ACCORD 31.0
GM SUNBIRO 31.0
GM GRAND AM 30.6
GM CUTLASS CALAIS 30.4
SUBARU SEOAN/3- 29.9
GM SKYLARK 29.9
MAZDA PROBE 29.2
CHRYSLER SHADOW 29. 1
CHRYSLER SUNDANCE 29.0
MITSUBISHI GALANT 29.0
VW/AUDI JETTA GLI 16V 28.8
VW/AUDI GTI 16V 28.8
GM BER6TTA 27.8
NISSAN STANZA 27.7
FORD TEMPO 27.6
FORD TOPAZ 27.5
TOYOTA CAMRV 27.0
CHRYSLER LE8ARON 26.9
SAAB 900 26.4
PEUGEOT 405 SEDAN 25.7
NISSAN MAXIMA 25.3
MERCEDES-BENZ 260E 25.1
VOLVO 240DL/240GL. .87 25.0
TOYOTA CRESSIDA 24.4
FORD TEMPO ALL WHEEL 24.4
FORD TOPAZ ALL WHEEL 24.4
PEUGEOT 505 SEDAN 23.5
FORD XR4T) 23.4
BMW 5251 23.3
MITSUBISHI SIGMA 23.2
HONDA LEGEND 23.2
HONDA AUSTIN ROVER ST 23.1
MERCEDES-BENZ 300E 22.8
JAGUAR XJ6 22.6
VOLVO 780 1 . . . 21.1
MERCEDES-BENZ 300SE 20.9
BMW 5351 20.4
MERCEDES-BENZ 560SEC 17.3
CHRYSLER RELIANT 30.5
CHRYSLER ARIES 30.5
GM CORSICA 28.B
GM 6000 28.7
MAZDA 626/MX-6 28.7
CHRYSLER CARAVELLE 28.5
CHRYSLER 600 28.5
GM CELEBRITY 28.4
GM CUTLASS CIERA 28.1
RENAULT MEDALLION SEDAN 27.7
GM CENTURY 27.6
CHRYSLER LANCER 27.4
CHRYSLER ACCLAIM 27.1
FORD TAURUS 27.1
FORD SABLE 27.1
CHRYSLER LEBARON GTS 27.0
GM REGAL 27.0
CHRYSLER SPIRIT 26.9
GM CUTLASS SUPREME 26.7
GM GRAND PRIX 26.4
HYUNDAI SONATA 26.3
GM TORONADO 25.5
GM RIVIERA 25.5
FORD COUGAR 25.3
FORD THUNDERBIRO 24.8
CHRYSLER DYNASTY 24.6
MAZDA 929 24.2
CHRYSLER NEW YORKER 24.0
VOLVO 740 23.9
VW/AUDI 100 QUATTRO 23.7
VW/AUDI 100 23.6
GM 6000 STE 4WD 23,4
VW/AUOI 200 23.3
VW/AUOI 200 QUATTRO 23.3
FORD MARK VII 23.2
GM ELDORADO 23.0
GM SEVILLE 23.0
FORD SCORPIO 22.6
VOLVO 760 21.4
CHRYSLER NEWPORT/FIFTH A 21.3
MERCEDES-BENZ 300SEL 20.9
BMW 7351 20.4
BMW 735IL 20.3
CHRYSLER GRAN FURY 19.4
MERCEDES-BENZ 420SEL 18.8
MASERATI 228 18.5
CHRYSLER DIPLOMAT 17.7
MERCEDES-BENZ S60SEL 17.3
BMW 750IL 16.6
ROLLS-ROYCE BENTLEV TURBO R .. 12.8
ROLLS-ROYCE SILVER SPIRIT .... 12.4
ROLLS-ROYCE BENTLEV EIGHT .... 12.4
SAAB 9000 25.7
GM EIGHTY-EIGHT 25.5
GM LESABRE 25.5
GM ELECTRA 25.5
GM NINETV-EIGHT/TOURING 25.3
GM BONNEVILLE 25. 1
CHRYSLER PREMIER 24.8
CHRYSLER NEW YORKER 24.0
FORD CONTINENTAL 23.5
GM CAPRICE 23.3
FORD TOWN CAR 23.2
FORD GRAND MARQUIS 23.2
GM FLEETWOOD/DEVILLE 23.0
GM BROUGHAM 22.8
FORD LTD CROWN VICTORIA 22.1
ROLLS-ROYCE SILVER SPUR LIM .. 11.8
-------
46 Appendix B - (Continued)
*«*****«************« UNADJ *«*****«*******««««**«»*** UNAOJ *««*************»****«*** UNAOJ
SMALL WAGONS 55/45 MIDSIZE WAGONS ' 55/45 LARGE WAGONS 55/45
MPG «««»««« MPQ »»««««»«« MPG
HONDA CIVIC 36.1
MITSUBISHI COLT 34.5
MITSUBISHI MIRAGE 34.4
NISSAN SENTRA 33.8
FORD ESCORT 33.5
MAZDA TRACER 32.9
GM SKVHAWK 32.7
MAZDA 323 32.1
GM CAVALIER 31.6
VW/AUDI FOX 31.3
SUBARU 30.9
HONDA CIVIC 4WD 30.1
TOVOTA CAMRY 29.8
NISSAN SENTRA 4WD 29.6
MITSUBISHI COLT 4WD 29.6
TOVOTA COROLLA ALL-TRAC 29.2
SUBARU 4WD 29. 1
GM 6000 28.1
GM CELEBRITY 27.8
GM CUTLASS CRUISER 27.1
6M CENTURY 26.9
RENAULT MEDALLION 26.9
VOLVO 240DL/240GL WB7 26.9
FORD SABLE 26.3
FORD TAURUS 26. 2
PEUGEOT 405 25.2
VOLVO 740 25.2
FORD TAURUS V6 24.6
FORD SABLE V6 24.6
VW/AUDI 100 23.6
PEUGEOT 505 23.4
VW/AUDI 200 QUATTRO 23.3
FORD LTD CROWN VICTORIA 23.2
FORD GRAND MARQUIS 23.2
GM CUSTOM CRUISER 22.8
GM CAPRICE 22.8
GM SAFARI 22.8
GM LESABRE/ELECTRA 22.8
CHRYSLER TOWN 8. COUNTRY 22.5
MERCEDES-BENZ 300TE 21.8
SMALL PICKUPS
MITSUBISHI TRUCK 2WO
MITSUBISHI RAM50 2WD
GM S15 PICKUR 2WD .. .
GM S10 PICKUP 2WD . . .
MAZDA B2200/B2600 . . .
UNADJ
55/45
MPG
MAZDA FORD COURIER
TOYOTA TRUCK 2WO ..
27.7
27.3
26.9
26.8
26.7
26.6
26.6
NISSAN TRUCK 2WD 26.2
ISUZU PICKUP 2WD
FORD RANGER PICKUP 2WD
25.5
'25.2
FORD RANGER PICKUP 4WD 22.3
SHEBY DAKOTA
GM C1500 PICKUP 2WD
GM C1500 SIERRA 2WO
GM C2500 PICKUP 2WD
GM C2500 SIERRA 2WD
17.4
17.3
17.3
16.8
16.8
SMALL VANS
UNADJ
55/45
MPG
MITSUBISHI COLT VISTA 26.6
MITSUBISHI SPACE 26.3
TOVOTA VAN 2WD (PASSEN)
TOYOTA VAN 2WD (CARGO) .
MITSUBISHI COLT VISTA 4WD
MITSUBISHI VAN
TOYOTA VAN 4WD (CARGO) ..
TOYOTA VAN 4WD (PASS) ...
CHRYSLER CARAVAN/RAM VAN
CHRYSLER VOYAGER 2WD
GM SAFARI 2WD (CARGO)
GM ASTRO 2WD (CARGO) .
FORD AEROSTAR VAN
MITSUBISHI
GM SAFARI 2WD
GM ASTRO 2WD (PASS)
26. 1
26. 1
24.9
24.3
24.2
24. 1
23.8
23.7
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.3
22.3
22.3
FORD AEROSTAR 22.0
VOLKSWAGEN VANAGON 2WD
AEROMATE 20.0
VOLKSWAGEN VANAGON SYNCRO
SMALL UTILITY
UNADJ
55/45
MPG
SUZUKI SAMURAI CONVERT 33.3
SUZUKI SAMURAI HARDTOP 33.3
SUZUKI TRACKER CONVERT 33.2
SUZUKI SIDEKICK CONVER 32.2
SUZUKI TRACKER HARDTOP 30.3
SUZUKI SIDEKICK HARDTOP 29.7
MITSUBISHI SPACE 4WD 24.9
GM S15 JIMMY 2WD 23.4
MAZDA MPV 23.4
GM S10 BLAZER 2WD 23.4
ISUZU AMIGO 2WD 22.9
FORD BRONCO 11 2WD 22.1
GM S10 BLAZER 4WD 22.1
GM S15 JIMMY 4WD 22.1
TOYOTA 4-RUNNER 4WD 21.9
CHRYSLER CHEROKEE 2WD 21.7
FORD BRONCO H 4WD 21.2
CHRYSLER WRANGLER 4WD 20.8
CHRYSLER CHEROKEE/WAGONE 20.8
ISUZU AMIGO 4WO 20.6
CHRYSLER WAGONEER LIMITE 20.0
MITSUBISHI MONTERO 19.9
MITSUBISHI RAIDER 19.9
ISUZU TROOPER 19.6
NISSAN PATHFINDER 2WD 19.3
NISSAN PATHFINDER 4WD 18.8
-------
Append ix B - (Continued)
LARGE PICKUPS
TOVOTA TRUCK 4WD .... ....
TOVOTA 1 TON TRUCK
CHRYSLER COMANCHE PICKUP .....
GM COACHBUILDER WA . ....
ISUZU PICKUP 2WD 1 TO ...
MITSUBISHI POWER RAM50 4WD ..
GRUMMAN-OLSON S10 CAB CHASSIS
55/45 LARGE VANS
. 25.7
24.5
23 0
. 22.0
. 22.8
22.5
22.4
22 4
22 .3
. 22.1
21.8
55/45
CHRYSLER DAKOTA PICKUP 2
21.3
GM C1500 SIERRA 2WD 20.7
ISUZU PICKUP 4WD 20.6
GM C1500 PICKUP 2WD 20.6
NISSAN TRUCK 4WD 20.5
GM C2500 SIERRA 2WD 19.3
GM C2500 PICKUP 2WD 19.1
CHRVSLER DAKOTA PICKUP 4 18.7
CHRVSLER DAKOTA CAB CHAS 17.9
FORD F150 PICKUP 2WD 17.7
FORD FI50 PICKUP 4WD 17.2
GM K2500 PICKUP 4WD 17.0
CHRYSLER D100/D150 PICKU 16.9
GM K1500 SIERRA 4WD 16.9
GM K2500 SIERRA 4WD 16.8
GM K1500 PICKUP 4WD 16.8
FORD F250 PICKUP 2WD 16.6
NISSAN TRUCK CAB CHASS 16.5
FORD F250 PICKUP 4WD 16.5
CHRVSLER 0250 PICKUP 2WD 14.9
CHRYSLER W100/W150 PICKU 14.8
CHRYSLER W250 PICKUP 4WD 13.1
CHRYSLER D250 CAB CHASSI 13.0
GM 015/25 RALLY 2WD 18.7
CM G10/20 SPORTVAN 18.5
GM G15/25 VANDURA 18.5
GM G10/20 VAN 2WD 18.4
CHRVSLER B150/B250 VAN 2 17.1
FORD E150 ECONOLINE 16.8
"FORD E150 CLUB 16.3
CHRYSLER B150/B2SO 16.3
GM G30 VAN 2WD 16.2
GM G35 VANOURA 2WD 16.2
FORD E250 ECONOLINE 16.0
GM G35 RALLY 2WD 15.9
GM G30 SPORTVAN 2WD 15.9
CHRVSLER B350 VAN 2WD 15.9
CHRVSLER B350 2WD 14.6
LARGE UTILITY
UNADJ
55/45
MPG
47
GM R1500 SUBURBAN
GM V1500 BLAZER 4WD
GM V1500 JIMMV 4WD .
21 .7
21.7
GM V1500 SUBURBAN 21.0
GM RIO SUBURBAN 2WO
GM RI5 SUBURBAN 2WD
GM V10 BLAZER 4WD
CM V15 JIMMY 4WD .
18.2
IB.2
17.3
17.3
FORD BRONCO 4WD
GM VIO SUBURBN 4WD
GM V15 SUBURBAN 4MD ....
CHRYSLER AD150 RAMCHARGE
TOVOTA LAND CRUISER WA ..
RANGE ROVER
CHRVSLER GRAND WAGONEER .
CHRYSLER AW150 RAI/CHARGE
16. 1
15.9
15.9
15.6
15.4
15.4
13.7
13.4
-------
48
Appendix C - Characteristics of 1989 Passenger Cars by Size Class
<
Domestic
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
European
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
% 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X tiiesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Two
ieater
33
.213
23.1
3500
40.5
319
.091
29.0
3.4
100.0
100.0
222
.696
.063
8.4
50
1157
2025
19
.125
18.4
3839
35.8
278
.070
10.2.
22.5
100.0
100.0
219
.856
.057
9.2
50
957
1790
Mini
Compact
.
30
1.000
24.5
2861
35.3
159
.054
42.2
78.6
100.0
100.0
171
1.036
.058
9.7
73
1863
2592
cassengs
Sub
Compact
403
.199
25.4
3335
42.6
210
.062
31.8
31.3
100.0
25.4
74.6
151
.737
.045
11.5
95
2437
4040
127
.063
25.1
3027
38.3
149
.048
42.8
4.2
54.3
99.5
99.5
.5
142
.945
.046
11.1
91
2342
3469
}r i,ars
Compact
1901
.518
30.2
2873
43.6
136
.047
99.2
.8
21.6
100.0
57.4
42.6
106
.781
.037
12.9
103
3137
4486
249
.068
26.0
3113
40.8
140
.045
48.2
36.2
98.9
98.9
1.1
135
.968
.043
11.4
105
2787
4270
Midsize
2079
.887
26.7
3335
44.7
186
.055
84.2
.1
6.0
98.6
26.2
72.4
1.4
130
.711
.039
12.4
114
3077
5103
92
.039
21.3
3694
39.6
194
.052
23.0
5.1
8.9
100.0
100.0
172
.912
.046
10.9
114
2461
4494
Large
1361
.988
24.2
3697
44.7
256
.069
68.0
93.2
17.5
75.7
6.8
158
.630
.043
11.4
126
3059
5651
16
.012
25.7
3499
45.1
121
.035
100.0
35.0
100.0
100.0
151
1.248
.043
11.2
124
3201
5599
otai
Small
60
.244
32.4
2732
44.4
122
.045
ioo.o
22.4
100.0
90.8
9.2
92
.756
.034
13.6
120
3924
5350
12
.047
31.3
2500
39.1
109
.044
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
81
.743
.032
13.8
111
3477
4347
;ion wac
Midsize
212
.815
25.7
3486
45.0
188
.054
100.0
100.0
9.3
90.7
136
.728
.039
12.2
143
3682
6406
48
.185
25.8
3517
45.4
144
.041
6.1
.4
17.4
100.0
100.0
123
.850
.035
13.4
134
3476
6097
jons
Large
184
1.000
22.8
4413
50.4
306
.069
17.4
17.4
82.6
142
.463
.032
14.2
161
3681
8117
-------
49
Appendix C - Characteristics of 1989 Passenger Cars by Size Class (cont'd)
c
Asian
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Fleet
Sales(OOO)
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Two
ieater
103
.662
31.3
2697
44.5
123
.045
59.8
83.4
100.0
20.8
79.2
120
.978
.043
11.3
50
1755
2225
155
26.9
3011
42.6
184
.058
47.0
58.8
100.0
13.8
86.2
154
.903
.049
10.4
50
1528
2128
r,
Mini
Compact
30
24.5
2861
35.3
159
.054
42.2
78.6
100.0
100.0
171
1.036
.058
9.7
73
1863
2592
assenger
Sub
Compact
1491
.738
34.7
2522
44.1
96
.038
92.2
2.9
61.0
55.6
20.6
35.0
44.4
90
.917
.035
13.5
94
3377
4147
2021
31.6
2716
43.5
122
.043
77.1
2.4
54.7
67.2
20.3
46.9
32.8
.0
105
.883
.037
13.0
94
3124
4083
i-ars
Compact 1
1518
.414
30.2
2930
44.4
120
.041
98.6
.5
40.0
76.3
18.8
57.4
23.7
107
.880
.036
13.0
103
3176
4574
3668
29.9
2913
43.7
130
.044
95.5
.6
30.2
90.1
37.5
52.6
9.8
.1
108
.835
.037
12.9
103
3130
4508
Midsize
173
.074
27.1
3066
41.7
143
.047
86.8
33.1
100.0
100.0
121
.845
.039
12.1
113
3089
4725
2345
26.5
3329
44.3
183
.055
82.0
.3
8.1
98.8
23.3
75.5
1.2
131
.729
.039
12.3
114
3054
5051
Large
1377
24.2
3695
44.7
255
.069
68.4
.4
93.2
17.3
75.9
6.8
157
.637
.043
11.4
126
3060
5650
oiai
Small
176
.709
31.0
2980
46.3
109
.036
70.1
29.9
38.5
100.0
42.0
58.0
100
.920
.034
13.7
119
3729
5538
247
31.3
2897
45.5
112
.039
78.8
21.2
37.5
100.0
51.9
48.1
97
.872
.034
13.7
119
3764
5436
.ion nagu
Midsize
260
25.7
3491
45.0
180
.051
82.6
.1
3.2
100.0
7.6
92.4
133
.750
.038
12.5
141
3644
6349
ns>
Large
184
22.8
4413
50.4
306
.069
17.4
17.4
82.6
142
.463
.032
14.2
161
3681
8117
-------
50
Appendix D - Characteristics of 1989 Light Duty Trucks by Size Class
Small. Large Small
Pickups Pickups Van
Large Small Large
Van Utility Utility
Domestic Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
% Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
Import Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb -
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
Fleet Sales(OOO)
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
555
.572
24.2
3324
40.6
179
.053
22.0
62.3
100.0
38.4
61.6
125
.705
.037
416
.428
26.6
2960
39.4
142
.048
82.8
29.0
22.8
6.2
71.0
100
.705
.034
971
25.1
3168
40.1
163
.051
12.6
71.1
69.6
31.7
37.9
30.4
114
.705
.036
1176
.903
18.9
4315
41.0
298
.069
.0
32.7
19.1
99.4
69.0
30.4
.0
.6
167
.560
.039
126
.097
22.6
3662
41.9
157
.043
88.2
83.9
79.5
27.8
51.7
20.5
121
.767
.033
1302
19.2
4252
41.1
285
.066
.0
38.1
25.4
97.4
65.0
32.4
2.0'
.6
162
.580
.038
742
.878
23.1
3817
44.1
193
.050
56.1
7.6
100.0
40.7
59.3
138
.729
.036
103
.122
25.0
3476
43.6
134
.039
14.3
23.5
35.0
100.0
1.9
98.1
100
.746
.029
845
23.3
3776
44.0
186
.049
51.0
2.9
11.0
100.0
36.0
64.0
133
.731
.035
430
1.000
17.3
4664
40.6
310
.067
1.9
99.7
54.4
45.3
.3
165
.531
.035
430
17.3
4664
40.6
310
.067
1.9
99.7
54.4
45.3
.3
165
.531
.035
528
.649
21.4
3722
40.0
227
.061
85.1
25.6
94.2
39.9
54.3
5.8
154
.689
.042
285
.351
22.1
3698
41.1
153
.041
81.9
63.4
89.8
22.8
66,9
10.2
121
.790
.033
813
21.7
3713
40.4
201
.054
84.0
38.8
92.7
33.9
58.8
7.3
142
.725
.038
' 173
.937
16.3
5072
41.9
339
.067
72.0
1.0
91.2
61.8
29.4
6.8
2.0
184
.543
.036
12
.063
15.4
4500
34.6
241
.053
100.0
100.0
100.0
162
.674
.036
184
16.2
5036
41.5
333
.066
73.8
.9
91.8
57.9
33.9
6.4
1.9
183
.551
.036
-------
Appendix E - Characteristics of 1989 Passenger Cars by Weight Class
51
Domest
Cu
Eu rope;
Cu.
Under
2250 2250
ic
Sales (000)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
.Ft Ton MPG
in
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
.Ft Ton MPG
2500
212
.134
35.4
2500
44.6
116
.046
100.0
57.4
100.0
100.0
89
,772
.036
12.9
103
3668
4585
71
.045
30.9
2500
38.8
109
.044
99.7
93.2
100.0
100.0
84
.773
.034
13.5
92
2847
3559
2750
766
.647
31.8
2750
43.9
125
.045
100.0
21.9
100.0
87.9
12.1
95
.765
.035
13.4
104
3304
4543
82
.070
31.1
2750
43.3
109
.040
97.6
64.7
96.8
96.8
3.2
106
.966
.038
12.3
103
3232
4444
3000
2127
.690
28.3
3000
42.7
155
.052
96.5
.7
9.6
100.0
38.4
61.6
116
.752
.039
12.5
108
3070
4605
164
.053
24.8
3000
37.4
141
.047
34.3
2.0
43.2
100.0
100.0
143
1.017
.048
10.7
98
2463
3694
3500
2091
.743
25.2
3500
44.3
216
.062
88.6
.1
7.0
100.0
12.5
87.5
154
.726
.044
11.2
117
2967
5192
181
.064
24.0
3500
42.2
153
.044
18.5
3.9
16.0
99.7
99.7
.3
151
.989
.043
11.5
112
2720
4760
4000
807
.878
23.5
4000
47.3
272
.068
11.3
4.6
94.7
11.1
83.6
5.3
150
.560
.037
12.8
126
2986
5973
86
.094
19.4
4000
39.2
251
.063
2.4
100.0
100.0
211
.869
.053
9.6
102
2030
4061
Over
4000
231
.964
22.8
4500
51.2
307
.068
100.0
140
.456
.031
14.6
150
3413
7680
9
.036
15.5
4611
36.0
331
.072
.2
100.0
100.0
268
.825
.058
8.9
87
1364
3143
-------
52
Appendix E - Characteristics of 1989 Passenger Cars by Weight Class (cont'd)
Asian
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
"Fleet
Sales(OOO)
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man'Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Under
2250
207
1.000
46.4
1974
46.7
74
.038
100.0
77.8
51.9
28.1
23.8
48.1
59
.806
.030
14.8
92
4302
4230
207
46.4
1974
46.7
74
.038
100.0
77.8
51.9
28.1
23.8
48.1
59
.806
.030
14.8
92
4302
4230
2250
261
1.000
40.1
2250
45.5
89
.040
96.4
3.6
66.4
33.0
27.6
5.4
67.0
77
.865
.034
13.4
94
3777
4249
261
40.1
2250
45.5
89
.040
96.4
3.6
66.4
33.0
27.6
5.4
67.0
77
.865
.034
13.4
94
3777
4249
2500
1296
.821
35.1
2500
44.1
94
.038
99.9
.1
59.6
56.7
33.2
23.6
43.3
81
.860
.032
14.1
98
3465
4331
1579
35.0
2500
43.9
98
.039
99.9
.1
60.8
64.5
40.6
23.8
35.5
82
.844
.033
13.9
99
3465
4331
2750
335
.283
31.7
2750
43.8
107
.039
95.5
4.2
54.7
64.6
25.9
38.8
35.4
101
.954
.037
12.8
98
3125
4296
1183
31.8
2750
43.8
119
.043
98.6
1.2
34.2
89.8
64.2
25.6
10.0
.2
97
.832
.035
13.1
102
3248
4466
3000
792
.257
28.3
3000
42.7
127
.042
86.0
7.6
41.4
91.3
3.8
87.5
8.7
116
.915
.039
12.3
102
2902
4354
3083
28.1
3000
42.4
147
.049
90.5
2.6
19.5
97.8
27.4
70.3
2.2
118
.808
.039
12.4
106
2995
4492
3500
542
.193
25.8
3500
45.5
147
.042
83.1
3.2
17.8
100.0
2.0
98.0
143
.972
.041
12.0
103
2690
4708
2814
25.2
3500
44.4
199
.057
83.0
.9
9.6
100.0
9.7
90.3
.0
152
.791
.043
11.4
114
2898
5071
4000
26
.028
23.0
4000
46.0
180
.045
51.5-
100.0
100.0
215
1.196
.054
9.4
85
1961
3923
920
23.1
4000
46.5
267
.067
9.9
5.7
95.4
9.8
85.6
4.6
158
.607
.039
12.4
123
2867
5735
Over
4000
240
22.4
4504
50.7
308
.068
.0
3.6
3.6
96.4
145
.469
.032
14.4
148
3340
7517
-------
Appendix E - Characteristics of 1989 Light Trucks by Weight Class
53
Domestic
Imports
Fleet
Sales
Fraction
55/45 FE
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
% 4WD
X Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
Sales
Fraction
55/45 FE
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
Sales
55/45 FE
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
Under
2750 2750
48 99
1.000 1.000
32.2 27.7
38.8 38.2
91 135
.038 .049
100.0
72.6 100.0
62.6
62.6
37.4 100.0
74 97
.813 .721
.031 .035
48 99
32.2 27.7
38.8 38.2
91 135
.038 .049
100.0
72.6 100.0
62.6 ,
62.6
37.4 100.0
74 97
.813 .721
.031 .035
3000
291
.472
27.2
41.2
152
.051
3.9
81.8
100.0
54.6
45.4
105
.691
.035
325
.528
26.3
39.5
141
.047
3.9
1.3
75.5
39.8
25.9
13.8
60.2
99
.702
.033
616
26.7
40.3
146
.049
2.1
2.5
78.5
68.2
39.5
28.8
31.8
102
.697
.034
3500
915
.836
22.5
39.7
196
.056
27.3
37.7
33.1
96.7
35.2
61.4
3.3
138
.714
.039
180
.164
24.1
42.7
147
.042
1.1
53.3
68.3
79.4
11.1
68.2
20.6
110
.750
.031
1095
22.7
40.2
188
.054
23.0
40.3
38.8
93.8
31.3
62.6
6.2
133
.720
.038
4000
1042
.789
21.7
43.6
234
.059
16.0
30.3
12.8
100.0
59.4
40.6
150
.659
.037
278
.211
20.8
42.1
166
.041
79.5
59.1
100.0
22.5
77.5
130
.786
.033
1320
21.5
43.3
220
.055
12.6
40.6
22.6
100.0
51.7
48.3
146
.686
.036
4500
899
.987
17.9
40.6
319
.071
24.2
9.3
98.4
63.9
34.5
1.3
.3
173
.542
.039
12
.013
15.4
34.6
240
.053
100.0
100.0
100.0
162
.674
.036
911
17.8
40.5
318
.071
25.2
9.2
98.4
63.1
35.3
1.3
.2
173
.544
.039
5000
427
1.000
16.4
41.4
328
.066
38.8
3.3
99.0
41.9
57.1
.1.0
179
.543
.036
427
16.4
41.4
328
.066
38.8
3.3
99.0
41.9
57.1
1.0
179
.543
.036
Over
5000
30
1.000
16.6
49.1
355
.061
81.9
.4
82.2
79.1
3.2
17.8
197
.557
.034
30
16.6
49.1
355
.061
81.9
.4
82.2
79.1
3.2
17.8
197
.557
.034
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