EPA/AA/CTAB/89-04
                               Technical Report
              Light-Duty Automotive Technology and
                Fuel Economy Trends Through 1989
                                      by
                              Robert M. Heavenrich
                                       and
                               J. Dillard Murrell
                                   May 1989
                                   NOTICE

Technical  Reports  do  not  necessarily represent  final EPA decisions or positions.
They  are  intended to present  technical  analysis of issues using data which  are
currently  available. The purpose in the release  of such reports  is to facilitate
the exchange of  technical  information  and  to  inform the public of technical
developments which may form the  basis for a  final EPA decision, position  or
regulatory action.
                    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                         Office of Air and Radiation
                          Office of Mobile Sources
                    Emission Control Technology Division
                  Control Technology and Applications Branch
                             2565 Plymouth Road
                         Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105

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                            Contents


                                                               Page

I.     Abstract  	   1

II.    Introduction	   1

III.   General Car and Truck Trends  	   2

IV.   MPG Improvement Potential	   6

      A.    Concept Overview	   6
      B.    High MPG Cars	   7
      C.    High MPG Manufacturer's Cars 	   7
      D.    Performance Effects/Adjustment  	   9

V.    Trends in Technology Usage  	  12

      A.    Catalysts	  12

      B.    Engines  	  13

           1.   Engine Size	  13
           2.   Power and Performance	  18
           3.   Fuel Metering	  18

VI.   Trends by Vehicle Size	  21

      A.    Vehicle Size Class	  21
      B.    Vehicle Weight Class	  27

VII.   Trends by Market Segment	  30

      A.    Market Share  	  30
      B.    Vehicle Size	  30
      C.    Fuel Metering  	  38
      D.    Drive and Transmissions 	  38

VIII.  Conclusions  	  40

IX.   References   	  41

Appendixes	  43

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I.  Abstract

   This,  the seventeenth in  this series  of papers and reports, examines trends  in
light-duty vehicle fuel  economy and technology usage for model years 1978 through
1989.  Comparisons with previous years' data are made for the fleet as a  whole and
for number  of  cylinders, vehicle  size class,  inertia  weight class, and  market  seg-
ment  (Domestic, European, and Asian).


II. Introduction

   Trends in vehicle technology and fuel economy  for  light-duty cars  and trucks are
examined in this report, as in preceding  papers  in  this  series [1-18].*   Technology
usage and  vehicle  performance are emphasized. To  the extent possible,  this  report
is  based  on the latest and most complete vehicle  technology and  fuel economy  data
available. The source database was frozen in  late March  1989 and  excludes some
changes to  existing vehicles or new vehicles scheduled for midyear introduction.

   For 1978  through 1986, all data are "final CAFE"  data.**  For 1987, the  data are
final  CAFE  for  almost all  manufacturers.  For 1988,  final CAFE  data was available
for some, but not all manufacturers. For Model Year 1989, fuel economy label  data
were  used.  The sales volumes  for all the  1989  model year  data  have been  adjusted to
agree with  post-label (but pre-"final") information reported  to the Department  of
Transportation and  in  reliable  trade publications. This same procedure was  used for
those manufacturers for which "final CAFE" data for  1987 and 1988 were unavailable.

   For consistency  with  the  previous  reports in  this series,  the MPG data in this
paper have no road or CAFE  correction factors.  Where only one MPG value is presen-
ted,  it is 55/45  combined  MPG. All  vehicle  weights  presented  are inertia weights
(nominally curb weight plus 300 Ibs).

   As in previous  papers  in  this  series,  vehicle  classification  as  to vehicle type,
size  class and manufacturer generally  follows fuel economy label, Gas Mileage Guide
and  CAFE  protocols; exceptions are  listed in  Appendix A.  In  some passenger  car
tables, market  shares for Large Sedans  and  Wagons  are aggregated as "Large," Mid-
size  Sedans and  Wagons are aggregated as "Midsize,"  and  "Small" includes  everything
else: Compacts,  Subcompacts,  Minicompacts, and Two-Seaters. For  trucks, the  larger
Pickups, Vans and  Utility Trucks  are sometimes  aggregated  as "Large"  trucks, and
"Small"  includes the smaller  models.  The truck size  classification scheme  used  in
this paper is explained  in Reference 14.

   Appendix B lists the model year 1989 nameplates and their average  MPG as of the
data freeze date.

   This  paper  includes an estimate of 0 to 60  MPH  acceleration  time for cars, cal-
culated from horsepower  and  inertia weight, as in reference 19.
* Numbers in brackets denote references  listed at the end of the text.

**  The light  truck data in this paper  include  gross  vehicle weights  (GVW) up  to
8,500  Ibs for  all  model years,  although  emission  standards for  light trucks  with
GVW between 6,000 and 8,500 Ibs were not in effect before  1979. For details on how
data  on 6,001-8,500 Ibs light  trucks  were obtained for model  years  1975  to 1979,
see Reference  14.

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2

III. General Car and Truck Trends

   Table  1  gives major  characteristics  of  passenger  cars,  light-duty  trucks, and
all light-duty  vehicles (cars and light trucks)  for  model  years  1975 to 1989.  Total
sales  in  model  year  1989  are  projected  to be  10.3  million cars and 4.5 million
trucks (14.8 million total).

   Average 55/45 MPG for cars decreased  from 28.6  to 28.2 since  last year.  Other
changes  since  last  year,  consistent  with  this  MPG  decline,  include  a  61 Ib.
increase  in inertia weight,  a  0.1 second decrease  in  0 to 60 acceleration  time, and
increases in horsepower and engine  size.

   Table 2 summarizes  the  recent trend for 18 of the variables  in Table 1 for Pas-
senger Cars. Of  the eighteen  indicators  listed in Table 2, eleven have  changed in a
direction  consistent  with a  decline  in  fuel economy,  five changed  in a  direction
promoting improvement, and two are inconclusive.

   As shown  in  Figure  1, sales-weighted fuel economy has changed very little in the
last few years,  particularly  for light trucks.  This  year's  combined  car and  truck
fleet will average 25.5 MPG.  Between 1975  and 1981,  55/45  fuel economy improved
about nine MPG for  cars and about six  for trucks. Since then,  55/45 fuel economy
for cars has increased by only three MPG and for trucks by only one MPG.

   Average inertia weight for cars  dropped  1,000 Ibs between 1975 and 1980, leveled
off for a while,  and  has  increased  by nearly  100  Ibs  since 1987.  The light  truck
weight trend is  similar. Correspondingly, car and truck fuel economy gains through
1980 occurred mainly when inertia weight  was reduced; fuel economy improvements
since  1980 have  come in spite  of the stagnated weight trend.

   Average engine size  for cars and light trucks  decreased considerably between
1975 and 1981: by more than  100 CID for cars and 64 for trucks. Since then, automo-
bile engines have decreased another  20 CID. Light-truck engines downsized steadily
until  1986, but truck engine CID has increased every year since then.

   Average engine horsepower reached a minimum for cars in 1981 and for trucks in
1983,  but has risen consistently since.  Power  per CID  has increased steadily and
significantly  over the entire  period; while  advantage  could  have been  taken of this
to reduce CID and improve  fuel economy, the MPG improvement has been foregone in
favor of increased vehicle power and performance.

   Manual transmission usage peaked in 1980 at 32  percent for  cars  and 53 percent
for trucks. It has since  dropped to  25  percent for  cars and 32 percent for  trucks.
Four-wheel drive  was used in about 20 percent of trucks in the  late 1970s and early
1980s, and over  30 percent since 1984; 4WD  appears in less than 5  percent of cars.

   The  last  few years  have  seen  a  large   increase  in the  use  of fuel-injected  en-
gines. More than  91  percent of this year's trucks  will  have fuel-injected  engines,
as will  more  than 87 percent of the  cars.  By comparison, light  trucks  were 40 per-
.cent fuel-injected in 1986,  and  12 percent in 1985.  Diesel engine usage  peaked  in
1981  for cars and a year later  for light  trucks. Diesels have not  been  an  important
part of  the U.S.  light duty market for  several years.

   Figure 2 shows the cumulative distribution of MPG for model year 1989 passenger
cars.  More than 90 percent  of the  1989 cars get between  20 and  35  MPG; less than
one percent get  less than 20 MPG, and less than 10 percent get more than 35 MPG.

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            Table 1 - Characteristics of  1975 to  1989  Light  Duty Vehicles




1975  1976  1977  1978  1979  1980   1981   1982  1983   1984   1985  1986  1987-  1988  1989
Cars
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
City FE
Hwy FE
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WO
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
% Small
% Mid
% Large
Trucks
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
City FE
Hwy FE
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
% Small
% Large

8237
.806
'13.7
19.5
15.8
4058
32.3
288
.068
6.5

19.9
5.1

5.1
94.6
.2
136
.515
.033
14.2
55.4
23.3
21.3

1987
.194
12.1
16.2
13.7
4072
28.4
311
.076

17.1
37.0
.1


99.9

142
.476
.035
13.6
13.7
86.3

9722
.788
15.2
21.3
17.5
4059
35.5
287
.068
5.8

17.1
3.2

3.2
96.6
.3
134
.502
.032
14.4
55.4
25.2
19.4

2612
.212
12.8
16.9
14.4
4155
30.5
319
.076

22.9
34.8
.1


99.9

141
.458
.034,
13.8
11.1
,88.9

11300
.800
16.0
22.3
18.3
3944
36.4
279
.068
6.8

16.8
4.2

4.2
95.3
.5
133
.516
.033
14.0
51.9
24.5
23.5

2823
.200
14.0
18.1
15.6
4135
33.0
318
.076

23.6
32.0
.1


99.9

147
.482
.036
13.3
13.5
86.5

11175
.773
17.2
24.5
19.9
3588
35.9
251
.067
9.6

20.2
5.1

5.1
94.0
.9
124
.538
.034
13.7
44.7
34.4
21.0

3273
.227
13.8
17.5
15.2
4151
32.4
314
.075

29.0
32.4
.1


99.1
.8
146
.481
.035
13.4
13.3
86.7

10794
.778
17.7
24.6
20.3
3485
35.4
238
.065
11.9
.3
22.3
4.7

4.7
93.2
2.1
119
.545
.034
13.8
43.7
34.2
22.1

3088
.222
13.4
16.8
14.7
4252
32.1
298
.069

18.0
35.2
.3


97.9
1.8
138
.486
.032
14.3
18.5
81.5

9443
.835
20.3
29.0
23.5
3101
36.6
188
.058
29.7
.9
31.9
6.9
.7
6.2
88.7
4.4
100
.583
.032
14.3
54.4
34.4
11.3

1863
.165
16.5
21.9
18.6
3869
36.3
248
.062
1.4
25.0
53.0
1.7


94.9
3.5
121
.528
.031
14.5
30.3
69.7

8733
.827
21.7
31.1
25.1
3076
38.9
182
.057
37.0
.7
30.4
8.8
2.6
6.1
85.3
5.9
99
.594
.032
14.4
51.5
36.4
12.2

1821
.173
17.8
23.9
20.1
3806
38.8
247
.063
2.0
20.1
51.6
1.1


93.3
5.6
119
.508
.031
14.6
27.6
72.4

7819
.803
22.3
32.7
26.0
3054
40.1
175
.055
45.6
.8
29.7
17.0
9.8
7.2
78.4
4.7
99
.609
.032
14.4
56.5
31.0
12.5

1914
.197
18.1
24.4
20.5
3806
39.6
243
.062
1.7
20.0
45.7
.7


90.0
9.3
120
.524
.032
14.5
33.9
66.1

8002
.777
22.1
32.7
25.9
3112
40.7
182
.056
47.3
3.1
27.4
28.3
18.9
9.5.
69.6
2.1
104
.615
.033
14.0
53.1
31.8
15.1

2300
.223
18.3
25.2
20.9
3763
39.9
231
.060
1.4
25.8
45.9
.6


94.7
4.7
118
.543
.031
14.5
45.5
54.5

10675
.761
22.4
33.3
26.3
3099
41.1
179
.056
53.7
1.0
24.2
39.4
24.4
, 15.0
58.9
1.7
106
.637
.034
13.8
57.4
29.4
13.2

3345
.239
17.9
24.8
20.5
3782
39.3
224
.058
4.9
31.0
42.1
2.6


95.1
2.3
118
.557
.031
14.7
46.0
54.0

10791
.746
23.0
34.3
27.0
3093
41.9
177
.055
61.6
2.1
23.6
53.5
32.0
21.4
45.6
.9
111
.671
.035
13.3
55.7
28.9
15.4

3669
.254
18.0
24.9
20.6
3795
39.6
224
.058
7.1
30.6
37.1
12.3


86.7
1.1
124
.586
.033
14.2
49.1
50.9

11015
.717
23.7
35.5
27.9
3041
42.6
167
.053
71.1
1.1
24.8
65.1
28.4
36.7
34.5
.3
111
.701
.036
13.2
59.5
27.9
12.6

4350
.283
18.8
25.9
21.4
3738
40.4
211
.055
5.9
30.3
42.7
40.5
18.7
21.8
58.7
.7
123
.621
.033
14.0
56.3
43.7

10811
.715
23.8
35.8
28.1
3032
42.7
162
.052
76.8
1.4
24.7
73.1
30.3
42.9
26.6
.2
113
.731
.037
13.0
63.2
24.6
12.1

4305
.285
18.8
26.4
21.6
3731
40.6
213
.056
7.1
30.6
39.6
68.2
32.2
36.0
31.5
.3
132
.646
.035
13.4
59.9
40.1

10660
.698
24.2
36.7
28.6
3055
43.8
161
.051
81.1
1.3
23.8
84.3
28.7
55.6
15.7
.0
118
.767
.038
12.6
64.1
22.8
13.0

4603
.302
18.2
26.2
21.1
3877
41.1
229
.058
9.0
33.7
34.2
87.9
44.8
43.2
11.8
.3
142
.648
.037
13.0
54.7
45.3

10286
.694
23.8
36.3
28.2
3116
44.1
162
.051
81.8
1.3
25.5
87.4
26.6
60.7
12.6
.0
121
.787
.039
12.5
59.5
25.3
15.2

4546
.306
18.2
25.8
21.0
3906
41.3
230
.058
9.5
32.1
31.7
91.1
45.6
45.5
8.6
.3
144
.655
.037
12.9
57.8
42.2

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       Table 1 - Characteristics of 1975 to 1989 Light Duty Vehicles (Continued)




1975  1976  1977  1978  1979  1980  1981  1982  1983  1984  1985  1986  1987  1988  1989
id Trucks
Sales(OOO)
City FE
Hwy FE
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
X 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
10224
13.4
18.7
15.3
4060
31.6
293
.069
5.3
3.3
23.2
4.1
4.1
95.7
.2
137
.507
.033
12334
14.6
20.2
16.7
4079
34.4
294
.069
4.6
4.8
20.9
2.5
2.5
97.3
.2
135
.493
.033
14123
15.6
21.3
17.7
3982
35.7
287
.070
5.5
4.7
19.8
3.4
3.4
96.2
.4
136
.510
.034
14448
16.3
22.5
18.6
3715
35.1
266
.069
7.4
6.6
23.0
3.9
3.9
95.2
.9
129
.525
.034
13882
16.5
22.3
18.7
3655
34.7
252
.066
9.2
4.3
25.1
3.7
3.7
94.2
2.0
124
.532
.034
11306
19.6
27.5
22.5
3228
36.6
198
.059
25.0
4.9
35.4
6.0
.6
5.2
89.7
4.3
104
.574
.032
10554
20.9
29.5
24.1
3202
38.9
193
.058
31.0
4.0
34.1
7.5
2.2
5.1
86.7
5.9
102
.580
.032
9732
21.3
30.7
24.7
3202
40.0
188
.056
37.0
4.6
32.8
13.8
7.9
5.8
80.6
5.6
103
.593
.032
10302
21.2
30.6
24.6
3257
40.5
193
.057
37.0
8.1
31.5
22.1
14.7
7.3
75.2
2.7
107
.599
.033
14020
21.2
30.8
24.6
3262
40.7
190
.056
42.1
8.2
28.5
30.6
18.6
11.4
67.6
1.8
109
.618
.033
14460
21.5
31.3
25.0
3271
41.4
189
.056
47.8
9.3
27.0
43.0
23.9
16.0
56.1
.9
114
.650
.035
15365
22.1
32.2
25.7
3238
42.0
180
.054
52.6
9.3
29.8
58.2
25.7
32.5
41.4
.4
114
.678
.035
15116
22.1
32.5
25.9
3231
42.1
177
.053
57.0
9.7
28.9
71.7
30.8
40.9
28.0
.3
118
.707
.036
15264
22.0
32.7
25.8
3303
43.0
182
.053
59.3
11.1
26.9
85.4
33.5
51.9
14.5
.1
126
.731
.038
14832
21.8
32.3
25.5
3358
43.2
183
.053
59.7
10.7
27.4
88.5
32.5
56.0
11.4
.1
128
.747
.038
    Table 2 - Changes Affecting 1989 Passenger Car Fuel Economy

The 1989
Average for:
Ci ty MPG
Hi way MPG
55/45 MPG
Engine CID
Inertia Wt
Engine Hp
Hp/Lb
0 to 60 Time
Percent Small Cars
Percent Large Cars
Percent Diesel
Ton MPG
CID/Lb
Hp/CID
Percent FWD
Percent Manual Trans
Percent Port FI
Percent Midsize Cars


is:
23.8
36.3
28.2
162
3116
121
.039
12.5
59.5%
15.2%
0.006%
44.1
.051
.787
81.8%
25.5%
60.7%
25.3%
This metric
has not
been this:
Low
Low
Low
High
High
High
High
Low
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
High
High
High
High


since:
1987
1987
1987
1988
1983
1978
Ever
Ever
1986
1985
1988
Ever
1988
Ever
Ever
1983
Ever
1986

Its effect is
to make MPG:
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Worse
Better
Better
Better
Better
Better
--
—

-------
     Passenger Car MPG by Model Year
  Average MPG                       Inertia Weight
35
30
25
20
15
10
 74
76    78
80   82    84
  Model Year
86    88
                                        5000


                                        4500


                                        4000


                                        3500


                                        3000
90
       Light Truck MPG by Model Year
  Average MPG                       Inertia Weight
30

25

20

15
10
                 Weight
  74    76    78    80   82    84
                    Model Year
                           86    88
                                        5000

                                        4500

                                        4000

                                        3500

                                        3000
                           90
                      Fig. 1

-------
                    Cumulative MPG Distribution
                            1989 Passenger Cars
     100
         Cumulative Percent
                  10   15   20   25   30  35  40   45   50   55  60   65
                                  55/45 MPG

                                     Fig. 2
IV. MPG Improvement  Potential

A. Concept Overview

   Vehicle fuel economy has  remained essentially constant  for years,  and underwent
a reversal in 1989; yet,  the  importance  of  vehicle fuel economy is  increasing due
to its  direct connection  with  the greenhouse  effect.  Given  this  situation,  it  is
meaningful to probe today's  vehicle fleet to "mine" what  potential  exists there for
improving fuel  economy. This is  obviously,  and necessarily,  a  matter of hypotheti-
cal investigation.  Of the many  possible methods of applying hypothesis  to the data
base, this paper  presents three:

   •  ''High MPG Cars" Scenario: within each  weight class,  identification of
      the  high  MPG 1989 cars, and construction of a fleet consisting of just
      those cars,  mixed in  the  same  proportions by  weight as  the  actual
      fleet. For symmetry, this  was also  done  for  the low  MPG cars. The an-
      alysis  divided  each weight  class into  five  equally-populated segments,
      by  nameplates,  and  selected the  top  MPG  fifth,  or  quintile, as  the
      "high MPG cars;" the bottom quintile made up  the "low MPG cars".

   •  "High  MPG Manufacturer's  Cars" Scenario: within each  car  size  class,
      identification of the highest manufacturer's average MPG, and construc-
      tion of a  fleet consisting  of  just  that  manufacturer's  cars  in  that
      class, with  the  classes mixed in  the  same  proportions as  the  actual
      fleet. This was done similarly for the lowest manufacturer's average.

-------
      "Performance Adjustment" Scenario: using  sensitivity  coefficients for  the
      relation  between  MPG  and 0-60  acceleration, the MPG  data  in recent  model
      years,  characterized  by ever-increasing vehicle performance,  were  adjusted to
      correspond to the vehicle performance of prior model years.
B. High MPG Cars

   Table  3 presents the results  for  the High MPG Cars  scenario. The hypothetical
fleets used in this scenario consist, on a MPG rank  basis, of the top and bottom 20
percent,  or quintile, of  the nameplates  in each  inertia  weight class.  For this sce-
nario,  the  inertia  weight  mix  was  held  constant, so  the  high  and low quintile
fleets have the same average inertia weight as the  actual fleet.

   This scenario shows the potential for a  30.9 MPG fleet average using  1989 tech-
nology, with no sacrifice  in interior  volume, and with average acceleration  perfor-
mance better than  all model years prior  to  1985.  Average interior volume for  the
high MPG case is the  same as that of  the actual 1989 fleet; the low  MPG case  has
much lower volume.
                                           Table 3

                               Results of "High MPG Cars" Analysis

                                      Low MPG        Actual       High MPG
                                     Car Fleet       Fleet        Car Fleet
                Inertia Weight            3116          3116          3116
                55/45 MPG                23.5          28.2          30.9

                CID                     192           162           146
                Horsepower                154           121           110
                0 to 60                 10.7          12.5          13.3

                Interior Volume             94           108           108
                Percent Manual            36.1          25.5          41.3
                Percent FWD              43.3          81.8          89.4
                Percent Port FI           86.6          60.7          51.0
C. High MPG Manufacturer's Cars

   It may be argued that the preceding  High MPG Car Scenario is less  than fully
realistic  because  the  hypothetical  fleet  made up of  each  weight  class'  best-MPG
cars may not include a  sufficiently variegated, "rational"  mix  of car  types;  the
analysis  technique  does not  even guarantee  that each vehicle size/type,  e.g.
Midsize Station Wagon, is represented in the hypothetical data  base.

   The High MPG  Manufacturer's  Cars  scenario  is  size  class  based,  rather  than
weight class  based,  so  representation  of all size classes  is ensured.  Within  each
size class, each  manufacturer's  MPG average  is  determined, and  the  cars (all  of
them)  from  that  manufacturer with the highest MPG  average  are retained  in the
hypothetical fleet. The low MPG case is handled similarly.

-------
8

   Table 4  illustrates  the  scenario  applied  to the  1989 fleet.  The  resulting high
MPG fleet  is  made up  of manufacturer B's Two-Seaters,  manufacturer  D's Minicom-
pacts, etc., mixed  in the "class market share" proportions of the overall fleet.
                                         Table 4

                     High and Low MPG Manufacturers, by Car Class, 1989

                           Class
                           Market     Low MPG Mfr    Fleet Avg    High MPG Mfr
             Car Class      Share, %      Mfr   MPG        MPG       Mfr  MPG
             Two-Seater       1.5        A    8.7        26.9        B   42.2
             Minicompact      0.3        C   17.2        24.5        D   28.6
             Subcompact       19.6        E   10.9        31.6        F   48.7
             Compact         35.7        G   22.1        29.9        H   34.1
             Midsize         22.8        I   12.5        26.5        J   27.7
             Large           13.4        I   11.8        24.2        K   25.7
             Small Wagon      2.4        L   29.7        31.3        B   34.7
             Midsize Wagon    2.5        M   21.8        25.7        J   27.5
             Large Wagon      1.8        J   22.8        22.8        N   23.2
   Table 5 compares  the high and low  MPG results to the actual fleet for  model  year
1989. Under  this scenario, a fleet average of  32.5  MPG  could be achieved  using  1989
technology,  with  no  compromise  in vehicle  utility. The  analysis was  repeated  for
all model years back to  1978,  revealing that  last  year's  fleet  showed even  higher
fuel  economy  potential: 1988  technology  had  the  potential for a  33.9  MPG fleet
average, as shown in  Table 5.
                                         Table 5

                          Characteristics of Best/Actual/Worst Fleets,
                              "High MPG Manufacturers"  Scenario

                                   1989       1989       1989      1988
                                  Worst      Actual       Best      Best
                 55/45 MPG           14.5        28.2       32.5      33.9
                 Interior Volume       111         108        109       106
                 Inertia Weight       4505        3116       2681      2594
                 CID                 294         162        110       103

                 Horsepower           210         121        94        90
                 0 to 60             10.7        12.5       13.6      14.0
                 Percent Manual       13.2        25.5       39.9      46.4
                 Percent FWD          2.1        81.8       97.7      91.2
    Figure 3  illustrates the  high  and  low  cases for  this  scenario,  for  all  the model
years. The high MPG potential was approaching 35 MPG  until  the  MPG downturn of
1989, and the low MPG potential shows remarkable consistency.

-------
                    MPG Improvement Potential
                     "Best MPG Mfr's Cars"  Scenario
     35
     30
     25
     20
     15
     10
        Average MPG
                          "Best in Class" Fleet
                                 "Worst in Class" Fleet
            78  79  80   81   82   83   84  85  86   87   88   89
                                  Model  Year
                                    Fig.  3
D. Performance Effects/Adjustment

   As shown  in Figure 4, the  fleet average 0 to 60 acceleration time was near or
above 14 seconds  until 1982, when it began dropping. The slope of the MPG trend
curve clearly  flattened after 1982; what had been a fuel economy improvement trend
gave way to a performance improvement trend.

   Fuel  economy and  acceleration performance  are  interrelated;  Figure 5 shows the
correlation  between 0 to 60 acceleration  time  and MPG. Each  data  point  in  this
graph represents an estimated  0  to 60 acceleration time and an  average  55/45 fuel
economy from the  high  MPG  quintile (see section B above), low MPG quintile, or
middle 60 percent of the 1989 fleet.

   The MPG/performance interdependence was quantified by means of regression analy-
sis performed  on  the  EPA  data  bases. This yielded sensitivity  coefficients  on the
order of 0.5, i.e.  a 10 percent increase in  0  to 60 acceleration  time  corresponds
to a  5 percent increase in fuel economy. Using  these sensitivities, MPG data at one
0-60  level can be adjusted to what it would  be at another 0-60 level. This was  done
for all model years from 1978 to 1989,  for  two performance levels selected as the
adjustment  bases:  the  1979  fleet average level of 13.8  seconds, and the  1982  level
of 14.4  seconds. The  results appear  in Figure  6, which   shows that  recent  years'
faster 0  to 60 acceleration times have  cost up to 2 MPG in  fleet fuel  economy.

-------
10
                 MPG and Performance
                      Passenger Cars
    35
    30
    25
    20
    15
      Average MPG
0 to 60 Time (Sec)
                                       0 to 60 Time
        55/45 MPG
         78  79  80  81  82  83  84  85  86 87  88 89
                        Model Year
                           Fig. 4
                15
                14
                13
                12
                11
          Zero  to  60 vs MPG by MPG Strata
                   1989 Passenger Cars
    70

    60

    50

    40

    30

    20

    10
      55/45 MPG
      8     9     10     11     12     13
                      O to 60 Time (sec)
                          Fig. 5
    14
15
16

-------
                                                     11
MPG
       MPG Sensitivity to Performance
                 Passenger Cars
                MPG 9 1982 Accel.


                    1979 Accel.
        81
82  83   84   85  86   87
        Model Year

          Fig. 6
88  89

-------
12
V.  Trends in Technology  Usage

A.  Catalysts

   Tables 6 and 7 give  market share,  55/45 MPG and vehicle weight by catalyst type
for cars  and  trucks,  respectively.   Only  a minuscule  percentage of  the cars  built
since 1984  have not had feedback control, so we no  longer  distinguish between vehi-
cles with and without feedback.

   Usage  of oxidation-only catalysts  in  passenger cars  essentially  stopped  in  1985.
For  1985-87,  the  only  cars  with  oxidation-only catalysts  were  vehicles  such   as
Subaru four-wheel-drive sedans and wagons, which were certified as light trucks but
classified as "cars"  in  this report. Except  for a  few trucks  with  thermal  reactors,
all gasoline-fueled  trucks  built  since   1984  have   used  catalysts.    Less  than   2
percent of  this year's  trucks still use oxidation-only catalysts.

   Usage  of the  three-way-plus-oxidation  catalyst  is dropping  for  both  cars  and
light  trucks. This combination accounted for 62  percent of  the 1984  cars  compared
to 25  percent  last  year,  and 18  percent  this year.  Similarly,  the  three-way-plus-
oxidation catalyst  combination accounted  for  25 percent  of  the  light  trucks  last
year, and 22 percent this year.
         Table 6 - Market Share, 55/45  MPG and IW of  1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars by Catalyst Type

                    1978   1979  1980  1981   1982   1983   1984   1985   1986   1987   1988  1989
    No Catalyst
    Oxid.  Catalyst
    3-Way Catalyst
    3-Way + Oxid.
    Diesel
.102
27.0
2467

.887
19.2
3717

.002
22.0
3188-
.009
29.4
3498
.085
27.2
2408

.868
19.6
3587

.018
23.5
2982

.007
16.8
4082

.021
27.1
3873
.046
25.9
2471

.790
23.3
3093

.096
22.7
3150

.025
20.1
3663

.044
30.0
3487
.142
30.0
2480

.297
26.2
2967

.502
23.1
3248

.059
29.9
3589
.132
32.6
2413

.299
27.1
2977

.523
24.0
3210

.047
30.6
3602
.124
33.0
2455

.243
28.7
2869

.612
23.8
3324

.021
30.8
3633
.006
27.1
2788

.357
30.2
2754

.621
24.3
3296

.017
36.3
3202
.004
28.0
2722

.485
29.3
2837

.502
24.9
3339

.009
34.2
3275
.005
28.1
2731

.540
28.8
2945

.452
26.8
3159

.003
40.5
2906
.006
27.3
2839

.657
28.9
2966

.335
26.5
3162

.002
30.5
3584
.753   .821
29.4   28.6
2971   3063

.247   .179
26.3   26.2
3309   3357

.000   .000
37.4   44.3
3000   2884

-------
                                                                                  13
          Table 7 - Market Share,  55/45 MPG and IW of 1978 to 1989 Light Trucks by Catalyst Type

                 1978  1979   1980   1981   1982  1983   1984  1985   1986  1987   1988  1989
   No Catalyst
   Oxid. Catalyst
   3-Way Catalyst
   3-Way + Oxid.
   Diesel
.705
14.5
4260
.287
17.3
3878






.008
21.2
4383
.084
22.8
2821
.898
14.2
4371






.018
21.1
4977
.107
24.2
2773
.849
17.9
3986
.010
19.2
3622
.000
13.4
6500
.035
24.3
4437
.035
27.8
2728
.839
19.4
3913
.032
23.3
3034
.038
18.6
3925
.056
32.0
3213
.000
28.8
2750
.795
20.2
3769
.052
23.8
3120
.060
15.3
4279
.093
27.0
4192
.022
22.3
3154
.741
20.7
3816
.076
22.0
3372
.113
19.3
3536
.047
27.0
4388


.623
20.2
3851
.122
22.5
3367
.232
19.8
3764
.023
27.4
4291
.009
21.6
3203
.530
19.7
3957
.261
24.2
3346
.189
18.7
3945
.011
26.1
4578


.395
19.8
3972
.459
23.1
3514
.138
21.3
3764
.007
26.7
4550


.181
21.4
3695
.579
22.2
3672
.237
20.4
3891
.003
25.6
4719


.018
22.4
3188
.726
22.0
3773
.253
18.8
4207
.003
22.2
5534


.016
26.3
2834
.762
22.0
3802
.220
17.9
4327
.003
22.6
5198
B.  Engines

1. Engine  Size

   Tables 8 and 9 describe  1978 to  1989 cars and  light trucks by  number of cylin-
ders.   Only  4-, 6-, and  8-cylinder  engines are shown  in  these  two  tables  because
vehicles  with other numbers of cylinders (e.g., 3-,  5- and  12-) have never account-
ed for more than a percent or two  of  the  car and truck fleets.  The calculation  of
the sales  fractions in  these  tables,  however,  include  all  vehicles, regardless  of
number of  cylinders.   Thus,  in  1983,  cars  with  4, 6,  or  8 cylinders accounted  for
98.4 percent of the car  fleet; the remaining 1.6  percent of  the fleet  consisted  of
cars with other cylinder counts.

   Since 1978,  passenger car average  displacement— for  each  cylinder  count—has
changed  very little, although average  engine size  of the overall fleet  has  dropped
by 89  CID  due to changes  in the mix of engines.   This year's cars with 4-cylinder
engines average  11  CID  larger than  1978's, while the 6- and  8-cylinder  engines  are
smaller by  28 and 34 CID, respectively.

   Average displacement for  8-cylinder  car  and  light  truck  engines has remained
constant at nominal values  of 300 and 320 CID respectively for several  years.  This
year's  8-cylinder  cars and  trucks are  the heaviest  since   1983. Use of 8-cylinder
engines  continues to  drop: the  sales fraction  of  8-cylinder  engines  in cars
decreased  from 53 percent in  1978 to  10 percent  this year.  Figure 7  shows  the
market fraction  for  passenger cars  by  number of cylinders.  In  1978, nearly three-
fourths of  the  light trucks  had  8-cylinder engines,  compared to about one-fourth  in
the past four years.

   The 6-cylinder  market share  has  now  increased  to about  33 percent for cars, and
has more that doubled for trucks since 1978.  The  market share of  4-cylinder trucks
peaked at  40 percent in 1986,  but  is  still  more than  double  what it was in  1978.
At  the number of cylinders  level of  stratification,  there  has  been little improve-
ment in fuel economy  the last  six years for either cars (Figure 8) or trucks.

-------
14
              Table 8 - Characteristics of  1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars by  Number of  Cylinders




                    1978   1979   1980   1981    1982   1983   1984   1985    1986   1987    1988
                                                                                                 1989
Four
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
X Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
X Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
% Small
% Mid
% Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Six
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
X Inject
% TBI
% Port •'
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp .
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
% Small
X Mid
X Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG

2942
.263
28.3
2519
36.1
108
.043
31.6

67.1
10.4

10.4
87.4
2.2
78
.726
.031
14.7
97.6
2.4

89
2579
3216

2351
.210
20.2
3478
35.2
220
.063
1.0

9.1
6.2

6.2
93.7
.1
107
.498
.031
14.8
54.6
43.4
2.1
109
2204
3836

3184
.295
27.0
2571
35.0
111
.043
33.3
1.2
65.8
7.0

7.0
90.6
2.4
77
.707
.030
14.9
95.8
4.2

90
2484
3163

2250
.208
20.4
3412
34.9
216
.063
1.2

10.4
7.4

7.4
91.9
.7
109
.516
.032
14.4
42.1
56.3
1.6
108
2211
3788

4600
.487
27.9
2579
36.3
116
.045
44.8
1.0
60.4
9.5

9.5
86.7
3.8
78
.682
.030
14.8
89.7
10.3

93
2643
3376

2674
.283
21.6
3336
36.1
212
.064
21.7
1.5
8.2
4.2

4.2
94.6
1.1
110
.530
.033
14.0
29.7
66.0
4.3
111
2408
4012

4542
.520
29.7
2560
38.4
116
.045
60.3
.9
55.3
7.9

7.9
87.8
4.3
79
.693
.031
14.6
82.9
17.1

97
2937
3734

2411
.276
22.6
3384
38.4
215
.063
14.2
.8
5.4
6.8

6.8
92.4
.9
110
.523
.033
14.1
23.7
70.0
6.3
111
2528
4291

4311
.551
30.8
2607
40.4
115
.044
71.6
.9
49.0
18.9
11.0
7.9
77.7
3.4
78
.686
.030
14.9
84.1
15.9

98
3056
3963

2122
.271
23.0
3389
39.2
212
.062
19.1
1.1
7.0
17.4
7.8
9.6
79.9
2.7
114
.551
.034
13.8
26.3
63.9
9.8
112
2591
4409

4260
.532
31.0
2630
41.2
119
.045
74.8
5.0
47.1
32.3
20.5
11.8
66.1
1.6
81
.695
.031
14.6
79.8
20.2

101
3181
4147

1879
.235
23.8
3379
40.4
211
.062
22.3
1.7
6.6
12.4

12.4
84.7
2.9
116
.567
.035
13.6
32.3
63.4
4.3
111
2659
4498

5884
.551
31.1
2664
41.8
120
.045
80.7
1.4
40.0
44.2
27.8
16.4
53.9
1.9
86
.719
.032
14.3
84.4
15.6

100
3168
4190

2457
.230
24.1
3365
40.5
205
.061
31.5
.9
6.1
29.9
8.8
21.1
68.7
1.4
117
.586
.035
13.4
30.0
66.9
3.1
111
2682
4513

6059
.562
31.3
2676
42.3
121
.045
83.0
3.7
38.5
51.8
32.5
19.3
46.8
1.3
90
.753
.034
13.9
81.3
18.7
.0
101
3230
4291

2503
.232
24.0
3388
40.8
206
.061
48.5
.0
6.3
62.8
21.6
41.2
36.7
.6
124
.617
.037
12.9
30.2
55.9
13.9
112
2695
4564

6542
.594
31.2
2720
42.7
122
.045
88.7
1.6
36.9
63.6
38.5
25.1
36.0
.4
91
.755
.033
13.9
79.5
20.3
.2
102
3233
4373

2752
.250
24.9
3373
42.0
199
.059
63.9
.4
7.1
80.6
15.1
65.5
19.2
.3
134
.687
.040
12.1
34.6
44.5
21.0
112
2799
4728

6883
.637
31.1
2727
42.7
121
.044
90.7
2.1
~35.0
68.0
41.9
26.1
31.9
.1
93
.773
.034
13.8
81.6
18.2
.2
102
3199'
4337

2535
.235
25.1
3414
42.9
199
.058
73.4
.3
7.8
96.7
7.8
89.0
2.4
.8
143
.732
.042
11.6
36.7
39.8
23.6
113
2860
4884

6380
.598
31.7
2742
43.7
119
.043
92.6
1.9
35.3
79.1
43.4
35.8
20.8
.0
96
.815
.035
13.5
86.6
13.2
.2
101
3260
4434

3029
.284
25.9
3382
44.0
193
.057
83.4
.7
7.1
98.8
1.5
97.2
1.2

141
.742
.042
11.6
33.9
45.6
20.5
114
2965
5009

5847
.568
31.4
2769
43.8
119
.043
93.3
2.0
39.3
82.4
41.5
40.9
17.5
.1
99
.837
.035
13.3
86.0
13.7
.4
101
3251
4451

3373
.328
25.6
3457
44.3
192
.056
82.1
.4
8.1
100.0
.2
99.8


147
.779
.043
11.5
26.9
49.9
23.2
115
2946
5089

-------
                                                                                                15
Table 8 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars by Number of Cylinders (Continued)




              1978   1979   1980   1981   1982   1983   1984   1985   1986   1987   1988   1989
'Eight
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
% Small
% Mid
% Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG

5882
.526
17.2
4166
36.1
336
.081
2.1

1.2
1.9

1.9
97.5
.6
154
.460
.037
12.8
14.2
46.8
39.0
119
2085
4317

5361
.497
17.6
4058
35.9
324
.080
3.7

1.4
2.2

2.2
95.3
2.6
149
.461
.037
12.9
13.4
42.8
43.8
121
2144
4340

2169
.230
19.1
3920
37.9
309
.079
7.6

.8
4.4
3.0
1.4
85.8
9.8
135
.439
.035
13.6
9.9
46.4
43.7
121
2343
4616

1780
.204
20.3
3973
40.9
307
.077
8.8

1.0
13.7
12.9
.8
69.4
16.9
133
.440
.034
14.0
8.8
40.0
51.2
123
2540
5074

1386
.177
20.3
3931
40.4
304
.077
5.4

4.5
10.3
9.0
1.3
78.1
11.6
138
.459
.036
13.4
17.3
27.2
55.6
123
2528
5031

1863
.233
20.1
3944
39.7
298
.076
9.6

3.4
35.3
34.3
1.0
62.5
2.2
143
.482
.036
12.9
12.9
26.5
60.6
125
2516
4992

2334
.219
20.4
3914
40.0
299
.077
9.2

3.2
37.3
32.2
5.1
61.3
1.4
144
.484
.037
12.8
18.3
24.5
57.3
122
2497
4927

2229
.207
21.7
3895
42.3
296
.076
18.2

2.5
47.4
42.3
5.1
52.5
.1
151
.509
.039
12.4
14.9
26.4
58.7
123
2670
5227

1721
.156
23.1
3729
43.2
289
.077
15.7

6.8
46.4
11.7
34.7
53.6

148
.521
.040
12.2
23.1 '
30.4
46.4
119-
2799
5163

1393
.129
22.1
3846
42.7
299
.078
14.1

4.4
55.7
13.9
41.8
44.3

156
.521
.041
12.0
20.7
29.0
50.3
120
2674
5174

1251
.117
22.8
3857
44.0
301
.079
16.3

5.3
75.7
19.7
56.0
24.3

177
.587
.046
11.0
22.9
17.0
60.1
122
2793
5425

1067
.104
22.6
3940
44.7
302
.077
18.3

5.2
74.4
28.6
45.8
25.6

163
.540
.042
11.8
17.7
11.2
71.1
126
2876
5730

-------
16
              Table 9 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Light Trucks by Number of Cylinders




                    1978   1979   1980   1981    1982   1983   1984   1985   1986   1987   1988
                                                                                                 1989
  Four
  Six
  Eight
Sales
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
% Small
% Large
Sales
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
X 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
X Carb
% Diesel
% Small
X Large
Sales
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)''
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb .
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
X Small
X Large
342
.105
26.2
2849
37.7
121
.042

6.8
88.1
.8


99.2

100.0

558
.171
17.9
3973
35.9
273
.069

14.6
32.0



99.8
.2
9.8
90.2
2373
.725
13.9
4381
30.8
352
.081

35.5
24.4



98.9
1.1
1.6
98.4
481
.156
23.1
2850
33.6
123
.043

20.5
86.4
1.8


98.2

99.2
.8
515
.167
17.2
4066
35.4
264
.066

19.5
61.0



99.3
.7
10.9
89.1
2092
.677
13.2
4620
30.9
347
.075

17.0
17.0



97.5
2.5
1.8
98.2
585
.314
24.3
2842
35.1
124
.044
4.5
22.2
90.0
5.3


92.8
1.9
89.4
10.6
555
.298
18.8
4016
38.0
269
.067

18.3
61.9



99.1
.9
6.4
93.6
723
.388
15.4
4585
35.9
333
.073

32.5
16.3



93.4
6.6
1.0
99.0
522
.287
27.3
2861
39.9
130
.046
6.4
24.5
92.9
3.9


80.6
15.5
90.4
9.6
636
.350
19.7
3956
39.2
272
.069

14.5
57.3



100.0

4.6
95.4
662
.364
16.9
4405
37.6
315
.072
.5
22.0
13.6



96.8
3.2
.3
99.7
518
.270
27.4
2897
40.4
132
.046
6.2
23.3
88.9
2.4


82.0
15.6
86.6
13.4
642
.336
20.9
3693
38.7
243
.066

12.8
52.5



100.0

31.3
68.7
754
.394
17.2
4526
39.9
319
.071
.1
24.0
10.2



87.0
13.0

100.0
744
.324
27.2
2924
40.3
135
.046
4.2
19.2
84.8
2.0


92.5
5.6
92.0
8.0
751
.327
21.1
3754
39.7
229
.061

32.4
48.5



100.0

48.0
52.0
804
.350
17.0
4547
39.7
321
.071

25.6
7.4



91.7
8.3

100.0
1083
.324
26.4
3064
40.8
135
.044
15.1
21.3
75.9
7.9


88.8
3.3
79.6
20.4
1200
.359
20.8
3730
38.9
221
.059

41.2
41.4



100.0

56.5
43.5
1062
.317
16.5
4573
38.3
320
.070

29.3
8.5



96.0
4.0

100.0
1253
.342
26.1
3157
41.5
141
.045
20.7
21.7
65.9
27.7


71.1
1.2
77.7
22.3
1217
.332
21.5
3704
39.9
216
.058

43.0
37.7
.5
.5

99.5

67.9
32.1
1198
.327
16.3
4555
37.5
318
.070
.0
27.4
6.5
8.1

.0
89.9
2.0

100.0
1802
.414
26.3
3159
41.7
139
.044
14.1
24.7
72.6
34.8
18.5
16.3
64.4
.8
81.0
19.0
1379
.317
20.9
3793
39.7
218
.057

37.8
33.3
58.3
34.7
23.5
41.6
.1
71.8
28.2
1169
.269
17.1
4563
39.2
315
.069
.0
29.9
7.6
28.5
.0
28.4
70.2
1.3

100.0
1567
.364
26.4
3123
41.3
139
.045
10.2
25.9
72.6
40.0
22.6
17.5
59.7
.2
87.9
12.1
1832
.426
21.4
3803
40.7
223
.058
8.0
34.2
27.1
90.6
33.7
56.9
9.4

65.6
34.4
906
.210
16.7
4637
39.0
323
.070
.0
31.3
' 7.8
71.7
46.1
25.7
27.5
.8
.0
100.0
1237
.269
26.1
3145
41.2
140
.045
8.0
31.2
73.6
60.7
33.5
27.2
39.3

86.5
13.5
2040
.443
21.6
3802
41.3
219
.058
15.4
34.9
27.3
98.5
39.1
59.3
1.5

71.0
29.0
1326
.288
17.4
4675
40.9
328
.071

34.2
8.1
97.1
63.9
33.2
2.0
.9

100.0
1210
.266
25.8
3200
41.3
143
.045
16.3
19.0
66.6
71.1
38.8
32.2
28.9

91.2
8.8
2156
.474
21.4
3880
41.6
224
.058
10.8
40.3
26.9
98.6
38.4
60.2
1.4

69.2
30.8
1179
.259
17.2
4679
40.5
329
.071
.0
30.6
4.5
98.0
65.8
32.1
1.0
1.0
2.8
97.2

-------
                                                         17
              Engine Size Market Shares
                      Passenger Cars
100%
     Sales Fraction
 80%-
 60%-
 40%
 20%-
                 81
82  83   84   85
   Model Year

     Fig. 7
86  87   88   89
  35
  30
  25
  20
   15
   10
    MPG
             MPG by Number of Cylinders
                      Passenger Cars
                                    4 CYLINDER
             8 CYLINDER
       78  79  80  81  82  83  84  85  86  87  88  89
                        Model Year

                           Fig. 8

-------
18
2.  Power and Performance

   Figure 9  shows average engine  horsepower  for  cars  with 4-,  6-, and 8-cylinder
engines.  In  1978, 8-cylinder  engines had twice  the horsepower of  the  fours.   Bet-
ween  1978 and 1981,  8-cylinder  engine  horsepower decreased  21  HP,  when use  of
Diesel  engines increased  to nearly  17  percent  of the 8-cylinder  car engines.   Since
then,  as  the use  of  Diesel  and  carbureted  8-cylinder  engines  decreased,  their
horsepower has increased and is now slightly higher  than it was  in 1978.

   Horsepower of 6-cylinder car engines was constant at a nominal  value of  110 HP
between  1978 and 1981.   Since then, 6-cylinder car engines have  increased usage  of
port fuel injection to nearly  100 percent; their weight  has increased  73  Ibs,  their
displacement  has  decreased  from 215 to 192  CID, their horsepower has  increased
substantially from 107 to 147, and  their 0  to  60  acceleration time decreased  from
14.1 to 11.5 seconds.

   Horsepower of 4-cylinder car  engines remained   constant  at  about 80  HP through
1982.   Since  then, horsepower  of 4-cylinder  car  engines  has increased to nearly  100
HP, while their cubic-inch displacement has remained at  about  120 CID. Cars  with 4-
cylinder  engines  have reduced  their  estimated 0  to 60 acceleration  time  to 13.3
seconds.

   Figure 10 gives 0 to 60 acceleration time  for passenger cars by number  of engine
cylinders.  In 1978, cars  with  4-  and 6-cylinder engines had about the  same 0  to  60
acceleration  time (i.e. about  14.7  seconds).    Since  then,  the sixes have reduced
their  acceleration time  by  22 percent, or 3.3  seconds,  to  about the same value  as
cars with 8-cylinder engines.

3.  Fuel Metering

   Figure  11 compares  fuel  metering used in  cars with  4-,  6-,  and  8-  cylinder
engines.   Essentially, all of  this  year's  cars  with 6-cylinder  engines will   have
port fuel injection compared  to 41.5 percent of the 4- cylinder,  and 46 percent  of
the 8-cylinder engines.  The  use of throttle body  injection appears to have peaked
for both 4- and 8-cylinder engines.

   Over  90  percent of  this  year's  cars  with  4-cylinder engines  have  front-wheel
drive,  as will  over  80  percent  of the  cars  with 6-cylinder engines.  Conversely,
only 18 percent of this year's cars with  8-cylinder engines have front-wheel  drive;
The others  still  have  rear  drive. Similarly,  a fourth of  the  8-cylinder  car  engines
built  this  year  are  carbureted.    All  of these 8-cylinder  carbureted   engines  are
used  in  cars with rear  drive and automatic  transmission such  as the  Chevrolet
Caprice,  Buick LeSabre and Dodge Diplomat.

   Nearly 99 percent  of this  year's trucks with 6-cylinder  engines  will  be fuel in-
jected, compared  to 58  percent  in  1986  and 0.5 percent in 1985.  Similarly,  nearly
98  percent   of  this year's  trucks  with  8-cylinder  engines will be fuel  injected,
compared to  8  percent  for  1985.  Less than a  third of this  year's trucks with 4-
cylinder engines will  be carbureted.  Model year  1989  is  the  first for  which fuel
injection exceeds 87 percent for both cars  and trucks.

-------
                                                      19
            Average Engine Horsepower
                    Passenger Cars
180



160



140



120



100



 80



 60
   Horsepower
      78   79  80  81  82  83  84  85  86  87  88  89
                      Model Year

                         Fig. 9
         Average Zero to 60 Acceleration
                   Passenger Cars
16



15



14



13



12



11



10
  Time (seconds)
     78  79  80   81  82  83  84  85  86  87   88  89
                      Model Year

                        Fig. 10

-------
20
       Car Fuel Metering  by Number of Cylinders
                  Four                    Eight
           Sales Fraction
Sales Fraction
           717IMI1UI3MUMI7UW     71 7» 10 11 12 (3 M U M 17
                Model Year

                   Six
           Sales Fraction
     Model Year
                                      D  Carbureted
                                      •  Diesel
                                      E3  Port
                                      m  TBI
                Model Year
                             Fig. 11

-------
                                                                                21


VI.  Trends by Vehicle Size

A. Vehicle Size Class

   Table 10 describes  cars by EPA  car class.  Only  Minicompacts and Small Wagons
show any significant variation in interior volume: Minicompact volumes have ranged
from 73 to  83 cubic feet, Small Wagons 105  to  120 cubic feet.  Note that interior
volume is undefined for the Two-Seater  car class; a value of 50 cubic feet has been
assigned to  all Two-Seaters, a class  which has never accounted for  more  than about
three percent of car  sales.

   On  a  class-by-class basis, passenger  car  MPG,  inertia weight  and  engine  size
have  changed  very little  the  last  several  years,  particularly for  the  four  most
sales significant  classes (Subcompacts, Compacts,  Midsize and  Large sedans).   MPG
for Minicompacts dropped nearly 7  MPG since last  year, but this class accounts for
less than one-half of 1 percent of passenger car sales.

   Aggregating  the  nine EPA  classes into  three  groups,  "Large  Cars"  (i.e.  Large
Sedans  and  Wagons), "Midsize  Cars" (Midsize  Sedans and Wagons)  and "Small Cars"
(Compacts, Subcompacts, Minicompacts, Small Wagon%and Two Sealers), Table 11 gives
major characteristics of these groups.

   Since 1980, Large Sedans and Wagons  have accounted for  only, 11  to 15 percent of
the cars.  By  comparison, they accounted for about 20 percent of  the cars in 1978
and 1979.  Similarly, the market share of Midsize Cars and Wagons has dropped  from
a peak of 36 percent in 1981 to about  one-fourth this year (see Figure 12).

   Large Sedans and Wagons now achieve higher MPG than Small and Midsize cars did
in  1978 and  are lighter than  Midsize  Cars were then.  Similarly, Midsize  Cars
achieve higher MPG than Small Cars did in  1978, but  are heavier.  At this level of
stratification,  there  has been little change in MPG for several years.

   More than  80 percent  of the Small and Midsize cars now have  front-wheel drive.
Front-wheel drive usage for Large cars has now reached the 60 percent mark.

   Use of TBI  engines in  Large cars peaked at  44 percent in 1985  and  has  since
dropped to  15 percent, while  use of port fuel injection  increased.  Similarly, usage
of TBI engines in Midsize Cars peaked at 40 percent in  1986, dropping to 22 percent
this year with port  fuel  injection increasing  from  29  percent  to 77  percent.  Small
car usage  of  TBI  engines  has remained in  the  25-30  percent range the  last five
years,  but small car  usage of port fuel injection has increased to over  50 percent.

-------
22
        Table 10 - Fuel Economy,  Market Fraction,  CID,  IW,  0 To 60,  and Volume by Car Size Class

                     Two     Mini     Sub           Midsize  Large   Small  Midsize  Large
                    Seater  Compact Compact Compact  Sedan    Sedan   Wagon   Wagon   Wagon
            1978
            1979
            1980
            1981
            1982
             1983
19.4
.017
187
3079
11.8
50
20.1
.024
180
3026
12.2
50
20.6
.021
180
2954
12.3
50
21.9
.019
202
3005
10.6
50
25.7
.034
147
2726
13.0
50
23.9
.017
146
2756
11.8
50
27.4
.081
120
2584
14.1
79
27.6
.040
113
2450
14.4
80
28.1
.041
116
2459
14.4
83
34.3
.026
92
2164
14.5
83
35.5
.023
95
2193
14.6
83
35.7
.020
100
2273
14.2
82
24.6
.184
159
2842
14.4
90
24.1
.282
155
2847
14.2
90
27.1
.376
128
2640
14.7
90
29.3
.311
124
2604
14.7
90
29.1
.298
133
2657
14.5
92
30.0
.246
136
2688
14.0
93
20.2
.133
236
3552
14.5
105
19.5
.062
246
3624
14.4
105
22.4
.073
186
3185
14.4
106
26.7
.112
142
2825
14.2
104
29.0
.162
128
2794
14.6
103
28.8
.182
141
2844
14.4
103
18.6
.299
292
3820
13.4
113
19.1
.297
272
3710
13.6
113
21.6
.316
229
3362
13.8
113
22.9
.332
220
3346
14.2
114
24.0
.273
211
3321
14.2
114
23.9
.284
212
3316
13.8
114
16.8
.183
357
4394
12.8
128
17.4
.196
339
4210
12.9
130
19.1
.102
314
4130
14.0
131
20.4
.109
304
4108
14.3
131
20.7
.106
292
4034
13.9
131
20.2
.135
293
4041
13.4
131
24.3
.032
134
2805
14.3
108
25.7
.029
123
2711
15.1
105
28.6
.033
113
2591
15.4
108
30.0
.048
108
2531
14.4
111
30.6
.049
109
2580
15.3
112
32.2
.066
105
2565
15.3
108
18.6
.045
258
3836
14.4
140
19.1
.045
249
3758
14.7
140
21.1
.027
228
3535
15.0
140
23.1
.031
193
3285
14.5
136
23.7
.036
205
3384
14.3
136
24.4
.034
200
3348
14.1
136
15.9
.026
354
4664
13.4
162
16.1
.026
333
4467
13.4
163
19.1
.011
324
4423
15.2
161
19.9
.012
313
4394
15.3
161
19.2
.019
306
4396
14.6
161
19.6
.016
307
4380
14.1
162

-------
                                                                                                     23
Table 10 - Fuel Economy,  Market Fraction,  CID,  IW,  0 To 60 and Volume by Car Size Class  (cont.)

                   Two     Mini     Sub           Midsize  Large   Small  Midsize  Large
                  Seater  Compact Compact  Compact  Sedan   Sedan   Wagon   Wagon   Wagon
          1984
          1985
          1986
          1987
          1988
         1989
26.7
.033
174
2886
12.1
50
26.9
.031
158
2826
11.7
50
28.1
.028
166
2916
11.7
50
27.5
.026
167
2920
11.5
50
27.1
.020
169
2967
10.9
50
26.9
.015
184
3011
10.4
50
25.6
.004
151
2855
10.5
76
36.0
.007
106
2300
13.4
79
30.7
.016
113
2408
12.8
81 •
30.7
.007
140
2636
11.3
77
31.2
.005
120
2596
12.5
77
24.5
.003
159
2861
9.7
73
29.6
.238
140
2737
13.5
93
30.1
.202
136
2734
13.4
94
30.6
.216
136
2764
13.4
95
31.1
.193
128
2728
13.7
93
32.1
.195
123
2681
13.3
93
31.6
.196
122
2716
13.0
94
29.7
.256
137
2798
14.3
103
29.8
.272
138
2804
13.5
103
29.8
.304
137
2819
13.5
103
29.7
.373
135
2834
13.3
103
29.8
.400
137
2899
12.8
104
29.9
.357
130
2913
12.9
103
24.1
.260
210
3318
13.6
114
24.9
.258
205
3319
13.3
114
25.9
.242
194
3241
13.0
114
26.0
.211
189
3250
12.7
114
26.7
.194
184
3289
12.3
113
26.5
.228
183
3329
12.3
114
20.5
.116
294
4022
13.4
131
22.3
.140
279
3841
12.7
129
23.9
.115
260
3719
12.1
127
23.8
.113
260
3697
11.8
127
24.3
.123
263
3730
11.3
128
24.2
.134
255
3695
11.4
126
31.9
.043
107
2620
15.2
116
32.5
.046
107
2579
15.2
118
31.0
.032
113
2648
14.7
118
30.7
.033
116
2795
14.2
120
31.6
.025
112
2733
13.8
117
31.3
.024
112
2897
13.7
119
25.0
.034
172
3298
14.1
136
25.0
.030
173
3380
13.9
136
26.0
.037
162
3355
13.6
138
25.6
.036
174
3439-
12.9
141
25.8
.031
178
3397
12.5
140
25.7
.025
180
3491
12.5
141
19.9
.017
305
4371
13.9
162
20.9
.014
305
4354
13.2
162
22.0
.011
304
4381
13.9
161
22.1
.008
304
4348
14.0
162
23.0
.008
305
4310
13.2
162
22.8
.018
306
4413
14.2
161

-------
24
    Small
    Midsize
    Large
Table
Sales (000)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
!
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Sales (000)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
11 - Characteristics of Small, Midsize and
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
4991
.447
23.3
3013
35.5
174
.055
20.2
43.6
10.1

10.1
88.6
1.4
99.2
.631
.033
14.2
3843
.344
18.6
3822
35.6
288
.075
1.2
2.2
1.6
-
1.6
98.4
.0
133.4
.467
.035
13.5
2341
.210
16.7
4428
37.2
357
.080
1.0

.1

.1
98.5
1.4
162.3
.457
.037
12.9
4714
.437
23.4
2921
34.6
163
.053
23.7
49.2
8.9

8.9
89.0
2.1
96.6
.644
.032
14.2
3693
.342
19.1
3716
35.7
269
.072
4.5
2.4
2.3

2.3
96.1
1.6
126.4
.475
.034
13.8
2387
.221
17.2
4240
36.7
339
.080


.1

.1
96.8
3.1
153.8
.456
.036
13.0
5135
.544
26.2
2709
36.0
136
.049
37.0
53.6
10.5

10.5
85.6
3.9
85.5
.659
.031
14.6
3244
.344
21.6
3376
36.6
228
.067
27.8
8.0
2.7
1.4
1.3
94.5
2.8
112.3
.510
.033
13.9
1064
.113
19.1
4158
40.1
315
.076


1.8
1.8

86.2
12.0
136.3
.438
.033
14.2
4495
.515
28.6
2637
38.2
128
.047
49.0
54.8
11.4

11.4
83.8
4.8
84.7
.687
.032
14.4
3175
.364
23.0
3341
38.5
218
.064
32.5
6.2
2.8
2.1
.7
93.1
4.1
107.1
.514
.032
14.3
1064
.122
20.4
4137
42.8
305
.074


15.3
15.3

68.4
16.3
133.0
.442
.032
14.4
4421
.565
29.2
2675
39.6
129
.047
57.3
51.1
18.4
6.1
12.3
77.8
3.8
85.7
.684
.032
14.5
2420
.310
24.0
3329
40.2
211
:062
42.8
2.6
14.4
13.6
.8
81.5
4.1
107.5
.532
.032
14.2
978
.125
20.4
4088
42.2
294
.072


17.1
17.1

72.8
10.1
135.9
.466
.033
14.0
4248
.531
29.8
2713
40.9
133
.048
60.8
50.6
33.2
16.2
17.0
64.7
2.1
89.0
.695
.032
14.2
2544
.318
24.0
3319
40.0
211
.063
47.1
1.7
16.6
15.3
1.3
81.6
1.7
111.2
.546
.033
13.9
1209
.151
20.1
4077
41.1
294
.072


35.9
35.9

61.5
2.7
140.4
.480
.034
13.5
Large Passenger Cars
1984 1985 1986
6128
.574'
29.6
2765
41.4
138
.049
64.6
41.3
44.9
21.1
23.8
52.9
2.1
94.2
.707
.034
13.9
3135
.294
24.2
3315
40.3
205
.061
56.8
1.5
29.5
25.0
4.5
69.3
1.2
112.6
.571
.034
13.7
1412
.132
20.4
4066
41.6
296
.073


37.3
37.3

61.8
.9
140.7
.478
.035
13.4
6030
.559
30.0
2756
41.8
135
.048
69.8
41.4
52.9
26.5
26.4
45.8
1.3
98.6
.746
.035
13.5
3103
.288
24.9
3325
41.6
201
.060
63.1
1.6
50.6
36.6
14.0
49.0
•.4
116.8
.612
.035
13.3
1657
.154
22.2
3886
43.1
* 282
.072
29.1

60.9
43.6
17.4
38.8
.3
143.6
.511
.037
12.8
6551
.595
30.1
2784
42.3
136
.048
74.7
40.2
60.9
25.8
35.1
38.7
.4
99.8
.753
.035
13.4
3076
.279
25.9
3256
42.3
190
.058
72.5
2.8
69.2
40.4
28.8
30.6
.2
118.0
.650
.036
13.1
1388
.126
23.8
3777
44.8
264
.070
51.1
.6
76.2
14.5
61.8
23.8

146.9
.569
.039
12.2
1978 to 1989
1987 1988
6836
.632
30.1
2801
42.5
133
.047
80.0
38.2
66.7
29.7
37.0
33.1
.2
101.0
.775
.035
13.4
2663
.246
25.9
3277
42.6
187
.056
78.7
1.9
85.8
39.8
46.0
13.8
.4
124.0
.691
.038
12.7
1312
.121
23.7
3741
44.3
263
.070
56.5
.5
81.0
14.1
66.9
19.0

149.0
.579
.040
12.0
6888
.646
30.5
2825
43.3
133
.046
84.1
35.2
80.1
32.6
47.5
19.9
.0
106.2
.815
.037
13.0
2386
.224
26.6
3304
44.1
183
.055
87.5
4.3
95.5
27.2
68.3
4.5

128.3
.716
.039
12.4
1387
.130
24.2
3766
45.7
265
.070
55.1
.4
85.8
11.8
74.0
14.2

161.8
.619
.043
11.4
1989
6122
.595
30.4
2849
43.6
128
.044
87.2
39.5
83.2
31.6
51.6
16.7
.1
108.2
.855
.037
12.9
2604
.253
26.4
3345
44.3
183
.054
82.0
7.6
98.9
21.7
77.2
1.1

131.5
.731
.039
12.3
1560
.152
24.0
3780
45.4
261
.069
60.3
.4
84.3
15.3
69.0
15.7

155.6
.617
.042
11.7

-------
                                                                             25
                        Car Size Market  Shares
    100%
     80% -
     60% -
         Sales  Fraction
     40%
     20%
        78    79    80
82    83   84    85
    Model Year
      Fig. 12
          LARGE
             I
86    87   88   89
   Table 12 gives fuel economy, market fraction, CID  and inertia  weight  for 1978 to
1989 light-duty trucks  by size class.  In 1978, Large Pickups accounted for nearly
60 percent  of all  light  trucks;  Large Vans 19 percent  and Small Pickups  10 percent.
Since then, the market share of Large Pickups has dropped to less than 30 percent
(Figure  13). Small Pickups gained in popularity through  1983 when they accounted
for 38 percent  of all light trucks.   Since then, their market  share has  dropped to
about 20 percent while Small Vans and Utility Trucks have increased their  shares of
the market  about  18 percent each.

   The Light Truck fleet  has improved 5.8 MPG since 1978, an amount larger than any
of  the  classes  due to mix  shifts across classes.   Inertia weight  for  five  of the
six size classes is higher this year  than it  was in  1978.  The only exception is
Large Pickups,  which had an  average inertia weight  of  4,326 in 1978, compared to
4,252 this year.

-------
26
                    Table 12 - Fuel Economy,  Market Fraction,  CID and Inertia Weight
                          for 1978 - 1989 Light-Duty Trucks by Size/Body Class
                                Small    Large    Small
                               Pickups  Pickups    Van
Large    Small    Large
 Van    Utility  Utility
                      1978
                      1979
                      1980
                      1981
                      1982
                      1983
                      1984
                      1985
                      1986
                      1987
                      1988
                      1989
26.3
.1037
121
2844
23.4
.1486
123
2832
25.3
.2625
123
2792
28.1
.2468
129
2822
27.5
.3091
144
2880
26.9
.3805
145
2978
26.0
.2707
146
3080
25.9
.2273
151
3070
25.8
.2829
147
3118
26.8
.2610
147
3026
26.2
.2098
153
3062
25.1
.2135
163
3168
14.7
.5889
339
4326
14.3
.5660
330
4486
17.4
.5083
294
4227
18.9
.5439
286
4069
19.0
.4438
287
4151
18.4
.3280
289
4197
18.8
.3402
271
4048
19.2
.3391
269
4026
19.7
.2992
262
4005
19.3
.2690
268
4091
19.0
.3284
285
4232
19.2
.2865
285
4252
20.0
.0008
120
3500
18.7
.0027
120
3500
19.0
.0084
120
3619
18.5
.0062
120
3644
21.7
.0078
111
3668
19.7
.0062
118
3567
24.7
.0649
136
3380
23.5
.1206
169
3521
23.2
.1494
181
3671
23.3
.1788
186
3690
23.3
.1774
193
3809
23.3
.1859
186
3776
14.2
.1902
330
4253
13.5
.1529
326
4560
16.5
.1213
299
4404
17.4
.1283
292
4357
17.1
.1545
296
4376
17.7
.1599
301
4445
17.1
.1371
303
4402
16.4
.1124
308
4462
17.4
.0906
305
4537
17.3
.0885
309
4539
17.9
.0783
313
4662
17.3
.0947
310
4664
16.7
.0285
275
3026
16.7
.0339
261
3196
18.8
.0325
227
3083
20.4
.0234
225
3054
20.5
.0222
207
2922
21.9
.0680
189
3512
21.9
.1247
175
3546
22.1
.1429
168
3643
22.2
.1309
163
3550
22.4
.1594
175
3511
22.1
.1601
183
3530
21.7
.1789
201
3713
13.8
.0878
359
4676
11.6
.0959
355
4975
14.3
.0670
328
4810
15.6
.0513
320
4734
16.8
.0626
324
4855
16.5
.0574
333
4905
15.5
.0622
331
4910
15.8
.0577
333
4945
16.3
.0470
328
4955
15.9
.0434
333
5068
16.3
.0461
336
5189
16.2
.0405
333
5036

-------
                                                                              27
                      Truck Class  Market  Shares
    100%
     80%
     60% h
         Sales Fraction
     40% I-
     20%
        78   79
80
82    83    84   85
    Model Year
       Fig. 13
86    87    88   89
B. Vehicle Weight Class

   Table 13 presents fuel economy, market fraction, CID, 0 to 60 acceleration time
and  volume  for  1978-88  cars  by  inertia weight.   Table  1  showed  that  average
interior volume of cars changed very  little between 1978  and 1989, but  inertia
weight dropped nearly 500 Ibs, with most of this  decrease coming between  1978  and
1980.   This  shows up in  Table 13  as an  increase  in  volume  by  weight class.
Analysis of cars with inertia weight above 4000 Ibs is confounded  by  the  fact that
these vehicles  accounted for  more  about  a  fourth  of  the  cars  built  in 1978,
compared to only about a percent or two of the cars built each year since 1984.

   Since 1984, four weight  classes, those from 2500 to 3500 Ib,  have accounted  for
over 70 percent of the cars built each  year.   Reduction in market share  has  oc-
curred for  those cars below 2500 Ib  and also for those  above 3500 Ib.  Since  last
year, MPG  has increased  for all  but two  of the  weight  classes shown (3000 and 3500
Ib), but these two classes account for over 50 percent of this year's production.

   Table 14  presents  fuel  economy,  average market  fraction,  and  CID by  inertia
weight class  for 1978  to  1989  light trucks.  In  1978,  two weight classes, 4000  and
4500 Ib, accounted for  70 percent of the light  trucks. The  market share of these
two  classes dropped to about 40  percent  in 1984-85, but have  since increased by 49
percent.

   The market share of the  3500 Ib class for Light  Trucks increased from 3  percent
in 1978 to  about  25 percent in  1986  where it  has remained. Similarly, the  3000 Ib
class increased from 4 percent in  1978 to 20 percent in 1982, but has since dropped
to 14  percent.   At  the  inertia  weight  level  of stratification,  there  has been  no
significant  increase in fuel economy for seven years.

-------
28
               Table 13 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID, 0 to 60 Time, and Volume
                       for 1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars by Inertia Weight Class
                    1978
                    1979
                    1980
                    1981
                    1982
                    1983
                    1984
                    1985
                    1986
                    1987
                    1988
                    1989
Under
2250
34.9
.024
90
14.3
80
32.0
.022
88
14.4
80
33.0
.030
90
14.3
86
38.4
.024
86
14.0
87
40.3
.020
86
14.5
87
43.6
.012
84
14.4
86
44.3
.009
86
13.5
73
48.5
.009
78
14.5
68
45.8
.013
67
15.9
79
43.4
.013
66
16.0
81
44.5
.019
71
15.3
89
46.4
.020
74
14.8
92
2250
31.9
.079
89
15.0
86
31.4
.065
88
15.2
88
32.4
.123
92
15.0
90
34.4
.136
96
14.8
91
35.6
.113
. 94
15.0
92
36.2
.123
95
14.9
96
37.1
.084
94
14.8
97
37.5
.078
94
14.6
97
38.5
.068
93
14.8
93
39.0
.043
91
14.6
90
39.4
.039
91
13.5
91
40.1
.025
89
13.4
94
2500
27.9
.070
101
15.1
92
27.9
.100
101
15.4
91
28.0
.124
104
15.6
92
29.4
.175
108
14.8
95
31.2
.184
106
15.4
92
32.2
.155 •
107
15.0
95
32.7
.143
107
14.7
96
32.8
.157
109
14.2
98
33.7
.147
106
14.3
100
33.4
.183
104
14.6
99
34.1
.159
100
14.4
100
35.0
.153
98
13.9
99
2750
24.8
.045
129
13.4
89
24.0
.043
132
13.6
82
26.1
.103
142
13.6
96
27.7
.082
137
13.8
107
28.8
.123
124
14.4
104
30.2
.108
124
14.2
106
30.1
.192
127
14.1
103
30.6
.174
128
13.6
103
30.6
.172
125
13.4
102
30.8
.175
124
13.3
102
31.4
.145
122
13.1
102
31.8
.115
119
13.1
102
3000
22.5
.081
164
13.9
97
22.1
.119
162
13.9
96
23.6
.215
164
13.8
101
24.4
.186
165
13.8
104
25.7
.199
163
13.6
104
25.8
. 189
161
13.4
105
26.4
.187
157
13.2
105
27.1
.189
153
13.0
106
27.5
.257
151
13.2
107
27.9
.258
147
12.9
106
28.5
.296
145
12.6
105
28.1
.300
147
12.4
106
3500
20.2
.268
257
13.8
111
20.2
.249
252
13.7
112
20.7
.227
244
14.1
111
22.2
.209
234
14.3
113
22.4
.182
237
14.0
112
22.8
.209
238
13.6
112
22.9
.208
236
13.1
110
23.4
.228
228
12.7
112
24.4
.251
225
12.0
113
24.6
.236
218
11.6
114
25.4
.253
213
11.3
114
25,2
.274
199
11.4
114
4000
18.0
.200
306
13.1
115
17.8
.245
311
13.0
120
18.8
.139
302
13.9
122
20.3
.150
296
14.0
123
20.6
.155
287
13.8
126
20.3
.181
287
13.4
127
20.6
.159
289
13.4
126
21.7
.155
294
12.8
125
22.1
.083
299
12.4
125
21.7
.084
295
12.3
122
22.4
.079
290
11.2
126
23.1
.089
267
12.4
123
Over
4000
15.8
.233
369
13.1
126
16.2
.159
358
13.5
127
18.9
.039
350
15.1
137
20.3
.037
343
16.1
137
20.7
.024
323
16.1
148
19.8
.024
312
14.4
146
20.0
.018
309
14.0
152
20.8
.010
307
13.8
160
21.2
.009
309
14.0
156
22.0
.007
307
14.5
159
22.4
.010
308
14.4
144
22.4
,023
308
14.4
148

-------
                                                                                   29
       Table 14 -  Fuel  Economy,  Market Fraction and  CID
    for 1978 to 1989  Light Trucks by Inertia Weight  Class
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
Under
2750
27.2
.007
97
27.5
.013
96
28.8
.024
92
33.3
.028
102
29.8
.026
120
28.1
.017
126
28.0
.007
99
29.1
.003
82
32.7
.010
84
33.0
.015
81
33.3
.018
81
32.2
.011
91
2750
23.5
.074
157
22.6
.081
126
25.2
.174
126
27.9
.122
130
28.3
.119
130
28.8
.148
132
28.3
.098
130
29.9
.067
130
29.5
.073
132
29.7
.057
133
27.7
.030
134
27.7
.022
135
3000
25.2
.044
148
21.9
.073
154
22.7
.114
146
25.9
.137
150
25.9
.198
162
25.7
.180
158
26.0
.172
153
26.2
.179
151
26.8
.193
143
26.9
.187
144
27.1
.149
148
26.7
.135
146
3500
18.6
.031
267
16.9
.022
251
18.3
.044
211
20.9
.067
238
22.1
.076
205
23.3
.120
174
22.7
.221
164
23.0
.260
168
23.0
.259.
164
23.0
.287
178
22.7
.242
188
22.7
.241
188
4000
15.9
.402
319
15.9
.227
301
18.6
.288
279
19.1
.371
283
18.7
.256
286
19.0
.218
269
18.9
.206
265
19.6
.202
260
20.1
.215
243
20.6
.223
236
21.3
.250
223
21.5
.290
220
4500
13.5
.301
353
13.9
.311
323
15.7
.209
319
16.8
.205
312
16.8
.213
310
17.0
.225
310
16.7
.207
310
16.4
.203
311
17.3
.177
307
17.2
.163
314
18.0
.218
320
17.8
.200
318
5000
12.8
.099
371
12.3
.218
363
15.1
.130
347
15.8
.067
330
17.0
.089
332
17.0
.075
332
16.0
.078
327
15.9
.076
326
16.3
.067
323
15.9
.055
327
16.2
.074
326
16.4
.094
328
Over
5000
12.1
.042
379
11.0
.054
401
13.0
.018
355
13.7
.003
350
21.5
.024
350
20.4
.017
374
18.2
.012
369
17.1
.010
363
16.8
.008
348
16.9
.014
352
16.9
.019
352
16.6
.007
355

-------
30
VII. Trends by Market Segment

   Table 15  shows  major characteristics  of the  Domestic, European, and  Asian car
fleets for model years 1978-89.   Table  16 presents  similar  data for  light  trucks,
but the  truck fleet is divided  into just Domestic and Import  segments.  As in pre-
vious papers, Import  production volumes  include vehicles assembled in the U.S. by
foreign manufacturers.

A. Market Share

   As shown in Figure 14, the market share of  European cars has  stayed at 5 to  7
percent.   The Asian share of the car  market, on the other hand, has increased  from
14 percent in 1978  to over 33 percent.  Sales of  Import trucks have ranged from 10
to 30 percent.  Their  share  of  the  light  truck market  this  year  (20  percent) is
much lower than it was two years ago  when 30 percent of Light Trucks were Imports.

B. Vehicle Size

   Domestic  cars built this year  are  523 pounds lighter than  their 1978 counter-
parts, have engines that are 93 CID smaller and get  8.1 higher MPG. Nearly 70 per-
cent  of this MPG increase occurred between 1978  and 1982.

   This  year's Asian and European cars get higher MPG than in 1978, but are heavier
and have larger engines.  European passenger  car MPG  peaked at nearly 30 MPG in
1981, primarily because Diesel engines were used in 36 percent of the European cars
that  year.
                  Sales Fraction by Vehicle Type
                           Cars and Light  Trucks
     100%
      80%
      60%
          Sales Fraction
                                                         1 Domestic Trucks
                                                         'Domestic Cars
      40%
      20%
1 Asian Cars

'European Cars
'Import Trucks
         78 79  80  81  82  83 84 85  86  87  88  89
                          Model Year
                            Fig. 14

-------
                                                                                          31
Table 15 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Domestic, European and Asian Passenger Cars




      1978   1979   1980   1981   1982   1983   1984   1985   1986   1987   1988   1989
Domestic
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
X Small
X Mid
X Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
European
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
X Small
X Mid
X Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG

9084
.813
18.7
3828
36.0
284
.073
4.6

8.2
1.1

1.1
98.6
.4
133
.483
.035
13.6
32.2
42.1
25.8
114
2185
4117

582
.052
23.9
2705
33.2
115
.042
53.7

68.6
65.5

65.5
22.9
11.5
87
.758
.032
14.7
96.2
3.8

92
2335
3084

8761
.812
19.3
3696
35.7
268
.071
6.3

9.9
1.1

1.1
97.3
1.6
128
.501
.035
13.6
31.0
41.8
27.2
114
2235
4088

520
.048
24.4
2783
35.1
121
.043
47.0

69.1
54.9

54.9
27.5
17.6
87
.727
.031
15.1
93.4
6.6

90
2354
3195

6820
.722
21.9
3323
36.5
218
.064
23.4
.6
16.8
1.2
.9
.2
95.7
3.1
109
.532
.033
14.1
37.3
47.1
15.6
110
2448
4048

699
.074
28.0
2649
38.5
114
.043
65.3

75.2
55.3

55.3
15.5
29.2
80
.702
.030
15.4
95.4
4.6

90
2699
3498

6261
.717
23.5
3291
38.7
210
.062
32.4
.3
15.3
3.7
3.7

91.3
5.0
106
.549
.032
14.2
32.7
50.3
17.0
113
2706
4408

525
.060
29.4
2765
42.1
121
.044
61.1

68.7
61.4

61.4
2.2
36.4
84
.694
.030
15.2
95.0
5.0

93
2928
3940

5506
.704
24.5
3247
40.0
200
.059
42.9
.4
15.4
13.9
13.9

82.4
3.7
106
.567
.032
14.3
38.8
43.4
17.8
112
2800
4504

494
.063
28.6
2895
42.7
129
.044
54.8

61.2
65.6

65.6
6.3
28.1
92
.718
.031
14.8
93.8
6.2

96
2923
4144

5682
.710
24.1
3310
40.2
208
.061
42.5
.6
12.3
27.3
26.6
.7
71.5
1.2
111
.565
.033
14.0
34.7
44.1
21.3
115
2828
4612

441
.055
27.2
3041
42.0
140
.046
41.9
.1
53.5
77.0

77.0
3.6
19.4
107
.773
.035
13.5
90.5
9.3
.1
99
2784
4180

8102
.759
25.1
3233
40.8
197
.059
51.3
.3
13.6
38.3
32.0
6.3
60.7
.9
nb'
.593
.034
13.8
45.3
37.2
17.4
111
2857
4553

640
.060
26.7
2987
40.8
139
.046
45.4
.5
51.0
84.2

84.2
2.2
13.6
110
.798
.037
13.0
81.6
18.4

100
2772
4086

7797
.723
25.8
3246
41.9
199
.059
60.0
.0
11.0
57.5
44.2
13.3
42.3
.2
117
.625
.036
13.2
40.7
38.0
21.3
113
2950
4734

666
.062
26.3
3070
41.1
144
.046
45.0
.6
46.4
88.8

88.8
.3
10.9
117
.827
.038
12.8
79.5
20.5
.0
102
2818
4231

7515
.682
26.6
3199
42.6
191
.058
68.2
.1
11.7
70.7
41.0
29.6
29.2
' .1
117
.646
.036
13.0
43.6
38.1
18.3
112
2999
4768

735
.067
26.0
3019
39.8
146
.047
47.0
1.2
46.9
91.4

91.4
5.3
3.3
124
.857
.040
12.2
76.3
22.3
1.5
103
2788
4124

6702
.620
26.6
3202
42.7
189
.058
74.0
.6
10.7
84.9
44.6
40.4
15.0
.1
121
.666
.037
12.8
43.3
37.4
19.4
112
3017
4805

745
.069
25.9
3025
39.5
146
.047
45.6
1.4
48.7
90.3

90.3
6.6
3.1
128
.885
.041
11.9
78.5
19.6
1.8
101
2701
4012

6616
.621
27.2
3247
44.2
190
.057
78.5
. .4
9.9
95.4
35.0
60.4
4.6

129
.704
.039
12.3
47.7
31.6
20.7
113
3079
4982

643
.060
25.6
3091
39.9
147
.046
48.9
1.3
44.7
94.1

94.1
5.8
.1
134
.918
.042
11.7
73.6
24.2
2.2
101
2684
4068

6233
.606
26.8
3305
44.4
191
.057
79.8
.3
10.8
95.6
32.9
62.7
4.4

131
.710
.039
12.3
38.5
36.8
24.8
114
3086
5085

593
.058
24.6
3227
40.1
155
.047
40.6
1.7
37.2
99.5

99.5

.5
145
.948
.044
11.3
73.7
23.7
2.7
103
2615
4152

-------
32
  Table 15 - Characteristics of  1978 to 1989 Domestic, European and Asian Passenger Cars (continued)

                 1978  1979   1980   1981  1982   1983   1984   1985   1986   1987   1988   1989
   Asian
        Sales(OOO) 1510
        Fraction  .135
        55/45 FE  28.7
        Wt(lbs)   2482
        Ton-MPG
        Disp(CI)
        CID/Lb

        X FWD
        X 4WD
        X Man.Tr
 36.2
  106
 .042
1513
.140
26.7
2506

33.9
 107
.042
1924
.204
29.0
2482

36.4
 107
.043
1948
.223
30.9
2469

38.6
 109
.044
1819
.233
31.2
2512

39.7
 113
.044
1879   1933
.235   .181
32.7   32.7
2529   2569

41.9   42.5
 112    114
.044   .044
 22.8   32.4   39.2   45.5   51.3   63.2   66.8
       2.5   2.4   2.1   2.2   11.3   4.2
 74.1   77.8   69.7   68.7   64.4   67.1   59.4
2328
.216
32.2
2585

42.2
 113
.043

71.8
 9.4
59.0
2765
.251
32.9
2616

43.5
 110
.042

85.3
 3.6
54.4
3364
.311
32.1
2696

43.6
 111
.041

89.2
 3.1
47.3
3401
.319
32.6
2675

43.9
 109
.040

92.2
 3.1
46.9
        X TBI
        X Port

        % Carb
        X Diesel

        Eng-Hp
        Hp/CID
        Hp/Lb
        0 to 60

        X Small
        X Mid
        X Large

        Cu.Ft
       Cu.Ft MPG
    Cu.Ft Ton MPG
  5.9
        8.1
                                .5
       9.4   11.0   13.1   20.2   28.6
 94.1   91.9   90.6   88.2   85.6   79.3   70.1
                     .8    1.3     .5     .8

  84    78    77     78    80     83     88
 .784   .734   .720   .713   .707   .731   .768
 .033   .031   .031   .031   .032   .032   .034
 14.0   14.6   14.6   14.5   14.5   14.2   13.7

100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0  100.0
  85    85
 2531   2356
 3097   2895
        89
      2647
      3232
        89
      2816
      3426
        91
      2924
      3611
        93
      3160
      3924
        94
      3174
      4004
                                .4
                              29.5

                              69.9
                                .2

                                89
                              .782
                              .034
                              13.9

                              99.2
                                .8
  95
3175
4013
                               1.7
                              41.4

                              56.8
                                .1

                                90
                              .810
                              .034
                              13.8

                              98.1
                               1.9
  97
3287
4211
                               8.5
                              37.3
                              21.8
                              39.1
                                                  93
                                                .826
                                                .034
                                                13.9

                                                99.6
                                                  .4
  97
3198
4236
                                      95
                                    .862
                                    .035
                                    13.5

                                    94.4
                                     5.6
  98
3285
4313
3461
.336
31.9
2756

44.2
 111
.040

92.6
 3.0
49.9
        X Inject   5.9   8.1    9.4   11.0   13.1   20.2   29.1   29.9   43.2   45.8  61.0   70.4
                                                                   19.9
                                                                   50.6
                                                54.2   39.0   29.6
                                     100
                                    .899
                                    .036
                                    13.2

                                    95.0
                                     5.0
  99
3244
4377
   Note the changes  in  MPG and  0 to 60 MPH  acceleration time that have occurred
between 1978 and 1989  for Domestic, European, and  Asian  cars.   Between  1978 and
1981,  average MPG  for Domestic  cars increased from 18.7  to  23.5 MPG while their
acceleration  increased  from  13.6   to  14.2  seconds. Since then,  Domestic  MPG  has
increased  to  26.8 and  Domestic  0 to  60  acceleration  time  has  decreased  to  12.3
seconds.

   European MPG and  0 to 60 acceleration  time  changed similarly between  1978 and
1981 when European  MPG increased from 23.9 to 29.4.  Since then,  however,  European
MPG has  decreased  to 24.6  and  European 0 to 60  acceleration  time  has decreased to
11.3 seconds.  Between  1978 and  1983,  0 to  60  acceleration  time  for  Asian cars re-
mained  above 14.0 seconds, but has  since  decreased to  13.2 seconds.   In  addition,
Asian passenger car  fuel economy  has remained  in  a narrow (30.9 to 32.7) MPG range
since 1981.
   Import truck  fuel economy peaked in  1981 at 27.3 MPG when  15.9  percent of them
had  Diesel engines  (Table 16).   Since then, import truck  MPG has decreased 3.1 MPG
and  their inertia weight has increased 491 pounds.

   Since 1978, Domestic light  trucks improved  5.8  MPG, but almost  all of this  im-
provement  occurred between 1978 and 1983. Since then, Domestic  truck MPG and iner-
tia weight have stayed  in a narrow  range.

-------
                                                                                            33
Table 16 -  Characteristics of 1978 to 1989 Domestic and Imported Light Duty Trucks




   1978   1979   1980   1981   1982   1983   1984   1985   1986   1987   1988   1989
Domestic
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
% 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
X Small
X Large
Imports
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
X Small
X Large

2915
.891
.14.5
4305
31.8
337
.079

31.7
25.5



99.1
.9
153
.451
.036
13.2
2.7
97.3

358
.109
25.1
2903
37.2
127
.043

6.5
88.6
.8


99.2

89
.719
.031
14.7
100.0


2616
.847
13.8
4504
31.8
330
.073

17.6
25.6



97.9
2.1
148
.449 '
.033
14.2
3.8
96.2

473
.153
23.1
2854
33.7
124
.043

20.1
88.1
1.8


98.2

85
.688
.030
15.0
100.0


1293
.694
16.8
4323
36.8
303
.070

27.1
36.8



95.9
4.1
136
.451
.032
14.4
4.3
95.7

571
.306
24.3
2839
35.1
124
.044
4.6
20.3
89.8
5.4


92.6
2.0
87
.701
.031
14.7
89.3
10.7

1310
.720
18.2
4173
38.4
293
.070
.3
19.0
35.6



98.4
1.6
132
.453
.032
14.4
3.3
96.7

510
.280
27.3
2862
39.9
130
.045
6.5
22.8
92.8
4.0


80.1
15.9
84
.650
.030
15.2
90.2
9.8

1459
.763
19.0
4078
39.3
277
.068
.0
18.2
31.2



93.3
6.7
130
.486
.032
14.3
18.1
81.9

454
.237
27.1
2932
40.6
135
.046
7.1
26.1
92.2
2.8


79.5
17.7
87
.648
.030
15.2
84.7
15.3

1806
.785
19.6
3977
39.6
257
.063
.0
26.1
33.8



95.9
4.1
125
.508
.031
14.5
33.8
66.2

495
.215
27.1
2982
41.0
137
.046
6.2
24.6
90.2
3.0


90.3
6.8
92
.672
.031
14.6
88.0
12.0

2608
.780
19.2
3990
38.9
250
.062
5.7
33.0
30.1



98.1
1.9
125
.523
.031
14.6
39.3
60.7

737
.220
26.6
3045
40.9
134
.044
2.0
23.9
84.5
11.6


84.6
3.8
91
.680
.030
14.9
70.0
30.0

2938
.801
19.5
3963
39.2
245
.061
8.2
30.7
26.5
9.5
.2

89.6
:s
130
.553
.033
14.2
45.9
54.1

730
.199
26.3
3119
41.4
139
.045
2.4
30.0
79.8
23.5

.1
74.9
1.6
100
.719
.032
14.4
61.7
38.3

3055
.702
19.9
3993
40.1
243
.060
7.6
29.9
25.3
44.6
19.8
24.8
54.8
.6
134
.579
.034
13.8
49.1
50.9

1296
.298
26.1
3136
41.2
138
.044
1.8
31.2
83.5
30.9
16.1
14.8
68.0
1.1
99
.717
.032
14.3
73.4
26.6

3160
.734
20.4
3945
40.6
240
.060
8.9
28.6
26.3
80.3
36.5
43.8
19.4
.3
143
.620
.036
13.0
50.8
49.2
-
1146
.266
25.6
3139
40.3
139
.044
2.3
35.9
76.3
34.9
20.5
14.4
64.9
.2
99
.718
.032
14.2
85.2
14.8

3705
.805
20,4
4034
41.5
250
.061
10.8
29.9
23.4
96.4
50.8
45.6
3.3
.3
151
.625
.037
12.7
48.7
51.3

899
.195
24.5
3228
39.6
142
.044
1.5
49.3
78.7
53.0
19.8
33.3
47.0.

105
.741
.033
13.9
79.4
20.6

3604
.793
20.3
4051
41.4
251
.061
11.6
30.0
21.4
98.5
52.1
46.4
1.2
.3
153
.632
.038
12.6
50.6
49.4

942
.207
24.2
3353
40.6
148
.044
1.6
40.4
70.8
62.8
20.9
41.9
37.2

110
.743
.033
13.7
85.4
14.6

-------
34

   Since 1978,  European and Asian cars have not only increased inertia weight and
engine  size,  they  have also  increased their interior  volumes  by 11  and 14  cubic
feet respectively (Figure 15).   The size (interior volume) of Domestic cars  has  re-
mained about the same (110 to 115 cubic feet) and their inertia weight has reduced.
           Passenger Car Interior  Volume, 1978  - 89
       130
       120
        110
        100
         90
         80
           EPA Volume (cu. ft.)
              DOMESTIC
                       EUROPEAN
                                  ASIAN
             78  79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
                          Model Year
                            Fig. 15
                                                        LARGE
                                                        MIDSIZE
                                                        COMPACT
SUBCOMPACT
                                                        MINICOMPACT
   Average interior volume for Domestic cars has remained in the "Midsize" range.
Since 1978, average interior  volume increased from  the "Minicompact" to the  "Sub-
compact" range for Asian cars, and from the "Subcompact" to the "Compact" range for
European cars.

   Table 15 showed two ratios, Hp/CID and HP/Wt, by which Domestic, European, and
Asian cars can be compared.  For the Domestics,  Hp/CID has increased from 0.48  in
1978 to  0.71  this year.  For the Europeans, Hp/CID dropped from a value of 0.76  in
1978 to  0.69 in  1981  (the  peak year for  European Diesel usage)  and has since risen
to a value of 0.95.   Similarly, Hp/CID for the  Asians decreased  from 0.78 in  1978
to 0.71  in 1981  and  1982  and has since  increased to  0.90 in 1989.  Thus, Domestic
cars, on  a power per cubic inch displacement basis, trail the Imports.

-------
                                                                             35
   From  1978 to 1982,  horsepower  per Ib of inertia weight (Figure 16), remained  in
a relatively narrow range  for Domestic,  European, and Asian cars.  Since then, this
ratio has increased at roughly the same  rate for  European and Domestic cars and  at
a slightly slower rate for the Asians.
             Horsepower per  Pound, 1978  to  89
    0.048
    0.044
    0.040
    0.036
    0.032
    0.028
                                                            Domestic
                                                            European
                                                            Asian
            78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
                        Model Year
                           Fig. 16
   Figure 17 shows the ratio of  interior  volume (in cubic feet) to inertia weight
(in Ibs).  For  the Domestics, interior  volume has remained relatively constant, but
because of the weight reductions which took place primarily between  1978 and 1982,
this ratio increased.

   For the Asians/  interior  volume and  inertia weight have  both  consistently in-
creased  since  1978, but  their ratio has  remained  relatively  constant  since  1979.
Interior volume and inertia weight have increased on a similar basis for the Europ-
eans  through 1988.  Since then,  interior volume of European cars has remained con-
stant, but their inertia weight has increased.

-------
36
            Cubic  Feet  per  Pound,  1978  to  1989
     0.038
     0.036
     0.034
     0.032
     0.030
     0.028
                                                              Domestic
                                                              European
                                                              Asian
             78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
                         Model Year
                            Fig. 17
   Figure 18 shows ton-miles  per  gallon, i.e. miles  per gallon  multiplied by  iner-
tia  weight in tons.   Ton  MPG equates  vehicle  utility  with its  ability to  move
weight (its own plus payload). Ton MPG for  Domestic  and Asian cars have both in-
creased and are difficult to distinguish.  Ton-MPG for European  cars peaked in 1982
at 42.7 ton-MPG, dropped to a nominal value of 40 in  1986 where it has remained.

   Cubic  feet miles per gallon (Figure 19)  is a metric  which associates  vehicle
utility with the ability to  move interior  volume, i.e.  passengers and  cargo.   Since
interior volume of European cars has been constant, and European fuel economy has
decreased the last few years, European cubic feet  MPG  has decreased.   For the
Asians,  both  interior  volume  and  fuel  economy have  been  relatively constant the
last few  years, thus so  has their cubic  feet MPG.  Interior volume  for  the Domes-
tics has also  been constant, but their cubic  feet  MPG  metric  increased due  to fuel
economy increases.

-------
                                                        37
    Ton MPG, 1978 to 1989 Passenger Cars
45.0
42.5
40.0
37.5
35.0
32.5
                                            Domestic
                                            European
                                            Asian
     78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
               Model Year
                  Fig. 18
      Cubic Feet MPG, 1978 to 1989 Cars
3500
3250
3000
2750
2500
2250
2000
Domestic
European
Asian
      78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
                Model Year
                  Fig. 19

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38

C. Fuel Metering

   Figure 20 shows the sales fractions of Domestic,  European and Asian cars, which
uses  Diesel,  carburetion,  TBI  or  port  fuel  injection.   Nearly all  of  this  year's
European cars use port fuel injection.  Throttle  body injection  (TBI) has been used
in only a small percentage of  Asian cars.  Less  than 30 percent of  the  Asian cars
still use carbureted engines.

   Nearly  two-thirds  of  this  year's  Domestic  cars  will   use  port-fuel  injection.
Use of TBI  by the Domestics, however, remained  relatively constant at about 43 per-
cent  for three  years (1985 to 1987),  but has dropped to 33 percent.  Use  of port
fuel injection in Domestic cars has increased every year since 1983.

   As mentioned earlier, fuel-injected engines are now used  in more than 90 percent
of this  year's light trucks compared to less  than 3  percent  in  1984.   Nearly  all of
this year's Domestic  trucks  are  fuel  injected, and  over  62 percent  of  the  Imports
are.  By comparison,  fuel-injected engines were used in 45  percent of the 1986  Do-
mestic and 31 percent of the 1986 Import trucks.

D.  Drive and Transmission

   Nearly  80 percent of  this year's  Domestic cars  will  use  front-wheel drive, as
will more than 90 percent of the Asians  compared  to only  40 percent of  the  Euro-
peans.  Use of front-wheel drive in European cars peaked in 1980 at 65 percent.

   Four-wheel  drive  has  been  used  only in a  small percentage of  the  Domestic,
European, and Asian cars  built  each year. Four-wheel-drive  usage for Domestic light
trucks has varied from a minimum of  18  percent in 1982 to a maximum of 33 percent
in 1984.  For the Imports, on the  other hand, four-wheel-drive usage has increased
from  6.5  percent  in 1978  to over  40 percent this  year.   Since 1985,  front-wheel
drive has been used in about  8-10 percent of  the Domestic trucks and has been used
in only as many as 7 percent (in 1982) of the Import trucks.

   Use of manual  transmissions  in Asian  cars has dropped from 78 percent in 1979 to
about 50  percent the last  four  years. Similarly,  use of manual  transmissions peaked
at 75 percent in 1980 for the Europeans and decreased to less  than  40  percent  this
year.  Manual transmission usage for Domestic cars increased from 8 percent in 1978
to 17  percent in 1980, and  has remained in a 10 to 12 percent band since 1983.

-------
                                                      39
    Passenger  Car Fuel Metering
100*
       Domestic
  Sales Fraction
                        100*
       Asian
Sales Fraction
 0%
                         40*
                         20ft
  787880818283848686878688
                          7«7»aoai82MMMM«7MM
        Model Year
       European
     Model Year
  Sales Fraction
 60*
                                Carbureted
                                Diesel
                                Port
                                TBI
  797880818288848686878888
        Model Year
                    Fig. 20

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40
VIII. Conclusions

   Since 1982,  there has been little improvement  in  the fuel economy of light-duty
vehicles, compared to the improvements which took place before then: in the 7 years
from 1975 to 1982, fuel economy improved by 10 MPG for passenger cars and 7 MPG for
light trucks; in the 7 years from 1982 to 1989, fuel economy  improved by 2 MPG for
passenger cars and by 0.5 MPG for light trucks.

   Average  55/45 MPG for cars decreased from 28.6 to 28.2  since last  year.  Other
changes since last year include a 61  Ib increase in inertia  weight  and increases  in
horsepower and engine size.

   This year's  Domestic light  trucks  get 5.8 MPG higher 55/45 fuel economy than
their  1978  counterparts.  Import  light truck fuel  economy  has decreased 0.9 MPG
since 1978.

   This year's  combined  car  and light  truck fleet  will  average  25.5 MPG.  Since
1981, 55/45  fuel economy improved 3.1 MPG for cars and 0.9 MPG for light trucks.

   Average  weight for cars was  essentially constant (about  3100  Ibs)  for  the past
ten years, but seems to have started to increase in 1989.

   Average  weight for light  trucks was  essentially constant  (about 3800  Ibs)  for
the past ten years, but  seems to have started to increase in 1989.

   There is a hint of  a trend toward lower fuel efficiency because of increases  in
vehicle weight, for both cars and trucks.

   The market  share of Large Sedans and Wagons has  remained in a  narrow range (11
to 15 percent)  since  1980.   The  market share  of Midsize  Sedans  and Wagons  has
dropped from 36 percent in 1981 to about 25 percent in 1987, where it remains.

   Average  inertia  weights and  fuel economy  levels  of  the  individual  car size
classes have changed very little since the early 1980s.

   There is a trend toward smaller  trucks.   The  market share of Large Pickups  has
dropped  from  60 percent in  1978 to less  than  30 percent this  year,  with  Small
Pickups, Vans,  and Utility  trucks absorbing the  shift in market share.  Light truck
MPG has not changed significantly since 1981.

   At  the  number  of cylinders level  of  stratification, there has  been little year-
to-year  improvement  in fuel economy in the  last several years for either  cars  or
trucks.   The market  share of 6-cylinder engines has increased to over 30  percent
for cars, and  has increased  to almost  50  percent for  trucks.  Compared  to 1978,
this  year's  4-cylinder  car  engines  are 11  CID  larger,  while  6- and  8-cylinder
engines are smaller by 28 and 34 CID, respectively.   Use of 8-cylinder  engines has
dropped  to 10  percent  of this year's  cars  and  25 percent of  this  year's  trucks.

   There is no trend  toward  larger displacement  engines, but there  is a consistent
trend toward higher horsepower levels.

   There  is a  trend  toward  lower  fuel   efficiency  because  increases  in  engine
horsepower-to-CID  capabilities are  being  used  for performance  increases,   rather
than for constant-performance CID reduction.

-------
                                                                              41


VIII. Conclusions (cont'd)

   Fuel injection  is  used in  more  than 87  percent  of  this year's cars  and 91
percent of the light trucks.

   Since  1978, passenger  car  55/45 fuel economy has  improved  8.1  MPG  for  the
Domestic models, compared to 0.7 MPG for European and 3.2 for Asian.

   Sales of  Asian  cars  are  projected to  exceed  three million this year,  more  than
double the number sold in 1978.  The market share of European  cars  has  been  in a
narrow range (5 to 7 percent)  since  1978.  The  market share of Import trucks  will
be 21 percent this year, compared to a peak of 31  percent in 1980.

   Since  1978, engine  size,  inertia weight,  and  interior volume  have all increased
for European and  Asian cars.  For the Domestics,  interior  volume has remained the
same, but inertia weight  and  engine  size have  decreased  since  1978.

   The technical characteristics  of recent model year  cars are  such that passenger
car fleet fuel economy in  the 30 to 34 MPG range can be  achieved.
IX. References

1.  U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency, Fuel Economy and  Emission Control,
    November 1972.

2.  Passenger Car Fuel Economy - Trends and Influencing Factors, SAE Paper 730790,
    Austin and Hellman, September 1973.

3.  Fuel Economy of the 1975 Models, SAE Paper 740970, Austin and Hellman, October
    1974.

4.  Passenger Car Fuel Economy Trends through 1976, SAE Paper 750957, Austin,
    Michael and Service, October 1975.

5.  Light-Duty Automotive  Fuel Economy Trends  through  1977,  SAE Paper  760795,
    Murrell, Pace, Service and Yeager, October 1976.

6.  Light-Duty Automotive  Fuel Economy Trends  through  1978,  SAE Paper  780036,
    Murrell, February  1978.

7.  Light-Duty Automotive  Fuel Economy Trends  through  1979,  SAE Paper  790225,
    Murrell, February  1979.

8.  Light-Duty Automotive  Fuel Economy Trends  through  1980,  SAE Paper  800853,
    Murrell, Foster and Bristor, June 1980.

9.  Light-Duty Automotive  Fuel Economy Trends  through  1981,  SAE Paper  810386,
    Foster, Murrell and Loos, February 1981.

10. Light-Duty Automotive  Fuel Economy Trends  through  1982,  SAE Paper  820300,
    Cheng, LeBaron, Murrell and Loos, February 1982.

-------
42
IX. References (cont'd)

11.  Why Vehicles Don't Achieve EPA  MPG on the Road and How that  Shortfall Can Be
    Accounted For, SAE Paper 820791, Hellman and Murrell, June 1982.

12.  Light-Duty Automobile Fuel Economy . .  . Trends through  1983, SAE Paper 830544,
    Murrell, Loos,  Heavenrich, and Cheng, February 1983.

13.  Passenger Car Fuel Economy - Trends through 1984, SAE Paper 840499, Heavenrich,
    Murrell, Cheng, and Loos, February 1984.

14.  Light Truck Fuel Economy - Trends through 1984, SAE  Paper 841405, Loos, Cheng,
    Murrell and Heavenrich, October 1984.

15.  Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy . .  . Trends through  1985, SAE Paper 850550,
    Heavenrich, Murrell, Cheng and Loos, March 1985.

16.  Light-Duty Automotive Trends Through 1986, SAE Paper  860366, Heavenrich, Cheng,
    and Murrell, February 1986.

17.  Light-Duty Automotive  Trends through 1987 SAE Paper  871088, Heavenrich,
    Murrell, and Cheng, May 1988.

18.  Light-Duty Trends Through 1988  U.S. EPA, EPA/AA/CTAB/88-07, Heavenrich, and
    Murrell, June 1988.

19.  Concise Description  of Auto Fuel Economy in Recent  Years,  SAE  Paper 760045,
    Malliaris, Asia and Gould, February 1976.

20.  Automotive Fleet Yearly Fact Book. Bobit Publishing, Redondo Beach, CA.
Appendixes


APPENDIX A  lists the vehicle classification convention used in this report.

APPENDIX B  gives the  sales-weighted average nameplate MPG values for model
               year 1988 cars and trucks, by size class.

APPENDIX C  gives characteristics of model year 1989 cars by  size  class.

APPENDIX D  gives characteristics of model year 1989 trucks by size class.

APPENDIX E  gives characteristics of model year 1989 cars by  weight class.

APPENDIX F  gives characteristics of model year 1989 trucks by weight class.

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                                                                        43
            Appendix A - Vehicle Classification Convention
Manufacturer/Vehicle

AMC Renault Alliance

AMC Eagle Medallion

AMC Eagle 4WD Car/Wagon

AMC Eagle Summit

Chrysler vehicles by Mitsubishi

Chrysler vehicles by Lamborghini

Colt Vista by Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi Space Wagon

Ford vehicles by Mazda

Mercury Merkur and Scorpio

GM vehicles by Isuzu

GM vehicles by Suzuki

1988-89 Pontiac LeMans

GM/Toyota vehicles

U.S. built Honda

Honda/Rover/Sterling

Subaru  4WD Car/Wagon

Subaru  Brat

U.S. built Volkswagen

Audi and German  built Volkswagen

Porsche
This Trend Analysis

Domestic

European Import

Car/Wagon

Asian Import

Mitsubishi

Lamborghini

Mitsubishi Small Van

Small Van

Mazda

Ford European Import

Isuzu

Suzuki

Asian Import

Asian Import

Honda Import

Asian Import

Car/Wagon

Small Pickup

VW Group

VW Group

VW Group through 1984,
Porsche after 1984

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44
                                       Appendix  B  ~  Nameplate Average Fuel Economy

    I**************************** UNADJ     a**************************** UNADJ      ***************************** UNADJ
      TWO SEATERS                 55/45       MINICOMPACT SEDANS          55/45        SUBCOMPACT  SEDANS           55/45
    ..........•.,!.....,»..	  Mpo      ..,,.,.,........,...,........  MpG       .,.....,...,,.I..,,,,...*,,,,  MPG

                                                                                     SUZUKI  METRO  	 65.3
    HONDA CIVIC CRX HF 	 60.7
                                                                                     SUZUKI  METRO  LSI  	 51.1
                                                                                     SUZUKI  SPRINT 	 50.3
                                                                                     DAIHATSU  CHARADE  E 	 46.4
                                                                                     SUZUKI  TURBO  SWIFT 	 46.1
                                                                                     SUZUKI  TURBO  SPRINT 	 46.1
                                                                                     DAIHATSU  CHARADE  	 45.1
                                                                                     MAZDA  FESTIVA	 44. 1
                                                                                     SUBARU  JUSTV  	 41.1
                                                                                     SUZUKI  SWIFT  	 40.8
                                                                                     ISUZU  SPECTRUM 	 39.6
                                                                                     ISUZU  I-MARK  	 39.6
                                                                                     ISUZU  SUNBURST 	 39.4
    HONDA CIVIC CRX 	 38.1
                                                                                     TOYOTA  TERCEL 	 38.0
                                                                                     HONDA  CIVIC 	 37.0
                                                                                     NISSAN  SENTRA HONEYBEE 	 36.9
                                                                                     MITSUBISHI  COLT 	 36.7
                                                                                     SUBARU  JUSTY  4WD 	 36.1
                                                                                     MERCEDES-BENZ 190D2.5 	 35.6
                                                                                     MITSUBISHI  PRECIS  	 35.3
                                                                                     HYUNDAI EXCEL 	 35.0
                                                                                     MITSUBISHI  MIRAGE  	 34.5
                                                                                     NISSAN  SENTRA COUPE 	 34.3
                                                                                     MAZDA  TRACER  	 34.2
                                                                                     SUZUKI  SWIFT  GTI  	 34.0
                                                                                     HONDA  INTEGRA 	 32.1
                                                                                     SUBARU HATCHBAC 	 31.7
                                                                                     NUMMI  PRIZM  	 31.6
                                                                                     VW/AUDI FOX  	 31.5
    TOYOTA MR2  	  31.4
                                                                                     NISSAN PULSAR NX 	 30.8
                                                                                     TOYOTA COROLLA 	 30.5
    SUBARU XT-DL  	  30.3
    BERTONE  Xl/9  	  29.2
                                                                                     SUBARU XT  	 29. 1
                                                                                     CHRYSLER SUNDANCE  CONVER  	 29.0
                                            VW/AUDI CABRIOLET  	  28.6
                                                                                     GM SUNBIRO CONVERTIB  	 28.1
                                                                                     TOYOTA CELICA 	 27.8
                                                                                     HONDA  PRELUDE 	 27.8
                                                                                     CHRYSLER OAYTONA  	 27.8
    ALFA  ROMEO  SPIDER 	  27.7
                                                                                     CHRYSLER SHADOW CONVERT  	 27.7
                                                                                     VW/AUOI 80/90 	 26.6
                                                                                     ISUZU   IMPULSE 	 26.4
                                                                                     GM CAVALIER  CONVERTIB  	 26.3
                                                                                     NISSAN 240SX  	 26.3
    GM REATTA  	  25.5
                                                                                     CHRYSLER LEBARON CONVERTIB  ... 25.5
                                            PORSCHE 944  TURBO  	  25.3
                                                                                     FORD MUSTANG  	 25.3
                                                                                     SUBARU XT  4WD 	 25.1
                                                                                     SAAB 900 CONVERTIB 	 25.1
                                            PORSCHE 944  	  24.8
                                                                                     MERCEDES-BENZ 190E2.6  	 24.7
    LOTUS ESPRIT  TU  	  24.3
                                                                                     GM CAMARO  	 23.9
                                                                                     VW/AUDI 80/90 QUATTRO  	 23.9
                                                                                     NISSAN 300ZX 2*2  	 23.9
                                                                                     GM FIREBIRD/TRANS  	 23.9
                                                                                     BMW M3 	 23.7
    NISSAN 300ZX  	  23.5
                                                                                     MITSUBISHI CONQUEST  	 23.4
                                                                                     BMW 3251 CONVERTIB 	 23.3
                                            PORSCHE 944  S  	  23.3
                                                                                     MITSUBISHI STARION 	 23.3
                                                                                     ALFA ROMEO MILANO  	 23.2
                                                                                     BMW 325IX  	 23.2
    MASERATI TC BY MASERATI  	  23.1
                                                                                     BMW 325I/325IS 	 23.1
                                                                                     TOYOTA SUPRA  	 23.0
    GM CORVETTE 	  22.8
    GM CORVETTE CONVERTIB 	  22.8
                                                                                     MERCEDES-BENZ 300CE  	 22.8
    MAZDA RX-7  88 	  22.7
                                            PORSCHE 911  CARRERA  	  22.7
    MAZDA RX-7  	  22.2
    GM ALLANTE  	  20.4
                                            VILLAGE  IMPORTS  	  20.1
                                            PORSCHE 928  S4  	  19.6
                                            PORSCHE 911  TURBO  	  19.6
    MASERATI MASERATI KAR1F 	  19.5
                                            MASERATI  MASERATI  225 	  19.5
    MASERATI SPVOER  	  19.5
                                                                                     MASERATI 430  	  19.3
                                            MASERATI  222E  	  19.2
                                                                                     BMW 635CSI 	  IB.9
    MERCEDES-BENZ 560SL 	  17.5
                                            FERRARI 3.2  MONDIAL/CAB 	  17.2
    FERRARI  328 GTS/GTB 	  17.2
                                                                                     JAGUAR XJ-S  COUPE  	  16.7
    JAGUAR XJ-S CON  	  16.2
                                                                                     BMW M6  	  14.8
    FERRARI  TESTAROSSA 	  13.4
                                                                                     ROLLS-ROYCE  BENTLEV  	  12.1
                                                                                     ROLLS-ROYCE  CORNICHE  II  	  12.1
                                                                                     ASTON  MARTIN  LAGONDA  	  10.9
                                                                                     ASTON  MARTIN SALOON/VANTAGE ..  10.9
    LAMBORGHINI COUNTACH 	   8.7

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  COMPACT SEDANS^
UNADJ
55/45
 MPG
                                           Appendix  B - (Continued)


                                          MIDSIZE SEDANS
                                                                                       45
UNADJ
55/45
 MPG
                                                                                  LARGE SEDANS
UNADJ
55/45
 MPG
TOYOTA COROLLA  	  36.4
NISSAN SENTRA  	  35.2
GM LEMANS  	  34.1
FORD ESCORT  	  34.0
MITSUBISHI SUMMIT  	  33.8
GM SKYHAWK 	  32. B
MAZDA 323  	  32.8
GM CAVALIER  	  32.1
VW/AUDI JETTA  	  31.9
CHRYSLER HORIZON  	  31.9
CHRYSLER OMNI  	  31.9
VW/AUDI GOLF  .:	  31.7
MAZDA LASER  	  31.1
HONDA ACCORD  	  31.0
GM SUNBIRO 	  31.0
GM GRAND AM  	  30.6
GM CUTLASS CALAIS  	  30.4
SUBARU SEOAN/3-  	  29.9
GM SKYLARK  	  29.9
MAZDA PROBE  	  29.2
CHRYSLER  SHADOW  	  29. 1
CHRYSLER  SUNDANCE  	  29.0
MITSUBISHI GALANT  	  29.0
VW/AUDI JETTA  GLI  16V  	  28.8
VW/AUDI GTI  16V  	  28.8
GM BER6TTA  	  27.8
NISSAN STANZA  	  27.7
FORD TEMPO  	  27.6
FORD TOPAZ  	  27.5
TOYOTA CAMRV  	  27.0



CHRYSLER  LE8ARON  	  26.9


SAAB 900  	  26.4


PEUGEOT 405 SEDAN 	  25.7





NISSAN MAXIMA 	  25.3
MERCEDES-BENZ 260E 	 25.1
VOLVO  240DL/240GL. .87 	 25.0
 TOYOTA  CRESSIDA 	 24.4
 FORD TEMPO ALL WHEEL 	 24.4
 FORD TOPAZ ALL WHEEL 	 24.4
 PEUGEOT 505 SEDAN 	 23.5
 FORD XR4T) 	 23.4
 BMW 5251 	 23.3
 MITSUBISHI SIGMA 	 23.2
 HONDA LEGEND 	 23.2
 HONDA AUSTIN ROVER ST 	 23.1
 MERCEDES-BENZ 300E 	 22.8

 JAGUAR XJ6 	 22.6
 VOLVO 780 	1 . . . 21.1
 MERCEDES-BENZ 300SE 	 20.9
 BMW 5351 	 20.4
 MERCEDES-BENZ 560SEC  	  17.3
                                        CHRYSLER RELIANT 	 30.5
                                        CHRYSLER ARIES 	 30.5
                                        GM CORSICA 	 28.B
                                        GM 6000 	 28.7
                                        MAZDA 626/MX-6 	 28.7
                                        CHRYSLER CARAVELLE 	 28.5
                                        CHRYSLER 600 	 28.5
                                        GM CELEBRITY 	 28.4
                                        GM CUTLASS CIERA 	 28.1
                                        RENAULT MEDALLION SEDAN 	 27.7
                                        GM CENTURY 	 27.6
         CHRYSLER  LANCER  	  27.4
         CHRYSLER  ACCLAIM  	  27.1
         FORD  TAURUS  	  27.1
         FORD  SABLE  	  27.1

         CHRYSLER  LEBARON  GTS 	  27.0
         GM  REGAL  	  27.0
         CHRYSLER  SPIRIT  	  26.9

         GM  CUTLASS  SUPREME 	  26.7
         GM  GRAND  PRIX 	  26.4

         HYUNDAI SONATA 	  26.3
         GM  TORONADO  	  25.5

         GM  RIVIERA  	  25.5
                                        FORD COUGAR 	  25.3
                                        FORD THUNDERBIRO  	  24.8
                                        CHRYSLER DYNASTY  	  24.6
                                        MAZDA 929  	  24.2
                                        CHRYSLER NEW YORKER  	  24.0

                                        VOLVO 740  	  23.9
                                        VW/AUDI 100 QUATTRO  	  23.7
                                        VW/AUDI 100 	  23.6
                                        GM 6000 STE 4WD  	  23,4
                                        VW/AUOI 200  	  23.3
                                        VW/AUOI 200 QUATTRO  	  23.3
                                        FORD MARK VII  	  23.2
                                        GM ELDORADO  	  23.0
                                        GM SEVILLE  	  23.0
                                        FORD  SCORPIO  	  22.6
                                        VOLVO  760  	  21.4
                                        CHRYSLER NEWPORT/FIFTH  A  	  21.3
                                        MERCEDES-BENZ  300SEL  	  20.9
          BMW 7351 	 20.4
          BMW 735IL 	 20.3
          CHRYSLER GRAN FURY 	 19.4
          MERCEDES-BENZ 420SEL 	 18.8
          MASERATI 228 	 18.5
          CHRYSLER DIPLOMAT 	 17.7

          MERCEDES-BENZ S60SEL 	 17.3
          BMW 750IL 	 16.6
          ROLLS-ROYCE BENTLEV TURBO R  .. 12.8
          ROLLS-ROYCE SILVER SPIRIT .... 12.4
          ROLLS-ROYCE BENTLEV EIGHT .... 12.4
                                                  SAAB 9000	 25.7
           GM  EIGHTY-EIGHT 	  25.5
                                                  GM LESABRE  	 25.5
                                                  GM ELECTRA  	 25.5
                                                                                 GM  NINETV-EIGHT/TOURING 	  25.3
                                                                                 GM  BONNEVILLE	  25. 1
                                                                                 CHRYSLER  PREMIER 	  24.8
                                                  CHRYSLER NEW YORKER  	 24.0
                                                                                 FORD CONTINENTAL 	 23.5
                                                                                 GM CAPRICE 	  23.3
                                                                                 FORD TOWN CAR 	 23.2
                                                                                 FORD GRAND MARQUIS 	 23.2
                                                                                 GM FLEETWOOD/DEVILLE 	 23.0
                                                  GM BROUGHAM  	  22.8
                                                                                 FORD LTD CROWN VICTORIA 	 22.1
                                                                                 ROLLS-ROYCE SILVER SPUR LIM  ..  11.8

-------
46                                           Appendix  B  -  (Continued)

   *•«•*••****«•*****••**•*****« UNADJ     *«•*****«*******««««**«»•*•** UNAOJ     *««**•*********•*•*»****•«***  UNAOJ
     SMALL WAGONS                55/45      MIDSIZE  WAGONS      '        55/45       LARGE WAGONS                 55/45
   	  MPG      •••«•••«•«»•••««•••••••••«•••  MPQ      ••»••••»••«•««••••«••»••««•••   MPG

   HONDA CIVIC 	 36.1
   MITSUBISHI COLT 	 34.5
   MITSUBISHI MIRAGE  	 34.4
   NISSAN SENTRA 	 33.8
   FORD ESCORT 	 33.5
   MAZDA TRACER  	 32.9
   GM SKVHAWK 	 32.7
   MAZDA 323  	 32.1
   GM CAVALIER 	 31.6
   VW/AUDI FOX 	 31.3
   SUBARU 	 30.9
   HONDA CIVIC 4WD 	 30.1
   TOVOTA CAMRY  	 29.8
   NISSAN SENTRA 4WD  	 29.6
   MITSUBISHI COLT 4WD  	 29.6
   TOVOTA COROLLA ALL-TRAC  	 29.2
   SUBARU 4WD 	 29. 1
                                           GM  6000 	 28.1
                                           GM  CELEBRITY 	 27.8
                                           GM  CUTLASS CRUISER 	 27.1
                                           6M  CENTURY 	 26.9
                                           RENAULT MEDALLION 	 26.9
                                           VOLVO 240DL/240GL WB7 	 26.9
                                           FORD SABLE 	 26.3
                                           FORD TAURUS 	 26. 2
                                           PEUGEOT 405 	 25.2
                                           VOLVO 740 	 25.2
                                           FORD TAURUS V6  	 24.6
                                           FORD SABLE V6 	 24.6
                                           VW/AUDI 100 	 23.6
                                           PEUGEOT 505 	 23.4
                                           VW/AUDI 200 QUATTRO  	 23.3
                                                                                    FORD LTD  CROWN VICTORIA 	 23.2
                                                                                    FORD GRAND MARQUIS 	 23.2
                                                                                    GM  CUSTOM CRUISER 	 22.8
                                                                                    GM  CAPRICE 	 22.8
                                                                                    GM  SAFARI 	 22.8
                                                                                    GM  LESABRE/ELECTRA 	 22.8
                                           CHRYSLER TOWN 8. COUNTRY  	 22.5
                                           MERCEDES-BENZ 300TE  	 21.8
      SMALL PICKUPS
    MITSUBISHI  TRUCK 2WO
    MITSUBISHI  RAM50 2WD
    GM S15 PICKUR 2WD .. .
    GM S10 PICKUP 2WD . . .
    MAZDA B2200/B2600 . . .
UNADJ
55/45
 MPG
    MAZDA FORD COURIER
    TOYOTA TRUCK 2WO ..
 27.7
 27.3
 26.9
 26.8
 26.7

 26.6
 26.6
    NISSAN TRUCK 2WD 	 26.2
    ISUZU PICKUP 2WD 	
    FORD RANGER PICKUP 2WD
 25.5
 '25.2
    FORD RANGER PICKUP 4WD 	 22.3
    SHEBY DAKOTA  	
    GM C1500 PICKUP  2WD
    GM C1500 SIERRA  2WO
    GM C2500 PICKUP  2WD
    GM C2500 SIERRA  2WD
  17.4
  17.3
  17.3
  16.8
  16.8
                                             SMALL VANS
UNADJ
55/45
 MPG
                                           MITSUBISHI COLT  VISTA  	  26.6
                                           MITSUBISHI  SPACE  	  26.3
                                           TOVOTA VAN  2WD  (PASSEN)
                                           TOYOTA VAN  2WD  (CARGO)  .
                                           MITSUBISHI  COLT  VISTA  4WD
                                           MITSUBISHI VAN  	
                                           TOYOTA VAN 4WD  (CARGO)  ..
                                           TOYOTA VAN 4WD  (PASS)  ...
                                           CHRYSLER  CARAVAN/RAM VAN
                                           CHRYSLER  VOYAGER  2WD
                                           GM  SAFARI  2WD  (CARGO)
                                           GM  ASTRO  2WD  (CARGO)  .
                                           FORD  AEROSTAR  VAN
                                           MITSUBISHI  	
                                           GM  SAFARI  2WD  	
                                           GM  ASTRO  2WD  (PASS)
                                         26. 1
                                         26. 1
                                         24.9

                                         24.3
                                         24.2
                                         24. 1
                                         23.8
                                         23.7
                                         22.6
                                         22.6
                                         22.6

                                         22.3
                                         22.3
                                         22.3
                                            FORD  AEROSTAR  	 22.0
                                           VOLKSWAGEN  VANAGON 2WD
                                           AEROMATE  	 20.0
                                            VOLKSWAGEN VANAGON SYNCRO
                                                                                      SMALL UTILITY
UNADJ
55/45
 MPG
                                                                                    SUZUKI SAMURAI CONVERT 	 33.3
                                                                                    SUZUKI SAMURAI HARDTOP 	 33.3
                                                                                    SUZUKI TRACKER CONVERT 	 33.2
                                                                                    SUZUKI SIDEKICK CONVER 	 32.2
                                                                                    SUZUKI TRACKER HARDTOP 	 30.3
                                                                                    SUZUKI SIDEKICK HARDTOP  	 29.7
                                                                                    MITSUBISHI SPACE 4WD  	  24.9
                                                                                    GM S15 JIMMY 2WD  	  23.4
                                                                                    MAZDA MPV 	  23.4
                                                                                    GM S10 BLAZER 2WD  	  23.4
                                                                                    ISUZU AMIGO 2WD  	  22.9
                                                  FORD BRONCO 11 2WD  	  22.1
                                                  GM S10 BLAZER 4WD  	  22.1
                                                  GM S15 JIMMY 4WD  	  22.1

                                                  TOYOTA 4-RUNNER 4WD  	  21.9
                                                  CHRYSLER CHEROKEE  2WD  	  21.7
                                                  FORD BRONCO H 4WD  	  21.2

                                                  CHRYSLER WRANGLER  4WD  	  20.8
                                                  CHRYSLER CHEROKEE/WAGONE  	  20.8
                                                  ISUZU AMIGO 4WO 	  20.6
                                                  CHRYSLER WAGONEER  LIMITE  	  20.0

                                                  MITSUBISHI MONTERO  	  19.9
                                                  MITSUBISHI RAIDER  	  19.9
                                                  ISUZU TROOPER 	  19.6
                                                  NISSAN PATHFINDER  2WD  	  19.3
                                                  NISSAN PATHFINDER  4WD  	  18.8

-------
                                          Append ix B  -  (Continued)
LARGE PICKUPS
TOVOTA TRUCK 4WD .... ....
TOVOTA 1 TON TRUCK

CHRYSLER COMANCHE PICKUP .....
GM COACHBUILDER WA . ....
ISUZU PICKUP 2WD 1 TO ...



MITSUBISHI POWER RAM50 4WD ..
GRUMMAN-OLSON S10 CAB CHASSIS
55/45 LARGE VANS
. 25.7
24.5
23 0
. 22.0
. 22.8
22.5
22.4
22 4
22 .3
. 22.1
21.8
55/45










CHRYSLER DAKOTA PICKUP 2
                                21.3
GM C1500 SIERRA 2WD  	  20.7
ISUZU PICKUP 4WD 	  20.6
GM C1500 PICKUP 2WD  	  20.6
NISSAN TRUCK 4WD 	  20.5
GM C2500 SIERRA 2WD  	  19.3
GM C2500 PICKUP 2WD  	  19.1
CHRVSLER DAKOTA PICKUP 4  	  18.7
CHRVSLER DAKOTA CAB CHAS  	  17.9
FORD F150 PICKUP 2WD  	  17.7
FORD FI50 PICKUP 4WD  	  17.2

GM K2500 PICKUP 4WD  	  17.0
CHRYSLER D100/D150 PICKU  	  16.9
GM K1500 SIERRA 4WD  	  16.9

GM K2500 SIERRA 4WD  	  16.8
GM K1500 PICKUP 4WD  	  16.8
FORD F250 PICKUP 2WD  	  16.6
NISSAN TRUCK CAB CHASS  	  16.5
FORD F250 PICKUP 4WD  	  16.5
CHRVSLER 0250  PICKUP  2WD 	  14.9
CHRYSLER W100/W150  PICKU 	  14.8
CHRYSLER W250  PICKUP  4WD 	  13.1
CHRYSLER D250  CAB  CHASSI 	  13.0
                                        GM  015/25  RALLY 2WD 	  18.7
                                        CM  G10/20  SPORTVAN 	  18.5
                                        GM  G15/25  VANDURA  	  18.5
                                        GM  G10/20  VAN  2WD  	  18.4
CHRVSLER B150/B250 VAN 2  	  17.1
FORD E150 ECONOLINE 	  16.8
                                       "FORD E150 CLUB 	 16.3
                                        CHRYSLER B150/B2SO 	 16.3
                                        GM G30 VAN 2WD 	 16.2
                                        GM G35 VANOURA 2WD 	 16.2

                                        FORD E250 ECONOLINE 	 16.0

                                        GM G35 RALLY 2WD 	 15.9

                                        GM G30 SPORTVAN 2WD 	 15.9
                                        CHRVSLER B350 VAN 2WD 	 15.9
                                        CHRVSLER B350 2WD 	 14.6
                                                                                  LARGE UTILITY
                                                                      UNADJ
                                                                      55/45
                                                                       MPG
                                                                                                                     47
                                                                                GM R1500 SUBURBAN
                                                                                GM V1500 BLAZER 4WD
                                                                                GM V1500 JIMMV 4WD .
                                                                        21 .7
                                                                        21.7
                                                                                GM V1500 SUBURBAN 	 21.0
                                                                                GM RIO SUBURBAN 2WO
                                                                                GM RI5 SUBURBAN 2WD
                                                                                GM V10 BLAZER 4WD
                                                                                CM V15 JIMMY 4WD .
                                                                        18.2
                                                                        IB.2
                                                                        17.3
                                                                        17.3
                                         FORD BRONCO  4WD  	

                                         GM  VIO  SUBURBN 4WD  	

                                         GM  V15  SUBURBAN  4MD  ....
                                                                                CHRYSLER AD150 RAMCHARGE
                                                                                TOVOTA LAND CRUISER WA  ..
                                                                                RANGE ROVER 	
                                                                                CHRVSLER GRAND WAGONEER  .
                                                                                CHRYSLER AW150 RAI/CHARGE
16. 1

15.9

15.9
                                                                        15.6
                                                                        15.4
                                                                        15.4
                                                                        13.7
                                                                        13.4

-------
48
               Appendix C - Characteristics of 1989 Passenger Cars by Size Class
<
Domestic
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
European
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
% 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X tiiesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Two
ieater

33
.213
23.1
3500
40.5
319
.091
29.0

3.4
100.0

100.0


222
.696
.063
8.4
50
1157
2025

19
.125
18.4
3839
35.8
278
.070
10.2.

22.5
100.0

100.0


219
.856
.057
9.2
50
957
1790
Mini
Compact








.















30
1.000
24.5
2861
35.3
159
.054
42.2

78.6
100.0

100.0


171
1.036
.058
9.7
73
1863
2592
cassengs
Sub
Compact

403
.199
25.4
3335
42.6
210
.062
31.8

31.3
100.0
25.4
74.6


151
.737
.045
11.5
95
2437
4040

127
.063
25.1
3027
38.3
149
.048
42.8
4.2
54.3
99.5

99.5

.5
142
.945
.046
11.1
91
2342
3469
}r i,ars •
Compact

1901
.518
30.2
2873
43.6
136
.047
99.2
.8
21.6
100.0
57.4
42.6


106
.781
.037
12.9
103
3137
4486

249
.068
26.0
3113
40.8
140
.045
48.2

36.2
98.9

98.9

1.1
135
.968
.043
11.4
105
2787
4270
Midsize

2079
.887
26.7
3335
44.7
186
.055
84.2
.1
6.0
98.6
26.2
72.4
1.4

130
.711
.039
12.4
114
3077
5103

92
.039
21.3
3694
39.6
194
.052
23.0
5.1
8.9
100.0

100.0


172
.912
.046
10.9
114
2461
4494
Large

1361
.988
24.2
3697
44.7
256
.069
68.0


93.2
17.5
75.7
6.8

158
.630
.043
11.4
126
3059
5651

16
.012
25.7
3499
45.1
121
.035
100.0

35.0
100.0

100.0


151
1.248
.043
11.2
124
3201
5599
— otai
Small

60
.244
32.4
2732
44.4
122
.045
ioo.o

22.4
100.0
90.8
9.2


92
.756
.034
13.6
120
3924
5350

12
.047
31.3
2500
39.1
109
.044
100.0

100.0
100.0

100.0


81
.743
.032
13.8
111
3477
4347
;ion wac
Midsize

212
.815
25.7
3486
45.0
188
.054
100.0


100.0
9.3
90.7


136
.728
.039
12.2
143
3682
6406

48
.185
25.8
3517
45.4
144
.041
6.1
.4
17.4
100.0

100.0


123
.850
.035
13.4
134
3476
6097
jons —
Large

184
1.000
22.8
4413
50.4
306
.069



17.4

17.4
82.6

142
.463
.032
14.2
161
3681
8117
























-------
                                                                                          49
Appendix C - Characteristics  of  1989  Passenger Cars by Size Class (cont'd)
c
Asian
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Fleet
Sales(OOO)
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Two
ieater
103
.662
31.3
2697
44.5
123
.045
59.8
83.4
100.0
20.8
79.2
120
.978
.043
11.3
50
1755
2225

155
26.9
3011
42.6
184
.058
47.0

58.8
100.0
13.8
86.2


154
.903
.049
10.4
50
1528
2128
	 	 r,
Mini
Compact


30
24.5
2861
35.3
159
.054
42.2

78.6
100.0

100.0


171
1.036
.058
9.7
73
1863
2592
assenger
Sub
Compact
1491
.738
34.7
2522
44.1
96
.038
92.2
2.9
61.0
55.6
20.6
35.0
44.4
90
.917
.035
13.5
94
3377
4147

2021
31.6
2716
43.5
122
.043
77.1
2.4
54.7
67.2
20.3
46.9
32.8
.0
105
.883
.037
13.0
94
3124
4083
i-ars —
Compact 1
1518
.414
30.2
2930
44.4
120
.041
98.6
.5
40.0
76.3
18.8
57.4
23.7
107
.880
.036
13.0
103
3176
4574

3668
29.9
2913
43.7
130
.044
95.5
.6
30.2
90.1
37.5
52.6
9.8
.1
108
.835
.037
12.9
103
3130
4508
Midsize
173
.074
27.1
3066
41.7
143
.047
86.8
33.1
100.0
100.0
• 121
.845
.039
12.1
113
3089
4725

2345
26.5
3329
44.3
183
.055
82.0
.3
8.1
98.8
23.3
75.5
1.2

131
.729
.039
12.3
114
3054
5051
Large


1377
24.2
3695
44.7
255
.069
68.4

.4
93.2
17.3
75.9
6.8

157
.637
.043
11.4
126
3060
5650
— oiai
Small
176
.709
31.0
2980
46.3
109
.036
70.1
29.9
38.5
100.0
42.0
58.0
100
.920
.034
13.7
119
3729
5538

247
31.3
2897
45.5
112
.039
78.8
21.2
37.5
100.0
51.9
48.1


97
.872
.034
13.7
119
3764
5436
.ion nagu
Midsize


260
25.7
3491
45.0
180
.051
82.6
.1
3.2
100.0
7.6
92.4


133
.750
.038
12.5
141
3644
6349
ns> 	
Large


184
22.8
4413
50.4
306
.069



17.4

17.4
82.6

142
.463
.032
14.2
161
3681
8117

-------
50
               Appendix D - Characteristics of  1989  Light  Duty Trucks by Size Class
                                     Small.    Large    Small
                                    Pickups Pickups   Van
Large   Small   Large
 Van   Utility Utility
Domestic Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
% Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
Import Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb -
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
Fleet Sales(OOO)
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
555
.572
24.2
3324
40.6
179
.053

22.0
62.3
100.0
38.4
61.6


125
.705
.037
416
.428
26.6
2960
39.4
142
.048


82.8
29.0
22.8
6.2
71.0

100
.705
.034
971
25.1
3168
40.1
163
.051

12.6
71.1
69.6
31.7
37.9
30.4

114
.705
.036
1176
.903
18.9
4315
41.0
298
.069
.0
32.7
19.1
99.4
69.0
30.4
.0
.6
167
.560
.039
126
.097
22.6
3662
41.9
157
.043

88.2
83.9
79.5
27.8
51.7
20.5

121
.767
.033
1302
19.2
4252
41.1
285
.066
.0
38.1
25.4
97.4
65.0
32.4
2.0'
.6
162
.580
.038
742
.878
23.1
3817
44.1
193
.050
56.1

7.6
100.0
40.7
59.3


138
.729
.036
103
.122
25.0
3476
43.6
134
.039
14.3
23.5
35.0
100.0
1.9
98.1


100
.746
.029
845
23.3
3776
44.0
186
.049
51.0
2.9
11.0
100.0
36.0
64.0


133
.731
.035
430
1.000
17.3
4664
40.6
310
.067


1.9
99.7
54.4
45.3

.3
165
.531
.035


















430
17.3
4664
40.6
310
.067


1.9
99.7
54.4
45.3

.3
165
.531
.035
528
.649
21.4
3722
40.0
227
.061

85.1
25.6
94.2
39.9
54.3
5.8

154
.689
.042
285
.351
22.1
3698
41.1
153
.041

81.9
63.4
89.8
22.8
66,9
10.2

121
.790
.033
813
21.7
3713
40.4
201
.054

84.0
38.8
92.7
33.9
58.8
7.3

142
.725
.038
' 173
.937
16.3
5072
41.9
339
.067

72.0
1.0
91.2
61.8
29.4
6.8
2.0
184
.543
.036
12
.063
15.4
4500
34.6
241
.053

100.0

100.0

100.0


162
.674
.036
184
16.2
5036
41.5
333
.066

73.8
.9
91.8
57.9
33.9
6.4
1.9
183
.551
.036

-------
Appendix E - Characteristics of  1989  Passenger  Cars  by Weight Class
                                                                                      51

Domest





















Cu
Eu rope;





















Cu.
Under
2250 2250
ic
Sales (000)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
% Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
.Ft Ton MPG
in
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
.Ft Ton MPG
2500

212
.134
35.4
2500
44.6
116
.046
100.0

57.4
100.0
100.0



89
,772
.036
12.9
103
3668
4585

71
.045
30.9
2500
38.8
109
.044
99.7

93.2
100.0

100.0


84
.773
.034
13.5
92
2847
3559
2750

766
.647
31.8
2750
43.9
125
.045
100.0

21.9
100.0
87.9
12.1


95
.765
.035
13.4
104
3304
4543

82
.070
31.1
2750
43.3
109
.040
97.6

64.7
96.8

96.8

3.2
106
.966
.038
12.3
103
3232
4444
3000

2127
.690
28.3
3000
42.7
155
.052
96.5
.7
9.6
100.0
38.4
61.6


116
.752
.039
12.5
108
3070
4605

164
.053
24.8
3000
37.4
141
.047
34.3
2.0
43.2
100.0

100.0


143
1.017
.048
10.7
98
2463
3694
3500

2091
.743
25.2
3500
44.3
216
.062
88.6
.1
7.0
100.0
12.5
87.5


154
.726
.044
11.2
117
2967
5192

181
.064
24.0
3500
42.2
153
.044
18.5
3.9
16.0
99.7

99.7

.3
151
.989
.043
11.5
112
2720
4760
4000

807
.878
23.5
4000
47.3
272
.068
11.3

4.6
94.7
11.1
83.6
5.3

150
.560
.037
12.8
126
2986
5973

86
.094
19.4
4000
39.2
251
.063


2.4
100.0

100.0


211
.869
.053
9.6
102
2030
4061
Over
4000

231
.964
22.8
4500
51.2
307
.068






100.0

140
.456
.031
14.6
150
3413
7680

9
.036
15.5
4611
36.0
331
.072


.2
100.0

100.0


268
.825
.058
8.9
87
1364
3143

-------
52
              Appendix  E  -  Characteristics of 1989 Passenger Cars by Weight Class (cont'd)

Asian
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
% 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
"Fleet
Sales(OOO)
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man'Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
0 to 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Under
2250

207
1.000
46.4
1974
46.7
74
.038
100.0

77.8
51.9
28.1
23.8
48.1

59
.806
.030
14.8
92
4302
4230

207
46.4
1974
46.7
74
.038
100.0

77.8
51.9
28.1
23.8
48.1

59
.806
.030
14.8
92
4302
4230
2250

261
1.000
40.1
2250
45.5
89
.040
96.4
3.6
66.4
33.0
27.6
5.4
67.0

77
.865
.034
13.4
94
3777
4249

261
40.1
2250
45.5
89
.040
96.4
3.6
66.4
33.0
27.6
5.4
67.0

77
.865
.034
13.4
94
3777
4249
2500

1296
.821
35.1
2500
44.1
94
.038
99.9
.1
59.6
56.7
33.2
23.6
43.3

81
.860
.032
14.1
98
3465
4331

1579
35.0
2500
43.9
98
.039
99.9
.1
60.8
64.5
40.6
23.8
35.5

82
.844
.033
13.9
99
3465
4331
2750

335
.283
31.7
2750
43.8
107
.039
95.5
4.2
54.7
64.6
25.9
38.8
35.4

101
.954
.037
12.8
98
3125
4296

1183
31.8
2750
43.8
119
.043
98.6
1.2
34.2
89.8
64.2
25.6
10.0
.2
97
.832
.035
13.1
102
3248
4466
3000

792
.257
28.3
3000
42.7
127
.042
86.0
7.6
41.4
91.3
3.8
87.5
8.7

116
.915
.039
12.3
102
2902
4354

3083
28.1
3000
42.4
147
.049
90.5
2.6
19.5
97.8
27.4
70.3
2.2

118
.808
.039
12.4
106
2995
4492
3500

542
.193
25.8
3500
45.5
147
.042
83.1
3.2
17.8
100.0
2.0
98.0


143
.972
.041
12.0
103
2690
4708

2814
25.2
3500
44.4
199
.057
83.0
.9
9.6
100.0
9.7
90.3

.0
152
.791
.043
11.4
114
2898
5071
4000

26
.028
23.0
4000
46.0
180
.045


51.5-
100.0

100.0


215
1.196
.054
9.4
85
1961
3923

920
23.1
4000
46.5
267
.067
9.9

5.7
95.4
9.8
85.6
4.6

158
.607
.039
12.4
123
2867
5735
Over
4000
























240
22.4
4504
50.7
308
.068


.0
3.6

3.6
96.4

145
.469
.032
14.4
148
3340
7517

-------
       Appendix E - Characteristics of  1989  Light Trucks  by  Weight  Class
                                                                                             53
Domestic
Imports
Fleet

Sales
Fraction
55/45 FE
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
% 4WD
X Man.Tr
% Inject
% TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
Sales
Fraction
55/45 FE
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
% FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
Sales
55/45 FE
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
CID/Lb
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/CID
Hp/Lb
Under
2750 2750

















48 99
1.000 1.000
32.2 27.7
38.8 38.2
91 135
.038 .049

100.0
72.6 100.0
62.6
62.6

37.4 100.0

74 97
.813 .721
.031 .035
48 99
32.2 27.7
38.8 38.2
91 135
.038 .049

100.0
72.6 100.0
62.6 ,
62.6

37.4 100.0

74 97
.813 .721
.031 .035
3000
291
.472
27.2
41.2
152
.051

3.9
81.8
100.0
54.6
45.4


105
.691
.035
325
.528
26.3
39.5
141
.047
3.9
1.3
75.5
39.8
25.9
13.8
60.2

99
.702
.033
616
26.7
40.3
146
.049
2.1
2.5
78.5
68.2
39.5
28.8
31.8

102
.697
.034
3500
915
.836
22.5
39.7
196
.056
27.3
37.7
33.1
96.7
35.2
61.4
3.3

138
.714
.039
180
.164
24.1
42.7
147
.042
1.1
53.3
68.3
79.4
11.1
68.2
20.6

110
.750
.031
1095
22.7
40.2
188
.054
23.0
40.3
38.8
93.8
31.3
62.6
6.2

133
.720
.038
4000
1042
.789
21.7
43.6
234
.059
16.0
30.3
12.8
100.0
59.4
40.6


150
.659
.037
278
.211
20.8
42.1
166
.041

79.5
59.1
100.0
22.5
77.5


130
.786
.033
1320
21.5
43.3
220
.055
12.6
40.6
22.6
100.0
51.7
48.3


146
.686
.036
4500
899
.987
17.9
40.6
319
.071

24.2
9.3
98.4
63.9
34.5
1.3
.3
173
.542
.039
12
.013
15.4
34.6
240
.053

100.0

100.0

100.0


162
.674
.036
911
17.8
40.5
318
.071

25.2
9.2
98.4
63.1
35.3
1.3
.2
173
.544
.039
5000
427
1.000
16.4
41.4
328
.066

38.8
3.3
99.0
41.9
57.1

.1.0
179
.543
.036

















427
16.4
41.4
328
.066

38.8
3.3
99.0
41.9
57.1

1.0
179
.543
.036
Over
5000
30
1.000
16.6
49.1
355
.061

81.9
.4
82.2
79.1
3.2

17.8
197
.557
.034

















30
16.6
49.1
355
.061

81.9
.4
82.2
79.1
3.2

17.8
197
.557
.034

-------